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THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES B: MEDICAL
AND VETERINARY.

VOL. VIII.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,

41, QUEEN'S GATE, LONDON, S.W.7.

1920.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

HONORARY COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British Mviseum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
:\Iajor-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H.Maxwele Lefrov, Imperial College of Science and Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

'Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S.,' Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S. , Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.

Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, CM.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.

GENERAL SECRETARY.

Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

DIRECTOR AND EDITOR.

Dr. Guv A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

Page

ERRATA.

56 line 1 1 for

" Mysorhynclms "

102 .. 37 „

" Leaches "

119 „ 32 .,

" {H.) scalar is "

126 ,. 37 „ '

' R.A.E., B, iii, 35

i, vi, 143 "

126 „ 38 „ '

• Fillers (A.W.U.) "

158 ,. 36 „ '

' Pediculis "

166 „ 8 „ '

* M. marginale "

202 lines 27 „ '

' Recurrent Fever "

30. 33,

41.

read " Myzorhynchus "
,, " Leeches "
,, " F. [H.) scalaris "

: „ " R.A.E., B, iii,
vi, 143 "
„ " Fillers (A.W.N.) '
,, " PediciUus "
,, " A. marginale "
,. " Typhus "

35;

(2289) VVt. P.3/184 1,500 5/21 Harrow G.75/3

Kegiateted at the O.PO. lor Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. B. Part l.-pp. 1-16. JANUARY, 1920.

THE REVIEW

Infliftf^

OF APPLIED ,,5^^ v^

•EB 2 11920 ■

ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OP ENTOMOLOGY

LONDON :

SOLD BY

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
88, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7.

Price 8cl. net.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>otiordrp Committee of manadement*

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. B. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. Q. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent- General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge,
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling. CM.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Beneral Secretary.
Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

2>iroctoc an& EOltor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Bsslstant Director.
Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head O^ce.^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

REVIEW V ^tD.. i192G

OF ^'"^.^/pjDal MVJ-*

APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

Series B.

Vol. VIII.] [1920.

Machado (0. M.). Epidemia de Impaludismo na Usina Esther e
Cosmopolis e sua Prophylaxia.— -Sgi-iu'^o Sanit. Estado de Sdo
Paulo [Brazil], N. S. no. 7, October 1919, 50 pp., 23 figs., 1 map.

An account is given of a severe epidemio of malaria that occurred in
1917 in the State of S. Paulo. Of 1,400 persons on one estate, 1,300-
were affected and 17 deaths occurred. The use of quinine and the
clearing of the neighbouring streams and their banks were the
measures adopted. They are fully described and proved entirely
successful, no fresh cases having occurred during a period of 15 months.

Sturtevant (A. H.). Flies of the Genus Drosopkila as possible
Disease Carriers. — Jl. Parasitology, Urbana, III., v, no. 2, December
1918, pp. 84-85.

Observations are recorded upon certain species of DrosopJiihy
which are of some importance as possible carriers of typhoid or other
diseases. All are known to feed more or less upon human excrement.
D. melanogaster, Meig. {anipelophila, Lw.) is a cosmopolitan species^
which, although it has been recorded as an excrement fly, is considered
by the author to infest chiefly decayed fruit and to be of Mttle or
no importance as a disease carrier. D. caribbea, Sturt., which is
common throughout the American tropics, has very similar habits
to D. melanogaster, but is nmch more frequently attracted to excrement.
D. biiscki, Coq., and D.funebris, F., while probably breeding in excre-
ment, are not likely to be important as disease carriers, as they are
not common near food. The former also breeds in badly decayed
potatoes and other foodstuffs. D. repleta, Will., is commonest near
houses, where it is attracted to various organic substances and is
frequently found resting on a white surface. It is easily collected
about latrines and also in kitchens and restaurants. D. repleta has
a wide range of breeding habits. It breeds in banana, pineapple,
tomato and other fruits, in decayed potato, flour paste, moist bran,
and similar substances, and although it has not been bred from excre-
ment it undoubtedly feeds upon it.

(633) Wt.P192i;U4. 1,500. 1.20. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.ll/. ^

HuGHENS (H. v.). A Useful and inexpensive Fly-trap.— C/.<S. Naval
Med. Bidl., Washington, D.C., xi-ii, no. 1, January 1919,
pp. 80-82, 5 figs.

The trap here described is composed of 4 vertical sides of solid wood
with a flat top of wire gauze and a gauze bottom raised to a ridge
roof-wise. This ridge is about mid-way between the top and bottom
of the box. Along the ridge |-inch holes were made to permit the
flies to enter the trap-space above it. The lower edges of the box
are cut away except at the corners, so that bait may be placed under
the box beneath the ridge, and the flies enter through these openings.
The trap stands on a wooden platform to which it is bolted at the
corners. This apparatus is said to be both efficacious and cheap.

Friedman (G. A.). The Possible Spread of Influenza through the
Bed'hug.—Med. Becord, New Yod; xcv, no. 1, 4th January
1919, pp. 14-18.

Attention is drawn to the bed-bug as a possible carrier of influenza
and a number of cases are mentioned in support of this theory

E AHMET Bey (H. T. M. K.). Typhus Fever.— Me^/. Record, New York,
xcv, no. 2, 11th January 1919, pp. 49-52.

This paper deals with t^^hus in general with special reference to
its incidence in Egypt. The usual prophylactic measures against
lice and some of the recognised insecticides used in this connection
are discussed.

D'Ormea (G.). SuirUso della Pomata al Timolo come Misura
culicifuga per le Truppe in Servizio in Localita malariche.

[Thymol Ointment as a Cuhcifuge for Troops in Malarial
Locahties.] — Giorn. Med. Milit., Rome, Ixvii, 1919, no. 2, 1st
February 1919, pp. 296-300.

As a result of the success attending the use of vasehne containing
1 per cent, of thymol in preventing mosquitos from biting indoors,
experiments have been made in the open and these have also proved
very encouraging.

Tejera (E.). El Agente Transmisor de la Fiebre Recurrente en
Venezuela.— 6rVfce^r/ Med. de Caracas, xxvi, no. 7, 15th April 1919,
pp. 73-75.

Recurrent fever occurs in the Venezuelan State of Trujillo, where
the ticks, Ornithodorus turicaia and Argas persicus, are common. The
former is capable of ]:roducing spirochaetosis, the parasite concerned
being morphologically identical v.ith that found in the blood of
sufierers from recurrent fever, and this tick is therefore a probable
vector of human spirochaetosis in Venezuela.

DE Almeida Junior (T.). Myiasis cavitaria e seu Tratamento.
[Internal Myiasis and its Treatment.]— ylrcAi'uos Brasileiros de
Med., Rio de Janeiro, ix, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 496-503, 1 fig.

Several cases of internal myiasis, chiefly in the nasal cavities, due
to infestation by Cochliomyia {Chrysomyia) macellaria (screw-worm
fly) are described. The larvae were successfully expelled by applying
a continuous current of electricity or by inhalations of chloroform.

Hederer (C.) & Sellier (M.). Sur un Appareil nouveau a Sulfura-
tion pour Desinsectisation et Desinfection.— ^rcA. Med. Phirm.
Nacales, Paris, c^dii, no. 2, August 1919. pp. 118-12.3, 1 fig.

In this portable apparatus, invented by Surgeon-Major Lochon,
the rapid combustion of a large quantity of sulphur is attained by
very simple means. Usually only 20-25 grms. of sulphur per cubic
metre can be burned in a room or other closed space, as the gas SO2
does not support combustion. With the Lochon burner 100-120 grms.
per cubic metre are vaporised in about half an hour. This is due to
the strong draught resvilting from the arrangement of combustion
trays one over the other and to the use of an oxidising powder of which
6 parts by weight are used per 100 of sulphur. When burning, this
powder produces oxygen which partly combines with the sulphurous
anhydride (SO.,) and thus produces sulphuric anhydride (SO3) to the
amount of 0'4 per cent, of the total gases emitted. The mixture of
SO2 and SO3 has a very powerful microbicide and parasiticide action
and does not produce the deterioration and discolouration that SO.,
alone may give rise to. The apparatus can also be used for vaporising
formol. It is fully described and illustrated, and notes on working
are given. All insects were killed in half an hour by burning 50 grms.
of sulphur and 3 grms. of oxidising powder per cubic metre of space.

Sergent (Ed.). Rapport sur le Fonctionnement de I'lnstitut Pasteur
d'Alg§rie en 1918. — Algiers [n.d.], 20 pp. [Received 4th November
1919.]

This report includes an account of the antimalarial work that has
been carried out during 1918. In view of the work done by the
antimalarial service of Algiers during the past sixteen years a resohition
has been passed by the Chamber of Agriculture of Constantine to
augment the finances of the service so that antimalarial measures
in the interests of agriculture may be facihtated.

Bacot (A. W.). The Fleas found on Rats and their Relation to Plague.
— Jl. R. Sanit. Inst., London, xl, no. 1, 1919, pp. 53-60.
[Received 4th November 1919.]

Not including the Sarcopsyllids, there are about 34 species of fleas
belonging to 15 genera that have been found on rats, although other
animals are in some cas&s their normal hosts. A hst of these species
is given together with their normal hosts and the countries in which
they occur. Of these XenopsijUa cheopis, Cerafophylhs fasciatus,
PygiopsyUa ahalae, Hoplopsylhis anonialus, Leptopsylla muscuU,
•Ctenocephahis canis and Pidex irritans are known to bite man and

(635) a2

are proved carriers of disease. Cemtophyllus ainsus and Cteno-
fhthahnus agyrtes are proved carriers, but are not known to bite man ;
whilst Ceratopkyllus acutus, Spilopsyllus cuniculi and CtenocephalusfeUs,
althougb known to bite man, have not been known to spread disease.
A separate list is given of fleas found on rats in Britain, and the
method of transmission of plague by fleas is discussed [R.A.E.,
B. ii, 60].

Bacot (A. W.). Lice : The Diseases carried by them and the Measures
available for the Protection of Children and CiviUans. — School
Hygiene, London, March 1919, Separate 16 pp. [Received 4th
November 1919.]

Popular information on the habits and life-histories of lice and the
effects of their bites is given, and preventive measures as well as the
usual methods for the destruction of the species parasitic upon man
are discussed. Those dealt with include Pediculus capitis (head louse),
P. humanus (corporis) (body or clothes louse) and Phthirus pubis
(crab louse). The diseases conveyed by lice are also reviewed.

Bacot (A. W.). Danger of Disease through Lice ; how to avoid it, —
L.C.C. Education Committee, London, May 1919, 8 pp., 1 fig.

This leaflet is intended for the use of all those whose duty it is to
look after the health and welfare of children.

Taylor (J. F.). The R61e of the Fly as a Carrier of Baeillary Dysentery
in the Salonica Command. — Med. Research Committee Nat.
Health Insurance, London, Spec. Kept. Ser. 40, 1919, pp. 68-83,
2 charts, 1 fig.

Two years' experience of the Salonica Command has shown that,
while baeillary dysentery occurred to some extent among the troops
throughout the warmer months, it assumed greater prevalence during
the periods from spring to early summer and from late summer to
early autimm, i.e., at the periods when flies were most numerous.
Investigations are described that show that flies are a definite factor
in the incidence of baeillary dysentery. Observations were begun in
March and ended in November on the incidence of flies compared
with the prevalence of disease in the same area. Two hospitals were
situated in this area and by means of fly-traps the average number
of flies caught per diem was estunated, and is shown in a chart. The
temperature and humidity curves during the period are also shown.
The method of calculating the incidence of dysentery is described
and the observations recorded on a chart, from which the fact is
established that the incidence of dysentery corresponds to the
prevalence of flies.

In a series of experiments flies were fed on material known to contain
Flexner or Shiga bacilli and were subsequently exammed after varying
intervals with a view to the recovery of these organisms from them.
The method of feeding and the cages used are described ; the method
adopted was to allow the flies to walk about naturally over a plate
containing a medium, followed by examination of the faeces and of
the legs. The results establish the fact that flies are capable of carrying

5

both types of bacillus together with faecal organisms. The prospect
of recovering the infecting organism from the fly diminishes very
markedly at and after 24 hours from the time of infection, and the
most suitable method of recovery after that time is from an examina-
tion of the faeces. After 24 hours, aberrant forms of dysentery
bacilli are recovered. It is suggested that special attention should be
directed to these abnormal findings.

From an examination of flies trapped in hospitals it was found
that those living under natural conditions also showed a small
percentage carrying dysentery bacilli.

Fillers (A.W.N). On the Occurrence of Tkrips sp. in Skin Scrapings
of Horses.— Fe^ Jl., London, lxx\% no 10, October 1919,
pp 124-125, 1 fig.

A thrips, probably Limothrips {Thrips) cerealium, is recorded in
equine skin scrapings. This species is common in the summer on
growing grain, and is thus likely to be found in the sweat or exudations
of the diseased skin of horses in the proximity of ripening corn.

Wright (E. Hasell). Report of the Prevalence of Malaria and
Anopheline Mosquitoes and Measures recommended for the
Prevention of Malaria in Mercam.—Indian Med. Gaz., Calcutta,
hv, no. 10, October 1919, pp 361-365, 1 map.

Investigations have been made in the Mercara district with a view
to the reduction of malaria, the splenic index in that locahty
ranging from 23 -71 to 54 per cent. The mosquitos bred from
collectecl material include Anopheles rossi, A. jamesi, A. mamlipalpis,
A. barbirostris and A. maculatus. The chief carriers appear to be
A. macidatus and A. tnacidijxdpis. The general character of the
country is described. The remedies advocated include improved
drainage, the recovery of swamp land and the use of prophylactic
and educational preventive measures.

Herms (W. B.). Occurrence of Malaria and Anopheline Mosquitoes
in Northern California.— C'ai. State Bd. Health, Mthly. Bull.
Sacramento, xv, no. 1, July 1919, pp. 1-9, 7 figs. [Received
11th November 1919.]

This paper has been noticed elsewhere {B.A.E., B. \\\, 163].

Kehoe (D.). Anthrax in South Africa.— C7/iioii S. Africa Dept. Agric,
5th and 6th Repfs. Direc. Vet. Research, April 1918, Pretoria,
1919, pp. 211-253. [Received 13th November 1919.]

In the course of this study of anthrax, it is remarked that many
cattle owners in South Africa express the behef that the disease is
largely spread among their herds by the agency of Hippoboscids or
horse-flies (Tabanids). In the outbreak of 1918, which occurred
during the relatively dry period of the year, deaths among cattle
and sheep were rare, although these animals grazed upon the same
farms where equines were affected. Horses, mules and donkeys
were the animals most frequently attacked, mortaUty among them

continuing on many farms where vaccination was carried out.
Whether the theory that the disease is carried by Hippoboscids can
be supported by direct experimental evidence remains to be proved.
Observations in other countries indicate the possibility of flies being
vectors of the disease [R.A.E., B., ii, 73, 169 ; vi, 181], and it is suggested
that further investigations should be made regarding its local and
seasonal prevalence and its relation to climatic and other conditions
favouring the insects concerned.

Mitchell (D. T.). The Effects of Arsenite of Soda Dipping Fluids on
Working Oxen.— Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, 5th and 6th
Reps. Direc. Vet. Research, April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 553-591.
[Eeceived 13th November 1919.]

The regular dipping of cattle in sodium arsenite solutions, which
has become general throughout South Africa, is found to produce a
detrimental effect upon working oxen. The absorption of the solution
through the skin causes considerable interruption with the respiratory
mechanism, giving rise to laboured breathing and profuse sweating
when the animals are put to strenuous work. It has been noticed that
animals that have been dipped regularly when young acquire a certani
tolerance, which becomes more pronounced as they grow older.
Climatic conditions also exert a marked influence, hot, windless days
producing the most detrimental effect. The most marked symptoms
occur a day or two after dipping has taken place.

A number of experiments were undertaken, which are described.
These show that, given a tank with a sufficiently long swim and dipping
at five-day intervals, it is possible to prevent tick infestation with a
dipping fluid containing only "128 per cent, arsenic, instead of the
standard '16, and that this is the maximum strength that can be used
on oxen without producing a degree of respiratory distress incompatible
with good work.

Geeen (H. H.). Isolation and Description of a Bacterium causing
Oxidation of Arsenite to Arsenate in Cattle Dipping Baths.—

Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, oth and 6th Repts. Direc. Vet.
Research, April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 595-610. [Received
13th November 1919.]

An apparently new organism. Bacterium arsenoxydans, has been
isolated from the cattle-dipping tank at Onderstepoort. It is the
causal agent of deterioration in arsenical dips and appears to be the
only one to which rapid oxidation is to be ascribed. The same organism
has been detected in mixed cattle and horse faeces. Its characteristics
are largely negative ; it is differentiated from most of the commoner
organisms by its high tolerance for arsenite. Oxidation proceeds
slowly in concentrations as high as 0-8 per cent., the rate of oxidation
under suitable conditions increasing as the concentration of arsenite
decreases. A faintly alkaUne medium produces most rapid oxidation,
while slight acidity inhibits the process. Although the organism does
not grow under anaerobic conditions in bouillon, growth readily occurs
in the presence of nitrate.

Geeen (H. H.). Description of a Bacterium, isolated from a Cattle
Dipping Tank, which reduces Arsenate to Arsenite. ■Union, S.
Africa Dept. Agric, 5th and 6th Repts. Direc. Vet. Research, April
1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 611-624. [Received 13th November
1919.]

An organism that rapidly reduces sodium arsenate to sodium
arsenite, and the source of which is probably faecal, has been isolated
from an arsenical dipping tank. It is provisionally named Bacterium
arsenrediicens, and counteracts the oxidation brought about by
B. arsenoxydans [see preceding paper]. While anaerobic conditions
reduce the activity of this organism, free aeration accelerates its
growth, and in suitable media, complete reduction of 0'2 per .cent,
arsenate can occur in 48 hours in any depth of layer. In mixed
cultures containing the oxidising organism either arsenate or arsenite
can be produced at will by varying the composition of the medium.
Upon addition of glycerine, ghicose, or fresh stable manure, the
reducing organism out-numbers the oxidising organism and reduction
occurs.

The significance of this in relation to dipping tanks in the field is
discussed. The organism is non-pathogenic for rabbits and guinea-
pigs, and probably also for man.

Bedford (0. A. H.). Notes on the Species of Gastrophilus found in
South Africa. — Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, 5th and 6th Re2)ts.
Direc. Vet. Research, April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 627-642,
17 figs. [Received 13th November 1919.]

Of the three species of Gastrophilus found parasitic upon horses,
mules and donkeys in South Africa, G. intestinalis, DeG. {eqid, Clark)
is the commonest ; G. pecoruni, F., and G. nasalis, L., also occur
abundantly, probably on account of the dryness of the climate. The
only other Oestrid that has been found parasitic upon horses in South
Africa is a nasal fly, probably belonging to the genus Rhinoestrus,
and this is very rare. In ex-German East Africa and in the Sudan
G. asininus, Brauer, has been recorded, but this is probably only a
variety of G. intestinalis. Tables are given distinguishing these
species both in the adult and larval forme, and descriptions are given
of the stages and life-histories of the three S. African species. These
keys include G. hacmorrhoidalis, L., which has not at present been
found in South Africa, but is Uable to be imported at any time in
horses from Europe or America.

G. intestinalis is found in the stomach of practically all horses
examined after death, and in many donkeys and mules. Dogs are
occasionally infested, but this is probably not a normal occurrence
as it is doubtful whether these larvae can live for any length of time
in the stomach of a carnivorous animal. In such cases the larvae
are probably ingested with horse dropping-. The egg-stage of this
species is apparently from 7 to 13 days, which is a shorter period than
that required in North America. The adults are abundant from
February to April.

G. pecorum was very common at Onderstepoort in 1913 and again
in 1916 during the same season. The larvae occur in the stomach,
pharynx, and oesophagus of horses. The adults appear from February

to April. G. nasalis occurs in the duod,enum of the horse. In Natal
the adult flies are found from October to February, while in the
Transvaal they occur from December to early May.

The effects of these larvae upon their hosts are described. It is
considered that the injurious effects that have been ascribed to them
have often been highly exaggerated.

DE KocK (G. V. d. W.). Notes on the Intoxication by Gastrophilus
Larvae. — Union of S. Africa Dept., Agric.,5th and 6th Repts. Direc.
Vet. Research, April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 651-692, 2 charts.
[Received 13th November 1919.]

Experiments described in this paper prove that Gastrophilus larvae
contain a toxin that produces definite symptoms of intoxication when
injected into horses, mules, donkeys, sheep and goats, the horse being
•apparently the most susceptible animal \R.A.E., B. v, 185 ; vi, 44].
'Cattle, dogs, rabbits and guinea-pigs appear to be immune to this
intoxication. In view of the present knowledge of anaphylaxis there
does not seem to be sufficient evidence to explain the symptoms on
these lines. There is apparently no relative difference in the toxicity
of the extracts made from G. nasalis, G: equi and G. pecorum.

The second part of this paper was written with the object of dis-
proving the theory that pernicious anaemia in horses is directly
caused by Gastrophilus larvae. The conclusions arrived at from
the experiments described are that watery extracts of Gastrojjhilus
larvae taken from horses that had died of pernicious anaemia can
produce the disease when injected into susceptible horses ; but such
•extracts taken from horses that have died from other causes cannot
produce pernicious anaemia. Horse-sickness can be transmitted
in a similar manner from horses that have died of horse-sickness, by
injections of watery extracts of Gastrophilus larvae, but not of filtrates.

In an addendum, the reasons given by MM. Seyderhelm for con-
cluding that Gastropihilus larvae are the actual cause of pernicious
anaemia in horses are given [R.A.E., B. vi, 209 and vii, 28]. The
a,uthor of the present paper differs from that conclusion since the
disease was not produced in any of the horses treated by him with
injections of the larvae of Gastrophilus except when taken from horses
dead from the disease. Their findings that the mortaUty of pernicious
anaemia in horses is 100 per cent, also differs from the author's
experience in which it ranges from 60 to 80 per cent.

It is considered that MM. Seyderhelm have failed to prove that
they were successful in effecting recovery by their treatment of removing
Ctastrophilus larvae from the stomach of the horse, and it is pointed
out that a number of horses recover, clinically, without any treatment.

Theiler (Sir A.). A New Nematode in Fowls, having a Termite as an

Intermediary Host {FHaria galUnaruni, nova species). — -Umon

of S. Africa, Dept. Agric, 5th and 6th Repts. Direc. Vet. Research.

April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 697-706, 1 plate. [Received 13th

November 1919.]

Filaria gallinarum, sp. n., which is here described, was discovered

in the larval stage in the abdomen of workers of a termite, Hodotermes

pretoriensis. Investigation showed that this Nematode completes

its development in fowls, which, are in the habit of feeding upon
termites, and adults were reared experimentally in clean fowls fed
with infected termites. It is supposed that the termites, of which
only workers have been found infested, swallow the eggs, which
hatch within the body, the larva finding its way to the coelomic cavity.
It has not been definitely ascertained whether there are three or four
larval stages in the evolution of this Filaria, the probable number
being four, and it seems to be beyond doubt that the second ecdysis
takes place in the fowl.

Bedford (G. A. H.). Anoplura from South African Hosts.— - ?7wfow
of S. Africa Dept. Agric, 5th and 6th Repts. Direc. Vet. Research,
April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 711-731, 4 plates. [Received 13th
November 1919.]

The Anoplura listed from material in the laboratory collection
and in the Transvaal Museum include the majority of the species that
are hkely to be found on domestic birds and animals in South Africa.
New species include : — -Haematopinids, Polyplax ivaterstoni, on
two species of rat ; P. arvicanthis, on the striped mouse, Arvicanthis
pumilio ; Menoponids, Colpocephalum harrisoni, on a bustard {Otis sp.)
in Angola ; Pseudomenopon rostratvla, on Rostratula capensis (painted
snipe) ; Trichodectids, Trichodectes caffra, on a bush cat {Felis caffra),
and T. genetta, on a genet {Genetta ludia).

Bedfoed (G. a. H.). New Cullcine Larvae from the Transvaal. —

Union of S. Africa Dept. Agric, 5th and 6th Repts. Direc. Vet.
Research, April 1918, Pretoria, 1919, pp. 739-743, 5 plates.
[Received 13th November, 1919.]

Descriptions are given of the larvae of the following mosquitos : —
Mucidus scatophagoides, Tlieo., found in a rain-water pool and probably
predaceous upon other larvae ; Ochlerotatus hirsutus, Theo., found
in the summer months in rain pools, hoof- holes, etc., in roads ;
0. argenteopunctatus, Theo., found in pools along a river bank in the
summer months ; Culex tipuUformis, Theo., taken from streams ; and
C. salisburiensis, Theo., taken in pools and occasionally in streams.
Larvae of Cidex decens are recorded from a coal mine in the Transvaal
where they were fomid at a depth of 300 ft. below the ground level.

Senior-White (R.). Toxorhyncliites minimus (Theob.) — Spolia
Zeylanica, Colombo, xi, no. 41, October 1919, pp. 189-191.

From female examples taken in April and March 1919 around
Lantana scrub in Ceylon, it is obvious that Toxorhynchites minimus,
Theo., belongs to this genus and not to Megarhinus in which it was
originally placed.

Laavson (G. H. Junr.). Cattle Lice and their Control. — Agric. Expt.
Sta., Storrs, Connecticut, Bull. 97, November 1918, pp. 397-414,
9 figs. [Received 13th November 1919.]

The life-histories of Haematopinus eurysternus, Nitzsch (short-
nosed cattle louse), Linognathus (H.) vituli, L. (long-nosed cattle louse)

10

and Trichodectes scalar is, Nitzsch (little reel cattle louse), are described
\Ii.A.E., B. V, 168].

Many substances were tested against these parasites ; raw linseed oil
proved tbe most effective and will not cause injury, provided that the
animals treated are sheltered from the sun for at least 12 hours after-
wards. The oil is best applied by means of a brush, but the skin
should not be rubbed too vigorously nor the animals exercised. Fumi-
gation is not advocated, as it apparently causes a certain amount of
nerve strain on cows and a slight falling off of the milk yield for a few
days after treatment. Although fumigation killed nearly all the
sucking hce after 30 minutes, it did not affect biting hce,

Byam (Major W.), Captains Carroll (J, H.), Churchill (J. H.),
DiMOND (L.), SoRAPURE (V. E.), WiLSON (R. M.) & Lloyd (LI.).
Trench Fever — a Louse-borne Disease. — London, Henry Frowde
and Hodder & Stoughton, 1919, xvi + 196 pp., 1 plate, 6 figs.,

1 map, numerous charts. Price 10s. M. net.

This volume contains in extended form the information given in a
paper already abstracted [R.A.E., B, vi, 225], but prognosis, treat-
ment and prophylaxis are more fully dealt with. New matter includes
chapters on immunity and pathology, and a number of appendices,
including a summary of the Report of the American Red Cross Re-
search Committee [R.A.E., B, vi, 236] by Lieut. R. H. Vercoe, and
a copious index.

Duke (H. L.). An Enquiry into the Relations of Glossina morsitans
and Ungulate Game, with special Reference to Rinderpest. —

Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 1, November 1919, pp. 7-20,

2 charts.

The opinion is held by many that the great rinderpest epidemic in
Africa of the 'nineties resulted in a marked decrease in Glossina morsitans
in the fly areas through which the disease passed, amounting, in some
districts at least, to the immediate or eventual disappearance of the
fly, owing, it is thought, to the death of much of the wild game upon
which it depended for food. In this paper the evidence bearing on
the interrelation of game, fly and rinderpest is considered and is dis-
cussed with the aid of personal experience and observation. In no
instance has prolonged existence of G. morsitans been discovered in
•an area where game is entirely and permanently absent. The fly is
generally found associated with game in considerable numbers and
variety, though it may occur in locahties where wild ungulates are
apparently scarce. The theory regarding buffalo as essential to the
subsistence of the fly has been found untenable.

Rinderpest was found to affect some species of game very severely,
while leaving others almost untouched. During the rinderpest
epidemic of the 'nineties the tsetse of South Africa were affected
differently in different localities. They were either apparently
unaffected, markedly reduced in numbers temporarily or permanently,
or reduced to the point of ultimate extinction. Generally, however,
the passage of rinderpest throughout the fly country was marked by
a great diminution in the numbers of tsetse. Experiments described
in this paper were undertaken to determine whether rinderpest blood,

11

per se, is or is not destructive to Glossina ; it was found to have no
apparent effect upon G. palpalis, the only species, unfortunately,
on which it was found practicable to conduct these experiments.

The principle has been estabhshed almost beyond doubt, at least
in the case of G. morsitans in the Masindi fly belt in Uganda, that the
percentage of females among active flies caught is a direct index to
the abundance of food animals [R.A.E., B, i, 227]. The rinderpest
in this region reduced the food supply of the tsetse just at the season
when food is most difficult to find under ordinary conditions. The
drought, begimming in November, led to an early drying of the grass
and commencement of the bush fires, and the intensity and prolongation
of the drought led to an unusually complete burning of the bush,
and to the consec^uent destruction of many shelters and breeding
grounds. The author considers that these phenomena afford a reason-
able and probable explanation of the remarkable diminution in tsetse
in the Masindi fly belt.

Rinderpest broke out in the north-east Transvaal in June 1896,
when the grass is at its highest and game most difficult to find. What
the exact chmatic conditions were in that year is not known, but the
author considers it most probable that the arrival of the disease
in the cold weather, together with a prolonged dry season and con-
sequent burning of the grass over large areas, markedly reduced the
numbers of flies between June 1896 and April 1897.

The practical outcome of these observations is that G. morsitans
should be attacked during the dry season. Destruction of the primary
centres or foci should be attempted by filling in or drainage of the
water supply, by destruction of the game in the vicinity, and by
burning the grass at the most suitable time. Bush burning should
be carefully controlled to obtain the maximum eft'ect ; indiscriminate
burning by natives should be stopped and the fires started and main-
tained in a systematic manner.

Ingram (A.). The Domestic Breeding Mosquitos of the Northern
Territories of the Gold Coast. — B'dl. Entom. Research, London, x,
part 1, November 1919, pp. 47-58, 1 map.

Very little is known with regard to the distribution in the Northern
Territories of the smaller blood-sucking insects such as mosquitos
and sandflies. During recent investigations Stegoniyia fasciata was
found practically throughout the district traversed.

Among the larvae collected from 42 villages, in 77 per cent.,
S. fasciata, F., was found, usually in clean water ; in 79 per cent., Cidex
duttoni, Theo., which was only once found in a pool at any distance
from human habitations and in this case the pool had been used by
natives for washing their pots ; in 52 percent., C. deceits, Theo., generally
found in foul water and often associated with C. duttoni, C. tigripes
and Ouliciomyia nebidosa, Theo., of which the last two were both
found in 47 per cent, of the villages ; C. decens was also occasionally
associated with *S. fasciata ; in 45 per cent., *S. vittata, Big., which is
not solely a domestic breeder, as it was also found in pools formed by
the weathering of outcrops of gneiss and laterite far from human
habitations ; in 9 per cent.. Anopheles costalis, Lw. ; and in 6 '8
per cent. Culex invidiosus, Theo., chiefly found in swampy pools and

12

only rarely in collections of water in native compounds. Larvae of
C. ager var, efhiopicus, Edw., were only taken in swamp pools, and
those of Anopheles pretoriensis, Theo., in rock pools in association
with Stegomyia vitfata, Big. {sugens, Theo.).

It is doubtful whether Stegomyia fasciata and other species of this
genus tide over the dry season in the Northern Territories by means
of eggs stranded in holes in trees. Owing to the absence of Culex
fatigans and the reported prevalence of filariasis due to Filaria bancrofti
some other species must be responsible for the transmission of this
parasite.

PJilehotomus was found on the walls of most of the rest houses.
The washing of these with a a extract of a native tree {Parkia higlohosa)
probably reduces what would seem ideal breeding places for these
insects. CuUcoides grahami, Aust., is rare in the Northern Territories,
but it is apparently replaced bv a larger species, Forcipomyia ingrami,
Cart.

Attention is drawn to the greater prevalence of S. fasciata during
and shortly after the close of the wet season and to the fact of yellow
fever occurring amongst Europeans between July and the end of
November, chiefly between September and November.

A list of the blood-sucking insects taken in the Gold Coast Colony,
Ashanti and the Northern Territories is appended.

Ingram (A.) & Macfie (J. W. 8.). The Early Stages of West African
Mosquitos.-iv. — BulL Entom. Research, London, x, part 1, Novem-
ber 1919, pp. 59-69, 7 figs.

This paper, which is supplementary to previous ones on the same
subject [R.A.E., B., vi, 38], describes the larval and pupal stages of
the following species taken in the Gold Coast : — Anopheles pretoriensis,
Theo., captured in shallow pools in outcrops of quartzite, in association
with larvae of Stegomyia vittata, Big. ; A. rufipes, Gough, in clear
pools in the dry bed of a stream, with pupae of A. funestus ; Ochlero-
tatus hirsutus, Theo., in rain-water collected in an old tin among
vegetation ; 0. nigeriensis, Theo., in a borrow-pit containing muddy
water ; Ctdex ager, Giles, var. ethiojncus, Edw., found during June and
July in swamps or pools containing algae ; C. quasigelidvs, Theo., and
C. univittatus, Theo., taken in a grass-grown pool of clear water.

Jack (R. W.). Tsetse Fly in Southern Rhodesia, 1918.— 5m ZZ. Ento^n.
Research, London, x, part 1, November 1919, pp. 71-90, 3 plates,
3 maps.

The history and present situation of Glossina morsitans in Southern
Rhodesia with special reference to its relation to big game and the
breeding haunts is reviewed [R.A.E., B, ii, 95, iii, 7, iv, 117, v, 166,
vii, 9, 36 and 42]. All data collected tend to confirm the dependence of
this species on the presence of wild ungulates ; at least there is every
reason to beheve that the pest feeds upon them by preference and
thrives best in their presence.

With regard to the explanation of fly-belts, observations show
that the dispersing range does not exceed two or three miles, but there
is no apparent reason for this hmited migration unless it be a definite
instinct to avoid wandering. The males may be carried in any

13

direction up to ten miles and more by the movements of animals
and human beings, but there is a marked tendency to return to their
place of origin. In accordance with accumulated evidence it is tenta-
tively suggested that the manner in which fly-belts extend is analogous
to that of a rising flood and not in the form of disconnected oflshoots
at a distance from the main belt, and should the hne of advance be
interrupted in regard to permanent shade, as in crossing a watershed,
the movement is confined to the wet season. The presence of larger
mannuals in considerable quantities and a large number of flies at the
previous dry season limit are essential for the crossing of a moderately
wide region affording only summer shade.

Should these deductions prove correct the advance of the fly might
be checked by the clearing of a comparatively narrow strip of forest.
Experiments of this nature have been commenced in Southern Rhodesia
but have unavoidably been abandoned temporarily.

Though direct experimental proof is still lacking, the evidence that
Trypanosoma peconim is commonly spread among domestic animals
in the absence of Glossina has further accumulated.

Mac(tRegor (M. E.). On the Occurrence of Sfegomyia fasciata in a
Hole in a Beech Tree in Epping YoxQsi.^Bull. Entom. Research,
London, x, part 1, November 1919, p. 91.

Mosquito larvae recently collected from a beech tree hole in Epping
Forest include : Anopheles plumbeus, Ochlerotatus geniculatus, Orthopo-
dornyia alhionensis and Stegomyia fasciata. The last-named is recorded
for the first time under natural conditions in England and attention
is drawTi to the possibihty of this species being indigenous, as it
occurred at a distance from human habitations.

Sheep-Fly Investigation in New South WdXQS.— Science and Industry,
Melbourne, i, no. 5, September 1919, p. 269.

The field work in connection with the sheep-fly investigations is
to be resumed in New South Wales on demonstrational lines. An
area of 10,000 acres is to be marked off in sections for this work, which
will include the hberation of Chalcid parasites \Nasonia brevicornis] and
demonstrations as to the efficacy of this means of control when used
in conjunction with fly-traps and the destruction of breeding-places
such as dead animals.

Hewitt (C. G.). The Use of the Aeroplane in Entomological Work. —

Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 10, October 1919, p. 877, 1 fig.

This paper has been abstracted in R.A.E., A, viii, 10.

Abbott (W. S.). Naphthalene vs. Chicken Lice.— J?. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N. H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 397-402.

Experiments with naphthaline preparations as possible destroyers
of Menopon biseriatum, Pg., M. pallidum. Nit., Lipeurus heterographus,
Nit., and Goniocotes abdominalis, Pg., on chickens show that when
used as a dust containing 5 per cent, or less of naphthaline it is useless.
A powder containing 10 per cent, was very effective, but caused shght
injury to the fowls. The exact extent of the injury and its duration

14

have not yet been ascertained. Recovery was apparently complete after
five or ten minutes. When 60 or 100 per cent, was thoroughly rubbed
into the feathers the birds were killed, but the same strength lightly
dusted over them did not cause permanent injury. SprinkHng the
fowls when on the roost at night with finely powdered naphthaline
may provide a very rapid and convenient means of reducing the
numbers of lice, but further experiments on these lines are desirable.
Naphthaline balls in the nest not only proved of no use whatever in
reducing the numbers of lice on sitting or laying hens or in the nest
itself, but apparently have a toxic effect on the eggs and newly hatched
chickens as well as l:eing injurious to sitting hens.

WcoD (H. P.). The depluming Mite of Chickens : its complete
Eradication from a Flock by one Treatment. — Jl. Econ. Entom.
Concord, N. //.. xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 402-404.

The experiments here described show that lime-sulphur, tobacco
Fulphur, dry sulphur, arsenical dip, and sodium fluoride, sulphur
fnd soap are all effective dips against the depluming mite, Cnemi-
(locopes gallinae, Eaill. A dip consisting of § oz. of chemically pure
;cdium fluoride, 2 oz. of sulphur, ^ oz. of laundry soap and about
1 U.S. gal. of water proved a complete control for mites, as well as
lice. Subsecjuent experiments have confirmed the efficacy of this
folution.

Erues(C. T.). The Occurrence oi Anojihelespunctipennis in Northern
New England. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxvi, no. 5, October 1919,
p. 143.

Ihe occurrence of Anojiheles pvnctipemiis is recorded in northern
Maine, which is apparently further north than previous records denote.
The examples in c^uestion were caught far from any railway and must
be considered indigenous. They were found in the region of spruce
end fir forests. The northern limit of malaria, and probably of
Anopheles also, in Europe is at 63° to 69" N. latitude, the species
ccncemed being A. quadrimaculakfs. The northern hmit of malaria
in New England is said to be about the 45th parallel, which is the
latitude at which the recorded captures were made. Larvae of
Theohaldia {Cidiseia) impatiens, Wlk., and of Cidex restuans, Theo.,
were also found, both being of general occurrence in the region.

Malarial Control. — 5th Ann. Bept. January 1st 1918 — Decemher Slst
1918, Internat. Health Bd., Rockefeller Foundation, Neiv York;
January 1919, pp. 124-138, 7 figs. [Received 25th November
1919.] ■ ,

The malaria control work of the Southern States is summarised
as follows : — In the average town having a thousand or more inhabit-
ants and a reasonably high infection rate, malaria control by anti-
mosc[uito measures is economically feasible and is, in fact, a sound
business investment. In heavily infected regions where the cost of
mosquito control would be prohibitive, the amount of malaria may
be greatly reduced by resort to screening, to immunising c]uinine,
or to destroying the parasites in the blood of the human carriers.

15

The indications would seem in fact to justify the hope that by the
systematic application of these measures the malaria in a community
niav be held within reasonable bounds and that this result may be
RccompUshed within limits of cost which the average community may
well afford. Experience shows that the people in these communities are
prepared to provide the funds for malaria control by public taxation
when they have been shown by demonstration that the programme
proposed "will accomphsh definite results which justify the expenditure.
The results thus far accomphshed would seem to justify continuing
these field experiments until the principal procedures that have been
found useful in controlhng malaria have been pretty thoroughly tested
separately and thus evaluated. It will then be possible to operate
intelhgently a combined programme in which each control measure
will be given its place and will receive varying emphasis from time to
time according to the local conditions which have to be met. This
freedom will in turn contribute toward the object in view, namely, the
hishest decree of malaria control consistent with a reasonably low
cost per capita.

Patton (W. S.). Note on the Etiology of Oriental Sore in Mesopotamia.

—Bvll. Soc. Path. Ei-ot., Pinis, xii, no. 8. 8th October 1919,
pp. 500-504.

It is recognised that much of the future success of the colonisation
of Mesopotamia will depend on the control of three injurious Diptera.
The house-fly, Miisca domestica, subsp. determmata, Wlk., and iti
ally the camp-fly, Musca humilis, Wied, {angustifrons, Thomp.,
eu'teniata, Big.), constitute the most dangerous insect menace in the
country. Ophthalmia is carried by the house-fly, bacillary dysentery
and similar diseases by M. humilis and M. determinala. Both species
breed all the year round and thus are particularly difficult to control.

Tabamis jyulchellus, Lw. {cyprianus, Ric), which is the commonest
and most widely distributed horse-fly, and is very clo:;ely alUed to
T. ditae7nat'us,'Msicq., and T. glaber are most probably the vectors of the
fatal dromedary trypanosomiasis that caused the loss of hundreds,
probably thousands, of these transport animals during the recent
campaign. The Arab dromedary breeders who hve in the deserts
bordering the rivers take such careful precautions to protect their
animals from the bites of these flies that their losses are neghgible.

The sand-flies, Phlebotonms jxipalasii and P. minutus, transmit the
unknown organism of sand-fly fever, and are also beUeved to be the
carriers of the parasite of Oriental sore. On the analogy of kala-azar,
which is caused by natural parasites (Herpetomonads) of insects that
have adopted the blood-sucking habit in association with vertebrate
hosts, the author based his observations on Oriental sore on the
h}TDothesis that the disease is of insect origin, in the sense that the
parasite is in reahty some natural insect Herpeiomonas which has
become transmitted "to man, in short, that the insect is the reservoir
of the parasite. As the genus Cimex does not occur in Mesopotaniia,
the species of Phlebotomus are the most Ukely reservoirs of the parasite.
Both species occurring there are known to be infected with Herpe-
fomonas jMebotomi, Mackie. The author believes that this is a natural
parasite of these midges and is transmitted through their larvae to

16

the imagines. The flies breed in cracks and crevices in the ground
and in old walls ; the adults are gregarious and their breeding-places
become soiled with their excreta containing the post-flagellate stages
of the parasite, thus explaining how the larvae acquire their infection.
All the evidence points to the parasite of Oriental sore being acquired
by rubbing Herpetomonas jMebotomi into the skin when an infected
sand-fly is crushed while biting, and this is a frequent occurrence
on all exposed surfaces of the body, which are the only parts where
Oriental sore has been known to occur. The disease, although common,
is definitely locahsed to certain camps, strongly suggesting that the
infection of sand-flies with H. jMebolomi is also localised. An attempt
was made to dissect the ahmentary tracts of sand-flies, examining
them in a fresh condition, selecting an infected hind-gat and rabbing
this into the skin at a marked spot. Unfortunately, no infected
flies could be found at the time. It is hoped that others will be able
to complete the experiment, noting whether the fly has or has not
previously ingested the blood of the gecko.

Ckespin (J.) & Athias (G.). Le Paludisme a Alger. Difficultes du
Diagnostic avec la Fievre typhoide. Cas de PI. falciparum.—
Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October 1919, pp. 504-
509.

The danger of considering any particular locahty as being absolutely
free from endemic malaria is pointed out. The town of Algiers has
always been considered perfectly healthy from the malarial point of
view, the fairly numerous cases that have occurred there having been
contracted outside the town. Exceptions to this rule have, however,
occurred in two individuals, whose illness was at first diagnosed as
t}^hoid fever, but upon further examination they were found to be
suffering from locally accjuired malaria, neither of them having left
the town of Algiers. The parasite concerned was Plasmodium praecox
{falciparum).

Tejera (E.). La Trypanosome am6ricaine ou JLaladie de Chagas au
Venezuela. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October
1919, pp. 509-513.

The occurrence of American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is
recorded from Venezuela, the vector undoubtedly being the bug,
Rhodnius jyrolixus, Stal. Trypanosomes recovered from the blood of
mice, guinea-pigs and monkeys inoculated with the virus all showed
the morphological characters of T. cruzi. Larvae of R. jJ^'oUxus
hatched in the laboratory and fed upon infected mice all showed
identical trypanosomes and were able to re-infect other animals.
A systematic examination of the blood of the inhabitants of the region
revealed the presence of the trypanosome in human blood. In the
author's opinion the disease is not of recent introduction into Venezuela.
In locahties where infected individuals of R. pirolixus are found, goitre
is very prevalent, which tends to confirm Chagas' theory that goitre
in Brazil is produced by T. cruzi. Triatoma {Conorhinus) megista,
the vector of trypanosomiasis in Brazil, does not apparently occur in
Venezuela.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Africa : The Relations of Glossina morsitans to Ungulate Game,

with special Reference to Rinderpest . . . . . . . . 10

Africa, South : The Relation of Biting Flies to Anthrax . . .. 5

Africa, South : The Effects of Arsenite of Soda Dipping Fluids

on Working Oxen . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 6

Africa, South : Organisms affecting the Chemical Composition

of Dips 6

Africa, South : Notes on Species of GastropMlus . . . . 7

AjFRiCA, South : The Effects of Larvae of Oastrophilus on Horses 8
Africa, South : A New Nematode in Fowls, having a Termite as

an Intermediary Host . . . . . . . . . . . - 8

Africa, South : New Species of Anoplura . . . . . . . . 9

Africa, South : New Culicine Larvae from the Transvaal . . 9

Algeria : Measures against Malaria . . . . . . . . . . 3

Algeria : Locally-acquired Cases of Malaria in Algiers . . . . 16

Australia : Measures against Sheep Maggot Flies in N.S.W. . . 13

Brazil : An Outbreak of Malaria . . . . . . . . . . 1

Brazil : Myiasis in Man caused by CochUomyia macellaria . . 3

British Isles : Measures against Lice infesting Man . . . . 4

British Isles : The Occurrence of Thrips in Skin Scrapings of

Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

British Isles : The Presence of Stegomyia fasciata in Epping

Forest 13

Cetlon : Note on Toxorhynchites minimus . . .... . . 9

Egypt : Measures against Typhus and Lice. . , . . . . . 2

Gold Coast: Notes on Mosquito Larvae .. .. .. ..11,12

India : Malaria and Mosquitos in Mercara . . . . . . . . 5

Macedonia : The Relation of Flies to Dysentery . . . . . . 4

Mesopotamia : The Etiology of Oriental Sore 15

Rhodesia, Southern : Notes on Glossina morsitans . . . . 12

U.S.A. : The possible Spread of Influenza through the Bed-bug . . 2

U.S.A. : Malaria and Mosquitos in Northern California . . . . 5

U.S.A. : Cattle Lice and their Control 9

U.S.A. : Measures against Parasites of Poultry 13, 14

U.S.A. : The Occurrence of Anopheles pwnctipennis in Northern

New England 39

U.S.A. : Anti-malarial Measures in the Southern States . . . . 14

Venezuela : Ticks and Recurrent Fever . . . . . . . . 2

Venezuela : Ehodnius prolixus and Human Trypanosomiasis . . 16

Flies of the Genus DrosopMla as possible Disease Carriers . . . . 1

A Useful and Inexpensive Fly-trap . . . . . . . . . . 2

Thymol Ointment as a Culicifuge . . . . . . . . . . 2

. A New Apparatus for fumigating with Sulphur . . . . . . 3

The Fleas found on Rats and their Relation to Plague . . . . 3

Trench Fever — a Louse-borne Disease (Review) . . . . . . 10

The Use of the Aeroplane in Entomological Work . . . . . . 13

Registered at the 6.P.0, for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. B. Part 2.-pp. 17-32. FEBRUARY, 1920.

THE REVIEW

OF APPLIED

ENTOMOLOGY. (i*'ARi7i92o

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AND VETERINARY.

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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Committee of n^anaoement*

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Ma-or-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

'iown.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofi&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to Ihe Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Eoya Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
D.. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
!-ir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Seiicral Secretary.
Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anO EMtor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

assistant Director.
Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head O^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Pvblication, Office.— Q8, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

^m )

17

Franca (C.)- L'Insecte Transmetteur de Leptomonas davidi (Note
pr61iminaire).— 5i<ZZ. Soc. Path. ExoL, Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October
1919, pp. 513-514.

The discovery is recorded of Leptomonas davidi in a Hemipteron,
Stenocephalus agilis, found on spurge {Euphorbia segetalis). Many
of the bugs w^ere found to be parasitised by a Dipterous larva, identified
by Roubaud as that of a Muscid belonging to the Ooypterinae
or Gymnosominae, which, when parasitising an infected individual of
S. agilis, was also found to harbour Leptomonas.

VandenBranden(F.). Action de la Comblnaison Atoxyl, Em6tique,
Tryparosan, sur le Trypanosoma congolense.—Bull. Soc. Path.
ExoL, Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October 1919, pp. 514-517.

An outbreak of trypanosomiasis is recorded among cattle at Leopold-
ville, following the introduction of a herd of goats from the Uppej
Congo. The parasite concerned was Trypanosotna congolense and
the vector was without doubt Stotnoxys calcitrans. An intensive
treatment of atoxyl emetic and tryparosan had a beneficial effeet in
the case of the cattle, though it did not definitely eliminate the
trj^panosomes from the blood.

Bequaert (J.). L' Ornithodorus moubata dans le Nord-Est du
Congo Beige. — Bidl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October
1919, pp. 517-520.

Commenting upon a recent paper on the occurrence of Ornithodorus
moubata in the Belgian Congo \R. A. E., B, vii, 151] the author remarks
that the impression is there conveyed that this tick has not yet appeared
in Upper Ituri ; as a matter of fact it has been known in that region
for many years. The topographical occurrence of 0. moubata within
the region is discussed. It is pointed out that while its presence in
localities outside the Equatorial Forest is readily understandable
in view of its affinity for dryness, its occurrence in other localities
in the depth of the forest appears at a glance to be abnormal ; this
is however explained by the fact that in these locahties there are
Negro-Arabic settlements, and large areas of the forest have been
cleared. In fact the conditions are exactly similar to those prevailing
in parts of the Eastern Province, and this distribution of the tick
confirms Rodhain's view of it as a drought-loving species.

There is very httle doubt but that this tick is indigenous to Africa,
since it has never been found in any other part of the world. At
first, however, it was very localised, and its present distribution is
due to continual caravan travelhng. In 1854, when its presence
was first recorded in Angola by Livingstone, both the tick and relapsing
fever were unknown in South Africa and Rhodesia. However, in
the plateau of Walendu, between the basin of the Ituri and Lake
Albert, the tick is commonly found in all the native villages, the
natives having acquired complete inmiunity to the fever, although
immigrants are readily affected by it. It is unlikely that such perfect
immunity has been acquired within a short period, and it is the
author's opinion that this region was one of the primitive indigenous
centres where 0. moubata existed before the arrival of Arab*; or
Europeans in Central Africa.

(650) Wt.P192i;U4. 1,500. 2 20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp. r/14.. A

18

Clapier (— ). Index palustre chez les Indigenes de la Commune
de Bangui (Afrique Equatoriale Frd^ncaXse).— Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot, Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October 1919, pp. 538-549.

The geographical and cUmatic conditions, the population and
vegetation of Bangi, the capital of the French colony of Ubangi-
Shari in French Equatorial Africa, are discussed with reference to
malarial prevalence. Mosquitos are not extremely abundant m
the region, and are becoming less numerous with better conditions
of drainage and clearing of the land. During the dry season of 1918,
while a few Culicines were found, including species of Culex, Stegomifia
and Mansonioides, Anophelines were much rarer and more difficult to
find. In seasons of heavy rains the breeding places increase and
the number of Anopheles is proportionately larger, the malarial
incidence increasing in consequence. Permanent carriers of the
virus are very numerous at Bangi and are widely distributed through-
out the region. The average malarial index of the year was found
to be 78 per cent. It is noticeable that in the villages similarly
situated in valleys beside rivers that overflow their banks, the malarial
incidence is practically the same throughout and is much higher
than the average. The lowest percentage, 53 per cent., was recorded
for a village situated 623 metres above the valley on a vast plateau
that is provided with natural water. It has already been proposed to
utihse this spot for some useful estabhshment under the Health
Service.

Tables are given showing the malarial index and the splenic index
for children. The favourable action of atoxyl upon malaria is con-
firmed by treatment in this region. The variations of the index
according to the season is not great, being apparently never more
than 15 per cent. The types of malaria parasite recorded are
Phsmodium praecox {falciparum) 42*5 per cent., P. vivax 491 per cent.,
and P. malariae 8-4 per cent. No defi.nite predommance of any
form can be indicated for any particular place or season. The con-
clusion drawn from these observations is that most of the regions
of Equatorial Africa are almost uniformly malarial.

LiGNiERES (J.). Piroplasmes, Anaplasmes et Grains chromatiques. —

Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 8, 8th October 1919, pp.
558-566.

This paper discusses the tendency to confusion between the parasitic
organisms Anaplasma, Piroplasma, and certain chromatic grains
recovered from cases of acute anaemia, either natural or experimentally
produced. Experiments by the author in Argentina upon Anaplasma
argmtinum coniirm those of Theiler and indicate that Anaplasma is
not merely a phase in the evolution of Piroplasma, but is quite a
distinct organism. Immunity transmitted by the former is negative
for the latter and vice-versa. Moreover, contrary to the author's
early beUef [R.A.E., B, ii, 172], it is now recognised that the tick,
Margaropus mieroplus, which readily transmits piroplasmosis in
Argentina, does not usually transmit anaplasmosis. This is an
obscure point, but the agency of another tick of the genus Amblyomma
is suspected in this connection.

19

Panisret (M. L.). La Piroplasmose des Bovid6s.-Za Vie Agric. et
Rur., Paris, xv, no. 46, 15th November 1919, p. 366.

The geographical distribution of piroplasmosis in France is very
little known, its occurrence being recorded mainly from Normandy
and the vicinity of Maubeuge. Remedial measures advocated include
the use of trypanblue in intravenous injections and the destruction
of ticks by means of arsenical dips.

Parasites externes des Volailles. -Xa Vie Agric. et Ear., Paris, xv,
no. 47, 22nd November 1919, p. 383, 2 i&gs.

. The methods advocated for freeing poultry from parasites include
treatment of the plumage v/ith kerosene or the use of a dip consisting
of potassium pentasulphide, 1 oz. to 2 pt. of water. This should be
lised at a temperature of about 85° F., the bird being immersed in it
with the exception of the head and subsequently placed on thick
bedding and sheltered from cold, draughts and the rays of the sim.
Parasites attacldng the eyes may be destroyed by bathing the parts
with boric lotion, a 3 per cent, solution of copper sulphate or the
apphcation twice daily of drops containing 1 part by weight of
silver nitrate in 400 of distilled water.

Nolan (H. 0.). Recent Work in Malaria Control.— Mof?em Medicine,
Chicago, III, i, no. 7, November 1919, pp. 643-647.

This article is a review of recorded measures against malaria and
contains no new information.

Hosier (C. A.) & Snyder (T. E.). Notes on the Seasonal Activity
of Tabanidae in the lower Everglades of Florida.— Proc. Entom.
Soc. Washington, D.C., xxi, no. 8, November 1919, pp. 186-198,
1 plate.

It is probable that Tabanids are responsible for the polHnation of
the saw palmetto {Seronoa), as those palms on which the flies have been
observed have produced an unusually heavy crop of fruit. The males
of Tahanus lugubris, T. atmtus and T. lineola seem to feed more after
the leaves have been removed. The observations made during 1918-
1919 show that T. americanus and T. trijunctus are apparently restricted
to a definite season, viz.— February to June and March to April
respectively, whilst other species are active throughout the year.
A calendar of the seasonal activities of these flies for 1918-1919 is
appended.

Forbes (J. G.). Filarial Infection in Macedonia. Report of two
Cases of Filaria conjunctime (Addario) in Man with the first
recorded Discovery of the Male Worm.— J/. R.A.M.C, London,
xxxiii, no. 5, November 1919, pp. 363-373, 8 figs.

This paper has been noticed from another source [R.A.E., B, vii, 54].

<650) a2

20

Kennedy (J. C). Observations on the Formation of "Buds" by
the Spirochaete of Relapsing Fever in the Louse.— JZ. R.A.M.C.^

London, xxxiii, no. 5, November 1919, pp. 407-411, 28 figs.

The knowledge of the life-history of Spirochaeta recurrentis m. the
louse is incomplete, as nothing is known of the stage of invisibiUty
during the first four days after infection or the transmission of the
virus to the offspring. The present observations were made on two
lice that were dissected twenty-four and thirty hours, respectively,
after being removed from a case of relapsing fever which had been,
ill for about 3 days. From the size and number of spirochaetes
present the hce must have been infected about 10 days previously.
No spirochaetes were found in the gut, but large numbers were present
in the coelomic fluid and round the posterior end of the gut. Further
careful examination revealed " buds " which are doubtless of spiro-
chaetal origin and were found on any part of the spirochaete, as well
as apparently detached from it ; one was found in a preparation made
from the ovum, but this may have been accidental. Large numbers
of refractile granules were found in the coelomic fluid, in the tissues
round the gut, and in the ovaries and ova, but their origin is uncertain.

CoRFiELD (W. F.). Some Experiments upon the Control of Fly-
breeding Areas in Camps. — Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxxiii, no. 5,
November 1919, pp. 415-418.

The present experiments were carried out with a view to testing
the different fly deterrents and to ascertain the most successful method
of seahng latrine or refuse pits. The observations here described
show that if hessian or similar material is used it must stretch more
than 6 inches beyond the original pit to be effective, but further
experiments are necessary to ascertain the exact distance. Mud,
about 6 inches thick and allowed to dry in layers is just as effective
provided it extends well beyond the pit's margin. Deterrents are
useless, as they only tend to drive the larvae to the sides and edges
of the pit from whence the emerging fly can escape.

BouRCART (J.) & Laygier (H.). Caractcfe saisonnier de I'lct^re
6pid6mique en Mac6doine.— C.K. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxii, no. 28,
15th November 1919, pp. 1170-1171, 1 fig.

Observations made in Macedonia and Albania during 1917-1918
among French and alUed troops on the seasonal occurrence of epidemic
jaundice show that the first cases are usually reported towards the
end of the summer and that the epidemic reaches its maximum
during the autumn months and dies down during the winter. The
number of cases recorded for each month is given in a chart.

Franca (C). Notes de Zoologie Medicale, Observations sur le Genre

Phlehoiomvs. -Broleria, Braga, Ser. Zoo!., xvii, no. 1-2, October
1919, pp. 102-160, 38 figs.

The first part of this paper describes the anatomy of the
following species : Phlebotomus minnlns, Rond., P. papatasii, Scop.,
P. pemiciosus, Newst., P. sergenii. Parr., P. walker i, Newst., and

21

P. dnhoscqui, Nev. Lem. {roubaudi, Newst.). Descriptions are given
of P. papatasii, Scop., apparently the predominant European species ;
P. sergenti, Parrot, occurring in Algeria, Spain and Portugal ;
P. perniciosns, Newst., common in Europe and Africa and of which
P. legeri, Mansion, and P. lusitanicus, Fran9a, are synonyms ;
P. mimdus, Rond., from Algeria and Spain. An Italian species,
P. mascitlii, Grassi, is mentioned, but not described. There is a key
to the above species and to P. ingrami, Newst., and P. simillimus,
Newst., both occurring in Africa. Tables are included, drawn up by
Dr. L. Parrot, of micrometric measurements of P. sergenti,
P. perniciosns and P. minutus africanus.

The role played by Phlehoiomus in disseminating diseases is reviewed.
They are regarded as vectors of three-day fever, and probable trans-
mitters of Oriental sore and of verruga in Peru. In Portugal the
author has failed to find the Herpetomonad parasite discovered by
Wenyon at Aleppo in 1910 and suggests that this may be a cultural
form of Leishmania tropica. In 1914 Mackie found Herpetomonads
in about 11 per cent, of the examples of P. minutus taken at Madras
and named them Herpetomonas phlebotomi. According to Parrot
these midges are parasitised in Algeria by Acarids.

Orr (H.). a practical Hot Air Disinfector. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xi, no. 3-4, October 1919, pp. 267-278, 5 figs.

It has been proved that both adults and eggs of Pediculus humanus
are killed in 10 minutes when exposed to a dry atmosphere at a
temperature of 50° C. and 55° C, and this method has many advantages
over treatment with steam or sulphur dioxide. Many types of
disinfectors have been introduced and employed since 1915 ; the one
here described and illustrated was used throughout the British
Expeditionary Forces and is easily constructed in a few days.

Keilin (D.) & NuTTALL (G. H. F.). Hermaphroditism and other
Abnormalities in Pediculus humanus. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xi, no. 3-4, October 1919, pp. 279-328, 6 plates, 28 figs.

The differentiation of sexes in normal lice is discussed and the
various abnormalities found in examining 155 hermaphrodite examples
of Pediculus humanus are described. Laboratory experiments show
that the probable cause of hermaphroditism under natural conditions
is the crossing of P. capitis and P. corporis, which are considered to
be only races of P. humanus. This cross-breeding is also always
accompanied by a great decrease in the proportion of females to males.
Other anatomical abnormalities of P. humanus are also discussed.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). The Systematic Position, Synonymy and
Iconography of Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis. —
Parasitology, Cambridge, xi, no. 3-4, October 1919, pp. 329-346.

The contents of this paper are sufficiently indicated by its title.

22

Graham-Smith (G. S.)- Further Observations on the Habits and
Parasites of Common Flies. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xi, no. 3-4,
October 1919, pp. 347-384, 2 charts, 2 plates, 23 figs.

The habit of cleansing themselves exhibited by flies and the influence
of weather upon them is discussed. With regard to the latter,
experiments show that the curve indicating the number of flies caught
corresponds with that for the maximum temperatures recorded by
a thermometer exposed in the sun. The flies caught during these
experiments in 1914, 1915 and 1916 included Morellia hortorum,
Graphomyia maculata, Polietes alholineata, Pyrellia eriophthalma and
Phormia azurea (groenlandica). These species were less common
in 1915 than in the other years. Many species were examined for
the presence of the fungus, Empusa, which was found to attack
Calliphora erythrocephala, Lucilia caesar, Hydrotaea dentipes, Fannia
canicularis, Anihomyia radicum, Sarcophaga carnaria, Musca corvina
and Scatophaga stercoraria.

The natural enemies of flies include mites, the beetles, Creophilus
maxillosus, Necrophorus humator, Hister cadaverinus and Pterosticlms
madidus, as well as numerous parasites.

The latter, which are discussed and illustrated, include Cynipids,
DirancJiis sp., Kleidotoma sp. and Figites sp., all of which emerged
from the puparia, in which they had hibernated : Proctotrupids,
Trichorpia sp, ; T. ? elongata, Thoms, ; several species of Aneurrhynchus ;
and one individual of a species of Conostigmus or Lygocerns :
Ichneumonids, Phygadeuon specidator. Thorns., and Atracfodes bicolor,
Gravenh., obtained from puparia of C. erythrocephala : Chalcids,
Melittobia acasta, Wlk., which often attacks puparia previously
infested by Alysia manducator ; Dihrachys cavus which oviposits in
normal puparia of M. stabulans and P. azurea (groenlandica) as well
as in puparia already parasitised by Alysia manducator ; Nasonia
brevicornis ; Muscidifurax raptor ; Necremnus leucarthros, Thoms. ;
Spalangia hirta, Hal. ; and Stenomalus muscarum, of which the last-
named although found hibernating in company with flies has not
been obtained from fly puparia : Braconids, Alysia manducator ;
Aphaereta cephalotes, Hal. ; Aspilota fuscicornis, Hal. ; and A. nervosa ,
Hal.

Bacot (A.) & LiNZELL (L.). The Incubation Period of the Eggs of

Haemato'piniis asini. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xi, no. 3-4, October
1919, pp. 388-392.

Of the three species of lice, Trichodectes equi, T. pilosus and
Haematopinus asini, found on horses the last is the most important,
as it occurs most frequently, causes greatest irritation, and apart from
the general symptoms caused by its presence, is most difficult to
eradicate, for apparently clean horses may become reinfested after
the lapse of a few weeks. Investigations here described show that
the normal incubation period is from 16 to 20 days, with a minimum
under natural conditions of about 15 to 16 days. Moist cold kills
the eggs, but dry cold only killed 50 per cent, at a temperature of
50° F. for a week and increased the incubation period of the remainder
to 18 days. Dry heat very quickly kills the eggs. To prevent
possible re-infestation by lice emerging from eggs with an abnormally

23

lengthened incubation period four dressings at least should be applied
at intervals of four days. Although no disease of horses has as yet
been definitely traced to H. asini, there is always the possibility of it
proving a carrier.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). Observations on the Biology of the Ixodidae.
Part iii, Dealing with the Behaviour of the Sexes in Amblyomma
hebraeum, Hyalomma aegyptium and Rkipice/plialus bursa when
upon the Host. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xi, no. 3-4, October
1919, pp. 393-404.

The observations described show that the male of Amblymnnia.
hebraeum remains attached to the host and is sought by the female
for pairing. The females only begin to feed to any great extent after
this has taken place and they drop off after from 4 to 25 days when
fully gorged, whereas the male still remains on the host, only
occasionally slightly changing his position, for from 77 to 141 days.
In Hyalomma aegyptium and RJiipicephalus bursa the females are
sought by the males, which wander over the host, on which they
remain indefinitely even after the fertilised and engorged females
have dropped off.

Duke (H. L.). Tsetse Flies and Trypanosomiasis. Some Questions
suggested by the later History of the Sleeping Sickness Epidemic
in Uganda Protectorate. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xi, no. 3-4,
October 1919, pp. 415-429.

The history of the sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda and of
the suppressive measures adopted against it, as well as the subsequent
criticisms of these measures, are reviewed. Both exponents and
critics of these methods based their arguments on the belief that
complete severance of contact with Glossina was necessary in the
ease of human as in that of bovine trypanosomiasis. That this is
unnecessary is shown by the comparison drawn between bovine
trypanosomiasis as transmitted by Glossina morsitans and sleeping
sickness in man as transmitted by G. palpalis. Sleeping sickness
may be transmitted by the direct or mechanical method or by
cyclical transmission. Observations however show that only in a
small percentage of G. palpalis is the trypanosome able to undergo
cyclical development. Of the flies ingesting mammalian trypano-
somes a smaller proportion of G. palpalis is likely to become infective
than of G. morsitans and of such infected flies a smaller proportion is
likely to transmit infection in the case of G. palpalis than of G. morsifans
to man and domestic ruminants respectively. It is suggested as a
plausible hypothesis that the trypanosome persisting in fly and game
in Uganda at present is less virulent toward man than that responsible
for the decimating epidemic of sleeping sickness. It is not uncommon
in laboratory experiments to obtain a strain of trypanosomes of
increased virulence and with atypical characters that is able to
sur\'ive in animals that previously proved resistant to it^ and there
is every reason to believe that such a strain may develop in nature
through repeated mechanical transmission and might probably
result in an epidemic of trypanosomiasis in a vertebrate host

24

ordinarily resistant to the normal strain of the parasite. It is
possible that a peculiarly virulent strain of T. gambiense may have
been developed in this manner, but all observations show that further
specific enquiries are necessary.

Keilin (D.). On the Life History and Larval Anatomy of Melinda
cognata, Meigen (Diptera, Calliphorinae) parasitic in the Snail,
HeliceUa {Heliomancs) virgata, Da Costa, with an Account of
the other Diptera living upon Molluscs. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xi, no. 3-4, October 1919, pp. 430-455, 4 plates, 4 figs.

This paper concludes with observations made by M. E. Seguy, who
noticed that the larvae of Musca domestica readily devour snails
either living or dead, the attacked molluscs often being covered with
a mite, Eurenetes limaceum, Schrank. From 50 molluscs collected
in January, 9 yielded larvae of M. domestica ; all stages bred from
snails are however smaller than those bred from decomposed organic
substances. Seguy records the presence of larvae of CaUiphora
^rythrocepJwla and PJiora giraudi, Egg., in snails, in addition to that
of Melinda cognata, Meig., dealt with here.

ScHWETz (J.), Dix Jours d'Observations sur les Moeurs de la
Pangonia zonata et de la Pangonia oldii (Deuxidme Note). —
Rev. Zool. Africaine, Brussels, vii, no. 2, 1st October 1919,
pp. 92-106.

Observations made at Kakanu, Belgian Congo, during May 1918,
show that the presence of Pangonia zonata is closely related to the
distribution of a native plant, Acanthus nwnfanus ; whereas P. oldi,
although usually found in the same locality, is more abundant in the
forest [R.A.E., B, vii, 80]. Both species are blood-suckers, but will
only bite man under special circumstances, their chief food being the
nectar of flowers. In the district under consideration the flies appear
towards the end of the rainy season, i.e., end of April, and disappear
during July.

The species in question recorded as P. zonata has since been
identified as P. {Diatomineura) inornuta, Aust., and that treated
as P. oldi, although very similar to it, is probably undescribed.

Vandenbranden (F.). Observation sur des Larves de Lucilia
se developpant dans des Plaies. — Rev. Zool. Africaine, Brussels,
vii, no. 2, 1st October 1919, pp. 197-198.

A species of Lucilia has been observed ovipositing in wounds in
rodents. The animal under observation was a rat, Cricetomys
gambianus, the front paws of which were attacked. The eggs are
deposited near the wound into which the emerging larvae make their
way. Eggs were also deposited on the back of the animal. In no
case were healthy rats attacked. The duration of the life-cycle of
the fly from egg to the emergence of the adult is 21 days.

25

LuTZ (A.), DE SouzA Araujo (H. C.) & Da Fonseca (0.). Viajem
scientifica no Rio Parand e a Assuncion com Volta por Buenos
Aires, Montevideo e Rio Grande. [A scientific Journey on the
River Parana and to Assuncion and the Return Journey over
Buenos Aires. Montevideo and Rio Grande.]— Mem. Inst. Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, x, no. 2, 1918, pp. 101-173, 108 photographic
figs. [With an English Summary.] [Received 1st December
1919.]

A number of entomological notes made on this journey are
given. Blood-sucking insects observed while travelling on the rivers
included Tabanids, such as Lepidoselaga lepidota, Diachlorus flavitaenia
and D. binmculata ; these flies invade the boats even in broad daylight.
Esenbeckia spp. also follow the rivers, but are not much in evidence
in daylight. Chelotabanus aurora, a fluviatile species, is seen at
dusk. At some distance from the shore, mosquitos are not seen on
board in daytime, but at night some species, chiefly Taeniorhynchus
(Mansonia) and Anopheles {Cellia), are attracted by lights.
Simulium amazonicum is found on all the large rivers where there
are falls and is most annoying on the water ; on shore horses suffer
more than their riders.

Anopheles (Cellia) argyrotarsis, the vector of malaria on the Upper
Parana, and a few examples of A. [C.) albimanus, also from the river,
were the Anophelines met with. Stegomyia fasciata occurred at
Baurii and at Tres Lagoas, the first station on the Corumba railway,
along which its spread is assured. The most troublesome mosquitos
met with were Culex fatigans {quinquestriatus), C. confirmatus [scapu-
hris), C. albofasciatus, Janthinosoma arribalzagae and Taenior-
hynchus (Mansonia) HtiUans. C. fatigans occurred nearly everywhere.
C. confirmatus is very common on the Upper Parana. It is not
numerous on moving vessels, but when they come to the banlc it
invades them in company with J. arribalzagae. Its larvae are seldom
found. This and the frequent occurrence of rubbed specimens
appear to point to this species being long-lived. It is common in
Paraguay and Argentina where there are trees. C. albofasciatus
resembles the preceding species in many ways. It bites in sunlight.
When attracted by artificial light it enters houses and boats in large
numbers. Until recently it was only known from Argentina ; on
this journey it was seen below Corrientes and — on the return journey —
in the harbour of Rio Grande. The eggs obtained from captured
females were laid separately and resembled those of Stegomyia. They
sink easily, but develop even under water, though less quickly. The
larvae take at least 5 days to develop. The larval stage lasts about
2 weeks and the nymphal period, a little less than 3 days. Janthino-
soma arribalzagae was not uncommon on the Lower Parana and in
Paraguay, while on the upper river and its affluents it attacked all
those who went ashore and invaded the boats. It is exclusively found
on the banks of rivers in which it must breed, as there is frequently
no other water. No larvae were obtained. The eggs are single,
black and similar in shape to those of Stegomyia. In spite of repeated
experiments no larvae were hatched, this probably indicating peculiar
biological conditions. Some specimens were quite typical, but others
aeemed transitional to J. albigena, of which typical specimens were

26

also found. Taeniorhynchus titillans was found both on the Upper
and on the Lower Parana, and it was very common on the Salado
River near San Bernadino, Paraguay. A species taken on the Upper
Paran4 may be T. (M.) pseudotitillans, very common on the Amazon.
On this journey few plants of Pistia stratiotes were seen and on those
examined no larvae were found. Psorophora ciliata is common in
Paraguay. Culex serratus and one specimen of C. crinifer were
noticed at the Iguassii Falls. Carrolia iridescens and Hyloconops
longipalpis were bred from the giant bamboo, Chusquea gaudichaudi,
on the Upper Parana ; also some larvae of Sabethinus and Megarhinus.
One larva of the Dendromyia type was taken from Urera suhpeltata{'\)y
the stems of which sometimes hold water.

Some small blood-sucking Ceratopogonin.ae, probably Culicoides
debilipal'pis, were found. They enter houses, especially open
verandahs. C. horticola, Lutz, was obtained in Paraguay and
Cotocripus pusillus probably also occurs there.

The collection of early stages of Sifmdium spp. was rendered
difficult by the fact that the river was high during the journey.
Schrottky has described three species, all of which attack man, from
Paraguay, viz. : — S. inexorabile, S. paraguayense and S. paranense.
Dr. Lutz considers that the first is a synonym of S. pertinax, Kollar,
the commonest species at Rio de Janeiro. S. pertinax is common
along the mountainous coast of Brazil, but not above 2,600 feet
altitude. Inland it occurs at moderate elevations. S. paraguayense
was found on the Parana and at Tucuman, Argentina. No nymphs
were found, probably owing to the flood, so that the presence of the
large number of adults seen points to great longevity. Besides these,
two other species were found, one of which, S. amazonicum, attacks
man. The other, S. orbitale (so named because it prefers to bite
horses at the orbital margin of the eye), was met with on the Upper
Parana. The very characteristic larvae and nymphs are generally
found in all large falls. It is unusual for them to be directly attached
to stones ; more commonly they are found on plants, principally
Podostemaceae, which only grow in falls. In its earlier stages
S. amazonicum also lives on these plants. After Dr. Lutz's return,
he received from Paraguay specimens of S. pertinax, S. orbitale,
S. paraguayense, S. amazonicum and S. subpallidum, and S. pertinait
and S. rubrithorax from Argentina. S. subviride, sp. n., was not
rare at Mojoli ; it was caught on horses. S. incrustatum, a rather
common species, came on board between Mojoli and Tibiri9a.

The only specimen of Phlebotomus seen on this journey was ,a
female of P. longipalpis taken near Iguassii. Some examples of this
species have been received from Paraguay.

Lists are given of the Tabanids found in the various regions visited
or sent from there.

The report on climatogy and sanitary conditions is due to Dr. de
Souza Araujo. Malaria and Chagas' disease are widely spread in the
part of the State of Sao Paulo between Bauru and Porto Tibiri^a.
Triatoma and Phlebotomus are plentiful. At Tres Lagoas malaria
is common, and Triatoma sordida is abundant. The most important
flagellate met with was Trypanosoma cruzi, and at Assuncion some
specimens of Triatoma infestans harboured it in large numbers. This,
and the occurrence of goitre, justifies the assumption that American

27

trypanosomiasis exists in Paraguay. It may be remembered that
this disease remained unnoticed for a long time in Brazil. Trypano-
soma equinum, infesting horses and mules, is distributed over a wide
area of the territory through which the expedition passed. American
leishmaniasis, locally called Baurii ulcer, and its causative agent,
Leishnania brasiUensis, are well known in the north-west of Sao Paulo
and in Paraguay. Tertian malaria occurred, but no cases were met
with of infection with the quartan form.

Eckstein (F.). Die Ueberwinterung unserer Stechmucken. [The
Hibernation of our Mosquitos."] — Biol. Zentralhlatt, Leipzic,
xxxviii, no. 12, 23rd January 1919, pp. 530-536.

In this paper on German mosquitos [R.A.E., B, vi, 211 ; vii, 69, 173],
it is stated that the details of hibernation in Germany have
not yet been fully investigated. All observers are agreed that the
males perish in autumn, the eggs, larvae and adult females being the
forms in which hibernation may occur. One or other of these is usual
in a given species ; for instance, in the case of Ctdex pipiens, it is the
adult female that hibernates as a rule.

In the course of observations made at and around Strassburg
during the past few years, it Avas found that Anopheles maculipennis
generally hibernates in the adult stage, though it is possible that some
larvae may survive the winter. The females choose a dry situation
protected against wind, and do not seem to be influenced by light.
They bite in February after being kept in a warm room for some time.
On leaving their winter quarters they seek stables and sheds where
they can ol3tain a feed prior to oviposition. Under normal conditions
A. hifurcatus hibernates in the larval stage exclusively and no adults
have been found in winter. The larvae were found among leaves
at the bottom of subsoil-water holes or at the edges of large swamps.
They were also taken from partly-frozen puddles ; on one occasion
the temperature of the water was 37° F. (3-5° C). Nothing definite
can be said regarding A. p)lumheus (nigripes), but it probably over-
winters as an adult.

Both Culex pipiens and Tlieobaldia (CuUseta) annulata are recorded
as hibernating in the adult stage. They choose damp situations
protected against wind and readily bite in January after being kept
in a warm place for some time. T. (CuUseta) fjlaphyroptera, Scliiner,
and Culex hortensis, Fie. {territans, Wlk.) are somewhat rare species
that overwinter in the adult stage. Schneider has stated that
T. {Cidieella) morsitans, Theo., does not hibernate as a larva, but the
author finds the contrary to be the case, at least in the woods around
Strassburg. Tfiis species appears to have one annual generation.
The imagines of Taeniorhi/nchus (Mansonia) richiardii, Fie, are found
singly in the w^oods near deep water in old stream beds and the larvae
hibernate at the bottom of such water. Aedes cinereus, Meig.,
OcMerotatus (Culicada) nemorosus, Meig., 0. (C.) nigrinus, Eckst.,
0. (C.) diversus, Theo., 0. geniculatus, Oliv. {C. lateralis, Meig.),
0. (C.) ornatiis, Meig., 0. (C.) dorsalis, Meig., 0. (C.) vexans, Meig.,
and Cidex cantans, Meig., all occur near Strassburg and hibernate
in the egg-stage.

28

These observations prov^e the inadequacy of the present-day method
of winter measures against mosquitos, which only aim at destroying
the adult females,

Eckstein (F.). Witter ung und Stechmuckenplage. [Weather and
Mosquitos.] — Zeitschr. angewandte Entom., Berlin, vi, no. 1,
1919, pp. 93-105, 1 fig., 1 chart.

A number of observations, made at Strassburg in the spring of 1918,
are recorded regarding the influence of weather on the increase of
mosquitos.

Culex pipiens depends on climate in the sense that an early spring
and a warm, dry summer are particularly favourable to its increase.
Furthermore its oviposition appears to depend somewhat on the
occurrence of thunder-showers, for egg-rafts are very abundant
afterwards. It is calculated that where conditions allow of 5 genera-
tions the descendants of one female may amount to 3,200,000 in a
year. If unfavourable weather reduces the generations to 4, the total
\vill fall to 160,000, while it may rise to 64,000,000 if 6 generations
occur. As Anopheles maculipennis also hibernates in the adult
stage its appearance is likewise dependent on the beginning of the
warm weather. Its development however only permits of 2-3 annual
generations. The hibernating larva of A. bifurcatus scarcely increases
in size during the winter, and growth in spring depends on the tem-
perature of the water, which is obviously related to weather conditions.
Ochlerotatus {Culicada) vexans, 0. (C) nigrinus and Aeies cinereus
oviposit at the edges of temporary pools and the eggs only hatch
when wetted in spring by a rise of the water-level due to local rain or
to a rise of the subsoil water ; in winter, wetting the eggs does not
usually cause them to hatch. The eggs laid by the resulting imagines
equally require to be wetted, and this explains why these species are
rare in short, dry summers. In spring the Rhine is swollen by the
snow meting in the Alps and a rise of about 6 ft. will flood many areas
near Strassburg and produce swarms of mosquitos. Culicada cantans
and 0. (C.) nemorosus hibernate in the egg-stage and have only one
generation in the summer. The 6ggs are deposited in the second
half of summer. 0. {Cidicada) ornalus breeds in water in hollow
trees. The eggs of each generation are laid above the edges of the
water and heavy rains are required to raise the level of such collections
of water and cause them to hatch. Development is greatly accelerated
by a rise in temperature, requiring 36 days at 48° F. (9° C.) and only
10 days at 75° F. (24° C). Hot, dry weather alternating with heavy
rains therefore provides the optimum conditions for a large increase of
0. ornatns. The chart accompanying this paper gives the above
information in graphic form.

Glaser (F.). Die Schnalcenbekampfung nach den neueren Erfah-

rungen. [Anti-Mosquito Work on Modern Lines.] — Vereinigung

zur Bekdmpfung der Schnakenplage, Mannheim, 4 page leaflet

dated December 1919.

The recent researches prosecuted by Bresslau, Eckstein and the

author have supplied the necessary basis for anti-mosquito work in

Germany, where hitherto the methods employed were chiefly suited to

29

Culex pipicns. It now has been ])roved that of the 20 German species,
some 5 only hibernate as adults in cellars, sheds, etc. The majority
pass the winter in the egg-stage, the eggs having been laid singly in
dry situations during the warm weather. Some species, especially
those that occur in vast swarms, may travel as far as 9 miles from
their breeding-places. To decide whether operations are likely to
be (a) successful, (6) successful but costly, or (c) hopeless, it is necessary
first of all to determine the species concerned and to examine the
localities.

The Anophelines are found wherever stagnant or slow-flowing
water containing vegetation occurs and they have been observed
at altitudes above 3,300 feet. They do not travel more than about
one to two thousand yards, so that a number of communities are not
required to co-operate in combating them. Anti-larval work is
difficult on account of the large water- surfaces involved, but the
adults of Anopheles maculipennis may be destroyed indoors by
spraying with a suitable insecticide.

Culex pipiens may be described as a domestic mosquito and is the
species most readily combated. In winter the hibernating females
may be sprayed, first during the period November-December and
then again in January-February. Summer treatment consists in
oiling the breeding-places.

The Aedinae cannot be combated in winter. Large communities
may attempt the costly eradication of their breeding-places ; if
the' latter are in forests, oiling may be resorted to, but in other
situations the cost will be very high*

Richardson (C. H.). The Response of the House-fly to Certain
Foods and their Fermentation Products. — Rept. Dept. Entom.
1916, New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N.J., 1917,
pp. 511-519. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

The information contained in this paper has been noticed elsewhere
[R.A.E., B, V, 72].

Peterson (A.). House-fly Investigations. — Rept. Dept. Entom. 1917,
New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N.J., 1918,
pp. 479-484. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

A practical demonstration of well-known remedial measures against
flies was held in 1917 at Beach Haven, New Jersey, where the
conditions for fly control in the town are almost ideal, so that little
remained to be done beyond eliminating the breeding-places in
stables, etc. On 25th June all stalls in stables and other breeding-
places were treated with borax (crystals). The floor-boards of stalls
and other parts of the barn were examined every two weeks during
the summer and only once did any stable require more than two
treatments in order to prevent breeding. Manure was treated in
various ways. Some was removed from stables daily and spread
out on gardens or waste ground, Avhere it dried rapidly and showed
no evidence of fly-breeding. From another stable the manure was
removed twice a week and placed on the marshes where the tides
constantly soaked it with salt water. Another stable possessed a
large cement pit and into this the manure was thrown and covered

X

30

with water. This method was very satisfactory until the pit was
filled and the manure exposed above the top and sides. Each day,
where the borax treatment was given, 2| gallons of water containing
Ij oz. of borax was sprinkled on the daily output of manure from
one horse. If in a very wet condition, the manure should be dried
somewhat before treatment. Hellebore was tried as a substitute,
but is far more expensive than borax. Manure treated with borax
should not injure plants if not more than 15 tons are used to the acre.
Fly traps and poisoned baits were the means of capturing a number
of flies, including Stomoxys calcitrans (75 per cent.), Musca domestica,
Calliphora erythrocephala, Lucilia sericata, Phormia regina, Fannia
canicularis and other species. The effect of poison of varying strength
on flies is discussed ; 1 oz. to \ oz. of sodium arsenite in a gallon of
solution was found sufficiently toxic, but greater strengths killed a
larger percentage in a shorter time.

Headlee (T. J.). Report of the Mosquito Work for 1916. — Reyt.
Dept. Entom. 1916, New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick,
N. J., 1917, pp. 521-557, 8 figs. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

Particulars are given of the drainage operations executed in the
various counties. The mosquitos observed during the year included
Ochlerotatus (Aedes) cantator, 0. (A.) sollicitans and 0. (A.) sylvestris
and Cidex pipiens.

Many substances have been tested as larvicides and details are
given of the results obtained ; these included metal salts, drugs
and more or less pure organic chemicals. While a number of compounds
destroy mosquito larvae, none was found to remain effective for more
than a limited period after the application was made.

Headlee (T. J.). Report on Mosquito Work. — Bept. Dept. Entom.
1917, New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N.J., 1918,
pp. 485-520, 4 figs. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

The work accomplished in salt-marsh drainage by all agencies
up to 1916-1917 and the effect of this work on the prevalence of the
salt-marsh mosquitos are illustrated by a map. By the beginning
of 1917, 95,000 acres of salt-marsh had been rendered reasonably
free from mosquito breeding-places, and no brood of any importance
had appeared during 1916 from that area. The various measures
undertaken in certain localities during the year are described. The
species occurring were the same as reported in the previous year
[see preceding paper].

Brunetti (E.). Diptera of the Simla District. — Records Indian
Museum, Calcutta, xiii, part 2, May 1917, pp. 59-101, 4 figs.
[Received 3rd December 1919.]

Among the Diptera included in this extensive list collected in
various localities at the base of the Himalayas and near Simla are
the following blood-sucking species : — Simuliids, Simulium indicum,
Becker. S. senile, Brun., S. aureohirtum, Brun. ; Chironomids,
Ceratopogon (sub-gen. Prohelia) decipiens, Kiefi., and Culicoides
montivagus, Kieff. ; Culicids, Anopheles plumbeus, Hal. {barianensis.

31

James & List.), A. turhhudi, List., A. swilemis, James & List.,
Culex mimeticus, Noe ; Tabanids, Tabanus orientis, Wlk., T. excelsus,
Ric, Therioplectes subcaUosus, Ric, T. hirtus, Wlk. ; Muscids, Stomoxys
calcitrans, L., BdeJlolarynx sanguinolentus, Aust., Haematobia sangui-
sugens, Aust., and Stygeromyia macidosa, Aust.

Prashad (B.). The Description and Life-history of a New Species
of Anopheles that breeds in Holes in Trees. — Records Indian
Museum, Calcutta, xv, no. 3, August 1918,, pp. 123-127, 1 plate.
[Received 3rd December 1919.]

Anopheles annandalei, sp. n., is described from a single male bred
from larvae collected from a tree-hole at an altitude of about 5,000
feet in the Darjeeling district, Eastern Himalayas, in October 1917.
The tree was in dense jungle close to a water supply which was
brownish in colour and contained dead leaves and some Culicine larvae.
The only other Indian Anophelines that have been described as
breeding in tree-holes are A. plumbeus, Hal., and A. culiciformis,
Cogil.

DE Castro (R.) La Erradicaci6n de las Garrapatas. [Tick Eradica-
tion.]— Estacion Expl. Agron., Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba,
Circ. 57, 1919, 31 pp., 12 figs. [Received 3rd December 1919.]

The eradication of the tick, Boophilus (Margaropus) annulatus,
the transmitter of bovine piroplasmosis, is of vital importance to
the cattle industry of Cuba. The most that is done in this respect
in the usual Cuban cattle-breeding establishments is to dip badly-
infested animals in a solution of spirits or alcohol and sabadilla, or
to use some other treatment, without any attempt to guard against
re-infestation. The life-history and habits of the tick are described.
There are two methods of eradication, which are most successful
when applied simultaneously. These include the regular dipping of
cattle in an insecticide solution in one of the w^ell-known types of
dipping tanks such as are used in North America and described
and illustrated in this paper, or hand treatment with a spray pump
apparatus. A favourite spray in Cuba consists of 1 lb. sabadilla
to 1 gal. alcohol or spirits ; formulae are also given for arsenical
dipping solutions.

Simultaneously with this treatment is the elirnination of ticks
from the pasture-grounds, which is frequently done by burning the
pasture in the dry season. This is only possible when the pasture
is low-growing and there is not much vegetation ; in Guinea and
Parana many ticks escape the action of the fire, protected by the
moisture in the earth and by the chaff that is always lying about
the pasture-grounds. The most efficacious and ultimately the cheapest
method is considered to be rotation of grazing on the pasture-lands,
the cattle being pastured successively on tick-free sections of the area.
A belt of land about two yards wide should be ploughed all round
the tick-free sections to avoid infestation from animals stretching
over and dropping ticks on to the neighbouring section. The method
of dividing the area into sections and the times of movements of cattle
from one to another is explained.

32

Zetek (J.). Como evitar la Cria de Larvas de Mosquitos en " Canji-
lones,"" Floreros, etc. [A Method of preventing Mosquito
Breeding in " Canjilones," Flower- stands, etc.] — Revista La
Salle, Panama, November 1919, pp. 45-47.

In all the gardens of Panama, narrow channels filled with water
are dug around flower-beds, etc., to protect plants against ants ; these
have the draw-back of providing breeding-places for mosquitos,
among which is found the transmitter of yellow fever, Stegomyia
fasciata. Oily larvicides have been tried, but heavy rains scatter
the oil, which is absorbed by the soil and injures the plants. House-
holders are also frequently fined for the presence of mosquito larvae
in the water-traps for ants placed around flower-pots, etc., and
the larvae are also found in the bowls of holy water in churches.
Experiments have demonstrated that a small quantity of camphor
or of para-dichlorobenzene (CgH^Cl^) prevents mosquito-breeding;
in the channels around flower-beds it should be used in powder form,
1 or 2 grams being sufficient for each, and proves less expensive than
camphor. In winter this treatment should be carried out once a
week, and in summer every 10 days. For flower-stands, etc., the same
quantity of the powder, or of "^either powdered or solid camphor
should be applied every 15 days or as often as the water-traps are
renewed. For use in churches, a little solid camphor is preferable.

Bonne-Wepster (J.) & Bonne (C). Four New South American
Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae).— Insecwfor Inscitiae Menstruus,
Washington, D.C., vii, no. 7-9, July-September 1919, pp. 105-113.

The new species from Surinam here described are : Wyeomyia
occulta, of which the larvae were found in a jelly-like mass at the
base of leaves of Heliconia ; W. albosquamata, larvae of which were
found in Bromeliaceae ; W. fallax and W. splendida found in similar
plants.

Bonne-Wepster (J.) & Bonne (C). Description of the Larvae of
Wyeomyia apJiobema, Dyar (Diptera, Culicidae).— /nsecw^or
Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., vii, no. 7-9, July-
September 1919, p. 114.
The larvae described were found in Bromeliaceae near Paramaribo,

Surinam.

Dyar (H. G.). A Revision of the American Sabethini of the Sabethes
Group by the Male Genitalia (Diptera, CulicidsLe).— I nsecutor
Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., vii, no. 7-9, July-
September 1919, pp. 114-142, 1 plate.
The species dealt with include: Dinomyia ■proviolans, gen. et sp. n.,

from Panama ; Wyeomyia melanopus, sp. n., and W. roloncetta, sp. n.

from Panama, bred from a Bromelia growing on a tree.

A key to the genera is given and also to the species of Miamyia,

gen. n., Sabethinus, Lutz, Sabethes, R-D., Sabethoides, Theo., Triamyia,

gen. n., Phomyia, Theo., Heliconiamyia, gen. n., Dendromyia, Theo.,

Wyeomyia, Theo., Decamyia, gen. n., Menolepis, Lutz, Dodecamyia,

gen. n., and Hystatomyia, gen. n.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
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municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
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Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
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S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa, French Equatorial : Tlie Incidence of Malaria. .

Alsace : Notes on the Bionomics of Mosquitos

America : A Revision of Mosquitos of the Sahethes Group

America, South : Notes on Blood-sucking Insects . .

Argentina : Anaplasmosis and Piroplasmosis

British Isles .: House-flies and their Parasites . . ...

British Isles : The Lice infesting Horses

Congo, Belgian : Trypanosomiasis of Domestic Animals

Congo, Belgian : The Distribution of Ornithodorns mouhata

Congo, Belgian : The Bionomics of Pangonia spj).

Cuba : Measures against Ticks infesting Cattle

France : Piroplasmosis of Cattle

France : Measures against Parasites of Poultry . .

Germany : Measures against Mosquitos

Guiana, Dutch : New Mosquitos

India : Blood-sucking Flies of the Simla District . .

India : A New Tree-breeding Anopheline . .

Macedonia : Filaria conjunctivae in Man . .

Macedonia : Notes on Epidemic Jaundice . .

Panama : Measures against Mosquito Larvae

Portugal : The Occurrence of Leptomonas in an Insect . .

Portugal : Notes on Phlehotomus , . .

Uganda : Tsetse Flies and Trypanosomiasis

U.S.A. : Review of Measures against Malaria

U.S.A. : The Seasonal Activity of Tabanidae in Florida . .

U.S.A. : Measures against Hause-flies in New Jersey

U.S.A. . Measures against Mosquitos in 1917-18 in New Jersey

Notes on the Spirochaete of Relapsing Fever in the Louse . .

Experiments on the Control of Fly breeding Areas in Camps

Measures against Lice . .

Hermaphroditism in Lice

The Systematic Position of Pediculus humanus and Pkthirus pub

Notes on the Bionomics of Ticks

House-flies infesting Snails

Lucilia sp. infesting Rodents . .

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Registered at the QJ'.O. for Transmlselon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 3.-pp. 33-58. MARCH, 1920.

THE REVIEW
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Tropical Medicine.
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Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Roya' Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cam>!ridge.
Be. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling. C.M.G., Foreign Office.
rir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
]\Ir. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self -governing Dominions

is an €X officio member of the Committee,
©cncral Secretary?.
Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director anO Ebitor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

astststant ©irector.
Dr. S. A. Neave.

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London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

33

Dyar (H. G.). a new Subgenus of Culex, Linn. (Diptera, Culicidae).

— Insecutor Insciiiae Menslruus, Washington, D.C., vii, no. 7-9,

July-September 1919, p. 150.
Culex {Eubonnea, subg. n.) tapena, sp. n., is described from Para-
maribo, Surinam, where it was captured about 7 p.m. indoors. It
was also bred from a pupa found in a permanent pool with much
vegetation.

RouBAUD (E.). Antagonisme du Betail et de THomme dans la

Nutrition sanguine de V Anopheles maculipennis. Le Role

antipaludique du Betail domestique. — Ball. Agric. Alger.-Tun.-

Maroc, Algiers, Ser. 2, xxv, no. 11, November 1919, pp. 272-273.

Observations made in France in the districts of the lower Loire and

the marshes of the Vendee show that man is greatly protected from

malaria by the presence of other animals, especially domestic animals.

Man is only attacked by Anopheles maculipennis in the absence of

other available food in the form of mammalian blood, for which

distinct preference is shown in the following order : pigs, cattle,

horses, goats and sheep, rabbits and dogs.

DE Meza (J.). The Common Ticks of Nyasaland with some special
Notes on the Anatomy and Biology of Ticks in General. —
Nyasaland Prot. Dept. Agric., Zomba, Bull. 1, 1918, 32 pp.,
13 figs. [Received 10th December 1919.]
The general biology, anatomy and classification of ticks are discussed*
A list of the species occurring in Nyasaland together with their respec-
tive life-histories and the usual remedial measures are given. This list
of 14 species includes the following known disease carriers : Argas
persicus, Ornithodorus tnoubata, Boophilus decoloratus, Haemaphysalis
leachi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. evertsi, R. simics, R. capensis,
Amhlyomma hebraeum and Hyalomma aegyptium.

Bacot (A.) & Talbot (G.). The Survival Period of Lice and Nits

{Pediculus humanus) when submerged in Tap Water and Water

containing 1 per cent, of Salt at various Temperatures. — Brit.

Med. Jl, London, no. 3074, 29th November 1919, p. 703.

These experiments show that although active lice are killed by

immersion in salt water, this method cannot be reUed upon for the

cleansing of verminous textiles, even when they are allowed to soak for

24 hours, unless the temperature of the water is above 90° F. The

eggs apparently fail to hatch owing to the want of continued heat

necessary for their incubation. Under these conditions, plain tap

water has proved as effective as that containing salt.

Bacot (A.) & Lloyd (L.). Experiments concerning the Destruction

of Active Lice (Pediculus humanus) by Solutions of Cresol Soap

Emulsion and Lysol, and of Lice and Nits with Kerosene, with

a View to the Use of these Remedies for the Treatment of

Verminous Heads. — Brit. Med. Jl., London, no. 3074, 29th

November 1919, pp. 704-705.

As shown in the previous paper the temperature of the solution

used for the destruction of lice and their eggs is the most important

(656) Wt. P1921/144. 1,500. 3.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.ll. a

34

factor. Clothes are rendered safe by immersion in a 2 per cent,
solution of lysol for 30 minutes at a temperature of from 100° to
104° F., whatever the subsequent treatment may be. Cold solutions
were effective when used at a minimum strength of 1| per cent, with
an immersion period of 1 hour, provided that the solution remaining
on the fabric after dipping was allowed to dry in. Sponging infested
hair with a 2 per cent, solution of lysol warm or cold is useless if
this is followed immediately by rinsing. This is thought to be due
to a reflex action in the louse by which it closes the spiracles for a
short period, thus preventing penetration of the noxious fluid.
Experiments were also made by placing lice and eggs on flannel
which was subsequently immersed for 5 minutes in kerosene at a
temperature of 68° F., with the result that all active lice died within
48 hours regardless of subsequent treatment. The death of active
lice following immersion in kerosene appears to be due rather to the
oil on the surface of the insect or the object to which it clings obtaining
entrance to its body after removal from the fluid than during the
short period of immersion. As regards the eggs, penetration by
kerosene is too slow for its entrance to occur within the time of
immersion, but subsequent to their removal the fluid or its vapour
inhibits development. In experiments where the eggs immersed in
kerosene hatched the young lice died in the process of emergence
from the egg.

Cattle-Tick Regulations. — N. Z. Jl. Agric, Wellington, xix, no. 4,
20th October 1919, p. 263.

The laws that came into force on 2nd October 1919 concerning
quarantine, notification and treatment by dipping or some other
effective method of dealing with tick-infested cattle, are reviewed.
For the purpose of these regulations cattle-tick means any parasite
of the family Ixodidae and does not include the Hippoboscid fly,
Melophagus ovinus. All stock intended for removal must be treated
as authorised by the inspector, forty -eight hours previously.

Rich (S. G.). Are the Odonata of Economic Value ? — S. African
Jl. Sci., Cape Town, xv, no. 8, July 1919, pp. 611-612.

In Africa adult dragonflies are apparently not of much economic
importance, but in the nymphal stage they are probably both beneficial
and harmful. In several rivers and pools examined where dragon-
fly nymphs were abundant very few mosquito larvae were found,
although conditions seemed ideal for them. In districts where
mosquitos were abundant there were very few dragon-flies to be seen.
With one exception all waters containing nymphs of Odonata were
sparsely inhabited by fish.

Storey (G.). Keys for the Determination of Egyptian Mosquitos
and their Larvae. — Bull. Soc. Entom. Egijpte, Cairo, 1918, no. 4,
September-December 1918, 1919, pp. 84-106, 2 plates. [Received
29th December 1919].

Keys are given for the determination of adult mosquitos of Egypt
from easily visible external characters ; for the determination of the

35

various species of the genus Culex by means of the male genitalia
and for the determination of the larvae by easily visible characters.

The species dealt with in these keys are the following -.-^Anopheles
bifurcatus, L., which is apparently one of the very worst malaria
carriers ; A. turkhudi, List., which is the commonest malaria carrier,
being particularly abundant in oases and in drains with salty water ;
A. palestinensis, Theo., wliich may perhaps be found to be identical
with A. sergeiiti ; A. mauritianus, Grp., which is not regarded as a
malaria carrier ; A. pharoensis, Theo., which is probably the most
\videly-distributed Anopheline in Egypt, but a doubtful malaria
carrier, and is frequently found accompanying Culex invidiosus and
C. decens : Siegomyia fasciata, F. (yellow fever mosquito), which is
not very abundant in Egypt, but quickly appears in vessels of water
left standing in houses ; Ochlerofatus caspius, Pall, {dorsalis, auctt.),
which occurs in salty swamps and stagnant pools and v^ one of the
commonest mosquitos of Egypt ; 0. longisquamosus, Theo., which
greatly resembles 0. caspius and may be only a local variety of it ;
O. nemorosus, Meig., which is recorded from two localities only;
Theohaldia longiareolata, Macq., chiefly found in the winter in the adult
form, the larvae usually occurring in stagnant puddles ; this species
rarely bites human beings ; Culex quasigelidus, Theo., which is widely
distributed, but not numerous ; C. tipuliformis, Theo. {theileri, Theo.),
common about oases ; C. pusillus, Macq, ; C. pipiens, L., which
constitutes the great majority of mosquitos taken in Egyptian houses,
and is very common in cesspools and also in comparatively pure water ;
C. invidiosus, Theo., which is the commonest mosquito in infiltration
water, stagnant canals and drains, etc. ; C. decens, Theo., which may
be only a variety of C. invidiosus, and may also be synonymous with
C. paliidocephalus, Theo. ; an unidentified species of Culex which
is new to Africa and probably new to science ; Uranotaenia unguiculata,
Edw., which has not previously been recorded from Egypt, but is
widely distributed and often abundant, especially in permanent
pools and in infiltration water.

Other species recorded from Egypt by other writers, but considered
as of doubtful identity by the author of the present paper, include
Anopheles maculipennis, Meig., A. squamosus, Theo., Stegomyia
sugens, Wied., and Culex fatigans, Wied.

EwiNG (H. E.). Stable-flies and Chiggers. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, p. 466.

Tromhtdium striaticeps, Oud., which is one of the three mites in
Europe that attack man and domesticated animals, is reported from
Washington, D. C, as infesting Stomoxys calcitrans.

Barber (G. W.). A Note on Migration of Larvae of the House Fly. —
Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919,
p. 466.

Attention is drawn to the migration of a number of larvae of Musca
domestica, which were observed to travel a distance of from 1 to 150
feet rather than pupate in the earth under the manure in which they
were breeding. ..4'\\VsunTtf"'iir/?;^v

(656) / a2

APR 1 5 U'

36

Hall (M. C.) & Avery (L.). The use of Carbon Bisulphid in
Infestations with Bots, Gastwphilus spp. — Jl. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc, Baton Rouge, La., Ivi, no. 3, December 1919,
pp. 265-270.

Experiments made to ascertain the minim am efiective dose of
carbon bisulphide for the removal of bots in horses show that single
doses of 6 drachms or 2 doses of 4 drachms each given at an interval
of two hours will remove all species of Ga&irophilus from the stomach
and duodenum ; three doses of 3 drachms each at intervals of 1 hour
are equally effective. Smaller doses will remove G. mtestinalis from
the cardiac stomach, but are not efiective against G. nasalis owing to
the location of the larvae of this species, as apparently by the time
the drug reaches the pylorus, it has been partly absorbed and diluted
with the fatty contents of the stomach, its lethal action being thus
reduced. If purgatives are given they should be administered several
hours, at least, before or after the drug. The use of linseed oil
diminishes the efficacy of carbon bisulphide against Gastrophilus.
The work of previous authors on this subject is reviewed.

WoLLMAN (E.). Larves deMouche {CallifJiora vomitoria) et Vitamines.
~-C. B. Soe. Biol, Paris, Lxxxii, no. 29, 22nd November 1919,
pp. 1208-1210.

Further investigations have been made concerning the hypotheses
suggef.ted in a previous paper [R.A.E., B., vii, 140]. Lar^^ae of
CallipJiora vomitoria thrived well even when fed on brains that had
been sterilised at a heat of 134° to 135° C. [273°-27o° F.] for U hours.
The larvae treated in this manner were noticed to develop rather
more slowly than usual during the first 2 days, but by the 6th or
7th day they had reached their normal size and pupated as usual from
the 8tii to 10th day.

Sterilisation even at a temperature of 134° C. does not appear
therefore to destroy the vitamines of certain foodstuffs. It is not
thorght probable that the larvae themselves create vitamines, but
rather that they accumulate and concentrate those present in their
diet.

Scott (H. H.). Coincident Malaria and Enteric Fever.— ^Inw. Trop.
Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiii, no. 3, 10th December 1919,
pp. 195-214, 13 charts.

The author gives the following summary of this paper :— Anti-
typhoid inoculation has been reported to reduce susceptibility to
malaria. Lnteric fever in Jamaica is a severe affection with com-
paratively high mortality. Malarial infection in Jamaica is also
a severe condition ; in a large majority of cases it is of the subtertian
variety. Qi inine does not have any marked effect on uncomplicated
cases of enteric fever. The serum of patients suffering from un-
complicated malarial fever will not give a positive reaction to Widal's
agglutination test. Coincident enteric fever and malaria (that is,
Mhen a patient is seen early in the attack of enteric fever and
examination of the blood reveals the presence of malarial parasites
a+ this earl}' stage) in many instances at least is remarkably mild

37

in type and in course, and recovery is usually rapid and complete,
.more so than in the case of either affection separately,

Hatori (J.)- On the Endemic Tsutsugamushi Disease of Formosa. — •

Ami. Trop. Med. ParasU., Liverpool, xiii, no. 3, 10th December
1919, pp. 233-258, 2 plates.

The endemic exanthematous fever in the Karenko District of
Eastern Formosa has been proved to be related to the tsutsugamushi
'or kedani disease of Northern Japan. yf

The transmitter of the virus is a mite, apparently identical Avith ' ^
the Japanese species, Trombidium {Tromhicula) akamushi, Brumpt.
The natural hosts of this parasite include Mils rattus rufcscens (common
liouse rat of the island), M. decamanus, M. musculns, M. agmrius,
etc., and such insectivores as Grocidura miisehata. Pheasants,
chickens and even dogs and cats may be infested by the mite. Human
beings are attacked when passing through infested fields or forests.
The mite-infested localities are limited to the valleys, uncultivated
land covered with tall grass and flat or sloping ground covered with
thick forest. Mites from the ear of an infested rat were noticed
to leave the host when fully fed and enter the soil, where they moult
and transform to nymphs. An attempt to develop these nymphs
on vegetable matter was unsuccessful. The mites probably acquire
the virus in the adult stage and transfer it to their offspring. The
spread of the mites is chiefly due to tlie migration of their hosts,
such as rodents, etc.

Larvae of another species were found in certain fields living freely
on grasses. This species has been provisionally named Tromhicula
pseudoakamuslii (non Tanaka) by the author, as he considers it a
new species, although Prof. Miyajima believes the larva to be identical
with the European Leptiis aninmnalis and the adult with Tromhicula
mediocris, Berl., of Java. It apparently does not infest man.

The causative virus of the disease is probably of ultra-microscopic
nature, as no organism has been isolated. The fever usually appears
in April and persists till July, after which it declines, rising again in
October and subsiding in November. Immigrants are apparently
more susceptible to the virus than the natives. Experiments with
animals show that some species of indigenous monkeys are definitely
susceptible to the virus either tlirough inoculation of a patient's
blood or through bites of the mites in an infected field, whereas others
seem resistant ; this is probably due to an immunity arising from
attack in their previous habitat.

Comparisons are made between the Japanese and Formosan
tsutsugamushi disease and allied endemic glandular fevers; The
clinical aspect and treatment of the disease is discussed. Preventive
measures include complete protection of the body when traversing
mite-infested areas and thorough disinfection of all clothes prior
to entering dwelhng houses. Cleanliness is essential, and the body
should be well examined after field work for red spots, wliich must
either be excised or the mite removed from the centre with a needle.

The infested areas should be cleared by burning, and brought under
cultivation. All inhabitants of infested territory should be educated
as to the nature of the disease and its transmitter.

38

Fielding (J.. W.). Notes on the Bionomics of Stegomyia fasciata,
Fabr. (Part I). — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiii, no. 3,
10th December 1919, pp. 259-296.

Ill the course of breeding large numbers of Stegomyia fasciata for
the requirements of the Austrahan Institute of Tropical Medicine
observations were made on various points that required elucidation.
A chart is given showing the temperature and humidity readings in
the grounds during the period occupied by these experiments. The
method of keeping and feeding the adult mosquitos is discussed.
An exclusive diet of blood for the females and of bananas for the males
proved most satisfactory. The egg-laying period of a fertilised
captive female is from 40 to 72 days with an average of about 750
eggs. Apparently no preference is shown for any place for the purpose
of oviposition, the eggs being deposited in almost any receptacle
containing water. In experiments to ascertain if ovipositing females
prefer contaminated water it was noticed that sugar and water
appeared to be the most attractive bait, although this gave unfavour-
able results as food for the larvae ; no eggs were laid in water
containing more than 70 per cent, of sea-water. During the summer
the eggs hatched on the second or third day, and during the winter
on the third or fourth day. Experiments with regard to the influence
of drying on the hatching of eggs, cooling of resistant eggs, submergence
in small and large quantities of water, and retention of eggs by gravid
females, show results similar to those of previous authors [R.A.E.,
B, iv, 161]. When eggs were dried over calcium chloride, after
7 days treatment 80 to 90 per cent, hatched, after 19 days, 8 to 15
per cent, and after 26 no eggs hatched. Of resistant eggs immersed
for 30 seconds in lysol and then re-immersed in water 87 "9 per cent,
hatched in about 24 hours. Soap solutions produced similar results
to petroleum soft-soap emulsion and 69*2 per cent, of the resistant
eggs hatched in 24 hours. The position of the eggs, w^iether floating
or submerged, has little influence upon the hatching. From 150
dried eggs immersed in sea-water 77*3 per cent, hatched, whilst from
an equal number placed in tap water 83*3 per cent, hatched. No
adults were reared from freshly laid eggs placed in tap water containing
more than 40 per cent, of sea-water.

The development of larvae under artificial conditions at room
temperature is apparently not influenced by the presence or absence of
light, but excessive heat increases the mortality. 1 he approximate
maximum temperature that the larvae and pupae are capable of
withstanding without great mortality is about 105° F. Experiments
have been made with various foods, iacluding polished rice,
mango leaf, fowl faeces, broth and fly maggots, etc., added in varying
quantities to the water containing larvae ; the results are shown in tables.

The length of life of adults varies greatly with the diet, 7 days
being the maximum for unfed individuals, and 93 days was the
longest period when a suitable diet such as blood and bananas was
provided. No oviposition occurred with females fed on food other
than blood, with the exception of the cases in which peptone and
sugar was substituted, when 60 per cent, of the eggs laid proved
fertile. Fertilisation of the female greatly increases the production
of eggs.

39

Peju (G.). Culicides dans les Ardennes (avec Pr6sentation d'une
Carte des Foyers d'Anoph^les). — C. R. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxii
no. 31, 6th December 1919, pp. 1267-1269.

In spite of the latitude and cold cHmate of the Ardennes various
Anopheline centres have been located which are responsible for the
locally acquired malaria among the troops occupying the trenches
in this region during the war.

The numerous clear rivers of the south of this district and the
stagnant waters with impermeable subsoil of crystalline rock in the
north ofTer ample conditions favourable to the breeding and develop-
ment of Anophelines.

Of the mosquitos in the district the Anophelines, represented by
A. macidipennis and A. bifurcates, form about 8 to 9 per cent. The
majority are found in the vicinity of stables, cowsheds and inhabited
locaHties. From the middle of October they begin to disappear
out of doors and by November only a few stragglers are found in
dwelhngs, whereas in stables and cowsheds about 20 per cent, of
those present during the summer may still be found. Tliis fact
seems to indicate the desirability of directing prophylactic
measures against the adults in preference to the larvae, especially of
A. maculipeHnis.

Sergent (Et.). Le Plasmodium relictum. Agent pathogene du Paludisme
des Oiseaux, ne donne pas una Maladie mortelle au Moustique
transmettear.— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th
November 1919, pp. 601-603.

It has always been considered that malarial plasmodia are highly
pathogenic to the insect vector, but if this were so it would be logical
to suppose that after a severe epidemic of malaria the number of
infected mosquitos would be greatly diminished, and this has not
been observed. It is true that Anophelines are generally less abundant
in autumn, but this is largely explained by meteorological conditions ;
moreover, they are generally more highly infective at this period
than in the summer. Many cases of malaria, although contracted
in the summer, do not become highly virulent until the autumn.
Observations in the laboratory confirm the hypothesis suggested by
these reflexions, namely that the plasmodia are not very pathogenic
to the insect transmitter of the virus. Among some hundreds of cases
of infestation of Culex spp. by Plasmodium relictum, each of which
carried at least 100 zygotes at their maximum development, no higher
rate of mortality was observed than among slightly infected or entirely
uninfected individuals.

Sergent (Et.). Dans le Paludisme des Oiseaux (dQ au Proteosoma)
il n'y a pas de Parallelisme entre rinfection sanguine de I'Oiseau
et rinfection consecutive du Moustique contamine par I'Oiseau. —

-Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th November 1919,
pp. 603-605.

For about a week malarial fever in birds is very acute, and during
this time blood parasites are found in all stages, gametes being

40

numerous. Cvlex spp. allowed to feed upon them at this time showed
«.n average of 36 zygotes each. When fed upon the blood of a bird
several days after the acute period of the fever when gametes are
rare, the Culex showed an average of 14 zygotes each, which is a
surprising number in view of the scarcity of gametes ui the host;
^hile about a month after the acute period, when the blood parasites
are extremely scarce or non-existent in the host, newly-fed CuliciDCS
showed an average of 0'43 zygotes each. A graph illustrates the
intensity of infection in the bird and simultaneously the intensity
of gastric infection in the insect, and it is obvious that these do not
follow the same curve. It is evident that in malaria of birds the blood
of the vertebrate remains highly infective to the insect for a fortnight
after the acute stage of the fever is passed, in spite of the scarcity of
parasites in the blood.

RoBLiN ( — ). Foyer de Paludisme autoehtone en Seine-et-Marne. —

- — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th November 1919,
pp. 605-607.

Cases of malaria contracted in France in a malaria-free region
are described, following upon the return to the locality of a soldier from
the Near East who had sufl'ered from the disease and had two relapses
after his return. In all cases the organism concerned was Plasmodiuin
vivax, and the tributary of the Seine that runs through the district
in question was found to harbour Anopheles macnli'penms. These
observations show that too much importance cannot be attached
to the return to civil life of individuals infected with malaria, in view
of the danger of propagation of the disease in Anopheline districts.

M. Brumpt, in a note appended to this paper, records the fact that
together with the author, he has studied 20 cases of locally acquired
malaria, all caused by P. vivax and traceable to infection from the
French front. These observations will be published later, together
with records of 25 cases of relapses occurring in France as long as
450, 538, 702 and 771 days after infection with P. vivax.

Parrot (L.). Trois Observations de Bouton d'Orient avec des Re-
flexions sur les Circonstances de la Contamination. — Bnll. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th November 1919, pp. 607-611.

Three cases of infection with Oriental sore are described on account
of their apparent confirmation of the hypotheses formulated by
MM. Sergent and others regarding the role played by the gecko and
Phlehotonms in the origin of the disease. In July 1918, eight females
of Phlebolomus sp. were captured in a locality on the Constantine
table-lands where Oriental sore is unknown and were placed in a
cage containing six geckos {Tarentola mauritanica) taken from a
known centre of endemic leishmaniasis. Ten days later the Phlebo-
iomvs were found to have escaped from the cage and subsequently,
before the end of November, the three persons forming the household
in which the cage was kept all developed the disease, though only
one of them might possibly have visited an endemic centre of Oriental
aore throughout the period.

41

DA Matta (A.). Un nouveau R§duvide de I'Amazone, Rhodnius

brethesi, sp. n.—Bull Soc. Path. ExoL, Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th

November 1919, pp. 611-612. 1 iig.

Among a number of blood-sucking Rliyndiota sent from various

localities on the Amazon are many individuals of Rhodnius prolixus,

Stal, the vector of Chagas' disease. The examples of this genus

found in mid-forest in the community of Barcelos, Rio Negro, dirfer

from R. prolixus, R. limosus, R. nasntus and R. pictipes, in havmg

a generally black appearance, and are therefore regarded as new

^nd are described under the name, R. brethesi.

LiGNiERES (J.). Contribution t I'Etude de I'Anaplasmose bovine.—

Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th November 1919,

pp. 641-651.
As a result of many experiments in the inoculation of Anaplasma
argentinum into various animals, it has been shown that guinea-pigs,
rabbits, pigs and horses are apparently not susceptible to this parasite.
Sheep and goats are susceptible, the parasite remaining in then-
blood for years. The passage of the virus from sheep to sheep or
from goat to goat is possible indefinitely. The inoculation of A. argen-
tinum into sheep and goats does not produce the definite symptoms
or lesions of anaplasmosis, nor are the typical parasites visible in
the blood. They are however undoubtedly present, as can be proved
by further inoculations ; probably they are so small that they are
difficult to recognise. The blood of sheep and goats inoculated with
the parasite is active when injected into susceptible cattle. The
possibility of attenuating the virus in sheep and using it as a vaccine
against bovine anaplasmosis will be discussed in a future paper.

Brumpt (E.). Transmission de la Piroplasmose canine francaise par
le Dertnacentor reticulatus. Embolics parasitaires dans les
Capillaires de I'Enc^phale.— 5//ZL Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii,
no. 9, 12th November 1919, pp. 651-664. 4 figs.

The writings of various authors on the mode of transmission of
canine piroplasmosis are briefiy reviewed. The disease is transmitted
by the adult stage of the tick,' Bermacentor reticuhius. _ The infection
is hereditary, the larvae and nymphs conserving the virus even when
reared on immune animals such as the hedgehog or gninea-pig, but
being unable to transmit the disease until they reach the adult stage.
Larvae and nymphs fed upon virulent blood cannot transmit the
disease in their later stages. It has not yet been possible to work out
the percentage of female infective ticks of the second generation, but
investigations are still being carried on. The parasites multiply
chiefly in the capillaries of the brain and also, with less intensity,
in the kidney and the bone marrow.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Sur les Flagelles parasites de

quelques Insectes et sur les Infections qu'ils peuvent produire

Chez les Souns.—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th

November 1919, pp. 665-671, 2 figs.

Experiments are described in w^iiich white mice were inoculated with

pure flagellate cultures from mouse and dog fleas, Herpetomonas

42

denopsylhe, Laveran & Franchini, and H. ctenocephali, Fantham,
with the flagellates of Nepa cimrea, H. jaculum, Leger, and with
Crithidia melojjhagi, Flu, from the sheep Hippoboscid [Melophagus
ovinus].

Of 16 mice inoculated with cultures of H. ctenocephali and C melo-
phagi, 9 died or were killed when in a dying condition. As the cul-
tures were pure, there was no question of any bacterial infection
associated with the flagellates The gravity of the disease was in
direct proportion to the age of the mice, the youngest being the most
severely affected. Examination showed an increase of volume in the
liver and spleen, liver smears showing numerous parasites, apparently
Herpetomonas. In the case of mice inoculated in the peritoneum with
blood from the liver or spleen of a mouse inoculated by cultures,
no increase of virulence in the parasite has been noticed.

ScHWETZ (J.). La Maladie du Sommeil dans le Nord-Katanga (Congo
Beige) en 1913-1918.— 5^//l. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9,
12th November 1919, pp. 671-680, 1 map.

The country in the region of the Lomami River in which tsetse-fly
conditions have been studied by the author is described, and an account is
given of the preferred habitat and vegetation in which each species is
found. The species include Glossina ynorsitans, G. palpalis, G. pallidipes,
G. brevipalpis and G. fa sea. A study of the relations between these
flies and sleeping sickness has led the author to the conclusion that
while G. palpalis seems undoubtedly to be the principal carrier, and
while other species of Glossina may take some share in its transmission,
neither G. palpalis alone nor yet the other species in conjunction can
explain the incidence of the disease. The aetiology or at least the
epidemiology of sleeping-sickness being so obscure, it is not astonishing
that prophylaxis has given such poor results up to the present time,
especially in view of the fact that it is almost impossible to carry out
prophylactic measures amongst the natives.

EscoMEL (E.). Le Latrodectus mactans ou " Lucaeha " au P6rou.
Etude clinique et experimentale de TAction du Venin. — Bull. Soc.
Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 9, 12th November 1919, pp. 702-
720, 2 figs.

The poisonous spider, Latrodectus mactans, has existed in north
and south Peru from very early times, though recent studies in
Arequipa have drawn attention to it for the first time. It lives among
stones and small plants, preferably on the boundary between cultivated
and uncultivated regions, and sometimes enters maize and lucerne
fields, constituting a danger to the harvesters or animals in them.
In man and animals the poisonous bite produces more or less severe
symptoms. A strong intraperitoneal injection of extracts of the eggs
rapidly causes death. Repeated bites have produced a certain degree
of immunity in laboratory animals. Fractional injections of the eggs
have not in any case produced immunity, for, sooner or later, as soon

43

as the toxic stage is reached or passed, the aninidl dies. The poison^
the eggs in. the cocoons, the eggs in the abdomen of females, and young
spiders recently hatched, all produced venomous haemolytic extracts
of decreasing strength in the order mentioned. The best treatment is
permanganate of potash applied both externally and internally,
and, if used promptly and correctly, this is a certain cure.

ScHWETZ (J.). Recherches sur les Glossines. — Ecole Med. Trop.y
Brussels, 1919, 150 pp., 4 maps, 5 figs. [Received 30th
December 1919.]

The majority of the papers incorporated into this volume have
previously been noticed [R.A.E., B, iv, 30, 31, 43 ; vi, 39, 144 ; vii, 80,
135]. Later observations are recorded on the habits of Glossinor
brevi'palpis, G. fusca, G. pallidipes, G. palpalis, and G. morsitans,
and a map shows the geographical distribution of these species in the
north Katanga district of the Belgian Congo.

The habits of G. fusca vary considerably at different periods of the
year. This species, in general with all other species of Glossina,
diminishes in numbers in the dry season, especially during the bush
fires. This decrease, being due to lack of shade and moisture, is less
noticeable in dense vegetation near water, but in districts where no
shade remains after the falling of the leaves the files may disappear
entii-ely, though temporarily.

Even under the most adverse conditions the flies succeed in escaping
destruction, frequently by migration, or owing to the existence of sites
favourable to the pupae.

The result of six years' work on the habits of tsetse-fiies have been
entirely negative from a practical medico-prophylactic standpoint.
Any proposals for the destruction of adult flies seem futile in view of
their seasonal migration ; a more promising possibility would be the
discovery of an efficacious method of destroying the pupae. This,
however, presents many difficulties, now that it is known that the
pupae are not necessarily found in certain well-defined spots, but
that they occur in the most varied locations and frequently far from
their preferred habitat. Even G. palpalis, which breeds for preference
beside water, will withdraw for 100 yards or more if the immediate
vicinity of the water is not suitable for one reason or another. The
subject, however, is not yet exhausted and calls for further research.

The discovery of G. tabaniformis, Westw., in the north of the pro-
vince of Katanga is recorded.

Fletchee (T. B.). & OTHERS. Second Hundred Notes on Indian Insects.
— Agric. Research Inst., Pasa, Bull. 89, 1919, 102 pp., 58 figs.
[Received 30th December 1919.]

The occurrence of the mosquitos, Ochlerotati'S oreopMlas, Culex
nilgiricHS and C. mimelicus, in India here recorded has been noticed
elsewhere [R.A.E., B. iv, 64], as has also the information given with
regard to the lif e-historv and habits of the eye ^y, Siphunculina (Sipho- ^
nella) Janicola, De Meij'. \R.A.E„ B., vi, 22]. ^^-^ /\

u

Alessandrtni (G.). I Pidocchi nella Profllassi del Tifo esantematico.

[Lice in Connection with the Prophylaxis of Exanthematous
Tj'phus.] — Ann. (TLjieae, Rome, xxix, no. 9, 30th September
1919, pp. 557-598, 9 figs., 8 plates. [Eeceived 30th December
1919.]

In the case of Haematopinas suis and in Pediculus humanus fed on
pigs the author states that 80 per cent, of the larvae yield females.
Assuming the number of eggs per female to be 70, the third-generation
progeny of one pair of lice may number 44,689 males and 178,751
females. With regard to the resistance of lice to fasting, larvae that
have not yet moulted cannot live more than 30 hours without food ;
after 10-12 hours they become inactive and though they may attempt
to feed again after 20-25 hours they do not recover. Larvae that have
moulted behave similarly if prevented from feeding immediately
after moulting, but if allowed even one feed their resistance is increased ;
some remained alive for 3 days at 82° F. (28° C.) Besides this capacity
for fasting and resisting unfavourable temperatures lice possess in
their organs of touch, smell and sight important means of defence
against such conditions. Tactile sensibility depends chiefly on
a perception of varying degrees of heat. The author uses this fact
when collecting lice. Infested rags and other materials are put
in a glass funnel placed on a thermostat with its nozzle inside the
chamber. The chamber is heated to the optimum temperature and
the lice soon leave the rags and sliding down the nozzle fall into a
dish below. The sense of smell jjlays the most important part in
keeping lice from unsuitable situations. Agricultural labourers with
habits of personal uncleanliness similar to those of beggars are stated
to remain uninfested because, whereas the beggars have a " human "
odour, the labourers dispense an earthy smell with an aroma of garlic
and onion due to their diet. The influence of light is well Icnown and
also that exercised by colour. In view of the above facts it is clear
that migrations of these parasites are mainly due to their own activity ;
passive carriage by other insects or wind may occur, but only
exceptionally.

In a previous paper [R.A.E., B, iv, 83] various remedial measures
were discussed. Since then many new suggestions have been
advanced, but it still remains true that very few methods are quite
reliable and some of them have no practical value. Exposure to
dry heat or to sulphurous anhydride appear to be the best measures
hitherto discovered. The author's method of using sulphurous
anhydride is as follows : The garments to be treated are placed in
a wooden or earthen container in which a given quantity of a 4 per
cent, solution of commercial sulphuric acid has been placed. When
the clothes have been stirred about and well soaked, a 20 per cent,
solution of sodium hyposulphite, double the quantity of the former
solution, is added. The clothes are again thoroughly stirred and
a very close-fitting or hermetically-sealed lid is put on. Pediculus
humanus (vestimenti) and Haematopmus suis die after submersion for
10 minutes, even if the clothes are rinsed with plain water immediately
afterwards. The eggs of these lice are kiUed at the same time. Even
when protected by bags of material of varying thickness the Hce and
their eggs die in 10 minutes, or in 20 minutes if the material is the

45

thick cloth used for uniforms by the Italian army. This treatment
does not injure the material, except that in some cases rose or yellow
colours may be subject to a slight uniform discoloration.

Adelmann (E.). Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Papataci-fiebers. [Con-
tribution to the Knowledge of Sandfly Fever.] — Arch. f. Schijfs-
u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipzic, xxiii, no. 5, March 1919, pp. 81-99,
7 charts.

During observations made during 1916-1917 with the German
section in the Dardanelles, PJilebofomus papatasii was found to be
the carrier of the disease. It chiefly occurs between mid-May and
mid- October and the fever was prevalent during those months.
P. papatasii appears to be most active at sunrise and during the
hottest hours of the day. It is extremely sensitive to air currents
and such disturbances as are caused by waving the hand are sufficient
to affect it at a distance of about 5 feet.

NoLLER (W.). Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Schaftrypanosomas. Vor-
laufige Mitteilung. [A Preliminary Note on the Sheep Trypano-
some.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., Leipzic, xxiii, no. 5,
March 1919, pp. 99-100.

The sheep trypanosome has hitherto been found by only two
observers. Woodcock in 1910 saw a living trypanosome in sheep
blood and Behn found it in 1911 and 1912 in thick cover glass prepara-
tions from some sheep in Thuringia. Cultivation from sheep blood
has not yet been successful.

It is known that in Germany nearly all examples of the Hippoboscid
fly, Melophac/us ovinus, L., are infected with a trypaniform flageUate
named Crithidia melophagi by Flu in 1908. These flagellates are so
remarkably like the developmental stages of the trypanosomes from
Glossina that some observers held them to be only developmental
forms of the sheep trypanosome, which latter may be as rare in the
blood of sheep as Trypanosoma theileri in that of cattle.

Experiments made by the author show that the sheep trypanosome
is a distinct species, transmitted by M. ovinus, that must be called
Trypanosoma melophagi, Crithidia melophagi being a developmental
form of it. Further experiments are being made with a view to
confirming the above result and to elucidate the entire developmental
cycle,

DU ToiT (P. J.). Experimentelle Studien uber die Pferdepiroplasmose.
I. Mitteilung. Kreuzimpfungs-versuche mit Nuttallia equi (Laveran,
1901) und Piroplasma caballi, Nuttall, 1910. [Experimental Studies
on Equine Piioplasmosis. First communication. Cross Inocula-
tion Tests with Nuttallia equi and Piroplasma caballi.] — Arch. f.
Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipzic, xxiii, no. 7, May 1919, pp. 121-
135, 4 charts, 1 diagram.

The experiments here described are considered to afford decisive
evidence that the causal agents of equine piroplasmosis, Nuttallia
equi and Piroplasma caballi, are distinct.

46

After infection with N. equi the blood of a horse remains infective
for at least 14 months, while the blood of a horse infected with
P. caballi becomes infectious even before the end of the incubation
period.

One of the experiments showed that in a horse infected with
N. equi for a long time and actually suffering from an acute infection
with P. caballi, the former parasite (iV. equi) was present, though in
an invisible form, N. equi is therefore not displaced by P. caballi.

DU ToiT (P. J.). Experimentelle Studien uber die Pferdepiroplasmose.
II. Mitteilung. Uebertragungsversuche mit Ixodes ricinus bei der
Nuttallia-equi- Infektion. [Experimental Studies on Equine
Piroplasmosis. Second Communication. Experiments in the
'Transmission of Nuttallia equi by Ixodes ricinus.] — Arch. f.
Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipzic, xxiii, no. 8, May 1919^ pp. 141-
147, 2 figs.

These experiments were made to ascertain whether infected horses
from the eastern fronts were likely to introduce equine piroplasmosis
into Germany.

All attempts to transmit Nuttallia equi by Ixodes ricinus proved
negative, but this must not be taken to mean that this tick is incapable
of transmitting the disease. In some of these experiments the ticks
did not bite very well, and it is also known that all individuals do
not contract the infection. It is possible, though not probable,
that further experiments with a larger number of ticks may give
positive results.

As the disease is transmitted only by certain species of ticks (which
do not occur in Germany) there appears to be no danger of it being
spread in that country, provided that the horses from the eastern
front are freed from ticks before being brought home.

Taute (M.) & HuBER (F.). Die Unterscheidung des Trypanosoma
' rhodesiense von Trypanosoma hrucei. [The Differentiation of
T. rhodesiense from T. brucei.] — Archivf. Schiffs- u. Trop. -Hygiene,
Leipzic, xxiii, no. 11, June 1919, pp. 211-226, 2 maps.

The introduction to this paper summarises the grounds supporting
the view that Trypanosoma hrucei, the nagana trypanosome of
domestic animals, is not pathogenic to man and that it. is not identical
with T. rhodesiense, causing sleeping sickness of man in Northern
Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and along the Rovuma River in East Africa.
The military operations in East Africa [Tanganyika Territory] offered
an almost unique opportunity for testing this theory and Taute
considers that the results gained in them furnish additional support
of it. Among the thousands of troops and camp followers under
von Lettow no cases of trypanosomiasis were observed before the
period from February to April 1917, although they had been exposed
to attack by Glossina since the beginning of the War at least and
all the transport animals soon became infected with nagana.

Epidemiological observations are given relating to eight different
foci of T. rhodesiense north and south of the Rovuma River separating
ex-German from Portuguese East Africa. Of these, three that were
previously unknown are located at the KiuUmila water- hole (situated

47

about 2 days march north of the Liwale-Kilwa road and about
150 miles away from the foci on the Rovuma), in the Lukuledi Valley
(about 3 days march westwards of Lindi), and on the Lurio River
near Kwa Nluku in Portuguese Nyasaland. Furthermore the district
between Nangware and Mtarika-Chirumba on the Lujenda River that
had been suspected of being infected was definitely proved to be so.
(According to verbal information from Enghsh Medical officers another
focus of T. rhodesiense exists about 18 miles inland from Port Ameha.)
In all these foci human trypanosomiasis was of old standing, as proved
by the occurrence of cases immediately after occupation by the troops,
but the disease had not been noticed before. This shows the great
value of systematic travel by medical specialists and its superiority
to professional work in the stations, for the damage resulting from
a tardy discovery of an epidemic or endemic is seldom reparable.

As the distribution of Glossina morsitans practically coincides with
that of T. brucei it follows that the comparatively small foci of
T. rhodesiense are included in the large areas of distribution
of T. brucei, but the epidemiological observations referred to — ■
which agree with the authors' previous assumptions-show that the
distribution of T. rhodesiense must be distinguished from that of
T. brucei. At the Kiulimila water-hole and on the Lukuledi River
the former trypanosome is restricted to the road along which the
infected plantation labourerb from the Rovuma River travel, Avhereas
T. brucei is spread over a territory of several hundred square miles.
It is remarkable that the newly discovered foci occur near rivers
or lakes just as is the case in the Luangwa Valley (North-eastern
Rhodesia), in British Nyasaland and on the Rovuma River. This
invites comparison with the distribution of T. gambiense, but the
authors think it probable that in the case of T. rhodesiense the
preference for water is due to the circumstances connected with the
movements of man and not to the biology of Glossina morsitans.
During the dry season the tsetse-fly regions are usually very parched
and lines of communication run near important streams. It is
especially at fords that conditions are favourable to the establish-
ment of foci. It is also possible that, as observed by Lloyd, the
pupation of G. morsitans is very abundant at fords or other chief
points of traffic, so that the flies congregate there.

A remarkable series of experiments were made to test the identity
or non-identity of T. rhodesiense with T. brucei. In the first experi-
ment Dr. Taute and 10 native criminals were the subjects, and
injections of T. brucei proved negative. The same result attended
a further five experiments in different localities, the subjects including
both of the authors of this paper and 129 native carriers. The latter
belonged to 11 different tribes ; some came from districts where
T. rhodesiense is endemic and both sickly and healthy individuals
were included. The animals used, four horses and two mules, were
naturally infected. No laboratory strains were employed. These six
experiments agree with Taute\s pre-war ones and are held to confirm
the correctness of the view held by Kleine and others that T. rhode-
siense and T. brucei are not identical.

Little or no success has hitherto attended measures directed against
the widespread nagana of animals and only two alternatives are

48

possible, either to give np the struggle or to adopt vast and far-
reaching measures ol which the ultimate success remains doubtful.
These views applied to human sleeping-sickness so long as it wa&
regarded as the same disease. If however it is to be considered
distinct, all that seems required is the application against T. rhode-
siense of the comparatively simple measures that have been suggested
against T. gambiense. All foci of infection must be mapped, cases
must be isolated, and traffic in and out of infected or suspected
centres must be watched or even suspended. Much cannot be expected
from treatment of the disease, as T. rkodesiense shows a great resistance
to dn gs in many cases.

Of the highest importance is the vexed question as to the part
played by game and domestic animals in carrying infection. T. rhode-
sieiise is pathogenic to all domestic animals. According to Kinghorn
and Yorke up to 16 per cent, of the game of the Luangwa Valley
harboi r this tryp^nosome. Exception is taken to this statement,
which is said to be quite unfounded and apt to engender false or
exaggerated ideas, but the authors consider that game may in certain
circL mstan 'es act as a carrier of T. rkodesiense. All-round destruction
of game is however unnecessary and impracticable. The British
Inter- L'epartmental Committee's recommendation for the limited
destruction of game is quoted with approval. The ideal would be
the radical extermination of Glossina mors-itans, and while this is
impossible throi ghout the areas infested with this fly, it can be done
in sleeping-sickness areas. As time goes by the fly will be gradually
pushed back as more land comes under cultivation.

MacGregor (M. E.). a new Mosquito of the Genus OrtJiopodomyia
from a Beech Tree-Hole in England. — JI. R.A.M.C., Loudon,
xxxiii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 451-454, 1 plate, 1 fig.

Ofthopodomyia albionensis, sp. n., is described from larvae collected
from a hole in a beech tree in Epping Forest, and is the only species
of this genus yet recorded from England.

MacGregor (M. E.). A Method of preventing the Stranding of Mos-
quito Ova while hatching. — Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxxiii, no. 6,
December 1919, p. 493, 1 fig.

A method of constructing and applying cork harbours to prevent
the stranding of mosquito ova while hatching under artificial conditions
is described and illustrated.

Edwards (F. W.). Mosquito Notes. — Bull. Enlom. Research, London,
X, no. 2, January 1920, pp. 129-137, 1 fig.

The new mosquitos here described include — Ochlerotatus antipodeus,
from New Zealand ; 0. lepidonoti'S, from Macedonia, resembling in
some respects 0. msiicus, Rossi, which was taken at the same time
and place ; 0. {Finkiya) echinv.s from Macedonia, Morocco and Algeria,
thoi gh the Moroccan and Algerian specimens are somewhat doubtfuUy
conspe( ific with the type ; the characters differentiating this species
from 0. genichlati's, 01., are described ; the larval forms are also
very different ; Culex watti, from the Gold Coast and East Africa,

49

und more closely related to C. didtoni than to any other African
species ; Theohaldia arclica, from North Russia and closely related
to T. alaskaensis, Ludl, with which it may be identical ; and
T. indica, from the Punjab.

Other species the synonomy of which is discussed are Anopheles
lujrcanus, Pallas {sinensis, Wied., 'pictus, Lw., pseiidopidns, Grassi).
Pallas' brief description is quoted. Although no collections of
mosquitos have been made since Pallas' time in the North Caspian
region, it is unlikely that any species other than A. sinensis to which
the description could possibly apply, occurs there ; the name liyrcaims
must therefore be substituted for the generally used sinensis.

Anopheles subpicliis, Grassi, described in 1899, clearly indicates
A. rossi, Giles, and the fact that Grassi's description was drawn from
a specimen sent by Ross from Calcutta removes any doubt that
might exist on this point. Unfortunately, therefore, the rule of priority-
prevents the commemoration in nomenclature of the work of Sir
Ronald Ross.

Ochlerotatus mspiius, Pallas, has the following synonyms, Culex
dorsalis, Theo. (? nee Meig.), Gmhhamia subtilis, Ed. & Et. Serg.,
G. willcocksi, Theo., G. lomjisquamosa, Theo., Mansonia arabica, Giles,
Culex arahicus, Beck., ? 0. macuUventris, Macq., C. pidchri2Mlpi''i,
Theo. {nee Rondani), and C. penieillaris, Rond. It is doubtful whether
C. dorsalis, Meig., has been correctly determined by Theobald and
others and tlierefore caspins, Pallas, is suggested for the insect hitherto
recorded under this name. Pallas' description is short and rather vague,
but as he mentions the species being abundant and vicious in the marshes
of the North Caspian it is probable that he was dealing with one of
the common European salt-marsh breeders. His description indicates
the present species rather than 0. curriei, Coq., while definitely
excluding 0. salinus. Fie. This conclusion is confirmed to some extent
by the recent discovery of 0. dorsalis, Theo., in the South Caspian
region. Large series of this species have recently been taken in
Italy, Macedonia, Palestine, Egypt and Mesopotamia.

0. curriei, Coq. {Culex onondagensis, Felt, and possibly C. 2mnctafas,
Meig., G. dorsalis, Meig., and GrahJtamia broquettii, Theo.) appears
to be a distinct species from the insect usually known as dorsalis
and from 0. salinus, in company with which it was taken. The
characters separating it from 0. caspius, Pallas (dorsalis, auctt.) are
given. Meigen's descriptions of C. punctatus and C. dorsalis do not
apply very well either to 0. caspius or to 0. curriei, though they almost
certainly refer to one or the other, probably to the latter. An
examination of the types is necessary to settle this point.

Synonyms given for 0. rasticus, Rossi, are Culex pungens, R.-D.,
C. quadrimaculatus, Macq., and C. dimrsus, Theo.

In the case of Culex apicalis, Adams, {territans, H., D. & K., nee
Wlk., hortensis, Edw., nee Ficalbi, saxatilis, Dyar, and pijrenaicus,
Brolemann), the difference between the European and North American
forms is so minute that it is neghgible. The species is easily distin-
guished from C. hortensis. Fie. The larvae of both were recently
taken in the neighbourhood of Salonica, and it is evident from a study
of the material that the larva figured by Schneider is that of C. apicalis
and not of C. hortensis.
(656) B

50

dulex aurantapex, 'Edw. {Taeniorhynchus domesticus, Leic, nee Culex
domesticus, Germ.) was described from a single female from Nairobi.
Further specimens of both sexes have now been received from Dar-
es-Salaam and these are apparently identical with the Nairobi example ;
they agree in every respect with Leicester's T. domesticus. It is
considered that these examples are specifically distinct from
C. bitaeniorhynchus.

New varieties of known species include Stegomyia fasciala var.
atritarsis, n,, from the Gold Coast ; and Ochkrotatus casinas var.
hargreavesi, n-, from Italy.

Macfie (J. W. S.). The Chaetotaxy of the Pupa of Stegomyia fasciata. —
Bull. Entom,. Research, London, x, no. 2, January 1920, pp. 161-
169, 4 figs.

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title, the data having
been taken from ten examples of the pupa of Stegotmjia fasciata.

GuNASEKARA (S. T.). Rcport on the Anti-Malarial Campaign at
Kurunegala.~-/wZwm Med. Gaz., Calcutta, liv, no. 12, December
1919, pp. 471-472.

The results of the anti-malarial measures in Ceylon here described
show that rice fields are the chief breeding-places of Anophelines ; at
least five of the species found in them have proved to be malaria
carriers. The only way to prevent the breeding of Anophelines in
these fields is to replace the rice by dry crops such as coconuts. Minor
works alone, however long continued, are not sufficient to eradicate
local malaria.

The mosquitos captured during the campaign include Anopheles
(Myzorhynchus) barbirostris^ Wulp ; A. subpictus, Grassi {Nyssomy-
zomyia rossi, Giles) ; A. hyrcanus, Pallas {Myzorhynchus sinensis,
Wied.) ; A. {Mijzomyia) culicifacies, Giles ; A. (Nyssorhynchus)
fuliginosus, Giles ; A. (N.) jamesi, Theo. ; A. (Nijssomyzomyia) j^unc-
tulatus, James & Liston ; A. maculatus, Theo ; A. aconiius, Don.
{albirostris, Theo.) and A. listoni, Liston.

Branford (R.). Note on an outbreak of Surra at the Government
Cattle Farm, Hissar, and on Cases treated. — Agric. Jl. India,
Calcutta, XXV, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 762-773.

Several cases of surra in ponies and donkeys are reported from
Hissar, where the disease has not been previously recorded.

The virus was probably derived from camels of the Government
camel corps stationed in this district in 1917 and transmitted by
Tabanids ; Stomoxys, Lyperosia and Hippoboscids were also very
abundant, especially from August to October. In equine surra the
period of incubation in natural cases is thought to exceed 10 days.
Attention is drawn to the fact that foals did not contract the disease
even though still unweaned from an infected mare.

Details are given of the treatment of various animals, chiefly with
soamin and antimony tartrate, the results of which are said to be
distinctly encouraging.

51

Austen (E. E.). Anti-Mosquito Measures in Palestine during the
Campaigns of 1917-1918. — Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., London,
xiii, no. 4, '2ht November 1919, pp. 48-60.

The anti-mosquito work carried out during the campaign of 1917-18
in Palestine, of which details are given, included the usual measures
such as draining and oiling of pools, importation of fish {Tilapia
nUolica) and preventive prophylaxis.

The species observed include Anopheles turJchudi, List. ; A. hi-
furcatus, h. ; A. algeriensis, Theo. ; A. macidipennis, Mg. ; A. hyrcanus,
Pall, {sinensis, Wied.) ; A. pJiaroensis, Theo. ; A. mauritianu&, Grp. ;

A. palest inensis, Theo. ; and Cidex pipiens, L. The topography of
the various districts is discussed. The majority of pools and small
streams are choked with a green alga {Spirogym) in wliich Anophelines
are extremely abundant. Anophelines were also found breeding in
the wells in the orange groves, the village cisterns and marshes. In
the marshes a snail (Bullinus confortus), the intermediate host of
Schistosomum haematobium, was found to be abundant.

In nearly all cases the measures undertaken proved successful, but
were probably not permanent.

The paper concludes with some recommendations with regard to
anti-mosquito work on active service.

Bull (L. B.). A Contribution to the Study of Habronemiasis : a
Clinical, Pathological and Experimental Investigation of a Granu-
lomatous Condition of the Horse. — Habronemic Granuloma. —

Trans. R. Soc. S. Australia, Adelaide, xliii, 1919, pp. 85-141,
3 plates. [Received 7th January 1920.]

Evidence indicates that Musca domestica (house-fly) acts as the
intermediate host of certain species of Hahronema, a Nematode of
which the larva gives rise to a granulomatous condition generally
affecting the external mucous membranes of the horse in South
Australia. When deposited on the external mucous membrane the
larvae are apparently able to penetrate to the submucosa ; when
present in some lesion of the skin or in a puncture wound made by
Stomoxys calcitrans or some other biting fly the moisture necessary to
the larvae is probably supplied by an exudation of blood or serum.

An account is given of the life-histories of the three species of
Habronema, H. muscae, H. megastoma and H. microstoma [R.A.E.,

B, vii, 118]. From a study of these it appears that the larvae
generally responsible for production of lesions are those of H. megas-
toma, though the other two species also may be imphcated. The
granuloma commonly called swamp cancer which affects horses in
Northern Australia is essentially the same and is possibly due to
larvae of H. microstoma inoculated by S. calcitrans. The granuloma-
tous conditions common in horses and asses in all parts of the world
and known as " summer sores " or " granular dermatitis " has the
same aetiology as the granulomata observed in South Austraha.
The aetiology of the tumours known as " leeches " in North America
and " bursattee " in India is somewhat obscure ; these again may be
similar to habronemic granulomata.

Prophylaxis should be directed to ridding animals of the adult
Nematodes in the stomach and to the destruction of horse dung or

52

its use in agriculture. The second method is hkely to prove more
successful than the first. Excision of the lesion is the best treatment,
but should this be impossible the surface should be covered by some
apphcation to protect it from further infection by flies.

Froggatt (W. W.). Destruction of Bugs by Fumigation.— ^^fric. Gaz.
N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 11, November 1919, p. 828.

For the destruction of bugs [Cimex] by fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas, the quantities that have been found efficient for 1,000
cubic feet are 1 lb. cyanide, 1 lb. (Uquid measure) sulphuric acid and
48 oz. water. The usual formula in a smaller space such as an air-
tight room is 1:1:3 in ounces. The method of fumigation is
described.

Williams (T. H.). Lice and Mange Infection of Pigs.- Queenskmd
Agric. Jl, Brisbane, xii, no. 5, November 1919, p. 262.

The hog louse, Haematopinus suis, is believed to be responsible for
many cases of swine fever in Queensland. Methods of destroying
this pest and the treatment of mange in pigs as a result of the presence
of Sarcopies scabiei suis are described [R.A.E., B, vi, 170 ; vii, 175].

TowNSEND (C. H. T.). New Genera and Species of Muscoid Flies—

—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C., Ivi, no. 2301, 1919,

pp. 541-592.

This hst includes descriptions of 77 new genera and 78 new species.

Villeneuve having shown that Plionnia regina, R.-D. {nee Meig.)

which was the type of the genus is a synonym of P. azurea, Fall,

a new genus Enphormia is here erected for regitia, Meig., which is

generically distinct from P. azurea, Fall.

DE Salles Gomes (F.). Prophylaxia do Impaludismo em Villa Ameri-
cana, Nova Odessa, Cari6ba e Salto Grande.— >S'emfo Sanil.
Estado de Sao Paulo [Brazil], '^.i^. no. 9, 1919, 123 pp., 67 figs.,
1 plate, 1 map. [Received 7th January 1920.]

This paper describes the anti-malarial measures carried out in
some localities of the Brazihan State of S. Paulo.

Como destruir o " Bicho dos P6s." [Measures against Dermatophilus

penetrans.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xx, no. 6, 15th

December 1919, p. 477.

Ichthyol ointment is advised against DermatopJiilus {Sarcopsylla)

penetrans infesting the feet of pigs. The styes after disinfection should

be strewn with Chenopodium atnbrosioides.

DEL Castillo (E.). Informe sobre los Medios de Destruccidn de la
Garrapata en la Republica Argentina. [Tick Eradication in Argen-
tina.]—-Rei'..4.'7nco?a,5o5ro^a, v, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 73-74.
[Received 15th January 1920.]
For the purpose of tick destruction Argentina is divided into three

zones ; infested, intermediate and immune. The first comprises

53

the central and northern portions of the country, reaching up to 33°
south latitude ; the intermediate zones lies to the south of the former
and separates it from the inmiune territory. Dipping is the recognised
remedial method.

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SwKI-LENGREBEL - DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

On the Requirements of different Anophelines in Regard of the
Abode of their Larvae. — Meded. Burgerlijk Geneesh. Dienst
Ncderl-Indie, Batavia, 1919, no. 7, pp. 39-85, 1 chart.
In a previous paper [R.A.E., B, vii, 97] the authors stated the three
premises on wliich the practical value of the specific distinction of
Anophelines is based. The third premise is that different breeding-
grounds are necessary to the various species and this point is dealt
with here. For the purpose of enumerating the breeding-places the
mosquitos have been divided into salt-water species, hill species,
species not hmited to distinct bounds, and shade-preferring species.

Salt-water species. On the coasts of Java and Sumatra the
dependence of Anopheles ludlowi on salt-water is quite pronounced.
This dependence on distinct breeding-places is still more marked
in the valleys with fishponds in N.W. Sumatra [R.A.E., B., vii, 99],
which is remarkable in that the change from salt-water to the fresh
water ponds would seem greater than from the ponds to a marsh
watered by them and in which many other Anophelines breed. Some
observations appear to show that unfavourable conditions in the
salt-water breeding-places may force A. ludlowi to inhabit water
with no brackish taste. This and other facts point to caution in
holding that A. ludlowi is hmited to a distinct area. The destruction
of recognised breeding-places may cause tliis species to use others
that were previously neglected. Attention is drawn to an observation
made by Schiiffner about 20 years ago, when several examples of
A. ludlowi obtained from the coast escaped in the course of some
experiments and deposited eggs in a fresh- water pool inland. Breeding
continued for some generations and then ceased. The presence of
coastal A. ludlowi in fresh water does not therefore necessarily mean
that its larvae have become quite independent of salt water and this
also holds good for A. ludloivi from inland fishponds. A. rossi (by
which is meant the form with larvae hke those of A. ludlowi, with
long posterior clypeal hairs and long lateral clypeal hairs) has a
distribution corresponding somewhat to that of A. ludlowi, but does
not posses the latter's partiahty for special breeding-places. For
instance, where A. ludlowi disappeared from certain fishponds from
October, A. rossi remained in undiminished numbers. In the munici-
pahty of Samarang, A. rossi has been found in the low lands, at the
foot of the hills and in the lulls, and this in rice-fields, dirty water
ditches, clear running brooks with algae, small marshes at the foot
of the hills, briok reservoirs devoid of vegetation, and fresh water in
a boat. The places farthest inland were about 4 miles from the
coast and at about 300 feet altitude.

Hill mosquitos. A. maculatus was found regularly near hills and
mountains, but never occurred at any great distance from them,
even in clear, running water. Breeding-places include foot-prints,
fishponds, rice-fields, swamps, reservoirs, buffalo wallows, etc. It
is almost as httle fastidious as A. indefinitus and A. Jcochi, but only

54

takes to such breeding-places in the vicinity of existing (or lately-
existing) ones that were more favourable. The supposition is that
temporarily its adaptiveness is rather marked, but limited, and that
it could not survive if prevented from returning to more favourable
conditions from time to time. It is found at altitudes between
sea-level and 5,000 feet. A. harwari up till now has not been found
in the breeding-places of A. maculatus, though the habitats of these
two species have many points in common. Of A. aconitus there
appear to be two types {R.A.E., B., vii, 184]. The typical larvae
only give rise to typical A. aconitus. From the variety, the typical
form, A. aconitus var. cohaesa minima and transitional forms between
them have been bred. A Ust of breeding-places is given for both
forms, the main difference being that the typical form, but not the
variety, was found in brooks and springs. It would seem that while
the typical A. aconitus is more or less confined to the Mils, this is
not so pronounced as in the case of A. vnaculatus ; the variety is more
Hke A. maculatus in this respect. The data concerning A. minimus
are too scanty to form any definite opinion as to its breeding-places,
but they appear to be similar to those of the varietal form oiA. aconitus.
A. aitkeni should be included among the hill-species, so far as present
knowledge goes. In the larval state it appears to be the most localised
of all hill-mosquitos. It ranges in altitudes from low hills to about
5,000 feet.

Species not limited to distinct bounds. A. indefinitus is found at
all altitudes between sea-level and about 3,000 feet. In localities
where A. hyrcanus (sinensis) occurs it is generally common ; its
breeding-places are very varied in character, but very dirty and
muddy water is avoided — contrary to what obtains with A. indefinitus
— so that it was not found in ploughed rice-fields, road-pools and
waggon ruts. The larvae of A. barbirostris are more common than
those of A. hyrcanus, which is rather surprising, because in places
such as buffalo and cow sheds, where the latter occurred also, its
imagines outnumbered those of the former species. A. barbirostris
ranges from sea-level to about 2,000 feet. A. fuliginosus avoids
dirty water even more than A. hyrcanus and A. barbirostris do ; if
the water is clear, other requirements are of no importance. Its
range is from sea-level to about 2,000 feet. A. kochi resembles
A. indefinitus in that it does not object to even very dirty water for
its breeding-places. A. pwuctuhtus, like A. kochi and A. indefinitus,
is a dirty-water mosquito, but hke them it also occurs in clear water.
Its altitude range is from sea-level to about 2,000 feet. A. {Nysso-
rrhynchus) annulipes var. moluccensis is only found in the Malay Archi-
pelago east of Celebes. Its larva has the widest range of breeding-
places known. No other is so indifferent as to whether the water
is salt, brackish or fresh, or whether the breeding-places are near
the coast or not. It also adapts itself to such artificial breeding-places
as water in boats, and seems quite indifferent to the degree of pollution
of the water.

Species exhibiting a preference for shade. A. umbrosus was never
found in rice-fields ; otherwise no special condition for the breeding-
place seems to be required, for it occurs in salt and fresh water, both
on the coast and away from it. There is a certain preference for shady

55

situations, but this is not always exhibited. Very dirty breeding-
places seem to be avoided. Very few data were collected regarding
A. albotaeniatus and no conclusions could be reached regarding it.
A. leucosphjrus is a very local species ; some shade appears to be
sought for, but no other special preference was detected.

Froi'\^ the above data the following conclusions are obtained.
Specific sanitation (on the lines known at present) is not adapted for
combating Anophelines of the liills, ubiquitous, or shade-preferring
species, because they have no speciahsed demands regarding .their
breeding-places and the destruction of these would interfere too much
with economic hfe. General sanitation, i.e., the destruction of all
actual and potential breeding places of all Anophehnes, appears at
present to be the only means that can be recommended. In view
of its special breeding-places and also on acccount of its dangerous
character, A. ludlowi might be the subject of special measures such
as the destruction of its salt-water breeding-places. This should,
however, be done as an experiment.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Een Opmerklng over de Terminologie
bij de Beschrijving van Anophelinenlarven. [A Remark on the
Terminologv used in describing Anopheline La.ivsie..]—Geneesk.
Tijdsch: Neder]. -Indie, Batavia,W\n, no. 6, 1918, pp. 1010-1012.
[Received 19th January 1920.]

Up to recent years there has been no Dutch terminology for des-
cribing Anopheline larvae. The author and Dr. Schiiffner have used
a number of terms, and as Dr. Mangkoe Winoto has published a paper
[R.A.E., B, vii, 76] with a different terminology, it is thought advisable
to show the differences in a table. The author adds that Schiiifner
and himself have always taken full-grown larvae for description and
that in the case of unknown larvae it is necessary to breed the adult
before attempting to determine the species.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Eenige voor Nederl.-Indie nieuwe Anophe-

linen. [Some Anophehnes new to the Dutch East Indies.] —
Geneesk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indie, Batavia, hx, no. 1, pp. 1-12,
1 plate. [Received 19th January 1920.]

This paper is intended to complete two previous ones by Schiiffner
and Swellengrebel {Geneesk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indie, 1914), and by
Schiiffner and van der Hey den [R.A.E., B, v, 27], describing the
Anophehnes occurring in the Dutch East Indies and to furnish a
key which includes the species recently recorded.

The following notes refer to some of the species dealt with. Anopheles
{Myzorhynchus) argyropus, Swell., must be regarded as a synonym
of A. mauritianus, Gr. A. sinensis, Wied., embraces many species,
and some or all of them may be reinstated as a result of investigation ;
for the present they must remain under the above name. A. aconitus,
Don., is a variety of A. minimus, Theo., A. {Neomyzomyia) punctu-
latus, Don., is a synonym of A. {N.) tessellatiis, Theo. ; A. {Myzomyid)
indefinitus, Ludl., is no longer considered a variety of A. rossi, Giles.
A. ludlowi has more claim to be treated as a variety of A. rossi, but
it is however better to treat it also as distinct species. A. rossi,

56

Itself, though it occurs in many parts of Java, has not been found in
Sumatra. A. {M.) flavus, Swell. [R.A.E., B, vi, p. 214] is dis-
tinguished from Anophelines of the Stethomyia group by the presence
of normal broad fork-scales and by its attitude when at rest, which
resembles that of Anopheles. A. {Nyssorhynchus) jawesi, Theo.,
or a very closely-allied species, has been found by Darling at
Weltevreden (Batavia). The larva of A. [StetJiomyia) aitheni, James,
is found rather commonly in Java and Sumatra, though the adult is
very seldom met with. Further characters of the following species
are described : A. (Myzomyia) minimus, Theo., A. {Nyssorhynchus)
fuliginosus var. nivipes, Theo., and A. (Mysorhynchus) harhirostris
var. pallidus, n.

Senevet (G.). Longueur du Vol, sans Arret, d'un Moustique sur una
Distance sup6rieure a mille Metres. — Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de
VAfrique du Nord, Algiers, x, no. 8, 15th November 1919,
pp. 185-186. [Received 20th January 1920.]

It is reported that larvae of Culex (Acartomyia) mariae, Ed. & Et.
Sergent, were found in rock crevices containing brackish water about
13 feet above sea-level on an island off the Algerian coast. As the
larvae w^re about a fortnight old and there is apparently no possible
means of artificial transportation, it is thought that the adults must
have travelled a distance of over a kilometre across the open sea from
their nearest known habitat.

CtObert (A.). Notes V6t6rinaires. — La Vie Agric. et Bur., Paris, xvi,
no. 2, 10th January 1920, p. 36.

The usual formulae for cattle dips in the treatment of mange and
insecticidal powders for use against lice and fleas on domestic animals
and poultry are given.

Stockman (Sir S.). Louping-ill. Duration of the Infectivity of the
Ticks. — Jl. Comp. Path. Therapeut., London, xxxii, no. 4, 31st
December 1919, pp. 283-285.

The question of duration of infectivity of the tick [Ixodes ricinus]
with louping-ill has been discussed in previous papers [R.A.E., B,
vii, 17, 147]. It was demonstrated, before the tick was proved to be
the carrier of infection, that if infected pastures were kept free from
sheep for a year the disease reappeared upon re-stocking. It was
therefore presumed that the duration of infectivity is probably as
long as the hfe of the tick in the stage of its life-cycle in which it is
infective.

Experiments that have recently been carried out and are here
described confirm the hypothesis that ticks engorging as nymphs on
acutely infected sheep become carriers of infection after moulting
to the adult stage. The investigations also indicate that the infecting
agent is not fully developed within the tick until a certain time after
the moult is completed. It is evident therefore that measures of
eradication based upon the method of starving the ticks are imprac-
ticable on account of the long period during which pastures would have
to be left idle.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Africa, East : Notes on the Differentiation of Trypanosoma

rhodesiense from T. hrucei . . . . . . . • . • 46

Africa, South : The Economic Value of Dragonflies . . . . 34

Algeria : The Eelation of Fhlebotomus to Oriental Sore . . . . 40

Algeria : Breeding Places of Culex mariae . . . . . . . . 56

Argentina : Measures against Cattle Ticks . . .... . . 52

Australia: liiotes on the BionoiniGs ot Stegomyiafasciata .. 38

Australia : The Study of Habronemiasis in Horses . . . . 51

Australia : Destruction of Bed-Bugs by Fumigation . . . . 52

Australia : Measures against Parasites of Pigs . . . . . . 52

Brazil : Description of a New Eeduviid . . . . . . . . 41

Brazil: Anti-malarial Measures .. .. .. .. .• 62

Brazil : Measures against Dermatophilus penetrans infesting Pigs 52

British Isles : A New Mosquito from Epping Forest . . . . 48

British Isles : The Duration of the Infectivity of Ticks with

Louping-ill . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • 56

Ceylon : Anopheline Mosquitos and Malaria . . . . . . 50

Congo, Belgian : Sleeping Sickness in North Katanga . . . . 42

Congo, Belgian : The Bionomics of Glossina . . . . . . 43

Dardanelles : Observations on Sandfly Fever . . . . . . 45

Dutch East Indies : The Breeding Places of Anopheline Mosquitos 53

Dutch East Indies : Notes on Anopheline Larvae . . . . 55

Dutch Guiana : Notes on New Mosquitos . . . . . . . . 33

Egypt : Notes on Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Formosa : The Endemic Tsutsugamushi Disease . . . . . . 37

France : The Preference of Anopheles for Domestic Animals . . 33

France : Notes on Anophelines in the Ardennes .... . . 39

France : Locally acquired Cases of Malaria . . . . . . 40

France : Transmission of Canine Piroplasmosis by Dermacentor

reticulatus . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • 41

France : Measures against Parasites of Domestic Animals . . 56

Germany : A Preliminary Note on the Sheep Trypanosome . . 45
Germany : Studies on Eqiiine Piroplasmosis . . . . . . 45, 46

India : Notes on Mosquitos and other Fhes . . . . . . 43

India : Notes on Surra in Horses . . 0

Italy : Measures against Typhus and Lice . . 44

Jamaica : Coincident Malaria and Enteric Fever . . . . . . 36

New Zealand : Cattle Tick Eegulations . . . . . . . • 34

Nyasaland : Notes on Ticks . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Palestine: Anti-mosquito MeasuresduringtheCampaignsof 1917-18 5L

Peru : The Poisonous Spider, Latrodectus mactans . . . . 42

U.S.A. : A Mite infesting Stomoxys ealcitrans . . . . . . 35

U.S.A. : Migrations of Larvae of the House-Fly 36

Experiments in the Control of Lice . . . . . . . . . . 33

The Use of Carbon Bisulphide against Gastrophilus in Horses . . 36

The Eearing of Calliphora vomitoria on Media sterilised by Heat . . 36

The Effect of Malarial Organisms upon Mosquitos . . . . . . 39

Notes on Malaria in Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Experiments in inoculating Anaplasma argentinwm . . . . . . 41

Experiment in inoculating Mice with Insect Flagellates . . . . 41

Methods of Breeding Mosquito Larvae in Captivity . . . . 48

Notes on the Classification of Mosquitos . . . . . . . . 48

The Chaetotaxy of the Pupa of Stegomyia fasciata . . . . . . 50

New Genera and Species of Muscoid Flies . . . . . . . . 62

The Terminology used in describing Anopheline Larvae . . . . 55

Registered at the QJ'.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 4.-pp. 57-80. April, 1920.

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Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

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Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
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Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling. C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self -governing Dominions

is an est officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretacg.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director ano EDitor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

B85i5tant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office.— 8S, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

57

Hornby (H. E.). Tsetse Fly Disease in Domestic and WilcL.^nimajg^e^

— Rhodesia Agric. JL, Salisbury, xvl. no. 6, Deceinber~19f9;- ^
493-500, 3 figs.

The inter-relations of game, tsetse-flies and trypanosomes are dis-
cussed. An explanation of the marked decrease in the numbers of
Glossitia following upon the great outbreak of rinderpest of the end of
last century is quoted. The author quotes the explanation of this
phenomenon suggested by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, viz. : — that during
the winter months the fly areas contract to those affording sufficient
shade, and if during this season the rinderpest killed off the wandering
game, not only would the food supply of the flies be greatly diminished
but the carriers also would be destroyed [see also R.A.E., B, vii, 10].

It is thought that while trypanosomes have adapted themselves to
many sorts of blood, their mammalian hosts have also acquired a
certain immunity against them ; in fact, there is reason for believing
that trypanosomes do not thrive well in the blood of game, but soon
die out in it when the game leave the fly-belts. When domesticated
animals are attacked they offer no resistance by means of anti-bodies
such as the game possess and so are frequently killed outright by the
disease. The most they can do as a rule is to retard the progress of
the disease to the extent of rendering the condition chronic. The
majority of trypanosomes cannot survive in human blood because
they have not become adapted to it, but in those parts of Africa where
tsetse and man have associated for many decades this has occurred
and sleeping sickness has been the result.

The summary of a recent paper by the author on trypanosomes in
domesticated animals is quoted in full {R.A.E., B, vii. 111]. While
all domestic animals are susceptible to trypanosomiasis, cattle are
naturally immune to T. bnicei and dogs to T. vivax. Local races of
animals may develop a high degree of resistance to local strains of
the disease ; adult animals are usually the first to succumb. The
method of infection and the general nature of the disease are discussed.

As tsetse-flies do not travel far from undergrowth on a dark night,
when moving cattle it is well to choose a cold, rainy night and to keep
the cattle in the middle of broad roads. If night travelling is impossible,
an open space should be chosen where the cattle can be close herded
daring the day-time. Smudge fires around a small grazing ground
should be made. If the number of animals is small, a spray of h lb.
soap and 2 gals, paraffin to 23 gals, of water should be applied before
the belt is entered. Dogs should be carried in fly-proof crates ; horses
should be rugged, hooded and bandaged as well as sprayed and they
should travel by day with a boy carrying a fly-switch.

The drugs that have proved most efficacious are orpiment, trypa-
rosan and tartar emetic. The dose of the first for an ox is one drachm,
given as an electuary. The dose of tryparosan is two drachms, given
subcutaneously ; of emetic, one gramme given intravenously. A
combination of two or three of these drugs w^U be effective against
any but the most severe infections of T. congolense or T. vivax.
Disease caused by T. brucei is at present incurable. Routine treatment
is being tried of six intravenous injections of 25 c.c. of a 4 per cent,
watery solution of tartar emetic at 5 days intervals ; the results will
be published later.

(668) Wt.P18r)0 163. l.aOO. 4.20. B.& F.Ltd. Gp.11'14. A

58

Sheather (A. L.)- A Malarial Parasite in the Blood of a Buffalo.—

Jl. Comp. Path. Therapeut., London, xxxii. no. 4, 31st December
1919, pp. 223-229, 2 plates.

The occurrence of malarial parasites in the blood of ruminants has
not apparently been previously recorded except by Bruce, who
discovered two infected antelopes in Nyasaland in 1913 [R.A.E., B,
i, 99]. The author of the present paper records the finding of the
parasite in blood-smears taken in India from a plains buffalo after
death. The morphology of the organism is described and shows it
to be quite distinct from that recorded by Bruce. There was no
regular periodicity of the fever produced. An examination of the
blood corpuscles showed 1-6 per cent, containing parasites. Should
the parasite prove to be a new one, the name suggested for it is
Plasmodium huhalis.

A further case of malarial infection in the buffalo has been discovered
since the above paper was written.

Johnston (T. H.). Control of the Cattle Tick. —Science & Industry,
Melbourne, i, no. 7, November 1919, pp. 419-425, 2 figs.

The bulk of the information contained in this paper on the control
of Boophilus annulatus has been noticed elsewhere {R.A.E., B, vii, 12].

LoFTiN (U. C). Mosquitoes found about Gainesville, Fla. Part 1 :
Species, Breeding Places, Mosquitoes and Disease, Natural Enemies,

Preventives.— .FZont^a Buggist, Gainesville, iii, no. 2, September
1919, pp. 17-23 & 28-29, 4 plates. [Received 22nd January,
1920.]

An account is given of the mosquitos occurring in Florida, which
include Culex fatigans, Wied. {quinquefasciatus. Say), Anopheles cru-
cians, Wied., A. quadrimaculatus, Say, Stegomyiafasciata, F. {calopus,
Meig.), Psorophora ciliata, F., P.floridensis, D. & K., and Megarhinus
sp. The various stages are described and their hfe-histories, breeding-
places and habits are discussed. A later paper will deal with
remedial measures.

Scott (H.). Notes on the Biology of Necrobia ruficollis, Fabr. (Cole-
optera, Cleridae). — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, vi, no. 2-3,
December 1919, pp. 101-105, 2 figs.

Necrobia ruficollis, F., was bred abundantly in the " fly room "
at the Imperial College of Science, London, in 1917-18. The tempera-
ture ranged between 70° and 80° F. (about 21° and 27° C.) with
extremes of 64° and 89° F. (18° and 32° C). Breeding and general
activity apparently continued regardless of the temperature. The
work of previous authors with regard to the diet and behaviour of
N. ruficollis and aUied species is reviewed.

The present observations show that the larvae are usually sapro-
phagous and only with great difficulty were induced to kill and eat
fly maggots. Pupation occurs in any suitable existing cavity,
especially in the interior of a fly puparium, for which purpose a cell
is made by the larva. Pupation does not occur immediately after

59

completion of the cocoon, and the adult may remain in the cell for
several days after transformation. The duration from the making
of the cocoon to the emergence of the adult was about 20 days. The
food of the adults is similar to that of the larvae.

The Warble Fly.— JZ. Minist. Agric, London, xxvi, no. 10, January
1920, pp. 995-997, 1 plate, 4 figs.

A popular account is given of the hfe-history and habits of the
two species of warble flies known in the British Isles, Hypoderma hovis
and H. lineatum, which together are responsible for a loss of about
£500,000 annually in damaged hides alone.

It is not considered that there is much value in the various washes
and smears recommended for summer use. Some protection may be
afforded by giving the cattle access to shade and water in which they
can stand. One and two year-old bullocks and heifers are more
subject to attack than young calves, and calves more than milch cows.
The only known method of exterminating the pest is by squeezing
out the mature larvae by hand from the skin of the animal and destroy-
ing them. This should be done from February until the end of
June. When several maggots are removed from a small area of
skin it is advisable to apply carbohc oil. Dips and ointments may be
of some value, but none is yet known that is deadly to the maggot
and harmless to cattle. Cattle owners are urged to co-operate in
kiUing as many of the larvae as possible. It is considered that if
farmers would all take the necessary steps for two or three years the
insects would be almost exterminated, while the higher value of the
animals would soon compensate for the trouble taken in eradicating
the pest.

Ludlow (C. S. ). New Siberian Culicidae ( Diptera). ^Insecutor Inscitiae
Menstruus, Washmgton, D.C., vii, no. 10-12, October-December
1919, pp. 151-161.

Theobaldia {Culiseta) siberiemis, sp. n., Aedes grahami, sp. n., and
A. ajprius, sp. n., are described from central and eastern Siberia.

Dyar (H. G.). Descriptions of hitherto unknown larvae of Culex
(Diptera, Calicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington,
D.C., vii, no. 10-12, October-December 1919, pp. lGl-162.

The larva of Culex (Choeroporpa) peribleptus, D. & K., is described
from individuals taken from grass growing along the margin of a
pond in Mississippi. jiN'i'^^

Bonne-Wepster (J.) & Bonne (C). Diagnoses of new Mosquitos
from Surinam, with a Note on Synonymy (Diptera, Culicidae).

— Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C. vii, no. 10-12,
October-December 1919, pp. 165-180.

The new species here described are : — Sabethoides imperfectus
attacking man ; Lemmamyia {Limatus) pseudomethysticus, Dendromyia
roucouyana, Cleobonnea argenteorostris and Hystatomyia lamellata, all

(6«8) a2

60

bred from Bromeliaceae ; Prosopolejns fliii captured in woods ; Culex
'{Carrollia) secunda, suggested for examples from Panama closely
resembling Culex {Carrollia) iridescens, Lutz, although the larvae and
male genitalia differ ; Culex (Carrollia) infoliata, the larvae of which
live in tree- holes ; Culex brevispinosus ; Culex (Choeroporpa) alcocH ;
C. (C.) saramaccensis, of which the larvae were found in rock-pools ;

C. alhinensis and C. coppenamensis, the larvae of which were found
in ground-pools ; C. nicceriensis, bred from larvae taken in ground
pools ; C. (C.) maroniensis ; Culex [Melanoconion) ensiformis, larvae of
which were found in grassy pools ; C. (M.) comtnevynensis, bred
from a ditch ; Culex {MocJdostyrax) curopinensis, which is common
all over the Colony throughout the year ; C. (M.) multispinosus, larvae
of which were found in permanent pools ; Aedes arborealis, bred
from a tree- hole ; A. argyrothorax, captured near a tree-hole near
Paramaribo ; MegarJiinus aldrichanus, bred from ground Bromehaceae ;
and Megarhinus guadeloupensis guianensis, subsp. n.

From individuals reared from pupae found in clear water held by
a fallen banana leaf it is thought probable that Sabethes bipartipes,

D. & K., of which only females and S. chroiopus, D. & K., of which
only males have been found, represent the two sexes of one species.

Sampietro {(j.). II Tifo petecchiale durante la Guerra europea. — Ann.
d'Igiene, Rome, xxix, no. ]0, 30th October 1919, pp. 690-707.
[Received 27th January 1920.1

The section dealing with direct prophylactic measures against
€xanthematous typhus mentions various methods of louse destruction.
A feature of this paper is a bibliography of nearly 500 references
divided under the headings, epidemiology, diagnosis, etc.

Searle (C). Bilharziasis and Malaria during the Palestine Campaign.
— Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxxiv, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 15-34,
1 map.

Two cases of malignant tertian malaria at a desert post in Sinai
in 1916 are recorded as a result of infection by a single mosquito,
Anopheles pharoensis.

The anti-mosquito work in the vicinity of the river Auja in the
spring and summer of 1918 is discussed [R.A.E., B, viii, 51]. Many
species of mosquitos are mentioned as being found in this area, including
Anopheles fragilis and Theobaldia longiareolata in addition to those
already recorded [loc. cit.].

Froggatt (W. W.). The Digger Chalcid Parasite {Dirhinus sar-
cophagae, sp. n. on Sarcophaga aurifrons). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxx, no. 12, December 1919, pp. 853-855, 4 figs.

Dirhinus sarcop)hagae, sp. n., of which the adult is here described,
was bred from the pupae of the common flesh-fly, Sarcophaga aurifrons,
between 1st January and end of February. One indi\'idual only
emerged from each fly pupa.

61

Caballero (A.). La Chara foetida A. Br., y las Larvas de Slcf/otmjia,.
Culex y Anopheles. Bol R. Soc. Espahola Hist. Nat., Madrid,
xix, no. 8, October 1919, pp. 449-455.

The occurrence of larvae of Stegomyia in large numbers in some
tanks in which aquatic plants were being reared in the botanical
laboratory of the Barcelona University and their absence in others,
led to further investigations and experiments. It was found that
larvae of Stegomyia, Culex and Anopheles die in pools that contain a
certain quantity of the plant Cham foetida. The exact cjuantity
necessary to cause the death of all the larvae present has not been
determined, but it is evident that in 50 c.c. of water the mass of
vegetation must occupy somewhat more than ^ of the space, though
this proportion or even less is sufficient to prevent oviposition, and to
cause the death of some larvae and hinder greatly the development
of others. The effect on all three genera is very similar, though the
larvae of Ste/jomyia appear slightly more resistant than the others..
C. foetida is easy and economical to grow, both in town and country.

The cause of the toxicity to which this plant gives rise clearly lies
in the fact that if left uncovered, the surfaces of any water containing
the growing plant (piickly becomes covered with patches of a thin
oily substance, and this within three or four days forms a light film
deepening later to about h mm. in thickness. It is evident that the
presence of this film interferes with the respiration of the larvae.

Brethes (J.). Sur la Prospalangia platensis (n. gen. n. sp.) (Hymen.)
et sa Biologie.— Anales Soc. Cien. Argentina, Buenos Aires, Ixxix,
no. 5-6, May-June 1915, pp. 314-320, 8 figs.

A new Chalcid, Prospalangia platensis, gen. et sp. n., is here described.
It has been found parasitic upon the pupae of Musca domestica,,
Stonioxys calcitrans and other flies in the neighbourhood of Buenos
Aires. The larva feeds upon these Diptera within the puparium, where
pupation of the parasite also takes place. Although only one parasite
is found in each host, the percentage of parasitism, judging from the
author's observations, seems to be from 60 to 74 per cent. It is
thought therefore that this beneficial parasite may be of considerable
use if propagated as a control for M. domestica.

JuNGMANN (P.). Untersuchungen uber SchsL^ausrickeitsien {RicJcettsia
melophagi, Noeller). [Rickettsia of Sheep Ticks.]- Deutsche Med.
WochenscJu:, Leipzic, xliv, no. 49, December 1918, pp. 1346—
1348.

A Ricliettsia-Wke organism, Rickettsia melophagi, Noeller, is a normal
and regular inhabitant of the intestine of the sheep tick [Melophagus
ovinus]. It differs from the R. prowazeki found in Pediculus humanus
in the following particulars. It can be cultivated on sheep's blood-
glucose-agar, whereas up to now the artificial culture of R. prowazeki
has failed. It is, as a rule, an extra-cellular organism of the cells of
the stomach, whereas R. prowazeki is intra-cellular. It is a regular
intestinal parasite of Melophagus ovinus in which infection is trans-
mitted to the eggs, whereas R. prowazeki is probably accpiired by
P. humanus when the latter feeds on a typhus-infected man.

62

Tanzer (E.) & OsTERWALD (H.). Ist mit einer weiteren Verbreitung
der Malaria in Deutschland zu rechnen Oder nicht ? [Is a further
spread of Malaria in Germany likely or not ?]- Deutsche Med.
Wochenschr., Leipzic, xlv, no. '25, 19th June 1919, pp. 689-G90.

Demobilisation may entail the spread of malaria in Germany.

As a result of improved conditions in dwelling-houses mosquitos,
Anopheles maculipenms and A. hifurcatus, have tecome largely
Hmited to cowsheds and stables, especially those that are dark, dirty
and containing spiders' webs.

Prell holds that the practice of keeping goats is dangerous, and it is
pointed out that the adults and larvae of A. maculipennis have been
found in towns as well as in stables and sheds in their proximity.
Well-lit, airy and clean stables and sheds will lessen the danger from
Anophehnes.

VON Wasielewski (T.) & WuELKER (G.). Die Haemoprotem-
Infektion des Turmfalken. [The Haemopwfeus Infection of the
Kestrel.]— Beihefte zum Arch. f. Schiffs- v. Trop.-Hyq., Leipzic,
xxii, Beiheft 2, January 1918, pp. 117-212, 11 figs.', 4 plates.
[Abstract in Trop. Dis. BuU., London, xiv, no. 4, 15th October
1919, p. 207.]

Young kestrels {Cerchneis tinmotculus) are probably infected with
Haemoproteus by a fly, Camus hemaptems, which inhabits the nest ;
possibly also by Hippoboscidae, but not by Culex.

Pranoa (C.). Sur un Piroplasmide des Bovides de la Cote d'Or

(Achromaticus macfiei, n. sp.).— Separate from An. Sci. Faculdade
Med. do Porto, Oporto, iv, no. 3, 1918, 12 pp., 1 plate.

In preparations from the blood of a sick cow in the Gold Coast
Piroplasma higeminum, Theileria mutans and a third parasite, believed
by Macfie to be highly pathogenic, and the morphology of which shows
a transition between the Haemamoebidae and the Piroplasmidae,
have been found. It has a great variety of forms. The author
considers it to belong to the genus Achromaticus, Gonder, and suggests
the name A. macfiei.

Hautefeuille (E.). Assainissement antipaludique a Palikao (De-
partement d'Oran). — La Malar iologia, Naples, Series I, xi, no. 5-6,
.31st December 1918, pp. 100-107, 4 figs.

This paper describes successful appUcation to the village of Palikao
of the measures that have proved entirely reliable in other parts of
Algeria.

SusiNi (A.). Douze Ans de Campagne antipaludique a Brazza.^

La Malariologia, Najdes, Series I, no. xi, 5-6, 31st December 1918,
pp. 108-110.

All the factors favourable to malaria are present at Brazza, Algeria,
and its reputation for unhealthiness has been an obstacle to develop-
ment. Work on the lines recommended by Sergent, including clearing.

63

oiling, draining of streams and administration of quinine to the
European and native population, proved highly successful at the very
low cost of about £20 a year.

ScHAEDEL (A.). Biologische Betrachtungen zur Frage der Malaria-
rezidive und der Malariaverbreitung. [Biological considerations
on the Question of Malarial Relapses and the Spread of Malaria.]
Biol. Zentralbl, xxxviii, 1918, p. 143. (Summary in Arch. f.
Schiffs- u. Troih-Hyg., Leipzic, xxiii, no. 11, June 1919, p. 228.)

The author confirms the previous results obtained by Lenz [R.A.E.,
B, vi, 57]. At Mayence he found amongst 375 relapse cases in
1916 and 1917 that* the relapse curve corresponds with that of the
average annual temperature. High temperature, dry air, few clouds
and strong sunlight are correlated with a large number of relapses.
The maximum relapse period was, however, in June, a month before
the maximum temperature. Schaedel accepts Schaudinn's theory
of parthenogenesis of gametes and assumes that increased stimulus
to the gametes causes a more rapid occurrence of the relapse.

Anopheles macidipermis is widely distributed in the Rhine region
from Basle to Bingen ; A. bifurcatus also occurs. Ziemann states
that no Anophelines occur in the fortified area of Mayence, though
they are common in the endemic malarial area of the Mayence basini
The author believes that infection with Plasniodwm pmecox {falci-
parmn) cannot occur in Germany, but Muhlens (to whom the present
summary is due) remarks that genuine cases have been observed
in France and Upper Silesia and does not agree with the view that the
typical crescents soon disappear while the gametes of benign tertian
malaria are much more resistant.

Geiger (J. C.) & PuRDY (W. C). Experimental Mosquito Control
in Rice-nelds.— JL Amer. Med. Assoc, Chicago, III, Ixxii, no. 11,
15th March 1919, pp. 774-779.

During 1918 observations in Arkansas, extending over the entire
rice-growing season from June to September inclusive, showed that
Anopheles and Oidex were present in equal and moderate abundance ;
breeding was fairly uniform over the entire field, with a slight prefer-
ence for the more open water along embankments, beginning 10-14
days after flooding and continuing until late in September, when
it gradually diminishes. Top-minnows are usually found near the
embankments and water-outlets, rarely in mid-field ; predatory insect
larvae, principally Hydrophilvs, Dytiscus and some dragon-flies, are
usually abundant enough to be of some importance as a check.

As a result of the experiments detailed here the conclusions reached
are that intermittent flooding as a remedial measure is probably not
feasible owing to the additional cost of water and to the usual impossi-
bility of the transference of the larvae beyond flight distance. Owing
to the preference of top-minnows for deeper water they are of doubtful
value ; nevertheless their presence means a considerable reduction
in mosquito larvae. Oihng by drip-can methods proved a failure, but

64

the results obtained with oil-soaked sawdust offer great hopes for
ultimate mosquito control in rice-fields.

Geiger (J. C), PuRDY (W. C.) & Tarbett (R. E.). Effective Malaria
Control in a Rice-field District, with Observations on Experimental
Mosquito Flights. — Jl. Med. Assoc, Chicago, III., Ixxii, no. 12,
22nd March 1919, pp. 844-847.

In the Lonoke district, Arkansas, malaria has been checked by
sterilisation of carriers and anti-mosquito screening. The attempted
limitation of mosquito-breeding did not affect the presence of larvae
in the rice-fields. Anopheles quadrimaeiilatits being present in large
numbers about dwellings, in spite of the fact that all breeding was
confined to the iields.

The following observation was made regarding the powers of flight
of A. quadritnacidatns. Two rice-fields about 1 ^q miles from Lonoke
were flooded on 25th May and 15-20 days later A. quadrimaculatus
appeared in the city. Circumstances pointed to these fields as being
the source. To check this observation flight experiments were made,
about 4,000 stained individuals being liberated. Only 10 were re-
captured. Of these 9 were recaptured at f of a mile from the starting
point, and 1 at a mile.

Darnall (W. E.). New Jersey's Work in Mosquito Control. —
Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc, Chicago, III., Ixxiii, no. 10, 6th September
1919, pp. 737-742, 7 figs.

This is a brief resume of the work done in New Jersey in combating
mosquitos. The area involved extends over 937 square miles with
a population of 2,188,063. The per capita cost is about 8f/.

Gray (H. F.). The Cost of Malaria. A Study of Economic Loss
sustained by the Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District, Shasta
County, Calif. — Jl. Atner. Med. Assoc, Chicago, III, Ixxii, no. 21,
24th May 1920, pp. 1533-1535.

The economic loss caused in this district in 1918 is due to a number of
factors, the three chief ones being medicine, medical service, and labour.
Others are due to inability to harvest crops at the proper time owing
to malarial attacks, losses on forced sales of property, and losses due
to depreciation of property values. At a conservative estimate the
last-named would be £50,000.

If anti-malarial measures reduce malaria 50 per cent, in the first
year, 75 per cent, in the second, 90 per cent, in the third and 95 per
cent in the fourth (as experience in California has shown to be possible),
the cost of the three chief items will be saved and the others will show
a considerable profit.

Owen (W. 0.). Illuminated Trap for Night Flying Insects. iVew
York Med. Jl, cix, no. 14, 5th April 1919, p. 590, 1 fig.

This trap consists of a fruit jar with a layer of plaster of Paris and
potassium cyanide. In the bottom there is a small electric bulb

65

operated by a small battery, the Avhole being enclosed in a tin container.
This trap is said to be of special service in capturing mosquitos.

Williams (C. L.). Anti-Malaria Control Measures in Extra-Cantonment
Zones. Southern. Med. Jl. Binninghani, Ala., xii, no. 1, January
1919, pp. 22-28.

This paper describes the work done by the United States Public
Health Service in the areas around the different camps. Within the
latter the Army authorities were responsible. As the limit of flight of
Anophelines is practically one mile, this distance was adopted for the
breadth of each zone, beginning at the edge of the camp.

After surveying the ground and ])reparing estimates, natural channels
are cleared, deepened' and straightened. In hilly districts seepage
ditches wath connecting ditches to the main chamiel nuist be dug.
In large swamp areas it may be necessary to construct an outlet stream
and an adequate outlet will rapidly drain and dry the land.

The control of mosquito-breeding in large ponds and lakes is best
accomplished by means of fish. This entails a sufficient stock of fish
and the clearing of reeds, debris, etc., from the surface and edges. By
periodically raising and lowering the water level the banks are kept
clean. If the level cannot be varied for economic reasons the banks
may be boarded or concreted. Oiling is useful in certain cases. Drain-
age is a verv difficult problem in flat country, particularly in tidal regions.
A\ ide, shallow ditches, where the water may be concentrated and oiled,
have given good results. Oiling is used for dealing with the water
remaining after drainage operations have been carried out. A mixture
of two parts of kerosene and one of heavy black or crude oil is most
suitable, but oiliiig can only be successful if the water is kept free from
weeds and debris. Small" collections of water may be poisoned by
adding nitre cake, a waste product of phosphate fertiliser factories.
Another method, apparently highly successful and quite cheap, is
the application of commercial creosote in the form of a very fine
spray, though if used in excess it will kill all animal life, including
large fish.

As constructional anti-malaria work proceeds, maintenance (in-
spection, cleaning, repairing and oiling) becomes a larger and larger
portion of the work. In the 9 zones to which the statistical part of
this paper refers, the total number being 36, the territory covered 330
square miles, in which 282 miles of natural channels were cleaned and
deepened and 656 miles of new ditches were dug. The expenditure
in these 9 zones amounted to about £86,000 and the results are held
amply to justify this outlay.

EscoMEL (E.) La Trypanosomiase humaine existe dans les Forets
Orientales du Perou.--B'</l. Soe. Path. Exol., Paris, xii, no. 10, 10th
December 1919, pp. 723-726.

A case of human trypanosomiasis is recorded from Peru probably
for the first time. The patient came from the forest country where
the Reduviid, Triatoma megista, and other vectors of trypanosomiasis
are known to occur. On examining the blood a trypanosome,
probably Trypanosoma {Schizotrijpanum) cruzi, was found.

66

Eegnault (F.). La Culture des Lentilles d'Eau dans la Lutte centre
le Paludisrae. — Bull. Soc. Path. ExoL, Paris, xii, no. 10, 10th
December 1919, pp. 735-736.
Experiments made in Corsica in 1917 show that mosquito larvae
were killed by asphyxiation in every case where duckweed [Lemna]
was propagated. As soon as the duckweed disappeared, the re-
appearance of mosquito larvae was noticed. The cultivation of this
plant should prove a useful remedial measure and cheaper than oiling.

Prates (M. M.). La Myiase Oculaire de I'lle de Sal (Arehipel du

Cap VeH).~Bull. Soc. Path. Exot, Paris, xii, no. 10, 10th
December 1919, pp. 736-740, 1 fig.

The work of previous authors in connection with ocular myiasis in
man is reviewed. It is generally caused by Rhinoestrus pvrpiireus
(nasalis) which normally deposits from 8 to 50 larvae in the eyes of
equines, and Oestrus ovis which, although occasionally oviparous,
generally deposits larvae in the nasal cavities of sheep and goats.
Both species are recorded as accidentally infesting man. The larvae
may occur in man in the throat or nasal fossae, but the eyes are the
most common seat of infestation. The patient suffers from acute
irritation lasting about a fortnight.

Ocular myiasis due to Oestrus ovis is particularly prevalent in the
island of Sal. The natives prevent larviposition on the lips by smoking
or chewing tobacco. Infestation of the throat can be alleviated by
draughts of warm olive oil or by means of a highly spiced diet. Further
investigations are to be made to ascertain whether the fly deposits
eggs or larvae on the affected organs.

Brumpt (E.). Existence de la Spirochetose des Bovides au Bresil.

Transmission de cette Affection par la Tique, Margaropus

australis (Fuller).— £«/?. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 10,

10th December 1919, pp. 748-757, 1 fig.

Experiments with ticks, Boophilus (Margaropus) anrmlatus australis

Fuller, obtained from Brazil from normal healthy cattle are described.

The progeny of these ticks produced a mixed infection of Piroplasma

higeminum and P. argentinum in a calf. In previous experiments

B. annulatus australis from Brazil and B. annulatus calcaratus from

Algiers, Tunisia and Morocco, that had been reared on cattle infected

with various anaplasms and piroplasms never transmitted them to

susceptible French cattle. During the present observations 9

successive generations of the ticks were reared ; of these some lost

their infection with Piroj)lasma higeminum at the third aud with

P. argentinu7n at the sixth generation.

From the first to the seventh generation the ticks did not transmit
spirochaetosis to any animals upon which they were fed, as far as
could be ascertained by simple direct examination. The larvae from
female ticks of the 7th generation Avere fed on a 4-year old Breton
cow without producing any abnormal symptoms, but those larvae
from adult ticks taken from this cow produced an infection of
Spirochaeta theileri within 24 hours on a similar animal aged 10 years.
Although the author does not admit that spirochaetosis of cattle is
entirely absent from France, he is of opinion that the virus was

67

originally obtained from Brazil in the case under observation. Tins
may be accounted for by the hypothesis that the animals on winch
the ticks were reared, although not presenting any definite symptoms,
may yet have had the disease in a latent form. Immunity is very
quickly acquired, as is shown by a case in which thousands of mfective
embryos were placed on a cow 75 days after its first infection, without
producing any reaction at all. The "author considers th&t Sjnrochaeta
£qui and S. ovina should be treated as synonyms of *S. theileri.

Brumpt (E.). Transmission de la Piroplasmose canine tunisienne

par le Rhipicephahis sanguineus.— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris,
xii, no. 10, 10th December 1919, pp. 757-764, 1 fig.

Experiments described in detail show that canine piroplasmosis
in Tunis is transmitted by Bhipicephalvs sanguineus. These obser-
vations in common with those previously made in connection with
Dermacentor reticuhius [R.A.E., B, viii, 41] show that the virus
can only be transmitted by adults that are the progeny of females fed
in the adult stage on an infected animal.

The life-cycle of Piroplasma canis is apparently identical whether
transmitted' bv P. sanguineus, D. retimhtns or Haemaphysalis leaclii.

Numerous nymphs of Ixodes ricinus and Haemaphysalis concinna
bred from females fed on infected dogs failed to transmit the disease.

Mandoul (H.). Une Mission antipaludique dans la xvii® Region
{1917-1918). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 10, 10th
December 1919, pp. 779-798.

The topography of the Haute-Garonne and the neighbouring
districts is described. During the anti-malarial investigations^ in
1917-1918 Anopheles maculipennis was found to be widely distributed
in that region both in the plains and at an elevation of about 3,300 feet.
Breeding occurs in any suitable place both in the towns and in the
country. The presence of dense duckweed and fish prevents larval
development, and watercress beds are apparently not a favourable
medium for the multiplication of the larvae. } '^^■

The range of temperature under which they are able to develop
extends from a minimum of 58° F. (14° C.) to a maximum of 85° F.
(30-5° C.) The adult Anophelines appear in June and increase m
number during July and August more rapidly than Culicines. They
disappear by the end of October, whilst Culicines which appear as
early as the end of February may still be found in November.
Hibernation in this Anopjheles occurs in the adult stage.

Although indigenous malaria is practically non-existent in the region
under discussion, the danger of its spread is imminent in view of the
demobilisation of troops. The usual preventive measures, including
draining of land, oiling of pools, etc., are advocated.

ScHWETz (J.). La Maladie du Sommeil dans le Moyen-Kwilu (District
du Kwango, Congo beige) en 1918. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris,
xii, no. 10, 10th December 1919, pp. 798-812, 1 map.

Investigations were made from October 1918 to January 1919 in
the Kwango district of the Belgian Congo, and the locality is described.

68

Although the streams run through large strips forest and sleeping
sickness occurs in all the villages, Glossina palpalis and G. tabaniformis
were exceedingly rare. This was probably due to the fact that the
observations were made in October at the end of the dry season, when
tsetse-flies are generally less numerous. To the south of the area
G. palpalis is abundant and was found even in groves or thickets at
a distance from water and consisting of very varied vegetation. Many
such localities in which G. palpalis was found are separated from the
nearest water by large expanses of ground devoid of trees, and it is
evident that its occurrence in these thickets is chiefly due to the
presence of pigs, both tame and wild. Whether the flies breed in these
sites has not been ascertained. Other biting flies captured include
Haematopota sp. Mosquitos were rare.

Sleeping sickness is very prevalent, but is irregalaily distributed
among villages in close proximity to each other, as well as in different
groups of villages. Its incidence was generally higher in villages in
the immediate vicinity of large rivers than in those situated on
table-lands, but the exceptions were so numerous that a correlation
between the occurrence of G. palpalis and the numbers of cases could
not be estabhshed. The number of young children contracting the
disease is relatively small, and in most cases the parents were affected
at the same time.

The necessity for systematic prophylaxis is emphasised, and it is
suggested that a Government medical commission should be sent
to carry out the necessary work and direct and co-ordinate the present
efforts of missionaries and others.

Plath (0. E.). The Prevalence of Phorniia azurea, Fallen (Larva
parasitic on Nestling Birds) in the Puget Sound Region and Data
on Two undescribed Flies of similar Habit. -J/; m. Entom. Soc.
America, Columbus, Ohio, xii, no. 4, December 1919, pp. 373-381.
[Received 9th February 1920.]

The larvae of Phormia azurea, Fall., have been recorded as habitually
sucking the blood of nestling birds, sometimes causing their death,
in the San Francisco Bay region. The author records observations
in the Puget sound region, where he found the same habit prevalent.
From 15th June to 1st August, 54 nests were examined containing
ten different species of nestling birds, 33 of them being found infested
with larvae of P. azurea, Fall., one with a new species of Phormia and
six with larvae of a new fly of the genus Hylemijia. Descriptions of
these flies are given, Phormia metallica, sp. n., being described by
C. H. T. Townsend, and Hijlemyia nidicola, sp. n., by J. M. Aldrich.

All the nests examined were located in trees and shrubs 3 to 20 feet
above ground, with the exception of 8, which were at an altitude of
about 40 feet. The nests contained in all 111 nestlings, and although
many of the larvae were gorged with blood only two of the nestlings
had died ; most of the nest were however those of comparatively large
birds. The larvae of P. metallica were found in a nest of western robin
{Merula migratoria propinqua), and when the nestlings took wing, 26
larvae were taken from it. These pupated in a few days ; both larvae
and pupae very closely resemble those of P. azurea.

69

The effects of infestation ))>' HyJemyia nidicola are very different,
and four nests contained only the bones and feathers of nine nearly
full-fledged nestlings. From these four nests 283 pupae were taken.
None of the nests infested by this species contained any living nestlings
when discovered, but judging by the small number of dead birds in
most of the nests, it seems possible that some oft hem may have survived.
The larva of H. nidicola is much smaller than that of P. azurea, and
is apparently not a blood-sucker. It is- possible that the adults of
H. nidicola were attracted by odour to nests where the young birds
were alreadv dead and laid their eggs or larvae on the decomposing
bodies. Another explanation may be that they were deposited while
the nestlings were still alive, and caused their death by penetrating
into their bodies. In view of the fact that certain species of Hylemyia
and Mydaea. are known to attack nestling birds in Central and South
America, the second hypothesis is not an improbable one. If it proves
to be correct, it will be necessary to take measures against it in
order to avoid serious losses among the wild bird fauna.

From further observations of remarkable numbers of a species of
bug, probably Cimex {Oecacus) hinmdinis, Jen., nearly related to the
common bed-bug, C. lectularius, and of fleas infesting bird's nests, it is
evident that these offer a fruitful field of investigation for the parasi-
tologist.

Buxton (P. A.). The Importance of the House-Fly as a Carrier of

E. histolytica.^Brit. Med. JL, London, no. 3083, 31st January
1920, pp. 142-14-1.

Recent observations show that in Lower Mesopotamia the house-fly
is a major factor in the carriage of numerous intestinal disorders ;
over 60 per cent, of the flies caught carried human faeces, over 4 per cent,
of them actual human entozoa, and probably at least 0*5 per cent, the
cysts of Entamoeba hisfohftica.

Nicholson (F. D.). Tick Fever in Palestine.— 5;//. Med. Jl.,
London, no. 3077, 20th December 1919, p. 811.

Eelapsing fever in Palestine is stated to be transmitted by ticks,
probably Argas persicus. The observations in question were made
during the 1917 campaign. The parasite and the course of the disease
are described.

Ticks and Relapsing Fever. — Brit. Med. Jl, London, no. 3082,
24th January 1920, p. 132 ; no. 3084, 7th February 1920, p. 200 ;
no. 3085, 14th Feburarv 1920, p. 235 ; no. 3086, 21st February
1920, p. 273 ; no. 3087, 28th February 1920, p. 310.

As a result of the preceding paper, a discussion has arisen in the
course of which Dr. J. L. Dunlop records Argas j^ersicus as the trans-
mitter of relapsing fever in Persia during the summer of 1918, when the
infection apparently varied with the number of bites.

Dr. J. W. Mackenzie records observations that confirm those made
by Dr. Nicholson. He considers that the louse-borne and tick-borne
diseases are clinically of two different types.

70

According to Dr. R. E. Drake-Brockman the transmitting agent
in Somaliland is OrnitJwdorus savignyi, and although Argas persicus is
abundant, there is no proof of its being capable of becoming the vector.

Dr. H. M. Woodcock has found a distinct difference in the number
of spirochaetes in the louse-borne and tick-borne cases of relapsing
fever and he considers it quite possible that Argas may be the trans-
mitting agent. According to Dr. A. Balfour, although this is not
impossible, further proof is required before the hypothesis can be
accepted as a fact.

Byam (W.) & Lloyd (L.). Trench Fever : Its Epidemiology and

Endemiology .—Proc. R. Soc. Med, London, xiii, 1919, pp. 1-20,

8 charts, 2 tables, 1 fig. [Received 3rd Febuary 1920.]

The bulk of the information here given has been noticed elsewhere

[R.A.E., B, vi, 225 ; viii, 10]. Recent investigations confirm previous

statements [loc. cit.], but it has been found that the blood of patients

mav remain infective and be capable of infecting lice fed on it as late

as the 443rd day of the disease.

Evans (W.). Anti-Malarial Worli with the Australian Mounted
Division in Palestine.^Mer/. Jl. Australia, Sydney, 6th year,
ii, no. 25, 20th December 1919, pp. 526-529, 1 map.

The anti-malarial work carried out by the Australian forces in the
vicinity of the river Aujah, including the usual treatment of breeding
areas and prophylactic measures, are described. Although all possible
precautions were taken nearly 2 per cent, of the men contracted
malaria, but the majority of these were probably infected by
mosquitos deriving their origin in enemy country.

With the return of these malaria carriers to Australia the necessity
of early investigations and treatment of both primary and secondary
cases is emphasised. Should many fresh cases occur, complete eradica-
tion of the anophehne breeding areas will have to be undertaken.

DE Meza (J.). Veterinary Division.— ^wn. Kept. Nyasaland Depi.

Agric. Year ended 31st March 1919, Zomha, 29th November 1919,

pp. 7-8.
Only isolated cases of demodectic mange have been met with in the
Zomba and Blantyre districts, but in Southern and Northern Rhodesia
the disease is still giving great trouble. W^ith the co-operation of
planters and systematic dipping against ticks it is hoped that piro-
plasmosis in cattle will entirely disappear. Investigations are being
made in connection with a new disease of calves and sheep of which the
causal organism resembles a piroplasm.

Isolated outbreaks of trypanosomiasis have been reported from all
parts of the Shire Highlands. In the Mlanje district the disease is
spreading and it is feared that Glossina brevipalpis is more widely
distributed than was previously thought to be the case.

BiSHOPP (F. C). The Fowl Tick and how Premises may be freed from it.

—U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. 1070,
December 1919, 16 pp., 9 figs.
The bulk of the information given in this bulletin on Argas persicus
{miniatus) has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., B, i, 115].

71

Ferris (G. F.). Contributions toward a Monograph of the Sucking

Lice. Part I. — ■Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pi'blicatimis, Col.,
1919, 51 pp., 32 figs.

This is the first part of a series of papers, which it is hoped will
constitute when complete a monograph of the Anoplura.

Of the genus Enderleinellus thirteen new species are described, and
a new genus Microphthiras is erectetl for M. imcinaius, Ferris.

HoRST (M. D.) & DE Kaadt (0. L. E.). De juiste Namen voor de
Javaansche groote Huisrat en de Sawahrat. [The correct Names
for the big Java House-rat and for the Field-rat.] — Tijdschr.
Vergelijk. Geneesk., Leyden, iii, 1918, pp. 253-255, 1 plate.
[Received 7th February 1920.]

This note is of interest in view of the relation of rats to fleas and
the spread of plague due to their association. As the result of exami-
nations made at the Leyden Natural History Museum the large Java
house-rat, formerly known as Mus griseiventer, Bonhote, is here stated
to be Mus diardii, Jentink. The latter name has hitherto been used
for the field-rat [in the Dutch East Indies], and this must now be
re-named Mus rattus brevicaudatus, subsp. n.

DE Raadt (0. L. E.). label voor Determineering van Indische
Ratten. label voor Determineering van Vlooien [Fleas], label
voor Determinatie van Anophelinen in Nederlandsch-Oost-Indie.

— Tijdschr. Vergelijk. Geneesk., Leyden, iv, 1919, pp. 82-95, 8 figs.
[Received 7th February 1920.]

The first of these tables describes the distinguishing features of the
rats found in British India and the Dutch East Indies. The second
deals with fleas in general. The third table, of which W. H. van Seters
is a joint- author, covers the Anopheline mosquitos of the Dutch
East Indies.

Stein (P.). Einige Anthomyiden von der Insel Simalur bei Sumatra.

[Some Anthomyids from the Island of Simalur near Sumatra.] — ■ V
Tidschr. Entomologie, The Hague, Ixii (1919), Supplmt., January ^
1920, pp. 40-46.

Anthomyiden aus Java, Sumatra, Waigeoe und Cersun.— Ibidem,
pp. 47-86.

Among the flies dealt with in the first of these papers are Stomoxys
calcitrans, Lyperosias^., and Musca domesticajioul other species being y
described as new. \

From the islands mentioned in the title of the second paper the specie*
recorded include Stomoxys brunnipes, Griinb., S. calcitrans,
Philaematomyia crassirostris, Stein, and 22 new ones. A key is
given to the male characters of Ophyra chalcogaster, Wied., 0. spinigera.
Stein, 0. simplex, Stein, and 0. hirtitibia, sp. n.J

72

Fry (A. S.). An Epidemic of Fifty-four Cases of Relapsing Fever
observed in Birjand, East Persia.—Indian Med. Gaz., Calcutta,
Iv, no. 1, Jauuar}^ 1920, pp. 2-8, 1 plate, 19 charts.

The symptomatology and treatment of relapsing fever during an
epidemic which occurred in January 1919 in East Persia is described.
The disease was chiefly disseminated by lice and in a few instances
by bed-bugs. A louse taken from a patient and crushed showed
the presence of spirochaetes when stained, but the degree of louse-
infestation apparently bore no relation to the severity of the disease.

Ellenberger (W. p.) & Chapin (R. M.). Cattle-Fever Ticks and
Methods of Eradication. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.,
Farmers' Bull. 1057, October 1919, 32 pp., 5 figs., 4 tables.
[Received 10th February 1920.]

The bulk of the information contained in this bulletin has been
noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., B, vi, 143, etc.].

The properties of substances used in making dips are discussed ;
these include white arsenic, caustic soda, lye, sodium carbonate and
pine-tar. The dips advocated include the S.-B., or "self-boiled" dip,
consisting of arsenic stock and tar stock. To make the former, 4 lb.
of caustic soda is dissolved in 1 U.S. gal. of water, to which 10 lb. of
white arsenic should be added in portions of 1 to 2 lb. at a time. The
liquid should be continually stirred unless it begins to boil, in which
case it must be allowed to cool before continuing the addition of
arsenic. Should the liquid remain muddy or milky, another gallon
of water should be added, and if it still does not clear, it must be
placed on the fire and heated nearly but not quite to boiling point
so as to dissolve the arsenic ; after this the mixture should be diluted
to about 4 U.S. gals, and 10 lb. of washing-soda crystals should be added
and stirred until dissolved. When cold, the solution should be made
up to 5 U.S. gals, with water and allowed to settle. This arsenic
stock may be kept in jugs or demijohns if well corked, but it must not
be mixed with the tar stock except in the diluted dipping bath.

The tar stock consists of f lb. of caustic soda dissolved in 1 U.S. qt.
of water to which 1 U.S. gal. of pine-tar is added, the whole being well
stirred. This mixture may be tested by dropping about a teaspoonful
of it into a glass of water. Should globules of tar be visible more
caustic soda in solution must be added to the mixture, which when
ready may be stocked in closed containers.

Another dip known as the "boiled" dip consists of 24 lb. of w^ashing-
soda crystals, 8 lb. white arsenic, 1 U.S. gal. of pine-tar and 25 U.S.
gals, of water.

This may be diluted to a 500 U.S. gal. bath, whereas 1 U.S. gal. of
S.-B. dip will make 125 U.S. gals, of bath. The method of replenishing
the bath and correcting its strength, as well as the precautions necessary
in the use of arsenic and arsenical dips, are discussed at length.

Hutchison (R. IT.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Experiments with Steam
Disinfectors in destroying Lice in Clothing.— ^JL Parasitology,
Urbana, 111., vi^ no. 2, December 1919, pp. 65-78.
Experiments have been made to ascertain the mimmum require-
ments as regards pressure, time and temperature for louse destruction

73

only. These observations carried out on Pedicvlus Jiumanus are
described. The results show that it 15 pounds pressure is produced
in the disinfector within 5 minutes and kept up for another 10 minutes
with a 10 inch preliminary vacuum and a 10 inch drying vacuum a
temperature of 167° F. (75° C.) is obtained, which is sufficient to kill
the Uce. Individual bundles of garments in the disinfector itself
must not be packed too tightly.

Moore (W.) & Hirschfelder (A. D.), An Investigation of the Louse

Problem.^ Research Publications Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis,
viii, no. 4, July 1919, 86 pp., 2 figs., 6 charts, [Received 4th
February 1920.]

This paper deals with methods of rearing lice, the pathological
effects of the bite of the clothes-louse {Pediculus himanus), and its
destruction.

It is summarised by the author as follows : Lice may be reared
under incubator conditions in large numbers, if fed with human blood
twice daily, but under such conditions the life- cycle is slowed down,
and the daily and total egg-production per female is reduced. Fever,
rash, and a general lassitude are produced as a result of the louse
bites. Lice and their, eggs are destroyed by the ordinary laundering
processes used in the washing of cotton and khaki goods ; for woollens
slight alterations in the methods of washing are necessary. Chloropicrin
may be used for fumigation of garments, accomplishing the desired
results in a short period of time with a small quantity of the chemical,
without the use of high temperatures. The sachet method of con-
trolling lice is ineffective or very expensive. Louse powders may be
used with success but, being a wasteful method of applying an
insecticide, are not recommended. Impregnation of the underwear
is the most promising method of louse control between lousings.
Active chemicals of very low volatility are necessary to prove effective
for the longest period of time. Halogenated phenols, such as dibrom-
metacresol, dichlormonobrommetacresol, and their sodium salts,
dibromcarvacrol and dibromxylenol, were found to be the most
promising under laboratory conditions.

Tryon (H.). Report of the Entomologist and Vegetable Pathologist.

— Ann. Rep. Queensland Dept. Agric. & Stock for the Year 1916-
1917, Brisbane, 1917, pp. 49-63. [Received 11th February 1920.]

The parasites recorded include : The dog tick, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, which is reported from the Northern Territory ; Ixodes
holocyclus, Neum., which occurs on many animal hosts including
man ; Haeniaphysalis papuana, Thorell ; the bot-fly, Gastrophilus
nasalis, which is apparently spreading and is found in certain districts
on the wing as early as 1st October ; Hippobosca equina ; Ortholfersia
macleayi, which was found on a marsupial and on a horse.

Special investigations have been carried on in connection with
sheep-maggot fhes, the species dealt with including Anastellorhina
augur (mottled blow-fly), Pollenia stygia {villosa) (large yellow blow-
fly), Neocalliphora ochracea (large red blow-fly), Calliphora incisoralis
(dark blue blow-fly), Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma) rufifacies (golden-green
blow-fly), C (P.) varipes (small green blow-fly), Lucilia sericata

(668) B

74

(English sheep-fly), Sarcophaga aurifrons (grey striped flesh-fly),
S. frontalis (large striped flesh-fly), Synthesiomyia hrasiliana (red- tailed
fly) and Ophyra analis (shining black fly). Other parasites include :
Oestrus ovis (nasal fly), which is apparently spreading ; a louse,
Haematopinus suis ; Tracheomyia macropi (marsupial bot-fly) ;
and the ticks, Argas persicus and Aponomma sp.

Tryon (H.). Report of the Entomologist and Vegetable Pathologist.

— Ann. Rept. Queensland Dept. Agric. & Stock for the Year 1918-

1919, Brisbane, 1919, pp. 37-49. [Received 11th February 1920.]

The parasites recorded include : Boophilus annulatus australis

attacking cattle and horses ; Haemaphysalis papuana, Thor., infesting

cattle ; Gastrophilus nasalis in horses ; Oestrus ovis in sheep ;

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dog tick) which is gradually spreading and

is an intermediate host of Piroplasma {Babesia) canis, causing malignant

jaundice ; and an Acarid, Dertnanyssus sp.

It is suggested that an attempt should be made to introduce the

egrets, Herodias garzetta and H. ralloides, into Queensland from South

Africa, as they are known to feed on cattle ticks.

Edwaeds (C. W.). Effect of Cattle Ticks on Imported and locally

grown Ayrshire Cattle.— i^ej^^. Gtcam Agric. Expt. Sta., 1918:

Washington, D.C., 14th October 1919, p. 12. [Received 15th

February 1920.]

Piroplasma bigeminum, the causal organism of Texas fever, has

never been definitely identified in the blood of native cattle in Guam,

but introduced Ayrshire cattle exhibit symptoms similar to Texas

fever whenever they became tick infested. Boophilus (Margaropus)

annukitus australis and B. annulatus are both recorded from the island.

Of the original imported stock two individuals died of the disease and

the remaining two after several years have apparently acquired

complete immunity. With one possible exception the locally-bred

pure-blooded progeny of the imported cattle have been entirely

immune to the disease.

LiCHTWARDT (B.), Diptcrcn aus Lappland. [Diptera from Lapland.]

— Entom. Mitt., Berlin, iii, no. 9, 15th September 1914, pp. 276-

279. [Received 12th February 1920.]

Among the Diptera mentioned in this paper are Tabanus

tarandinus, L., T. lapponicus, Wahlberg, T. borealis, F., T. luridus.

Fall., Chrysops nigripes, Ztt., Oedemagena tarandi, L., Cephenoniyia

trompe, L., Phormia caerulea, R.-D., and P. azurea, Fall. {Calliphora

groenlandica, Ztt.).

Eysell (A.). Sarcophaga fuscicauda, Boettcher, ein Darmparasit des

Menschen (Dipt.). [S. fuscicauda, an Intestinal Parasite of

Msin.}~Ento)n. Mitt., Berlin, iv, no. 1-3, 8th March 1915, pp.

4-8, 4 figs. [Received 12th February 1920.]

Details are given of the adult, larva and pupa of Sarcophaga

fuscicauda, Boettcher. The adult flies were bred from larvae obtained

from a Chinese sailor who suffered severely from intestinal catarrh

until treatment with santonin and calomel caused their expulsion*

75

Russell (W. A.) & Brown (W. G.). Combating the Blow-Fly.

New Treatment recommended.— /Sct'ence <fe Industrie, Melbourne,

1, no. 8, December 1919, pp. 487-489, 1 fig.
Observations show that jetting sheep with a dip containing about
0*2 per cent, of arsenious oxide in solution is a far more effective and
cheaper method of preventing blow-fiy attack than the older one of
crutching. The method of applying the jet is described.

Manson-Bahr (P.). Bacillary Dysentery.— Traws. Soc. Trop. Med.
Hyg., London, xiii, no, 5, 16th January 1920, pp. 64-72.
The etiology, pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of
bacillary dysentery are discussed. With regard to the epidemiology
there apparently exists a definite relation between it and the appearance
of the house-fly, Musca domestica. In places such as Egypt the bacillus
has been found in the intestinal tract of flies caught in the desert
about two miles from the nearest camp and at a great distance from
any human faecal deposits. These observations were made in October.
Laboratory experiments show that the bacillus may live about four
days in the intestinal tract of the fly, whereas if exposed to the sun
in the desert it will only survive a few hours. In view of this fact
the fly must have the opportunity of feeding on blood and mucus
stools directly they are passed to be able to ingest a sufficient number
of bacilli to spread an epidemic in the community ; this, however, is
impossible where good sanitary conditions prevail.

Clarke (J. T.). The Etiology of Rheumatic Fever from a Tropical

Point of View. A Flea the Probable Carrier.— Tmns. Soc. Trop.

Med. Hyg., London, xiii, no. 5, 16th January 1920, pp. 83-89,

2 charts.

As there is a strong correlation both in time and place between the

occurrence of rheumatic fever and fleas, it is suggested that these

insects may prove to be the carriers of the disease.

The real host of the organism is probably the rat and the most
likely species of fleas to disseminate the disease are Pulex irritans
and Ceratophyllus fasciatus.
There is a similar relation between fleas and scarlet fever.

Wood (H. P.). Tropical Fowl Mite in the United States, with Notes
on Life History and Control.— C7.*S'. Dept. Agric, Washington,
D.C., Dept. Circ. 79, January 1920, 8 pp., 2 figs.

The tropical fowl mite, Liponyssus bursa, is recorded from Raymond,
Illinois, where it was discovered in May 1919. The eggs may be laid
on the host or in the nest and hatch in about 3 days. The larvae do
not feed until after the first moult, which takes place about 17 hours
after emergence. The second moult occurs in from 1 to 2 days, but
the subsequent ones have not been observed. Poultry and EngHsh
sparrows are apparently the chief hosts.

The most effective remedial measures are a dip consisting of 2 oz.
of sulphur, 1 oz. of soap and 1 U.S. gal. of water, or dusting with
sulphur or pyrethrum and dipping in a solution of 1 teaspoonful of
40 per cent, nicotine sulphate to 1 U.S. gal. of water and about ^ oz.
pf soap. These measures were lollowed by a general cleansiiig of th^

76

poultry houses, etc., and finally the fowls were thoroughly dusted with
sulphur and exposed to rain. No bad results were noted. This
treatment combined with a continuous war against sparrows will it is
hoped eradicate the present infestation.

Parker (T.). The Rat Problem.— Fef. Jl, London, Ixxvi, no. 2,
February 1920, pp. 50-62.

The damage caused by rats, as well as measures for dealing with them ^
including the use of baits, poisons, traps and gases, are discussed.

Diseases carried by rats include spirochaetal jaundice, rat-bite fever,
plague and tuberculosis. The transmitting agents of some of these
diseases to man are the fleas, Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Pulex irritant.

The dog and cat fleas, Ctenocephalus canis and C. felis, are also
frequently foimd on rats.

Bertrand (Gr.) & Brocq-Kousseu. Sur la D6ratisation par la
Chloropierine.— 6'. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxx, no. 6,
9th February 1920, pp. 345-347.

The results of experiments made to test the action of chloropicrin
on Mus decumanus and on the flea infesting it, Cemtophyllus fasciatus,
Bosc, are given in tabular form. The vapour of this substance may
be considered a very effective agent for destroying both rat and fleas
and as it has no effect on material or colours, it may be usefully
employed for deaUng with rat-infested ships.

The rats examined were found to carry the largest number of fleas in
August and very few during autumn and winter.

Gerard (P.). Note sur la Distribution g^ographique du Genre
Glossina dans la Region miniere de la Lukuga sup^rieure.—
Rev. Zool. Africaine, Brussels, vii, no. 3, 15th November 1919-
15th January 1920, pp. 229-235, 1 map.

This article deals with the distribution in Upper Lukuga, Belgian
Congo, of Glossina palpalis, G. morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. brevijxdpis and
G.fuscipleuris, and includes a map of the district illustrating the author's
j oumeys and the places at which the various species were found.

Brolemann (H. W.). Sur quelques Oulex des Pyr6n6es, ii : Campagne

1918. — Ann. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, Ixxxviii, no. 1-2, 1919,

pp. 65-103, 40 figs.
Notes with details of the structure of the genitalia are given on twelve
species of mosquitos collected in the Pyrenees, with descriptions and
figures of Ochlerotatus geniculatus {Culicada albo punctata), 0. rusticus
{C. quadratimacuUta), which however does not occur in the Pyrenees,
C. cantans,* 0. (C.) nemorosus salinus,* 0. caspius {C. penicillaris),
Theohaldia annulata, T. morsitans,* T. longiareolata {spathipalpis)
[see also R.A.E., B, vii, . 140]. A new sub-genus, Allotheobaldia, is
erected for the last-named.

[* We are informed by Mr. F. W. Edwards that these species have been
iacorrectly iieutifiei. The correct names should be Ochlerotatus annulipes,
Mg., O. dorsovittatus, Villea., and Theohaldia fmnipennis, Steph., respec-
tively.—Ed.]

77

Barbieri (A.). Campana antipaludica. [Anti-malaria Campaign.]
Anales Dej?. Nac. Hiqienc, Buenos Aires, xxv, no. 4, July &
August 1919, pp. 54-57.

Statistics are given of the malaria cases attended to and the quinine
distributed in the northern Argentine provinces during the first six
months of 1919 under the anti-malarial laws. The staff of the anti-
malaria campaign also collaborated in the measures taken to subdue
plague and typhus in the same provinces. In attempting to control
malaria, attention is drawn to the difficulties, in spite of extensive
funds, arising from the magnitude and topography of the regions
dealt with, the economic poverty of the provinces, the social habits
of the population, etc. In any case endemic malaria can only be
controlled by systematic and continuous efforts over a long period.

ScHiEMANN (0.). Ueber schwefelige Saure als Mittel zur Totung
von Lausen und Flohen. [Sulphurous Acid for kilhng Lice and
Fleas.]— Ze^'tec/if. Uyg. u. Infektionskr., Leipzic, Ixxviii, no. 3,
17th December 1918, pp. 389-409.

Fleas are very susceptible to sulphur dioxide, their larvae and lice
are somewhat less so, and the eggs of lice are still more resistant.

In a room of 40 cu. metres capacity (1,400 cu. ft.) at a temperature
of 12°-20° C. (52°-68° F.) and containing a batch of clothing (weighing
about 154 lb.) but otherwise empty, and with gas taken from a
cylinder of liquid SO^, lice and their eggs were killed in 4 hours when
SO., was present at a strength of 2| per cent. ; 4 per cent, proved
fatal in l|-2 hours, even when the articles were packed in a laundry
basket and well covered. The operator runs less risk of infestation
if the garments have not to be spread out.

Under similar conditions, but using burning sulphur, a strength
of 2^ per cent. SO., proved insufficient in 4 hours. Using burning
salforkose (90 per cent. CS^, carbon bisulphide), 3 per cent, of SO.,
also proved ineffective and higher strengths are necessary. An
equal strength of gas from cylinders is therefore more effective ;
whether this is due to impurities in the product from burning sulphur
or CS.2 is not known. The opposite result is obtained in the case of
bacteria. Rooms at low temperatures such as 12°-14° C. (52°-57°F.)
must be warmed before fumigation.

In cupboards almost filled with garments 44 per cent. SO.^ will
destroy fleas and lice in one hour, but for such a strength the gas
must be obtained from cylinders.

Sergent (Ed.) & Lheritier (A.). Fosse a Fumier sans Mouches. —
Rev. d'Hyg. et de Police Sanitaire, September-October 1918,
p. 553. (Abstract in Bull. Office Internat. Hyg. Publique, Paris,
xi, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 430-431.)

This is an illustrated description of a manure pit at the Pasteur
Institute in Algiers. Built in 1912, it comprises twin pits of ferro-
concrete. These are raised on pillars so that a cart may be placed
beneath them for subsequent removal of the manure. This is thrown
into one of them twice a day by means of a trapdoor in the top.
Fermentation results in a high temperature— 201° F. (94° C) in the

78

centre. After a fortnight one container is full and the other is then
utiUsed. About 10 days after beginning to fill the second container
the first is emptied. The liquid that collects at the bottom of the
containers is led away through a pipe to a sealed pit. Owing to the
great heat developed within the containers the eggs and larvae of
flies are not found except sometimes on the inner surface of the metal
covers of the doors.

Ludlow (C. S.). One Phase of the Mosquito Work connected with
Army Camps in i9iS.^ Milit. Surgeon, Washinglon, B.C., xlv,
no. 3, September 1919, pp. 313-318.

The study of mosquitos by the U.S. Army medical authorities
was carried on as far back as 1901. In 1918 collections of mosquitos
were received from 57 stations with the following results.

Anopheles punctipennis, A. quadrimaculatus and A. walker i were
recorded from Michigan ; A. punctipennis from Washington ; A. quadri-
'maculatiis, A. barber i and A. atropos from the Atlantic coast States.
A. jjseudojyunctipennis is confined to a comparatively small region
in the south-west, apparently not east of Texas nor north of San
Francisco, but it extends southwards and is taken in large numbers
in Panama. A. crucians occurs from the general vicinity of Washington,
D.C., down the Atlantic coast States, in the Gulf States as far as
Louisiana and up the Mississippi as far as Arkansas. The localities
suggest some peculiar choice of breeding-places, not yet sufficiently
worked out, though Dr. Metz has given very interesting points
\R.A.E., B, vii, 47, 88].

Specimens of Stegonujia fasciata were received from Chattanooga,
Austin, San Antonio, Montgomery, Carlstrom Field, Florida, and
Camp J. E. Johnston, Florida.

The routine methods at the Army Medical Museum are the examina-
tion and determination of specimens and the recording of each lot
under its proper post. The records cover all points available, and
a report of the findings of the collection is then sent to the camp
surgeon and a memorandum prepared showing the posts, dates,
and in what number disease-bearing mosquitos were taken.

Chiriboga (J. M.). Primera Descripci6n del Tifus recurrente en el
Perfi, particularmente observado en el Departamento de Huan-
cavelica.— CVomra Med., Lima, xxxvi, no. 670, April 1919,
pp. 127-131.

This is the first record of recurrent fever in Peru. The disease
occurred in the department of Huancavehca, where poverty, lack of
hygiene, scarcity of food, and abundance of lice, were the prevalent
conditions.

NoGUCHi (Hideyo). Etiology of Yellow Fever, ix. Mosquitoes in
Relation to Yellow Fever.— J/. Experimt. Med., Baltimore, Md.,
XXX, no. 4, 1st October 1919, pp. 401-410.

The investigations described in this paper, which is one of a series
on the a-etiology of yellow fever, showed that the ors^anism isolated

79

from yellow fever cases {Leptospira icteroides) also conformed, under
certain conditions, to the known characteristics of the yellow fever
virus in relation to mosquito transmission.

Symptoms and lesions closely resembling those of yellow fever
in man may be induced in guinea-pigs by the bite of female examples
of Stegomyia that have previously sucked the blood of a yellow fever
patient or an animal experimentally inoculated with L. icteroides.
The optimum temperature at wliich this organism remains viable
for many months is 26° C. (78° F.), so that most tropical countries
offer suitable conditions both for it and for the mosquito that carries
it.

Ford (T. A.). Notes on Veterinary Practice in the West Indies and
the Malay States.-- Fe^. JL, London, Ixxv, no. 8, August 1919,
pp. 45-54, (Abstract in Trop. Vet. Bull., London, vii, no. 4,
30th December 1919, pp. 267-271.)

In Antigua the numerous ticks found infesting cattle are of two
kinds, a small species of Ixodes and Amhlyomma variegatum (St. Kitts
or " gold " tick).

Bevan (LI. E. W.). Inoculation of Cattle against Redwater and
Gall-Sickness, ~i2/iO(7e.Sfa Dept. Agric, Salisbury, Bull. 316,
April 1919, 10 pp.

It is estimated that in Southern Rhodesia the losses due to the
diseases caused by infestation with blue ticks [Boophilns annulatus
decoloratus] exceed £500,000 a year. The total eradication of the
ticks by systematic and universal short-interval dipping will probably
eventually eliminate these losses.

Hayashi (N.), Muskoyama (— ) & Oshima (— ). Tsutsugamushi
Disease : Results of Investigation in 1918.-— Japan Med. World,
Tokyo, 29th June 1919. (Abstract in Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc,
Chicago, III., Ixxiii, no. 6, 9th August 1919, p. 454.)'

From one area infected with Japanese river fever as manyTas
possible of the mites suspected as vectors were collected ; three differ-
ent forms of them were found, but only one was able to transmit
the infection. These mites infest field voles, domestic fowls and a
bird, Acrocephalus orientalis, which must be responsible for the spread
of infection over a wide area. Preventive measures include the
extermination of these hosts, the use of overalls in field work, soil
disinfection and the application of insecticides to the exposed parts
of the body.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). M6thode de Recherche de rares Parasites
du Paludisme dans le Sang p6riph6rique. .Bw/Z. Soc. Path. Exot.,
Paris, xiii, no. 1, 14th January 1920, pp. 20-22.

In the course of investigations on the transmission of malaria by
Anophelines in Malaya, it has been found that the method of culture

8^

in vivo can be employed to reveal the presence of malarial parasites
when existing in small numbers in the peripheral blood. A Javanese
coolie, the carrier of numerous crescents, was bitten by many individuals
of Anopheles {Myzomyia) ludlowi, all of which became infected, and
two of them subsequently transmitted mahgnant tertian malaria
(Plasmodium fraecox) to two previously healthy persons. Of 15
individuals of A. hyrcanus {M. sinensis) and 68 of A. (M.) umbrosus,
two of each species also became infected, although both species
generally prove immune to P. praecox {falciparum). The pigment of
the young oocysts in A. hyrcanus and A. utnbrosus was found to be
fine and of a yellowish brown colour, contrasting with the thick, black
pigment of the oocysts of malignant tertian malaria found in A. ludlowi,
and accompanied by less numerous oocysts with fine pigment. The
fine, yellowish-brown pigment seems to be characteristic of the
oocysts of P. vivax, especially when young. The coolie in question
therefore undoubtedly suffered from a mixed infection of malignant
and benign tertian, the latter being revealed only after several days'
repeated microscopic examination of the peripheral blood. From
another coolie, suffering apparently from a pure infection of P. praecox,
a mixed infection of P. praecox and P. vivax has been recovered from
the Anopheline vectors, and the latter parasite has also been
transmitted to a healthy individual who contracted benign tertian
malaria.

It is therefore sufficient to induce biting by a mosquito the stomach
of which is examined after four days or more ; if oocysts are discovered,
the nature of the pigment is sufficient to determine the species of
parasite. The parasite of quartan malaria is the only one that
presents difficulties in determination, the pigment being intermediate
in character between that of P. vivax and P. praecox.

The explanation of A. ludlowi not transmitting benign tertian in
the first case recorded hes in the fact that in the blood ingested P. vivax
was very scarce and crescents were very numerous, with the result that
the oocysts of P. vivax were overwhelmed by those of P. praecox and
remained in an immature state. In the case of P. praecox in the
stomach of A. hyrcanus the surrounding medium was evidently not
favourable to developm^ent, and therefore the few gametes of P. vivax
ingested at the same time were able to develop.

M. Brumpt in commenting upon this paper remarks that he has
made use of the method for many years in his studies of trypanosomes.
M. Roubaud considers that the practice, while interesting, cannot
be relied upon for absolute accuracy, chiefly because Anophelines
do not always become infected from gamete carriers, and the same
uncertainty is still more marked in the case of the development of
pathogenic trypanosomes in Glossina.

Delanoe (P.). Un Cas d'Infection spontan^e du Chien par
T. marocanum, Sergent, Lh6ritier et Belleval, 1915.— Bull. Soc.
Path. ExoL, Paris, xiii, no. 1, 14th January 1920, pp. 23-26.

The case is recorded of a dog observed in Morocco, in August 1919,
to be suffering from trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma
marocanum.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Afkica, South : Glossina and Trypanosomiasis in Domestic and

Wild Animals ^^

Algeria : Anti-mosquito Measures . . . . . . . . • • 62

Algeria : A Manure Pit designed to avoid Infestation by Flies . . 77

Argentina : A new Chalcid Parasite of Musca domestica ., . . 61

Argentina : Measures against Malaria . . . . . . .-. 77

Australia : Measures against Cattle Ticks . . . . . . . . 58

Australia : A new Chalcid Parasite of Sarcophaga aurifrons . . 60
Australia : Parasites infesting Domestic Animals in Queensland. . 73, 74

Australia : Measures for protecting Sheep from Blow -flies ... 75

British Isles : Notes on the Biology of Necrohia ruficolUa « 58

British Isles : Measures against Warble Flies ... . . — 69

Cape Verde Islands : Ocular Myiasis in Man 66

Congo, Belgian : Notes on Glossina and Sleeping Sickness ... 67

Congo, Belgian : The Distribution of Glossina spp. . . . . 76
Corsica: The Importance of cultivating Duckweed against

Mosquito Larvae . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 66

Dutch East Indies : The Nomenclature of Kats, Fleas and

Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . . . »» • • 71

Dutch East Indies : Notes on blood-sucking Flies ... . . 71

Dutch Guiana : New Mosquitos 69

France : Experiments on Cattle with Ticks imported from Brazil 66

France : Anophelines and Malaria . . . . .^ ... . . 67

France : Notes on Mosquitos from the Pyrenees . . . . . . 76

Germany : Notes on Bickettsia melophagi infesting MelopTiagus

ovinus ...... . . . . . . . . . • 61

Germany : Anopheles and Malaria . . . . . . . , . . 62

Germany : The Haemoproteus Infection of the Kestrel . . . . 62

Germany : The Incidence of Malaria 63

CONTENTS— con*.

Gold Coast : A New Blood-Parasite of Cattle . . . . . . 62

Guam : Piroplasmosis of Cattle . . . . . . . . . . 74

India : A Malarial Parasite in the Blood of a Buffalo . . . . 58

Italy : Measures against Typhus and Lice . . . . . . . . 60

Japan : Notes on Tsutsugamushi Disease . . . . . . . . 79

Lapland : Notes on Blood-sucking and other Diptera . . . . 74

Malata ; Investigations on Malaria and AnopheHnes . . . . 79

Mesopotamia : The House-fly as a Carrier of Entamoeba Mstolytica 69

Morocco : A Case of Trypanosomiasis in a Dog . . . . . . 80

Ntasaland : Insect-bome Diseases of Domestic Animals . . . . 70

Palestinb : Measures against Malaria •• . . 60

Palestine : Discussion as to transmission of Tick Fever . . . . 69

Palestine : Measures against Malaria 70

Persia : An Epidemic of Kelapsing Fever . . 72

Peru : A Case of Human Trypanosomiasis . . . . . . . . 65

Peru : Lice and Disease . . . . . . 78

Rhodesia, Southern : Losses amongst Cattle due to Ticks . . 79

Siberia : Descriptions of New Mosquitos . . . . . . . , 59

Spain : The Effect of the Presence of Chara foeiida on Mosquito

Larvae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. 61

Tunis : The Transmission of Canine Piroplasmosis by Bhvpicephalus

sanguineus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

U.S.A. : Notes on Mosquitos in Florida . . . . . . . . 58

U.S.A. : A New Mosquito Larva . . 59

U.S.A. : Mosquitos and Malaria in Eice Fields in Arkansas . . 63, 64

U.S.A. : Anti-mosguito Measures . . . . . . . . . . 64, 65

U.S.A. : Economic Losses due to Malaria in California . . . . 64

U.S.A. : Dipterous Larvae parasitic on Nestling Birds . . . . 68

U.S.A. : Measures against the Fowl Tick 70

U.S.A. : Cattle Ticks and Methods of Eradicating them . . . . 72

U.S.A. : Steam Disinfectors for Destroying Lice in Clothing . . 72

U.S.A. : Notes on the Tropical Fowl Mite . . 75

U.S.A. : The Distribution of Disease-carrying Mosquitos . . . . 78

U.S.A. : Mosquitos in Belation to Yellow Fever 78

West Indies : Ticks infesting Cattle in Antigua 79

A Trap for Mosquitos 64

Trench Fever : Its Epidemiology and Endemiology . . . . 70

Contributions toward a Monograph of the sucking Lice .. .. 71

An Investigation of the Louse Problem 73

/Sorcopftoga /w8cicmtd!a, an Intestinal Parasite of Man .. .. 74

Notes on Bacillaiy Dysentery and Houseflies . . . . . . 75

The Probable Carriage of Rheumatic Fever by Fleas . . . . 75

The Relation of Rats and Fleas to Disease 76

The Effect of Chloropicrin on Rats and Fleas 76

The Effect of Sulphur Dioxide on Lice and Fleas 77

Registered at the QJ'.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. B. Part 5.— pp. 81-98. MAY, 1920.

THE REVIEW
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Tropical Medicine.
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Musemn (Natural History).
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Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradfoed, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
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(Natural History).
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Technology.
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Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomol(^,

Edinburgh University.
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Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
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Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
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Cambridge.
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Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperlinq, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of

Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Prmcipal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural So iety of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

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Director anJ) B&ltor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

aeslBtant Director.

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( JUN151920

Musso (L.). Traitement de la Gale du Dromadaire Pai;le Goudron

de Coloquinte. (Deuxieme Note.)— i?i/?L /Soc. Path. ^S^^i^^/^j^ee;^
xiii, no. 1, 14th January 1920, pp. 29-34.

Mange in camels canaot be treated by any method involving wetting
of the animals owing to their extreme susceptibihty to cliill after
such a process. A study has therefore been made at the Pasteur
Institute of the traditional method practised by the nomad tribes of
northern Africa, which consists of the apphcation of a wood-tar made
by the distillation of Jvnipenis phoenicea and Thuya articulata.
Ajiother preparation used by natives consists of an ointment made
from ground colocynth. A sample of the latter has been obtained,
and the result of its analysis is given in detail with full instructions
for its preparation from ripe, dry colocynth fruits. This ointment
is said to be particularly effective in cases of mange in camels,
one application frequently being successful, and two generally curing
even the worst cases. The quantity of ointment produced in the
laboratory has been too small as yet for extensive tests, but it is hoped
to experiment with a slightly different composition when larger
quantities are obtained.

JouvEAU-DuBREuiL ( ). Etiide clinique sur la Fievre recurrente du
Setchouen (Chine occidentale). 5;/W. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris,
xiii, no. 1, 14th January 1920, pp. 38-62.

Recurrent fever exists in an endemic form in western China, and
recurs every year with much the same characteristics, the same
seasonal variations and to about the same extent. Each spring it
assumes an epidemic form, but never completely dies out. By far
the greater number of persons attacked belong to the very poor and
frequently to the beggar class, who live in very dirty and insanitary
conditions ; no case has been observed among the wealthy Chinese,
Since it is known that lice are the vectors of recurrent fever, it is
obvious that the seasonal occurrence of the disease coincides with
that of the insects. After the epidemic of the spring, clothing becomes
lighter during the summer and conditions are altogether more hygienic
and overcrowding less frequent, with the result that Uce decrease
considerably in numbers and there is much less fever. After the
first cold spells, dirty clothing is resumed, vermin reappears and
multipHes, reaching its maximum numbers in early spring, and is
followed by a recrudescence of fever. An account is given of the
course of the fever and its effects. The extermination of lice, which
is the only means of combating the fever, is practically impossible
and will be so for many years, so long as the present poverty and
misery continue. In the army, conditions are somewhat improved
and fever cases are isolated from healthy individuals, but among the
poor, where isolation is impossible and proper clothing unobtainable,
hygienic measures may be advocated, but cannot be enforced.

Peju (G.). Foyers d'Anopheles dans les Ardennes.— 5;/^?. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 1, 14th January 1920, pp. 75-92.

A full account is given of a mosquito survey of the Ardennes
[R.A.E., B, viii, 39]. Among the species found are Culex pipiens,
(674) Wt.1921/141. 1,500. 5.20. B.&F.,Ltd., G. 11/14. A

82

which forms a large percentage of the mosquito fauna, Ochlerotatus
geniculatus {C. albopundahis), Anopheles maculipennis, A. bifurcatus,
Theobaldia amwlata and Aedes cinereus.

The author has never been able to discover any locally-acquired
cases of malaria, and has examined numbers of children for the
characteristic enlarged spleen, without success. The presence of great
numbers of Anophelines over large areas explains the outbreaks of
malaria at various points in the trenches of this region during the War.
'These centres of infection have usually been in the neighbourhood of
rivers or marshes. Both Cidex and Anopheles are disseminated
around these centres by concentric air currents, by which their zone
of activity is limited. Malaria is however of such infrequent occurrence
in the Ardennes that the destruction of hibernating adults, which
would be the effectual method of prophylaxis, is not considered
necessary, but as a safeguard, the removal of malaria cases from the
centres of infection is advocated.

Stub (C). Hypodermalarvers Intrangen gennem Oksens Hud.

[The Penetration of the Hypoderma Larva through the Skin of the

Ox.]—MaanedssJcnft for Dyrlaeger, Copenhagen, xxxi, 1919-20,

pp. 230-31.

On a calf brought to the cattle market of Copenhagen the author

found in the flayed carcase a hmited but distinct yellowish jelly

infiltration in the superficial connective tissue on the inner side of

the right fore-leg without any extravasation of blood. From this point

he was able to trace a connection over the shoulder to the connective

tissue around the cervical muscles and thence to the tissue between

the trachea and oesophagus, where a number of small Hypoderma

larvae (1-2 mm. long) were found. Larvae were also found along the

route described and this observation shows how it is that Eijpoderma

larvae often occur in the tissue around the gullet, though they generally

enter the skin of the forelimbs.

Brodersen (L.). Om Rosenfeber hos Kvoeg. [On "Eose Fever"

of Q.&ii\e.'\—Maanedsshrift for Dyrlaeger, Copenhagen, xxxi,

1919-20, pp. 321-23.

The so-called "rose fever" of cattle is an acute but usually a

transient and not fatal disease that generally attacks animals on

pastures in spring or early summer. It causes extensive oedema,

especially on the eyelids, muzzle and lower jaw and often also on the

udder and the region of the anus, etc. The cause of it has hitherto

not been understood, and it has often been attributed to mistakes in

feeding. The author however advances much evidence to show that

it has some connection with the expressing of the larvae of Hypoderma

from the warbles, a process which is systematically carried out in the

dairy districts of Denmark. The onset of the disease begins on the

same day as this operation, often within 1 or 2 hours, and it is thought

that when a Hypoderma larva is crushed in the process the exuding

lymph has a toxic effect on the animal. Attacks of rose fever have

however been observed in cattle where no expressing of the larvae has

been done and these cases are considered to be due to the death of a

larva in the body of the host.

83

Jensen (C. 0.). Bermorkninger om Hypodermalarvernes Forhold til
Rosenfeber. [Kemarks on the Connection between Hjjpoderma
Larvae and "Rose Fever."] — Macmedsskrift for Dyrlaeger, Copen-
hagen, xxxi, 1919-20, pp. 324-25.

In view of the paper noticed above, the author gives some details of
experiments made by him 16 years ago. In slaughter-houses the
presence of larvae of Hypoderma is not uncommonly associated with
extensive oederaatous infiltrations in the submucosa of the oesophagus.
It was concluded that these infiltrations must be due to a toxic
substance derived from the larva, and as various circumstances showed
that an excretion from the larva could not be the cause, these symptoms
are presumably due to the presence of dead or injured larvae. For
this test two larvae in the first stage were taken from the gullet, and an
extract of them made in sterile salt solution and this fluid was then
injected under the skin of a calf. In from | to 2 hours the calf
exhibited symptoms of rose fever, with very marked oedematous
infiltrations in the eyelids, anal region, inguinal folds, dewlap and
elsewhere in the loose subcutaneous tissue, and these disappeared as in
rose fever in a few hours. The author is therefore of opinion that all
cases of rose fever are due to Hypoderma larvae and that the toxic
substance concerned has the effect of causing a marked increase in
the secretion of lymph.

Henriksen (K. L.). Insekterne og Vore Sygdomme. [Insects and
Human Disease.] ^Martins Forlag, Copenhagen & Ckristiania,
1919, 226 pp., Price 2 Kr. [Received 13th April 1920.]

This is a semipopular and general review of the role played by
insects in the conveyance of human disease, both in Northern Europe
and in the tropics.

Hansen (F. P. G.). Om Sarcoptesskab hos Hesten. [On

Sarcoptic Mange in the B.oT&Q.\—Maanedsskrift for Dyrlaeger,
Copenhagen, xxxi, 1919-20, pp. 289-313.

Mange in the horse caused by Sarcoptes scabiei was formerly a rather
rare disease in Denmark, but lately it has become not uncommon,
most probably owing to the increased importation of Russian horses.
This paper also deals with the role of this disease during the war and
describes the author's experiences in dealing with it.

Wesenberg-Lund (C). Insektlivet i ferske Vande. [Insect Life in
fresh waters]. — GyldendalskeBoghandel, Nordisk Forlag, Copenha-
gen, 1915, 528 pp. Price 11.25 Kr.

In this vohiminous work the author has collected together his many
valuable notes on aquatic insects (including CuHcids and other Nemato-
cera). The literature on the subject has been consulted with great
thoroughness, and the whole forms a very valuable compendium of
the known facts on the biology of aquatic insects up to the date of
pubhcation (1915).

(674) a2

84

Cresson Jr. (E. T.). Dipterological Notes and Descriptions. —
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,Philadelpliia,hix\, no. 2, April-October 1919,
pp. 171-194.

This collection of notes on North American Diptera includes a
description of a Tabanid, Silvius jonesi, sp. n.

Sanborn (C. E.). The Chicken Sticktight Flea (Sarcopsylla gaUinacea,
Westw.). — Oklahoma Agric. Exjpt. Sta., Stillwater, Bull. 123,
February 1919, 8 pp., 3 figs. [Received 2nd March 1920.]

The information contained in this bulletin on Echidnophaga {Sar-
copsylla) qa.llinacea, Westw., has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., B,
iii, 148, 232 ; iv, 35].

BiSHOPP (F. C.) & Wood (H. P.). Mites and Lice on Poultry.— C/.*S-

Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmer's Bull. 801, August
1919, 30 pp., 14 figs. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

This is a revised version of a bulletin previousl}^ noticed [R.A.E.,
B, vi, 14].

In place of the sulj)hur ointment suggested for the treatment of
poultry infested with the mite, Cnemidocoptes gallinae, Raill., a dip
consisting of 2 oz. of flowers of sulphur and |- oz. of laundry soap to
1 U.S. gal. of water is advocated.

The birds should be completely submerged and the feathers ruffled.
The dip must be stirred during the treatment to keep the sulphur in
suspension. The addition of f oz. of sodium fluoride makes the dip
equally effective against lice.

In dipping pigeons in sodium fluoride about | oz. to 1 oz. of laundry
soap should be added to each U.S. gal. of water to ensure penetration
of the dip.

Hacker (H. P.). F.M.S. Malaria Bureau Reports. — Singapore, i,
November 1919, 76 pp., 22 fios., 2 plans. [Received 10th March
1920.]

Various districts of the Federated Malay States, including Kuala
Lumpur and Gemas, have been surveyed with the object of ascertaining
the prevalence of Anophelines and the practicabihty of anti-malaria
work.

The following species were found : — A. maculatiis, A. hanvari.
A. subpictus (rossi), A. kochi, A. tessellatus, A. aconitus, A.fuliginosus,
A. barbirostris , A. hyrcanus [sinensis), A. leucosphyrus, A. aitkeni,
A. umbrosus, A. hunteri, A. novumbrosus, and A. alhotaeniatiis var.
montanus.

A. maculatus proved to be the most abundant species ; A. aitkeni
and A. leucosphyrus' were generally found in the jungle and secondary
growth ; the other species usually infested the open floors of the
ravines. The larvae of A. maculatus were chiefly found in the fresh
spring or seepage waters which occur in the cuttings, embankments
and cross drains of the railway. This is probably the permanent source
of infestation in Kuala Lumpur from which other sources of fresh
water become infested. This species does not breed under the shade
of secondary growth or jungle, but as the slightest opening will give rise

85

to conditions favourable to it, care must be taken to produce uniform
shade when utihsing vegetation as a preventive measure against
A. maculatus. A. hyrcanus is also a light-loving species. A. subpictus
was generally met with in stagnant pools. A. umhrosus is not limited
to the coastal area as was thought ; it is also abundant as far inland as
Gemas.

The incidence of malaria coincides approximately with the percent-
age of A. maculatus present, suggesting that this species is a more
dangerous one than A. karwari.

The suggestions for the possible prevention of malaria include the
education of engineers in antimalarial measures, the fiUing of swamps,
which should always be begun at the upper end of them, ravine
drainage and the oihng of breeding-places. If the jungle is to be
felled, it should first be well drained, or an attempt made to keep the
ravines which contain practically all the water under the original
jungle so as to prevent the entry of A. maculatus. The ravines should
be cleared of timber as quickly as possible before oihng so that no small
pools or seepage areas are missed. Likely artificial breeding-places
such as empty tins and collections of water should be cleared up. It
is not considered necessary to form a complete film of oil to ensure
the death of the larvae, as mere contact with oil is sufficient to destroy
them. Better results have been obtained where fresh oil was used
by means of a continous drip than in the areas where an attempt was
made to cover the water surface and the oil only renewed weekly or
at longer intervals. Experiments that are being made in the mode
of action of the oil will be pubUshed later.

Gedoelst (L.). Un Cas de Parasitation de I'Homme par VHymeno-
lepis diminuta (Rudolphi).— (7. R. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxiii, no.
7, 21st February 1920, pp. 190-192.

A case of infestation of man by the tape worm, Hymenolepis diminuta,
is recorded. The patient had spent about 3 years in the Congo and
returned to Belgium towards the end of 1919, shortly after which the
infestation became apparent.

The normal hosts of this parasite are Mus norvegicus, M. rattus,
M. alexandrinus, M. musculus and M. sylvaticus, etc., and it requires
from 15 to 19 days for its complete development. The larval stage
develops in various insects such as Pyralis {Asoj}ia)farinalis, Anisolahis
annulipes, Akis spinosa, Scaurus striatus, and the fleas, Ceratophylhis
fasciatus and Xenopsylla clieopis ; in the case under consideration it is
thought to have been transmitted by the last-named, infection having
probably been acquired on the boat returning to Belgium or in the
country itself.

Athaxassof (N.). Destruicao dos Carrapatos no Gado Vaccum por
Meio dos Banhos Carrapatecidas. [Cattle Tick Destruction by
Dipping.]— iSecretoria Agric, Comm. e Obras Publicas, Sao Paido,
1919, 12 pp., 1 plate. [Received 2nd March 1920.]

No new methods against ticks are advocated in this bulletin.
Boophilus {Margaropus) annulatus var. microplus is the most common
cattle tick in Brazil, but Amblyomma cajennense, Phipiceplialus
sanguineus and other species also occur.

86

Metalnikoff (S.). Sur ia Digestion des Bacilles tuberculeux dans
le Corps des Chenilles des Mites des Abeilles {Galleria mellonella). —
C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 8, 28th February 1920,
pp. 214-215.

It has been shown that tubercle bacilli are rapidly phagocytised by
leucocytes in the caterpillars of Galleria mellonella (bee moth) [R.A.E.,
A, viii, 163]. To understand the later developments, examinations
have been made that show that the bulk of the bacilli injected are in
the centre of large and small capsules formed by groups of leucocytes.
The complete destruction of the baciUi takes place in these, and they
are gradually transformed into a brownish-black mass. It is easy to
distinguish all the intermediate stages between a normal bacillus that
can be stained by Ziehl and bacilh that have been digested and turned
into pigment. When the caterpillars have been injected with great
numbers of bacilli, often in solid masses, digestion proceeds much more
slowly, so that some days after injection isolated tubercle bacilli may
be found together with large masses transformed into pigment. This
explains why guinea-pigs injected with extracts taken from larvae after
eight hours' inoculation have acquired tuberculosis [loc. ciL], but does
not by any means disprove the rapid digestion of the tubercle bacilh.

It is clearly proved, therefore, that the caterpillars possess an
extraordinary immunity against the tubercle bacillus and that this
immunity is due to certain ferments in the bodies of the phagocytes.
All attempts to isolate these ferments and use them as a remedy have
as yet been unsuccessful.

Paillot (A.). L'Immunite acquise chez les Insectes.— C R. Soc.
Biol, Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 9, 6th March 1920, pp. 278-280.

While it is admitted that invertebrates, as well as vertebrates, can
be immunised against infection by microbes, no decisive proof of this
has been obtained, and the existence of anti-bodies hke those found
in the blood of vertebrates is still problematical. In the case of insects
the author has not been able to confirm the conclusions of Canta-
cuzene (who showed that invertebrates, especially marine Crustacea,
could elaborate anti -bodies), bvit he has seen cases of natural
immunity exclusively due to the action of anti-bodies in the blood
[R.A.E., A, vii, 486], and a case of acquired immunity is here described.

When caterpillars of Agrotis are inoculated with an emulsion of
Bacillus melolonthae non-liquefaciens of recent culture, fatal septi-
caemia rapidly supervenes ; the only other reaction is a shght
phagocytosis. If, however, a culture two or three months old is used
the caterpillars successfully resist inoculation, and a further inoculation
made 24 hours or even several days after the first, with a fresh culture,
does not produce fatal septicaemia. Regular examinations of the lilood
show that after about 10 minutes a certain number of the bacilh
transform into granules ; this process extends gradually to all the
free bacilh. While the reaction is going on, the micronucleocytes
envelop the intact microbes and the granules, but the normal,
enveloped microbes do not transform into granules in the protoplasm,
and this indicates that the anti-body or bodies in the blood do not

87

arise directly from the micronucleocytes, that is, from the elements
that are beheved to destroy micro-orgaiiisms in the blood of the higher
vertebrates. The reaction ends after about five hours.

It is difficult to explain why the production of anti-bodies is more
rapid and more intense in the case of insects than in vertebrates ; the
reverse would be expected. The author has previously suggested the
hypothesis that in insects the anti-bodies may be elaborated by the
macronucleocytes, that is, by the elements that alone influence the
cellular reaction of karyoldnesis, but this has not yet been decisively
proved. The study of iimnunity reactions has, however, only just
begun, and it is hoped that the process in the case of insects may soon
be clearly understood.

JoYEux (C). Culicides recoltes par la Mission antipaludique de
I'Arm^e d'Orient en 1918.- -5^///. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii,
no. 2, 11th February 1920, pp. 117-126.

The anti-malarial mission estabhshed with the Balkan Army in 1918
made a comprehensive collection of the various mosquitos of those
regions, comprising parts of Macedonia, Albania and Greece. These
are hsted in a table, showing the locahties in which they were found,
the numbers of each and the stage in which they were captured.

The Anophelines are represented by the same four species that were
observed in 1917. Anojiheles maculipennis, Meig., is common every-
where and especially in the Vardar region ; the larvae, however, do
not find favourable conditions in the brackish water fed by the tide.
Hibernation occurs in the adult stage. The index of AnopheHne
infection with malaria was found to be 0-86 per cent., from dissections
made only after the outbreak of the malarial epidemic. The percentage
of infected Anophehnes is the same throughout the country and the
degree of salubrity of any region depends entirely upon the number
of Anophehnes found there. The average infection in 1917 was
2 per cent. ; the Anophehne index seems therefore to have dropped in
1918, perhaps owing to the quinine prophylaxis among both troops
and natives.

A. hifnrcatiis, L., appears in March and April and more rarelv latsr
on, though in the Albanian region it is frequently found, and sometimes
abundantly, in August and September. This agrees with the findings
of Feytaud and Gendre [R.A.E., B, vii, 122 J and others in France.
A. (P.) palesimensis, Theo., is fairly evenly distributed and generally
much less abundant than A. maculipennis. According to various
investigators, it hibernates in either the larval or adult stage. The
author agrees with those writers who consider A. sujjerpictus var.
macedoniensis to be a spionym of this species. Anopheles hijrcanvs,
Pall, {sinensis, Wied.) is rare.

Cuhcines observed include Stecjomijia fasciata, F. {calopus, Meig.),
which seems to occur only near the coast ; Theohaldia longiareolata,
Macq. {spathipalpis, Rond.), fairly abundant at all seasons ; T. ann nlata,
Schrank, the larvae of which are found from March onwards,
apparently hibernating in this stage, and readily adapting themselves
to salt water ; T. funiipennis, Steph., occurring rarely in salt water
and apparently hibernating in the larval stage ; Ochlewtatus dorsalis,
Meig., the larvae of which develop in clear or foul water or in brackish

pools ; Culex pipiens, L., abundant in all regions ; C. hortensis, Fie,
the larvae of which are numerous in clean water and also occur in a
salt-water lake ; adults of this species reared in captivity could not
be induced to feed either on animals or on various fruits ; C. ajncalis,
Adams, of which C. territans, Wlk., C. saxatilis, Grossb., and
C. pyrenaicus, Brole., are considered to be synonyms, shows an affiiiity
for clear water and occurs with Anopheles bifurcatus ; Taeniorhynchus
richiardii, Fie, which occurs abundantly during the warm months,
ovipositing in fresh or salt water, the larvae attaching themselves to
the roots of aquatic plants [R.A.E., B, vii, 103] ; and Uranotaenia
tmguiculata, Edw., of which a single larva only was captured in August,
though the adults were common in 1917 from June to September
throughout Macedonia and in Albania. Hibernation apparently
occurs in the larval stage.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Contribution a I'Etude des
Flagelles des Culicides, des Muscides, des Phlebotomes et de la
Blatte Orientale.— 5;//^. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 2,
11th February 1920, pp. 138-147, 5 figs.

From a number of Culex pipiens taken in the town and Environs oi
Bologna, none of those from the city itself was found to be infected^
but of those from the environs 1 per cent, contained flagellates in the
digestive tube; these were invariably females and had imbibed
mammalian blood. Individuals of Anojjheles showed a higher
percentage of infection, but do not come within the scope of this paper.

The flagellates found included Herpetomonas, Crithidia, and Try-
panosotna. The forms of the parasites are described. Mice inoculated
with these flagellates became infected, their blood being also infective
when injected into other mice. It is noticeable that the three
parasites have been found in the same individuals of C. pipiens, and
it is not yet determined whether a triple infection occurs or whether
they are all forms of the same organism. In support of this latter
hypothesis it is remarked that in these preparations of flagellates
taken from C. pipiens elements have been observed strongly
resembling intermediates between these types of flagellates.

The same problem arises in the case of flagellates of Muscids. Flagel-
lates have been found in the digestive tubes of Calliphora erythrocejjhala,
Ceroxys crassipennis and Sarcophaya haemorrhoidalis. Of some
twenty individuals of S. haemorrhoidalis, ten wereiound infected with
flagellates which were apparently identical with Hervetomonas sarco-
phagae, Prowazek. The forms of flagellates found in these three
species of flies are described and agree very closely with the description
of H. muscae-domesticae, Burnett. Close search failed to reveal any
form of Crithidia or Trypanosmna, though a mouse inoculated in the
peritoneum with flagellates from S. haemorrhoidalis showed a trypano-
some infection to which it succumbed. This co-existence of Herpeto-
monas and Trypanosoma in the digestive tract of Muscids has frequently
been observed, and other investigators have recorded rearing pure
cultvires of both Herpetomonas and Tryjxmosoma from the same
individual of Drosophila sp. This, however, does not entirely solve
the problem, and it seems possible that the transformation from
Herpetomonas into Crithidia or Trypanosoma might be produced under

89

ditt'erent conditions. It is important therefore, that the conditions
under which the experiments are carried out should be varied before
any definite conckision can be reached.

From 200 Phlebotomus papatasii examined, flagellates, apparently
Herjjetomonas, were found in four cases in the digestive tract, though
in only one case was the infection strong. The forms of the parasite
are described. Peritoneal inoculation into a mouse produced an
infection which caused death.

In the digestive tract of an oriental cockroach, Blatta {Periflaneta)
orientalis, a new flagellate was found, which is designated Herpeto-
monas periplanetae. This parasite, the characteristics of which are
described, was found in only one individual out of 20 examined. When
inoculated into the peritoneum of mice, it proved pathogenic, and
inoculations from the hver or spleen of the infected animal into others
produced the characteristic ii'ifection ; while young mice are fairly
resistant to the parasite, older ones readily succumb.

Sexevet (G.). Contribution a I'Etude des Ixodes. Adaptation biolo-
gique des Ambulacres de la premiere Paire de Pattes. — Bull.
^Soc. Path. E.rol., Paris, xin, no. 2, 11th February 1920, pp. MT-
155, 2 figs.

The author has made a study of the pad found at the extremity of
the feet of certain ticks. The presence of this pad is one of the charac-
ters separating the family Ixodidae from the Aegasidae ; the
former exhibit in every stage of their evolution pads on different pairs
of feet, while the latter if they possess the pads in the larval state, lose
them in the nymphal or adult state. It is known that the larvae of
Boophilus annulatus var. calcaratns, Neum., crawl shortly after
hatching to the top of a blade of grass, to which they attach
themselves by the posterior pair, of legs, leaving the first pair free.
If a possible host- animal passes, the ticks become violently^ agitated,
seeking to attach themselves to it. This would explain the develop-
ment of these organs for fixation. A large number of ticks were examined
and the pads measured, thus arriving at an average measurement
for various species in various stages. The results of these examina-
tions are given in a table, and include measurements of Ixodes ricinus,
L., /. hexagonus, Pack., Rhijncephalus sanguineus, Latr., Dermacentor
reticulatus, F., Amblyonmia cajennense, F., ^. variegatum, F., Boophilus
annulatus calcaratus, Neum., B. annulatus microplus, Neum., Ixodes
canisuga, Johns, Argas reflexus, ¥., Ornithodorus talaje, Guer., Rhipi-
cephalus bursa, C. & F., and Hyalomma aegyptium, L.

It is found that the development of the pads on the first pair of
legs is the rule in the larval stage ; among species belonging to the
same genus (Ixodes) some follow the rule and some are exceptional.
This differentiation of the first pair of legs decreases towards the adult
stage, while remaining marked in certain groups. The hypothesis of
the adaptation of the pads to the biology of the tick seems to be clearly
proved, at least for the species studied. It is pointed out also that
the presence of this pad forms an anatomical character of great
importance in the classification of larvae, and also provides a method
of recognising approximately the mode of fife of a tick that has hitherto

90

been unknown. It is sufficient to examine a few adult individuals
and to measure the area of the pad. A formula is given for calculating
the relation of the area of each of the pads to that on the first pair of
legs multipUed by 100, this proportion being called the index. Until
proof has been obtained to the contrary it may be taken that an index
of less than 80 for the fourth pair of legs indicates an Ixodid with
three hosts, while an index of more than 80 for the fourth pair denotes
an Ixodid with one or two hosts.

Van Saceghem (R.). Observations sur la Dermite granuleuse.

[Notes on Granular Dermatitis.] — Ann. Bled. Vet., Brussels, Ixv,
no. 3, March 1920, pp. 135-136.

A large number of cases of a form of granular dermatitis in horses
and donkeys in the Belgian Congo have been observed to be caused by
a Nematode, Filaria irritans. Both species were infested in about
equal numbers, the attacks beginning in October. The hfe-history
of the parasite is not known.

Towards February the sores develoj) a tendency to heal, probably
because the Nematode has finished its evolution in the w^ound. Surgi-
cal treatment, at any rate in Africa, is unadvisable owing to the danger
of myiasis.

Mayne (J. F.) & Jackson (W. R.). Larvicides.— JL R.A.M.C,
London, xxxiv, no. 2, February 1920, pp. 112-120.

Experiments were made in Macedonia with various substances to
test their relative value as mosquito larvicides. The most common
species found include : Anopheles maculipennis, A. bifurcatus,
A. palestinensis {super pictus), A. pseudopictus, Theobaldialongiareolata
{spathipalpis), T. annulata, Culex mimeticus, C. pipiens and C. hortensis.

The tests made with paraffin show that its action is quicker when
thoroughly mixed with the water than when applied as a film, owing
to the toxicity of the substance which directly effects the larvae.
Experimentally the larvae were killed in 1 hour and 20 minutes when
the paraffin was mixed with the water, whereas when apphed as a
superficial film they hved for 5 hours. The pupae on the contrary
are killed in \ hour when the oil is apphed as a film but survived for
3 days in paraffin and water.

Cresol proved most satisfactory as a larvicide, 1 part in 1 million
or even 1 in 10 million being sufficient to kill all larvae of Cidex,
Anophehnes requiring rather stronger solutions. The water con-
taining such a small amount of poison is probably innocuous. Pupae
are more resistant to cresol than larvae, but it was specially eft'ective
against the egg-rafts, the minute larvae on hatching being Icilled by 1
part in 100 million.

Sanitas-okol is poisonous to man and animals, and is apparently
not nearly so efficient a larvicide as cresol.

Bleaching powder, although useful in an emergency in varying
proportion from 1 in 1,000 parts to 1 in 100,000 parts, is too unstable,
for general use ; carbohc acid also gave disappointing results.

91

Anthony (A. L.). A simple Form of Fly-proof Latrine as used
in West Africa. — Jl. R.A.M.C, London, xxxiv, no. 2, February
1920, pp. 141-143, 5 figs.

A method of constructing a simple fly-proof latrine is described and
illustrated. Its efficacy depends on the depth to which it is dug,
the pit recommended having a minimum depth of 15 feet.

Sewell (E. p.) & Macgregor (A. S. M.). An Anti-Malaria Campaign
in Palestine. — Jl. R.A.M.C, London, xxxiv, nos. 2 & 3, February
& March 1920, pp. 85-100 & 204-218, 8 figs., 3 charts, 2 tables,
1 map.

This paper deals at length and in detail with the preventive measures
undertaken during the anti-malaria campaign in Palestine in 1918 in
the 21st Corps area comprising the river Auja and the valley of Sharon
[R.A.E., B, viii, 51, 60, 70]. This area included about 250 sq. miles
which had to be examined and watched for mosquito breeding. For
the most part the district is waterless, with the exception of two large
marshes formed by the winter rains and these oft'ered ideal breeding
grounds for mosquitos. The three main lines adopted for the defence
of the troops from malaria are removal of the reservoirs in the persons
of infected soldiers and potentially infected natives ; the destruction
of the carrier of infection ; and the protection of individuals against
infection by bites of Anopheline mosquitos.

Anopheles hifurcatus was found sheltering and breeding in wells and
cisterns in midwinter and was capable of transmitting subtertian
as well as tertian infections. There was a rapid increase of malaria
in June, following the appearance of swarms of .4. maculipennis, which
had probably hibernated in caves, etc.

It is estimated that the work, which extended over six months, would
have cost about £40,000 had civilians been employed, and had it not
been carried out, the victory over the Turks would have been impossible.
Owing to the vastness of the problem, which is beyond the powers of
small agricultural communities, the Government of Palestine will be
forced to adopt such measures as are here described if the valley of
Sharon is ever to be developed into a prosperous and healthy
agricultural country.

MacGregor (M. E.). The Question of Natural Enemies.— J^ R.A.M.C,
London, xxxiv, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 248-250.

The value of the utilisation of natural enemies of insect pests is
discussed, especially in reference to fish as destroyers of mosquito larvae.
The author has no faith in them for this purpose owing to the extent
to which they depend on the surrounding conditions. Mechanical and
chemical agents that render the conditions unsuitable for larval
development are far more important factors in control.

Mackie (F. p.). The Transmission of relapsing Fever. — Brit. Med.
Jl, London, no. 3089, 13th March 1920, pp. 380-381.

Although the ordinary carrier of recurrent fever is the louse
[Pediculus hwnanus], this intermediate host is not essential to the

92

development of the spirochaete. Several cases of direct transmission
from man to man have occurred under exceptional circumstances,
such as by contact with, and subsequent absorption of the virus from,
freshly shed infective blood, and the possibility of direct infection is
proved by experiments here described.

Scott (J. W.). Experimental Transmission of Swamp Fever or
Infectious Anemia by means of Insects. — Jl. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc, Washington, D.C., ix, no. 5, February 1920, pp. 448-454.

Feeding exj)eriments have shown that swamp fever is not transmitted
naturally by way of the ahmentary canal. Inoculation is possible
through scratches or cuts in the skin or by agents actually carrying
infected blood from one horse to another, such as is known to be true
of certain biting insects.

Abrasions of the skin are, however, excluded as avenues of infection,
as they do not conform in incidence to the seasonal occurrence of
swamp fever. Lice, scab mites and ticks are ehminated on similar
grounds. The only other agents in Wyoming are mosquitos and
certain biting flies.

Experiments with mosquitos gave negative results, but experiments
with Stomoxys calcitrans and Tabanus septentrionalis, so conducted
as to ehminate other possible sources of infection, showed that these
flies, and probably certain other biting flies, are capable of transmitting
the disease to horses. Consequently remedial methods should be on
the following lines. Cases of swamp fever should be killed or carefully
isolated, particularly in the season when flies are abundant, and the
bodies of horses that have died of the disease should be burned or
buried. Suspected horses should be carefully v/atched, but healthy
carriers probably afford the most important method of spreading the
disease. Their detection is very difficult. If detected, they should on
no account be moved from one place to another. AU movements of
horses from an infected area, during or some time after the infective
season, should be suspended. Horses introduced from such an area
should be isolated for at least three months and kept under observation
[see also R.A.E., B, vii, 165].

Herms (W. B.). What shall we do with ohf Information concerning
Malaria in California? — MtJilij. Bull. California State Bd. Health,
Sacramento, xv, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 181-189. [Received
22nd March 1920.]

The control of malaria presents the chief rural sanitary problem in
California at the present time, although the malaria rate for the State
as a whole has been reduced by 60 per cent, in the last ten years.-
Irrigation need not involve malaria, if correct methods are employed,
including in particular adequate drainage. Rice culture in itself need
not increase malaria. [R.A.E., B, V; 142.]

Though CaUfornia's death-rate from the disease (4-8 per 100,000)
seems low, the State should not be regarded as a whole to appreciate
the position. Thirteen counties (20,000 square miles) harbour
three-fifths of the malaria in the State and had in 1916 a death rate

93

of 14-2 per 100,000, which is considerably more than twice as high as
that of Mississippi — a notoriously malarial State. In the mosquito
survey of California [R.A.E., B, vi, 70] the species of Anopheliues
collected were Anopheles quadrimaculatus (inclusive of A. occidenfalis),
A. 2)unctipenni6- and A. 'pseudofunctipennis. The first two are
definitely carriers of malaria, but A. pseudopunctipennis may be safelv
disregarded in malaria control operations. Apart from deficient
drainage, breeding- places are afforded, though in a less degree, by the
chains of pools in stream beds in summer, and marshes in foothill
meadows after melting snow has flooded the mountain streams.
Remedial measures produce good results in districts where funds are
sufficient ; but over the greater part of the country they are inadequate,
the present Act being unable to raise enough in inland districts where
the value of land is low, and State aid is therefore essential.

The financial loss to California due to malaria is heavy owing to the
loss of efficiency caused [R.A.E., B, vi, 168 ; viii, 64]." The^ annual
amount required for control is about £20,000, which would diminish
in a few years, while the annual loss is at least £320,000.

Herms (W. B.). Occurrence of Malaria and Anopheline Mosquitoes
in Middle and Southern California.— M^/;7//. Bull California
State Bd. Health, Sacramento, xv, no. 7, January 1920. pp. 211-216.
[Received 22nd March 1920.]

This is a report of some of the work done in the malaria-mosquito
survey of California [R.A.E., B, vi, 70]. Tables are given showing
the population of the various districts, the malaria death rate, the
occurrence and distribution of Anopheline mosquitos in general,
and of each kind in particular. Anopheles quadri)naculatus and
A. punctipennis are regarded as effective carriers, while A. fseudo-
pimctipennis is negligible. The conclusions drawn show that the
relation between potentially effective Anojjheline carriers alone and
the malaria rate should not be exaggerated. There are many other
factors, such as temperature or proximity of population to Anopheline
foci, to be considered.

Freeborn (S. B.). The Business of Malaria Control. — Mthly. Bull.
California State Bd. Health, Sacramento, xv, no. 7, Januarv 1920,
pp. 217-220. [Received 22nd March 1920.]

The author's summary of this paper is as follows : —
The average rural district under the administration of the Mosquito
Abatement District Act will return ihd. an acre in taxes. Mosquito
control work on 21 projects costs on the average £10 an acre.
Legislation authorising the levying of taxes for purposes of malaria
control on the basis of assessed benefits, with relief from responsibility
constituting a benefit, will raise sufficient funds and place the cost on
the responsible parties. In a few rural districts that constitute the-
" sore spots " of malaria, the problem is too difficult to be handled
by the taxpayers. For these districts the State should appropriate a
sum of money, payable over consecutive years, for the control of the
work.

94

Chidester (F. E.). AnojjJieles quadrimaculatus and Anopheles
pundipennis in Salt Water. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., li, no. 1314,
5tli March 1920, pp. 244-245.

During observations made in Virginia, Anopheles quadrimaculatus
and A. punctij^ennis were frequently reared from larvae found in
brackish water the specific gravity of which was, 1-0048 and 1-0058.

LoFTiN (U. C). Mosquitoes found about Gainesville, Fla. Mosquitoes
and Disease. — Florida Buggist, Gainesville, iii, no. 3, December
1919, pp. 37-43 & 48-50. '[Received 27th March 1920.]

The relations between mosquitos and such diseases as malaria and
yellow fever are discussed. The most active enemies of mosquitos
in Florida are the minnows, Gambusia affinis and Chaenobryttus
gulosus. The usual remedial measures against both adult and larval
mosquitos are reviewed and recent drainage operations in various
States are described.

Banks (C. S.). The Swarming of Anopheline Mosquitoes.— Philippine
Jl. Science, Manila, xv, no. 3, September 1919, pp. 283-288.
[Received 24th March 1920.]

The swarming of mosquitos has been constantly reported, but no
mention seems previously to have been made of this habit in the case
of Anophehnes. Swarms of Anopheles subpictus, Grassi {Myzornyia
rossi, Giles) were observed in March 1917, but detailed observations
were not made until 1919, when swarms of these mosquitos were
seen on the evenings of 4th, 5th, and 6th March. The observations
were most complete on 6th March. At 6.15 p.m. a few males were
observed and in ten minutes three clusters, numbering several thou-
sands, all males, had formed. Between 6.30 and 6.40 about fifty
females entered the swarm, and were seized by males, the pairs flying
slowly but directly out of the swarm. In another ten minutes the
whole swarm had dispersed.

A remarkable feature of this phenomenon was the occurrence of a
stiff breeze on each occasion. Thus it appears that, in spite of a
general opinion to the contrary, Anophehnes can maintain their posi-
tion, and fly easily in any direction in an eight- or nine-mile-an-hour
wind. They could even more easily allow themselves to be carried
by the wind for considerable distances, while the ability they displayed
in evading capture would enable them to avoid injury in passing among
trees or similar objects.

This swarming of Anophehnes was observed on one occasion near
the College of Agriculture less than two hundred yards to windward
of a creek which is an ideal breeding-place for Anopheles minimus
{M. febrifer), but separated by a thick bamboo grove. Malaria is most
prevalent in the dry season, and if A. minimus has the same powers of
flight as A. subpictus, its range of activities would be hmited by only
two factors, gamete carriers and the number of individuals exposed
to attack.

95

JoHNSOx (C. W.). On the Variation of Tahanus aimtus, Fabricius. —
Psijche, Boston, Mass., xxvi, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 103-165.

Tahanus atratus, F., which is distributed along the Atlantic coast
from Maine to Florida is subject to considerable variation, but this
is apparently confined to the immediate seaboard, where the species
probably breeds in brackish marshes. Tahanus nantuckensis, Hine,
which is apparently confined to the New England coast, is only a
variety of T. atratus, another being T. atratus vsiv.fulvipilosus, var. n.,
from Florida and New Jersey.

Similar though less pronounced variations occur in Tahanus trispilus
and Ch rt/sojjs faliginosus.

Ludlow (C. S.). New Mosquitos from Panama. — Psyche, Boston,
Mass., xxvi, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 166-169.

The new species, described from the females only, are : — Anopheles
{Stethomyia ?) niveopaljns, and Trichoprosopon {Johlotia) shropshirei.

Carter (H. R.). The Mechanism of the Spontaneous Elimination of
Yellow Fever from Endemic Centres. — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,
Liverpool, xiii, no. 4, 15th March 1920, pp. 299-311.

In tropical America, yellow fever is eliminated north and south of
a central zone by the death or inactivity of Stegomyia due to cold
weather. It has also been ehminated in places within the zone by
sanitary measures. In the latter case the destruction of Stegomyia
is not absolute. If the number of mosquitos is brought below the
" critical number " for yellow fever, the disease dies out. This
number varies directly as the proportion of individuals immune to
yellow fever to the total population. But in a large number of places
in the zone yellow fever has disappeared for a number of years or
entirely, though no sanitary measures were taken, and the question
arises as to what the mechanism of tiiis spontaneous ehmination may
be.

The parasites occur only in an infected mosquito during its Hfe
(say ten days), and in man for only a short time while his blood is
infective to mosquitos. Consequently susceptible persons are neces-
sary for the continuance of the disease. If yellow fever produces in
general a permanent immunity (to a rather less degree this will be true
of only a temporary immunity) the disease will eventually be ehminated
from a community by the failure of the human host, unless there is a
sufficient number of susceptible new-comers (immigrants or infants)
for its continuation.

Yellow fever may obviously be introduced again into such a
community after the proportion of immune persons has become
smaller, but there seems to be no evidence of the existence of any
reservoirs, analogous to those that occur in trypanosomiasis, though
isolation from infected places is necessary. Ehmination by insect
control, unless it becomes more and more intensive, is subject to the
same objection. As the proportion of susceptible persons increases,
a greater destruction of Stegomyia is necessary to keep a town free from

96

yellow fever than was originally the case. In tropical America
numerous influences, economic and otherwise, by diminishing the
arrivals of susceptible Americans and Europeans have helped the
tendency to natural ehmination. Many places in which yellow fever
exists will need very Uttle sanitary work to turn the scale against it,
and the freeing of one place frequently prevents the infection of
another.

Facts such as these justify the plan of the International Health
Board for the ehmination of yellow fever from the earth — the first
attempt to exterminate a micro-organism pathogenic to man.

Blacklock (B.) & Carter (H. F.). The experimental Infection in
England of Anopheles plumbeus, Stephens, and Anojiheles
bifurcatus, L., with Plasmodimn vivax. — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasif.,
Liverjwol, xiii; no. 4, 15th March 1920, pp. 413-420.

Examination of the literature seems to show that there is no previous
evidence that Anopheles plurnbeus is an agent in the carriage of
malaria.

Further experiments [R.A.E., B, vii, 160] show that it is not
difficult to infect A. phimbeus with Plasmodium vivax. At 28°C.
(82'4°F.) infections of the gut and salivary glands were obtained ; at
room temperature (max. 26°C. (78-8°F), min. 17°C. (62-6°F.) ) gut
infection only was obtained. In the case of A. bifurcatus gut infection
only was produced at 28°C (82-4°F).

Blacklock (B.). & Carter (H. F.). Observations on Anopheles
(Coelodiazesis) plumbeus, Stephens, with special reference to its
Breeding Places, Occurrence in the Liverpool District, and possible
Connection with the Spread of Malaria. — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,
Liverp)Ool, xiii, no. 4, 15th March 1920, pp. 421-444, 3 plates.
2 maps.

The synonymy of Anopheles plumbeus and its relationship with other
Anophehnes are discussed. An account is given of its distribution,
the characters and habits of the adult and immature stages and the
breeding-places (rot-holes in trees). Maps show the locahties in which
it is known to occur in the British Isles and in the Liverpool district
in particular.

The authors are of opinion that A. plumbeus is worthy of serious
consideration as a natural carrier of malaria. In country districts or
woodlands frequented by the pubhc the possibiUty of its disseminating
the disease can be readily appreciated. But in towns or villages
away from large w^oods the extent to which it occurs can only be
decided by careful surveys for breeding places.

The adult habit of resting in rot-holes in trees renders any conclusion
drawn from an adult mosquito census elsewhere entirely misleading,
and this may also cause the degree of its domestication to be underesti-
mated, since the insects would only stay in houses long enough to feed.
It is therefore desirable to investigate fully the immediate surroundings
of any house to which the occurrence of cases of malaria seems pecuharly
restricted, with a view to discovering the breeding-places of A. plumbeus.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate witii the Assistant Director.

The annual Suhscriptlon !n advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) Is 12s. per annum, post tree ; Series B (Medical and
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Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Africa, North : The Treatment of Mange in Camels . . . . 81

Africa, West : A simple Form of Fly-proof Latrine . . . . 91

America, Central : The Incidence of Yellow Fever . . . . 95

America, North : A New Tabanid . . . . . . . . . . 84

Balkans : The Bionomics of Mosquitos . . . . . . . • 87

Brazil : Ticks infesting Cattle . . . . . . . . . . 85

British Isles : The Bionomics of Anopheles plumheus and its

Relation to Malaria . . . . . . . . . . • . 96

China: The Incidence of Recurrent Fever .. ., .. .. 81

Congo, Belgian : The Transmission of HymenoUpis diminuta by

Fleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Congo, Belgian : Granular Dermatitis of Equines caused by a

Nematode . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . 90

Denmark : The Infestation of Cattle by Eypodefma Larvae . . 82

Denmark : The Effects of Hypoderma Larvae on Cattle . . . . 82, 83

Denmark : Sarcoptic Mange of Horses . . . . . . . . 83

France : Mosquitos and Malaria in the Ardennes . . . . . . 81

Italy : Notes on Flagellates found in Insects . . . . . . 88

Macedonia : Experiments with Mosquito Larvicides . . . . 90

M ALATA : Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria . . . . . . 84

Palestine : Measures against Malaria . . . . . . . . 91

Panama : Descriptions of New Mosquitos . . . . . . . . 95

Philippines : The Swarming of Anopheline Mosquitos . . . . 94

U.S.A. : Notes on Sarcopsylla gallinacea in Oklahoma . . . . 84

U.S.A. : Measures against Mites and Lice on Poultry . . . . 84

U.S.A. : The Experimental Transmission of Swamp Fever by

Insects in Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

U.S.A. : The Necessity for further Measures against Malaria in

California 92, 93

U.S.A. : Anophelines breeding in Brackish Water in Virginia . . 94

U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos in Florida . . . . . . 94

U.S.A. : Variation in Tabanids . . . . . . . . . . 95

Insects and Human Disease (Review). . .. .. .. .. 83

InsectLifeinFresh Waters (Review) 83 ,

Studies of Immunity in Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Importance of Anatomical Characters in the Feet of Ticks i . 89

A Doubt as to the Value of Fish for destroying Mosquito Larvae .. 91

The Transmission of Recurrent Fever. . . . . . . . . . 91

Registered at the 6.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. B. Part 6.— pp. 97-112. JUNE, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
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JUL 15 1921

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Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body of the Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agents General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
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Cambridge.
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Cambridge.
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feir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of

Agricu ture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominiona

is an e» officio member of the Committee.

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97

Carter (H. F.). Descriptions of the Male Genital Armatures oi the
British Anopheline Mosquitoes. — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,
Liverpool, xiii, no. 1, IStli March 1920, pp. 453-457, 4 figs.

Descriptions and figures are given of the male genitalia of the three
British Anophelines : — Anopheles maculipennis , Meig., A. bifurcatus,
L.. and A. (Coelodiazesis) pihnnheus, Stephens.

YoRKE (W.). On Human Trypanosomiasis in Peru. — Ann. Trop.
Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiii, no. 4. 15th March 1920, pp. 459-460.

An account is given of the first recorded case of human trypanoso-
miasis in Peru [R.A.E., B, viii, 65]. The disease was contracted
in the region bordering on Brazil where the Reduviid bug, Triatoma
mefjista, and other vectors of trypanosomiasis exist. The trypanosome
in question proved to be new and is here named Trypanosoma escomeli.

A notable feature of the case was the extreme somnolence of the
patient. This feature does not appear to occur in Chagas' disease
(due to Trypanosoma eruzi), though it is well known in African try-
panosomiasis in man.

NiroLLE (C.) & Lebailly (C). Contribution a la Connaissance de
I'Evolution des Spirochetes de la Fievre recurrente chez le Pou.
(Etude des Coupes en Serie). — Areh. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, xi, no. 3,
February 1920, pp. 131-137, 1 plate.

The chief points relating to the evolution in Hce of the spirochaetes
of recurrent fever have been developed and confirmed [R.A.E., B
i, 70 ; ii, 132, 200], but some remained uninvestigated. In ])articular
it was not known where these changes take place, only the disappear-
ance of the spirochaetes from the digestive tract and the appearance
of new spirochaetes in the blood stream having been observed. It
was thought that the various evolutionary stages could be followed
to better advantage by making sections of lice fed at variable and
successive dates on man or monkeys suffering from recurrent fever.

Examination of the sections confirmed the data previously obtained
and showed that the changes occur in the epithelial cells of the fore gut.
The pigmentation of these cells prevented the process of breaking-up
from being followed, nor was it possible to see how the new
spirochaetes passed from the digestive cells to the circulatory system.

The feet of a louse are very fragile and the blood there swarms
with spirochaetes. It may therefore be said that an individual
inoculates himself with the disease by breaking the feet of the lice
he harbours.

The hce used for sections were fixed with formol, treated with
alcohol, impregnated with silver nitrate according to the Cajal Levaditi
method, and then embedded in paraffin.

•Gerard (F.). A propos de deux Epidemics de Typhus exanthe-

matique. — Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, xi, no. 3, February 1920,

pp. 172-177, 1 plate.

The first of the epidemics here recorded occurred among the Serbs

brought to Bizerta in 1916 and was of little importance owing to the

sanitary measures adopted.

(680) P1921/141. 1,500. 6.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/14. a

98

The second took place in Rumania in 1916-17, and owing to the
disorganisation of the sanitary services due to War conditions there
resulted a mortahty more terrible than that suffered by the Serbs in
1914-1915, when 230 doctors and 400,000 men died.

Legendre (J.). R6I2 du Betail et de la Basse-cour dans la Defense
contre la Malaria. — C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxx, no. 12.
22nd March 1920, pp. 766-769.

The view is expressed that domestic animals are a source of pro-
tection to man against mosquitos, the blood of horses, cattle, pigs
and particularly rabbits being preferred by them to that of man.
Fowls and ducks are immune from attack, the insects even avoiding
oviposition in vessels containing water used by poultry.

Agnoletti (G.). a New Parasiticide. — La Clinica Veterinaria,.
Milan, xUi, no. 4, 28th February 1919, p. 109. (Abstract in Mthh/.
Bull. Agric. Intell. <& PI. Dis., Rome, x, no.5. May 1919, p. 57G)..
[Received 31st March 1920.]

Extensive experiments have proved that the use of an ointment
prepared from thiometa-methylene is the best remedial measure for
horses infected with mange. This substance is prepared by acting
on ammonium thiocarbonate or ammonium sulphide with sodium
methansulphoxylate in the presence of acid. It has the property of
slowly splitting up into formic aldehyde, sulphuretted hydrogen and
sulphur, and has therefore a combined antiseptic and insecticidal
action.

One application proves sufficient to cure the disease in horses,
mules and dogs, and no injury to the hair was noticed in any of the
cases treated. Sodium sulphide was added to the ointment, to ensure
the penetration of the active principle through the skin.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (N. C). Ectoparasites, London, \, no. 2,.
20th January 1920, pp. 61-125, 39 figs.

This volume contains the following systematic papers : On the
species and genera of Siphonaptera described by Kolenati ; on American
Ceratophyllus infesting birds ; a preliminary catalogue of the Siphonap-
tera of Switzerland ; and a new Ctenophthalmus from Macedonia.

MoHLER (J. R.). Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

—U.S. Dept. Agric.Washinqton, D.C., 29th September 1919, 63 pp..
[Received 3rd March 1920.]

During the year ended 30th June 1919 the Field Inspection Division
supervised 10,518,196 dippings for the purpose of eradicating scabies.
in sheep. Great progress in this direction has been made in Iowa
and Michigan, the disease having been practically exterminated.
Montana and North Dakota have been free from the disease, and the
outbreak in Idaho has been brought under control. Dippings for cattle
scabies show an increase of 46 per cent, over the numbers of the preceding
year, making a total of 935,539. The disease is being brought under
control in Kansas and effective work is being done in the new areas of

99

infection in southwestern New Mexico, but in Texas and Montana it
has been more prevalent than in previous years. Of 414 horses and
mules inspected for scabies 74 were dipped under Bureau supervision.

Greater progress thaii in any previous year has been made with regard
to cattle tick [Boophilus annulatus] extermination. Areas aggregating
79,217 sq. miles have been freed from ticks and released from quarantine,
and 47,843,791 Inspections or dippings were made, as against 34,927,959
in the previous year, 33,789 cattle dipping vats being in operation.

In connection with studies on the transmission of hog cholera it has
been found that under ordinary conditions the hog louse, Hdematojnnus
suis, is incapable of transmitting the virus. It is also doubtful whether
the house-fly, Musca domestica, is concerned with the dissemination of
the disease under natural conditions, although it may harljour the virus
for some days and possibly may infect animals by feeding on their eyes
or fresh wounds. Experimentally the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans,
has conveyed the disease by biting healthy pigs after feeding on the
ears of infected animals or by being crushed and placed in the feeding
trough after being gorged with blood of diseased pigs. It has not
however been determined whether this fly is a factor of practical
importance in the spread of the disease.

The work of the Zoological Department, consisting of the investigation
of parasitic diseases of animals and the study, collection and determina-
tion of animal parasites, has been continued. Investigations show that
mange on pigs is spread chiefly by direct bodily contact and may be
controlled by four dip2:)ings in lime-sulphur or arsenical solutions at
intervals of from 6 to 7 days. One dijjping of crude petroleum or
cottonseed oil proved sufficient for the eradication of lice on pigs.
Medicated pig v/allows are an effective and convenient means of treating
pigs for lice and mange in hot weather. Experiments in the treatment
of sarcoptic mange in cattle and the ear tick [Ornithodorus megnini\
confirm those of the previous year [R.A.E., B, vii, 92, 93.]

Kellogg (V. L.) & Ferris (G. F.). The Anoplura and Mallophaga of
North American Mammals. — Leland Stanford Junior Univ.
Public, Univ. Series, Stanford Univ., Cal, 1915, 74 pp., 8 plates,
18 figs. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

This paper deals vfith 31 species of Anoplura, including 10 new species
and 2 new varieties, and 29 species of Mallophaga, including 1 new
species. It also contains a key to the famihes, subfamihes and genera
of Anoplura, as well as a mammahan host list of North American
Anoplura and Mallophaga.

Carrenter (G. D. H.). Third, Fourth and Fifth Reports on the

Bionomics of Glossina jxilpalis on Lake Victoria. — Repts. Sleeping

Sickness Commission Royal Soc., London, no. 17, 1919, 101 pp.

4 figs, 6 charts, 1 map. [Received 10th March 1920.]

A description is given of a tour made from January to March 1914

among the islands lying parallel to the coast of Lake Victoria between

Entebbe and Jinja, with the object of ascertaining the factors that

cause Glossina palpalis to vary in abundance on dift'erent islands. As

a result of this inspection, the conclusion was reached that to support

Glossina an island must be of a certain minimum size, however suitable

(680) j^2

100

it may be in other ways, and moreover must have a certain amount
of good shade in proportion to its area. If there is good sliade near
water its absence elsewhere is immaterial. Vegetation that grows too
densely, as in the case of papyrus, is not associated with great numbers
of the fly. The percentage of females caught seems to indicate the
accessibihty of food supply, and probably variations in the amount of
blood available will influence the numbers of the adult fly, by affecting
the rate of reproduction. Shade produced by fresh green growth is
at once made use of by the fly for larviposition, hence pupae may be
locahsed according to the changing conditions of vegetation, while
they are readily killed by diminution of the shade. While breeding-
grounds are essential for maintaining a great abundance of fly, a certain
number can exist without locahsed breeding-grounds. It is therefore
obvious that clearing away vegetation from the breeding-grounds will
not wholly banish the fly. A Chalcid parasite, Syntomosj^hyrum
glossinae, has been reared from the pupae, but is very scarce. It is
thought probable that certain spiders have been responsible for con-
siderable diminution in the numbers of flies where conditions are
apparently favourable for their increase. ^ *^

Each island visited in the course of this tour is described. The
degree of infestation by Glossina palpalis and the factors influencing
it are discussed at length. It is obvious that clearing is an important
factor in control and that it must be very complete. Catching adult
flies destroys only a small proportion of females ; a method such as sticky
cloths on animals would be preferable in localities where males pre-
dominate in the catch. The extermination of large mammals would
have no effect upon G. palpalis which prefers reptilian blood, and the
destruction of all crocodiles and other large reptiles would be a difficult
matter. The author is of opinion that it is impracticable to infect the
fly artificially with any disease with the object of kilhng them off.

Provided there is an area of good shelter as a base, flies may roam
along the shores, presumably in search of food and breeding-grounds,
in places where they could not reside owing to lack of shelter.

The collection of pupae seems to offer the most promising results
owing to the proportion of the sexes being equal. It is therefore
suggested that all breeding-grounds should be cleared and that artificial
shelters should be provided that would induce the fly to deposit their
larvae in them ; from these the pupae could be collected regularly.
This method has been tried to some extent and the results undoubtedly
warrant further experiment. Such shelters should be in the form of a
low lean-to shed, the base and preferably the uprights being of metal,
owing to the presence of termites. The low front should face the
direction of the prevaihng wind ; the roof should be thatched with
good eaves, almost touching the ground in front ; the sides and back
should be open but protected by eaves and creepers. If the shelter
can be made of fresh, green growth this will add to its attractiveness,
and creepers might be planted to ramble over it. Diagrams and
photographs of such shelters are given. One of a suitable size has an
area of 12' X 4' and is 4|' high at the back and 1*' in front.

It is obvious that constant attention must be given to such shelters
and the pupae regularly collected, otherwise they will tend to the
increase of the fly rather than to its diminution. The roofs must be

101

kept watertight. This method cannot be expected to exterminate
the fly, though its nmnbers can be reduced immensely, and where
possible the collection of adult flies should be continued. Moreover,
in the author's opinion this method is the simplest, the least costly
and the most practicable of any as yet proposed for dealing with
Gloss ina, and should have the effect of keeping the fly at a minimum
harmless number, below wliich no method, short of defoHating the
whole country, could bring it.

Dyar (H. G.). The Mosquitoes of British Columbia and the Yukon
Territory, Canada (Diptera, Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae
Menstnms, Waslmigton, B.C., viii, no. l-o, January-March 1920,
pp. 1-27, 1 plate.

An account is given of the exploration of the Canadian mosquito
fauna westward from the Continental Divide, the point reached in the
previous season [R.A.E., B, vii, 105].

The mosquitos of this region fall into two distinct groups, those of
the Canadian fauna proper, and those of the Pacific coast fauna, which
is found in those parts of the Pacific Coast in which pecuUar con-
ditions have been evolved, owing to the almost continual rain caused
by the moist winds from the Paciftc striking the high coastal mountains.

Among those of the Canadian fauna the following occur in addition
to most of the species recorded in the previous paper \loc. cit.'] : Acdes
'pullatus, Coq., A. stimulans, Wlk., A. mercurator, sp. n., A. callithotrys,
sp. n., A. curriei, Coq., A. aestivalis, Dyar (in the Southern fringe of the
Canadian fauna), A. varipalpus, Coq., Theobaldia {Culiseta) incidens,
Thoms., and T. alaskaensis, Ludl.

The author has revised his opinion with regard to the identification
of two species, and to avoid confusion, proposes to use the names
A&les territans (restuans) and A. impiger {decticus).

In the Pacific Coast fauna the conditions have produced an entire
change in the species of A&les, but not in those of Theobaldia, Three
species of Aedes were observed. A. cyclocerculus, sp. n., A. leuconotips,
sp. n., and A. aboriginis, Dyar. Keys are given to these species and
to the closely allied A.punctor and A. hexodontus, Dyar, from California.

Dyar (H. C). A second Culex of the Subgenus Tmyisculicia, Dyar

(Diptera, Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington,

B.C. viii, no. 1-3, January-March, 1920, pp. 27-29.

Culex (Transculicia) petersoni, sp. n., from the Virgin Islands is

described. The author considers that from the close similarity of the

larva of C. j)etersoni to C. bahamensis, D. & K., hitherto known only

in the larval stage, it is evident that C. {Transculicia) eleuthera, Dyar,

is the adult of C. {T.) bahamensis, the latter name having priority.

Dyar (H. C). Note on the Subgenus Neoculex of Oulex (Diptera,
Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstnms, Washington, B.C.,
viii, no. 1-3, January- March 1920, p. 36.
The characters of the subgenus Neoculex are given. To it belong

Culex testaceus, Wulp, in America, and the European species, Culex

modestus, Fie, and C. hortensis, Fie, the genitalia of these species are

described, and their svnonyms noted.

102

Dyar (H. G.)- Notes on European Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). —

Insecutor Inscitiae Menstnms, Washington, D.C., viii, no. 4-6,
April-June 1920, pp. 51-54.

Aedes metalepicus, sp. n., from the Italian Alps is closely related to
the Canadian A. jmllatus. It may possibly be the same as A.
jugorum, Vill, or Aedes alpinus, L., but the descriptions of these two
species are not full enough for a certain conclusion to be drawn. It
is considered that Aedes nigripes, Zett., is a synonym of A. alpinus.

Dyar (H. G.). The Species of Choeroporpa, a Subgenus of Cidex
(Diptera, Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstnms, Washington,
D.C., viii, no. 4-6, April-June 1920, pp. 54-81.

This group extends throughout the tropics and into the warmer
temperate regions in North and South America. Thirty-nine species
are noted, the following being new : Culex [Choeroporpa) terebor,
C. (Ch.) yharmis, C. {Ch.) phlogistus, C. (Ch.) phlabistus, C. (Ch.)
corentynensis, C. (Ch.) vapulans, C (Ch.) comminutor, C. {Ch.) castor,
C. (Ch.) maxinocca, C. (Ch.) tosimus. C. (Ch.) vaxus, C. (Ch.) bibidus,
C. {Ch.) jonistes,C. {Ch.) idottus, and C.{Ch.) xmyZis, all from Surinam.
A key, based on characters of the genitaUa, is given of the species
noticed.

Dyar (H. G.). A new Mosquito from Mexico (Diptera, Culicidae). —

Insecfor Inscitiae Menstrwis. Washington. B.C.. viii, no. 4-6,
April -June 1920, pp. 81-82.

Aedes {Heteronycha) mueUeri, sp. n., from Mexico City is described.

Ferriere (Ch.). Insectes et Epidemics. — Rev. Intcrnat. de la Croix-
Rouge, Geneva, ii, no. 2, 15th February 1920, pp. 149-173. [Received
6th April 1920.]

The lessons of the war, and the steps taken by the various nations
to combat insect-borne diseases, are reviewed.

The four most important groups of insects are : — Lice, carrying
exanthematic typhus, recurrent fever and trench fever ; mosquitos,
carrying malaria, and yellow fever ; fleas carrying plague ; and
flies, which may be concerned in the spread of typhoid, dysentery,
cholera, dipthheria, ophthalmia, infantile paralysis, tuberculosis, and
leprosy.

VON Bassewitz (E.). As Sanguesugas do Brasil e a Peste das Cadeiras
dos Equinos. [Brazilian Leaches and Mai de Caderas."] — Chacaras
e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 3, 15th March 1920, pp. 183-188, 1 fig.,
1 plate.

In this article on Brazilian leeches the suggestion is made that in the
genus Haementaria may be found the vectors, perhaps the exclusive
vectors, of the trypanosomiasis in equines known as Mai de Caderas.

103

WiLHELMi (J.). Die gemeine Stechfliege (Wadenstecher) Untersuch-
ungen uber die Biologie der Stoiiioxijs calciimns, L. [Observations
on the Biology of ^Stoiiio.c/js calcitrans, L.] — Monograph, z. angew.
Entom., no. 2, Supplement to ZeitscJir. f. angew. Entoin., Berlin,
iv, 1917, 110 pp., 28 figs. [Received 19tli April, 1920.]

This memoir, a notice of which has already been published [R.A.E.,
B, vi, 174], contains details of the author's personal observations
on the local distribution and general habits of Stomoxys calcitrans, L.
Comparisons are made with observations of previous authors, and
these are confirmed in the main. The results of the investigations
dealing with the economic importance of the fly in agriculture and
with regard to disease are not touched upon.

Natural enemies include Hydrotaea dentipes, which is predaceous
on the larvae; the adults are attacked by Oxgbelus sp. and Mellinus sp.,
as well as parasitised by Chalcids. Parasitss of the pupae include
Spalangia miiscae and a PteromaUd.

MuLLER (J.). Zur Naturgeschiehte der Kleiderlaus. [The Natural
History of the Clothes Louse.] — Das osterr. Sanitdtswesen, Vienna,
xxvii, "1915, Beilage to nos. 36-38, & 47-49, 75 pp., 34 figs., 4
plates. [Received" 12th April 1920.]

Tliis paper is chiefly intended for medical men studying the anatomy
.and biology of Pediculua humanus (vestimenti) in view of its role as a
vector of typhus. Though mainly a compilation, it contains some
original matter, given very briefly, as a complete monograph is to be
pubhshed.

The anatomy, development, and biology of the louse are described.
It was found that lice and their eggs are destroyed in 5-10 minutes
by exposure to air heated to 90° C. (195°F.). Many physical and
chemical agents cause apparent death. A louse that had been sub-
merged under water for 22 hoiu-s showed no signs of movement under
the microscope and its heart ceased beating ; on removal from the
water heart-action recommenced and the hmbs subsequently began
to move. This shows that a temporary sealing of the tracheae may
lead to a suspension of heart-action, but not to death. A permanent
seal however, such as is produced by grease and oil, proves fatal ; this
explains the efficacy of ointments and shows that the insecticide
contained in them plays a subordinate role.

The second portion of tliis paper consists exclusively of notices of
literature pubHshed during the printing of the first part.

WiDMAN (E.). Beitrage zur Biologie der Kleiderlaus und deren
Bekampfung. [Contributions to the Biology of the Clothes Louse
and to its Contiol}—Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Ixxx, 1915, p. 289.
(Abstract in Das osterr. Sanitdtsivesen, Vienna, xxvii, no. 36-38,
9th-2.3rd September 1915, p. 1216.) [Received 12th April
1920.]

Among other observations [R.A.E., B, iv, 87] the author draws
attention to the wave-like digestive movements of the gut of Pediculus
humanus {vestimenti). These are important, as they make it possible

104

to ascertain whether delousing measures have really killed the louse
or have only stupefied it for a time. The author beheves these move-
ments to provide the most rehable indication available.

Prausnitz (W.). Ueber Heissluftentlausung mit Fussbodenheizung.

[A System of Floor-heating in Delousing with Hot Air.] — Das
osterr. Sanitdtswesen, Vienna, xxviii, no. 44-52, November-
December 1916, pp. 1674-1698, 19 figs. [Received 12th April
1920.]

Although the researches of Koch and his school have proved steam
to be superior to hot air as a delousing agent, the latter has advantages
when large masses of material have to be dealt with without running
the risk of damage. Furthermore the lice that carry typhus and their
eggs are killed by exposure to air heated to 60-80° C. (HO-ITS^'F.).

It is most important that the chamber should be uniformly heated,
and the method described here provides for the heat to be applied
under the floor, while the favourable effect is still further enhanced by
agitating the air within. The heating is accomphshed by conducting
the hot air from the furnace in metal tubes or brick channels beneath
the floor. The air within the chamber is agitated by a hand or power-
driven fan. Even untrained stokers can work this installation without
danger to the articles that are being treated. If thoroughly dry, leather
can withstand a temperature of 100° C. (212°F.), but wet leather is
injured. By maintaining a temperature of 90-100° 0.(195-212° F.)
for 4 hours the bacilU of diptheria, cholera, typhus, etc., are destroyed.

This paper contains detailed plans of a chamber built on these lines,
and suitable for erection in the open air. The outer walls should be
hollow so as to conserve the heat. It is pointed out that if the doors and
ventilator are previously provided two masons should be able to erect
one in 2-3 days.

HuTCHiNS (E.). Annual Report of the Chief Veterinary Officer.—

Uganda Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. Year ended 31st March 1919,
Entebbe, 1920, pp. 33-36. [Received 8th April 1920.]

Extremely heavy losses from trypanosomiasis occurred among cattle
inoculated against rinderpest ; a large number of these were found to
be infected with Trypanosoma p)ecorum and many died of the disease.
Outbreaks also occurred in various districts, Glossina fusca being found
in some of the locaUties concerned.

DoANE (R.W.). Mosquito Abatement in San Francisco Bay District. —

Mthlij. Bull. Gal. State Dept. Agric., Sacramento, ix, no. 3, March
1920i pp. 81-82.

An account is given of measures adopted in Santa Clara County,
Cahfornia, by which mosquitos, which had been intolerably trouble-
some in the district for years, were almost entirely exterminated
or reduced to neghgible numbers. One side of the region is bounded
by a salt-marsh swept during high tides by the waters of San Francisco
Bay. The species found were Aeies squamiger and A. onondagensis
{Ochlerotatus lativittatus), as well as several fresh-water species such as
Theobaldia (Culiseta) incidens and Culex tarsalis. Under a State law.

105

a tax was levied throughout the district, and this enabled drainage
operations to be carried out over about 3,000 acres. At the end of the
first fiscal year, rather less than £1,000 had been spent in ditching and
drainage, while mosquitos have practically disappeared from the region.

Morris (H.). Some Carriers of Anthrax Infection. — Jl. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc, Washington, B.C., Ivi, no. 6, March 1920, pp.G06-608.

Much of the matter in this paper is quoted from one previously
abstracted [R A.E., B, vi, 181]. Experiments with the horn-fly [Ltf-
perosia], the green-headed horse-fly [Tabamis sp.] and the swamp
mosquito [Aedes sylvestris] have shown that blood-sucking insects after
feeding on the blood of an anthrax-infected animal are capable of
transmitting the disease to healthy ones. The transmission seems
to be mechanical, the infection being carried upon the proboscis of
the insects. Non-biting flies too may be carriers. House-flies [^Musca
domestical and blow^-fhes carry infection from anthrax-infected flesh
by walking over a fresh surface wound in a healthy animal. Blow-
flies bred from an unopened anthrax carcass did not carry infection
in or on their bodies. This seems to be due to the destruction of anthrax
bacilli in the carcass by the process of putrefaction. When however
they were bred in the presence of anthrax spores, they carried infection
both externally and internally. This proves the importance of keeping
the natural openings of the carcass closed and the skin free from lesions,
as anthrax spores do not form in the unopened carcass ; once the
spores are allowed to form, the process of decomposition has no effect
on them.

The Argentine ant [J ridomijrmex humilis] leaves a trail of infection
after feeding on an anthrax carcass.

Parker (R. R.). The present Status of the Control of Dermacentor
venusttis, Banks, in the Bitter Root Valley, Mont., and the New
Data concerning the Habits of the Tick. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H. xiii, no 1, February 1920, pp. 31-37.

The control of the wood-tick, Dermacentor venustus, the chief trans-
mitting agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a difficult problem,
although very considerable progress has been made in areas where work
has been conducted. Two questions present themselves. One concerns
the permanency of the results obtained, the other the possibihty of
finding some simpler and quicker method of operation. Lack of
knowledge of the real source of the disease among wild mammals is a
great handicap. If, for example, certain rodents were involved, measures
directed against them would be much more certain of rapid and
permanent results than those directed against the tick.

Under the present methods of tick control, viz : — ^rodent destruction ;
the restriction of grazing ; dipping and hand-picking of stock ; quaran-
tine and cultivation — complete eradication will take five years or more,
depending on the thoroughiiess with which the work is carried out.
These measures must vary with local conditions, wliicli differ from each
other to a very great extent, and the difficulty of adapting the system of
control to them is great. A method that would be of more general
apphcation is very desirable. Such a plan may be evolved by a study

106

of disease among the wild animals, with the object of eradicating from
any area those that permit the disease to perpetuate itself. Evidence
already to hand indicates that such animals are few in number.

Some fresh observations on the habits of the ticks themselves show
that their movements are not so limited as had been formerly supposed.
Ticks that in spring occupy the dry slopes were found to have dis-
appeared by June, when large numbers were found in the damper valleys.
Experiments made with ticks marked with paint show that the majority
tend to migrate down the slope. The conclusions finally reached are
that ticks do move about, that the tendency on a slope is to move
downwards, and that the migration is hindered when low vegetation
is at all abundant.

Engorged immature ticks have a reaction to light. In darkness they
do not drop from their host ; by an increase in the light intensity, the
rate of dropping can be increased, reaching its height in direct sunUght.

I.iSTON (W.G.). " The Next War " : Man rersws Insects. — Indian Jl.
Med. Research, Calculla, Special Indian Science Congress Number,
1919, pp. 18-25. [Received 13th April 1920.]

Mankind is now trying t^ make up for the wasts and destruction of
the Great War, and is taking cognisance of its common foes. The war
against disease requires careful preparation, and the importance of
insects in it is now reahsed as never before. In India insects must take
the first place among the enemies of man, for two-thirds of the prevent-
able diseases can be attributed to their agency. The Medical Service
needs organisation, co-operation and, above all, a leader. The sanitary,
bacteriological and clinical departments should be more closely com-
bined, and the leaders should not be those who rush into print most
often and talk loudest. The pubhcation of carefully prepared reviews is
a great improvement in the methods of communication. Post-graduate
schools are absolutely necessary, owing to the extent of the field and
the rapidity of progress. Money is required : at present half the sum
available for rural India has to be concentrated against smallpox alone.
In twenty years more than ten milhon Uves have been sacrificed to
plague, an easily preventable disease, and the economic loss sustained
can hardly be exaggerated.

TiRUNARAYANA IYENGAR (M. 0.). On the Rcsults of a Mosquito-
Survey of Indore City. — Indian Jl. Med. Research Calcutta,
Speciallndian Science Congress Number, 1919, pp. 26-39, 4 plates.
[Received 13th April 1920.]

The mosquitos found in Indore are:— Anopheles suhfictus {rossi),
A. culicifacies, A. stephensi, A. faliginosus and A. barhirostris and several
Culicines. The distribution of the larvae in the various sections of the
two rivers and other waters is considered, some of the factors that
govern their presence being the foulness or pureness of the water, the
presence of aquatic plants that shelter the larvae and of algae on
which they feed, the purification of contaminated water by vegetable
organisms, and the presence or absence of larvicidal and other fish.
Fresh or only slightly contaminated w^ater is preferred by the most

107

dangerous malaria mosquitos — A. fidiginosus, A. stephemi 'dnd A. cuh-
cifacies. At the same time attention is called to the fact that other
mosquitos, such as Anopheles suhpictus and Culex spp., though
they do not transmit malaria, are able to transmit filariasis.

The methods of mosquito control suggested consist of :— clearing the
rivers and water-courses of algae and water- weeds ; deepening shallow's to
discourage the growth of weeds, and stopping the flow of sullage into
the river for the same reason ; the introduction of larvicidal fish of
hardy local kinds, which also require pure water without sullage, and
the extermination of predatory fish that attack them ; the encourage-
ment of the keeping of ducks' and geese, which eat up floating matter
and probably mosquito larvae ; and the oiling of pools and drains that
cannot otherwise be reached.

At the same time there should be a house-to-house treatment of
malaria patients, with free distribution of quinine. Education of the
children in the subject of mosquito control is probably the best way of
reaching the peo])le generally.

SiGLER (T. A.). Principal Parasites of Swine.— J»?cr. Jl. Vet. Med.,
Chicago, xv, no, l, April 1920, pp. 117-150.

The louse, Haematopinus suis, is the external parasite most frequently
found on pigs [R.A.E., B, vi, 170]. A common source of infestation
is stock from infected herds, while filthy styes are prolific centres of
infection. Pigs that are heavily infested are restless and do not feed
well, while their sores open up new avenues for other infection. Their
habits make it difficult to free a herd from lice, but they should be
sprayed or dipped with kerosene emulsion, or in cold weather a powder
composed of pyrethrum and naphthaline should be dusted on them and
on their bedding. After treatment the pigs should be moved to fresh
quarters, the pens and houses should be sprayed, and all litter burned.

Herms (W. B.). Occurrence of IVIalaria and Anopheline Mosquitoes
in Middle and Southern California. — U.S. Public Health Repts.,
Washinqton. B.C., xxxv, no. G, 6th February 1920, pp. 275-281.
[Received ISth April 1920.]

A summary is given of the work in the middle and southern portions
of California during the State-wide malaria-mosquito survey. This
part of the survey was made in 1917 and 1919, and has already been
noticed [R.A.E., B, vi, 70 and viii, 93].

Petrocchi (J.). Anofalino trasmisor d3 Malaria encontrado en la
Capital Federal.— /?t';. Inst. Bad., Buenos Aires, ii, no. 3,
October 1919, pp. 295-302, 2 plates.

Anopheles {Cellia) argijrotarsis, R.D., a known malaria transniitter,
has recently been ca])tured in Buenos Aires. It is ])robablc that this
is the samespecies as that described by Arribalzaga in 1891 as Anopheles
albitarsis.

The Anophehnes at present known to occur in Argentina include
A. anmdipalpis, A. pseudopunctipemiis, A. argyrotarsis, A. {Cellia)
albimanus, A. (C.) tarsimaculatus and A. {Arribalzagia) maculipes.

108

Larrousse (F.). Especes europesnnes du Genre Phlebotomus^
Rondani (Dipt., Psychodidae). — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris,
1920, no. 4, 25th February 1920, pp. 65-67.

Tlie characteristics of the five European species of the genus Plile-
botomns, Rond., recognised by the author are described. These are
P. papatasii, Scop., P. miPMtus, Rond., P. perniciosus, Newst. {legeri
Mans., lusitanicus, Franga), P. mascittii, Grassi, and P. sergenti.
Parr, (caiicasicus, Marz.). P. perniciosus var. nigernmus, Newst.,
is recorded from Malta.

Bequaert (J.). Rodhainoniyia, Genre nouveau d'Oestride (Dipt.)
Parasite de I'Elephant. — Bull. Soc. Entoju., France, Paris, 1920,..
no. 4, 25th February 1920, pp. 67-69.

Cobboldia chrysidiformis, Beq., was described as a new parasite
in the stomach of the African elephant in 1915 [R.A.E., B, iv, 40],
being placed in this genus in spite of the fact that it differs in certain,
particulars from the known forms of Cobboldia. It is now clear,
however, that these points of difference amount to generic distinction,
and a new genus, Rodhainonu/ia, is therefore erected for it. This fly
hves in the larval stage in the stomach of the elephant, and is as yet-
only known in the Belgian Congo. Cobboldia roverei, Ged., is a synonym
of R. chrysidiformis. Cobboldia, Brauer, is redescribed, the type
being C. elephantis, Steel. The larva of this parasite develops in the
stomach of the Asiatic elephant. Another species, C. loxodontis,.
Brauer, is parasitic on the African elephant ; it occurs in the Upper
Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, Lake Chad, the Belgian Congo, and
Uganda.

The author considers that the species named C. par urns pinosa by
Gedoelst [R.A.E., B, vii, 1 16], is probably identical with C. loxodontis ;
this must remain doubtful until a further examination of the larvae-
can be made. It is very desirable that some further investigation
should be made into the Dipterous parasites of the Asiatic elephant,,
about which very little is at present known.

Ferris (G. F.). The First Stage Larva of Cuterebra americana, F..

(Diptera ; Oestridae). — Ps//ckc, Boston, Mass., xxvii, no. 1,

February 1920, pp. 13-14, 1 fig.
Very httle information has been gathered concerning the first stage
larvae of any species of Oestrid ; a brief note is therefore pubUshed on
the first stage of Cuterebra americana. A female of this fly was taken
in flight in California on 8th October and confined in a glass jar. On
the same day lOO to 150 eggs were deposited singly on the glass, to
which they were very firmly attached. These began to hatch on 22nd
October and all hatched normally, indicating that the stimulus of
moisture, heat or friction is not essential to their development, as has
been supposed. The first-stage larva is described.

Abrami (P.) & Senevet (G.). A propos des Gametes du Plasmodium
praecox. Proportion variable des Elements males et femelles. —
Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 167-172.

After examining a great number of gametes from a case of malaria
due to Plasmodium praecox, and allowing for a certain margin of error,.

109

the results indicate that the male gametes disappear more rapidly
from the blood than the female ones. This would explain the different
views of authors who have studied the question of the sex of gametes
and whose examinations have been made during various phases of the
illness.

Velu (H.). Comment il convient d'organiser la Lutte centre la
Gale des Animaux domestiques aux Colonies. — Bull. Soc. Path.
ExoL, Paris, xiii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 186-191.

It has been remarked that in spite of a vast field of experimentation,
the War has ended without any simple and practical treatment for
mange having been decided upon. It is admitted that baths, whether
liquid or vapour, have the great advantage of reaching every part of
the skin, but the most suitable formulae for preparing such baths have
given rise to much discussion. None of the numerous papers pubHshed
m the professional journals has suggested any simple process which,
being less expensive than the installation of sulphur chambers or
swimming dij^s, and requiring no great technical knowledge or super-
vision, would be suitable for use on isolated farms in the Colonies or
in small military stations rarely visited by a veterinary officer.

The Cooper dip, having been used with much success on pigs suffer-
ing from mange, which were cured after four treatments at seven days'
interval, was tried for horses in Morocco with equally good results.
An epizootic having broken out after the arrival of infected horses and
mules from France, 150 cases were sent to the infirmary. A small
bath was constructed in 24 hours by raising a cement wall 8 inches
high in front of one of the stables, for which 200 litres (44 gals.) of
15 per cent, solution was prepared from the instructions issued
with this dip. The horses were taken into this bath and sprayed
with a pump provided with a long tube and a Vermorel jet, working
first over one side of the animal beginning near the head and taking
care that the liquid penetrated into every fold of the skin, inside the
ear, etc., and then over the other side. For slightly infested and non-
chpped animals it is best to swab them over after the first treatment
to ensure penetration of the liquid and then spray them again for a
few seconds. The liquid can be used repeatedly by filtering through
gauze and should be renewed by the addition of 20 gallons of freshly
prepared solution each morning. In this manner 25 horses per day
were easily treated, and spraying was repeated once each week for 3
or 4 weeks. This method is a simple one and obviates the incon-
veniences of the usual parasiticide baths, such as variations in con-
centration, decomposition, etc. While Cooper's dip has given every
satisfaction, it would be interesting to try some of the simple formulae
used against the parasites of cattle (ticks, lice, mites, etc.), such as
the Watkins-Pitchford arsenical solution, or Chapin's sulphur solution,
the preparation of which is described.

Leger (M.). La Guyane franqaise : Questions de Salubrity et de
Reglementations sanitaires. — Btdl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii,
no. 3, March 1920, pp. 199-204.
French Guiana has always had a bad reputation for unhealthiness,

especially for Europeans, and the opinion is commonly current that

110

there are no sanitation measures in the Colony. This, however, is
not so ; cholera, plague and yellow fever have disappeared for many
years, and while leprosy is a serious menace, it is apparently no more
so than in other French Oceanic or African Colonies. Malaria, which
is endemic, continues to be the chief scourge, but anti-malarial measures
have reduced its incidence to a level below that of most of the French
possessions in Africa and Madagascar. While the necessary regula-
tions exist, it is undoubtedly rather difficult to apply them, largely
owing to the poverty of the country and the sparse population. It
is hoped that, with improvements in these directions, French Guiana
will before long become one of the most prosperous French colonies.

Ledingham (J. C. G.). Dysentery and Enteric Disease in Mesopotamia
from the Laboratory Standpoint. — Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxxiv,
no. 4, April 19-20, pp. 306-320.

In the course of this paper the following observations are made on
fly prevalence, and dysentery. In Mesopotamia there are two seasons
oif fly prevalence, which correspond fairly closely in time with the spring
and autumn dysentery seasons. The greatest number of flies occurs
at the end of April and the beginning of May and again in November.
But the almost complete disappearance of flies in the hot months is
not accompanied by a proportionate fall in the dysentery prevalence.
Certain factors other than flies must therefore play the more important
role in distributing infection during this period. The author suggests
that the mass of fresh infections estabhshed in the spring outbreak,
largely by the agency of flies, leaves behind it an amount of chronic
and carrier infection which, aided by weather conditions favouring
intestinal disturbance, serves to maintain the incidence of dysentery
and diarrhoea at a fairly constant level till the next fly outburst
initiates the autumnal mass of fresh infections.

MacGregor (M. E.). The Possible Use of Azolla filiculoides as a
Deterrent to Anopheline Breeding.— JZ. R.A.M.C, London,
xxxiv, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 370-372, 1 fig.

Azolla filiculoides is a water-weed of the fern family recently intro-
duced into England from Canada. It spreads very rapidly, completely
covering the surface of the water in which it grows with a spongy
mass of compact leaves. Anophehne mosquitos must have an open
water surface on which to lay their eggs, and it was observed that they
did not oviposit in the experimental br^edmg tank which was covered
by A. filicidoides, though they oviposited freely in the other tanks
that contained other kinds of weeds. It was too late in the season for
experiments in natural ponds, but no Anopheline larvae were found
in the one pond near Sandwich from which the weed was obtained.

Austen (Major E. E.). A Contribution to Knowledge of the Tabanidae
of Palestine. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 3, April
1920, pp. 277-321, 18 figs.

This paper deals with material collected by the author in Palestine
during the campaign against the Turks. There was a lumour in 1917
that the Turks in the Jordan Valley lost a large number of camels from

Ill

surra, a form of trypanosomiasis of which the causative agent, Tr//-
panosoma evansi, is beheved to be capable of dissemination by more
than one species of Tahanus. Tlie Egyptian Expeditionary Force
stationed there in 1918, however, had but few cases of surra among
their camels, and these were by no means certainly contracted in
Palestine.

No species of Pangonia was taken, but 16 species of Tahanus were
collected, of which nearly half are new. Attention is directed to the
pursuit of a fast travelling motor car by two species. This habit does
not seem to have been previously recorded, though in Africa the
attraction for Glossina of moving vehicles or animals has been noticed
on more than one occasion. The chase is, however, confined to short
distances, so that the establishment of a motor route through a local
Tabanid area would not be likely to have much effect on distribution.

The species dealt with include Chrifsops pimctifera, Lw., which is
apparentlv the only representative of its genus in Palestine ; Haemato-
poia sewelli, sp. n., H. minuscularia, sp. n., H. minuscula, sp. n., and
H. innominata, sp. n., to which a key is given ; Tahanus decor us, Lw.,
T. alexandrinus, Wied., T. insccutor, sp. n., T. gigas, Hbst., T. mendicus,
Villen., T. lunatus, F., T. nemoralis, Mg., T. eggeri, Schin., T. autum-
nalis, L., T. regularis, Jaenn., T. rupinae, sp. n., T. arenivagus, sp. n.
T. accensus, sp. n., T. leleani, sp. n., T. pallidipes, sp. n., and T. dalei,
sp. n., a key being given to these.

Barraud (P. J.). Notes on some Culicidae collected in Lower Meso-
potamia.— Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 3, April 1920,
pp. 323-325.

The mosquitos dealt with in this paper were collected in the neigh-
bourliood of Basrah, Lower Mesopotamia, between October 1918 and
February 1919, mostly in the cultivated belt lying between the river
banks and the desert ; this area is intersected by numerous creeks and
irrigation canals and also contains many pools and swampy areas.

Anopheles stcphensi. List., appears to be the chief malaria carrier
of the district, numbers of larvae and adults being found from October
to December, the larvae occurring cliiefly in the clearer pools of the
cultivated area. A. puJcherrimus , Theo., seems to have been much
reduced in numbers by anti-malarial work, but many larvae were found
in pools near the edge of the desert in October. These sometimes
occur with A. stephensi, but generally prefer weed-growm, stagnant
and more brackish water. A. hgrcanus, Pall, (sinensis, Wied.), is
not often seen in the Basrah area, but a few were caught in the
marshes beside the river.

Culex fatigans, Wied., was abundant in pools; C. pipiens was less
frequent and was not seen before January : C. modestus. Fie,
C. tritaeniorhi/nchus, Giles, and C. tipuliformis, Theo., w^ere found in
small numbers. StegGmyia fascial a , F.. was seldom seen and no larvae
were found ; Ochlerotatus dor sails, Mg., was common, both in the
cultivated area and on the edge of the desert, adults and larvae
occurring from December to February. Theohcddia lonjiareolatay
Macq., was frequently found in the larval state in January and Feb-
ruary, chiefly in the deeper pools ; the pupa usually remains about

112

4 inches below the surface of the water, maintaining its position by a
gentle movement. T. annulata, Schr., was fairly common after 24th
February.

Mansfield-Aders (W.). Notes on the Identification of Anophelinae
and their Larvae in the Zanzibar Protectorate. — Bull. Entom.
Research, London, x, no. 3, April 1920, pp. 329-332. 1 fig.

Of the four Anoj^hehnes that have been found in the Zanzibar
Protectorate two are well-known malaria carriers. These are
Anopheles costalis, Lw., and A.fanestus, Giles, the others being,^4. 7nauri-
tianus, Grp., and A. squamosus, Theo. A brief description is given
of the adults by which each may be easily recognised. The identi-
fication of the larvae is more difficult. Those of A. costalis are generally
found in small collections of rain-water, shallow swamps surrounded
by grass and in cement tanks, especially those with a growth of algae
at the sides. Larvae of A. fanestus usually occur in backwaters of
streams and at the edge of sluggish rivers overhung by vegetation.
They are often found with A. costalis, but may be distinguished from
any other species by a pair of thick feathered hairs springing from a
chitinous pocket near the middle of the thorax. A. mauritianus is
identifiable by a conspicuous hair-tuft in the median region of the
antennae, and by two fan-shaped tufts of short black hairs above
the mouth-brushes. The larvae have a pecuHar and characteristic
habit of twisting themselves into an S-shape.

PiLLERS (A. W. N.). Glycijphagus domesticus, De Geer, an accidental
Parasite in the Ear of the domesticated Rabbit. — Vet. Jl., London,
Ixxvi, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 126-128, 4 figs.

A case is recorded of the Tyroglyphid mite, Glycyphagus domesticus,
being found in the ear of a domestic rabbit. The species in question
is a grain pest, resembling G. spinipes, but being much less common ;
neither of these mites is usually parasitic. G. domesticus is said to be
■commonly found in houses on all kinds of dried animal and vegetable
matter and has also been known to occur in rush furniture, cork and
■even tobacco ; it has occasionally been recorded upon man and
animals.

Ne VERM ANN ( — ) & WiLHELMi ( — .). Zuf Bckampfung der Kriebel-
muckenplage. [Measures against Simulium.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl.
Wochenschr., Hanover, xxviii, no. 12-13, 27th March 1920,
pp. 133-138.

This article indicates the various points concerning the Simuliidae
■on which further knowledge is required. About 400 references on the
subject were consulted. The methods that have been advocated
against these pests are mentioned. Those recommended are the
regulation of pasturing, the protection of animals with repellents, and
the removal of vegetation from small streams in March and in the
;autumn.

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CONTENTS.

Page,

Africa : Oestrid Parasites of Elephants 108

America, North : Anoplura and Mallophaga infesting Mammals 99

Argentina ; Notes on Anopheline Mosquitos 107

Brazil : Leeches as possible Vectors of Trypanosomiasis . . . . 102
British Isles : The possible Use of Azolla fihculoides as a Deterrent

to Anopheline Larvae .. .. .. .. •• •• HO

British Isles : Ohjcyphagus domestictis, an Accidental Parasite in

the Ear of the domesticated Rabbit .. •• 112

British Isles : The Male Genital Armature of Anopheline

Mosquitos 97

Canada : Mosquitos of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory 101

Europe : Notes on Species of Aides . . . . . . • • . . 102

Germany : Observations on the Biology of Stomox ys calcitrans . . 103

Germant : Measures against Outbreaks of 8imiilmm spp. .. 112

Guiana, Dutch : New Species of Mosquitos 102

Guiana, French : Measures against Malaria and other Diseases .. 109

India : The Importance of Insects in Relation to Disease . . 106

India : A Mosquito Survey of Indore City . . . . . . . . 108

Italy : A New Treatment for Mange in Horses . . . . . . 98

Mesopotamia : Flies and Dysentery . . 110

Mesopotamia: Notes on Mosquitos .. .. .. .. .. HI

Mexico : A New Mosquito . . . . 102

Morocco : The Treatment of Mange in Horses . . 109

Palestine : Notes on Tabanidae 110

Peru: A New Trypauosome in Man . . . . . . . . . . 97

Rumania : An Epidemic of Typhus . . . . . . . . . . 97

Uganda ; The Bionomics of Olossina palpalis on Lake Victoria . . 99

Uganda : Trypanosomiasis of Domestic Animals . . . . . . 104

U.S.A.: MeasuresagainstParasitesof Domestic Animals .. .. 98

U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos in California . . . . . . 104

U.S.A. : The Transmission of Anthrax by Insects . . . . . . 105

U.S.A. : The Control of Dermaoentor venustus in Montana . . 105

U.S.A. : Measures against Lice infesting Pigs . . . . . . 107

U.S.A. : Measures against Malaria and Mosquitos in California . . 107

U.S.A. : The First Stage Larva of Outerebra americana . . . . 108

West Indies : A New Mosquito from the Virgin Islands . . . . 101

Zanzibar : The Breeding Places of Anophelines 112

Studies on Lice and Recurrent Fever . . . . . . . . . . 97

The Preference of Mosquitos for the Blood of Domestic Animals . . 98

Notes on the Classification of Fleas . . . . 98

Notes on Neoculex, a subgenus of Oulex . . . . . . . . 101

Insects in Relation to Disease . . . . . . . . . , . . 102

The Biology and Control of the Clothes Louse . . . . . . 103-4

The European Species of Phlebotomus . . . . . . . . 108

The Sexes of the Gametes of Plasmodium praecox . . • . . . . 108

Registered at the GJ'.O, for Transmission to Canada and fJewfotwdland by Mtgazim Post,

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 7.-pp. 113-128. JULY, 1920.

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Museum (Natural Histor}'-).
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(Natural History).
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Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
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Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
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Cambridge.
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Agriculture.
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113

Turner (R, E.). On a new Mutillid Parasite of Glossina morsitans. —
Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 3, April 1920. pp. 327-328,
Ifig.
Mutilla auxiliaris, sp. n., which is described, was bred from puparia

of Glossina morsitans in Portuguese East Africa, and is closely related

to M. glossinae. Turn. [R.A.E., B., iii, 118].

Stanton (A. T.). The Mosquitos of Far Eastern Ports with special
reference to the Prevalence of Stegomyia fasciata, F. — Bull.
Entom. Research, London, x, no. 3, April 1920, pp. 333-344.

The danger of the introduction of yellow fever into Oriental
countries has long been discussed, more particularly since the opening
of the Panama Canal. In September 1915 an investigation was begun
regarding the prevalence of Stegomyia fasciata, the known carrier of
the disease, in Far Eastern ports. This paper includes reports of
visits made between October 1915 and March 1916 to Bangkok (Siam).
Saigon (Cochin-China), Haiphong (Tonkin), Canton (South China).
Batavia, Samarang and Soerabaia (Java), Makasser (Celebes) and
Tjilatjap (Java), with lists of the mosquitos found at each port.

Other records of the occurrence of Stegomyia spp. from different
parts of the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring countries are also
given. On many ships examined both in port and at sea, some of
them coming from heavily infested ports, S. fasciata was observed
only once, and then in a ship on a river on both banks of which the
species was breeding in large numbers. It is often stated that in the
East S. fasciata is found on land only near the sea coast ; it is therefore
noteworthy that it was found in Java 40 miles from the sea and 2,300
feet above sea-level, and is common in Kuala Lumpur, 27 miles from
the sea.

S. fasciata was found to be prevalent in the Far Eastern ports at all
seasons of the year. Even where efforts have been made to reduce
its numbers it is common ; where no such work has been undertaken,
it constitutes a plague. Conditions are therefore highly favourable
to the spread of yellow fever if it should be introduced. The old trade
routes, however, between America and the East have not been altered
since the opening of the Panama Canal, and still pass northward by
way of Honolulu, Japan and China. It was found that in ports situated
towards the northerly limit of the Eastern tropical belt, S. fasciata
occurred in relatively small numbers in the colder months, or was not
observed at all. It is thought probable that conditions in the ports
of China and Japan would prove unfavourable to the propagation of
this mosquito even in the warmer months. If so, the path for con-
veyance of yellow fever to the Orient would be cut at that point.
A survey of these ports is therefore of great importance to complete
the present observations. With the increase of sea-borne traffic it is
essential that the reduction of S. fasciata in Far Eastern ports should
be vigorously undertaken. The results in Colombo have shown what
can be done in this direction. It is suggested that trained entomolo-
gists should be engaged entirely for the study of problems connected
with mosquito reduction and for supervision of suppressive measures.
These officers should work in close co-operation with the executive
public health authorities.

(683) Wt.P 1850/ 163. 1,500. 7.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.ll. a

iU

Kirk (H.). Treatment of Mange and Lice. — Vet. Jl, London, Ixxvi
no. 4, April 1920, pp. 122-126.

The author considers that the calcium sulphide dip, which was
largely used in France for mange, is effective, but is too slow in action
to be really economical, although it is inexpensive compared with
oily dressings. Experiments that were carried out with a certain
proprietary arsenical dip are recorded and gave disappointing results.
A di-essing that the author has found very effective is made of horse
fat to which has been added sodium bicarbonate boiled in water
for two hours. It is then skimmed off and the process repeated in
fresh water. After again skimming off, 1 part of subhmed sulphur
is added to 6 parts of fat and about 2 oz. boric acid per 5 gals, is
added as a preservative. Any fat or oil that is appUed rancid or
impure, or becomes rancid while on the animal, will cause bhstering
of the skin. This dressing is apphed at blood heat with a cloth from
the tips of the ears to the coronets and then scrubbed in with a dandy
brush. On the following day the horse should be thoroughly hand-
rubbed, and on the third day should be washed and scrubbed with
hot water and soap. If one dressing does not effect a cure a second
and perhaps a third may be given, though this is seldom necessary.
The dressing should not be left on too long, nor should the animal be
exposed to the sun dm*ing the process. This dressing is also toxic to
lice and has a decided effect on the nits, more so than an arsenical dip.

Fumigation with SO., is advocated in the French Army as a reUable
method against lice, but the author has had disappointing results
with it. In his opinion the best treatments for Uce, in the order
named, are horse fat and sulphur dressing, singeing, followed by
washing with Jeyes' fluid, and sponging with a 33 per cent, solution
of glacial acetic acid. All these methods directly affect the eggs as
well as kiUing the lice, but they must be preceded by clipping.

RiCHTER ( — ), Heidenreich (— ) & Raebiger (— ). Das Auftreten

der Kriebelmueken in Anhalt und die zu ihrer Bekampfung

getroffenen Massnahmen. [The Occurrence of Sinmluds in Anhalt

and the Measures taken against them.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl.

Wochenschr., Hanover, xxviii, no. 17, 24th April 1920, pp. 189-

192.

Mortahty among live-stock due to bites of Simulium has been re-

■corded from Germany and Hungary during the past 15 years [R.A.E.,

B, iv, 126 ; v, 17]. Several cases from Anhalt in 1917 are described

here ; the pathological and anatomical changes differ in various points

from those observed previously. Contrary to what was noted in

Hanover a comparatively large number of horses succumbed. The

causal agent of death has not yet been discovered.

As swarms of Simuliids were expected to appear in April and May
1918 the desirabihty of discovering their breeding places was evident
and a committee was appointed by the Anhalt Government to do this
.and to take the necessary measures. Investigations showed that
Simulium argyreatum. (which caused the losses in 1917), S. maculatum,
S. reptans and a fourth, undetermined species were present. On one
stream it was found that a portion that was dammed was uninfested.

115

Apparently the lack of undercurrent and the smaller amount of oxygen
in the dammed water are unfavourable to the flies. Furthermore the
larvae pupate on water-plants, and if the water-level falls the adults
emerge ; if this emergence takes place in spring when animals at
pasture have not been immunised by occasional bites, then fatal cases
occur. To prevent the emergence of large swarms it is necesssary to
observe the development of the larvae and the height of the water,
and the latter must be dammed at the proper time. In the case of
small brooks or drains recourse may be had to flooding ; the larvae will
migrate to the submerged grass and a sudden fall of the water will
leave them to perish. These methods are advocated in conjunction
with preventive measures consisting in regulating the times when
animals are put out to graze. The latter measures proved very successful
in Anhalt, no deaths occurring in 1918 and 1919 in spite of large swarms
of Simulium being observed.

L6pez Neyra (C. R.) & MuNOZ Medina (J. M.). Estudio del Ciclo
evolutivo seguido por algunas Especies correspondientes al Genero

Dvpylidium, Leuckart. [Study on the Development of certain
Species of the Grenus Dipi/lidium, Leuckart."] — Bol. R. Soc. Esp.
Historia Natural, Madrid, xix, no. 9-10, November-December,
1919, pp. 494-506, 2 plates.

Experimental studies are described on various species of Dipylidiufri,
more particularly D. canmuni, L., an internal parasite of the dog and
■domestic cat, and, accidentally, of man. It is known that the
intermediary hosts and transmitters that harbour the cisticercoid
stage of D. caninum are, accidentally, the louse of the dog, Trichodedes
€anis, Retz, and preferably, the dog-flea, Ctenocephalus canis, Curtis,
and the human flea, Pulex irritans, L. It has been demonstrated
that the larval stage of the parasite develops normally in these hosts,
and owing to the small size of the lumen of the proboscis in the flea,
which would prevent the insects from ingesting the large eggs of
D. caninum, it is admitted that they must become affected in their
larval stage, when their mouth-parts are comparatively large. This
hypothesis has been proved by the failure to infect adult fleas by
feeding them upon dogs infested with eggs of D. caninum, and by the
success of infecting flea larvae under the same conditions. The eggs
in this case are easily ingested and pass to the intestines, where the
embryos remain free, and penetrating into the general cavity, become
localised for preference in the last larval segments. Here they remain
without development until the fleas become adult. Two or three
■days later, the embryo begins to develop.

Francis (E.). Filariasis in Southern United States.— Z7./S'. Pub.
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 117, June 1919,
36 pp., 10 plates. [Received 6th April 1920.]

Filariasis of man, a mosquito-borne disease, is characterised by the
presence in the blood of microscopic slender microfilariae that are
the offspring of adult female worms permanently located in some
tissue of the body. In the case of Filaria bancrofti, by far the most
widespread species infesting man, the parent worms are located in the
lymphatics and lymph glands. Disease is caused by the blocking

(686) a2

116

of lymph by the adult, or by immature ova, not by microfilariae in
the blood. The organisms multiply by sexual reproduction in the
lymphatic system only ; the embryos, escaping into the blood as
microfilariae, circulate, awaiting the opportunity of being imbibed by
a biting mosquito. The mosquito draws them into its stomach with
the blood. The microfilariae, after losing their sheaths, pierce the
stomach wall, and undergo metamorphosis in the thoracic muscles.
In about two weeks they migrate to the proboscis, in order to get
back into man when the mosquito again feeds. They then pass
by way of the lymphatics to the nearest lymph gland, where they grow
to maturity.

If filariasis is compared with malaria, it will be seen that transmission
of the former is relatively difficult. The microfilariae do not multiply
in the body of the mosquito ; very few are imbibed by it, fewer still
survive the stages in the mosquito and finally reach the proboscis.
They are not injected by the mosquito bite, but are only dropped on the
skin of man, so that the number that penetrate it and reach a lymphatic
gland is smaller still. Even then, unless a male and a female find
lodgement in the same lymph gland, reproduction cannot take place.
Besides this a mosquito will probably become infected only if it bites
during the few hours of the night when the microfilariae are active
in the blood, and the bite of the infected mosquito can only cause
infection after two weeks and when the organism is actually in its
proboscis. Consequently filariasis cannot spread except in a locality
where there is mass blood infection and mass mosquito biting. In
the United States these conditions only occur in Charlestown.

In Charlestown over 90 per cent, of the mosquitos are Culex fatigans
and dissections have shown them to be active carriers of Filaria
bancrofti. Another 9 per cent, are Stegomyia fasciata {Aedes calopus),
none of which carried the infection.

As no drug is known that will eradicate microfilariae from the blood
stream, the disease must be attacked through the mosquito. A
municipal, piped water supply, coupled with an ordinance requiring
the destruction of all collections of water in which mosquitos might
breed, would rid a community of filariasis by reducing the numbers of
Culex fatigans to a negligible degree.

In part iv of this paper is described the anatomy of the mosquito
proboscis in relation to filaria transmission, showing how on the
inward course the parasites pass with the blood through the proboscis
itself, while on the outward journey they travel by way of the proboscis
sheath and fall on to the intact skin clear of the wound the proboscis
has made.

Malariabekampfung, Anophelenkarte fur Deutschosterreich. [Anti-
Malaria Work, Anopheline Chart for German Austria.] — Mitt^
Volksgesundheitsanites, Vienna, no. 1, 11th April 1919, pp. 1-2.
[Received 12th April 1920.]

A decree, dated 25th March 1919. of the National Health Depart-
ment of the Ministry for Social Administration refers to a previous
decree (13th January 1919) providing for the preparation of an
Anopheline Chart for German Austria and orders the local sanitary
authorities to enlist the help of zoologists in compiling this.

117

Stempell (W.). Notiz uber die Parasiten der Fleckfieberlause.

[A Note on the Parasites of Lice causing Recurrent Fever.] —
Mitt. Zool. Inst, der Westfdlischen Wilhelms-Universitdt, Munster
i. W., no. 1, 20th November 1918, p. 6. [Received Tith April
1920.]

With reference to his record of a new parasite, Strieker ia jiirgensi,
gen. et sp. n. [R.A.E., B, v, p. Ill] of the clothes louse [Pediculus
humanus], the author points out that Kuczynski has infected lice with
Bacterium proteus Xi9 [R.A.E., B, vii, 68] and obtained forms very
similar to Strickeria, though this resemblance escaped his attention.

Koch (A.). Zur Atmungs-Physiologie der Larven von Cidex pipiens,
L. [The Physiology of Respiration of the Larvae of C. pipiens.] —
Mitt. Zool. Inst, der Westfalischen Wilhelms-Universitdt, Munster
i. W., no. 1, 20th November 1918, pp. 6-8. [Received 12th April
1920.]

This article repeats the information published bv the author else-
where. [R.A.E., B, vii, 49.]

(loFFERjE (M.) Die Wirkung verschiedener Salze auf Larven von

Culex pipiens, L. [The etfect of various Salts on the Larvae of
C. pipiens.^-— Mitt. Zool. Inst, der Westfdlischen Wilhelms-Uni-
versitdt, Munster i. W., no. 1, 20th November 1918, pp. 9-11.
[Received 12th April 1920.]

After it had been found that in larvae of Culex pipiens the method
of elimination of carbonic acid (through the surface of the body or
through the tracheal system) is not influenced by the gas content of the
water, investigation was directed to ascertam the mechanism of the
gas interchange and the influence on the working of the tracheae of
the variation of the salt content in the medium. Before mideitaking
submersion expe inients with solutions containing salts it was however
necessary to make comprehensive tests on the life and development of
the larvae in solutions containing various salts at different strengths.

The breeding media to which the larvae were transferred were
normal solutions of the chlorides, nitrates and sulphates of sodium,
potassium, calcium and magnesium. The average length of life of the
larvae was taken as a basis, and observations relating to moulting,
pupation and the emergence of adults were taken into account. It
was thus possible to divide the solutions into " fatal " (causing death
within 24. hours), " development checking " and '" non-active." In
the following list solutions of normal strength are taken as a basis and
the dilutions mentioned are dilutions of the normal solutions. The
first group includes all the solutions at half strength and the quarter
strength solutions of the nitrates and of the chlorides of potassium and
magnesium. Except in the case of potassium nitrate all the salts at a
strength of /^ or ^^ were non-active ; common salt (sodium chloride)
was inactive at /g strength. Development was checked by the chlorides
and sulphates of sodium and potassium. In sodium chloride solutions

118

of ^2 and g?_ strength a larva was observed to live 70 days ; in a ^^
solution of potassium chloride a period of 57 days was observed ; in
a ^j solution of sodium sulphate, 37 days ; and in a gV solution of
potassium sulphate, 38 days on an average.

Within certain limits the effect of the salts varies according to the
stages of the larvae, decreasing in the mature ones. The nitrates of
sodium and potassium, which are the most injurious, exercise a stronger
action on the two middle stages than on the last one. Magnesium
salts do not appear to follow any rule. The other salts, if in strong
solutions, act like the above nitrates ; in weak solutions their injurious
effect decreases and the smaller larvae are then better able to adapt
themselves than the larger ones.

If the larvae were kept in a mixture of such solutions as had yielded
about the same average length of life, there never occurred a reduction
of the length of hfe, but — on the contrary — a marked increase was
observed in some cases, such as given by a mixture of equal parts of
sodium chloride \ solution and potassium chloride ^V- The develop-
ment of the pupae and adults was not favoured to the same degree.
In the presence of the salts used Chironomid larvae can stand a 4-5
times increase of the salt content.

If larvae " prepared " in a given salt solution are submerged in
another, stronger solution of the same salt, they may be able to adapt
themselves, provided the solution is not one of the " fatal " group.

The chief result of these experiments is that submersion (or even
" preparation ") in a solution from the " fatal " group causes an
accumulation of carbonic acid in the main tracheae, with, perhaps,
the production of gas bubbles through the stigmata.

These results seem to lead to the following conception of the
mechanism of gas interchange in Culicid larvae : — Undei normal
conditions the tracheae obtain sufficient oxygen through the stigmata
and the surface of the body eliminates most of the carbonic acid
resulting from the changes in the cell-tissues. But it may be assumed
that — even normally — there exists a capacity (if only a limited one) to
absorb oxygen throtigh the skin and eliminate carbonic acid through the
tracheae. This reversed process may attain great importance under
abnormal conditions, such as cases in Avhich the physiological equili-
brium of the organism is affected by acute disturbances or by those
due to development.

The collection of CO^ in the tracheae and the discharge of gas bubbles
through the stigmata can therefore scarcely be looked upon as a
sign of general degeneration of the larva ; it is not a pathological
character but a response to certain conditions.

Koch (A.). Zur Physiologie des Tracheensystems der Larven von

Mochlonyx (Lw.). — Mitt. Zool. Inst, der Westfdlischen Wilhelms-

Universitdt, Munstcr i. W., no. 1, 20th November 1918, pp. 11-13.

[Received 12th April 1920.]

The results obtained with Culex larvae [see preceding paper] have

led to experiments with other mosquitos and it was found that the

larvae of Mochlonyx possess to even a greater degree than those of

Culex the ability to absorb oxygen through the surface of the body and

to eliminate carbonic acid through the tracheal system. This is easily

explained by the biology of these species.

119

Shiraki (T.). Blood-Sucking Insects of Formosa. Part. 1. Taba-
nidae (with Japanese Species). — Agric. Expt. Sta., Taihoku,
1918, 442 pp.. 11 plates. [Received 15th April 1920.]

Most of the blood-sucking insects found in Formosa belong to the
same families as those found in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions ^
but some of them, such as the new Tabanid genus Isshikia may be
peculiar to the Island. In this work the Tabanids only are dealt with.

These flies, owing to their large size, are the most formidable in
appearance of the blood-sucking insects of the Islands. They may be
met with throughout the summer in fields, open spaces and sometimes
in the open rooms of Japanese houses. Practically nothing is known
of their life-histories in Formosa, but as in other countries, they are
preyed upon by Asilids. A female of Microstylutn oberthuri, Wulp, for
example, has been observed in Formosa feeding upon Chri/sops sinensis,
and similar species prey upon other species of Chrysops and Atylotus,
but the males only are attacked and there is no record of the females
being devoured by Asilid flies. There are, as yet, no Hymenopterous
parasites of the eggs of Tabanids known in the Islands.

A list of 60 species of Tabanids known to Formosa is given, with
descriptions of each. New species recorded are Corizoneura yezoensis
Chrysops basalis, Haeniatopota sakhaliiiensis , H. formosana, Tabanus
kotoshoensis, T. arisnnus, T. sapporoensis, T. iyoensis, T . fulvimedioides
T. okinawanus, T. sapporoemis and T. takasagoensis. T. coquilletti,
n. n., is proposed for T. tenebrosus, Coq. (nee Walker).

A new genus, Isshikia, is erected for Dichelacera japonica, Big.
A key to the Japanese genera is given.

Hase (A.). Ein Beitrag zur Fiiegenplage. [A Note on the Fly
Plague. J — Zeifschr. f. angew. Erttom., Berlin, iii, no. 1, 1916,
pp. 117-123, 1 fig. [Received 19th April 1920.]

During the campaign on the eastern front from June to August 1915
the following species were found to be abundant : Musca domestica, L.,
Fannia {Honialomyia) canicularis, L., {H.) scalaris, F., Sarcophacja
carnaria, L., Calliphora erythrocephala, Meig., C vomitoria, L., Muscina
stctbidans. Fall., Lucilia caesar, L., and Eristalis.

The flies were most abundant in the small villages of Poland where
only the most primitive sanitary conditions exist. In many cases the
stables form part of the dwelling house, and owing to the lack of drainage
all refuse including animal and human excreta is thrown into the open
field. All liquid refuse was usually poured into the gutter, which emptied
itself into a shallow basin at the end of the village, thus forming an evil
smelling stagnant pool. Under these conditions the usual remedial
measures such as fly-traps, etc., were practically useless, as the only
possible means of reducing the pest would be the destruction of the
enormous breeding area. Where possible large trenches were dug
and the refuse welT covered with soil, but as the extent of this work
was very limited, very little benefit was thereby obtained. The
necessity for the organisation of systematic control measures including
thorough sanitation of the villages in the district under consideration
is emphasised. Temporary relief was obtained by the use of mosquito
nets and traps consisting of shallow saucers containing beer and arsenic.

120

Haecker (V.). Zur Fliegenplage in Wohnungen und Lazaretten.
[The Fly Pest in Dwellings and Hospitals.] — Zeitschr. f. angeiv.
Entom., Berlin, iii, no. 2, 1916, pp. 207-209. [Received 19th
April 1920.]

Observations made by the author show that flies may be kept out
of dwellings and hospitals even when conditions are such that all
breeding places outside the buildings cannot be entirely destroyed.
The habit of flies in general of congregating on sunny walls of dwellings
is taken into consideration and by shutting all windows just before
the sun reached them and keeping them shut until they were again
in the shade the author was able to exclude these pests entirely from
the interior of his house and the same method has since proved
successful under hospital conditions.

EscHERiCH (K.). Blausaure als Entlausungsmittel. [Hydrocyanic

Acid as a remedial Measure against Lice.] — Zeitschr. f. angew.

Entom., Berlin, iii. no. 3, 1916, pp. 426-428, 1 fig. [Received

19th April 1920.]

The advantages of hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation over other

insecticides for the destruction of lice and other insect pests are

emphasised, and the method of utilisation is described.

Martini (E.). Zur Kenntnis des Verhaltens der Lause gegenuber

Warme. [A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Behaviour

of Lice with Reference to Heat.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom..

Berlin, iv, no. 1, 1918, pp. 34-70, 10 figs. [Received 19th April

1920.]

In extensive experiments here described, it was found that if Uce

were placed on an unequally warmed surface the individuals wandered

about aimlessly until accidently a point of suitable temperature was

reached. Radiant heat has a distinct attraction for these insects

and they will follow the rays. Between 27-30° C. (80-85°F.) is

apparently the temperature preferred by them, as they migrate from

a cooler or warmer environment towards this centre.

Hase (A.), ijber die Bekampfung der Bettwanzen {Cimex lectularius,
L.) mittel Cyanwasserstoff (Blausaure). [Control of Bed-bugs
by means of Hvdrocyanic Acid]. — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom.,
Berlin, iv, no. 2, '^1918, pp. 297-309, 4 figs. [Received 19th April
1920.]
Successful experiments with hydrocyanic acid fumigation against

Cimsx lectularius, L., in inhabited houses are described in detail.

Bresslau (E.) & Glaser (F.). Die Sommerbekampfung der Stech-
mticken. [Summer Control of Mosquitos.] — Zeitschr. f. angew.
Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 2, 1918, pp. 290-296, 2 figs.

. Die Winterbekampfung der Stechmucken. [Winter Control

of Mosquitos].— Z6w/, pp. 327-331. [Received 19th April 1920.]
Mosquito control is divided for convenience into measures for
summer and winter. The summer measures, which aim at the des-
truction of mosquito larvae, includes the removal of useless collections

121

of water that may prove suitable breeding places, the destruction of
existing breeding places and measures to prevent oviposition in waters
that cannot be removed.

The work carried out on these lines during the campaign in Alsace
is described. Owing to the abundance of Anopheles rnaculipennis
and A. bifurcatus in certain districts it was found necessary to include
destruction of the adults in the summer. This was effected by
spraying with " Floria-Insektizid," a substance that had proved most
effective in the winter control. During July a 10 per cent, solution
was used, but in the previous and following months 5 per cent, should
prove sufficient.

In the second paper spraying is compared with the use of hydrocyanic
acid gas. Although the latter has proved most valuable in dealing with
many other pests, the author emphasises the advantages of spraying
in dealing with mosquitos. During the wititer a 3 per cent, solution
only is required to kill the adults. "All methods to be effective should
be systematically organised and carried out by the whole community.

Teighmann (E.). Die Bekampfung der Fliegenplage. [The Control
of the Flv Pest.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 3,
1918, pp. 347-365.

Experiments made with M'lsca domeslica, Fannia (Homalomyia)
canicularis and Stotnoxys calcitrans show that these flies can be des-
troved by exposure for 30 minutes to 1 volume per thousand of
hydrocyanic acid gas (1-2096 grm. HCN per cu. metre) or for 15
minutes to 2-J- volumes per thousand (=3-024 gnns. HCN per cu. metre).
The early stages may be destroyed by the application of a solution
of sodium cyanide ait the strength of O'l per cent, for the eggs and
0-25 per cent, for the larvae and pupae.

Prell (H.). Das Entstehen von Schnakenplagen. [The Origin of
Mosquito Plagues.] — Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1,
1919, pp. 61-66. [Received 19th April 1920.]

As the occurrence has been observed of large numbers of certain
mosquitos such as Culex pipiens and C. hortensis {territans) without
man being attacked by them, it is suggested in explanation that a
change has taken place in their habits, though this theory requires
further proof.

Teich^iann (E.). Blausaure-Verfahren und Winterbekampfung der
Stechmucken. [Hydrocyanic Acid Methods and Winter Control
of Mosquitos.] — Zeitschr . f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919,
118-125. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The value of hydrocyanic acid gas in controlling mosquitos [R.A.E.,
B, vi, 57; vii, 126] has been confirmed by further experiments carried
out in cellars of inhabited houses. Details of the work are given.

122

Speckkaferlarven [Dermestes lardarius^ L.) als Schadiger im GeflugelstalL

[Dermestes lardarius, L., as a Pest of Poultry-houses.] — Zeitschr.
f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919, pp. 130-132. [Received
19th April 1920.]

Dermestes lardarius, L., is recorded as occurring in poultry houses
where much damage is caused by the larvae attacking newly emerged
ducklings and chickens. In the case under observation the beetles
were found breeding in a pigeon loft that was immediately above the
poultry house. The infestation was noticed in 1918 and in June of
that year the premises were well cleaned with dilute lysol and soda ;
when inspected in November 1918 no fresh infestation was noticed.

Netolitzky ((F.). Eine neue Gruppe blasenziehender Kafer aus
Mitteleuropa {Paederus, Staphylinidae). [A new Group of
Blister-raising Beetles from Central Europe.] — Zeitschr. f. angew.
Entom., Berlin, v. no. 2, 1919, pp. 252-257, 2 figs. [Received
19th April 1920.] '

The Staphyhnid beetles, Paederus ruficollis, F., P. gemellus,.
Kraatz, P. riparius, L., P. fuscipes. Curt., P. limnophilus, Er., and
P. litoralis, Grav., are recorded as being capable of producing skin
irritation in man [R.A E., B, iv, 15, 51, 167.] It is also noted that
another Staphylinid, Oxytelus tetracarinatus. Block, frequently occurs
as a foreign body in the eye, causing great discomfort.

Hase (A.). Uber ein Massenauftreten der Schmeissfliege, Calliphora
vomitoria, L. Ein Beitrag zur Fliegenplage. [The Abundance of
Callifhora vomitoria, L. ; a Contribution on the Fly Plague.]—
Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, pp. 258-260,
1 fig. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Among 2,793 flies caught in a small room that had been used for
storing potatoes, 2,177 proved to be Calliphora vomitoria, L. At
the time of this observation the room in question had been cleaned
out and shut up for about 6 weeks. As this large number of flies
must have been the descendants of a few hibernating individuals or
of adults that subsequently emerged from pupae accidentally carried
in with the potatoes, the necessity lor the application of early remedial
measures is emphasised.

WiLHELMi (J.). Zur Biologie der kleinen Stubenfliege, Fannia-
canicularis, L. [Biology of Fannia canicularis, L.] — Zeitschr. f.
angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, pp. 261-266. [Received
19th April 1920.]

The eggs of Fannia canicularis, L., are laid from the beginning
of the warm season until the autumn, preferably on decaying parts
of plants. They hatch in about one to two days. Adults may be
found in human habitations as well as stables, etc., but this fly never
becomes a nuisance like Musca domestica, L., although it may prove
a passive carrier of disease. Owing to its habit of -circling round
some dependent object near the ceiling it may be easily caught by
. means of suspended gummed strips. It is apparently less attracted
to food than M. domestica.

123

Lakon (G.). Bemerkungen uber die Uberwinterung von EmpusOr

muscae. [Remarks on the Hibernation of Empusa musme.y-

Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, pp. 286-290.

[Received 19th April 1920.]

The possible ways in which Empusa musaie may pass the winter

are discussed and "the opinions of earlier authors are quoted. The

present author suggests Pollenia rudis, ¥., as one of many hosts which

might harbour the spores of this fungus during the winter, but he

does not exclude the possibility of hibernating spores, although their

presence has not been ascertained except in one isolated case.

Andres (— ). Mutmasslicher Parasit von Cahndra oryzae, L. [A

supposed Parasite of Cakmdm oryzae, L.]— Zeitschr. f. angew.

Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, p. 315. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The occurrence of an irritating skin eruption among millhands that

came in contact with grain imported from Rumania to Germany

is recorded. It was thought to be due to Cahndra oryzae, as the grain

was heavily infested with this weevil, but the author is of opmion

it was caused by the mite, Pedicuhides ventricosus, which has already

been recorded as noxious to man [R.A.E., B, vii, 161], and is piobably

also a parasite of C. oryzae, L.

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SwELLENGREBEL-DE-GrAAF (J. M. H.).

Observations on the Larvae-destroying Action of small Fish in the
Malay Archipelago.— J/. Trop. Med. (& Hyg., London, xxhi,
no. 7, 1st April 1920, pp. 77-79.

In the Malay Archipelago there occur several species of fish that
as adults or young forms may be induced to eat Anopheline larvae.

The larvae observed on various occasions in the course of this
investigation were those of Anopheles subpictus {rossi), A. hyrcanus
(sinensis), A. barbirostris, A. ludlowi, A. vagus, A. aconitus, A.fuligino-
sus.

Haplochilus panchax and, to a lesser degree, Ophiocephales stnatus
and Dangila cuvieri are good larva destroyers when kept together with
the larvae in vessels free from vegetation. The influence of vegetation
can be reduced by washing the plants so as to diminish the amount
of adhering organisms. The protection afforded to larvae by plants
is not therefore a mechanical one but due to their providing the fishes
with other food.

The close relation between aquatic vegetation, larvae and fish is due
to the fact that both the latter derive their food from the former.
Destruction of the vegetation deprives the larvae of their food.

Regarding H. panchax the above conclusions only hold for salt or
brackish water. In rice-fields its larva-destroying qualities were
quite apparent in the absence of vegetation, at least as regards
Anopheles ludloivi.

It may therefore be stated that in salt-water much good should
not be expected from these fish ; in fresh-water, especially rice-fields,
their, usefuhiess increases and may be taken advantage of in connection
with other measures, viz. : timely cutting of the rice (before the
stalks go down) and draining off the irrigation water as soon as it
is no longer necessary.

124

Pettit (R. H.). Roach Control.- J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xiii, no. 2, April 1920, p. 260.

A bait that has been found efiective against Periplaneta americanay
a large cockroach that has been established for several years in the
buildings of the Michigan Agricultural College, consists of a thin gruel
of cotton-seed meal sweetened with a little molasses and cooked ;
to this when cool, is added a cake of veast, and, when fermentation
has started, a little dry powdered lead arsenate is stirred in. The
bait must be kept moist to be efTecti^e.

Balfour (A.). War against Tropical Disease.- London, Wellcome
Bureau of Scientific Research & Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, 1920,
220 pp., 180 figs., 2 graphs in wallet. Price 12s. 6d. net.

The papers in this book have been termed seven sanitary sermons
addressed to all interested in Tropical Hygiene. All have previously
appeared except that on " The Palm from a Sanitary Standpoint."
Those on " Tropical Problems of the New World " and " The
Medical Entomology of Salonica " have already been noticed [R.A.E.,
B, iii, 69 ; iv, 179]. The contents of " Preventive Inoculation
against Typhoid and Choleia " and " Sanitary and Insanitary
Makeshifts in the Eastern War Area " are indicated by their titles
" Seme aspects of Tropical Sanitation " and " The Problem of
Hygiene in Egypt " deal with the prevention of diseases which are
communicated by bad sanitation, the majority being insect-bonie or
helminthic The difficulties of climate, environment and population
are considered, and the faults cf the present system, with a Central
Administration somewhat out of touch with the Public Health Depart-
ment are indicated. A solution of the latter problem under a Ministry
of Health as recommended by the recent Commission is outlined.

The book as a whole is intended to emphasise the importance
of Tropical Hygiene and to bring home its lessons both to medical
and lay readers. It is a very interesting introduction to the subject
rather than a text-book, but, even so, its value would have been
increased by an index.

James (Lt.-Col. S. P.). Malaria at Home and Abroad.- London,
John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd., 1920, 234 pp., 104 figs.,
Price 25/- net.

This book gives a more extended account of the subjects dealt with
in an article published by the Local Government Board [R.A.E.,
B, vi, 236]. It is intended as a guide to medical men and administra-
tors who may have to deal with malaria at home or abroad during
peace or war. The malaria parasite is described, together with its
stages in man and in the mosquito. An account is given of mosquitos,
their life-history and their control. The system of making a malaria
survey is described, while the clinical aspect of the disease and the
S}mptoms, diagnosis and treatment of it and of its complications
are dealt with in detail, as well as the methods of malaria prevention
and eradication.

125

James (Lt.-Col. S. P.). Risks of Spread of Malaria in Relation to
Demobilisation. — Repts. Local Govt. Bd. on Public Health and Med.
Subjects, London, New Ser., no. 123, 1919, pp. 25-28.

The potential risk of spreading malaria by the introduction of
malaria carriers into rural areas of England is discussed, with special
reference to demobilisation. As a result of observations made it is
considered that the degree to which there is close and continuous
association between the malaria carrier, the Anopheline and the sus-
ceptible person is the factor that determines whether new cases will
occur in a potentially malarious locality or not.

The requisite degree of close and continuous association is only
likely to occur in the particular type of dweUing that A. maculipennis
selects as its permanent resting and feeding place, such as the ill-
liffhted ill-ventilated malarious houses at Queenborough.

Grove (A. J.). Some Observations on the Prevalence and Habits
of Anopheline Mosquitos in England. — Repts. Local Govt. Bd.,
on Public Health cO Med. Subjects, London, New Ser., no. 123, 1919,
pp. 29-39, 1 fig.

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been noticed
previously [R.A.E., B, vii, 110].

Carter (H. R.). Malaria in England in 1917 and 1918,— U.S. Public
Health Repts., Washington. B.C., xxxiv, no. 46, 14th November
1919, pp. 2605-2608. [Received 22nd April 1920.]

This paper is an analysis of the reports and papers issued by the
Local Government Board dealing with the position as regards malaria
in England owing to the importation of a large number of men infected
with the disease in 1916, 1917 and 1918.

In the past, malaria used to be ])revalent in many parts of England,
especially the Fens and Kent; but the country was almost free from
it in 1914. Of the three British Anophelines, Anopheles maculipennis,
which corresponds to the American A. quadrimaculatus , is an efficient
carrier of malaria. The form of malaria that existed in England in 1914
was so mild and so infrequent as to be unnoticed (the introduced form
is much more severe), and it may be taken as a rule that if the biological
conditions of the insect host are such that malaria, once prevalent,
spontaneously disappears, any outbreak of malaria, caused by the
introduction of carriers, will be temporary only. For example, though
in 1917 over 10,000 infected men were imported, there were only 231
cases of malaria contracted in England. The author considers that
the measures of control in that year may be almost disregarded. If
these conditions of conveyance continue, the malaria introduced in
1917 will be of no sanitary importance within a year or two. The
actual rapidity of the spontaneous decrease will probably depend mainly
on the temperatures of the summers for the next few years — whether
they are warm enough to allow of sufficient production of Anophehnes
and of sufficient development of the parasite in the mosquito to
continue a fair percentage of the infection.

126

Hughes (T. A.). Identification of Three Strains of Trypanosomas
from Cases of Sleeping Sickness contracted in Portuguese East
Africa with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. — Indian Jl. Med. Research,
Calcutta, viii. no. 2, October 1919, pp. 464-474, 1 plate. [Received
29th April 1920.]

The cases from which the strains of trypanosomes here studied were
obtained, contracted the disease in the north of Portuguese East
Africa, a district infested with Glossina morsitans, the transmitter of
Trypanosoma rhodesiense. G. palpalis, the carrier of T. gambiense, is
believed not to occur in this part of Africa. The course of experiments
in the inoculation of various animals (rats, monkeys, rabbits, sheep,
a goat, a horse, and a baboon) are described. These experiments were
made to confirm the diagnosis of the cases. T. rhodesiense has a
peculiar typical posterior nuclear form and otherwise differs from
T. gambiense in being more virulent, atoxyl-resistant, producing
oedema of the face and keratitis in sheep and goats and in being
susceptible to the action of human and baboon sera.

On the whole, from the course of the experiments, and of the disease
in the human cases and the fact that they came from an area infested
with G. morsitans, the strains were classified as T. rhodesiense. They
were atoxyl-resistant and the disease was severe. There were few
posterior nuclear forms in the sub-inoculated animals, showing that
certain strains of this parasite may produce these forms in very small
numbers and only in intense infections. The experiments on sheep
tended to show that the pathogenicity for certain animals may vary
in different strains.

Rivera (A.). Necesidad de Extirpar la Garrapata. [The Necessity
of Exterminating the Tick.]. — Repnh. Donmiicana, Direc. Agric,
[sine loco], Vulg. Agric, Leaflet no. 2, [n.d.], 4 pp., 2 plans.
[Received 29th April 1920.]

The prosperity of the cattle industry in the Dominican Republic
is heavily handicapped by the prevalence of bovine piroplasmosis,
due to the micro-organism Piroplasma bigeminum, of which the vector
is the cattle-tick, Boophilus (Margaropus) annulatus. The life-history
of this tick is described and illustrated by a chart. The method
advocated for extermination of this pest is the arsenical dip used in
the United States [R.A.E., B, iii, 35 ; i, vi, 143].

Fillers (A. W. U.). On the Occurrence of Tyroglyphus longior,
Gervais, in Skin Scrapings of Horses. — Yet. Record, London,
xxxii, no. 1657, 10th April 1920, p. 475, 1 plate.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of Tyroglyphus longior, Gervais,
in the skin scrapings of horses. This mite is more frequently found in
sarcoptic positive scrapings than in psoroptic positive scrapings, but
it is most often found alone. The hypopial nymphs are fairly com-
monly met with on the horses skin.

127

Hardy (G. H.). Australian Rhyphidae and Leptidae (Diptera). —
Papers & Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania for the Year 1919, Hobart,
pp. 117-129, 1 plate.
This paper contains a key to the genus Spaniopsis, the females of

which have blood-sucking habits. The species dealt with include ;

S. tabaniformis, White, from Tasmania and S. vexans, Ferg., S. clelandi,

Ferg., S. marginipennis, Ferg., and S. longicornis, Ferg., from New

South Wales.

EiLEY (W. A.). How to fight the Dangerous House Fly. — Uriiv.
Mimiesota, Agric. Ext. Div.. St. Paul, Special Bull. no. 48, March
1920, 8 pp., 7'figs.

This bulletin is designed to emphasise the importance of measures
against the house-fly [Musca domestical The life-history of the
insect is described and preventive measures considered, chiefly from
the point of view of individual action, though community action,
which alone can hope to eliminate the nuisance, is touched upon.
Individual effort can secure considerable protection ; cleanliness and
sanitation are of first importance, and screens for doors and windows,
particularly those of kitchens and similar places, are recommended.
Various traps are described, the main principle of them all being a
cone entrance with a small opening at the top. One of the best baits
is bread and milk. Tainted meat is not particularly attractive, while
it brings blow-flies from far and wide to become an additional
nuisance. Fly-papers are useful at times, though the poisonous ones
are dangerous. A teaspoonful of formalin in a pint of water or diluted
milk is an effective poison, while castor oil, with or without the addition
of a drop of croton oil, has also been recommended. Fly " swatting "
unless done with discretion may produce results more insanitary than
the flies themselves. Fumigation with powdered sulphur (2 lb. to
1,000 cu. ft. space) is sometimes desirable. As measures against
the larvae, manure should be spread thinly over the fields in preference
to being in heaps. Otherwise it should be kept in properly constructed,
shaded bins. Chemical treatment is too expensive for general use,
but the use of hellebore and borax is mentioned. The maggot trap
[R.A.E., B, iii, 134] is described at length.

Gabert (A.). Gale des Pattes. — Vie Agric. et Riir., Paris, xvi, no. 18,
1st May 1920, p. 317, 1 fig.

Mange of the legs in fowls is caused by an Acarid, Sarcoptes mntans.
In cases of slight infestation the legs should be soaped with a soft brush
and after drying they should be coated with paraffin. If the disease
is of long standing a hard brush should be used and the legs painted
with an ointment consisting of 4 oz. of flowers of sulphur, 6 oz. of lard
and 1 oz. of benzene. This paste should be applied 2 or 3 times at
intervals of 3 to 4 days. The soil and perches, etc., should also be
disinfected.

Symbiotic mange may be treated by the application of a lukewarm
solution consisting of 10 drops of nicotine to If pints of water.

The lice, Menopon biseriatum, M. pallidum, Lipeurus heterographus
and Goniocotes gigas {abdominalis), on fowls may be controlled by
dusting the plumage with a 10 per cent, naphthaline powder. As

128

much as 60 per cent, to 100 per cent, may be used for dusting, but this
strength would prove fatal to the birds if rubbed into the skin. The
best time for application is at night.

Les Poissons d'Ornement et Mangeurs de Moustiques dans les Aquariums
et les Pieces d'Eau. — Rev. Hortic. de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxiv,
no. 1-2, January-February 1920, pp. 32-34. [Received 5th May
1920.]

Ornamental fish that destroy mosquito larvae and are suitable for
keeping in aquaria and other water in Algeria include Cyprinodon
iherus,Chromis sip-p., Hemichromis sip^)., and especially Macropodus spp.
Macropodus paradisi breeds rapidly in captivity. The adults should
be fed on finely chopped meat and the small fry on infusoria that grow
from lettuce tied up in mushn and floated in the water. In small tanks
steps must be taken to prevent the fish jumping out of the water, and
in winter some should be kept indoors to re-stock if those outside are
killed by the cold.

Laurie (D. F.). New Regulations for Controlling Poultry Ticks and
Lice, also Diseases. — Jl. Dept. Agric, S. Australia , Adelaide, xxxiii.
no. 8, March 1920, pp. 697, 698.

Attention is drawn to regulations (under the Stock Diseases Act,
1888), which are to be enforced at once, authorising inspectors to
direct owners to take such measures as will be necessary to eradicate
an infestation of tick or lice in poultry, and forbidding the removal of
infested poultry without permission. The annual value of the poultry
industry in S. Australia is nearly a miUion sterling and 90 per cent, of
the ailments are traceable to poultry ticks [Argas persiciis]. To check
their spread all surplus woodwork in poultry-houses should be avoided.
If possible, it is a good plan to burn all infested premises. Where this
is not practicable, all woodwork should be dressed with kerosene, and
cracks well flooded. All old crates used for poultry should be burned
or saturated with kerosene.

(M. R.). Les Moustiques et les Canards. — Jl. d' Agric. Pratique, Paris,
xxxiii, no. 20, 13th May 1920, p. 30 1.

An experiment is recoided in which two basins of equal size were
made in a mosquito-infested stream, one being stocked with fish and
the other with ducks. That containing fish continued to show mos-
quitos in all stages, but after two days that containing ducks was freed
from mosquito Larvae and pupae. This confirms previous observations
of the usefulness of ducks in mosquito suppression.

On the Trail of the Yellow-Fever Germ, — Separate from The American
Review of Reviews, [sine loco], April 1920, 8 pp., 5 figs.

This is a popular account of the history of the discoveries relating
to yellow fever, leading up to the work of the Rockefeller Institute in
1919. It is claimed that Dr. Noguchi has found the germ of this
disease and successfully cultivated it from the blood of men and guinea-
pigs. It is closely related to that of infectious jaundice and has been
named Leptospira icteroides. The work is still being continued.

1^

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) Is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Dkector, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7. or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa, Portuguese East : A new Mutillid Parasite of Glossina

morsitans
Africa, Portuguese East : Sleeping Sickness due to Trypanosoma

rhodesiense . .
Algeria : The Breeding of Mosquito- destroying Fish
Ajlsace : Measures against Mosquitos
Australia : Notes on Flies of the Genus Spaniopsis
Australia : Measures against Poultry Ticks
Austria : A Proposal for making an Anopheline Chart
British Isles : The Treatment of Mange and Lice on Horses
British Isles : Mosquitos and Malaria
British Isles : The Incidence of Malaria in 1917 and 1918
British Isles : The Occurrence of Tyroglyphus longior in Skin

Scrapings from Horses
Europe, Central : Staphylinid Beetles causing Dermatitis in Man
Far East : The Distribution of Mosquitos with special Reference

to Stegomyia fasciata
Formosa : Notes on Tabanidae
France : Measures against Parasites of Poultry

The Value of Ducks in destroying Mosquito Larvae
Measures against Outbreaks of Simulium

Studies on the Respiration of Mosquitos

France :

Germant !

Germany ;

Germany ;

Germany ;

Germany j

Germany :

Germany :

Germany :

Germany ;

Germany :

Germany :

Germany :

Germany :

Maiaya :
Fish ,

Poland : The Problem of dealing with House-Flies

St. Domingo : Measures against Cattle Ticks

Spain : Notes on the Insect Hosts of Dipylidium

U.S.A. : Notes on Filariasis in Man . .

U.S.A. : A Bait for Cockroaches

U.S.A. : Measures against House-Flies

Notes on Parasites found in Pediculus liumanus

The Behaviour of Lice with Reference to Heat

War against Tropical Disease (Review)

Malaria at Home and Abroad (Review)

The Causative Organism of YeUow Fever

Page.
113

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128
120
127
128
116
114
125
125

126
122

113
119
127
128
114

117, 118

Methods of excluding Flies from Houses and Hospitals
Hydrocyanic Acid as a remedial Measure against Lice
Control of Bed-Bugs by means of Hydrocyanic Acid . .
The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid against Flies
The Biting Habits of Gulex spp. . .
The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid against Mosquitos
Dermestes lardarius infesting Poultry Houses . .
Notes on Calliphora vomitoria infesting a Potato Store
Notes on the Biology of Fannia canicularis
The Overwintering of Empusa muscae
Pediculaides ventricosus attacking Man.
Observations on the Larva-destroying Action of small

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120
120
121
121
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122
122
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123

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119
126
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115
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\f

Registered at the 6.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 8.-pp. 129-144. AUGUST, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY,

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPBRLA.L
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,

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Price 8d. net.

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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

l^onorarp Commiuee or n?anadenient«

VISCOUNT EAECOVRT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.E.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bx\GSHAWE, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G.. F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.' ., Chairman of the

Governina; Body of the Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry' of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office. ^

Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cam ridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Siockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of

Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ea officio member of the Committee.

©enctal Secreiar^.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

HXcectoi anD EDitor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

Bs3l0tant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neavb.

Bead O^ce.— -British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Puhlication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

]29 1'^

Radcliffe (L.). Fishes destructive to the Eggs and Larvae of

Mosquitoes. — Dept. Conwiercc, Bur. Fish., WasJiington, B.C.,

Economic Circular no.l7, 1st July 1915, 19 pp., 28 figs. [Received

18th May 1920.]

In considering the fish that are suitable in the United States for

destroying the early stages of mosquitos, the habits of any particular

species of mosquito and its usual breeding places must be considered

if success is to be attained. Some breed in casual collections of water

where fish could not be introduced, while various species of fish are

adapted for ponds, ditches, artificial reservoirs or running water.

Fresh water larvicidal fish include •.—Fundulus diaphanus, F. dispar,
F. notatus, F. clmjsotus, F. nottii. Enneacanthus obesus, E. gloriosus,
Lepomis gibbosus, L. cyanellus, Notemigonus chrysoleucus, Carassius
(turatus, Gambusia affims, Heterandriaformosa, Mesogonistius chaetodon,.
Centrarchus macropterus, Labidesthes sicculus, Elassoma zonatum,

E. evergladei and Mollieinsia latipimia.

Those suitable for brackish or salt water : Fundulus majalis,

F. heterocUtus, F. grandis, F. similis, Lucania parva, L. venusta and
Cyprinodon variegatus. When fish are sent by train the journey should
be as short as possible, and the water kept at an even temperature and
well aerated.

Bevan (L.E.W.). African Coast Fever. (Revised).— MotZma Agric.

Jl, Salisbury, xvii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 118-129, 5 plates,

5 figs.
The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been noticed
previously [R.A.E., B, iii, 211]. African coast fever is transmitted
by the bite of certain ticks including Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
(brown tick), R. evertsi (red-legged tick), R. simus (black-pitted tick),
R. capensis (Cape tick) and R. nitens (shiny brown tick), the first-named
being the most important.

Steam as a Bedbug Eradicator.— PwftZic ^mZi/i Repts., Washington, D. C,

xxxiv, no. 48, 28th November 1919, pp. 2713-2714. [Received

21st May 1920.]

Attention is drawn to the successful control of bed-bugs [Cimex

lectularius] by steam in a large house containing 70 rooms. The house

was heated by radiators and pipes that had an exposed tap in every

room. The plugs of the taps were removed and by raising the pressure

to 80 or 100 pounds a temperature of 160° F. was obtained in about 2

hours and kept up for about 3 hours. As no bugs were found 2 months

after this procedure, it is suggested that the process should be repeated

3 or 4 times a year.

Uriarte (L.). La Profilaxis antipestosa y la Ensenanza pt)pular. —

Andes Dept. Nac. Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxv, no. 6, November-
December 1919, pp. 7-13. [Received 21st May .920.]
This paper contains a popular appeal to the pubhc emphasising the
necessity of cleanliness, sanitation and hygiene in houses as the best
means of protection against infestation by fleas and rats, and therefore
the surest method of eliminating the danger of bubonic plague. The
regulations enforcing measures against rats are also enumerated.
(G94) Wt.P1850/163, 1,500. 8.20. B.&F.Ltd, Gp.11/14. a

130

Barbieri (A.). Profllaxis del Paludismo en el Ej^rcito de las Zonas
endemicas. — Anales Dept. Nac. Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxv, no. 6,
November-December 1919, pp. 15-23. [Received 21 st May 1920.]

The anti-malarial measures and prophylaxis practised during the
Balkans, Dardanelles and Palestine Campaigns {R.A.E., B, viii, 91]
are outlined, as emphasising the importance of malaria prevention and
of the improvement of the physique of soldiers and inhabitants of the
endemic areas.

Ereeborn (S. B.). Malaria Control. A Report of Demonstration
Studies at Anderson, California. — California State Bd. Health,
Mthhj. Bull, Sacramento, March 1920, pp. 279-288, 4 figs., 2
diagrams.

A demonstration of anti-malaria work was conducted during the
summer of 1919 for which purpose a grant of about £2,000 was allowed
from the emergency fund. The cHmate and topography of the country
are described. Anopheles qimdrimaculatus occidentalis proved to be the
predominant mosquito. The project included the control of mosquito
breeding and the treatment and protection of persons. This involved
oiling and draining of pools and the screening of houses as well as
general prophylaxis. The measures successfully adopted in other
projects have been followed in every instance and are described.

JuRnz (C, F.) The Use of Hard or Saline Waters for Sheep Dipping.

— Jl. Dept. Agric., Pretoria, i, no. 1, April 1920, pp. 40-44.

From several districts of the Union of South Africa complaints
liave been made with regard to the ineflS.cacy of various proprietary
brands of sheep dips. Experiments have shown that the salt content
of the local waters influences the solubility of the dip and that further
analyses and tests are necessary to determine the most suitable dip
for a given locahty.

Webb (J. L.). Practical Hints for the Prevention and Eradication
of East Coast Fever. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Pretoria, i, no. 1, April
1920, pp. 58-63.

This paper is a reiteration of measures already advocated for the
prevention and eradication of African coast fever, together with
a few notes on their practical appUcation.

LiTTLEWooD (W.V Annual Report of the Veterinary Service for the
Years 1916 and 1917. — Minist. Agric. Egypt, Cairo, 1920, pp. 1-30
& 1-25. [Received 27th May 1920.]

Owing to the abundance of Tahanus taeniola and T. ditaeniatus in
the Suez Canal Zone during 1915, a considerable number of cases of
trypanosomiasis occurred in army camels. No cases of this disease
are recorded from the same region for 1916, but both the Tabanids
and the disease were prevalent in certain locahties of the western
oases. During 1917 additional information was gained on the distribu-
tion of try panosome- carrying Tabanids.

131

Filaria lachrymalis was found in about 30 per cent, of aged Egyptian
cattle. The filarial parasite infesting the conjunctival sac of camels
was identified as Thelcma leesei. During 1917 experiments were
made with a view to finding an inexpensive material for the prevention
of parasitic mange in camels, arsenical dips having proved ineffective.

OooPER (H.). Note on the Treatment of Camels for Mange in the

Districts.— .4 HH. Be pi. Vet. Service, 1916, Minist. Agric. Egypt,
Cairo, 1920, pp. 38-10. [Received 27th May 1920.]

In these experiments the dressing as supplied by the Ministry and
consisting of 1 gal. of whale-oil, 2 lb. of sulphur and I lb. of sodium
carbonate was used, about 2 pints being the maximum amount used
for one animal at a time. Of 53 camels thus treated only four were
apparent]}^ not cured.

Cooper (H.). Note on the Spraying of Animals for the Killing of
Ticks.— --1h«. Rept. Vet. Service, Iff 16, Mivist. Agric. Egypt,
Cairo, 1920, pp. 44-47. [Received 27th May 1920.]

The number of apphcations from owners to have their cattle sprayed
increased considerably during 1916. Arsenical dips were used and
3,911 animals were treated. The necessity of supplementmg this
treatment by thorough disinfection of stables is emphasised. It is
hoped to continue the work on a larger scale in future and it is suggested
that the practicability of laying down permanent dipping tanks
should be considered.

FiSKE (W. F.). Investigations into the Bionomics of Glossina pialpalis.
—Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no 4, May 1920, pp. 347-463.

A two-years' study has been made in Uganda of tsetse-fly conditions
and a mass of information has been collected which for the present
remains largely inapphcable, as the data obtained have to a great
extent reversed the original plans for the suppression of sleeping
sickness in Uganda, while no new working basis has as yet been laid
down. The accepted theory upon which suppressive and preventive
measures have been based in the past was that complete severance of
contact between fly and population was necessary in order to control
the disease ; in practice, however, it has been proved sufficient to
reduce the density of Glossina pal2)alis to within moderate hmits in
populated districts or to reduce density of population to within
moderate limits in fly-infested territory. This being so, knowledge
regarding the influences that control the range of the fly is more or
less superfluous, while knowledge of the factors that operate to control
breadth of contact between fly and population (equivalent to frequency
of contact between hungry flies and men) is specifically required.

Investigations with a view to determining the reason for the low
female percentage in catches indicate that this is rather due to the
relative inactivity of the females than to the absence of the
sex. Females are probably only to be caught when hungry and
seeking food. The real sex-ratio is probably determined by respective
longevity of the sexes, which is perhaps a variable quantity. The
density oi infestation being equal the fly is far more likely to feed

(694) a2

132

upon man where wild hosts are very few and the female percentage
very high than when they are very many and the female percentage low;
the female percentage may thus be a very valuable index to the
chances favouring the transmission of human trypanosomiasis.
Shelter is an important factor in determining the sex ratio, high
percentage of females being associated with a type of vegetation
Imown to be particularly repugnant as shelter and low percentage
with vegetation known to be attractive.

While Glossina pcdjjcdis is a riparian species, it is found that water
or humid conditions are not of direct benefit to the fly, nor required
by it. The proper combination of food, shelter and breeding-places
requisite to its existence, however, occur so infrequently away from
the shores of lakes or banks of larger streams that it is perforce riparian
in habit, its dense occurrence usually being limited to about 50 yards
inland from the shore ; beyond 100 to 200 yards flies appear only as
stragglers ; at 300 to 500 yards they will practically disappear, unless
some special cause for their occurrence exists, such as the presence
of unusually large numbers of game animals. The two favourite hosts
of G. palpalis, namely, the crocodile and Varanus (monitor lizard)
are amphibious in habit. They are not only the most attractive to
the fly, but the most favoured breeding-grounds of the fly are frequently
identical with spots selected by the crocodile for breeding places or by
Varanus as a basking ground. G. palpalis therefore becomes almost
a specific parasite of these reptiles. The habits and habitats of the
various hosts of the fly in the region of Victoria Nyanza are discussed,
with notes and observations indicating the practicability of controlling
the fly through extermination of its hosts. It is considered that
complete extermination of the four principal hosts (crocodile, Varanus,
situtunga and hippopotamus) would cause a reduction in density of
infestation amounting to 95 to 99 per cent. Food, however, even
when abundant and of a preferred variety, is valueless to the fly
imless adequate protection in the form of both shelter and breeding
grounds also occurs within reach of the food. If protection is adequate,
the range and density of G. palpalis are controlled by the quantity
of preferred food occurring within reach, and the distance separating
food from protection is a factor of the first importance in determining
the prevailing degree of infestation.

Breeding-places are frequently chosen in sand or gravel, but fine,
dry vegetable debris serves as weU. Typical breeding-grounds in
places distant from the shore are described and the correlation between
these and density of the fly is discussed. An important conclusion
reached is that massive shelter is requisite to the life of G. palpalis,
and that, while lightly sheltered areas may provide the best and most
attractive hunting, breeding and assembling grounds for the species,
unless they he within easy reach of the fly from massive shelter they
will not be infested.

The necessary constituents of a proper combination of the requisites
of life for the fly are discussed. While no specific observations on the
subject were made, the tentative conclusion is reached that unless
all three requisites, namely, good shelter, breeding-ground and the
blood of vertebrates, occur within a radius of less than 100 yards from
a central point, the conditions of life are so unfavourable that the
species ca'nnot exist. Within such favourable zones, natural increase

133

of fly from generation to generation exceeds mortality, while dispersal
into surrounding unfavourable zones results in mortality exceeding
natural increase, and thus a natural balance is maintained so long
as flies are free to disperse from the infested centres to surroundmg
zones. If dispersion is interfered with, this balance is upset, but
this very rarely happens in nature.

The inimical factors in the bionomics of G. palpalis are discussed.
It is considered wholly impractical to attempt any control measure
involving artificial destruction of the flies, and wholly necessary
to rely upon measures designed to deprive them of either food or
protection or to render food less available to them. The clearmg
measures already in use have proved efficacious on many occasions.
The maximum of economy and efficiency is to be gained through
clearing at the centres of infestation, where natural increase is most
rapid, for by clearing these the dispersal of flies into the surrounding
zone is prevented and the effect is general. In discussing the degree
of density that mav be considered obnoxious, the beUef is expressed
that a density, as measured by the males to be caught per boy per hour,
of 6-0 is normallv safe and sanitary, but that one of 15-0 or 20-0 would
ordinarily be dangerous. The expense of reducing density to 0
everywhere would be too great to be considered.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). On Coloration in Ticks, W.—Parasitologij,
Cambridge, xii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 1--6, 2 plates.

The ticks dealt with include Amhlijomma Jiebraeum, A. gemma,
Dermacentor venustus, D. variabilis and D. reticidatus niveus, the
coloration of which, as seen in living examples, is depicted for the first
time. The colour-producing layer may be removed by the use of
caustic potash.

Attention is drawn to the desirabihty of recording the colours of
ornate ticks when alive.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). Regeneration of the Mouthparts and Legs in
Ticks. Argas j^ersicus, Amblyomma hebraeum and Hijalomma
aegypticum. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xii, no. 1, January 1920,
j)p. 7-26, 6 figs.

The contents of this paper are indicated by the title.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). On Fahrenholz's purported New Species,
Sub-Species and Varieties of Pediculus. A Criticism of Methods
employed in describing Anoplura. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xii, no. 2, March 1920, pp. 136-153, 2 charts.

Attention is drawn to certain grave sources of error underlying the
present mode of differentiating Anophu'a and more especially species
of the sub- order Siphunculata. This paper is divided into three parts
deahng with Fahrenholz's descriptions of supposedly new species, etc.,
the authors detailed criticism thereon, and his conclusions therefrom
in respect of the synonymy of Pediculus humanus.

134

Buxton (P. A.). Body-Lice under Summer Conditions in Mesopotamia.

— Parasitology, Cambridge, xii, no. 2, March 1920, pp. 173-174.

Attention is drawn to the absence of body lice [Pediculus humanus]
during the summer in countries with very dry chmates. The summer
in Mesopotamia appears to be very unfavourable for the reproduction
of this species, as it is generally very dry and the maximum shade
temperature normally exceeds 105° F. on most days of the four summer
months and may reach 120° F. or more.

Friedeeichs (K.), Untersuchungen iiber Simuliiden. [Investiga-
tions on Simuliids.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Etitom., Berlin, vi, no. 1,
September 1919, pp. 61-83, 15 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Simuhids may be found in Germany in any flowing stream running
through pastures, provided the water is rich in oxygen. The most
common species are Sitnuliiim reptans, L., and S. tnaculaium, Meig.
Hibernation occurs in the larval stage. The technique employed in
breeding these flies is described.

With regard to their control the measure suggested as likely to be
successful is the systematic clearing of all streams in the vicinity
of pastures from weeds and undergrowth ; this should be done early
in the spring before pupation occurs, which may be any time between
March and May.

As Simuhids are light-loving species the planting of alders or other
suitable trees along the banks of the stream may prove effective.

Animals should be protected from the bites of these insects by
ear-coverings and the provision of extensive shaded areas on pasture
land. This may be supplied by trees or artificial shelters.

S. angustitarse, Lundstrom, so far only recorded from Finland, is
now reported from the vicinity of Berne.

Frickhinger (H. W.). Chelifer cancroides als Feind der Bettwanze

{Cimex lectularius, L.). [Chelifer cancroides as an Enemy of the
Bed-bug, Cimex lectularius, L.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom.., Berlin,
vi, no. 1, September 1919, pp. 170-171. [Received 19tli April
1920.]

Chelifer cancroides is recorded as being predaceous on bed-bugs,
Cimex lectularius, L., in the Government of Perm in the Ural Mountains.

Milbenbefallene Futtermittel als Ursache von Haustiererkrankungen.

[Mite-infested Fodder as Cause of Disease in Domestic Animals.] —
Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, vi, no. 1, September 1919,
pp. 173-174. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Attention is drawn to the importance of disinfecting fodder to
prevent internal injury to stock. Clover infested with the mite,
Acarus foenarius, has proved very injurious to animals and Tyroglyphus
{Aleurobius) farinae is found in abundance in stored foodstuffs.

135

Die Dasselplage {Hypoderma bovis). [Bot Fly.] — Zeitschr. f. angew:.
Entom., Berlin, vi, no. 1, September 1919, pp. 176-180.
[Received 19th April 1920.]

The measures in Geimany for controlling the bot-fly, Hijpodcrma
bovis, were interrupted in 1914 owing to the outbreak of war. As a
result this pest has spread to previously uninfested locaUties. The
necessity for organising a systematic campaign, which should include
the teaching of bot-fly control measures in the village schools, is
emphasised.

WiLHELMi (J.). Die hygienische Bedeutung der angewandten Entom-
ologie. [The hygienic Importance of Apphed Entomology.] —
Flugschr. Deutschen Gesellsch. /. angew. Entomologie, Berlin^
no. 7, 1918, 27 pp., 13 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The insects noxious to mammals either in the form of direct parasites
as or as transmitters of disease are reviewed. The preventive as well
remedial measures against these pests are outhned, and the import-
ance of apphed entomology with reference to their control is
emphasised.

Prell (H.). Anopheles und die Malaria. {Anopheles and Malaria.] —
Flugschr. Deutschen Gesellsch. f. angeiv. Entomologie, Berlin, no. 9,
1919, 61 pp., 8 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The danger of the spread of malaria in Germany owing to the
demobiUsation of troops is pointed out, and the usual precautionary
and remedial measures including notification of cases are discussed.
In an appendix advice is given on the best method of collecting and
forwarding suspected material for identification, as well as the
preparation of blood smears. Anopheles maculipennis, Meig.,
A. bifurcatus, L., and A. jilumbeus, Hal. {Coelodiazesis nigripes, Staeg.)
are the mosquitos of chief importance in Germany.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Report on Experiments upon the Develop-
ment of Malaria Parasites in some Anophelines. — Meded. Burger-
lijk. Geneesk. Dienst Nederl. -Indie, WeUevreden, 1919, no. 9, pp.
53-71, 4 charts. [Also in Dutch.]

The results with subtertian, tertian and quartan malaria are first
given separately, and after correction the final results with experiments
on 1,058 mosquitos are shown together in one table.

In the case of Anopheles ludlowi and A. hgrcamis (sinensis)
both the stomach and salivary glands were examined ; in the case of
the other species the stomach only.

With A. ludloivi the percentages for subtertian, tertian and quartan
malaria were 100, 80 and zero ; with A. hyrcanus these figures were 5,
40*6 and 1 ; with A. wnbrosus there was a 5 per cent, infection with
quartan ; with A. barbirostris 13 per cent, with quartan ; with
A. punctulatus 4-3 per cent, with subtertian ; and with A. hochi
16 '7 per cent, with tertian.

Negative results were obtained with A. cdbotaeniatits , A. indefinituSy
and A. Icucosphgrus.

136

Judging by these experiments A. ludloivi is the most important
carrier of malaria with the exception of the quartan form ; the less
favourable results of the tests with tertian malaria may be due to the
fact that the tertian parasite does not develop so easily in this species
as the subtertian. A. hyrcanus appears to be a fairly good carrier of
tertian, and it is surprising that so few of these mosquitos are found
infected in a natural state. The negative results with A. hyrcanus
and subtertian malaria are very striking, as the experimental conditions
were abnormally favourable to infection. This result also appUes
to A. icmhrosus and is strange in view of the observations made in
Malacca, but it agrees with those of Koper in British North Borneo
[R.A.E., B, iii, 10]. The most remarkable fact in connection with the
quartan experiments was the non-infectabihty of A. Indloivi, which
justifies the assumption that this s])ecies is less susceptible to infection
with quartan than with subtertian or tertian malaria. A. hyrcanus
proved to be susceptible in a shght degree only.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Aanvullingen en Verbeteringen op Swellen-
grebel's Anophelinen van Nederlandsch-Indie. [Complementary
and Emendatory Notes to Swellengrebers " Anophelines of the
Dutch East Indies."] — Koloniaal Instiiuut te Amsterdam [n.d,],
31 pp., 9 plates. [Received 5th May 1920.]

The title of this small volume explains its contents. The original
monograph has aheady been noticed [R.A.E., B, vii, 19],

SWELLENGEEBEL (N. H.) & SwELLENGREBEL DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

Addenda to Description of Larvae of Netherlands' Indian Anophe-
lines.— 3 pp., 2 plates. Issued with Meded. Biirgerlijk. Geneesk.
Dienst Nederl.-Indie, Weltevreden, 1919, no. 9. [Received 19th
May 1920.]

The main paper has already been noticed [R.A.E., B, vii, 183].
The species dealt with in these additions are : Atiophelcs {Nyssorrhyn-
chus) annulifes var. moluccensis, n., found in the Moluccas and
western New Guinea breeding in salt and fresh water, even of
a very dirty or putrid character ; A. (Stethomyia) aifkeni var.
insulae-florum, n., found in the Moluccas and the adult of which
is indistinguishable from that of S. aitkeni, whereas the larval
differences are marked ; S. aitkeni var. papuae, found in running
l)rooks of western New Guinea and the adult form of which is as
yet unknown ; and A. (Neowyzomyia) punctulatus var. orientalis,
from northern Celebes, the Moluccas and eastern Java, which is founded
•on larval characters, as the adult does not differ from the type.

NoGucHi (H.). Leptospira ictcroides and Yellow Fever. — Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., Washington, B.C., vi, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 110-111.

As a result of investigations at Guayaquil, Ecuador, and subsequent
-experiments, Leptospira icteroides has been detected in certain cases of
yellow fever, but cannot be regarded as the causative agent of the
disease until its presence has been recorded in cases from elsewhere.

137

Edwards (F. W.)- A new Trichocera from Siberia (Diptera Polyneura).
—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. London, v, no. 29, Mav 1920, pp. 431-132,
1 fig.

A new mosquito, Trichocera siherica, sp. n., is here described from
Yerschininsk, Yenisei River, Siberia.

PiUTTi (A.) & Bernardini (L.). Sulla Derattizzazione nei Trasporti
navali mediante la Cloropicrina. [The Destruction of Eats on
Ships by Means of Chloropicrin.] — Rend,. Acad. Sci. Fis. Mat..
Naples, xxiv, ser. 3^, nos. 1-3, January-March 1918, pp. 16-19.
[Received 22nd June 1920.]

Successful experiments with chloropicrin against rats on ships are
described.

I Gas velenosi nella Distruzione degli Insetti dannosi alle Piante.

[Poisonous Gases for the Destruction of Insects injurious to
Plants.] — La Campaqna, Como. xix, no. 319. 15th April 1920,
p. 2. [Received 3rd June 1920.]

A new company, Societa Italiana Fumigazioni Gas Tossici, has been
formed in Rome with the object of destroying noxious insects by the
fumigation of buildings, ships, goods and plants with poisonous gases.

1VL4LKMUS (B.). Klinische Diagnostik der inneren Krankheiten der
Haustiere. [The Chnical Diagnosis of the Internal Diseases of
Domestic Animals.] — Leipzic, Max Janecke, 1920, 8th & 9th
edition, vii + 232 pp., 67 figs. Prices ll6\ M.

This useful little volume aims at giving in concise form all informa-
tion helpful in enabling the veterinary surgeon to establish a correct
diagnosis, and is the outcome not only of the author's own experience,
but of that of veterinarians generally. The subj ect matter is divided
according to the organs affected, and each section closes with a
review of the diseases concerned.

The external parasites mentioned include lice, fleas, ticks and mites.

Bevan (LI. E. W.). Inoculation of Cattle against Redwater and
Gall-Sickness. — Rhodesia Dept. Agric, Salisbury, Bull. 316,
April 1919, 10 pp. [Received 1st June 1920.]

The system of inoculation of cattle against redwater and gall sickness
with improved strains of virus is described. It is pointed out that
progressive farmers, who keep their stock free from the blue tick
{Margaropiis decoloratus] by short-interval dipping, lose rather than
gain under the present state of affairs, as their stock is not so readily
saleable in spite of its better quality, owing to its greater liabihty to
the diseases in question. This difficulty can be overcome by inocula-
tion, and the practical utility of valuable imported stock, absolutely
necessary for the improvement of the native breeds, can only be secured
in this wav.

138

Williams (T. H.). Report of the Live Stock and Brands Department.

— South Australia Rept. Minist. Agric. for Year ended Wtli June
7919, Adelaide, 1919, pp. 74-77. [Received 2nd June 1920.]

While great numbers of sheep in South Australia are still infested
with lice, the number has been less than half the previous year's
figures, owing to the compulsory dipping practised. The matter still
requires very serious attention from sheep owners, and as infested
sheep have been found by the inspectors outside the compulsory
boundary of last season's dipping, the area has been extended.

The sheep bot fly, Oestrus o^;^s. is rapidly spreading all over the State,
and nothing can be done to prevent it. [R.A.E., B, vi, 93.]

Sarcoptic mange has been the cause of so many deaths among
young pigs and of such bad condition in others that the Government
has now proclaimed it a contagious disease. Owners have also been
given notice to treat infected pigs, disinfect sties, etc.

Bot-fly Remedy. — Queensland Agric. JL, Brisbane, xiii, no. 4, April
1920, p. 146.
A simple preventive suggested for infestation of sheep by bot-fly
[Oestrus ovis] is to place Stockholm tar in the bottom of the trough to
the depth of one inch, and cover it with salt. While the sheep are
licking the salt, tar gets on the nose and into the nostrils and is said
to prevent the bot-fly from depositing eggs or larvae in them.

Walden (B. H.). Mosquito Work in 1919. — Conn. Agric. Exjd. Sta.,
New Haven, Bull. 218, 1920, pp. 193-196.
The drainage system on the salt marshes of Connecticut as an
anti-mosquito measure was maintained in good condition throughout
1919. During the first half of the season the marshes were compara-
tively dry and free from mosquitos ; in the latter half of the season
however conditions were extremely favourable for mosquito breeding,,
owing to freqvient rains and high tides. As some exception has been
taken to the provisions of the Act of 1917 [R.A.E., B, vi, 190] defining
the financial responsibilities of towns in infested areas for supervision
and maintenance charges, this Act has been revised by an amendment
which is quoted verbatim and which provides for the chief charges
being met by the State. Details of the anti-malarial measures
carried out in various localities are given. While no new mosquito
works were constructed during the year, plans have been made for
draining another 50 or 60 acres of salt marsh during 1920.

SuGAi (C.) & Kawabada (K.). Leprosy and Tubercle Bacilli, Viability
of, in Alimentary Tract of the Fish and Fly. — Igaku Chuo Zasshi
[Central Jl. of Med. Sci.] no. 271, 5th February, 1918. (Abstract
in China Med. Jl, xxxiv, no. 2, March 1920, p. 170.) [Received
3rd June 1920.]
Experiments with flies fed with a suspension of tubercle bacilli
showed that after five hours the abdominal contents and faeces con-
tained tubercle bacilli which were pathogenic to guineapigs. It is
considered probable that leprosy bacilli also retain their virulence in
the fly, as similar experiments showed that both tubercle and leprosy
bacilh do so if fed to fish.

139

Lang (W. D.). A Handbook of British Mosquitoes. — Brit. Mas. Nat,
Hist., London, 1920, viii + 125 pp., 5 plates, 132 figs. Price £1.

This carefully prepared handbook has been compiled for the purpose
of rendering easy the identification of British mosquitos, a subject that
is of increasing interest owing to the introduction of numerous malaria-
infested troops into the country, and the consequent importance
that attaches to the Culicine fauna of the British Isles. The 21
species of mosquitos that occur within the Islands should be easily
recognisable from the descriptions given of not only the adult
stages, but also the larvae and pupae, and by a comparison of the
many text-figures. The life-histories and structure of the various-
species including Anopheles maculipennis, A. bifurcatus and A. plumheus
are discussed, and a detailed account is given of each.

MacGregor (M. E.). a Note on Dennatophilus penetrans. — JL
R.A.M.C, London, xxxiv, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 441-443.

The chigger flea {Dennatophilus penetrans) was very troublesome
in places during the recent campaign in East Africa. This parasite
occurs on both the western and eastern sides of the continent, around
the Great Lakes, and here and there right across the continent. It
has also spread to Madagascar, and has probably been carried by the
movement of troops to many parts of Africa hitherto free from it.

It is esj^ecially active at night and in dry weather. The best method
of removal from under the skin is described.

Attack may be prevented by the following precautions. The feet
should be rubbed with vaseline daily after washing in the late afternoon
[cf. R.A.E., B, iii, 227], thick socks worn, and Keating's powder
sprinkled in the boots. Bed-clothes should be aired on a cord well
above the ground, and a little Keating's powder should be dusted
between the sheets.

Cases of attack in the hands were confined to drivers in the
Mechanical Transport, who often had to go on hands and knees in the
dust to attend to their vehicles.

Robertson (J. C). Report on the Anti-Malaria Campaign at
Taranto during 1918. — .//. R.A.M.C, London, xxxiv, no. 5,
May 1920, pp. 444-167.

The number of cases of malaria contracted at the Rest Camp at
Taranto in 1917, in spite of the usual anti-malaria measures, made
an extended malaria campaign in 1918 a matter of considerable
urgency. Owing to the type of hut and gauze issued, which made
mosquito-proof quarters almost unattainable, and the difficulty of
bringing home to the floating population of a rest camp the necessity
of anti-malaria measures with all the discomfort they caused, the
destruction of mosquitos was regarded as almost the sole protective
measure that was practicable.

The early work against the hibernating mosquito was pushed to the
uttermost, and continued through the summer, the ground covered
being extended as the necessary staf? was trained. The breeding
places were hard to deal with owing to the fact that the ground was
very absorbent of water, which soaked through to form large marshy

140

])atc]ies at the lower levels. Surface drains proved unsatisfactory,
owing to their constantly becoming clogged, and a deeper system of
draining was necessary, leading to a common outfall where the water
was oiled with an automatic drip. Irrigation wells were oiled ; other
wells were fitted with pumps or lids. In other respects the work
against breeding places was carried out on the usual lines, automatic
drips resulting in a considerable saving of labour, while over half the
oil used was waste oil.

The Anophehnes found were A. maculipennis and A. bifurcatus, the
former being more often infected. Their numbers showed a marked
fall during the summer, instead of the usual rise, omng to the success
of the work done. It was found that mosquitos could fly as far as a
mile and a quarter to the camp. The anti-mosquito work was supple-
mented as far as possible by attempts to protect the troops from
mosquito bites by quinine issues and the isolation of carriers. The
results were very successful. Only a fractional percentage of primary
infection occurred, probably only one case among several thousand
troops. By contrast the neighbouring Italian anti-aircraft battery
had a primary infection rate of 45'3 per cent., 26"4 per cent, becoming
permanently ineffective.

Hearle (E.). Notes on some Mosquitoes new to Canada. — Canad.
Entom., London, Ont., lii, no 5, May 1920, pp. 114-116.

Mosquitos recorded as new to Canada, and of which brief descriptions
are given, include Janthinosoma {Psorophora) scuji, D. & K., of which
a single specimen was taken in Ontario in August, attempting to bite
at 8.30 a.m. Aedes triseriatus, Say, which has formerly been recorded
in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, is fairly common in
the woods of southern Ontario. Females only were taken and were
found to bite fiercely during the day. Larvae were taken from a tree-
hole in July. A. aldrichi, D. & K., was found to be the dominant
mosquito in Fraser Valley, B.C. in 1919, having been previously re-
corded only from Montana and Idaho. The development of this
species in Fraser Valley is apparently dependent on the fluctuations
of the river. In seasons when the cotton-wood valleys around the
river become flooded it is extremely abundant. The adults bite viciously
and are so small that they can easily penetrate ordinary screening.
Anopheles quadrimaculatus , Say, is apparently common in some
parts of southern Ontario, though there are no previous records of its
occurrence in Canada.

Stefanopoulo (G. J.). Sur la Presence du Spirochaeta icterohemor-
ragiae chez les Rats d'Egout, a Paris. — C.R. Sac. Biol, Paris,
Ixxxiii, no. 18, 29th May 1920, pp. 811-812.

In March 1920, Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae was discovered in rats
{Mus decumanus) taken from the sewers of Paris, and was inoculated
into guinea-pigs which duly developed the disease (infectious jaundice).
Previous examinations of sewer rats in Paris have given negative
results. It is noteworthy that the spirochaetes were found after an
unusually mild winter when human cases had been particularly
numerous, and the infected rats were taken from the locahty where
it is known that epidemics occurred in 1865.

141

RouBAUD (E,). Les Conaitions de Nutrition des Anopheles en France
(Anopheles maculipennis) et le Role du Betail dans la Prophylaxie
du Paludisme.— Jww. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxiv, no. 4, April 1920,
pp. 181-228.

This paper is a sequel to the author's previous work on the infective
power of the Anophehues occurring in France [R.A.E., B, vi, 230],
which left certain problems concerning malaria in the hypothetical
stage. The existence of Anophehnes without malaria,, and the obvious
and spontaneous diminution of malaria in many of the previously-
infested regions of western Europe and in particular in France, are
questions that have required further study. It has been shown
[loc. cit.] that the explanation does not lie in any acquisition of immunity
on the part of A. maculipennis. It has been a cause of surprise, also,
that the expected recrudescences of the disease consequent upon the
return of malarial troops from abroad after the War have been insig-
nificant. The indications were that A. maculipennis, the most
abundant and widespread Anophehne in France, is not highly patho-
genic in that country owing to some peculiarity in its biology that
restrains its activities with regard to man.

Former records of the occurrence of this mosquito in France have
always been based upon the finding of larvae, and conclusions have
been drawn on this basis regarding its pathogenicity in a given region,
although its appearance in the adult form may not have been observed
nor the habits of flight and nutrition of the adults studied. In this
connection it may be mentioned that various Enghsh writers,
commenting upon the occurrence of Anophehnes in England, have-
remarked that they have never known them to bite, and the same may
be said of some of the most heavily infested regions in France.

It has generally been understood that A. maculipennis shows a
decided preference for the blood of animals, the attraction being
generally in proportion to the size of the host. It has also been
remarked that A. maculipennis, while almost domesticated in Algeria
and in the Vendee region in France, rarely approaches man in the
neighbourhood of Paris. The explanation has been said to lie in the
climate. It is admitted that climate is probably one factor, but
malaria has raged, and does still, in various regions of northern
Europe w^here the temperature is much lower than that of la Vendee.

The author has studied at great length the relative value of man
and animals in the nutrition of Anophehnes and beheves that this
is the key to the problem. His areas of investigation have been the
marshes of the Vendee region and the environs of Paris. The
topography of the country in la Vendee and the nature of the
inhabitants and their buildings are described. The houses are of
the most primitive type, low and frequently heavily thatched, and the
cattle, the rearing of which is the chief industry, are frequently housed
under the same roof. While the marshy region of la Vendee is
probably more densely populated with Anophehnes than any other
part of the world, and in spite of the conditions of hfe of the inhabitants,
malaria is rapidly disappearing throughout the region, and there has
been no recrudescence in spite of the return of many malarial subjects
from the War. A striking feature of the Anophehne incidence is that
on the great marshes, where adults occur with particular density,

142

larvae are extremely difficult to find, wliile in the dryer districts,
where adults are relatively scarce, larvae may be found abundantly
in the small isolated places where they breed. The explanation given
is that on the great expanse of marsh the female Anophehne can
choose many favom'able breeding-grounds and disperse her eggs
instead of concentrating them at one point, and thus all are favourably
placed for development, while in the smaller, isolated breeding-grounds
the Anophehne density is hmited by the competition among the
larvae concentrated there. It is clear therefore that the number
■of adults observed is the only accurate estimate of Anophehne density.

Investigations have shown that the Anophehnes have entirely
adapted themselves to sheltering exclusively in buildings of human
■construction and inhabited by either man or animals, for unoccupied
buildings ofTer no attraction to them. It is evident, moreover, if
only from the preponderance of females in buildings containing an
animal host, that the shelters are sought for purposes of nourishment
and not only for rest. Proof is abundant that A. maculipennis bites
most frequently inside buildings, and the type of dwelhng-place
described above of!ers most attractive conditions for both nomishment
and shelter. From repeated examinations of many of these houses
it is clear that the number of Anophehnes attracted to that part of
the dwelhng occupied by human beings is quite insignificant compared
with the enormous quantities that may be caught in the neighbouring
portion of the house occupied by domestic animals. Closer examination
reveals the fact that human beings play a most unimportant role
in the nutrition of Anophehnes, and that the various domestic animals
have not all the same value in this respect, cattle, horses and mules
being the favourite hosts, pigs, goats and sheep being less attractive,
and the smaller animals, such as rabbits, being of still less importance.
Dogs and fowls are rarely bitten. In regions where A. maculipennis
is the dominant mosquito it therefore follows that the maintenance of
of the former animals in close proximity to human dwelhngs affords
almost complete protection to man against the insects' attacks. In
the examinations described, the average number of females that had
recently drawn blood from man was M"2 per cent., while those that
had gorged upon domestic animals frequently exceeded 90 per cent.
During the summer season, when the animals are kept out in the open
both day and night, the stables no longer ofler any attraction to female
Anophehnes, and although many may still be found there, they are
invariably fasting and will readily attack any animal host in full
dayhght, including man. Wherever the inhabitants of a region
complain of mosquito attacks, it is invariably the case that their
stables contain but few animals.

In the Vendee region, two dii?erent sets of conditions occur ; in
the drier districts, where the Anophehne density is not very great,
the existing mosquitos find sufficient nourishment in the cattle of the
district ; man is practically free from attack and may even be
unconscious of the presence of large numbers of mosquitos in his near
vicinity ; while in the marshy districts, where the Anophehne density
is too great to find adequate nourishment in the cattle present, man
is undoubtedly attacked, but even then the Anophehnes seem to bite
with repugnance and without entirely satisfying their hunger.

143

The conditions in the Paris region have been studied with equal
thoroughness, and offer a close analogy with those of the non-marshy
regions of la Vendee, namely, the occurrence of Anophehnes in fair
numbers, characterised by the exclusive adaptation of A. maculipennis
to bovine hosts, which are present in sufficient numbers. So complete
is this adaptation that the presence of the mosquitos often passes
entirely unnoticed by man.

In order to obtain an accurate idea of the possible role of
A. maculipennis in the transmission of malaria, the author has made
some study of the activities of the adult mosquitos and their relations
with their hosts, whether man or domestic animals. The normal
period of activity is generally from midnight to 2 a.m., though in la
Vendee the author has observed activity until dawn, that is, before
G a.m. However favourable the conditions for nutrition may be in the
spot where the female has spent the period of daily rest, it is always
abandoned for flight in the open air at night, so that a new host must
always be found for the meal before the next day's rest. The
Anopheline population of any given shelter is therefore entirely, or
almost entirely, renewed each night. If, therefore, all the Anophehnes
jiresent in a certain building were captured and destroyed several
days in succession, provided that the host conditions are favourable,
the numbers would be constantly replaced, probably without any
noticeable modification of the total. It has been proved, by marking
some thousand individuals, that the Anopheline fauna of any given
spot, however densely populated it may be, is entirely renewed within
a few days' time. This regular flight in the open has been proved
to be indispensable to the life of A. maculipennis. Repeated experi-
ments have shown that when a score of A. maculipennis has been
confined in a suitable building with varied and favourable host animals,
water, and other necessary conditions, one or two individuals at
most have been found alive at the end of ten days. After biting,
the females of A. maculipennis fly to the walls or ceihng of the building,
but remain in the near proximity of the host they have bitten. In the
large, well-ventilated stables of the better kind of farm, with bare,
•clean walls and high ceihng, there are frequently no engorged females
present, and in fact, animals kept in buildings 20 ft. or more in height
seem to be as well protected from attack as though they were in the
open air. It is thought that better conditions of hygiene and
ventilation, with more lofty rooms, have probably done much also
to lessen the relations between mosquitos and man.

Some authors have considered that animals are an inimical factor,
encouraging a rapid multiphcation of the numbers of Anophehnes.
This, however, is not the case. In the marshy districts of la Vendee,
where the Anophehnes are not sufficiently nom'ished, they occur with
excessive density, while they are incomparably fewer in the environs
of Paris, where the conditions of nourishment from cattle are very
much better. The question is largely one of the presence or absence
of favourable breeding grounds, which is the fundamental factor in
Anophehne development. Malaria epidemics, the result of abnormal
frequency of contact of A. maculipennis with man, may suddenly arise
in a region well stocked with cattle merely in consequence of an
increased number of breeding places due to flooding, and a consequent

144

increase in the Anoj)heline population requiring greater nourishment.
This has been known to occur in la Vendee. The immigration of
small settlements of people with but few cattle in a marshy zone
previously uninhabited may give rise to the outbreak of fresh malaria
epidemics. This explains the occurrence, during the War, of several
small foci of indigenous malaria reported from districts poor in cattle.
The spontaneous decrease in malaria, so noticeable in the lowlands of
la Vendee, in Flanders and Holland, and in the swamps of Tuscany, is
coincident with the reclamation of these swampy areas and also with
an alteration in the habits of the Anophelines owing to animals having
been substituted for man as hosts. This seems to have been a slowly-
acquired habit ; the repugnance for human blood is certainly not
primitive, all that is known of the malaria cycle points the other way,
and in essentially malarial countries, such as the unhealthy parts of
Italy described by Grassi, the eastern coast of Corsica, Algeria,
Morocco, the East, etc., A. maculipennis, far from avoiding man, may
be found engorged with blood in the majority of houses and encamp-
ments. The secondary adaptation of this species to animals in
countries where domestic cattle are abundant seems to have produced
a particular race of mosquito, which is distinguished not only by its
tastes and affinities, but also by its greater size. In modifying their
primitive habits of nutrition at the expense of man, the Anophelines
of the cattle-stocked regions have broken the closed cycle followed
hitherto by the malaria parasites, and suspended the endemic
manifestations of the disease.

The author beheves that there is an interesting possibihty of
introducing what he calls animal prophylaxis in malaria, that is, the
importation of cattle to act as a protection to man, and this should
be particularly successful in places where the development of the
Anophehne fauna occurs in isolated breeding-places. The cattle
stables might be used as traps, and if thorough and extensive destruction
of the mosquitos were regularly practised during the period preceding
the outbreak of malarial epidemics, the efficiency of the animal
prophylaxis should be brought to its maximum. The biological
necessities of other species than A. maculijpennis would also have to be
considered. It must be remembered also that the introduction of
animal hosts is not by itself sufficient as an anti-malarial measure ;
the necessary conditions of stabhng, etc., must also be compHed with,
and these will vary according to the species. For the purpose of
considering this prophylaxis, the author divides Anophehnes into
two main groups, viz., entophilous species hke A. maculipennis, that
seek their hosts in rooms or closed buildings, stables, etc., and
exophilous species hke A. bifurcatus, that attack their hosts in the
open air or under verandahs, sheds, etc. A third group might be
called amphophilous, and would consist of those species that attack
equally in or out of doors. The cattle used as protection would
therefore have to be placed under conditions of attack corresponding
to the different biological categories, the local methods of rearing cattle
being modified more or less completely to suit the requirements of the
human population. When the necessary local modifications are
understood, it is believed that this new prophylactic measure would
contiibute largely to the elimination of malaria.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

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(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free; Series B (Medical and
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Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistjtht
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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Africa, East : Precautions against Dermatophilus penetrans . . 139
Africa, South : The Effect of Hard or Saline Waters on Sheep

Dips 130

Africa, South : Precautions against African Coast-Fever .. 130

Argentina: Measures against Eats and Plague .. .. .. 129

Argentina: The Importance of Measures against Malaria .. 130

Australia: A Hemed j ior Oestrus ov is .. .. .. .. 138

Australia, South: Parasites of Domestic xiniinals .. .. ]38

Canada: Notes on Mosquitos . . .. .. .. .. .. 140

Dutch East Indies : Experiments upon the Development of

Malaria Parasites in Anophelines . . . , . . . . . . 135

Dutch East Indies : Notes on Anopheline Mosquitos . . . . 1 36

Ecuador : Leptospira ieteroides in Cases of Yellow Fever . . . . 1 36

Egypt : Insect-borne Diseases of Domestic Animals . . . . 1 30

Egypt : The Treatment of Mange in Camels. . . . . . . . 131

Egypt: Measures against Ticks in Cattle .. .. .. .. 131

France : The Infection of Rats with Spirochaeta icterohaemomiagiaG

in Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 40

France: The Bionomics ot Anopheles macuUpennis .. .. 141

Germany: Measures against Simuliids ., ., .. .. 134

Germany : Mite-infested Fodder as a Cause of Disease in Domestic

Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Germany : The Spread of Hypoderma bovis . . . . . . . . 1 35

Germany : Anopheles and Malaria . . . . . . . . . . 135

Italy : The Destruction of Insect Pests with Poisonous Gases . . 1 37

Italy : Report on the Anti-Malaria Campaign at Taranto . . . . 139

Mesopotamia : Notes on Body-Lice under Summer Conditions . . 134

New Guinea : Notes on New Varieties of Anopheline Larvae . . 136

Rhodesia, Southern : The Ticks transmitting African Coast-
Fever 129

Rhodesia, Southern : Inoculation of Cattle against Red-water

and GaU-Sickness . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 137

Russia : Chelifer cancroides as an Enemy of the Bed-bug . . . . 134

Siberia : A New Mosquito . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Uganda : Investigations into the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis . . 131

U.S.A. : Fish destructive to the Eggs and Larvae of Mosquitos . . 129

U.S.A. : The Use of Steam against Bed-bugs . . . . . . 129

U.S.A. : Malaria Control in California . . . . . . . . 130

U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos in Connecticut . . . . 138

Notes on Coloration in Ticks . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Regeneration of the Mouthparts and Legs in Ticks . . . . . . 133

A Criticism of Methods employed in describing Anoplura . . . . 133

The Hygienic Importance of Applied Entomology . . . . . . 135

Destruction of Rats on Ships by Means of Chloropicrin .. .. 137

The Clinical Diagnosis of Diseases of Domestic Animals (Review) . . 137

The Viability of Tubercle Bacilli in Flies 138

A Handbook of British Mosquitos (Review) .. .. .. .. 139

Registered at the 0.P0. Ar Tranamlaalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 9. -pp. 145-160. SEPTEMBER, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
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Tropical Medicine.
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Museum (Natural History).
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Major-General Sir J. Eose Bkadford, K.C.M.G., F.K.S., Secretary,

Koyal Society.
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Governing Body, Lister Institute.
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Fisheries.
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(Natural History).
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Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. E. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Eoyal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.E.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Coloniall Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor E. Newstead, F.E.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.E.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., Director,

Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Cambridge.
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Cambridge.
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Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
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England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©enecal Secretary.

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Director and JEMtor.

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Bddiatant Director.

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Publication Office.— 8S, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

145

Leon (N.). Quelques Observations sur les P6diculides.— J/. Para-
sitology, Urbana, III, vi, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 144-147.
[Received 7th June 1920.]

These observations concerning Pediculus humanus (vestimenti) were
made during and after the epidemic of exanthematous typhus in
Rumania in 1917. Experiments showed that various substances,
chiefly essential oils that had previously been recommended, were not
effective in preventing the attack of lice. The essences of eucalyptus,
cloves and aniseed did not prevent oviposition on flannel, while
hungry lice would feed in spite of treatment with powdered sulphur,
turp'entine essence, balsam of Peru or tincture of Acorus calamus
(sweet flag). It has been proved that P. capitis will feed on guinea-
pigs and white mice ; similarly in experiments with P. humanus,
three out of five individuals fed when placed on a dog, two out of four
on a cat, and one out of five on a rabbit. None fed on frogs, chickens
or pigeons. Starving lice were used in all experiments. The use of
skim milk and melted butter by Rumanian shepherds to keep their
clothing free from lice suggested experiments with various greasy
substances including olive oil, vasehne and petroleum ; these showed
that the eggs may thus be prevented from sticking to the threads of
material, while in addition the larvae are asphyxiated before hatching,
and the adults may, after a time, be affected in the same way.

Only one variety of body louse can be recognised. The differences
in colom- between individuals are due to age, and whether the insect
has fed recently ; those in the antennae to the fact that the larvae
have three joints while the adults have five, while differences in move-
ment have a variety of causes, hungry hce moving towards hght,
gorged ones away from it.

A single experiment showed that lice can be carried by flies [Musca
domestica], and that they attach themselves to a suitable host when
opportunity arises. There is strong evidence from hospital experience
to show that typhus infection is not derived from dust or the debris or
dead bodies of hce, but only from the Kving insects themselves.

Tejera (E.). La Leishmaniose am6rieaine au Venezuela. — Bull. Soc.
Path. ExoL, Paris, xiii, no. 4, 14th April 1920, pp. 238-240.

An account is given of American leishmaniasis as occurring in
certain regions of Venezuela. In the western parts of the Repubhc
this disease is known as Picada de Pito, i.e., the bite of an insect about
the nature of which there is some dispute. Out of 62 cases examined
nearly all were contracted in the forests ; only two cases have been
found among inhabitants in the plains at some distance from the
woods.

RouBAUD (E.). Nouvelle Contribution a 1' Histoire du Ver de Guin6e.

—Btdl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 4, 14th April 1920,
pp. 254-260.

Recent investigations of the author regarding the infestation of
Cyclops from the Paris district w^th the guinea-worm have confirmed
the previous findings of Chatton in Tunisia [R.A.E., B, vi, 130, 141].

(704) Wt. P1850/163. 1,500. 9.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/14. a

146

The embryos of the guinea- worm have shown no trace of development,
even after remaining nearly three months in the body-cavity of the
Crustacean. A comparison is made between the cycle of development
of this parasite and that of certain Filaria of the blood, such as
F. bancrofti, with which there are many points of similarity. The
infestation of the intermediate host, whether Copepod or biting insect,
is in each case through the digestive tract ; the ultimate development
takes place after passage into the general body-cavity through the
intestinal wall. The emergence of the mature larvae from the
intermediate host is made in both cases by breaking the tissues of the
host (Button membrane of the proboscis of CuHcids ; body-wall of
Cyclops). The larvae of these Filaria are not inoculated by the
intermediate host into the tissues of the ultimate host ; they are
self-introduced into the latter ; through the skin in the case of the
blood parasites, through the intestinal wall in the case of F. medina.
The specific character of the intermediate host, whether Cyclops or
CuUcid, does not influence development except in a secondary manner ;
exterior climatic and seasonal conditions on the other hand are
important among the factors that define the normal endemicity of
these parasites.

Senevet (G.). Note sur quelques Ixodes parasites des Animaux
domestiques recueillis a Mytilene de Fevrier a Juin, 1916. — Bull
Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 4, Uth April 1920, pp. 260-261.

During 1916, the Ixodids collected at Mytilene included RJiipice-
phalus sanguineus, on cattle, donkeys and dogs ; R. bursa, on cattle
and goats ; R. simus, on cattle and donkeys ; Hyalomma syriacum,
on dogs and a tortoise, Testudo sp. ; and H. aegyptium on cattle.

Cantacuzene (J.). L'Epidemie de Typhus exanthematique en
Roumanie pendant la derniere Guerre. — Bidl. Soc. Path. Exot.,
Paris, xiii, no. 4, 14th April 1920, pp. 269-290.

Exanthematous typhus was j^ractically unknown in Rumania before
1916, and relapsing fever did not occur there until 1915. This paper
gives an account of the very serious epidemics, particularly of
exanthematous typhus, that occurred during the War. Many instances
are given confirming the theory that the louse is the only vector of
this disease, and its relation to other diseases are discussed. The
method of regular disinfestation of the troops is described. The
disinfection of clothing was carried out in a specially constructed
underground chamber, which is described and illustrated. Brick
stoves were set at diagonal corners, the stove-pipe passing horizontally
along the chamber and turning upward to the ground level at the
other end, thus increasing the surface of radiation of the heat. Wooden
beams from which the clothing was suspended crossed the roof. Heat
was easily maintained at 212-220°F., and this type of disinfecting
oven is considered far more practical and easier to construct than the
brick ovens constructed above ground in Serbia. The clothing is
left in the oven for an hour, furs also being uninjured by the treatment.
It was found possible to treat the clothing of 2,000 men a day by
this means.

147

Tejera (E.). Trypanosomiases animales au Venezuela. — Bull. Soc.
Path. ExoL, Paris, xiii, no. 4, 14th April 1920, pp. 297-305.

There are two forms of trypanosomiasis of equines that have been
known for some time in Venezuela, generally in horses but occasionally
also in mules and donkeys. The one form is known locally as peste
boba, hermosura or tristeza, lasts generally a month or two and ends
fatally in more than 80 per cent, of cases. The other is known locally
as desrengadera and is practically always fatal. The symptoms of
both are described. They are merely two clinical forms of the same
disease, probably due to Trypanosoma evansi, though the Venezuelan
form has been called T. venezaelense. The symptoms are very similar
to the Argentine disease known as mal de caderas, due to T. equinvm,
though the pathogenic agents concerned are morphologically different ;
the virulence of T. venezaelense is greater, and the disease lasts at the
most 2 months ; that caused by T. equinum lasts from 2 to 5 months.
Moreover, T. venezaelense is virulent generally at the beginning
and end of the rainy season, its maximum occurrence being in March
and April. The transmitting agent is not yet known. Tabanids
and Stomoxys spp. have been examined without any trace of flagellates
Toeing found. Mosquitos have been suspected, but have not been
examined in sufficient numbers for a decision to be reached. Immense
numbers of mosquitos are present in the great plains, which are
frequently flooded. Several thousands of horses die annually from the
effects of T. venezaelense. Experiments to test the virulence of this
organism on various animals are described.

During the examination of a cow that was thought to be suffering
from piroplasmosis, a trypanosome was discovered that is probably
the same as that found in 1919 in French Guiana [R.A.E.,B, vii, 137],
where some of the cattle are of Venezuelan origin. This is borne out
bv the fact that inoculations into guinea-pigs and a cat were negative,
a" result that differentiates this organism, known as T. guayanense,
from T. venezaelense, which is inoculable to all mammals, producing
fatal results. The author is inclined to agree with Mesnil in thinking
that T. gumjanense is a variety of T. cazalhoui, if not identical with it.
It is evident that this disease of ruminants has not existed long m
Venezuela ; it is possible that the zebu, introduced some years ago,
brought the form of trypanosomiasis known as souma, which is
produced by T. cazalboui. The disease is worthy of more extensive
study as it threatens to destroy one of the principal sources of wealth
in Venezuela.

De Greef (G.). Monographic agricole de la Region de I'Urundi
(Ancienne Province de I'Afrique orientale allemande). Chap,
vii, Etat Sanitaire des Troupeaux.— ^5//^^ Agric. Congo Beige,
Brussels, x, no. 1-4, March-December 1919, pp. 65-69.
[Received 19th June 1920.]

The mortality amongst cattle in the Urundi region of ex-German
East Africa, now occupied by Belgium, is much higher than it should be,
owing largely to the ignorance and carelessness of the native population.
The interior of Uruadi is naturally preserved by its situation from
tsetse-fly and therefore from trypanosomiasis, but on all sides except

(704) ^2

148

the north-west the region is surrounded by a plain which constitutes
a fly-zone. It is estimated that nearly half the animals destined for
pubhc consumption at Kigoma, having traversed this fly-zone, arrive
suffering from trypanosomiasis of either of two forms due to
Trypanosoma cazalhoui or T. congolense. On the northern side
Glossina morsitans is abundant and caused considerable loss among,
cattle in 1917 ; this is always a danger to the north-east of Urundi also^
where conditions are favourable for its existence. The greatest danger
however lies in the south, where the geographical distribution of
G. morsitans is not well known. Along the shores of Lake Tanganyika,.
G. fusca, G. palpalis and G. morsitans all occur, but as there are but
few cattle in this plain, the danger there is not very great. A map of
the district shows the distribution of tsetse-fly in the Protectorate of
Urundi-Ruanda.

It is estimated also that about one-haLf the animals exported from
Urundi are likely to be suiiering from some form of piroplasmosis ;
e.g., several animals at Gitega have been diagnosed as suffering from
African Coast fever. The Watuzi cattle are particularly susceptible
to piroplasmosis, for an animal that has acquired a certain local
immunity by having recovered from the disease is not resistant to
the attacks of ticks from another district. Ticks are responsible
for a considerable depreciation in the value of hides from this region,
and especially attack the cattle in concentration stations and along
the routes to Kigoma. Those most frequently occurring belong to
the genera Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, Margaropus
(Boophilus), and Haemaphysalis, the latter conveying piroplasmosis
to dogs.

Skin diseases, such as mange, are fairly common, but a much more
serious disease, which has recently been observed in the cattle at Nyanza,
is contagious dermatitis due to Demodex folliculorum transmitting
Dermatophilus congolense. The specific treatment for this disease is
a 10 per cent, carbohc ointment. Another form of dermatitis, attacking
goats and sheep, and always locahsed about the mouth, nose and
occasionally the eyes, which sometimes causes the death of the animal,
is thought to be due to the ingestion of plants on which certain insects
have deposited a viscous substance.

Van Saceghem (E,.). La Paste du Cheval ou " Horse Sickness " au
Congo Beige. — Bull. Agric. Congo Beige, Brussels, x, no. 1-4,
March-December, 1919, pp. 162-174, 6 figs. [Received 19th
June 1920.]

The information contained in this paper has already been noticed
[R.A.E., B, V, 161].

Matemos la Mosca de Invierno. [Campaign against Musca domestica.]
— Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, liv, no. 9, loth May
1920, pp. 371-378, 7 figs.

This paper is a popular appeal to the general public of Argentina to
assist in the campaign against the house-fly, Mnsva domestica. The
dangers of disease carried by the fly are graphically pointed out in

149

tables and charts, and the life-cycle of the insect is described and
illustrated. The methods suggested for eliminating the pest include
the usual ones for dealing with the breeding-places and for destroymg
the adults.

ScHAFFER (J. M.). Saponified Cresol Solutions.— ?7.*S. Bejit. Agric,
Washington, D. C, Bull. 855, 6th May 1920, 5 pp.

Experiments are described with saponified cresol solutions made
by using soap mixtures composed largely of resin soap. These
solutions have at least as great a disinfecting power as those made with
linseed-oil soap, and are much cheaper. Solutions containing resm
soap appear to have a somewhat higher disinfecting power than those
containing only vegetable oil or fish oil. When diluted with water
to a 3 per cent, solution they remain clear for varying periods dependmg
upon the amount of resin soap present.

PiSHER (L. M.). What can a Community afford to pay to rid itself

of Malaria 'I— U.S. Public Health Reps., Washington, D. C,

XXXV, no. 22, 28th May 1920, pp. 1269-1273.

This paper emphasises the economic loss due to malaria [R.A.E., B,

vi, 168 ; viii, 64]. If the annual loss due to this disease is Calculated

and capitaUsed, a cash expenditm-e to effect rehef is justified as an

investment up to an equal amount, less a sum the interest on which

will pay the maintenance charges on the permanent work. This

point is worked out in detail.

Hornby (H. E.). A Contagious Impetigo of Cattle.— 7e«. Jl, London,
Ixxvi, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 210-216, 2 figs.
In this article on contagious impetigo in Africa the author considers
the theory that bont ticks [Amblyomma hebraeum] account for the
spread of the disease difficult to reconcile with the relative positions
occupied on the body by these ticks and many of the lesions, unless
it is postulated that a virus is introduced into the blood. Propagation
from beast to beast takes place through the medium of infected
rubbing places, contaminated fitter or trek-gear ; possibly, also,
thi'ough the agency of whips and flies.

Pauer (W.). Bots in the Oesophagus.— Fe«. Jl, London, Ixxvi,
no. 6, June 1920, p. 223.
A case is recorded in which post-mortem examination of a horsa
showed that the fiving membrane of the oesophagus four inches from
the stomach entrance was packed with bots [Gastrophilus]. They
extended for about five inches, and were obviously responsible for a
difficulty in swallowing noted before death. An intestinal twist
which was the actual cause of death seems to have been a coincidence.

DiTLEVSEN (C). Acarodermatitis e Copra.— ^rr/i. /. Schijfs- u. Trop.-

Hyg., Leipsic, xx, no. 23, December 1916, pp. 503-511.

This paper reviews recorded cases of copra itch [R.A.E., B, i, 15 ;

iv, 46] with notes made during the unloading of three vessels at

Copenhagen during 1914-1916, only the stevedores being affected on

150

each occasion. The copra shipments swarmed with a small beetle^
Necrobia mfipes, which the men erroneously believed to be the cause
of the itch. Another beetle, Silvanus {Oryzaephilus) surinamensis, was
also noticed, but in very small numbers. The copra dust contained large
numbers of dead specimens of the mite, Tyroglyphus longior, Gerv.,
but no living individuals were seen. Experiments showed that dead
mites and copra dust containing dead mites are able to cause dermatitis.
The greater incidence of this affection in summer may be due to
increased persphation or to the presence of living mites that have
survived the voyage owing to the warm weather. Therapeutic
measures are superfluous, as the disease disappears when unloading is
over ; and prophylactic measures are not warranted, as the trouble is
not serious ; individuals that are particularly sensitive to this
dermatitis should not be chosen for the work. The men should be
warned not to take any copra home. If the copra is shipped in pack-
ages much less dust will result.

Another mite, T. agilis, Can., was also found, but it is not possible
to say what part it plays in causing copra itch.

FuLLEBORN (F.). UbcF Larbisch und Wolossjatik (Hautmaulwurf).

[Larbish and Wolossjatik (Mole burrowing in the Skin)]. — Arcli.f,

Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leijysic, xxiii, no. 13, July 1919, pp. 259-277,

3 figs., 1 plate.

The skin disease known as " Wolossjatik " in Kussia and called

" Hautmaulwurf " (mole of the skin) by Samson-Himmelstjerna

appears to be caused by larvae of Gastwphilus of retarded development

and consequent small size — 1 mm. long. These larvae wander in the

epithelium or in the corneal layer, and as the most superficial grazing

of the skin can aft'ord them an entrance, it is immaterial whether they

penetrate through wounds or through the unbroken skin. The

tropical disease known as "Larbish" or " Oerbiss " resembles

"Wolossjatik" in all respects. Roubaud considers that this is not

due to insect parasites, and calls it " pseudo-myiase rampante "

[R.A.E., B, vii, 28]. The author is convinced that in West Africa

there is a form of this disease of parasitic origm, probably due to

larvae of Gaslrophilus.

Kleine (F. K.). Die Schlafkrankheit in Kamerun, [Sleeping Sick-
ness in Kamerun.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- v. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic,
xxiii, no. 15, July 1919, pp. 315-331, 1 map.

This paper is prepared from an official report dated August 1914,
which only reached the German government in 1919 owing to the War.
The journey through Kamerun lasted from April to August 1914 and
was undertaken in order to ascertain the extent to which the habits
of Glossina and the local conditions differ from those in East Africa.

The distribution of Glossina palpalis, especially on the larger rivers,,
is described.

All traffic and fishing on the rivers should be forbidden by day,
from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., and should be subject to supervision. Resting
by day should be permitted only at cleared stations. In utilising
clearing and cultural measures, those applied quite close to native or
European settlements are likely to be the most successful. It s.
unnecessary to remove the roots of large trees that have been felled.

151

but the immediate establishment of cultivated plants is imperative
or the clearings will become covered with bush very favourable to
Glossina ; this has actually occurred in one case.

Among 5,000 individuals examined in the Dume district Dr.
Schachtmeyer found 14 per cent, to be infected, and the actual
percentage is probably higher owing to the authorities not having
secured the full confidence of the natives.

It had been previously stated that in New Kamerun the high sickness
figures had no relation to the few Glossina present. The author did
not observe such a discrepancy. It is true that on the Carnot-Kumbe
road no G.palpalis is found close to the villages, whilst from 0 per cent,
to 52 per cent, of the population is infected ; but at a distance of one
day's march east and west of the road there are rivers heavily infested
with this fly, and there is a constant inter-communication between the
natives.

G. fusca is also fairly frequently met with. At Kumbe Dr. Fischer
captured 1,011 specimens of G. fusca in 4 weeks and fed them on a
species of Cercopithecus. Though none of these monkeys contracted
sleeping sickness, the author does not doubt that G. fusca is capable of
transmitting it.

Weinberg (M.). Pappatacifieber und Influenza. [Pappataci Fever
and Influenza.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic, xxiii,
no. 15, July 1919, pp. 331-37.
This paper compares the clinical symptoms of sandfly fever, which
is conveyed by Phlebotomus, and influenza.

FtJLLEBORN (F.). Ueber Ophthalmomyiasis und einen solchen Fall aus
Nord Frankreich. [Ocular Myiasis and Notes on a Case from
Northern France.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leip.nc, xxiii,
no. 16, August 1919, pp. 349-359, 3 figs.

Numerous references are given to the literature on ocular myiasis.
Of the 40-50 cases recorded in detail the majority appear to be due to
larvae of Rhinoestrus purpureus or allied flies, even where those of
Oestrus avis have been thought to be involved. The " Thun'ni "
ocular myiasis described by the brothers Sergent from Algeria and the
Sahara and held by them to be due to 0. ovis, is considered to be better
ascribed to Rhinoestrus in view of the biology and distribution of these
flies ; this affection has only been observed in the distributional area
of R. purpureus {nasalis).

A record is given of what the author believes to be the only fully
authenticated case of human ocular myiasis from France. It is
believed to have been due to R. purpureus,

DU ToiT (P. J.). Experimentelle Studien iiber die Pferdepiroplasmose.
III. Mitteilung. Uebertragungsversuche mit Zecken bei der

Piroplasma-caballi — Infektion. [Experimental Studies on Equine
Piroplasmosis. Third Communication. Experiments in the
Transmission of Piroplasma caballi by Ticks.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u.
Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic, xxiii, no. 16, August 1919, pp. 359-368, 1 fig.

The two preceding papers have already been noticed [R.A.E., B,
viii, 45, 46]. The experunents described here auned at ascertaining

152

whether the tick, Ixodes ricinus, L., could transmit Piroplasma caballi
in Germany. As specimens of Dermacentor reticulatus, F., universally
held to transmit P. caballi. were available, experiments were also made
with this species.

Ail experiments with I. ricinus proved negative, and this tick seems
incapable of carrying P. caballi. These results and those given in the
second communication (with Nuttallia equi) show that there is little
danger of equine piroplasmosis becoming established in Germany.

The tests with D. reticulatvs proved positive, thus confirming this
tick as the carrier of P. caballi. The ticks can become infected in the
larval stage and in that case they are not only infective in the nymphal
stage, but the act of transmitting infection does not cleanse them
and the adults are also infective. Infected ticks can therefore transmit
the disease in two consecutive stages without ingesting infected blood
in the interval. This behaviour has not been observed before in the
case of the Ixodinae.

Plehn (A.). Zur Epidemiologie der Malaria. [The Epidemiology of
Malaria.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leijmc, xxiii, no. 17,
September 1919, pp. 371-386, 2 diagrams.

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title. It is pointed
out that many difficulties hamper a study of the distribution of malaria
infections throughout the year and their relation to the difierent
seasons, and that these difficulties were not solved at the time that
the role played by Anophelines was discovered.

Schilling (V.). Uber die schwere cilicische Malaria. [Notes on the
severe Cilician Malaria.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic,
xxiii, no. 20-21, November 1919, pp. 475-498, 1 map, 3 charts.

In the Taurus and Amanus regions of Cilicia malaria in a severe
endemic form was observed in 1916. This paper deals mainly with
the medical aspect of the question. It is stated that during the sum-
mer of 1916 Culex and Stegomyia, both cistern and well breeders, were
found at Aleppo, but no Anopheles were noticed.

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SwELLEXGREBEL-DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

Lijst van Anophelinen uit het Oosten van den Archipel, met
nadere Beschrijving van de voor Ned.-Indie nieuwe Vormen.

[A List of Anophelines from the East of the Malay Archipelago,
with a fuller Description of the Forms new to the Dutch East
Indies.] — Reprint from Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, Batavia,
Lx, no. 1, 1920, 18 pp., 3 plates, 1 map.

The area dealt with, extending from west to east, includes Celebes,
the island south of Celebes, and the Moluccas (including western
New Guinea).

The species found were : — Anopheles hyrcanus (sinensis). A. barbi-
rosiris, A. indefinitus, A. subpictus (rossi), A. ludlowi, A. leucosphyrus,
A. punctulatus, A. barbirostris var. pallidus, A. anmdipes var. molxc-
censis, A. punctulatus var. orientalis, A. aitkeni var. insulae-florum,

153

A. (S.) aitkeni var. papuae [R.A.E., B. viii, 136]. The four last-named
are new forms of which illustrated descriptions are given.

A. annulipes var. moluccensis is the most ubiquitous species in the
Dutch East Indies ; it occurs in both fresh and salt water to a greater
extent than other Anopheline larvae. A. punctulatus var. orient alis
breeds in the forests, in fresh-water pools and rivulets. In the eastern
portion of the area under consideration it has almost displaced the
typical form. A. aitkeni var. insulae-florum breeds in slow-flowing or
standing clear water in the woods in Ambon, one of the Moluccas.
A. aitkeni var. papuae was found only in New Guinea, in slow-flowing
forest rivulets.

The distribution of these species is shown on a map, and it would
appear that the Austrahan Anopheline fauna is not limited by the
Wallace line (Straits of Lombok — Straits of Macassar), but by a line
eastwards of Celebes. The point at which this line crosses the chain
of the lesser Sunda Islands is not known.

The breeding places in the Archipelago eastwards of Celebes are
shown in a table. A second table covers the breeding places in Celebes
and Boeton, and a third shows the relation between enlarged spleen
and Anopheline occurrence. It appears from the latter that localities
where there are breeding places of A. ludloivi and A. suhpictus {rossi)
usually have a high spleen index.

ScHUFFNER (W.) & SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Handlciding voor het
Epidemiologisch Malaria-Onderzoek. [A Manual for Malaria
Investigation.] — Hoofdbureau van der Burgerlijken Geneeskun-
digen Dienst, Weltevreden, 1918, x-|-67 pp., 27 plates, 9 charts.
[Received 19th June 1920.]

This fuUy illustrated pocket manual is intended for officials of the
Dutch East Indian Civil Medical Service, and gives instructions
regarding topographical, clinical and entomological investigations.
The last-named section deals with methods of capturing and deter-
minmg Anopheline larvae and adults and of ascertaining the presence
of malaria parasites in the adult mosquito.

Keys to both sexes of the adults and to the larvae are given.

Crimi (P.). Sulla Terapia della Rogna sarcoptica degli Equini e su di
un Metodo curativo elTicace, rapido e semplice. [The Therapy
of Sarcoptic Mange of Equines and an efficacious, rapid and simple
Method of Cure.] — Ann. Star. Sperinient. Malattie Infettive del
Bestiame, Portici, v (1918), no. 1, 1919, pp. 19-71. [Received 23rd
June 1920.]

The following method of treating sarcoptic mange on equines is
recommended. The animals are clipped, washed with soft-soap
containing 4 per cent, of creolin, and then rubbed with an ointment
composed of flowers of sulphur 25, tobacco extract (Italian government
brand), 5 and vaseline 100, all parts by weight. The application is
made on one side of the animal, the other side being treated on the
following day. Two days after this second application the animal is
washed with ordinary soap and hot water.

154

Laveean (A.) & Fkanchini (G.). Herpetomonas et Spirochaeta de la
Blatte orientale. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exof., Paris, xiii, no. 5, 12th
May 1920, pp. 331-333.

Since the previous paper was published [R.A.E., B., viii, 88] cock-
roaches, Blatta {Periplaneta) orientalis, collected in Paris and the en-
virons have been examined, and although the flagellates, Herpetomonas
periplanetae, were present in small numbers, spirochaetes, Gregarina
blattarum, and other organisms were more frequently found.

These included SpirocJiaeta periplanetae, sp. n. , which is here described.
Observ^ations made with this organism indicate the possibility of
hereditary infection. Of five white mice inoculated with the contents
of the digestive tube of Periplaneta orientalis infected with S. peri-
planetae, one died 24 hours and another 48 hours after inoculation,
two became infected and the fifth apparently escaped infection.
Individuals of BlaUella {Phyllodromia) germanica were also examined,
but neither Herpetomonas nor spirochaetes were found.

Jamot(E.). Essai de Prophylaxie niedicale de la Maladie du Sommeil
dans rOubangui-Chari.— jBi/W. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 5,
12th May 1920, pp. 343-376.

The prophylactic measures against sleeping sickness organised by the
Governor General in the French Congo during 1916 are discussed,
mainly from the medical aspect. The infected area was divided up
into sections, and this paper deals chiefly with the district of Ubangi-
Shari.

Glossina morsitans is apparently not responsible for the propagation
of sleeping sickness in this district, there being but few places where
this fly is very numerous. G. fusca and G. tachinoides are most abun-
dant along the small rivers, the banks of which are covered with timber.

The distribution of Glossina palpalis is very irregular. In general
the disease is less serious in the regions where the fly is rare or entirely
absent, though no precise correlation can be found between the in-
cidence of the disease and the density of the fly.

PiOT (A.). Sur le Fonctionnement dun Secteur de Prophylaxie centre
la Trypanosomiase au Congo francais [1919).— Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 5, 12th May 1920, pp. 376-384, 1 map.

The medical prophylaxis carried out in the Ibenga-Motaba section
of the French Congo is described. The distribution of Glossina is very
similar to that recorded in the preceding paper. The flies are most
abimdant about the middle third of the course of the rivers Ibenga and
Motaba and disappear completely along their upper courses. Tsetse-
flies were absent in the villages and adjoining forests lying on the
same level as the upper water of these rivers. Mosquitos were alsO'
absent at this level, but were abundant in the lower villages .

Marchand (W.). Thermotropism in Insects. — Entom. News, Phila-
delphia, xxxi, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 159-165.
Among a number of examples of the reaction of insects to heat, the-
most characteristic instance of thermotropism, affecting the blood-
sucking instinct of mosquitos, has already been noticed [R.A.E., B, vii.

155

63]. Concerning other blood-sucking insects, the hog louse, Haemato-
pinus siiis, failed to give a therniotropic reaction, but this is not
astonishing since these parasites live permanently on their host, and,
being wingless, would hardly be able to find their host by means of a
tropism.

Newcomb (C). On an Outbreak of Relapsing Fever in Turkey in

19iS.— Indian Med. Gaz., Calcutta, Iv, no. G, June 1920, pp. 208-
217.

The outbreak of recurrent fever in Turkey, which made its appear-
ance in April 1918 and continued until June, was undoubtedly due to
lice. The literature on relation of this disease to lice and other insects
is reviewed.

Facer (A. W.). Hints on Dips and Dip-Testing. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl,
Salisbury, xvii, no. 3, June 1920, pp. 255-261.

Dipping is a convenient method of poisoning ticks with arsenic, and
the effective and safe solutions for dipping at different intervals are : — ■
0*08 per cent, arsenious oxide for 3-day dipping ; 0-16 per cent, for
7-day dipping ; 0*24 per cent, for 14-day dipping. Solutions that are
much weaker than the above for the prescribed intervals do not kill the
ticks ; solutions that are much stronger for the prescribed intervals
are dangerous, in that the cattle may be scalded in passing through
them, perhaps with fatal results.

In testing dips the object is to find the percentage of arsenious oxide
in the tank fluid, which in practice contains water, dirt, soda, arsenious
oxide, and various other substances added to render the fluid bitter
to the taste, etc. Arsenious oxide possesses the property of absorbmg
iodine in a certain definite proportion (2 oz. absorb about 5 oz.). The
arsenious oxide in dips can therefore be found by testing a measured
quantity of it with a " testing solution " of iodine of a definite strength.
As the soda would interfere, it is removed by adding sulphuric acid
(about 30 drops per bottle). When enough acid has been added the
sediment usually settles, and the clear liquid can be poured off, or if
necessary it can be filtered. Exactly 50 c.c. of this liquid is measured
off. The acid it contains is counteracted by adding sodium bi-carbon-
ate until there is no further effervescence. A little Gloy is then added.
Gloy contains dissolved starch, which gives a blue colour with the
slightest trace of " free iodine." The dipping fluid is now ready for
testing. The iodine solution is placed in a burette, so that the amount
used can be measured, and gradually introduced into the beaker
containing the fluid, the latter being thoroughly and constantly shaken
during the process.

As the addition of the iodine proceeds the blue colour appears,
but rapidly disappears on shaking. After a time it disappears much
more slowly, and the iodine should then be introduced only a very
little at a time until the blue colour persists when the fluid is thoroughly
shaken. The number of cubic centimetres absorbed by the dip is then
read from the burette. By dividing this number by 100 (when exactly
50 c.c. of dip have been taken for the test) the amount per cent, of
arsenious oxide in the dipping fluid is found.

156

Under certain c'rcumstances the arsenious oxide in the arsenite
of dips tends to change into another form producing arsenate [R.A.E.,
B, viii, 6, etc.]. This has about half the tick-killing power of arsenite,
has a scalding and poisoning effect on cattle, and is not apparent
in the test described. The proportion of arsenate tends to increase in
a tank that has stood unused for some time.

HiNE (J. S.). Descriptions of Horseflies from Middle America. I. —

Ohio Jl. Sci., Columhis, xx, no. 6, April 1920, pp. 185-192.
[Received 7th July 1920.]

The following new Tabanids are described: — Tabanus fulmineus and
T.festivus, from the Canal Zone ; T. murreus, T. modicus and T. tantalus,
from British Guiana ; T. umbratus and T. validus, from Costa Rica ;
T. mordax, from Paraguay ; T. furvus from Bolivia ; T. curtus from
Venezuela ; T. bruesi, T. lautus and T. ^mnensis, from Peru ; T. tacitus
from Uruguay, T. trivittatus, ¥., from British Guiana is redescribed.
These are all placed in the genus Tabamts {sens, lat.) to avoid the
erection of a number of new genera, a procedure that is considered
undesirable at present. A key to the new species is also given.

It is proposed to substitute Stichocera, n. n., for Dicrania and
Dicranomyia, both of which have been used for the same genus and are
preoccupied.

Edwards (F. W.). The Nomenclature of the Parts of the Male
Hypopygium of Diptera Nematocera, with special reference to
Mosquitos. — Ann. Trojp. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiv, no. 1,
30th June 1920, pp. 23-40, 2 figs.

The contents of this paper are sufficiently indicated by the title.

Macfie (J. W. S.). Heat and Stegomyia fasciata : Short Exposures
to raised Temperatures. — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiv.
no. 1, 30th June 1920, pp. 73-82.

As a result of these experiments it was found that the ability of
Stegomyia fasciata to withstand sudden exposure for five minutes to a
raised temperature is greatest in the egg-stage, slightly less in the
pupal stage, and least in the larval and adult stages. It was also
found that the effect of heat varied greatly as a result of the manner
in which it was applied, the length of time occupied in reaching the
particular temperature, and the length of time that temperature was
maintained. During the observations here described only exposures
of 5 minutes were studied.

Adult mosquitos are apparently more susceptible to the action of a
raised temperature in the absence of moisture.

Blacklock (B.) & Carter (H. F.). - On the Results obtained from
Surveys for Breeding-Places of Tree-Hole Mosquitoes in Liverpool
and Neighbourhood.^ — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiv,
no. 1, 30th Jmie 1920, pp. 115-126, 1 fig., 1 plate.

The results of a survey to determine the frequency with which
breeding places of Anopheles plumbeus, Steph., occur in trees are
summarised by the authors as follows : — ^In a series of 6 surveys, 5 iu

157

the Liverpool district and 1 in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, 2,500 trees
were examined up to a height of 25 feet for breeding-places of Anopheles
plumheus and Ochlerotatus geniculalus. A total of 83 holes and 51
forks and clefts containing water were found ; 16 breeding-places of
A. plumheus and 19 of 0. geniculatus were discovered ; larvae of
A. plumheus and 0. geniculatus were associated on 13 occasions.
Breeding-places of A. plumheus occurred in 0*64 per cent, of the trees
examined and in 19-2 per cent, of holes containing water.

Up to a height of 6 feet from the ground, 39 places containing water,
4 breeding-places of A. plumheus and 6 of 0. geniculatus were found ;
above 6 feet, 95 places containing water, 12 breeding-places of
A. plumheus and 13 of 0. geniculatus were found.

Elms, horse-chestnuts and sycamores provided the great majority
of the breeding-places ; oaks, Spanish chestnuts and firs provided no
breeding-places and very few holes containing water.

Merili*at (L. a.). Fly Repellent.— ^mer. Jl. Yet. Med., Chicago, xv,
no. 7, July 1920, p. 333.

The following mixture is advocated as a fly repellent during surgical
operations and in the treatment of sick animals worried by flies :--
lib. of common laundry soap boiled in 4 U.S. gals, of water until
dissolved and then mixed with 4 oz. of naphthaline dissolved in 1 U.S.
gal. of crude petroleum. This is best applied with a brush or sponged
over the hair with a sponge or cloth.

Harrison (W. T.). Plague in California Ground Squirrels.— iH^/zt?/,

Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 5-6, May- June
1920, pp. 187-194.

Plague was first discovered in Calif ornia in 1900, and the first
epidemic of pneumonic plague to occur in the Western hemisphere
broke out in Oakland in September 1919, as the result of one of j the
inhabitants shooting squirrels in the neighbouring hills and bringing
them home and preparing them for food. The epidemic resulted in
the death of 14 persons. The Public Health Service has maintained
eradication measures against ground squirrels since 1908, their extent
being limited by the appropriation allowed. The chief reason why so
few cases of pla^^e have been contracted from ground squirrels is^that
where squirrels are plentiful there are usually few inhabitants. It is
not possible to estimate how complete squirrel destruction must be in
order to eradicate plague ; in cities 75 per cent, destruction of.* rats
causes plague to disappear, but this does not seem to hold good for
squirrels. Whether re-infection from surrounding areas takes place
or whether infection persists in a chronic form in a few squirrels has
not been determined. Plague is most acute among the young squirrels
in the early spring and summer months, becoming more chronic as^they
become more vigorous. Many carloads of carbon bisulphide and many
tons of poisoned barley have been used in California during the past
year, but much continuous work musi) be done before squirrels cease
to be a menace.

158

It is stated that the rat flea [Xenopsylla cheopis] remains infective
ior human beings for 30 days or more, and that ordinances in San
Francisco are enforcing that all new buildings should be rat-proof in
construction.

LoFTiN (U. C). Mosquitoes found about Gainesville, Fla. Part II. —
Traps for Mosquitoes. — Florida Buggist, Gainesville, iii, no. 4,
March 1920, pp. 53-59 & 67-71, 3 figs. [Received 14th July 1920.]

The two previous instalments of this paper have already been noticed
IJR.A.E., B. viii, 58, 94]. In this part are recorded the results of experi-
ments with mosquito traps consisting of jars or boxes coloured black
inside or lined with dark cloth. They should be rather narrow and
deep, and should be placed in a well lighted room or porch which is
free from dark cupboards, etc. The mosquitos gather in them in
the early morning for shelter during the day, and the tops should
be closed before the sun shines directly on them.

The greatest numbers were caught on warm, still nights. Baits did
not add to the attractiveness of the traps, and not all species were
equally attracted ; Culex fatigans (quinquefasciatus) made up over 98
per cent, of the total, Anophelines came next, and only two or three
Stegomyia and PsoropJwra were taken. The percentage of C. fatigans
is probably higher than is usually found outside the traps.

These traps are not recommended to rid a place of mosquitos, but
if used with judgment will reduce their numbers. Such traps are
also useful for collecting specimens for demonstrations, tests or other
purposes. They were also used for testing repellants, one trap being
treated with a little of the substance, and another about a foot away
used as a control. The percentage of efficiency of Bombay Vapor, oil
of citronella and oil of tar varied from 92 '8 per cent, to 82 per cent, in
the order named.

Pierce (W. D.). Hutchison (R. H.) & Moscowitz (A.). Government
Report on Laundry Machinery. Its Adaptability to various
Requirements of Disinfection and Disinsection, — National Laundry
Jl., Chicago, Ixxxi, no. 1, 1st January, 1919, pp. 4-14. [Received
14th July 1920.]

The technique employed in obtaining eggs and individuals of
Pediculis humanus var. corporis (vestimenti) for these experiments
is described, as well as the process of washing and the various
observations made on the effects of different temperatures, live steam,
insecticidal soap, etc. , on lice.

The results show that the modern laundry as now adopted for army
camps is a thoroughly adequate method of disinfection. A tempera-
ture from 140° F. to 158° F., if maintained in a closed vessel for twenty
minutes, is sufficient to destroy all pathogenic non-spore-bearing forms
of bacteria ; 131° F. will kill lice, and this temperature may be used
for woollen materials without causing undue shrinkage. The measures
advocated for sterilising woollens are washing for 15 minutes in heavy
suds at a temperature of 131° F., followed by 3 rinsings of 3 minutes
each at the same temperature ; the garments are then placed in a
drying tumbler for 15 minutes at a minimum temperature of 140° F.

159

Kand (F. V.) & Pierce (W. D.). A Co-ordination of our Knowledge of
Insect Transmission in Plant and Animal Diseases. — Phytopatho-
logy, Baltimore, x, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 189-231. [Received 14th
July 1920.]

This paper reviews present knowledge with regard to insect trans-
mission of plant and animal diseases, and emphasises the importance
in future studies of collaboration between pathologist and entomologist.

Pierce (W. D.). Some Necessary Steps in any Attempt to prove

Insect Transmission or Causation of Disease, ^a'ence, Lancaster

Pa., N.S., 1, no. 1284, 8th August 1919, pp. 125-130. [Received

14th July 1920.]

In an investigation of the question of the transmission of a disease

by invertebrate carriers, the importance of co-operation between

physician, parasitologist and entomologist is emphasised. Details

are given of the various ways in which an insect or other blood

sucker can be involved m disease transmission. The information that

should be collected about the disease to be investigated and the possible

insect carriers are indicated, and the questions to which transmission

experiments must provide a reply are detailed. Hints are given on

the handling of experimental insects, and on recording observations.

AwATi (P. R.). Bionomics of Houseflies : I— Outdoor Feeding Habits
of Houseflies with Special Reference to Musca 'protnisca [angus-
tifrons ?). — Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3, January
1920, pp. 548-552. [Received 16th July 1920.]

The species of Musca may be divided into two groups :— -haemato-
phagous species, such as M. bezzii, usually found associated with cattle,
and species that frequent houses and are more or less associated with
man. The chief aim of this paper is to find which of the species of the
second group are intimately connected with fresh human faeces, so far
as feeding is concerned. Sinca fresh faeces are usually found infected
durmg epidemics of cholera, typhoid, etc., and are often easily accessible
to house-flies, it is important to know which species of Musca are first
attracted to feed on them.

The results of a number of observations, which are described, made
in different situations and under varying weather conditions in difierent
seasons of the year, showed that Musca divaricata {nebido ?) was most
abundantly found in dwelling houses, sweetmeat shops, hotels, on
stale human faeces and on human faeces mixed with other matter ;
while M. promisca {angustifro7is ?) was mostly attracted to fresh
human faeces. M. promisca was also found in sweetmeat shops, etc.,
though in comparatively small numbers.

AwATi (P. R.). Bionomics of Houseflies : II- Attraction of Houseflies
to Different CoXoxaxs.— Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3,
January 1920, pp. 553-559. [Received IGth July 1920.]

This paper describes two series of experiments which seem to show
that, contrary to the statements of certain writers {e.g., R.A.E., B, vii,
5G), various colours do have different degrees of attraction for house-
flies. I'he first series was carried out at night, when artilicial lights

160

were exposed. The second was performed by day with differently
coloured tanglefoot papers.

Yellow had the greatest attraction, red and violet the least ; bluie,
green and orange were intermediate. There was no evidence that the
sexes differed in their response to various colours, and the response
was identical by day and night. Flies other than Musca were few ;
but CallipJiora spp. showed colour-preferences similar to those of
house-flies.

AwATi (?. R.) k S\vA^]iNATu (C. S.). Bionomics of Houseflies :
III — A Preliminary Note on the Attraction of Houseflies to certain
Fermenting and Putrefying Substances. — Indian Jl. Med. Res.,
Calcutta, vii, no. 3, January 1920, pp. 560-567. [Received 16th
July 1920.]

In these experiments certain substances were allowed to ferment or
putrefy, and were tested chemically from day to day. It was observed
that house-flies {Musca divaricata and M. 'promisca) began to be
attracted to a particular substance after it had undergone a certain
degree of chemical change ; the number of flies attracted reached its
maximum at a certain stage of the process, after which it began to fall,
till at last the substance had no attraction. The substances used
were rice, wheat, pulses, egg, meat and fish.

Tables are given of the results of all the experiments. The first two
substances did not attract very many flies. The pulse attracted more,
possibly because of the presence of putrescible components ; but the
egg, meat and fish attracted much the largest number. As a result it
seems that some strong smelling substances connected with putrefaction
such as ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, some organic compounds of
phosphorus, etc., may be necessary to attract flies before they approach
what is otherwise a satisfactory food. Akalinity or acidity of a
fermenting or putrefying mixture has nothing to do with attraction of
flies.

The flies in question did not oviposit in any of the substances.

Senior- White (R. A.). On the Occurrence of Coleoptera in the
Human Intestine. — Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3,
January 1920, pp. 568-569, 1 plate. [Received 16th July 1920.]

A pathological condition caused by the presence of the Scarabaeid
beetle, Onthophagus bifasciatus, F., in the human intestine is recorded.
The disease appears to be confined almost entirely to children of from
three to eight years old, and to occur only in the low country of Ceylon.
It occurs both in Sinhalese and Tamil children.

It is probable that whilst in the intestine the larvae are faecal feeders
but how and at what stage they get there, and how they remain un-
passed during the larval and j^upal stages is unknown. The adults
are passed and escape ; in the case noticed here the individuals passed
were all females.

Though seldom or never serious, these cases are sufiiciently common
to have a definite vernacular name. Possibly infection take place
through ova or young larvae in one or other of the semi-decayed forms
of dried fish that form a regular article of diet with both the Sinhalese
villager and the Tamil estate coolie.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals vrWMg to etdhangto
their publications with those of the Bureau* are requested to eom-
municate with the Assistant Director.

the annual Subscription In advance to thd Review, Serieii A
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Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director. Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen*8 Gate, London,
S.W.7. or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Africa, Central : Insect -borne Diseases of Domestic Animals . . 147

America, Central : Descriptions of New Tabanids . . . . 156

Argentina: A Campaign against Jlfwscadomestica, . .. .. 148

British Isles : Bots infesting the Oesophagus of a Horse. . . . 149
British Isles : Surveys for Breeding-Places of Tree-Hole Mos-

quitos in Liverpool . . . . . . . . . . • • • • 156

Ceylon : The Occurrence of Coleoptera in the Human Intestine . . 160

CiLiciA : Notes on an Outbreak of Malaria . . . . . . . . 152

Congo, Belgian : Notes on Horse Sickness. . . . . . . . 148

Congo, French : The Distribution of Sleeping Sickness and

Glossina . . . . . . • • . . . • • • • • 154

Denmark : An Outbreak of Copra Itch . . . . . . • . 149

Dutch East Indies : Notes on Anophelines . . . . . . 152

Dutch East Indies : A Manual for Malaria Investigation (Review) 163
France : A Case of Ocular Myiasis ascribed to Bhinoestrus pur-

pureus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 151

France : Organisms found in Cockroaches . . . . . . ^ . . 154

Germany: Experimental Studies on Equine Piroplasmosis and

Ticks 151

India : The Bionomics of House-Flies 160, 161

Italy : The Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange of Equines . . . . 153

Kamerun : Notes on Glossina and Sleeping Sickness . . . . 150

Mytilene : Ticks infesting Domestic Animals . . . . . . 146

Rhodesia, Northern : Contagious Impetigo of Cattle , . . . 149

Rumania: ISSotes on the Bionomics of Pedicidushumanus. . .. 146

Rumania : Measures against Typhus . . . . . . . . . . 146

Turkey : An Outbreak of Recurrent Fever . . . . . . . . 165

U.S.A. : The Sum that a Community can afford to pay to rid

itself of Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 149

U.S.A.: A Formula for a Fly Repellent 167

U.S.A. : Plague in California Ground Squirrels . . . . . . 157

U.S.A. : Notes on Traps for Mosquitos in Florida . . . . . . 158

U.S.A.: The Value of Laundry Processes against Lice .. .. 158

Venezuela : Notes on American Leishmaniasis . . . . . . 145

Venezuela : Trypanosomiasis of Domestic Animals . . . . 147

Notes on the Bionomics of the Guinea Worm . . . . . . . . 145

The Value of Saponified Cresol Solutions as Disinfectants . . . . 149

Infestation of the Human Skin by Larvae of GastropJiilus . . . . 150

A Comparison of Pappataci Fever and Influenza 151

The Epidemiology of Malaria . . . . . . 152

Thermotropism in Blood -sucking Insects . . . . . . . . 154

Hints on Dips and Dip-Testing 155

The Nomenclature of the Parts of the Male Hypopygium in Mos-
quitos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

ExperimentsintheEffect of Heat on iSfegowt/ia/asciato .. .. 156

Insect Transmission of Plant and Animal Diseases . . . . . . 159

Necessary Steps in any Attempt to prove Insect Transmission of

Disease .. .. 169

l,.,l,Ur,i a a, «J.O. tor n,n,mi,„on to C— o «»« ».»/».((toi "S *«»«'»« ''»'•

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part lO.-pp. 161-18t. OCTOBER, 1920.

THE REVIEW
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ENTOMOLOGY.

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Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Eosb Bradfobd, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Eoyal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bbucb, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Listitute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmbb, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbfroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. B. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. B. Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyban, Principal, Eoyal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.E.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofl&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor E. Newstbad, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor B. B. Poulton, F.E.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., Director,

Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Bead, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Eothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.E.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. E. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G.. Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Mmistry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, "Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Eoyal Agricultural Society of

England. . .

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dommions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Scccetari5.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anD BOttoc.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

asststant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head O^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Eoad, London

S.W.7.
Publication Office.—SS, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

161

Gill (C. A.). Note regarding Malaria in Kashmir. — Indian Jl. Med.
Res., Calcutta, vi, no. 3, January 1920, pp. 610-617. [Received
16th July 1920.]

The reasons for the freedom of the Kashmir valley from malaria are
considered. Anopheles willmori — a proved carrier of malaria — was
distinctly abundant in places and bit freely in September 1919. Other
Anophelines included A. plumbeus {barianensis)[cf. R.A.E., B, i, 142]
A. lindesayi, and A. gigas.

In 1919 therefore the factors favourable to the occurrence of malaria
were : — the Anppheline factor ; the human factor, Kashmiris being
suspectible in the Punjab, while numbers of malarious subjects, both
British and Indian, visit Kashmir annually ; climatic conditions, the
summer being rather hotter than the average English one, and the rain-
fall being the same as in many parts of the Punjab plains, and evidently
producing conditions favourable to insect life. The only unfavourable
factor seems to be altitude. The floor of the Kashmir valley is elevated
between 5,000-6,000 feet above sea-level ; mountainous regions are
generally stated to be free from malaria, though apparent exceptions to
this rule have been reported. A table of the incidence of malaria at
varioiis heights in the Punjab shows it to be absent in localities having
an altitude of 6,000 feet or over, in spite of the presence of malaria-
carrying Anophelines. The critical altitude would appear to be
between 5,000-6,000 feet — ^the average height of the Kashmir valley.
Consequently the apparent freedom of Kashmir from malaria must be
ascribed in some way to its altitude. The exact significance of altitude
in relation to malaria has not been studied, and it is proposed in a
future communication to endeavour to throw more light on the subject,
which may prove to be of more than academic interest.

OiLL (C. A.). The Relationship of Malaria and RsiinfsLlL— Indian Jl.
Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3, January 1920, pp. 618-632.
[Received 16th July 1920.]

Whilst in all malarious countries there is a general association
between rainfall and malaria, no constant relationship exists between
excessive rainfall and the incidence of autumnal malaria. In the city
of Amritsar an excess of rainfall is apt to be associated with great
epidemics that occur abruptly in the last week in September, reach
their maximum in the first half of October, and thereafter decline with
moderate rapidity.

The correlation between the July-September rainfall and autumnal
malaria is high, but for the production of epidemic malaria the July-
August rainfall is of paramount importance. The effect on malaria
of rainfall in the other nine months is inappreciable. Infection is most
likely to occur between early July and the end of October, the first two
months being more important. Besides rainfall, economic conditions,
and, possibly, other factors, are capable of influencing the occurrence
of epidemic malaria.

As the data regarding rainfall and the economic conditions concerned
in the production of malaria epidemics in the Punjab are available
each year at the end of August, it will be possible to forecast these
epidemics with considerable accuracy about three weeks before their

(709) Wt.P1850/163. 1,500. 10.20 B.&F..Ltd. Gp. 11/14 A

162

commencement. Such a forecast would, however, be wholly inaccurate
in the case, for example, of Bombay, where similar rainfall and economic
conditions have never given rise to great epidemics.

Cragg (F. W.). Secretion and Epithelial Regeneration in the Mid-
Intestine of Tabanus. — Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3,
January 1920, pp. 648-663, 3 plates, 1 fig. [Received 16th July
1920.]

A full account is given of the processes of digestion in Tabanus, of
the secretions of the cardia and stomach, and of the regeneration of the
epithelium. As regards absorption of the digested food, this passes
through the cytoplasm of the cells of the stomach without assuming a
concrete form, and there is nothing resembling the complex phenomena
that have been described in connection with absorption in the ticks.

In view of the general similarity of their structure and habits, it is
probable that processes similar to those described in Tabanus also
occur in the mosquito.

BiSHOPP (F. C). Thoughts on Insects in Relation to Production ot
Live Stock and Poultry.— JL Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, Washmgton,
B.C., Ivii, N.S., X, no. 4, July 1920, pp. 414-422.

The variety of ways in which insects affect live-stock and poultry
are discussed. These include direct attack, such as injury by biting
flies, etc. , as well as the transmission of disease by ticks and insects.

The necessity for careful work to ascertain the efiect of various
insects on the health, growth and production of animals, in order to
determine the importance of carrying out remedial measures, is
emphasised. This would be greatly facilitated by the co-operation of
the veterinary entomologist and animal husbandman.

Smith (E. I.). Tick Eradication in the South. — Jl. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc, WasUngtmi, B.C., Ivn, new Ser. x, no. 4, July 1920, pp.
423-429.

The history of tick eradication in the southern United States from
1905 to 1919 is briefly reviewed, and its general success iS emphasised.
Up to 1st December 1918, 63 per cent, of the territory originally
quarantined had been released. The intrinsic value of cattle is
estimated to have increased from 20 to 100 per cent, and that of land
from 25 to 100 per cent.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & Swellengr;ebel de Graaf (J. M. H,).
Lijst der in Nederlandsch Indie gevonden Anophelinen. [A List
of Anophelines found in the Dutch East Indies.]— Tijdschr. Entom.,
The Hague, Ixiii, no. 1-2, 15th July 1920, pp. 96-108.

The mosquitos in this hst have already been dealt with [R.A.E., B,
vii, 183 ; viii, 136]. Their geographical and seasonal distribution
and pathogenicity are briefly noted.

163

Pennington (M. S.). Notas sobre un Caso de la Enfermedad llamada
" Ura,'' causada por la Larva de la Dermatobia cyamventris
Macq. I Notes on a case of " Ura", caused by tlie Larva of
D cyaniventns.]—Physis, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 18, 31st December
1919, pp. 577-578, 2 figs. [Received 19th July 1920.]

A case is recorded of infestation by tbe larvae of Dermatobia cyam-
ventris, Macq., in an individual who had just returned to Buenos Aires
after a journey through Misiones and Alto Parana. These larvae had
punctured the skin in five places and embedded themselves m the,
flesh beneath, and were extracted with great difficulty.

LiscHETTi (A. B.). Algunas Observaciones sobre la Morfologia de los
Huevos de Culex. [Some Observations on the Morphology of the

Eggs of Culex.]— Physis, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 18, 31st December
I9T9, pp. 588-591. ' [Received 19th July 1920.]

The " float " or hydrostatic apparatus that is appended to each egg
of Culex spp. and that enables the egg-mass to float like a raft on the
surface of water is described and illustrated. The joint action of all
the floats forming a raft gives such stability to the egg-mass that it is
almost impossible to submerge it. Even if this is done mechanically,
a small volume of air is retained between the base of the eggs and the
floats, which enables the whole mass to rise again to the surface
immediately the pressure is removed.

LiscHETTi (A. B.). Un Verme del Genero Planaria, Enemigo natural
de las Larvas del Mosquito. [A Worm of the Genus Planaria as a
Natural Enemy of Mosquito Larvae.]— P/?ysw, Buenos Aires, iv,
no. 18, 31st December 1919, pp. 591-595. [Received 19th July
1920.]

The fact that 30 larvae of Stegomyiafasciafa {Aedes calopm), placed
in a glass tank of water for breeding purposes, disappeared within two
days led to investigations to determine the reason. Thirty larvae of
Culex sp. introduced into the tank suffered the same fate, only a few
fragments being left. An examination of the flora and fauna of the
water was then made, and revealed among other things a number of
worms of the genus Planaria. The fact that young mosquito larvae
disappeared completely and that only the harder portions of older ones
were left, indicated that they were devoured by the Planaria, w^hich
was the only Uving organism in the water capable of such action.
Experiments were then made with 100 c.c. drinking w^ater into which
were placed 6 Planaria worms, and, in successive batches of about 10
to 20, 108 larvae of Culex spp. from 3 to 4 mm. long. A table shows
the length of time taken to dispose of the various batches of larvae ;
within 4 hours the 6 Planaria had devoured a total of 106 larvae, only
2 particularly large individuals escaping the general fate. The same
6 Planaria were immediately transferred to another vessel containing
200 Culex larvae of 4 to 5 mm. length, which they immediately attacked
and continued devouring with short intervals of rest. By midnight
many larvae were dead or dying and by 8 a.m. next day all had either
disappeared or were chnging to the bottom or sides of the receptacle.

(70'J) ^^

164

The habits of these worms have been stud-ed, and are described.
The presence of mosquito larvae in the vicinity causes some excitement
among them, and the larvae are attacked when their siphons are
brought to the surface of the water for respiration and the larvae are
motionless for a few seconds. The worm applies one of the lateral
lobes of its head to the siphon of the larva, to which it adheres by
means of the viscous substance with which it is covered ; if the larva
tries by means of its mouth-parts to rid itseK of its enemy, as is fre-
quently the case, both mouth-parts and siphon adhere to the
worm, which, as soon as it has secured its prey, drops with it to the
bottom of the receptacle. It then punctures one of the larval segments
and drags out the whole body content of the larva, leaving only the
head and skin. Adult larvae, on account of their strength, and pupae
on account of their activity, can almost always escape the attacks of
Planaria.

The experiments described indicate that this natural enemy might
be used artificially for the destruction of mosquito larvae, but further
information must be obtained regarding the distribution and habits
of the worm, its resistance to meteorological conditions, etc. , before its
value in this connection can be determined. The present notes ar
given with the object of interesting students in the question and
suggesting a field of investigation to them.

Rentoul (A. V. D.) & Clinton (H. F.). Poultry Parasites.— J/. Bep.
Agric. Victoria, Melbourne, xviii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 302-306,
3 figs.

The external parasites of domestic fowls that are most frequently
met with are discussed. The species dealt with include the red mite,
Dermanyssus gallinae ; scaly leg mite, Sarcoptes mutans ; the depluming
mite, Sarcoptes laevis ; the small body-louse, Menopon pallidum ; the
large body-louse, M. biseriatum ; the head-louse, Lipeurus hetero-
graphus ; the wing-louse, L. variabilis ; the large turkey-louse, Goniodes
stylifer ; and the poultry-tick, Argas persicus [R.A.E., B, vii, 67].

PoMEROY (A. W. J.). The Prophylaxis of Malaria in Dar-es-Salaam,
East Africa.— J/. R.A.M.C., London, xxxv, no. 1, July 1920, pp.
44-68, 1 plan, 2 charts, 4 figs.

The mosquito control measures undertaken in Dar-es-Saalam
are described, and the organisation of the mosquito brigade is dis-
cussed, the importance of drainage and control of swamp land being
emphasised.

The species found in 1918-19 included Anopheles funestus, Giles,
A. costalis, Lw., A. maculipalpis, Giles, Banksinella lineatopennis,
Ludl., Culex fatigans, Wied., G. bitaeniorynchus, Giles, C. consimilis,
Newst., C. iigripes, Grp., C. annulioris, Theo., C. invidiosus, Theo.,
G. duttoni, Theo., G. thalassius, Theo., G. sitiens, Wied., G. aurantapex,
Edw., G. laurenti, Newst., G. simpsoni, Theo., Stegomyia Jasciata, F.,
S. simpsoni, Theo., Eretmopodites quinquevittatus, Theo., Toxorhynchites
brevipaljnSjTheo., Mansonioides uniformis,Th.eo., Gulicio^nyia nebulosa,
Theo., Ochlerotatus pembaensis, Theo., 0. albocephalus, Theo., Harpa-
gomyia taeniorostris, Theo., and Uranotaenia mashonaensis, Theo.

165 NnV 1 I

By cutting down the grass at the begmning of the dry season, the
small pools formed by the ram are exposed and dried out before they
prove a breeding place for mosquitos. Infestation by adult mosquitos
was also greatly reduced by clearing the ground round dwellings.
Owing to tbie danger of the flooded hoof -prints of cattle, their traffic was
regulated by special police so that all such puddles could uiimediately
be treated. A mixture of equal quantities of crude oil and kerosene
proved best for oiling pools. In the case of large surfaces it was found
best to make frames of dried stems of sisal plants lashed horizontally
and laid on the surface of the water so as to prevent the oil from
being all blown to one part of the pond. The use of fish as destroyers
of larvae is also advocated. At Dar-es-Salaam top-minnows proved
most effective for practical work in addition to Tilapia nilotica, T. ovata,
T. naUdensis, T. mossambica, Electris fusca, Gobius giuris, Fundulus
guentkeri, Ambassis commersoni and Mugil macrolepis. Six fish were
found able to cope with a heavily infested tank of an average capacity
of 200 cubic feet.

Expermients show that the mmmium period for the incubation of
the eggs of Culex fatigans is under 24 hours, the minunum period for
the larval stage is under 120 hours and that of the pupal stage under 48
hours, thus giving a minunum life-cycle of less than 192 hours. Com-
pletion of the life-cycle may therefore be prevented by oilmg infested
water every 7 days. Although the foulest cesspool water proved the
best medium for Culicines, Anophelines were noticed to avoid any water
in the least contaminated by sewage ; and they develop most rapidly
in rain-filled ditches with plenty of growing plant life.

Of the mosquito repellents tried, 1 oz. of soft-soap, 20 c.c. of paraffin
and 20 c.c. of eucalyptus oil proved the most effective, but its use is
not advocated.

Brumpt (E.). Les Piroplasmes des Bovides et leurs Hotes vecteurs.—

Bull Soc. Path. ExoL, Paris, xiii, no. 6, 9th June 1920, pp.416-460,
12 figs.

The organisms causing piroiDlasmosis of cattle are discussed at length;
they include seven different species of Piroplasma and two of Ana-
flasma. They may be recognised by distinctive morphological and
biological characters, which are here described.

The species dealt with mclude : Piroplasma bovis, transmitted by
Ixodes ricinus {Haemapkysalis punctata bemg probably an accidental
host of this organism). P. argentimm, transmitted by Margaropus
annulatus australis ; P. bigemimmi, transmitted by 31. amivlatus, and
its varieties such as M. a. australis m Australia, M. a. decoloratus in
Southern Africa, and M. a. calcaratus in Northern Africa ; experi-
mentally it has also been transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
and Haemaphysalis punctata.

Theileria piarva is usually transmitted by RJiipiicephalus appendicu-
latus {fiitens), which changes its host three times. R. evertsi, R. capensis
and R. simus are also capable of transmitting this organism, and
Hyalomma aegijptium is considered by some authors to be a vector.
In Macedonia, Transcaucasia and Tunisia it is also probably carried by
R. bursa and R. sanguineus.

166

Theileria mutans is transmitted by R. simus, R. evertsi and
occasionally by R. appendicvlaUis. It may also be carried by
Hyalomma aegyptium,. R. bursa and R. sanguineus are also suspected
as probable hosts.

AnajMsma marginale may be transmitted by Margaropus annulatus
decoloratus and Rhipicephalus simus. Anaplasma centrale is transmitted
by M. a. decoloratus. The carrier of Anaplasma argentinum, which is
morphologically identical with M. marginale and is believed to have
been imported into S. America with cattle from Spain, has not been
determined, but is probably a species of Amhlyomma.

The pathogenic role of Piroplasma hudsonius bovis in British Colum-
bia has not so far been ascertained, but it is probably transmitted by
Dermacentor venustus.

Sergent (Et.). La Diagnostic de I'lnfection latente dans le Paludisme
des Oiseaux {Plasmodium relictum). — C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris,
Ixxxiii, no. 25, 17th July 1920, pp. 1063-1064.

The various methods of diagnosing latent malarial infection m birds
are discussed.

Chapin (R. M.). The Chemical Composition of Lime-Sulphur Animal

Dips. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. 451, 14th
December 1916, 16 pp. [Received 27th July 1920.]

The reactions in lime-sulphur animal dips occurrmg as a result of
storage, lime added after dilution, and variation in the ratio of lime-
sulphur, of period of boiling and of concentration, etc., are discussed.

Hirst (S.). Notes on Acarl parasitic on Birds, with Descriptions of
two new Species. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, v, no. 31, July
1920, pp. 121-122.

The mites dealt with include : Syringophilus columbae, sp. n., on
pigeons in Texas ; Pterolichus sculpturatus, sp. n., on ostriches in the
Transvaal ; P. bicmidatus, Gerv., on South African ostriches m Cape
Colony and California ; and Lijjonyssus silvanmi, C. & F., on sparrows
and poultry in the United States. This is apparently the first record
of the latter species occurring on poultry. In Russia it has been
found on Motacilla alba.

RouBAUD (E.). Emploi du Trioxymethylene en Poudre pour la
Destruction des Larves d'AnojjJieles. — C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, clxx, no. 25, 21st June 1920, pp. 1521-1522.

Powdered trioxymethylene sprinkled evenly on the surface of water,
causes the destruction of any Anopheles larvae devouring it. Ponds,
etc., might be treated at regular intervals to prevent the development
of adult Anophelines as the powder in no way renders the water unfit
for use or poisonous to cattle or fish. The operation should be carried
out as far as possible during warm, sunny weather when the feeding
activity of the larvae is at its greatest.

167

RouBAUD (E.). Mode d'Action du Trioxymethylene en Poudre sur la
Larve d'Anophele. — C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxi, no. 1,
5th July 1920, pp. 51-52.

Powdered trioxymethylene has a twofold effect on Anopheles larvae,
first paralysing them and then preserving the tissues from decomposition.

Bedford (G. A. H.). Ticks found on Man and his Domestic Animals
and Poultry in South Africa. — Jl. Dept. Agric, Pretoria, I, no. 4,
July 1920, pp. 317-340, 29 figs.

A useful resume is given of the classification of ticks, with notes on
how to distinguish the difi'erent species, their life-histories, their animal
hosts and the diseases they transmit. Its object is to enable farmers to
recognise the difi'erent species, and thus prevent their spread.

The paper concludes with a list of ticks that have been found on man
and domestic animals in South Africa and of the diseases transmitted
by them.

Manetti (C). L'Allevamento del Bestiame nell' Africa Occidentale.
I. Angola. [Cattle Dreeding in West Africa, I. Angola.] — IJ Agric.
Colon., Florence, xiv, no 6, June 1920, pp 257-268.

The information given here on cattle breeding in Angola, Portuguese
West Africa, has been obtained from several sources to which full
reference is made.

Among the injurious insects recorded are : — Glossina palpqlis var.
wellmani, Aust., transmitting Trypanosoma pecwidi ; the ticks,
Boopliihis (Margaropus) decoloratus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus,
transmitting Piroplasma bigeminam and Theileria parva ; Rhipice-
phalus simiis (black-pitted tick) ; R . evertsi (red tick) ; and Ambly-
omnia hehraeum (bont tick).

Dipping Cattle for Mange in the Prairie Provinces. — Agric. Oaz.
Canada, Ottawa, vii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 479-481.

In consequence of the presence of mange amongst the herds of
Southern Alberta and South-Western Saskatchewan, the United States
prohibited the importation of all Canadian cattle from mange-infected
areas, except for immediate slaughter. In view of this, and of the
fact that under the existing regidations the disease, which had been
present for a number of years, could not be wiped out without more
active co-operation than the stock owners would give, a compulsory
dipping order was passed, providing for a first dipping commencing on
4th June, and a second dipping not less than ten nor more than
fifteen days thereafter. The interval is designed to ensure the
destruction by the second dipping of those parasites that were in
the egg- stage at the time of the first.

A number of regulations for the shipment of cattle provide for
certificates for animals shipped outside the area for purposes other
than immediate slaughter, or for any cattle exported to Europe ; for
an inspection at Winnipeg of cattle for immediate slaughter gomg east ;
and, in the case of infected cattle for immediate slaughter on transit
within the area, for the prevention of the spread of infection. The
protection from infection of cattle passmg through the area from
outside is also considered.

168

Hase (A.). Die Bekampfung der Lause, Wanzen und anderer Para-
siten ; insbesondere die Bekampfung mittels Blausaure. [Work
against Lice, Bugs and other Parasites, especially by Means of
Hydrocyanic Acid.] — Verh. Deiitschen Ges. angew. Entom., II.
Mitgliederversanimlung, Munich, 24-26 September 1918 ; Berlin,
1919, pp. 88-105. [Received 28th July 1920.]

This paper broadly reviews the development and present state of
methods for combating lice, bugs, mosquitos, flies, fleas, and the
mites causing mange {SarcojJtes and Psoroj)tes).

Teichman (E.). Dipteren als hygienisehe und wirtschaftliche
Schadlinge. [Diptera as Hygienic and Economic Pests.]— 7er^.
Deutschen Ges. angew. Entom., II. Mitgliederversammlung, Munich,
24-26 September 1918 ; Berlin, 1919, pp. 105-121. [Received 28th
July 1920.]

A short review is given of the Diptera that are considered injurious,
tollowed by brief notes on the measures adopted agamst the parasites
of man and animals and against crop pests.

Harms (B.). Die Larven der Flohe als Trager von Krankheitserregern.

[Flea Larvae as the Carriers of the Causal Agents ol Disease.] —
Verh. Deutschen Ges. angew. Entom., II. Mitgliederversammlung,
Munich, 24-26 September 1918; Berlin, 1919, pp. 122-130.
[Received 28th July 1920.]

Up" to the present some 15 animal parasites, mostly Protozoa, have
been found in fleas, some being the causal agents of disease in man and
animals. Some of the parasites occur only in the adult fleas, while
others also occur in the larvae. In the larvae they are chiefly found in
the intestme, especially in the hind-gut. Mention is made of a large
number of records, the reference to the literature being given m each
case.

WiLHELMi (J.). Zur Frage der Uebertragung der Maul- und Klauen-
seuche durch stechende Insekten, unter besonderer Berucksichti-
gung von Stomoxys calcitrans. [The Question of the Transmission
of Foot and Mouibh Disease by Biting Insects, with special regard
to ;S. calcitrans.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges. angew. Entom., II. Mit-
gliederversammlung, Munich. 24-26 September 1918 ; Berlin, 1919.
pp. 156-167. [Received 28th July 1920.]

While a great deal of research has been done on the aetiology of
foot and mouth disease, it is remarkable that no investigation has dealt
with the possibility of its transmi&'iion by some blood-suckuig insect.
The value of such a discovery cannot be underrated from the point
of view of practical prophylaxis. A consideration of the aflected
animals shows that those with cloven hoofs are chiefly attacked,
domestic species more than wild ones, herbivorous species more than
carnivorous species, and that the disease is not confined to any parti-
cular geographical zone. It is therefore necessary that the suppositious
insect vector should be either a temporary or permanent ectoparasite
of the mammals aflected, or that it should be closely associated with
them ; it must occur in the open, but should be adapted to domestic,

169

herbivorous animals and to an indof)r life ; it must occur in all regions
where and at all seasons when the disease occurs.

The biology of Stomoxys culcitrans and the epidemiology of foot and
mouth disease have sufficient relation to make transmission by the
fly a possibility, although, of course, the aetiology of the disease makes
transmission without a living vector quite feasible.

Sack (P.). Ueber Malaria und Anopheles in Deutschland. [Malaria
and ^wo^^e^es in Germany. ]—Fer/?. Deutschen Ges. angeiv. Entom.,
IT. Mitgliederversmnmlung, Munich, 24-26 Se])tember 1918;
Berlin, 1919, pp. 167-196. [Received 28th July 1920.]

Lists are given of the localities ui Germany where malaria has been
recorded and where Anopheles maculipemiis and A. bifurcatus have
been observed. The former is the predominant species. There are also
notes on the life-history of these mosquitos, and on the transmission
of the disease, of which the tertian form is endemic m Germany.

For the effective prosecution of anti-malarial work the following
measures are necessaiy : —The establishment of a central bureau to
direct all operations ; the accurate determination of all places where
Anophelines occur and where malaria exists or has recently existed ;
the treatment of all cases with quinine or salvarsan, such individuals
as cannot be treated in this way bemg removed to localities that are
known to be free from Anophelmes. It is only by a miiform and
methodical campaign that the danger of tliis disease spreading in
Germany can be prevented.

Fulleborn(F.). Nachtrag zu meiner Arbeit iiber Ophthalmomyiasis.

[An Addition to my Paper on Ocular Mviasis.]— ^rcA. /. Schiffs-
u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic, xxiv, no. 4, May 1920, pp. 97-100, 2 figs.

With reference to a former paper [RA.E., B, viii, 151], the author
draws attention to a subsequent publication by Prates [R.A.E., B,
viii, 66] and to the work of Portcbmsky in 1913 [R.A.E.,B, i, 134], of
which he was previously unaware. Both these authorities mention
Oestrus ovis as occasionally causing ocular myiasis, and therefore a
doubt still remains whether the larva in the case observed by the
author in the North of France belongs to this species or to Rhinoestms.

Martini (E.). Kritische Betrachtungen zur Lehre von der Einheit
der Malariaerreger. [A Criticism of the Theory of the Unicity of
the Causal Agent of Malaria].— J re/?. /. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg.,
Leipsic, xxiv, no. 4, May 1920, pp. 100-113.

Every exact discussion of the epidemiology of malaria must first
define the position taken up with regard to the unicist theory [R.A.E.,
B, vi, 12, 205, 232].

Up to the present the conception involved m this theory was that
the character of human malaria changed as a result of climatic
influence, and appeared either as benign or malignant tertian. In a,
recent paper Plehn appears to mdicate, however, that human malaria
may reveit from malignant to benign tertian owmg to cold weather,
and that m the mosquito the benign form may be re-transformed to
the malignant owing to warm weather.

170

The author criticises these conclusions and expresses the view that
the unicist hypothesis leads in fact to results that are inexplicable, and
requires a number of auxiliary hypotheses. He points out that
while the American settlement of Portobello (Panama) was practically
free from malaria (only an occasional case of benign tertian occurring
there), the township of the same name on the gulf suffered from disease
of the malignant type. As the climate was the same the presence of
two diseases must be assumed, of which the malignant form had been
eradicated in the American settlement, while the benign form occasion-
ally occurred there owing to its tenacity in man. Similar observations
will probably be multiplied wherever malaria control is energetically
prosecuted, and the eradication of one form at a time when the other
endures will definitely negative the unicist theory. The acceptance
of three different causal agents agiees better with existing facts.

MoLLow (W.). Ein Malariagesetz in Bulgarien. [An Anti-Malaria
Law in Bulgaria.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leijmc, xxiv,
no. 5, June 1920, pp. 129-132.

A resume is given of the a nti- malaria law passed in 1919 in Bulgaria,
This is based on similar legislation m Italy, Greece and Rumania,
one chapter dealmg with anti-mosquito measures, including extensiv^e
screening.

ZupiTZA (M.). Ein Weg zu erfolgversprechender Bekampfung der
Schlafkrankheitsfliege am Tanganika. [A Way to combat the
Sleeping Sickness Fly successfully on Lake Tanganyika.] — Arch.f.
Schrffs- a. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic, xxiv, no. G, June 1920, pp. 161-166.
[Received 3rd August 1920.]

When in 1914 the author visited the sleeping-sickness area in the
Tanganyika-Russisi region, the measures adopted there had prevented
the spread of the disease, but its ultimate suppression was endangered
by the unsolved problem of Glossina control.

The entire eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika is exposed to infestation
by fly from the marshes on both banks of the Russisi.

The whole area is now under the administration of the Belgian Congo,
and anti-Glossina work must be resumed. The key to successful fly-
control is to be found on the western bank, where the only outlet from
the lake, the Lukuga river, is to be fomid. About 2| miles from the
lake this river flows through a rocky gorge, the width and depth of
which determines the average water-level of the lake. By widening
and deepening this passage the level will be artificially lowered, thus
draining both the marshes and the sub-soil water in depressions along
the banks. This will destroy the reeds and other aquatic plants and
dry the air, so that conditions will become unfavourable to the fly.
The low level of the lake will quicken the current in the lower reaches
of all its tributaries, and this will clear their beds and drain the sub-soil
water around them.

The disadvantages of this plan include the possible formation of
fresh depressions in the reclaimed areas, and the reconstruction of the
wharves and of the terminal portions of the railways leading to the lake.

This suggestion is advanced in the interests of the native population,
and it is hoped that it will be subjected to careful consideration.

171

NoLLER (W.). Neuere Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Trypano-
somenziichtung. [New Investigations relating to the Method of
Reproduction among Trypanosomes.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- ?/. Trop.-
Hyg., Leipsic, xxiv, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 168-172. [Received
3rd August 1920.]

The title of this paper indicates the nature of its contents. The
conclusions reached are : — As the transformation of trypanosomes into
crithidial bodies and vice versa is possible in vitro also, the various
forms in the carrier are not based on a sexual development ; the genus
Crithidia must be held to be a synonym of Trypanosoma, for it is
probable that the trypanosomes of non-blood-sucking bugs that do
not change their host may transform into the trypanosome type under
the conditions of the blood-trypanosomes ; the fact that at 37° C.
(99° F.) the increase of culture trypanosomes becomes slowed down
or stops altogether, is in favour of Leger's theory that trypanosomes
have evolved from flagellates from invertebrates, which have their chief
increase at a low temperature. In many trypanosome groups there
are primitive characters mdicative of this. From these forms a Ime
of evolution may be traced to the African pathogenic trypanosomes,
thence to the trypanosomes that are transmitted purely mechanically
(surra, etc.), and luially, to Trypanosoma equiperdum, which requires
no carrier.

Martini (E.). Mitteilungen uber Stechmucken. [Communications
regarding Mosquitos.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Lei]mc,
xxiv, no. (3, June 1920, pp. 177-178. [Received 3rd August 1920.]

With few exceptions Anopheles ?nacidipennis occurs in all the
villages around Hamburg ; A. bifurcatus is also found.

Two new species, Aedes rostochiensis from Warnemiinde and
A. semicantans from Miiritz, are briefly described.

The thymol ointment recommended by d'Ormea [R.A.E., B, viii, 2]
has scarcely any repellent efi'ect on Stegomyia fasciata. Two specimens
of Anopheles bifurcatus bit within a short time of one another, although
a repellent action was visible. The behaviour of different species to
repellent substances is very variable. In 1914 it was noticed that
citronella soap and other similar soaps and tinctures were effective
against Culex pipiens, but not against C. neniorosus. C. pipiens
is not a ready feeder on mammalian blood and Anopheles feeds with
difficulty on avian blood, while S. fasciata takes both readily.

Eckstein (F.). Malariaforschung in Bayern. [Malaria Investigation
in Bavaria.] — Milnchener Med. Wochenschr., Munich, 1920, no. 7,
pp. 183-184, 6 figs.

The study of malaria control in Bavaria was assigned in 1918 to the
new Research Institute for Applied Entomology in Munich and the
work was undertaken by the author.

It was first of all necessary to collect data regarding the location
and abundance of Anophelines in the country. A circular on these
mosquitos was distributed to the local authorities, doctors, and teachers
in order to draw their attention to the subject and to enlist their
co-operation. The latter aim was not achieved owing to popular
indifference to scientific questions, and to the real difficulty experienced

172

by laymen in recognising Anophelines. This difficulty has been met-
in Baden by special instruction in anti-mosquito work. Malaria
notification is obligatory there, but in Bavaria this has had to be
postponed owing to the mass of work it would throw on medical men»

Anopheles tnaculipennis, A. bifurcatus and A. plumbeus {nigripes) are
the three species found in Germany. Details are given of the characters
and habits that enable them to be differentiated. The habitat of these
mosquitos has some relation to the development in them of the malaria
parasite. In the forest species, A. plumbeus, the parasite can develop
only during a very warm summer. The out-door temperature is not
involved in the case of A. maculipennis and A. bifurcatvs, as they are
domestic species. The higher and more equable daily temperature
indoors is a point that deserves attention. It is often erroneously
asserted that the development of the parasite is impossible in Germany,
but this is negatived by the cases that occur in individuals that have
never been away from their native district. Up to the present
Anophelines have been reported from only a few localities in Bavaria.
A survey of the right bank of the Ehine is to be undertaken. In the
valley of the Danube, from the Suabian Alps down to Passau,
A. maculijjennis and A. bifurcatus are common and A. pilumbeus occurs
in the forests. The occurrence of indigenous malaria is therefore quite
possible in Bavaria, and careful observation of Anophelines is called for.

The author had ample opportunities for testing mosquito-repellent
preparations. Odourless substances sometimes proved ' quite as
effective as those with a pronounced smell. Cedar- wood oil was better
than the ethereal oils from indigenous plants. Though of little use,
cod-liver oil was better than petroleum.

DE Beaurepaire Aragao (H.). Sobre a pretensa Identidade entre
Ornithodoros rostratus, Aragao 1911, e Ornithodoros turicata,
Dug6s 1876. [On the alleged Identity of 0. rostratus, Aragao,.
with 0. turicata, Duges.]— Arch. Escola Sup. Agric. e Med. Vet.,
Nictheroy {Rio de Janeiro), iii, no. 1-2, December 1919, pp. 1-5,,
3 plates. [Received 10th August 1920.]

The author disagrees with those who treat Ornithodoros rostratus,
Aragao, as a synonym of 0. turicata, Duges [R.A.E., B, vii, 11]. An
illustrated description is given of each of these ticks, particular
attention being drawn to the tarsi.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). The Horn-Fly Problem. — Hawaiian Forester and
Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 166-167.

Several blood-sucking flies, notably the horn-fly [Lyperosia irritans,
L.] are a source of perpetual irritation to cattle, undoubtedly resulting
in reduced weight or lowered milk production. Their development
from ova to mature msects is accomplished in the dung of cattle and
horses ; and while considerable attention has been given to the
problem of their control, hardly any improvement in the situation has
resulted. Some natural agency is required that will prevent the
development of the flies, as artificial methods of dung disposal are
impossible in Hawaiian conditions. The mtroduction of dung-feeding
beetles [c/. R.A.E., B, vii, 186] and of birds has been suggested. The
second idea is supported by the relative freedom of Honolulu from the

173

house-fly, which is due to the comparative scarcity of horse-manure
and the rapid drying of the manure aided by the activity of the common
English sparrow in scattermg the droppings.

Ferguson (E. W.) & Henry (M.). Tabanidae from Camden Haven
District, New South Wales, with Descriptions of New Species. —

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Syclmy, xhv, pt. 4, 26th November

1919, pp. 828-849, 1 plate. [Received 11th August 1920.]

During a three years' study of the means of transmission of Onchocerca
gibsoni in cattle, special attention was paid to Tabanidae as possible
vectors of the larvae either as mechanical transmitters or as inter-
mediate hosts.

Descriptions of the new species found are given with a record of all
the species obtained and such notes on the times of occurrence,
seasonal distribution, etc., as are available.

The new species described are : — Pangoniinae : Erephopsis niveo-
vittata, E. aureovestita, Diatomineura fulgida, Silvius pnraluridus ;
Tabaninae : Tabanus vespiformis, T. trilinealis, T. pygmaeus,
T. keivensis, T. ochreoflainis, T. {Therioplectes) innotatus.

Yearly Report from 1st January 1919 to 31st December 1919. —

Australian Inst. Trop. Med., Townsville, Queensland, 30th April

1920, pp. 3-8.

Investigations on the transmission of filariasis were continued during
the year. In a previous work it has been conclusively proved that
Filaria immitis taken up with the blood by the dog flea [Ctenocephalus
catiis] undergoes complete development in the flea, the mature larvae
being ready to infect the new host. At the onset of the cool weather
the work had to be abandoned. Similar studies were undertaken
using the mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata, as intermediary host. The
developing parasites in the mosquito were found to agree morpholo-
gically with those found in the dog flea.

Experiments with artiflcial infection of dogs indicate that the
filarial larvae may penetrate through the unbroken skin, and thus
cause infection. Future work is expected to yield additional evidence
of this possibility.

Hill (G. F.). Report of the Entomologist from 25th February to 31st
December, 1919. — Australian Inst. Trop. Med. Rept. 1919,
Townsville, Queensland, 30th April 1920, pp. 10-11.

Simuliids and Chironomids were not very abundant during the year
under review. Tabanids were rarely seen in March and were not
again met with until December. As egg-clusters were .extremely
rare, attention was directed to the larvae, and those of three species
were secured, two of which were reared to the adult stage. The hitherto
unknown male of a common North Australian species and the un-
known female of a unique form from TownsviUe have thus been added to
the collection. The females of most Austrahan Tabanids are voracious
bloodsuckers, but there is no evidence that they are disease
transmitters to man or stock.

174

Among mosquitos, the larvae of Culicelsa consimilis were par-
ticularly abundant in hoof -prints, a considerable number of A7iop}ieles
(Nyssorhynchus) annulipes being associated with them. The water was
covered with an iridescent film and frequently contained masses
of algal growth. The larvae of C. consimilis were most abundant
from 27th March to 5th May, and disappeared by about 10th June.
The number of larvae of A. annulijpes began to diminish from 19th
April to about 5th May. All efforts to induce females of A. annulipes
to feed in captivity failed. A single individual of Culex bitaeniorhyn-
clms was taken in the same hoof-prints. The importance of continuing
and extending the mosquito survey of North Queensland is emphasised
in view of the discovery of a new species of Stegomyia. Ochleroiatus
{Scutomyia) iiotoscriptus is widely distributed, and was generally
associated with Stegomyia.

Johnston (T. H.). The Chalcid Parasites of Muscid Flies in Australia.

— Science & Industry, Melbourne, ii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 308-312.

This paper is an abstract of a more detailed work by the author and
Miss Bancroft pubhshed by the Royal Society of Queensland, 1920.
The work on parasites recorded as being already present on the continent
is briefly reviewed, and the advisability of introducing certain beneficial
Hymenoptera into Australia is discussed.

The species already occurring in Eastern Australia include the
Pteromalids, Spalangia muscidarum, Nasonia brevicornis and Pcichy-
crepoideus dubius, and the Chalcids, Chalcis callipihorae and Dirhinus
sarcopliagae. Various stages of Spalangia muscidarum, Richardson,
and its method of parasitising certain species of bush flies are
described.

Parasites that have been suggested for introduction into Australia
include the Braconids, Alysia manducator, Panz., and ApJiaereta
cephalotes, Hal., and a Chalcid, Melittobia acasta, Wlk., but as the
last-named is also a hyperparasite of many useful insects it would
probably not be wise to introduce it. The most valuable of these
three is apparently A. manducator.

Johnston (T. H.) & Bancroft (M. J.). The Cattle Worm-Nodule
Parasite. — Science & Industry, Melbourne, ii, no. 5, May 1920,
pp. 315-316.

This paper is an abstract of a fuller work by the same authors entitled
' ' Experiments with certain Diptera as possible Transmitters of bovine
Onchocerciasis " published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society
of Queensland 1920. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of a
second species of Onchocerca in Australia, 0. bovis. It is already known
from France and North and South America.

No definite transmitter of bovine onchocerciasis has yet been found.
The flies experimented with gave mostly negative results, the species
used including Tabanus circumdatus, T. australicus, T. mastersi,
T. dubiosus ; Musca australis, Mcq. {fergusoni, Jnstn. & Banc),
M. vetustissima, Wlk., M. terraereginae, Jnstn. & Banc, and
Fannia sp.

175

Austen (E. E.). Diptera : Tabanidae. (The Percy Sladen Trust
Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, and 1907-1909). — Bull.
Entom. Res., Loridon, xi, no. 1, August 1920, pp. 43-45.

The Tabanids brought back by the expedition include representatives
of four species, one being new. They are AegopJiagamyia terticeps^
Aust., from Astove Island and Aldabra ; Bouvierella alluaudi, Giglio
Tos, and B. inornata, sp. n., from the Seychelles; and Tabanus
alhipedus, Bigot, from Aldabra, the Amirante, and other Isles.

Lloyd (LI.). On the Reasons for the Variation in the Effects of
Formaldehyde as a Poison for House-flies. — Bull. Entom. Res.,
London, xi, no. 1, August 1920, pp. 47-63.

In a number of experiments with formaldehyde, the points considered
included the effect on its efficiency as a poison for Musca of
impurities in it, the humidity of the atmosphere, the strength of the
solution, and the addition of a bait. At the same time an attempt was
made to find the most effective mode of administration, and to
compare formaldehyde with other poisons.

The results of these experiments are summarised as follows : —
The effective action of formaldehyde as a fly-poison depends on the
freedom of the exposed fluid from formic acid, and, to a less extent,
from methylamine. That used for fly-poison should therefore be
colourless and free from a fishy odour, and a weak alkali, in slight
excess, should be added to neutraHse any acid present or that will be
formed during exposure. The formula recommended is, 5-6 per cent,
of 40 per cent, formaldehyde, 50 per cent, of clear lime water, 2*5 per
cent, of sugar, and water to make 100.

This should be exposed in a trap that will protect it from the air
and will prevent flies from falling into it. Formaldehyde, like any
other stomach-poison for flies, is most effective under dry conditions.

Zetek (J.). Anopheles breeding among Water Lettuce. A New
Habitat. — fiidl. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 1, August 1920,
pp. 73-75.

This paper is a consideration of the possible danger to the Panama
Canal Zone that may be caused by the floating islands and other
masses of water lettuce {Pistia stratiotes) acting as a breeding place for
mosquitos. The water lettuce is the habitat of the very highly
specialised larvae of Taeniorhynclius {Mansonia), of which T. [M.],
titillans is the commonest member. But in 1918 Anopheles larvae
were also found in it. The habitat is favourable in many ways ;
the larvae are protected from the direct sun's rays, from larvicidal
fish, and to a large extent from predaceous insect larvae and wave
action. But the most important advantage is the exceptionally
favourable condition produced by the presence of the oxygen o-iven
off by the green lettuce.

Another important aspect of the question is that the wind and current
detach portions of the floating vegetation, and carry it across deep
water to localities that the larvae would not otherwise reach. If
these floating islands have to be controlled — and it will depend on
the cumulative evidence gathered by the District Sanitary Inspectors-

176

whether or not this will be necessary — the logical method is to destroy
the habitat. This may be costly and prolonged, and perhaps pro-
hibitive where large numbers of bayous, ponds, cut-offs, etc., exist.
If AnopheHnes alone are to be controlled, spraying with a phenol-resin
soap emulsion every six days will probably be all that is necessary.
This may even be effective against T. titillans, against which, owing
to the oxygen produced by the Pistia, ordinary oiling is as ineffective
as in the case of Mansonioides africanus [R.A.E., B, v, 57].

SWELLENGEEBEL (N. H.) & SWELLENGREBEL DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

List of the Anophelines of the Malay Archipelago with Special
Reference to Adults and Larvae of new or incompletely described
Species or Varieties. — Bull. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 1,
August 1920, pp. 77-92, 11 figs.

The bulk of the information contained in. this paper has been dealt
with elsewhere [R.A.E., B, vi, 53 ; vii, 183 ; viii, 136]. To prevent
confusion, Theobald's nomenclature is mainly adhered to.

In an editorial note it is stated that Anopheles {Myzomyia) flava,
Swellengr. [loc. cit. vi, 214] and A. immacvlatus, Theo., are conspecific,
the latter name having priority.

Macdonald (A.). On the Relation of Temperature to Malaria in
England.— J^. R.A.M.C., London, xxxv, no. 2, August 1920,
pp. 99-119.

The low average of temperature m England is apparently responsible
for the periodical dying out and reappearance of malaria. The
presence of carriers and mosquitos may produce little or no mdigenous
infection unless a suitable temperature coincides with carrier
importation. The temperature directly influences the distribution and
incidence of malaria, as a mean temperature of about 59° F. to 60° F.
over a period of at least sixteen days is required for the complete
development of the plasmodium within the mosquito. It is evident
that elevation of temperature alone without extent and continuity is
not sufficient for the propagation of the organism. According to the
records a brief period suitable for propagation is presented in most
years in a certain area of England mainly south of the Humber, but it
cannot take place normally under natural conditions in Scotland ; in
Ireland the postulated temperature is attained for a brief period of the
year in Dublin.

The natural inference to be drawn from the study of the facts in
relation to the occurrences of malaria in 1856-1860 and 1917-1919 is
that in England the elevation of temperature necessary for the
propagation of malaria does not occur with the certain regularity
of extent and continuity required to maintam. endemicity ; and that
mdigenous occurrence depends on carrier importation, which _ in
suJSicient volume, in the presence of an abnormal extent of high
temperature, may engender epidemics and initiate a temporary
endemicity, limited in area and years.

The occurrence of malaria of undoubted indigenous origin in the
sprmg months of 1918 is thought to be probably a result of plasmodial
development brought about by incubation at the mdoor temperature
of occupied and artificially heated rooms.

177

In all indigenous cases the protozoon found has been Plasmodium
vivax, which is generally transmitfced by Anopheles maculipennis.
P. 'praecox {falciparum) probably requires a higher temperature or
longer continuity for its development.

The inability to prognosticate the temperature of any year compels
the taking of preventive measures in England in face of a large
importation of infection.

Talbot (G.). Observations on Mosquitoes at Sandwich during the
Years 1918-19.— J?. RA.M.C, London, xxxv, no. 2, August 1920,
pp. 167-175, 2 charts.

The small number of mosquitos found in the course of investigations
made at Sandwich in December point to the success attendmg the
treatment of dykes during the. spring and summer of 1918: The
latest date on which a larva of Anopheles maculipennis was found was
22nd October, this example pupating on 13th November. Males
were found in October and females throughout the winter. A. bifur-
caius was present in the larval stage throughout the winter ; a pupa
was fomid on 23rd October, but adults were not seen between October
and January. Adults of Theobaldia annulata were present throughout
the winter, but of Culex pipiens only females were found m the winter,
the last male bemg seen in November. A female of Theobaldia
annulata was found with a developed egg-mass on 18th December.
It is possible that with a prolonged period of cold weather hibernation
of the larvae of Anopheles bifurcatus may take place. A. maculipennis
probably hibernates m the adult stage if the shelter is cold and no
opportvmity of feeding can occur, but conclusive evidence of tliis has
not been obtained.

Special observations were made on the clypeal hairs of the larvae,
the results of which are described.

Austen (E. E.). The House-FIy, its Life-History and Practical
Measures for its SuDpression.— jBnt Mus. {Nat. Hist.), Loyidon,
Econ. Series, no. 1a., 1920, 52 pp., 2 plates, 7 figs. Price Ls. U.
Nett.

This pamphlet is similar to one already noticed [R.A.E., B, i, 66]
but wider in scope, including recommendations based on the experience
of the late war, and being applicable to conditions in hot countries
as well as ui the British Isles. The chief additions to the matter already
noticed are under the headmg of preventive measures, particularly the
disposal of manure, refuse, etc., with reference both to ordinary con-
ditions and to those of military service.

Manure may be dealt with by close-packmg, by frequent turnuig
(to expose larvae near the surface to the heat of the inside of the heap),
or by desiccation (in hot climates). Incmeration of manure if properly
carried out, and if practicable, is an ideal measure on service. The
disadvantages of treatment with borax or hellebore to prevent fly
development are numerous.

Trench latrmes are ideal breeding places and should be replaced by
fly-proof buckets. When latrmes are filled in, or the contents of

(709) ^

178

buckets or refuse buried, the pit should be sealed with sackuig to
prevent flies emerging through the earth.

Various methods of trapping the fully-fed maggots, based on their
migratory habit before pupating, are noticed, and the usual methods of
dealing with the adults flies described.

Chandler (S. C). A Study of the Malarial Mosquitos of Southern
Illinois. I. Operations of 1918 and 1919.— Bull. Illinois Nat.
Hist. Survey, JJrhana, xiii, article xi, July 1920, pp. 307-328,
9 plates.

Malaria is common in the southern third of Illinois, and this paper
describes a mosquito survey in two or three representative towns,
particularly Carbondale. Accurate estimates of the number of malaria
cases ;n this town were not available, but this is probably about 2 or
3 per cent, of the population a year. The survey was carried out in the
usual way, the district being mapped out and the various types of
breeding places considered. The species of Anophelines found were
Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Say {guttulatus, Harris), and A. pnnctipennis,
the former being rare. A. punctipennis seems able to adapt itself to all
kinds of breeding places. The usual anti-mosquito measures, namely,
the drainage of breeding places ; keeping the margins clear of vegeta-
tion ; oiling ; the use of larvicides ; the screening of houses ; fumiga-
tion of rooms ; and the use of repellents [R.A.E., B, vi, 69] are described.

Report from the Select Committee on the Spread of East Coast Fever
in the Union, together with the Proceedings of the Committee,
Minutes of Evidence and Appendix. Pretoria, 15th July 1920, xvi
+ 152 pp. [Received 23rd August 1920.]

The investigations of the Select Committee appointed in South
Africa to inquire into the continued spread of African coast fever
in the Union are reported fully, and many examinations of farmers and
others who have had practical experience with the disease are given
verbatim. The history of the disease in South Africa, the losses to
the country, remedial measures in the past, and the present situation
are discussed.

As a result of these investigations and in view of what has been
done in America and Australia, the Committee recommends that the
Government be requested to consider the advisability of : —

(a) Estabhshing a separate section in the Agricultural Department
for the express purpose of combating and preventing the outbreak
of African coast fever, and appointing a capable, energetic and
firm ofl&cial with wide experience of the disease as the head of
such section, who shall be responsible directly to the Minister for the
carrying out of the regulations, (b) Placing the local administration
of the tick fever regulations in the hands of the resident magistrate
of the district, (c) Making the local veterinary officer advisory to
the magistrate (thereby relieving him as far as possible from administra-
tive office work), and providing him with motor transport to get into
closer touch with farmers, and not only to perform the proper functions
of his office in tendering advice, but also to check the field administra-
tion of the magistrate, (d) Selecting as inspectors and cattle-guards

179

men of intelligence who shall be trained in the duties pertaining to the
eradication of African coast fever, and particularly to the methods for
securing the efficiency of dipping tanks, with special instructions to
scrutinise carefully all cattle within the areas, and ensure that they are
properly dipped. Such officials should be sworn in as poUcemen and
be subject to the police regulations. Incentives in the way of promo-
tion should also be held out to them as a reward for vigilance and zeal
in the excution of their duties, (e) Making compulsory the building
of dipping tanks in areas liable to African coast fever (not only on private
farms, but also on crown lands and native locations), and in that
connection giving the greatest encouragement possible in the erection
of such tanl<:s by means of advances through the Land Bank under
the existing law, and also by assisting farmers to secure materials for
building the tanks at the cheapest rates, (f ) Having all dipping tanks
inspected and tested regularly at least once a month, and givmg greater
facilities for the testing of the liquid in such tanks, (g) Taking
immediate steps in order that isometers, which are now almost
unprocurable, be placed within the reach of every cattle farmer at
cost price, (h) Providing every district veterinary officer with a
microscope in order that he may quickly investigate and report upon
the blood-smears sent to him. (i) Instituting a regular system of
analysis of dipping materials of!ered for sale, the vendor to be under
special licence and his wares to be subj ect to analysis by the Department
at all times for strength and solubility, and that in regard thereto
the Adulteration Act be strictly enforced, (j) Settmg on foot an
extensive African coast fever propaganda, (k) Instituting a complete
and effective check upon the movement of cattle in and around
infected and suspected areas by insisting (i) that permits shall only
be issued by the Magistrate of the District, who may however, for the
convenience of the public, depute trustworthy and responsible officials
entrusted with the carrying out of the African coast fever regulations to
issue movement permits in his name, and that such officials be made
readily accessible by the public immediately when required ; (ii) that
it shall be wholly illegal to grant a permit for the movement of cattle
out of or through an infected or suspected area, and that all cattle
found under such illegal movement shall be instantly destroyed and
the offender prosecuted ; (iii) that a proper register of cattle movements
under permit shall be kept and a copy thereof sent monthly to the head
of the East Coast Fever Department, who shall closely scrutinise it.
(1) Importing fencing material and placing it at the disposal of farmers
at cost price, (m) Discontinuing the practice of killing off cattle -as
being ruinous and unnecessary.

In conclusion, the Committee states that the one prevailing note
that was struck by every witness throughout the enquiry is the
absolute necessity of short- interval dipping and hand-dressing, and
acting upon the universal testimony of these witnesses the Committee
has no hesitation in recommending both to the farmer and the
Government a thorough and persistent policy of three, five or seven
days' dipping as the only means by which all tick-borne diseases,
and especially that known as east coast fever, can be eradicated.
Emphasis is also laid on the fact that the systematic use of hand-
dressing with an arsenical solution of adequate strength is as imperative
as dipping.

180

Scott (J. W.). Notes and Experiments on Sarcocystis tenella, Railliet.
— Jl. Parasit., Urbana, vi, no. 4, June 1920, pp. 157-166.

The results of the observations here described are summarised by
the author as follows : — Sarcocystis tenella is apparently not an
aberrant form of one of the Cnidosporidia of insects, for lambs become
infected with this parasite without insects being present. Darling's
hypothesis that herbivorous animals are infected with Sarcosporidia
by insects is therefore probably untenable. It has been found that
lambs are more certain of becoming infected and that the number of
parasites per unit of muscle is greater if the animals are kept closely
confined in a screened cage than if they are allowed to run free in the
open. A second host other than the sheep does not seem necessary
for the development of S. tenella, and if this is true, a sexual stage of
this parasite will no doubt be found in the intestine of the sheep.
The method of transmission and the life-history will be dealt with in a
later paper.

EwiNG (H. E.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A Gamasid Mite annoying to
Man. — Jl. Parasit., Urbana, vi, no. 4, June 1920, pp. 195-196,
Ifig.

The mite, Hyletastes tnissouriensis, Ewing, is redescribed. In the
vicinity of Washington, D.C., it has been recorded as causing irritation
of the skin. It has also been taken from under bark in Illinois. Very
Httle is known of its biology and distribution.

Brandt (F. R.). Trypanosomiasis. — Ann. Rept. Agric. DejJt., Northern
Provinces, Nigeria, 1919, Lagos, 1920, pp. 9-10. [Received 26th
August 1920.]

With increased trade, and the annual movement of Fulani herds from
south to north, the spread of trypanosomiasis is nearly certain to
continue, as it is impossible at present to locate all the fly-belts. There
is great risk in introducing an animal from a tsetse -infested locality
into a clean herd, even in the absence of Glossina, since many biting
flies, such as Stomoxys, Haematopota and other Tabanids, are known to
act as mechanical carriers of trypanosomiasis. A number of outbreaks
in 1919 are noticed.

Preliminary Report of the Anti-Malarial Commission. — Cairo, 1919,
55 pp., 7 plans. [Received 26th August 1920.]

The work done by the sub-committees of the Anti-malarial Com-
mission in Egypt and the recommendations made by them are recorded.
The various breeding places of Anophelines m Egypt mclude desert
water ; permanent marshes and lakes into which most of the arterial
drains of the Delta flow ; badly aligned canals and drams, fosteimg
vegetation ; dead ends of canals ; borrow-pits and outcrops of
infiltration water. Any attempt to abolish all possible breeding
places at present is considered impracticable, but work has already
been started dealing with the best defined centres and including certain
measures of precaution to protect as far as possible the chief centres of
population from continued infection. These include the Suez Canal zone
and the oases. The nature and extent of future measures will depend

181

on circumstances. It is realised that the extermination of Anophelines
in any municipal area can only be attained by degrees in conjunction
with other forms of sanitary progress. The prmciple adopted has been
to let the Government deal with breeding places on its own property,
and to call on private owners to fill in such places on their own lands.
It should be possible to keep the larger towns completely free from
mosquitos with a reasonable amount of expenditure. Constant watch
will have to be kept agamst the formation of new breeding places, so
that appropriate remedial measures may be applied at once.

An outline is given of the proposed anti-malaria legislation, and it is
suggested that the Malaria Commission should be placed with the
Governments' sanction on a permanent basis in order to enforce the
law.

Parrot (L.). Le Paludisme a la Ferme. — Rev. Agric. Afr. Nord,
Algiers, xviii, nos. 33 & 51, 19th March & 23rd July 1920,
pp. 196-197 & 68-69.

The possibilities of mosquito extermination on farms and small
estates are discussed ; the measures against mosquito larvae that are
essential for control are reviewed, and instructions are given for
carrying these out as simply as possible.

NicoLLE (C), Blanc (G.) & Langeron (M.). Recherches experi-
mentales sur le Role du Gecko [Tarentola vtaiiritanica) dans
I'Etiologie du Bouton d'Orlent. Mission de Tamerza (Octobre 1919).
Note pr61iminaire. — Bull Soe. Path. Exot., Pans, xiii, no. 7, 7th
July 1920, pp. 508-511.

The theory that the gecko {Tarentola mauritanica) is the reservoir
of Oriental sore has frequently been propounded [R.A.E., B, iii, 143,
230, etc.]. From investigations made in Tamerza, on the Algerian
frontier of Tunisia, only two out of twelve geckos captured were found
to be harbouring flagellates (although Tamerza is a focus of Oriental
sore) and these were not discernible under the microscope except
after culture. The flagellates were Lepto?no7ias, but were morpholo-
gically distinct m culture from the Leislimania or the Lejptomonas of
the gecko of Tataouine. The first cultures developed very slowly,
apparently owing to the scarcity of parasites in the blood. The virus
from the infected geckos and cultures of their Leptomonas did not
prove virulent for men, monkeys, mice or geckos.

These facts indicate that the parasite in question is a flagellate the
presence of which in the blood is merely accidental. Its habitat is
probably in the digestive tract of the gecko. The failure to inoculate
the virus or the cultures into man, in spite of six attempts, or into
monkeys, does not bear out the theory of the gecko being the natural
reservoir of the virus of Oriental sore.

NicoLLE (C). La Question du Reservoir de Virus du Bouton d'Orient.
Hypothese du Gecko. Hypothese du Chameau. — Bull. Soe. Path.
Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 511-515.

The question of the reservoir of the virus of Oriental sore is discussed
with regard to the geographical distribution of leishmaniasis. It is

182

pointed out that in view of the impossibility of differentiating
morphologically the two main groups of Leishmania, which cause in the
one case kala-azar in man and dogs, and in the other Oriental and
Occidental sore, it is useless to try to separate the species or races of
flagellates by microscopic examination. The undoubted occurrence
of the disease in the absence of insect bites is considered as exceptional
and not as contradicting the theory of insect transmission. The
existence of some reservoir of the virus other than man is considered
probable, although nothing is loiown on the subject. If such a reser-
voir exists in the form of an animal, the latter must show some evidence
of Leishmania in the blood, if only after culture ; though it is very
unlikely that the animal would itself be attacked by Oriental sore. The
improbability of such a reservoir being found in the dog, or such
animals as the horse or donkey is explained. The theory of the gecko
is a very tempting one, but the recent work of the author in collabora-
tion with MM. Blanc and Langeron [see preceding paper] has failed
to prove it true.

Much consideration has been given to the possibility of the camel
as the natural reservoir of the virus. The centres of infection of the
disease correspond exactly with the routes taken by the nomad tribes
and their caravans when they migrate durmg the cold season from the
plateaux towards the desert and on their return for the hot season.
If the camel were the reservoir of the virus, the presence of an
insect vector, owing to some condition of the flora or some other
factor particular to the region, would be sufficient to ensure the
transmission of the disease to man. While the occurrence of man is of
almost unlimited extent, that of the camel is more restricted, but
it covers the area of incidence of Oriental sore and even that of
certain centres apparently not reached by the disease ; the more
limited distribution of the insect vector would determine the occurrence
of the classic type of Oriental sore. It might also be supposed that
in South America the role attributed in the East to the camel would
be filled by related species of animals such as the llama and vicugna.
This hypothesis is an attractive one, but experiment has failed to
confirm it. Two camels that showed blood free from flageUates were
inoculated with a large dose of a culture of Leishnania tropica, the
inoculation being repeated ten days later. Even after 76 days the
camels have shown no sign of the sore, and tests of their blood proved
negative. The hypothesis of the camel as a reservoir of the virus is
therefore no more proved than that of the gecko. Neither theory,
however, has been completely abandoned.

Sergent (Ed. & Et.) & DoNATiEN (A.). Infection experimentale des
Dromadaires par le Trypanosoma berberum du Debab. — Bull. Soc.
Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 521-525.

The course of the form of trypanosomiasis in camels in Algeria
known as " debab," due to T. berberum, is described from observa-
tions lasting for two years on some twenty camels that were inoculated
with blood taken from an individual sufi^ering from a naturally acquired
infection. The natives believe that debab produced by the bite of a
fly is almost always fatal. In the experiments described, tr}'pano-
somiasis has very seldom been the cause of death in spite of the
extraordinary number of trypanosomes revealed by direct examination;

183

the chief results of infection have been the loss of resistance to other
forms of disease, such as chills, mange, abortion in the case of females,
and general debility and unfitness for work. The vicinity of infected
camels is very dangerous to horses and mules, in which the progress
of the disease is very rapid and nearly always ends fatally. Through-
out Algeria as a whole some 10 per cent, of the camels have been
found to be suffering from trypanosomiasis in the acute form, the
proportion sometimes being as high as one in three in certain regions
and periods, while the birt.h-rate is diminishmg to an alarming degree.

Sergent (Ed. & Et.) & DoNATiEN (A). Deuxieme Note sur I'H^redit^
de rinfection et de I'lmmunite dans la Trypanosomiase des
Dromadaires. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th July
1920, pp. 525-527.

Experiments on camels artificially inoculated with Trijpanosoma
berbermn have led to the conclusion that the females, when suffering
from the acute stage of debab, transmit the disease to the foetus,
which dies in consequence. In the chronic phase, which is character-
ised by a weak infection and relative immunity, they do not transmit
to their offspring either infection or immunity.

Tejera (E.). Un nouveau Flagelle de Rhodnius prolixus, Trypanosoma
(ou Crithidia) rangeli, n. sp. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii,
no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 527-530, 2 figs.

A new flagellate is described from the intestinal tract of Rhodnius
frolixus in Venezuela, which is distinct from Trypanosoma cruzi,
and to which the name T. rangeli is given, though it is not quite certain
whether it should be considered as belonging to this genus or to Crithidia.
The flagellate is found in the nymphal as well as the adult form of this
bug. Insects reared in the laboratory are apparently immune from
the parasite. Individuals that are left without food for more than
two months seem to become free from infection. It is proposed to
investigate the possibility of the development of this flagellate in
vertebrates.

MoNTPELLiER (J.), Degouillon & Lacroix (A.). La Gale filarienne
est-elle bien une Manifestation de Volvulose? — Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 530-535.

In consequence of some discussion that has arisen concerning the
possible identity of the embryo of Onclwcerca volvulus with that
producing filarial mange, the authors have made a comparison between
the characteristics of the microfilaria studied by them and the enibryos
of filaria previously described as infesting man. The conclusion has
been reached that the microfilaria of 0. volvulus and those taken from
the skin of natives suffering from filarial mange show such similarity
of character that it is morphologically impossible to differentiate them,
and that this microfilaria differs distinctly from the various embryos
of adult filaria previously described as infesting man.

184

Smillie (W. G.). The Prevalence of Leptospira icterohaemonhagiae
in the wild Rats of Sao Paulo, Brazil. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot.,
Paris, xiii, no. 7, Tth July 1920, pp. 561-568.

Existing knowledge with regard to the Leptospira of infectious
jaundice is reviewed. From tests carried out in Brazil it seems
probable that 75 per cent, or more of the rats of Sao Paulo harbour
Leptospira icterohaeniorrhagiae.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Infections experimentales de
Chiens et de Cobayes a I'aide de Cultures d'Herpctomonas d'Insectes.

—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 569-
576, 1 fig.

It has previously been shown that severe infection, resulting some-
times in death, can be produced in white mice by inoculation with
flagellates from various insects [R.A.E., B, vii, 145, 158, 160, etc.].
The present paper describes the results of similar inoculations into
dogs and guinea-pigs. Two dogs were inoculated with cultures of
Herpetomonas phlebotomi. One of them showed lesions greatly
resembling Oriental sore 8 days after the inoculation, the infection
lasting 54 days and the lesions yielding parasites greatly resembling
Leishmania tropica. The infection remained localised and reinocula-
tion later on was without result, showing that the animal had acquired
immunity. The second dog was a very young animal and, perhaps
in consequence, seemed much more susceptible to the virus. A
similar inoculation to the above produced in this case a general
infection, without any local lesions, the existence of leishmaniform
parasites being discovered only once at the points of inoculation.
Parasites were, however, observed in the peripheral blood on various
occasions, and after about 3 months the dog was destroyed when in
very bad condition, the liver, spleen and bone marrow resembling very
closely an infection of kala-azar, and reveahng, besides many leish-
maniform parasites, others that resembled Herpetomonas, but without
flagella.

Nine guinea-pigs were inoculated ; 3 with cultures of H. ctenocephali,
3 with the variety of this parasite described by Chatton and 3 with
cultures of H. phlebotomi. Among 8 inoculated in the peritoneum,
only one died ; this was a very young animal inoculated twice at 3 days'
interval with strong doses of H. ctenocephali. Leishmaniform parasites
were observed in the blood during life and, after death, in the peritoneal
exudate, liver, spleen and bone marrow. The other 7 animals inoculated
in the peritoneum were destroyed, apparently in good condition,
from 44 to 113 days after inoculation, while all were still infected.
In each case a slight enlargement of the spleen was noticed at the
autopsy and, in the peritoneum, and in stained smears from the liver,
spleen and bone marrow, leishmaniform parasites, and elongated
forms resembling Herpetomonas but without flagella. A mouse,
inoculated with the peritoneal exudate from one of the guinea-pigs,
died in four days. The ninth guinea-pig was inoculated in the right
testicle with a culture of H. ctenocephali var. chattoni, and showed an
infection hmited to this organ, which, at the autopsy 117 days after
inoculation, was found to be completely atrophied.

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CONTENTS.

Africa, East : Mosquitos and Malaria at Dar-es-Salaam . .
Africa, North : Tlie Problem of the Keservoir of Oriental Sore
Africa, South : Ticks infesting Man and Domestic Animals
Africa, South : Report on the Spread of East Coast Fever
Algeria : Measures against Malaria . .
Algeria : Trypanosomiasis of Camels
Angola : Ticks and other Parasites of Cattle
Argentina : Dermatobia cyaniventris attacking Man
Notes on the Floats of the Eggs of Gulex
A Worm of the Genus Planaria destroying Mosquito

Argentina
Argentina
Larvae
Australia :
Australia ;
Australia :
Australia :
Australia :
Australia

page
164
181
167
178
181
182,'183
167
163
163

163
164
173
173
173
174
174

184
176
177
170
167
170
162
180

Poultry Parasites in Victoria . .
New Tabanidae from New South Wales
The Transmission of Filariasis by Insects
Blood-sucking Insects in Queensland . .
The Chalcid Parasites of Muscid Flies. .
Experiments in the Transmission of Onchocerca
Brazil : The Prevalence of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in Wild

Rats . .
British Isles : The Relation of Temperature to Malaria . .

British Isles : Notes on Mosquitos at Sandwich

Bulgaria : Measures against Malaria

Canada : Precautions against Mange-infested Cattle

Congo, Belgian : Measures against Glossina on Lake Tanganyika.

Dutch East Indies : A List of Anophelines

Egypt : Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria . .

France : Powdered Trioxymethylene for destroying Anopheline

Larvae
France : The Identity of the Oestrid causing Ocular Myiasis
Germany : Measures against Lice and other Parasites
Germany : Notes on Noxious Diptera
Germany : Measures against Malaria and Mosquitos
Germany : Notes on Mosquitos near Hamburg
Germany : Anopheline Mosquitos in Bavaria
Hawaii : The Horn -Fly Problem
India : The Effect of Altitude on the Incidence of Malaria in

Kashmir
India : The Relationship of Malaria to Rainfall
Indian Ocean : Notes on Tabanidae
Malay Archipelago : A List of Anophelines
Nigeria : Trypanosomiasis of Domestic Animals
Panama Canal Zone : Anopheles Breeding among Water Lettuce.
U.S.A. : The Importance of Insects in Relation to Domestic Animals

U.S.A. : The Value of Tick Eradication

U.S.A. : The Malarial Mosquitos of Southern Illinois

U.S.A. : Sarcocystis tenella probably not transmitted by Insects . .

U.S.A. : A Gamasid Mite annoying to Man . .

Venezuela : A New Flagellate found in Bhodnius prolixus

Secretion and Epithelial RegenerationintheMid-Intestineof Tabanus

Piroplasmoses of Cattle, and the Ticks Conveying them

The Diagnosis of Latent Malaria in Birds . .

The Chemical Composition of Lime-Sulphur Animal Dips . .

Notes on Aoari parasitic on Bh-ds

Flea Larvae as the Carriers of the Causal Agents of Disease. .

The Possible Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease by Stomoxya

calcitrans . .
A Criticism of the Supposed Identity of the Organisms causing Malaria
Methods of Reproduction among Trypanosomes
The Alleged Identity of Ornithodorus rostratus with 0. turicata
The Variation in the Effects of Formaldehyde as a Poison for

House-flies . .
The House-fly, its Life-History and Practical Measures for its

Suppression (Review) . . . . . . ....

The Identity of the Organism causing Filariasis of the Skin in Man . .
Experimental Infection of Dogs and Guinea Pigs with Insect

FlageUates 184

166, 167
169
168
168
169
171
171
172

161
161
175
176
180
175
162
162
178
180
180
183
162
165
166
166
166
168

168
169
171
172

175

177
183

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VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 11.— pp 185-2C8. NOVEMBER, 1920.

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Bonorarp CommitKe of n^anacjement^

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Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.E.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Eosb Bbadford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Boyal Society.
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Sir' Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbfroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. LuoAS, Agent-General for South Austraha.
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Edinburgh University. ;

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Colonial Office. ^ , . , ^r..

Sir Daniel I*Iorris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture. , ,, ,. ,

Professor E. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.E.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge. ,^ , -i

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., Director,

Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Bead, K.CM.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Eothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Sir Arthur °E. Shipley. G.B.B., F.E.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge. ,

Mr. E. A. C Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Mmistry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England. . , , ,, o „ • -rw • -

The Chief Entomologist m each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Bencral Secretary.

Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

©irectoc anO JEDitoc.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

BsBistaut director.

Dr. S. A. Neavb.

Head 0/?ice.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Eoad, London.

S-W.7. ^ , „„,^

Publication O^ce.— 88. Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

185

Brumpt (E.). Au Sujet des Rapports entre VOncJiocerca volvulus et
la Gale filarienne. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th
July 1920, pp. 535-539.

The author does not consider the identity of OncJiocerca volvulus
with the organism producing filarial mange, discussed in a preceding
paper [R.A.E., B, viii, 183], to be by any means proved, and he
gives an account of the filarial form of dermatitis which is very
widespread in Africa in regions where 0. volvulus does not occur. He
points out that if the identity were established, it should be possible
to demonstrate that all persons suffering from this form of mange
harbour adults of 0. volvulus, and that all individuals with tumours
due to 0. vohulus show the eruption produced by the microfilaria.
Many biological facts are quoted that throw doubt on the role of
0. volvulus in filarial mange, and hoped it is that this point may shortly
be elucidated,

DoNATiEN (A.). Gale du Dromadalre. Essais de Traitement par le
Guetran (Goudron arabe) et par le P6trole sulfo-carbone.

Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 545-
548

_ ' •■^lS:^'«-W>*i?w':tfl,<:^ii3j^

In furtherance of the tests with wood-tar obtained from Jukvperus
■phoenicea and Thuya articulata as a cure for mange in camels [i?.^J^ 1 A i*^
B, vii, 85 ; viii, 81] treatments were given to 11 camels sufliering from "
mange that were intended to be used for laboratory expeHEBgnts ,,

in the Pasteur Institute at Algiers and were necessarily kept under '''^ Mviao\;
somewhat unhealthy conditions. Besides the wood-tar, treatments
were given with 1 part carbon bisulphide dissolved in 3 parts of
petroleum, the whole body of the animal being treated 3 times at 3
day intervals. The conclusion was reached that under the particular
conditions of life to which these animals w^ere subjected, wood-tar
is inefficacious in curing mange, and at the most may serve to keep
the animals alive. While carbon bisulphide and petroleum form a
better antipsoroptic, they are not a radical cure.

Leger (]V[.) & Tejera (E.). Contribution a I'Etude du Trypanosoma
venezuelense, Mesnil, 1910.— 5^//^. Soc. Path. Exot, Paris, xiii,
no. 7, 7th July 1920, pp. 576-588.

It was discovered many years ago that the epizootics known as
" peste boba " and " desrengadera," which cause a high death rate
among equines in Venezuela, are due to a trypanosome. The species
implicated was at first thought to be Trypanosoma equinum, the
causative agent of mal de caderas. Later F. Mesnil demonstrated that
the Venezuelan flagellate is morphologically distinct from T. equinum,
and while recognising its resemblance to T. evansi, the cause of surra,
he described it as a new species, T. venezuelense. About the same time,
T. hippicum, the causal agent of " murrina " in Panama, was described.

The study of trypanosomiasis among Venezuelan equines has been
continued and the disease has been inoculated into various animals,
including the guinea-pig, rat, grey mouse, horse, opossum, monkey
and cattle. As a result of these investigations a good deal of fresh,
information is given on the morphology of T. venezuelense, its patho-
genic power, its resistance to drugs, etc. The facts recorded and the

(719) Wt.P1850 165. 1.500. 11.20. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.11/14. A

186

experiments described indicate that the equine disease in Venezuela
is not surra, and confirm the opinion of Mesnil that T. venezuelense
constitutes a distinct species, which is morphologically allied to
T. evansi, but must not be confused with it.

\t would be interesting to follow a similar line of investigation
with T. hippicum, the cause of " murrina " in Panama.

Parman (D. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. Observations on the Effect of
Storm Phenomena on Insect Activity. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N. H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920, pp. 339-343.

Most of these observations were made on Muscids and related
Diptera, including Stomoxys calcitrans, Miisca domestica, CochUomyia
{Clirysomyia) macellariu and Lyperosia (Haematobia) irritans. With a
rapidly falling barometer it was noticed that the flies became nervously
active and then passed into a state of coma. During this state they
are more subject to the action of destructive agencies. The mechanical
action of the wind and sea spray are also probably responsible for the
destruction of a large number of flies during a storm. About 15 days
after a storm, a marked increase in the number of individuals has been
noticed, the interval in question being the approximate duration of
the immature stages of the species concerned. It was also noticed^
that insects attracted to lights are more active during high barometric
periods and especially while the barometer is rismg.

Zetek (J.). The Control of Breeding of Yellow Fever Mosquitoes
in Ant-Guards, Flower Vases and similar Containers.— J?. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N. H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920, pp. 344-350.

Much of the information on Stegomyia fasciata contained in this
paper has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., B, viii, 32].

DoHANiAN (S. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Mosquito Control in a Southern
Army Camp.^J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xiii, no. 4, August
1920, pp. 350-354, 3 plates.

The area of the work here described mcluded the camp itself and
about a three mile zone around it. The camp site was originally a
cotton field with deep clay soil and only an occasional bed of sand or
gravel protruding above the clay formation. Although almost
uniformly level, there were depressions of varying sizes which retained
rain-water for some time. The territory to the north, east, and south-
east of the camp is devoted to cotton and tnick garden crops, but to the
west and south-west the rolling country is covered with mesquite and
cacti.

All temporary pools of water in which mosquitos were found breedmg
were oiled with a combination of crude oil 70 per cent, and kerosene
oil 30 per cent. To reduce mosquito breeding as much as possible
in a creek that was in close proximity to the reservation, 50-gallon
oil drums were used as drips. By this means the creek was supplied
throughout the period of construction with a steady, uniform and
very thin film of oil.

187

The mosquitos collected included : Culex tarsalis, C. fatigans,
€. spissipes, C. chrysonotum, C\ siniilis, Psorophora jamaicensis, P. iexa-
nuni, P. signipennis, Mansonia spp., Anopheles crucians, A. punctipennis,
and A. pseudopunctipennis. The last-named was found breeding
throughout the summer months. Culex fatigans was the most prolific
of the mosquitos and was found breeding from AprU to December.

As a result of careful inspection and subsequent treatment, Stegomyia
fasciata {Aedes calopus) was entirely absent during 1918, although a
few individuals were taken at San Antonio, Texas, about 6 miles to the
north-east.

Spooner (C. S.). An interesting Case of Milk Contamination. —

Jl. Econ. Entoni.. Concord, N. H., xiii, no. 4, Augast 1920, pp. 368-
369.

Attention is called to the occurrence of a Phorid, Aphiochaeta
scalaris, Tw., in milk in Georgia. The larvae of this fly have been
recorded as attacldng onions in the West Indies, living on decayed
insects in Brazil and parasitising Hyphantria cunea in Florida.

A. ferruginea, Brunnetti, which, according to Malloch, is a synonym
of A. scalaris, has been recorded as causing myiasis of the intestine
in man, where it is able to complete its life-cycle. The presence of this
fly in milk suggests a possible method of its reaching the human
intestine.

DE Vasconcellos (A.). Da Piroplasmose bovina no Brasil. — [Bovine
Piroplasmosis in Brazil] — Brasil Agricola, Rio de Janeiro, v,
no. 6, June 1920, pp. 167-170.

This paper gives a clinical account of the disease.

Johnston (T. H.). The Cattle Tick. — Science & Industry, Melbourne,
ii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 317-351.

The cattle tick, Boopliilus annulatusausiralis, occurs now in practically
all parts of Queensland where climatic conditions permit its establish-
ment. The life- history is described and the methods of control are
briefly dealt with [R.A.E., B, vii, 12, etc.]. The necessity for a
widespread educational campaign to convince the population of the
advisability of thorough tick eradication is emphasised.

Johnston (T. H.). Flies as Transmitters of certain Worm Parasites
of Horses. — Science & Industry, Melbourne, ii, no. 6, June 1920,
pp. 369-372.

Experiments have been made to determine whether any of the
parasites, Habronema muscae, H. megastoma and H. microstoma, can
complete their larval cycle in various Queensland flies, especially those
that are commonly associated with horses and cattle. The species
dealt with include : Musca domestica, L. ; M. fergusoni, Jnstn. &
Bancr. ; M. vetustissima, Wlk. ; M. terraereginae, Jnstn. & Bancr. ;
M. hilli, Jnstn. & Bancr. ; Stomoxys calcitrans, L. ; Sarcophaga misera,
Wlk. ; Pseudopyrellia sp. ; and the common blow-fly, Anastellorhina
augur y F. All these species were found able to harbour the larvae of

(719) a2

188

one or more species of Hahronema and to act as an intermediate host,
and not merely as a mechanical carrier, of the parasites. Miisca spp.,
Sarcophaga and Pseudojnjrellia proved suitable as intermediate hosts
for H. muscae and H. megastoma, but not for H. microstoma, whereas
Stomoxys harboured only the latter species. Flies of various species
that were heavily infested experimentally soon died. Similar
phenomena probably occur under natural conditions, and this may
account for the low percentage of parasitism among captured flies.
/ The buffalo fly, Lypewsia exigua, may also serve as a possible host for

H. inicfostoma.

The larvae are able to escape from infested flies when the latter
settle on mucous surfaces such as the mouth, nose, eyes, or even on sores
and woimds. If the larvae escape into the mouth they will reach the
stomach, where they develop to maturity after undergoing a series of
moults. The larvae that are deposited elsewhere than in the mouth
die off, but may first set up inflammation resulting in a granuloma or
perhaps even swamp cancer.

The chief transmitters of equine granuloma are probably Musca
vetustissima, M. fergusoni and Stomoxys. The house-fly may be
mainly responsible for its occurrence in stabled animals.

LiENHAKT (R.) & Eemy (P.). Note sur la Presence en Lorraine
d'Argas reflexus (Fabricius 1794) et Contribution a I'Etude de sa
Biologie.— C.J?. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 26, 24th July 1920,
pp. 1155-1156.

Attention is drawn to the finding an example of Argas reflexus, F.,
at Nancy University, taken at a window situated immediately beneath
a pigeon loft. As this loft had been closed for six years, this is of
interest in demonstrating the length of time this tick can subsist
without food. Several individuals were subsequently found in the
loft itself, and they were all vigorous in spite of their enforced starva-
tion.

Mayne (B.). Can the Mosquito convey Infection from a Malaria
Patient undergoing Treatment ? Does Sporogony affect Mosquito
Life? — Public Health Repts., Waslmigton, D.C., xxxv, no. 28,
9th July 1920, pp. 1664-1669, 2 figs.

The work of previous authors on this subject is reviewed. As a
result of experiments made at New Orleans it is evident that when
no change occurs in the morphology of the fully developed gametocyte
in the presence of quinine, the development within the mosquito is
not impaired by the drug. Mosquitos may become infected from the
blood of patients that have previously received as much as 450 grains
of quinine. Such mosquitos not only harbour the typical sporonts,
but are also capable of infecting a healthy person. Anopheles quadri-
maculatus was used for some of these observations. One example
of this mosquito, fed occasionally on fruit juice, Hved 185 days ;
another fed on a patient infected with Plasmodium vivax retained
a few apparently degenerate sporozoites in its salivary glands for 158
jdays,'.

189

The pandemicity of malarial fever may be partly accounted for
by the longevity of the insect host, associated with its resistance
to protozoan invasion. Stegomyia fasciata {calojMs) infected with
protozoa may hve 154 days, but if it harboured microfilaria, a maxi-
mum of 17 days was observed.

Blshopp (F. C). The Stable Fly : How to prevent its Annoyance and
its Losses to Live-stock. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Waahimjlon, B.C.,
Farmers' Bull. 1097, April 1920, 23 pp., 11 figs. [Received 30th
August 1920.]

This is a revision of an earlier bulletin dealing with the life-history
and habits of Stoiiioxys calcitrcms, L. The best methods of protecting
live-stock from this fly are discussed [R.A.E., B, i, 96]. The Hodge
fly-trap, specially designed for catching this pest, is described in detail.
Since straw stacks have been found to be the chief breeding places of
S. calcitrans in the grain belt, particulars are given of the best methods
of disposal of straw and chaff and of making stacks.

Johnston (T. H.) & Bancroft (M. J.). Notes on the Biology of
some Queensland Flies. — Mern. Queensland 31 us., Brisbane, vii,
pt. l,.30th June 1920, pp. 31-43, 48 figs.

The species dealt with include Musca terraereginae, sp. n., the eggs
of which are laid in cow-dung and horse-dung, and hatch in less than
24 hours. The larvae moult twice at intervals of 24 hours. Under
laboratory conditions pupation takes place in damp sand after about
5 to 7 days. The pupal stage lasts from 7 to 10 days. This fly is
parasitised by a flagellate, probably Herjjetomonas muscaedotnesticae,
and by the Nematodes Hahronema muscae, H. megastoma, and Agamo-
spirura muscanmi.

Musca liilli, sp. n., is occasionally found on horses and cattle, and
is very similar in its habits to M. terraereginae. The larval stage
occupies from 5 to 6 days and the pupal stage from 6 to 9 days, making
a total of from 11 to 15 days, in January and February. It is parasitised
by Habronema muscae and H. megastoma.

Other species dealt with include Eumusca vetustissima, Wlk. ;
Vioiparomuscafergusoni, J. & B. ; StenojJterina gigas, Macq. ; Muscina
stabulans, Fall., which has been bred from rotting potatoes ; Phaonia
personata, Wlk. ; and Sapromyza fuscicornis, Macq.

Wise (K. S.). Malaria, the Problem of British Guiana. — Brit. Guiana
Med. Annual for 1919 {22nd Year), Demerara, 1919, pp. 1-28.

Malaria control in British Guiana consists essentially in limiting
the breeding of Anopheline mosquitos, and this is far from impossible,
though exceptional conditions favourable to Anopheles obtain. The
inhabited area is a flat plain ; the soil is a heavy clay inpermeable
to water ; the land level is 4-5 feet below high spring tides and therefore
difficult to drain ; the rainfall is heavy — 80 to 120 inches per annum ;
there is a uniformly warm temperature all the year round — 70° to 90°
F. ; there are everywhere irrigation channels ; and vegetation is
abundant.

Practical measures therefore resolve themselves into eliminating
the grass or eliminating the water.

190

Cleare (L. D.), Junr. Some Parasites of Man and Animals in British
Guiana. — Brit. Ginana Med. Annual for 1919 (22nd Year),
Demerara, 1919, pp. 58-77.

This paper may be considered supplementary to a previous article
[R.A.E., B, V, 4], and represents an attempt to give a fairly complete
list of animal parasites, exclusive of mosquitos, so far recorded from
the Colony.

Chalmers (A. J. ). Oedema of the Eyelids caused by Ants. — Jl. Trop.
Med. <& Hyg., London, xxii, no. 12, 16th June 1919, p. 117, 1 plate.

The observation recorded here confirms the .author's suggestion
{R.A.E., B, vii, 6] that oedema of the eyehds in Europeans and natives
in Khartum may be caused by an ant, Monomoriiim bicolor, subsp.
nitidivetitre.

Delmege (J. A.). Some Practical Notes on the Prevention of Mosquito
Breeding. — Jl. Tro]). Med. & Hyg., London, xxii, no. 19,
1st October 1919, pp. 181-184, 7 figs.

Some results are given of anti-mosquito work in Macedonia, chiefly
effected during the summer of 1918.

Surface-drains should be deep (not less than 1 foot), narrow at the
base, and with sloping sides. The sod along the edges should be turned
back at least one foot, as this delays the re-growth of the grass.
Spraying wdth cresol solution (about 1 in 500) also considerably delays
vegetation. Stones on the edges of channels and streams should
be avoided, as breeding takes place in the cre\dces, but large stones
placed 4-6 inches from the edges are very useful in preventing the
channel being trodden in by animals and men. For covering wells,
etc., sacking on a wooden framework is suitable, but easily damaged.
Corrugated iron is most unsatisfactory, as being almost impossible
to make mosquito-proof. Light wood covers, carefully caulked, are
the best.

AU bushes and overhanging branches on streams should be cut
back so as to permit a man to walk do^ATi the stream without touching
them on either side. Streams running in sandy beds broken by rocks
are best diverted. This also apphes to streams through small marshes.
In the case of partly stagnant streams in fiat land the best method
consists in digging a line of pits in the course of the stream at intervals
of about 15 yards (the f^ize of each pit and the distance between them
varjnng much according to the nature of the ground) ; these pits
can be kept clean and cresolised. Ponds for watering horses should
be made, not by damming a stream, but by cutting a clean deep basin
in one side of the channel.

Where an oil film is blown aside by winds or dispersed by frogs,
petroleum is most unsatisfactory ; a solution of cresol is preferable—
1 in 100,000 in standing water and 1 in 1,000 (roughly) in slow-flowing
streams. To make the solution, about equal quantities of cresol
and water were used ; a larger proportion of cresol mixes with difficulty.
In deahng with gardens, horse-troughs, and pools used as decoy
pools, it is essential that the dilution be as accurate as possible. The

191

two f oUowing rough approximations were found exceedingly useful :
area of circle = |D- (D = diameter) ; one ounce of cresol to 100
cubic feet of water gives a dilution of 1 in 100,000. Experience
confirmed Mayne's conclusions [R.A.E., B, viii, 90] that cresol
does not spoil the water for animals or vegetable gardens. Reasoning
from the life-history of the mosquito, the cresol solution should be
added at intervals of from 7 to 10 days. In actual practice treatment
was carried out twice a week. For small ponds the cresol is simply
stirred in with sticks ; for large ones, a board lying flat on the water
steadied by a keel, and held by drag-ropes, can be puUed forwards
and backwards ; in streams the solution can be spread with a brush.
Cresol is useless for drip-cans.

Decoy-pools, if carefully constructed and accurately treated with
cresol in a 1 to 100,000 solution, were exceedingly effective. The only
difficulty is to make the pools attractive to the mosquito, and in some
instances all devices to induce oviposition were unsuccessful. A
combination of constructional and larvicidal methods was generally
used in the case of streams and pools. Three types of sprayer were in
use : Mackenzie, Special Rapid, and Vermorel. The first-named M^as
the best, its only real drawback being its tendency to become clogged,
but this may be prevented by always washing out after use with
cresol. For clearing, short-handled bill-hooks are the best.

The importance of trained supervisors is emphasised ; for practical
purposes a short course of five or six lectures with practical demon-
strations proved sufficient.

Du ToiT (P. J.). Gastruslarven und infektiose Anamie der Pferde.

[Bots and Equine Infectious Anaemia.] — Monafshefte f. praktische
Tierheilhmde, xxx, 1919, p. 97. (Abstract in ScJnveizer Arch,
f. Tierheilk., ZiiricJi, Ixii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 34-35.)

The typical reaction shown by a horse after injection with a watery
extract of bot [GastropJiilus] larvae is regarded by the author as toxic
in nature, and not anaphylactic. Repeated injections caused a
gradual intoxication, as shown by loss of condition, decrease in the
number of red blood corpuscles and dullness, but the febrile attacks,
as in infectious anaemia, never occurred. From numerous experiments
the author concludes that there is no relation between bots and in-
fectious anaemia.

Todd (J. L.). |Concerning Immunity to Human Trypanosomiasis.

— Neiv Orleans Med. & Surg. Jl., Neiv Orleans, Ixxii, no. 5, Novem-
ber 1919, pp. 293-295.

There is no history or tradition of a time when trypanosomiasis
was not endemic and universal in the Gambia. In 1911 about 0"8
per cent, of the population was infected ; Glossina palpalis and G.
morsitans are widely distributed, and are often very numerous. The
natives' manner of living does not particularly expose them to bites ;
their villages, grazing grounds and farms are usually at some distance
from the water. They are prosperous and well able to resist disease.
The method of searching for trypanosomiasis was such that cases
doubtless are missed. None the less these factors are not sufficient

192

^o explain why only 0'8 per cent, of the population was infected. In
1902, Dutton and the author suggested that an immunity to human
trypanosomiasis does exist, and it is here submitted that additional
proof of the presence of some degree of immunity is afforded by the
good health at the end of 1918 of four natives who, in 1911, were
shown to harbour trypanosomes.

Kizzi (M.). Malaria debellata in Trinitapoli. [Malaria conquered
in Trinitapoli.] — La Malariologia, Naples, Ser. I, xii, no. 1-3,
30th June 1919, pp. 47-53.

This is an account of a vigorous anti-mosquito campaign carried
out in 1917-1918 at Trinitapoli in southern Italy. Whereas 196
deaths occurred in the town in 1916, this figure fell to 52 in 1917,
and 8 in 1918.

Parsons (A. C). Practical Notes on Mosquito Surveys of Camps
and Barracks during 1917 and 1918. — War Office. Observations
on Malaria; London, H.M. Stationery Ofiice, December 1919,
pp. 95-131, Price 6s.

This is a detailed and instructive account of the work done in military
stations and camps in England. The places visited are listed as an
appendix. The scheme adopted is described, and notes on Anophelines
are given. A. maculipennis was the commonest species ; A. bifurcatm
was much less frequently met with ; A. plumbeus was not found in
houses or animal sheds. In spring the males are the first to appear ;
during the summer females preponderate indoors ; in autumn, males
are seen in company with females.

Robertson (J. C). A short Report on the Anti-Malaria Cam-
paign at Taranto during 1918. War Office. Observations on
Malaria; London, H.M. Stationery Office, December 1919,
pp. 149-177, Price 6s.

|For many reasons the destruction of mosquitos at a large rest
camp formed at Taranto in 1917 became almost the sole protection
available [R.A.E., B, viii, 139]. Anopheles maculipennis, numerous
in the ditches and marshes, and A. bifurcatus, in the wells and troughs,
were the species found, and the former was more often a carrier of
malaria than A. bifurcatus.

Macdonald (A.). Report on Indigenous Malaria and on Malaria
Work performed in Connection with the Troops in England
during the Year 1918. — War Office. Observations on Malaria;
London, H.M. Stationery Office, December 1919, pp. 178-258,
20 plates, 1 map. Price 6s.

The chief of the " dangerous areas " scheduled by the War Office
embraced Romney Marsh, Sandwich, Sheppey, and Isle of Grain.
The probable date of infection in 47 out of the 61 cases observed in
1918 in England was August. In every case Anopheles maculipennis
was found in the huts, and its breeding-places were near by. Plas-
modium vivax was the parasite in all cases. A. macidipennis, which

193

may be looked upon as the chief carrier of malaria in England, is
found in buildings and sheds occupied by stock, and is most numerous
in September. Larvae have been taken from April to September.
They abound in the stagnant water of the marsh-country dykes, and
the vegetation protects them against the stickleback (perhaps the most
valuable enemy of A. macuUpennis in estuarine dykes) and other
fish. In the marsh and estuarine dykes they are found in waters
with a salinity ranging from 16 -5 to 339 parts of chlorine per 100,000.
A. bifurcatus, which is essentially not a domestic mosquito, is a less
likely transmitter than A. macuUpennis. Its larvae have not been
found in the brackish estuarine dykes, nor in water overgrown with
surface vegetation. Adults occur from March to October, and larvae
throughout the year. At Uckfield, where the occurrence of a case
of indigenous malaria is recorded, there is a possibility of the occurrence
of A. plumbeus on account of the presence of many beech trees with
numerous tree-holes, but as A. uniculipennis was found, search for
.1. plumbeus was not made at the time the case was investigated.
In addition to A. macuUpennis, Culex pipiens and Theobaldia annulata
are found frequently under domestic conditions.

As regards the relation of shade to mosquito breeding, Anopheline
larvae in England may be said to be the frequenters of open, weed-
grown water. The isolated shade of a tree, bridge, etc. , is no hindrance
to breeding provided that other conditions are favourable. Larvae of
Odilerotahis and Theobaldia have been found in abundance in shady
situations, and those of Culrx pipiens were observed in complete
darkness.

The anti-malaria measures carried out are described in detail.
S reening the huts occupied by carriers, subsequent i emo val of carriers
from Anopheline areas, winter destruction of imagines, and cleaning
of dykes were the chief protective measures employed.

Raabe (H.). Studja nad Mucha domowa. [A Study of the House-
fly.]— Przeglqd Epidemjologiczny, Warsaw, i, no. 1, 1920, pp.
45-55. [With a summary in French.]

These biological studies were made in autumn and winter. Ac-
cording to the author it is chiefly the eggs, larvae and pupae of Musca
domestica that hibernate. The larvae are very resistant to cold.
The adults are unable to hibernate in a torpid condition ; they always
require water and a temperature above freezing point. For this
reason most of them die in winter.

Knuth (P.), Behn (P.) & ScHULZE (P.). UntersuchuHgen ueber
die Piroplasmose der Pferde im Jahre 1917. [Experiments
on Equine Piroplasmosis (Biliary Fever) in 1917.] Zeitschr. f.
Veterindrk., 1918, no. G, pp. 241-264, 3 plates. (Abstract in
Troj}. Vet. Bull, London, viii, no. 1, March 1920, pp. 6-12.)

These investigations were carried out in the areas occupied by the
German troops in Macedonia in 1917 with the object of finding out
whether the return of horses affected with piroplasmosis into Germany
would constitute a source of danger for the equine population there,
inasmuch as the possibility of transmission by the ticks found in

194

Germany had to be reckoned with. Transmission experiments by
du Toit with Ixodes ricinus in Berhn point to the improbability that
NuttaUia equi can be transmitted by this tick [R.A.E., B, viii, 151].

Fifteen species or varieties of ticks belonging to the family Ixodidae
were found in Macedonia. Twelve of these were found in the adult
stage on horses, viz., Ixodes ricinus, I. hexagonus dardanicus, P. Schulze,
Hycdomma aegyptium, L., H. aegyptiuni impressum, Koch, H. scupense,
P. Schulze, Hasmaphysalis inermis, Birula, H. cinnaharina punctata,
Can. & Fanz., H. otopliila, P. Schulze, Dermacentor reticulatus, ¥.,
Rhipicepkalus sanguineus, Latr., R. bursa. Can. & Fanz., and Boophilas
annulatus, Say.

The following were found in thenymphal stage on horses : I. ricinus,
H. scupense, Haemaphysalis cinnaharina punctata, B. annulatus,
D. reticulatus, and R. bursa. No species in the larval stage was
found on the horse, but the earlier stages were generally to be found
on the smaller animals.

On horses suffering from piroplasmosis only three species were
found, viz., Hyalomma aegyptium, Rhipicephalus bursa, and R. san-
guineus. It is improbable that the first-named acts as a vector, but the
evidence points to one or perhaps both of the others being incriminated,
as another species of the same genus, R. evertsi, Neum., has been
proved to transmit NuttaUia in the horse. It is probable that
R. bursa, which was found in large numbers in the nymphal stage on
the horses, was the species especially responsible.

Dermacentor reticulatus was only found in the earlier part of the
year (up to 4th June) on horses, and only re-appeared in very small
numbers in the late autumn. This species has been considered to
be the transmitter of Piroplasma {Babesia) caballi in South Russia,
and the frequent occurrence of both D. reticulatus and babesiasis
in the spring in Macedonia also point to a causal relationship.

A small quantity of smear preparations and ticks were received
from Rumania. Piroplasma caballi was found in one case. Tha
ticks were /. ricinus, H. cinnabarina punctata, H. otophila, D. reticidatus,
and R. bursa. From reports received it appeared that infection
with P. caballi was far more common in Rumania than with NuttaUia
equi, but that the total number of cases of piroplasmosis occurring
in that country was smaller than in Macedonia.

RoYER (B. F.) & Emerson (C. A.). Mosquito Eradication in South-
eastern Pennsylvania. — Amer. Jl. Public Health, ix, no. 5, 1919.
(Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull, London., xv, no. 2, 14th Februarv
1920, p. 157.)

The operations here described aimed at reclaiming from mosquitos
a vast extent of marsh, mostly below high- water mark, along the
Delaware River. While drainage work was in progress, a compre-
hensive system of oiling was carried out. The result of the operations
was that complaints about mosquitos became almost unknown, and
large areas are available for cultivation.

The mosquitos in the district include Anopheles punctipennis
and A. quadrimacidatus. The predominant species during early
summer was Aedes sylvestris, and after 1st July, Culex pipiens.

195

\

\ Samsonoff ( — ). Intoxication des Ruminants par les Secretions
du Criquet pelerin. [Poisoning of Ruminants by the Secretions
of the Migratory Locust.] — Rec. Med. Vet., xcv, no. 19, 15th
October 1919, pp. 556-563. (Abstract in Troj). Vet. Bull.,
Lotidon, viii, no. 1, March 1920, pp. 91-92.)
In the spring of 1915 great ravages were wrought in Palestine and
Syria by dense swarms of migratory locusts, and in May an extremely
severe disease, apparently due to an intoxication, was noted among
cattle, sheep and goats. Similar symptoms were stated to have oc-
curred in cattle, buffalos, and especially sheep, after eating some
sorghum leaves that had previously been attacked by locusts.
Sorghum and sesame are the only green plants found in May in the
country. It is well known that animals can consume dead locusts
without harmful effects. In the Hedera district the domestic animals
are watered at artificially dug wells. Some of these were completely
filled with the dead locust larvae, in others they were less numerous
and their secretions had given a greenish yellow colour to the water.
Evidence is given in support of the view that the poisoning in cattle
watered at these wells was actually due to the secretions. Cattle
did not become affected after drinking from wells that had been
covered to exclude locusts, or from streams. Symptoms also were
noted in the individual animals that drank first from a polluted well ;
those drinking subsequently, when clean water had run in, were
not affected.

Eisner (G.). Zur Erklarung der Tertianaanfalle nach Tropikal-
infektion. Gegen die Annahme der Einheitlichkeit der Malaria-
parasiten. [The Explanation of Benign Tertian Cases following
Infection with Tropical Malaria. Controversion of the Unitarian
Theorv.] — Bed. Klin. Woehenschr., Berlin, Ivi. no. 17, 28th
April,' 1919. pp. 391-395. (Abstract in Twp. Dis. Bull, London,
XV, no. 2, 11th February, 1920, p. 96.)

After several years' experience of malaria in Macedonia, the author
rejects the theory that there is only one species of malarial parasite.

Cases of benign tertian {Plasmodium rivax) in persons who in the
previous summer had sufiered only from tropical malaria are readily
explained by the former remaining latent for long periods. Quinine
prophylaxis is able to keep benign tertian malaria in subjection, but
often fails to suppress infection with P. praecox {faleiparum) ; the
latter is therefore first in e\'idence in cases of double infection.

Again, in Macedonia, tropical malaria was acquired late in summer
when quinine prophylaxis had become slack, so that P. praecox had
a better chance of establishing itself than P. vivax, infection with
which occurred earlier, at a time when the prophylaxis was better
carried out.

The author advances the hypothesis that a tropical infection may
actually prevent the development of a benign tertian infection.

Other facts that disprove the unitarian theory are the morphological
and histological difi'erences in the parasites, the difi'erences in the
types of fever they produce, and the numerous specific epidemiological
and clinical features that distinguish benign tertian from tropical
malaria. These points are discussed in some detail.

196

Simons (H.). Malaria-Erfahrungen und kritische Studien uber
den Unitarismus. [Experience with Malaria and Critical Studies
of the Unitarian Theory.] — Bed. Klin. Wochenschr., Berlin,
Ivi, nos. 43-44, 27th October-3rd November 1919, pp. 1009-1012,
1041-1043, 3 figs. (Abstract in Troj). Bis. Bull, London, xv,
no. 4, 15th April 1920, pp. 250-252.)

The second part of this paper, in which numerous references to
the literature are given, is a careful criticism of the unitarian theory.
The author points out that this theory, which is concerned with a
morphological question, depends chiefly, not on morphological findings,
but on epidemiological and cHnical proofs. The evidence obtained
from mixed infections is against the unitarian theory, and in such cases
faulty staining may lead to fallacious conclusions.

Dunn (L. H.). Studies on the Screw-worm Fly, Chrysomyia mace-
laria in Panama. — Proc. Med. Assoc. Isthmian Canal Zone,
Mount Hope, C.Z., x, pt. 2 (July-December 1917) 1919, pp. 33-66.
[Received 2nd September 1920.]

The bulk of the information contained in this paper on CocJdiomyia
(Chrysomyia) macellaria has already been noticed from another source
{R.A.E., B, vi, 148].

Connor (R. C). Relapsing Fever Its Occurrence in Panama and
a Report of Recent Cases treated in Ancon Hospital. — Proc.
Med. Assoc. Isthmian Canal Zone, Mount Hojje, C.Z., x, pt. 2
(July-December 1917) 1919, pp. 67-76. [Received 2nd September
1920.]

The causes and diagnosis of recurrent fever caused by Spirochaeta
recurrentis axe discussed with a short note on treatment and a report
of cases in Panama.

There are four types of relapsing fever : — African tick fever ; the
Asiatic or Indian type ; the European type ; and the American

type.

The disease in North Africa is thought to be transmitted by vermm,
particularly lice. The work of investigators on this head is reviewed
[R.A.E., B, i, 70, 235 ; ii, 90, 91, 200 ; iii, 33, etc.].

In Panama possible transmitters are ticks, lice and mosquitos,
but conditions that favour extensive spread of the disease, such as
war, famine, overcrowding or uncleanhness, are absent.

Dunn (L. H.). Report on the Mosquitoes caught by Hand in the
Canal Zone from February 1st, 1916, to January 31st, 1917.- P/oc.

Med. Assoc. Isthmian Canal Zone, Mount Hope, C.Z., x, pt. 2
(July-December 1917) 1919, pp. 145-169. [Received 2nd
September 1920.]

This report explains the method of systematic mosquito catching
by hand in habitations on the Canal Zone, and gives a census of all the
mosquitos caught in this manner in each locality from 1st February 1916
till 31st January 1917. The work is done by trained negroes with
large test tubes containing a pad soaked in chloroform. In all, 391,019

197

mosquitos were caught in the year, of which 251,332 were Taer.io-
rhjnchus (Mansonia) titillans ; of Anophelines, Anopheles albimanus
was far the most numerous, the others being, in order of frequency,
A. tarsmiaculatus, A. malefactor, A. jjseudopunctipennis, A. apicimactda,
and A. argyritarsis.

Hand-catching has not only proved economical, practical, and
successful in the considerable reduction of malaria cases, but also,
in its results, acts to a certain extent as an index to the breeding
places. In the event particularly of Stegomyia fasciata {Aedes calopiis)
making its appearance in the catch, it is generally taken as an indi-
cation that it is breeding in the immediate vicinity, as this species
seldom breeds far from human habitations. Steps are then taken
to locate the breeding place, which usually proves to be some old tin
can or similar receptacle, and when found is easily abolished.

Harold (C. H. H.). Relapsing and Mianeh Fevers in East Persia. —

Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxxiv, no. 6, June 1920, p]). 484-498.
Wright (H. D.) & Harold (C. H. H.). Tick Fever in East Persia.—
Ibidem, xxxv, no. 3, September 1920, pp. 203-217.

These papers give an account of various outbreaks of tick fever
among Indian troops and their officers in East Persia. The men
were attacked by two species of tick, Argas persicus and OrnitJiodorxs
lahorensis, when occupying Persian serais. The majority of the cases
were absolutely free from lice. Some of the men who were bitten by
ticks did not develop the disease. It seems probable that the disease
is developed on the eighth day after it is transmitted ; at any rate
the incubation period is from one to twelve days.

Spirochaetes are few and difficult to find, in contrast to what occurs
in the recurrent fever carried by lice. In this the disease resembles
African tick fever, but the spirochaetes of the two diseases are some-
what difterent in form. In Persia as in Africa the local natives are
immune to the disease, but strangers are susceptible.

Thompson (A. G. G.). Disinfestation in the German Army in the
War. — Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxxv, no. 3, September 1920,
pp. 228-232, 2 plans.
A description is given of the combined bathroom and delousing
apparatus used in the German Army for troops when reheved from
the line. The heating for both bathroom and disinfector came from
the same furnace ; the men passed through the former parallel with
their clothes passing through the latter, receiving their clothes clean
on the other side. The clothing was left in the disinfector at a tem-
perature of 100° C. dry heat for one hour. Where convenient it was
found that baking the clothes for two hours at 80° C. gave better results.
Other methods of treatment mentioned are hydrocyanic acid gas,
sulphur dioxide combined with dry heat, and steam wagons, and a plan
is eiven of a bath-house and disinfector suitable for barracks. As a
prophylactic, crude naphthaline was issued at first, but irritated the
skin too much. A half and half mixture of powdered talc and naph-
thahne was afterwards issued, but this was also too strong and was
never in general use. Treatment for scabies consisted of baths and
an ointment of balsam of Peru.

198

Sambon (L. W.). Tropical and Sub-Tropical Diseases. — United
Empire, London, N.S., xi, nos. 8 & 9, August & September 1920,
pp. 420-431 & 493-503.

This paper read at a meeting of the Royal Colonial Institute reviews
the history of many tropical and sub-tropical diseases, with special
reference to insect transmission. Many previous authors are quoted,
and their work is discussed.

Duncan (M.). On Acari from the Lungs of Macacus rhesus. — Jl. R.
Microsc. Soc, London, 1920, part 2, June 1920, pp. 163-168,
1 plate, 2 figs. [Received 7th September 1920.]

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of an Acarid, Pneumonyssus
foxi, in the lungs of a monkey {Macacus rhesus). The whole life-cycle
is apparently passed in this environment, but how the mite originally
gains entrance to the lungs of the host has not yet been definitely
ascertained. [See also R.A.E., B, iv, 40.]

Sinclair (J. M.). Southern Rhodesia : Report of the Chief Veterinary
Surgeon for the Year 1919. — Salisbury, 1920, pp. 1-8. [Received
7th September 1920.]

The number of fresh outbreaks of African coast fever in Rhodesia
during 1919 was eight, and the mortality 798 head. The heavy mor-
tality attending the outbreaks in two localities in which dipping had
been constantly practised led to a good deal of criticism of the system.
In one of these cases the mortality during the first four months was
437 head as against only nine during the next four. The degree of
infection to begin with was one of the heaviest that has ever had to
be dealt with, and but for dipping, less than 10 per cent, would have
survived three months. In the second case over 50 cattle actually
suffering from the disease were deposited by rail on three farms where
tick infestation was at a minimum as the result of regular dipping
over a considerable period. The results were disappointing, as over
266 head out of 615 contracted the disease and died, or were destroyed.
The mortality was heaviest among the worldng oxen, and it has been
suggested that this was due to the rapid ehmination of arsenic from
the skin as the result of the constant daily exertions. There is probably
something in this view, but the high mortality generally was due to
the fact that the imported infected cattle were heavily tick-infested
on arrival, and apparently were not dipped until a week later. In
connection with this outbreak it has been alleged that the methods
were at fault in that dressing of the ears and tails was not carried
out. These processes have not been insisted on in cases where
dipping has been regularly practised, and there is nothing to show
that the subsequent mortahty has consequently been increased.
Records show that, whatever the methods of dipping, etc., the period
required to eradicate infection depends entirely on the degree of
infection in existence to begin with.

During 1919, 229 dipping tanks were constructed, making a total
of 1,583, but many are still required for the proper carrying out of
the Cattle Cleansing Ordinance (1918).

199

AnapTasmosis (gall-sickness) and piroplasmosis (red^water) caused
a considerable mortality, chiefly amongst pure-bred and grade animals.
An increase in the prevalence of these diseases is to be attributed to
increased tick activity, the result of ineffective dipping, and the
relatively greater susceptibility of pure and grade stock resulting in
an exaltation of the virulence, particularly of gall-sickness, by passage
through them.

A number of fatal cases of trypanosomiasis occurred amongst
cattle in various districts, but reliable statistics are not available.

Myiasis, produced through infestation with the larvae of certain flies
[Chrysomyia], has been recorded from practically every district in
the territory since 1918. It is most prevalent cluring the summer,
and in districts with heavy rainfall, but is not infrequently seen during
the winter. The maggots should be destroyed by dressing the wound
with a volatile agent such as carbon bisulphide. To prevent further
infestation, the wounds and surrounding skin should be dressed with
an emulsion of Stockholm tar containing a small quantity of iodoform
in solution, and finally the application of dry wood-ashes or lime.
To reduce the flies as much as possible, every maggot should be
destroyed and all carcases buried deeply or burned.

Bevan (Ll. E. W.). Report of the Veterinary Bacteriologist. —

S. Rhodesia, Rept. Chief Vet. Surgeon for 1919, Salisbury, 1920,
pp. 9-17. [Received 7th September 1920.]

Myiasis in cattle [R.A.E., B, vii, 60] is caused by the larva of a fly
closely resembling Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma) albicans. The eggs are
laid on or near any abrasion on the animal, and the larvae bore into
the tissues below and form large cavities, which are not perceived
for some time, until a considerable area of skin sloughs and exposes
them. The commonest site of infection is in the soft tissues round
the anus and vulva, positions favoured by Hyalomma aegyptium,
a tick that is believed often to cause the primary injury.

Cure, by dressing the wounds with volatile agents, tar, etc., is
often difficult, and it is very desirable that methods of attacking the
fly itself should be discovered.

With regard to the high mortality from African coast fever suffered
by oxen as compared to other cattle, and to the fact that animals
that have shown manifestations of the disease have apparently re-
covered in the dry season, but have died of an acute form during
the rains, it is suggested that the development of the parasite is checked
in animals highly impregnated with arsenic. The possibiHty of a
suppressed form of African coast fever as the result of short-interval
dipping is a matter deserving the closest investigation.

Shand (W. R.), Dalton (J.) & Huntley (H. G. M.). Southern
Rhodesia Report of the Committee of Enquiry in respect of
African Coast Fever. — Salisbury, 1920, 12 pp.
Recent outbreaks of African coast fever in various districts of
Southern Rhodesia are described, and suggestions are made for amend-
ments and additions to be incorporated in the present laws and regu-
lations deaUng with this disease. The reconnnendations made are
very similar to those noticed in connection with a recent report from
the Union of South Africa [R. A. E., B, viii, 178].

200

Hodge (C. F.). The Mosquito-Malaria Problem in Florida. — Florida
Entom., Gainesville, iv, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 1-6.

The importance of paying more attention to tlie domestic breeding
places of mosquitos such as rain-tubs, etc., is emphasised. It is con-
sidered that if such places were rendered harmless by individual
enterprise, mosquitos could be effectively held in check by the existing
natural enemies in Florida.

The only way of attracting the attention of the public to the im-
portance of such measures is to provide adequate and universal science
lessons in every school in Florida.

Imes (M.). Hog Lice and Hog Mange. Methods of Control and
Eradication. — U.S. Dejjt. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers'
Bull. 1085, May 1920, 28 pp., 12 figs. [Received 11th September
1920.]

The parasites of pigs here dealt with are Haematopinus suis, Sarcoptes
scabiei suis (causing sarcoptic or common mange) and Demodex follicn-
lorum suis (causing demodectic or follicular mange). There are five
methods of applying treatment ; hand apphcations, spraying, rubbing
posts, medicated wallows, and dipping. Hand applications may be
made with crude petroleum, cotton-seed oil and kerosene in equal
parts, or kerosene and lard, half a U.S. pint to a pound. Spraying is
effective if thoroughly carried out, but dipping with the same materials
is usually more economical and more successful. Rubbing posts
have already been noticed [R.A.E., B, v, 75 ; vi, 94]. Shallow concrete
wallows, with a layer of crude petroleum floating on the water, and
shaded from the sun, are effective in hot weather. The wallow should
not be kept medicated continually, but only at intervals of a week or
ten days, and it should not be medicated till the pigs have become
used to it.

Crude petroleum also makes the most effective dip — in fact the
only one that will eradicate both lice and mange with one dipping.
Lime-sulphur, coal-tar-creosote, and arsenical dips may also be used,
if desirable, but they involve much greater expenditure of time and
labour.

Instructions are given for making up the various dips, and also
for constructing dipping plants, wallows, and rubbing posts, cal-
culating the cubical contents of tanks, etc.

Lahille (F.). Enumeracion sistematica de los Pediculidos, Malofagos,
Pulicidos, Linguatulidos y Acaros (la Parte) encontrados en la
Republica Argentina con una Nota sobre un Especie de Piojo
de las Ovejas. [Systematic Enumeration of the Pediculids
Mallophaga, Pulicids, Linguatulids and Acarids (1st Part) found
in the Argentine Republic, with a Note on a Species of Sheep
Louse.] — Minist. Agric. Nac., Buenos Aires, 1920, 41 pp., 4 plates.
Among the parasites enumerated in this list as occurring in Argen-
tina, a special list is given of the Mallophaga infesting birds, comprising
14 genera and some 159 species, and it is thought probable that many
more occur in the country.

Notes are also given on the sheep-louse, Linognathus pedalis, Osb.,
which 'is reported as very abundant in the Province of Buenos Aires.

201

The eggs are laid close to the base of the hairs on the lower extremities
of the limbs. The appearance and measurements of the eggs
and nymphal forms are described. As the eggs are always located
about the feet of the animals, they can easily be dealt with ; in summer
the ordinary baths given for mange are efficacious, and in winter
the animals should be walked through a parasiticide solution, wetting
only the feet.

Smyth (E. G.). Dominio de la Plaga de la Mosca del Ganado en
Puerto Rico. [Control of the Horn-fly Pest of Cattle in Porto
Rico.] — Rev. Agric, Puerto Rico, San Jucm, iii, nos. 5 & 6, October
and November 1919, pp. 10-24, 17-28, 4 plates.

Considerable loss occurs to owners of cattle in Porto Rico from
Lyperosia irritans, L. (horn-fly), which was introduced about 15 years
ago. This arises from a reduction in the yield of milk and in working
power owing to molestation by this fly interfering with proper grazing.
It is especially abundant during or following the rainy season, but the
damage it does is most noticeable in the dry, south coast districts,
where the grass is of poor quality and the fly numerous. The adult
fly spends almost all its hfe on the cattle, only leaving them for brief
periods to deposit its eggs on the manure. Under favourable circum-
stances the life-cycle may occupy only two weeks.

The information that has been gained in various countries on the
transmission of disease by L. irritans [R.A.E., B, vi, 181, etc.] is
reviewed. A number of formulae for repellents and sprays that
have been tried in difl'erent places is given with notes on the natural
enemies of this fly in various countries.

In Porto Rico some of the birds useful in this connection are a
humming bird {Anthracothorax aurulentus), the Jamaican cliff swallow
{Petrochelidon fulva poeciloma) and several flycatchers and warblers.
Large numbers of fly larvae have been found in the stomach of a
sandpiper {Pisobia minutilla), and the Porto Rican blackbird {Holo-
quiscalus brachypterus) is especially useful in scattering the cattle dung
and incidentally eating or otherwise destroying the larvae and pupae.

The attempted introduction of parasites of this fly is recommended
on the Hnes that have been successful in Hawaii [R.A.E., B, v, 137,
etc.].

Fillers (A. W. N.). Some accidental Parasites of the Ear of the
Domesticated Rabbit and Guinea-Pig. — Vet. Jl., Lotidon, Ixxvi,
no. 9, September 1920, pp. 331-334, 5 figs.
The mites found infesting ears of rabbits and guinea-pigs include

Glycyphagus domesticus, deG., TyroglypJms {Aleurobius) farmae, Gerv.,

and C hey Ictus eruditus.

Splendore (A.). Sui Parassiti delle Arvicole. [The Parasites of ^the
Field Rat, Pitymys savH.] — Ann. d'Igicne, Rome, xxx, no. 8,
August 1920, pp. 445-468, 6 plates.
The insect parasites of the important agricultural pest, Pitymys
sam, are the fleas, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Bosc, Typhlopsylla assimilis
(?), Taschb., and Hystrichopsylla tripectinata, Tirab., a louse, Hoplo-
pleura acanthopus, Burm., and the mites, Myobias]). (?) and Leiogna'.hus
albaius, Berl.
(719) B

202

PicciNiNNi (F.). Osservazioni epidemiologiche ed anatomo-patologiche
nella Peste dei Ratti. Ricerche sperimentali suUa Immunita dei
Ratti contro la Peste. [Epidemiological and Anatomopathological
Observations on Rat Plague. Experimental Research on the
Immunity of Rats against Plague.] — Ann. d'Igiene, Rome, xxx,
no. 8, August 1920, pp. 484-496.

The brown rat, Mus decumanus, represents 90 per cent, of the rat
population in and around Naples, and 90 per cent, of the infected rats
belonged to that species. The black rat, Mus rattus, and its variety,
Mus alexandrinus, are the other species, together with Mus musculus,
which latter, however, is of little importance as a plague carrier.
Though plague occurs among the rats in the harbour at Naples, most
of them are immune. This immunity probably obtains in all the great
traffic centres, and is a powerful check that prevents the spread of
plague and finally extinguishes it. If rat plague is conveyed from
a harbour to the surrounding city, its spread is greatly facilitated
owing to the non-immunity, or slowly acquired immunity, of the town
rats that inhabit and move about in a very large area, whereas a
harbour zone is hmited in extent. This renders more urgent still the
necessity for separating a harbour sewage system from that of the
surrounding town, as laid down in regulations governing harbour
sanitation, thus reducing the opportunities that harbour rats have for
entering the town area. The sewer system of the " free harbour "
portion of the port of Naples is thus separated, and it is urged that the
entire port should be dealt with on these lines.

Stempell (W.). Ueber den Erreger des Fleckfiebers. [The Causal
Agent of Recurrent Fever.] — Sitzungsber. Naturh. Ver. d. preuss.
Rheinlande u. Westfalens, 1919 {1917-1919); Bonn, 1920, B,
pp. 3-7, 22nd October 1919.

In reviewing the question of the causal agent of recurrent fever,
the conclusion is arrived at that nothing really definite is known
except that this organism undergoes several days' development in
the louse. It is a fact that epidemics of recurrent fever usually occur
in winter and that this disease is not met with in the tropics. The
digestive processes in the louse, especially intestinal action, are very
dependent on the temperature of its surroundings. Hase has pointed
out that at high temperatures an interval of only 2 minutes elapses
between ingestion and defecation. It is therefore possible that the
slow digestive process entailed by cold weather is necessary to permit
the parasites to settle and develop in the gut. This may well be one
of the factors responsible for the occurrence of recurrent fever in the
cold season.

Flu (P. C). Onderzoek naar de Levensduur van Stegom.yia fasciata
bij lage Temperaturen. [An Investigation of the Length of Life
of S. fasciata at low Temperatures.] — Geneesk Tijdschr. Nederl-
Indie, Weltevreden, Ix, no. 3, 1920, pp. 418-423.

These results were obtained in experiments carried out in the cold
storage chambers of a steamer. A temperature just beneath freezing
point is certain to kill Stegomyia fasciata in 24 hours. In a chamber in

203

which the temperature did not rise above 6° C. [42° R] the same
result occurred. At a temperature oscillating between 7° and 10° C.
[44°-50° F.] the mosquitos soon become torpid, but do not die for at
least 4 days. There is a very shght chance of life, unless the tem-
perature remains constant at over 6° C. [42° F.] and exposure is shorter
than G days. ^In view of the long voyage and the need for maintaining
a temperature beneath 6° C. there is no danger that infected Stegomyia
can be brought alive from ih.Q west coast of South America to the
Dutch East Indies. It is important that the temperature in the
storage chambers be carefully checked, and for this purpose a self-
registering thermometer is recommended. A thorough examination
of other parts of a vessel is very necessary.

Plehn (A.). Zur Lehre von der Einheit der Malariaerreger. [The
Unitarian Theory of the Causal Agent of Malaria. ]—v4rc/i. /.
ScJiiffs.- u. Trop.-Hyg., Leijjsic, xxiv, no. 8, Se]:)tember 1920, pp.
225-227.

This paper disputes the accuracy of Martini's criticism of the
unitarian theory [R.A.E., B, viii, 169].

Howard (L. 0.). Mosquitoes and Bsits.— Public Health Repts.,
Washington, D.C., xxxv, no. 31, 30th July 1920, pp. 1789-1795.
The value of bats as destroyers of mosquitos in general, and in
particular the efficacy of bat roosts Hke those described elsewhere
[R.A.E., B, i, 176] are considered. Evidence is cited showing that
mosquitos do not form a large proportion of the diet of bats, that only
a very few species of bat are gregarious, and that no diminution of the
numbers of mosquitos or of the amount of malaria was observed in
places where bats were swarming, while as far as New Jersey and
Pennysylvania are concerned, no bat occurs that forms very large
colonies. Finally it is considered that bat roosts are not sufficiently
promising to justify the expenditure of public money on them.

Green (H. H.) & Dijkman (C. D.). Some Experiments on the Fate of
Arsenic in the Animal Body.— Union of S. Africa Dep. Agric,
7th and 8fJi Repts. Direct. Vet. Res., April 1918, Capetown,
1920, pp. 689-698.

As the result of a number of experiments on the fate of arsenic in
the animal body, it was found that the amount of arsenic eliminated
by the kidneys after dipping and the amount retained in the skin
and hair of dipped animals seem to have been greatly overestimated
by previous workers. Experiments in oral dosing and intravenous
injection were made in order to trace the methods of elimination in
various animals, and to find the distribution of arsenic in the tissues
and the amount of the toxic dose.

Green (H. H.) & Kestell (N. H.). Behaviour of Bacteria towards
Arsenic— f/n/ow of S. Africa Dept. Agric., 7th and 8th Repts.
Direct. Vet. Res., April 1918, Cape Town, 1920, pp. 701-706.

In the experiments here described, although over a dozen different
species of arsenic-resistant bacteria were examined, only two showed

204

any chemical activity towards arsenic, viz.: — the earlier described
Bacterium arsefioxydans [R.A.E., B, viii, G] which oxidises arsenite
to arsenate, and B. arsenreducens [loc. cit., viii, 7] which reverses this
process. The others were merely tolerant. There is no discernible
relationship between arsenate reduction and nitrate reduction.

Arsenite-resistant bacteria are infrequent in soil, but fairly common
in faeces. About 10 per cent, of the bacterial count of fresh stable
manure were found moderately tolerant and about 1 per cent, highly
tolerant. In dipping-tanks an automatic enriching of resistant faecal
bacteria, and suppression (or metamorphosis ?) of sensitive forms
takes place.

Bedfoed (G. A. H.). Anoplura from South African Hosts. Part II.—

— Union of S. Africa Dept. Agric, 7th and 8th Reps. Direct. Vet.
Res., April 7918, Cape Town, 1920, pp. 709-734, 7 plates.

Part I of this paper has been already noticed [R.A.E., B, viii, 9]. A
further new species is Linognathoides faurei from a ground squirrel
[Geosciurus capensis). Notes are also given on the sub-order Mallo-
phaga, of which a number of new species are described.

WiLKiNS (S. D.) & DuTCHER (R. A.). Limbemeck in Poultry. — Jl.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, Washington, D.C., Ivii, N.S. x, no. 6,
September 1920, pp. 653-685, 9 figs.

The only positive results attained in various attempts to produce
limberneck in chickens came from feeding them on larvae of Lucilia
caesar that had fed upon the dead bodies of infected chickens or on
those of paralysed pigs.

The experiments also indicated that symptoms of Hmberneck are
not comparable with those of polyneuritis (avian beri-beri) brought
about by dietary deficiencies, nor to the symptoms of Bacillus hotulinus
poisoning in chickens. It was, moreover, not possible to produce
limberneck symptoms in poultry by feeding with and injecting the
toxins produced by three different strains of Bacillus hotulinus.
The strains were, however, toxic to guinea-pigs.

It was impossible to produce limberneck symptoms by feeding
the chickens with common salt, paint skins (lead poisoning), smut
or tainted meat.

Larvae of CaUiphora vomiforia, Musca domestica and Lucilia caesar
that developed from eggs laid upon fresh beef, were not toxic when
eaten by chickens, nor were larvae of the first two species that had
developed on limberneck carcases.

Adequate diets do not protect poultry from limberneck.

The body temperature of chickens falls below normal in Bacillus
hotulinus poisoning, and in polyneuritis, but this was not observed'in
limberneck.

Gallagher (B. A.). Rose-Chafer Poisoning in Chickens. — Jl. Amer.
Vef. Med. Assoc, Washington, B.C., Ivii, N.S. x, no. 6, September
1920, pp. 692-695.

A part of the matter contained in this paper on the poisonous effect
of Macrodactylus suhspinosus when eaten by chickens, and on its

205

life-history and control has already been noticed [R.A.E., B, iv, 26].
The symptoms of poisoning may appear as early as one hour after
feeding on the beetles. The affected bird becomes drowsy and falls
over on its side, and the retraction of the head and neck over the back
of the chicken is quite characteristic. Death occurs within 24 hours.
The rapid action of the toxin renders treatment unsatisfactory in
birds already showing symptoms. An effort, however, may be made
to reduce the mortahty by administering a purgative to the whole flock
as soon as the nature of the trouble is realised. Teaspoonful doses of
castor-oil containing 15 drops of turpentine would be indicated, and
may also be given to birds showing symptoms. In a large flock,
however, this takes too long, and Epsom salts are recommended in the
proportion of a teaspoonful to each four birds under 10 weeks old, the
total amount being dissolved in water and mixed in the amount of
mash the flock will readily consume.

Besides preventive measures previously noticed [loc. cit.], the rose-
chafer while in the pupal stage" may be readily destroyed by ploughing
and harrowing infested soil during May in the southern range of the
beetle, and during the latter part of May and early June in its northern
range.

Hoffman (F. L.). The Malaria Problem in Peace and War. — Pru-
dential Press, Neivarl; NJ., 1918, 101 pp. [Received 24th
September 1920.]

This is a consolidation of papers read at the Annual Meeting of the
National Committee on Malaria, Memphis, Tenn., 12th November
1917, and the Annual Convention of the New Jersey Mosquito Era-
dication Commission, Atlantic City, N.J., 31st January 1918, revised
and enlarged. It is in two parts, the first dealing with the methods
of eradicating malaria and their results at the present time, in the
United States in particular, and also in other parts of America and in
India, chiefly from the aspect of the work that is and may be done
by public authorities. The second deals with malaria in relation
to war, its history in the American Civil War, and the various aspects
of its occurrence in the different theatres of the European War. The
military problems of malaria control are considered, and ^^ modern
conclusions based on war experiences are given.

Kemnitz ( — ). Untersuchungen uber Stoflbestand und Stoffwechsel
der Larven von Gastrojihilus equi. [Observations on the Compos-
ition and Metabolism of Larvae of Gastrophilus equi.] — Ver-
handlungen der Deutschen Zool. Ges., Berlin, no. 24, 1914,
pp. 294-307, 2 figs.

A series of experiments here described show that the red colouring
matter found in the tracheal cells of Gastrophilus larvae is identical
in character with the haemoglobin of vertebrate anmals, at least as
far as regards the iron content. The relative proportions of glycogen,
chitin and fat contained in the larva are described. Artificial feeding
experiments were also made to ascertain the essentials required for
life during the larval period. Apparently the larvae can only thrive
on an acid medium showing at least a 0'4 per cent, acid reaction.
After a few days, owing to the metabolism of the larvae, the acid

206

becomes neutralised. In the case of substances containing albumen
the acid is neutralised by the formation of ammonia. The probable
functions of the various component parts of [the larval contents
mentioned above are discussed.

Young (A. R.). Report of the Divisional Director. — New Zealand
Dept. Agric. Indust. <& Commerce, Ann. Rept. 1918-19, Wellington,
1919, pp. 10-15. [Received 27th Sept. 1920].

As a result of a conference held in Auckland to deal with the problem
of the tick, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, it was found that the original
suggestion regarding a quarantine area would be likely to be imprac-
ticable, and it was therefore abandoned. It has been decided to
deal with this pest by strict control measures, and any area in which
the tick is found is to be placed at once under comprehensive regulations,
which are to be drawn up for this purpose. So far no compulsory action
has been taken with regard to the eradication of the pest, but
information on the subject of its control is being disseminated in
the affected districts, and dipping tanks subsidised by the Government
are being erected.

The Blow-fly Pest. — Science and Industry, Melbourne, ii, no. 7,
July 1920, pp. 428-430.

The investigations that are desirable on the subject of the blow- fly
pest in Australia are outlined. There are four distinct headings :
measures against the adult fly ; against the larva or pupa ; measures
to protect sheep from attack ; and those designed to destroy maggots
already present. Emphasis is laid on the importance of natural-
enemies [R.A.E., B, viii, 174] ; a large amount of work remains to
be done to determine the various species of flies that frequent sheep,
especially those that breed in wool, etc. ; to find whether any particular
species initiate the conditions ; to determine the distribution of the
various species and their local prevalence ; and to make careful
tests of the best traps and baits. Experiments with regard to dips
and sprays suitable to various circumstances are also to be continued.

An investigation of the acute affection of sheep sometimes associated
with fly infestation is also important,

Lamborn (W. a.). Some further Notes on the Tsetse-flies of Nyasa-
land,— Bull. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 2, September 1920, pp.
101-104.
The author records a hurried visit in July 1919 to a village near the
Livingstonia Peninsula on Lake Nyasa, where in 1914-15 some work
was carried out on the various insects parasitic on the puparia of
Glossina morsitans. Great success was obtained at that time, parti-
cularly with Mutilla glossinae. Turner, judging from the number of
parasitic cocoons found in old puparia of the fly and bred from recent
ones. In 1919 G. ?norsitans was present in abundance, indicating
perhaps the failure of the natural parasites to keep pace with the
migrations of the fly. G. brevipalpis was frequently found in the
same area with G. morsitans, although the breeding-places selected
were very different,

207

It is known that the parasites of puparia of tsetse flies are fairly
numerous and that in some areas they exert a considerable influence
in reducing their numbers. While various explanations have been
given for remarkable diminution in the numbers of Glossina in certain
districts without there being any marked diminution in the numbers
of game animals therein, the author suggests that the local extermina-
tion of the flies may be due to the activities of their parasites. This
process seems to be steadily proceeding in the district indicated, and
the question naturally arises how far it may be possible to increase
the influence of parasites, either by the introduction of new ones or by
breeding on a larger scale those already known to science.

As the genus Glossina is now limited to the Ethiopian region, it is
doubtfid how far the parasites of other Diptera, brought in from other
lands, would seek out and destroy its puparia. It seems likely that
those obtained from the puparia of other Muscids, breeding under
more or less similar conditions, might do so, or other species naturally
parasitic on Glossina, but having a difi'erent geographical distribution,
might give greater success. For example, the Bombyliid, Villa lloydi,
Aust., parasitic on G. morsitans, has as yet only been found in Rhodesia,
and a second species of parasitic Mutillid, M. henefactrix, Turner,
only in Nyasaland. The parasites that occur on the west coast of
Africa are probably difterent from those in the east and south, the
insect fauna as a whole being difiierent. It is thought, therefore,
that the various species of tsetse-flies may each have different parasites,
which have not yet been discovered, and which might be interchange-
able. It is probable that some of the parasites of tsetse-flies, with
less powers of flight than their hosts, have been left behind in the
first foci inhabited by the flies ; this is particularly likely with Mutillids,
the females of. which are wingless. The advisability of enhancing
the value of the parasites already known to science, in particular the
Chalcids, is pointed out. These could readily be bred in the laboratory
on the puparia of their natural host, or, as these are rather limited,
on those of some of the common Muscids as alternative hosts.
Some research has been done in regard to suitable alternative hosts,
and though the work has been brought to a premature close, the
results show some promise and will be published later.

BoRNAND (M.). L'Hypoderme du Boeuf et ses Consequences au

Point de Vue 6conomique.— P;oces- Fer6. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci.

Nat., Lausanne, liii, no. 198, 15th Sept. 1920, pp. 55-58.

Almost 80 per cent, of the cattle of the Jura and the Alps are

infested with the larvae of Hypoderma bovis. The author has never

met with the larvae on cattle that remain in the plains during the

summer months. It is particularly the young animals that are

attacked, and the numbers of larvae found on one of these may be

as many as 500. The financial loss caused by this fly in Denmark,

Switzerland and Germany is enormous, since hides badly riddled

by the larva lose half their value.

Ludlow (C. S.). Siberian Anopheles. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxvii,
no. 4, August 1920, pp. 74-78.

The new mosquitos here described from Siberia are Anopheles
lewisi and A. selengensis.

208

Edwards (F. W.). Notes on the Mosquitos of Madagascar, Mauritius
and Reunion. — Bidl. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 2, September
1920, pp. 133-138.

The examination of a considerable number of mosquitos from
Madagascar and the neighbouring French islands has disclosed the
existence of several species hitherto unrecorded from these regions, as
well as some new data concerning their synonymy. The 28 species
of mosquitos hitherto known from the islands are dealt with, and
descriptions are given of two new species, Culex verdrillotii and Urano-
taenia neireti, both taken at Tananarive, Madagascar.

Austen (E. E.). Notes on the Nomenclature of certain African
Tabanidae (Sub-family Pangoniinae), with Descriptions of a new
Genus and new Species. — Bull. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 2,
September 1920, pp. 139-152.

It was pointed out by Brethes in 1914, that the generic designation
Diatomineura, Kond., is a synonym of Osca, Wlk. Erephopsis lata,
Gucr., which was designated by Brethes as the genotype, will become
0. lata, Guer., and the South African Pangonia harhata, L., and
P.ftdvifascia, Wlk., will also be transferred to this genus. The species
at present grouped under Diatomineura, sub-genus Corizoneura,
cannot be referred to Osca, and therefore Corizoneura is raised to generic
rank.

A new genus, Buplex, is erected and described for certain Ethiopian
and Oriental species included under the Corizoneura section of Dia-
tomineura, but not congeneric with C. aethiopica, Thunb.

A key is given to these genera, and descriptions are included of the
new species, Buplex fuscinervis and Corizoneura formosa, from the
Cape, C. schivetzi from the Belgian Congo, Pangonia discors from
Angola, P. lautissima and P. carpenteri from Tanganyika Territory,
and Thriambeutes fuscus from Bechuanaland.

Reichenow (E.). Los Hemococcidios de los Lacertidos. [The
Haemococcidia of Lizards.] — Trah. Mus. Nac. Ciencias Nat.,
Madrid, Ser. Zool. no. 40, 1920, 153 pp., 8 plates, 17 figs.

A study has been made of a blood parasite, Karyolysus lacertae,
occurring in a lizard, Lacerta muralis. This parasite is transmitted by
a Gamasid mite, Liponyssus saurarum, Oudms., which is commonly
found on lizards in Madrid. The life-cycle of this mite is described.
The meal of blood is generally taken at night, when the lizard is asleep.
From 24 to 36 hours later the first eggs are laid in a protected spot,
and in all, three or four blood- meals may be taken at a few days' interval,
oviposition following each time until 50 or 60 eggs have been laid,
when the female dies. Five days after oviposition the eggs hatch,
so that, at a temperature between 76° and 86° F., development of
the mites is very rapid. The development of K. lacertae in the mites,
and the infection of the lizard by means of the digestive tube are
described. The presence of the parasite seems to be in no way noxious
to the life or development of the lizard host.

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CONTENTS.

Page.

Africa : The Classification of Tabanidae, . . . . 208

Africa, South : Notes on AnoplTixa and Mallophaga . . . . 204

Algeria: The Treatment of Mange in Camels .. .. .. 185

Argentina : Parasites of Domestic Animals . . . . . . 200

Australia : The Need for Meas\ires against the Cattle Tick iu

Queensland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Australia : Flies as Transmitters of Worm Parasites of Horses. . . 187

Australia: Notes on the Biology of some Queensland Flies .. 189

Australia : The Necessity for Investigations on Blow-flies . . 206

Brazil: Bovine Piroplasmosis .. .. .. .. .. 187

British Guiana : The Malaria Problem . . . . . . . . 189

British Guiana : Parasites of Man and Animals . . . . . . 190

British Isles : Measures against Malaria in Military Camps . . 192
British Isles : Accidental Parasites of the Ear of the Domes-
ticated Rabbit and Guinea-Pig . . . . . . . . . . 201

France : A Note on the Occurrence of Argas persicus . . . . 188

Gambia': Immunity to Human Trypanosomiasis .. .. .. 191

Germany : The Effects of Extracts of Gastrophilus liaxvae on

Horses . . . . . . . . . . . • IW

Germany : Measures against Lice under War Conditions . . . . 197

Italy : Successful Measures against Malaria . . . . . . 1 92

Italy : Report on the Anti-malaria Campaign at Taranto . . 192

Italy : Parasites of the Field Rat . . . . . . . . . . 201

Italy : Rats and Plague at Naples . . . . . . . . . . 202

Macedonia : Measures against Mosquito Larvae . . . . . . 190

Macedonia : Equine Piroplasmosis and its Transmission by Ticks 192

Madagascar : Notes on Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . 208

Mauritius : Notes on Mosquitos . . . . ♦ . . . . . 208

New Zealand : Measures against Haemaphysalis hispinosa . . 206

Ny as ALAND : Notes on the Parasites of Glossina . . . . . . 206

Palestine : Intoxication of Ruminants by the Secretions of

the Migratory Locust. . . .... . . . . . . 195

Panama Canal Zone : The Control of Breeding Places of

Stogomyia fasciata .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 186

Panama Canal Zone : Studies on the Screw-worm Fly . . . . 196

CONTENTS— conn'nueti.

PAGE
196

196
197
193

201
208

Panama Canal Zone : Notes on Cases of Kecurrent Fever
Panama Canal Zone : The Collection of Mosquitos by Hand
Persia : Relapsing Fever and the Tick Conveying it

Poland : The Hibernation of Houseflies

Porto Rico : The Bionomics and Control of Lyperosia irritans
Reunion : Notes on Mosquitos . . . . . .

Rhodesia, Southern : Insect-borne Diseases of Domestic

Animals
Siberia : New Anopheline Mosquitos
Spain : A Mite Transmitting a Blood Parasite of Lizards
Sudan, Anglo -Egyptian : Oedema of the Eyelids caused by

Ants . .
Switzerland : Losses to cattle caused by Hypoderma hovis
U.S.A. : The Effects of Storm Phenomena on Biting and other

Flies . . . . . . ....

U.S.A. : Anti-mosquito Measures in a Military Camp
U.S.A. : Contamination of Milk by a Phorid Fly . .
U.S.A. : Studies on the Malarial Organisms in Mosquitos . .
U.S.A. : The Control of Stomoxys calcitrans . .
U.S.A. : Mosquito Eradication in Pennsylvania
U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria in Florida
U.S.A. : Measures against Parasites of Pigs . .
U.S.A. : The Doubtful Value of Bats against Mosquitos . .
U.S.A. : The Causes of Limberneck in Poultry
U.S.A. : Rose-Chafer Poisoning in Chickens
Venezuela : Studies on Trypanosoma venesuelense
The Identity of the Organism causing Filiariasis of the Skin in Man
Criticisms of the Unitarian Theory of Malaria
Tropical and Sub-Tropical Diseases in Relation to Insects . .
An Acarid from the Lungs of Macacus rhesus
The Causal Agent of Recurrent Fever

The Length of Life of Stegomyia fasdata at Low Temperatures
The Fate of Arsenic in the Animal Body
The Behaviour of Bacteria towards Arsenic in Dipping Tanks
The Malaria Problem in Peace and War
Observations on the Composition and Assimilation of Larvae
of Gastrophiluta equi . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 206

198, 199
207

208

190
207

186
186
187
188
189
194
200
200
203
204
204
185
185
195, 196, 203
198
198
202
202
203
203
205

Registered at the O.P.O, for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Part 12.-pp. 209-224. DECEMBER, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

JA.N131920

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Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcook, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawb, O.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Eosb Bbadford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Frybb, Entomologist to the Mmistry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History). , „ ^ „ ■ j

Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Lnpenal College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. LuoAS, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. E. Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Eoyal Vetermary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manbon, G.C.M.G., F.E.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office. . , ^ , . , ^«. .

Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office m

Tropical Agriculture. .,^. ,,r^.,

Professor E. Nbwstbad, F.E.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University. ^ ^
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.E.S., Qmck Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge. . „ , ^ , ,

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.E.S., Director,

Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Ebad, K.CM.G,, CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C EoTHsoHiLD. , „ ,

Dr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Sir Aoth^b^B. Shiplht, G.B.E., F.E.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge. .

Mr. R. A. C Spbrlino, C.M.G., Foreign Office. . . . ,,

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Mmistry of Agnculturo.
Mr F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr! C*. Warburton» Zoologist to the Eoyal Agricultural Society of

England. , . , , x, n i« • t^ • •

The Chief Entomologist m each of the Self-govemmg Dominions

is an ex offiaio member of the Committee.

©eneral Sectetars.

Mr. A. C C. Parkinson (Colonial Office)

2)irectoc anO Editor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

B93t0tant Director.

Dr. S. A. Nbavb.

Head O^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Eoad, London,

S.W.7.
Publication Oifiee.—SS, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

209

Macfie (J. W. S.) & Ingram (A.). The Early Stages of West African
Mosquitos. v. Culex decens, Theo., and Cidex invidiosiis, Theo. — -
Bidl. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 2, September 1920, pp. 105-112,
2 figs.

In view of the diversity of opinion as to whether Culex decens and
C. invidiosus, both of which are widely distributed in British West
Africa, should be regarded as two distinct species or merely as two
forms of one species, the authors of the present paper have examined
a number of larvae and pupae of these mosquitos, and their character-
istic features are described and compared. Neither stage provides
any feature of differential importance, and it is therefore considered
that they should be regarded as varieties and not as distinct species.
It is proposed to retain the name C. decens for the species.

Jack (R. W.). Some Notes and Remarks on the Bionomics of Glossina
morsitans. — Bull. Entom. Res., London, xi, no. 2, September 1920,
pp. 113-132.

These observations on Glossina morsitans are of necessity of a
somewhat scattered and meagre nature, having been made during
brief visits to the fly-areas in Southern Rhodesia. It is hoped, however,
that the tentative views put forward may arouse interest among
other investigators and perhaps receive either confirmation or criticism
supported by actual observations. Lamborn, recording observations
in Nyasaland in 1915 [R.A.E., B, iv, 113], contends that the breeding
season of G. morsitans is at its minimum in July, and is at its height in
October, when the first rains may be expected. The author has
previov.sly remarked upon the marked difference in the distribution
of tsetse-fly in the dry and wet seasons. The type of haunt where the
fly is most numerous in the dry season consists of isolated areas of
low-lying grass land with some evergreen trees along at least some
portion of its margin ; here the grass-feeding animals concentrate
in large numbers and provide an ample food-supply ; such centres
might be regarded as first grade foci. In other favourable fly-areas,
fivers a,nd vleis may be much more prevalent, and intense concentration
of game and fly does not occur ; such areas might be termed second
grade foci ; while shady forests beside rivers where game is likely
to rest during the day or pass through for drinking purposes, and
where the bushbuck frequently makes its home, might be termed third
grade foci. As all kinds of animals seek shade during the heat of
day in hot weather, and as the fly also is dependent upon shade, fly
and game will tend to meet most frequently at the time of year when
shade is restricted. Provided, therefore, that the temperature is
suitable for breeding, the dry season should in general be more favour-
able to the fly. The dependence of the fly on large mammals for its
food supply, which is a theory accepted by most investigators, is
assumed throughout this paper. During the earlier part of the dry
season, in May, June and July, the coldest weather occurs, and there
is little doubt that the fly breeds less freely and that the pupal period
is more prolonged, so that the fly tends to be less numerous at that
time of year ; from August onward to the rainy season considerable
increase occurs ; with the advent of heavy and persistent rains the
(730) Wt.PlSoO 163 1,500. 12.20. B.&F.Ltd., Gp.11/14. A

210

fly scatters and therefore appears to decrease suddenly. The later,
therefore, that the rains are in coming, the greater is the insect's
capacity for increase. It follows that seasons of unusually heavy
rainfall are on the whole iaimical, while a series of years of low
rainfall is favourable to the fly.

Many investigators have laid emphasis on the efiicacy of grass
fires in reducing the fly. The author has been unable to obtain the
slightest evidence in support of this theory, in fact the evidence to
the contrary appears almost conclusive. If the tsetse-fly could not
avoid grass fires, it would seem impossible that the species could
avoid extermination in parts of the country inhabited by natives.
The mopani belts, where the grass remains short, are probably a
convenient refuge from grass fires in the dry season, and are also
attractive to game in the wet season.

The author is extremely sceptical concerning the fly's alleged
habit of migrating with game. During ten years' investigations
he has found no tendency on the part of the fly to migrate under
the stimulus of hunger or in company with game. There is, however,
always the seasonal scattering during the wet season, and sometimes
forced movements induced by destruction of the forest ; in the latter
case the fly naturally follows the receding shade.

There has been a fairly generally accepted idea that G. morsitans
locates game and follows its movements more or less continuously,
at least within the limits of infested country. The author attempts
to show that this is not its general habit. Indications against the
theory are that female flies are apparently not known to follow to
any great distance at any time ; that gravid females seek seclusion
and are not likely to attempt to follow a moving herd ; that hungry
flies tend to feed fully and then abandon their hosts, which are unlikely
to remain in the vicinity imtil the flies recover ; and that the fly is
diurnal in habit, while game moves largely at night. It would seem,
therefore, that the only individuals capable of following game, even
for a few hours, are those that do not desire to feed. The probability
is that the fly neither ranges the forest in search of its host, nor follows
it when encountered for any length of time, but that it lies in ambush
waiting for the animal to come within the range of its perceptive
powers. The maximum distance at which a hungry fly readily
detects its hosts is a short one, possibly less than 100 yards, and
following on the part of females has only been proved up to about
400 yards. The situation in regard to certain fly-infested vleis during
1919 is discussed at some length. The maximum following distance
of females remains to be determined ; the author is not yet convinced
that the females seek animals and human beings only for the purpose
of feeding, though this appears probable.

Payot(F.). Contribution a I'Etude CMPhthirus 'pubis{'LmnQ, Leach).
Morpion, Schamlaus, Filzlaus, Piattola, Crab-louse. — Bull. Soc.
Vaud. Sci. Nat., Lausanne, liii, no. 198, 15th September 1920,
pp. 127-161.

The distribution, morphology and biology of Phthirus pubis and
the action of various substances on this louse are discussed in detail.
The life-cycle, which is compared with that of Pediculus humanus

211

since the two are often confused, lasts from 22 to 27 days. It can
live temporarily on rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and dogs. Separated
from man, P. pubis soon dies, and it is quickly overcome by lack of
moisture and by heat, but it can live for 48 hours under water. In
treatment, mercurial substances are dangerous, fatty substances
containing xylol, benzine, etc., being preferable.

Keytaud (J.) & Gendre (E.). Sur la Repartition des Gites A* Anopheles
inaculipennis et d^An. hifurcuius — Proces-Verb. Soc. Lin., Bordeaux,
Ixxi, 1919 (25th August 1920), pp. 24-25.

Anopheles inaculipeyinis breeds chiefly in stagnant, fairly clean
and sunny water, with more or less abundant vegetation and a high
temperature (20°-25° C), while A. bifurcatus prefers pure, cold
(12°-15° C), running, or often renewed water.

Feytaud (J.) & Gendre (E.). Sur la Resistance des Larves d' Anopheles
dans les Eaux picriquees. — Proces-Verb. Soc. Lin., Bordeaux,
Ixxi, 1919 (25th August 1920), p. 25.

Experiments made to test the powers of resistance of Anopheles
m-acnlipennis and A. bifurcatus to picric acid in water showed that
lialf-grown larvae lived for a quarter of an hour in a solution of ^,
5 hours in a solution of ~^g, 4-5 days in xio? a week in ^j^o and in a
solution of e^o were able to transform to nymphs and adults.

RuppERT (F.) & HuBER (F.). UebeF die tierarztllche Tatigkeit im
Feldzuge in Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. [The Veterinary Service in
the Campaign in German East Africa.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl.
Wochenschr., Hannover, xxviii, nos. 38, 39, 18th, 25th September
1920, pp. 441-446, 455-458, 10 figs., 1 map.

The methodical use of strongly trypanocidal agents proved an
excellent means of combating tsetse infection. It has been thought
that the flies bite by day only, but numerous observations showed that
biting by night occurred with all the species met with, viz., Glossina
palpalis, G. morsitans, G. fusca, G. tachinoides^' and G. pallidijies.

There were very few fatal cases of piroplasmosis among equines ;
the infection was due to Nuttallia. No infection was observed in
cattle, nearly aU the latter being immune in East Africa.

African coast fever caused little loss. The infected zones were
known, and by using a 15-day dip containing arsenic 1 part by weight
and water 100, and placing the animals in an enclosed pasture that
was twice changed (as prescribed by Theiler) not a single animal was
lost.

VAN Saceghem (R.). Contribution a I'Etude de la Transmission du

Tnjpanosoma cazalboui. — Ann. Med. Vet., Bruxelles, Ixv, no. 8-9,
August & September 1920, pp. 369-374.

Trypanosoma cazalboui var. pigritia is probably transmitted by
biting flies other than Glossina and also by mosquitos and even ticks.
In the Zambi district the chief vector is apparently Haematopota

[*It is probable that this is a misidentification for O. austeni. — Ed.]
(730) a2

212

perturbans, Edw., tsetse-flies being completely absent in this part of
the lower Congo. Fresh cases of infection always appeared between
the months of November and May, the dangerous period thus coinciding
with the rainy season. Certain herds were apparently immune to
infection, possibly owing to the absence of H. perturbans from their
vicinity.

BoDET (— ). Notes sur quelques Cas de Pseudo-Myase rampante ou
Oerbiss, ou Pseudo-Draconculose observ6s h Tamatave. [Notes
on some Cases of creeping Pseudo-Myiasis or Oerbiss or Pseudo-
Draconculosis observed at Tamatave.]— ^*in. Med. & Pharm.
Colon., Paris, 1920, Special no., pp. 50-56.

Further cases of this disease are described from Madagascar.
Although it is probably of parasitic origin [R.A.E., B, vii, 28], the
causal agent has not yet been determined.

Lamoureux (— ). Moustiquaire de Campagne pour Homme couch6.

[Field Mosquito Net for Sleeping.]— ^rm. Med. & Pharm. Colon.,
Paris, 1920, Special no., pp. 89-91.

The mosquito net here described is easily adapted to all circum-
stances of a soldier's life, and may be carried in his equipment. The
total weight varies from about 19 to 21 ounces.

Stempell (W.). Ueber den Erreger des Fleckflebers. [The Causal
Agent of Tjp'hus.]Sitzi(ngsber. Naturh. Ver. d. preiiss. Rhein-
lande u. Westfalens, 1919 {1917-1919) ; Bonn, 1920, B, pp. 3-7,
22nd October 1919.

In the abstract under the above title recenty published [R.A.E. , B,
viii, 202], " recurrent fever " read " typhus "throughout.

GoETGHEBUER (M.). Metamorphoscs et Moeurs du Cvlicoides puli-
caris, Linn6. | Metamorphoses and Habits of Culicoides pulicaris,
L.] — Separate from Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, Brussels, Ux,
1919, 6 pp., 7 figs.

Cidicoides pulicaris, L., is very abundant in Belgium, especially
in damp and marshy regions. It has not yet been ascertained in what
stage the winter is passed. There are several generations a year.
The arvae are found in the stagnant water of ditches and pools, but
the duration of this stage is unknown. The pupal period lasts 2 or
3 days, and the adults are capable of flight immediately after emergence.
The males do not bite, but the females attack man and other animals.
During rainy or comparatively cold weather the adults hide in the
cracks of tree bark. Oihng of the pools for the destruction of the
pupae is suggested as a remedial measure. Cidicoides pumilus,
Winn., C. varius, Winn., and C.fascipennis, Winn., are also recorded
as occasionally attacking man.

213

OoETGHEBUER (M.). Ceratopogoninae de BelgiquG. [Ceratopogoninae
of Belgium.] — Mem. Mus. R. cVHist. Nat. de Belgique, viii, no.
3, September 1920, pp. 1-116, 126 figs.

The habits and structure of the larvae and pupae ace briefly reviewed,
and the morpho ogy of the adults described in considerable detail.
Tables ior the identification of the Belgian genera and species are
given, most of them being also fully described and illustrated. Eighty-
seven species are dealt with in all, twenty-two of these being regarded
as new.

The following Belgian species of Culicoides are recognised :
G. amoenus, Winn., C.varius, Winn., C.fascipennis, Winn , C. arcuatus,
Winn., C. pictipennis, Winn., C. pulicaris, L., C. impunctatus, sp. n.,
G. punctaticollis, nom. n. {puncticollis, Goet., nee Becker), G. unima-
culatus, nom. n. {kiefferi, Goet., nee Patton & Cragg), C. albicans
Wion., and G. pmnilus, Winn.

KiEFFER (J. J.). Chironomides d'Europe conserves au Mus6e National
Hongrois de Budapest. [European Chironomidae in the Col-
lection of the Hungarian National Museum at Budapest.] — Ann.
Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, xvii, 1919, pp. 1-160.

This paper is mainly devoted to a revision of the European Cera-
topogoninae, tables being given for the determination of almost
all the described species. [A table for determining the genera has
been pubhshed by the author in the same journal, vol. vi, pp. 292-296,
and is not repeated here.] Numerous figures of the details of antennal
structure are given. In the genus Gulicoides, 44 species are tabulated,
the following being described as new : — G. latipennis, G. nanulus,
G. cinerellus, G. subfasciipennis, G. guttularis, G. pallidicornis, and
G. lacteinervis from Hungary, G. belgicus from Belgium, and G. susae
from Italy.

Martini (E.). Anopheles in der naheren und weiteren Umgebung
von Hamburg und ihre voraussichtliche Bedeutung fur die
Volksgesundheit. [Anopheles in the more or less immediate
Neighbourhood of Hamburg, and their presumable Importance
in National Health.] — Abh. aus dem Gebicte der Naturwiss.,
Hamburg, xxi, no. 2, 1920, pp. 1-32, 2 maps, 2 charts.

In view of the return to Germany of many malaria carriers from the
armies, the need for ascertaining the distribution and frequency of
Anophelines became evident, in order to estabhsh sanatoria in mosquito-
free locahties and to discover the districts where malaria might again
become epidemic as in early times. In August 1918, the German
Ministry for the Interior invited the co-operation of the various German
States, and the Senate of the Hamburg Repubhc requested the Ham-
burg Institute for Tropical Diseases to undertake the work in its
territory. The author records his investigations in the present paper.
They chiefly deal with A. maculipennis. A. bifurcatus, which is less
common and is difficult to observe, and A. plumbeus {nigripes) were
only studied in an incomplete manner.

214

In general A. maculipennis prefers clear water for breeding, and
requires sunny situations. The presence of the larvae of this species
not only depends on the water and on the vegetation, but also on the
presence of cattle, and this last fact may explain the changing location
of the breeding-places in the course of the summer. A map of the
distribution of A. maculipennis around Hamburg is given.

The author does not consider it proved that A. hifurcatus comes
indoors less readily than A. maculipennis. All its breeding-places
were in either haK or full shadow. As this species hibernates in the
larval stage, it is obviously necessary that the water should not become
entirely frozen, and this involves the necessity for a certain degree of
inflow from the bottom.

A. plumheus [nigripes) occurs near woods where there are tree-holes
that serve its larvae as breeding-places. It does not appear to come
indoors, and is of Mttle importance as regards malaria.

Most of the locahties in which malaria was endemic in the eighties
and nineties of the last century may be regarded as still inconspicuously
malarious, and careful examination of the children in them would
reveal a number of carriers. The reasons why the disease has decreased
in Germany are the cheapening and availability of quinine, the changes
leading to a gradual eHmination of mosquito breeding-places, and
changes in the habits of the population, which have made transmission
more difficult. The author is convinced that a sinking of the level
of subsoil water must lead to a reduction in the number of mosquitos.
The peasants now live in modern houses where mosquitos are not able
to enter with the same ease as previously, where the bed-rooms are
more distinctly separated, and where the indoor temperature is not
so high, so that the parasites can only develop during a limited part
of the year.

To reduce the malarial incidence still further, breeding-places
must be eliminated ; in marshlands where this is not possible,
screening must be resorted to. ^^

Martini (E.). Ueber mecklenburgische Culieinen. [Mecldenburg

Cuhcines.] — Sitzungsber. u. Abh. naturf. Ges. zu Rostock, N.8.^
vii, 1920, pp. 203-208, 1 plate.

The two new species, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) rostochiensis and A. (0.)
semicantans, previously recorded from Mecklenburg [R.A.E., B, viii,
171] are described and figured. The larva of the former was found
in ditches or water-holes at the edge of woods ; that of the latter
in turf -cuttings at the bottom of which there was peat-moss.

The author has observed the following mosquitos in Mecklenburg :
Anopheles maculipennis, A. plumbeus {nigripes), A. bifurcatus, Aedes
nemorosus, A. sylvae, A. terriei, A. rostochiensis, A. salinus, A. diversus^
A. ornatus, A. cantans, A. annulipes, A. abfitchi, A. semicantans,
A. vexans, A. dorsalis, A. cinereus, Theobaldia annulata, T. morsitans,
Culex pipiens, and Taeniorhynchus richiardii.

Among the German mosquitos not yet recorded from Mecklenburg
are Aedes quartus and Culex territans, but the nature of the country-
makes it probable that they do occur there.

215

Friederichs (K.). Zur Kenntnis der deutschen Simuliiden, Vor-
laufige Mitteilung. [A preliminary Communication on German
Simuliids.] — Sitzungsber. u. Abh. naturf. Ges. zu Rostock, N.S.
vii, 1920, pp. 211-226.

In view of the losses caused by Simuliids to cattle in Central and
North Germany, the author has prepared a work on the 10 German
species, but as its publication is likely to be delayed, this preliminary
notice is issued.

As a result of his perusal of Edwards' paper on British Simuliids
{R.A.E., B, iii, 140] the names used by the author in his previous
paper [R.A.E. , B, viii, 134] have been radically altered. The species
there recorded as Simulium maculatmn is now described as S. costatum,
sp. n., and for S. angiistitarse, Lundstr., it is necessary to substitute
S. avreum,, Fries.

A key and explanatory notes are given to S. ornatum, Meig., S.reptans,
L., ;S. monticola, sp. n,, S. venefica, sp. n., S. argyreatum, Meig., S.pictum
Meig., S. auricoma, Meig., S. costatum, sp. n., S.latipes, Meig., S.aureum,
Fries, S. angusti2)es, Edw., S. tnacidatum, Meig., and S. Jiirtipes, Fries.

Foot K.). Preliminary Note on the Spermatogenesis of Pediculm
vestimenti. Determination of the Sex of the Offspring from a
single Pair of Pediculus vestimenti. — Biol. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab.,
Woods Hole, Mass., Lancaster, Pa., xxxvii, no. 6, December 1919,
pp. 371-384 & 385-387, 2 plates.

The contents of these papers on Pediculus humanus (vestimenti) are
indicated by their titles.

Arrow (G. J.). A peculiar new Genus of Australian Beetles. — Atm.
Mag. Nat. Hist., London, vi, no. 34, 1920, pp. 434-437.

Macropocopris, gen. no v., is proposed for certain coprophagous
beetles found attached to the fur of wallabies. The species belonging
to this genus are tabulated, and M. prehensilis, sp. n., and
M. symbioticus, sp. n., are described from Queensland.

Speyer (E. K.). Notes on Chemotropism in the House-Fly. — Ann.
App. Biol., Cambridge, vii, no. 1, September 1920, pp. 124-140.

The first series of the experiments here described was made with
various common food-stufl's, with the result that banana was found
to be the most attractive to house-flies ; it became increasingly
attractive during fermentation, but the attractive power passed ofi as
the putrescent mass dried. Experiments were then undertaken with
the decomposition products of banana and substances aUied to them.
Carbohydrates in an unfermenting condition were very httle attractive.
Valerianic acid, amyl acetate and amyl alcohol were attractive in
that order ; they were more attractive than unripe banana, but less
so than decomposed banana.

Further experiments were made with alcohols, aldehydes and acids,
and the following conclusions were dra^vn. Saturated alcohols.

216

aldehydes and acids are positively chemotropic in products of fermen-
tation, so far as amyl compounds are concerned. AlcolioLs, aldehydes
and acids containing the methyl group CHg are positively chemotropic,
except in cases where their molecular weight is about 30 (meihyl
alcohol) or below, the chemotropic stimulus being aggravated where the
methyl group is augmented by union with (CH^)^.. Compounds
containing the benzene ring are unattractive, though not necessarily
negative (repellent). These are unsaturated. Amyl compounds
are probably increasingly attractive in the order in which they are
formed during fermentation and decomposition. It is possible that
the aldehyde group, in all compounds containing it, is to a certain
extent negatively chemotropic. There is no relation between volatility
and chemotropic action.

It may be pointed out that saturated compounds contained in fer-
menting vegetable substances and containing the molecular group
CHg (CHo)^, may constitute the source by which the house-fly is guided
to its food.

Experiments with essential oils indicated that in general they are
unattractive, certain of them being inactive, while others evoke
negatively chemotropic stimuli. During evaporation the repellent
action passes ofi.

A record of other insects observed during the experiments showed
that the stimuli are not the same for all insects.

Ii^NCA(C.). La Flagellose des Euphorbes. [FlageWosis oi Euphorbia.]
— Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxiv, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 432-465,
2 plates. [Received 4th October 1920.]

The morphology and development of a flagellate, Leptomonas davidi,
in the latex of Euphorbia are discussed. In Portugal the transmitting
agent is Stenocephalus agilis. Scop. [R.A.E., B, viii, 17].

This Coreid bug was discovered with some difficulty, as it hides under
dry leaves during the day and only goes to Euphorbia at night. It
is most abundant in July and August ; mating takes place in those
months, when the females, which predominate, nearly all have mature
eggs. Oviposition does not seem to occur on Euphorbia. The young
forms appear in August. Stenocephahis appears to be exclubively
phytophagous. In Portugal it feeds on the latex of Euphorbia peplus
and E. segetalis and has not been noticed on any other plants. After
sucking in one place the bug begias at another, this fact explaining
the numerous punctures.

The evolution of the flagellabe in the insect is also dealt with. The
Leptomonads multiply by division. From the fourth day of infection
they increase in size, and giant forms occur, such as are not seen in the
latex. Between the fourth and eighth days very minute forms, quite
different from those previously seen, appear. These parasites occur
throughout the digestive apparatus, and later invade the salivary
glands. They are evidently the infective forms. It would appear
that the developmental cycle of L. davidi is confined to the bug and
the plant, and that transmission from one bug to another must be
rare. S. agilis is not only a vector, it is the animal and primitive
host of L. davidi.

217

Mesnil (F.) & RouBAUD (E.). Essais d'Inoculation du Paludisme au

Chimpanz6. — Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxiv, no. 7, July 1920, pp.
466-480, 1 plate. [Received 4tli October 1920.]

The exibtence of mammals, other than man, capable of harbouring
the virus of human malaria under natural conditions has not yet
been determined.

Chimpanzees have been inoculated experimentally with Plasmodium
vivax, but although these apes may be slightly susceptible to the
•disease, their role as natural carriers still remains to be proved.

WiLHELMi (I.). Zur Klimatheorie des Problems der Kriebelmucken-
plage. [The Climate Theory in Connection with the Simulium
Pebt.J — Deutsche Ticrdrztl. W ochcnschr ., Hanover, xxviii, no. 40,
2nd October 1920, pp. 470-471.

The author has suggested that outbreaks of Simulium are caused
by the somewhat sharp change of temperature in spring in regions with
^ continental chmate, or, in a certain degree, in regions with a transi-
tional cHmate. The losses among cattle are indeed confined to such
regions. Such losses are conspicuous by their absence in the British
Isles, where SimuUids are abundant, but a sea chmate obtains. The
present article contains data gathered in Germany in 1920 that appear
to support this view to some extent.

Stedefeder ( — .). Zur Frage der Viehverluste durch Kriebelmucken

{Simulium reptans). [Regarding the Losses among Cattle due to
S. reptans.] — Berliner Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., 1920, p. 15.
(Abstract in Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Hanover, xxviii,
no. 40, 2nd October 1920, p. 472.)

During very warm weather in September 1919 the author observed
•among cattle some cases that led to compuLory slaughtering. The
symptoms were similar to those caused by Simulium reptans near
Hanover. No insect was found.

From the aetiological standpoint it is important that the swollen
lymphatics of the neck contained bi-polar bacteria ; it is considered
possible that infection was conveyed by mosquito bites.

Medical Entomology. — Nigeria {Southern Pronmces) ; Ann. Med. &
Sanit. Rept. 1918, Lagos, 1920, pp. 95-97.

A list is given of biting flies from various stations, w^ith notes on
the breeding-places of the mosquitos found. One female of Chrysops
silacea was found to be heavily infected with Filaria, 371 larvae in
all being dissected from it. A species of Trial mia {Conorhinus), the
bite of which resulted in acute lymphangitis, was also received.

Stegomyia fasciata is still the preponderating mosc|uito, though
Culiciomyia nebvlosa is also numerous ; others, in order of frequency,
were Anopheles costalis, Ochlerotatus irritans, Culex decens, Uranotaenia
nnnulata, and Anopheles mauritianus.

218

Alston (A. M.). The Life History and Habits of two Parasites
of Blowflies.— Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1920, part 3, September
1920, pp. 195-243, 20 figs.

This paper, which has an introduction by Prof. Maxwell Lefroy,
deals with Alysia tnanducator, Panz., and Nasonia brevicornis, Ashm.
The technique employed during the investigations is described, and
a full account of the life- histories and habits of these parasites is given.

Alysia manducator is the more important parasite of blow-flies.
The life-cycle of this Braconid varies from 33 days and upwards,
with a mean average of 52 days. The eggs are deposited singly in
the larva of the blow- fly. Hibernation occurs in the larval stage.
This species has been successfully bred from Lucilia sericata, Meig.,
L. caesar, L., Phormia aziirea, Fall, {groenlandica, Ztt.), Calliphora
erythrocephala, Meig., and C. vomitoria, L.,

Nasonia brevicornis, Ashm., is primarily a. parasite of the common
house-fly, Musca domestica, but has also been bred from the species
mentioned above. It may also accidentally become a secondary
parasite of A. manducator, when the puparia containing the latter are
within its limited reach. The length of life-cycle is entirely dependent
upon the temperature, and ranges from 11 to 22 1 days. Eggs are laid
in the puparium of the host, and as many as 62 parasites have emerged
from one host in captivity. Hibernation occurs in the larval stage
within the host, and the adults emerge in the spring. The earliest
record of emergence in England is the end of April.

Robinson (L. E.). Malformations in Ticks. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xii, no. 3, September 1920, pp. 175-179, 5 figs.

The abnormalities found in the ticks, Dermacentor atrosignatus,^
Neum., Amblyomma hebraeum, Koch, A. cajennense, F., and Hyalomma
aegyptium, L., here recorded, are probably due to mutilation during
the course of the preceding nymphal phase.

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SwELLENGREBEL DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

A Malaria Survey in the Malay Archipelago. — Parasitology,
Cambridge, xii, no. 3, September 1920, pp. 180-198.

Previous work dealing with the distribution of Anophelines in the
Malay Archipelago is reviewed. The bulk of the information regarding
the larval habitats and the advisability of remedial measures has.
been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., B, viii, 53, etc.].

Peacock (A. D.). The Anopheline Waters of Southern Flanders,
being a Report on the Area occupied by the British Second
Army in France. — Paras itologi/, Cambridge, xii, no. 3, September
1920, pp. 234-252, 1 map, Ifig.

A survey was carried out during the summers of 1915 and 1916
and during September 1918 to ascertain the Anopheline conditions-
in the area occupied by the British Army, and the probabilities of
the spread of malaria among troops in Southern Flanders are
considered. The technique employed during these investigations.

219

and the nature and character of Anopheline breeding places discovered
are described. Anopheline larvae were found in almost all waters
where the visible vegetation was grass or algae, the predominant
species being Anopheles macidipennis. With the exception of the
districts of Moulle and Arques the infestation appears to be very
low in comparison with conditions in sub-tropical countries. A
malaria epidemic is considered unlikely in this area. Owing to the
nature and character of the infested waters, they are amenable to
treatment by dragging of weeds and oiling, and the control of
Anophelines should not be difficult.

Warburton (C). Sarcoptic Scabies in Man and Animals. A Critical
Survey of our Present Knowledge regarding the Acari concerned.

—Parasitology, Cambridge, xii, no. 3, September 1920, pp. 265-
300, 1 plate, 10 figs.

The object of this paper is to collate and present the work of previous
authors in a compact form, and to indicate clearly the chief discre-
pancies involved. The urgent and immediate need for clearing up
the confusion that exists with regard to the species and varieties of the
geims ■ Sarcoptes is emphasised. Detailed descriptions are given of
Sarcoptes scabiei and of its various forms so far as they are known. It
is suggested that one form should be completely studied so that dif-
ferences of structure in others thought to be distinct from it may be
clearly recognised. The form known as equi is suggested for this
purpose, as it is easily obtainable and its saUent characteristics are
apparently more strongly marked than in the human form, details
of the life-history of which in man are given.

Metz (C. W.). On the Possibilities of using Mosquito Traps in Anti^
malaria Work.— U.S. Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C.,
XXXV, no. 34, 20th August 1920, pp. 1974-1977, 3 figs.

Draining, oihng and screening operations for the eradication of mos-
quitos are not practicable in many rural districts of the United States.
During 1918 observations were made with a view to finding an effective
trap or poison for use under such conditions. Unfortunately these
investigations were not completed, but the results obtained point to
the probable efficacy of such a method and the advisabihty of inves-
tigating the subject further. Small pig-styes, the construction of
which is described and illustrated, proved the most effective trap that
has as yet been tried.

It is evident that Anophelines react sufficiently to some stimuh to
be enticed into traps, and under the conditions of this experiment,
the traps— which were in the nature of small pens containing pigs —
served to keep neighbouring buildings practically free from mosquitos.
It is suggested that a careful study should be made of the sensory
reactions of Anophelines, combined with chemical analyses and experi-
ments with a view to discovering a substance that will prove sufficiently
attractive to the mosquitos, and at the same time abohsh the use of
living animals in the traps.

220

Williamson (G.) & Oxspring (G. E.). Demodectic Scabies in the
Horse. — Vet.Jl., London, Ixxvi, no. 10, October 1920, pp. 376-379.
During an examination of about 220 horses in the Aldershot Com-
mand in July 1919, 40 showed signs of pruritis, which was attributed
to Demodex equi. The symptoms and treatment of these cases are
described. Skin dressing — with a non-irritant oil as a base and
containing sulphur — proved most effective in shght infections, but
when the disease had reached the j)ustu]ar stage treatment proved
more difficult and had to be very thoroughly carried out. All signs of
the disease should have disappeared for a week or two before the
animal can be considered cured.

Holmes (R. P.). A Treatment of the Different Forms of Mange
and other Parasitic Skin Diseases of Horses and Mules with a
Combination of Calcium Sulphide and Horse Fat. — Vet. Jl.,
London, Ixxvi, no. 10, October 1920, pp. 380-385.

A combination of calcium sulphide and horse fat has proved to be
an effective dressing in the treatment of sarcoptic, psoroptic, symbiotic
-and demodectic mange in horses. The method of preparing and
applying the dressing is described. It is composed of 1 gal. calcium
sulphide solution (made of 2 J lb. sulphur and 1 lb. quickhme boiled
together in water and made up to 2 gals.) 2 gals, water and 2 gals,
horse fat, well mixed together and maintained at a temperature of
100° F, during the process of apphcation.

This dressing has a marked efiect on the eggs of lice and apparently
destroys them by suffocation. It has a beneficial effect on the skin
and tends to promote the growth of hair. It has also been used with
success against forage mites and lice.

WiLHELMi (J.). Die Kriebelmiickenplage. [Simuliid Pests.]— Jem,
Gustav Fischer, 1920, 246 pp., 23 figs. Price 13 Marks.

This volume reviews the entire literature on Simuliids from the
zoological and medical standpoints. About 400 references are given
in the various chapters, some of which deal with the systematic
position, nomenclature, morphology, anatomy and distribution of
the adults. Others deal with the ecology and biology of the larvae
and pupae, which are described.

The theories that have been advanced to account for sudden out-
breaks (>f these flies are considered, and a report is given on the recom-
mendations decided upon by the German Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry on 10th February 1920 together with the practical conclusions
reached {R.A.E., B, viii, 112] in view of the outbreak expected in
spring.

Condseness is a feature of this comprehensive work, the practical
value of which is enhanced by separate indices to the literature, authors,
and localities cited.

Profilaxis del Tifus exantemdtico en Salta. — Anales Dept. Nac. Higiene,

Buenos Aires, xxvi, no. 2, March & April 1920, pp. 133-138.

[Received 11th October 1920.]

In consequence of an epidemic of exanthematous typhus in the

Provinces of Salta and Jujuy, where economic conditions and the total

221

lack of hygiene encourage the spread of the disease, a delegation has
been sent to those regions for the purpose of carr}ang out prophylactic
measures. The organisation and eqviipment of the delegation are
described,

Desoil (P.). Observation d'Acariase Laelaptique accidentelle chez
le Soldat par una Nymphe migratrice {Iphis aihicularis) du
Laelaps stahidaris. [Observation of accidental Mite Infestation
of a Soldier by a Migratory Nymph {Ifhis cubicularis) of Laela/ps
siahularis.l—C.R Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 11, 20th March
1920, pp. 371-373.
A case is recorded of a French soldier on active service in 1918,
whose cap lining was infested with minute Acarids almost invisible
to the naked eye, causing slight prrritis at the lower edge of the scalp
and on the neck. The mites were hving on the organic residue accumu-
lated in the folds of the cap lining, and their presence was evidently
of some duration and a result of a biological adaptation to their
surroundings. The mite proved to be a Gamasid possessing the char-
acteristics of Laelaps stahdaris, Koch, which is an interesting species
on account of its polymorphism and 'the distinct biology of its various
forms. Three forms of the nymphal stage have been described, viz.,
a protonymph, /;p^MZy^Z//suej5a^h'(^ws, adeuteronymph, Iphis foenalis and
a tritonymph, Iphis cubicvlaris. The form in question corresponded
to /. aihicularis, of which the females are much more numeroi s than
the males. It has been ol served that while the first-named form Hves
on vegetable matter, the other ff)rms have a tendency to migrate to
small mammals, such as rats, to which they seek to attach themselves
without becoming actually parasitic.

Sella (M.). Relazione della Campagna antianofelica di Fiumicino

(1919), con speciale Riguardo alia Biologia degli Anofeli ed agli

Anofeli infetti. [Report on Anti-anophehne Work at Fiumicino

(1919), with special Reference to the Biology of Anophelinos and

to infected AnopheUnes.]— ASecowcfa Relazione della Lotta Anti-

malarica a Fitimicino (Roma), pp. 81-314, 10 figs., 11 plates.

[Suxoplement to Ann, d'Igiene, Rome, xxx, 1920.]

In the author's opinion petroleum is the best of the moscjuito

larvicides employed, though sodium cyanide may be capable of

rendering useful service, especially if it again becomes available at its

pre-war price.

Of the various methods adopted against the adults the best proved
to be hydrocyanic acid gas and smoke, hand-collection, and window-
traps. ^Hydrocyanic acid gas and smoke (the latter generated by
smoke bombs) are suitable in stables, large rooms and sheds that are
not too open ; hydrocyanic acid is the very best fumigant where
employable in practice. Hand-collection is well-suited to pig-styes
and other small enclosures.

Besides A. macidipennis {claviger), A. bifurraivs is the only other
somewhat common species ab Fiumicino. Its life-cycle is in a certain
dec^ree complementary to that of A. ynaadipemiis ; it hibernates as a
larva whereas the latter liibernates as an adult, and whilst the principal
months for it are October-April, the latter appears from March to

222

October. The larvae of A. bifurcatus were found in drains, swamps
and garden- wells, chiefly in the first two, and in isolated localities
instead of in localities distributed over the district as was the case
with A. macidipennis. Full details are given of the conditions under
which A. bifurcatus occurs near Fiumicino. Owing to its comparative
scarcity in the region around Rome, it is of no importance in the spread
of malaria.

Eggs of A. maculipennis deposited on 8th February began to hatch
in 14 days in a room and in 16 in a pig-stye where the water froze
during a cold period, showing that freezing, in natural surroundings,
does not interfere with development. During the early months of the
year larval development requires about 2 months. At the end of May
and in June this time may be reduced to 28 days, and in August to 16.
Speaking generally oviposition begins in February. The author
believes that there are 7 annual generations of A. maculipennis in
this region. By generations he means the progeny resulting from the
first consecutive ovipositions, as owing to the interval between the
first and last ovipositions of a given female, her progeny at a given
date may apparently belong to different generations. As the tempera-
ture falls at the end of the year the larvae become torpid. On 12th
November, the air temperature being 10° C. (50° F.), a larva was
observed to remain under water for 10 minutes. This never occurs in
summer. At very low temperatures the larvae may remain under
water for days ; they cease to feed and to grow. The hibernation
of A. maculipennis, as in general of all Anophehnes, shows that
hibernation depends on climate and must be regarded as an adaptation.
The nymphal stage lasts about 7 days in April and May and 50 hours
early in August.

According to the observations made, the influence of vegetation on
the development of the larvae is not due to chemical action on the
water, but solely to physical action. Speaking generally, vegetation
may be divided into horizontal or superficial and into vertical or
emerging. The former is favourable to A. maculipennis, w^hile the
latter is unfavourable to that species and more favourable to A , bifur-
catus. The character of the ground around the marshes naturally
re-acts on them, and therefore it is foimd that marshes with a hori-
zontal vegetation are found in wood-less tracts, such as pasture or
cultivated land, which represent a more domestic condition, whilst
marshes with a vertical vegetation occur in bushy locahties. In the
latter type of marsh there is more shade and the water is colder than
in the former type suited to A. maculipennis.

A full list of marsh and canal plants of the region is given. The
following are those most favourable to A. maculipennis: — Ranunculus
aquatilis, Zannichellia palustris, Potamogeton pectinatus, Myriophyllum
spicatum, and Ceratophyllum demersum. Many of the marshes in
the non- wooded zone s become covered at the end of winter with a
carpet of Ranunculus. Not only does this supply a support and
food, but it divides the water into two strata, that at the surface
being well-lit and warm and forming a perfect breeding place for the
larvae of the hibernated adults of A. maculipennis. Deep water is not
in itself unsuitable to the larvae, but only so to the extent that it pre-
vents the growth of vegetation ; when vegetation reaches the upper

223

strata of the water, the temperature becomes largely independent of
the depth. Thus larvae of A. maculipennis were found in places where
the water was 7 feet deep but completely invaded by Potamogeton
pectinatus. In the canals the deposition of eggs and the appearance
of the larvae usually occur at a later date than in the marshes ; the
water is colder and suitable vegetation is lacking at the end of winter
and early in spring. In the hot months the contrary obtains ; the
marshes diminish in importance and the canals become serious foci.
They produce Anophelines up to the autumn, and the last winged
specimens issue from them in November. Spirogyra and some other
plants appear in some canals and form in July and August a covering
that prevents access to the surface. It is for this reason that Lemna
has been recommended against Anophelines, but too much must not
be expected of this plant. It cannot thrive if oiling is carried out,
and thus nothing impedes the development of the larvae until the
plant completely covers the whole of the water ; indeed as long as
the covering is scanty it favours the larvae.

Experiments with solutions of common salt showed that a degree of
salinity greater than 9 per mille is not suited to the larvae of A. maculi-
fennis or A. hifurcatus, though the pupae are able to stand stronger
concentrations, such as 24*8 per mille. In the laboratory tests there
was nothing to show that the adults could detect the salt dissolved
in the water and regulate oviposition as a result. From the practical
point of view it was worth ascertaining thf time required l)y a con-
centrated solution to kill the larvae. It was found that a strength
of 22 per mille caused death in 10 hours, and a strength of 18 per
mille caused death in 24 hours. Unfortunately, such high strengths
are not always feasible, and an initial high strength is gradually diluted
by fresh water filtering in. In a further experiment it was found
that such larvae as had not been killed by immersion in a salt solution
survived after transfer to fresh water.

The adults of A. ynacnlipennis begin to hibernate in mid-October.
Reproduction usually ceases at this time, and food taken on several
consecutive occasions may be used for forming adipose tissue instead
of for developing the eggs.

From February to April the hibernated adults of A. macuUpennis
oviposit and die. Early in April the new adults appear. There is
therefore no interruption in oviposition, and thus adult specimens-
of A. macttlipeymis occur throughout the year, which is not the case
with A. bifurcat'Hs. Whereas in winter there is no relation between
feeding and fgg-development, in summer the relation is very close,
and the eggs are matured and laid after one meal. Anophelines do
not bite again until they have digested the blood previously sucked.
Generally speaking a given mosquito is unable to infect more than
one person in the same night, its capacity for another feed being
determined by the time required for digestion in the different months.
Under experimental conditions Anophelines may feed while their
eggs are in various stages of development. Under natural conditions
in summer, A. macnlipemiis, having matured its eggs by one feed,
does not feed again until the eggs have been deposited. It appears
certain that both the winter and summer achdts are able to oviposit
several times. In natural surroundings the adults emerge both by
day and night.

224

The relative humidity of the atmosphere is an important factor in
the biology of A. macvli]:ennis ; in dry surroundings they rapidly die.
In nature the females feed on blood only, though there are some
exceedingly rare exceptions to this rule where fruit juices have been
taken.

Experiments seem to show that A. maculipennis leaves occupied
buildings only at dusk, and once this time is passed, it ceases to attempt-
to do so. At dusk it enters in large numbers, but isolated arrivals
also occur during the night. By closing a building at dusk and then
opening it there would be a possibility of imprisoning a number of
individuals. It is owing to this need for food and shelter that
A. maculipennis is essentially a domestic species.

Adults that were released for the purpose of determining the flight-
distance were re-taken in large numbers at short distances up to J
mile ; at distances of about 1 mile and 1| miles very few specimens-
were recaptured.

Theoretically, the complete destruction of all hibernating specimens
should cause the insect to disappear. This result has been obtained
in some places in Germany as regards Culex, but it is doubtfid whether
it is possible with Anophelines, which are more dispersed. Measures
against the hibernating adults are useful in eliminating the infections
of late autumn and winter, and in reducing the number of the
first larvae and first winged generations, thus reducing the sudden
rise in cases due to the second generation that opens the malaria
season. The rapid development of the epidemic in July is due to the
marked increase of Anophelines in June.

In conclusion the author urges that specific, intense campaigns
against malaria in Italy will in many cases cause the latter to disappear,
and thus render agriculture possible. At present public opinion
seems satisfied with the view that the progress of agriculture will lead
to the disappearance of the disease.

Gelleet (H. H.). Some Aspects of Typhus Fever in Transcaucasia,
especially with regard to the Protective Measures against Lice-
borne Disease. — Jl. R.N. M.S., London, vi, no. 4, October 1920,
pp. 389-399, 2 figs.

The clinical features and management of typhus fever are discussed^
and the particular conditions arising through lack of sanitation in
the Caucasus are described. Measures for the prevention of louse-
borne diseases include attention to general hygiene and thorough disin-
fection of individuals, clothing, etc. Bedding and clothes were
disinfected by means of steam with or without the addition of cresol,.
for which purpose a very simple apparatus was erected, the mechanism
of which is described and illustrated.

Seguy (E.). Les Moustiques de France. — Bull. Mus. National HisL
Nat., Paris, 1920, nos. 1 & 2, pp. 51-58 & 141-147, 8 figs.

Tables are given to facilitate the identification of mosquitos found
in France.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
Ihelr publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post tree ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W 7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa, East : Insect-borne Diseases of Domestic Animals
Africa, West : The Identity of Gulex deceits and Culex invidiosus

Argentina : An Outbreak of Typhus

Australia : A New G*mus of Beetles infesting Wallabies

Belgium : Notes on Gulicoides spp. . .

British Isles : The Life-history and Habits of two Parasites of

Blowflies
British Isles : Treatment of Mange in the Horse
Congo, Belgian : The Transmission of Trypanosoma cazalboui

by Flies other than Glossina . . . .
France : The Breeding places of Anophelines
France : The Effect of Picric Acid on Mosquito Larvae . .
France : Breeding places of Anophelines in Flanders
France : Infestation of Man by Laelaps stabularis
France : Notice of Tables for identifying Mosquitos
Germany : Mosquitos and Malaria

Germany : A Preliminary Communication on Simuliids . .
Germany : The Effect of Climatic Conditions on SimuUum
Germany : Plagues of Simulium (Review) . .
Hungary : New Species of Gulicoides
Italy : New Species of Gulicoides
Italy : The Bionomics and Control of Anophelines near Rome

Madagascar : Notes on Cases of Creeping Pseudo-Myiasis

Malaya : The Distribution of Anophelines

Nigeria : Biting Insects inl918

Portugal : Transmission of Leptomonas davidi by Stenocephalu
agilis

Rhodesia, Southern : The Bionomics of Glossina morsitans
Switzerland : Measures against Phthirus pubis . .
Transcaucasia : Typhus Fever and Lice . .
U.S.A. : The Possibilities of using Mosquito Traps in Anti

malaria Work
A Mosquito Net for Use on Military Service
The Causal Agent of Typhus (a Correction)
Breeding Experiments with Pedicuhis vestimenti . .
Notes on Chemotropism in the House-Fly . .
Experimental Inoculation of the Chimpanzee with Malaria
Malformations in Ticks
Sarooptic Scabies in Man and Animals

PAGE.

211
209
220
215
212, 213

218
220

211
211
211
218
221
221
213,214
216
217
220
213
213
221
212
218
217

216
209
210
224

219
212
212
215
215
217
218
219

VOL. VIII. Ser. B. Title-page and Index. [Issued May, 1921.]

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES B: MEDICAL
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Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
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The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South AustraUa.
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England.

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is ex officio a member of the Committee.

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DIRECTOR AND EDITOR.

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225

Index of Authors.

A reference in heavy type indicates that a paper by the author has

been abstracted.

Abbott, W. S., 13.

Abrami, P., 108.

Adelmann, E., 45.

Agnoletti, G., 98.

Aldrich, J. M.. 68.

Alessandrini, G., 44.

Almeida, Junr., T. de, 3.

Alston, A. M., 218.

Andres, 123.

Anthony, A. L., 91.

Aragao, H. de Beaurepaire, 172.

Araujo, H. C. de Souza, 25.

Arrow, G. J., 215.

Athanassof, N., 85.

Athias, G., 16.

Austen, E. E., 51, 110, 175, 177,

208.
A very, L., 36.
Awati, P. R., 159, 160.

Bacot, A., 3, 4, 22, 33.

Balfour, A., 70, 124.

Bancroft, M. J., 174, 189.

Banks, G. S., 94.

Barber, G. W., 35.

Barbieri, A., 77, 130.

Barraud, P. J., 111.

Bassewitz, E. von, 102.

Beaurepaire Aragao, H. de, 172.

Bedford, G. A. H., 7, 9, 167, 204.

Behn, P., 45, 193.

Bequaert, J., 17, 108.

Bernardini, L., 137.

Bertrand, G., 76.

Bevan, L. E. W., 79, 129, 137, 199.

Bishopp, F. €., 70, 84, 162, 189.

Blacklock, B., 96, 156.

Blanc, G., 181.

Bodet, 212.

Bonne, C., 32, 59.

Bonne-Wepster, J., 32, 59.

Bornand, M., 207.

Bourcart, J., 20.

Branden, F. van den, 17, 24.

(2289)

Branford, R., 50.

Brandt, F. R., 180.

Bresslau, E., 120.

Brethes, J., 61, 208.

Brocq-Rousseau, 76.

Brodersen, L., 82.

Brolemann, H. W., 76.

Brown, W. G., 75.

Bruce, Sir D., 58.

Brues, C. T., 14.

Brumpt, E., 40, 41, 66,' 67, 80, 165,

185.
Brunetti, E., 30.
Bull, L. B., 51.
Buxton, P. A., 69, 134.
Byam, W., 10, 70.

Caballero, A., 61.
Cantacuzene, J., 146.
Carpenter, G. D. H., 99.
Carroll, J. H., 10.
Carter, H. F., 96, 97, 156.
Carter, H. R., 95, 125.
Castillo, E. del, 52.
Castro, R. de, 31.
Chalmers, A. J., 190.
Chandler, S. C, 178.
Chapin, R. M., 72, 166.
Chatton, 145.
Chidester, F. E., 94.
Chiriboga, J. M., 78.
Churchill, J. H., 10.
Clapier, 18.
Clarke, J. T., 75.
Cleare, L. D., Junr., 190.
Clinton, H. F.^164.
Cragg, F. W., 162.
Connor, R. C, 196.
Cooper, H., 131.
Corfield, W. F., 20.
Crespin, J., 16.
Cresson, E. T., Junr., 84.
Crimi, P., 153.

226

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

D'Ormea, G., 2.

Da Fonseca, O., 25.

Da Matta, A., 41.

Dalton, J., 199.

Darling, 56, 180.

Darnall, W. E., 64.

De x\lmeida, Junr., T., 3.

De Beaurepaire Aragao, H., 172.

De Castro, R., 31.

De Graaf, J. M. H. Swellengrebel,

123, 136, 152, 162, 176, 218.
DeGreef, G., 147.
De Kock, G.v.d.W., 8.
De Meza, J., 33, 70.
De Raadt, O. L. E., 71.
De Salles Gomes, F., 52.
De Souza Araujo, H. C, 25.
De Vasconcellos, A., 187.
Degouillon, 183.
Del Castillo, E., 52.
Delanoe, P., 80.
Delmege, J. A., 190.
Desoil, P., 221.
Dijkman, CD., 203.
Dimond, L., 10.
Ditlevsen, C, 149.
Doane. R. W., 104.
Dohanian, S. M., 186.
Donatien, A., 182, 183, 185,
Drake-Brockman, R. E., 70.
Du Toit, P. J., 45, 46, 151, 191,

194.
Duke, H. L., 10, 23.
Duncan, M., 198.
Dunlop, J. L., 69.
Dunn, L. H., 196.
Dutcher, R. A., 204.
Dutton, 192.
Dyar, H. G., 32, 33, 59, 101, 102.

Eckstein, F., 27, 28, 171.

Edwards, C. W., 74.

Edwards, F. W., 48, 137, 156, 208,

215.
Eisner, G., 195.
Ellenberger, W. P.. 72.
Emerson, C. A., 194.
Escherich, K., 120.
Escomel, E., 42, 65.
Evans, W., 70.
Ewing, H. E., 35, 180.
Eysell, A., 74.

Facer, A. W., 155.
Fahrenholz, 133.
Ferguson, E. W., 173.
Ferriere, C, 102.
Ferris, G. F., 71, 99, 108
Feytaud, J., 87, 211.
Fielding, J. W., 38.
Fischer, 151.
Fisher, L. M., 149.
Fiske, W. F., 131.
Fletcher, T. B., 43.
Flu, P. C, 45, 202.
Fonseca, O. da, 25.
Foot, J., 215.
Forbes, J. G., 19.
Ford, T. A., 79.
Franga, C, 17, 20, 62, 216
Franchini, G., 41, 88, 154, 184.
Francis, E., 115.
Freeborn, S. B., 93, 130.
Frickhinger, H. \V., 134.
Friederichs, K., 134, 215.
Friedman, G. A., 2.
Froggatt, W. W., 52, 60.
Fry, A. S., 72.
Fullawav, D. T., 172.
Fiilleborn, F., 150, 151, 169.

Gabert, A., 127.
Gallagher, B. A., 204.
Gedoelst, L., 85, 108.
Geiger, J. C, 63, 64.
Gellert, H. H., 224.
Gendre, E., 87, 211.
Gerard, F., 97.
Gerard, P., 76.
Gin, C. A., 161.
Glaser, F., 28, 120.
Gobert, A., 56.
Goetghebuer, M.. 212, 213.
Goffer] e, M., 117.
Gomes, F. de Salles, 52.
Graaf, J. M. H, SweUengrebel de,
53, 123, 136, 152, 162, 176, 218.
Graham-Smith, G. S., 22.
Grassi, 49, 144.
Gray, H. F., 64.
Greet, G. de, 147.
Green, H. H., 6, 7, 203.
Grove, A. J., 125.
Gunasekara, S. T., 50.

Hacker, H. P., 84.
Haecker, V., 120.

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

227

Hall, M. C, 36.
Hansen, F. P. G., 83.
Hardy, G. H., 127.
Harms, B., 168.
Harold, C. H. H., 197.
Harrison, W. T., 157.
Hase, A., 119, 120, 122, 168.
Hatori, J., 37.
Hautefeuille, E., 62.
Hayashi, N., 79.
Headlee, T. J., 30.
Hearle, E., 140.
Hederer, C, 3.
Heindenreich, 114,
Henriksen, K. L., 83.
Henry, M., 173.
Herms, W. B., 5, 92, 93, 107.
Hewitt, C. G., 13.
Heyden, H. N. van der, 55.
Hill, G. P., 173.
Hine, J. S., 156.
Hirschf elder, A. D., 73.
Hirst, S., 166.
Hodge, C. F., 200.
Hoffman, F. L., 205.
Holmes, R. P., 220.
Hornby, H. E., 57,149.
Horst,'M. D., 71.
Howard, L. O., 203.
Huber, F., 46, 211.
Hughens, H. V., 2.
Hughes, T. A., 126.
Huntley, H. G. M., 199.
Hutchins, E., 104.
Hutchison, R. H., 72, 158.

Imes, M., 200.
Ingram, A., 11,12,209.

Iyengar, M. 0. Tirunarayana, 106.

Jack, R. W., 12, 209.

Jackson, W. R., 90.

James, S. P., 124, 125.

Jamot, E., 154.

Jensen, C. 0., 83.

Johnson, C. W., 95.

Johnston, T. H., 58, 174, 187, 189.

Jordan, K., 98.

Jouveau-Dubreuil, 81.

Joyeux, C, 87.

Jungman, P., 61.

Juritz, C. F., 130.

(2289)

Kawabada, K., 138.
Kehoe, D., 5.
Keilin, D., 21, 24.
Kellogg, V. L., 99.
Kemnit, 205.
Kennedy, J. C, 20.
Kestell, N. H., 203.
Kieffer, J. J., 213.
Kinghorn, A., 48.
Kirk, H., 114.
Kleine, F. K., 47, 150.
Knuth, P., 193.
Kock, A., 104, 117, 118.
Kock, G. V. d. W. de, 8.
Kolenati, 98.
Kuczynski, 117.

Lacroix, A., 183.

Lahille, F., 200.

Lakon, G., 123.

Lamborn, W. A., 206, 209.

Lamoureux, 212.

Lang, W. D., 139.

Langeron, M., 181, 182.

Larrousse, F., 108.

Laurie, D. F., 128.

Laveran, A., 41, 88, 154, 184.

Lawson, G. H., Junr., 9.

Laygier, H., 20.

Lebailly, C, 97.

Ledingham, J. C. G., 110.

Lefroy, H. M., 218.

Legendre, J., 98.

Leger, M., 109, 171, 185.

Leicester, 50.

Lenz, F., 63.

Leon, N., 145.

Lheritier, A., 77.

Lichtwardt, B., 74.

Lienhart, R., 188.

Lugnieres, J., 18, 41.

Linzell, L., 22.

Lischetti, A. B., 163.

Liston, W. G., 106.

Littlewood, W., 130.

Livingstone, 17.

Lloyd, L., 10, 33, 47, 70, 175.

Lochon, 3.

Loftin, U. C, 58, 94, 158.

Lopez Neyra, C. R., 115.

Ludlow, C. S., 59, 78, 95, 207.

Lutz, A., 25, 26.

b2

228

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

MacDonald, A.,176,192.
Macfie, J. W. S., 12, 50, 156, 209.
MacGregor, A. S. M., 91.
MacGregor, M. E., 13, 48, 91,

110, 139.
Machado, O. M., 1.
Mackenzie, J. W., 69.
Mackie, F. P., 91.
Malkmus, B., 137.
Malloch, J. R., 187.
Mandoul, H., 67.
Manetti, C, 167.
Mangkoe Winoto, R. M. M., 55.
Mansfield- Aders, W., 112.
Manson-Bahr, P., 75.
Marchand, W., 154.
Martini, E., 120, 169, 171, 213,

214.
Malta, A. da, 41.
Mayne, B., 188.
Mayne, J. F.,90, 191.
Medina, J. M. Munoz, 115.
Merillat, L. A., 157.
Mesnil, F., 185, 186, 217.
Metalnikoff, S., 86.
Metz, C. W., 78, 219.
Meza, J. de, 33, 70.
Mitchell, D. T., 6.
Miyajima, 37.
Mohler, J. R., 98.
Mollow, W., 170.
Montpellier, J., 183.
Moore, W., 73.
Morris, H., 105.
Moscowitz, A., 158.
Mosier, C. A., 19.
Miihlens, 63.
Miiller, J., 103.
Munoz Medina, J. M., 115.
Muskoyama, 79.
Musso, L., 81.

Netolitzky, F., 122.

Nevermann, 112.

Newcomb, C, 155..

Neyra, C. R. Lopez, 115.

Nicholson, F. D., 69.

Nicolle, C.,97, 181.

Noguchi, Hideyo, 78, 128, 136.

Nolan, H. 0., 19.

Noller, W., 45, 171.

Nuttall, G. H. F., 21, 23, 133.

Orr, H., 21.
Oshima, 79.
Osterwald, H., 62.
Owen, W. O., 64.
Oxspring, G. E., 220.

Paillot, A., 86.

Panisset, M. L., 19.

Parker, R. R., 105.

Parker, T., 76.

Parman, D. C, 186.

Parrot, L., 21,40, 181..

Parsons, A. C, 192.

Patton, W. S., 15.

Pauer, W., 149.

Payot, F., 210.

Peacock, A. D., 218.

Peju, G., 39, 81.

Pennington, M. S., 163.

Peterson, A., 29.

Petrocchi, J., 107.

Pettit, R. H., 124.

Piccininni, F., 202.

Pierce, W. D., 158, 159.

Fillers, A. W. N., 5, 112, 126, 201,

Piot, A., 154.

Piutti, A., 137.

Plath, O. E., 68.

Plehn, A., 152, 169, 203.

Pomeroy, A. W. J., 164.

Portchinsky, 169.

Prashad, B., 31.

Prates, M. M., 66.

Prausnitz, W., 104.

Prell, H., 62, 121, 135.

Purdy, W. C, 63, 64.

Raabe, H., 193.
Raadt, O. L. E. de, 71.
Radchffe, L., 129.
Raebiger, 114.

Rahmet Bey, H. T. M. K., 2..
Rand, F. V., 159.
Raymond, 75.
Regnault, F., 66.
Reichenow, E., 208.
Remy, P., 188.
Rentoul, A. V. D., 164.
Rich, S. G., 34.
Richardson, C. H., 29.
Richter, 114.
Riley, W. A., 127.
Rivera, A., 126.

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

229

Rizzi, M., 192.

Robertson, J. C, 139,192.

Robinson, L. E., 218.

Roblin, 40.

Rodhain, 17.

Roper, 136.

Ross, Sir R., 49.

Rothschild, N. C, 98.

Roubaud, E., 17, 33, 80, 141, 145,

150, 166, 167, 217.
Royer, B. F., 194.
Ruppert, F., 211.
Russell, W. A., 75.

Saceghem, R. van, 90, 148, 211.

Sack, P., 169.

Salles Gomes, F. de, 52.

Sambon, L. W., 198.

Sampietro, G., 60.

Samsonoff, 195.

Sanborn, C. E., 84.

Schachtmeyer, 151.

Schaedel, A., 63.

Schaffer, J. M., 149.

Schaudinn, 63.

Schiemann, O., 77.

Schilling, v., 152.

Schneider, 27, 49.

Schrottky, 26.

Schiiftner, W., 53, 55, 153.

Schulze, P., 193.

Schwetz, J., 24, 42, 43, 67.

Scott, H. H., 36, 58.

Scott, J. W., 92, 180.

Searle, C, 60.

Seguy, E., 24, 224.

Sella, M., 221.

Sellier, M., 3.

Senevet, G., 56, 89, 108, 146.

Senior-White, R., 9, 160.

Sergent, Ed., 3, 40, 56, 62, 77,

151, 182, 183.
Sergent, Ft., 39, 40, 56, 62, 151,

166, 182, 183.
Seters, W. H. van, 71.
Sewell, E. P., 91.
Seyderhelm, 8.
Shand, W. R., 199.
Sheather, A. L., 58.
Shiraki, T., 119.
Sigler, T. A., 107.
Simons, H., 196.
Sinclair, J. M., 198.
Smillie, W. G., 184.

Smith, E. I., 162.

Smyth, E. G., 201.

Snyder, T. E., 19.

Sorapure, V. E., 10.

Souza Araujo, H. C. de, 25.

Speyer, E. R., 215.

Splendore, A., 201.

Spooner, C. S., 187.

Stanton, A. T., 113.

Stedefeder, 217.

Stefanopoulo, G. J., 140.

Stein, P., 71.

Stempell, W., 117, 202, 212.

Storey, G., 34.

Stub, C, 82.

Sturtevant, A. H., 1.

Stockman, Sir S., 56.

Sugai, C, 138.

Susini, A., 62.

Swellengrebel, N. H., 53, 55, 79,

123, 135, 136, 152, 153, 162,

176, 218.
Swellengrebel-de-Graaf, J. M. H.

53, 123, 136, 152, 162, 176,

218.
Swaminath, C. S., 160.
Swynnerton, C. F. M., 57.

Talbot, G., 33, 177.

Tanzer, E., 62.

Tarbett, R. E., 64.

Xante, M., 46.

Taylor, J. F., 4.

Teichmann, E., 121, 168.

Tejera, E., 2, 16, 145, 147, 183,

185
Theiler, Sir A.,8, 18,211.
Theobald, F. V., 176.
Thompson, A. G. G., 197.
Tirunarayana Iyengar, M. O., 106.
Todd, J. L., 191.
Toit, P. J. du, 45, 46, 151, 191,

194.
Townsend, C. H. T., 52, 68.
Tryon, H., 73, 74.
Turner, R. E., 113.

Uriarte, L., 129.

Van den Branden, F., 17, 24.
Van der Heyden, H. N., 55.
Van Saceghem, R., 90, 148, 211.

230

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

VanSeters, W. H., 71.
Vasconcellos, A. de, 187.
Velu, H., 109.
Vercoe, R. H., 10.
Villeneuve, J., 52.
Von Bassewitz, E., 102.
Von Wasielewski, T., 62.

Walden, B. H., 138.

Warburton, C, 219.

Wasielewski, T. von, 62.

Webb, J. L., 130.

Weinberg, M., 151.

Wenyon, C. M., 21.

Wesenberg-Lund, C, 83.

Widal, 36.

Widman, E., 103.

Wilhelmi, J., 103, 112, 122, 135,

168, 217, 220.
Wilkins, S. D., 204.
Williams, C. L., 65.

Williams, T. H., 52, 138.
Williamson, G., 220.
Wilson, R. M., 10.
Winoto, Mangkoe, 55.
Wise, K. S., 189.
Wollman, E., 36.
Wood, H. P., 14, 75, 84.
Woodcock, H. M., 45, 70.
Wright, E. Hassell, 5.
Wright, H. D., 197.
Wuelker, G., 62.

Yorke, W., 48, 97.
Young, A. R., 206.

Zetek, J., 32, 175, 186.

Ziemann, 63.
Zupitza, M., 170.

231

General Index.

In the case of scientific names the page reference is cited only
under the heading of the generic name.

When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the
name is not adopted.

A.

abdoininalis, Goniocotes {seeG.gigas).

abfitchi, Aedes.

aboriginis, Aedes.

acanthopiis, Hoplopleura.
.Acanthus montanus, Pangonia asso-
ciated with, in Belgian Congo, 24.

Acari, attacking Phlcbotomus in
Algeria, 21 ; in lungs of monkey,
198.

Acartomyia (see Culex).

Acarus foenarius, in fodder, in-
jurious to domestic animals, 134.

acasta, MeliUobia.

accensus, Tabanus.

Acetic Acid, against lice on domestic
animals, 114.

Achroinaticiis macfiei, sp. n., infest-
ing cattle in Gold Coast, 62.

aconitiis, Anopheles.

A corns calamus (Sweet Flag), tinc-
ture of, against lice, 145.

Acvocephalus orientalis, host of mites
causing River Fever in Japan, 79.

aciitus, Ceratophyllus.

Aedes abfitchi, in Germany, 214.

Aedes aboriginis, in Canada, 101.

A edes aldrichi, in Canada, 140.

Aides alpinus, A. metalepticiis pos-
sibly identical with, 102.

A edes annulipes (see Ochlerotatus) .

Aedes arborealis, sp.n., breeding
places of, in Dutch Guiana, 60.

Aedes argvrothorax, sp.n., breeding
places of, in Dutch Guiana, 60.

Aedes callithotrvs, sp. n.,in Canada,
101.

Aedes calopus (see Stegomyia fas-
ciata).

Aedes cantans (see Ochlerotatus niac-
ulatus).

Aedes cantator (see Ochlerotatus).

Aedes cinereus, in France, 82 ;
bionomics of, in Germany, 27, 28,
214.

Aedes curriei (see Ochlerotatus).

A edes cvclocerculus, sp.n., in Canada,
101.

Aedes cyprius, sp.n., in Siberia, 59.

Aedes decticus, considered a sy-
nonym of A . impiger, 101.

Aedes diversus (see Ochlerotatus
rusticus) .

Aedes dorsalis (see Ochlerotatus).

Aedes grahami, sp. n., in Siberia, 59.

A edes hexodontus, in California, 101.

Aedes impiger, A. decticus con-
sidered a synonym of, 101.

A edes jugormn, A . metalepticus pos-
sibly identical with, 102,

Aedes leuconotips, sp. n.,in Canada,
101.

Aedes mercurator, sp. n., in Canada,
101.

Aedes metalepticus, sp. n., in Italy,
102.

Aedes [Hetcronyclia) muclleri, sp. n.,
in Mexico, 102.

Aedes nemorosus (see Ochlerotatus).

Aedes nigripes (see A. alpinus).

Aedes onondagensis, in California,
104.

Aedes ornatus (see Ochlerotatus).

A edes pullatus, in Canada, 101, 102.

Aides punctor, in California, 101.

A ides quartus, not recorded from
Mecklenburg, 214.

Aides restuans, considered a sy-
noiaym of A . territans, 101.

A ides [Ochlerotatus) rostochiensis,
sp. n., breeding places of, in
Germany, 171, 214.

Aides salinus (see Ochlerotatus
nemorosus salinus).

Aides {Ochlerotatus) semicantans,
sp.n., breeding places of, in Ger-
many, 171, 214.

Aides sollicitans (see Ochlerotatus).

Aides squamiger, in California, 104.

A edes stimulans, in Canada, 101.

Aides sylvae, in Germany, 214.

A edes sylvestris (see Ochlerotatus) .

Aides terriei, in Germany, 214.

Aides territans, A. restuans con-
sidered a synonym of, 101.

Aides triseriatus, in Canada, 140,

A ides varipalpus, in Canada, 101.

232

INDEX.

Aedes vexans (see Ochlerotatus).

A egophagamyia terticeps, in Aldabra,
175.

aegyptium, Hyalomma.

Aeroplanes, use of, in entomological
work, 13.

aethiopica, Corizoneura.

affinis, Gambusia.

Africa, contagious impetigo of cattle
in, 149 ; economic value of
dragonflies in, 34 ; Phlebotonms
spp. in, 21 ; ticks transmitting
Piroplasma bigeminufn in, 165 ;
identity of organism causing
filarial mange in man in, 185 ;
new Tabanidae from, 208.

Africa, East, insect-borne diseases
in, 147, 211 ; measures against
Dermatophilus penetrans in, 139 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 164 ;
new mosquito from, 48 ; com-
parison of Trypanosoma rhodesi-
ense and T. brncei in, 46-48 ;
measures against sleeping sickness
in, 170.

Africa, North, treatment of camel
mange in, 81 ; the reservoir of
Oriental sore in, 181 ; recurrent
fever transmitted by lice in, 196 ;
(see Algeria, etc.).

Africa, Portuguese East, new para-
site of Glossina morsitans in, 113 ;
trypanosomes causing sleeping
sickness in, 126.

Africa, South, new Anoplura from,
9, 204 ; possible transmission of
anthrax by biting flies in, 5 ;
bionomics of Gastrophilus spp.
infesting equines in, 7, 8 ; relation
of Glossina to game in, 57 ; mites
infesting birds in, 166 ; new
Tabanid from, 208 ; ticks and
disease in, 167, 178.

Africa, West, mosquitos and malaria
in, 9, 18 ; measures against
house-flies in, 91 ; early stages of
mosquitos in, 209 ; (see Gold
Coast) .
African Coast Fever, measures
against, in South Africa and
Rhodesia, 79, 129, 130, 167, 178,
198, 199 ; dipping against, in
East Africa, 211.
africanus, Mansonioides ; Phlebo-

tomus niinutus.
Agamospirura muscarum, Musca
terraereginae parasitised by, in
Queensland, 189.
agilis, Stenocephalus ; Tyroglyphus.
A gratis, inoculated with Bacillus
melolonthae, 86.

agyrtes, Ctenophthalmus.

ahalae, Pygiopsylla.

ainsus, Ceratophyllus.

aitkeni, Anopheles.

akamushi, Trombidiuni ( Trombicula) .

Akis spinosa, conveying larva of
Hymenolepis diminuta, 85.

alaskaensis, Theobaldia.

Albania, incidence of epidemic jaun-
dice in, 20 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 87.

albatus, Leiognathus.

albicans, Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma) ;
Culicoides.

albigena, Janthinosoma.

albimanus, Anopheles {Cellia).

albinensis, Ciilex.

albioTiensis, Orthopodoniyia.

albipecius, Tabanus.

albirostris. Anopheles (see A. aconi-
tus).

albitarsis. Anopheles (see A. argyro-
tarsis) .

albocephalus, Ochlerotatus.

albofasciatus, Ciilex.

albolineata, Polietes.

albopunctata, Culicada (see Ochlero-
tatus geniculatus) .

albopttnctatus, Ciilex.

albosqiiamata, Wyeomyia.

albotaeniatus, Anopheles.

alcocki, Culex [Choeroporpa).

Aldabra, Tabanids from, 175.

aldrichaniis, Megarhinus.

aldrichi, Aedes.

Aleurobius farinae (see Tyroglyphus).

alexandrinus, Tabanus.

Algeria, Boophilus annulatus cal-
caratus from, 66 ; breeding places
of Culex niariae in, 56 ; insect-
borne diseases of camels in,
183, 184, 185 ; measures against
house-flies in, 77 ; measures
against malaria in, 3, 16, 62, 144,
181 ; new mosquito from, 48 ;
fish destroying mosquito larvae
in, 128 ; Phlebotonms spp. from,
21 ; Phlebotonms probably con-
veying Oriental sore in, 40.

algeriensis. Anopheles.

Allotheobaldia, subgen. nov., erected
for Theobaldia longiareolata, 76.

alluaudi, Bouvierella.

alpinus, Aedes.

Alsace, bionomics of mosquitos in,
28.

Alysia manducator , parasite of blow-
flies and house-flies in British
Isles, 22, 218 ; suggested intro-
duction of, into Australia, 174.

amazonicuni, Sinmlium.

INDEX.

233

Ambassis conimersoni, destroying
mosquito larvae in East Africa,
165.

Aniblyomma, on cattle in East
Africa, 148 ; probably trans-
mitting Anaplasma' argentinuni in
South America, 18, 166.

Aniblyomma cajenncnsc, 89 ; in
Brazil, 85 ; malformations in,
218.

Amblyomma gemma, coloration of,

133.

Amblyomma hebraeum (Bont Tick),
in Angola, 167 ; in Nyasaland,
33 ; probably not conveying
contagious impetigo of cattle,
149 ; coloration of, 133 ; mal-
formations in, 218 ; regeneration
of limbs of, 133 ; habits of sexes
of, 23.
Amblyomma variegatmn (Gold Tick),
89 ; infesting cattle in Antigua,
79.
America, North, Anoplura and

Mallophaga of, 99.
America, South, Anaplasma argen-
tiniim probably transmitted by
Amblyomma in, 18, 166 ; Mydaea
infesting birds' nests in, 69 ;
little danger of Stegomyia fasciata
being imported into Dutch East
Indies from, 203.
America, Tropical, spontaneous eli-
mination of yellow fever in, 95.
American Leishmaniasis, in Vene-
zuela, 145.
• americana, Cuterebra ; Periplaneta.
americanus, Tabanus.
Amirante Islands, Tabanid from,

175.
Ammonia, odour of, attractive to

flies, 160.
Ammonium Sulphide, thiometa -

methylene prepared from, 98.
Ammonium Thiocarbonate, thio-
metamethylene prepared from, 98.
amoenus, Ciilicoides.
ampelophila, DrosophUa (see D.

inelanogaster) .
Amyl Compounds, attractive to

house-flies, 216.
■analis, Ophyra.
Anaphylaxis, doubtful relation of,

to Gastrophihis larvae, 8.
Anaplasma, not considered a phase

of Piroplasma, 18.
Anaplasma argentinum, possibly
transmitted by Amblyomma in
Argentina, 18 ; experiments with,
in domestic animals, 41 ; pro-

bably identical with A. mar-
ginale, 166.
Anaplasma centrale, transmitted by
Boophiliis annulatus decoloratus,

166.

Anaplasma marginale, ticks trans-
mitting, 166.

Anaplasmosis (Gall Sickness), in
domestic animals, 41 ; in cattle
in Rhodesia, 137, 199.

Anastellorhina augur (Mottled Blow-
fly), in Queensland, 73, 187 ;
transmission of Habroncma spp.
by, 187.

Aneurrhvnchus, parasite of flies in
Britain, 22.

Angola, parasites of domestic ani-
mals in, 167 ; new louse on bus-
tard in, 9 ; new Tabanid from,
208.

angustifrons, Musca (seeilf. humilis).

angustipes, Simulium .

angustitarse, Simulium .

Aniseed, experiments with, against
lice, 145.

Anisolabis annulipes, conveying
larva of Hvmenolepis diminuta,
85.

annandalci, A nopheles.

anniilata, Theobaldia ; Uranoiaenia.

annulatus, Boophilus [Margaropus) .

anniilioris, Culex.

annulipalpis. Anopheles.

annulipes, Anisolabis; Anopheles
[Nyssorhynchus) ; Ochlerotatus
[A edes) .

anomalus, Hoplopsyllus.

Anopheles, not found at Aleppo,
152 ; in French Equatorial
Africa, 18 ; measures against, in
British Guiana, 189 ; bionomics
of, in Dutch East Indies, 53, 54,
55, 56, 162 ; northern limit of,
in Europe, 14 ; tree-breeding
species of, in India, 31 ; and
malaria in Malaya, 79, 176 ; breed-
ing amongst Pistia stratiotes in
Panama Canal Zone, 175 ; swarm-
ing of, in Philippines, 94 ; in
U.S.A., 63 ; from Zanzibar, 112 ;
anatomy of, 97 ; not feeding
readily on birds, 171 ; effect of
Chara foetida on, 61 ; effect of
climatic conditions on, 67 ; flagel-
lates found in, 88 ; goats attrac-
tive to, 62 ; terminology used
in describing larvae of, 55 ;
eftect of trioxymethylene on larvae
of, 166, 167.
Anopheles aconitus, in Ceylon, 50 ;
varieties of, in Dutch East Indies,

234

INDEX.

54 ; in Malaya, 84, 123 ; con-
sidered a variety of A. minimus,
54, 55.

Anopheles aconitus var. cohaesa-
minima, 54.

Anopheles aitkeni, bionomics of, in
Dutch East Indies, 54, 56 ; in
Malaya, 84.

Anopheles aitkeni var. insitlae -
florum, n., in Moluccas, 136, 152,
153.

Anopheles aitkeni va,r. papitae, n.,
breeding-places of, in New Guinea,
136, 153.

Anopheles (Cellia) albinianus, in
Argentina, 107 ; in Brazil, 25 ;
in Panama Canal Zone, 197.

Anopheles albirostris (see A. aconi-
tus) .

Anopheles albitarsis (see A. argyro-
tarsis) .

Anopheles albotaeniatus, bionomics
of, in Dutch East Indies, 55 ;
not experimentally transmitting
malaria, 135.

Anopheles albotaeniatus var. rnon-
tanus, in Malaya, 84.

Anopheles algeriensis, in Palestine,
51.

Anopheles annandalei, sp. n., breed-
ing in tree-holes in India, 31.

Anopheles annulipalpis, in Argen-
tina, 107.

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) annii-
lipes, breeding places of, in
Australia, 174.

Anopheles annulipes var. moluc-
censis, n., distribution of, in
Malay Archipelago, 54, 136, 152,
153.

Anopheles apiciniacula, in Panama
Canal Zone, 197.

Anopheles argyropiis, considered a
synonym of A. mauritianus, 55.

Anopheles (Cellia) argyrotarsis, and
malaria in Argentina, 107 ; and
malaria in Brazil, 25 ; in Panama
Canal Zone, 197.

Anopheles atropos, in U.S.A., 78.

Anopheles barberi, in U.S.A., 78.

Anopheles barbirostris, in Ceylon,
50 ; and malaria in India, 5, 106 ;
bionomics of, in Dutch East
Indies, 54, 152 ; in Malaya, 84,
123 ; experiments in transmission
of malaria by, 135, 136.

Anopheles barbirostris var. pallidus,
n., in Dutch East Indies, 56, 152.

Anopheles barianensis (see A. plum-
beus).

Anopheles bifurcatus, in the Balkans,,
87 ; bionomics of, in Britain, 96,
139, 177, 192, 193 ; and malaria
in Egj'pt, 35 ; bionomics of, in
France, 39, 82, 144, 211 ; biono-
mics and control of, in Germany,
27, 28, 62, 63, 121, 135, 169, 171,
172, 213, 214 ; bionomics and
control of, in Italy, 140, 192, 221-
223 ; in Macedonia, 90 ; and
malaria in Palestine, 51, 91 ;
hibernation of, 177 ; experi-
mental infection of, with Plas-
modium vivax, 96 ; male genitalia
of, 97.

Anopheles costalis, in East Africa,
164 ; breeding places of, in Gold
Coast, 11 ; in Nigeria, 217 ; and
malaria in Zanzibar, 112.

Anopheles crucians, distribution of,
in U.S.A., 58, 78, 187.

Anopheles culicifacies, in Ceylon, 50 ;
and malaria in India, 106, 107.

Anopheles culiciformis, breeding in
tree-holes in India, 31.

Anopheles febrifer (see A. minimus)..

Anopheles flavus (see A. immacii-
latus) .

Anopheles fragilis, in Palestine, 60.

Anopheles fuliginosus, in Ceylon, 50 ;
bionomics of, in Dutch East
Indies, 54 ; and malaria in India,
106, 107 ; in IMalaya, 84, 123.

Anopheles fuliginosus var. nivipes,
56.

Anopheles funestus, in East Africa,,
164 ; breeding places of, in Gold
Coast, 12 ; and malaria in
Zanzibar, 112.

A nopheles gigas, in Kashmir, 161.

Anopheles guttulatus (see A. quad-
rimaculatus) .

Anopheles hunteri, in Malaya, 84.

Anopheles hyrcanus (pseudopictus),.
synonymy of, 49 ; in Macedonia,
90 ; in Cejdon, 50 ; in Palestine,
51 ; bionomics of, in Dutch East
Indies, 54, 152 ; and malaria in
Malaya, 80, 84, 85, 123 ; in
Mesopotamia, 111 ; experiments,
in transmission of malaria by,
135, 136.

Anop/ieles immaculatus, A. flavus a
synonym of, 176 ; characters of,
56.

Anopheles indefinitus, bionomics of,
in Dutch East Indies, 53, 54, 55,,
152 ; not experimentally trans-
mitting malaria, 135.

Anopheles jamesi, in Batavia, 56 ;.
in Ceylon, 50 ; in India, 5.

INDEX.

235

Anopheles kanvari, bionomics of,
in Dutch East Indies, 54 ; in
Malaya, 84, 85.

Anopheles kochi, bionomics of, in
Dutch East Indies, 53, 54 ; in
Malaya, 84 ; experiments in trans-
mission of malaria by, 135, 136.

Anopheles leucosphynis, bionomics
of, in Dutch East Indies, 55, 152 ;
in Malaya, 84 ; not experi-
mentally transmitting malaria,
135.

Anopheles leivisi, sp.n., from Siberia,
207.

Anopheles lindcsayi, in Kashmir, 161.

Anopheles listoni, in Ceylon, 50.

Anopheles ludlowi, bionomics of, in
Dutch East Indies, 53, 55, 152,
153 ; and malaria in Malaya, 80,
123 ; experiments in transmission
of malaria by, 135, 136.

Anopheles niaculatus, in Ceylon, 50 ;
bionomics of, in Dutch East
Indies, 53, 54 ; and malaria in
India, 5 ; and malaria in Malaya,
84, 85.

Anopheles macnlipalpis, in East
Africa, 164 ; and malaria in
India, 5.

Anopheles maculipennis, and malaria
in the Balkans, 87 ; and
malaria in Britain, 125, 139,
177, 192, 193 ; probably re-
corded in error from Egypt, 35 ;
bionomics of, in France, 39, 40,
67, 82, 141-144, 211, 219 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Ger-
many, 27, 28, 29, 62, 63, 121,
135, 169, 171, 172, 213, 214 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Italy, 140, 192, 221-224 ; in
Macedonia, 90 ; and malaria in
Palestine, 51, 91 ; blood of
domestic animals preferred by,
33, 141 ; hibernation of, 177 ;
male genitalia of, 97.

Anopheles {Arribalzagia) maculipcs,
in Argentina, 107.

Anopheles malefactor, in Panama
Canal Zone, 197.

Anopheles mauritianus, probably
not a carrier of malaria in Egypt,
35 ; in Nigeria, 217 ; in Palestine,
51 ; in Zanzibar, 112 ; A .
argvropus considered a synonym
of, '55.
Anopheles minimus, swarm of, in
Philippines, 94; A. aconitus
considered a variety of, 54, 55.
Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) nigripes
(see A. plunibeiis).

Anopheles nivcopalpis, sp. n., in
Panama, 95.

Anopheles novumbrosiis, in Malaya,
84.

Anopheles occidentalis (see A. quad-
rimaculatus) .

Anopheles palestinensis, in the Bal-
kans, 87 ; in Macedonia, 90 ;
in Palestine, 51 ; possibly iden-
tical with A . sergenti, 35.

Anopheles pharoensis, a doubtful
malaria carrier in Egypt, 35 ;
and malaria in Palestine, 51, 60.

Anopheles pictus (see A. hyrcanus).

Anopheles plumbeus, bionomics of,
in British Isles, 13, 96, 139, 156,
192, 193 ; bionomics of, in Ger-
many, 27, 135, 172, 213, 214 ;
bionomics of, in India, 30, 31 ; in
Kashmir, 161 ; experimental in-
fection of, with Plasuiodiwn vivax,
96 ; male genitalia of, 97.

Anopheles pretoriensis, breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 12.

Anopheles pseudopictus (see A.
hyrcanxis) .

Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, in
Argentina, 107 ; in Panama
Canal Zone, 197 ; distribution of,
in U.S.A., 78, 187 ; a negligible
carrier of malaria in U.S.A., 93.

Anopheles pulcherrimus, breeding-
places of, in Mesopotamia, 111.

Anopheles puncti penuis. and malaria
in U.S.A., 14, 78, 93, 94, 178,
187, 194.

Anopheles punctulatiis, in Ceylon,
50 ; in Dutch East Indies, 152 ;
experiments in transmission of
malaria by, 135, 136 ; considered
a synonym of A . tessellatus, 56.

Anopheles punctulatiis var. orien-
talis, in Dutch East Indies, 136,
152, 153.

Anopheles qiiadriinaculatus, in
Canada, 140 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 58, 64, 78,
93, 94, 125, 178, 194 ; longevity
of, when infected with malaria,

188.

Anopheles quadrimaculatus occiden-
talis, and malaria in U.S.A.,

130.

Anopheles rossi (see A. siibpictus).
Anopheles ntfipes, breeding-places

of, in Gold Coast, 12.
Anopheles selengensis, sp. n., from

Siberia, 207.
Anopheles sergenti, A. palestinensis

possibly identical with, 35.
Anopheles simlensis, in India, 31.

236

INDEX.

Anopheles sinensis (see^. hyrcanus).

Anopheles squamosus, probably re-
corded in error from Egypt, 35 ;
in Zanzibar, 112.

Anopheles stephensi, and malaria in
India, 196, 107 ; and malaria in
Mesopotamia, 111.

Anopheles suhpictus (rossi), in
Ceylon, 50 ; in India, 5, 106, 107 ;
bionomics of, in Dutch East
Indies, 53, 55, 152, 153 ; bio-
nomics of, in IMalaya, 84, 85,
123 ; swarm of, in the Philip-
pines, 94 ; and filariasis, 107 ;
synonymy of, 49.

Anopheles siiperpictus niacedoniensis
(see A. palestinensis).

Anopheles {Cellia) tarsimaculatus, in
Argentina, 107 ; in Panama Canal
Zone, 197.

Anopheles tessellatus, in Malaya, 84 ;
A. punctulatus considered a syno-
nym of, 55.

Anopheles turkhudi, and malaria in
Egypt, 35 ; in India, 31 ; in
Palestine, 51.

Anopheles umbrosus, bionomics of,
in Dutch East Indies, 54 ; and
malaria in Malaya, 80, 84, 85 ;
experiments in transmission of
malaria by, 135, 136.

Anopheles vagus, larvae of, destroyed
by fish in Malaya, 123.

Anopheles walkeri, in U.S.A., 78.

Anopheles imllmori, and malaria in
Kashmir, 161.

Anoplura, new, from South Africa,
9, 204 ; notice of list of, from
North America, 99 ; monograph
of, 71.

A nthomyia radicum, natural enemies
of, in British Isles, 22.

Anthracothorax aurulentus, useful
against Lyperosia irritans in Porto
Rico, 201.

Anthrax, possible transmission of,
by biting flies in South Africa, 5 ;
insect carriers of, in U.S.A., 105.

Antigua, ticks infesting cattle in, 79.

Antimony Tartrate, treatment of
surra with, 50.

■antipodeus, Ochlerotatus.

Ants, causing oedema of ej^elids of
man in Sudan, 190.

Aphaereta cephalotes, parasite of flies
in Britain, 22 ; suggested intro-
duction of, into Australia, 174.

Aphiochaeta ferruginea (see A. sca-
laris) .

Aphiochaeta scalar is, milk contami-
nated with, in Georgia, 187.

aphohema, Wyeomyia.

apicalis, Culex.

apicimacula, A nopheles.

Aponomma, in Queensland, 74.

appendicidatus, Rhipicephalus.

Applied Entomology, hygienic im-
portance of, 135.

arabica, Mansonia (see Ochlerotatus
caspius) .

arabicus, Culex (see Ochlerotatus
caspius) .

arbovealis, A edes.

arctica, Theobaldia.

arcuatus, Culicoides.

arenivagus, Tabanus.

Argas miniatus (see A. persicus).

Avgas persicus, measures against, on
poultry in Australia, 74, 128, 164 ;
in Nyasaland, 33 ; conveying re-
lapsing fever in Persia, 197 ; in
U.S.A., 70 ; possibly conveying
recurrent fever in Venezuela, 2 ;
regeneration of limbs of, 133 ;
discussion as to transmission of
relapsing fever by, 69, 70.

Argas yeflexus, 89 ; in Lorraine, 188.

argenteopunctatus , Ochlerotatus.

argenteorostris, Cleobonnea.

Argentina, blood-sucking flies from,
25, 26 ; Dermatobia cvaniventris
attacking man in, 163 ; measures
against house-flies in, 148 ; new
parasite of house-flies in, 61 ;
measures against fleas on rats in,

129 ; Mallophaga of, 200 ; mos-
quitos and malaria in, 77, 107,

130 ; Planarian worm attacking
mosquito larvae in, 163 ; measures
against ticks and disease in, 18,
52 ; Trypanosoma equinum in-
festing horses in, 147 ; typhus in,
220.

Argentine Ant (see Iridomyrmex

h umilis) .
argentinum, Anaplas)na ; Piro-

plasma.
argyreatum, Simuliuni.
avgyropiis, Anopheles,
argyrotarsis, Anopheles {Cellia).
argyrothorax, A edes.
arisaniis, Tabanus.
arribalzagae, Janthinosoma.
Arribalzagia (see Anopheles).
Arsenic, in cattle dips, 72, 198,

199, 203 ; fate of, in the animal

body, 203.
Arsenical Dips, organisms affecting

composition of, 6, 7, 203, 204 ;

formulae for, 72 ; (see Dips).

INDEX.

237

Arsenicals, against ticks, etc., on
cattle, 6, 131, 211 ; in dips for
pigs, 200.

Arsenious Oxide, against slieep-
maggot flies, 75 ; methods of
testing for, in dips, 155.

arsenoxydans, Bacterium.

arsenreducens, Bacterium .

Arvicanthis pumilio, new louse on,
in South Africa, 9.

arvicanthis, Polyplax.

Asia Minor, mosquitos and malaria
in, 152.

asini, Haetnatopinits.

asininiis, Gastroph iliis.

Asopia farinalis (see Pyralis).

Aspilota fuscicornis, parasite of
flies in Britain, 22.

Aspilota nervosa, parasite of flies
in Britain, 22.

assimilis, Typhlopsylla .

Astove Island, Tabanids from, 175.

Atoxyl, eft'ect of, upon malaria,
18 ; against trypanosomiasis, 17.

Atractodes hicolor, parasite of Calli-
phora erythrocephala in Britain,
22.

atratiis, Tahanus.

atritarsis, Stegomyia fasciata.

atropos, Anopheles.

atrosignatus, Deriiiacentor.

Atylotus, Asilids predaceous on, in
Formosa, 119.

aiigur, Anastellorhina.

aurantapex, Culex.

aureivestita, Erephopsis.

aureohirtum, Simuiium.

aureum, Simuiium.

auricoma, Simuiium.

aurifrons, Sarcophaga.

aurora, Chelotabanus.

aurulentiis, Anthracothorax.

austeni, Glossina.

Australia, blood-sucking flies in,
127, 173, 174 ; measures against
parasites of domestic animals in,
52, 58, 138, 187 ; experimental
transmission of Filaria immitis
by fleas and mosquitos in. 173 ;
transmission of Hahronenia spp.
by flies in, 51 ; parasites of
Muscids in, 60, 174 ; measures
against poultry parasites in, 128,
164 ; measures against sheep-
maggot flies in, 13, 75, 206 ;
bionomics of Stegomyia fasciata
under laboratory conditions in,
38 ; new Tabanids from, 173 ;
ticks transmitting Piroplasma hi-
gemimim in, 165 ; new genus of

beetles found on wallabies in,
215.

australicus, Tahanus.

australis, Boophilus {Margaropus)

annulatus ; Alusca.
Austria, mosquitos and malaria in,

116.
autumnalis, Leptus ; Tabanus.
auxiliaris, Miitilla .
Azolla filiciiloides, cultivation of,

against mosquito larvae, 110.
azurea, Phormia.

B.

Babesia canis (see Piroplasma).
Bacillus botulinus, not the cause of

limberneck in poultry, 204.
Bacillus melolonthae non-liquefaciens,

Agrotis larvae inoculated with, 86.
Bacteria, effect of, in arsenical dips,

203.
Bacterium arsenoxydans, effect of,

in arsenical dips, 6, 204.
Bacterium arsenreducejis, effect of,

in arsenical dips, 7, 204.
Bacterium proteus X 19, in lice,

possibly identical with Strickeria

jiirgensi, 117.
bahamensis, Culex {Transculicia).
Baits, for cockroaches, 124 ; for

house-flies, 30, 127, 175, 215.
Balsam of Peru, experiments with,

against lice, 145 ; against scabies

in man, 197.
Bamboos, mosquitos bred from, 26.
Bananas, in baits for house-flies,

215.
bancrofti, Filaria.
Banksinella Imeatopennis, in East

Africa, 164.
barbata, Osca [Pangonia).
barberi, Anopheles,
barbirostris, Anopheles,
barianensis, Anopheles (see A. plum-

beus).
basalis, Chrvsops.
Bats, of doubtful value against

mosquitos, 203.
Bauru Ulcer, local name for Ameri-
can leishmaniasis in Brazil, 27.
Bdellolarynx sanguinolentus, ia

India, 31.
Bed-bugs, transmitting relapsing

fever in Persia, 72 ; Chelifer can-

croides predaceous on, in Russia,

134 ; possibly spreading infl-

enza, 2 ; fumigation against,

52, 168 ; use of steam against,

129 ; (see Cimex lectularius).

238

INDEX.

Bee Moth (see Galleria meUoneUa).

belgicus, Culicoides.

Belgium, bionomics of Culicoides
spp. in, 212, 213.

benefactrix, Mutilla.

Benzine, against mites on fowls,
127 ; against Phthinis pubis, 211.

berberum, Trypanosoma.

bezzii, Musca.

bibuhis, Culex {Choeroporpa).

bicaudatus, Pterolichus.

bicolor, Atractodes ; Monomorium.

bifasciatus, Onthophagus.

bifurcatus, Anopheles.

bigeminuni, Piroplasma.

Bilharziasis, in Palestine, 60.

btmacidata, Diaclilorus.

bipartipes, Sabethes.

Birds, species of Ceratophyllus in-
festing, in America, 98 ; Mal-
lophaga infesting, in Argentina,
200 ; parasites found in nests of,
in U.S.A., 68 ; malaria in, con-
veyed by Culex, 39, 40 ; diagnosis
of malaria in, 166 ; Anopheles
not feeding readily on, 171 ;
value of, against Lyperosia irri-
tans, 172, 201 ; new mites on,
166.

biseriatmn, jMenopon.

bispinosa, Haemaphysalis .

bitaeniorhynckus , Culex.

Black-pitted Tick (see Rhipicephalus
simus).

Blaita oyientalis, flagellates found
in, 89, 154.

blattarum, Gregarina.

Blaiella germanica, flagellates not
found in, 154.

Bleaching Powder, unsatisfactory
against mosquito larvae, 90.

Blow-flies, measures against, in
Australia, 206 ; parasites of,
in British Isles, 218 ; and an-
thrax, 105 ; (see Calliphora, etc.).

Blue Tick (see Boophilus annulatus
decoloratus) .

Body Louse (see Pediculus humanus) .

Bolivia, new Tabanid from, 156.

Bombay Vapour, in repellents for
mosquitos, 158.

Boophilus, on cattle in East Africa,
148.

Boophilus annulaius, measures
against, in Australia, 58 ; trans-
mitting piroplasmosis in Cuba,
31 ; transmitting Piroplasma
bigeminum in Dominica, 126 ;
conveying piroplasmosis in Guam,
74 ; on horses in Macedonia,

194 ; dipping against, in U.S.A.,
99.

Boophilus {Margaropus) annulatus
australis, transmitting Piroplasma
spp. 165 ; transmitting piro-
plasmosis in Brazil, 66, 187 ;
transmitting piroplasmosis in
Guam, 74 ; m Queensland, 74.
Boophilus {Margaropus) annulatus
calcaratus, 89 ; experiments in
transmission of piroplasmosis by,
66 ; transmitting Piroplasma
bigeminum in North Africa, 165 ;
habits of larva of, 89.
Boophilus (Margaropus) annulatus
decoloratus (Blue Tick), trans-
mitting Anaplasma spp. 166 ;
transmitting piroplasmosis in An-
gola, 167 ; in Nyasaland, 33 ;
losses caused by, in Southern
Rhodesia, 79 ; dipping against,
in Rhodesia, 137 ; transmitting
Piroplasma bigeminum in South
Africa, 165.
Boophilus [Margaropus) annulatus
microplus, 89 ; in Brazil, 85 ;
transmitting piroplasmosis in Ar-
gentina, 18.
Borax, against house-flies, 29, 30,

127.
borealis, Tabanus.
Boric Acid, against mange on

horses, 114.
Boric Lotion, against parasites of

fowls, 19.
Bot-flies (see Hypoderma).
botulinus. Bacillus.
Bouvierella alluaudi, in Seychelles,

175.
Bouvierella inornata, sp. n., in

Seychelles, 175.
bovis, Hypoderma ; Onchocerca ;
Piroplasma ; Piroplasma hud-
sonius.
brasiliana, Synthesiomyia.
brasiiiensis, Leishmania.
Brazil, Aphiochaeta scalaris in, 187 ;
blood-sucking flies of, 25-27 :
Cochliomyia macellaria causing
myiasis in, 3 ; measures against
Derniatophilus penetrans infesting
pigs in, 52 ; rats infested with
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in,
184 ; mal de caderas possibly
conveyed by leeches in, 102 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 1, 25,
52 ; new Reduviid bug from, 41 ;
trypanosomiasis conveyed by Tri-
atoma megista in, 16, 97 ; ticks
and disease in, 66, 85, 187.
brethesi, Rhodnius.

INDEX.

239

■brevicornis, Nasonia.

brevipalpis, Glossina ; Toxorhyn-

chites.
brevispinosHS, Citlcx.
British Columbia, mosquitos of,
101 ; Dennacentor veniistus pro-
bably transmitting Piroplasma
hudsonius bovis in, 166.

British Guiana (see Guiana, British).

British Isles, experimental infection
of Anophelines with PlasmodiiDH
vivax in, 96 ; breeding-places of
Anopheles plumbeiis in, 156 ;
parasites of blow-flies in, 218 ;
notice of list of fleas found on
rats in, 4 ; horses infested with
Gastrophilus in, 149 ; bionomics
and control of house-flies in,
22, 175, 177 ; measures against
Hypoderma spp. in, 59 ; treat-
ment of mange on horses in, 220 ;
mites infesting rabbits and guinea
pigs in 201 ; moscpiitos and
malaria in. 13, 96, 124, 125,
139, 176, 177, 192 ; new mosquito
from, 48 ; bionomics of Necvobia
riificollis in, 58 ; transmission of
louping-ill by ticks in, 56.

Bromeliaceae, mosquitos breeding
in, in Central America, 32, 60.

broquettii, Grabhamia.

Brown Tick (see Rhipiccphalus
appendiculatus) .

briicei, Trypanoso)iia.

britesi, Tabanns.

brunnipes, Stomoxys.

bubalis, Plasfnodium .

Buft'alo. malaria parasites in blood
of, 58 ; poisoned by secretions
of locusts in Palestine, 195.

Buffalo-fly (see Lyperosia).

Bulgaria, legislation against malaria
in, 170.

Bidlinus contortus, intermediate host
of Schistosomum haeniatobiiim, 51.

Biiplex, gen. nov., 208.

Buplex fuscinervis, sp. n., from
Cape Colony, 208.

bursa, Liponysstis ; Rhipiccphalus.

Bursattee, in India, possibly due to
Habronema, 51.

buscki, Drosophila.

c.

caballi, Piroplasma.
cadaverinus, Hister.
caerulea, Phormia.
caesar, Lucilia.
caffra, Trichodectes.

cajennensc, A mblyonima.

Calandra ovyzae, Pediculoides ven-

tricosus a parasite of, 123.
calcaratus, Boophilus (Margaropus)

annulatus.
calci trans, Stomoxys .
Calcium, effect of salts of, on most

quito larvae, 117, 118.
Calcium Chloride, eltect of, on eggs

of Stcgomvia fasciata, 38.
Calcium Sulphide, against mange

on domestic animals, 114, 220.
California, measures against mos-
quitos and malaria in, 64, 92, 93,
101, 104, 107 ; ground squirrels
infected with plague in, 157.
Calliphora, colour-preferences of,

160.
Calliphora erythrocephala, natural
enemies of, in British Isles, 22,
218 ; in Poland, 119 ; baits for,
in U.S.A., 30 ; larvae of, attack-
ing snails, 24 ; flagellates found
in, 88.
Calliphora incisoralis (Dark Blue

Blow-fly), in Queensland, 73.
Calliphora groeiilandica (see Phormia

azM ea) .
Calliphora vomitoria, parasites of,
in British Isles, 218 ; infesting
stored potatoes in Germany, 122 ;
in Poland, 119 ; larvae of, not
causing limberneck in poultry,
204 ; larvae of, reared on sterile
media, 36.
calliphorae, Chalcis.
callithotrys, Aedes.
calopus, Stegomyia {Aedcs) (see 5.

fasciata) .
Camels, treatment of mange on,
81, 131, 185 ; probably not
the reservoir of Oriental sore,
182 ; trypanosomiasis of. 15,
50, 111, 130, 183, 184.
Camphor, against mosquito larvae,

32.
Canada, measures against cattle
mange in, 167 ; mosquitos of,
101, 140.
cancroides, Chelifer.
canicularis, Fannia [Homalomyia).
caninum, Dipylidiuni.
canis, Piroplasma {Babesia) ; Cteno-
cephalus ; Piroplasma ; Tricho-
dectes.
canisuga, Ixodes,
cantans, Aedes, Culex, Culicada

(see Ochlerotatus maculatus).
cantator, Ochlerotatus {Aedes).
Cape Tick (see Rhipiccphalus capen-
sis) .

240

INDEX.

capensis, RInpicephalus.

Carassius auratus, destroying mos-
quito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Carbolic Acid, unsatisfactory against
mosquito larvae, 90.

Carbolic Ointment, against con-
tagious dermatitis of cattle, 148.

Carbon Bisulphide, against Gas-
trophilus in horses, 36 ; fumi-
gation with, against lice, 77 ;
against mange on camels, 185 ;
against flies causing myiasis of
cattle, 199 ; for destroying
ground squirrels infected with
plague, 157.

carnaria, Sarcophaga.

Camus hemapterus, conveying
Haemoproteus to kestrels, 62.

carpenteri, Pangonia.

capitis, Pediculus.

carribea, Drosophila.

Carrollia (see Ciilex).

Caspian Region, mosquitos from,
49.

caspius, Ochlerotatns.

Castor Oil, in baits for house-flies,
127 ; for treating fowls poisoned
with Macrodactylus siihspinosus,
205.

Cats, Dipvlidiuin caninum a para-
site of, il5 ; Pediculus hunianus
experimentally feeding on, 145 ;
hosts of Trombidiuvn akamushi in
Formosa, 37.

Cattle, contagious dermatitis of,
in Africa, 148, 149 ; trypanoso-
miasis of, in Africa, 17, 51, 104,
148, 211 ; little attacked by
anthrax in South Africa, 5 ;
ticks infesting, in Antigua, 79 ;
infested with Onchocerca gihsoni
in Austraha, 173 ; piroplasmosis
of, in Brazil, 187 ; measures
against Hypoderma on, in British
Isles, 59 ; measures against
mange on, in Canada, 167 ; ticks
on, in Cuba, 31 ; Hypoderma
causing rose fever in, in Den-
mark, 82, 83 ; ticks on, in
Dominica, 126 ; Filaria lachry-
malis infesting, in Egypt, 131 ;
Simuliids infesting, in Germany,
215, 217, 220 ; new blood-
parasite of, in Gold Coast, 62 ;
attacked by Lyperosia irritans
in Hawaii and Porto Rico, 172,
201 ; attacked by Alusca bezzii
in India, 159 ; ticks on, in Myti-
lene, 146 ; insect-borne diseases
of, in Nyasaland, 70 ; poisoned

by secretions of locusts in Pales-
tine, 195 ; parasites and diseases,
of, in U.S.A., 72, 98, 99, 162 ;
trypanosomiasis of, in Venezuela,
147 ; legislation against ticks on,
in New Zealand, 34 ; tick-borne
diseases of, and their control,
19, 31, 41, 66, 70, 72, 74, 79,
126, 137, 148, 162, 187, 198, 199 ;
list of ticks transmitting piro-
plasmosis of, 165 ; dipping against
ticks on, 72, 79, 98, 99, 126,
131, 198, 199, 203, 211 ; effect
of dips on, 6 ; methods of testing
dips for, 155 ; Gastrophilus
larvae not toxic to, 8 ; measures
against lice on, 9 ; preferred to
man by mosquitos, 33, 98, 142.

Caustic Soda, in cattle dips, 72.

cavus, Dibrachys.

cazalboui, Trypanosoma.

Cedar Wood, oil of, as a repellent
for mosquitos, 173.

Celebes, mosquitos in, 113, 136,.
152, 153.

Ccllia (see Anopheles).

centrale, Anaplasma.

Centrarchus macropterus, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A... 129.

cephalotes, Aphaereta.

Cephenomyia tronipe, in Lapland,
74.

Ceratophyllum demersimi, favouring
the breeding of Anophelines in
Italy, 222.

CeratophvUus, infesting birds in
America, 98.

Ceratophyllus acutus, attacking man,
4.

Ceratophyllus ainsiis, and disease, 4.

Ceratophyllus fasciatus, on Pitymys
savii in Italy, 201 ; and disease
in man, 3, 76 ; possibly trans-
mitting rheumatic fever, 75 ;
conveying larva of Hymenolepis
diminuta, 85 ; fumigation Avith
chloropicrin against, 76.

Ceratopogon decipiens, in India, 30..

Ceratopogoninae, from Belgium,
212, 213 ; new species of, from
Hungary, 213.

Cerchneis timiunculus, infested with
Haemoproteus by Camus hemap-
terus, 62.

Cercopithecus, Glossina fusca fed on,
151.

cerealium, Limothrips [Thrips).

Ceroxys crassipennis, flagellates,
found in, 88.

INDEX.

241

Ceylon, mosquitos and malaria in,

50 ; Onthophagits bifasciatiis

infesting the hnman intestine in,

160 ; Toxorhynchites niiniynus

in, 9.
Chaoiobryttus '■gulosits, destroying

mosquito larvae, 94.
Chagas' Disease (see Tyvpanosoma

cruzi) .
Chalcis calliphorae, parasite of Mus-

cids in Australia, 174.
chalcogaster, Ophvra.
Chapin's Sulphur Solution, 109.
Chara foetida, effect of, on mosquito

larvae in Spain, 61.
chattoni, Herpetomonas ctcnocephali.
Chelifer cancroides, predaceous on

bed-bugs in Russia, 134.
Chclotabanus aurora, habits of, in

Brazil, 25.
Chemotropism, reactions of flies to,

160, 215.
Cheiiopodiitm ambrosioides, pig-styes

strewed with, against Derniato-

philus penetrans, 52.
cheopis, Xenopsylla.
Clieyletus cruditus, infesting rodents

in Britain, 201.
Chigger Flea (see Deriiiatophilus

penetrans).
Chimpanzee, experimentally inocu-
lated with Plasmodium vivax, 217.
China, lice and recurrent fever in,

81 ; mosquitos in, 113.
Chloroform, against larvae of Coch-

liomyia niacellaria, 3.
Chloropicrin, against lice, 73 ;

against rats and fleas, 76, 137.
Choeroporpa (see Culex).
Cholera, conveyed by flies, 102.
chroiopiis, Sabethes.
Chromis, destroying mosquito larvae

in Algeria, 128.
chrysidiformis, Rodhainomyia [Cob-

boldia) .
chrysoleucus, Notemigonus.
Chrysomyia albicans, causing myiasis

of cattle in Rhodesia, 199.
Chrysomyia macellaria (see Coch-

liomyia) .
Chrysomyia rufi fades (Golden-Green

Blow-fly), in Queensland, 73.
Chrysomyia varipes (Small Green

Blow-fly), in Queensland, 73.
chrysonotuni, Culex.
Chrysops basalis, sp. n., in Formosa,

119.
Chrysops fuliginosus, in U.S.A., 95.
Chrysops nigripes, in Lapland, 74.
Chrysops punctifera, in Palestine,

111.

Chrysops silacea, infected with

Filaria in Nigeria, 217.
Chrysops sinensis, Asilids predaceous

on, in Formosa, 119.
Chusquea gaudichaudi, mosquitos

bred from, in Brazil, 26.
ciliata, Psorophora.
Cimex, not present in Mesopotamia,

15 ; (see Bed-bugs).
Ciniex hirundinis, infesting birds*

nests in U.S.A., 69.
Cimex lectiilariiis, 69 ; funiigation

with hydrocyanic acid against,

120 ; use of steam against, 129 ;

Chelifer cancroides predaceous on,

in Russia, 134 ; (see Bed-bugs) .
cinerea, Nepa.
cinerellus, Culicoides.
cinereiis, Aedes.
circumdatus, Tabanus.
Citronella, as a mosquito repellent,

158, 171.
clelandi, Spaniopsis.
Cleobonnea argenteorostris, sp. n.,

breeding-places of, in Dutch

Guiana, 59.
Clothes Louse (see Pediciilus

humanits).
Cloves, Oil of, experiments with,

against lice, 145.
Cnemidocoptes galUnae, measures

against, on fowls in U.S.A., 14,

84.
Coal-tar-creosote, in dips for pigs,

200.
Cobboldia, C. elephantis the tvpe of,

108.
Cobboldia chrysidiformis (see Rod-
hainomyia) .
Cobboldia elephantis, infesting the

Asiatic elephant, 108.
Cobboldia loxodontis, infesting the

African elephant, 108.
Cobboldia, pariimspinosa, probably a

synonym of C. loxodontis, 108.
Cobboldia roverei (see Rodhaino}nyia

chrysidiformis) .
Cochin China, mosquitos in, 113.
Cochliomyia macellaria (Screw-worm

Fly), causing myiasis in Brazil, 3 ;

in Panama Canal Zone, 196 ;

effect of meteorological conditions

on, in U.S.A., 186.
Cockroaches, baits for, 124 ; flagel-
lates found in, 89, 154.
Cod Liver Oil, as a repellent for

mosquitos, 173.
Coelodiazesis (see Anopheles),
cognata, Melinda.
cohaesa-minima. Anopheles aconitus.

(2289)

242

INDEX.

Colocynth Ointment, for treating
camel mange, 81.

Colours, attraction of house-flies to,
159.

Colpocephalum harrisoni, sp. n.,
on bustard in Angola, 9.

columbae, Syringophilus.

commevyensis, Culex (Melanoconion) .

comminutor, Culex (Choeroporpa).

concinna, Haeinaphy salts .

confirmatus, Culex.

Congo, Belgian, granular dermatitis
of horses caused by Filaria
irritans in, 90 ; trypanosomes
carried by flies other than Glossina
in, 17, 211 ; sleeping sickness and
Glossina in, 42, 43, 67 ; distri-
bution of Glossina in, 76 ; horse
sickness in, 148 ; Oestrids in-
festing elephants in, 108 ; dis-
tribution of Ornithodorus moubata
in, 17 ; bionomics of Pangonia
spp. in, 24 ; new Tabanid from,
208.

Congo, French, sleeping sickness and
Glossina in, 154.

congolense, Dermatophilus ; Try-
panosoma.

conjunctivae, Filaria.

Conorhinus (see Triatoma).

Cortostigmus, parasite of flies in
Britain, 22.

consiniilis, Culex ; Culicelsa.

Contagious Impetigo, of cattle in
Africa, 149.

Cooper's Dip, against mange on
horses, 109.

coppenamensis, Culex.

Copper Sulphate, against parasites
of fowls, 19.

Copra Itch, due to Tyroglyphus
longior, 149.

coquilletti, Tabanus.

corentynensis, Culex {Choeroporpa).

Corizoneitra, raised to generic rank,
208.

Corizoneura aethiopica, 208.

Corizoncura formosa, sp. n., in Cape
Colony, 208.

Corizoneura schwetzi, sp. n., in
Belgian Congo, 208.

Corizoneura yezoensis, sp. n., in
Formosa, 119.

corporis, Pediculus (see P. humatius).

Corsica, use of duckweed against
mosquito larvae in, 66 ; malaria
in, 144.

corvina, Musca.

Costa Rica, new Tabanids from, 156.

costalis, Anopheles.

costatum, Simuliuni.

Cotocripus pusillus, in Paraguay, 26.

Cotton Seed Oil, against lice on
domestic animals, 99, 200.

Crab Louse (see Phthirits pubis) .

crassipennis, Ceroxys.

crassirostris, Philaematomyia .

Creolin, against mange on horses,
153.

Creophilus maxillosus, predaceous
on flies in Britain, 22.

Creosote, against mosquito larvae,
65.

Cresol, against lice, 33, 224 ; against
mosquito larvae, 90, 190 ; prepara-
tion of solution of, 190, 191.

Cresol, Saponified, value of, as a
disinfectant, 149.

Cricetomys gambianus, infested with
Lucilia, 24.

crinifer, Culex.

Crithidia, found in insects, 88 ;
Trypanosoma rangeli probably re-
ferable to, 183 ; probably a
developmental stage of Trypano-
soma, 171.

Crithidia melophagi, experiments on
mice with, 42; a developmental
form of Trypanosoma melophagi,
45.

Crocidura miischata, host of Trom-
bidium akamushi in Formosa, 37.

Crocodile, the preferred food of
Glossina palpalis, 132.

Croton Oil, in baits for house-flies,
127.

crucians. Anopheles.

cruzi, Trypanosoma [Schizotry-
panum) .

ctenocephali, Herpetomonas.

Ctenocephalus canis, and disease in
man, 3 ; transmitting Dipylidium
caninum, 115 ; transmission of
Filaria inunitis bv, in Australia,
173 ; infesting rats, 76.

Ctenocephalus felis, attacking man,
4 ; infesting rats, 76.

Ctenophihalinus, new species of, from
Macedonia, 98.

Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, and disease,
4.

ctenopsyllae, Herpetomonas.

Cuba, measures against cattle ticks
in, 31.

cubicularis, Iphis.

Culex, in French Equatorial Africa,
18 ; found at Aleppo, 152 ;
larvae of, attacked by Planaria
in Argentina, 163 ; new species
of, in Egypt, 35 ; destruction of
hibernating individuals of, in
German)^ 224 ; and filariasis in

INDEX.

243

India, 107 ; in U.S.A., 63 ;
effect of Char a foetida on, 61 ;
not conveying Haemoproteus, 62 ;
conveying Plasmodium relictum
to birds, 39, 40 ; eggs of. 163.
Culex ager var. ethiopicus, breeding

places of, in Gold Coast, 12.
Culex albinensis, sp. n., in Dutch

Guiana, 60.
■Culex albofasciatus, habits of, in

Brazil, 25
■Culex albopunctatiis , in France, 82.
■Culex [Choeroporpa) alcocki, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 60.
Culex annulioris, in East Africa,

164. I
Culex apicalis, in the Balkans, 88 ;

synonymy of, 49.
Culex arabiciis (see Ochlerotatus

caspius).
Culex aurantapex, in East Africa,

164 ; synonomy of, 50.
■Culex (Transculicia) bahamensis, C.

eleutheva a synonym of, 101.
■ Culex {Choeroporpa) bibulus, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex bitaeniorhynchus, in East
Africa, 164 ; in Queensland, 174 ;
C. aurantapex considered distinct
from, 50.
Culex brevispinosiis, sp. n., in Dutch

Guiana, 60.
■Culex cantans (see Ochlerotatus inac-
f»- -ulatus).

■Culex chrysonotmn, in U.S.A., 187.
Culex {Melanoconion) commevyensis,
breeding places of, in Dutch
Guiana, 60.
■Culex [Choeroporpa) comnimutor, sp.
)- n., in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex confivmatus, in Brazil, 25.
Culex consimilis, in East Africa

164.
■Culex coppenamensis, sp. n., in

Dutch Guiana, 60.
■Culex [Choeroporpa) corentynensis,

sp. n., in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex crinifer, in Brazil, 26.
■Culex [Mochlostyrax) curopinensis,
sp. n., breed'ing places of, in
Dutch Guiana, 60.
■Culex decens, breeding places of, in
South Africa, 9 ; in Egypt, 35 ;
breeding places of, in Gold Coast,
11 ; in Nigeria, 217 ; C. ■invidiosus
considered a variety of, 209.
Culex diver sus (see Ochlerotatus

rusticus) .
Culex domesticus, 50.

(2289)

Culex dor sails, iMeig., perhaps a
synonym of Ochlerotatus curriei,
49.
Culex dorsalis, Theo. (see Ochlero-
tatus caspius).
Culex duttoni, in East Africa, 164 ;
breeding places of, in Gold Coast,
11 ; C. ivatti related to, 49.
Culex [Choeroporpa) castor, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex [Transculicia) eleuthera (see

C. bahamensis).
Culex [Melanoconion) ensiformis, sp.
n., breeding places of, in Dutch
Guiana, 60.
Culex fatigans, in East Africa, 164 ;
in Brazil, 25 ; probably recorded
in error from Egypt," 35 ; not
found in the Gold Coast, 12 ;
in Mesopotamia, 111 ; in U.S.A.,
58, 116, 158, 186 ; incubation of
eggs of, 165 ; conveying Filaria
bancrofti, 116 ; percentage of,
taken in traps, 158.
Culex hortensis [territaus), in the
Balkans, 88 ; habits of, in Ger-
many, 27, 211 ; in Macedonia,
90 ; not recorded from ]Mecklen-
burg, 214 ; placed in subgenus
Neoculcx, 101 ; distinct from C.
apicalis, 49.
Culex hortensis, Edw. (see C.

apicalis) .
Ctilex [Choeroporpa) idottus, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex [Carrollla) infoliata, sp. n.,
breeding places of, in Dutch
Guiana, 60.
Culex invidiosus, in East Africa,
164 ; in Egypt, 35 ; breeding
places of, in Gold Coast, 11 ;
considered a variety of C. decens,
209.
Culex [Carrollia) iridescens, 60 ;
bred from bamboos in Brazil, 26.
Culex [Choeroporpa) jonistes, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex laurenti, in East Africa, 164.
Culex maculiventris (see Ochlerotatus

caspius).
Culex [Acartomyia) mariae, breeding

places of, in Algeria, 56.
Culex [Choeroporpa) maroniensis,

sp. n., in Dutch Guiana, 60.
Culex [Choeroporpa) maxinocca,

sp. n., in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex mimeticus, in India, 31, 43 ;

in Macedonia, 90.
Culex modestus, in Mesopotamia,
111 ; placed in subgenus Neoculex,
101.

C2

244

INDEX.

Culex [Mochlostvrax) niultispinosus,

sp. n., breeding places of, in

Dutch Guiana, 60.
Culex nemorosus (see Ochlerotatus).
Culex nicceriensis, sp. n., in Dutch

Guiana, 60.
Culex nilgiricus, in India, 43.
Culex onondagensis (see Ochlerotatus

curriei) .
Culex pallidocephalus, possibly

synonymous with C. decens, 35.
Culex penicillaris (see Ochlerotatus

caspius).
Culex (Choeroporpa) peribleptus,

larva of, 59.
Culex [Transculicia) peter soni, sp. n.,

from the Virgin Islands, 101.
Culex {Choeroporpa) phlabistus, sp.

n., in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex {Choeroporpa) phlogistus, sp.

n., in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex pipiens, in the Balkans, 88 ;
bionomics of, in Britain, 177,

193 ; breeding places of, in
Egypt, 35 ; in France, 81 ;
bionomics of, in Germany, 27, 28,
29, 117, 118, 121, 214 ; in Mace-
donia, 90 ; in Mesopotamia, 111 ;
in Palestine, 51 ; in U.S.A., 30,

194 ; effect of repellent on, 171 ;
flagellates found in, 88.

Culex pulchripalpis, Theo. (see

Ochlerotatus caspius).
Culex punctatus, perhaps a synonym

of Ochlerotatus curriei, 49.
Culex pungens (see Ochlerotatus

rusticus) .
Culex pitsillus, in Egypt, 35.
Culex pyrenaicus (see C. apicalis).
Culex quadrimaculatus (see Ochlero-
tatus rusticus) .
Culex quasigelidus, in Egypt, 35 ;

breeding places of, in Gold Coast,

12.
Culex quinquefasciatus (see C.

fatigans).
Culex quinquestriatus (see C

fatigans) .
Culex restuans, larva of, in U.S.A.,

14.
Culex salisburiensis, breeding places

of, in South Africa, 9.
Culex {Choeroporpa) saramaccensis,
sp. n., breeding places of, in
Dutch Guiana, 60.
Culex saxatilis (see C. apicalis).
Culex scapularis (see C con-

firmatus) .
Culex {Carrollia) secunda, sp. n.,

in Panama, 60.
Culex serratus, in Brazil, 26.

Culex similis, in U.S.A., 187.
Culex simpsoni, in East Africa, 164.
Culex sitiens, in East Africa, 164.
Culex spissipes, in U.S.A., 187.
Culex {Eubonnea subg. n.) tapena,
sp. n., breeding places of, in
Dutch Guiana, 33.
Culex tarsalis, in U.S.A., 104, 187.
Culex {Choeroporpa) terebor, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex territans, H., D. & K. (see

C. apicalis).
Culex territans, Wlk. (see C.

hortensis) .
Culex testaceiis, placed in subgenus

Neoculex, 101.
Culex thalassius, in East Africa, 164,
Culex theileri (see.C tipuliforniis).
Culex tigripes, in East Africa, 164 J
breeding places of,' in Gold Coast,
11.
Culex tipuliforniis, breeding places
of, in South Africa, 9 ; in Egj-pt,
35 ; in Mesopotamia, 111.
Culex {Choeroporpa) tosimtis, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex tritaeniorhynchus, in Mesopo-
tamia, 111.
Culex iinivittatus, breeding places of,

in Gold Coast, 12.
Culex {Choeroporpa) vapulans, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex {Choeroporpa) vaxus, sp. n., in

Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex ventvilloni, sp. n., in Mada-
gascar, 208.
Culex watti, sp. n., in Africa, 48.
Culex {Choeroporpa) xivylis, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culex {Choeroporpa) ybarniis, sp. n.,

in Dutch Guiana, 102.
Culicada albopunctata (see Ochlero-
tatus geniculatus) .
Culicada cantans (see Ochlerotatus

niaculatus) .
Culicada lateralis (see Ochlerotatus

geniculatus) .
Culicada penicillaris (see Ochlero-
tatus caspius).
Culicada quadrimaculata (see

Ochlerotatus rusticus) .
Culicella niorsitans (see Theobaldia).
culicifacies. Anopheles,
culiciformis. Anopheles.
Culiciomyia nebulosa, in East Africa,
164 ; breeding places of, in Gold
Coast, 11 ; in Nigeria, 217.
Culicoides, classification of, 213.
Ciilicoides albicans, in Belgium, 213.
Ctdicoides amoenus, in Belgium, 213.

INDEX.

245

arcuatus, in Belgium,

CuUcoides
213.

CuUcoides belgicus, sp. n., in Bel-
gium, 213.
CuUcoides cinerellus, sp. n., in

Hungary, 213.
CuUcoides debilipalpis, in Brazil

26.
CuUcoides fascipcnnis, in Belgium,

212, 213.
CuUcoides grahami, rare in Northern

Territories of Gold Coast, 12.
CuUcoides guthdavis, sp. n., in

Hungary, 213.
CuUcoides horUcola, in Paraguay, 26.
CuUcoides inipunctaUis, sp. n., in

Belgium, 213.
CuUcoides kiefferi, 213.
CuUcoides lacteinevvis, sp. n., in

Hungary, 213.
CuUcoides latipeunis, sp. n., in

Hungary, 213.
CuUcoides monUvagus, in India, 30.
CuUcoides nanuhis, sp. n., in Hun-

gar}-, 213.
CuUcoides paUidicornis, sp. n., in

Hungary, 213.
CuUcoides pictipennis, in Belgium,

213.
CuUcoides puUcaris, bionomics of,

in Belgium, 212, 213.
CuUcoides pumiUs, in Belgium, 212,

213.
CuUcoides puuctaticollis, n. n., in

Belgium, 213.
CuUcoides puncUcoIUs, 213.
CuUcoides subfasciipennis, sp. n.,

in Hungary, 213.
CuUcoides susae, sp. n., in Italy, 213.
CuUcoides unimaculatus, n. n., in

Belgium, 213.
CuUcoides varius, in Belgium, 212,

213.
CuUselsa consiiniUs, breeding places

of, in Australia, 174.
CuUseta (see Theohaldia).
cunea, HypJmntria.
cunicuU, Spilopsyllus.
curopinensis, .Ciilex {Mochlostyrax).
curriei, OchlerotaUis {Aedes).
curtus, Tabanus.
Cuterebra amevicana, first-stage larva

of, 108.
cyaniventris, Dermatobia.
cyclocerculus, Aedes.
Cyclops, evolution of guinea-
worm in, 145.
cyprianus, Tabanus (see T. pul-

chellus) .
Cyprinodon iberus, destroying mos-
quito larvae in Algeria, 128.

Cyprinodon variegahis, destroying

mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.
cyprius, Aedes.

D.

dalci, Tabanus.

Dangila cuvieri, destroying mosquito
larvae in ]Malaya, 123.

Dardanelles, Phleboiomus papatasii
and sandfly fever in, 45.

dardanicus, Ixodes hexagonus.

davidi, Leptomonas.

Debab (see Trypanosoma berherum).

debiUpalpis, CuUcoides.

Decamyia, gen. n., 32.

decens, Culex.

decipiens, Ceratopogon .

decoloratus, BoophiUis [Margaropus)
annulatiis.

decorus, Tabanus.

decUcus, Aedes.

Demodex equi, causing mange on
horses, 220.

Demodex folUculorum, transmitting
Derriiatoplulus coiigolense in East
Africa, 148.

Demodex folUculorum suis, measures
against, on pigs in U.S.A., 200.

Dendromyia, 32 ; bred from Urcra
subpeltata in Brazil, 26.

Dendromyia foucouymia, sp. n.,
breeding places of, m Dutch
Guiana, 59.

Denmark, horse mange in, 83 ;
Hypoderma causing rose fever of
cattle in, 82, 83 ; damage due to
Hypoderma bovis in, 207.

denUpes, Hydrotaea.

Dermacentor atrosigiiatus, malforma-
tions in, 218.

Dermacentor reticulatus, 89 ; con-
veying canine piroplasmosis in
France, 41 ; transmitting piro-
plasmosis in Tunisia, 67 ; pro-
bably transmitting Piroplasina
caballi in Macedonia, 152, 194.

Dermacentor reticulatus niveus, colo-
ration of, 133.
Dermacentor variabilis, coloration

of, 133.
Dermacentor venustus, probably
transmitting Piroplasma hiidso-
nius bovis in British Columbia,
166 ; and Rocky ^lountain
spotted fever, measures against, in
U.S.A., 105 ; coloration of, 133.
Dermanyssus, in Queensland, 74.

246

INDEX.

Dermanyssus gallinae (Red Mite),

on poultry in Australia, 164.
Dermatitis, of cattle, in East Africa,
148 ; in man, believed to be
caused by Gastrophilus, 150 ; in
man, caused by Tyroglyphus
longior, 150.
Dermatobia cyaniventris, attacking

man in Argentina, 163.
Dermatophilus congolense, trans-
mitted by Demodex folliculonmi
in East Africa, 148.
Dermatophilus penetrans, measures
against, in East Africa, 139 ;
infesting pigs in Brazil, 52.
Dermestes lardarins, infesting

poultry in Germany, 122.
Desrengadera (see Trypanosoma

venezuelense).
determinata, Musca domestica.
Diachlorns bimaculata, habits of, in

Brazil, 25.
Diachlorns flavitaenia, habits of, in

Brazil, 25.
Diatomineura (see Osca).
Diatomineiira fulgida, sp. n., in

New South Wales, 173.
Diatomineura inornata, bionomics

of, in Belgian Congo, 24.
Dibrachys cavus, parasite of flies

in Britain, 22.
Dibromcarvacrol, against lice, 73.
Dibrometacresol, against lice, 73.
Dibromxylenol, against lice, 73.
Dichelacera japonica (see Isshikia).
Dichlormonobrommetacresol,

against lice, 73.
Dicrania (see Stichocera).
Dicranomyia (see Stichocera).
diminuta, Hymenolepis.
Dinomyia proviolans, gen. et sp. n.,

in Panama, 32.
Diphtheria, conyeyed by flies, 102.
Dips and Dipping, against ticks,
31, 72, 79, 85, 98, 99, 105, 126,
131, 137, 162, 178, 198, 199,
203, 211 ; against mange on
domestic animals, 98, 99, 109,
114, 167 ; for pigs, 99, 200 ; for
sheep, 130 ; chemistry of, 6, 7 ;
methods of testing, 155 ; formulae
for, 72 ; eftect of bacteria on
arsenic in, 6, 7, 203 ; lime-
sulphur, composition of, 166.
Dipylidium caninimi, fleas and lice

conveying, 115.
Diranchis, parasite of flies in Britain,

22.
Dirhinus sarcophagae , parasite of

Muscids in Australia, 60, 174.
discors, Pangonia.

ditaeniatus, Tabanus.

divaricata, Musca. ■'

diver sus, Culex [Aedes) (see Ochlero^

tatus rusticus).
Dodecamyia, gen. n., 32.
Dogs, piroplasmosis of, in East
Africa, 148 ; trypanosomiasis of,
in N. Africa, 67, 80 ; parasites-
and diseases of, in South Africa,
7, 57 ; parasites and diseases of,
in Australia, 73, 74, 173 ; hosts
of Tronibidiuni akamushi in
Fomosa, 37 ; piroplasmosis of,
conveyed by Dermacentor reticu^
latiis in France, 41 ; ticks on,
in Mytilene, 146 ; preferred to
man by Anopheles maculipennis,
33, 142 ; Gastrophilus larvae not
toxic to, 8 ; parasitised by Dipy-
lidium caninum, 115 ; treatment
of mange on, 98 ; probably not
the reservoir of Oriental sore,
182 ; Pediculus humanus ex-
perimentally feeding on, 145 ;
Phthirus pubis able to live on,
211 ; experimental infection of,
with insect flagellates, 184.
domestica, Musca.

domesticus, Culex ; Glycyphagus ;
Taeniorhynchus (see Culex aurant-
apex) .
Dominica, measures against ticks

in, 126.
Donkeys, losses in, due to anthrax
in South Africa, 5 ; Gastrophilus
spp. infesting, in South Africa,
7, 8 ; Filaria irritans infesting,
in Belgian Congo, 90 ; infected
vvith surra in India, 50 ; ticks
on, in Mytilene, 146 ; trypano-
somiasis of, in Venezuela, 147 ;
probably not the reservoir of
Oriental sore, 182.
dor sails, Ochlerotatus {Culex) (see

O. caspius).
dorsovittatus, Ochlerotatus.
Dragonflies, economic value of, in
Africa, 34 ; predaceous on
mosquito larvae, 63.
Drosophila, and disease, 1 ;

flagellates found in, 88.
Drosophila ampelophila (see D.

melanogaster).
Drosophila spp., habits of, 1.
dubiosus, Tabanus.
dubius, Pachycrepoideus.
duboscqui, Phlebotomus.
Ducks, not attacked by mosquitos,
98 ; utilisation c:>f, against mos-
quito larvae, 107, 128.

INDEX.

247

Duckweed, effect of, on mosquito

larvae, 66, 223.
Dutch East Indies, Anophelines

and malaria in, 53, 54, 55, 56,

71, 135, 136, 152, 153, 162 ;

notice of key to fleas of, 71 ;

little danger of Stegomyia fasciata

being imported into, from South

America, 203.
Dutch Guiana (see Guiana, Dutch).
duttoni, C It lex.
Dysentery, relation of house-flies to,

4, 15, 69, 75, 102, 110.
Dytisciis, predaceous on mosquito

larvae, 63.

E.

eastor, Culex {Choeroporpa).

Echidnophaga gallinacea, 84.

echinus, Ochlerotatus [Finlava).

Ecuador, yellow fever in, 136.

eggeri, Tabanus.

Egrets, proposed introduction of,
into Queensland against ticks,
74.

Egypt, insect-borne diseases of
domestic animals in, 130 ; rela-
tion of house-flies to dysentery
in, 75 ; malaria in, 35, 180 ;
mosquitos of, 34, 49, 180 ; typhus
and lice in, 2.

Elassoma evergladei, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Elassoma zonatum, destroying mos-
quito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Electricity, against larvae of Coch-
lioniyia macellaria, 3.

Electris fusca, against mosquito
larvae in East Africa, 165.

elephantis, Cobboldia.

Elephants, Oestrids infesting, 108.

eleutheya, Culex [Transculicia).

Elms, Anopheles plumbeus breeding
in, in British Isles, 157.

elongata, Trichorpia.

Empusa, infesting flies in British
Isles, 22.

Empusa muscac, hibernation of,
123.

Enderleinellus, notice of new species
of, 71.

Enneacanthns gloriosus, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Enneacanthus obesus, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

ensiformis, Culex [M elanoconion) .

Entamoeba histolytica, carriage of,

by house-flies in Mesopotamia,

69 ; (see Dysentery).
Epsom Salts, for treating fowls

poisoned with Macrodactylus sub-

spinosus, 205.
equi, Demodex ; Gastrophilus (see

G. intestinalis) ; Nuttallia ; Sar-

coptes scabiei ; Spirochaeta ; Tri-

chodectes.
equina, Hippobosca.
equinum, Trypanosoma,
equiperduni, Trypanosoma .
Erephopsis aiireovestita, sp. n., in

New South Wales, 173.
Erephopsis lata (see Osca).
Erephopsis niveovittata, sp. n., in

New South Wales, 173.
Eretmopodites quinquevittatus, in

East Africa, 164.
eriophthalma, Pyre Ilia.
Eristalis, in Poland, 119.
eruditus, Cheyletus.
erythrocephala, Calliphora .
escomeli, Trypanosoma.
Esenbeckia, habits of, in Brazil, 25.
ethiopicus, Culex ager.
Eubonnea, subg. n. (see Cidex).
Eucalyptus, Oil of, experiments

with, against lice, 145 ; in

repellent for mosquitos, 165.
Eunmsca vetustissima (see Musca).
Euphorbia, Leptomonas davidi trans-
mitted to, by Stenocephalus agilis,

216.
Euphormia, gen. n., 52.
Euphormia regina, 52 ; baits for,

in U.S.A., 30.
Eiirenetes limaceum, attacking

snails, 24.
Europe, northern limit of malaria

in, 14 ; Phlebotomus spp. from,

108.
curysternus, H aematopinus .
euteniata, Musca (see M. Jiuinilis).
evansi, Trypanosoma,
evertsi, Rhipicephalus.
excelsus, Tabanus.
exigua, Lyperosia.

falciparum, Plasmodium (see P.
praecox).

fallax, Wyeomyia.

Fannia, not experimentally trans-
mitting onchocerciasis in
Australia, 174.

248

INDEX.

Fannia {Homalomyia) canicularis,
natural enemies of, in British
Isles, 22 ; bionomics of, in Ger-
many, 122 ; in Poland, 119 ;
baits for, in U.S.A., 30 ; fumiga-
tion with hydrocyanic - acid
against, 121.
Fannia scalaris, in Poland, 119.
Far Eastern Ports, distribution of

mosquitos in, 113.
farinae, Tyroglyphus {Aleurobiiis).
farinalis, Pyralis {Asopia).
fasciata, Stegomyia.
fasciatus, Ceratophyllus.
fascipennis, Culicoides.
fatigans, Culex.
faurei, LinognatJioides .
febrifer, Anopheles (see A. minimus).
Felis caffra, new louse on, in South

Africa, 9.
felis, Ctenocephalus.
fergusoni, Musca (Viviparoniusca)

(see M. australis).
ferriiginea, Aphiochaeta (see A .

scalaris) .
festivus, Tabanus.
Figites, parasite of flies in Britain, 22.
Filaria, Chrysops silacea infected

with, in Nigeria, 217.
Filaria bancrofii, in Gold Coast, 12 ;
infesting man in U.S.A., 115 ;
evolution of, in mosquitos, 146.
Filaria conjunctivae, infesting man

in Macedonia, 19.
Filaria gallinariim, sp. n., infesting
fowls and termites in South
Africa, 8.
Filaria immitis, experimental trans-
mission of, by fleas and mos-
quitos in Australia, 173.
Filaria irritans, infesting horses in

Belgian Congo, 90.
Filaria lachrymalis, infesting cattle

in Egypt, 131.
Filaria niedina, evolution of, in

Cyclops, 146.
Filarial Mange, identity of or-
ganism causing, on man, 183, 185.
Filariasis, transmission of, bv mos-
quitos, 12, 107, 115, 116, 146,
173.
Finland, Simulium angiistitarse from,

134.
Finlaya echinus (see Ochlerotatus).
Firs, Anopheles plumbeus not breed-
ing in, m British Isles, 157.
Fish, against mosquito larvae, 51,
63. 65, 91, 94, 106, 107, 123,
128, 129, 165, 193.
Fish Oil, resin soap preferred to, in
disinfectants, 149.

Flanders, decrease of malaria in,

144.
flavitaenia, Diachlorus.
flavus, Anopheles {Myzomyia) (see

A. hnniaculatus) .
Fleas, 137 ; measures against, in
Argentina, 129 ; experimentally
transmitting Filaria immitis in
Australia, 173 ; on Pitymys savii
in Italy, 201 ; notice of list of, in
Switzerland, 98 ; on rats, rela-
tion of, to plague, 3, 102 ; mea-
sures against, on domestic ani-
mals, 56 ; fumigation against,
76, 77, 168 ; relation of larvae
of, to disease, 168 ; experiments
with flagellates of, 41 ; possible
transmission of rheumatic and
scarlet fevers by, 75 ; transmis-
sion of tape-worms by, 85, 115 ;
list of, known to attack man, 3, 4 ;
classification of, 98.
Florida, mosquitos of, 58 ; biono-
mics of Tabanids in, 19.
floridensis, Psorophora.
flui, Prosopolepis.
foenalis, Iphis.
foenarius, Acarus.
folliculorum, Demodex.
Foot and Mouth Disease, possibly
transmitted by biting insects, 168.
Forcipomvia ingrami, in Gold Coast,

12.
Formaldehyde, in baits for house-
flies, 175.
Formalin, in baits for house-flies,

127.
Formic Aldehyde, derived from

thiometamethylene, 98.
Formol, apparatus for vaporis-
ing, 3.
Formosa, Tsutsugamushi disease in,

37 ; Tabanidae of, 119.
formosa, Corizoneura ; Heierandria,
formosana, Haematopota.
Fowl Tick (see Argas persicus).
Fowls, new Filaria infesting, in
South Africa, 8 ; hosts of Trom-
bidium akamushi in Formosa and
Japan, 37, 79 ; attacked by
Dermestes lardarius, in Germany,
122 ; measures against parasites
of, 13, 14, 19, 56, 75, 84, 127, 128,
162, 164, 166 ; Pcdiculus hu-
manus not experimentally feeding
on, 145 ; little attacked by mos-
quitos, 98, 142 ; limberneck in,
associated with larvae of Lucilia
caesar, 204 ; poisonous eft'ect of
Macrodactylus subspinosiis on, 204.

INDEX.

249

foxi, Pnetmtonyssus.

fragilis, Anopheles.

France, measures against parasites
of domestic animals in, 56 ; Lae-
laps stabularis infesting man in,
221 ; mosquitos and malaria in,
33, 39, 40, 63, 67, 76, 81, 141-144,
211, 218, 224 ; ocular myiasis in
man in, 151, 169 ; occurrence of
PlasniodiitDi pvacco.x in, 63 ; mea-
sures against parasites of poultry
in, 127 ; tick-borne diseases in,
19, 41, 66.

Frogs, Pedicitlus humanus not ex-
perimentally feeding on, 145.

frontalis, Sarcophaga.

fiilgida, Diatominenra.

fuliginosus, Anopheles ; Chrysops.

fulmineus, Tahanus.

fulvifascia, Osca [Pangonia).

fulvimedioides, Tabanus.

fulvipilosus, Tabanus atratus.

fiilvus, Tabanus.

fumipennis, Theobaldia.

Fundulus spp., destroying mos-
quito larvae, 129, 165.

funebris, Drosophila.

funestus, Anopheles.

funicola, Siphunculina {Siphonella) .

fitsca,. Glossina.

fuscicauda, Sarcophaga.

fuscicornis, Aspilota ; Sapromyza.

Juscinervis, Buplex.

fuscipes, Paederus.

fuscipleuris, Glossina.

fuscus, Thriambeutes.

G.

Gall Sickness, inoculation of cattle

against, in Rhodesia, 137 ; (see

Anaplasmosis).
Galleria niellonella (Bee Mothl, effect

of injecting, with tubercle bacilli,

86.
gallinacea, Echidnophaga {Sarcop-

sylla) .
gallinae, Cnemidocoptes ; Derma-

7iyssus.
gallinarum, Filaria.
Gambia, relative immunity of man

to sleeping sickness in, 191.
gambiense, Trypanosoma .
Gambusia affinis, against mosquito

larvae. 94, 129.
Game, relation of Glossina to, 10,

12, 48, 57, 209 ; malaria para-
sites in blood of, 58.

Gastrophilus, infesting horses in
British Isles, 149 ; believed to
cause dermatitis in man, 150 ;
effect of larvae of, on domestic
animals, 8, 191.

Gastrophilus asininus, probably a
variety of G. intestinalis, 7.

Gastrophilus equi (see G. intesti-
nalis).

Gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis , not
present in South Africa, 7.

Gastrophilus intestinalis [equi], bio-
nomics of, in South Africa, 7 ;
carbon bisulphide against, in
horses, 36 ; metabolism of larvae
of, 205.

Gastrophilus nasalis, bionomics of,
in South Africa, 7, 8 ; in Queens-
land, 73, 74 ; carbon bisulphide
against, in horses, 36.

Gastrophilus pecoruin, bionomics of,
in South Africa, 7.

Gecko (see Tarentola mauritanica) .

Geese, utilisation of, against mos-
quito larvae, 107.

gemellus, Paederus.

gemma, A mblyomma.

Genetta ludia, new louse on, in South
Africa, 9.

genetta, Trichodectes.

geniculatus, Ochlerotatus.

Georgia, Aphiochacta scalaris con-
taminating milk in, 187.

Geosciurus capensis, Linognathoides
faurei on, in South Africa, 204.

germanica, Blattella [Phyllodromia).

Germanv, measures against bot-
flies in, 135, 207 ; Dermestes
lardarius attacking poultry in,
122 ; noxious Diptera of, 168 ;
measures against house-lfies in,
120, 121, 122, 123 ; measures
against lice in, 197 ; malaria in,
62, 63, 135, 152, 169, 171, 172,
213, 214 ; bionomics and control
of mosquitos in, 26, 27, 28, 29,
62, 63, 117, 118, 120, 121, 135, 169,
171, 172, 213, 214 ; equme piro-
plasmosis in, 45, 46, 151, 152 ;
bionomics and control of Simu-
liids in, 112, 114, 134, 215, 217,
220 ; bionomics of Siomoxys
calci trans in, 103 ; trypanoso-
miasis of sheep in, 45.

gibsoni. Onchocerca.

gigas. Anopheles ; Goniocotes ; Ste-
nopterina ; Tabanus.

giraudi, Phora.

glaber, Tabanus.

glaphyroptera, Theobaldia.

250

INDEX.

Glossina, 45, 80 ; proposed mea-
sures against, in East Africa,
170 ,* and sleeping sickness in
Belgian Congo, 42, 43 ; distri-
bution of, in French Congo, 154 ;
relation of, to game, 10, 12, 48,
57, 209 ; attraction of moving
objects for. 111 ; transmission of
trypanosomiasis by liies other
than, in Africa, 13,' 17, 180, 211 ;
trap breeding grounds for, 100 ;
value of parasites of, 206, 207.

Glossina austeni, probably recorded
as G. tachinoides in East Africa,
211.

Glossina brevipalpis, and trypano-
somiasis in Nyasaland, 70, 206 ;
distribution of, in Belgian Congo,
42, 43, 76.

Glossina fusca, in East Africa, 148,
211 ; in Belgian Congo, 42, 43 ;
distribution of, in French Congo,
154 ; possibly transmitting sleep-
ing sickness in Kamerun, 151 ;
and trypanosomiasis in Uganda,
104.

Glossina fuscipleitris, distribution of,
in Belgian Congo, 76.

Glossina morsitans, trypanosomes
transmitted bv, in East Africa,
46-48, 126, 148 ; distribution of,
in Belgian Congo, 42, 43, 76 ; in
French Congo, 154 ; in Gambia,
191 ; value of parasites against,
in Nyasaland, 206 ; new para-
site of, in Portuguese East Africa,
113 ; bionomics of, in S. Rhodesia,
12, 209 ; and trypanosomiasis in
Uganda, 10, 23 ; relation of, to
game, 10, 12,

Glossina pallidipes, in East Africa,
211 ; distribution of, in Belgian
Congo, 42, 43, 76.

Glossina palpalis, in East Africa,
148, 211 ; and sleeping sickness
in Belgian Congo, 42, 43, 68, 76 ;
distribution of, in French Congo,
154 ; in Gambia, 191 ; distribu-
tion of, in Kamerun, 150 ; not
present in Portuguese East Africa,
126 ; bionomics of, in Uganda,
11, 23, 99-101, 131-133 ; experi-
ments with rinderpest blood and,
11.

Glossina palpalis var. wellmani,
transmitting Trypanosoma pecaudi
in Angola, 167.

Glossina tabanifonnis, in Belgian
Congo, 43, 68.

Glossina tachinoides, distribution of,
in French Congo, 154 ; probably
recorded in error from East
Africa. 211.

glossinae, Mutilla ; Svntomosphy-
rmn.

Gloy, used for testing for arsenious
oxide in dips, 155.

Glucose, accelerating reduction in
arsenical dips, 7.

Glycerine, accelerating reduction in
arsenical dips, 7.

Glycyphagus doynesticus, infesting
rodents in Britain, 112, 201.

Glycyphagus spinipes, 112.

Goats, dermatitis of, in East Africa,
148 ; ticks on, in Mytilene, 146 J
poisoned by secretions of locusts
in Palestine, 195 ; susceptible to
Anaplasma argentinum, 41 J
preferred to man, by Anopheles
maciilipennis, 33, 62, 142 ; toxic
effects of Gastvophilus larvae on,
8 ; infested with Oestrus ovis,
66 ; effect of inoculation with
Trypanosoma rhodesiense on, 126.

Gobius giurus, against mosquito
larvae in East Africa, 165.

Goitre, associated with American
trypanosomiasis, 16, 26.

Gold Coast, new blood parasite of
cattle in, 62 ; notice of list of
blood-sucking insects of, 12 ;
mosquitos of, 11, 12, 48, 50.

Gold Tick (see Amblvomma vaviega^
turn).

Goniocotes abdominalis (see G. gigas).

Goniocotes gigas, measures against,
on fowls, 13, 127.

Goniodes sty lifer (Large Turkey-
louse), on poultry in Australia,
164.

Grabhamia broquettii, perhaps a
synonym of Ochlerotatus curriei,
49.

Grabhamia longisquamosa (see Och"
lerotatus caspius).

Grabhamia subtilis (see Ochlerotatus
caspius) .

Grabhamia willcocksi (see Ochlero^
tatus caspius).

grahami, Aedes ; Culicoides.

Granular Dermatitis, of horses,
caused by Filaria irritans in
Belgian Congo, 90 ; possibly due
to Habronema, 51.

Granuloma, of horses, flies trans-
mitting, in Queensland, 51, 187,
188.

Graphomvia maculata, in British
Isles, 22.

INDEX.

251

Greece, mosquitos and malaria in,
87.

Gregarina blattarmu, found in cock-
roaches, 154.

groenlandica, Phorinia [Calliphora)
(see P. azurea).

Ground Squirrels, infected with
plague in California, 157.

Guam, ticks conveying piroplasmosis
to cattle in, 74.

guayanense , Trypanosoma.

Guiana, British, parasites of man
and animals in, 190 ; mosquitos
and malaria in, 189 ; new
Tabanids from, 156.

Guiana, Dutch, new mosquitos
from, 32, 33, 59, 102.

Guiana, French, malaria in, 109.

guianensis, Megarhinus giiadelou-
peiisis.

Guinea-pigs, not susceptible to
Anaplasma argentinum, 41 ;
Bacterium arsenreducens non-
pathogenic to, 7 ; Gastvophilus
larvae not toxic to, 8 ; mites
infesting, in British Isles, 201 ;
Pediculus capitis experimentally
feeding on, 145 ; PhtJiirus pubis
able to live on, 211 ; immune to
virus of canine piroplasmosis,
41 ; Trypanosoma venezuelense
inoculated into, 185 ; experi-
mental infection of, with insect
flagellates, 184.

Guinea - Worm, evolution of, in
Cyclops, 145.

guttulavis, Culicoides.

guitulatus, A nopheles fsee A . quadri-
maculatus) .

H.

Habronema inegastoma, trans-
mission of, by flies in Australia,
51, 187, 189.

Habronema microstotna, transmitted
by Stomoxys calcitrans in
Australia, 51, 187, 188.

Habronema miiscae, transmission of,
by flies in Australia, 51, 187,
189.

Haetnaphy sails, conveying canine
piroplasmosis in East Africa, 148.

Haemaphysalis bispinosa, measures
against, in New Zealand, 206.

Haemaphysalis cinnabarina punc-
tata, on horses in Macedonia, 194.

Haemaphysalis concinna, not
transmitting Piroplasma canis, 67.

Haemaphysalis inermis, on horses
in Macedonia, 194.

Haemaphysalis leachi, in Nyasaland,
33 ; transmitting Piroplasma
canis, 67.

Haemaphysalis otophila, on horses
in Macedonia, 194.

Haemaphysalis papuana, in Queens-
land, 73, 74.

Haemaphysalis punctata, experi-
mentally transmitting Piroplasma
bigetniniim, 165 ; probably acci-
dentally transmitting Piroplasma
bovis, 165.

Haematobia irritans (see Lyperosia).

Haematobia sanguisugens, in India,
31.

haematobium, Schistosomuni .

Haematopinus asini, effect of
temperature on eggs of, 22.

Haematopinus eurysternus (Short-
nosed Cattle Louse), in U.S.A., 9.

Haematopinus suis (Pig Louse), in
Queensland, 52, 74 ; measures
against, on pigs in U.S.A., 107,
200 ; experiments against, 44 ;
believed to cause swine fever,
52 ; not transmitting hog cholera,
99 ; not reacting to thermotro-
pism, 155.

Haematopinus vituli (see Linog-
nathus).

Haematopota, in Belgian Congo, 68 ;
transmitting trypanosomiasis in
Nigeria, 180.

Haematopota formosana, sp. n., in
Formosa, 119.

Haematopota innominata, sp. n., in
Palestine, 111.

Haematopota ^ninuscula, sp. n., in
Palestine, 111.

Haematopota minuscularia, sp. n.,
in Palestine, 111,

Haematopota perturbans, trans-
mitting Trypanosoma cazalboui
pigritia in Belgian Congo, 211.

Haonatopota sakhalinensis, sp. n.,
in Formosa, 119.

Haematopota sewelli, sp. n., in
Palestine, 111.

Haementaria, possibly conveying
mal de caderas in Brazil, 102.

Haemoproteus, conveyed by
Camus hemapterus, 62.

haemorrhoidalis, Gastrophilus ; Sar-
cophaga.

Haplochilus panchax, destroving
mosquito larvae in Malaya, 123.
hargreavesi, Ochlerotatus caspius.

25^

INDEX.

Harpagomyia taeniorostris, in
East Africa, 164.

harrisoni, Colpocephaliim-.

Hautmaulwurf, disease known as,
believed to be due to Gastrophilus,
150.

Hawaii, measures against Lyperosia
irritans in, 172.

Head Louse (see Pediciilus humanus) .

Heat, effect of, on lice, 21, 22, 44,
73, 103, 104, 120, 146, 158,
197 ; effect of, on Stegoinyia
fasciata, 156.

hebraeum, A mblyomma.

Hedgehog, immune to virus of
canine piroplasmosis, 41.

Helicella [Heliomanes) virgata,
parasitised by Melinda cognata,
24.

Heliconia, mosquitos breeding in,
in Dutch Guiana, 32.

Heliconianiyia, gen. n., 32.

Heliomanes virgata (see Helicella).

Hellebore, against house-iiies, 30,
127.

hemapterus, Camus.

Hemichromis, destroying mosquito
larvae in Algeria, 128.

Hermosura, name for trypanoso-
miasis of equines in Venezuela,
147.

Herodias spp., proposed introduc-
tion of, into Queensland, against
ticks, 74.

Herpetomonas, found in insects, 88 ;
not found in Blattella germanica,
154.

Herpetomonas ctenocephali, experi-
ments with mice and, 42 ; experi-
mental infection of guinea-pigs
with, 184.

Herpetomonas ctenocephali var.
chattoni, experimental infection of
guinea-pigs with, 184.

Herpetomonas ctenopsvllae, experi-
ments on mice with, 41, 42.

Herpetomonas jaculum, experiments
on mice with, 42.

Herpetomonas niuscae-dome sticae ,
flagellate allied to, found in
flies, 88 ; Musca terraereginae
parasitised by, in Queensland,
189.

Herpetomonas periplanetae, sp. n.,
found in cockroaches, 89, 154.

Herpetomonas phlebotomi, Phleboto-
nius infected with, in Mesopotamia
15 ; found in Phlebotomus minutus
in Madras, 21 ; experimental in-
fection of dogs and guinea-pigs
with, 184.

Herpetomonas sarcophagae, found
in Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis,
88.

Heterandria formosa, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

heterographus, Lipeurus.

Heteronycha (see Aedes).

hexagonus, Ixodes.

hexodontus, Aedes.

hilli, Musca.

hippicum, Trypanosoma.

Hippobosca equina, in Queensland,
73.

Hippoboscids, possibly transmit-
ting anthrax in South Africa, 5 ;
possibly conveying Haemoproteus,
62.

Hippopotamus, Glossina palpalis
feeding on, in Uganda, 132.

hirsutus, Ochlerotatus.

hirta, Spalangia.

hirtipes, Simulium.

hirtitibia, Ophyra.

hirundinis, Cimex [Oecacus] .

Hister cadaverinus, predaceous on
flies in Britain, 22.

histolytica, Entamoeba.

Hodge Fly-trap, for catching
Stomoxys calcitrans, 189.

Hodotermes pretoriensis, new Filaria
infesting, in South Africa, 8.

Hog Cholera, possible conveyance
of, by insects, 99.

Holland, decrease of malaria in,
144.

holocyclus, Ixodes.

Holoqiiiscalus brachypterus, useful
against Lyperosia irritans in Porto
Rico, 20i.

Homalomyia (see Fannia).

Hoplopleura acanthopus, on Pitymys
savii in Italy, 201.

Hoplopsyllus anomalus, and disease
in man, 3.

Horn-fly (see Lyperosia irritans).

Horse Chestnut, Anopheles pliimbeits
breeding in, in British Isles, 157.
Horse Sickness, experiments with
Gastrophilus larvae in trans-
mission of, in South Africa, 8 ;
in Belgian Congo, 148.
Horses, losses in, due to anthrax
in South Africa, 5 ; trypanoso-
miasis of, in South America, 27,
147, 185 ; Filaria irritans in-
festing, in Belgian Congo, 90 ;
attacked by Simulium in Brazil,
25, 26 ; killed by Simuliids in
Germany, 114 ; infected with
surra in India, 50 ; bionomics of
flies transmitting parasites of,

INDEX.

253

in Queensland, 51, 187, 188, 189 ;

parasites of, in Queensland, 73,
74 ; not susceptible to Alia plasma
argentinum, 41 ; Gastrophilits in-
festing, 7, 8, 36, 149, 191 ;
measures against lice on, 22 ;
measures against mange on, 83,
98, 109, 114, 126, 153, 219, 220 ;
preferred to man, by mosquitos,
33, 98, 142 ; probably not the
reservoir of Oriental sore, 182 ;
piroplasmosis of 45, 151, 152,
193, 194, 211 ; swamp fever of,
transmitted by insects, 92 ; thrips
found on the skin of, 5 ; protec-
tion of, against tsetse-flies, 57.

hortensis, Culex (see C. apicalis).

horticola, Culicoides. ,

hortorum, Morellia.

House-flies, measures against, in
West Africa, 91 ; measures
against, in Algeria, 77 ', measures
against, in Argentina, 148 ; new
parasite of, in Argentina, 61 ;
bionomics of, in British Isles, 22,
175, 177 ; measures against, in
Germany, 120, 121, 122, 123 ;
bionomics of, in India, 159, 160 ;
relation of, to dysentery in
Macedonia, 4 ; and disease in
Mesopotamia, 15, 69, 110 ;
measures against, in Poland, 119,
193 ; measures against, in U.S.A.,
29, 127 ; and anthrax, 105 ; in
relation to disease, 102 ; and
dysentery, 4, 15, 69, 75, 110 ;
chemotropic reactions of, 215 ;
Pediciiliis carried by, 145 ;
repellents for, 157 ; trap for, 2 ;
measures against, in military
camps, 20 ; viability of tubercle
and leprosy bacilli in, 138 ', (see
Musca domestica).

humanus, Pediculus.

humator, Necrophorus.

humilis, Iridomyrmex ; Musca.

Hungar}', new Culicoides from, 213.

hunteri, Anopheles.

Hyalonrma, on cattle in East Africa,
148.

Hyalomriia aegyptium, 89 ; on horses
in Macedonia, 194 ; on domestic
animals in Mytilene, 146 ; in
Nyasaland, 33 ; attacking cattle
in Rhodesia, 199 ; transmitting
The Her ia spp. 165, 166 ; habits
of sexes of, 23 ; regeneration of
limbs of, 133 ; malformations
in, 218.

Hyalomnia aegyptiiiin impvessmn,
on horses in Macedonia, 194.

Hyalonniia scupense, on horses in
Macedonia, 194.

Hyalomnia syriacum, on domestic
animals in Mytilene, 146.

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, fumigation
with, against lice, bed-bugs and
mosquitos, 52, 120, 121, 168, 197,
221 ; method of fumigating with,
against house-flies, 121.

Hydrophilus, predaceous on mos-
quito larvae, 63.

Hydrotaea dentipes, natural enemies
of, in British Isles, 22 ; preda-
ceous on larvae of Stomoxys cal-
citrans, 103.

Hylemyia nidicola, sp. n., infesting
birds' nests in U.S.A., 68.

Hvletastes missouriensis, infesting
man in U.S.A., 180.

Hyloconops longipalpis, bred from
bamboos in Brazil, 26.

Hymenolepis diniinnta, insects con-
veying, 85.

Hyphantria cunea, parasitised by
Aphiochaeta scalavis in Florida,
187.

Hypoderma, causing rose fever in
'cattle in Denmark. 82, 83.

Hypoderma bovis, measures against,
in British Isles, 59 ; measures
against, in Germany, 135 ; in-
festing cattle in Switzerland, 207.

Hypoderma lineatum, measures
against, in British Isles, 59.

hvrcanus, Anopheles.

Hystatomyia, gen. n., 32.

Hystatomvia lamellata, sp. n., breed-
ing places of, in Dutch Guiana,
59.

Hystrichopsylla tyipectinata, on
Pitymys savii in Italy, 201.

I.

Ichthyol, against Dermatophiliis pen-
etrans infesting pigs, 52.

icterohaemorrhagiae, Spirochaeta

{Leptospira).

icteroides, Leptospira.

idottus, Culex [Choeroporpa).

immitis, Filar ia.

Immunity, studies of, in insects, 86.

impatiens, Theobaldia {Culiseta).

imperfectus, Sabethoides.

impiger, Aedes.

impressurn, Hyaiomma aegyptium.

impunctatus, Culicoides.

incidens, Theobaldia.

incisor alis, Calliphora.

254

INDEX.

incriistatum, Simnlium.

indefinitus, Anopheles.

India, blood-sucking tiies of, 30, 43 ;
bionomics of house-flies jn, 159,
160 ; need for measures against
insect-borne diseases in, 106 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 5, 31,
49, 106, 161 ; malaria parasite in
blood of buffalo in, 58 ; notice
of key to rats of, 71 ; surra
among domestic animals in, 50.

indica, Theobaldia.

indicum, Simulinm.

inermis, Haemaphysalis.

inexorabile, Simulium.

Infantile Paralysis, conveyed by
flies, 102.

Infectious Anaemia of Horses (see
Swamp Fever).

infestans, Triatoma.

Influenza, possible spread of, by
bed-bugs, 2 ; symptoms of sand-
fly fever compared with, 151.

infoliata, Culex {Carrollia).

ingrami, Forcipomyia ; Phlebo-
tomus.

innominaia, Haematopota.

innotatus, Tabanus [Therioplectes).

inornata, Bouvierella ; Diatomineura
(Pangonia) .

insecutor, Tabanus.

insiilae-florum, Anopheles aitkeni.

intestinalis, Gastrophilus.

invidiosus, Culex.

Iodine, for testing arsenious oxide
in dips, 155.

Iodoform, against flies causing
myiasis of cattle, 199.

Iphidulus vepallidus, the proto-
nymph stage of Laelaps stabitlaris,
221.

Iphis cubicularis, the tritonymph
stage of Laelaps stabularis, 221.

Iphis foenalis, the deuteronymph
stage of Laelaps stabularis, 221.

iridescens, Culex [Carrollia).

Iridomyrmex humilis (Argentine
Ant),conveying anthrax in U.S.A.,
105.

irritans, Filaria ; Lyperosia [Haema-
tobia) ; Ochlerotatus ; Pulex.

Isshikia, gen. n., 119.

Isshikia [Dichelacera) japonica, in
Formosa, 119.

Italy, new Culicoides from, 213 ;
new organisation for fumigating
against insects in, 137 ; mos-
quitos and malaria in, 49, 50, 102,
139, 144, 192, 221-224 ; Phlebo-
tomus masciitti in, 21 ; parasites
of Pitymys savii in, 201.

Ixodes, infesting cattle in Antigua,
79.

Ixodes canisuga, 89.

Ixodes hexagonus, 89.

Ixodes hexagonus dardanicus, on
horses in Macedonia, 194.

Ixodes holocyr.lus, in Queensland,
73.

Ixodes ricinus, 89 ; transmitting
louping-ill to sheep in British
Isles, 56 ; on horses in Mace-
donia, 194 ; probably not trans-
mitting Nuftallia eqiii, 45, 194 ;
transmitting Piroplasma bovis,
165 ; not experimentally trans-
mitting Piroplasma caballi and
P. canis, 67, 152.

iyoensis, Tabanus.

J.

jaculum, Herpetomonas.

Jamaica, coincident malaria and
typhoid fever in, 36.

jarnaicensis, Psorophora.

jamesi. Anopheles.

Janthinosoma albigena, in Brazil, 25.

Janthinosoma arribalzagae, habits
of, in Brazil, 25.

Janthinosoma sayi, in Canada, 140.

Japan, river fever in, 37, 79 ;
climate of, unfavourable to Ste-
gomyia fasciata, 113.

Japanese River Fever, hosts of
mites conveying in Japan, 79 ;
comparison between Japanese and
Formosan forms of, 37.

japonica, Isshikia (Dichelacera).

Jaundice, Epidemic, seasonal in-
cidence of, in Macedonia and
Albania, 20 ; carried by rats, 76
(see Spirochaeta icterohaemorrha-
giae).

Java, mosquitos in, 113 ; correct
names for rats of, 71 ; Trom-
bicula niediocris in, 37 ; (see
Dutch East Indies).

Jeyes' Fluid, against lice on do-
mestic animals, 114.

Joblotia shropshirei (see Tricho-
prosopon) .

jonesi, Silvius.

jonistes, Culex (Choeroporpa) .

jugorum, Aedes.

Juniperus phoenicea, extract of,
against camel mange, 81, 185.

jiirgensi, Strickeria.

INDEX.

255

K.

Kala Azar, 182 ; comparison of,

with Oriental sore, 15.
Kamerun, sleeping sickness in, 150.
karwari, Anopheles.
Karyolysus lacertae, transmitted by

Liponyssus sauravum in Spain,

208.
Kashmir, mosquitos and malaria

in, 161.
Keating's Powder, against Derma-

topliilus penetrans, 139.
Kedani Disease (see Japanese River

Fever) .
Kerosene, against lice on domestic

animals, 33, 34, 107, 200 ; against

parasites of fowls, 19 ; against

mosquito larvae, 65, 186.
Kestrel (see Cevchncis tinnnnculiis) .
hewensis, Tabanns.
kiefferi, Culicoides.
Kleidotoma, parasite of flies in

Britain, 22.
kochi, Anopheles,
hotoshoensis, Tabanus.

L.

Labidesthes sicculiis, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Lacerta miiralis, Haemococcids of,
transmitted by mites in Spain,
208.

lacertae, Karyolysus.

lachrymalis, Filaria.

lacteinervis, Culicoides.

Laelaps stabiilaris, infesting man in
France, 221 ; nymphal stages
of, 221.

laevis, Sar copies.

lahorensis, Ornithodoriis.

lamellata, Hystatomyia.

Lantana, 9.

Lapland, Diptera from, 74.

lapponiciis, Tabanus.

Larbish, disease known as, be-
lieved to be due to Gastro-
philiis, 150.

lardarius, Dermestes.

lata, Osca [Erephopsis).

lateralis, Culicada (see Ochlerotatus
geniculatus) .

latipennis, Culicoides.

latipes, Siniiilium.

lativittatus, Ochlerotatus (see Aedes
onondagensis) .

Latrodectus niactans, habits of, in

Peru, 42.
Laundering, effect of, on lice, 73,

158.

laurenti, Culex.
lauiissima, Pangonia.
lautus, Tabanus.

leach i, Haeniaphysalis .

Lead Arsenate, in baits for cock-
roaches, 124.

leciularius, Cimex.

Leeches, possibly conveying mal de
caderas in Brazil, 102.

leesei, Thelasia.

legeri, Phlebotomus (see P. pcrni-
ciosus).

Legislation, proposed against
malaria in Egypt, 181 ; against
cattle ticks in New Zealand, 34.

Leiognaihus albatus, on Pitymys
savii in Italy, 201.

Leishmania, found in the gecko
181.

Leishmania brasiliensis, the causa-
tive agent of American leish-
maniasis, 27.

Leishmania tropica, Herpetomonas
in Phlebotomus possibly a form
of, 21 ; inoculation of, into
camels, 182 ; parasites resembling,
in dogs inoculated with Herpeto-
monas phlebotomi, 184.

Leishmaniasis, American, caused by
Leishmania brasiliensis in South
America, 27.

leleani, Tabanus.

Lemmamyia, [Limatus) pseudo-
methys'ticus, sp. n., breeding places
of, in Dutch Guiana, 59.

Lemna (Duckweed), effect of pres-
ence of, on mosquito larvae,
66, 223.

lepidonotus, Ochlerotatus.

Lcpidoselaga lepidota, habits of, in
Brazil, 25.

lepidota, Lcpidoselaga.

Lepomis cyanellus, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Lepomis gibbosus, destroying mos-
quito larvae in U.S.A., 129.

Leprosy, conveyed by flies, 102.
138.

Leptomonas, found in the gecko,
181 ; found in Muscid larva, 17^

Leptomonas davidi, found in Steno-
cephalus agilis, 17, 216.

Leptopsylla musculi, and disease in
man, 3.

Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (see
Spirochaeta).

256

INDEX.

Leptospira icteroides, the supposed
causative agent of yellow fever,
79, 128, 136.
Leptus antumnalis, larva of Trom-
bicula pseudoakanmshi possibly
identical with, 37.
leucarthros, Necremnus.
leuconotips, Aedes.
leucosphyrus. Anopheles,
lewisi, Anopheles.

Lice, 137 ; diseases carried by,
4, 102 ; measures against, on
domestic animals, 9, 22, 56, 99,
107, 114, 138, 220 ; measures
against, on fowls, 13, 84, 127 ;
on man, bionomics of, and
measures against, 21, 33, 34, 44,
60, 72, 77, 103, 104, 120, 145, 146,
168, 197 ; apparatus for disinfec-
ting against, 104 ; effect of heat
on, 21, 22, 44, 73, 103, 104, 120,
146, 158, 197 ; effect of laundry
processes on, 73, 158 ; on man,
climate of Mesopotamia unsuitable
to, 134 ; and recurrent fever 20,
72, 78, 81, 91, 97, 102, 117, 155,
196, 197 ; and trench fever, 10, 70,
102 ; and typhus, 2, 44, 60, 103,
104, 145, 146, 202, 224 ; not
transmitting swamp fever of
horses, 92.
limaceuni, Eurenetes.
Limatus pseudomethysticus (see

Lemmamyia) .
Limberneck, in poultry, associated
with larvae of Lucilia.caesar, 204.
Lime-sulphur, against ^ mites on
fowls, 14 ; in dips for pigs, 99,
200 ; composition of, in dips,
166.
linmophilus, Paederus.
lintosus, Rhodnius.
Limothrips cerealium, found on the

skin of horses, 5.
lindesayi, Anopheles,
lineatopennis, Banksinella.
lineatiim, Hypoderma.
lineola, Tahanus.

Lino gnatho ides faurei, sp. n., on
Geosciurus capensis in South
Africa, 204.
Linognathus pedalis (Sheep Louse),
bionomics and control of, in
Argentina, 200.
Linognathus vitnli (Long-nosed Cattle

Louse), in U.S.A., 9.
Linseed Oil, against lice on cattle,
10 ; reducing efficacy of carbon
bisulphide against Gastrophilus,
36.

Linseed Oil Soap, resin soap

preferred to, 149.
Lipeurus heterographiis, measures

against, on fowls, 13, 127, 164.

Lipeurus variabilis, on poultry in

Australia, 164.
Liponvssus bursa, measures against,

on fowls in U.S.A., 75.
Liponyssus saurarmn, transmitting
Karyolysus lacertae in Spain, 208.
Liponyssus silvarum, on sparrows

and poultry in U.S.A., 166.
listoni, Anopheles,
litoralis, Paederus.
Little Red Cattle Louse (see Tricho-

dectes scalaris).
Lizards, Haemococcids of, trans-
mitted by mites in Spain, 208.
lloydi, Villa.

Locusts, secretions of, poisonous to
domestic animals in Palestine,
195.
Long-Nosed Cattle Louse (see Lino-
gnathus vituli).
longiareolata, Theobaldia [Allotheo-

baldia) .
longicornis, Spanippsis.
longior, Tyroglyphiis.
longipalpis, Hyloconops ; Phleboto-

niiis.
longisquamosa, Grabhamia (see

Ochlerotatus caspius).
longisquamosus, Ochlerotatus (see

O. caspius).
Lorraine, Argas reflexus in, 188.
Louping-Ill, transmission of, by

ticks in British Isles, 56.
loxodontis, Cobboldia.
Lucania parva, destroying mosquito

larvae in U.S.A., 129.
Lucania venusta, destroying
mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129.
Lucilia, infesting rodents, 24.
Lucilia caesar, natural enemies of,
in British Isles, 22, 218 ; in
Poland, 119 ; larvae of, associated
with limberneck in poultry in
U.S.A., 204.
Lucilia sericata, parasites of, in
British Isles, 218 ; in Queensland,
73 ; baits for, in U.S.A., 30.
ludlowi. Anopheles,
lugubris, Tahanus.
lunatus, Tabanus.
luridus, Tabanus.
lusitanicus, Phlebotomus (see P.

perniciosus) .
Lye, in cattle dips, 72.
Lygocerus, parasite of flies in Britain,
22.

INDEX.

257

Lyperosia, in India, 50 ; in Sumatra,
71 ; convevin<i anthrax in U.S.A.,
105.

Lyperosia exigiia, possibly trans-
mitting Habroneina microstoma
in Queensland, 188.

Lyperosia (Haematobia) irritans
(Horn Fly), measures against,
in Hawaii, 172 ; measures against,
in Porto Rico, 201 ; effect of
meteorological conditions on, in
U.S.A., 186.

Lysol, experiments with, against
lice, 33, 34.

M.

Macacus rhesus, acari in lungs of,
198.

Macedonia, Filaria conjunctivae in-
festing man in, 19 ; new ilea
from, 98 ; relation of house-flies
to dysentery in, 4 ; incidence
of epidemic jaundice in, 20 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 48,
87, 90, 190, 195 ; tests of
mosquito larvicides in, 90 ; ticks
and diseases of domestic animals
in, 165, 193, 194.

niacedoniensis, Anopheles super-
pictus (see A. palestinensis).

macellaria, Cochliomyia (Chry-
somyia) .

macfiei, Achromaticus.

macleayi, Ortholfersia.

Macrodactylus suhspinosus, poison-
ous effect of, on fowls, 204.

macropi, Tracheonivia.

Macropocopris, gen. n., on walla-
bies in Queensland, 215.

Macropodus paradisi, destro3ang
mosquito larvae in Algeria, 128.

macropterits, Centrarchus.

mactans, Latrodectus.

maculata, Graphomyia.

maculatum, Simulinm.

maculatus, Anopheles.

maculipalpis. Anopheles.

maculipennis, Anopheles.

maculipes, Anopheles {Arribal-
zagia) .

macitliventris, Culex (see Ochlero-
tatus caspius).

maculosa, Stygeromyia.

Madagascar, Dermatophilus pene-
trans occurring in, 139 ; new
mosquitos from, 208 ; pseudo-
myiasis in, 212.

madidus, Pterostichus.

Magnesium, effect of salts of, on
mosquito larvae, 117, 118.

Mai de Caderas (see Tvvpanosonia
equinum).

Malaria, in East Africa, 164 ; in
West Africa, 18 ; in Albania, 87 ;
in Algeria, 3, 16, 62, 144, 181 ; in
Argentina, 76, 107, 130; in Asia
Minor, 152 ; in Austria, 116 ; in
Brazil, 1, 25, 52 ; in British Isles,
96, 124, 125, 139, 176, 177, 192 ;
legislation against, in Bulgaria,.
170 ; in Ceylon, 50 ; in Egypt,
35, 180 ; northern limit of, in;
Europe, 14 ; in France, 33, 39,
40, 63, 67, 81, 141-144, 218 ; in
Germanv, 62, 63, 135, 152, 169,
171, 172, 213, 214 ; in Greece,
87 ; in British Guiana, 189 ; in
French Guiana, 110 ; in India,
5, 106, 161 ; in Dutch East
Indies, 135, 152, 153 ; in Italy,
139, 192, 221-224 ; associated
with typhoid fever in Jamiaca,
36 ; in Macedonia, 48, 87, 190,
195 ; in Malaya, 79, 84, 218 ; in
Mesopotamia, 111 ; in Morocco,
144 ; in Palestine, 60, 70, 91 ;
in Panama Canal Zone, 196 ; in
Philippines, 94 ; in U.S.A., 5,
14, 19, 64, 65, 92, 93, 94, 107, 130,
149, 178, 194, 200, 205 ; in
Zanzibar, 112 ; and mosquitos,
5, 14, 18, 25, 33, 35, 39, 40, 50,
60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 79, 81, 84, 87,
91, 92, 93, 94, 102, 106, 107, 111,
112, 116, 124, 125, 130, 135, 139,
141-144, 152, 153, 161, 164, 169,
171, 172, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181,
189, 190, 192, 194, 196, 200, 205,
213, 214, 218. 221-224 ; measures
against, 3, 52, 62, 70, 76, 130 ;
cost of measures against, 149 ;
economic loss due to, 64 ; effect
of meteorological conditions on,
63, 161, 172, 176 ; of birds,
conveved by Culex, 39, 40 ;
diagnosis of, in birds, 166 ;
experimental transmission of
parasite of, to chimpanzee, 217 ;
development of parasite of, in
mosquitos, 188 ; effect of para-
sites of, on insect vector, 39 ;
controversy on the unitarian
theory of, 169, 195, 196, 203.

Malaria, Benign Tertian (see Plas-
modium vivax).

Malaria, Malignant Tertian (see
Plasmodium praecox).

Malaria, Quartan (see Plasmodium
malariae) .

(2289)

D

258

INDEX.

malar iae, Plasmodiitm.

RIalaya, mosquitos and malaria in,
79," 84, 113, 176, 218 ; mosquito-
destroying fish in, 123.

malefactor, Anopheles.

Malignant Tertian Malaria (see
Plasmodium praecox).

Mallophaga, from South Africa,
.204 ; notice of list of, from
.North America, 99 ; from
Argentina, 200.

Malta, Phlebotomus perniciosus var.
nigerrimus from, 108.

Man, attacked by Dermatohia cyani-
ventris in Argentina, 163 ; in-
fested with Onthophagus bifascia-
tus in Ceylon, 160 ; attacked by
Trombidium akamushi in Formosa,
37 ; blood of domestic animals
preferred to that of, by Anopheles
maculipennis in France, 33, 98,
141-144 ; relative immunity of,
to sleeping sickness in Gambia,
191 ; infested with Filar ia con-
junctivae in Macedonia, 19 ; ants
causing oedema of eyelids of, in
Sudan, 190 ; attacked by Hyle-
tastes missouriensis in U.S. A. ,180 ;
arthropods causing dermatitis in,
122, 150 ; measures against lice
on, 21, 33, 34, 44, 60, 72, 77, 103,
104, 120, 145, 146, 168, 197 ;
mites causing mange on, 219 ;
identity of organism causing
filarial mange on, 183, 185 ;
myiasis in, caused by Aphiochaeta
sp., 187 ; ocular myiasis in,
Oestrids causing, 66, 151 ; Bac-
terium arsenreducens possibly non-
pathogenic to, 7 ; Dipylidium
caninum an accidental parasite
of, 115 ; list of tleas known to bite,
3, 4 ; infested with Hymenolepis
diminuta, 85 ; Laelaps stabularis
infesting, 221 ; infested by Sar-
cophaga fuscicauda, 74.

manducator, Alysia.

Mange, treatment of, on camels,
81, 131, 185 ; measures against,
on domestic animals, 52, 56, 83,
98, 99, 109, 114, 138, 153, 167,
200, 220 ; mites causing, on man
and animals, 219.
jNIange, Demodectic, in Nyasaland,

70.
Mange, Filarial, in man, identity of

organism causing, 183, 185.
Mansonia (see •Taeniorhynchus).
Mansonia arabica (see Ochlerotatus
caspius) .

Mansonioides, in French Equatorial
Africa, 18.

Mansonioides africanus, oiling in-
effective against, 176.

Mansonioides uniformis, in East
Africa, 164.

Margaropus (see Boophihis).

marginale, Anaplasma.

marginipennis, Spaniopsis.

mariae, Culex [Acartomyia).

marocanum, Trypanosoma.

maroniensis, Culex (Choeroporpa) .

Marsupial Bot-fly (see Tracheo-
myia macropi).

m.ascittii, Phlebotomus.

mashonaensis, Uranotaenia.

mastersi, Tabanus.

mauritianus , Anopheles.

maxillosus, Creophilus.

maxinocca, Culex {Choeroporpa).

Mecklenburg, mosquitos of, 214.

Medical Entomology, importance
of, 159.

medina, Filaria.

mediocris, Trombicula.

Megarhinus, larvae of, in Brazil,
26 ; in U.S.A., 58.

Megarhinus aldrichanus, sp. n.,
breeding places of, in Dutch
Guiana, 60.

Megarhinus guadeloupensis guian-
ensis, subsp. n., in Dutch Guiana,
60.

Megarhinus minimus (see Toxorhyn-
chites) .

megastoma, Habronema.

megista, Triatoma [Conorhinus).

megnini, Ornithodorus.

Melanoconion (see Culex).

melanogaster, Drosophila.

melanopus, Wyeomyia.

Melinda cogna'ta, a parasite of snails,
24.

Melittobia acasta, parasite of flies
in Britain, 22 ; of doubtful
value for introduction into Aus-
tralia, 174.

Mellinus, predaceous on Stomoxys
calcitrans, 103.

mcllonclla, Galleria.

melophagi, Crithidia ; Rickettsia ;

Trypanosoma.
Melophagus ovinus, 34 ; experi-
ments on mice with Crithidia
melophagi from, 42 ; convening
trypanosomiasis of sheep in
Germany, 45 ; carrying Rickettsia
melophagi, 61.
mendicus, Tabanus.
Menolepis, 32.

INDEX.

259

Menopon biseriahim (Large T'ody-
louse), measures against, on fowls,
13, 127 ; on poultry in Australia,
164.
Menopon pallidiini (Small Body-
louse), on poultry in Australia,
164 ; measures against, on fowls,
13, 127.
mercurator, Aedes.
Mercury Ointment, not recom-
mended against PhUiirus pubis,
211.
Meriila migralovia propinqiia, nests
of, infested with Phormia metallica
in U.S.A., 68.
Mesogonistiiis chaetodon, destroy-
ing mosquito larvae in U.S.A.,
129.
Mesopotamia, biting flies and
disease in, 15 ; house-flies and
dysentery in, 69, 110 ; mosquitos
and malaria in, 49, 111 ; climate
of, unsuitable to Pediculus
hunianus, 134.
metalepticus, A edes.
metallica, Phormia.
Meteorological Conditions, effect of,

on flies in U.S.A., 186.
Mexico, new mosquito from, 102.
Miamyia, gen. n., 32.
Mice, experiments with insect
flagellates and, 41, 88 ; effect of
inoculation with Spivochaeta
peviplanetae on, 154 ; Trypano-
soma venezuelense inoculated
into, 185.
Microphthirus, gen. n., 71.
Microphthirus uncinatus, 71.
microplus, Boophilus [Margaropits]

annulatus.
microstoma, Habronema .
Microstylum oberthiiri, predaceous

on Tabanids in Formosa, 119.

Military Camps, measures against

house-flies in, 20 ; measures

against mosquitos in, 78, 186.

Milk, contaminated with Aphio-

chaeta scalaris in Georgia, 187.
niimeticus, Ciilex.

miniatiis, Argas (see A. persicus).
minimus. Anopheles ; Toxorhyn-

chitas {Megarhinus).
minuscula, Haematopota.
minusciilaria, Haematopota.
minutilla, Pisobia.
minutus, Phlebotomus.
mi sera, Sarcophaga.
missouviensis, Hyletastes.
Mites, 137 ; predaceous on flies in
Britain, 22 ; infesting rabbits
and guinea-pigs in British Isles,

(2289)

201 ; on Pitymys savii in Italy,
201 ; transmitting Haemococcids
of lizards in Spain, 208 ; measures
against, on fowls in ILS.A., 14,
84 ; attacking man in U.S.A.,
180 ; new species of, on birds,
166 ; calcium sulphide against,
220 ; In'drocyanic acid against,
168 ; in fodder, causing disease
in domestic animals, 134 ; not
transmitting swamp fever of
horses, 92.
Mochlonvx, respiration of larvae

of, 118.
Mochlostyrax (see Ciilex).
modestus, Culex.
modicus, Tabanns.
Mollieinsia latipinna, destroying

mosquito larvae in U.S.A., 129,
Moluccas, mosquitos in, 136, 152,

153.
mohiccensis, A nopheles annulipes.
Monkey, Acari in lungs of, 198 ;
Trypanosoma venezuelense inocu-
lated into, 185 ; susceptible to
infection with tsutsugamushi
disease in Formosa, 37.
Monomoriiim bicolor, causing
oedema of eyelids of man
Sudan, 190.
montaniis. Anopheles albotaeniatus.
monticola, Simiilium.
montivagus, Culicoides.
mordax, Tabanus.
Morellia hortoriim, in British Isles,

22.
Morocco, Boophilus annulatus
calcaratus from, 66 ; measures
against horse mange in, 109 ;
malaria in, 144 ; new mosquito
from, 48 ; trypanosomiasis of
dogs in, 80.
morsitans, Glossina ; Theobaldia

(Culicella) .
Mosquito Uarvae, breeding places
of, 11, 12, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
32, 33, 35, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60,
67, 84, 85, 87, 88, 93, 94, 106,
107, 111, 112, 136, 139, 153,
156, 157, 165, 174, 175, 178,
186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193,
200, 211, 214, 219, 222, 223 ;
drainage against, 30, 65 ; oihng
against, 32, 63, 65, 85, 90, 130,
139, 165, 176, 186, 190, 191,
194 ; flsh against, 51, 63, 65,
91, 94, 106, 123, 128, 129, 165,
193 ; other natural enemies of,
63, 163 ; value of ducks against,
128 ; relation of vegetation to,
61, 66, 110, 222, 223 ; respiration

d2

260

INDEX.

of, 117, 118 ; effect of picric acid
on, 211 ; effect of salt on, 223 ;
effect of trioxvmethylene on, 166,
167.
Mosquito Larvicides, 90.
Mosquito Net, military pattern of,

212.
Mosquitos, and anthrax, 105 ; and
filariasis, 12, 107, 115, 116, 146,
173 ; flagellates found in, 88 ;
and malaria, 5, 14, 18, 25, 33,
35, 39, 40, 50, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65,
67, 79, 81. 84, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94,
102, 106, 107, 111, 112, 116,
124, 125, 130, 135, 136, 139,
141-144, 152, 153, 161, 164, 169,
171, 172, 176, 177, 178, 180,
181, 188, 189, 190, 192, 194,
196, 200, 205, 213, 21*4, 218,
221-224 ; possibly transmittmg
recurrent fever, 196 ; not found to
transmit swamp fever of horses,92 ;
possible carriers of trypanosomes,
147 ; and yellow fever, 79, 95, 102,
113, 189 ;" in East Africa, 164 ;
in West Africa, 18 ; in Albania,
87 ; in Algeria, 181 ; in Argen-
tina, 107 ; in Asia Minor, 152 ;
in Australia, 174 ; in Austria,
116 ; in British Isles, 124, 125,
139, 176, 177, 192 ; in Brazil,
25 ; in Canada, 101, 140 ; m
Ceylon, 50 ; distribution of, in
Far Eastern ports, 113 ; in
Egypt, 34, 180 ; in France, 33,
39, 40, 67, 81, 141-144, 211, 218,
224 ; bionomics of, in Germany,
26, 27, 28, 29, 62, 63, 120, 121,
135, 169, 171, 172, 213, 214 ; in
Greece, 81 ; in British Guiana,
189 ; in India, 5, 43, 106, 161 ;
bionomics of, in Dutch East
Indies, 53, 54, 55, 56, 135, 136,
152, 153 ; in Italy, 139, 192,
221-224 ; in Macedonia, 48, 87,
90, 190 ; in Malaya, 79, 84,
218 ; in Mesopotamia, 111 ; in
Nigeria, 217 ; in Palestine, 49,
51, 60, 91 ; in Panama, 196 ; in
the Pyrenees, 76 ; in Siam, 113 ;
in Siberia, 59, 137, 207 ; in
U.S.A., 5, 14, 30, 58, 63, 64, 65,
78, 92, 93, 94, 104, 107, 115, 130,
138, 158, 178, 186, 194, 200, 205 ;
in Venezuela, 147 ; in West
Indies, 101 ; in Zanzibar, 112 ;
classification of, 9, 31, 32, 33,
35, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56. 59, 60, 76,
95, 97, 101, 102, 136, 137, 156,
171, 207, 208, 209 ; anatomy of,
97, 156, 209 ; measures against,

26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51, 63, 78, 104,
120, 121, 138, 186 ; cost of

measures against, 64, 93 ;
fumigation against, 168, 221 ;
hand collection of, 196 ; traps for,
65, 158, 219 ; repellents for, 2,
158, 165, 171, 172 ; natural
enemies of, 34 ; bats of doubtful
value against, 203 ; presence of
domestic animals a protection
against, 33, 98, 141-144 ; treat-
ment of eggs of, under laboratory
conditions, 48 ; hibernation of,

27, 28, 29 ; development of
malaria parasite in, 188 ; swarm-
ing of, 94 ; thermotropism in,
154.

Motacilla alba, Liponyssus silvarum

on, in Russia, 166.
moubata, Ornithodorus.
Mucidus scatophagoides, breeding

places of, in South Africa, 9.
muelleri, Aedes [Heteronycha).
Mitgil macrolepis, against mosquito

larvae in East Africa, 165.
Mules, losses in, due to anthrax in
South Africa, 5 ; Gastrophilus
spp. infesting, in South Africa,
7 ; infested with Trypanosoma
eqninum in Brazil, 27 ; a pre-
ferred host of Anopheles maculi-
pennis in France, 142 ; trypano-
somiasis of, in Venezuela, 147 ;
toxic effects of Gastrophilus larvae
on, 8 ; treatment of mange on,
98, 109.
multispinosiis, Culex [Mochlostyrax).
murreus, Tabanus.
Murrina (see Trypanosoma

hippicum) .
Mus agrarius, host of Trombidium

akamushi in Formosa, 37.
Mus alexandrinus, host of Hymeno-
lepis diminuta, 85 ; and plague
at Naples, 202.
Mus decumanus, host of Trom-
bidium akamushi in Formosa,
37 ; infected with Spirochaeta
icterohaemorrhagiae in Paris,
140 ; and plague at Naples,
202 ; fumigation with chloro-
picrin against, 76.
Mus diardii, incorrectly recorded

as M. griseiventer in Java, 71.
Mus griseiventer, M. diardii incor-
rectly recorded as, in Java, 71.
Mus musculus, host of Trombidium
akamushi in Formosa, 37 ; of
little importance as a plague
carrier at Naples, 202 ; host of
Hymenolepis diminuta, 85.

IXDEX.

261

Mus norvegicits, liost of Hymeno-
lepis dimmiUa, 85.

Mus rattiis, and pkigue at Naples,
202 ; host of Hymenolepis dimi-
nuta, 85.

Mils rattus brevicaudatus , subsp. n.,
formerly recorded as M . diavdii
in Java, 71.

Mus rattus rufescens, host of Trom-
bidiuni akamushi in Formosa, 37.

Mus sylvaticus, host of Hymeno-
lepis diminuta, 85.

Musca angustifyoiis (see M.
humilis).

Musca [Viviparomiisca) australis
(Jergusoni), in Queensland, 174,
187, 189 ; transmission of Habro-
nema spp. b}-, 187 ; not experi-
mentally transmitting oncho-
cerciasis, 174.

Musca bezzii, attacking cattle in
India, 159.

Musca corvina, natural enemies of,
in British Isles, 22.

Musca divavicata, bionomics of, in
India, 159, 160.

Musca domestica, 122 ; new para-
site of, in Argentina, 61 ; mea-
sures against, in Argentina, 148 ;
transmitting Habronema to do-
mestic animals in Australia, 51,
187 ; parasites of, in British
Isles, 218 ; in Poland, 119, 193 ;
in Sumatra, 71 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 30, 127, 186 ;
baits for, 30 ; convening an-
thrax, 105 ; and dysentery, 75 ;
a doubtful carrier of hog cholera,
99 ; Pedi cuius carried by, 145 ;
larvae of, not causing limberneck
in poultry, 204 ; fumigation
with hydrocyanic-acid against,
121 ; hibernation of, 193 ; larvae
of, attacking snails, 24 ; migra-
tory powers of larvae of, 35 ;
(see House-flies).

Musca domestica deter mi nata, and
disease in Mesopotamia, 15.

Musca euteniata (see M. humilis).

Musca fergusoni (see M. australis).

Musca hilli, sp. n., bionomics of,
in Queensland, 187, 189 ; trans-
mission of Habronejiia spp. by,
187. [

Musca humilis, and disease in
Mesopotamia, 15.

Musca promisca, bionomics .of, in
India, 159, 160.

Musca terraereginac, sp. n., trans-
mission of Habro)ie))ia spp. by, in
Queensland, 187, 189 ; not ex-

perimentally transmitting oncho-
cerciasis, 174.

Musca [Eumusca) vetustissima,
transmission of Habronema spp.
by, in Queensland, 187, 189 ;
not experimentally transmit-
ting onchocerciasis, 174.

muscae, Empusa ; Habronema ;
Spalangia.

muscae-domesticae , Herpctomonas.

muscarum, Agamospirura ; Ste-
nomalus .

muscidarum, Spalangia.

Muscidifurax raptor, parasite of
flies in Britain, 22.

Muscina stabulans, parasitised by
Dibrachvs cavus in Britain, 22 ;
in Poland, 119 ; bred from rot-
ting potatoes in Queensland, 189.

niusculi, Leptopsylla.

mutans. Sarcoptes ; Theileria.

Mutilla auxiliaris, sp. n., parasite
of Glossina morsitans in Portu-
guese East Africa, 113.

Mutilla benefactrix, parasite of
Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland,
207.

Mutilla glossinae, 113 ; parasite
of Glossina morsitans in Nyasa-
land, 206.

Mydaea, infesting birds' nests in
Central and South America, 69.

Myiasis, caused by Cochliomyia
macellaria in Brazil, 3 ; in man,
caused by Aphiochaeta sp., 187 ;
of cattle in Rhodesia, 199 ;
ocular, flies causing, in man, 66,
151, 169.

Mvobia, on Pilvmvs savii in Italy,
201.

MvriophyUum spicatum, favouring
the breeding of Anophelines in
Italy, 222.

Mj'tilene, ticks on domestic
animals in, 146.

Myzomyia (see Anopheles).

Myzomyia flavus (see Anopheles
maculatus) .

Myzorhynchus (see .inopheles).

N,

nantuckensis, Tabanus.

nanulus, Culicoides.

Naphthaline, against lice, 13, 107,
127, 197 ; in i-epellents for house-
flies, 157.

262

INDEX.

Naples, plague and rats at, 202.

nasalis, Gaslrophilus ; Rhinoestrus

(see R. purpureiis).
Nasonia brevicornis, parasite of
Muscids in Australia, 174 ; para-
site of flies in Britain, 22, 218 ;
liberation of, against sheep-mag-
got flies in New South Wales, 13.
nasuius, Rhodniiis.
nebulosa, Culiciomyia.
Necremnus leucarthros, parasite of

flies in Britain, 22.
Necrobia ruficollis, bionomics of, in

British Isles, 58.
Necrobia rufipes, found in copra,

150.
Necrophonts humator, predaceous

on flies in Britain, 22-
neireti, Uranotaenia.
nemoralis, Tabanus.
nemorosus, Ochlerotatus [A edes,

Culex) .
Neocalliphora ochvacea (Large Red

Blow-Fly), in Queensland, 73.
Neoculex, a subgenus of Ciilex, 101.
Neomvzomyia (see Anopheles).
Nepa cinerea, experiments on mice

with flagellates of, 42.
nervosa, Aspilota.
New England, northern limit of

malaria in, 14.
New Guinea, mosquitos from, 136,

152.
New Zealand, legislation against
cattle ticks in, 34 ; new mosquito
from, 48 ; measures against
Haemaphysalis bispinosa in, 206.
nicceriensis, Culex.
Nicotine, against mites on fowls,

75, 127.
nidicola, Hylemyia.
Nigeria, trypanosomiasis of domestic
animals in, 180 ; biting flies of,
217.
nigeriensis, Ochlerotatus.
nigerrimus, Phlebotomus perniciosus.
nigrinus, Ochlerotatus.
nigripes, A edes (see A. alpinus) ;
Anopheles [Coelodiazesis] (see A.
plumbeus) ; Chrysops.
nilgiricus, Culex.
nitens, Rhipicephalus.
Nitre Cake, against mosquito larvae,

65.
niveopalpis, Anopheles,
niveovittata, Erephopsis.
niveus, Dermacentor reticulatus.
nivipes, Anopheles fuliginosus.
non-liquefaciens, Bacillus rnelo-
lonthae.

Notemigonus chrysoleucus, destroy-
ing mosquito larvae in U.S.A.,
129.

notoscriptus, Ochlerotatus [Sctito-
myia) .

novumbrosus, Anopheles.

Nuttallia, causing piroplasmosis of
horses in East Africa, 211.

Nuttallia equi, 152 ; distinct from
Piroplasma caballi, 45 ; probably
not transmitted by Ixodes ricinus,
46, 194.

Nvasaland, bionomics of Glossina
in, 206 ; insect-borne diseases
of domestic animals in, 70 ; list
of ticks from, 33.

Nyssomyzomyia (see Anopheles).

Nyssorhvnchus (see Anopheles).

o.

Oak, Anopheles plumbeus not breed-
ing in, in British Isles, 157.
oberthuri, Microstylum.
occidentalis, Anopheles (see A.

quadrimaculatus) .
occulta, Wyeomyia.
Ochlerotatus, breeding places of, in

Britain, 193.
Ochlerotatus albocephalus, in East

Africa, 164.
Ochlevotatus (A edes) annulipes, in

Germany, 214 ; in the Pyrenees,

76.
Ochlerotatus antipodeus, sp. n., from

New Zealand, 48.
Ochlerotatus argenteopunctatus,

breeding places of, in South

Africa, 9.
Ochlerotatus cantator, in U.S.A., 30.
Ochlerotatus caspiiis, breeding places

of, in Egypt, 35 ; in the Pyrenees,

76 ; synonymy of, 35, 49.
Ochlerotatus caspius var. hargreavesi,

n., from Italy, 50.
Ochlerotatus (A edes) curriei, in

Canada, 101 ; synonymy of, 49.
Ochlerotatus divcrsus (see O. rusticus).
Ochlerotatus dorsalis, in the Balkans,

87 ; bionomics of, in Germany,

27, 214 ; in Mesopotamia, 111.
Ochlerotatus dorsalis, auctt. (see

O. caspius).
Ochlerotatus dorsovittatus, in the

Pyrenees, 76.
Ochlerotatus echinus, .sp. n., from

Macedonia, etc., 48.

INDEX.

263

Ochlerotatus geniciilatus, breeding
places of, in British Isles, 13, 157 ;
in France, 82 ; hibernation of, in
Germany, 27 ; from the Pyrenees,
76 ; O. echinus compared with,
48.

Ochlerotatus hirsuius, breeding places
of, in South Africa, 9 ; breeding
places of, in Gold Coast, 12.

Ochlerotatus ivritans, in Nigeria, 217.

Ochlerotatus lativittatus (see A i'des
onondagensis) .

Ochlerotatus lepidonotus, sp. n., from
Macedonia, 48.

Ochlerotatus longisquamosus (see O.
caspius).

Ochlerotatus iimculatus [Culex
cantans), bionomics of, in Ger-
many, 27, 28, 214 ; O. an null pes
erroneously recorded as, 76.

Ochlerotatus nemorosus, in Egypt,
35 ; bionomics of, in Germany,
27, 28, 214 ; effect of repellent
on, 171.

Ochlerotatus nemorosus salinus, in
Germany, 214 ; O. ciirriei con-
sidered distinct from, 49 ; O.
dorsovittatus erroneousl}' recorded
as, 76.

Ochlerotatus nigeriensis, breeding
places of, in Gold Coast, 12.

Ochlerotatus nigrinus, bionomics of,
in Germany, 27, 28.

Ochlerotatus (Scuiomvia) notoscrip-
tus, in Queensland, 174.

Ochlerotatus oreophilus, in India, 43.

Ochlerotatus {Acdes) ornatus, biono-
mics of, in Germany, 27, 28, 214.

Ochlerotatus pembaensis, in East
Africa, 164.

Ochlerotatus {Aedes) rusticus, in
France, 76 ; bionomics of, in
Germany, 27, 214 ; in Macedonia,
48 ; synonymy of, 49.

Ochlerotatus soUicitans , in U.S.A., 30.

Ochlerotatus (Acdes) sylvestris, in
U.S.A., 30, 105, 194 ; conveying
anthrax, 105.

Ochlerotatus vexans, bionomics of, in
Germany, 27, 28, 214.

ochracea, Neocalliphora.

ochreoflavus, Tabanus.

Ocular Myiasis, in man, 66, 151,
169 ; identity of Oestrids causing,
151.

Oecacus hirundmis (see CAmex).

Oedemagena tarandi, in Lapland, 74.

Oerbiss (see Pseudo-Myiasis).

Oestrids, classification of, 108.

Oestrus oi'is (Nasal Fly), in Queens-
land, 74, 138 ; spread of, in South

Australia, 138 ; possiblx- causing

ocular myiasis in man, 66, 151,

169 ; nicasures against, 138.
Oiling, against mos(|iiit() lar\'ae, 32,

63, 65, 85, 90, 130, 139, 165, 176,

186, 190, 191, 194 ; ineffectiye

against Mansonioides africanus,

176.
okuuiii'anus, Tabaiius.
oldi, Pangonia.
Oliye Oil, against Pediculus liuuia-

nus, 145.
Onchocerca bovis, in Australia, 174.
Onchocerca gibsoni, infesting cattle

in Australia, 173.
Onchocerca volvulus, embrj^o of,

probably causing filarial mange

in man, 183 ; possibly not the

cause of filarial mange in man,

185.
Onchocerciasis, experiments in

transmission of, in Australia, 174.
onondagensis, Aedes ; Culex (see

O. curriei).
Onthophagus bifasciatus, infesting the

human intestine in Ceylon, 160.
Ophiocephales striatus, destroying

mosquito laryae in Malaya, 123.
Ophthalmia, carried by flies, 15, 102.
Ophyra analis, in Queensland, 74.
Ophyra chalcogaster , in Dutch East

Indies, 71.
Ophyra hirtitibia, sp.n., in Dutch

East Indies, 71.
Ophyra simplex, in Dutch East

Indies, 71.
Ophyra spinigera, in Dutch East

Indies, 71.
Opossum, Trvpanoso)ua venczucl-

ense inoculated into, 185.
orbitale, Siinulium .
oreophilus, Ochlerotatus.
Oriental Sore, possibly transmitted

by Phlebotomus, 15,"21, 40.
orientalis, Anopheles puuctulatus ;

Blatta [Periplaneta).
orientis, Tabanus.
ornatum, Siniulium .
ornatus, Ochlerotatus (A edes) .
Ornithodorus lahorensis, conyeying

relapsing feyer in Persia, 197.
Ornithodorus megnini (Spinose Ear

Tick), 99.
Ornithodorus moubata, distribution

of, in the Belgian Congo, 17 ;

in Nyasaland, 33.
Ornithodorus rostratus, not con-
sidered identical with O. turicata,

172.
Ornithodorus savignyi, transmitting

relapsing feyer in Somaliland, 70.

264

INDEX.

Ornithodorus talaje, 89.

Ornithodorus turicata, possibly con-
veying recurrent fever in Vene-
zuela, 2 ; O. rostratus not con-
sidered identical with, 172.

Orpiment, against trypanosomiasis
of domestic animals, 57.

Ortholfersia macleayi, hosts of, in
Queensland, 73.

Orthopodomyia albionensis, sp.n.,
bred from a tree-hole in Epping
Forest, 13, 48.

oryzae, Calandra.

Oryzaephilus siirinamensis (see
Silvanus).

Osca barhata, 208.

Osca lata, 208.

Osca fiilv I fascia, 208.

Ostriches, mites infesting, in South
Africa, 166.

Otis (Bustard), new louse on, in
Angola, 9.

otophila, Haemaphvsalis.

ovina, Spirochaeta.

ovinus, Melophagus.

ovis. Oestrus.

Oxybelus, predaceous on Stomoxys
calcitrans, 103.

Oxytelus tetvacariuatas, in the human
eye, 122.

P.

Pachycrepoideus dubius, parasite of
Muscids in Australia, 174.

Paederus spp., causing dermatitis in
man, 122.

Palestine, domestic animals poisoned
by secretions of locusts in, 195 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 49, 51,
60, 70, 91 ; transmission of
relapsing fever in, 69 ; Tabanidae
of, 110.

palestinensis, Anopheles.

pallidicornis, Culicoides.

pallidipes, Glossina ; Tabanus.

pallidocephalus , Ciilex.

pallidum, Menopon.

pallidus. Anopheles barbirostris.

palpalis, Glossina.

Panama, new mosquitos from, 32,
60, 95 ; measures against mos-
quito larvae in, 32 ; recurrent
fever in, 196 ; Trypanosoma
hippicum causal agent of murrina
in, 185.

Panama Canal Zone, Cochlioinyia
macellaria in, 196 ; mosquitos
and malaria in, 175, 186, 196 ;
new Tabanids from, 156.

Pangoma, not found in Palestine,

111.
Pangonia barbata (see Osca).
Pangonia carpenteri, sp.n., from

Tanganyika Territory, 208.
Pangonia discors, sp.n., from Angola,

208.
Pangonia fulvifascia (see Osca) .
Pangonia inornata (see Diatomi-

neura) .
Pangonia lautissima, sp.n., from

Tanganyika Territory, 208.
Pangonia oldi, bionomics of, in

Belgian Congo, 24.
Pangonia zonata, 24.
papatasii, Phlebotonnis.
papuae. Anopheles [Stethomyia)

aitkeni.
papuana, Haemaphvsalis.
Paradichlorobenzene, against mos-
quito larvae, 32.
Paraffin, against mosquito larvae,

90 ; in repellent for mosquitos,
165.

Paraguay, occurrence of American
trypanosomiasis in, 27 ; blood-
sucking flies from, 25-27 ; new
Tabanid from, 156.

paraguavense, Simuliun) .

paraluridus, Silvius.

paranense, Simulium.

Paris, rats infected with Spiro-
chaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in, 140.

Parkia biglobosa, walls washed with
extract of, against Phlebotomus,
12.

parumspinosa, Cobboldia.

parva, Lucania ; Theileria.

pecaudi, Trypanosoma.

pecoriim, Gastrophilns ; Trypano-
soma.

pedalis, Linognathus.

Pediculoides ventricosns, causing
dermatitis in man, 123.

Pediculus capitis (Head Louse), 4 ;
considered a race of P. hitmanus,
21 : experimentallv feeding on
rodents, 145.

Pediculus corporis, considered a race
of P. humanus, 21.

Pediculus humanus (Body or Clothes
Louse), 4, 210 ; bionomics of,
and measures against, 21, 33, 34,
44, 73, 103, 104, 145 ; effect of
laundry processes on, 158 ;
climate of Mesopotamia unsuita-
ble to, 134 ; identity of organ-
isms found in, 117 ; synonymy
of, 21, 133 ; and recurrent fever,

91 ; carrying Rickettsia pro-
ivazeki, 61.

INDEX.

265

Pediciilits vestimcniti (see P.

humanus) .
pembaensis, Ochlerotatus.
penicillaris, Culex (Culicada) (sec

Ochlerotatus caspius).
penetrans, Dermatophilus {Sarco-

psylla) .
peribieptns, Culex (Choeroporpa).
Periplaneta americana, bait for,

124.
Periplaneta orientalis (see Blatta).
periplanetae, Hcvpetomonas ; Spiro-

chaeta.
perniciosus, Phlebotomus.
Pernicious Anaemia of Horses (see

Swamp Fever) .
Persia, carriers oi relapsing fever

in, 69, 72, 197.
persiciis, Argas.
personata, Phaonia.
pertinax, Simulium.
perturbans, Haematopota.
Peru, human trypanosomiasis in,

65, 97 ; habits of Latrodectus

mactans in, 42 ; Phlebotonnis

possibly transmitting verruga in,

21 ; recurrent fever in, 78 ; new

Tabanids from, 156.
Peste Boba (see Trypanosonia

venezuelense).
pefersoni, Culex (Transculicia) .
Pctrochelidon fulva poeciloma,

useful against Lyperosia irritans

in Porto Rico, 201-
Petroleum, against parasites of

domestic animals, 99, 185, 200 ;

in repellents tor house-flies, 157 ;

against mosquito larvae, 221 ;

against Pediculus humanus, 145 ;

effect of, on eggs of Stegomyia

fasciata, 38.
Phaonia pevsonata, in Queensland,

189.
pharoensis. Anopheles.
Plieasants, hosts of Trombidiuni

akaynushi in Formosa, 37.
Phenol-resin Soap Emulsion, against

mosquito larvae, 176.
Philaematomvia crassirostris, in

Dutch East Indies, 71.
Philippines, swarming of Anophe-

line mosquitos in, 94.
phlabistus, Culex {Choeropovpa).
phlebotomi, Herpetomonas.
Phlebotomus, diseases conveyed by,

21 ; probably conveying Oriental

sore in Algeria, 40 ; European

species of, 108 ; in Gold Coast,

12 ; transmitting sandflv fever,

151.

Phlebotomus cau.casicus (see P.
sergenti).

Phlebotomus duboscqui, iinatomy of,
21.

Phlebotomus ingrami, in Africa, 21.

Phlebotomus Icgeri (see P. pernicio-
sus) .

Phlebotomus longipalpis, in Brazil
and Paraguay, 26.

Phlebotomus lusitanicus (see P.
perniciosus).

Phlebotomus mascittii, 108 ; iu Itah',
21.

Phlebotomus minutus, 108 ; probablv
conveying Oriental sore in Meso-
pcitamia, 15 ; anatomy and distri-
bution of, 20, 21.

Phlebotomus minutus afiicanus,
anatoniv of, 21.

Phlebotomus papatasii, 108 ; and
sandflv fever in Dardanelles, 45 ;
probably conveving Oriental sore
in Mesopotamia, 15 ; Herpeto-
monas found in, 89 ; anatomy-
and distribution of, 20, 21.

Phlebotomus perniciosus, 108 ;
anatomv and distribution of, 20,
21.

Phlebotomus perniciosus var.
nigerrimus, in Malta, 108.

Phlebotomus roubaudi (see P.
duboscqui).

Phlebotomus .sergenti, 108 I anatomy
and distribution of, 20, 21.

Phlebotomus simillimus, in Africa,
21.

Phlebotomus walker i, anatomy of.
20.

phlogistus, Culex [Choeroporpa).

Phomyia, 32.

Phora giraudi, larvae of, attacking

snails, 24.
Phormia azurea, natural enemies of,

in British Isles, 22, 218 ; in

Lapland, 74 ; infesting birds'

nests in U.S.A., 68 : synonvmv

of, 52.
Phormia caeritlea, in Lapland, 74.
Phormia groenlandica (see P. azurea) .
Phormia nietallica, sp. n., infesting

birds' nests in l^.S.A., 68.
Phormia regina, Meig. (see

Eu phormia).
Phormia regina, R.-D. (see P.

azurea).
Phosphorus, organic compounds of,

attractive to flies, 160.
Phthirus pubis (Crab Louse), 4, 21 ;

bionomics of, 210.

266

IXDhX.

Phvgadeitoti speculator, parasite of
Calliplioya erythrocephala in
Britain, 22.

Phvllodyomia gertnanica (see

Blattella).

Picric Acid, effect of, on mosquito
larvae, 211.

pictipennis, Culicoides.

pictipes, Rhodmus.

pictum, Simulium.

picfus, Anoplieles (see A. hyycanus).

Pig Louse (see Haematopinus suis).

Pigeons, new mites on, in Texas,
166 ; measures against parasites
(jf, in U.S.A., 84 ; Pedicidus
humanus not expsrimentally feed-
ing on, 145.

pigyitia, Trypanosoma cazalhoiii.

Pigs, measures against parasites of,
52, 99, 107, 138, 200 ; not
susceptible to A iia plasma argen-
titium, 41 ; preferred to man
by mosquitos, 33, 98, 142 ; used
in traps for mosquitos, 219.

pilosus, Trichodectes.

Pine-Tar, in cattle dips, 72.

pipiens, Culex.

Piroplasma, A naplasma not identical
with, 18.

Piroplasma argentinum, transmitted
by Boophilus- annulatiis, 66, 165.

Piroplasma bigeminum, ticks trans-
mitting, in Angola, 167 ; trans-
mitted by Boophilus annulatus in
Brazil, 68 ; transmitted by
Boophilus annulatus in Dominica,
126 ; infesting cattle in Gold
Coast, 62 ; ticks conveying, in
Guam, 74 ; list of ticks trans-
mitting, 165.

Piroplasma bovis, transmitted by
Ixodes ricinus, 165.

Piroplasma caballi, experiments in
transmission of, by ticks, 152 ;
distinct from Nuttallia equi, 45 ;
transmitted by Dermacentor reti-
culatus in Russia, 194.
Piroplasma canis, carried by
Rhipicephalus sanguineus in
Queensland, 74 ; transmitted by
ticks in Tunis, 67.
Piroplasma hudsonius bovis, prob-
ably transmitted by Dermacentor
veniistus in British Columbia, 166.
Piroplasmosis (Redwater), ■ of
domestic animals in East Africa,
148, 211 ; transmitted by Mar-
garopus annulatus microplus in
Argentina, 18 ; of cattle in
Brazil, 66, 187 ; of cattle trans-
mitted by Boophilus annulatus in

Cuba, 31 ; of cattle in Dominica,
128 ; of cattle in France, 19 ; of
dogs conveved by Dermacentor
reticulatus in France, 41 ; of
horses, ticks transmitting, in
Germany, 151, 152 ; of cattle,
ticks conveying in Guam, 74 ; of
horses, ticks conveying, in Mace-
donia, 193, 194 ; of cattle in
Nyasaland, 70 ; of cattle in
Rhodesia, 137, 199 ; of dogs, ticks
transmitting, in Tunisia, 67 ; list of
ticks transmitting, to cattle, 165;
of horses, causative agents of, 45.

Pisobia minutilla, useful against
Lyperosia irritans in Porto Rico,
201.

Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce), in
Brazil, 28 ; mosquitos breeding
amongst, in Panama Canal Zone,
175.

Pity my s savii, parasites of, in Italy,

2oi:

Plague, relation of rat-fleas to, 3,
76, 102, 202 ; ground-squirrels
infected with, in California, 157 ;
not present in French Guiana,
110 ; need for measures against,
in India, 106 ; at Naples, 202.

Plague Flea (see Xenopsylla cheopis).

Planaria, attacking mosquito larvae
in Argentina, 163.

Plasmodium bubalis, sp. n., found
in blood of buffalo in India, 58.

Plasmodium falciparum (see P.
praccox) .

Plasmodium m.alariae (Quartan
Malaria), percentage of, in French
Equatorial Africa, 18 ; not found
in Brazil, 27.

Plasmodium praccox (Malignant
Tertian Malaria), percentage of,
in French Equatorial Africa, 18 ;
in Algeria, 16 ; occurrence of, in
Germany, 63 ; transmission of,
by Anophelines in Malaya, 80 ;
proportion of sexes of gametes of,
108 ; requiring a higher tempera-
ture for development than P.
vivax, 177 ; considered distinct
from P. vivax, 195.

Plasmodium relictum, diagnosis of,
in birds, 39, 166.

Plasmodium vivax (Benign Tertian
Malaria), percentage of, in French
Equatorial Africa, 18 ; infection
of Anophelines with, in British
Isles, 96, 177, 192 ; cases of
malaria due to, in France, 40 ;
transmission of, by Anophelines
in MalsLva., 80 ; longevity of

INDEX.

267

A nopheles quadyiniactilatiis when

infected with, 188 ; chimpanzee

experimentally inoculated with,

217 ; considered distinct from

P. pvaecox, 195.
platensis, Pvospalangia.
pluinbens, Anopheles.
Pneimionyssus foxi, found in the

lungs of a monkey, 198.
Poland, bionomics and control of

house-flies in, 119, 193.
Pollenia rudis, Eiiipusa muscae

possibly hibernating on, 123.
Pollenia stygia (Large Yellow Blow-
Fly), in Queensland, 73.
Pollenia villosa (see P. stygia).
Polietes albolineata, in British Isles,

22.
Polyneuritis, of birds, compared

with limberneck, 204.
Polyplax arvicanthis, sp. n., on

Arvicanthis piDuilio in South

Africa, 9.
Polyplax waterstoni, sp. n., on rats

in South Africa, 9.
Porto Rico, measures against

Lyperosia initans in, 201.
Portugal, Leptomonas davidi trans-
mitted to Euphorbia, by Stenoce-

phalus agilis in, 216; Phlebotomus

sergenti in, 21.
Potaniogeton pectivatus, favouring

the breeding of Anophelines in

Italy, 222, 223.
Potassium, effect of salts of, on

mosquito larvae, 117, 118.
Potassium Cyanide, in trap for

night-flying insects, 64.
Potassium Pentasulphide, against

parasites of fowls, 19.
Potassium Permanganate, against

bites of poisonous spiders, 43.
praecox, Plasmodium,
prehensilis, Macropocopris.
pretoriensis, Anopheles ; Hodo-

termes.
Prohelia (see Ceratopogon).
pvolixus, Rhodnius.
promise a, Musca.
Prosopolcpis flui, sp. n., in Dutch

Guiana, 60.
Prospalangia platensis, gen. et. sp.

n., parasitic on house-flies in

Argentina, 61.
Proteosoma, in birds conveyed by

Ciilex, 39.
proteus X 19, Bacterium,
proviolans, Dinomyia.
pvowazeki, Rickettsia.
Pseudo-Dracvmculosis (see Pseudo-

Myiasis) .

Pseudo-Myiase Rampante, 150.
Pseudo-Mjaasis, in Madagascar, 212.

pseudoakamushi, Trombicitla.

Pseudomenopon rostvatula, sp. n.,
on Rostratula capeiisis in South
Africa, 9.

pseiidomctliysiicus, L c m m a m yia
[Limatus).

pieudopictiis, Anopheles (see A.
hyrcanus) .

pseiidopunctipennis , A nopheles.

Pseudopyrellia, transmission of
Habronema spp. by, in Queens-
land, 187.

pseudotitillans, Taen iorh vnchiis.

Psorophora, in Florida, 158.

Psorophora ciliata, in Paraguay,
26 ; in U.S.A., 58.

Psorophora fioridensis , in U.S.A., 58.

Psorophora jamaicensis, in U.S.A.,
187.

Psorophora sayi {see Janthinosoma).

Psorophora signipennis, in U.S.A.,
187.

Psorophora texana, in U.S.A., 187.

Psoroptes, hydrocyanic acid

against, 168.

Pterolichus bicaudatits, on ostriches
in South Africa, 166.

Pterolichus sculpturatus, sp. n.,
on ostriches in South Africa, 166.

Pterostichus madidus, predaceous.
on flies in Britain, 22.

pubis, Phthirus.

pulchellus, Tabanus.

pulcherrimus, Anopheles.

pulchripalpis, Culex (see Ochlero-
tatus caspius).

Pulex irritans, and disease in man,
3, 76 ; transmitting Dipylidium
caninnm, 115 ; possibly trans-
mitting rheumatic fever, 75.

pulicaris, Culicoides.

pullatus, Aedes.

pumilus, Culicoides.

punctata, Haemaphysalis cinna-
bar ina.

punctaticollis, Culicoides.

punctatus, Culex.

puncticollis, Culicoides.

punctifera, Chrysops.

punctipennis, .4nopheles.

punctor, Aedes.

punctulatus, Anopheles (see A.
tessellatus).

punensis, Tabanus.

pungens, Culex (see Ochlerotatus
rusticus).

purpureus, RJiinoestrus.

pusillus, Cotocripus ; Culex.

Pycnosoma (see Chrysomyia).

268

INDEX.

Pygiopsylla ahalae, and disease in

man, 3.
pygmaeus, Tahanus.
Pyralis farinalis, conveying larva

of Hvmenolepis diminiita, 85.
Pvrellia eriophthalma, in British

'isles, 22.
pyyenaiciis, Culex (see C. apicalis).
Pyrenees, mosquitos of, 76.
Pyrethrum, against lice on pigs,

107 ; against mites on fowls, 75.

Q.

quadratimaculata, Ctilicada (see
Ochlerotatus rusticus).

quadfimaculatus , Anopheles ; Culex
(see Ochlerotatus rusticus).

quarius, Aedes.

qiiasigelidus, Culex.

Queensland, biting flies from, 173,
174 ; parasites of domestic ani-
mals in, 73, 74 ; bionomics of
flies transmitting parasites of
horses in, 187, 188, 189 ; new
genus of beetles found on wal-
labies in, 215.

quinquefasciatus, Culex (see C.
fattgans) .

quinqiiestrialus, Culex (see C.
fatigans) .

quinquevittatus , Eretmopodites.

R.

Rabbits, not susceptible to Ana-
plasma argentinuni, 41 ; Bacte-
rium arsenreducens not patho-
genic to, 7 ; Gastrophilus larvae
not toxic to, 8 ; mites infesting,
112, 201 ; preferred to man by
mosquitos, 33, 98, 142 ; Pedi-
culus humanus experimentally
feeding on, 145 ; Phthirus pubis
able to live on, 211.

radicum, Anthomyia.

rangeli, Trypanosoma.

Ranunculus aquatilis, favouring the
breeding of Anophelines in Italy,
222.

raptor, Muscidifurax.

Rat Flea (see Xenopsvlla cheopis).

Rat-Bite Fever, 76.

Rats, new Anoplura on, in South
Africa, 9 ; measures against, in
Argentina, 129 ; infested with
Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in
Brazil, 184 ; host of Trombidium
akamushi in Formosa, 37 ; correct
names of, in Java, 71 ; infected
with Spirochaeta icterohaemor-
rhagiae in Paris, 140; and plague at
Naples, 202 ; diseases carried by,
76 ; fleas found on, 3, 76 ; host of
Hymenolepis diminuta, 85 ; nym-
phal stages of Laelaps stabularis
on, 221 ; Phthirus pubis able
to live on, 211 ; chloropicrin
against, 76, 137 ; immunity of,
to plague, 202 ; possibly the re-
servoir of rheumatic fever, 75 ;
measures against, on ships, 76,
137.

Recurrent Fever, in North Africa,
196 ; in China, 81 ; in Panama,
196 ; in Peru, 78 ; ticks con-
veving, in Venezuela, 2 ; con-
veVed bv lice, 20, 72, 78, 81, 91,
97, 102, 117, 155, 196, 197 ; lice
not the only carriers of, 91.

recurrentis, Spirochaeta.

Red-legged Tick (see Rhipicephalus
evert si).

Redwater, inoculation of cattle
against, in Rhodesia, 137 ; (see
Piroplasmosis) .

reflexiis, Argas.

regina, Euphormia [Phormia).

regularis, Tabanus.

Relapsing Fever, Arthropods trans-
mitting, in Persia, 72, 197 ; dis-
cussion as to transmission of, by
Argas persicus, 69, 70 ; dis-
tribution of types of, 196 ; com-
parison of louse-borne and tick-
borne forms of, 69, 70.

relictum, Plasmodium.

Repellents, for flies, 157 ; for mos-
quitos, 2, 158, 165, 171, 172.

repleta, Drosophila.

reptans, Sinmlium.

Reptiles, Glossina palpal is prefer-
ring blood of, 100.

Resin Soap, in preparation of
saponified cresol solution, 149.

restuans, Culex.

reticulatus, Dermacentor.

Reviews: — Austen, E. E., The
House-fly, its Life-history and
Practical Measures for its Sup-
pression, 177 ; Balfour, A., War
against Tropical Disease, 124 ;
Byam, W., and others. Trench
Fever, a Louse-borne Disease, 10 ;

INDEX.

269

Henriksen, K. L., Insects and
Human Disease, 83 ; James,
S. P., Malaria at Home and
Abroad, 124 ; Lang, W. D., A
Handbook of British Mosquitos,
139 ; Malkmus, B., The Chnical
Diagnosis of the Internal Di-
seases of Domestic Animals, 137 ;
Wesenberg-Lund, C, Insect Life
in Fresh Waters, 83 ; Wilhelmi,
J., SimuUid Pests, 220.

Rlieumatic Fever, possibly trans-
mitted b};- fleas, 75.

RhinoestvHS, infesting horses in
South Africa, 7 ; possibly causing
ocular myiasis in man, 169.

Rhinoestrus nasalis (see R. pur-
pureus).

Rhinoestrus purpiireus, causing ocu-
lar myiasis in man, 66, 151.

Rhipicephaltts, on cattle in East
Africa, 148.

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

(Brown Tick), transmitting piro-
plasmosis in Angola, 167 ; in
Nyasaland, 33 ; transmitting
African coast fever in Rhodesia,
129 ; experimentally transmit-
ting Piroplasma higeminum,
165 ; transmitting Theileria spp.,
165, 166.

Rhipicephalus bursa, 89 ; probably
transmitting piroplasmosis in
Macedonia, 194 ; on domestic
animals in Mytilene, 146 ; pro-
bablv transmitting Theileria spp.,
165, "166 ; habits of sexes of, 23.

Rhipicephalus capensis (Cape Tick),
in Nyasaland, 33 ; transmitting
African coast fever in Rhodesia,
129 ; transmitting Theileria parva,
165.

Rhipicephalus cvertsi (Red-legged
Tick), in Angola, 167 ; in Nyasa-
land, 33 ; transmitting African
coast fever in Rliodesia, 129 ;
transmitting Nuttallia in horses,
194 ; transmitting Tlieileria spp.,
165, 166.

Rhipicephalus nitens, transmitting
African coast fever in Rhodesia,
129.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 89 ; in
Brazil, 85 ; probably transmit-
ting piroplasmosis in Macedonia,
194 ; on domestic animals in
Mytilene, 146 ; in Queensland,
73, 74 ; transmitting piroplas-
mosis in Tunisia, 67 ; probably
transmitting Theileria spp., 165,
166.

Rhipicephalus sIdius (Black-pitted
Tick), in Nyasaland, 33 ; in
Angola, 167 ; on domestic ani-
mals in ]\Iytilene, 146 ; trans-
mitting African coast fever in
Rhodesia, 129 ; transmitting Ana-
plasma marginale, 166 ; trans-
mitting Theileria spp., 165, 166.

Rhodesia, Northern, I'illa lloydi
parasite of Glossina morsitans in,
207.

Rhodesia, Southern, bionomics of
Glossina ntorsitaus in, 12, 209 ;
ticks and tick-borne diseases in,
79, 129, 137, 198, 199.

rhodesiense, Trypanosoma.

Rhodnius brethesi, sp. n., in Brazil,
41.

Rhodnius lij)!osus, in Brazil, 41,

Rhodnius nasutus, in Brazil, 41.

Rhodnius pictipes, in Brazil, 41.

Rhodnius prolixus, conveying
Chagas' disease in Brazil, 41 ;
flagellates found in, in Vene-
zuela, 16, 183.

richiardii, Taeniorhynchus.

riciniis, Ixodes.

Rickettsia melophagi , carried by
Melophagus ovinus, 61.

Rickettsia prowazeki, carried by
Pediculus humanus, 61.

Rinderpest, experiments with
Glossi}ia and, 10.

riparius, Paederus.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,
and Dermacentor venustus, mea-
sures against, in l^.S.A., 105.

Rodhainomyia, gen. nov., erected
for Cobboldia chrysidifonnis, 108.

roloncetta, Wyeoniyia.

Rose Fever of Cattle, caused by
Hypoderma in Denmark, 82, 83.

rossi, Anopheles (see A. suhpictus).

rostochiensis, Aedes (Ochlerotatus).

Rostratula capensis (Painted Snipe),
new louse on, in South Africa, 9.

rostratula, Pseudomenopon .

rostratus, Ornithodorus.

roubaudi, Phlebotomus (see P. du-
boscqui).

roucouyana, Dendromyia .

roverei, Cobboldia (see Rodhaino-
myia chrysidiformis) .

rubrithorax, Simulium .

rudis, Pollenia.

ruficollis, Necrobia ; Paederus.

rufi fades, Chrysomyia.

rufipes. Anopheles ; Necrobia.

Rumania, typhus and lice in, 98,
145, 146 ; ticks transmitting
piroplasmosis of horses in, 194.

270

INDEX.

rupinae, Tabanus.

Russia, Chelifer cancr aides preda-
ceous on bed-bugs in, 134 ;
Liponyssus silvaruni on Motacilla
alba in, 166 ; new mosquito
from, 49 ; Piroplasma cab'alli
transmitted bv Dermacentor reti-
culatus in, 194.

rusticus, Ochlerotatiis.

Sabadilla, used in spray for cattle

ticks in Cuba, 31.
Sabethes, 32.
Sabethes bipartipes, probably

identical with 5. chroiopus, 60.
Sabethes chroiopus, 60.
Sabethinus, 32 ; larvae of, in Brazil,

26.
Sabethoides, 32.
Sabethoides imperfectus, sp. n.,

attacking man in Dutch Guiana,

59.
sakhalinensis, Haematopota.
Salforkose, fumigation with, against

lice, 77.
salinus, Ochlerotatus [A edes)

nemorosus.
salisburiensis, Culex.
Salt (see Sodium Chloride) .
Sandfly Fever, and Phleboiomus

papatasii in Dardanelles, 45 ;

symptoms of, compared with

tlaose of influenza, 151.
sanguineus, Rhipicephalus.
sanguinolentus , Bdellolarynx.
sanguisugens, Haematobia.
Sanitas-okol, against mosquito

larvae, 90.
sapporoensis, Tabanus.
sapporoenus, Tabanus.
Sapromyza fuscicornis, in Queens-
land, 189.
saramaccensis, Culex [Choeroporpa).
Savcocystis lenella, probably not

transmitted by insects, 180.
Sarcophaga aurifrons (Grey Striped

Flesh-Fly), new parasite of, in

Australia, 60 ; in Queensland,

74.
Sarcophaga carnaria, natural enemies

of, in British Isles, 22 ; in Poland,

119.
Sarcophaga frontalis (Large Striped

Flesh-Fly), in Queensland, 74.
Sarcophaga fuscicauda, infesting

man, 74.

Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, flagel-
lates found in, 88.

Sarcophaga misera, transmission of
Habronema spp. by, in Queens-
land, 187.

sarcophagae, Dirhinus ; Herpeto-
monas.

Sarcopsylla gallinacea (see Echid-
na phaga) .

Sarcopsylla penetrans (see Dermata-
philus) .

Sarcoptes, hydrocyanic acid against,
168.

Sarcoptes laevis (Depluming Mite),
on poultry in Australia, 164.

Sarcoptes mutans, measures against,
on fowls, 127, 164.

Sarcoptes scabiei, forms of, causing
mange on man and animals, 219 ;
causing mange on horses in Den-
mark, 83.

Sarcoptes scabiei equi, causing mange
on horses, 219.

Sarcoptes scabiei suis, measures
against, on pigs, 52, 200.

Sarcoptic Mange, identity of mites
causing, 219.

saurarum, Liponyssus.

savignyi, Ornithodarus.

Saw Palmetto [Seronoa), pollination
of, by Tabanids, 19.

saxatilis, Culex (see C. apicalis).

sayi, Janthinasoma [Psorophora).

scabiei, Sarcoptes.

Scabies, measures against, in
domestic animals, 98, 99 ;
measures against, in man, 197 ;
(see Mange).

scalaris, Aphiochaeta ; Homalomyia
{Fannia) ; Trichodectes.

scapularis, Culex (see C. canfirmatus) .

Scarlet Fever, possibly transmitted
by fleas, 75.

Scatopliaga stercoraria, natural
enemies of, in British Isles, 22.

scatophagoides, Mucidus.

Scaurus striatus, conveying larva
of Hymenolepis diminuta, 85.

Schistosomum haematobium, Bul-
linus contortus the intermediate
host of, 51.

Schizotrypanum cruzi (see Trypano-
soma).

schwetzi, Corizoneuva.

Screw-worm Fly (see Cachliomyia
niacellaria) .

sculpturatus, Pterolichus.

scupense, Hyalamma.

Scutamyia natoscriptus (see Ochlero-
tatus) .

secunda, Culex (Carrallia).

INDcX.

271

selengensis, A nopheles.

semicnntans, Aedes [Ochlerotatiis].

senile, Simulium.

septentrionalis, Tabanus.

ssrgenti, Anopheles ; Plilebotomus.

sericata, Lucilia.

Seronoa (see Saw Palmetto).

serratus, Ciilex.

sewelli, Haematopoia.

Seychelles, new Tabanids from, 175.

Sheep, little attacked by anthrax
in South Africa, 5 ; dermatitis
of, in East Africa, 148 ; measures
against parasites of, in Australia,
13, 73, 74, 75, 138, 206 ; louping-
ill transmitted to, by ticks in
British Isles, 56 ; trypanoso-
miasis conveyed to, by Melo-
phagus ovinus in Germany, 45 ;
poisoned by secretions of locusts
in Palestine, 195 ; measures
against parasites of, in U.S.A.,
98 ; susceptible to Anaplasma
argentinum, 41 ; preferred to
man by Anopheles maculipennis,
33, 142 ; toxic effects of Gastro-
ph Hits larvae on, 8 ; infested with
Oestrus avis, 66 ; Sarcocystis
tenella probably not transmitted
to, by insects, 180 ; effect of
inoculation with Trypanosoma
rhodesiense on, 126 ; dips for, 130.

Sheep Louse (see Linognathus
pedal is}.

Sheep Maggot Flies, measures
against, in Australia, 13, 206.

Shiny Brown Tick (see Rhipice-
phalus nitens) .

Ships, measures against rats on,
76, 137.

Short-Nosed Cattle Louse (see
Haematopinus eurysternus).

shropshirei, Trichoprosopon [Job-
lotia).

Siam, mosquitos in, 113.

Siberia, new mosquitos from, 59,
137, 207.

siberica, Trichocera.

siberiensis, Theobaldia.

signipennis, Psorophora.

silacea, Chrysops.

Silvanus sitrinamensis, found in
copra, 150.

silvarum, Liponyssus.

Silver Nitrate, against parasites of
fowls, 19.

Silvius jonesi, sp. n., in North
America, 84.

Silvius paraluridus, sp. n., in New
South Wales, 173.

similis, Citlex.

simillinius, Plilebotomus.

simlensis, Anopheles.

simplex, Ophyra.

simpsoni, Culex ; Stegomyia.

Simuliids, bionomics and control
of, in (iermanv, 112, 114, 215,
217, 220 ; classilication of, 215.

Simulium amazonicum, habits of,
in Brazil, 25, 26.

Simulium angustipes, sp. n., in
Germany, 215.

Simulium angustitavse, occurrence
of, in Switzerland, 134 ; 5.
aureuni recorded as, 215.

Simulium argyreatum, sp. n., 114 ;
in Germany, 215.

Simulium aureohirtum, in India,
30.

Simulium aureum, previously re-
corded as 5. angustitavse, 215.

Simulium auricoma, sp. n., in Ger-
many, 215.

Simulium costatum, sp. n., in Ger-
many, previously recorded as
S. maculatum, 215.

Simulium hirtipes, sp. n., in Ger-
many, 215.

Simulium incrustatum, in Brazil, 26.

Simulium indicum, in India, 30.

Simulium inexorabile, considered a
S3aionym of S. pertinax, 26.

Simulium lalipes, sp. n., in Ger-
many, 215.

Simulium ■maculatutii, bionomics of,
in Germany, 114, 134 ; S. cos-
tatum recorded as, 215.

Simulium monticola, sp. n., in
Germany, 215.

Simulium orbitale, liabits of, in
Brazil, 26.

Simulium ornatum, in Germanv,
215.

Simulium paraguaycnse , distribution
of, in South America, 26.

Simulium paranense, in Paraguay,
26.

Simulium pertinax, distribution of,
in South America, 26.

Simulium pictum, sp. n., in Ger-
many, 215.

Simulium reptans, attacking cattle
in Germany, 114, 134, 2i5, 217.

Simulium rubrithorax, in Argentina,
26.

Simulium senile, in India, 30.

Simulium subpallidum, in Para-
guay, 26.

Simulium subvivide, sp. n., in
Brazil, 26.

Simulium venefica, sp. n., in Ger-
manv, 215.

272

INDEX.

sintus, Rliipicephalus.

sinensis, Anopheles (see A. hyrca-
nus) ; Chrysops.

Siphonella funicola (see Siphun-
culina) .

Siphunculina funicola, in India, 43.

sitiens, Culex.

Situtunga, Glossina palpalis feeding
on, in Uganda, 132.

Sleeping Sickness, and Glossina in
Belgian Congo, 42, 43, 67 ; pro-
posed measures against, in East
Africa, 170 ; trypanosomes
causing, in East Africa, 126 ;
and Glossina in French Congo,
154 ; relative immunity of man
to, in Gambia, 191 ; in Kamerun,
150 ; and Glossina in Uganda,
23 ; Rhodesian, local foci of, in
East Africa, 46-48.

Snails, fly larvae attacking, 24.

Soamin, treatment of surra with, 50.

Soap, effect of, on eggs of Stegomyia
fasciata, 38.

Sodium, phenol salts of, against
lice, 73 ; effect of salts of, on
mosquito larvae, 117, 118.

Sodium Arsenite, in dips, effect of,
on cattle, 6 ; in baits for house-
flies, 30.

Sodium Bicarbonate, against mange
on horses, 114.

Sodium Carbonate, in cattle dips,
72 ; in formula for treating
mange on camels, 131.

Sodium Chloride, effect of, on lice,
33 ; effect of, on mosquito larvae,
223.

Sodium Cyanide, against early
stages of house-flies, 121 ; against
mosquito larvae, 221.

Sodium Fluoride, against parasites
of fowls, 14, 84.

Sodium Hyposulphite, against
lice, 44.

Sodium Methansulphoxylate, thio-
metamethylene prepared from,
98.

Sodium Sulphide, against mange on
domestic animals, 98.

sollicitans, Ochlerotatiis [A edes)

Somaliland, transmission of relaps-
ing fever by Ornithodorus savignyi
in, 70.

sordida, Triatoma.

Souma (see Trypanosoma cazalboui).

Spain, Anaplasma marginale pro-
bably imported into South
America from, 166 ; effect of
Chara foetida on mosquito larvae
in, 61 ; Haemococcids of lizards

transmitted by Liponyssns saura-
rum in, 208 ; Phlebotomus spp.
from, 21.

Spalangia hiria, parasite of flies in
Britain, 22.

Spalangia niuscae, parasite of Sto-
moxys calcitrans in Germany, 103.

Spalangia muscidarum, parasite of
Muscids in Australia, 174.

Spaniopsis clelandi, in New South
Wales, 127.

Spaniopsis longicornis, in New South
Wales, 127.

Spaniopsis marginipennis, in New
South Wales, 127.

Spaniopsis tabaniformis, in Tas-
mania, 127.

Spaniopsis vexans, in New South
Whales, 127.

Spanish Chestnuts, Anopheles plum-
bens not breeding in, in British
Isles, 157.

Sparrows, value of, against Lype-
rosia irritans in Hawaii, 173 ;
parasites of, in U.S.A., 75, 166.

spathipalpis, Theobaldia (see T.
longiareolafa).

speculator, Phygadeuon.

Spilopsyllus citniculi, attacking man,
4.

spinigera, Ophyra.

spinipes, Glycyphagus.

spinosa, Akis.

Spinose Ear Tick (see Ornitho-
dorus megnini).

Spirochaeta eqiii, a synonym of 5.
theileri, 67.

Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae , rats
infected with, in Paris, 140 ; in
rats in Brazil, 184 ; (see Jaundice).

Spirochaeta ovina, a svnonvm of S.
theileri, 67.

Spirochaeta periplanetae, sp. n.,
found in cockroaches, 154.

Spirochaeta recurrentis, possible
transmitters of, in Panama, 196 ;
conveyed by lice, 20 ; (see Re-
current Fever).

Spirochaetes, evolution of, in
lice, 97.

Spirochaetosis, of cattle, experi-
ments in transmission of, in
France, 66.

Spirochaetosis, Human, in Vene-
zuela, 2.

Spirogyra, Anophelines breeding
amongst, in Palestine, 51 ; effect
of presence of, on mosquito larvae,
223.

spissipes, Culex.

splendida, Wyeomyia.

INDEX.

273

Sprayers, for use against mosquito
larvae, 191.

Spurge {Euphorbia segetalis), T.epto-
inonas found in Stenoceplia/is
agilis on, 17.

squamigcr, A eck's,

sqttariiosiis, A iiopheles.

stabida ns, Muse ina.

stabulavis, Laelaps.

Steam, against bed-bugs, 129.

Stegoniyia, in French Equatorial
Africa, 18 ; found at Aleppo,
153 ; .in I'lorida, 158 ; new
species of, in Queensland, 174 ;
effect of Chaya foetida on, 61 ;
conveying Leptospira icieroidcs,
79 ; destruction of, necessary to
eliminate yellow fever, 95.

Stcgoiiiyia calopus (sec 5. Jasciata).

Sicgoiuyia jasciata, in East Africa,
164 ; larvae of, attacked bv
Plan aria in Argentina, 163 ; bio-
nomics of, under laboratory con-
ditions in Australia, 38 ; trans-
mission of Filaria iiiiimtis by, in
Australia, 173 ; in the Balkans,
87 ; in Brazil, 25 ; in Egypt, 35 ;
distribution of, in Far Eastern
ports, 113 ; found in Epping
Forest, 13 ; breeding places of,
in Gold Coast, 11, 12 ; in
Nigeria, 217 ; scarce in Mesopo-
tamia, 111 ; measures against,
in Panama Tanal Zone, 32, 186 ;
in U.S.A., 58, 78, 187 ; not con-
veying Filaria bancrofti in U.S..\.,
116 ; chj,etotaxy of pupa of, 50 ;
longevity of, when infected with
parasites, 189 ; effect of heat on,
156 ; effect of low temperatures
on, 202 ; effect of thvmol on,
171.

Stegoniyia fasciata var. atritarsis, in
the Gold Coast, 50.

Stegomvia simpsoni, in East Africa,
i64.

Stegoniyia siigens (see 5. vittata).

Stegoniyia vittata {sugens), probably
recorded in error from Egypt, 35 ;
breeding places of, in Gold Coast,
11, 12.

Stenocephalus agilis, transmitting
Leptomonas davidi to Euphorbia,
17, 216.

Stenonialus niuscarum, associated
with hibernated flies in Britain,
22.

Stoiopterina gigas, in Ouecnsland,
189.

step/iensi, A nopheles.

stercoraria, Scatophaga .

(2289)

Stethoniyia (see Anopheles).

Stichoce'ra, n.n., for Dicrania- and
Dicranomvia, 156.

Stickleback, value of, against mos-
quito larvae in Britain, 193.

stiniulans, Aedes.

Stonioxvs, in India, 50 J transmit-
ting trvpanosomiasis in Nigeria,
180 ; trypanosomes not found
in, in Venezuela, 147.

Stonioxvs briiniiipes, in Dutch East
Indies, 71.

Stonioxys calcitrans, new parasite of,
in Argentina, 61 ; transmitting
Hahronenia spp. in Australia, 51,
187 ; conveving tr\-panosomia-
sis in the T^elgian Congo, 17 ;
bionomics of, in Germany, 103 ;
in India, 31 ; in Sumatra, 71 ;
measures against, in F.S.A., 30,
35, 92, 186, 189 ; possibly trans-
mitting foot and mouth disease,
168 ; experimentally conveving
hog cholera, 99 ; transmitting
swamp fever of horses, 92 ; fumi-
gation with hydrocyanic acid
against, 121 ; effect of meteoro-
logical conditions on, 186 ; baits
for, 30.

striaticeps, Tronibidinin.

striatus. Sea urns.

Strickeria jiirgensi, gen. et sp. n.,
in lice, possibly identical with
Bacterium proteus X19, 117.

Stygeronivia. maculosa, in India, 31.

stylifer, Goniodes.

subcallosus, Therioplectes.

subfasciipennis , Culicoides.

subpallidum, Simnlium .

subpictus, Anopheles.

subspinosus, Macrodactyliis.

sitbtilis, Grabhamia. (see Ochlerotatus
caspiiis) .

subviride, Siniulitini.

Sudan, ants causing oedema of eye-
lids of man in, 190.

Sugar, in baits for houseflies, 175.

sugens, Stegoniyia (see 5. vittata).

suis, Deniodex folliculorum ; Haenia-
topinus ; Sarcoptes scabiei .

Sulphur, experiments with, against
lice, 145 ; formulae for, for
treating mange on camels, 131 ;
against mange on horses, 114.
153, 220 ; against mites on
fowls, 14, 75, 84, 127 ; fumiga-
tion with, against house-flies,
127 ; apparatus for fumigating
with, 3 ; derived from tliiome-
tamethylene, 98.

274

INDEX.

Sulphur Dioxide, fumigation with,
against fleas and Uce, 77, 114,
197.

Sulpliuretted Hydrogen, odour of,
attractive to flies, 160; derived
from tliiometamethylene, 98.

Sulphuric Anhydride, apparatus for
producing, 3.

Sulphurous Anhydride, against lice,
44 ; apparatus for producing, 3.

Sumatra, Anthomyiids from, 71.

surinamensis, Sih'anns [Oryzae-
philus) .

Surra, among domestic animals in
India, 50 ; mechanical trans-
mission of, 171 ; (see Trypano-
soma evansi).

susae, Culicoides.

Swamp Cancer, possil)ly due to
Hnhronciua mcgastoma in Aus-
tralia, 51.

Swamp Fever (Infectious Anaemia
of Horses), transmitted by insects
in U.S.A., 92 ; not con.sidered to
be caused by Gastrophilus larvae,
8, 191.

Switzerland, notice of list of fleas
of, 98 ; damage due to Hypo-
derma bovis in, 207 ; Simulium
avgiistiiarsc recorded from, 134.

Sycamore, Anopheles pliimbeus
breeding in, in British Isles, 157.

sylvae, Aedes.

sylvestris, Ochlerotatus {Aedes).

symbioiicus, Macropocopris.

Synthesiomvia . hrasiliaiia (Red-
tailed Fly), in Queensland, 74.

Svntomosphyrum glossinae, parasite
of Glossina palpaUs in Uganda,
100.

Svria, domestic animals poisoned
by .secretions of locusts in, 195.

svriaciini , Hyalom ma .

Syringophiliis colnmbae, sp. n., on
pigeons in Texas, 166.

T.

Tabanidae, possibly transmitting
anthrax in South Africa, 5 ;
bionomics of, in Australia, 173,
174 ; in Formosa, 119 ; trans-
mitting trypanosomiasis in
Nigeria, 180 ; in Palestine, 110 ;
trypanosomcs not foinid in, in
Venezuela, 147 ; classification of,
84, 95, 111, 156, 173, 175, 208.

tabauiformis, Glossina ; Spaniopsis.

Tcthanns, conveying anthrax in
U.S.A., 105 ; digestive processes
of, 162.

Tabanus accensits, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 111.

Tabanus albipecius, in Aldabra, 175.

Tabanus alexandrinus, in Palestine,
111.

Tabanus amcricanus, bionomics of,
in Florida, 19.

Tabanus arenivagns, sp. n., in
Palestine, 111.

Tabanus arisamis, sp. n., in Formosa,
119.

Tabanus atratus, bionomics of, in
Florida, 19.

Tabanus atratus var. fidvipilosus,
n., in Florida and New Jersev,
95.

Tabanus australictis, not experi-
mentally transmitting onchocer-
ciasis in Australia, 174.

Tabanus aittmnnalis, in Palestine,
111.

Tabanus boreal is, in Lapland, 74.

Tabanus bruesi, sp. n., in Peril,
156.

Tabanus circiimdatus, not experi-
mentiiUy transmitting onchocer-
ciasis in Australia, 174.

Tabanus coquilletti, n. n., in Formosa
119..

Tabanus curius, sp. n., in Venezuela,
156.

Tabanus cypvianus (see T.
pulchellus) .

Tabanus dalei, sp. n., iiT Palestine,
111.

Tabanus decorus, in Palestine, 111.

Tabanus ditaeniatus, 15 ; convey-
ing trvpanosomiasis of camels in
Eg3^pt, 130.

Tabanus dubiosus, not experiment-
ally transmitting onchocerciasis
in Australia, 174.

Tabanus eggeri, in Palestine, 111.

Tabanus cxcelsus, in India, 31.

Tabanus festivus, sp. n., in Panama
Canal Zone, 156.

Tabanus fiUmineus, sp. n., in
Panama Canal Zone, 156.

Tabanus fulvimedioides, sp. n., in
Formosa, 119.

Tabanus furvus, sp. n., in Bolivia,
156.

Tabanus gigas, in Palestine, 111.

Tabanus glaber, probablv conveying
trypanosomiasis of camels in
Mesopotamia, 15.

Tabanus innotatus, sp. n., in New
South Wales, 173.

INDEX.

275

Tabanus inseciifor, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 111,

Tali(iittis ivootsis, sp. n., in iMirmosa,
119.

Tabamis ken'eiisis, sp. n., in New-
South Wales, 173.

Tabanus kotoshoeiisis, sp. ji., in
Formosti, 119.

Tabanus lappo)iicus, in J^apland,
74.

Tabanus lautus, sp. n., in I'ern,
156.

Tabanus lclca)ii, sp. n., in Palestine,
111.

Tabanus liiwola, Inonomics of, in
Florida, 19.

Tabanus lugubris, bionomics of, in
Florida, 19.

Tabamis lunatus, in Palestine, 111.

Tabanus luridus, in Lapland, 74.

Tabanus masters i, not experiment-
ally transmitting onchocerciasis
in Australia, 174.

Tabanus mendicus, in Palestine,
111.

Tabanus niodicus, sp. n., in British
Guiana, 156.

Tabanus niovdax, sp. n., in Para-
guay, 156.

Tabanus muryeus, sp. n., in British
Guiana, 156.

Tabanus nantuckensis, a variety of
T. atratus, 95.

Tabanus nemoralis, in Palestine, 111.

Tabanus ochrcoflavus, sp. n., in
New South Wales, 173.

Tabanus okinaivanus, sp. n., in
Formosa, 119.

Tabanus ovientis, in India, 31.

Tabanus pallidipes, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 111.

Tabanus pulchellus, probably con-
veying trypanosomiasis of camels
in Mesopotamia, 15.

Tabanus punensis, sp. n., in Peru,
156.

Tabanus pygmaeus, sp. n., in New
South Wales, 173.

Tabamts regularis, in Palestine, 111.

Tabanus rupinae, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 111.

Tabanus sapporoensis, sp. ji., in
Formo.sa, 119.

Tabanus sapporoenus, sp. n., in
Formosa, 119.

Tabanus septentrionalis, transmit-
ting swamp fever of liorses in
U.S.A., 92.

Taba)uis tacilus, sp. n., in Iruguay,
156.

Tabanus tacniola, conveying try-
panosomiasis of camels in Egvpt,

130.
Tabanus taluisagoensis, sp. n., in

I'^ormosa, 119.
Tabanus tantalus, sp. n., in British

Guiana, 156.
'Tabanus tarandinus, in Bapland, 74.
Tabanus tenebrosus, Coq. (nee

Walker), T. coquilletti, n. n,,

substituted for, 119.
Tabanus trijunctus, bionomics of,

in Florida, 19.
'Tabanus trilinealis, sp. n., in New

South Wales, 173.
'Tabamis trispilus, in U.S..\., 95.
Tabanus trivittatus, description of,

156.
'Tabanus umbratus, sp. n., in Costa

Rica, 156.
Tabajius validus, sp. n., in Costa

Rica, 156.
Tabanus vcspiforniis, sp. n., in New

South Wales, 173.
tack inoidcs, Gloss ina .
tacitus, Tabanus.
tacniola, Tabamis.
Taeniorhvnchus [Maiisonia], in

U.S.A.", 187.
'Tacniorhynchiis doincsticus (see

Culex auraiitapcx) .
'Taeniovhynchus pscudotitillans, in

Brazil, 26.
'Taeniovhynchus richiaydii, in the

Balkans, 88 ; bionomics of, in

Germany, 27, 214.
'Taeniovli vnclius [Mansonia] t it Ulan s,

habits' of, in Brazil, 25, 26 ;

breeding amongst Pistia stvatiotes

in Panama Canal Zone, 175, 197.
tacnioyostris, Harpagomyia.
takasagoensis, 'Tabanus.
talaje, Oynithodorus.
Talc, against lice, 197.
Tanganyika Territory, insect-borne

diseases in, 211 ; new Tabanid

from, 208.
tantalus, Tabanus.
tapena, Culex {Eubonnea).
Tapeworms, transmission of, by

fleas, 115.
Tar, in repellents for mosquitos,

158 ; against flies causing myiasis

of cattle, 199 ; as a repellent for

Oestfrus avis, 138.
tarandi, Oedcnuigena.
tarandinus, 'T(d>anus.
'Taroitola niauyitanica (Gecko),

prol^ably the reservoir of Oriental

sore in Algeria, 40 ; possibly not

276

INDEX.

the reservoir of Oriental sore,
181.

tarsalis, Culcx.

tarsimaciilatus. Anopheles [Cellia).

Tartar Emetic, against trypano-
somiasis of domestic animals, 57.

Tasmania, Spaniopsis tabaniformis
from, 127.

Temperature, effect of, on malaria,
176.

tc yiebrosus , Taban us .

tenella, Sarcocystis.

terebor, Culex (Choeroporpa).

Termites, new Filaria infesting, in
South Africa, 8.

terraereginae, Mvtsca.

terriei, Aedes.

territans, Aedes; Culex, H., D. & K.
(see C. apicalis) ; Culex, Wlk.
(see C. hortensis).

terticeps, A egophagamvia.

tessellatiis, Anopheles.

testaceus, Culex.

tetracarinatus, Oxytelus.

texana, Psorophora.

Texas, Stegoniyia fasciata in, 187.

thalassius, Culex.

theileri, Culex (see C. tipulifoymis) ;
Trypanosoma.

Theileria niulans, infesting cattle in
Gold Coast, 62 ; list of ticks
transmitting, 166,

Theileria parva, in Angola, 167 ;
ticks transmitting, 165, 167.

Thelasia leesei, infesting camels in
Egypt, 131.

Theobaldia alaskaensis, in Canada,
101 ; T. arctica related to, 49.

Theobaldia anniilata, in tlie Balkans,
87; in Britain, 177, 193; in France,
82 ; in Germany, 27, 214 ; in
Macedonia, 90 ; in Mesopotamia,
112 ; in the Pyrenees, 76.
Theobaldia arctica, sp. n., in liussia,

49.
Theobaldia fuuiiponiis, in the

Balkans, 87.
Theobaldia glaphyroptera, hiberna-
tion of, in German^, 27.
Th-eobaldia iiiipatiens, larva of, in

U.S.A., 14. .
TJu'obaldia incidens, in California,

104 ; in Canada, 101.
Theobaldia iiidica, sp. n., in India,

49.
Theobaldia (Allotheobaldia) longi-
arcolaia, in the Balkans, 87 ;
breeding places of, in Egypt, 35 ;
in INIacedonia, 90 ; breeding places
of, in Mesopotamia, 111 ; in Pales-
tine, 60 ; in the Pyrenees, 76.

Theobaldia movsitans, hibernation
of, in German5^ 27, 214 ; T.
fnmipennis erroneously recorded
as, 76.

Theobaldia sibcviensis, sp. n., in
Siberia, 59.

Theobaldia spaihipalpis (see T.
longiareolata].

Therioplectcs iyinotatus{iiee Tabanus).

'Therioplecles subcallosus, in India,
31.

Thermotropism, in insects, 154.

Thiometamethylene, against mange
on horses, 98.

Three Day Fever, possibly trans-
mitted by Phlebotomus, 21.

Thriambeutes fusciis, sp. n.. from
Bechuanaland, 208.

Thrips cerealium (see Limothrips).

Thuya articulata, extract of, against
camel mange, 81, 185.

Thj^mol, as a repellent for mos-
quitos, 2, 171.

Ticks, 137 ; and diseases of domes-
tic animals in East Africa, 148 ;
and disease in Soutli Africa, 167,
178 ; infesting cattle in Antigua,
79 ; measures against, in Argen-
tina, 18, 52 ; measures against,
in Australia, 58, 165 ; dipping
against, in Brazil, 66, 85, 187 ;
transmitting louping-ill to sheep
in British Isles, 56 ; measures
against, in Cuba, 31 : measures
against, in Dominica, 126 ; dip-
ping against, in Egypt, 131 ; con-
veying piroplasmosis in Guam,
74 ; list of, from Nyasaland, 33 ;
possibly transmitting recurrent
fever in Panama, 196 ; measures
against, in Rhodesia, 79, 129,137,
198, 199 ; transmitting canine
piroplasmo.sis in Tunisia, 67 ;
measures against, in F.S.A., 72,
98, 99, 105, 162 ; and recurrent
fe\'er in \'enezuela, 2 ; legislation
against, in New Zealand, 34 ;
transmitting NuttalHa equi, 45 ;
and piroplasmosis of domestic ani-
mals, 18. 31, 41, 45, 62, 66, 67, 70,
74, 126, 148, 151, 152, 165, 166,
167, 193, 194, 199, 211 ; inocula-
lion of cattle, against diseases
carried by, 137 ; not transmitting
swamp fever of horses, 92 ;
egrets destroying, 74 ; malforma-
tions in, 218 ; regeneration of
limbs of. 133 ; coloration of,
133 ; lialnts of sexes of, 23 ;
classilication of, 89 ; diliping

against, 31, 72, 79, 85, 98, 99,

INDEX.

277

126, 131, 137, 162, 178, 198,
199, 203, 211.

tigripL'i,, Culex.

Tilapia mossambica, against nios-

(juito larvae in East Africa, 165.
Tilapia natalensis, against moscinito

larvae in East Africa, 165.
Tilapia nilotica, against mosquito

larvae in East Africa, 165 ; im-
portation of, into Palestine,

against mosquito larvae, 51.
Tilapia ovata, against mosquito

larvae in East Africa, 165.
tipulifonnis, Culex.
titillans, Taeniorhynchus (Ma!isu)iia) .
Tobacco Extract, against mange on

horses, 153.
Tonkin, mosquitos in, 113.
Tortoise {Testudo), ticks on, in

Mytilene, 146.
tosimus, Culex [Clioeyopoypa).
Toxorhynchites byevipalpis, in East

Africa, 164.
Toxorhynchites mini in us, in Ceylon,

9.
Tracheomyia iiiacvopi (^Marsupial

Bot-Fly), in Queensland, 74.
Transcaucasia, ticks transmitting

Theileria parva in, 165 ; typhus

and lice in, 224.
Transculicia (see Culex).
Transvaal, effect of rinderpest on

Glossina in, 11.
Traps, for house-tlics, 2, 30, 127 ;

for mosquitos, 65, 158, 219 ; for

night-flying insects, 64.
Trench Fever, and J ice, 10, 70, 102 ;

epidemiology of, 70.
Triamyia, gen. n., 32.
Triatoma, bite of, causing l\-m-

phangitis in Nigeria, 217.
Triatoma infestans, conveying Try-

panosonia criizi in Brazil, 26.
Triatoma megista, conveying try-
panosomiasis in Brazil, 16, 97 ;

conveying Trypanosoma ci'uzi in

Peru, "65.
Triatoma sordida, antl tr\-panoso-

miasis in Brazil, 26.
Trichocera siberica, sp. n., in Siberia,

137.
Triclwdectes eaffra, sp. n., on lu'lis

caff r a in South Africa, 9.
Trichodectes canis (Dog L(juse),

transmitting DipvUdium caniniim,

115.
Trichodectes ec/iii, on horses, 22.
Tru'hodectes genetta, sj). n., on

Geiu'tta India in South Africa, 9.
Tnc/iodectes pilosus, on liorses, 22.

Trichodectes scalaris (little Red
Cattle Louse), in r.S..\., 10.

Trichoprosopon (Joblotia) shrop-
shirei, sp. n., in Panama, 95.

Trichorpia elongata. parasite of
Hies in Britain, 22.

irijunctus, Tal.'anus.

trilinealis, Tabanus.

Trioxymethylene, eltet 1 of, on
mo.squito larv^ie, 166, 167.

tripectinata, Hystricliopsylla.

triseriatus, Aecles. *

trispilus, Tabanus.

Tristeza, name for trypanosomiasis
of equines in Venezuela, 147.

tritaeniorhynchus, Culex.

trivittatus, Tabanus.

Trombicula akamushi, (see Trom-
bidiuin).

Trombicula. mediocris, T. pseudoa-
kamushi possibly identical with,
37.

Trombicula pseudoalaimushi, sp. n.,
in Formosa, 37.

Trombidiu))i akamuslii, transmitting
tsutsugamushi disease in For-
mosa, 37.

Tromhidium striaiiceps, infesting
Stomoxys calci trans in I'.S.A., 35.

Irompe, Cephenomyia .

tropica, Leishmania.

Tropical Diseases, transmission of,
by insects, 198.

Tr\'panblue, against piroplasmosis
i of cattle, 19^

I Trypanoso)na, Critliidia probal)ly a
! developmental stage of, 171.

Trypanosoma berberum, camels
infected with, in Algeria, 183,
184.
j Trypanosonui biiieei. cattle immune
to, in South Africa, 57 ; incur-
able b\- means of drugs, 57 ;
[ 7". rhodesiense consielered dis-
j tinct from, 46-48.

Trypanosoma cacalboui, in cattle in
East Africa, 148 ; probably in-
fecting cattle in Venezuela, 147.

Trypanosoma cazalboui pigritia,
transmitted by Haematopota per-
tnrbans in Belgian Congo, 211.

'Trypanosoma Congolese, in cattle in
East Africa, 148 ; conveyed by
Stoitu')xys calcitrans in Belgian
Congo, 17 ; drugs used against,
57.

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' Dis-
ease), 97 ; conveyed by Rhod-
uius and 'I'riatoma in South
.\mcrica, 16, 26, 41, 65 ; J .
rangcli distinct from, 183.

278

INDEX.

Trypanosoma cquiniim (Alal de
Caderas), in horses in Argentina,
147 ; in equines in Brazil, 27,
102 ; possibly conveyed by leeches,
102 ; T. veyveztielense considered
distinct from, 185.
'Trypanosoma equiperdum, not re-
quiring an insect carrier, 171.
Trypanosoma, cscomcli, sp. n., in-
festing man in Peru, 97.
Trypanosotiia evansi (Surra), in
camels in Palestine, 111 ; pro-
bably in equines in Venezuela,
147 ; T. vcnezuelense considered
distinct from, 185.
Trypanosoma ganibicnse , 47, 48 ;
ti-ansmitted bv Glossina palpalis,
24, 126.
Trypanosoma guayanense, probably

a variety of T. cazalboui, 147.
Trypanosoma hippicum, causal
agent of Murrina in Panama,
185.
Trvpanosonia marocanitm, dog in-
fected with, in Morocco, 80.
Trypanosoma nielopliagi, conveyed
to sheep by MclopJiagus oviniis in
Germany, 45.
Trypanosoma pccaiidi, transmitted
bv Glossina palpalis var. wellmani
iii Angola, 167.
Trypanosoma pccoriini, in cattle in
Uganda, 104 ; spread of, in
absence of Glossina, 13.
Trypanosoma rangeli, sp. n., found
in Rhodnins prolixus in Vene-
zuela, 183.
Trypanosoma rhodesicnsc, distri-
bution and transmission of, in
East Africa, 46-48, 126 ; con-
sidered distinct from T. briirei, 46.
Trypanosoma tJieilcvi, in cattle, 45.
TrypPMOsoma venezuelense, in-
festing equines in Venezuela, 147 ;
probably a form of T. evansi, 147 ;
considered distinct from T. evansi,
185.
Trypanosoma vivax, dogs immune
to, in South Africa, 57 ; drugs
used against, 57.
Tr3^panosomes, strains of, causing
sleeping sickness in East Africa,
126 ; studies in transmission of,
b\' Glossina in I'ganda, 23 ;
methods of reproduction of, 171 ;
found in insects, 88.
Trypanosomiasis, in cionicslic
animals in Africa. 23, 57, 70, 80,
104, 148, 180, 199 ; carried by
insects othef than Glossina in

Africa, 13, 17, 180, 211 ; of

camels in Algeria, 183, 184 ; of
liorses possiblv conveyed by
leeches in Brazil, 102 ; of camels
conveved bv Tabanids in Egypt,
130 ; of camels conveyed by
Tabanids in Mesopotamia, 15 ; of
domestic animals in Venezuela,
147, 185.
Trvpanosomiasis, Human, con-
vev'ed by Reduviid bugs in
South America, 16, 26, 65, 97 ;
(see Sleeping Sickness).
Tryparosan, against trypanosomia-
sis of domestic animals, 17, 57.
Tsetse Flies (see Glossina).
Tsutsugamushi Disease, in For-
mosa, 37 ; (see Japanese River
Fever).
Tubercle Bacillus, viability of, in
flies, 138 ; effect of injecting,
into larvae of Galleria mel-
lonella, 86.
Tuberculosis, conveyed by flies,

102 ; carried by rats, 76.
Tunis, the reservoir of Oriental
sore in, 181 ; ticks and disease
in, 66, 67, 165 ; epidemic of
typhus in, 97.
turicata, Oyn ithodorus.
Turkev, lice emd recurrent fever

in, i55.
turkhudi, A nophcles.
Turpentine, experiments with,
against lice, 145 ; for treating
fowls poisoned with Macrodactylus
suhspmosus , 205.
Tuscany, decrease of malar'a in, 144.
Typhlopsylla assimilis, on Pitymys

savii in Italy, 201.
Typhoid Fever, conveyed by flies,
102 ; associated with malaria in
Jamaica, 36.
Tvphus, and lice, 2, 44, 60, 102, 103,
"104, 145, 146, 202, 224 ; in
Argentina, 220 ; epidemics of,
in Tunis and Rumania, 97,
145, 146 ; causal agent of, 212 ;
measures against, 60 ; effect of
climatic conditions on incidence
of, 202.
Tvroglvphtis agilis, found in

copra, 150.
Tyroglyphits farinae, infesting ro-
dents in Britain, 201 ; in fodder,
injurious to domestic animals,
134.
Tyyogly phus lo}i^ioi', found on horses,
126.

INDEX.

279

U.

Uganda, relation of Glossina mor-
sitans to game in, 10 ; bio-
nomics of CJlossina palpalis in, 23,
99-101, 131 133 ; trypanosomia-
sis of domestic animals in, 104.

umbratus, Tabaniis.

umbrosus. Anopheles.

uncinatus, Microphth iriis.

unguiciilata, Uranotaenia.

uniformis, Mansonioides.

unimaculatus , Culicoides.

Unitarian Theory of Malaria, dis-
cussions of, 195, 196, 203.

United States of America, insect
carriers of anthrax in, 105 ;
bionomics of Diptera infesting
birds' nests in, 68 ; measures
against parasites of domestic
animals in, 9, 70, 98, 107, 162,
200 ; measures against jiarasites of
fowls in, 13, 14, 75, 84 ; measures
against house-tlies in, 29, 127 ;
effect of meteorological condi-
tions on flies in, 186 ; mites in-
festing birds in, 166 ; mite at-
tacking man in, 180 ; raos-
quitos and malaria in, 5. 14, 19,
30, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 78, 92,
93, 94, 104, 107, 115, 129, 130,
138, 149, 158, 178, 186, 194, 200,
205, 219 ; bats of doubtful
value against mosquitos in, 203 ;
measures against Sfomoxvs calci-
trant in, 30, 35, 92, 186, 189 ;
swamp fever transmitted by in-
sects in, 92 ; new Tabanid from,
84 ; dipping against ticks in,
72, 98, 99, 105, 162.

u n iv it talus , Ciikx .

Uranotaenia annulala, in Nigeria,
217.

Uranotaenia mashonaoisis, in East
Africa, 164.

Uranotaenia ncireti, sp. n., in ^lada-
gascar, 208.

Uranotaenia. itngniculata, in the
Balkans, 88 ; breeding places of,
in Egypt, 35.

Urera subpeltala, mosquito larvae
bred from, in Brazil, 26.

Uruguay, new Tabanid from, 156,

V.

vagus, AnopJieles.
validus, Tahanus.
'vapulans, Culex i^CJioeroporpa).
Varanus, the preferred food of

Glossina palpalis, 132.
variabilis, Derniacentor ; Lipeiirus.
variegatiim, A mblyomma.
vavipalpns, A edes.
varipcs, Chrysoniyia.
varius, Culicoides.
Va.seline, against Deriiuiiopliilus

penetrans, 139 ; against Pedicu-

lus Jmmanus, 145.
vaxus, Culex [Choevoporpa).
venefica, Simuliitm .
Venezuela, American leishmaniasis

in, 145 ; flagellates conveyed by

Rhodnius prolixus in, 16, 183 ;

ticks conveying recurrent fever

in, 2 ; new Tabanid from, 156 ;

trypanosomiasis of donicslic

animals in, 147, 185.
venezuelense, Trypanosoma,
ventricosus, Pediculoides.
ventrilloni, Culex.
venustus, Derniacentor.
vepaUidus, Iphidulus.
Verruga, possibly transmitted by

Phlebotomus in Peru, 21.
vespiformis, Tabanus.
vestimenti, Pediculus (see P.

Inmianus).
vetustissinia, Musca [Eurnusca).
vexans, Ochlerotatus {.ledcs) ; Spani-

opsis.
Villa lloydi, parasite of Glossina

morsitans in Northern Rhodesia,

207.
villosa, Pollcnia (see P. stygia).
Virgin Islands, new mosquito from,

ioi:

vittata, Stegoinvia.
vituli, TAnognatJius {Hacmatopinus).
vivax, Plasmodium ; Trypanosoma.
Viviparoniusca fergusoni (see Musca

australis).
Voles, liosts of mites causing

river fever in Japan, 79.
volvulus, 0)ichocerca.
vomitoria, CaUiphora.

280

INDEX.

w.

walkeri, Anopheles ; rhlehotomus.

Wallaby, new genus of beetles
found on, in Australia, 215.

Warble Flies (see Hypoderina).

Water Lettuce (see Pistia strut iotes) . '

tvatfrston i. Poly pi ax.

Watkins-Pitcliford Arsenical Solu-
tion, 109.

'ivatti, Citle.v.

wdlmani, Glossina palpalis.

Whale Oil, in formula for treating
mange on camels, 131.

tvillcocksi, Grabhaiiiia (see Ochlevo-
tatus caspius).

ivillmori, A nophcles.

Wolossjatik, disease known as,
believed to be due to Gastrophilus,
150.

Wyconivia alhosquamata, sp. n.,
breeding places of, in Dutch
Guiana, 32.

Wveoniyia nphobeuia, breeding places
of, in Dutch Guiana, 32.

U'yeomyia jallax, sp. n., breeding
places of, in Dutch Guiana, 32.

Wyeomvia melanopus, sp. n., breed-
ing places of, in Panama, 32.

Wveoniyia occulta, sp. n., lireeding
places of, in Dutch Guiana, 32.

Wveoniyia roloncefta, sp. n., breed-
ing places of, in Panama, 32.

Wyeomyia splendida, sp. n., breed-
ing places of, in Dutch G.uiana,
32.

X.

Xenopsylla cheopis (Rat Flea, Plague
Flea), measures against, in
California, 158 ; conveying larva
of Hymenolcpis diniiniita, 85 ;
and disease in man,* 3.

xivvlis, Citlex {Choeroporpa).

Xylol, against Pliiliints pubis. 211.

Y

vbaniiis, Citlex {Choeroporpa).

Yellow Fever, in Ecuador, 136 ;
incidence of, in Gold Coast, 12 ;
not present in French Guiana,
110 ; danger of introduction of,
into Oriental countries, 113 ;
and mosquitos, 79, 95, 102, 113,
189 ; spontaneous elimination
of, from endemic centres, 95 ;
etiology of, 78 ; identity of
organism causing, 79, 128, 136.

yezoensis, Corizoneura.

z.

ZannicheUia palustris, favouring the
breeding of Anophelines in Italy,
222. .

Zanzibar, mosquitos and malaria in,

112.

Zebu, Trypanosoma cazalboui
probably introduced into Vene-
zuela in, 147.

zonata, Pangonia.

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