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A REVIEW OF THE PRIMATES,
DANIEL GirauD ELuior. 3 vols. Vol. I,
Lemuroidea, Anthropoidea; Vol. II, An-
thropoidea; Vol. III, Anthropoidea.
American Museum of Natural History,
1913. Paper, $35.00; Cloth, $37.00;

Morocco, $60.00

¥

VOLUME | FRONTISPIECE

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Frontispiece Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot.

A

ANTH REVIEW

OF

PH pee RM AES

BY
DANIEL GrRAUDYELEIOR DySc., EROS: Es, ee

Commander of the Royal Orders of the Crown of Italy, of Frederic of Wurtemburg, and of
Charles the Third of Spain; Knight of the Imperial and Royal Orders of Francis Joseph
of Austria, of the Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Albert Order of Saxony, of St.
Maurice and St. Lazare of Italy, of Isabella the Catholic of Spain, of Christ of
Portugal, of Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse, etc., etc.; Fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, of the Zoological Society of London; A Founder and
ex-Vice-President of the Zoological Society of France; A Founder and
ex-President of the American Ornithologists’ Union; Honorary Member
of the Nuttall Ornithological Club; of the Linnean Society of
New York; of the New York Zoological Society; Member of
the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolina Academy of Germany, of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the
Academy of Sciences of New York, of the Société
D’Acclimatation of Paris, of the New York His-
torical Society; Corresponding Member of the
Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, of the
Natural History Society of Boston, etc., etc.

MONOGRAPH NO. 1
VOLUME I

LEMUROIDEA
Daubentonia to Indris

ANTHROPOIDEA
Seniocebus to Saimiri

PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NEW YORK, U.S. A.
MCMXII

Vertebra te Pale

ontolo
U.S. Ne a

Thenry) Wt
C0OnCl Viuseung

PREEACE,

This “Review of the Primates” is the result of a casual suggestion
of my friend Frank M. Chapman, Esq., that I should “write a book
on Monkeys.” The magnitude of the task—to compel all the described
forms of the Primates to present themselves in their representatives
for critical examination and comparison—was thoroughly appreciated,
and also it was equally well understood that no Institution in the
world contained a collection of these animals sufficiently large to permit
a work like the present to be successfully completed by its aid alone.
For over a century the Primates have been a subject of careful study
by Naturalists of all lands, some most eminent Zoologists having
devoted their investigations to them almost exclusively, and con-
sequently the types of the many species were scattered throughout
the various Museums of the world. To examine and compare these
important examples was a necessity, for without a thorough knowledge
of their characteristics no satisfactory progress toward the solution
of their proper scientific standing could be reached. With representa-
tives of the Primates, either from the eastern or western hemispheres,
the Museums of the United States were but poorly provided, and a reli-
ance for the material to prosecute the work was therefore to be
placed upon the collections contained in European Museums and
Zoological Gardens, and also in those of Eastern lands. Consequently
the Author was obliged to visit all these various Institutions and study
their collections. Twice were the Museums of England and the
Continent visited, and many months passed each time examining the
collections, and during a journey around the world, the Museums and

Gardens of the far East were also visited and their collections care-
’ fully studied. The Author has seen and taken a description of nearly
all the types of the Primates extant in the world to-day, and there is
not a collection of these animals of any importance existing at the
present time with which he is not familiar.

The results of five years’ continuous study are therefore embodied
in this work, and the conclusions given, no matter how they may dis-
agree at times with the opinions expressed by other laborers in the
same field, have in every case been reached only after careful and
patient investigation.

Even with the collections of the world at one’s service, material
in numerous genera is still greatly lacking; and in some of these,

iii

iv PREFACE

whose members are prone to almost indefinite individual variation, it
is exceedingly doubtful if material will ever be gathered together
sufficient to enable the question, of how many separate forms actually
do exist, to be satisfactorily and definitely determined.

A number of the types of the earlier describers, as well as some
‘of later date have disappeared, and on account of this misfortune the
species they represented cannot be established, and this is especially
unfortunate when the name given has, for many years, been adopted
and applied to the evidently wrong animal. To correct such errors
will probably be a slow process, as it is difficult to overcome a bad
habit once formed. Again numerous examples that served for types,
by the passing of the many years since they received their names, have
so deteriorated—from the accumulation of dust, the loss of their fur,
and fading of their colors from unwise exposure to light—as to be no
longer recognizable or of any value as the special representative of
some particular species, and such cases are particularly to be regretted
when the original description was so brief as to convey but a faint
idea of the appearance of the animal.

The earlier writers seem to have depended mainly for the charac-
ters of their species on the colors of the pelage and its distribution,
and rarely considered the more important characters of the crania.
Their limited material gave them no idea of the great variation, mainly
individual, that existed in the coloring of the pelage among members
of numerous genera, and so were misled into believing their examples
represented more than one species, when it was only the individual
eccentricities of a very variable form that they were unknowingly
considering.

Notwithstanding the vast accumulation of examples of the Pri-
mates from all parts of the world in the last twenty years, a number
of important facts cannot yet be settled, nor will they be until much
additional material is received.

In the recognition of apparently distinct forms, subspecies in only
comparatively few cases have been accepted, because intermediates
between what are recorded as species have rarely been found in this
Order, and neither of two forms, no matter how closely they are evi-
dently related can properly be deemed a subspecies, no intermediates
having been observed. Also the Author has not seen his way to estab-
lish a subspecies between the dweller of an island and one of the main-
land, because, no communication being possible, the appearance of
intermediates would seem most improbable. Not so however, with the
dwellers of contiguous islands which may at one time have been por-

PREFACE v

tions of a larger island, or where communication between the islands
may be, or at an earlier period, has been, possible. Under such condi-
tions subspecific forms may be found; but on the mainland where
there is no evidence of a gradation from one form to another, sub-
species may not be accepted.

The Author has dwelt upon this point, because it may occasion
surprise to some who examine these volumes, to find how few sub-
species comparatively have been accepted, and it seemed best to explain
how these are regarded, and what, as the Author conceives it, is the
only method by which they can be produced. In the present work there
are altogether fifty-five complete monographs, with about six hundred
species, for it was deemed best that every genus should be treated
monographically. Of course these vary greatly in importance and in
the number of their species, from one only, to over eighty, but the
average would be about twelve to a genus. Each member of the Order
has been treated after the following method. First a general review is
held of the genus accepted, the type fixed and description given; then
remarks are made on the appearance and general habits of the species
the genus contains, followed by a review of the literature and the
geographical distribution, and a key by means of which it is possible
-that all the species of that particular genus may be recognized. Then
each species is taken up in regular sequence, its synonymy given and
the type locality and geographical distribution recorded; the present
location of the type if existing, is then told, after which the peculiar
characters of the species if it possesses any, are given, followed by
such remarks as may be necessary, upon the relationship the species
under review may have with some other in the genus; then a full
description and measurements of the type if possible, concluding with
an account of the habits so far as they may be unquestionably known.

Of course it is not to be expected that a work such as this can be
produced solely by the unaided efforts of one individual no matter
how long or conscientiously he may labor, and many times he is obliged
to rely upon the aid of his colleagues as the work progresses. Con-
sequently during the past five years the Author has been assisted in
many ways by a large number of his scientific friends. And here he
may be permitted to express the great pleasure and gratification he
felt at the universal courtesy and kindness he received at all the great
Museums in Europe and the East, as well as in those of his own land,
by the officers who had charge of the great collections. Every possible
facility was given him and unrestricted access to the collections at all
times ; and wherever the Author went, his simple request proved to be

vi PREFACE

an ‘open sesame’ to the treasures he desired to see, and everything was
done to forward his investigations and make his visit profitable as
well as agreeable.

Among the large number therefore to whom the Author feels
especially indebted beginning in his own land, he would first mention
his distinguished friend, Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, LL.D.,
D.Sc., Se.D., etc., President of the American Museum of Natural
History, who from the beginning has taken a deep interest in this
work, and through whose efforts solely its publication in the present
attractive form has been made possible. The Author desires there-
fore to express his lively appreciation of a scientific colleague’s aid
in making accessible to mammalogists throughout the world a contri-
bution, the result of much weary labor, towards the elucidation of the
members of the most important Order in the Animal Kingdom.

To Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology, and
Dr. W. K. Gregory, Assistant in Vertebrate Paleontology in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, the Author is
indebted ; especially to Dr. W. K. Gregory who gave the most careful
supervision to the publication of the work, as well as to the illustra-
tions that so much enhance the value of the volumes, a labor that was
by no means slight nor free from various difficulties. To Witmer’
Stone, Esq., Curator of Ornithology in the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences; to G. S. Miller, Esq., Assistant Curator Department
of Mammals, and N. Hollister, Esq., Assistant in the same Department
of the United States National Museum the Author is under many obli-
gations. And finally his thanks are due to F. J. V. Skiff, Esq., Director
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, for the loan of
skulls from that Institution.

In England he would express his great obligation to Oldfield
Thomas, Esq., Head of the Department of Mammals in the British
Museum, where the collection of the Primates, regarding it in a general
sense, is probably the finest and most complete in the world, the Author
was permitted to work as if it were his personal property, Mr. Thomas
only insisting that all novelties discovered should be described by the
Author, and not as would naturally be expected, by the Head of the
Department. Also to Guy Dollman, Esq., Assistant in Mammalogy
in the same Institution, who aided the writer in many ways, and
whose intimate knowledge of the collection and especially the location
of the specimens by which much time was saved, was of the greatest
advantage. Also to R. Lydekker, Esq., who permitted the removal
from the cases of many mounted specimens, all of which were in his

PREFACE vii

keeping. In Paris, Monsieur le Docteur E. L. Trouessart, in whose
charge is the magnificent collection of Mammals in the National
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, assisted the Author by every means
in his power, and placed at his disposal that wonderful collection of the
Primates which contains so many of the types of the old Authors, an
intimate knowledge of which is necessary for the determination of
the species they represent. In the great Museum at Leyden, Holland,
so rich in specimens of the Lemuroidea and examples of other Pri-
mates from the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Director, Dr.
F. A. Jentink, and in his absence Administrator Vesteroon Wulver-
horst made the Author’s labors in the Institution easy and pleasant.
In Berlin, Herr Paul Matschie, Curator of Mammalogy, placed the
grand collection of Primates so rich in examples of African species
especially of Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Guenons, (Lasiopyca) and Coto-
BUS or Guerezas, at the Author’s service, and aided him in every way
possible. Also to Herr O. Neumann for information concerning the
new species of monkeys obtained by him in East Africa and which
were deposited in the Museum. The collection of Chimpanzees in this
Institution is the largest in the world, and exhibits the wonderful indi-
vidual variation that exists in the skulls and coloring of the skins of
these apes; variations that serve more to perplex than to enlighten the
observer on the mystery of species, and what really constitutes such a
rank. In Dresden the Author’s thanks are due to Dr. A. Jacobi, the
Director of the Museum, who aided him in becoming familiar with
certain important types in the collection under his charge; and in the
splendid Museum in Vienna, to the Director Dr. F. Steindachner, and
custodian Dr. L. R. Lorenz, the Author is greatly indebted for many
attentions and assistance in examining the collection which comprises
the examples procured by Natterer during his sojourn in Brazil, as
well as important specimens of the Gorilla procured by Du Chaillu in
the Gaboon, West Africa.

To Professor Dr. R. Hertwig, Director; Dr. W. Leizewitz and
Dr. C. Hellmayer, Custodians of the Zoological Museum, Munich, in
the collection of which are contained Spix’s types, and a very large
number of examples of the crania of Bornean Ourangs obtained by
Selenka, the Author is under many obligations for their courtesy dur-
ing his sojourn in their city. In Frankfort-on-the-Main, by the cour-
tesy of the Acting Director, Dr. Drevermann of the Senckenbergian
Museum, the Author was enabled to examine the skins and skeletons
of PSEUDOGORILLA MAYEMA? which, from the disappearance of the
type, are the only specimens known in Europe at the pfesent time.

viii PRERAGCE

In Calcutta, Dr. N. Annandale, the Superintendent of the Natural
History Section of the Indian Museum, unfortunately was absent in
Burma, but access to the collections was afforded, and every facility
for inspecting the types of Blyth and other of the earlier Indian
Naturalists, which still survived. In the various Zoological Gardens
of Europe and the East many interesting and valuable species were
seen, and in the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp was discovered the
handsome Monkey which the Director, M. |’Hoest, kindly permitted
the Author to describe under the name of C. 1nsicnis. In the Gardens
at Cairo, Egypt, under the pilotage of his friend Captain Flower,
the Director, several specimens of the rare monkeys of the genus
ERYTHROCEBUS were shown to the writer and descriptions taken. It
was the skins of these same animals that, some eighteen months later in
the British Museum, served the Author as the types for two new
species. In the Calcutta Gardens were some fine examples of Hyto-
BATES HOOLOCK and the Author’s ears were deafened by their powerful
voices; and also a splendid specimen of the somewhat rare PITHECUS
ANDAMANENSIS was seen; and in the Zoological Gardens of Kyoto,
Japan, were numerous living examples of the peculiar Japanese species
P. FuSCATUS, and one very fine adult male Macus ocHREaTUS. The
Author also desires to express his thanks to Mr. R. I. Pocock, Super-
intendent of the Gardens of the Zoological Society in Regent’s Park,
London, for his assistance in examining the Primates under his charge.

As it was not possible to assemble in one locality all the material
it was desirable to employ for ilustrating the work, photographs of the
crania had to be taken in different places. Those of the crania of
PSEUDOGORILLA MAYEMA? were most kindly sent to the Author by
Dr. O. zur Strassen, Director of the Senckenbergian Museum at
Frankfort-on-the-Main; those of the Ourang crania were executed at
the Zoological Museum in Munich; those of GorILLA GORILLA, G. g.
jacobi and G. g. matschie, from the crania in the Berlin Museum. A
certain number were also obtained from the American Museum of
Natural History, the United States National Museum, the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, Chicago, the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences, and especially the British Museum.

The Author cannot refrain from calling attention to the illustra-
tions produced by the methods and greatly improved instruments
invented by the Special Photographer of the American Museum, Mr.
Abram E. Anderson, which for clearness and perfection of detail,
have possibly not been heretofore equalled. Mr. Anderson was sent
to London expressly to photograph the crania in the British Museum,

PREFACE ix

and the illustrations given in the plates exhibit faithfully the particular
characteristics of the genera and subgenera. Those skulls which are
lacking are fortunately very few.

The colored illustrations have been selected from those published
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, chiefly by the
great artist, my friend the late Joseph Wolf, and, through the kindness
of the Council of the Society, it is permitted to reproduce them in this
work. Those of the different species from life were taken by Mr.
Lewis Medland, F.Z.S., of London, and certain excellent figures taken
by Mr. E. L. Sanborn from animals living in the menagerie of the
New York Zoological Society, and presented by the Trustees for this
work. Measurements of the Primates, such as those confined to the
dimensions of the skin removed from the body, are of comparatively
little value as there is probably considerable difference in size between
the average stuffed specimen and the living animal. But those given
of the crania are reliable and important, and not subject to variation
after the death of their owners. Body measurements in these volumes,
unless followed by (Collector), are taken from the dried skins, and are
_ always given in millimetres. Those of the hands and feet, as the skin
of these members usually contains the bones, are reliable for length,
but the figures given for dimensions of the body and tail can, in the
majority of cases, only be regarded as approximate. Mammals, unlike
birds, vary greatly in their dimensions even among examples of the
same species, and therefore, equal importance, when taken from the
skin, cannot be attached to them.

When a species in this work is mentioned, the name adopted is
printed in capital letters, but in italics for subspecies and synoptical
names. Measurements are always given in millimetres.

All the species and races known to the Author that have been
described prior to June lst, 1912, are included in the three volumes.
After the date mentioned, the advanced state of the press work did not
permit of any additions, except in an Appendix to the third volume.

June 1st, 1912. DiGABi

INTRODUCTION.

The Primates, which is the first of the Linnean Orders of the
Mammalia, was originally composed of four genera Homo, Sim1a,
Lemur and VESPERTILIO, Man, Monkeys, Lemurs and Bats. The last
has been dropped by general consent, and the Order as now con-
stituted combines the Bimana and Quadrumana.

Some Naturalists have contended that the Lemurs should be
placed in a separate Order, and my friend the late Prof. A. Milne-
Edwards enumerates the following characters as justifying this view:
The bell-shaped, diffused and non-deciduate placenta, vast size of the
allantois, uncovered condition of the cerebellum, cranial structure,
inferior incisors, and structure of the extremities, (developed pollux,
and discoidal terminations of the fingers).

While admitting the importance of these characters, *St. George
Mivart has made some critical remarks regarding the decision of Prof.
A. Milne-Edwards, and fairly well establishes the fact that the better
course would be to leave the LEmurommEA as a Suborder of the Pri-
mates as “there can be no doubt that Man-Apes, (including Baboons
and Monkeys), and Half-Apes together constitute a group capable of
convenient and very distinct Zoological definition,’ and he defines the
group as follows: “Unguiculate, claviculate placental mammals, with
orbits encircled by bone; three kinds of teeth, at least at one time of
life; brain always with a posterior lobe and calcarine fissure; the inner-
most digits of at least one pair of extremities opposable; hallux with
a flat nail or none; a well-developed cecum; penis pendulous; testes
scrotal; always two pectoral mamme.”

The Order Primates then comprises two Suborders LEMUROIDEA
and ANTHROPOIDEA. The first contains the singular nocturnal animals
known as Lemurs which are distinguished from the members of the
other Suborder by the following characters:

Orbit opening into the temporal fossa beneath the postorbital
bar, (Tarsius excepted). The lachrymal foramen situated outside the
orbital margin. The second digit of the hand may be merely a rudi-
ment, but the same digit of the foot has a long pointed claw. The
cerebrum does not overlap the cerebellum, and the hemispheres have

*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 504.

Xi

xii INTRODUCTION

few convolutions. Posterior cornu of lateral ventricle very small;
pollux large; posterior cornu of hyoid shorter than anterior; clitoris
perforated by the urethra; uterus two-horned; placenta bell-shaped,
diffused, non-deciduate; allantois very large; transverse portion of
colon convoluted on itself. Abdominal mammz sometimes present.

The LEmMuRoOIDEA contains three Families, the first two aberrant;
DAUBENTONIIDZ with its single species the curious Aye-Aye, and
Tarsiip2, for a long time supposed to have also a single species, but
several additional ones have been lately recognized. The third Family
is Nycticinip# with four Subfamilies, Loristnz, the Slow Lemurs
with four genera: Loris with two species; NycriceBus with eleven
species; ARCTOCEBUS with two species; and PeERopictTicus with five
species. The last genus, PEropicticus, for over two hundred years
was represented by only one species, Bosman’s Potto, discovered by
that traveller in 1705; but within a brief period no less than four
others have been described, showing how easy it is to overlook distinct
forms among these nocturnal animals, even though their habitats had
been often penetrated by zealous Naturalists eager to make known the
creatures that had heretofore escaped all research. In this same Sub-
family is the genus ArcToceBus with its single species from Old
Calabar, remarkable for its strongly flexed fingers, which require
considerable force to extend them, and when this is taken away they
at once become flexed again. The second Subfamily is GALaciIn&, the
Bush Babys, with one genus and twenty-three species and six sub-
species, followed by LEMuRIN#, the true Lemurs, with seven genera
and thirty-eight species. The last Subfamily is INnDRIsIN# with three
genera including the Woolly Lemur, Safakas, and Indris, having in all
five species and five subspecies.

While Madagascar alone possesses the Aye-Aye and the species
of the Subfamilies LEmurRIN2 and INpDRISIN®, none of those con-
tained in GALAGIN& are found on that island but belong to the near-by
African Continent. The Tarsier are natives of the islands of the Indo-
Malayan Archipelago and the Philippines, while the Slow Lemurs
(LorisIn#) are met with in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula
and the Island of Ceylon.

The second Suborder, ANTHROPOIDEA, is distinguished from
LEMUROIDEA by its members having the orbit separated from the
temporal fossa by a bone which is united to the postorbital bar; and
the lachrymal foramen is inside the orbital margin. The second digit of
the hand is well developed, and the same digit of the foot has usually a
flat nail, except in CALLITRICHIDA. The cerebrum almost completely

INTRODUCTION xiii

covers the cerebellum, and the hemispheres are considerably con-
voluted. Placenta deciduate, discoidal. Allantois small, uterus not
two-horned, anterior cornu of the hyoid shorter than the posterior, no
abdominal mamme present, and the transverse portion of the colon not
convoluted.

This great Suborder, containing, as it does, all the existing Apes,
Baboons and Monkeys, is divided into two groups: Ist, the PLatyr-
RHINE, those species having the nose flat, septum wide and the nostrils
directed outward, and embracing all the Monkeys of the New World;
and 2nd, the CRATARRHINE, having the nose narrow, nostrils directed
downward and the septum narrow, including all the species of the Old
World. .

As may well be imagined the variations in size to be witnessed
among the members of this Suborder are very great, the extremes being
the Gorilla and the small, delicate Marmoset or Titi. And with the
difference in size, there is also great variety in the shape of head and
body, and length of limbs and tail. This last appendage is entirely
absent in the great Apes of the Families Hytopatipz and Poncipz;
is of varying length from a mere knob, to longer than head and body
in PirHecus; much longer than head and body in many species of
Lasiopyca and PyGaTHRIX, and nearly three times the body’s length in
ATELEUS. The heads of the Primates also are remarkable for their
many shapes from the round head of ATELEvs, the occipital protruding
skull of Satmiri, the almost human braincase of Pan, to the narrow
high-crested crania of GorILLA and Ponco. The rostrum also exhibits
many shapes producing conspicuous differences in the physiognomy
of the many species, the extremes perhaps being the nearly flat-faced
members of the CeBip# and the greatly lengthened muzzle of many of
the Baboons as P. cyNocEPHALUs and P. spHINX, the latter exhibiting
a rostrum covered with prominent ridges, and decorated with brilliant
and highly contrasted colors. Many of the Lasiopycipz have ischiatic
callosities, some brilliantly colored, and these at certain seasons become
enormously developed covering not only the buttocks, but also extend-
ing on to the tail which is greatly swollen. However attractive this may
be to Baboons, to human eyes such exhibitions are repellent. The nose,
save in one exceptional case, is not a very prominent member among
the Primates, although, as in Man, it has many shapes, from the
aquiline in HyLoBaTEs, most pronounced in H. Hootock, the retroussé
nose of RHINOPITHECUS, and the extraordinarily lengthened member
of Nasatis. The limbs of the Primates show great diversity when
compared between distinct species, or between the fore and hind limbs

xiv INTRODUCTION

of one individual. Thus we have the rather short stout limbs of equal
length in PirHecus, the lengthened slender limbs of ATELEUs, the long
arms and short legs of HyLtopates and SyMPHALANGUS, and carried
to an extreme, considering the difference in size, in Ponco, where arms
and hands reach nearly to the ankles when the animal is in an erect
position. All kinds of texture characterize the pelage of the Primates,
from velvety softness to one that is coarse and harsh. The hair
assumes various arrangements, sometimes forming coronal or occipital
crests, occasionally both, or fringing the face with obtrusive whiskers,
or projecting over the forehead like the peak of a cap. Long curled
moustaches are rarely present, as in a species of LEONTOCEBUS,
exhibiting a remarkable growth. In many species the hair of the head
is short and compact, sometimes with horn-like erections over the
forehead, or on the sides of the head as in CeBus, while in one species
PITHECUS ALBIBARBATUS, the entire face is surrounded and the head
covered by long hair in the semblance of a huge wig. On the body the
hair is often long over the shoulders forming a mantle, and in other
cases falls from the sides or over the rump in long graceful fringes
as in most of the black species of Cotopus. The tail as a rule
is covered by short hair, but the end is sometimes tufted as in RHINo-
PITHECUS and CoLosus, and these tufts or tassels in some species of
the last genus are greatly enlarged, equal in one species to one third
the length of the tail. Only one species has a bare tail with end tufted
SIMIAS CONCOLOR, an extraordinary animal. All colors are shown in
the different pelages many of vivid and contrasting hues, and while
some one member of nearly all the genera has bright coloring, probably
LasiopyGA, embracing as it does such a large number of species, con-
tains more highly colored members than any other genus of the Pri-
mates.

Beards are not infrequently met with, in fact in ALouattTa this
appendage to the face of the species is rather characteristic of the
genus; and in all the Families, save Poncip, the hairs of the arms
are directed towards the wrist, but in the members of that Family the
hairs of arm and forearm grow in opposite directions the first down-
ward and the latter upward meeting at the elbow, and as it is supposed
these great Apes usually sit with their arms crossed, Darwin imagined
that this peculiar arrangement of the hair was to permit the rain to
run off at the elbow. Ears of the Primates are well developed and
pointed, but the lobe is absent, the Gorilla alone having it present in
a rudimentary condition. The voice of the Apes is described in the
Gorilla as a roar, but in the Chimpanzee as a gruff bark-like tone.

INTRODUCTION xv

Some of the small Monkeys of the New World emit a whistling note,
often plaintive, but the most wonderful voices-are those possessed by
the species of ALOUATTA in South America, and of Hytopates of the
eastern hemisphere. In these the throat is large and thick and the
larynx greatly developed. The basihyal is much enlarged and is ex-
panded into a bony capsule which is lined by a continuation of the
thyroid sac, and this peculiar formation enables the animal to produce
a volume of sound that can be carried, it has been estimated, for a
distance of three miles. :

The brain of the great Apes is slightly more than half the size of
that of Man. The Gorilla, like all of the Quadrumana, has the brain
fully developed before the permanent set of teeth are completed. At
that period the animal has not, of course, its full stature, and the skull
continues to grow with the animal, but the brain does not, the skull
becoming heavier and thicker in bone with broader and longer crest,
but the brain itself is stationary. . *““The relative size of the brain
varies inversely with the size of the whole body, but this is the case
with warm-blooded vertebrates generally. The extreme length of the

-cerebrum never exceeds, as it does in Man, two and a quarter times
the length of the basi-cranial axis. The proportions borne by the
brain to its nerves are less in the Apes than in Man as also is that borne
by the cerebrum to the cerebellum. In general structure and form
the brain of Apes greatly resembles that of Man. Each half of the
cerebrum contains a tri-radiate lateral ventricle, and though in some
_Lastopycipz the posterior cornu is relatively shorter than in Man, it
again becomes elongated in the CeBip#, and in many of the latter it is
actually longer relatively than it is in Man. The posterior lobes of the
cerebrum are almost always so much developed as to cover over the
cerebellum, the only exceptions being the strangely different forms
Mycetes, (AtouaTTa), and Hytospates, (SyMPHALANGUS), SYNDAC-
tTyLus. In the latter the cerebellum is slightly uncovered, but it is so
considerably in the former. In Chrysothrix, (Saimirt), the posterior
lobes are much more largely developed relatively than they are in Man.
The cerebrum has almost always a convoluted external surface. In
this group, however, as in mammals generally, a much convoluted
cerebrum is correlated with a considerable absolute bulk of body.
Thus in Hapale, (CALLITHRIX), (and there only), we find the cere-
brum quite smooth, the only groove being that which represents the
Sylvian fissure. In Simia, (Ponco), and GoriLta, and Anthropo-

*St. George Mivart, Encycl. Britan., 9th Ed., Article Ape.

xvi INTRODUCTION

pithecus, (Pan), on the contrary, it is very richly convoluted. A
hippocampus minor is present in all Apes, and in some of the CeBip#
it is much larger relatively than it is in Man, and is absolutely larger
than the hippocampus major. Of all Apes the Ourang has a brain
which is most like that of Man; indeed it may be said to be like Man’s
in all respects, save that it is much inferior in size and weight, and
that the cerebrum is more symmetrically convoluted and less com-
plicated with secondary and tertiary convolutions. If the brain of
Simia, (Ponco), be compared with that of GoriLtta, and Anthropo-
pithecus, (Pan), we find the height of the cerebrum in front
greater in proportion in the former than in the latter; also the
bridging convolutions, though small, are still distinguishable, while
they are absent in the Chimpanzee. Nevertheless the character cannot
be of much importance since it reappears in ATELES, (!) while two
kinds of the genus Cesus (so closely allied as to have been sometimes
treated as one species) differ strangely from each other in this respect.
The corpus callosum in Apes generally, does not extend so far back as
in Man, and it is very short in Pirnecia. In the Ourang and Chim-
panzee there are, as in Man, two corpora albicantia, while in the lower
Monkeys there is but one. The vermis of the cerebellum gives off
a small lobule, which is received into a special fossa of the petrous
bone. Certain prominences of the medulla oblongata, termed corpora
trapezoidea, which are found in the lower mammals, begin to make
their appearance in the CeBipz.”

The number of pairs of ribs varies considerably among the genera
of the Primates. The GoritLta and Pan have thirteen; the OURANG
twelve same as Man;-Hytopates thirteen, but sometimes sixteen
(Flower and Lydekker) ; CoLosus twelve; PycaTtHrix and CERCOCE-
BUS twelve, sometimes thirteen; LAsIopyGA and EryTHROCEBUS twelve;
PITHECUS twelve, sometimes thirteen, (P. NEMESTRINUS) ; Papo thir-
teen; CyYNOPITHECUS twelve; Macus twelve; ALtouattra, Laco-
THRIX, and ATELEUS fourteen; CreBus fourteen, but last pair very
short almost rudimentary in some species; PITHECcIA twelve and thir-
teen (P. CHIROPOTES) ; CALLICEBUS and CALLITHRIX twelve or thirteen ;
Aortus fourteen; SAIMIRI thirteen; NycTICEBUS sixteen; PERODICTICUS
fifteen. Of the vertebre Pan, Ponco and GoriILia have 4 lumbar, 3
sacral, and 5 caudal; Hytopates has 5 lumbar; Cotosus 7 lumbar, 3
sacral and 28 caudal; PyGATHRIXx 6 and 7 lumbar and 3 sacral; Lasi-
opyGa 6 and 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 26 caudal; Piruecus, Macus and
CynopitHecus 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, while Macus has 8 caudal,
and CynopiTHecus has 5; Papio 6 lumbar and 3 sacral; ALOUATTA

INTRODUCTION xvii

5 lumbar, while LacorHrix and ATELEUS have but 4; Crsus has
5 and 6 lumbar, while Aotus has 8, and 24 caudal; PirHecia 6 lumbar;
CaLLIcEBUs and Saimiri 7 lumbar, the last genus with 28 to 30 caudal ;
CALLITHRIX has 6 and 7 lumbar, and 27 to 33 caudal; Nycricegus 6
and 8 lumbar, and 8 and 11 caudal, and Peropicticus 7 lumbar and
20 caudal vertebre.

The Apes and Monkeys of the eastern hemisphere have thirty-two
teeth, the same as in Man, but the Primates of the western hemisphere,
excepting those of the Family CALLITRICHID# which also have thirty-
two, have thirty-six, the excess being two pairs of premolars, one pair
each in the upper and lower jaws. The canines in the males of all
Primates are large and extend beyond the tooth rows, and are separated
from the incisors by a diastema.

The ANTHROPOIDEA have been divided by Authors into five
Families, CALLITRICHIDZ, (usually designated as Hapalide), CeBipz,
Cercopithecide, (Lasiopyez), Simiide (Poncipz of this work)
and Homonide. To these in the present work has been added Hyto-
BATID& comprising the Gibbons, which on account of their structure
and mode of life seem more properly separated from, than united with,
the great Apes. The Gibbons are the only Apes that habitually walk
in an upright posture.

The Monkeys of the New World, excepting those of the genus
Cacajao, differ from all others, besides the number of the teeth in
having more or less prehensile tails, this member being frequently bare
beneath for a greater or less space at the tip, forming a grasping
surface and preventing slipping; and the members of the genus
ATELEUS are so expert with this organ as to make it serve the purpose
of a fifth hand, not only for holding on to the limbs of trees, even
suspending the animal without any other support, but often for con-
veying food to the mouth. Members of other genera, as Bracuy-
TELEUS, ALOUATTA, LAGOTHRIX, CEBUS, etc., are provided with pre-
hensile tails but not all have a bare surface beneath at the tip,
consequently the grasp is much less firm and secure, and their dexterity
in the use of this organ much less. The species of Cacayao have very
short tails of no use to their owners either to assist them in their
various movements, or for adornment.

There is much difference in size among the American Monkeys
from the small Squirrel Monkey (Sartmirt) and the Douroucouli
(Aotus), to the Howlers (Atovatta) the largest species in the New
World. These last are remarkable for the great development of the
mandible especially of the angle and ascending ramus, particularly

xviii INT ROD UGE OW

noticeable in the male, and is designed to protect and enclose the vocal
organs which are of very great size.

The shape of body and the manner in which the limbs are pro-
portioned to it, vary to a considerable degree in these American
Monkeys, and it would be difficult to find a greater contrast than the
slender, slim-waisted body, and long, attenuated limbs of ATELEUS
covered with smooth straight hair, and the thick-set, robust body,
moderately long, stout limbs, and woolly coat of ALoUATTA.

The genus with the largest number of species in the New World
is CEBUS containing the well known Capuchin Monkeys, remarkable
for their restless, mischievous dispositions, and the wonderful diversity
they exhibit in the coloring of their coats.

No American Monkey possesses either cheek pouches or callosities,
nor is the external auditory meatus ever present.

The species of the CRATARRHINE group are very different in appear-
ance from the Monkeys of the New World. The limbs are sometimes
of equal length, but generally the legs are longer than the arms except
in the great Apes whose arms are invariably longer than the legs. The
thumb when present is opposable to the fingers, as is also the great
toe to the digits of the foot, and is always shorter than the other toes.
The tails vary in length from a mere knob to one exceeding the head
and body. Many of the species possess cheek pouches, and callosities
are also present in many, sometimes of large dimensions and colored
with the most brilliant hues. The Family Lasiopyeip%, to which
precedence is given in the arrangement of the Suborder, contains the
Baboon, Guenons, Langurs, Guerezas, etc., in fact all the Old World
species of ANTHROPOIDEA except the Man-like Apes of the
Families Ponciip# and HyLopaTip&.

The Baboons, which come first in the arrangement of the Families
are, besides other physical traits, characterized by an elongate muzzle,
which in one species at least is decorated by brilliant coloring, (P.
SPHINX Linn.). The limbs are nearly equal, but the tails are very
variable in length and in the density of their hairy covering. The
canine teeth are very long, in some cases prodigiously so, and capable
of inflicting a wound as serious as that of almost any dagger. The
cheek pouches, in all species that have them, are constructed of folds
of skin which expand when food is forced into them, contracting again
when emptied and then giving no indication of their presence. These
pouches, being placed on the outer side of the jaw, are no hindrance

INTRODUCTION xix

to the mastication of any food, and are employed mainly for the storage
of such edibles as the animal does not desire to consume at the moment.
These receptacles even when full are no obstruction to the voice.
Besides these pouches large air sacs are present in the neck. The
species of the two genera Macus and CynopiTHEcus, although ranged
among the Baboons are generally known as Apes, probably on account
of the practical absence of a tail, resembling, as they do, in this respect,
the great Man-like Apes. The coat of the Baboon varies considerably
in texture from short silk-like hairs to almost a woolly fur observed in
those inhabiting a cold clime. The Mangabeys of the genus CErco-
CEBUS, in some respects, are intermediate between the true Baboons
(Papio), and the Guenons (PycaTHrIx). They have no laryngeal
sacs, but possess the posterior fifth cusp in the last molar of each lower
jaw. Their form is more slender than that of the Baboons, resembling
- the Guenons’, and like them they have long tails, but the often brilliant
coloring of the Guenon is not seen in the coat of the Mangabey. The
genus RHINOSTIGMA contains but one species remarkable for its
peculiar physiognomy ; the long white stripe from the forehead over
the nose to the upper lip, and the presence of a fifth posterior cusp
on each of the last lower molars, cause it to be a link between the Man-
gabeys and Guenons. The Guenons are the most numerous in species
of any of the groups belonging to the Lasiopyeipa, are more slender in
form than the Mangabeys, have not the last cusp on the posterior lower
molar, and possess coats of many colors some with strongly contrasting
hues, and long tails. MuiopirHecus has two species the smallest of the
Guenons, and ErytHrocesus follows with a dozen species, long-
legged and frequenters of the plains, rarely sojourning in forests.
The Langurs, PycatHrix, placed in a separate subfamily, are also of
a slender form with the legs longer than the arms, very long tail,
cheek pouches absent, and a sacculated stomach of great complexity.
*Sir William Flower has described this organ as follows: “An ordinary
stomach must be supposed to be immensely elongated and gradually
tapering from the cardiac end to a very prolonged pyloric extremity.
Then two longitudinal muscular bands, corresponding in situation to
the greater and lesser curvature of an ordinary stomach—the former
commencing just below the fundus, and the latter at the cardiac orifice,
and both proceeding toward the pylorus—are developed so as to
pucker up the cavity into a number of pouches, exactly on the same
principle as the human colon is puckered up by its three longitudinal

*Animals Living and Extinct, p. 725.

XX INTRODUCTION

bands. These pouches are largest and most strongly marked at the
cesophageal end, and becoming less and less distinct, quite cease
several inches before the pylorus is reached, the last part of the
organ being a simple, smooth-walled tube. The fundus or cardiac
end of the stomach is formed by a single large sac, slightly constricted
on its under surface by the prolongation of the inferior longitudinal
band, or that corresponding to the great curvature. The cesophagus
enters into the upper part of the left, or pyloric end of this sac, or
rather at the point of junction between it and the second (also a very
large) sacculus. Furthermore the whole of this elongated sacculated
organ is, by the brevity, as it were of the long curvature, coiled upon
itself in an irregular spiral manner, so that when in situ the pylorus
comes to be placed very near the cesophageal entrance.”

The Proboscis Monkey (Nasatis) is unique in one respect, the
nose elongate to such a degree as to make it appear a caricature, other-
wise the animal resembles in form the Langurs. The Guerezas, (Cot-
oBUS), are chiefly noted for the rudimentary condition of the pollux
or its absence altogether ; the long hairs falling as a fringe along the
side or over the back, and the long tails usually with a conspicuous tuft.

The species of RHINOPITHECUS and Simias are noted for the
diminutive nose turned up at the tip. The Hytopatip# or Gibbons
possess a skull not produced at the vertex, long arms with the hands
reaching to the ground when the animal stands erect, short legs and
small ischial callosities. The species of the genus SyMPHALANGUS
differ from those of HyLopaTes in having the second and third digits
of the foot united by webs as far as the last joint.

The great Apes form the family Poncimp#, and have the skull
produced at the vertex in Ponco, but not in Goritta or Pan. Ischial
callosities are absent; arms longer than legs; hands reaching to the
ankles in the Ourang when the animal is erect, only to the knees in the
Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Upright bony crests are never seen on the
crania of the last named, but the other two have frequently con-
spicuously large bony crests in adult males. The Ourang possesses an
os centrali but this, as in Man, is absent in the other two genera.

As in the rest of the ANTHROPOIDEA the skull of the male can
always be recognized by the elongate canines. When walking, the
Gorillas and Chimpanzees go on the knuckles of the hands and the
soles of the feet; but the Ourangs proceed chiefly by swinging from
tree to tree by the assistance of their long arms.

INTRODUCTION xxi

CLASSIFICATION.

The Order Primates containing, as it does, Man and the creatures
which are nearest allied to him, must be regarded as the most important
of all those recognized as belonging to the Animal Kingdom. The
various species contained within it, from Man to Marmoset, form a
fairly homogeneous group, with which the Lemuroids are associated in
a subordinal division. It is a moot point with some whether the Lemurs
should be considered members of the Order, having any rank whatever
within it, as about the only claim they have to the position is the
possession of the opposable great toe, which however is also found in
a species of an altogether different Order, the Opossum of the Car-
nivores. But, no matter how slight may be the pretensions of the
Lemurs for admission to the ranks of the Primates, yet, by the almost
general acquiescence of Mammalogists, they have of late been accepted
as occupying a recognizable place in the Order.

The Lemuroids are divided into three Families with four Sub-
families, having twenty genera and subgenera embracing one hundred
and six species forming the Suborder LEmuromwEeA. The remaining
Primates are separated into two divisions containing respectively the
Old World and New World Species, designated as the CRATARRHINE
and PLATARRHINE. The first, in this work is divided into three Families
with two Subfamilies containing twenty-two genera, and about 320
species; the second with two Families, having four Subfamilies,
thirteen genera and about 150 Species. The dentition observed in the
Order is both diphydont and heterodont; the members living in the
eastern hemisphere possessing thirty-two teeth, those of the western
hemisphere having thirty-six, except the members of the Family Cattt-
TRICHIDZ which have thirty-two, the excess in the others being
accounted for by the presence of an extra pair of premolars in each
jaw. In the arrangement adopted the species ascend from the lowest
form to the one considered as holding the highest rank, exclusive of
Man, but standing nearest to him.

The two aberrant forms of the Lemuroidea, DaAuBENTONIA and
Tarsius head the list, the former remarkable for the peculiar struc-
ture of the limbs and the specialized second finger, and the rodent
teeth; the latter for its lengthened legs, digits provided with discs,
and large eyes. These comprise the Families DAUBENTONIIDe, and
Tarsiip&. Following these but still of a low order in the Family
Nycticisip£, Subfamily Loristn, come Loris and Nycrticesus, the
Slender and Slow Lori, with large expressionless eyes, pointed noses

xxii INTRODUCTION

and tailless bodies. ArctTocEeBus succeeds with its reflexed finger, wide
spreading thumb and rudimentary tail, to be followed by PERopicticus
whose tail is about one third the length of the body and having long
slender processes from the anterior dorsal vertebre projecting through
the skin. The Subfamily GaLtacinz follows with its genera GaLAco
with three subgenera and thirty species, having the curious power of
folding the ears at will; and HemicaLaco. Next comes the Subfamily
LEMURINZ containing the true Lemurs and their near allies. It has
seven genera, with, altogether, thirty-five species. The members of the
seven genera present many characteristic differences from each other,
in size, coloration, and peculiarities of crania. The members of one
genus, CHIROGALE, afford a transition between GaLaco and LEemur.
This genus and Microcesus have been considered by some Authors
as not divisible, and while their members bear a resemblance to each
other, yet they each exhibit sufficient characters to make it advisable
to keep them in different genera. They are small animals, some of
them the most minute of the LEmuromwea. The last Subfamily of this
Suborder is INDRISIN# containing the largest member of the Lemur-
oidea yet known. The adults have thirty teeth, and the toes, except the
hallux, are united to the end of the first phalanx by a fold of skin.
The Subfamily has but three genera, INDRIS with one species, the
largest of all the Lemurs, distinguished by absence of tail and excessive
variability in the color of pelage; PropirHEcus with two species and
five subspecies. Like INpRIs the species of this genus are subject to
much variation in color, and this has been productive of great con-
fusion in discriminating between the different forms. They are large
animals, with powerful hind limbs enabling them to leap amazing dis-
tances. When walking on the ground they assume an erect posture
and, like the Gibbons, balance themselves by holding the arms over
their heads. The last genus is LicHANoTus with one species. It is
a small animal with a rather long tail, and woolly fur. It is slow in
its movements but when on the ground like the other members of
INDRISINZ& it walks upright.

The second Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA contains the remainder
of the Primates, including Man. As the consideration of Homo is
excluded in this Review, we pass to the Monkeys, Baboons, Apes, etc.,
which compose the rest of the Suborder. The Monkeys of the New
World and those of the Old, save in one Family, CALLITRICHIDA, are
separated by two characters, the number of teeth, and more or less
prehensile tails. They are all contained in two Families, the one just
mentioned above, and Cesip%. The first contains the smaller, less

INTRODUCTION Xxili

intelligent species, delicate of frame and constitution, unable to bear
captivity, and soon succumb when taken from their accustomed environ-
ment. CALLITRICHIDA contains six genera with about sixty species
and subspecies. The members of this Family have only thirty-two teeth
and in this respect resemble the species of the Old World, and differ
from the rest of the Monkeys indigenous to the western hemisphere.
The first genus is SENIOCEBUS with three species, with the head partly
bald, and long occipital crest, and without a mane or ruff; next Crr-
COPITHECUS with three species having a mantle; then LEONTOCEBUS
having nineteen species, possessing a ruff on neck, and fourth, Cépr-
POMIDAS with three species having the head crested and the hairs on
the nape elongate. The fifth genus is CALLITHRIX with thirteen species.
These are small creatures, among the most delicate of all the members
of the Order, have small canines, tails with long hair, and the angle
of the mandible expanded as in PirHecia. CALLICEBUS the sixth genus
has twenty-two species, closely allied to the previous genus, and
agreeing with it in certain of its characteristics.

We now come to Monkeys that are distinctively American with
one pair of extra premolars in both jaws, the nostrils directed outward,
and the prehensile tail. They are all included in the Family Cepipz
with its four Subfamilies. The first of these is ALOUATTINZ having
but one genus ALOUATTA with eleven species, and two subspecies, some
of them being the largest in size of the New World Monkeys. They
are of low intelligence, morose in disposition, heavy in body and with
a wonderfully powerful voice. The second Subfamily, PirHecina,
containing the Sakis, Uakari and Squirrel Monkeys, has three
genera the first of which is PiIrHEcIA with eight species. These are
animals of moderate size, of a more slender figure than the species of
ALOUATTA, with the hair on head, frequently standing upright, long
and thick and with a median part. A thick beard hangs from the
chin, especially noticeable in the male, and there is also a lengthened
bushy tail. In certain species the hair of head is coarse, loosely set,
and is directed forward forming a kind of hood around the face. The
second genus is Cacajyao with only three species characterized by
having the face and a large portion of the head naked and brightly
colored, becoming more intense and vivid when the animal becomes
excited. The tail is very short and the mandible is dilated posteriorly.
The *“cazecum in C. caLvus is upwards of ten inches along the greater
curvature; it is separated from the colon by a very marked constriction ;

*Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 119.

xxiv INTRODUCTION

it is not sacculated, and when fully distended with air is curved on
itself into little less than a circle; it is furnished with a well developed
median frenum carrying blood vessels.”

The last genus is Saimiri having eight species. These are small
active animals with large eyes, and the occipital region of the skull
projected posteriorly.

The third Subfamily is Aotin# with a single genus Aotus con-
taining fourteen species. These are eminently nocturnal animals, of
small size, and with large eyes placed close together. The fourth Sub-
family is CEBIN® with four genera; the first ATELEUS, generally
known as ‘Spider Monkeys,’ on account of their slender bodies
and long limbs, with twelve species. The pollux is usually absent, and
the tail prehensile, the animals of this genus being so expert in the use
of this organ as to make it perform the service of an extra hand. The
next genus is BRACHYTELEUS with only one species; a long limbed,
heavy bodied creature, with, like ATELEUs, the thumb usually wanting.
It is closely allied to the ‘Spider Monkeys.’ The third genus is Laco-
THRIX having six species. Unlike the members of the two previous
genera, the species of this one have a well developed thumb. The body
is heavy, the round head covered thickly with short hairs, and best
described as ‘bullet-headed.’ The animals are slow in movement, of a
gentle disposition, and a delicate constitution. The fourth genus
being the last of the American Monkeys is CeBus with twenty-two
species and two subspecies. On account of the great variability in the
coloring assumed by individuals, the members of this genus are the
most difficult to determine of the Primates. They also, by certain of
the species, are most generally known of all Monkeys. The face is
flat, the muzzle not protruding. The brain has numerous convolutions,
and the animals are intelligent, vivacious and very mischievous.

The Apes, Baboons and Monkeys of the Old World comprise the
CRATARRHINE section of the Primates, or those with, among other
characters, the nostrils directed downward. There are only three
Families and two Subfamilies possessing, altogether, twenty-two
genera. The first Family is Lasiopycip= with eleven genera. Papio,
the first genus, has nineteen species including the dog-faced baboons,
so called on account of their long muzzle. These are large, powerful
animals, associating in herds, commanded by one or more patriarchal
members, and are formidable antagonists when attacked. THERO-
PITHECUS contains but two species, large in size and heavily maned, in
this respect allies of Papilio HAMADRYAS. The third genus is Cyno-
PITHECus the black Apes of Celebes; peculiar looking animals without

INTRODUCTION XXV

tails, and very broad rostrum, and the head crested. They are not
very closely allied to any of the species of the Primates, but are as
well placed here as anywhere, for, although there are many characters
to separate them, yet they are probably nearer the species of the genus
Macus than any other. One species only is here recognized. Macus
with three species serves as a link connecting CyNoPirHEcus and
PirHecus. While outwardly resembling the black Ape of Celebes, yet
its narrower rostrum, lack of crest on head, which is covered with
short hairs, indicate an affinity for the Macaques, and its tailless con-
dition is similar to that of Srmia SyLvANus, the only species of that
genus. PirHeEcus is one of the largest genera of the Primates having
fifty-three recognized species and subspecies. These vary greatly in
appearance, with tails either short and thick, or slender and longer than
the head and body. The Macaques are noted for their nude buttocks
which are often most highly colored, eyes close together and surmounted
by a bony ridge which gives them a scowling expression. The canines
are long and make formidable weapons, and the brain is small. The
seventh genus is CercocEeBus. It has nine species and two subspecies,
of a more slender form than the Macaques and with shorter rostrum
and longer limbs, but as in Pirnecus the last lower molar has five
cusps. Much confusion has existed in the synonymy which, it is hoped,
has at length been corrected. RHINOSTIGMA is the next genus, with
one species, allied to both the members of CeRcocEeBus and LasiopyGa,
and forming a link between them. This last named genus is the largest
of all and has eighty-five species and subspecies. These monkeys have
frequently a pelage of many brilliant colors, have slender bodies and
long limbs and tails, and are very active in their movements. The ninth
genus is MiopiIrHEcuS containing only two species of small stature
and inconspicuous coloring. EryTHRocesus the last genus of the Sub-
family, had, at one time, its members, like those of the one preceding,
included in Lastopyca; they, however, differ in many ways from the
Langurs, have longer legs, differently shaped skulls, and dwell upon
the ground, being frequenters of the plains rather than of the forests,
and go in small companies. Twelve species are recognized.

The second Subfamily is Coropinz, frequently named Semno-
pithecine with five genera. The first, PycaTHrix, has fifty-eight
species and subspecies. They are delicate animals, and feed chiefly
on leaves and shoots. Their forms are slender and they have no cheek
pouches, and their pelage is much less gaily colored than that of the

xxvi INTRODUCTION

species of Lasiopyca. The Langurs, as they are called, are rarely seen
in Zoological Gardens as their delicate constitutions cause them easily
to succumb when held in captivity.

RHINOPITHECUS is the second genus with three species, large
animals with the nasal portion of the face depressed, the nose very
small and the end turned upward giving a very bizarre expression to
the countenance. One species has bright colors, ROXELLAN&, the others
are garbed in more sober hues, but their size makes them imposing, and
to rank among the finest species of the Primates in the Family to which
they belong. The next genus Srimias contains but one species, a
curious creature apparently, a connecting link between RHINOPITHECUS
and Nasa _is as it possesses characters peculiar to each. Thus, it has
the upturned nose of the members of the first genus, and also similar
teeth, with cranial characters resembling those of the Proboscis
monkey. It is altogether, considering the above mentioned peculiarities
and its short naked tail with the terminal tuft, not comparable with any
species of the Order; a very remarkable animal.

Nasa is is the fourth genus with an equally extraordinary species,
its greatly lengthened nose turned downward. This organ has a
depression in the center and is capable of being dilated. The laryngeal
sac is large, and there is a beard on the chin. There is but one species
known. The last genus of the Family is Cotogpus containing the
Guerezas of which there are thirty species, composed of the red and
black Guerezas, the former constituting about two thirds the entire
number. These animals have the thumb absent or rudimentary. They
are large in size, and the black Guerezas are ornamented on different
parts of the body, with long white hairs falling like a fringe, and the
tails are more or less tufted with white. The fourth Family is Hyto-
BATIDZ containing the Gibbons, with two genera, HyLopates with
twelve species, and SyMPHALANGUS with one species and two sub-
species, one of which, continentis is somewhat doubtful. These flying
Apes are, among other characters, remarkable for the length of their
arms, which, when the animal is erect, permit the hands to reach the
ground. They walk erect, balancing themselves somewhat awkwardly
by holding the arms, crooked at the elbow, over the head. The ischial
callosities are small and they are the last of the large Ape-like species to
possess them. The species and subspecies of SyMPHALANGUs are the
largest in size, and differ from those of HyLoxpaTes in having the second
and third toes united by skin up to their last joint, and the skin of the
throat is distensible and overlies the laryngeal sac by the thyro-hyoid
membrane.

INTRODUCTION XXVii

The last Family is that of Ponciip# containing the great Apes,
represented by three genera, arranged according as their species are
considered nearest to Man. In this Review the Ourang-utan is placed
lowest in the scale or farthest from Man; and the genus Ponco is
considered to possess but one species certainly, and one very doubtful.
The Author is fully aware that this opinion is by no means shared by
some of his colleagues, who would recognize a large number of species,
but after examining all the material of Ourangs contained in all the
large Museums of the world, the writer was able to discover no char-
acter that would prove the existence of more than one species. The
opinions as to the position the Ourang should occupy in reference to
Man have varied greatly yet despite the views of so great an authority
as that of his friend the late Sir Richard Owen, who would place the
Ourang before the Gorilla in its relation to Man, the Author, from the
result of his own studies, and the evidence produced by others, con-
siders that the testimony in its entirety shows that the Gorilla, low as
he may be in the scale of intelligence, has more of an affinity for
Man than the Ourang, while both are far exceeded in man-like qualities
by the Chimpanzee. The second genus then is GoriLta with certainly
two species, and seven subspecies of more or less distinctive value.
PSEUDOGORILLA has one species, connecting Gorilla and Pan. The last
genus is Pan, containing the Chimpanzees, nearest in the scale to Man
of all existing earth born creatures. There are at present eleven
scheduled species and three not yet named, but how many of these will
eventually be able to prove their right to be regarded as distinct species
cannot as yet be determined.

GENERA.

The genera bestowed upon the Primates have been many and of
varied importance. Some of course are necessary in order to properly
recognize natural divisions of a Family; a few are useful to segregate,
as subgeneric groups, certain portions of a genus which seem to have
in common, characters not possessed by other species of the same
genus ; but a considerable number of the proposed terms find no legiti-
mate place, and only help to swell the list of synonyms. In the follow-
ing arrangement the genera proposed are placed in the various Families
to which they belong according to the year in which they were first
published, beginning with Linnzus in 1758, earlier than whom no
Author may be recognized.

XXViii

1758.

1762.

1796.

1799.
1800.
1806.

1811.

INTRODUCTION

LEMUROIDEA.

Lemur Linnzus, Syst. Natur., pp. 29, 30. Type Lemur catta
Linnzus.

Prosimia Brisson, Regn. Anim., pp. 13, 156-158. Type Lemur
catta Linneus.

Procesus Storr, Prodr. Method. Mamm., pp. 32, 33. Type
Lemur catia Linnzus.

Tarsius Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., pp. 33, 34. Type Lemur
tarsius Erxleben, undeterminable.

TarpicraDus Bodd., (nec Briss.), Elench. Anim., pp. 43-47.
Type Lemur tardigradus Linnzus.

BraDIcEBus Cuv. et Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., No. 6, (Palmer).
Not in this list. No. 6 is Papro.

DauBENTONIA E. Geoff., Décad. Philos. et Litt., p. 195. Type
Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.

ScoLecopHacus E. Geoff., Décad. Philos. et Litt., p. 196. Type
Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.

PaviaNus Frisch, Nat. Syst. vierftiss Thiere in Tabellen, p.
19,1775. Type “Der Pavian.”

Inpri (!) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., Paris, I, p. 46. Type
Lemur indri (!) Gmelin.

Loris E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., Paris, I, p. 48. Type Loris
gracilis? E. Geoffroy.

Gaxaco E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., Paris, I, p. 49. Type
GALAGO SENEGALENSIS E. Geoffroy.

Ave-AyeE Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 6. Type Sciurus mada-
gascariensis Gmelin.

CueEiromys (Chiromys) G. Cuv., Lecons Anat. Comp., I, Tabl.
1. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.

Catra Link, Beschreib. Nat. Samm. Univers. Bostock, I, pp.
7,8. Type Catta mococo Link, = Lemur catta Linneus.
Licwanotus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 72. Type
Lemur laniger Gmelin.

STEnops Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 73. Type Lemur
TARDIGRADUS Linnzus.

Oroticnus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 74. Type Lemur
galago Schreber!, not mentioned by that Author.

Macropus Fisch., Mém. Imp. Soc. Mosc., Zoogn., II, p. 566.
New name for GaLaco.

1812.

1815.

1816.

1819.

1821.

1828.

1831.

1832.

1833.

1834.

1835.

1839.

INTRODUCTION xxix

CHEIROGALEUS (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, p. 172, pl. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!) major E. Geoffroy.
Nycticesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p.
163. Type Nycticebus bengalensis E. Geoff., = Tardigradus
coucang Boddert.

InpDRiuM Rafin., Analys. Nat., p. 54. New name for Indri.
Type Lemur indri Gmelin.

Loripium Rafin., Analys. Nat., p. 54. New name for Loris.
Type none given.

PsitopactyLus Oken, Lehrb. Natur., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te
Abth., pp. 116-165. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.
Maxi Muirhead, Brewst., Edinb. Encycloped., XIII p. 405.
Type Lemur macaco Linneus?

RaBiENus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 299. Type Lemur
spectrum Pallas. Undeterminable.

Microcesus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 11me Legon.
Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = Microcebus murinus
(Miller).

Prropicticus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 109. Type
Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett, = Nycticebus potto Geoffroy.
ProPiITHECus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 20. Type
Propithecus diadema Bennett.

GaacoiwEs A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., II, p.
32. Type Galago demidofi A. Smith.

Macrotarsus Link, Beytr. Naturg., I, Pt. II, , PP. Bil 1655..66;
Type Macrotarsus buffom = Tarsius
MyspitHecus Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., in XXXII, pl.
Type Myspithecus typus A. Smith, = Bieaneaiens (!) major
E. Geoffroy.

Avani Jourd., L’Institut., II, p. 231. Type Lemur laniger
Gmelin.

Microrhynchus Jourd., Thése inaug. a la Faculté de Science de
Grenoble. Type Lemur laniger Gmelin.

CEPHALOPACHUS Swains., Nat. Hist. and Class. Quad., p. 352.
Type Tarsius bancanus Horsfield.

ScarTes Swains., Nat. Hist. and Class. Quad., p. 352. Type
Lemur murinus Miller.

Hasrocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis,
257, tab. XLII. Type Lemur lanatus Schreb., = Lemur laniger
Gmelin.

xxXxX

1840.

1841.

1851.

INTRODUCTION

MysprITHEcus nec Cuv., Blainv., Ostéog., I, p. 33. New name
for CuHiromys Lacépéde, 1799.

BRADYLEMUR Blainy., Ostéog., p. 239. Type Lemur tardi-
gradus Blainv., = Nycticebus coucang Boddeert.
ARACHNOCEBUS Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 243. Type
Nycticebus lori Fischer, = Lemur tardigradus Linnezus.
CEBUGALE Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 213. Type Lemur
commersoni Wolf, = Cheirogaleus (!) major E. Geoffroy.
GiiscEBus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 216. Type Lemur
murinus Miller.

Myoxicesus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 218. Type Mioxi-
cebus (!) griseus (Less.), = Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy.
Myscesus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 214. Type Myscebus
palmarum Less., = Lemur murinus Miller.

PITHELEMUR Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 208. Type Lemur
indri Gmelin.

PottTo Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 237. Type Potto bosmani
Less., = Perodicticus potto E. Geoffroy.

Hypsicezus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 253. Type Tarsius
bancanus Horsfield.

SEMNOCEBUS Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 207, 209. Type Lemur
laniger Gmelin. ;
Iropocus Gloger, Hand. u. Hilfsb. Nat., I, pp. XXVIII, 43.
Type Iropocus laniger, = Lemur laniger Gmelin.

MystEemour Blainv., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., Paris, VIII, p. 559.
New name for Myspithecus Blainville.

HapaLemur (!) I. Geoff., L’Instit., 19me Ann., p. 341. (foot-
note). Type Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy.

Lepitemur (!) I. Geoff., L’Instit., 19me Ann., p. 341, (foot-
note). Type Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoffroy.
GaLrocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, pp. XII, 147.
Type Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoffroy.

Hemicataco Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Tredje Haftet, p. 224.
Type Galago demidofii Fischer.

OToLEMuUR Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Sér., XI, p. 458.
Type Otolemur agisymbanus Coq., = Galago crassicaudatus
E. Geoffroy.

Varecia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 135. Type Lemur
varius E. Geoffroy, = Lemur variegatus Kerr.

OToGALE Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 139. Type Otolicnus
garnetti Ogilby.

1868.

1870.

1872.

1874.

1878.

£OTL:

1758.

1763.

INTRODUCTION XXxXi

Evoticus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 140. Type Otogale
pallida Gray.

Catiotus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 145. Type Galago
monteirt Bartlett.

Arctocesus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 150. Type Pero-
dicticus calabarensis Smith.

ANDROPITHECUS Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., p. 286.
Nomen nudum.

AzEMA Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., pp. 132, 134. Type Chirogaleus (!) smithi Gray,
= Microcebus murinus (Miller).
PROLEMUR Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Hapalemur (!) simus Gray.
MouriLeMurR Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 134. Type Lemur murinus Miller.

Mirza Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Microcebus coquereli Schlegel and
Pollen.

PHANER Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., p. 135. Type Lemur furcifer Blainville.
OpoLtemuR Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 853, fig. I, pl.
LXX. Type Cheirogaleus (!) milu E. Geoff., = Chetroga-
leus (!) major E. Geoffroy.

‘ScrurocHEIRUS Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 857, fig. 5.

Type Galago allent Waterhouse.

Mrxocesus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preus. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
690. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters.

Mococo Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Sér., No. 6, p. 163,
as synonym of Lemur.

ALTILILEMUR D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, p. 111. Type Cheiro-
galeus (!) medius E. Geoffroy.

ANTHROPOIDEA.

Sim1A Linnzus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 25. Type Simia
sylvanus Linneus.

CrrcopiTHEcus Gronov., Zooph., I, p. 5. Type Simia midas
Linnzus.

XXXii

1775.

1777.

1779.

1792.

1795.

1799.

1804.

1806.

1811.

1812.

INTRODUCTION

Pavianus Frisch, Das Nat. Syst. vierp. Thiere in Tabellen,
p. 19. Type ? “Der Pavian.”

Papio Frisch, Das Nat. Syst. vierp. Thiere in Tabellen, p. 19.
Type ? “Der Pavian.”

Paprio Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 15. Type Papio sphinx
Erxleben, = Cynocephalus papio Desmarest.

CERCOPITHECUS Erxl., (nec Gronov.), Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 22.
Type Simia mona Schreber.

Cezsus Erxleb., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 44. Type Simia capucina
Linnzus.

CaLLITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 55. Type Simia -
jacchus Linnzus.

CERCOPITHECUS (nec. Gronov.), Blumenb., Handb. Naturg., I,
p. 68. Two species Simia paniscus type of ATELEUS, and S.
jacchus type of CALLITHRIX.

Sapajus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, p. 74. Type none
indicated.

Sacoinus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, p. 80. Type none
indicated.

CyNocEPHALUS Cuv. et E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., III, p.
458, Genus VI. Type Simia cynocephalus Linneus.
PitHecus Cuv. et E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., III, p. 462,
Genus IV. Type Simia sinica Linneus.

Ponco Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Pongo borneo
Lacépéde, = Simia pygmea Hoppius.

Sacouin Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia jacchus
Linneus.

AtouatTta Lacéped., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia beelzebul
Linnzus.

Macaca Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., p. 4. Type Simia inuus
Linneus.

PitHecia Desmar., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, p. 8. Type
Simia pithecia Linneus.

ATELES (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XII, p. 262.
Type Simia paniscus Linneus.

ATELOCHEIRUS E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII, p.
272. Type Simia paniscus Linnezus.

Lastopyca Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 68. Type
Simia nictitans Linneus.

TroctopyTes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p.
87. Type Simia troglodytes Linneus.

1813.

1815.

1816.

INTRODUCTION XXXiii

‘

Nasa.is E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 90.
Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb.

PyGaTurix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 90.
Type Simia nemeus Linnzus.

Inuus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 96.
Type Simia sylvanus Linnzus.

Crrcocesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 97.
Type Cercocebus fuliginosus E. Geoffroy, = Simia ethiops
Schreber.

Lacoturix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 106.
Type Lagothrix cana E. Geoffroy.

STENTOR E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 107.
Type Simia seniculus Linneus.

Jaccuus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 118.
Type Simia jacchus Linnzus.

Minas E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 120.
Type Simia midas Linneus.

LorHotus G. Fischer, Zoogn., II, pp. IX, 547. Type Pongo
wurmbi Tiedemann, = Pongo pygmeus (Hoppius).

ATELEuUS Fischer, Zoogn., II, pp. 529-532. Emendation of
Ateles E. Geoffroy.

Acipan Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for CrEBus
Erxleben, 1777.

Paniscus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. Type Simia paniscus
Linneus.

Sajus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for CaLLiTHRIX
Cuv.5. (Part).

Sytvanus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for CaLti-
THRIX Cuv., (Part.).

Cegus (nec Erxl.), Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 53. New name for
CERCOPITHECUS Gronovius.

SakiNnus Rafin., Analy. Nat., p. 219. New name for Sylvanus
Rafinesque.

Sytvanus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3ter Theil, Zool., 2te Abth.
Type Inuus ecaudatus E. Geoff., = Simia sylvanus Linneus.
Satyrus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp.
XI, 1225. Type Satyrus rufus Less., = Simia pygmea Hop-
pius.

Faunus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp.
XI, 1227. Type Faunus indicus = Simia pygmea Hoppius.

XXXIV

1819.

1820.

1821.

1823.

1824.

1825.

1827.

INTRODUCTION

Pan Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3te Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., pp. XI,
1230. Type Pan africanus Oken, = Simia satyrus Linneus.
Sylvanus Virey, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2nd ed., XXXI, p. 275.
Type Simia sylvanus Linnzeus.

ARCTOPITHECUS Virey, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2nd ed., XX XI,
p. 279. A subgeneric term for Hapale Illiger.

Sitenus Goldfuss, Handb. Zool., II, p. 479. Type Cynoceph-
alus silenus (Schreber), = PITHECUS ALBIBARBATUS (Kerr).
Homo Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 297. Type Simia
nasica Schreber, = Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb).

Laratus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 297. Type Homo
lar Linneus.

Daunus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, p. 298. Type Simia
nemeus Linnzus.

PresspyTis Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Entdeck-Reise Sud See u.
nach Berings-Str., III, p. 196. Type Presbytis mitrata Esch., =
Simia aygula Linneus.

BRACHYURUS Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 11, pl. VII. Type
Brachyurus israelita ? Spix.

NyctTipirHEecus Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 24, pl. XVIII,
XIX. Type Nyctipithecus felinus Spix, = Aotus infulatus
Kuhl.

*BRACHYTELES (!) Spix, Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 36, pl. XX VII.
Type Brachyteles (!) macrotarsus Spix, = Ateles (!) arach-
noides E. Geoffroy.

GasTRIMARGUS Spix. Sim. Vespert. Bras., p. 39, pls. XXVIII,
XXIX. Type Gastrimargus infumatus Spix, = Lagothrix in-
fumata (Spix).

NoctHora F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., V, Livr. XLIII, pl.
Type Simia trivirgata Humboldt.

Macotus Ritgen, Nat. Entheil, Saugth., p. 33. Type
none specified.

Manprittus Ritgen, Nat. Entheil, Saugth, p. 33. Type
? none specified.

SemnopitHecus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1II, Livr. XXX,
pl. Type Simia melalophus (!) Raffles.

Macus Less., Man. Mamm., p. 43. Type Magus maurus F.
Cuvier.

?

*See page 49, footnote.

INTRODUCTION XXXV

1828. THERANTHROPUS Brookes, Cat. Anat. and Zool. Mus. of Joshua

1829.

1831.

1835.

1838.

1839.

Brookes, Lond., p. 28. Type Troglodytes niger E. Geoffroy, = -
Simia satyrus Linneus.

CuHEIRON Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. as Art, XXVI, p.
307. Type Homo lar Linneus.

Ourstitis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. and Art, XXVI, p.
307. Type Simia jacchus Linneus.

PiTHES (!) Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. anid Art, XXVI,
p. 307. Type Simia sylvanus Linneus.

MacrosateEs Billb., Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., Consp. A. New
name for Ponco.

Crates Billb., Faun. Scandin., I, Mamm., can A. Type
Simia apella? Linnzus.

GEoPiITHECUS Less., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., xv, p02. Type
none given.

Eriopes I. Geoff., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., XV, p. 143. Type
Eriodes arachnoides 1. Geoffroy.

ManpriL Voigt, Cuv. Das Thierreich, I, p. 88. Type Simia
sphinx Linnzus, (nec Auct.).

Saimiri Voigt, Cuv. Das Thierreich, I, p. 95. Type Simia
sciurea Linnzeus. .
CurysOTHRIx Kaup, Das Thierreich, I, p. 50, fig. text. Type
Simia sciurea Linneus.

CynopiTHEcus I. Geoff., Bélang., Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool., p.
66. Type Cynocephalus niger Desmarest.

ANTHROPOPITHECUs Blainv., Ann. Frang. et Etrang. d’Anat. et
Physiol., Paris, II, p. 330. Type Simia troglodytes Gmelin, =
Simia satyrus Linnzus.

BRACHIOPITHECUS Sénéch., Dict. Pitt. Hist. Nat., 2nd Pt., p.
428. Type none given.

Maimon Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., pp. IV bis, 141. Type
none given.

Lrontocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis.
Type Hapale chrysomelas Kuhl.

LiocePpHALUS Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis.
Type Jacchus melanurus Geoff., = Simia argentata Linnzus.
Mormon Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. 164-168. Type
Simia mormon Alstromer, = Simia sphing Linnzus.
CH#ROPITHECUS Blainv., “Legons Orales.” Type “Les Cyno-
cephales.”

XXXVI

1840.

1841.

1842.

1843.

INTRODUCTION

RueEsus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 49, 95. Type Macacus rhesus
Desmarest.

Hamapryvas Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 107. Type Simia hama-
dryas Gmelin?

PiTHeEsciurus (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 116, 157. Type
Pithesciurus saimiri Less., = Simia sciurea Linneus.

YarKEA Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 176. Type Simia leucocephala
Audebert.

Cuiropotes Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 178. Type Chiropotes
cuxio Less., = Simia satanas Hoffmannsegg.

Cacajao Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 181. Type Simia melano-
cephala E. Geoffroy.

Mico Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 184, 192. Type Simia argentata
Linnzus.

CEpipus Less., Spec. Mamm., pp. 184, 197. Type Gdipus titi
Less., = Simia edipus Linnezeus.

HybLanTuropus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII,
34. Type Simia troglodytes Gmelin, = Simia satyrus Linneus.
SyMPHALANGUS Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII,
34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest.

Satmacis Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII, 35.
Type none given. New name for Macaca Lacépéde.
RHINALAZzON Glog., Handb. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, pp. XX VII,
36. Type Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.

CEtuIops Martin, Gen. Intro. Nat. Hist. Mamm. Anim., p. 506.
Type none given.

MANDRILLUS (nec Ritgen), Milne-Edw., Kruger’s Handb. Zool.
nach 2ten Franz. Ausg., I. Type Cynocephalus porcarius
Boddeert.

PitHex Hodg., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., IX, Pt. II, p. 1212.
Type Macacus oinops Hodg., = Pithecus rhesus (Audebert).
SYNDACTYLUs Boit., Jard. Plantes, p. 55. Type Pithecus syn-
dactylus Desmarest.

MiopitHEcus I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XV, p. 720. Type
Cercopithecus talapoin Erxleben.

SIAMANGA Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 1. Type
Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest.

Tueropituecus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, II,
p. 576. Type Macaca gelada Riippell.

GeLapa Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 103. Type
Macacus gelada Riippell.

1848.

1849.

1852.

1857.

1860.

1862.

INTRODUCTION XXXVii

SpHINx Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. XVII. Type
none given.

LyssopEs Gistel, Naturg. Thierreich f. hodhere Schulen, p. IX.
Type Macacus speciosus F. Cuvier.

Ovaxaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 9, fig. Type
Brachyurus ouakary Spix.

Goritta I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., Paris, XXXIV, p. 84. Type
Troglodytes gorilla Savage.

RuyncuopitHecus Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Andra Haftet, pp.
83, 91. New name for NasALis.

PsEUDANTHROPUS Reichenb., Fortsetz. Vollstand. Naturg. New
name for Troglodytes E. Geoffroy, 1812.

(piromipas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 5, pl. II,
figs. 18-20. Type Simia wdipus Linneus.

Marikina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 7, pl. II, figs.
25-31. Type Simia rosalia? Linneus.

Otocesus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pls. VII,
VIII, figs. 124, 126-135. No type declared. Subgenus of
CEBUS.

PsEuDocEBUsS Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pls.
VI, VII, figs. 83, 84, 89, 90, 108. No type declared. Subgenus
of CEBUS.

Eucesus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 56, pls. VI,
VII, figs. 86-88, 91, 92, 110, 111, 113, 115. No type declared.
Subgenus of CEBUS.

CaLyrtrocesus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 55, pls.
VI, VII, figs. 85, 93-107, 109, 114, 116-122. Subgenus of
CEBUS.

Kasi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 101, 103, pl.
XVII, figs. 234, 235 ; 240, 241. No type declared. Subgenus of
PYGATHRIX.

Diapemia Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 107-109, pls.
XVIII, XIX, figs. 262-270. Subgenus of LasiopyGa.
Mona Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 109-113, pls.
XIX, XX, figs. 271-282. Subgenus of Lasiopyca.

Vetutus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 125, pl. XXII,
fig. 321. Type Simia sitENus? Gmel., = PITHECUS ALBIBAR-
BATUS (Kerr).

Cynamotcoos Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 130. No
type declared.

XXXVIli

1865.

1866.

INTRODUCTION

Zat1 Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 130-133, pl.
XXIII, figs. 327-331. Type Simia sinica Linneus.

NEMESTRINA Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 130-140,
pl. XXIV, figs. 349-353, 359-363. Type Simia nemestrinus

Linnezeus.

PETAuRISTA Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, pp. 105-107,
pl. XVIII, figs. 251-261. Type Cercopithecus petaurista
Schreber.

Dritt. Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 162. Type
Simia leucophea F. Cuvier.

TRACHYPITHECUS Reichenb., Voilstand. Naturg. Affen. No
type declared. Subgenus of PyGaTHRIX.

CEBUELLA Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 734. Type Hapale
pygmea Spix.

Enceco Haeckel, Gen. Morph. Organ., II, CIX, footnote. Type
Simia troglodytes Gmelin, = Simia satyrus Linneus.

-Gymwnopyca Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 202. Type

1870.

Macacus inornatus Gray, = Macacus maurus F. Cuvier.
CHLOoROCEBUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
pp. 5, 24. Type Simia pygerythra F. Cuvier.

GUEREZA Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., pp.
5,19. Type Colobus guereza Riippell.

CH#ROPITHECUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
pp. 5, 35. Type Simia leucophea F. Cuvier.

ENTELLUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.

(14. Type Semnopithecus johnii (Fischer).

Cynocesus Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
p. 26. Type Cercopithecus cynosurus Geoffroy.

SEMNOCEBUS (nec Less.), Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats,
Brit. Mus., p. 27. Type Pygathrix albigena (Gray).
HAPANELLA Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus.,
p. 65. Type Hapale geoffroyi Pucheran.

Mystax Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.
66. Type Midas mystax Spix.

TAMARIN Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p. 68.
Type Midas ursulus Geoffroy.

SENIOcEBUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.
68. Type Midas bicolor Spix.

MicoEtta Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-eat. Bats, Brit. Mus., p.
130. Type Mico sericeus Gray, = Callithrix chrysoleuca
Wagner.

1872.

1878.

1879.

1886.

1891.

1895.

1897.

1899,

1903

INTRODUCTION XXXIX

RurnopirHecus A. Milne-Ed., Recher. Mamm., p. 233, pls.
XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Semnopithecus roxellane A. Milne-
Edwards.

LorHopiTHEcus Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Sér., p.
53. Type Simia melanolopha Raffles.

Diana Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VI, 3me Sér., p. 124. Type
Simia diana Linnzus.

BracHyurus (nec Fisch., Rodentia), Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool.,
VI, 3me Sér., p. 135. Type Brachyurus calvus I. Geoffroy.
PRESBYPITHECUS Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VII, 3me Sér., pp.
52, 56. Type Simia cephaloptera (!) Zimmermann.
CoryPiTHEcusS Trouess., Rev. Mag. Zool., VII, 3me Sér., p.
53. Type Semnopithecus frontatus Miller.

ProcoLosus Rochebr., Faun. Sénegamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc. I,
p.95. Type Colobus verus Van Beneden.

Tropicotosus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.
I, p. 102. Type Colobus rufomitratus Peters.

Pritocotogus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.
I, p. 105. Type Colobus ferrugineus Illiger.

StacHycoLosus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.
I, p. 114. Type Colobus satanas Waterhouse.

PTEerycoLopus Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., Suppl. Vert., fasc.
I, p. 125. Type Colobus vellerosus 1. Geoffroy.

Uacaria Flow. and Lydekk., Mamm. Living and Extinct, p.
712. Type Brachyurus ouakary Spix.

LopHocoLosus Pousarg., Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 53. Type Colobus
verus Van Beneden.

Rurnostictus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 17.
Type Cercopithecus petaurista Schreber.

EryTHROcEBuS Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 19.
Type Simia patas (?) Schreber. No type designated.
OtopitHEcus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, p. 22.
Type Cercopithecus grayi Fraser.

MAMATELESUS Herrere, Sinon., Vul. y Cient. Prin. Vert. Mex.,
p. 19. New name for Ateleus.

CotHurRus (nec Champ. Coleopt.), Palmer, Scien., X, New
Ser., p. 403. Type Brachyurus calvus Geoffroy.

Catxiicegus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII, p. 456.
Type Callithrix personatus Geoffroy.

NeocotHurus Palmer, Scien., XVII, New Ser., p. 873. New
name for Cothurus Palmer.

tie ei

1912.

INTRODUCTION

LopHocesus Palmer, Scien., XVII, New Ser., p. 873 New
name for Semnocebus Gray.

Srmuias Miller, Smith. Misc. Coll., XLIX, p. 66. Type Simias
concolor Miller.

Rurnosticma D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 273.
Type Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock.

AtLocHrocesus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 297.
Type Cercopithecus l’hoesti Sclater. Subgenus of Lastopyea.
Neocegsus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 319. Type
Simia cephus Linneus. Subgenus of Lasiopyca.
InsicniceBus D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. II, p. 359.
Type Cercopithecus albigularis Sykes. Subgenus of Lastopyea.
PycaTHrix D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. III, p. 98. Type
P. nemeus E. Geoff. Subgenus of Pygathrix.

PsEupocorRILLa D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, Vol. III, p. 224.
Type Gorilla mayema? Alix et Bouvier.

INTRODUCTION

xii

The following arrangement is adopted for this work:

ORDER PRIMATES.

SUBORDER I. LEMUROIDEA.

Genus Dausentonia—Aye-Aye.

Genus Tarstus—Tarsiers.

SuBFAMILY I. LorIsIN&.

FAMILY I. DavsEentonip2.

FAMILY II. Tarsip2z.

FAMILY III. Nvycricisipz.
GENUS I.
GENUS II.
Genus III.

Genus IV.

SuBFAMILY II.

GENUS ik
GENUS 100

SuBFaMIty III.

GENUS I;
Genus II.
Genus III.
Genus IV.
GENUS Wi
Genus’ VI.
Genus VII.

SuBFAMILY IV.

GENUS We
GENUS II.
Genus III.

Loris—Slender Loris.
Nycticesus—Slow Loris.
ARcTOCcEBUS—The Amantibo.
PERODICTICUS—Pottos.

GALAGINZ.

GaLtaco—Bush Babys.
HemicaLaco—Bush Babys.

LEMURINZ.

CHIROGALE—Mouse Lemurs.
Microcesus—Dwarf Lemurs.
Mixocesus—The Hattock.
ALTILILEMUR—Fat Lemurs.
LEPIDOLEMUR—Sportive Lemurs.
Myoxicesus—Gentle Lemurs.
Lemur—True Lemurs.

INDRISINZ.

LicHanotus—Woolly Avahi.
PropITHEcUS—Satfakas.
Inpris—The Endrina.

xhii
SUBORDER II.

FAMILY I. Catuirricnipz.
GENUS 1b.
GENUS iii
Genus III.
Genus IV.
GENUS V.
Genus. VI.

FAMILY II. Cesiwz.

SuBFAMILY I.

INTRODUCTION

ANTHROPOIDEA.

SENIOCEBUS—Bald-headed Tam-
arins.

CERCOPITHECUS—Black Tamar-
ins.

LEONTOCEBUS—Tamarins.

CEpirpomipas—Marmosets.

CALLITHRIX—True Marmosets.

CaLLicEBUS—Titi Monkeys.

ALOUATTINZ.

Genus ALouatra—Howlers.

SuBFAMILy II.

GENUS 1
GENUS II.
Genus III.

SuBFAMILy III.

PITHECINZ.

PirHEecia—Sakis.
Cacayao—Uakari.
SAIMIRI—Squirrel Monkeys.

AOTINZ.

Genus Aotus—Douroucouli.

SuBFAMILY IV.

GENUS i.
GENUS Ti.
Genus | III.
Genus IV.

CEBIN.

ATELEUS—Spider Monkeys.
BRACHYTELEUS—Woolly Spider
Monkeys.
LacoTHrix—Woolly Monkeys.
Crsus—Capuchins.

INTRODUCTION xiii

FAMILY III. Lasiopyemwz.
SuBFAMILY I. LasiopyGinz.

GENUS I. Paprto—Baboons.

Genus II. THERoPpITHECUS—Geladas.

Genus III. CynopirHecus—Black Apes.

Genus IV. Macus—Celebes Macaques.

Genus V. Simia—Tailless Macaque.

Genus VI. PirHecus—Macaques.

Genus VII. Crrcocresus—Mangabeys.

Genus VIII. RuinostigémMa—Hamlyn’s Mon-
key.

Genus IX. Lasiopyca—Guenons.

Genus XX. MuopirHecus—Talapoins.

Genus XI. ErytTHrocesus—Red Guenons.

SuspFraMity II. CoLosBinz.

GENUS I. PycaTHrix—Langurs.

GENUS II. RuINopirHecus — Retroussé-
nosed Monkeys.

Genus III. Simias— Retroussé-nosed Mon-
keys.

Genus IV. Nasatis—Proboscis Monkey.

GENUS V. Coropus—Guerezas.

FAMILY IV. HytopatTipz.

GENUS I. Hvyztospates—Gibbons.
GENUS Il. SympHaLancus—Gibbons.

FAMILY V. Poneip2.

GENUS I. Ponco—Ourang-utan.

Genus’ II. Goritra—Gorilla.

Genus III. Pstvupocorrtta—Mayema Ape.
Genus IV. Pan—Chimpanzees

xliv INTRODUCTION

The species that are recognized in this work may be arranged as
follows, the subgeneric groups being placed under their respective
genera.

ORDER PRIMATES.

SUBORDER I. LEMUROIDEA.
Famity DAUBENTONIIDZ.
GeNus DAUBENTONIA.
DavuBENTONIA E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p.

195. Type Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.
PAGE

1. DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS .........-+2+200. Vol. i.50

FaMiLy TARSIIDZ.
GENUS TARSIUS.

Tarsius Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 33, Tab. A.
Type Lemur tarsius Erxl.

2...) ALARSTUS. PRM ENP PUNENGES IEG sc & o-n'3 4 Coke enim eames Vol. 5 109
3a. MEARS US eA IE OTT S96 ok ke @ Lo ayo <paueeatae ee eeanee eee oa
4. TTARSTUS SANGHIUREDESIS apts «s/c <sunske,s ae chee maar © 1a
5. RRS SST ATOR oes eyes iv osers, «0: ,.0,« sven ieee <- Las
6) “TARSHIS! BORNBARUISiee: cos os ws » «cc cstlel Merete 7 ae
75: TeRRSUUS! BAIIGANIUS 4 .c101s. x10 «'s + age ene Cee oJ, 14
SB.) MIPARSUUS) RUS Tecate re ac te o).0) clipsn,.S a, 0.<, ate enero ea ee ve es
Famity NYcTICIBID&.
SUBFAMILY LorRISINz.
Genus Loris.
Loris E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., 2me Ann., I, 1796, p. 48.
Type Loris gracilis E. Geoffroy.
9. Loris TARDIGRADUG MoO AT. et). QW eae Vet T, 18

10.: LoORIS' GYDEKKERTANUS) % 5 o...es sc 0 0 cteeemretetreneiets I, 19

ya
#2)
13.
14.
HD:
16.
i7.
18.
19
20.
ZN:

Zz,
Zoe

29,
30.

INTRODUCTION xlv

GENUS NYCTICEBUS.

Nycticesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 162. Type Tardigradus coucang Boddert.

PAGE
INYCTICEBUS BORNENNUS CRUE ert Tee ese. Vol. I, 24
NVETICESUS BANCANUS® See to ee ee eee ee er Lee
INVCTICHBUG "TENASSERINIENGIC) Scot o coe cs te eke nee Meee
NV GRIGERUSCOUCANG Ete ek ct tce ce eect t oe E26
INVERICERUSPE-NGINEREUS Ce cea tence tes cre onc ce eS EP R7
NIMERICEBRUS) JAMANMCUS, ous cau) staeoeruen sce cc face es << s-e28
INWERICEBUS. ,.NUASIINAET tr oti tae tale et eee mee eels wis ae eae dis 42)
INMERIGEBUS wMALADANTUS 2... ouch eS sale ie dia’s alates “S. ee29
INeTICEBUS) HILEERT (as. % ¢ ould, auch tits see erenaa a aN PE UT
INVETICEBUS, MENAGENGISNe <P etiere dais cic cicse-ectee a hd & Sea! ee
NVGRIGEBUS |PYGM AUS Wile, tavads Reyes Aacvaucuss, fais COE LE)

GENusS ARCTOCEBUS.
Arctocesus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150.
Type Perodicticus calabarensis Smith.

ARCTOCEBUS "CALABARENSIG! oid. 4 see 2 onde nea sho. Volk, ls5
RCTOCEBUS: AUREUS) Yee esc che scs armen ten ew iE. ae ERG

GENUS PERODICTICUS.

Peropicticus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 109.
Type Nycticebus potto E. Geoffroy.

PERODICTICUS POEO ait ins sate acscleusrabae huis eatie aie Vol, Lco9
PERODICTICUS) MU iUmecir ete steve pierereieh lesa: ncupeueve acts phar see? |
IPERODICTICUS TIBRAINIUS I sins cievere:« < 2 a che btvetelaynistcbcbers) oehs oe Ae 4
PERODICTICUSTEAUSE Ustee tl. Site) Pate Malave 6 a x00 00s sirmans (aw
IPRROUICTICUSMEDOWARDSE « 5 aris o ane sss @ clpie nie 45 @.aecn ord es RA

SUBFAMILY GALAGINZ.
GENUS GALAGO.

Gaxaco E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., I, 1796, p. 49. Type
Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy.

SuBGENUS OTOLEMUR.

GATAGO “CRASSICAUDATUS! (versretoe SAMOA SEAT Vol. I, 54
GALAGO *ZULUEINSICN S Hiiret rer ctanererere REO, SAATARE Ci L356

xlvi

Do:

INTRODUCTION
GALAGO PANGANEMBIS et tis «lee ee ee De
GALAGO GARNETTI ..... Lh. ee. Sr, utes Rr eee
GALAGO BADIUS we. bebe oe eh UP | Be, Bes by 3
GALAGO MONTEIRI ......... oy a en pce etcetera
GATE GON SERRE oie GEA Saas a Shao gael eden tah wea
GALAGO LASIORIS feasec .. ues. ie I as
GAEAGO EMNEST ents ady.. 6 case ue cas 2S Ue aati
GALAGO KIKUYUENSIS ..... AF A = © ie EE ey 8 RE ee

SUBGENUS OTOLICNUS.
GALAGO ARDENT (fs... «0 Se icreis Lae eee HORE wae :
GALAGO A. CAMERONENSIS .......... j POLI Gees Seas
GALAGO A. GABONENSIS ........- TW eset Gaeele eters cai
GAWAGOrASBATEST . hss 6 5:3 eielen Sr eee saver awe rere
GALACO-ZANZIBARTOUS: ......0. 4 su cote Peete arene ea
GALAGO) TALHOTT . HUGE Ia 2, 22) Se es eriate ere

SUBGENUS OTOGALE.

(GALAGO, (GALTARU Nir. clnlin bra, «tla x. ciconc sa ey age ters
GALAGO BRACCATUS ..... cath Sis 3 oanee Seca eo eh sees
GALAGO B. ALBIPES Oe - (aise Blerareumererote
GAEAGOVDUNINGT 2.2 eee: oo Oe aoe ye das ee
GALAGO! NWVASSHE fe psa < bows A 08 do SE ae ieRe
GALAGO ‘GRANDE ceepe tiene fs bee . eoekeise Vs geen

GALAGOUSENEGALEINGSIS! ¢¢ satis. sce degen eee

GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS

GALAGO BIOSAMBICUS cccicc bec ae }ddes 2 KE a
GALAGO: PUBUIUSL suede bets wood ia ee a hah Ba
GADAGCG! BUEGAINGU MU Sioa scice +s «05 weet is ac ee
GALAGO E. TONSOR ..... RR Big ie ie
GALAGO EL PARLIDUBORt oes Yt ts foe desks ames weeks
GALAGO |B) APICATISIEteiHt e wre rns oct o' ReneS shcienete

GENUS HEMIGALAGO.

HIEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI) sc. ..s.+<ce< PEE Na
HEMIGALAGO D. POENSIS ..... ee ees lk Re 3
HEMIGALAGO ANOMURUS ...... 08's vce Ae OS

HEMIGALAGO THOMASI

~ . .

-

- ~~

pol tet Pal em) dae a

~

- ~ ~~ ~~ ~~

“

- ~ < ~ “ -

med eed reed eek ead ree ee eed Ped og meen Ret ed ed

-

68.
69.
70.
(pl

Tifa

73.
74.

INTRODUCTION xlvii
SUBFAMILY LEMURINZ.
GENUS CHIROGALE.

CuHEIROGALEUsS (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, 1812, p. 172, pl. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!)
major E. Geoffroy.

PAGE

(Bis AEG cu Dom OSU one oo eee eRe ey ee Wol.y 1,92

CHIROGAUE) MEEAN OTIS) sujet compe cut ee eae Als rt OS

(GHTROGAWENSIBRE UI WM: oles sds Suc mused bleaed eles! es some we bo) 5)

GHIROGAEE \CROSSLEV bwareiA kee ds: © eee, 2! a) L396

CHIROGAEE TRICHOTISHeHin4 s 2. PUAAATY, SOS “I, 96

Genus MicrocesBus.

Microcesus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p.

24, 1lme Lecon. Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, =
Lemur pusillus Miller.

MER O CEB GM UREN WS i acy eyexaley osc cxos leeyies heim Shere mpavensieantce Vol. I, 102

NIICROCEBUS MVYOMIMES “ah cs eens oe ca ae ae eve pains Heese (G0)

MTCROCEBUS) COOURREDN 4.05 54+ crue tus. 6 sedan Wes (07g

MHGROGEBUS. FUBCIEER 7 care ce sae nae cee ee ena. rneeget Wan) KUhss

Genus MIxocEBUS.

Mrxocesus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Ber-
lin, 1874, p. 690. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters.

Marx CEBUS GANICEESLEME cinta eer eror Vol. I, 110

Genus ALTILILEMUR.

ALTILILEMUR D. G. Elliot, Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 111.
Type Altililemur medius (E. Geoffroy).

AE TUE TRE AUR HROMEM IIS em een atte sieaiss soy ert ehsiek ouensire “oasis 206) ape 0 22

ALTIALEM UR, DELONAS Imei iiiaks soa ciche a are cianarsia sates =gaig ow UU

GENUS LEPIDOLEMUR.

LEPILEMUR (sic) I. Geoff., Cat. Meth. Mamm. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, lre Part, 1851, p. 75. Type Lepilemur (!)
mustelinus I. Geoffroy.

ILEPIDOLEMDUR: GLOBICERSA ine lasusiisieiaies okie op oilera: ky Vols 2h, 2117

EEPMOLEMURY GRANDUOUERI: «<3 si >.crcroleve Mare sles disew os * PLES

LEPIDOLEMUR. LEDCOBUS noo cnn nc's MMM Ale PLETE $41,988

xl viii INTRODUCTION

PAGE
78. ‘ LEPIDOLEMUR ‘MUSBEDINDS, ) MUMMRUE, 2. ea Vol; 1, 199
79. AGEPIDOLEMURY MYCRODON. ... o:cip vad s oxen ap aie vie ate 1 t. dei
80, SLERDOEEMURWRUFICAUDATUS. ou. < use cete Hague’ « E, a2
81. sEermoremuR EpwaArpsie A... oms. 0b. LE Bee kaeee Se) 1, 125

Genus MyoxIcEBUS.

Mioxicezus (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. Type
Lemur griseus E. Geoffroy.

82% MVOXICEBUS GRISEUS ......,.. «++ .))Rpeee eee Vol. 1, 425
631 -MYyOXICEBUS OLIVACEUS .......«.sigmeieeet-Menee ‘1, ee
4, PIVORKICEBUS 'STMUS 25 2.05) aic 0 fac ce he eee eters ~ Tags

Genus LEMUR.

Lemur Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 59. Type Lemur catta

Linneus.
S85: PILEAOUR |. MONGOS i ranciietite os ins scl cae ee Vol. I, 141
SO SICEADUIR (CORONA TUS( Fe sriits ove ie s/s: ae we yeu, eae eee “I, 144
97... IE EMRUR-WNUIGRIBRONS) OS) </ese)s 0ys o> © «cin Ga eee ene od lees
SO; EMU EWU tia: aa) ays 0-0/0.0/s10)5,5, 0.) obs, eee een eee ete ae
89. GLEMUR (RUPIFRONS BORSOOTLUE FARR So Go coe cee mae ee)
90: LUGE MUR@RUBRIVEN TER: ils, cs) « eso:0:'s,¢.osags icney need eens at ar
OU). OE IVER RUIUSe o oo ige ae Sas do chapinsseua. oye sopra ola oe a, aes
92. GIB RTUR AMAT BUIRIRONS). 0.2) ssaieso0, ,ap0ho0s a, «6p cre Sac eet ene “1; 354
O3..\ MESENEURGUEINEREICEPS) “550.0 o)s.)v)0, +r, 0:0 15 0) spsssteiea Se A, 5G
904. LEMUR GMACACO > EMR MIDAS. MME) cower ees I, a6
O5 A MIGE NURSING PRRIUNETIS -o.65,</5 aicus, 4.6: «un apy acogeiss s SRS eneeRRIntee « J ae
9G HIDE REUR MGA TTA. ouase ce oktinyc ees ana: +0 «0:0 kccade eee ed, tes
27, SROBNER NAR TEGAIUIGE s.<.s,cis:Sic, 0/002. «,, oe nlogare a eanieraneeaie ed, te
JS. ee MTU RM AUR UID 7c fo) vlc} « Tnisyase, esaie a4, an 6, 4 0 ae rene mene ene re, ae

SUBFAMILY INDRISINZA.
Genus LICHANOTUS.

LicHaNotTus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 72.
Type Lemur laniger Gmelin.

99, PLICHANOTUS ADMIGER .........0i0.4:... HORERIE Ee Vol. I, 163

100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.

107.

108.
109.
110.

111

112.
LL.

INTRODUCTION
GENUS PROPITHECUS.

PropitHecus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20.
Type Propithecus diadema Bennett.

IPROPITHECUS DIADEM AN Se faaehcae cob aes acces Vol. 1,
PROPITHECUS) D. EDWARDS 22.2.0 se 0 Sess cee an
PROPIREECUS: DiASERICEUS! "2! Keck a Hees s oe ee ees esa
IPROPEBRECUSVERRAURT:* 2 65205400 oe eae ee oe eae es mre i
PROPIFHECUS’ Vi (DECKENI™ 35:4 2's fe Pee eee eee ee on,
PROPITHECUS® Vi ‘COOUERELI* 4. T2UUTO Ee cee eee mua
PROPIFHECUS: Vi ‘CORONATUS: 22 U PSPS I The ek tee ye i,
Genus INpRIS.
Inpri (sic) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., I, 1796, p. 46. Type
Lemur indri Gmelin.
TENDRIS *TNDRIS® 2; . SMe ten Pe ae) Pi Me cas) pa Moly 7,
SUBORDER ANTHROPOIDEA.
Famity CALLITRICHIDZ.
GENUS SENIOCEBUS.
SENIocEBUS Gray, Cat. Monk. Lem. F-Eat. Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 68. Type Midas bicolor Spix.
SENTOCEBUS) BICOLOR. Gost G can acs so pigreuds dee cores Vol. I,
SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS covcco5o 0 cartes teas cusge 0 iaceeemt [s
SENTOCEBUS SEARTING!: «oe cc ee ce ccs s cee ts oes ae orale
GENUS CERCOPITHECUS.
CERCOPITHECUS Gronov., Zoophyl., p. 5. Type Simia midas
Linnzus.
ECERCOPITHECUSMMIDAS At. tame. Se edt tle hace hts Vole 1,
CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS. 22) Pret SE Beef ca tals
CERGOPITHECHS URSULUS) (6 <1. 2> oma deeuiow «eeieminte ae

xlix

PAGE

168
170
171
171
172
173
174

175

186
188
189

190
191
192

*See p. 256, Vol. III, Appendix, for Cercopithecus m. egens (Thomas).

114.
BES
116.
AY.
118.
P19.
120.
Walle
122:
123:
124.
125:
126.
127.
128.
120)

130.
131.
132.

133.
134.
130.

136.
137.

INTRODUCTION

GENuS LEONTOCEBUS.
SUBGENUS TAMARINUS.

Lreontocesus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl. I, 1839,
p. IX. Type Hapale chrysomelas Wied.

PAGE
LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS 2. oe ene abe. ae Vol. I, 195
LWON TOCEBUS. PILEAIUS su) ¢,. apeeeeeetees alee “<4 1, 9/7
LEONTOCEBUS ‘THONGAST. |. + » « «stage manne eer cut) 1, #98
LEONTOCGEBUS, NIGRIBRONS.... - ..cyomaee ce ieee “9 1, dS
IEHONTOCHBUS INITGREC OMIEIS6 +i arate ei ea “a 1, 99
LEONTOCEBUS: 'CHRYSOPYGUS. .sim curses see eee “7 | a
[LEON TOCEBUSIIMVS TAKS by tee sc acs as a ae ek eee ae “Lea
LEONTOCEBUS! WEDDEIApewaeh aiewatk tacts cece a
LEON TOCGEBUS "DEWEY Iie aeakss Levan cao ces ee cee ere “ 4, 25
LEONZOCEBUSTAPICULATUS AAS, ican Die < threads Sb tobe 62 Set 1204
LEONTOCEBUS ARTIGERTc xs . >’... ehigere) dab ee a, es
DEONTOCEBUS ERUPAREIDUS! 5. : sca. suse sole mamas “ Lae
LEONTOCEBUS.LAGONOTUS! s..0.2¢i ccc l acadae eee eee ST ae
LEON TOCERUSZRUSELCOLEIG >... . oa be paae as Deere «Tay
LEONTOCEBUS)GRABEESHI 4 s-y..4 4. . feneigee eee os ~ 6 “ 1,208
LEON TOCEBUS) IMIPERATOR \:.).... 0... satu a clea te ee mee Ie 6S)

SUBGENUS MARIKINA.

LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA .......... oe) RR DE ett | Vol. I, 209
LEONTOCERUS) DEGNIWUSIee fur on s sos bse ee ee “ tio
LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS .........00cesecaeee “st Te

Genus CEDIPOMIDAS.

(£prpomipas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 5,
pl. II, figs. 18-20. Type Simia edipus Linnzus.

CENRIPOMIDAS CEDIPUSmar eee awk << sxe c see eee Vol... 1, aaa
CEDIPOMIDAS GEOREROVO MIViEe w. Cvs ee. cave cues * Lae
CEDIPOMIDAS SALAQUIENSIS ............45- Vol. III, Appendix

GENuS CALLITHRIX.

CaLLiITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 55. Type
Simia jacchus Linnzus.

CADLLITERIX: ARGENTATA’ occ te Seat lect s eee Vol.” 1, °324
CALLITHRIX: LEUCOPUS |... ans’. O«i madeaclees ea wil, eee

138.
139,
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.

150.
hail.
a2.
15S.
154,
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
162a.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.

CALLITHRIX
CaLLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX
CALLITHRIX

CALLICEBUS

1903, p.

CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS
CALLICEBUS

INTRODUCTION x
PAGE
CHRYSOREWCGA WHEAT. occa gars Vols 9223
GOEED Ihe Pe Pees ete ete aices RIE seul, 224
SANDARENEBINSISWN: Ase wie a aae es pune ay 277:§
NUTR Ae ase cape Air coche shiva as total 8 ey al 225
PENCIL UAE A eee tcet ee tte, Sino: S05. wlae a eee a; 226
Pe ORD AINA pan haan NeUan Arta tka Se a: 22g
PACCERUS Wire Merete nete cena ee a teens noe cil 228
PERV ICE ESS es Lee ot Mee catia lae 22)
ERUCOCEPEDABA dima mt at crue eat eonee op 1, 229
EMU MERALTRER ech eet eens Gene ate ST, 230
INT BING OITA IS# - Sve re.s or oie Gi saree uae acevo kcale exw 1, 20
PYIGNEFE AY Giale ct sksyaiti ane aR SeIE Ee ae ye I, 232
GENUS CALLICEBUS.
Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII,
456. Type Callithrix personata (E Geoffroy).
TOROUAT US: ee i iieva Sus ei iagaue Luca cas Vol. I, 239
BASIN CRU) S rere eg crepayiayaits iansathaicy hat rcseens Rae canes “I, 240
MISTO=EUSCUSI cine os Wht aakaeab eeu Geek. “» I, 24a
GUPREUSMH ar ete isis nos atigdoees Ee “ a» I, 242
GNIAR WSS Maser: a. 5. (aca are tate Ke caspoacae “IT, 243
MEPAINOWENERM Scots, 5 42s Be Bieta 8 6-8ie la eae “ I, 244
EE NMI AUIS Siste) ain. Sigh he ences albus te cw oT, 245
EGE RUSS reer ee et reed ad Wea Doi kalle srs “ hl, 246
LEWCOMETOPA 9 1..\5 4 s/ritte nia ore abet wales 3s crip herA2 00)
SUWHROUG oes a Pie cus spate clo buat asec Sues oe oe 247
FIORE MUA ION SM fs itches euel az Dial enantio, @euela plane ee de 2AS
ORNATUSie as craves o: Giienctte rey eiopsuagat > o econe “I, 248
REM UES Ce 8 octane Weeks aad cidehovsuspopttoie oBte. ¢ “J, 249
DOMACOPHILUS ye cie%, qiia'apoicies v4.05, 9:00 “I, 249
EMILE + ens badaaan rene Ohi, 1490 44 1.3250
BALLESGENS« 4.2s+ sASTECEMIAR YAR, A599 TPt Liv25i
MOLOCH Ms P5464 725955 READIES. OFF 21 125i
GUNERASGENS) 2245 152555 ARORBNIS, AND? et T2572
NIGRIERONS 54 o.. ORRIT OIA. 019% “09 J 254
GIGOR Es Peto h ees rt AA SP AF or) I, 254
BERSONATUS: bi cas rode dc MATAR PO 2 1255
BRONNEUS ii h0 43.2 OETOIORIRO ATM Ot For

lii

171.

172.

173.
174.
12D.
176.

177.

178.

179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.

INTRODUCTION
FAMILY CEBIDZ.
SuBFAMILY A. ALOUATTINZ.
Genus ALOUATTA.

AtovaTtTa Lacépéd., Tabl. Div. Sous-div. Ordres et Genr.
Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Simia beelzebul Linnzus.

PAGE
AT OUATRAVCARAMA RI 4 0. an bcs ee Ree ee Vol. I, 265
FAR OUAET Ay TMULATAl cals. ea nny ae ge tts ators ame ove Dior
AT OORETAVVILEOSUS? 120.05 ose ae ee ee “Iie
AE OUATPAVEREEZEDUL( .0.'.'.) sols ae eee eee “\ be
AP OUATEASPATETATA 5 ..4 5 es sono eee “ieee
TOUATPAUPA MEXICANA. <i. si ss + oc cipheeaeaee oes “ a2
AROUADTANP: \COIBENSIS) 3 «44s + sae eens “« iy ers
ALOUATTAsZQUATORIALTS | .:0ss,0°2\. 0, aja¢' © Aes outa “< ~ I, @74
PMEQUWATTA WRSINA’ cc sc... 2.406 Heme Sees “1 274
ITOUATTA SENICULUS | oi ¢.2.:.. 02 eee ee eee "> ae
ISPOUATIA MACCONNELED "20 .°5 200° Saeeeetees ere Soe
APOWNTTA INSULANUS cc. 2. oli occ aeemee haere or ieee
ATOUATT A FUARAT Ao eee) A0o oo oo Se eee eee ““ Eee
APOUATOAN SARA’ ON c des fod. 2 use a are en renee eos

SUBFAMILY B. PITHECIN2.
GENUS PITHECIA.

PitHecia Desmar., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804,
p. 8. Type Simia pithecia Linneus.

PITHECTA MONACHA, (6,0.6.5:5:0. 000 0.5 0:6 «hd aaa eee Vol. I, 288
PITHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA., .. . ....s°s dent tials BUR “1, 2
PITHECTA -ALBIGANS eaes ¢ ouldenta ae ste an a ee ee
PITHECIA .PITHECIA oo 6464. ..0 ev eeaeeeh Cee “+1, 298
PITHECIA ‘CHRYSOCEPHALA ..... socxienidoet. Milan “ I, 294
PITHECIA ALBINASA. <2. 0<06cccuccc ce cembity Ot ‘) 1, 295
PITHECTA®SATANAS 2.2.5.5... . cite aes ee * 1, 296

PITHECTA GHIROPOTES 10 c. ca. 00 Skee te ee I, 297

INTRODUCTION liii

GENuS CACAJAO.
Cacajyao Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 181. Type Simia
melanocephala E. Geoffroy.
PAGE
NOS") (CACATAO’ GALVUS ° 2222222556 56588 pease eee Vol. I, 301
fee MCACATAO RUBICUNDUS. acs+s.cpynisies peels nike oe 6 eh ae o fF SOE |
195 (CACA TAO, MELANOCEPHALUS, - 22h «clasciieas s+ ee “i i gee 15 |
GENus SAIMIRI.
Satmiri Voigt, Cuv. Thierr., I, 1831, p. 95. Type Simia
sciurea Linnzus.
Pe SMUMMIRINSCTUREUG 5. cclace tints crc acetate tatarayars wie eose Vol. I, 310
Tee SACNIRTNCASSIOUTARENSIG flo iockld ave cre ne eee niere oa ee er See
ee SAUNETR TC NUACRODON 516 Silierslicjaxeteuere stare spoke ccanersroieeness nee ah She
LS. 3 Lal, CITI Gd 8. 22) D1 1: ee a i A RD Petr Ae Sons
PEE SV AURE TST OS TOIS e an scoacdatal otousy oat Sieve evcueTarouebeterodeve sons SET ale eee
DEE Ne SAVMERTE BOLEVEENGIS wieder ticlevotcncncscver ovarebete trated olwie a” ne dl)
PAPERS S AUNTIE HP NEG RNCIDS. 4 4-havelspenvdvciaka-oveere ieee forthe vafoue ie SOE SiR
ZEA SATU TERS TEIN Mee ine vtisyelenece abehahebe-orcpetsttndeote adore ots ne AL, SO

SUBFAMILY C. AOTINZ.
Genus Aotus.

Aotus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool. et Anat. Comp., 1811,
(1815), pp. 306, 356, pl. XXVIII. Type Simia trivir-

gata Humboldt.
204, AOTUS INFULATUS! (PTR Rorscc. cee Sees Vok« tS
Pp Ste MUMIA S) RI UGRUGCE ES. 6 Ata oo a ctr aes cass ota sircs: vrogs: 4,050, George Fai.
AMINO T PROSE USS SEDMINA lg hoa coc 5 care cu chs ale ae ates ho, hua jails Aes
27... ACRES RUREPESIM « Ja5. HAs nA AED aeltecens.c aces f 4pit:-9
265. LIA GOS) ROPERTIS. £5.46 590. is SS STA PAI SA TT SHO
ZO AH AGTUS, MIRIGUOUISIA, «cise so0n ox. s+ RSS TUM Sa. ALT, AO
Zap): AJA OTUS, BOLIVIENSIS) sccciiw os soe. deavein AAAS ONS.. IA SA LL AE
BS TIAOBUS, DANUSH. ok none nsieoecniere sevens: MRONSRAY. IME ao JET @h2
UZ” FIA GEUS, VOCIBERAINS rein cic clic vcreiayoierpisoiw.ovannyoedd Ade. MelROL oem fe

ZA. WAGEUS, GRISEIMEMBRAL . oace. sic accre'oe ADAM UR Rs TIA Say ET ES

liv

214.
ZAKS.
216.
foie
218.

219.
220.
Zak,
222.
223,
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.

231.

232.
250%
234.
235.
236.
yi

INTRODUCTION
PAGE
AOTUSTRIVIRGATUS») Ave ee a oe ete aie es oe onda ake Vol. II, 16
SNGMUIS \OSHRVA I Lins sical pies 0 Fg ieee Foxe eee oT ae
PROTOS UCAS! 0s 2 og.s oS « nue ee eats ae oii wera! | ON
AOTUSMNEICRODOM cs. pccls' + os aoe a Steere eae ee ete * Tie
PROMS! SPER (505) a:c-ajala so ao aia no diate 9 ae ee ‘IT a8

SuBFAMILY D. CEBINZ.
GeNus ATELEUS.

ATELEs (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII,
1806, p. 262. Type Simia paniscus Linneus.

ATEDEUSUPANISCUG: Kia.5.6.0 0 + 07.0 5.0 SPOR net Vol. II, 28
INTE CSSUOISY CRGU DS POLLS ee leer ey aes oe “« ae
EERE US EVARGPGAGIIS: .. << 'c « « 6,0,» egumusnnuuelouaninm cine Sl
RRL EUSUNDARGINIATISS i. sc... ss + > 0's) 2 Rouen ae ee
AATELEUSPRUBEVEN ERIS c's «00s «6 4 eieneeuedebeueeee ‘Ad ae
PATEEEUSTGRISHSOENS «cums» s+ +o 5 «0s SR eee ee (| e
SRE SMGUCDIEIEAIUIS, 2.0 + vs 0s-+ «+ »% olgjc einen ene Al aa
UEEREU ST BEEZEBUMED. jai. 6 <i sss s «oan Renee eee * il an
EV EDIE US PAN UR stot Mohs. s.s.00 s+ « sa eet aie eee ome 2 ie |
EXTER RIIS HU GGUCEES IE.) ty aps oc -s « « s:s.a chit enelelaia a eeeaee Sie
RT EEEUSTGEOBEROVT Scie ois. + 6-.06.4s.0 28 eee * Il, 44
ATIETEUISTEIMERUDUS) foods ark ss ss > 0 6 Siete ae *. dio

GENUS BRACHYTELEUS.

BrACHYTELES (!) Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 36,
pl. XXVII. Type Brachyteles (!) macrotarsus Spix,
= Brachyteles (!) arachnoides (E. Geoffroy).

BRACHYTELEUS ARAGHNODDES' ..:.... |. dueeneree «nts Vol. II, 50

GENuS LAGOTHRIX.

Lacoturix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 106. Type Lagothrix cana E. Geoffroy.

TLAGOTHRIX DAGGTRIGHA © 5.000 cecc cane oe DOREY Vol. II, 56
[LAGOTEDRTX SUUIGENS) « «sos a 0s. 0 +0, AM SOUMRIE ‘fo ADT, Ss
LAGOTERIX THOMASI ys naoisa>.<+-0s.0 SOMA RAOE ‘to ATL Ge
LLAGOTHRIX RIBERUGOUA) ... 6.0.2 ar00.6 00.000 4 00M» toll, a
T AGOTEURUX CANAL facéinlisse wine aca s-s.nienan 5 step 5 ‘oo sTT, Sa

LLAGOTHRIX INFUMATA « 6.04.0.0s.0 0 oe ddtee REED « Moelle

238.
239;
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.

245.

246.
247.
248.
249.
250.

Za

252.
253:
254.
Zan.

256.
27.
258.
259:
260.
261.

262.
263.

264.

INTRODUCTION

GENUS CEBUS.

Cesus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 44. Type Simia
capucina Linneus, (nec Auct.).

(CABLE TUS) IEICE Vi a TO vA ae Vol. II,
POE BUG FCNBU CIOS: o.5's eit ie, k atale ty ca ae vote amtanc ator a rai gl
GEBUS VC. NIGRIPECHUS 02 tne estore rete irs Se nies! & 2 cor eee
GERUS RRONTATUS % AE Sate cas omer ake Sake ab
GEBUSPAER IRR ONS: bys. ceyotuckas os, <laheegapanmaglbn ge see BL,
(GE BUS MWINT COLOR eso s.<cisked « ossieie oO cae a lil
BERS O) ~CUSELNUS 8s) dst fal att net o ieee ea le
EEN SPR EAVUGE Se ee. co NOE ETD SOS eB ee erie 14
CEBUSTEASD AN DUG SC t kt htentitton ene rae nen oe chaie nied LIU?
GEBUS VARTEGATUS ss Pee) AS I Tt . eal Ls
BUR SENUALIETOSWS t,t srats atc acts’ ssc ols ae eeapatee sat gilt
EWS e CERRY SOPRUS cin cierto ta tore stone steremran es a (,
BERUS TAPICUEATUS? mr attee earns aes os oleehalnarercushens poe 1
CEBUSS LIBIDUNOSW See cet fects eats ete e s chagipiete eles eA (11,
GEBUS) FATUELLUS Gate. he ee rates L.
KSEE SISR: PERUVIAN beepers eye a oh ones urd caress sop epg ues pny 45
SER US:, MACROCEPEIALUS where icc cir. 0 3.0 « iseaceaeucaaepsgons ee dele:
GEBUSr VERSUINe eee ee RED EP Roche AL oo i, jecodal (1
GEO SONZAR IES o eete rey che Siete kk lath teeta 'o oles See pinged LE.
GEEBUS Al PALEIDUGI Ieee ek ok meme JL
GEBWS* CURRIE RMR ie ere peste tte tee eke, Nir kL penne)
CEBUSWERASCSIOCE PSM si fc a. os olan i mies Vl pga ts Ld
GEHUSNCALIGINOSUS 2's 0 hv u's 4 54's o cielb eb. s Sus 6, souk 9 See Ss
GER US VERE DROSUSH oh) ey ane Ee ah lees Wala hats Ye oe le
FAMILY LASIOPYGID-A.
SUBFAMILY LASIOPYGINZ.
Genus Papio.
Pario Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 15. Type Papio
sphinx Erxl., (nec Linn.), = Papio papio Desm.
SuBGENus Papio.
PIAPIO MNIGERUAS Myo Nxevinaendvirrssivasisn tevars SSO RORAIC Vol. II,
EXAPIO! DOGUIERAN WA vA a ached ev Sey oe oe anciansk vac sugars OE AA Soa,
APIO SESSELWATUM windasanranic dnd, PAP AR YOR foal,

125
126
127

281.
282.

283.

284.
285.
286.

INTRODUCTION

IPAPIG SR AS ei)... OO SUR. occa ath Vol. Ti,
AEGON OIGOENISTS, 5.0 eons arn sede », Sun, « guage oleate eee wre
PAPA) UBUNTU 316) «ss acute “are, o.cle) dye ask aie eR | eee
JELTSOMEE 1211 Ol pe mat Sh SORTA A ~
PAMIGAIBBANUS .. 6os's 6 he hoe Os See eee ete:
PAPIO PORCARTUS *2) 23.555 56.10 ice cae eee eee sate

SUBGENUS CYNOCEPHALUS.

PAPIO (EYNOCEPHALUS- -.. 2 PEASE RO eee ee Vol rk,
PARIOI NEUMANNE '! 522i 2o2c5 eee ee eee eee eee stance
PAPILIO SEREPITUS °. 2 3.48 DCP ST See ee eee cine |.
PAPIO MPRUINOSUS. 02. fi foc40 ca aes Dee ie pent: 5

SuBGENUS HAMADRYAS.

APA TLANMADRYVAS, 2.0.0. cage a ne hen ee Vol a
PAG IG Fie ARABICUS: ©oc 325 ciel cas ce ee ee eee no ae
PAPI SEROCKMEANT | 2.Scic Sedan cic te eee ete mae

IFAPTOMSPH TNX”; sla co coree arenes eee ctee Rite rererer re Vol.” te
PAGIGePLANIROSTRIS, 2.2. ¢ cicccs cis oe sn sears cae ieee ee
APIO ADEUCOPH EUG: cca nc Oe ee eee eae =

GeNuS THEROPITHECUS.

THEROPITHECUS I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
II, 1843, p. 576. Type Macacus gelada Riippell.
UTERGOPITEECUS:. GELADA \o:..<12)sceptexen tans eteanmietnie oes Vala,

GENUS CYNOPITHECUS.
CynopiTHecus I. Geoff., Resum. Leg. Mamm., 1835, p. 16.
_ Type Cynopithecus niger Desmarest.
CYNOPITHECUS NIGER 0.12. 2 S7eSe ee ilben Vol. II,
Genus Macus.
Macus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, pp. 43,44. Type Macacus
maurus F. Cuvier.

IWAGUSIOGEEREATUS) 5. o.eicceivisveissece.ote.eie,n:00sele eel Vol. II,
PLAGUES NGA TTRUIS 5; oie teie) 0reieroieis) o:e:sne; diene, sel are im
IWEAGUS STONGRIEAINTIS Na 6 0. 6: c:e:c ole oie: o:e:ciens SR ig Ld,

155
157

167

170

287.

INTRODUCTION

GENUS SIMIA.

Simia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 25.
vanus Linnzus.

STMPAGSVEVAINUS eters eos notte Bieta

GENUS PITHECUS.

Type Simia syl-

PirHecus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., III, 1795, p. 462.

Type Simia sinica Linnezus.

PITHECUS SPECIOSUS.” 5 2 S20 Ese h eet
PITECUG) HARMANDD 822702 260.c008 otee
PITHECUSSRUEESEENS FSS. .fPUoM hee. .
PITHECUS FUSCATUS POE Due PUT. as oes
IBIIBECUS THIRETANUM iio. c000¢s 05
EPEHECUS VESTITUS, 2.22 S. SLL htt.
PITHECUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS ..........-
EAEHB CUS: EASIONIS “clocctecfucsin es sen
PiPTHECUS PAGENSIS cate te os ec ctl niis » s

PVBEHECUS VILEOSUS: © ec sie s s ciclcces cere
PETHECUS LITTORAEIS. “(20 225 Soa bonne.
ENTHECUS! CYCLOPSIS) le wir een a. Pitcentt«
PITHECUS NEMESTRINUS .........+..0+:
EITHECUS ADUSEUS acc eric sas ccvcltcnemee
ETPHECUSPINSULANUS s c:c:cc:s:cs sterermea ioe c
PITHECUS ANDAMANENSIS ...........--.
PIrHECUSMASSAMENSISWONG | ocho c ee
EITERCUSTRHESUSH) Pelle Sarsevcsl.d mis @rene ec
PreaHCuS*BREVICAUDUS 6.5.26 d.ccicccecre onc

PITHECUS ALBIBARBATUS ............---

PHPHRCUSASTNICOSM TIN c ici ens cic leloule
PIPE REUS PPINBATUS ore ais rainv « wis 0-0 RIAN
PITH HRCUSERESUMEUS Milthe sre corae-aiare oye ODS
ETH ECUSAVALIDUS, Meio his mi siarecie ae eA ae
PITH ECUSFAPACE RT ie US user PORN

eoeoeeeeoee

eeeoeeeee

eee eeeee

eee eesece

eee eeees

ces eeeece

ee eee eee

ee ee eecees

ee eee eee

Ivii

Pace

Mal... 51, 173

Iviii INTRODUCTION

PAGE
313, <PinmEcuseKarimont, .f2 0% FOR. pddsceocdes Vol. U1, 22%
314, @PVPEREVSARTISCUS pes aes pahd > ote wake cate eee ‘eget, Zoe

SuBGENusS Macacus.

S15. . VEAP CUS MUMBROSUS” Aine idce Cie eee eevee eee eer Vol. 1, 22
SUG; SAUTE CUS TRUS! ..... cikeoye cots omega een ns oeee “~ Th, aa
SiG; SPIRES MORDAK 25 5 5 5:<isseyeleneennlane sok aie A “ TW,
318... -ParEecos FASCICULARIS fs". .8Se.2 POON ee ‘OT, Za
319; “PITHECUS MANDIBULARIS 222))7'4 (Pa Se ee “. Ti ae
320) MAVEERRGUS CAPIPALIS ©. ..4.0.0% ams sae applemees ker « i, 235
OAle: GEETEDCOUSPLOTUS. % 2...) 5.55%. Oe ) eee ~ t, Zee
S220) JBITBECUS TINGUNGENSIS. ...:o5 os sis eee bee oes AT. 2a
323i MELDEHRCUS LAUTENSIS, so). wel, walt ee ee eee “ . o, 2ae
S240, AEITEUECUS, SIRHASSENENSIS. . ; - «s+ <usepep eiseieeeen ine ** dd, Zoe
SZeb WEPRFRECUS WWEDLIS: i... 6 is oe seek See * 4 2
SZ). SEAR GUS ICARTMATA |... <!osciee cele eee sa dd, Zee
Say AGEIMCUS BAWEANUS. « o<..<s.ne oak See Becmr ky Zea
S285 MATE EDE EUS: CUPIDUS, . ii... :.cid3cteiselek tak eee Ree ST, Ae
329) SUI PHRCUS AGNATUS ..... 0s «she eee aeRne “ 1 ae
390. PITBECUS \PHZURUS* WEA TY, SEI. owes **\" Tt, 248
Sele | SEAUPRDDISUISMEAP SUSI. .,5.0..) 5-3 bison a lepers que nee ea “ II, 244
Gane SEADEOEOUG LANGA % < <:<,<)c0 2,0 mapers ck aga “ i, 2434
Ges ESITHECUS, INPUDENS ... cio, >,+l\s 2010 saualeeia eae ol, Zee
SOAR CUS BINDANGENSIS) clce)scr sae eects nates "TT 246
Sous | URBECUS \DOLLMANT «.t. <i oe. See ee elt, ae
380. -RITHECUS (PHILIPPINENSIS. . 2.100 Y@ag hee oe wee “ II, 248
oie: TERED ELICUS HP. OAPORNSIS! 3... s,s «ic = apypadpaeeseepamaeel > ene eine | ee
SORE | AESUELE US OMGA VA NIUS P)eii'< 2. s,s wraps -adusttarieem inns Reman i, oan
Sous BEATEECUS PUMILEUS, ov. sand vee cick kept eeee aee eae *
Se MECURECUS. SULUEINSIS: —. sl «ct lsus!die ogee eee sel, 2am

GENUS CERCOCEBUS.

Cercocesus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p.97. Type Cercocebus fuliginosus E. Geoffroy.

SUBGENUS CERCOCEBUS.

SHE JGERCOCEBUS TOROUATUS, . c1eic 0:0 s.0000 8 SAMO Vol. II, 260
342; GeRCOCERUS ETELIORS 0ccieniennies sans EMER EN aI, 261
343% "GERCOCHBUSMETINITILATUS | 6.ccssacesiein's cols oA RNAS A SE “sod, 268

344° (GERCOGERUSHCHRYSOGASTER, <0. i .s.s- 0. AAS R II, 264

INTRODUCTION lix

PaGE
Sa ACEREOEEBUS. AGILIS, 2 Gncumees ee ARORA, AD Vol. II, 264
aa, ICERCOCEBUS, HAGENBECKI, «.. «4... 384 WITS, AO Maa I, 265
S47, ACERCOCEBUSIGALERITUS, 4 oe esis ews) PROS» AU SAT: 26S

SUBGENUS LOPHOCEBUS.

S45) ,}CERCOCEBUS’ ALBIGENA seers OPI eee PP. Vol. II, 266
5a ERCOCEBUSFAY JOHNSTONE (2 oe eS Pe. ae 267
‘Sor yACERCOCEBUS! Al ZEN KERI 2. 6 oss ARPA OSE! Om. 269
Sealy MCERCOCEBUS? ATERRIMUS (fxs 1 fee oe em.” 270

GENUS RHINOSTIGMA.

RHINOSTIGMA Elliot, Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 273. Type
Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock.

B52. PICEENINOSTIGNEAS ELANEUDWIND 6 cco sot a steele Ge Vol. II, 273

GENus LASIOPYGA.

LasiopyGa Illig., Prodr. Mamm. Ay., 1811, p. 168. Type
Simia mctitans Linneus.
SuBGENUS ALLOCHROCEBUS.

ee) PASEO RMG AT AEORSIR Ry fs c0s 4 io: 6 ahoge sol egcc pam wise. cutae Vol. II, 297
354. LasilopyGA INSOLITA “Wd, 298

eee eee eee eee eee oo eee ees ere

SuBGENUS RHINOSTICTUS.

So. WEASIOPVGA) PERAURISTAUN. | <0: 5 = « surgvorearambpe «oo ai Vol. II, 299
SoG) | WASIOPYGA) DANIEIBINGIS . 5). «00s -amparcsaprad 4 pus aane <o, Tt, 300
39, WASIOPYGA ERWTEVROGASTER, ~ o.0'- 4-0 « emcaxcdsieus « acys vo pda, SOl
Sey VeASIGEYEA: BUTEIKOFERL . ., «(0!'s/s 1 « depermerseeaacn ahs itp tll, DOS
Ae MEASIGEVGAN, ASGANIIUS 5 6 6)s)4)6 o's. ac ncspephauatery qe eave rant, 303
S00) ILASIOPVGA, A. WHITESIDEDY. 5 cise o\o qapteer ened. anne (reall, 305
BB, SeASIGEYGA \SIGNIATAOM i. 4 4 60a seer egaprepeaararas aa Avy Ul 305
SOZ) . AEASIORWEN, SEEEMEIDTD scl c 00d sido ow 6 eym'g weap yo Ray ee da, 306

ope WEASTOPYGA LEUCAMPVS. 6.4. occ00 0+ MORE es oD Ack Vol. II, 308
See MEASTOPYGA. BEUTO) o icc.r oiciele vce «EMOTO OL 0s 2 SosD, 308
Sake WLASIOPYGA NIGRIGENTS | ore oon p.000 ¢ - AMDDE 2. AON ‘fen, SH
SO MASIOPYGA, BOUTOURELING 4.6 pearerv-a:d s\'ein AMRDAAEIR «AON Sor El, SO

367. LASIOPYGA OPISTHOSTICTA one Th, Sail

ee

Ix

368. LasiopyGa
369. LasiopyGa
370. Lasiopyca
371. Lasiopyca
372. LASIOPYGA
373: LasIopyGa
374. LasiopyGa
375. LaAsIOPYGA
376. LaslopyGa
377. LASIOPYGA
378. LASIOPYGA
379. LasiopyGa
380. LasiopyGa
381. LastopyGa
382. LasIopyGa
383. LaAsIOPYGA
384. LaAsIOPYGA
385. LaAsIOoPYGA
386. LasiopyGa
387. LASIOPYGA
388. LaAsIopyGA
389. LasiopyGa
390. LastopyGa
391. LastopyGa
392. LAsIOPYGA
393. LaAsIOPYGA
394. LasIopyGaA
395. LASIOPYGA
396. LaAsIopyGA
397. LasIOPYGA
398. LasIoPpyGA
399. LasiopyGA
400. LasiopyGa
401. LastopyGa
402. LasiopyGa
403. LasIopyGa

INTRODUCTION

ATTRORA,. joss es CAs BRR TERI, Se Vol
STUHLMANNI. <<; .. C238 rea eee *
NEUMANNI « 2.0% 2 -vyo-0 «soo ta RN ee s
DOGGETAL © }sccahccion is secs tele 4
RUNGE SS oie oon ocece cote severe tale eateteeuenee ¢
GCARRUTHERSL ....:0:6 o «see eee %
NTCTITANS leis 0 \0s/opnaeemeernah Reames ro
NW DAGEAIZE 0.0.) so beget De ee e
STIGTIGEPS + 5:0... 4 «eee peee eee ¢
TWAIRGTTONGT © a,ro,jovva caja ve ‘oie fostero coils fede cee se
SuBGENUS NEOPITHECUS.
CEPELUS |)... chien’ |, dan ei Sa Vol
CEPEIODES. cc sos fs os « otc sea .
TNOBSERVATA ° < ..0/:\. . acisrsla es Re oe ot
SCEATERT poveptto ack aciceta: se eee ;
ERVTHROTIS, © oo.c'0 oe bee ere i)
SUBGENUS CHLOROCEBUS.
AAT SCHIB wieenist.2 4. eset. to. ee Vol.
FIHGEREL 6 S/c. cis acs o's 0 6 ete ee *
DIAM TAMENSIS: 0.4. . y eee ee ee eee e
PAMNTATUG 1c. 66025640 | eee -
Ti iRUDEE RU Iwistss joys SE arsiays See oe Lee -
TAIGRISHISTICTA’ acc 0h «dss Cee ee .
TP APE XANDRI* 143% 5 2.0. Seer eee -
CAPPITRICHUS~ > 22.52: . See eee "
WERNERD *:5ti5f:. St4C Sere ee .
GRISEOVIRIDIS' "422 3th.ces see eee orem i
GYNOSURA Fientaeiciici. at eee eee
PYGERY PHIRAN Se CUtcL eee es oe ee eee =
RUFOVIRIDIS’ 23.62.5653)... OS ee *
RUBELEAT SLAs i ie.tl iss See ae "
GAMMA Bec iigtatieds an nuk cas puaiey= ca CRP a
CBN RAIS prays ice f Seuararneuetias, <,s 0c ree *
CUWHWOEED ies aeea ds SRR sa
@) JORNSTONI os i)scouavets'sts oe COR e
CHLUDBAN i oxasiscien os SICARIER “
SIVAGEA 0 aN siewwsies «LSC a =
MIGROVIRIDIS® Sp chu's's’ AM RERROR REae “

404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.

414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.

433.
434.
435.
436.
437.

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LaSIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LasIoPpyGAa
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LaASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA

INTRODUCTION

SusGENus Mona.

INPOIN AS ee L rest cMere ete SOREL GUN Ie ap coy 3 Vol.
DEN D i iouueca ame ticen tree crecosPore mice aralaeg sania e re
WOE BT sit ohe fo iss ea eae ce ek aed ia
CANERBEL IT: ois.059/24s a'cio cubaaanlice ctw careers ‘
EURVROINIED EG van skc Jas euch saan ene te) athe i ia fod ie
POGON PASE NER EE Ns PANS 52! ove creeks i
BRN GRINEE Gh ca ila eas coetetomsmr ieee azslce i
GRANT UN Search age si OAS Sapa in
EpPP ND TENDUAL tira rao ate ora ca vRARe DRUG create Sea iareaa i.
BETRONELER (fo os 2+. BAN AS POO rs
SUBGENUS INSIGNICEBUS.
ALBITOROQUWATA’ . 102.5:06 Cae oe tenes Vol.
TROUT 9 Pe ee Rn eat hed 6 el Bae Sh ee
AKG INIUEDECAG iciveileisors. 2 oats! Sep ROAD Cea ence hi
5 [oie TS UII DON nih eat RM RPE ae A ce os
AEG OEARTGL Vcr) savecu kel er ieee ees a
APB EURENISUS Ie ao bio 0. ciea ny ett un ae
INS RAUNOB OREN SES aust o hituss coc ivuricesaecameaanigs ce
IG ATO 2 a anne I ee EGA OMG ore ieee se
MOLONEVA Gy ors croc esis esc eeiiunt epee oni
RANCHES Ga) ese ait cue Sis yp uie ays cy eas eemee se <
PREUSSTMGA «hls Sette ES ES a
DOT USS Of GWE ML A SM A el een Ue eal ae a
MOET OMENS Recher hires etaie eoidaer etm ie, wrk Se ia a
LALNISAD ATIC | Beet FORE is LEDS Lee, SNC! Ee eee i
BNSIGINASK ech upaice Lanett: weet ces dee aS es
STARS a cox les eis ote ara et Grose ate me
S_ MOSAMEICUS® Not, Se) Pumetied Grn eam 0,2 vi s
UU LT UN CAW EI AL 1 Loree. gsuculelis vomsnsye wisyensue “
LPAI AUR Yhap Gh SOOT area ana a aT CD i
SUBGENUS POGONOCEBUS.
INIEGIBHO DAG Muses sre min Ue uy clues ore ee ¢ Vol.
1a) cel ZAZIS © OO, NA SERRE OR EN Na te a ee te
DEATVAC GG sit 6 bob heed CAEN. eee a
ROLOWAY 1 his died c/n cis oA. On rae §
PENGNOE ME KIT fle bills. o os 3 MT RD NTS 6

|xi

PAGE
II, 350
II, 351
HM, 351
Il, 352
Id,” 353
II, 354
II, 354
il 355
II, 356
Id, 358

II, 360
II, 361
II, 362
II, 362
II, 363
II, 366
II, 366
II, 368
II, 368
II, 369
II, 370
II, 370
II, 370
Ii Sv
i= 372
I, 372
II, 373
Il, 374
il) ay

II, 376
II, 378
IT, 380
II, 381
IT, 382

Ixii INTRODUCTION

Genus MIopPITHECUS. ,

MiopirHecus I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XV, 1842, p. 1037.
Type Simia talapoin Schreber.

PAGE
156, s VMGOPIEERCUS TALAPOIN “10.21 Pye eee Vol Tite
439 MMTOPITEECUS’ ANSORGED {22.21.12 eee eee oe “oes genes

GENUS ERYTHROCEBUS.

ERYTHROCEBUS Trouess., Cat. Mamm. Viv. et Foss., I, 1897,
p. 17. Type none designated. Simia patas? Schreber.

440. i ERVYTHROCEBUS PATAS.......... 0. d0sMOS3ST. Ae Vol. III, 6
441) a HRYEEROCEBUS PYRRHONOTUS ...<«~« + see nena ol
442.» HRYTHROCEBUS FORNHOSUS IF t\1.20 WARE. . se sine: me UI Ale)
443... ERYTHROCEBUS POLIOPHUS .......c.seseeeeece- ** al [eaten
44 deRYCHROCEBUS W HITED /.:.2. 5... momen soumes mabe WI
445, & RYT AROCEBUS “KERSTUNGI "2. .2 5. . law emo eee eee oy
440 MAORVTIROCEBUS "ZECKE "7 >. 11022 2t Sea meemen en eeene menses I Ube 8
447 f- oR VE ROCEBUS TANGERDI " Yisviddodicl os cree cee nee ee
445.) ERVEAROCEBUS “ALBIGENIS’ [i:2.0...ccsene eueree pardige Wiis gv:
449 _ t eRVTHROCEBUS SANINIO 225.551). 707 Siew ena ee ee
450. ERYTHROCEBUS CIRCUMCINCTUS ..........eec000- ee LT
4 RYT ROCEBUS BAUMSTARKT © 55! 3eccuauee oteee ie

SuBFAMILY II. CoLoBINn&.
Genus A. PyGATHRIX.

PyGaTurix E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p.90. Type Simia nemeus Linnzus.

SuBGENUsS LOPHOPITHECUS.

Age) SOP VERTARTX’ MELANOLOPEDIA SS 52 Ti eee. s ceeenees Vol. “Tif oe
ANS. EVGATHREX NOBIEIS 21 2fSS2S Lt eros eeeneee ne“ TIT oe
ASA EVGA TER De RUB UGUINIDAL © are cite ee cases cieee seein mnreiehe “«) Ui
455, o"EVGAmeeIN CARINIAT AY “45.6540 4b ante ot See eee «) ie

SuBGENuUS CoRYPITHECUS.

ASS. MPVGATERIX GRONTATA. i005 000s 0 vou c ot entnele Me a TTI go
457... PPYGATHRIX: NUDIGRONS. 1.6 \iss 0s ¢ . HRC OUR, eee “TI, 40
458.. UPYGATHRIN: GRUGIGER . 0. 0.055. Ube OR RRE ee ‘Se MIT aa

459,
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.
465.
466.
467.
468.
469.
470,
471.
472.
473.
474,
475.
476.
477.
478,
479,
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.

488.
489.
490.
491.
492.

493.
494.

PYGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX

PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX

PYGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX

INTRODUCTION

CHRYSOMELAS | sc5 os AAAS nod. ASM. Vol.
SUMEADRIA NAG ah) peter Re PUN. A 3
BAT DiAINAUHe eickalcsers et AN. MSH: a
PERCURA, ko dcsehousgaevece ae Pe. DIN s
FEMORALIS). so:cvevarenene, Heat ee hs eee
MELAMERAS sis: AEE OR cd RI si
POND E Uc Wey heen eA es dtc ca ia
HOLOTOPHRE Ae tee oie o iesere ath wGeere spevens +
PHAVRET (t3s0¢ fA h soar ‘s
BLAVICAUDA® iis isn Se eee eo seadiee: s
ROBINSONI® (00.2. 0.41..) Saragaa peepee Bate 5
ORBSCURN "Sor 1252 850) ee ees Sree i
CARBO! | deus eee bes» Sew ayaa ‘
SANICTORUMN' 22.2.3 2.05 Sass oa ss
NUBIGE NAN! S222 «be 25 Weis 4 ee eran FE
DIEECDAT CALSS EUR SAS 9 22 ke BBE 4
NATUINGE RAE EMRE T se e. Pi
REDON ISIE Sees eee Ee Be sie a
CAN ASE Anne oe Rae Ee ee Nae oa
SPAMENSISEV Se? VeRO E Slo wire eR ee a
CATAIGAIAWrtiers SE ative). 5. oe eos of
ISG WI NOR Re. Sic bce Sc rate Soome iste Cress =
RUSCONMURUNAET tree se erent vc cis toes vi
Sy TAIN. a leudltlet areca ape lire pelt neat ae
EVERE DUI. Seavert ite curva ocarnetttes ce nee:
ELOSET \- cs con, 0 0 cae aigers eGo cette R ERPS ry
THONDASIOS Col 3)..v.c sc gente > aie se bes £4
POTENZIANE “Sys coeigatasy wales bras ce ey ope :
FRANCOISI. 2:7 os siete stepaieio siswe cate rare Gs e
SUBGENUS PRESBYPITHECUS.
GEPHALOLOPTERA. Jia.)..othld- cn d4 Vol.
CAIMONTICOLA, ..,0 e504 Rahway. sberae
SIPS IDDE 8 RENAE CR PAT A aaa RE .
TOUSEINTT, pases So sey a aNCCE Ce tre ieee er nee AA tee ch
LIE SHS, Senne ee oe ~
SUBGENUS TRACHYPITHECUS.
PO RAT AW per raise ehate a are tae ehoet ice ra tate aletaals Vol
GREG ATA Vineks vere tdtasceove: ches he TIE Pike =

508.
509.

514.

515,

INTRODUCTION
PAGE
PYGATERIX .C., PULLATA”. 1S Pee, OR Vol. III, 80
PYGATHRIX (ULTIMA: isrja)<0.0.0 esa BERRI Oe eee sy LCL ee
PYGATHRIX MARGARITA soi4 oe co ms wi SHOR DA eee eee ORES |
PYGATHRIX: GERMAIN, ois.oioio.c 210.0 nia GO Soe Sy “Tae
PYGATHRIX \CREPUSCULA. .... .......-2bieeae. Mane “4 ee
PYGATHRIX C. WROUGHTONI ........ .48 HARE) RIS “ SITTSs
SuBGENUS SEMNOPITHECUS.
PYGATHRIX ENTELLUS ......... Ais ofan One ae Vol. III, 86
PYGATHRIX YVALBIPES: «:3/-.'0snuk:. . Soe aed Pee oer Ss" TE
IPYGATIIREX \SCHISTACEUS * «. 0"... Soe Dene os meeee «) Tile
PVGATHREN LANTA™ ‘.%0's a’. o's o*s%s sche ome eee oe eee sai Wi le
IPYGATHRIX “PIGEATA | |. .'.°.'a/s'e'e'sloleleate oe eet ee op eee “ III, 94
PyGATHRIX HYPOLEUCA .......... pate he ed DS ot aes Wk
EY GATHREX -PREANUG! |. °.°.\c 0's. clots eo ee hee Eoin o Tikes
SUBGENUS PyGaATHRIX.
EVGADRHBUx NEMZEUS. «> 2 sac» 0 seat eine EEE Vol. III, 98
EX GATORIUXG NIGRTPES) vc «o> ss 0 « ss © 515 aoe "AT ee

GENUS RHINOPITHECUS.

RuinopitrHecus A. Milne-Ed., Recherch. Mamm., 1872,
p. 233, pls. XXXVI, XXXVII. Type Rhinopithecus
roxellane A. Milne-Edwards.

RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLANZ .........2cec0eees Vol. III, 102
ILHENOPITHECUS BIETI .'..07.'. See eee ee cases SO? ees
RHINOPITHECUS #BRELICHI - «7.).'. . 2295082 e. oe et 0) DD Sies
KRBINOPIDHECUS AVUNCULUS: .*.. = Joule deme teee */" i, eo

GENus SIMIAS.

Simi1as Miller, Misc. Coll. Smith. Inst. Wash., 1903. Type
Simias concolor Miller.

SSINMTAS (CONECOLOR owes oec-aeca os Sec Renee eee Vol. III, 109

GeNus NASALIS.

Nasatis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 90. Type Cercopithecus larvatus Wurmb.

IN ASALAS) PARVATIIS tisiy clei clusinys -0ye,0.00 Vote RNs ME Vol. III, 111

CoLoBus

CoLosus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLosus
CoLogpus
CoLosus
CoLozus
CoLosus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLoBUS

CoLosus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus

CoLosus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLosus
CoLoBus
CoLoBus
CoLosBus
CoLoBus
CoLosus
CoLosus
CoLosus

INTRODUCTION Ixv
GENUS COLOBUS.
CoLosus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 69.
Type Simia polycomus Schreber.

SUBGENUS PROCOLOBUS.
WER SEIS «205 anda ale: ele ee as Se Vol. III, 122
SUBGENUS TROPICOLOBUS. PAGE
RUPOMURAT US) to gees se occ) ee aeachai aes Vola it. 123
TEPHROSCELBS siege eee adeno sievaionaoroee wise son elle 24
INGE REGAIN US - a cp staite cite in seb eee eaten oo DE 25
EDEL LOD A Pe Mi ence a8 seas ps ere pauabegn anata Uaioe / whl, 126
BREUSSI: « ecerevane me acto tee ete ate nage aoe same 4 a 74
RAR eave semen aie ae bis ia ea Leas i Ed, be
BOUMIERT S pal na, Sect Ses iS: Haous cigars eek Ss pire 8 Wis 2423
PELOTON Tie Sates eerie Sas: Wels wile shanens, osu lat acs So Ld E29
G9 I Gl SCCM a Ne a a LL 20
BOA We suitiagemauensghts siz loko 5. Surah eine Eee i Haale we30)
GRAUER wey pee ras es een 6 die as bd LT OUSZ
OUSPAL HD iw deme aM ato eee: aaa eo de wece ro. AE P32

SUBGENUS PILIOCOLOBUS.
BERRUGINEUSe 2. eyeksiinausalskeveusndrei ie detoieole Vol. III, 133
LEV ACCTRS TOS) OS gh se On ae oe es ib Ah G4
RUWEON GT GERY os) ie tisle eravelt/ oalessubpns oi ousisy eh deans poem OA me ST"
PENNA Din Rear sey oo cla ae cae aie xl gaiere te ALO
GODONORM Nigeria tal ous tags Sick cies ase p ine o OR Se

SUBGENUS STACHYCOLOBUS.
SATANIAS Prt mice s,s tacbictncha: sai « cleans Suwiets) « Vol. III, 138
RUWENZORE © 34. EIB AE... MM. io toes DMeAILT, 138
VELERROSUS PINS SAM. Ps DADO! OFF / TET 139
POLY GOMUSH cap sic aos ewes nial oie ererslshoak avapdiee «TT. 140
PATENT US nes esicxarss yan ge uetcta taal ola ie aha “III, 141
SEINE ENUM atone aia tapas bv yout" ot or oea one Sleeies! 5.8 sc (pn 93
ANGOLENSIS Ai ¥ telispe db «BRS pishe biwvevue wine spews ye MUL aS
ABNSSUNIT CUS me dinars QMetcneRdayrsgotond ekeweite) s\edeyers scare 1 I Hs I72"§
OG CIDENIEAE ISI’ 9a iie, sistatysarerele Sycitie eiawie oi “III, 144
PODMGRUSMtrere sttero base nyc Speake. Btcer ehe rose, «er seamen 8 ee
(SAA SR ae bale efor etavay’ dancaees wigan Mavedsns ar aeull,. bag
GABRARU Migs. neck viGatins Ws alam iielcrecete's “ II, 148

CoLoBus

Ixvi

558.

560.

561.
562.

563.
564.

INTRODUCTION

FAMILY HYLOBATIDZ.
GENuS HYLOBATES.

Hyxosates Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 67.
Type Homo lar Linneus.

PAGE
PIVROBATES “NASUTUS ss ce eee edna nee Vol. Trt, Is
TAYLOBATES HOOLOCK) secctucesl aetpiee «=. «= * Tit es
EIMEOBATES* RAR’ ¢ os «sa 4:14 ae ee eee “ Tit, a
EAVTOBAEES “EQENRICE$ 23/3 21) visi ve he be Poe eee “ Wit, ims
TIVE OBATES "LEUCOGENYS | 42d. 0h Ce uaeeete eee “Til, ia
EIMEGEARES, GABRIEL 's)./sc.csm eae nega eee “" Jit, 166
TAVEOEATES LEUCISCUS. ...'.0 os ae outheue ese * Li ie
EIVEQRATES AGIEIS’ . |... 320k siesetee dees © eae “Tit, 16s
HIVE OBATES PILEATUS « . i's’, 0a 5 sale 16s Seer «tet, i
ERSROBATES CONCOLOR —/0!.% «|: «kee erence ewes eee “) “Ty, aa
TIYEOBATES FUNEREUS iu Senos: aaa cae eee “) Ti oa
EIWEGOGATES FUSCUS \. .. 2. snaeentn enna eee * Ii, tas
Genus SyMPHALANGUS.

SyMPHALANGUS Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb., I, 1841, pp.

XXVII, 34. Type Pithecus syndactylus Desmarest.
SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYEUS us est eee seen Vol. tal, tee
SYMPHALANGUS S. CONTINENTIS .......2.ee000- oY, | eee
SYMP ALANGUS KEOSSI 070 0 es ae wees eee ~~ td ee

FAMILY PONGIIDZ.
GENuS PoNGo.

Ponco Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 4. Type Pongo

borneo Lacépéd., = Simia pygmeus Hoppius.
Ponco PYGMORUS. viccaes cus sore see tEReR eS Rene Vol. III, 192
CNG EDIE? ys hecs mete lo'cte: ca state oe btGins Brae eicts “III, 194

GENUS GORILLA.

Goritita I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXIV, 1852, p. &.

Type Troglodytes gorilla Wyman.
GORILTAVGORTDMAS WIN). ais Wie e's ele wee Be Oe Vol. III, 213
GORTEI/A (GoeMAMSCHIIE tetra s ‘e’e's)s se ee RE “ 1, 298

INTRODUCTION Ixvii

PAGE
565s °Gorivex’ G Diner?! 192. BL O1Gk ORS, Pr! Vol. III, 218
S66. MGORILEA, G OJACOBE. ):..S RIO, MO SIS STIL Z19
5/7 *HGORTLEA (Gi GASTANEICEPSI OL). . PEP SIMUL eee ohh Te 220
568. GorRILLA G PAARL a, SP! Me, PEs $o ‘Seal E220
569. GORILLA G SE, ERR RS IB EY *trETT 222
5A04? (GORIEDA? BERINGERT 22H.2EL PRE ee > TE, 223
GENUS PSEUDOGORILLA.
PsEupDoGoRILLA Elliot Rev. Primates, 1912, p. 224. Type

Gorilla Mayema Alix et Bouvier.

57 MESEUDOGORIELA, MAYEMAG? (£2 | (ge aah Vol, oDii225
Genus Pan.
_ Pan Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3 Theil, Zool., 2te Abth., 1816,

pp. XI, 1230. Type Simia satyrus Linn.
Ae MOAN DOARVUSI4.tstsen et. Dish destsbds). 30. 8areger Vol. III, 234
SWss Pais PMEAGINOSUS w,.atlt. oaee). psd aanscepeaa ais “ III, 240
BAA ee PANG LS AT RUTS rth shinies GIN, det bsseaslasrctelan des, ad.atle 6 ATT y24d
575ts PAN aKOOLOO-KAMBA Vi 4iaM..0c). 2 h)e ue Me. sb oe Bee © palit 242
5761). PANHLEUCOPRY MINUS! .Afaied.o. 0) 2 chu uleetenn “TI, 244
5 leg ANE ERE NER ANSE) fais vata 2o, 5.6 LAME ISIVA Aid Wi shaila nial» ‘alelebbt “ TI, 245
Sage DAN *SCHW EI NBURDEDE G2: Afaiaie o,a,3)aj2ababs al aceajei sieve “ TI, 245
579 sus AN Se MARUNGENSISM i Ad si)h cn) «'s sings ayesha ua be “III, 248
SSO UP ANDAMBRYVE ~ Sep wenpecrenintss < Je..cia.b,0cotlSs Ne Sitlelctade “ III, 249
Gh ailtA ROWE EEROSUS (aie, : URAL TI as, gdb ealohie ea Sw ET, 0250
S82Grur ANeEUSCUS 2% sudaaslne aed Ah. Asmor. abt sda sari del Le 25)
583. Pan ? ex Basho, northwestern Cameroon “ III, 252
584. Pan ? ex Dunne, interior of southern

Cameroon we seae dH - bia.dees detec dthues IRE we SW 252
585. Pan - ? ex Lomie, interior of Cameroon.. “ III, 253

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

By drawing a line across the American Continent north of Mexico,
then passing to the east across the Atlantic and southward around the
Cape of Good Hope, (leaving the African Continent to the north),
then by Wallace’s line between the Indian and Papuan divisions of the
Malay Archipelago, (the boundary going between Formosa and the
Philippines), and then south and east to the Samoan Archipelago,

Ixviii INTRODUCTION

Huxley has divided the globe into a northern and southern portion
called respectively Arctogeea and Notogza. North of this line in the
Nearctic Region no species of the Primates dwells, while in the Eastern
Hemisphere only those species belonging to certain islands of the
Australian Region are found to the south and east of it. Beginning
with the Old World, so called, we find that both Suborders are repre-
sented, LEMuROIDEA being entirely absent from the Western Hemi-
sphere. The species of this Suborder are found in the Malagasy
Subregion of the East and West African Subregions, and the Indian
and Ceylonese Subregions of the Oriental Region. The Island of
Madagascar contains nearly one half of the number of the species
comprised in the following genera: DAUBENTONIA, CHEIROGALE, MIcro-
CEBUS, M1xocEeBUS, ALTILILEMUR, LEPIDOLEMUR, Myoxicesus, LEMUR,
LicHANOoTUS, PropiTHEcusS, and INnpRIs, embracing altogether forty-
three species and subspecies out of the one hundred and six belonging
to the Suborder. The East African Subregion has one species of
Peropicticus, P. IBEANUS in the Kakamega forest; and eighteen
species and subspecies of Gataco and Hemicavaco are found in the
East African Subregion, ranging from the vicinity of the White Nile
below Khartoum to Mashonaland on the south up to an elevation of
5,000 feet. These are G. DUNNI; G. SENNAARIENSIS; G. GALLARUM;
G. HINDSI; G. KIKUYUENSIS; G. LASIOTIS; H. THOMASI; G. BRACCATUS;
G. braccatus albipes; G. PANGANIENSIS; G. BADIUS; G. ZANZIBARICUS ;
G. CRASSICAUDATUS; G. KIRKI; G. MOSAMBICUS; G. NYASS#; G. SENE-
GALENSIS; and G. MoNnTIERI. In the West African Subregion are G.
SENEGALENSIS; G. PUPULUS; G. a. cameronensis; G. ELEGANTULUS;
G. a. batesi; G. ANoMURUS; G. DEMIDOFFI; and G. demidoffi poensis,
and six others. In the South African Subregion are G. Nyassz and G.
GRANTI. The locality of G. e. apicalis is unknown.

In the Indian Subregion of the Oriental Region one species of
Loris, L. LYDEKKERIANUS; and one of Nycticesus, N. COUCANG are
found, while the Ceylonese subregion has Loris TARDIGRADUS. The
Indo-Chinese Subregion has four species of Nycricesus: N. pPycG-
M#uS; N. TENASSERIMENSIS; N. MALAIANUS; and N. CINEREUS; and
the Indo-Malay Subregion contains seven species of the same genus,
viz.: the one last named together with N. HILLERI; N. BANCANUS; N.
JAVANICUS; N. BORNEANUS; N. NATUN#; and N. MENAGENSIS.

The members of the Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA are widely
distributed over the Old World and are found in all its Zoogeographical
divisions excepting the Polynesian and New Zealand subregions. The
Ethiopian region is the richest in its number of Primates of all the

INTRODUCTION Ixix

divisions into which the Globe has been partitioned. It has already
been shown that it contains most of the LEMUROIDEA, and now it
will be seen that a large proportion of the ANTHROPOIDEA are also
found within its limits, the great continent of Africa being responsible
for most of the species. Papio is the first genus of the ANTHRO-
POIDEA to be considered, and, in the East African Subregion of
this Region, it contains twelve species distributed throughout its
length from north to south, Nubia, to Lake Nyassa. They are P.
CYNOCEPHALUS; P. HEUGLINI; P. DOGUERA; P. NEUMANNI; P. IBEA-
Nus; P. TESSELLATUM; P. FURAX; P. PRUINOSUS; P. STREPITUS; P.
HAMADRYAS; P. h. arabicus from Southern Arabia; and P. BRocKMANI.
The West African Subregion has P. NIGERIZ; P. papio; P. sPHINX; P.
LEUCOPHZUS; P. YOKOENSIS; and P. PLANIROSTRIS; while the South
African Subregion has but one species P. PORCARIUS.

THEROPITHECUS has but two species, T. GELADA, and T. OBSCURUS ;
both natives of Abyssinia in the East African Subregion. CyNo-
PITHECUS and Macus take us into the Austro-Malayan Subregion of
the Australian Region, where, in Celebes, and the small islands of
Menado-tue, Batchian, Muna and Butan, and doubtfully in the Aru
Islands, the few species of these genera are found. The next genus in
the order adopted is Simra, with its single species of S. SyLVANUS
found in the southwestern part of the Mediterranean Subregion, in
Morocco and Algiers, whence it was introduced on the Rock of
Gibraltar. PirHeEcus, with its many species, is dispersed over all the
recognized Zoogeographical Regions of the Old World except the
Australian. Beginning with the Palearctic Region in the Siberian
Subregion, Thibet possesses three species, P. vestiTus; P. LASIOTIS;
and P. THIBETANUM; and one from Cashmere, P. vittosus; and P.
FUSCATUS from Japan. The next is the Oriental Region, and in the
Indian and Ceylonese Subregions four species are found, P. RHESUS;
P. stnicus; P. ALBIBARBATUS; and P. prtEatus. In the Indo-Chinese
Subregion fifteen species are met with, P. assAMENSIS, and this
Macaque goes as far to the west, in the Himalaya range of the Indian
Subregion, as Masuri; P. speciosus; (this species found also in
Borneo), P. NEMESTRINUS; P. IRuS; P. ANDAMANENSIS; P. RUFESCENS ;
P. apustus; P. InsuLANS; P. vitris; P. HARMANDI; P. BREVICAUDUS;
P. SANCTI-JOHANNIS; P. cycLtopsis; P. vatipus; and P. LITTORALIs.
The Indo-Malayan Subregion of this region contains twenty-six species
dispersed through the lower Malayan Peninsula and the numerous
islands of the various Archipelagoes. They are P. cariTatis; P. Fas-
CICULARIS ; P. NEMESTRINUS; P. umBROsUS; P. FUSCUS; P. PHAURUS;

Ixx INTRODUCTION

P. AGNATUS; P. LAPSUS; P. ALACER; P. MORDAX; P. RESIMUS; P. BAWE-
ANUS; P. cupipusS; P. PAGENSIS; P. LING#; P. IMPUDENS; P. KARI-
MONI; P. BINTANGENSIS; P. DOLLMANI; P. PUMILLUS; P. MANDIBU-
LARIS; P. LAUTENSIS; P. LINGUNGENSIS; P. SIRHASSENENSIS; P.
CARIMAT# ; and P. L=tTus, and those of the Philippine and Sulu islands.

CERcOcEBUS is an African genus exclusively confined to the
Ethiopian Region. In East Africa from the Tana River to Uganda
and the Upper Congo four species are found: C. GALERITUS; C. a. john-
stoni; C. CHRYSOGASTER; and C. HAGENBECKI; and West Africa has
the remaining species, six in all, ranging from Sierra Leone to the
Lower Congo: C. zTHIops; C. LUNULATUS; C. TORQUATUS; C. ATER-
RIMUS; C. ALBIGENA; C. a. zenkeri; and C. AGILIs.

The genus RHINOSTIGMA contains but one species, R. HAMLYNI,
from the Ituri Forest, East Africa, apparently a link between the
last genus and the one succeeding, and remarkable for the shape of
its face, (which is similar to that of a Barn-Owl), and the mark over
the nose from forehead to upper lip, and the small fifth cusp on the
last lower molar.

The great genus LasiopyGa, containing the largest number of
species of all those included in the Order Primates, succeeds RHINO-
STIGMA. It is entirely confined to the Ethiopian Region, its mem-
bers dispersed over the African Continent save along the Mediter-
ranean littoral. The East African Subregion of the Ethiopian Region
contains forty species and subspecies, L. NEGLEcTA Schlegel, (nec
Auct.) ; L. GRISEoviripIs; L. BoUTOURLINI; L. MATSCHIE; L. DJAM-
DJAMENSIS; L. HILGERTI; L. STtUHLMANNI; L. AURORA; L. BUDGETTI;
L. GRISEISTICTA; -L. DOGGETTI; L. CARRUTHERSI; L. DENTI; L.
scHMIpDTI; L. THoMASI; L. KANDTI; L. sTairsI; L. NEUMANNI; L.
CALLIDA; L. CENTRALIS; L. c. whytei; L. c. johnstoni; L. c. lutea; L.
KOLBI; L. k. hindei; L. k. nubilis; L. RuFoviripis; L. RUBELLA; L.
PYGERYTHRA; L. ALBIGULARIS; L. a. kinobotensis; L. a. rufilata; L.
RUFITINCTA ; L. OPISTHOSTICTA ; L. LEUCAMPYX ; L. MOLONEYI; L. FRAN-
cEsc#; L. sILAcEA; L. sIGNATA; and L. priNceps. In the West African
Subregion beginning in Senegambia is L. caALLiTRIcHuUS; then follow
going south, L. cAMPBELLI; L. DIANA; L. BUTTIKOFERI; L. ROLOWAY;
L. FANTIENSIS ; L. BURNETTI; L. Mona; L. TANTALUS; L. t. alexandri;
L. rnsoti1TA; L. preussI; L. BRAzzZ#; L. NICTITANS; L. sTicTIcEps; L.
GRAyI; L. g. pallida; L. stcnata; L. PETRONELL#; L. SCLATERT; L.
PETAURISTA; L. c. laglaizi; L. cepHUS; L. cEpHODES; L. MARTINT; L.
ERYTHROTIS; L. pocontas; L. p. nigripes; L. tNSULARIS; L. ASCANIUS;
L. wuHitesip1; L. puto; L. cynosuraA; L. wort; and L. INSIGNIS;

INTRODUCTION xxi

thirty-five in all. The South African Subregion has L. atpicuxaris; L.
RUFOVIRIDIS ; L. a. beirensis; L. s. mosambicus; L. PYGERYTHRA; and L.
LABIATA ; Six species. Eight remain whose habitat is entirely unknown,
L. VHOEsTI; L. NIGRIVIRIDIS; L. INOBSERVATA; L. WERNERI; L. NIGRI-
GENSIS; L. ERYTHROGASTER ; L. TEMMINCKI and L. ALBITORQUATA.

MiopiTHEcus follows Lasiopyca; indeed up to the present time
its species were always included in the last genus. It has only two
members, both natives of the East African Subregion of the Ethiopian
Region, their range extending from Southern Cameroon to, and
including, Angola. They are M. TALAPoIN and M. ANsoRGEI.

ERYTHROCEBUS contains the long-legged reddish colored Guenons,
heretofore included in Lasiopyeca. They are inhabitants of the
Ethiopian Region, six being dwellers of the East African Subregion,
E. PYRRHONOTUS; E. POLIOPHUS; E. ALBIGENIS; E. ForMosUS; E.
WHYTEI; and E. BAUMSTARKI. Five are inhabitants of the West
African Subregion, E. patas; E. KERSTINGI; E. ZECK1; E, LANGELDI;
and E. sannio. The locality of one species, E. CIRCUMCINCTUS, is
unknown.

_ We now come to PycaTurix one of the largest genera of the
ANTHROPOIDEA. Its members are natives of the Palearctic and
Oriental Regions. Two species only are found in the first of these, P.
SCHISTACEUS and P. tania. In the Indian Subregion of the Oriental
Region is found but one species, P. ENTELLUS. In the Ceylonese Sub-
region seven species are met with: P. CEPHALOLOPTERA; P. c. monti-
cola; P. SENEXx; P. JoHNI; P. urRsINA; P. HYPOLEUCA; and P. PRIAMUS.
In the Indo-Chinese Subregion of this Region are found eight species:
P. PILEATA; P. FRANGCOISI; P. cREPUSCULA; P. c. wroughtoni; P. MaAR-
GARITA; P. GERMAINI; P. NEM#uS; and P. nicripes. The Indo-
Malayan Subregion contains the remaining species: P. MELANOLOPHA ;
P. NOBILIS; P. RUBICUNDA; P. CARIMAT2; P. FRONTATA; P. HOSET; P.
THOMASI; P. POTENZIANI; P. AuRATA; P. crisTaTA; P. c. pullata; P.
ULTIMA; P. ALBIPES; P. NUDIFRONS; P. CRUCIGER; P. CHRYSOMELAS;
P. SUMATRANA; P. BATUANA; P. PERCURA; P. FEMORALIS; P. MELA-
MERA; P. BARBEI; P. PHAYREI; P. FLAVICAUDA; P. ROBINSONI; P.
OBSCURA; P. CARBO; P. SANCTORUM; P. NUBIGENA; P. DILEcTaA; P.
NATUNZ; P. RHIONIS; P. CANA; P. SIAMENSIS; P. CATEMANA; P.
AYGULA; P. FUSCO-MURINA; P. SABANA; and P. EVERETTI. P. HOLO-
TOPHREA is the only one whose locality is unknown.

RHINOPITHECUs is a small genus with four known species, belong-
ing to the Siberian and Manchurian Subregions of the Palearctic

xxii INTRODUCTION

Region; and go as far as Tonkin and eastern Thibet. They are
R. ROXELLAN#; R. BIETI; R. BERLICHI, and R. avuNcuLuUs. SiMIAs
and Nasais each with a single species are natives of the islands
of South Pagi and Borneo respectively of the Indo-Malayan
Subregion of the Oriental Region. Cotopus is a genus of the
Ethiopian Region its members being entirely restricted to the
Continent of Africa, the greatest number of species dwelling in
the East African Subregion, and ranging from Abyssinia to Nyassa-
land and from Gambia to Angola. In the East African Subregion
fifteen species are found, which, beginning with the most northern
are as follows: C. aByssinicus; C. PoLyuRUS; C. GALLARUM; C.
ELLIOTI; C. TEPHROSCELES; C. RUWENZORI; C. CAUDATUS; C. RUFOMI-
TRATUS; C. PALLIATUS; C. KIRKI; C. GRAUERI; C. SHARPEI; C.
GODONORUM ; and C. ANGOLENSIS. In the West African Subregion are
C. BOUVIERI; C. FULIGINOSUS; C. VELLEROSUS; C. SATANAS; C. FERRU-
GINEUS; C. RUFO-NIGER; C. vERUS; C. a. occidentalis; C. PREUSSI; C.
POLYcoMUS; and C. PENNANTI. Four species are found in Central
Africa, and C. TEMMINCKI’s habitat is unknown.

Hy opaTes or Gibbons are natives of two of the recognized
Zoogeographical Regions, the Indian and the Oriental. Of the first
of these in the Indo-Chinese Subregion are H. HooLock; H. var; H.
LEUCOGENYS; H. GABRIELLI; H. HENRICI; H. piLeatus; and H.
nasutus. In the Indo-Malayan Subregion are H. Lar; H. AGILIs;
H. Leuciscus; H. concotor; H. FUNEREUS; and H. Fuscus; the last
two being of doubtful validity. The other genus of Gibbons SympHa-
LANGUS has S. SYNDACTYLIS, with one rather doubtful subspecies, S.
Ss. continentis; and S. Koss; all in the Indo-Malay Subregion of the
Indian Region. We now reach the Ponciipz containing the great
Apes, the remaining members of the Primates. Poneo the first genus
has one species, P. pyrem#us, (a second being doubtfully possible P.
ABELII,) from the great islands of Borneo and Sumatra in the Indo-
Malay Subregion of the Indian Region. The second genus GoriLLa
has all its members save one in the West African Subregion of the
Ethiopian Region. These are G. GORILLA; G. g. castaneiceps; G. g.
matschie; G. g. jacobi; and G. g. diehli. In the East African Sub-
region G. BERINGERI is found in the German Protectorate, in all, two
species and four subspecies. Of the majority of these it must be said
that they are very doubtfully separable from G. GorILLA, all the
knowledge we have of them having been gathered from very insufficient
material.

INTRODUCTION Ixxiii

PsEUDOGORILLA has one species P. MAYEMA? from the Congo
forest.

The last genus of the Primates of the Old World is Pan em-
bracing the Chimpanzees. Fifteen species are tentatively acknowledged
in this work, but we are without sufficient information regarding them,
and their validity is in almost as great uncertainty as is that of some
of the species of the genus Goritta. The ranges of these different
species are either not known at all, or very imperfectly, and the greater
number of forms are found in the West African Subregion from
Sierra Leone to the Gaboon. In this comparatively restricted district
of the African Continent all the species of Chimpanzees, save two, so
far as is known, are to be met with. They are P. catvus; P. FULIcI-
NosuS; P. SATYRUS; P. KOOLOO-KAMBA; P. LEUCOPRYMNUS; P. PyG-
MUS; P. CHIMPANSE; P. AUBRYI; P. VELLEROSUS; and P. FUSCUS.
All these are found in Gaboon and Cameroon, save two, P. VELLEROSUS
absent from Gaboon, and P. satyrus not found in Cameroon. In the
East African Subregion two species only are known to dwell, P.
SCHWEINFURTHI in the Nyam-nyam country, and P. s. marungensis
from the vicinity of the Albert Nyanza, and in the Congo forest.

In Neogea, embracing the Western Hemisphere, we find the
Primates are represented in the Neotropical region only, and Mexico
contains the forms that reach the highest northern limit. Here is
found a subspecies of ALouvatra, A. p. mexicana in the State of Vera
Cruz, and one species of ATELEUS, A. PAN. Two species are found in
Guatemala, ALOUATTA VILLOSA; and ATELEUS PAN. Nicaragua has five
species of Primates, one, AoTUS RUFIPES, (but doubtfully a resident of
that State) ; ALOUATTA PALLIATA; ATELEUS GEOFFROYI; A. ATER: and
CEeBUS CAPUCINUS. Costa Rica is represented by two species of
different genera CEDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI; and SAIMIRI @RSTEDI; both
also met with in Panama; and on Coiba Island in the Bay of Panama
Alouatta p. coibensis is found. On the Island of Trinidad ALovatta
INSULANUS is met with. On the continent of South America beginning
with the Guianas, Brazilian Subregion, five species are found in all:
SAIMIRI scluRUS; AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS; ALOUATTA MACCONNELLI;
ATELEUS PANISCUS; and CEBUS APELLA; some of these having a wide
distribution in South America. French Guiana possesses besides the
species just named, CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUs and PITHECIA CAPIL-
LIMENTOSA; and British Guiana has four additional, CzercopITHECUS
MIDAS; PITHECIA SATANAS; P. CHIROPOTES; and CEBUS CASTANEUS.
Dutch Guiana has also CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS. Venezuela has eight
species of- Primates: CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; CALLICEBUS TOR-

Ixxiv INTRODUCTION

QUATUS; SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; S. CASSIQUIARENSIS; ALOUATTA URSINA;
ATELEUS VARIEGATUS ; A. BEELZEBUTH ; and CEBUS APICULATUS. Brazil
with its immense extent of territory and vast forests contains the
greatest proportion of the American Primates. It has two SENIOCEBUS,
S. BICOLOR and S. MARTINSI; one CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; nine
LrEontocespus; L. CHRYSOMELAS; L. ROSALIA; L. cHRysSOPYGUS; L.
MYSTAX ; L. NIGRICOLLIS; L. IMPERATOR; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. LABIATUS;
and L. rHomasi. Of CaLLITHRIX, it has thirteen species: C. SANTAREM-
ENSIS ; C. JACCHUS? C. ALBICOLLIS ; C. HUMERALIFER ; C. PENICILLATA }
C. p. jordani; C. LEUCOCEPHALA; C. ARGENTATA; C. AURITA; C. FLAVI-
CEPS; C. CHRYSOLEUCA; C. PYGM#A; and C. LEUCOPUS. CALLICEBUS
is represented by three species: C. EMILIZ; C. ToRQUATUS; and C.
Amictus. Aotus has five species: A. TRIVIRGATUS; A. ROBERTI; A.
INFULATUS; A. MIRIQUOUINA; and A. VOCIFERANS. ALOUATTA gives
three species: A. BEELZEBUL; A. CARAYA; and A. jyuara; while
PirHecia has six: P. saTANAS; P. CHIROPOTES; P. ALBICANS; P.
CHRYSOCEPHALA; P. ALBINASA; and P. MONACHA. Cacajao is entirely
Brazilian and all its three species are found within that territory.
ATELEUS appears to be represented by only three species: A. MAR-
GINATUS; A. VARIEGATUS; and A. PANIscus. The single species of
BRACHYTELEUS is a native of Brazil; and LacoTurix has four species:
L. racotricHa; L. cANA; L. UBERICOLA; and L. THomMasI. CEBUs has
eight species inhabiting Brazil, C. vaRIEGATUS ; C. UNICOLOR ; C. MACRO-
CEPHALUS; C. VERSUTA; C. LIBIDINOSUS; C. CIRRIFER; C. CALIGINOSUS ;
C. AZAR; and three doubtful, their exact localities being unknown, C.
CRASSICEPS ; C. VELLEROSUS; and C. FRONTATUS.

On the western side of the Continent, Colombia contains sixteen of
the species of Primates, one SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS ; one CEDIPOMIDAS
SALAQUIENSIS ; one SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; three Aotus; A. VOCIFERANS; A.
GRISEIMEMBRA; and A. LANIUS; one ALouaATTA; A. SENICULUS; four
ATELEUS; A. GEOFFROYI; A. ATER; A. RUFIVENTER; and A. HYBRIDUS.
LacoTHrix has but one species LAGoTRICHA. CerBus has four and one
subspecies : C. FLAVUS; C. CHRYSOPUS; C. MALITIOSUS; C. c. nigripectus;
and C. FATUELLUS. Ecuador, the next State, has twelve species:
SAIMIRI MADEIRZ; and S. MACRODON ; AOTUS GULARIS; and A. MICRO-
DON ; ALOUATTA ZQUATORIALIS ; PITHECIA MONACHA; ATELEUS PANIS-
cus; LAGOTHRIX INFUMATA; L. LUGENS; and CaLLicesus has C.
CUPREUS; C. PENULATUS; and C. LEUCOMETOPA. Peru has nineteen
species: CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS; C. AMICTUS; C PERSONATUS; C.
CUPREUS; and C. SUBRUFUS. SAIMIRI B. NIGRICEPS; and S. MACRODON ;
four Aorus: A. TRIVIRGATUS; A. NIGRICEPS; A. SENEX; and A. OSERYI.

INTRODUCTION Ixxv

Alouatta has but one species URSINA; PITHECIA two, P. saATANAS; and
P, MONACHA; ATELEUS one, VARIEGATUS. LAGOTHRIX also one, LAGO-
TRICHA; and Cesus three, C. a. pallidus; C. u. cuscinus; and C. f.
peruanus. In Bolivia, the last portion of South America in which Pri-
mates occur, four species are found: CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS;
SAIMIRI USTUS; AOTUS BOLIVIENSIS; and ALOUATTA SARA. From the
above recapitulation it will be seen that the Brazilian Subregion is the
home of the Primates in the New World. Every genus save one,
CEpIPomIDAS, is represented within its boundaries, and two, Cacajyao
and BRACHYTELEUS are not found elsewhere. On the eastern border
of the Neotropical region no Primate is found below the southern
limit of the Brazilian Subregion, but on the western side the Order has
its representatives in Peru and Bolivia of the Chilian Subregion.

The geographical distribution of each species, so far as known, is
shown in the following list.

‘LEMUROIDEA.
DAUBENTONIIDZ.
DAUBENTONIA.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

1. DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS. Island of Madagascar on
the east coast from the Bay of Antongil to Mehanoro.

TARSIIDA.
TARSIUS.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL AND AUSTRALIAN REGIONS.
Range of the Species.

2. TARSIUS PHILIPPINENSIS. Island of Samar, Philippine Archi-

pelago.
3. TaRsIuS FRATERCULUS. Island of Bohol, Philippine Archi-

pelago.

Ixxvi INTRODUCTION

4. TARSIUS SANGHIRENSIS. Island of Sanghir, Philippine Archi-
pelago.
5. Tarstus SALTAToR. Billiton Island, Indo-Malayan Archipelago.
6. TARSIUS BORNEANUS. Island of Borneo, Indo-Malayan Archi-
pelago. f
7. Tarsius BANCANUS. Island of Java, Indo-Malayan Archipelago. \
8. Tarsius Fuscus. Island of Celebes, Austro-Malayan Archi- J
pelago.

NYCTICIBIDZ,
Loris.
Range of the Genus. 4
ORIENTAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

9. Loris TaRDIGRADUS. Island of Ceylon.
10. Loris tyDEKKERIANUS. Southern India, Madras and possibly
on the west coast near Ratnageri.

NYCTICEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

11. NycTiceBus BoRNEANUS. Sakaiam River, Sanggan district,
West Borneo.

12. Nycricepus BANCANuS. Klabat Bay, Island of Banka.

13. NycTICEBUS TENASSERIMENSIS. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.

14. Nycricepus coucanc. Bengal, Upper Burma, possibly Annam.

15. NycTICEBUS CINEREUS. Siam, Cochin China.

16. NycriceBpus jJavANicus. Island of Java.

17. NycriceBus NATUN#%. Natuna Islands, Malayan Archipelago.

18. Nycricepus MALAIANUS. Arakan to Tringanu, Lower Siam;
coast region of Sumatra.

19. NyctTicEBUS HILLERI. Island of Sumatra.

20. NycrTicEBUS MENAGENSIS. Philippine Archipelago.

21. NycticeBus pyGM&us. Annam.

INTRODUCTION Ixxvii
ARCTOCEBUS.

Range of the Genus.

ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.

22. ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. Old Calabar, West Africa.
23. ARCTOCEBUS AUREUS. French Congo, West Africa.

PERODICTICUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

24. Prropicticus potto. Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast.

25. Prropicticus ju-ju. Nigeria.

26. PERODICTICUS IBEANUS. Kakamega forest, near Mt. Elgon
British East Africa.

27. Perropicticus FAuSTuUS. Central Congo, Africa.

28. PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI. Cameroon to French Congo, West
Africa.

GALAGo.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

29. GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS. East Africa and Island of Zanzibar.

30. GaALaAGO zULUENSIS. Zululand, East Africa.

31. GALAGO PANGANIENSIS. Pangani River, East Africa.

32. GALAGO GARNETTI. Natal, East Africa.

33. GaLaco BaDIusS. Ugalla River, German East Africa.

34. GaLaco MONTEIRI. Middle Coast, Cuio Bay to Angola, West
Africa.

35. GALAGO KIRKI. Nyassaland, Mozambique.

36. GaALaco LasioTis. East Africa.

Ixxviii

59,

60.
61.
62.

INTRODUCTION

GALAGO HINDSI. Katwi, Athi River, British East Africa.

GALAGO KIKUYUENSIS. Escarpment Station, British East Africa.

GALAGO ALLENI. Cameroon, Gaboon, and Island of Fernando
Po, West Africa.

GALAGO ALLENI CAMERONENSIS. Cameroon, West Africa.

GALAGO ALLENI GABONENSIS. Gaboon, West Africa.

GALAGO ALLENI BATESI. Gaboon, West Africa.

GALAGO ZANZIBARICUS. Island of Zanzibar.

GALAGO TALBOTI. Southern Nigeria.

GALAGO GALLARUM. Boran-Galla country, East Africa.

GALAGO BRACCATUS. German East Africa.

GALAGO BRACCATUS ALBIPES. British East Africa.

GALAGO DUNNI. Somaliland, East Africa.

GaLaco Nyassz&. Portuguese East Africa.

GALAGO GRANTI. Portuguese East Africa.

GALAGO SENEGALENSIS. Senegal, West Africa.

GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS. Sennaar, Ankole, west of the Victoria
Nyanza, Nyassaland, East Africa.

GaLaGo MOSAMBICcuS. Tete, Mozambique, East Africa.

GaLaco pupuLus. Nigeria, West Africa.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS. Cameroon, West Africa.

GALAGO E. TONSOR. Spanish Guinea, West Africa.

GALAGO E. PALLIDUS. Southern Cameroon, Island of Fernando
Po.

GALAGO E. APICALIS. Equatorial Africa. Locality unknown.

HEMIGALAGO.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI. Gold Coast to Great Basin of the
Congo, West and Central Africa, Mombuttu, Equatorial
Africa.

HEMIGALAGO D. POENSIS. Island of Fernando Po.

HEMIGALAGO ANOMURUS. French Congo, West Africa.

HEMIGALAGO THOMASI. Semliki River, Central Africa

INTRODUCTION Ixxix
CHIROGALE.

Range of the Genus.

ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.

63. CHIROGALE Major. Eastern coast of Madagascar, Fort Dauphin
to Tamatave, also in the lower wooded regions of Betsileo
Province, and on the west coast from Tullare to Pasandava.
64. CHIROGALE MELANOTIS. North east coast of Madagascar.
65. CHIROGALE SIBREEI. East of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
66. CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI. Forests east of Antsianak, Madagascar.
67. CHIROGALE TRICHOTIS. Forests of Antsianak, Madagascar

MICROCEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

68. MicroceBus MuRINUS. Betsileo Province to Fort Dauphin on
the south east coast of Madagascar, and on the south west
coast northerly from St. Augustine Bay.

69. Microcesus Myoxinus. West and south west coasts of Mada-
gascar from Cape St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine
Bay.

70. MicrocEBus COQUERELI. Island Africaina; west coast of Mada-
gascar from Cape St. Vincent to Helville.

71. MuicroceBus FURCIFER. Eastern coast of Madagascar, from
Fort Dauphin on the south to Mt. Ambre on the north; and
down west coast to Cape St. Vincent.

MIXOcEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

72. Mrxocesus cANniceps. Island of Madagascar ; locality unknown.

Ixxx INTRODUCTION
ALTILILEMUR.

Range of the Genus.

ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.

73. ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS. West coast of Madagascar.
74. ALTILILEMUR THOMASI. Fort Dauphin, south east coast of
Madagascar.

LEPIDOLEMUR.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

75. LEPIDOLEMUR GLOBICEPS. “South west Madagascar.”

76. LEPIDOLEMUR GRANDIDIERI. North west Madagascar.

77. LEPIDOLEMUR LEUCOPUS. South eastern Madagascar.

78. LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS. East coast of Madagascar; Fort
Dauphin to Mt. Ambre.

79. LEPIDOLEMUR MICRODON. Eastern district of Betsileo Province,
Madagascar.

80. LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS. South western Madagascar;
Marinda to Masikora.

81. LeEpmoLemMuR EDWaARDSI. North western Madagascar.

MyoxIcEBUs.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

82. MyoxIcEeBus GRisEus. Eastern side of Betsileo Province; and
northwest side to Ifasay, Madagascar.

83. MyoxICEBUS OLIVACEUS. Eastern coast of Madagascar from
Betsileo Province; and north west parts to Ifasay.

84. Myoxicesus simus. North east coast of Madagascar.

85.

98.

oo.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxi

LEMUR.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

LEMUR MoNGoS. South and south western portions of Betsileo
Province, Central Madagascar. Province Anossi.

Lemur coronatus. North eastern Madagascar from Bay de
Diego to Vohemar.

Lemur NicriFrons. Islands of Madagascar and Mayotte.

Lemur Futvus. Northern part of Island of Madagascar.

LEMUR RUFIFRONS. West coast of Madagascar from Cape St.
Vincent on the south to Baly on the north.

LEMUR RUBRIVENTER. Eastern coast of Madagascar from
Teneriffe to Fort Dauphin; north east Betsileo Province,
and southern Betsileo, confines of the Tonales of Ikongo.

LemuR RUFUS. Southern Madagascar, River Tsidsibon to River
Mangonka.

. LEMUR ALBIFRONS. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Ma-

sindrano to Bay of Antongil.

LEMUR CINEREICEPS. Island of Madagascar. Locality not given.

Lemur macaco. North west Madagascar, Ifasay to Mana-
harana.

LEMUR NIGERRIMUS. North west Madagascar, Ifasay to Cape
Ambre.

Lemur caTTaA. South and south western borders of Betsileo
Province; Province Anossi.

LEMUR VARIEGATUS. North eastern Madagascar from Adan-
frone to Cape Masoala at entrance of Antongil Bay; and
interior to Bengoa.

LEMUR V. RUBER. Eastern Madagascar; from Bay of Antongil
to Masindrano.

LICHANOTUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

LICHANOTUS LANIGER. Eastern coast of Madagascar; and the
Bay of Pessandava on the west coast. St. Mary’s Island.

Ixxxii

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

INTRODUCTION
PROPITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA. Northeast Madagascar between the
rivers Lokoy and Bemarivo.

PROPITHECUS D. EDWARDSI. South eastern coast of Madagascar
from the Masora River to the Taraouny; and the forests
of the interior near Fienerentova.

PROPITHECUS D. SERICEUS. Narrow belt of forest between the
rivers Lokoy and Bemarivo, on eastern side of the moun-
tains in north eastern Madagascar.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI. South west coast of Madagascar,
between the southern base of the eastern range of moun-
tains and the River Tsidsibon.

PROPITHECUS V. DECKENI. Middle of the west coast of Mada-
gascar on the great plains between the rivers Mananbolo
and Manzarayo.

PROPITHECUS V. COQUERELI. North west coast of Madagascar
between the south side of Marendry Bay and the north side
of Bembatoko Bay; the Betseboka River being the southern
limit of its range, and the Loza the northern.

PROPITHECUS V. CoRONATUS. North west coast of Madagascar
between the Bay of Mozamba on the north, the River Betse-
boka on the east, and the River Manzarayo on the west, in
the country of Boeny; extending its range for some distance
into the interior.

INDRIS.
Range of the Genus.
F ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.

INpDRIS INDRIS. Eastern coast of Madagascar in forests on the
eastern side of the high mountains between the Bay of
Antongil on the north, and the River Masora on the south.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxiii

ANTHROPOIDEA.
CALLITRICHIDZ.
SENIOCEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

108. SEnioceBus BicoLor. Eastern bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil.
Pebas, Peru; Upper Amazon west of Barra.
109. SrniocEBUS METICULOsUS. Forests of the River San Jorge,

Colombia.
110. SENIocEBUS MARTINSI. Faro, Lower Yamunda River, Amazon,

Brazil,

CERCOPITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION
Range of the Species.

111. CerRcopirHEcus mipas. English and Dutch Guianas.

112. CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS. French Guiana, banks of the Rio
Araguay. Province of Goyas, Brazil.

113. CrRcoPITHECUS URSULUS. Lower Amazon; and near the mouth
of the River Tocantins.

LEONTOCEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

114. Leonrocesus LaBiatus. Forests on the north side of the Ama-
zon, Rio Javari, Rio Solimoens, and in Peru.

115. Leontocesus PILEATUS. Upper Amazon, range unknown.

116. Lrontocesus THomasi. Tonantins, Upper Amazon.

Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION

117. LrEoNTOCEBUS NIGRIFRONS. River Javari on border of Brazil and
Peru ; and on Cotopaza River, Ecuador.

118. LroNTOCEBUS NIGRICOLLIS. Upper Amazon; Pebas, Ecuador.

119. LEoNnTOCEBUS CHRYSOPYGUS. Vicinity of Ypanema, Sao Paulo,
Brazil.

120. LrontToceBus MysTAx. Forests between the Solimoens and Ica
Rivers, Brazil.

121. L&ontTocEBUS WEDELLI. Apolamba Province, Bolivia.

122. LEONTOCEBUS DEVILLII. Eastern Peru.

123. LEONTOCEBUS APICULATUS. Banks of Cotopaza River, Ecuador.

124. LEONTOCEBUS ILLIGERI. Colombia, and banks of the Cotopaza
River, Ecuador.

125. LEoONTOCEBUS TRIPARTITUS. Bank of the Rio Napo, Ecuador.

126. LEoNTocEBUS LAGONoTUS. Upper Amazon.

127. LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS. Between the Ica and Solimoens
Rivers in Brazil, and the vicinity of Pebas, Peruvian Ama-
zons ; and the banks of the Javari River, boundary between
Brazil and Peru.

128. LEoNTOCEBUS GRAELLSI. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador.

129. LEoNTOCEBUS IMPERATOR. Banks of the Rio Purrus, tributary
of.the Amazon, western Brazil.

130. LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA. Forests of southern Brazil, Province of
Rio de Janeiro. Upper Amazon.

131. LrontTocEBUS LEONINUS. Popayan, Brazil.

132. LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS. Forests of the Rio Ilhéos, and
Rio Pardo, Brazil.

CEDIPOMIDAS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

133. CEprpomipAs cpipus. Coast of Colombia.

134. CEprpomipas GEOFFROyI. Costa Rica and Panama, Central
America.

135. CEpIPOMIDAS SALAQUIENSIS. Forest of the Salaqui River,
Colombia.

136.

13%.
138.

139.
140.
141.
142.
143.

144.
145.

146.

147.

148.
149.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxv

CALLITHRIX.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA. Provinces of Para and Matto Grosso,
Brazil; Bolivia.

CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUS. Province of Antioquia, Colombia.

CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA. Borba, on the Lower Madeira
River, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX GE@LDI. Para, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX SANTAREMENSIS. Mouth of River Tapajos, Amazon.

CALLITHRIX AURITA. Province of Sao Paulo, and the banks of
the Upper Parana, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA. Province of Goyas, Minas Geres,
and Espirito Santo, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX P. JORDANI. Banks of Rio Jordao, S. W. Minas
Geres, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX jaccHus. Island of Marajo, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX FLAVICEPS. Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo,
Brazil.

CALLITHRIX LEUCOCEPHALA. Provinces of Minas Gers, and
Espirito Santo, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX HUMERALIFER. Vicinity of Bahia, to the Bay of
Todos os Santos, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX ALBICOLLIS. Vicinity of Bahia, Brazil.

CALLITHRIX PYGM#A. Forests along the Solimoens and Ucayali
Rivers, Brazil, north into Mexico.

CALLICEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.

Range of the Species.

150. CaLLiceBUS ToRQUATUS. Upper reaches of the Rio Negro, the

forests near the Rio Cassiquiare, and the Rio Guaviaré
near St. Fernando de Atabapo; mountains on the right
bank of the Orinoco near Mission of Santa Barbara; and
the forests of Olivenga on the right bank of the Rio
Solimoens; and in Southern Peru.

170.

WAle

172.

INTRODUCTION

CALLICEBUS AMICTUS. Upper Amazon region, Brazil.

CALLICEBUS USTOFUSCUS. Brazil, exact locality unknown.

CALLICEBUS CUPREUS. Regions of the Peruvian Amazon; Rio
Solimoens, Rio Ucayali, and Rio Huallaga ; Cotopaza River,
and Andoas, Ecuador.

CALLICEBUS CALIGATUS. Banks of the Rio Madeira, near Borba,
western Brazil.

CALLICEBUS MELANOCHIR. East coast of Brazil from the Rio
St. Matheus to Sertan de Bahia.

CALLICEBUS PENULATUS. Banks of the Rio Pastas, Ecuador.

CALLICEBUS EGERIA. Teffé, Middle Amazon, Brazil.

CALLICEBUS LEUCOMETOPA. Ecuador.

CALLICEBUS SUBRUFUS. Pachite, Ucayali River, Peru.

CALLICEBUS HOFFMANNSI. Urucurituba, Santarem, Lower Ama-
zon, Brazil.

CALLICEBUS ORNATUS. Colombia and Peru.

CALLICEBUS REMULUS. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

CALLICEBUS EMILIZ. Received from Para. Range unknown.

CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS. Paraguay.

CALLICEBUS MOLOCH. Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth
of the Rio Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

CALLICEBUS CINERASCENS. Forests of the Potomaio and Ica
Rivers, on the border of Peru.

CALLICEBUS NIGRIFRONS. Province of Minas Geres to that of
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

CALLICEBUS.GIGoT. South of Bahia near Ilhéos; New Frei-
bourg, between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains north
of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.

CALLICEBUS PERSONATUS. Region of the Upper Amazon, south
to Latitude 14°.

CALLICEBUS BRUNNEUS. Falls of the Bonaneira, Rio Marmoré,
Brazil.

CEBIDZ.
ALOUATTA.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

ALOUATTA CARAYA. Upper Amazon, Southern Brazil; Argen-
tine, and Bolivia.

73:
174.
#75.
176.
VIE
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.

184.
185.

186.

187.
188.

189.
190.
tot,
192,

193.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxvii

ALOUATTA ULULATA. Maranhao, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

ALOUATTA VILLOSUS. Guatemala, and Honduras.

ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL. Para to Rio Madeira, Lower Amazon,
Brazil.

ALOUATTA PALLIATA. Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Central
America.

ALOUATTA P. MEXICANA. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

ALOUATTA P. COIBENSIS. Coiba Island, west coast of Panama.

ALOUATTA ZQUATORIALIS. West coast of Ecuador.

ALOUATTA URSINA. Venezuela; Bahia to Province of Espirito
Santo, Brazil; Peru.

ALOUATTA SENICULUS. Colombia; and forests between Rio
Negro and Rio Solimoens; Rio Madeira.

ALOUATTA MACCONNELLI. Coast of Demarara, English and
French Guianas; Cayenne to coast north of the Amazon.

ALOUATTA INSULANUS. Island of Trinidad.

ALOUATTA JUARA. Rio Juara, Upper Amazon.

ALOUATTA SARA. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

PITHECIA.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

PirHECIA MONACHA. North bank of the Upper Amazon from
Tonantins extending into Peru, Ecuador.

PITHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA. Cayenne.

PITHECIA ALBICANS. Tonantins to Peru; on the Solimoens
River, Brazil.

PITHECIA PITHECIA. English and French Guianas; and region
of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco.

PITHECIA CHRYSOCEPHALA. Near Barra, Rio Negro, Brazil.
Range unknown.

PITHECIA ALBINASA. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

PITHECIA SATANAS. British Guiana; forests near Para, Lower
Amazon; banks of the Rio Orinoco; Rio Tocantins and
Rio Negro, Brazil.

PITHECIA CHIROPOTES. British Guiana; Upper Orinoco; Rio
Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil; banks of the Rio Japura,
Peru.

Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION

CACAJAO.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

194. Cacayao caLvus. Angle formed by the union of the Rios Japuri
and Amazon, Brazil.

195. Cacajao RUBICUNDUS. Forests on the north of River Amazon
from Ica, on the Rio Ica, westward.

196. CACAJO MELANOCEPHALUS. Forests through which the Rio
Cassiquiari, Rio Negro and Rio Branco flow.

SAIMIRI.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

197. Saimiri scturEus. French and Dutch Guianas, Venezuela; and
both banks of the Amazon and its tributaries, into Colombia.

198. SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS. Banks of the Orinoco, south of the
cataracts to the Rio Cassiquiari and Rio Guaviaré; and
forests of Rio Caura, above the rapids of Mura, Venezuela.

199.. SatmirRI MACRODON. Upper waters of the Amazon in Ecuador
and Peru.

200. SaAIMIRI MADEIR@. Middle Rio Madeira, Ecuador.

201. Sarmiri ustus. Peruvian Amazons; Bolivia.

202. SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS. Bolivia in the Sierras Guarayas.

203. SAIMIRI B. NIGRICEPS. Eastern Peru. Range unknown.

204. SAIMIRI GRSTEDI. Guatemala? to Panama, Central America.

Aortus.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

205. Aotus INFULATUS. Region of the Upper Amazon, Peru.
206. Aotus NicRICcEPS. Chanchamayo, Peru.
207. Aotus SENEX. Porzuzo, Peru.

208.
209.
210.
VAGE
212.
213:

214.
ZN:
216.
217.

218.
219:

220.

221.

Zaz.
223.

224.
229%
226.
Zaks

228.
Filles
230.
Zou.

INTRODUCTION Ixxxix

Aotus RuFIPES. Nicaragua? Central America.

AOTUS ROBERTI. Matto Grosso, Brazil.

AoTUS MiRIQUOUINA. Argentine Republic, South America.

AOTUS BOLIVIENSIS. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

AoTus LANIUS. Tolima Mountains, Colombia, South America.

AOTUS VOCIFERANS. Banks of the Rio Ucayali and Rio Hual-
laga, and Upper Marafion, eastern border of Peru among
the mountains of Tolima.

AOTUS GRISEIMEMBRA. Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia.

AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS. Region of the Upper Amazon.

AoTuS OSERYI. “Haute Amazone, Pérou.”

Aotus GuLaris. Mouth of the Rio Chocho, on Upper Rio
Napo, Ecuador.

Aotus Micropon. Ecuador. Range unknown.

Aotus spixi. Range and type locality unknown.

ATELEUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

ATELEUS PANIsCUS. The Guianas; lowlands of the Lower and
Upper Amazon; banks of the Rio- Madeira, Rio Marmoré,
Rio Guaporé, and Rio Carara, Brazil; and the Lower Rio
Maranon, Peru.

ATELEUS MARGINATUS. Para, banks of the Tocantins, and banks
of the Rio Cupari, a branch of the Rio Tapajos, Brazil ;
Peru.

ATELEUS ATER. Panama, Colombia and Eastern Peru.

ATELEUS VARIEGATUS. Upper Cauca River, Venezuela; Upper
Rio Negro; Province of Jean de Bracamoros, Peru.

ATELEUS RUFIVENTRIS. Panama into Colombia.

ATELEUS GRISESCENS. Unknown.

ATELEUS CUCULLATUS. Colombia?

ATELEUS BELZEBUTH. Banks of the Orinoco above the rapids of
Aturas and Maypures.

ATELEUS PAN. Guatemala, into the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

ATELEUS FUSCIPES. Range and type locality unknown.

ATELEUS HyYBRIDUS, Valley of the Magdalena, Colombia.

ATELEUS GEOFFROYI. Costa Rica, Central America, to Colombia.
South America.

xc

232.

233.

234.
230.
236.

237.
238.

239.
240.

241.
242.
243.

244.

INTRODUCTION
BRACHYTELEUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

BRACHYTELEUS ARACHNOIDES. Cape St. Roque to Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.

LAGOTHRIX.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

LAGOTHRIX LAGOTRICHA. District in Upper Magdalena Valley
southwest of the Rio Negro, Colombia; also in Peru.

LaGoTHRIX LUGENS. Mountains north of Tolima, Colombia.

LaGoTHRIX THOMASI. Peru.

LAGOTHRIX UBERICOLA. Upper Amazon, Rio Jurua, and Rio
Solimoens, Peru.

LaGOTHRIX INFUMATA. Valley of the Rio Cotopaza, Ecuador.

LacoTHrix cANA. Mouth of the Rio Tocantins, to the forests
along the Rio Solimoens.

CEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

CEBUS APELLA. English, French, and Dutch Guianas.

Crepus capucinus. Nicaragua, Central America, to Colombia,
South America.

CEBUS C. NIGRIPECTUS. Cauca Valley, Colombia.

CEBUS FRONTATUS. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

CEBUS ALBIFRONS. Forests of the Orinoco and Amazon and its
tributaries ; Province of Minas, Peru.

CEBUS UNICOLOR. Forests of the Rio Teffé, Brazil.

245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
Ze:
2a3-

254.
250):
256.
257.

258.
259.
260.
261.

262.

263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
2/2.

INTRODUCTION - xci

CEBUS U. cuSCINUS. Near Callanga, Province of Cuzco, Peru.

Cegpus FLAVUS. Bolivia. Range unknown.

CEBUS CASTANEUS. Cayenne.

CEBUS VARIEGATUS. Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

CEBUS MALITIOSUS. Colombia, South America.

CEBUS CHRYSOPUS. Colombia, South America.

CEBUS APICULATUS. Venezuela.

CEBUS LIBIDINOSUS. Province of Minas Geres, Brazil.

CEBUS FATUELLUS. Tolima, and Upper Magdalena Valley, Co-
lombia.

CEBUS F. PERUANUS. Inamberi Valley, S. E. Peru.

CEBUS MACROCEPHALUS. Rio Negro, west of its mouth, Brazil.

CEBUS VERSUTA. Province of Minas Geres, Brazil.

CEBUS AZAR. Paraguay to Matto Grosso, Brazil; Santa Cruz
de la Sierra, Bolivia?

CEBUS A. PALLIDUS. Bolivia. Range unknown.

CEBUS CIRRIFER. Southern Brazil.

CEBUS CRASSICEPS. Rio Negro? Brazil.

CEBUS CALIGINOSUS. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

CEBUS VELLEROSUS. Brazil. Range unknown.

LASIOPYGIDA.
Papio.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

Papilio NIGERIZ. North Nigeria, West Africa.

PAPIO DOGUERA. Abyssinia. -

PAPIO TESSELLATUM. Uganda, East Africa.

Papio FURAX. North west of Mt. Kenia, East Africa.

PaPiIO YOKOENSIS. Middle Cameroon, West Africa.

PaPIO HEUGLINI. Soudan, Africa.

Papio PAPIO. Senegal to Angola, West Africa.

PaPio IBEANUS. East Africa.

Papio porcarius. South Africa, south of the River Limpopo.

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Eastern and Central Africa, limits un-
known.

xcli 7 INTRODUCTION

273. PAPIO NEUMANNI. Masailand, Eastern Africa, range unknown.
274. Papio strEPITus. Nyassaland, East Africa.

275. Papio pruinosus. Nyassaland, East Africa.

276. Papilio HAMADRYAS. Abyssinia.

277. Papio H. ARABICUS. Arabia, range unknown.

278. Papilio BROCKMANI. Somaliland, and eastern Abyssinia.

279. Papio SPHINX. Senegambia to the Congo, West Africa.

280. Papio PLANIROSTRIS. South eastern Cameroon, West Africa.
281. Papio LEUcopHzus. North Cameroon, West Africa.

THEROPITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

282. THEROPITHECUS GELADA. Southern Abyssinia.
283. THEROPITHECUS OBSCURUS. Southern Abyssinia.

CyNOPITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

284. CYNOPITHECUS NIGER. Northern and western coasts of the
Island of Celebes ; and Island of Batchian.

Macus.
Range of the Genus.
AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

285. Macus Maurus. Southwestern peninsula of the Island of
Celebes; Aru Islands.

286. Macus ocHrEATus. Southwestern peninsula of Celebes; Islands
of Muna, and Buton.

287. Macus TONKEANUS. Middle eastern peninsula of Celebes.

288.

289,
290.

ZK.
292.

293:
294.

295.

296.
297:
298.
299)
300.
301.

302.
303.
304.

INTRODUCTION xcili
SIMIA.

Range of the Genus.

ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.

Sim1a syLtvaNus. Morocco and Algeria, North Africa. Intro-
duced on Rock of Gibraltar.

PITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL AND PAL#ARCTIC REGIONS.
Range of the Species.

PITHECUS sSPECIOSUS. Upper Burma, Upper Assam, Kakhyen
Hills, Cochin China, Borneo.

PITHECUS HARMANDI. Mountains between Siam and Cam-
bogia.

PITHECUS RUFESCENS. Tenasserim. Range unknown.

PitHecus Fuscatus. Islands of Yakushima and Nippon, to
41° North Latitude, Japan.

PITHECUS THIBETANUM. Mountains of Moupin, Thibet.

PITHECUS VESTITUS. Mountains of Setchuen, China; to Tengri-
Nor in Batang, Thibet.

PITHECUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. North Lena Island; Island of
Hong Kong; China.

PITHECUS LaSIOTIS. Provinces of Setchuen and Tché-li, China.

PITHECUS PAGENSIS. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra.

PITHECUS vILLosuS. Cashmere.

PITHECUS LITTORALIS. Province of Fukein, China.

PitHecus cyctopsis. Island of Formosa.

PITHECUS NEMESTRINUS. Southern Burma, Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula; and Islands of Banka, Sumatra, Java and
Borneo.

PITHECUS ADUSTUS. Tenasserim.

PITHECUS INSULANUS. Mergui Archipelago.

PITHECUS ANDAMANENSIS. Arakan; Valley of the Irawady;
Upper Burma; Siam. Introduced into Andaman Islands.

xciv

305.

306.

307.
308.

309.

310.
SALE
JZ:
313.
314.
OS)
316.
aL
318.
319.

320.
321.
322.
S2n:
324.
325.
326.

327.
328.
329.
330.
Jol.
332.
333.
334.
335;

PITHECUS

INTRODUCTION

ASSAMENSIS. Himalaya Mountains from Masuri;

Assam; Mishmi Hills; and Upper Burma; Irawady 25
miles below Bhamo; Bengal Sunderbunds east of Calcutta ;
Sikhim ; Bhutan.

PITHECUS

India; Cashmere; Jako Hill, Simla; Nepal; Guzerat; Cen-

RHESUS. Himalayas to the Godaveri River, Northern

tral Provinces; in Bengal and Northern Circars; and near
Bombay on the west coast.

PITHECUS
PITHECUS

BREVICAUDUS. Island of Hainan.
ALBIBARBATUS. Southern India; the western Ghats

below Goa, to Cape Comorin.

PITHECUS

sINiIcus. Southern India; north to the Godaveri

River, and west to Bombay.

PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS

PILEATUS.
RESIMUS.

Island of Ceylon.

Island of Java.

VALIDUS. Cochin China.

ALACER. Island of Koendoer.

KARIMONI. Karimon Island.

Fuscus. Islands of Simalur and Lasia.

umMBRosus. Little Nicobar Island.

irus. Burma, Arakan, Tenasserim.

MORDAX. Island of Java.

FASCICULARIS. Islands of Sumatra, Terrutau, and

Langkawi.

PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS

MANDIBULARS. Sungei Sama near Pontianak, Borneo.
CAPITALIS. Lower Siam; and Telibon Island.
La&tus. Island of Tringi, South China Sea.
LINGUNGENSIS. Lingung Island, Natuna Group.
LAUTENSIS. Laut Island, Natuna Group.
SIRHASSENENSIS. Sirhassen Island, Natuna Group.
vitiis. Domel, St. Matthew, and Sullivan Islands,

Mergui Archipelago.

PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS
PITHECUS

CARIMAT#. Carimata Islands.

BAWEANUuS. Bawean Island, Javan Sea.
cupipus. Mata Siri Island, Javan Sea.
AGNATUS. Tuang Ku Island; Banjak Island.
PH#uRUS. Nias Island.

Lapsus. Island of Banka.

LINGAE. Linga Island, Rhio Archipelago.
IMPUDENS. Sugi Island, Rhio Archipelago.
BINTANGENSIS. Islands of Bintang, and Batam.

336.
337.

338.
Joo:

340.
341.

342.

343. -
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.

350.

Jol;

302.

INTRODUCTION xcVv

PITHECUS DOLLMANI. Island of Singapore.

PITHECUS PHILIPPINENSIS. Islands of Luzon, and Mindanao,
Philippine Archipelago.

PirHEcus P. APOENSIS. Island of Mindanao, Philippine Archi-
pelago.

PITHECUS CAGAYANUS. Island of Sulu.

PITHECUS PUMILUS. Bunoa Island, Tambelan Islands.

PITHECUS SULUENSIS. Island of Sulu.

CERCOCEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

CERCOCEBUS TORQUATUS. Nigeria; Cameroon; and French
Congo, West Africa.

CERCOCEBUS £THIOPS. Sierra Leone; and Liberia; West Africa.

CERCOCEBUS LUNULATUS. Gold Coast, West Africa.

CERCOCEBUS CHRYSOGASTER. Upper Congo.

CERCOCEBUS HAGENBECKI. “Upper Congo.”

CERCOCEBUS AGILIS. French Congo.

CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS. Tana River, East Africa.

CERCOCEBUS ALBIGENA. Congo Free State, West Africa; to Vic-
toria Nyanza.

CERCOCEBUS A. JOHNSTONI. Central Africa; Uganda to West
Africa, Uganda, and Lake Mweru to Upper Congo.

CERCOCEBUS A. ZENKERI. Bifindi on Lukenye River, Cameroon,
West Africa.

CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS. Basin of Central Congo.

RHINOSTIGMA.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.

353. RHINOSTIGMA HAMLyNI. Ituri forest, Congo State.

XCVi

354.
Soo:
356.
o0/.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.

371.
372:
373.
374.
Se.

376.
S77:
378.

379.
. 380.
381.
382.
383.
384.
385.

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LasIOPYGA

LASIOPYGA

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA

forest.
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA

Africa.

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LasioPpyGA

Africa.

LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA
LASIOPYGA

INTRODUCTION

LASIOPYGA.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

L’HOESTI. Locality unknown.

INSOLITA. Northern Nigeria.

PETAURISTA. Guinea, West Africa.

FANTIENSIS. Gold Coast, West Africa.
ERYTHROGASTER. West Africa, locality unknown.
BUTTIKOFERI. Liberia, West Africa.

ASCANIUS. Congo to Angola, West Africa.

A. WHITESIDEI. Central Congo.

SIGNATA. Banana, West Africa.

SCHMIDTI. Uganda, and Upper Congo.

LEUCAMPYxX. Angola, and the Congo, West Africa.
pLutTo. Angola, West Africa.

NIGRIGENIS. West Africa.

BOUTOURLINI. Abyssinia, N. E. Africa.
OPISTHOSTICTA. British Central Africa.

AURORA. East Africa.

STUHLMANNI. Lake Albert Edward, to the Mpanga

NEUMANNI. German East Africa.

DOGGETTI. Uganda, East Africa.

PRINCEPS. Eastern Congo State, Central Africa.
CARRUTHERSI. Uganda, East Africa.

NICTITANS. Cameroon and French Congo, West

N. LAGLAIZI,
STICTICEPS.
MARTINI.

Gaboon, West Africa.
Central Africa.
Guinea, to the French Congo, West

CEPHUS. Gaboon, to the Congo, West Africa.
CEPHODES. Gaboon, West Africa.
INOBSERVATA. West Africa, locality unknown.
SCLATERI. Nigeria, West Africa.

ERYTHROTIS. Island of Fernando Po.
MATSCHIE. Abyssinia.

HILGERTI. Galla country, Abyssinia.

INTRODUCTION xcvit

LASIOPYGA DJAMDJAMENSIS. East of Lake Abaya, Abyssinia.

LASIOPYGA TANTALUS. Nigeria.

LasIOPpyGA T. BUDGETTI. Uganda, East Africa.

LASIOPYGA T. GRISEISTICTA. Lake Albert to the Welle River,
East Africa.

LASIOPYGA T. ALEXANDRI. Lake Chad, Nigeria, West Africa.

LasIOPYGA CALLITRICHUS. Senegambia to the Niger, West Africa.

LASIOPYGA WERNERI. Locality unknown.

LASIOPYGA GRISEO-VIRIDIS. Soudan, Abyssinia.

LasIopyGA CyNosuRA. Congo State, West Africa.

LaASIOPYGA PYGERYTHRA. Cape Colony to Mount Kilimanjaro,
and Mombassa; East Africa.

LASIOPYGA RUFOVIRIDIS. Mozambique, East Africa.

LASIOPYGA RUBELLA. British East Africa.

LASIOPYGA CALLIDA. Lake Naivasha, British East Africa.

LASIOPYGA CENTRALIS. Uganda, British East Africa, Abyssinia.

LaSIopyGA C. WHYTEI. Nyassaland to Mozambique, East Africa.

LasiopyGA c. JOHNSTONI. Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East
Africa.

LASIOPYGA C. LUTEA. S. W. of Mt. Kenia, British East Africa.

LaSIopyGA SILACEA. Angoniland, N. W. Rhodesia, East Africa.

LaSIOPYGA NIGROVIRIDIS. Upper Congo.

LasiopyGA MONA. Gold Coast to Cameroon, West Africa.

LasIopyGA DENTI. Ituri forest, Congo State.

LasiopyGA WOLFI. French Congo, West Africa.

LASIOPYGA CAMPBELLI. Sierra Leone, West Africa.

LASIOPYGA BURNETTI. Gold Coast to Cameroon; Island of Fer-
nando Po; West Africa.

LasiopyGA PpocontaAs. Island of Fernando Po; Gaboon to
French Congo; West Africa.

LASIOPYGA P. NIGRIPES. Goboon, West Africa.

LASIOPYGA GRAYI. Southern Cameroon to River Congo; West
Africa.

LASIOPYGA G. PALLIDA. Gaboon, West Africa.

LASIOPYGA PETRONELL&. Upper Congo.

LASIOPYGA ALBITORQUATA. Unknown.

LasIopyGA KOLBI. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa.

LASIOPYGA K. NUBILA. Nairobi forest, British East Africa.

LASIOPYGA K. HINDEI. Kenia district, British East Africa.

LASIOPYGA ALBIGULARIS. East Africa, Mombassa to Transvaal.

LASIOPYGA A. BEIRENSIS. Beira, Southeast Africa.

xcviii INTRODUCTION

421. LasiopyGa A. KINOBOTENSIS. Mt. Kilimanjaro, German East
Africa.

422. LASIOPYGA A. RUFILATA. Rufigi River, German East Africa.

423. LasiopyGA MOLONEYI. Masuku Plateau, Nyassaland; Portu-
guese East Africa. .

424. LasiopyGA FRANCESC#. Nyassaland, East Africa.

425. LAsIopyGA PREUSSI. Cameroon, West Africa.

426. LASIOPYGA P. INSULARIS. Island of Fernando Po, West Africa.

427. LastopyGaA THOMASI. Lake Kivu, German East Africa.

428. LasiopyGA KANDTI. Lake Kivu, German East Africa.

429. LAsIOPYGA INSIGNIS. Congo forest, Central Africa.

430. LastiopyGa sTairsI. Zambesi Delta, Mozambique, East Africa.

431. LastopyGA s. MOSAMBICUS. Mozambique, East Africa.

432. LASIOPYGA RUFITINCTA. Mombassa? British East Africa.

433. LasIopyGA LABIATA. Mozambique, East Africa; and Natal to
Angola, West Africa.

434. LasiopyGaA NEGLEcTA. White Nile, East Africa; locality un-
known.

435. LasiopyGA BRAZZ. French Congo, West Africa.

436. LastiopyGA DIANA. Liberia, West Africa.

437. LastopyGA RoLowaAy. Gold Coast, West Africa.

438. LASIOPYGA TEMMINCKI. Guinea? West Africa.

MIoPITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

439. MIoPITHECUS TALAPOIN. Southern Cameroon to Gaboon, West
Africa.
440. MuiopirHecus ANsorcEI. Angola, West Africa.

ERYTHROCEBUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

441. EryTHrocesus patas. Senegal, West Africa.
442. ERYTHROCEBUS PYRRHONOTUS. Kordofan, Dafur, and Sennaar,
Northeast Africa.

453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.

465.
466.

467.
468.
469.
470.
471.

ERYTHROCEBUS
ERYTHROCEBUS
Soudan.
ErRyYTHROCEBUS
Africa.
ERyYTHROCEBUS
ERYTHROCEBUS
ERYTHROCEBUS
ERYTHROCEBUS
ERYTHROCEBUS
ERYTHROCEBUS

INTRODUCTION xcix
FORMOSUS. Uganda.

POLIOPHUS. Abyssinia; Bahr el Ghazal,

WHYTEI. Guas Ngishu Plateau, British East
KERSTINGI. Togoland, West Africa.

zeEcHI. Togoland, West Africa.

LANGELDI. Cameroon, West Africa.

ALBIGENIS. Egyptian Soudan, East Africa.
SANNIO. Lake Chad, Nigeria.

ERYTHROCEBUS

BAUMSTARKI. Masailand, East Africa.
circumciNnctus. Locality unknown.

PYGATHRIX.

Range of the Genus.

PALZARCTIC AND ORIENTAL REGIONS.

PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX

Range of the Species.

MELANOLOPHA. Island of Sumatra.

NoBILIS. Island of Sumatra; locality unknown.
RUBICUNDA. Northern to South eastern Borneo.
CARIMAT2. Telok Edar, Karimata Islands.
FRONTATA. South eastern Borneo.

NUDIFRONS. North west Borneo.

CRUCIGER. Western Borneo.

CHRYSOMELAS. Western Borneo.

SUMATRANA. Ophir Mountain, Sumatra

PYGATHRIX BATUANA. Batu Islands.

PYGATHRIX PERCURA. Eastern Sumatra.

PYGATHRIX FEMORALIS. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, and
Sumatra.

PYGATHRIX MELAMERA. North Burma.

PyYGATHRIX BARBEI. Province of Ye, Tenasserim, Malay Pen-
insula.

PYGATHRIX HOLOTEPHREA. Locality unknown.

PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX

PHAYREI.
FLAVICAUDA. Trong, Lower Siam.

ROBINSONI. Trong, Northern Malay Peninsula.
opscuRA. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.

Arakan; probably northern Tenasserim.

503.

PyGATHRIX

INTRODUCTION

cARBO. Turutau, and Lankawi Islands, Straits of

Malacca.

PyGATHRIX

pelago.
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX

SANCTORUM. St. Matthew Island, Mergui Archi-
NUBIGENA. Southern Malacca.

DILECTA. Selangore, Malacca.

NATUN#. Island of Natuna.

RHIONIS. Bitang Island, Rhio Archipelago.

cana. Kundur Island, Rhio saps
SIAMENSIS. Siam.

CATEMANA. Eastern Sumatra.

AyGuULA. Island of Java.

FUSCO-MURINA. South Sumatra.

SABANA. North Borneo.

EVERETTI. Mt. Kina-Balu, Borneo.

HOSEI. North west coast of Borneo.

THOMAsSI. Langkat district, north east Sumatra.
POTENZIANI. Mettawee Islands.

FRANGOISI. Boundary between Tonkin and China.
CEPHALOLOPTERA. Island of Ceylon.

c. MonTiIcoLA. Island of Ceylon.

SENEX. Island of Ceylon.

JOHNI. Nilgiri Hills to Travancore ; Western Ghats

to Cape Comorin, India.

PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX

. CRISTATA.

URSINA. Southern Ceylon.

AURATA. Island of Java.

Island of Sumatra.

c. PULLATA. Islands of the Rhio Archipelago; and

Island of Banka.

PyGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PyGATHRIX
PyYGATHRIX
PYGATHRIX

uLTimMa. Mt. Dulit, Borneo.
MARGARITA. Annam.

GERMAINI. Cochin China.

CREPUSCULA. Mooleyit, British Burma.

C. WROUGHTONI. Siam.

ENTELLUS. Part of the Gangetic Provinces; the
Dukhun, and the Carnatic to the Malabar coast, south

western Bengal;

Central Provinces; Bombay, Guzerat;

Southern Rajputana, and part of the North west Provinces
to Kattywar, and probably to Cutch, but not to Sind or the
Punjaub.

PyYGATHRIX

ALBIPES. Island of Luzon; Philippine Archipelago.

504.

505.
506.

507.

508.

509.
510.

SLAs

512.
513.

514.

BLS.

516.

INTRODUCTION ci

PYGATHRIX SCHISTACEUS.
Mountains.

PYGATHRIX LANIA. Chumbi, Thibet.

PyGATHRIX PILEATA. Assam, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chittagong,
northern Arakan, and part of Upper Burma.

PyGaTHRIX HYPOLEUCA. Malabar coast to Cape Comorin,
12,000 feet elevation.

PYGATHRIX PRIAMUS. Nellore, to the Coromandel coast; the
Carnatic, the Wynaad, and eastern slopes of the Nilgiri
Hills up to 6,000 feet ; and northern Ceylon, to the Kandyan
Hills in the south.

PyGATHRIX NEM#US. Cochin China; and the Island of Hainan.

PYGATHRIX NIGRIPES. Saigon, and mouth of the Mékong River,
Cochin China.

Cashmere to Bhutan; Himalaya

RHINOPITHECUS.
Range of the Genus.
PAL#ARCTIC REGION.
Range of the Species.

RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLAN&. Northwestern China to Koko-
noor, and Konsu Kinsu, Northwestern Setchuen.
RHINOPITHECUS BIETI. Chinese Province of Yunnan.
RHINOPITHECUS BRELICHI. Van Gin Shan range of mountains
north of the Province of Kwsi-chow, Central China.
RHINOPITHECUS AVUNCULUS. Yen-Bay, Tonkin.

SIMIAS.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL REGION.
Range of the Species.
Sim1as concotor. South Pagi Island; west of Sumatra.

NASALIs.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

NASALIS LARVATUS. Island of Borneo.

cli

57,

518.

519;
520.

ogc
S22.
223.
524.

520:
526.
527:

528.
529.
530.
Sot:
532.
53S:
534.

Doo:
536.

aor.

538.

539.

INTRODUCTION
COLOBUS.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

CoLoBus VERUS. Liberia; forests of Fantee, and Ashantee,
West Africa.

CoLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS. Forests of the Muriuni near Mom-
bassa, East Africa.

CoLOBUS TEPHROSCELES. Mt. Ruwenzori, Uganda, East Africa.

CoLoBUS NIGRIMANUs. Liranga, banks of the Congo, Central
Africa. i

CoLoBus ELLIioTI. Lake Albert Edward, British East Africa.

CoLOBUS PREUSSI. Cameroon, West Africa.

CoLoBus KIRKI. Island of Zanzibar.

COLOBUS BOUVIERI. Forests of Gambia; Casamanca; Gaboon;
and Congo, West Africa.

COLOBUS THOLLONI. Congo State. Range unknown.

CoLoBUS TEMMINCKI. Locality unknown.

CoLopus —————'? West of Lake Albert, Congo State, Central
Africa.

CoLosus FoAI. South west of Lake Tanganyika, Congo State,
Central Africa.

CoLOBUS GRAUERI. Congo State, Central Africa.

CoLOBUS OUSTALETI. Congo State, Central Africa.

CoLOBUS FERRUGINEUS. Liberia, West Africa.

CoLoBUS FULIGINOSUS. Gambia, West Africa.

COLOBUS RUFONIGER. Sierra Leone, Liberia?, West Africa.

CoLOBUS PENNANTI. Gaboon; Island of Fernando Po; West
Africa.

CoLoBuS GODONORUM. German East Africa.

COLOBUS SATANAS. Senegambia, to French Congo; Island of
Fernando Po; West Africa.

CoLoBUS RUWENzoRI. Mt. Ruwenzori, Uganda, British East
Africa.

CoLOBUS VELLEROSUS. Senegambia, to the Gold Coast; West
Africa.

CoLopus PoLycoMus. Sierra Leone, to Liberia, West Africa.

548.
549.

550.

551.
552,
BBA
554.
555.
556.
55h,
558.
559.

INTRODUCTION ciii

CoLtopus PALLIATUS. North of Lake Nyassa, German East
Africa.

COLOBUS SHARPEI. Ituri forest in Congo State, to Nyassaland,
East Africa.

CoLopus ANGOLENSIS. Left bank of Congo to Angola, West
Africa.

CoLoBus ABYSSINIcuS. Abyssinia.

COLOBUS OCCIDENTALIS. Uganda to Victoria Nyanza; Upper
and Lower Congo; Lake Chad; Nigeria, West Africa.

CoLoBus POLIURUS. Omo River, Abyssinia.

CoLtopus caupaTus. Mt. Kenia, British East Africa; Uganda,
Unyamwezi, south east of Victoria Nyanza, and Mount
Kilimanjaro, German East Africa.

COLOBUS GALLARUM. Galla country; Abyssinia.

HYLoBATIDZ.
HYLOBATES.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL REGION.
Range of the Species.

HyYLosBaTEs NaAsuTus. Cochin China; Island of Hainan.

HyYLoBaTES HOOLOCK. Assam, Arakan, Upper Burma, and Kak-
hyen Hills.

HYLOBATES LAR. Range between Pegu, and Arakan; Tenas-
serim.

HyYLoBATES HENRICI. Tonkin, near border of Yunnan.

HYLOBATES LEUCOGENYS. Siam.

HYLOBATES GABRIELLI. Annam.

HyogpaTes LEuciscus. Island of Java.

HyLopaTeEs AGILis. Island of Sumatra.

HYLoBaTES PILEATUS. Cambogia; Siam; Cochin China.

HYLOBATES CONCOLOR. Borneo.

HYLoBATES FUNEREUS. Islands of Sulu Archipelago?

Hytopates Fuscus. Locality unknown.

civ

560.
S01
562.

563.
564.

INTRODUCTION
SYMPHALANGUS.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL REGION.

Range of the Species.

SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS. Sumatra.
SYMPHALANGUS S. CONTINENTIS. Selangore, Malay Peninsula.
SYMPHALANGUS KLossI. South Pagi Island, west of Sumatra.

PONGIIDZ,
Ponco.
Range of the Genus.
ORIENTAL REGION.

Range of the Species.

Ponco pycMzus. Borneo; Sumatra?
Ponco ABELII. (if distinct). Sumatra.

GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA
GORILLA

GORILLA.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.

GORILLA. Gaboon, West Africa.

G. MATSCHIE. Southern Cameroon, West Africa.

G ? Moxse. Southern Cameroon, West Africa.
G. DIEHLI. Northern Cameroon, West Africa.

G. JacoBI. Southern Cameroon, West Africa.
G
G.
G

? Upper Ocowk. Gaboon, West Africa.

. CASTANEICEPS. French Congo, West Africa.

? Mptawe. South Cameroon, West Africa.
BERINGERI. Kirunga, German East Africa.

INTRODUCTION cv

PSEUDOGORILLA.
Range of the Genus.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Range of the Species.
574. PsSEUDOGORILLA MAYEMA? Congo forest.

PAN.

Range of the Genus.

ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Range of the Species.
575. PAN cALvus. Southern Cameroon, and Gaboon, West Africa.
576. PAN FULIGINOSUS. French Congo, West Africa.
577. Pan satyrus. Gaboon, West Africa.
578. PAN KOOLOO-KAMBA. Cameroon, and Gaboon, West Africa.
579. PAN LEUCOPRYMNUS. “Coast of Guinea”; West Africa.
580. PAN CHIMPANSE. Gambia, West Africa.
581. Pan ? Basuo. Northwestern Cameroon, West Africa.
582: PAN SCHWEINFURTHI. Soudan; south to west shore of Lake

Tanganyika; Congo State; Central Africa.
583. PAN S. MARUNGENSIS. Vicinity of the Albert Nyanza, and in
the Congo forest.

584. Pan ? Dunne. Southern Cameroon.
585. Pan ausryl. Cameroon and Gaboon, West Africa.
586. Pan ? Lomir. Interior of Cameroon, West Africa.
587. PAN VELLEROSUS. Cameroon, West Africa.
588. Pawn Fuscus. Locality unknown.

From the foregoing it will be observed that the Ethiopian Region
contains the largest number of genera of the Primates, viz.: twenty-
five, the Neotropical Region next with fourteen, then the Oriental
Region with nine, the Palearctic Region three, and the Australian
Region with three. All the species of LEMUROIDEA excepting the
species of DAUBENTONIA, TarsiIus, Loris and NycrTicEBus, are natives
of the Ethiopian Region. Of the genera of the ANTHROPOIDEA
two are common to two of the Zoogeographical Regions, viz.: PiTHE-
cus and PycaTtHrix which are represented by species in the eastern
portion of the Palearctic Region and generally, (more particularly as
regards the first genus), in the Oriental Region, and one, Tarsus, has
species in both the Oriental and Australian Regions. All other genera
have their members confined to one Region only.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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1758.
1762.
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1775.

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cvii

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1811.

1812.

1815.

1816.
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1820.
1820.

1823.

1824.

1824-
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1827-
33.
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1827.

1828.

1828.

1828.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY cix

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Pocock (R. 1). On the genus Cercocebus, with a Key to the
Known Species; in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Pocock (R.I). A Monographic Revision of the M onkeys of
the genus Cercopithecus; in Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London.

Kottmann (M). Note sur les genres Chirogale et Micro-
cebus; in Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
ScHwarz (E). On Cercocebus albigena and Cercocebus aterri-
mus; in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Scuwarz (E). Ueber einige Mangaben; in Sitzungsberichte
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin.

CONGENES:

VOLUME I.
ORDER PRIMATES.

Suporper J. LEMUROIDEA.

PAGE
Hamily ts) Daubentoniidee—Aye=Ave) - vincclec.c s.c.c\eje/n\e\e/e,0.010s'0¢0fo.06.0)8012 0% sisi 1
Bernat lyaniley aM bansitdae——MarSiensi crete cistoriesei tise: sveteiste: cvoicreievsiaieiciessiGie \e,eeio(e.'e. aes 7
atari an MN chitin id cea lrlareys, aiqrecaitvsycters/san *\cic/=jeiertys siejs ela sie e/:enialeie aye.a0i0 010.8 LO
Subfamily I. Lorisine—Lori—Awantibo—Pottos .........scecceeccccceees 16
Sewiamivelle iGalaginzee—Bush-Babys | <[2)c\s)-,<,-\e\cteleis, = siaieas ci ar\ee'0siciee ess ove 45
Subiannlys Wi eleemrinse—I em irs) lsyjepe.cjere 9) eraisie oiersis wjois sales enicieioe oiajeelcicjeue 87
Subfamily IV. Indrisine—Avahis—Safakas—Endrina ...........cceee-ess 163
Subpondecmiiee Anthiropoidean (scene <sladsies sincieven nniesiciceis oes c's ve wele es) ei eieree 179
Family I. Callitrichide—Tamarins—Marmosets—Titi Monkeys ........... 179
egrcihy Ie” (Cathet "Sn oc apoe ODEO CO OMDr OO eee COC OCOD CCC DOOEn SOC terert 258
Subfamulyel. eAlouattine— Howlers, on. .-aeajereis «n0ssove se djcicsiciecicesecececs 258
Subfamily II. Pithecine—Sakis—Uakari—Squirrel Monkeys.............. 285

exiii

SOE COS NS CNS Ca CONE

=
ro

List, OF. COLORED PLATES.

VOLUME I.
OPPOSITE
PAGE

Frontispiece SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS ELLIOT.
Saleca OG eae. . RR EE Re Oe io OE ORO ie esa cae 59
(Gallayeyey GCS Tit es Bae eee cic a a acioer Od fo SOOM COREE O cI Ce noe ee trae 63
Galagovelegantultts: pallidus vaprrcveeteie ee eraretaretsie = erisisiaieeiseioe eieisiereusie las, 79
IBIGiaUreel eve(ay alerts (0) REAR anInO oon aoa o HEH San SOM SCR SO alee eats 82
(CHRO FIIEL TTEATOT ERS aee eae ad Osea Ok/o Grit a0 Gan OO OTA ae CaO O Roe Cer 92
BHI Gee UCL VS: atepave,cfoveis evalszaiar=\ciars'e « apeiars etersunis areajotsiaysie.s: He. aisileseielein/e.sietawes 147
NEchano wis lanieem cele siatevera icici w/e sate ie ekstarobelonoieioloiereve caieverc lara ae aoe olowesoun 163
aM tlimixe ALS CMLAt AMI lo rclals\a fella’ s\elere) -tatelelehcleteislalsieteleiesvels : son00000000008 .. 22k
IIE ILE CLA sII OMIA GHI1S. ayer yststayers corsYoke eins = etm ore cia tsiere vat aveco ia er oletsyeravereiese o/e aisin\eleie vies 288
GacayaOuMelANOCe pal Use ny clear ei oe vicleirets w exersretow cotecavevaiei ol eee si oie esishele elevave'e 305
EAcajAo WMDICUT AUS (IEA!) | ere cialas iseterererelersewis eis lolnelel Sievlolels oie sie la.c meieiete oc 304

CXV

XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.

LIST OF PLATES OF CRANIA.

VOLUME I.
OPPOSITE
PAGE
Datibentonia madagascariensis <......-.4..0+-+-s-s0--++++00-- 1
MAT SIU SREELISCLISHin enc ci crcanep ee Ta eR Ptr rar SIS eRIo) Siavavovors Gihvanevcks 7
We Orisutacdip rads) cerca tsar ema reer ee yr to a sharon ie conioioeinsaee utes 16
Bonisulydekkkerianus 4 oc coe a aoe ae ern cio oe sale vibe es 19
INycticebus? matin iiss eee ee ar atte oot aie en ae alos cnidolom « 21
Arctocebus: calabarensis) sa.cescs ace ae ae Asst ciseciecen ssctegeas. 35
Perodicticusupottoce sncmcrrc eee Coie eye oni cers eos Beale sslions 38
Galagoncrassicaudattise ce scricisch cio Gere ioe cis eis Sisco Hoh eo stnesaes 45
(Cee y 20) iSO" S Gag games aoe ae oo bo Doo iO UOT eeIe He ae Sean 63
Galagomelegamtuluss paceecorssiccrciatielole ainsi iekscrastoraseyegeiaieacn te 77
Hemigalavo ‘demmid offi ee: ae oeiateleteisorerecis oitiotoletercieielalelereeicslolanee 82
Chiropale sib reat eyecare reweererevsrotene siacerncioverstereves tate verasiaverchevatsial a 87
Microcebusi MuUnints: Gaeeec acme eee oor wise eres else Se ssle 98
IMixOcebus! Canicepsy aye cose corsa cts sees aintenhe ore albolae 110
ANeilifemuimn thomast. 2 aesirecitaie ticicrslorcieicolterece nate we crcversis cise en eae 111
Wepidolemunmiustelinusy sacmsert ee vec «sce ce sa esses vas «=< 115
My oxtcebast SIMlisp crys yaaer ae asiarieras acta wicie niciacenayal 6 ois ecavcin, orale 124
UGesriti tua tharericy spay sreperetaysncecle eicaesss ei! wie ious ters eb cpayayveravevavorchelecsaw'e wale a 130
Terchrarrotits lati Seta sicrcys ste yersisvcxevars ole ceeyeeiad uals aeleis sisiieievevele ss srcis susie 163
Propithecuswmdiadernar <eseecr rt atelsterseielesctro staves oherels ov atelorei ororelavouale 166
ered Bisa att Urs cyetersearscwrcie creasvortyeee/s.oisiavei meats er eeere aiacs orateueie faint eos pis ea 175
Sentocebus: metictlosiusic. ocs.cccce a cecen ss emete ats cabo ee sieue 179
@ercopithectts jmtdas, ijyarc steers ciaisyoves miei clones erg moneveielaroee iris aie eistelea ie. ee 190
Weontocebuswimiy Stax. cvycavenctaeweisectnos worse lemetalergrs wjeietoe,clerea cieseleron 194
Weontocebustrosaliay se.tej 5 A sjevecie wid you's, ctaveraie rece wralelevers silele, eve seuelead Gost 209
@idipomidas cedipus:: <j ciccesiciesise weieievsises earyietoreieies sooo 2 eres erate 213
Canlitinrincal Enea pis setae ister caisezoie each oie eesoraieiaialawy wiclond ecvng.cta leis 216
ECallicehise persona ts ever rciscree craisteriem ers cists cane oiereieiosipeie.s 234
PNG elt PARE CI ZED UL ect ozarecexener cn evsss este cvaueVe goene Saiens winiS Os, Nalpeierese evenaiele 258
Bithteciaremio ma chiclaces tps asco rel teas Ko aveve eines Wieiisev nis. byolarate oye a 285
(COLAO) CAINE 55 6 co obad Geo HO Te On MOE no. Teen OCC SCC SIC 299
SULIT Tell COL SEC Cie crete Patecces sete voeyere tere one levaveeh oes «sis eseveicus tae arabeievecn chokovele 307
cXvil

LIST OF PLATES OF FIGURES FROM LIFE.

VOLUME I.
Pace

OPPOSITE

1. Daubentonia madagascariensis .............. 0 cece cece ee cent cet eaees 2

aoe PATCISTAGUS A cen ssi ne de Subs Ae RIMES BR Mae es SUA SHRM eer eee t 18
BENG CHEE DITSCOUCATION sine moak ta elot els caea ae since cismiasiee Galea nemwiee eau ees
Galera rab tt jee aye 2s covers cs suates aero teaver reper svolaioi avevcara iuaialvatteesstacs aici teetcte rally oie

: : 57
GalagoySenegalensis' «/oijes acs \oeisiersesrersicioe mareiolaie mverersieve oss) pisiajaciawiemeineae ds +
ININCEOCEDUS ICOGMEREN, cya scrsicvoiniisinolein Slarscishe & save sla aie ale elevelsielbiciecajsieSia sis.e see

ALS! SECON SAAN eg B08 (01 aks) neh pres Oe pre ERLE Es CeerTE SECRET RIS Cr Ua SEY PU iene ann eae 145
CTA TA Tae TATEAT Su sreey he esse er eee epee eee de tealince Ketis tniears evavnylavac abe ava yoo eis eich.
NE Serta te CoE bea espe ceycs suet cc oie rete atistovaat aetna tN Maia sc aveiien eave avail aye) sick elbictia lapasioisi'italeialer aan

: s 158
COTTAM ATIC ALI Sts arstase ete eset vy susie eleieis ieieete ots) siavat eyelets eleuawia\Glevarajciwiavaere esis
TELS cit stig TV CENTS rayorc arate raie tase a raone av ele o siewiaveir vo aesisiousveve byes ereisie cateteacceysibinye Sais

CIEE CCI Ty BILE AME eer wa enian ee Pra iehic tues mion mieten atest taiels ae 288
Aca ao) PUBIC INS, o> sve -eve isin ws olakw s\cjavele Leto va ist bimioyn wieyn/a/siighals clvieiwiel aise wiciaie 6-3

cxix

~

PST OF GENERA AND SPECIES:

DanbentOnia so: -sle.cscisto ces oe ess

Daubentonia madagascariensis

WINAESIUIS) fiavcrate ste sisieove oie sae ors-s
Tarsius philippinensis .........
Tarsius fraterculus ...........
Tarsius sanghirensis ..........
Marsius ‘saltator = ...... 605+

Marsws baneanus © ..2....00..
OANSIIS) M1ISCUS) 35/2 onc ioe so sie c1e<e

NOL IS Sener ih cis cine Saisie mtaarwtere
Loris tardigradus .............
Loris lydekkerianus ...........

MNiyeticebus ....cceccessas sees s
Nycticebus borneanus .........
Nycticebus bancanus ..........
Nycticebus tenasserimensis ...
Nycticebus coucang ...........
Nycticebus cinereus ...........
Nycticebus javanicus .........
Nycticebus natunz ............
Nycticebus malaianus .........
Nycticebus hilleri .............
Nycticebus menagensis .......
INV CHEED ISH pV OTE IGE tule ctetar sic oi sterave cine eie erate lalcla creueleler cite a stale Nala cov ie alciee sis 6

Berodicticus: 2 ...0c0c.cscs000 00
CLOMICLICLIS) POLL OMe artists ofeyasTaro,ciuro clara,svate erste ese eieleATelalorcievs a aia alevclelers-ave bio Riele'e
SEREY OAR EA GEIS og 0 J Ramee een he cchezo cra io ue voce tase ilo saeo Vole ve fo Xu (afore savelareiers oVorwietereiauaiors/wtole eile
Perodicticus ibeanus ..........

(EPIETZC GGG Sood ar Heb ton BO CHE AGO OSCE Tee FET Sei da eieiaiata staleiueye cnyeore
PAA ON CEASSICATIG ALLIS sarcoiepe ys rous relate far vaie are taratete is fobotoratoreic wlohe tersvalaejoravararnagw wo htentne
Galago zuluensis: .......2000-

VOLUME I.

ee eC i a)

eee ee eee eee ere eee eee see eeeesessse sss eeseces

weer eee sess eset e ses st ees sse esse essesseeeeee
ee i i i ee
Beemer eee eee eset teers ee eer eeeseseeessesessee

et tem ee etre seers esse eee ey ee eeseos ess esse esse

ee
wee eee sees eee tesa tees sete essere ese ses eeserese

i a ee eececee

Cr i eC ie i a Cr a) eecececcee ee secoce
i i i Ce i i Ce ea

we eee te ee eee eee sere et sees esses eee ses seessene

Stet eee career reser ese esses cesesesessessecee
seme eee eee sees ee ere eee esses seer erases ees eeee
Pee ewe eee eee eee sere esses esesee sos ese ese esos
Semen em eee wee ees ees ees eseesseseereseseereres
Smet eee wee wee et ee eee se eee see see ee eeeseessee
Pee eee eer ere sae eeesessaseseesss see ssssesone
Sees eee esses e essere se ese sere sesesssosestesoe
Be ee eee meee eee eee essere eee seeseeesesesereeee
i ee i ee ey
i a i i i

i ee ee ee ey

ee i ee i er ay
ee i aay

er ee

er rr

i i ie |

EAE OCU CEICILSh CATIG AAS UMNVAY over toeags Raye raie you oer efvahovo lei vene ators tenetexotansie eee Ia Ls
Perodicticus edwardsi ........

i ee)

ee rors

Cxxii GENERA AND SPECIES

PAGE
Galago) paniraniensis): (sowcs sc)totne saree ae eee ca nee eee ee eee 57
Galago. wanietti § Sec) 36 Sd. oo Ee A. Se Sal teenie cease ae ee eee 57
Galagaubaditis tira sasrsc ices u eralesterejelofats aeintelals Sisto siecle reeaieere a istenattnet diet Seema 58
Galagowanoriteirit 2) cies cctio6.x ners dcieisoere waiee Denn saeco Fe eee eee OEE GREE Eee 59
Galago kinks ee Pee tikias Ss ciciccs sid eotroeeeene tele eae a Ce eee One ERE L EERE 60
Galaroastotisie cjsisaccet,. wis aise cuatet odeleeruste sie eiaiaisere oe laree eee eens oisoro eee
Galagorhindst ji! e sc a.5 3 sei Sab shila ease Mes selene Ree Cpe ee eee 62
Galago sallemi tid erie iw sine ie i fore a erate eletielierate cane me eee ne eaten ae nee OS
Galacoia. CaImeronensis: 5b: <2 c!s\ocisers bepiec tsi cigiers Saoaie lela vaketo aie elererte ree eee 65
Galaroeabonensis: %*/. 3.) oL0 Se RRO ee eee ae Sen ee Oe ee eee ee eae a Od
Galasotomibatesii a tac. cheats nee eee ee eee eee eee Bar tts ios. 66
Galaconzanzabanictisy eee eee ENE SPANO HOO CS o> c 67
GalaeortalDOtil® Ayes 2s istscc a4 sis ‘aerate wth tees Pelee tote ke vfe otatn seu taletete aie custo ote ate ate ere eee 67
Galasotcallanmime® | .:0.0...)5 shee cee oe ee se Soe eee See ee Eee eee 68
Galago* braccatuls .).)...2.ico. c see tee hes See Se ee ene ee ee CR eee EE eee 68
Galago by) albipesy son 5 25. sk Sa ee eee Cae eee Eee ee See 69
Galaeon Atirntt! sore ese siete ce Sle ee ene Dis ne en Ue oe ee ee ee 70
Galaeortiyassa As. cjewicias svsis sisi coer morc siasrelearaee waco see eee Sie sence ia SOO)
Galagosorante” fic. sii oleate ioelaiele cine os oie a comatclen eines See eee sete eee Pepe
Galagsosenegalensis” sa... bees ce cieh cece ees cee eee eee eo anea 72
Galagovsennaariensis: \. <\....c stu weatne ace eeatee oat cle eet ete eee sive’ ed
Galacormozambicus? -..:..2% seis acieneseielstereweieoealaideaine ola sisloete eis eee eee 76
GAlagotpupultis® sciiuls ok aed eee oe aelee oteeterare eis moe eatce eae kee eee Cee 76
Galagowelewantulis) ice lelcterecacioctel reteset oe oteeer eremetee emer BABdEveooeS as - ee
Galar ores LOmSOr foes sis Cs ee cleo ls mrecate sels tre ta ie ee oenterstelctttels o cimtetereie tree eeraaaaan 78
Galasorepallidtis *%watticeacmeene see Gen eee tne ee memories Saeien cea 79
Galagore; apicalis) -.\./.4 vi. visrs'sisretaisiete > vier chorsiale ole mieralsterers oveleisierale heitenecetaie ete nea 80 .
Hlemigalago reise i's << ce vcteleh lee lefe sin ole 'e bie ele cle ee elena betes Sesto ee eee 82
Hemigalago ;demidofii~ sir iesis ile thea ois iarsleialei stale fe Gh eles oll lee ote ote ales Rene 82
Hemigalago: di: poensis® 2's aiehleretekie it lelete ts stele ahs ee leelhslee ee teeelenee cies eae 84
Hemigalago ‘anomurus = .'2% <7 Seca Wee oes eisai leels Meio bee eee eee 84
Hfemigalago thorasi « 4:/-r:\./s'/sk che cists oie ete eres alelelolelwte lols eletole ate iste Clete clea seen 85
(CHITOSE? eye /iereisss sivis aeais.o woreseaeansteinel eleistevercieisi= eee eee ISRO ee TOe See eae 87
CHirO Pale MAJOR’ Wie: -aisre rele eure swe sdetelolefevereh me eieiielew eh Aiiats S/N OURS eit eee 92
Ghirogalesmelanotis, .02.:0:.005n05 see eemea edn Conte eyele cre Mee tee ee ote 95
Chirogale ‘sibreed!.......cavsu sich asiee thea WRs Sais bie hi’ pinleaye Ree biekte teeters eaten 95
Chirogalecrossleya: © .:5,2.42/ sis sss store Siserniere 3isribiorelsale te se ar eeia nae GIS eee 96
Chirogale ‘trichotis, <<. scsi sscu sec vectscteun esses sO eter SSUES ee See eee meee 96
IMG CLO CED UG I) fase :c vee eve scie'si0in.s io.n'sarsseree wieieioiavesarcie sore atslorn a neste veeteie iets Mer tere ie nen 98
Miicrocebus Mrs: .)0:5)-:*/0:0:0:</)0\0 ciate 011s rn ioyn else vo layelete/s role ain vaste RNG ee Neen 102
MicrocebusinyOXIMtS) i). i. ciemielsiniemielnieve «naam 0} 00 ieancta taveyele SORTING eR - 106
Microcebus ;COQUETELL \o:0:o:s.0i0:0 010 ie nla wie voictolaveion ume ws wien oserele, Co COR OTe i nen 107
Microcebus Surciber is. sis sieis:s oje:e:s,5.s «1m wis eisisierayeraiers binidiatarw nies @rGie laterite ete erent 108
MEXOCEDUS! isyere:eswineis 0 aisyaisisie\s o-i0,0.8\ n\n c0ap sie yy )use aye hipaa tule eo Se ee . 110

GENERA AND SPECIES Cxxili

PAGE
PAVtiIemiUn gyieiied ee leeiensiece’s FOS TOC De OTe SO OR oT Cente ICR Ere nay ike 111
PAM Ea al eran. C1 e171 © LULL) asec yslavehg5 ova loves ni ehnyans,oversushe ie eaohenveve ies siarseie eo: spk oaggelomle Seavaloneress 112
PAM Eta ermntyn;, sth ONLY ST y sexi ses siya ceresosc on ey avedcialeesscucus) euaveceusbewepeisvsressise bpeiet clathrate eee 113
Wepre OLE rn eas sys svevars ass wie, sicvalvenia tors evens estou cal sloieuererayn aise atorareneieieie ee aia e7deia'o)s glade itis 115
Hepidolemiur iolObicep sy eae rayee tierce ese lsimne acre uatsleieicas eas veets oiteae sco toes. aos Ghee amet 117
Wepidolemur orandtdaens |r. sc7.ysys.esesayesastie 4 ovayeiesaincs aisje, sloises leis» Seiartunewe ehelalediereievere 118
Wepidol emir leo pris) (2). erases. ct seoisese ys) crepe tessleisias es ave os AERIS ne ee AS 118
Weprdoletmiir mtrStel Ms) yes ace coves mosses. a esha negacs seve eae wis eve, HOR aESaEahe slave loeeie’s 119
WepidolemirpmierOd ons ep x5 cisssye elses sic ee ayaa ever ial telcos evs ts eles ela sielele: rar eloss 121
Wepidolemun nuticattdatus, a: 4 <\cie seme nici ole a scicrie s sheve als: oiei\ aialalevetyals see,
Meni dolenatin sed wy anal Sie eck osc 5 Acie ee Mel eee eae ecu oe cow wise onsyctegobedenerisceishsrs, sesus 123
IMBVCRSICENES ESR GSO Oe SONIA G Union COR OE SOR LOC ERS MOE eR A na ae 124
IMI OSCE DUS OI SE CIS es cnet ans ia) soucsiei erate ane arataaerepore ences eb eieKe os) ay al Peer aPeNe eave meat Oiens 124
Miyoxicebus olivacets::...2..5.0-c++-2ss0: BS SSE Or Garren OO a eee 127
WV OXICED USUSITINUS! Hitec elon) 2 ae al Aenean Nase aL Hl nna ae ota Beal Sel Si, 128
NB er ats top artareeaer psp 58, cacicc 5 Sih fc eles yaven oes peteyeysyveueneys ps iewsie weveyaye oyeilayscaueheu er ausitenate Raat ep otsl as 130
ILGSTIEIE VOLO) cearoea ey MAES Oem Hie Neo Hs etoile ICM ECM RIE Kise Gaara 141
NMEIITITACOLOMA LI Sy alae Sale eRe een aa AR A as ll ed Baia ale Rada u ni 144
[Lisanti Saver shia ge MNOS He neRUd eS aceon DORE COC Orne: SoS Ghee ms Roane 145
ILOG OP ARMIES! [h dSo SOO Oe CH a eae oes Toe See NG Ene ErES sc Aan nan arte eee 147
IL Sraa ein MABE AB GCOS eT Sy A Nereis ea a et BEEP Pat ot oar Poe UP RE TOUR RS 150
IBN r AV Ct Le Hes) ost neice d aie a oueas coleacre ele it oleic ie isyowwiccrs Jo, neat Patoincuanaies walgeierys 46 151
PIB eSar I rem TCT HUTS eesti al ta seve susisis peice ge ercus enue os epee ole sie secon Reueswara vane RM eee aeekG oR aeRk 153
Wemipirralbiirons! Jord. asi sp sicye eseye see csiesiei cs sekeeie eee sical sSioveghetag Matar anucenich discchsis 154
NPE HIILI TACIT ELSES ieee im cose ioc uel oasis ds tenet weve eich ie4s aades ore elses lee REAR SISTERS awa Koueiats 156
NBO TIN I tasITVA CaCO Me ears ue rect ual ree asta ayy rl ts uci ela al a Oar MRA meal 156
EMIT, MIS ERIM | 7. eile dienes ate sacle aio, se els evole sisldssieigsl epee dentatparce thes oye eavesls 157
estnat i tan Cattataeera sie aiercley ae aiesiticts usyedsralas wey ssekariorsynveveravecetee era ahercie le iclara-ab sheet 158
BC IaA TRV LLCO AGT Sn cds ray teaser ie ieyrcleus eames ahchstose ea auevatens sein ltiain Uae vaieiereteroaoinccyabeapeit axe 160
HL ea epee EN Soe ons Ves eave cece Tavato da cecrey ses soue tence elo visle elisve slays alave omni atau beisjausy Sieve Sie 162
TUG FEIT OTETID Grn 5 mu. p Den aE DRAG LR inc AIM IOS ra ACES aC ae eee aes 163
MP ehatiottsselaltut eerie ee vege arevscte eu. vessleta esc eee eee relat ere stein tara ra ca acaee ae 163
IPT HGyOTRMMIGLELL Bini 6.5.6 gto CCI OOS OPI ICR AT COTTE HOTT CICA acne a Tee eee ny Aine cee 166
IP Rov EKNe KS \GIENGL a aneW Mera ctod crcl ney cio cian escoCaG cert need EOI RE Ri cheric cae eer 168
SOpithecisy dar eciwyati sth Wire oA vavelssve see v eras ere Niavsle & arsuni sits ayers. s-eievee bleyseavoye she lerefane 170
IESOPICHeCIiSMGm SeHICeUIShins SanumAriNces Merle AERA Soe uk ack ea 171
LO PItME GUS VET TCA Latin sisi petetece tesa ese cus ayia attvaee. Sie Sect cousee cian coche. cvopeTovelene avevenaluns 171
IROPIEME CU Suv CEC EM Nl verttatn shar cvavets ol eisve aleve sasia csae slvievengit) ain wi denodavansvecnelcy al aveiuaal 172
GO PLE CUS Ve (COMMENCIIN n Aisin since trarare weenie a aie ark, bva, ee ad siden) |e nieyOne pmusbere leg aia leyaene 173
IER OPIEMECUS! Var COFONALTIS! aivelsuy cules ncvelcle ia aracisisieia. a idl voteiaa ovavanetanbvavareke ouctoaetene 174
JIG. so renbercoeres ero a Re UI COTE o Ga CENT aE REMIT CE RGCIGREE Die nin r ocr RTC Bones 175
is riSpinrdtie meats eos ete eee etaite a ete 2 A. cl akanhebeuaraiotennale. aeelayaaere 175

Cxxiv GENERA AND SPECIES

PAGE
SETiO CED US BA ikickiwc Griswiere nieve Risetie eh inntem iio ee ROR ERE EERE Ree Ee eee 179
Seniocebustbicolor: + «icc..ths wens cdsacadses ss ee beseeien sac aee eee eee 186
S En OCEDUSHMNE]IEIOSUS® & vaverisstelavs-aistatecrere setsre sovevellets iwrare mlorora)eintetetatsie AIO stantial 188
Seniocebus tivartinst: s/c... 0.0% .sieieh seedeeebeemiogis cee Can at be ee ee eee eee 189
Cercopithecus: s Lye ii aigbinsiis hh telala Mahala rls fle tareslelatadavedadavere leletatorelole atte etree Baas 190
Cercopithecus midas’ .i:./o«'.'s' sie eleloleplormterelelers alc leeioiefele hee eee eI ee eae 190
Cercopithecus rufiranius’: +). 5... ree tare orevoler Vole to tare eleteteiare’eielele atone ae Eee 191
Cercopithecus ursulus ...... races loie ro Brace rapalere lb aie Miete: gS Oe ie ae ee 192
Weontoce bust. ..tos ee ess sie sis ines ee estes meee Oe ER COE CRO eeeaaae 194
Weontocebts, labiattis /2:). 25 (cs. tector e sateidelnioe dees cle ee teracter ne tee mice eee 195
THeontocebus pileatus. cick. bans dese wiss nyse ieee trerore tetets tesla ev etoke NS) OR Re ee . 197
ieontocebus thomasi.. = ...is.ctitiia sean sts ele emalenes ciseioe sche eer eee eee 198
Keontocebus nigrifrons © .<...::2...% sstse aa Seles ee ale ee be Seo eee CEE 198
Meontocebus: nigricollis: 4.7.0 Avs sittsetae alten ol ctstcete Ue elelle oats te see eae 199
Heontocebuschrysopy gus: ‘s/s: 24 '.ai)on tetewle oes lela nie se ole a ste See oe eee 200
Eeontoce bus: my Stax o/s og aisieceis.soe'e saslaxe.e/ahare ohesurtvaleve cipie)orore Oetahetehe ener 201
Teontocebus) wed deliq so. acts 'aterasteore 2 wiatalotatote olalerea Tolar tele lotolee ote eoeie ee eae 202
Weontocebus: devellit << ci. erator te oloterelarotera terete lajelelwlorsiele/elrotele fs clnie oeee eeeaen 203
Eeontocebusvapicularis <2. ic. stear weiss ets olera'e'es'e ololelele ov eiotale ale see arena 204
Wfeontocebus AMligeri «os ei). dissesveieew rere lus talerorclore is le lovelers ful steieslelete oe renee 205
Weontocebus tripartitus: «12422 2% ir .n iene aie owae ees eeteloiere orate lele nee 206
Meontocebus lagonotus << 5k sca: Geiss wieder nate atelevete'e ee the erie ee 206
leeontocebus: fuscicollis-. 2... 3.226225 scasies seas be sede beets cic terete e eens 207
[eontocebus praellsi< occzcisiaar’eie'e wien arsiedere (oracle ore’ Gieleieisiovere s eletals ieleiol ee eae 208
TGEOntOCEDUS IMPETALOL, rar. chassralats chute lolossfeletelerelctet-folelore (eivlelelele alepe tae eT sae 209
Heontocebus) rosalia wise isus sees ws cee eteawiesiee elon eeiaiels wae Seeeee eee eee 209
Beontocebus: leonintts «2: rsear cies reise cielsis elets 0 terete fale lle wtele inte’ binie cle Oe entane 210
ILeontocebus: chrysomelas: © :...:.%.2% seer to% «ree velweew els com ee eee eee 210
CEdipomidas ........ "cide nhl sls 's Wels ba ESR ES EERE LER CE 213
GCEdiponiidas: cedipus,” 2 1.c.5s/ok vioee ole ole eeieie tre wie iclointorelctele oom acters relete enero rete tae 213
@dipomidasgeofkroyi! 4.4 c5.deceme potas eee scence eerbereereeneee eee 214
alate tices frre is ieee sacs a case vo cere atoieemteleroratone ere toretole rae totes terete iat tate ere stele enna 216 ©
Gallvthiriaargzentatay.. o:s\si<’aciecre ares eiersierieslaiehorespererereietelele Giese eaticie eisai oe 221
Gallithnix TeUucopus: ©. 2°. 'st./. cat wri stole elo elofelvieist oleioh lsletaiotete bis ich nieien eee eam 222
Gallithrixsehsysoletica roi. ss:vh esate leicie la ale ta leleleiovatelelalalelatoteictoe teeta lorena nent 223
GCallithirxe ao oek it + cs scsw'eleis io s’eis'e 'eleleierels leis ele ofuislere sip alelulers Mee eee wlate chee 224
Callithrix: santaremensis: 1. \.000's 0% seville wens aleeise els Niet ee ee eee ele eine 224
Gallith ix: atiritadstnin nti sis oes ere beeen te bieen etek bile neeteomete Sox tenets 225
Callithrixpentcillata «esas. cc esha dese s sdk Dee eRe Santee ee ene eect sea
Callithrixe pr yordamt ccc ene s los le oh eile ere alow viele wine ere eine eae ieee 227
Gallithrisg qaechtts: sac 34000 einsssasecee es aati Oth tees eee Rees BP e's:
Callithirixsflavicepspmoricwcirceve.cc visclsi.ncetaeeeiecstsiere aie Bin. vin Were nie eiohedeteleletae nee tenetet 229
Gallittirix: Jeucocephala + 1.4.0.8 14000 ace suet tS eR SK ROSS BERR RRE RE RE RE RIN 229

Gallithrix humeraliter’.% ce.in cans vets cceane vekey eee EGA WES LECHER Beate RC eR 230

GENERA AND SPECIES CXXV

PAGE

GAlithniawal bicollishywe0nesiocmescenedeemadaciasanaie soaker snsemsarasene 231
M@allithrixcpyeiicedy \-(s~ «cess e)n + «)srnieles =e) lero sieielele eiayeigieteld sinless aco a egeeeattans atv 232
(CailINVCG Siamese ic riiGob ono criccocccnrcicone noes seee ah va. SPARES, ane 234
EaICEDISH TONG ATES, (sete seiereniclcleteleis'« ore teietevatareterslieleloiclalelcyare, sietelejaleie eGeleveiass vias eames 239
Gallicebus: aiichus ete theta yee ea ee AenG MERA EL ES Rete honed St 240
(EMITCEH US’ WSEOLAS CUS Ase eA RS Se Se eee Ren Se SEU ei Se Oe ws MR 241
Galliceh us Cupreug ers TANS Hee hee LN es Sea TE aad one AS. eS 242

Gallicebustcallivatus! ses seeks cee be seine nea hae sineecis 6 ee ee, HE 243
Calicebussmielanochity variemisiecetenietaieie sv cteneyor onetesaleneve mivclate sia loicinonteters scajcielalaeleicvaus ee 244

Saicepusmpeenilatuse Meeaes sees esses Rass emene Nene e Saee Sheets ssetcue chee 245

@allicebus, egeriat Hi ns5 ats eee eRe eae shee oko cca ee 246

(Callicebuswleteconietopa® * Sishccc Fete aaa tec eh tse ese Hats Bee le eee ee 246

(CAITR OSI IIS: GION Cee iecicaigigi cic icc HGCA Tn CI AIIInISEIO Ian Cornice hans 247
Callicebust hofimannsi toy. 2/5 sate cehek ee Racine eisai ee iale s 5.6 Beetaiaiemreitelne aatee oelee 248
GAlicEhisrOrnatis® tisao te cases ae aes ae ee SAS ON Oe a geo eta eee aes 248

Gallrcebus iremiuliss sar here es cok he cae ee cee ae he Sea atere tetas aeake orator 249

Gallicebus idonacophilus ys se neve cae ede nersie ns melee crake See. o ear a siaates 249

(EAiicebusmemiilice wey Ae ee eee ais ASS a rae eats Sees SNe Re Srey) ee 250
Galicebasmpalllescenserstra sie stvsctorcaeretisic ee reid Aili Csciosaciart a oie sous amenieie-s etek cee 251
(Cailicel orcs saavol evel page are Corio te oC OR Oran COBO oee Sree ema ae Seycreeye 251

GAGE MUSMCIMERASCENS steta ys says ope atcsssairs ayneyeie ol shee serene erect fe enene Spateria Siarermers aleve lenecss 252
GaAUlice Huse oTAHOMS waste ese cele Hees Ie SC Seleieee e nee nla aleevee erectus 254
(CozlINiCe) oy cis aceerk ea) cae seh ea ee Paster na ea any ea Riches RAIA Bete Ree Aa dina 254

(CANCE OS EGS OEIC) JO epcAT Anh 05 Sood aration Sen Orcs OED Onis ae cet Se reeeee PS)
GSaCeD Sw Himes way seyret cree ofovax ss cits tate evens wtoiay sv See al enayoralesone aebaveusioss sjaue nieieds PY)

PAO TAL LAIN pevey avs Ravel crafts als svepeyorstabeete tatere lene vore elecu exe over crass Sissy 4) anv ai slagole Mielec eterayaseveie @ 258
ANICEEIIA CATENIN Bos ob OOOO OU Goto DE NOG ROO eee CERCA Lane ena 265
PMG tattay Ulatas: cacts cc cewla tevescte So oe eres ere aloe wie lite SICA Neparee Mae aaa 267
PMN OUIAE AVANT SISA are tey ore tatea ct: us ate) cdohele alee WN Meee Aaie o Puch Ai tla Mapas ShevelacelAalicle Sans 268
louattambeelz eb uleys, stirs a ckeryae ett Ne voeye-« Aieiesarels avouanen|spe.c siale’ > ieyshaleiehev aleve Graver) ne susie 270
ANG OBI TEY DEUITE EMEP S s eae BOOS ROS n A aT Gre GOd OCT Ca Gera See coro te eens 271

PAN OITA It CRAC ALIA wtsrapatevaccte nyo Siete ovate evelo eye rove) sioveie ay sess lar o ayetedaveisiareaialaveisiece wore 272
ASIORCEIE oe KOCH NEG ICM OMS ta acrictoo BOND OOO Snot ODO ECT On ae aie a 273
J WOWE NIE 18), EXE (EEN TOS SENG) aed yaar He DAO OD ROR O ROR OT TORR AC HE Ene ae aeee 274
PANO Uttam CIT SUI me yet teyst Vevey oteresaraleyetatesatersioveie erat oere cll ae dina aie tas eed wincicsernte 274
PAN OUI LEA SETIICUlCTsiictrs aie i raiete ves -arreyal ove ke edaicte aye kev cele: eras che vava ovate soororian gi wiecee anaes 277
PMO MACHA MTAAC COMIN) Weyal sree: s\evakesel jose lore ernie ar ere iors ovate ciate avahoveveveb iva evsyaigiclavelatedss 281

PL CMALEAMITIS ES AINE Siaapeustetvettecsre oisysiefe lor arerelelvae eres eel clenveia avs aiaialaaueareicie clarivlewsainie 282
POM ENTE. SILESIA acco Rin GAO OU ES TOGIE SA OA SAD OE OE ee een nei 283

PMO MALE AE SA Tel) exa!s) <1 eecfotelo yee cleyetavs|aVaveevs olcravavave.a)tio iereiet olive, otevaspicsnaio'eiahavciaes esate elabisia 283

EAPC IeA uate ax 4 Vopevcpoveys Means beret ete ateier tats svarsvorensberes ei eteiove eveveyovel gee coy ia oteimioxojerdit levavetevenve 285

EUS Ct ay TIL OUIACH ames steneleyapaiciare sie tasl ayers iets clot or aleyevevel cova ite olavavaieveliavlone eveysidee ecera_aveiara 288

PPhecia CADIGICHLOSAY aera stsletielajrsiseial alererorcrol tie eral cree roletslaie n aitiees ieles crew aa sich sie 291

AEE CH Atmel [1 CANLG Yeu icyrisyays cvaVater feelatevel cions e7areisis ei sbersisieve is sf sisVeie oie store wicie oiwtale's, oieisi slay 292

LANGE TH INGEN BBE SEE OBGOODB BOO SOND EO CO OCCT eae eae areata rats 293

cCxxvi

GENERA AND SPECIES

PAGE
Pitheciaychrysocephala ® | swais. a5 sie -sisvaveraieveve oivtevelararsvavers evevabototaretararelee none Sites eee
Pitheciavalbinasa’ ohn cdsassd aaa ol blaelataneyetecrsctartaretererdee on) Ee 2 ES
Pithre cia saibante's sereyo ays s'siavaicliece ciara dvepuneratoraveleverevevercrotetereyetea tors hae torent roe acute 296
PithieSiauchimGpates. \scs.|sro.si-\e cals wieratdnashees gontsianie aac tenet ee Be Th
Ga cajaon sess ia occ a icts ayer. 0.0 %sin o/esoerslole simieetee ee oe lelowe eatisiele Oe OG Eee ee . 299
(CACATAOMCALVISS eck. o. ssias cuss naimek ise eeieee be coh ee Cnn O EEE oa ieee
Cacayao, MADICUNGUS 5 s:.\a;0 sd: seuaieies todieg wee eeseae ou cee taee Enea saisyaie (OOF
Gacajaomelanocephalus, . ':,<.< s:i.12/s.«1sc1eis efor: ser lavoro aeieiei sieves oes eae 305
SHIGE A avalts OO a ESSE IO Seb nn hom eGratG aunmicc 2s epee hee a eee 307
Saini igSCUUIMOIS i3y0//s:5. core aya ssavaieiaievs wae aves alele ee es ake BS oleae Cision On ee eee 310
Saimiri cassiquiarensis ............. aa cid 3 SS etatc a) eleioSclicl Seis aay kaes NA ed eet ae anal
Saimin eA CROGOM |: -s:o/ciei alecevorais Srnisvatanslereve avacsrevstets eiare excl ears aioe aloes ee eee ‘cnle
Saisninierra d C1020 o,ire.s1aia sisi oss areka aoe iavslionciave ee oie teckel stereos er eee sation soca pole
SAIITIATUNUL SELISI ays) xa 5 Sisve wtecropete dese aealaberelots sycleveiesctessseletete einen Beane a:0,0 siatehe ee
Saimitri@bolivieMSis:: (5. .acmsssales scree oe cites stereo cavaico nected see eeeiete o:ehs'0 nob
Saimin DCMISTICEPS 4 ,<.c.acseishe.s-aieaPoeus sleys s Ornveerslate aresstetots Se eee Scisjemtiook eee ls
SAUMOTUECENSCEG! «57s, <,si ecisimiseyn. nies ofatevesetevore ls nuatele elerelete Seis ate ere Aeterna oo ase

BRAT

The family name of the Anthropoid Apes has been consistently
misspelled wherever it appears in this work, and the error was de-
tected too late to correct it on the earlier pages. It was then decided,
as it is found in comparatively few places, to continue it as a uniform
error and call attention to it here.

The premier genus of the Great Apes is Pongo, and the family
name Pongide, not Pongiide. This is in accordance with the custom
which has caused the acceptance of the subfamily name of the species
of the genera GALAco and HemicaLo—Gatacin#. On the other hand,
if it is deemed desirable to consider this barbarous name as a Latin
word with a genitive case, then, of course, the family name would be
Pongonide.

There is, however, no rule, known to the author, incorporated in
any code, which regulates the formation of native or barbarous words
that properly are not declinable, have really no genitive case, or in
some cases are not even in Latin form, and have never been adopted
in the Latin language.

YW)
(x)
on
= S
a
S
my
aa ca)
ee
[
ft,
(OO

VOLUME |. PLATE I.

DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS.

No, 802a Col, Physicians and Surgeons Coll., London. Twice Nat. Size

CLASS MAMMALIA.

ORDER PRIMATES. PRIMATES.
SUBORDER 1. LEMUROIDEA.
FAMILY 1. DAUBENTONIIDZE.

GENUS 1. DAUBENTONIA. THE AYE-AYE.

1—1 0—0 1—1 3—3
1. asi CC penid e ene Wigegias 20:

DAUBENTONIA E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 195. Type

Sciurus madagascariensis Gmelin.

Scolecophagus E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt., 1795, p. 196.

Aye-Aye Lacépéde, Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 6.

Cheiromys G. Cuv., Lecons Anat. Comp., I, 1800.

'Psilodactylus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 1816, 3ter, Theil, Zool., 2te
Abth., pp. IX, 1164-5.

Myspithecus Blainv., Ostéog. Mamm., I, 1839, fasc. III, p. 33,
(nec Cuvier).

Myslemur Blainv., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., VIII, 1846, p. 559.

Head round; muzzle short ; eyes round, with bristly brows; nictitat-
ing membrane present ; ears large, rounded, inclined backwards, naked,
with numerous protuberances; tail long, bushy; legs longer than arms ;
fingers long, claws compressed, pointed; third finger very slender,
attenuate; thumb and great toe opposable, placed at an angle to the
other digits; teats two, abdominal. Skull: braincase arched; muzzle
short; halves of mandible independent, united at an acute angle by
elastic tissue. Incisors large, curved, enamelled in front only; canines
wanting ; diastema present before first premolar which is much smaller
than the molars; molars with flat crowns, tubercles indistinct.

DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Gmelin).
Aye-Aye Sonner., Voy. Ind., II, 1782, p. 138, t. 76; Ellis, Madag.,
1858, p. 153; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 222; Id.
Ann, Mag. iNat., ist. x1l, 1863,: Ser. 3, px/2;. XVI, 1865,

SEr..d,,P>142.

2 DAUBENTONIA

Sciurus madagascariensis Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 152, No. 29.

Daubentonia madagascariensis E. Geoff., Decad. Philos. et Litt.,
IV, 1795, p. 195; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur. Anim.,
1856, p. 236, t. 12; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 151;
Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 97; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 334;
Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 522,
fig. LX XX, Zool. Ser.

Lemur psilodactylus Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1800, p. 109.

Tarsius daubentoni Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1800, p. 114; Fisch., Anat.
Maki, 1804, p. 37; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturg. Akad.
Wissen. Wien, 1870, p. 1756.

Cheiromys madagascariensis E. Geoff., Cat. Mamm., Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 1803, p. 181; Temm., Mon. Mamm., 1820, p. 106;
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 85; Ellis, Madag., 1858, p.
144, fig.; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1862, p. 133,
pls. XIV-XXVI; Peters, Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1865, p. 79; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 14.

Lemur psilodactylus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Lemur V.

Otolicnus madagascariensis van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesch.
Phys., 1814, p. 43.

Chiromys madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1901, p. 131; Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 44.
AYE-AYE.

Type locality. Island of Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Madagascar on east coast from Bay of —
Antongil to Mahanoro.

Color. General color black, the white basal half of the hairs show-
ing; nose, spots over eyes, cheeks, chin, throat, neck in front and on
sides yellowish white; tail very long, bushy, black; hands and feet,
black.

Measurements. Total length, about 875; tail, 475. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 83 ; Hensel, 65 ; zygomatic width, 61 ; intertemporal width,
35; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 45; median length of
nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 38;
length of lower molar series, 12.

This extraordinary little animal, possessing characters both of the
Rodentia and Quadrumana, and known popularly as the ‘Aye-Aye,’
was first discovered by Sonnerat during his visit to the Island of
Madagascar. The name it bears was suggested to Sonnerat by the
exclamation “Aye-Aye” of the natives who accompanied him, and

PLATE 1.

VOLUME |.

DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS.

DAUBENTONIA 3

who then saw the creature for the first time. Its discoverer had a
male and female alive on his ship where they lived for two months, sub-
sisting on cooked rice. A skin was brought to Paris and presented to
Buffon and was deposited in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes.
Buffon considered it allied to the Squirrels, and also that it had some
relation to the Tarsier (Tarstus—?). Gmelin placed it in the genus
Sciurus and was followed by Cuvier, who however recognized the fact
that while the teeth were those of a rodent, the head was very similar
to that of the Quadrumana. [Illiger associated it with Tarsius and
Gacaco; and Owen in his masterly treatise on the ‘Aye-Aye’ (I. c.)
sums up its position as “related by affinity to the Quadrumana, and by
analogy to the Rodentia.” It is now generally conceded to be the sole
representative of a distinct family of the Lemuroidea.

It is remarkable for various peculiarities such as the nictitating
membrane of the eye, the naked ears studded with small protuberances,
the attenuated and wirelike middle finger, and the opposable thumb and
great toe. The fingers and toes are furnished with compressed pointed
claws, excepting the great toe, which has a flat nail and is placed at a
right angle to the other toes. The tail is long and bushy and is em-
ployed as a covering when the animal is sleeping. Teats two, abdomi-
nal. The os planum of the ethmoid not perceptible.

Hon. H. Sandwith, when Colonial Secretary in the Mauritius,
obtained an example of the ‘Aye-Aye’ from Madagascar and exhibited
it in spirits to Prof. Owen, and this was the first specimen received in
England. Ina letter to Prof. Owen, Dr. Sandwith says of this animal,
which he kept for some time in captivity, “I observe he is sensitive to
cold, and likes to cover himself up in a piece of flannel, although the
thermometer is now often 90° in the shade. On receiving him from
Madagascar, I was told he ate bananas, so of course I fed him on them,
but tried him on other fruit. I found he liked dates, which was a grand
discovery, supposing he be sent alive to England. Still I thought that
those strong rodent teeth, as large as those of a young beaver, must
have been intended for some other purpose than that of trying to eat
his way out of a cage, the only use he seemed to make of them, beside
masticating soft fruits. Moreover he had other peculiarities, e. g.,
singularly large naked ears, directed forwards, as if for offensive rather
than defensive purposes; then again, the second finger of the hand is
unlike anything but a monster supernumerary member, it being slender
and long, half the thickness of the other fingers, and resembling a piece
of bent wire. Excepting the head and this finger he closely resembled
alemur. Now, as he attacked every night the woodwork of his cage,

4 DAUBENTONIA

which I was gradually lining with tin I bethought myself of tying some
sticks over the woodwork, so that he might gnaw these instead. I had
previously put in some large branches for him to climb upon; but the
others were straight sticks to cover over the woodwork of his cage,
which he alone attacked. It so happened that the thick sticks I now
put into his cage were bored in all directions by a large and destructive
grub, called here the Montouk. Just at sunset the Aye-Aye crept from
under his blanket, yawned, stretched, and betook himself to his tree,
where his movements are lively and graceful, though by no means so
quick as those of a Squirrel. Presently he came to one of the worm-
eaten branches, which he began to examine most attentively ; and bend-
ing forward his ears, and applying his nose close to the bark, he
rapidly tapped the surface with the curious second digit, as a Wood-
pecker taps a tree, though with much less noise, from time to time
inserting the end of the slender finger into the worm-holes as a sur-
geon would a probe. At length he came to a part of the branch which
evidently gave out an interesting sound, for he began to tear it with his
strong teeth. He rapidly stripped off the bark, cut into the wood, and
exposed the nest of a grub, which he daintily picked out of its bed with
the slender tapping finger, and conveyed the luscious morsel to his
mouth. I watched these proceedings with much interest, and was
much struck with the marvellous adaptation of the creature to its habits,
shown by his acute hearing, which enables him aptly to distinguish the
different tones emitted from the wood by his gentle tapping; his
evidently acute sense of smell, aiding him in his search; his secure
footsteps on the slender branches, to which he firmly clung by his
quadrumanous members; his strong rodent teeth enabling him to tear
through the wood; and lastly by the curious slender finger, unlike that
of any other animal, and which he used alternately as a pleximeter, a
probe, and a scoop.

“But I was yet to learn another peculiarity. I gave him water to
drink in a saucer, on which he stretched out a hand, dipped a finger into
it, and drew it obliquely through his open mouth; and this he repeated
so rapidly, that the water seemed to flow into his mouth. After a while
he lapped like a cat, but his first method of drinking appeared to me
to be his way of reaching water in the deep clefts of trees.

“T am told that the Aye-Aye is an object of veneration in Madagas-
car, and that if any native touches one, he is sure to die within the
year ; hence the difficulty of obtaining a specimen.”

The Aye-Aye lives in the trees and is strictly nocturnal, becoming
active on the disappearance of the sun. One young is said to be pro-

DAUBENTONIA 5

duced at a birth, and the female builds a large nest, two feet in diame-
ter, of rolled up leaves of the Traveller tree, lining it with twigs and
dry leaves and with an entrance on one side. The natives are very
superstitious in regard to this animal, and are very unwilling to attempt
to capture it.

‘A female Aye-Aye lived for several years in the Garden of the
Zoological Society in Regent’s Park, London, and Mr. Bartlett, the late
Superintendent, has placed on record (I. c.) some interesting facts
regarding its habits. On the voyage it gave birth to one young, which
lived only ten days, and the mother was in very poor condition when
she arrived, being thin and feeble. It slept during the day, lying on its
side with the body curved and the tail spread out and flattened, and
used as a covering, almost concealing the animal. At night it was
active, moving about its cage in the dark and trying to gnaw its way
out. It exhibited no uneasiness when a light was introduced, but tried
to touch the lamp with its long fingers. It was in the habit of hang-
ing by the hind legs, and when so suspended, employed the slender
wire-like finger to clean and comb the tail. The same finger was
utilized to clean the face, and pick at the corners of the eyes, the nose,
mouth, ears, and various parts of the body. While so occupied the
other fingers are kept partially closed.

Only the left hand was used in feeding and was moved very
rapidly. The manner of taking food was peculiar. The fourth finger
was thrust into the food, the slender finger being at the same time
raised above and behind the others, and the first finger and thumb were
lowered. The hand is then drawn rapidly back and forth, the inner side
of the fourth finger passing between the lips, the head all the time held
sideways, and at each movement the food was deposited in the mouth.
Sometimes the animal would lap up the food from the dish, but not
often. It never watched for its food or guarded it, for on Mr. Bart-
lett’s removing the dish while the creature was feeding, it continued to
thrust its hand forward, and only discontinued when no more food
was procured, and then moved away to search elsewhere. After taking
food in a fluid state, it frequently ate portions of wood and bark. It
was fed upon a mixture of milk, honey, eggs and any thick, sweet,
gelatinous food, but would not touch meal worms, grasshoppers, the
larve of wasps and similar objects. It never uttered any sound or
exhibited any anger, neither was it shy. Mr. Bartlett obtained some
fresh sugar cane and placed some sticks in the cage, and the Aye-Aye

6 DAUBENTONIA

exhibited much fondness for it, cutting deeply into the cane with its
powerful incisor teeth, then the fibre ‘was drawn out and the juice
extracted by chewing.

Mr. Shaw (l. c.) gives an interesting account of an Aye-Aye he
had in captivity, relating its peculiar habits, most of which have already
been given in the quoted statements of previous writers, but certain
facts are worth recording. He says when his captive in its efforts
to escape bit at the wire of its cage he noticed that the incisors of either
jaw would separate and admit the wire between them even down to the
gum, causing their tips to be a considerable distance apart. It was
very savage and struck with its hands, but in the daytime its move-
ments were slow and uncertain.

Regarding the superstitions the natives entertain of the animal, he
states that many years ago, the Bétsimisaraka, in whose country the
Aye-Aye is chiefly found, had occasion to open an old tomb in which an
ancestor had been buried. No sooner was an entrance effected than
an animal, which was a development of said ancestor, sprang out, and
their exclamation of surprise, “Haye-haye,” became the creature’s
name. Hence many of these people believe that the Aye-Aye is an
embodiment of their forefathers and will not touch it, but when they
happen to find a dead one in the forest, they make a tomb for it and
bury it with all formality. They imagine that if they try to catch one
they will surely die, and this belief extends even to the animal’s nest.
If one is given, or picks up accidentally a portion of these structures
on which the head of an Aye-Aye has rested, it will bring good for-
tune; while if it happens to be the part on which the feet had been
placed, bad luck or death would surely follow.

VOLUME I. PLATE Il.

TARSIUS FUSCUS

No. 97.1.2.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. Twice Nat. Size.

TARSIUS 7

FAMILY 2. TARSIIDZE.

The little animals which comprise this family are about as large as
an ordinary rat, and possess several remarkable characteristics. In
their habits they are nocturnal, concealing themselves among the
branches of trees or bushes during the day, moving only when dis-
turbed and becoming very active, and exhibiting often a surprising
agility after the setting of the sun. They have small rounded heads
with enormous eyes, the pupils of which during the day are contracted
to a mere slit, but at night are enlarged to such a degree that they
cover nearly the entire iris. The fur is soft and woolly. The legs,
which exceed the arms in length, have long slender toes and, like the
fingers, are provided with sucker-like discs, which enable them to cling
firmly to the branches, or any object upon which the animal may alight
during its swift progress, which is performed by powerful leaps that
cover at times amazing distances for such small creatures. The tail is
long and tufted, and when the animal is in flight, is carried above the
line of the body, the end curving upward. The nails on the toes are
flat, except those on the second and third digits which are compressed.
The lower jaw has two small nearly erect incisors, but those in the
upper jaw are four in number and unequal, the anterior ones being the
largest, and there is no central gap present.

GENUS 1. TARSIUS. THE TARSIER.

2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3
Ee Cries Be aes Eg

TARSIUS Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 33, Tab. A. Type
Lemur tarsier Erxleben.
Macrotarsus Link, Beytr. Naturg., I, Pt. II, 1795, pp. 51, 65, 66.
Rabienus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, No. 88, 1821, p. 299.
Cephalopachus Swains., Nat. Hist. Class. Quad., 1835, p. 352.
Hypsicebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207, 253-254.

Head rounded; muzzle sharp and pointed; ears long and naked;
eyes large, protruding; legs longer than arms; toes slender, long, ter-
minating in sucker-like discs ; tail long, tufted. Skull: orbits very large,

TARSIUS

and closed in by the malar and alisphenoid; outer upper incisors larger
than inner ; canines small; premolars pointed, the first the smallest; the
last molar has two cusps, one external, one internal; only two incisors
on lower jaw; the first and second lower molars have four cusps, the
last one five.

I/7.

1780.

1804.

1824.

1840.

1846.

1896.

1899.

1910.

1910.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

Ersxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.

In this work the name Lemur tarsier was given to ‘Le Tarsier’
of Buffon, which is an undeterminable species.

Storr, Prodromus Methodi Mammalium.

The genus Tarsius here first instituted for the Lemur tar-
sier Erxleben, which is undeterminable.

Fischer, Anatomie der Maki und der thnen verwandten Thiere.
TarsIus Fuscus first described.

Horsfield, Zoological Researches in Java.

TARSIUS BANCANUS first described.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

The Tarsiers are here included in two genera Tarsius with
T. spectrum undeterminable, and T. spectrum Var., and T.
Fuscus; and Hypsicebus with one species (H.) BANCANUS.
Burmeister, Beitrige zur naheren Kenntniss der Gattung Tar-

' stus.

Tarsius Fuscus redescribed as T. fischeri.

Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Kénigl. Zoologischen
und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museum su Dresden.
T. PHILIPPINENSIS first described from Island of Samar.
Meyer, in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Konigl. Zoologischen
und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museum zu Dresden.
T. SANGHIRENSIS from Sanghir Island first named. Species
not yet established.

Miller, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum.
T. FRATERCULUS from Island of Bohol first described.

D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.

T. saLrator from Billiton Island, and T. BorRNEANUS from
Borneo first described; and Le Tarsier Buffon shown to be
undeterminable.

TARSIUS 9

1910. Cabrera, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
In this paper reference is made to Lemur tarsier Erxl., which,
it is stated, must be taken instead of Tarsius spectrum Pallas
as the name of the species, the Author evidently not being
aware of the fact that Erxleben’s species, and also that of
Pallas both founded on Buffon’s animal, are quite undetermi-
nable and therefore both names must be dropped.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The members of this genus are found on the islands of the East
Indian Archipelago. Seven species have been described, of which two
are not yet satisfactorily established. In Borneo we have T. BORNEA-
NUS, its range unknown; in Billiton Island T. sattaTor is found, and
it may probably occur in Banka and Sumatra. In Java T. BANCANUS
was met with; Celebes has T. ruscus, and in the Philippine Archi-
pelago T. PHILIPPINENSIS occurs on Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, and
T. SANGHIRENSIS on Sanghir. It must be considered, however, that
the dispersion of the Tarsier is as yet but very imperfectly known, and
many other islands probably possess those above named, or contain
species not yet discovered. There is no large series of these animals in
any collection, and specimens are very much needed for study and a bet-
ter understanding of the group. T. FRATERCULUs was taken on Bohol.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tarsi and tail very long; eyes very large.
a. Tarsi and tail mostly bare.

,

a. No white or whitish on face.

ie Se NT GAR Ne ART Rh Se RN Wie Oe T. philip pinensis.
He a OMIAIBE Hy. acdc oft ont ts Se tre rerarsrats dois T. fraterculus.

b.’ Forehead, nose and cheeks whitish or
CEA” Wihtgs ya tae ages aiianie ang 9 T. sanghirensis.

b. Tarsi haired to ankles, feet to toes.

,

a. Tail mostly bare.

u”

a.” Under parts cream buff, molar

FECtIM Stall CLA Aner. Fe xn teyetenrs fe T. saltator.
b.” Under parts slate gray, molar
beetle TARR trices col yet as eo sht 4 T. borneanus.
c.” Under parts gray, inclining to
Wy GAEIS les banal « 6 - ayt arnie vam ara onotnct T. bancanus.
b.’ Tail two-thirds haired, tip tufted............ T. fuscus

10 LARSIUS

TARSIUS PHILIPPINENSIS Meyer.
Tarsius philippinensis Meyer, Abhandl. Berich. Konigl. Zool.

Anthrop.-Ethnogr. Mus. Dresd., 1894, No. 1, p. 1; 1896, No.

1, p. 9; Thos., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, 1896, p. 381;

Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 35.
PHILIPPINE TARSIER.

Type locality. Island of Samar, Philippines. Type in Dresden
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Samar; Leyte, (Whitehead) ; Mindanao, (Steere) ;
Philippine Archipelago.

Genl. Char. Tarsi bare, tail bare except toward tip where it is
sparsely haired.

Color. Face and top of head reddish brown; upper parts reddish
brown, paler than face; outer side of limbs reddish brown, lightest on
legs; throat and chest reddish; under parts yellowish gray; tail dark
brown. Ex type Dresden Museum.

Measurements. Size about same as T. Fuscus, type mounted.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 32 ; Hensel, 14; zygomatic width, 28 ; inter-
temporal width, 22; palatal length, 14; breadth of orbits, 18; width of
braincase, 23 ; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series,
13; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type
Dresden Museum.

All specimens are not so red as the type, and some are dark grayish
on the back of the head, with the shoulders and upper back washed
with reddish; hands dark brown; feet pale rufous. An example from
Mindanao before me is quite pale, a wood brown with a reddish tinge,
the upper back only inclined to rusty.. The Philippine Tarsier is more
or less a reddish animal, and in the prevalence of this color it differs
from the Tarsier of the other island groups in the eastern seas.

The following account of the habits of this little animal by Mr.
John Whitehead, who obtained specimens in Samar, was published by
Mr. O. Thomas in his paper above referred to.

Mr. Whitehead states: “This remarkable mammal is found in the
islands of Samar and Leyte where it is called by the Biscayas ‘Magou.’
So far as I am aware it has not been obtained in Luzon or Mindoro to
northwest of Samar. It probably occurs in the great Island of Min-
danao, and perhaps in Bohol, to the south of Leyte.

“Tn habits the ‘Magouw’ is nocturnal, as the enormous owl-like eyes
would lead one to suppose; it frequents abandoned clearings where the
new growth has sprung up to a height of some twenty feet, and in
Samar where the ground is also thickly covered with ferns and other

TARSIUS 11

plants to a height of some three feet. In such places this little animal
easily conceals itself during the day. I had the good fortune to see a
‘Magow’ in such a locality one day in Samar. The Tarsius was clinging
to the stem of a small tree just above the fern growth, with its
peculiar hands around the tree; it was awake and intently watching
my movements, and permitted me to approach as close as I wished;
when, doubtless at the least sudden movement of my hands it would
have jumped to the ground, and made off in the thick woody growth.
During the night the ‘Magou’ is very active, and may often be heard,
in localities where they are numerous, uttering a peculiar squeak like a
monkey. From its habits of feeding only on insects this animal has
a strong Bat-like smell.

“In Samar where at different times I kept several ‘Magous’ alive, I
found them very docile and easily managed during the day. They fed
off grasshoppers sitting on their haunches on my hand. When offered
an insect, the ‘Magou’ would stare for a short time with its most won-
derful eyes, then slowly bend forward, and with a sudden dash would
seize the insect with both hands and instantly carry it to its mouth,
shutting its eyes and screwing up its tiny face in a most whimsical
fashion. The grasshopper was then quietly passed through the sharp
little teeth, the kicking legs being held by both hands. When the
insect was beyond farther mischief, the large eyes of the ‘Magou’ would
open, and the legs and wings were then bitten off, while the rest of the
body was thoroughly masticated. My captives would also drink fresh
milk from a spoon. After the sun had set this little animal became
most difficult to manage, escaping when possible, and making tremen-
dous jumps from chair to chair. When on the floor it bounded about
like a miniature Kangaroo, travelling about the room on its hind legs
with the tail stretched out and curved upward, uttering peculiar shrill
monkey-like squeaks, and biting quite viciously when the opportunity
offered. During the day the pupil of the eye becomes so contracted
that it appears only as a fine line, but after dark it is so expanded as to
fill up most of the iris.

“The popular native idea is that the ‘Magou’ feeds on charcoal, the
reason for this being that the animal is generally found after the old
plantations have been cut down and burnt, this ‘Magou’ doubtless
having returned to its old haunts from which it had been driven by the
wood cutters. This delusion is fatal to all captured ‘Magous,’ as they
are immediately put on a diet of charcoal, and, therefore, soon starve to
death.”

17 TA RSA ws.

TARSIUS FRATERCULUS Miller.
Tarsius fraterculus Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVIII,
1910, p. 404.

Type locality. Sevilla, Bohol, Philippine Islands.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. PHILIPPINENSIS but smaller.

Color. Upper parts, sides of body and outer side of limbs ochra-
ceous buff; chest and abdomen buff, base of hairs slate gray showing
through; inner side of limbs buff; forehead and face reddish; tail
mostly naked reddish, hands reddish. Ex type, Bur. Philipp. Govt.

Measurements. Total length, 330; tail, 210; foot, 60. Skull: total
length, 37.9; occipito-nasal length, 35.9; Hensel, 13.8; intertemporal
width, 20; zygomatic width, 26.4; palatal length, 12.9; median length
of nasals, .71; length of upper molar series, 12.3; length of mandible,
24.1; length of lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type, Bur. Laboratories,
Manilla, Philipp. Govern.

This is a small representative of the Philippine Tarsier.

TARSIUS SANGHIRENSIS Meyer.
Tarsius sanghirensis Meyer, Abhand. Berich. Konigl. Zool. u. An-
throp.-Ethnog. Mus. Dresd., 1897, No. 1, p. 9; Thos., Trans.

Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, 1896, p. 381.
SANGHIR TARSIER.

Type locality. Island of Sanghir, Philippine Archipelago.

Genl. Char. Very near T. PHILIPPINENSIS, but apparently differs
in having the forehead, nose and cheeks buffy white.

Color. Like T. PHILIPPINENSIS, but forehead, nose and cheeks
buffy white.

Dr. Meyer does not describe this species, but has contented himself
with comparing it with T. ruscus and showing where it differs from
that species. This was easy for it has nothing to do with T. Fuscus,
but is very doubtfully separable from T. PHILIPPINENsIS. Dr.
Meyer does not show where his animal differs from that species, though
he says it is allied to it; in fact, if the figure in the plate is colored cor-
rectly, it does differ from all known Tarsiers, in its buffy white fore-
head, nose and cheeks.

This, however, is an unsatisfactory conclusion to reach, because it
would seem incredible, if the Sanghir examples possessed this remark-
able peculiarity, that Dr. Meyer did not mention it.

I could not find the type of T. SANGHIRENsIS in the Dresden
Museum and doubt if it is there, and so could not compare it with T.

TARSIUS 13

PHILIPPINENSIS; but knowing how rarely a small colored figure
gives a correct representation of the original, I should expect to find
the present form inseparable from T. PHILIPPINENSIS. Being at
present unable to prove it to be the same, I leave T. SANGHIRENSIS to
occupy a specific rank.

TARSIUS SALTATOR Elliot.
Tarsius saltator Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910,

DB. L5Z:
BILLITON ISLAND TARSIER.

Type locality. Billiton Island, East Indian Archipelago. Type in
United States National Museum, Washington.

Genl. Char. Tail sparsely haired on apical third ; tarsi hairy to the
ankles, and on feet to toes; ascending ramus of mandible short, and
comparatively narrow, molar teeth smaller than Bornean or Philippine
examples. .

Color. Forehead, sides of face, neck and upper lip, and narrow
collar from beneath ears, passing above shoulders and across back
between shoulders, rusty; top of head and back of neck to upper back
wood brown, hairs tipped with black, and this gives a darker hue to the
wood brown when seen from above; middle of back buff; rump ochra-
ceous; thighs tawny ochraceous; outer side of arms and outer side of
legs below knees ochraceous buff; inner side of arms whitish buff;
under parts of body and inner side of legs cream buff, base of fur slate
color, and this shows through, becoming the almost dominant color on
under parts of body; throat and upper part of breast rust color; hands
and feet buff, fingers and toes reddish brown; tail at root covered with
cream buff fur; hairs on apical third dark brown; naked portion Prout’s
brown grading into black in skin, “dull reddish brown in life” (Col-
lector) ; ears furred at base, rest bare, dark burnt umber. Ex type
United States National Museum.

. Measurements. Total length, 361; tail, 228; foot, 68, (Collector).
Skull: total length, 37; occipito-nasal length, 35; Hensel, 23.3; inter-
temporal width, 23; zygomatic width, 26.5; palatal length, 13.9; width
of palate between last molars, .90; medium length of nasals, .48;
length of upper molar series, 15.1; length of mandible, 24.1; length of
lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type United States National Museum.

TARSIUS BORNEANUS Elliot.
Tarsius borneanus Elliot, ‘Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910,
p. 151; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, 1911, p. 136.

14 PARAS Ws

Type locality. Sandak River, Borneo. Type in United States Na-
tional Museum.

Genl. Char. Tarsi haired to ankles, feet to toes ; apical third of tail
sparsely haired, rest bare, except at root; molar series larger than
T. SALTATOR and palate longer.

Color. Forehead, top of head and sides of face rusty; middle of
back and outer sides of arms and lower back grayish brown; rump
smoke gray, outer side of legs slaty gray, with a rusty patch below knee;
inner side of arms whitish gray; of legs mouse gray; face ochraceous
buff, throat and chest brownish, the slate gray of base of fur dominat-
ing the brown; rest of under parts slate gray, hairs tipped with whitish ;
tail whitish gray at root; bare portion reddish brown; paler beneath;
haired portion grayish brown, darker at tip; feet reddish brown, hands,
fingers and toes darker brown; ears blackish brown, naked. Immature.
Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 310; tail, 190; foot, 69, (Collector).
Skull: total length, 36.1; occipito-nasal length, 33.6; Hensel, 22.1;
intertemporal width, 23.1; zygomatic width, 23.8; palatal length, 14.6;
width of palate between last molars, .84; median length of nasals, 64;
length of upper molar series, 12.3; length of mandible, 23.4; length of
lower molar series, 12.5. Ex type United States National Museum.
Skull of adult: total length, 39.3; occipito-nasal length, 36.4; Hensel,
26.1; intertemporal width, 28; zygomatic width, 28.4; palatal length,
14.3 ; width of palate between last molars, .93; median length of nasals,
.58 ; length of upper molar series, 12.9; length of mandible, 27.5; length
of lower molar series, 13.9. Skull only, no skin.

TARSIUS BANCANUS Horsfield.
Tarsius bancanus Horsf., Zool. Research., 1821, No. 2, pl.; Fitzing.,

Sitzungsb. Mitth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 758.

Hypsicebus bancanus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 253.
JAVAN TARSIER.

Type locality. Banca, near Jeboos, Java.

Genl. Char. Tail nearly naked; tarsi haired to ankle; only two
upper incisors, and five teeth in molar series on each side both jaws.

Color. “General color brown inclining to gray; on the breast, ab-
domen and interior of extremities it is gray, inclining to whitish; a
rufous tint is sparingly dispersed over the upper parts which shows
itself most on the head and extremities ; the naked parts of the tail near
the root are considerably darker than the extremity.” Horsfield.

TARSIUS 15

This is evidently a young animal with the teeth not yet fully de-
veloped. From Horsfield’s description given above it is impossible to
say to which species it is nearest, and, therefore, for the present it
is left as a separate form. The only specimen from Java I know is in
the Leyden Museum in alcohol, and of course cannot be trusted for
color. It has, however, four upper incisors.

Tarsius Fuscus Fischer.
Tarsius fuscus Fischer, Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 3; Meyer, Abhandl.

Mus. Dresd., 1896, No. 1, p. 8; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
1894, p. 21.

Tarsius fuscomanus Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 37, t. IV-VI;
Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 168, No. 2;
Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 131; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Mitth.
Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 754.

Tarsius fischeri Burm., Beitr. z. nah. Kennt. Gatt. Tarsius, 1846,
pp. 29, 129; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 37.

Tarsius spectrum var. A. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 252.
FISCHER’S TARSIER.

‘Type locality. Celebes.

Geogr. Distr. Celebes. Saloyer.?

Genl. Char. Tarsi haired to the feet, which are also haired to the
toes; tail haired throughout more than half its length; white spot
behind ear.

Color. Head dark broccoli brown; upper back reddish brown; rest
of back and rump wood brown; behind ears a whitish patch; outer side
of arms rusty; outer side of legs wood brown; inner side of limbs
and under parts buff, slate color of base of hairs showing; hands and
feet wood brown; fingers and toes reddish brown; tail wood brown at
root, then bare, Prout’s brown, haired portion and tuft at tip purplish
black; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs of tuft, 415 ; tail, 250;
foot, 57, (skin).

This species is easily recognized from all others by its more hairy
tail, and the white spot behind ears.

16 LORIS

FAMILY 3. NYCTICIBIDZE.
Subfamily |. Lorisine.

GENUS 1. LORIS. THE SLENDER LORIS.

2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3
1G 22> oF T=15 P; 3-33 M. 3-3=36.

LORIS E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 2me Année, I, 1796, p. 48. Type
Loris gracilis E. Geoffroy, = Lemur tardigradus Linn.
Tardigradus Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 67, (nec hai 1762,
Bradipodidz).
Lori Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 5.
Stenops Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 73.
Loridium Rafin., Analyse de la Nature, 1840, p. 207.

Fur soft, thick, woolly ; muzzle narrow, pointed; eyes very large;
ears small, tip naked; limbs long, slender; tail absent. Skull: orbits
approximate; braincase broadest anteriorly; palate extending beyond
last molar ; incisors small; last lower molar with five cusps.

The earliest genus proposed for this animal was Tardigradus
Boddert, (1. c.) as shown by Messrs. Stone and Rehn, (1. c.) in their
review of the Genus. Unfortunately, however, the name had been
previously employed by Brisson in the BRADIPODIDZ, and therefore
was not available, and Loris proposed by Geoffroy, (I. c.) the next
in succession, became the term to be selected.

The members of the family NYCTICIBIDZ are small animals,
nocturnal in habits, slow in movement and covered with a soft, thick,
woolly fur. They are contained in four genera: Loris with two
species; NyctTIcEBus with eleven species and subspecies; Arcto-
CEBUS with two and Prropicticus with four species. The eyes are
large and the ears erect; the limbs subequal; the tarsi short, and
the tail is either short, rudimentary or wanting altogether. The
third upper premolar is smaller than the first and possesses one large
external cusp, and the last upper molar varies in the number of its
cusps in the different genera, being quadricusped in Loris, tricusped
in Nycticesus and ArcToceBus, and bicusped in PERopIcTICUus.

VOLUME I. PLATE Ill.

LORIS TARDIGRADUS.
No. 48.10.31.3. Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size.

LORIS 17
LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1758. Linneus Systema Nature.
The slender Loris from Ceylon was here first described as
Lemur TARDIGRADUS; and this nomenclature was followed by
Erxleben, Gmelin, and Schreber.

1784. Boddert, Elenchus Animalium.
The genus Tardigradus was here instituted for the Lemur
TARDIGRADUS Linn., but being preoccupied by Brisson in
Bradipodide could not be again employed.

1796. E. Geotfroy Saint-Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopédique.
The Linnzan species Lemur TARDIGRADUS was here renamed
Lemur gracilis, and Loris established as the generic name.

1804. Fischer-de-Waldheim (G). Anatomie der Maki und der thnen
verwandten Thiere.
Lemur TaRDIGRADUS Linn., was here redescribed as Lemur
ceylonicus.

1904. Lydekker, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

In this paper the author separates the Slender Loris from Cey-
lon as a species distinct from the Indian and names it Lemur
- gracilis ceylonicus, unmindful of the fact that Linnzus’ species

came from Ceylon, and that the name ceylonicus had been
already bestowed on the animal.

1908. Cabrera, in Boletin Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural,
Madrid.
Dr. Cabrera here points out the error committed by Mr. Lydek-
ker and renames the Indian Loris LYDEKKERIANUS.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The two species which represent the genus at the present time
have a rather restricted dispersion in the localities they frequent.
L. TARDIGRADUS is apparently confined to the Island of Ceylon, where
it is called according to Tennent, the Ceylon Sloth. The other species
L,. LYDEKKERIANUS is found in the southern part of the Indian Penin-
sula at a low elevation on the Malabar coast, and in the forests of the
eastern Ghats, where according to Jerdon it is common. It is very
difficult, however, to determine accurately the dispersion of small
mammals such as these, whose habits are strictly nocturnal, for it is

18 EORIS

not impossible for them to reside in a locality covered by dense forests
and be quite unknown to the people inhabiting the district.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. White streaks between eyes.
@ Upper parts plain browty:22eieblaaeagelck L. tardigradus.
b Upper parts brownish gray................ L. lydekkerianus

Loris TARDIGRADUS (Linnzus).
Lemur tardigradus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 29; I, 1766, p. 44.
Lemur gracilis E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48; Id. Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 163, (Ceylon) ; Gray,
List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 1851, p. 79, (Ceylon) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl.,
1852, p. 9; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus, Calc., Pt. 1881,
p. 97; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., 1888, p. 47, (Part.) ;
Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 145, fig. 3, (Brain) ;
Forsyth-Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 140, figs.
40, 42.
Lemur ceylonicus Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 28, t. XIT.
Stenops gracilis Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, pp. 37, 47, t. VI, fig. 2; Van der
Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur. Ges., XI, 1844, p. 39, pl. I, No. 4;
Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 109; Kelaart, Faun. Zelan., .
1852, p. 9; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 159.
Nycticebus lori Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 70.
Nycticebus gracilis (Ceylon), Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Lemur,
pl. H; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 284, (Ceylon).
Arachnocebus lori Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 243.
Stenops tardigradus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 168; Fitzing.,
. Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 698;
Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, II, p. 346, pl. XXIII,
fig. 4.
Loris gracilis Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fase. I,
1856, p. 211, t. IX, figs. 33, 34.
CEYLON SLENDER LORIS.
Type locality. Ceylon.
, Geogr. Distr. Island of Ceylon.
Color. Above wood brown tinged with tawny and slightly
clouded with blackish, with much silvery gloss in certain lights ; throat,

PLATE 2.

VOLUME |.

=

LORIS TARDIGRADUS.

NYCTICEBUS COUCANG.

VOLUME I. PLATE IV.

LORIS LYDEKKERIANUS.

No. 94.7.1.1. Brit Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size.

LORIS 19

cheeks, chin, and median face stripe whitish; dark face markings like
back; crown tawny; under parts cream buff, outer side of limbs like
back; inner side like belly; base of fur gray. Ex Lydekker’s type of
Loris gracilis zeylonicus in British Museum.

Measurements. About the same as the Indian species.

Lemur tardigradus Linnzeus was described from a Ceylon speci-
men as was clearly proved by Stone and Rehn, (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 137), in their revision of the genus Nycrice-
Bus. Mr. Lydekker, in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 346,
decided that the animals from India and Ceylon were separable, one
being a race of the other, but unfortunately he selected the one from
Ceylon as new, and conferred upon it the name of Loris gracilis zey-
lonicus which was preoccupied by L. ceylonicus given by Fischer,
(Anat. Maki, p. 28, t. 7, 8, 9, and 18), also to the Ceylon form. In the
next species the tangle caused by Mr. Lydekker conferring a name upon
the wrong animal was unravelled by Dr. Cabrera.

Loris LYDEKKERIANUS Cabrera..
Loris lydekkerianus Cabr., Bol. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 1908, p.

135; Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, 1908, p. 469.
Loris gracilis typicus Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 346,
pl. XXIII, fig. 8.

Loris tardigradus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 129.
LYDEKKER’S SLENDER LORIS.

Type locality. Madras, India.

Geogr. Distr. Southern India, near states east of British Burma
in forests of the lowlands, (Jerdon) ; Madras and possibly on the west
coast near Ratnageri, (Blanford).

Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale, no red on head.

Color. White stripe from forehead down nose between eyes;
orbital ring sooty with a brown tinge, this extending upward on fore-
head on each side of the white stripe; whiskers here quite broad; top
of head, neck and upper parts of body brownish gray with white
hairs intermingled; flanks paler, yellowish; sides of head grayish
white; lips, chin, throat, under side of body and inner side of limbs
white; outer side of arms to elbow yellowish gray; forearms and legs
below knees sooty gray; outer side of thighs yellowish with a sooty
stripe over upper side from hips to knees ; hands and feet white.

20 LORLS

Measurements. Head and body, 180; foot, 40. Skull: total length,
48.9 ; occipito-nasal length, 38 ; intertemporal width, 17.7; Hensel, 34.7;
zygomatic width, 29; width of braincase, 24.7; length of nasals, 13.3;
palatal length, 15.8; length of upper molar series, 13.1; length of
mandible, 26.5; length of lower molar series, 14.

This is the southern Indian species of Loris, which has always
been called L. TARDIGRADUS, authors ignoring the fact, as has already
been shown, that Linnzus gave that name to the Loris of Ceylon. Dr.
Cabrera corrected the error (1. c.) into which Mr. Lydekker fell, and
gave to the Indian animal the name LYDEKKERIANUS.

Bla yet

PLATE V.

VOLUME I.

NYCTICEBUS NATUNA.,

e.

Siz

larger than Nat.

Mus. Coll. Type

J. S. Nat.

104599 T

No.

NYCTICEBUS 21

GENUS 2. NYCTICEBUS. SLOW LORIS.

2—2 1—1 3—3 33
Wess, Ce as Pe ean le ag 30

NYCTICEBUS E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p.
162. Type Nycticebus bengalensis Geoffroy, = Tardigradus
coucang Boddeert. |

*Bradycebus Gerv., Dict. Pitt. Hist. Nat., VI, pt. II, 1836, p. 617,
(desc. nulla). il
Stenops Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., XI, 1844, p. 39, |
(nec Illiger). {il
Bradylemur Blainv., Ostéog., Mamm., I, Lemur, 1839, p. 12.

Body heavy; fur thick, woolly; head round; muzzle short; eyes

large, approximate; neck short; tail lacking; limbs short. Skull with

prominent crests ; orbits large; premaxillz not produced far anteriorly ;
palate not extending behind second molar; inner upper incisors larger ©
_ than outer; canines very long, diastema present; first premolar elon- |
gate; the last molar with a short cusp posteriorly, and three cusps on |
crown.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1784. Boddert, Elenchus Animalium. |
The Indian form was here described as Tardigradus coucANG.
1812. E. Geoffroy, Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, Paris. il
NyctTIcEBus JAVANICUS from Java first described.
1867. A. Milne-Edwards, in Annales du Muséum d@ Histoire Naturelle, i
Paris.
The Siamese form of N. coucaNc is here named Nycticebus |
coucang cinereus. |
1870. Gray, (J. E.) Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating |)
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum. |
NyYcTICEBUS COUCANG is called by the Author tardigradus and
Linnzus erroneously cited among the authorities given. The |
other species recognized is N. yavanicus Geoff., and attention |

*This name is not in the paper of Cuv. and Geoff., in the Magazine Encyclo- i
pédique, the genus No. VI being Papio. Gervais gives Bradycebus (1. c.), but he
cites the name only without description.

2 NYCTICEBUS

is called to N. ceylonicus Geoff., as a possible variety of N.
JAVANICUS. |

1881. Anderson, Catalogue of Mammalia in the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta.
The form from the Malayan Peninsula described as Nycticebus
tardigradus malaianus.

1888- Blanford, The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and

91. Burma.
The form from Tenasserim is figured and described on the
authority of Tickell Nycticebus tardigradus, Tenasserim variety.

1902. Stone and Rehn, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Nycticebus (coucang) hilleri from Sumatra, and Nycticebus
(coucang) natune from Bungaran, Natuna Islands, first de-
scribed and a revision of the genus NycTICEBUs given.

1906. M. W. Lyon, in Proceedings of the National Museum, Wash-
ington.
NYCTICEBUS BORNEANUS from Western Borneo, and Nyctice-
BUS BANCANUsS from the Island of Banka, first described.

1907. Bonhote, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon
don.
NYCTICEBUS PYGM£US first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

This small group of night-loving animals is essentially one of the
Oriental Region, ranging in India, Arakan, Assam, Siam, Annam,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Banka, Java and Borneo, the
Natuna Group and the Philippines. The N. coucaNne ranges to the
east of the Bay of Bengal, Burma and possibly Assam, but it is
practically impossible to define its boundaries as it has been so con-
fused with N. c. cinereus, and it may eventually be ascertained, that,
these species now considered distinct, are not so in reality. The
dispersal of N. c. cinereus, which is smaller than N. coucana,
is supposed to be in Siam and Cochin China, but it cannot
be said that these boundaries are accurately defined, nor can
they be, until, through the acquisition of ample material, the exact
status of the two forms is determined. In Annam, N. pyGmMaus was
discovered and in Tenasserim N. TENASSERIMENSIS occurs, its range
unknown, while N. MALAIANUus is found in the Malay Peninsula and on
the west coast of Sumatra. In this Island also N. HILLERI has been

NVCTICEBUS 23

procured, but its range is unknown; while in the Island of Banka, to
the east of Sumatra, N. BANCANUS was procured. In Java N. JAVANI-
cus is a resident, while N. BORNEANUS represents the genus in Borneo.
On Bungaron Island of the Natuna Group, N. NATUNZ was discovered,
and from somewhere in the Philippine Archipelago, locality unknown,
N. MENAGENSIS was brought. In coloration these animals differ con-
siderably even among members of the same species, and the hue of the
dorsal stripe, usually a very conspicuous marking, varies greatly both
in color and extent. Some animals have a conspicuous spot on the
crown of the head, others are without this, and the presence or absence
of this coloration has been utilized for arranging the different forms
into two groups. The manner in which the temporal ridges approxi-
mate and form a sagittal crest has served also for the arrangements
into groups of the known forms, and each method has answered fairly
well, although in a non adult animal the skulls fail to indicate whether
the temporal ridges will, in the fully mature individual, produce by
joining together, a sagittal crest or not. The number of upper incisors
varies between two and four, and it is difficult to determine from lack
of material, the exact reason for this, whether it is an individual
peculiarity, or a character of scientific importance. At the present
time this question cannot be satisfactorily answered, but it would seem
that, from such evidence as we have, the major portion would indicate
individual variation, caused however neither by age nor sex.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Skulls with sagittal crest ; incisors two.
a. Lower orbital ring broad; under parts whitish. .N. borneanus.
b. Lower orbital ring narrow ; under parts buffy....N. bancanus.
B. Skulls without sagittal crests; incisors four.
a. Stripe on forehead bifurcating and encircling
PR SMOHES I a in: wd dct Pha ABERS, 6. tetra N. tenasserimensis.
b. Stripe on forehead not bifurcating nor en-
circling the eyes.

B.plines onshead absent sig... ..60. hal: N. c. cinereus.
c. Lines on head conspicuous.
”

a.” Dorsal stripe in a reddish white or
silvery white area.

a.” Hands and feet reddish ....... N. javanicus.
b.”” Hands and feet dusky .......... N. natune.

a;; Lines on head andistinct, oii. 40 Wie oh 5% N. coucang.

24 NYCLICEBUS

c.”” Hands and feet yellowish ..... N. malaianus.

d.”” Hands dark gray, feet red-
dish cinnamon ):<2. 7.6 ee N. hilleri.
b.” Dorsal stripe in rufous area........ N. menagensts.
c.” Dorsal stripe in russet area.......... N. pygmeus.

NYCTICEBUS BORNEANUS Lyon.

Nycticebus borneanus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 535;

1917) p. 136.

BORNEAN SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Sakaiam River, Sanggan district, West Borneo.
Type in United States National Museum.

Genl. Char. Temporal ridges forming parallel lines on top of
skull; no sagittal crest.

Color. Band between eyes white; orbital rings brownish black;
top of head and line down neck to middle of back, narrowing as it goes

until it becomes a mere point, chestnut and burnt umber, lightest on

head and neck; upper parts ochraceous buff, becoming tawny ochra-
ceous on rump, hairs tipped with silvery white, giving a frosted appear-
ance especially on sides of head and neck; flanks and limbs on both
sides, and hands and feet pinkish buff; under parts gray with a pink
tinge; tail like rump. Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 305; tail, 12; foot, 67. Skull: total
length, 55.9; occipito-nasal length, 55.5; Hensel, 44.1; intertemporal
width, 18.3; zygomatic width, 37.2; median length of nasals, 13.4;
palatal length, 17.5; length of upper tooth row, 15; length of mandible,
33.8 ; length of lower tooth row, 13.3. Ex type United States National
Museum.

NYcTICEBUS BANCANUS Lyon.

Nycticebus bancanus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 536.
ISLAND OF BANKA SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Klabat Bay, Island of Banka. Type in United
States National Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. BORNEANUS, but paler above, and darker
beneath; outer and lower wall of orbit narrow, 3-4 mm. wide; tem-
poral ridges parallel on top of skull; no sagittal crest.

Color. White stripe between eyes; orbital rings black; top of
head and dorsal stripe to lumbar region tawny; upper parts and limbs
ochraceous buff ; hands and feet paler; under parts gray and ochraceous

NYCTICEBUS 25

buff intermingled, hardly any frosting. Ex type United States Na-
tional Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 935; tail, 8. Skull: total length,
54.5; occipito-nasal length, 54; Hensel, 45; zygomatic width, 42.1;
intertemporal width, 19.3; palatal length, 19.5; median length of
nasals, 16.3; length of upper tooth row, 12; length of mandible, 15.9;
length of lower tooth row, 12.7. Ex type United States National
Museum.

NYCTICEBUS TENASSERIMENSIS.
Nycticebus tardigradus Tenasserim variety. Blanf., Faun. Brit.

Ind., 1888-91, pp. 45, 46, fig. 12.
TENASSERIM SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Tenasserim.

Genl. Char. Dorsal stripe bifurcating on the forehead and encir-
cling the eyes.

Color. “Pale rufescent.”

Major Tickell appears to be the only one who has seen this animal,
and Blanford reproduces Tickell’s drawing in his work on the Fauna of
British India. The manner in which the dorsal stripe bifurcates on the
forehead, each stripe passing forward and encircling the eyes, is cer-
tainly peculiar and unlike that of any other member of the genus.
Before its distinctness can be established satisfactorily, Tenasserim
specimens must be procured and properly compared with examples from
other parts of India. Blanford quoting from Tickell’s notes states, that
this animal is purely nocturnal and arboreal, and feeds on leaves and
shoots of trees, fruits, bird’s eggs, and young birds. It has been
observed to raise itself on its hind legs and throw itself upon an insect.
As a rule it is silent or only utters a feeble, croaking sound, but when
angry and about to bite it emits a tolerably loud grunt or growl. When
captured it is at first apt to be savage and prone to bite, but soon
becomes very gentle and docile. This animal is tolerably common in
the Tenasserim provinces and Arakan, but being strictly nocturnal in
its habits, is seldom seen. It inhabits the densest forests and never by
choice leaves the trees. Its movements are slow, but it climbs readily,
and grasps with great tenacity. When placed on the ground it can pro-
ceed if frightened, in a wavering kind of trot, the limbs placed at right
angles. It sleeps rolled up in a ball, its head and hands buried between
its thighs, and wakes up at the dusk of evening tc commence its noc-
turnal rambles. The female bears but one young at a time.

26 NYCLICGEBVUS

NycrTicEBus coucane Boddert.
Tardigradus coucang Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 67.

Nycticebus bengalensis Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 30; E. Geoff.,
Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 164.

Nycticebus tardigradus (nec Linn.), Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829,
p. 71; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 78; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, p. 210; Blyth, Cat.
Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1863, p. 18; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, p. 149; Jerd., Mamm. Ind., 1874, p. 44; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 285; Anders., Cat. Mamm.
Ind. Mus., 1881, p. 94, Pt. I; Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm.,
1888, p. 44; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 33; Beddard,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 144, fig. I; Id. 1904, p. 159,
Fig. II, (Brain) ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 140,
fig. 41.

Bradylemur tardigradus Blainv., Ostéog., 1839, p. 12; Less., Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 240.

Stenops tardigradus Van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., XI, 1844,
p. 39; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 151.

Nycticebus coucang Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,
1902, p. 141; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., F. C.
M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 550, fig. LX XVIII, Zool. Ser. ; Lyon,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 532.
SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Bengal.

Geogr. Distr. Bengal, Upper Burma, possibly Annam.

Genl. Char. Head with lines indistinct; dorsal line disappearing
towards crown of head.

Color. Rufescent gray above, paler beneath; dorsal stripe broad,
deep brown, expanding on the crown where it is rufous including the
ears; orbital ring brown. (Blanford).

This is the larger and possibly more common form of NycrIceE-
Bus found east of the Bay of Bengal. Its distinctness as a separate
species, from N. c. cinereus cannot yet be established with certainty, as
the material available is not sufficient for definite decisions to be
reached. Blanford (1. c.) says that this species is purely nocturnal and
arboreal. It feeds on leaves, shoots of trees, insects, bird’s eggs and
young birds. It is generally silent or utters a feeble crackling sound.
If angry, however, and ready to bite it makes a low growl or grunt.
In captivity it soon becomes docile and very gentle, but when first
captured is apt to be savage.

NVCTICEBUS 27

NyYcTICEBUS COUCANG CINEREUS (A. Milne-Edwards).
Nycticebus cereus A. Milne-Edw., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
VII, 1867, p. 161; Jd. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
III, 1867, p. 9, pl. III; Anders., Res. Zool. Yunnan, 1878, p.
103; Jd. Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind. Co., Pt. I, 1888, p. 95;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 286; Lyon, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 532.
Nycticebus tardigradus (nec Linn.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1900, p. 321, (ex Siam) ; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1900, p. 873.
Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind.
Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 96.
GRAY SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Siam. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Siam, Cochin China.

Color. General color clear gray with a reddish tinge on side of
body, shoulders, and outer side of limbs; orbital rings black; dorsal
line from center of head to tail dark reddish chestnut, sometimes grow-
ing paler on lower parts; no face markings; ears rufous; under parts
grayish white. Ex type in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length of skin, about 370. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 61; Hensel, 53; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal
width, 18; palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 30; median length of
nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 39;
length of lower molar series, 15. Specimen British Museum.

The type in the Paris Museum is greatly faded from exposure to
the light, and there is not much more than a trace of the original
coloring left on the sides of body and shoulders, but more is to be
seen on the dorsal line and rump, although these parts are much paler
evidently than during the life of the animal. There are no markings on
the face, and only a pale narrow reddish yellow line on center of head
from between the ears. The hands and feet were probably silvery gray,
but now are a dirty or sooty gray, as the accumulated dust of many
years has obscured in a great degree the original coloring. The side
of the body turned away from the light in the case is darker than
the other, and shows more of the reddish or orange tint, but it
is impossible to say what was the original color. The head is paler
than the body and is a grayish white, same color as the arms and
legs.

28 NVCT EE EB Uns

This is the smaller style of Nycticesus, allied to N. coucane,
and whether or not they represent two distinct species cannot at the
present time be decided. The material available for these, as well as
some others of the members of this genus is not yet sufficiently ample,
and many additional authenticated specimens are required before the
status of these animals can be established. For the present therefore
they are permitted to remain as distinct species, although it is most
probable, that, in the event of their remaining apart, the NV. c. cinereus
will only hold a subspecific rank, as a race of N. couCcANG, as is given
to it here.

>

NyctTIcEBus JAVANICUS E. Geoffroy.
Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 164; Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16;
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 78; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 209; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 92; Stone
and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 140; Lyon,
Proc. Smith. Inst., 1907, p. 535.
Stenops javanicus Van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch., XI,
1844, p. 40; Flow., Trans. Zool. Soc., V, 1866, p. 103, pl.
XXVII.
JAVAN LORIS.
Type locality. Java. Type in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Island of Java.
Genl. Char. About equal in size to N. MALAIANUs but paler brown;
bands on head well-defined and united to the rich brown dorsal band.
Color. Type greatly faded, but from the remains of color it
exhibits and with the help of another specimen from Java, better pre-
served, a pretty fair idea of its original appearance can be obtained.
White line from forehead between eyes to nose; sides of nose and head
gray slightly tinged with rufous; line from forehead along back to
rump chocolate; top of head rufous, (but now only patches of that color
remaining) ; sides of head behind ears and sides of neck grayish white;
body and limbs white tinged with reddish; the original color has faded
nearly quite away, the other Javan specimen having the body and limbs
of a general reddish hue. Ex type Paris Museum.
Measurements. Total length, 16 in.; foot 254 in. Ex type Paris
Museum.

NYVCTICEBUS 29

NYCTICEBUS NATUN&. Stone and Rehn.
Nycticebus coucang natune Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phila., 1902, p. 140.
Nycticebus tardigradus Thos. and Hart., Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p.
655; Miller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., III, 1901, p. 138.

Nycticebus natune Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 534.
NATUNA ISLANDS SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Bungaran, Natuna Islands. Type in United States
National Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Natuna Islands.

Genl. Char. Distinct in coloration from all known forms. No
sagittal crest, incisors four.

- Color. Upper parts rich russet brown, deepest on the shoulders ;
limbs paler. Dorsal line rich vandyke brown becoming black on back
and decreasing in width posteriorly, becoming almost obsolete on the
rump; tips of hairs on each side of dorsal line silver white; crown
patch broad extending to ears, burnt umber, with a broad bar of same
color to orbital rings which are black; cheeks suffused with dusky
brown. Lower portion of arms lighter than the other parts. Throat
silvery white, rest of under parts pale cinnamon; hands and feet
dusky. Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 318; tail, 13. Skull: total length,
58.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 56.9; Hensel, 47.5; zygomatic width, 39.8;
intertemporal width, 17.9; palatal length, 18.4; median length of nasals,
13.9; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 14.9; length
of lower molar series, 14.4. Ex type United States National Museum.

NYcTICEBUS MALAIANUS (Anderson).
Nycticebus tardigradus malaianus Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.

Calc., I, 1881, p. 95.

Nycticebus coucang malaianus Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phila., 1892, p. 141; Miller, Proc..U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1903, p. 475; Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 533.

Nycticebus sondaicus Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth.-Natur. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 705.

Nycticebus tardigradus (nec Linn.), Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1900, p. 321; Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900,

p. 873, (ex Malay Pen.).
MALAYAN SLOW LORIS.
Type locality. None given.

30 NY GRIGEBUS

Geogr. Distr. Chittagong through Arakan as far south as Trin-
ganu, Lower Siam; coast region of Sumatra?.

Genl. Char. Darker than N. c. cinereus and smaller, upper in-
cisors, 2-4.

Color. General hue brownish with a rusty tinge; head markings
tawny ; dorsal line seal brown to tawny; under parts cream buff; hands
and feet yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 328; tail, 16; foot, 61. Skull: total
length, 68.8; occipito-nasal length, 67.5; Hensel, 49.6; zygomatic
width, 43; intertemporal width, 19.2; palatal length, 19.2; median
length of nasals, 16.4; length of upper tooth row, 37.2.

Capt. Flower, writing of the Siamese form under the name of
tardigradus, states that in captivity this species will eat bananas,
mangoes, and bread and milk. It is also very expert at catching small
birds; and climbs about at night with considerable speed. “At one
time,” he writes, “I used to sleep in a hammock swung in a veranda
close to a cage of ‘Kongkangs’, and when lying awake on moonlight
nights had good opportunities of observing their habits. They could
squeeze through the bars of their cage (though I never could make
out how they got their bodies through such narrow openings as there
were) and roam about; usually they were back in the cage by daylight ;
sometimes they remained absent a day or two, and on one occasion two
individuals never returned to me. One kept by itself, made a nice
interesting pet, but when there were more than one, I found they would
resent being handled and bite; their bite may be very severe as I know
from painful experience, but the stories of its being dangerously
poisonous to human beings, are hard to believe. The young are carried
under the mother’s belly, holding on tight by all four hands, until they
almost equal her in size. Many strange powers are attributed to this
animal by the natives of the countries it inhabits; there is hardly an
event in life to man, woman or child, or even domestic animals, that
may not be influenced for better or worse by the Slow Loris, alive or
dead, or by any separate part of it, and apparently one cannot usually
tell at the time, that one is under its supernatural power. Thus a
Malay may commit a crime he did not premeditate, and then find that
an enemy had buried a particular part of a Loris under his threshold,
which had, unknown to him, compelled him to act to his own dis-
advantage. Its fur is used to cure wounds, and a sailing ship with a

NV CRIGEBUS 31

live Loris on board is said never to be becalmed. But its life is not
a happy one, for it is continually seeing ghosts; that is why it hides its
face in its hands.”

This is a well-defined race of N. coucane, characterized by absence
of face markings, and the general gray color distributed generally, but
with a slight reddish tinge on the flanks and outer edge of limbs.

NYCTICEBUS HILLERI Stone and Rehn.
Nycticebus coucang hilleri Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Scien. Phil., 1902, p. 139.
Lemur tardigradus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, 1822,
p. 247, (nec Linnzus).

Nycticebus hilleri Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 534.
HILLER’S SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Batu, Sangar, Tanah Datar, Padangsche Boven-
land, Sumatra. Type in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Geogr. Distr. Sumatra.

Genl. Char. Differs from N. MALAIANUS in the more strongly
marked dorsal line, and the predominance of chestnut brown in the
general coloration. From N. JavaNicus it is distinguished by the less
defined head bars, and the brown crown patch which grades away into
the surrounding tint.

Color. Upper parts reddish cinnamon washed with écru, to a
pale gray tinged with red in other specimens; dorsal line distinct seal
brown; crown patch mars brown; head bars not distinct and merging
into the hoary tint of the head; orbital ring black; stripe on nose and
forehead between eyes pure white; cheeks whitish with paler red tinge;
throat silvery gray ; under parts pale wood brown with a slight reddish
tinge; limbs and arms isabella color with a reddish tinge; legs like
back; hands dark gray; feet reddish cinnamon. Ex type Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Measurements. Skull: total length, 62; Hensel, 49; zygomatic
width, 46; palatal length, 15; median length of nasals, 15; length of
upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 41; length of lower molar
tooth row, 16. Ex type Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Specimens vary greatly and some are yellowish gray, with dorsal
line black, base of hairs russet, and the line practically disappearing
on the center of back; under parts pale yellowish gray.

32 NV EERGE BES

NYCTICEBUS MENAGENSIS Lydekker.
Nycticebus menagensis Lydekker, Zool. Record, XXIX, 1893,
p. 25, Mamm.
? menagensis Nachtrieb, Zool. Anzeig.,
XV, 1892, p. 147; Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1908, 8th

Ser., p. 469; Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, 1909, p. 89.
PHILIPPINE SLOW LORIS.

Type locality, —_————————_ ?. Native name Cocane.

Geogr. Distr. Philippine Islands.

Genl. Char. Head round; snout short and flat; eyes brown, large
and round, and slightly prominent; ears about 9/16 in. and hardly
projecting beyond hair of head. Neck so short as to give head appear-
ance of being set squarely on shoulders. Nails of hands flat. Hind
legs very crooked, (bowed) with feet turned sharply inwards. General
color light rufous, hairs being dark at base, then gray changing to
light rufous, with very short gray tips.

“White line between eyes extending backward 1 in. from base of
nose. Face around eyes dark rufous, the markings extending upwards
on forehead. The effect produced is a heart-shaped mark of dark
rufous on face, the point of heart being on forehead, the eyes occupying
two lobes and separated by the white mark which does not run to tip
of heart. Sides of head at back, and of neck, have hairs broadly
tipped with gray. Broad stripe of dark brown extends backward for
5Y in. along spine tapering to a point. Hairs of arms lighter rufous
than that of back. Back of head gray, nearly white. Back of feet
grayish. Hair on back of body, arms and legs thick and soft, making
a fine fur like that of GaLEopirHEcus. On under surface of body
hair is thinner and somewhat lighter in color than on back. About the
genitals is buffy white.

Measurements. “Total length, 11% in. Tail, 54 in.”

“This curious little animal is known to the natives of the region
it inhabits as cocane. An adult specimen from which the description
was taken, was kept alive by us for seven days. Its movements were
sluggish except in biting when its sudden and unexpected activity
proved a painful surprise. It moved with equal ease along the upper
and lower sides of a small branch or rope, and progressed quite as
rapidly backward as forward. On the floor it was not at home and
presented a most ludicrous appearance, tumbling along on all fours
with feet nearly as far apart as those of a turtle, and its body barely

NEVA CoD CFE BUS) 33

raised from the boards. It spent most of the day asleep, rolled up into
a furry ball with its head buried between its thighs. If disturbed when
actively climbing about, it had a curious way of folding its hands over
its eyes and from hence earned the name of ‘shame face’ which it
shares with the Tarsius spectrum, (T. PHILIPPINENSIS). It had two
notes, a low complaining grunt, and a sharp squeal. During its con-
finement it took little food, turning up its nose at lemons, but occasion-
ally eating a little banana or egg. We had no insects or small mammals
to offer it. In drinking, it lapped up the water like a dog. After five
days of semi-starvation its strength seemed almost unimpaired, and
it showed remarkable tenacity of life.”

The above was taken from the Zoologischer Anzeiger, ostensibly by
Dr. Nachtrieb, but he in a letter to Dr. Lyon disclaimed the authorship
and stated that the article was probably by Mr. Dean Worcester.
Having no genus the name could not stand, but the specific name,
MENAGENSIS, was afterwards coupled with Nycticrsus by *Troues-
sart, {Stone and Rehn, and {Lydekker (1. c.) and so it came properly
into the species of that genus.

NyctTIcEBus pyem us Bonhote.
Nycticebus pygme@us Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 4,
pl. II, figs. 1, 2.
PIGMY SLOW LORIS.

Type locality. Nha Trang, Annam. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail a mere knob; hair silky ; second upper
molar largest; lower third molar largest.

Color. Orbital rings dark brown; stripe from forehead between
eyes to nose, yellowish white; top of head, back of neck and dorsal
region cinnamon; rest of upper parts, flanks and outer side of limbs,
pale cinnamon; under parts gray washed with cinnamon. Ex type
British Museum, Juv.

Measurements. Length of head and body, (skin), about 185;
foot, 40. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 34; zygomatic
width, 25; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 15; breadth of
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar

*Cat. Mamm. I, p. 63, 1808.
tL, G, p. 138:
tL. C. p. 345, Zool. Rec. 1893, p. 25.

34 NYCTICEBUS

series, 14; length of mandible, 25; length of lower molar series, 14.
Ex type British Museum, Juv.

Adult. Orbital rings seal brown; stripe on nose to forehead, and
sides of head and upper lip silvery gray, rest of face and top of head
rufous ; dorsal stripe from nape to middle of lower back rufous grading
into brownish black upon the back; upper parts russet or brownish,
variable in individuals, with quantities of silvery white hairs in some
specimens, intermingled on shoulder and upper back; flanks buffy,
paler than back; upper side of arms ochraceous, with silvery white
hairs mingled with the darker ones; legs buff, hairs tipped with silvery
white ; under parts, plumbeous at base, apical portion ochraceous ; hands
and feet silvery white.

Measurements. Total length head and body, 205; foot, 50. Skull:
total length, 52.2; occipito-nasal length, 52.1; intertemporal width,
18.9; Hensel, 40.8; zygomatic width, 38.4; median length of nasals,
16.4; palatal length, 16.4; length of upper molar series, 16.4; length of.
mandible, 36.1; length of lower molar series, 14.

Several adults in British Museum received after publication of the
species from the same locality as type. This type is a young animal
probably half grown. The hair or down is very silky, and of a uniform
pale cinnamon color, clear cinnamon on the head and dorsal region.
The ears are small, black, naked at the tips which are visible, the basal
portion being hidden in the fur; hands and feet are small, the latter
well covered with hair and the nails of a yellowish white color.

VOLUME |. PLATE VI.

ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS.

No. 0.11.30.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. ™% larger than Nat. Siz«

ARICT OC BiUKs 35

GENUS 3. ARCTOCEBUS. THE ANGWANTIBO.

2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3
ee, (Ce eaten) gay 30

ARCTOCEBUS Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150. Type
Perodicticus calabarensis Smith.

Body rather slender; head oval; muzzle blunt, dog like; eyes
large; lower phalanges of hands and feet, except of thumb, united in
the skin; two upper joints free; index finger reduced to a tubercle,
without a nail. Limbs subequal, the hind ones being slightly longer
than the fore limbs. The feet are larger than the hands; the great toe
has a rather large fleshy tubercle at its base on the inner side, and is
opposable to the other toes; the nails are thin and flat except that of
the second toe which is like a claw, being thin, convex and acute.
Ears erect; two transverse ridges lie above the auditory meatus, with
fine hairs on the inner margins standing upright. Unlike the species
of the genus PrropicTicus, the processes of the cervical vertebre
do not project through the skin. Tail rudimentary. Anterior upper
molars with four cusps, and oblique ridges; last upper molar with
three cusps; last lower molar has five cusps. The species of this genus
are nocturnal in their habits and move about but seldom during the
day, and it is on this account, probably, that hardly anything has been
recorded of their mode of life.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Great toe opposable and with a tubercle at base.
@ atcereral color dark. Drow sss -poceycenrd: « A. calabarensis.
be, Generali color bright ,goldem red. 25.9. ajeneyoye See A. aureus.

ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS (Smith).
Perodicticus calabarensis Smith, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.,
1860, p. 172, figs. 1, 2; Matschie, Mitth. Geog. Ges. Natur.
Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 132, fig.; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 27; Forsyth Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p.
136.

36 ARCTOCEBUS

Arctocebus calabarensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 150; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 314, pl.
XXVIII; F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 136,
fig. 32.
Nycticebus calabarensis Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 287.
CALABAR POTTO. Native name Angwantibo.

Type locality. Old Calabar, West Africa.

Geogr. Distr. Old Calabar, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Mamme three pair, postaxial, pectoral and abdom-
inal.

Color. General color of body above, and top of head dark brown,
lighter on the sides of the head, face darker; stripe from forehead
down the nose, white; under parts of body and inner side of limbs,
grayish white.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 55 ; Hensel, 44; zygo-
matic width, 33 ; intertemporal breadth, 18; palatal length, 19; width of
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar
series, 17; length of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series, 16.

ARCTOCEBUS AUREUS de Winton.
Arctocebus aureus de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 7th Ser.,
1902, p. 47; Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 72.
GOLDEN POTTO.

Type locality. Benito River, 50 miles from mouth; 500 to 1,000
feet elevation; French Congo, West Africa. Type in British Museum.
Geogr. Distr. French Congo, West Africa; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Smaller than A. CALABARENSIS; tail very short, ter-
minal hairs stiff, compressed ; fifth finger reaches only just beyond the
first joint of fourth finger. Skull: premaxille project in front of
incisors ; incisive foramina very small.

Color., Upper parts bright golden red, beneath paler reddish
yellow suffused with ashy gray. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail, 18; hind foot, 38; ear, 30,
(Collector). Ex type British Museum. De Winton states the skull
was much damaged.

This species described by de Winton from an unique example
collected by Mr. Bates, is quite unlike in general appearance the only

ARCTOCEBUS 37

other known form of the genus. Unfortunately the skull could not be
found in the British Museum Collection. Mr. Bates says (1. c.) “The
single specimen | sent to the Museum is the only one of this animal I
have ever seen. I found it in a village on the Benito River where it
had just been killed by a native, who did not know what to call it.
However I have sometimes heard from natives of a rare beast like the
Potto, which must be the same.”

38 PER ODIPORECUS

GENUS 4. PERODICTICUS. POTTOS.

2-2 1 8—3 de
Gg? 1! Sy OPS ee =

PERODICTICUS Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 109. Type
Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett = Nycticebus potto Geoffroy.
Potto Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207, 237.

Tail very short, distinct; hands and feet large; fingers and toes
free at ends; index finger rudimentary without a nail, apices of verte-
bre, except of neck, projecting beyond skin. Only one ridge on
plane of ear; anterior upper molar with oblique ridges and four cusps;
the posterior molar with two cusps; last lower molar with four cusps;
lower incisors prominent, projecting.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
The “Potto”’ of Bosman is here named Nycticebus POTTO.

1831. Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
The genus PrEropicticus is here instituted, and Nycticebus
PoTTo Geoffroy renamed P. geoffroyi.

1840. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadrumanes.
PERODICTICUS POTTO is here renamed Potto bosmani.

1879. Bouvier, Guide du Naturaliste.
PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI first described.

1902. De Winton, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI is renamed P. batesi.

1910. O. Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.
-PERODICTICUS IBEANUS, and P. ju-ju first described.

1910. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
PERODICTICUS FAUSTUS first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The range of the members of this genus is not yet definitely
known, as but one species has been familiar to Mammalogists for any

VOLUME |. PLATE VII.

PERODICTICUS POTTO.
No. 12484 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Coll. Nat. Size.

BERODICRECUS 39

length of time. Of the four forms recognized, three are found on the |
western part of the African Continent, one on the eastern. P. Porro, il )
the most northerly of the known species, is found on the Gold coast ul
to Sierra Leone, but its dispersion is not accurately known. P. Ju-jJu
is a native of Southern Nigeria, and P. EDwWARDSI goes from Cameroon
into French Congo; and at Irneti, Central Congo, P. FAUSTUS was
found. On the east side of Africa in the Kakamega forest within
British Territory P. 1nEANUS was procured.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail very short, length about one inch; muzzle short, blunt.
a. Teeth small.
a. Head and neck grayish brown .............. P. potto.
b.’ Head and neck drab gray, no black on back...P. ju-ju.
c. Head and neck grizzled hoary gray, shoulders

and forehead: blackdohi ce. <pvsisie cs al «lags P. ibeanus.

d. Head and neck drab, hairs tipped with
hoary, Gee BR. BAe, Mh 1S, Seer P. faustus.
be Mirectimilargen isn sn 4s Sth wo SIMI SITA PY P. edwardsi.

Prropicticus Potro (EK. Geoffroy).
Potto Bosman, Beschrijv. Guin. Gondk., II, 1704, p. 32, fig. 4.

Nycticebus potto E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, Hh
1812, p. 165; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. |
Wien, 1870, p. 719; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. |
287.

Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p.
109; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 130; Bedd.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 160, fig. II, (Brain). |

Potto bosmani Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 238. i

Perodicticus potto Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 110; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 15; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 208, tab. VIII; i
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 150; Huxley, Proc. i
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 335; Pousarg., Ann. Scien. Nat. Ny
Paris, III, 7me Ser., 1891, p. 245; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 28; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 145,
fig. 2; 1904, p. 160, (Brain) ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i
1901, p. 136, fig. 33. i

Stenops potto Pel, Bijdr. Dierk., 1852, p. 41.

40 PERODICTICUS

BOSMAN’S POTTO.

Type locality. Guinea? West Africa.

Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Sierra Leone, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Head short, rounded; hands long; last upper molar
short, wide, crown elliptical, two cusps, hind cusps wanting; last
lower molar with four cusps.

Color. Head grayish brown, becoming grayer on back of head
and neck; upper part reddish brown, darkest on middle of back, hairs
with black tips, sides and rump pale brown; outer side of limbs like
back ; under parts gray sometimes reddish ; hands and feet dark brown;
ears black.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 65; Hensel, 55;
zygomatic width, 48; intertemporal width, 23; palatal length, 23;
breadth of braincase, 32; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper
molar series, 18; length of mandible, 45; length of lower molar series,
1S:

Bosman, who first made known the existence of this animal, gives
a quaint description of it and its habits, with a rude drawing. He
states, “Draught of a creature, by the Negroes called Potto, but known
to us by the name of Sluggard, doubtless from its lazy, sluggish nature,
a. whole day being enough for it to advance ten steps forward.

“Some writers affirm, that when this creature has climbed upon a
Tree, he doth not leave it until he hath eaten up not only the Fruit,
but the leaves entirely ; and then descends fat and in very good case in
order to get up into another Tree; but before his slow pace can com-
pass this he becomes as poor and lean as ’tis possible to imagine; and
if the tree be high, or the way anything distant, and he meets nothing
on his journey, he invariably dies of Hunger betwixt one tree and the
other. Thus ’tis represented by others, but I will not undertake for the
truth of it, though the Negroes are apt to believe something like it.

“This is such a horrible ugly Creature that I don’t believe any-
thing besides so very disagreeable is to be found on the whole Earth;
the Print is a very lively description of it. Its fore feet are very like
Hands, the Head, strangely disproportionately large; that from which
this Print was taken was of a pale Mouse color, but it was then very
young, and his skin yet smooth, but when old, as I saw one at Elmina
in the year 1699, ’tis red and covered with a sort of Hair as thick set
as Flocks of Wool. I know nothing more of this animal than that ’tis
impossible to look on him without Horrour, and that he hath nothing
very particular but his odious Ugliness.”

PERODICTICUS 41

Poor Potto! not a very flattering portrait indeed, but the earliest
authors not infrequently indulged in similar descriptions of strange
and little known animals. The Potto is strictly nocturnal in its habits
and would not be likely to go “anything distant” during the daytime,
and although its movements are slow and performed with deliberation,
it would survive a sufficient length of time to reach a new food supply,
and as it is a dweller of trees it is not likely to attempt any considerable
journey on terra firma.

Prropicticus Ju-su Thomas.
Perodicticus ju-ju Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 1910, 8th

Ser paso:
NIGERIAN POTTO.

Type locality. Southern Nigeria, Africa. Type in British Mu-
seum.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from Nigeria.

Genl. Char. Size about that of P. Epwarps1; fur close, woolly ;
bristle hairs practically absent.

Color. Upper part of body drab-gray, under fur gray at base,
then dull buffy whitish, the end dark brown; few long hairs with
white tips, under parts grayish white, hairs gray at base; outer side of
arms and legs drab gray like back; inner side whitish, becoming drab at
wrists and ankles; hands and feet drab gray.

Measurements. ‘Total length, 430; tail, 75; foot, 77; ear, 25.
Skull: upper length, 66; basal length, 58; greatest breadth, 47; nasals,
17; upper cheek-tooth series, 17.8; molars only, 9; breadth of m?, 4.1.

The above is taken from Mr. Thomas’ description. I have not
seen the specimen.

PERODICTICUS IBEANUS Thomas.
Perodicticus ibeanus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, p. 536.

Type locality. Kakamega forest, near Mt. Elgon, British East
Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. “Fur soft and thick, the wool hair on the back nearly
20 mm. in length, and the straight hairs 25-26 mm. Nasals very short;
canines rather slender, anterior premolar long, pointed, two-thirds the
height of the canine. Other cheek teeth all very small; second molar
smaller than the first. Anterior lower premolar longer than posterior.”

Color. “General color grizzled ashy, but the shoulders and fore-
back blackish ; these dark tips broadening posteriorly so as to make the
nape and fore-quarters almost black with a hidden suffusion of dark

42 PERODDOLLTEOS

clay-color. The long bristle hairs of the crown and nape black. Rest
of the body, behind the withers, grizzled ashy, the longer hairs dark
with grayish white tips, the woolly under fur dark slaty basally, then
broadly clay-colored, with dark tips. Under surface grayish, not
sharply defined, the hairs slaty basally, dull grayish white terminally
(gray No. 8). Arms and legs grizzled ashy like the body; hands and
feet brownish. Tail comparatively long, cylindrical, ashy gray.”

Measurements. “Total length, 407; tail, 68; foot, 76; ear, 25.
Skull: upper length, 64; basal length, 55; greatest breadth, 46; nasals,
14.2x5.3 ; interorbital space, 9.3; length of cheek tooth series, 16.5; of
molars only, 8.5; breadth of m1! 3.8; of m? 3.2.”

I have not seen this species.

PERODICTICUS FAUSTUS Thomas.
Perodicticus faustus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1910, 8th

Ser., p. 426.

Type locality. Irneti, Bompona, R. Maringa, Central Congo,
Africa. Type young female in British Museum.

Genl. Char. “Intermediate between the gray P. 1BEANUsS and the
brown species of the West Coast.”

Color. Hairs of upper parts slaty at base then drab and tips black;
a number of hoary tipped hairs behind shoulders; head, arms, legs and
under parts dull drab; hoary tipped hairs on outer side of forearms
and thighs; hands and feet gray; tail drab ticked with hoary.

Measurements. “Total length, 318; tail, 38; foot, 51; ear, 23, (Col-
lector). Skull: upper length, 61; basal length, 53; greatest breadth,
41; nasals, 12.5x4; palatal length, 23; upper cheek tooth series, 18.7;
molars only, 10.2; m? 3.4x4.7.”

I have not seen this example.

PERODICTICUS EDWARDSI Bouvier.
Perodicticus potto edwardsi Bouv., Guide du Natural., 1879, p. 1.
Perodicticus batesi De Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, Ser. X,
1902, p. 48.
MILNE-EDWARDS POTTO.
Type locality. French Congo, West Africa. Type not in Paris
Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Cameroon to the French Congo, West Africa.

PERODICTICUS 43

Genl. Char. Variable in color, long hairs on occiput and neck.

Color. Head, hind part and sides of neck; upper back and shoul-
ders yellowish brown; rest of upper parts, flanks, and limbs black,
tinged on limbs with brownish black; forehead and nose yellowish
brown; inner side of arms and under parts of body yellowish white;
inner side of legs blackish brown; hands and feet brownish black; tail
rudimentary, black. Ex specimen in Paris Museum.

Type of P. batesi in British Museum. Entire upper parts, limbs,
hands, feet and tail rich chestnut red; hairs tipped with black on the —
shoulders and upper back; numerous long hairs both black and white,
on occiput; nose brownish black; throat and inner side of arms pale
rufous; chest and abdomen reddish gray; lower portion of abdomen
and inner side of legs reddish.

Measurements. Total length, 380; tail, 40; hind foot, 75; ear, 23.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63; Hensel, 54; zygomatic breadth, 21;
palatal length, 20; breadth of braincase, 30; median length of nasals,
15; length of upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 29; length of
lower molar series, 16. Ex type P. batesi in British Museum.

In color this is a very variable species, examples from the same
locality differing in this respect from each other. There are six speci-
mens of this Potto in the British Museum from the Benito and Ja
rivers in the French Congo, West Africa, differing very considerably
from each other in the hue and marking of their coats. The prevailing
color above is black and chestnut red, but the underparts vary from
dark gray mixed with red to ashy gray, and one mounted example from
the Benito River, which however may have faded somewhat, has no
black at all on the upper parts which are yellowish gray about the
shoulders, becoming red on lower back and thighs. The ends ‘of the
tails in some specimens are black as described by Bouvier. It would
seem to be quite evident from an examination of the examples in the
Paris and British Museums that P. epwarpsi and P. BATEsI represent
the same species of which Bouvier’s animal is one of the dark style,
and the type of P. atest one of the pale hue.

Mr. Bates, who learned about this animal in Southern Cameroon,
although on account of the density of the forests, he was unable to meet
with one himself, states that “the two or three species of PERopic-
TIcus of which the names have been sent to me I have not learned to
distinguish with certainty; in the little I have to say I must mention

44 RERIO DRE TINCUEsS:

them together. They are found in the daytime curled up asleep in the
trees, tightly clinging to a branch. So tight is their grip of the branch
that specimens have sometimes come to me mutilated in the hands, the
natives who captured them declaring that it was only by cutting the
fingers that they could loosen the animal’s hold.

“Pottos are sometimes caught in traps placed on a horizontal pole
or bridge crossing on an open place between two pieces of forest, such
as a narrow place in a garden clearing or a stream. The animal crosses
on a pole in preference to descending to the ground. One specimen
was killed at night on the roof of a house to which it seemed to have
wandered from the overhanging plantain tops.”

VOLUME lI. PLATE VIII.

GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS.

No. 8.1.1.25. Brit. Mus. Coll Nat. Size

GALAGO 45

Subfamily 2. Galagineze.

GENUS 1. GALAGO. THE GALAGOS. BUSH BABYS.

2-2 1-1 3-3 33.
[eigenen Obama yleme meen ty alla arent CE

GALAGO E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 2me Année, I, 1796, p. 49, pl. I.
Type Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy.
Chirosciurus Cuv. and Geoff., Mag. Encyclopéd., No. VI, 1795.
(nomen nudum).
Macropus Fisch., Mém. Soc. Imp. Moscou, I, 1811, V, 1817, p.
402, (nec Shaw, Marsupials).
Otolicnus Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 74.
Galagoides A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., II, 1833,
Noh Tpi\ 32:
Hemigalago Dahlb., Zool. Stud., I, Tredje Haftet, 1857, pp. 224,
225, 230) Tabunx,
Otolemur Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., XI, 1859, pp. 458,
460, pls. XVII, XVIII.
Callotus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145.
Otogale Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 139, figs. in text.
Euoticus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, pp: 140, 141, I, fig. in
4 text, pl. XIX.
Sciurocheirus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857, fig. 5.

Fur thick, woolly; eyes large, approximate; ears large, hinder
edge contractile at will of the animal ; fingers and toes long and slender,
with terminal discs; tail long, thick, bushy. Skull: braincase round,
high, broad; muzzle short; squamosal region inflated; upper incisors
small subequal, with posterior cusp on cingulum; diastema posterior
to canine; first upper premolar with one main cusp and two supple-
mentary ones on each side; middle premolar with three cusps; last
molar, in some forms, is tricuspidate, in others quadricuspidate; the
last internal cusp wanting. Tarsus long, calcaneum over one third the
length of tibia ; tail longer than the body.

The species of this genus are all African, and are remarkable for
their large ears, and elongated tarsi, the latter much exceeding in
length the arms. They have four incisors in both the upper and lower

46

GALAGO

jaws, and in size are about equal to a small rat. Various genera have
been proposed for these animals, some of which may be advantageously
used as subgenera to include certain species with special affinities for
one another, but the groups can only be properly separated into two,
Gataco and HemicaAaco, distinguished by the presence or absence of
a cusp on the heel of the second upper premolar.

1796.

1806.

1812.

1820.

1837.

1839.

1839.

1840.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopédique.

In this publication GALAGO SENEGALENSIS is first described from
Senegal, West Africa.

Fischer, in Mémoires de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes
de Moscou.

HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI first described from Senegal, West
Africa, and G. SENEGALENSIS redescribed as G. geoffroyi.

E. Geoffroy, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
In a paper entitled “Suite au Tableau des Quadrumanes,” this
author mentions four species under the genus GALAco, viz., G.
madagascariensis which is a Mucrocesus, probably M.
MURINUS; G. SENEGALENSIS; G. CRASSICAUDATUS described for
the first time, and H. pEmmporFi, which belongs to a different
genus HEMIGALAGO.

Desmarest, Mammalogie.

In this work under the genus GaLaGo, five species are recorded,
only three of which can be retained, viz., G. CRASSICAUDATUS ; G.
SENEGALENSIS; and H. pDEmiporFI. The other two are G.
potto = Prropicticus porto E. Geoff., and G. madagascariensis
= MIcRocEBUS MURINUs (Miller).

Waterhouse, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

GALAGO ALLENI first described from Fernando Po.

Ogilby, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
GALAGO GARNETTI described as Oftolicnus garnetti from Port
Natal, East Africa.

A, Smith, Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa.
GALAGO SENEGALENSIS E. Geoff., renamed Galago moholi.
Wagner, Schreber, Siugthiere, Supplement.

In this volume under the term Otolicnus Wagner gives O.
galago Schreb., citing only Plate XXXVIII B, but no page.
This plate is lettered G. senegalensis, and he makes Geoffroy’s

1840.

1842.

1844.

1855.

1856.

GALAGO 47

G. SENEGALENSIS a synonym. The fact is Schreber never de-
scribed a species by the name galago, and therefore the position
is exactly reversed, galago Schreber being non-existent, senegal-
ensis Wagner becomes a synonym of Geoffroy’s species. Two
other species are given for the genus, O. CRASSICAUDATUS and
O. ALLENI.

Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadrumanes.
Two species and three varieties are given in this List. G. cRAs-
SICAUDATUS FE. Geoff., G. acaciarum=G. SENEGALENSIS
Fischer ; G. acaciarum var. A. alleni = G. ALLENI Waterh.; G.
acaciarum var. B. senegalensis = G. SENEGALENSIS Fischer ; G.
acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis = G. SENAARIENSIS Lesson.
Sundevall, in Kongliga Svenska V etenskaps Akademie.

GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS Less., is here renamed G. (Otolicnus)
teng.

Van der Hoeven, in Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis
en Physiologie.

Under Otolicnus, here employed as a genus, five species are
given: O. galago = G. SENEGALENSIS; O. alleni = G. ALLENT; O.
crassicaudatus = G. CRASSICAUDATUS; O. garnetti=G. GAR-
NETTI; and O. madagascariensis = DAUBENTONIA MADAGAS-
CARIENSIS.

Wagner, Schreber, Saiugthiere, Supplement.

Under Otolicnus six species are here given, viz.: O. CRASSICAU-
pAtus (Geoffroy) ; O. GARNETTI (Ogilby) ; O. galago Schreber,
non-existent; O. ALLENI (Waterhouse); O. minor Gray, (a
MicroceBus) ; and O. DEMIDOFFI (Fischer).

O. galago Schreb., non-existent, is divided into three sections,
but the sections are treated as synonyms. These are O. teng
(Sundevall), with sENNAARIENSIS as its synonym; O. SENE-
GALENSIS (Geoffroy); and O. moholi (Smith), with a new
name australis, as its synonym, which is synonymous with G.
SENEGALENSIS Geoffroy; O. minor (Gray), is a MIcROCEBUS
and synonymous with M. murinus (Miller).

R. G. Dahlbom, Zoologiska Studier afhandlande Djurrikets
Naturliga Familijer.

Four species are here recognized in the genus GALAGo: G.
CRASSICAUDATUS; G. ALLENI; G. SENEGALENSIS; and G. con-
spicillatus = G, SENEGALENSIS.

1859.

1861.

1863.

1864.

1870.

1876.

GALAGO

Le Conte, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS first described from Cameroon, West
Africa.

Coquerel, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS redescribed as Otolemur agisymbanus
from Agisymbana Island, East Africa.

Du Chaillu, in Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History.
Galago elegantulus apicalis described as Otolicnus apicalis.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Four forms were here first described; GALAGO MONTEIRI as
Callotus monteirt from Cuio Bay, West Africa; Galago alleni
gabonensis as Galago alleni var. gabonensis from the Gaboon.
Galago elegantulus pallidus as Galago pallidus from Fernando
Po, and Galago sennaariensis from Sennaar, Eastern Africa.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Galago monteiri kirki first described as Otogale crassicaudata
var. kirki, from Quillimane, East Africa.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the British Museum.

In his tribe Galagonina the Author arranges the species of
GALAGO in two genera, Otogale, and Galago. In the first are
placed GARNETTI; CRASSICAUDATA ; MONTEIRI and PALLIDA; and
in the second are included ALLENI; moholi = SENEGALENSIS;
SENEGALENSIS; SENNAARIENSIS and DEMIDOFFI. The four
species of the Otogale group are recognized as valid at the
present time, but of those given under GaLaco, moholi is
a synonym of SENEGALENSIS Geoff., the name sennaariensis is
antedated by Lesson in 1840. Three species are mentioned as
not seen by the Author, G. conspicillatus = SENEGALENSIS Geoff.,

_O. peli Temm., = HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI Fischer, juv. and

O. senegalensis Peters, = G. s. mossambicus Peters.

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie.
Five species are included in the genus GaLaao, viz.: G. CRAS-
SICAUDATUS; G. GARNETTI; G. ALLENI; G. SENEGALENSIS; and
H. DEMIDOFFI. G. MONTEIRI is considered to be merely a pale
variety of G. CRASSICAUDATUs; the range of G, SENEGALENSIS is
given from Senegambia and Sennaar to Cafraria, the form
from Sennaar not being recognized as distinct.

1876.

1876.

1894.

1901.

1904.

1906.

GALAGO 49

Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Preussen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Berlin.

Three forms described for the first time GALAGO LASIOTIS from
Mombassa, East Africa. Galago alleni cameronsis, as Galago
allent var. cameronensis; and GALAGO MOSAMBICUS from Mo-
zambique.

Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Naturforschender Freunde zu
Berlin.

GALAGO ZANZzIBARICUs first described from Zanzibar.

Peters, in Monatsberichte Konigliche Preussen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, zu Berlin.

H. DEMIDOFFI young, redescribed as Otolicnus pusillus.

M. E. de Pousargues, in Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’ His-
toire Naturelle de Paris.

A review of the genus GaLaAco is here given, with a full
description of H. aNomurus for the first time. The Author
accepts three sub-genera, Otolemur, Otolicnus and HEMIGALAGO,
and reviews the different forms belonging to each and dis-

- cusses their various claims for distinct rank. He recognizes the

following as species. Under Otolemur he accepts G. cRassI-
CAUDATUS; G. MONTEIRI; G. GARNETTI; and G. agisymbanus =
G. CRASSICAUDATUS. In Otolicnus he gives G. ELEGANTULUS; G.
SENEGALENSIS and G. ALLENI; and in Hemicaraco he places G.
ANOMURUS and G. DEMIDOFFI.

The Author labored under the disadvantage of not having a
personal knowledge of many of the forms he rejected, which, if
he had had the opportunity of examining might have caused him
to reach different conclusions in some cases.

Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

GALAGO GALLARUM first described from the Webi Dau, Galla
country, East Africa.

Thomas, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Hemigalago demidoffi poensis first made known from Banter-
beri, Fernando Po.

Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte Naturforschender Freunde zu
Berlin,

GALAGO PANGANIENSIS described as Otolemur panganiensis
from Pangani River, East Africa; and GALaco BADIUs first
characterized from Ugalla River, East Africa.

50 GALAGO

1907. Thomas and Wroughton, in Proceedings of the Zoological. So-
ciety of London.
GALAGO GRANTI described from Cogune, near Delagoa Bay, East
Africa.

1907. D.G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Six species of Galago are characterized in this paper, viz.: G.
ZULUENSIS from Zululand; G. Hinpsi from Athi River, British
East Africa; G. alleni batesi from Como River, Gaboon; G.
BRACCATUS from Mount Kilimanijaro; G. NyAss# from Lake
Nyassa; and G. THoMAsI of the sub-genus Hemigalago, from
Fort Benin, Semliki River, East Africa.

1909. D.G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
GALAGO PUPULUs first described from Yola, Nigeria.
G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
G. TALBOTI; G. elegantulus tonsor; and G. braccatus albipes are
here first described.

1912. Lonnberg, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
G. KIKUYUENSIS first described as Galago (Otolemur) kiku-
yuensis.

»

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The Bush Babys, by which name the members of the genera GALA-
co and Hemicataco are known, are found upon the African Con-
tinent, between Sennaar and Natal on the east, and Senegal and Por-
tuguese West Africa on the west. They are also natives of the islands
of Zanzibar on the east coast, and Fernando Po in the Gulf of Guinea
on the west. As is the case with most of the groups among the Pri-
mates, it cannot be said that the distribution of the members of these
genera are satisfactorily known, and some may have a much greater
dispersion than is here recorded. It is quite evident that distinct
forms are fairly numerous, but the material at present available is not
sufficient, (a number of species or races being represented by only a
few examples, and from either a single, or a very limited number of
localities), for a definite geographical distribution to be given. There-
fore the following ranges assigned to the various members of the genus
can only be regarded as approximate, based upon our present rather
imperfect knowledge of their habitats, and subject to future rearrange-
ment as the acquisition of more material shall serve to increase our
knowledge.

GALAGO 51

A majority of the various species and races is found on the eastern
portion of the Continent, extending from Somaliland, Sennaar and the
vicinity of the White Nile below Khartoum on the north, to Mashona-
land on the south, including the Island of Zanzibar. In the most
northerly part of this eastern section at Faffan, near Harrar in Somali-
land G. DUNNI was discovered; G. SENNAARIENSIS is found ranging
southward to Ankole west of Victoria Nyanza, and Nyassaland, and
then as far as Mashonaland up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Next,
in the Boran Galla country northeast of Lake Rudolph in Abyssinia,
G. GALLARUM has been obtained, its range however not having been yet
ascertained. At Katwi on the Athi River in British East Africa, G.
HINDsI, and at Escarpment Station, G. KIKUYUENSIS have been
obtained. From Mombassa on the coast comes G. LASIOTIS, recogniz-
able by the white tip to the tail, but how far it may extend into the
interior, or whether it is confined to the forest along the coast has
not been determined. In Uganda to the north and west of Victoria
Nyanza, H. tHomasi belonging to the genus HEmica.aco is found,
the species having been taken at Dumo and Fort Beni on the Semliki
River. Whether it is confined to Uganda, or extends its range beyond
the river into the forests of the Congo Free State is not known. At
Kirui, Elgon, 6,000 feet altitude, G. braccatus albipes was discovered.
German East Africa contains several species of GALaGo, and in the
northern part on the heights of Mt. Kilimanjaro, G. BRACCATUS is
found. On the banks of the Pangani River not far from the coast G.
PANGANIENSIS has been procured, while in the interior on the Ugalla
River east of Lake Tanganyika, the rather remarkable species G.
BADIUS was discovered. The island of Zanzibar has apparently two
species, G. ZANZIBARICUS, and G. CRASSICAUDATUS, the latter under the
name of G. agisymbanus, but there seem to be no adequate reasons for
separating the island form specifically from the animal dwelling on the
coast opposite and ranging through the forests as far south as Quili-
mane, Mozambique, where also G. KIRKI is found. Coming from
Nyassaland and extending its range into the interior to Tete on the
Zambesi in British Central Africa, G. MossAMBICUS occurs. In this
district in Nyassaland south of the Lake in the mountains, and also
from Zomba to the southeast of Lake Nyassa we have G. NYASS&,
which ranges southward in Portuguese Southeast Africa to Inhambane.
South of this, in the vicinity of Delagoa Bay, G. GRANTI is met with.
From Zululand comes G. zuLUENsIS, and finally completing the list

52 GALAGO

of eastern and central African species, in Natal we have G. GARNETTI,
the most southern member of the genus.

On the western side of the continent, the most northern species
is G. SENEGALENSIS from Senegal south to Angola; at Yola, Nigeria,
G. PUPULUs has been obtained, and from Cameroon, we have G.
CAMERONENSIS, G. ELEGANTULUS, G. e. pallidus, and G. ALLENI; G.
elegantulus tonsor was procured on the Benito River, Guinea. In
Equatorial Africa from the mountains, near the Equator, exact lo-
cality unknown, G. e. apicalis was procured by Du Chaillu; and at
Mombuttu, H. DEMIDoFFI was obtained by Emin Pasha. On the Gold
Coast H. DEMIDOFFI is found ranging south to Gaboon in French
Congo, where also G. ALLENI and G. a. gabonensis are met with, and
on the banks of the Kemo River in the same Province, G. a. batesi and
H. ANOMURUS were procured. From Cuio Bay south of Loando,
Angola, Portuguese West Africa, G. MONTEIRI, one of the larger mem-
bers of the genus, was obtained. On Fernando Po, an island in the
Bight of Biaffra, Gulf of Guinea, three species dwell, G. ALLENI, G.
elegantulus pallidus, and H. demidoffi poensis.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Second upper premolar, without cusp on heel.
a. Size large; occipito-nasal length of skull above 50 mm.
a. Ears large.
a.” End of tail not white.
a.’ Above and on flanks russet, occipito-
nasal length of skull 75
ND cage stints Sai nl G. crassicaudatus.
b.”” Above mixed broccoli brown and
gray, occipito-nasal length of
skull #0 itis, hi. ot oxiesishe oe G. zuluensis.
c.”" Above light yellowish brown, occip-
ito-nasal length of skull 64
res RRA le Te ho Pete ge ee G. panganiensis.
d.”” Above russet ; flanks grayish brown ;
occipito-nasal length of skull
SY MG... sate Owen eres ee G. garnetti.
e.” Above bright chestnut../.0. 0... 028 G. badius.
f.” Above gray.
”” No brown on upper parts. ...G. monteiri.

b.”
b. Ears small.

“

a.

ini?

GALAGO 53

d.”” Brown on upper parts with
UCL 22h CUR 8 a oe Oo i G. kirki.
Bad, of tail, white)iavochs awed) ater 2 cies G. lasiotis.

Under parts white ; tail above pale brown,

beneath wititishh . AK cei Sie Wits G. hindsi.
Under parts dirty white; tail above dark

brown, gradually darkening to black-

ish towards distal third; paler

DELOW, once coe tae ema yc G. kikwyuensis.

b. Size small, occipito-nasal length of skull under 50 mm.

"

a.

ChOCOlateye ene ee 2 Soe ie G. alleni.
b.”” Tail ashy brown, hairs tipped with
silvery sray oes ee G. a. cameronensis.
c.”” Tail basal half iron gray, remainder
drab gray ye s4..2n eee 28 G. a. gabonensis.
d.”” Tail basal half mixed gray and
black, apical half black........ G. a. batest.
b.” Upper parts dark cinnamon....... G. zanzibaricus.
c.” Upper parts pale brownish red.......... G. talboti.
b.. Legs buff or yellowish.
ane Wpperparts crm Oraly es vse. 0 en's G. gallarum.
BerTpper parts iron giay wesw. te ok. G. braccatus.
¢. Upper, patts: ashy gray .... 2..." G. b. albipes.
d.” Upper parts pale grayish brown ........ G. dunni.
e.” Upper parts broccoli brown .......... G. nyasse.
c. Upper edge only of legs, yellow.
a. Wpper parts: wood’ brown 2s rts eos G. grant.
b: |) Upper “parts dark gray)... 35 950. G. sennaariensis.
e Upper parts ereant buff) tis). 0.0! G. senegalensis.
d.” Upper parts sooty or brownish gray.
aon ostrtin /short’ o5ei./{ 282! . G. mossambicus.
b! MeRosttumy long y.2 Ieee eee oe G. pupulus.
e.” Upper parts pale cinnamon rufous. .G. elegantulus.
t-o. Upper pants paleiorange? AJ.) G. e. tonsor.
g.” Upper parts dark hair brown....... G. e. pallidus.
h.” Upper parts bright russet .......... G. e. apicalis.

a. Legs without buff or yellowish.

Upper parts russet.

a.” Tail with basal half mixed seal
brown and gray, apical half

54 GALAGO

Subgenus 1. Otolemur.

Size large; first upper premolar not canine-shaped; last upper

molar tricuspidate, sometimes quadricuspidate ; last lower molar quadri-

or quinquicuspidate ; angle of mandible produced downwards and back-
wards; tail longer than head and body.

GALAGO cRAssICAUDATUS E. Geoffroy.

Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 166; Desmarest, Mamm., 1820, p. 103; E. Geoff., Cours
Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 34, 1lme Lecon; Fisch., Syn.
Mamm., 1829, p. 67; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 245; I.
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 227, 229, pl. VIII, fig. 3;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 645; 1873, p. 501;
Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 650; 1873, p. 493;
Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 544; Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; Murie and Mivart, Trans. Zool.
Soc. Lond., VII, 1872, pp. 1-11, fig. 2, (text), pls. I-VI,
(Anatomy) ; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 502, fig.
18; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 456; 1895, p. 146,
fig. 4, (Brain) ; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gess. Natur. Freund.,
1892, p. 224; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 47; F.
Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig. 3, (text) ;
Thos. and Schwann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 256;
Thos. and Wroughton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 287;
1908, p. 166. /

Lemur crassicaudatus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Lemur, pl. VII.

Galago (Otolicnus) crassicaudatus Schinz., Syn. Mamm., I, 1844,
p: 111.

Otolicnus crassicaudatus Wagner, Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840,
p. 292; 1855, p. 156; Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Gess.,

_ 1844, p. 42; Peters, Reise nach Mossamb., 1852-82, p. 5, t.
II, IV, figs. 1-5, (Skull); Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Matth—
Naturw. Akad. Wissench, Wien, 1878, p. 730.

Otolemur agisymbanus Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 459;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British
Museum, 1870, p. 88.

Otogalago crassicaudatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.
140; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324.

GALAGO 55

Galago (Otolemur) agisymbanus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, pp. 627-645; Pousarg., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
VI, 1904, p. 139.

Galago (Otolemur) crassicaudatus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 645.

Galago agisymbanus Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, p. 952,
(Island of Zanzibar).

Galago garnetti Forbes, Handb. of Primates, I, 1894, p. 40.
(Part.):

GREAT GALAGO.
Rat of the Cocoanut Palm, (Portuguese) ; Gwea, Native name,

Suikive, (Zulu) ; Garila, (Inhambane).

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. East Africa; Ugogo and south to the Zambesi,
Portuguese S. E. Africa, (Thos. and Wroughton) ; Zululand, (Thos.
and Schwann); Mozambique, Quilimane, Luabo, (Kirk) ; Island of
Zanzibar. \

Genl. Char. Size large; muzzle long, more so comparatively than
in the other species of the genus; nose pad with a deep furrow; no
membranes between fingers and toes, but all digits have terminal flat
discs; ears large, naked; tail long, bushy; neural spines bifurcate
laterally.

Color. Nose, forehead, and band around eyes cream buff ; cheeks,
and beneath ears rusty brown; top of head and back russet, the
dorsal line darker ; outer side of arms and legs cinnamon; under parts
and inner side of legs yellowish white or pale buff ; hands and feet dark
reddish brown; tail russet, tip sometimes seal brown.

Measurements. Total length, 700; tail, 375. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 75; Hensel, 62; intertemporal width, 117; palatal length, 30;
breadth of braincase, 32; length of nasals, 23; length of upper molar
series, 22; length of mandible, 51.5; length of lower molar series, 19.

G. agisymbanus appears to be the same as the present species, for
I can find no characters upon which they can be separated. Coquerel’s
type, which is in the Paris Museum, is a young animal. The following
is a description taken from it. Head and entire upper parts, and outer
side of limbs dull russet, inclining to rusty on top of head and fore-
arms ; under parts pale greenish yellow ; hands and feet blackish brown;
tail reddish, inclining to blackish brown on apical portion. The adult
is dull brown on the upper parts.

56 GALAGO

Geoffroy’s type is in the Paris Museum, but is so faded that but
little of the original color remains. The tail has lost most of the hair
on the apical half, and the example is in such a condition that a descrip-
tion of it would only serve to mislead. Kirk states (1. c.) that at
Luabo and Quilimane, this species frequents the Mangrove forests and
wooded country outside. In captivity it.eats flesh, vegetables, fruits
and insects; in its native state it is fond of palm wine, robbing the
pots used by the natives to collect it. This often leads to its capture
when it drinks to excess. During the day it remains quiet in some
shaded tree top. At night it is very active, leaping from frond to
frond, or crossing from one cocoanut palm to another. Coquerel
(1. c.) says that this species, (under the name of Otolemur agisym-
banus), was brought to him from the interior of the island, while he
was staying in Zanzibar, and is common in the forests which cover the
northern part. He kept one alive for fifteen days, and it was very
gentle. It slept during the day covered by its long tail, but at night it
was active and exhibited an extreme petulence. It was fed on fruit
but would eat anything, and devoured eagerly meat both raw and
cooked.

GALAGO ZULUENSIS Elliot.
Galago zuluensis Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, Ser. 7, 1907,
p. 186.
ZULU GALAGO.

Type locality. Zululand. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. HINDsI, but browner, and with much
larger ears; tail, darker and shorter. Skull: one-third larger; teeth
larger. The first and second upper molars have four cusps, two outer
and two inner; the last molar only three, two outer and one inner; the
lower molars have four cusps, two outer and two inner.

Color. Head and upper parts broccoli brown and gray mixed,
darkest on the head; outer side of limbs wood brown; dorsal line
washed with mars brown; under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish
white; hands and feet grayish brown; tail above pale mars brown,
beneath paler. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. ‘Total length, about 570; tail, 320. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 70; Hensel, 57; zygomatic width, 46; intertemporal
width, 19; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 33; median length
of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible,
40; length of lower molar series, 23. Ex type in British Museum.

VOLUME I.

GALAGO GARNETTI.

GALAGO SENEGALENSIS.

PLATE 3.

*%

>" \ q
a bet Oe Ok

GALAGO 57

This species is about the same size in body as G. HINDsI, but has
a considerably shorter and much darker tail; it is much darker brown
color throughout. When lying side by side, G. HINDsI appears like a
gray animal in comparison. The ears of the present species are about
a third larger than those of G. H1NDs1 both in length and width. In
their dried and shrunken state they measure 31 mm. in length and 27
mm. in width, while those of G. HINDsI are 24 mm. long by 22 mm.
wide, and as the collector's measurement of the ears of the latter
species was 39 mm. in length, allowing for the same shrinkage those
of G. ZULUENSIS would be 8 or 10 mm. longer. There is such a vast
difference in the size of the skull and teeth that they admit of no
comparison. In color G. ZULUENSIs is like G. GRASSICAUDATUS, but has
a much smaller skull it being midway between G. crAssicAuDATUS and
G. HINDsI with all the differences such a disparity of size would create.
G. GARNETT! is of an entirely different color, but about the same size.

GALAGO PANGANIENSIS (Matschie).
Otolemur panganiensis Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf.
Freunde, 1906, p. 278.

Type locality. Pangani River, East Africa. Type in Berlin
Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to G. LasiIoTis, but paler, and the
ears are naked, and there is no white on the apical portion of the tail.

Color. General color of upper parts rather light yellowish brown,
with a reddish tinge on dorsal region and outer side of limbs; hind
part of thighs ochraceous buff; sides of head, and neck below ears,
ochraceous buff; under parts yellowish white; hands and feet reddish
brown; tail sooty brown, blackish brown at tip. Ex type Berlin
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 707; tail, 360. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 64; Hensel, 56; zygomatic width, 44.5; intertemporal width,
20; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 18;
length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

GALAGO GARNETTI (Ogilby).
Otolicnus garnetti Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 6; van
der Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Geschied., 1844, p. 44; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 157; Huxley, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324; Fitzin., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 744.

58 ; GALAGO

Otogale garnetti Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140, fig.
(skull) ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 79; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
p. 626.

Galago garnetti Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711, pl.
XL; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860; Anders.,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, p. 26; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 329; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894,
p. 40, (Part.).

Galago (Otolemur) garnetti Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 112;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 646; Pousarg., Nouv.

Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 138.
GARNETT’S GALAGO.

Type locality. Port Natal, South East Africa. Type not in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Natal, South East Africa.

Genl. Char. Muzzle protruding beyond jaws; ears very long and
wide; posterior upper molar having fourth cusp only slightly de-
veloped; posterior lower molar with four prominent cusps; pelage
uniform above and also beneath.

Color. Entire upper parts of body, outer side of limbs, and inner
side from wrist and knee, and tail russet, hairs tipped with golden
yellow ; hairs on head short, woolly, darker than the back, and with the

neck is dark russet, hairs tipped with golden; entire under side of

body with chin, throat and inner side of limbs to wrist and knee cream
buff ; no stripe between eyes; ears flesh color.

Measurements. Total length, 650; tail, 325. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 59; Hensel, 53; zygomatic width, 41 ; intertemporal width,
19; palatal length, 25; breadth of braincase, 29; median length of
nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 20; length of mandible, 42;
length of lower molar series, 29.

This species is similar to G. CRASSICAUDATUS, but the head and
neck are darker. The skull is much smaller with a narrower rostral
region, intertemporal region wider, and the upper tooth rows more
curving outwardly. Ears smaller.

The type is not in the Collection of the British Museum, and it is
not known if it is still existing.

Gaaco BapDIus (Matschie).
Otolemur badius Matschie, Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freun.,
1905, p. 277.

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——

PLATE 1

VOLUME |

GALAGO MONTEIRI

GALAGO a)

Type locality. Ugalla River, German East Africa. Type in Ber-
lin Museum.

Color. Entire body, limbs, hands and feet, bright chestnut, the
fur being dark gray at base and tipped with bright chestnut. The tail
is wanting in the type.

This very distinct species is about the size of G. Lasioris but in its
coloring is totally unlike any other known form. The tail is absent,
no part having been preserved to give an indication of its coloring.
Ex type Berlin Museum.

GALAGO MONTEIRI (Gray).
Callotus monteirt Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145.

Galago monteiri Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 231, pl.
XXVIII; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711, pl. XL;
1871, p. 544; 1876, p. 413; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 346; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 139.

Galago (Otolemur) monteiri Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 139.
MONTEIRI’S GALAGO.

Type locality. Cuio Bay, south of Loando, Angola, West Africa.
Type not in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Middle coast, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears very large, naked on outer apical
edges; hairs on face short; feet and toes broad, discs rounded; tail
very long.

Color. General hue uniform pale gray over upper part of body,
outer side of limbs, and entire tail; orbital ring black; hands and feet
dark brownish gray; ears black; middle of breast and abdomen white ;
flanks grayish white. Some specimens are mouse gray on body and
tail.

Measurements. Total length, 1118; tail, 408. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 70; Hensel, 57; zygomatic width, about 40, (broken) ; inter-
temporal width, 19; palatal length, 28; breadth of braincase, 31;
median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 23; length of
mandible, 47; length of lower molar series, 20.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, with a very long
bushy tail. While‘the color among individuals varies somewhat, the
dominant hue is always gray, ranging from a whitish to a mouse gray,
with occasionally reddish tints appearing on head and back. The type

60 GALAGO

could not be found in the British Museum. It probably never was
in the collection. The identification of this animal as a new species
should undoubtedly be placed to the credit of the late Mr. A. D. Bart-
lett, Superintendent of the London Zoological Society’s Gardens, but
his MS. having been shown to Dr. Gray, it was included by him in his
paper on the species of Lemuroids under Mr. Bartlett’s MS. name in
an earlier part of the Society’s proceedings, and thus became G. MoNn-
TEIRI Gray, manuscript names having no standing. Mr. Bartlett had
the type alive, and states it was “very gentle and slept much during
the day, and fed on fruit, bread, milk and other sweet things, par-
ticularly bananas. It had the power of turning its ears back and
folding them up when at rest. When moving about or in search of
food they, (the ears) spread out and stand upward and forward,
reminding one of the Aye-Aye; but when folded back and down, the
animal’s face bears a strong resemblance to the Douroucouli. The
pupils of the eyes are oval and vertical.”

GaLaco KIRKI (Gray).
Otogale crassicaudata var. kirki Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 456.

Galago crassicaudatus Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 711;
Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894,
p. 138.

Otogale kirki Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 137; 1896,

p. 790.
KIRK’S GALAGO.

Type locality. Quilimane, Mozambique, East Africa. Type in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Blantyre, Shiri Highlands, Nyassaland; and
Mozambique to Tete on the Zambesi, East Africa.

Genl. Char. Size large, tail bushy, color pale.

Color. General hue pale ashy gray and russet, base of hairs
black; cheeks, inner side of limbs and under part of body grayish
white; face, crown, nape, middle of back, shoulders, and outer side of
arms russet; outer side of legs yellowish gray; hands, feet, and tail,
dark broccoli brown. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. Skull much broken; occipito-nasal length, 68;
zygomatic width, 47; intertemporal width, 18; width of orbits, 19;
median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 21; length
of mandible, 45; length of lower molar series, 23. Ex type British
Museum.

GALAGO 61

This animal has the same gray color as G. MONTEIRI and would
seem to be more a representative of that species on the eastern coast
of Africa, than a near relative of G. cRASSICAUDATUS, which is quite
differently colored. It is easily recognized from G. MONTEIRI by the
russet coloring on the head and middle of back, and the darker tail. It
would seem advisable to recognize it as a distinct species, and not as
a race of G. CRASSICAUDATUS as Gray made it. This is one of the
largest species of GALAGo, and has a very long and bushy tail. Like
other species of the genus it is arboreal and nocturnal in its habits, and
is rarely seen during the day, “sleeping in some hollow tree, waking up
at sundown, at which time and throughout the whole night its peculiar
cry can be heard. At Eshowe it frequents the trees close to the houses,
and is said to be extremely fond of fowl’s eggs. The specimens
secured were shot at night with the aid of a dark lantern, flashing it
suddenly into a tree where one was heard calling. This is a favorite
method with the natives for obtaining them, by whom the skin is
highly valued. Specimens from Natal seem much browner than those
from Zululand.” (Grant’s notes on Zululand Mammals; Thos. and
Schwann, |. c.).

In another paper on Mammals from Portuguese South Africa,
Thos. and Wrought. (1. c.) quote from Mr. Grant’s notes as follows on
this species.

“Very common in the forests, where they appear to consort
together in small parties. The species has a variety of calls, none of
which however are similar to that of GaLAco GARNETTI. Apparently
principally vegetarian, and feeding largely on the exudation from the
bark of certain trees. Strictly nocturnal, passing the day in hollow
trees.”

GaLco Lasioris Peters.
Galago lasiotis Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

1876, p. 912; Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Natur. Freund.,

1892, p. 224.

WOOLLY-EARED GALAGO.

Type locality. Mombassa, East Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail, long and bushy, tip white; ears
broad, hairy at tip, showing chiefly in the young; fur thick woolly.

Color. Top of head and upper parts of body grayish brown with
yellowish tinge; dorsal region darker being a reddish brown, with
black hair intermingled; flanks paler yellowish brown; outer and inner
sides of limbs russet; sides of head wood brown; throat, chest and

62 GALAGEO

under parts white; hands and feet blackish brown; tail Prout’s brown
with apical portion white; ears hairy to tip, outer edge flesh color, inner
yellowish. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 685; tail, 370. Skull: total length,
66; occipito-nasal length, 64; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal
width, 19; median length of nasals, 20.5; length of upper molar series,
21; length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18. Ex type
Berlin Museum. .

The present species is darker than G. CRASSICAUDATUS and the
limbs slightly redder, but it can at all times be easily distinguished from
that species by having the end of the tail white.

GALAGO HINDs!I Elliot.
Galago hindsi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907, p.
186.

Type locality. Katwi, Athi River, British East Africa. Altitude
3,500 feet. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size large, but smaller than G. cRASSICAUDATUS or G.
GARNETTI. Color pale; ear small; tail, very long.

Color. Head and upper parts pale wood brown, washed on head
and dorsal region with darker brown; arms and hands like head; outer
side of legs isabella color; feet dark brown; chin vinaceous cinnamon;
rest of under parts white; tail above pale wood brown, beneath whitish.
Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 575; tail, 370; foot, 80; ear,
39. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63; Hensel, 49; zygomatic width, 42;
intertemporal width, 20; palatal length, 23; breadth of braincase, 29;
median length of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series, 19; length of
mandible, 41; length of lower molar series, 20. Ex type British
Museum.

This animal is somewhat smaller than its relatives, G. CRASSI-
CAUDATUS and G. GARNETTI, the skull being very considerably smaller.
It also differs in its pale color, and the very long pale almost white tail.
It belongs to the group of which G. cRASSICAUDATUS is the represen-
tative member. Two specimens are in the British Museum Collection
slightly varying in color, the paratype having a darker tail which
unfortunately has lost half of its length.

VoLUME |

GALAGO ALLENI

VOLUME |. PLATE IX.

GALAGO ALLENI.

No. 98.5.4.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. ™ larger than Nat. Size.

GALAGO 63

GALAGO KIKUYUENSIS Loénnberg.
Galago (Otolemur) kikyuensis Lonnb., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX,
8th Ser., 1912, p. 64.

Type locality. Escarpment Station, British East Africa.

Color. “General colour pale greyish brown, somewhat darker on
head and upper neck, outside of limbs more chamois; throat and lower
side of neck with an ochre-yellow tinge; under side of body dirty white ;
hands and feet dark brown, inclining to blackish; tail dark brown,
gradually darkening to blackish towards the distal third, paler below.
Ears naked.”

Measurements. “Total length about 62 cm.; tail about equal to
head and body. Skull: greatest length, 61; basicranial length, 49;
zygomatic breadth, 41; palatal length, 23 ; length of upper molar series,
19.5.”

I have not seen a specimen of this animal, and as Herr Lonnberg
makes no reference to any species with which it may be compared, it
is difficult to assign it to its proper place in the genus. In size it seems
to be nearest to G. HiNDs1 Elliot, from Katwi, Athi River, British East
Africa, and in color appears to differ mainly in the underparts being
“dirty white” instead of white, “tail dark brown, gradually darkening
to blackish towards the distal third, paler below,” instead of tail above
pale wood brown, beneath whitish. It may be remarked that the type
localities of these two Bush-Babys are not far apart.

Without a careful comparison, it is impossible to state what claims
this animal has to a distinct specific rank. As it is impossible to de-
termine this at present, it is here given the benefit of any doubt that
may arise.

Subgenus 2. Otolicnus.

Size small; muzzle short; last upper molar may be tricuspidate or
quadricuspidate, but the last lower molar is always quinquicuspidate.
Angle of mandible produced backwards and slightly downward.

GALAGO ALLENI Waterhouse.
Galago alleni Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, p. 87; Gray,

List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 329; Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 375, pl. XXXII; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-

———_——

64 GALAGO

eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 82, fig. 8; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 329; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891,
pp. 453, 461; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 43, ( Part.) ;
Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 185; Bates, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71.

Galago acaciarum var. alleni, Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 247.

Galago (Otolicnus) alleni Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 111;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647; Pousarg., Nouv.
Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 150; Jd. Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 242; F. Major,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 138, fig.

Otolicnus alleni van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Gesch. Phys.,
1844, p. 42; Temm., Esquis. Zool., 1853, p. 40; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 36; V, 1855, p. 159; Fitz-
ing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p.
742.

Sciurocheirus alleni Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857.
ALLEN’S GALAGO. Emam, native name in Cameroon.

Type locality. Fernando Po. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, (Sclater) ; Gaboon and Fernando Po.

Genl. Char. Ears very large; second upper molar nearly equal
in size to third premolar, talon greatly developed; last molar quadi-
cuspidate; incisors placed in front of line between canines.

Color. Head, face, back, arms and legs mummy brown; the lower
back has the hair much worn and the blackish brown under fur shows,
making this part darker than the rest; under parts whitish but most
of the hair gone; tail bistre. Ex type British Museum in poor con-
dition.

Another specimen in perfect state has head blackish brown and
gray; gray stripe between eyes and on nose; upper parts dark mummy
brown; outer side of arms dark cinnamon rufous; patch of cinnamon
rufous at thigh joint, rest of leg russet; hands and feet dark grayish
brown; under parts grayish white; tail, basal half black, brown and
gray, apical half dark chestnut.

Measurements. Total length, 445; tail, 235. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 50; intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 18; median
length of nasals, 13; width of braincase, 24; length of upper molar
series, 17; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 17.

Bates states that the émam is “found in the daylight in hollow
trees, three or four huddled together asleep. An émam that was

GALAGO 65

brought to me alive showed great powers of jumping. A monkey can
jump outwards and downwards and catch a branch, but this Galago
could jump out and up and catch hold of a branch. It died in the
hot sunshine when I was away from camp; it had probably never felt
sunshine before.”

GALAGO ALLENI CAMERONENSIS (Peters).
Otolicnus alleni var. cameronensis Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 472.
Galago alleni var. cameronensis Matschie, Mitt. Geog. Ges. Natur.
Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 131.
Galago (Otolicnus) alleni var. cameronensis Pousarg., Nouv.

Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, VI, 1894, p. 154.
CAMEROON GALAGO.

Type locality. Aqua Town, Cameroon, West Africa. Type in
Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa.

Genl. Char. ‘Tail shorter than typical form, less tufted; posterior
upper molar tricuspidate.

Color. Top of head and upper part of body russet brown, hairs
white tipped; the fur slate color at base, then russet and tips white;
flanks more reddish; indistinct whitish hue between eyes; shoulders,
arms above elbows, and outer side of thighs cinnamon, with a reddish
tint on shoulders; forearms cinnamon with only a slight red tint; legs
below knees, and hinder part of thighs mouse gray, tinged with yellow-
ish on legs; chin, throat, and entire under parts grayish white; hands
and feet grayish brown; tail ashy brown the hairs tipped with
silvery white; ears brown. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. ‘Total length, 610; tail, 400. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 51; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 17.5;
median length of nasals, 15.5; length of upper molar series, 17; length
of mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 15. Ex type Berlin
Museum.

This is a rather smaller animal than G. ALLENI and of a lighter
color on body; the tail also is quite different, and much shorter.

GALAGO ALLENI GABONENSIS Gray.
Galago alleni var. gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 146; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 82.

66 GALAGO

Galago (Otolicnus) gabonensis Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, pp. 339, 647.

Galago (Otolicnus) alleni var. gabonensis Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p. 152.

Otolicnus gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860.
GABOON GALAGO.
Type locality. Gaboon, West Africa. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Gaboon, West Africa. Limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Ears smaller than those of G. ALLENI; last upper
molar tricuspidate; incisors not in front of canines. Palate narrower,
and bulle larger than in G. ALLENI.

Color. Stripe from forehead on to nose, base of ears, cheeks, and
sides of neck light gray; hind neck, and upper parts russet; arms, and
upper parts of thighs cinnamon, in some examples these parts are
cinnamon rufous; legs from knees to ankles, gray; hands and feet dark
grayish brown; under parts, and inner sides of limbs yellowish white;
base of tail iron gray, remainder drab gray. Ex type British Museum.

Some specimens have all the upper parts cinnamon rufous, and
the tail drab gray; ears brownish black.

Measurements. ‘Total length, 510; tail, 275; foot, 70; ear, 31,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 51; Hensel, 39; intertem-
poral width, 17; palatal length, 18; median length of nasals, 20;
breadth of braincase, 24; length of upper molar series, 16; length of

_mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 15.

GALAGO ALLENI BATESI Elliot.
Galago alleni batesi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser.,
1907, p. 187.
BATE’S GALAGO.
Type locality. Kemo River, Gaboon, West Africa. Type in Brit-

ish museum.

Gen. Char. Similar to G. a. gabonensis, but much darker above,
and has a black tail, and light gray feet; and from G. alleni it differs in
black tail, and gray legs below knees, and feet.

Color. Forehead, base of ears, cheek, stripe between eyes and
nose light gray; top of head and hind neck, and upper parts dark
mummy brown; outer side of arms dark tawny; a patch of tawny on
thigh, the upper portions darker than the lower, rest of legs brownish
gray, becoming clear gray on feet; throat, and front of neck yellowish ;
rest of lower parts whitish; hands grayish mummy brown; tail black

GALAGO 67

sprinkled with gray on basal half. Ears large, blackish. Ex type in
British Museum.

Measurements. Skin, total length, 470; tail, 250. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 48; Hensel, 38; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal
width, 18; palatal length, 19; breadth of braincase, 24; median length
of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 31;
length of lower molar series, 14. Ex type British Museum.

While this race has a general resemblance to both G. ALLENI and
G. a. gabonensis, it can readily be distinguished from both; by its gray
legs and feet from G. ALLENI, and gray feet, darker upper parts and
black tail from G. a. gabonensis. The last named and the present race
come together on the Como River, but there are no intermediate
specimens.

GALAGO ZANZIBARICUS Matschie.
Galago zanzibaricus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,

Berlin, 1893, p. 111.
ZANZIBAR GALAGO.
Type locality. Island of Zanzibar. Type in Berlin Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail about length of body and head; hair
short; fur on body woolly; ears large. Skull with a broad braincase,
wide at occiput.

Color. Top of head and upper parts cinnamon, darkest on head
and neck and dorsal region; outer side of limbs ochraceous buff ;
under parts buff; hands and feet grayish white; tail, Prout’s brown,
hairs tipped with golden, becoming blackish brown at tip. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 365; tail, 195. Skull: total length,
42 ; occipito-nasal length, 42 ; zygomatic width, 27 ; intertemporal width,
16; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 12;
length of mandible, 23.5; length of lower molar series, 11. Ex type
Berlin Museum.

The type is a flat skin in fair condition. It is a very small animal
about the size of G. CAMERONENSIS, but with a shorter and less bushy
tail.

GALAGO TALBOTI Dollman.
Galago talboti Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910,

p. 93.

68 GALAGO

Type locality. Nkami, Southern Nigeria. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. ELEGANTULUS, but under parts buffy
white, instead of gray.

Color. Upper parts pale brownish red; dorsal stripe brownish
orange, hairs slaty gray on basal half, then yellowish and apical
portion buffy brown. Face and sides of head reddish buff ; top of head
grayish buff and red; sides of neck grayish white; under parts buffy
white; flanks reddish brown; throat reddish, hairs gray at their bases;
outer side of arms grayish red, of legs like back but more yellow; inner
side of limbs buffy white; hands and feet yellowish white; tail above
brownish buff washed with gray, tip grayish buff.

Measurements. ‘Total length, 440; tail, 274; foot, 64; ear, 31.
Skull: total length, 49.4; zygomatic width, 35.7; basal length, 37.5;
greatest length of nasals, 13.4; palatal length, 18.5; length of upper
molar series, 14.

This species is unknown to me.

GALAGO GALLARUM Thomas.
Galago gallarum Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, 7th Ser.,
1901, p. 27.

Galago galago Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 802.
BORAN GALAGO.

Type locality. Webi Daue, Boran Galla country, East Africa.
Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Boran Galla country, East Africa.

Genl. Char. Drab coloration; yellow limbs; dorsal hairs with
white subterminal bands.

Color. General color above écru drab; the hairs being dark slaty
gray on basal half, then fulvous followed by a white subterminal, and
black terminal, rings. Centre of nose, white; orbital ring, black; outer
side of legs pale ochre yellow; arms écru drab; hands and feet yellow-
ish white; chin, inner side of arms, and inguinal region white to the
base of hairs; belly hairs white, their bases slaty ; tail pale smoky gray,
tip black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 390; tail, 225; ear, 34. No skull.

GaALAGo BRACcCATUS Elliot.
Galago braccatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907,
p. 187.

GALAGO 69

MT. KILIMANJARO GALAGO.

Type locality. Mount Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. Type
in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. GALLARUM, but darker gray above, and
the bright buff of the limbs ends abruptly on meeting the gray color,
and does not grade into it, as in the allied species.

Color. Head and neck buff, hairs tipped with black, giving these
parts a grizzled appearance; rest of upper parts iron gray; orbital
ring black; stripe between eyes, nose, upper lip, cheek and chin, gray;
upper side of arms and legs, bright buff; hands and feet, yellowish
gray; under parts, and inner side of thighs, yellowish white; tail,
Prout’s brown, hairs tipped with white; ear large, naked, black. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 480; tail, 300. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 32; zygomatic width, 29; intertemporal
width, 19; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 24; median length of
nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 26;
length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type British Museum.

This rather handsome species was obtained by Mr. A. B. Percival
on Mount Kilimanjaro, East Africa. While allied to G. GALLARUM
Thomas, it is easily distinguished from the type of that species by its
dark gray color, and the abruptness with which the buff and gray of
the legs come together. As is to be expected of an animal living upon
a high mountain the fur is thick and long. There are no appreciable
differences in the skulls of the two species.

GALAGO BRACCATUS ALBIPES Dollman.
Galago braccatus albipes Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser.,
IV, 1909, p. 549.

Type locality. Kirui, Elgon, British East Africa. Altitude 6,000
feet. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. BrAccatTus, but back darker, limbs
lighter.

Color. General hue dark ashy gray; outer side of arms similar
to G. BRACCATUS, but paler and more yellow toward extremities; outer
side of upper thighs dark gray, remainder, and legs pale yellowish buff ;
fingers and toes white; throat and chest buff colored; inner side of
limbs grayish buff. Tail not mentioned.

Measurements. Total length, 445; tail, 270; foot, 65; ear, 41.
Skull: total length, 46; Hensel, 32; zygomatic breadth, 33.5; palatal
length, 14; length of upper molar series, 13.

70 GALAGO

I have not seen this race as it was received at the British Museum
and described after my departure from England.

GALAGO DUNNI Dollman.
Galago dunni Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., V, 1910,

p92.

Type locality. Fafan, 35 miles east of Harrar, Somaliland, East
Africa.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. braccatus albipes, but larger and paler.
Skull: nasals broad anteriorly, then narrowing and widening pos-
teriorly.

Color. Upper part of body pale grayish brown, darker on dorsal
line, hairs being slaty gray with grayish white tips; flanks paler; outer
side of arms buff; outer side of legs like G. b. albipes, but more buffy
and the gray parts paler; under parts and inner side of arms white
washed with cream; inner side of legs grayish white tinged with yellow;
hands and feet yellowish; tail above basal half like back, apical half
browner ; beneath paler, more gray.

Measurements. Total length, 475; tail, 275; foot, 72; ear, 38.
Skull: total length, 48; zygomatic width, 34.5; nasals greatest length,
14; greatest width, 4.9; least width, 2.4; palatal length, 14.7; length of
upper molar series, 13.3.

This species I have not seen.

GaALaGo NYassz Elliot.
Galago nyasse Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907,
p. 188.
Galago moholi Thos., (nec Smith), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894,
p.13/.

Type locality. Mountains south of Lake Nyassa, Portuguese East
Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Fur woolly; tail bushy; skull, much broken, exhibits
great differences from that of the species I call G. SENNAARIENSIS
from the White Nile southward to Ankole, west of the Victoria
Nyanza. The rostrum is long and more slender, and the nasals are
long and narrow; the palate is long and narrow and does not widen
out posteriorly to anything like the extent as seen in skulls of G. sEN-
NAARIENSIS; the anterior line of the orbit is in front of the first molar,
instead of in front of the third premolar as in the other species ; there
is only a slight rise of the frontal above the rostrum, thus making

GALAGO i 7]

the superior outline of the skull very much less rounded, indeed quite
flat as compared with that of G. SENNAARIENSIS. Of the braincase
only the frontals and parietals remain, the occipital region and bulle,
and lower portion of skull on one side even to the palate, having disap-
peared, so no comparison can be made beyond those already given.

Color. General hue above broccoli brown; outer side of arms
broccoli brown; legs cream buff; under parts and inner side of limbs
yellowish white ; cream buff on chest. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 355 to end of hairs on tail ; tail,
185. Skull: from frontal suture to end of nasals, 27; median length
of nasals, 10; width of rostrum at canines, 7; length of palate,
15; width between last molars, 7; length of lower molar series, 13.
Ex type in British Museum.

The type in the British Museum Collection of skins and an ex-
ample in alcohol from Zomba, Nyassa, are all that are known of this
species. While the skin resembles in color G. GALLARUM more perhaps
than any other, the skull in its long and narrow rostral region, and
low crown is very different. The type was procured by Dr. Kirk when
he was accompanying Dr. Livingstone, the famous Explorer.

GALAGO GRANTI Thomas and Wroughton.
Galago granti Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907,

p. 286; 1908, p. 166.

Type locality. Cogungo, Inhambane District, near Delagoa Bay,
Portuguese East Africa. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Muzzle long; tail long, bushy.

GRANT’S GALAGO. Native name in Portuguese East Africa, Konsiti,
Suwanjati, (Inhambane).

Color. Entire upper parts, wood brown, darkest on middle of
back ; nose and stripe between eyes, broadening to a patch on forehead,
whitish gray ; sides of nose and lips, and orbital ring, black; top of head
blackish, caused by the dark tips of hairs massed over the wood
brown central portions; cheeks buffy; outer side of arms clay color;
outer side of legs cream buff; throat and chest cream buff; rest of
under parts whitish; hands grayish, feet cream buff; tail cinnamon,
blackish at tip; ears black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 395; tail, 237; foot, 63; ear, 43,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 32; zygomatic
width, 28; intertemporal width, 27; palatal length, 15; width of brain-
case, 22; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series,

72 GALAGO

13; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type
British Museum.

—

This is a pale species with a long bushy tail, and belongs to the
small forms of the GALAGO SENEGALENSIS group, and does not approach
very nearly in color to any of the other species. Mr. Grant, as quoted
by Messrs. Thomas and Wroughton, states that at Cogungo, Inham-
bane, it was “common and inhabited the forests. It is strictly noc-
turnal, sleeping during the day in hollow trees, where it may generally
be taken in small family parties. This species like many others is
eaten by the natives.”

GALAGO SENEGALENSIS EK. Geoffroy. |

Galago senegalensis E. Geoft., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 41, pl. 1;
Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 42; Jd. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 68;
E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 166; Id.
Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 33, 1lme Legon; Gray,
List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 17; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 81; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 228-230; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1863, p. 147; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 147;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 10; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p.
329, (Part.); Anders., Cat. Mamm., Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt.
I, 1881, p. 98; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1904, p. 41.

Lemur galago Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 108.

Galago geoffroyi Fisch., Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, 1806, p. 25.

Galagoides senegalensis. A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Jour., II, 1833,
De Sz:

Galago acaciarum Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 246.

Galago moholi A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., 1839, pl. LX XXVIII
bis; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 146; Huxley, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324, fig. 5; Fitzing., Sitzungsb.

’ Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 739; Gray,
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 83, fig. 9; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 859;
Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VI, 1894, p.
146.

Otolicnus galago Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 292:
V, 1855, p. 158; van der Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied.,
1844, p. 40.

GALAGO 73

Galago acaciarum var. B. SENEGALENSIS Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840,
p. 248.

Otolicnus senegalensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840,
p. 202, tab. XXXVIIIb; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw.
Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1870, p. 731; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1872, p. 859; Pousarg., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
1904, p. 144.

Galago conspicillatus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 228-230;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 148; Fitzing., Sit-
zungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1873, p. 741.

Otolicnus galago B. senegalensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,
V, 1855, p. 158.

Otolicnus galago var. australis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,
V, 1855, p. 158.

Galago murinus Murray, Edinb. Phil. Jour., X, 1859, p. 243, juv.

Galago (Otolicnus) senegalensis Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 111;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647.

Galago (Otolicnus) moholi Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 111;

' Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 647.

Otolicnus cuvieri Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad.

Wissench. Wien, 1870, p. 745.
SENEGAL GALAGO.

Type locality. Senegal, West Africa. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Senegal, Angola, (Cameron).

Genl. Char. Ears large, bare; legs longer than arms; posterior
upper premolar smaller than the middle and posterior molars; pos-
terior premolar and first and second molars have a small cusp between
the two front cusps; upper incisors four.

Color. Head, Prout’s brown, the hairs tipped with gray; upper
parts dark gray washed with russet; outer side of legs cream buff;
under parts yellowish white; hands brown, feet blackish; tail, basal
portion similar to back, remainder burnt umber; a white streak
between eyes and nose; ears pale brown.

The type in the Paris Museum has top of head Prout’s brown,
shading into yellowish gray on the back of neck; rest of upper parts
pinkish buff, becoming more cream buff on outer side of limbs; under
parts, and inner side of limbs pale yellow; tail pale sooty brown;
hands and feet brownish yellow; ears yellow. The type has faded,
and exhibits at present a cream buff animal with a pinkish tinge on the

74 GALAGO

upper parts, and with a brown head and pale sooty brown tail. The
ears are very large, and yellow in their dried state. The orbits are the
same in color as the rest of the face, but other examples have black
orbital rings. This style was named conspicillatus by Geoffroy. G.
moholi Smith, is the same as the present species and the name must
become a synonym. The type is in the British Museum Collection and
is in a faded condition. My description taken from it reads as
follows. Head and upper parts of body, écru drab; outer side of
limbs cream buff; under parts yellowish white; hands and feet yellow-
ish gray; tail above fawn color on basal half, Prout’s brown on the
remaining portion, growing darker at tip.

Measurements. Total length, 400; tail, 230. Skull, not the type:
occipital region gone; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 12;
width of braincase, 23; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper
molar series, 12; length of mandible, 22; length of lower molar
series, 12.

The skull of the type is in the skin.

GALAGO SENNAARIENSIS Lesson.
Galago acaciarum var. G. sennaariensis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840,

p. 248.

Otolicnus teng Sundev., Konegl. Sven. Vatenk. Akad. Handl.,
1842, p. 201.

Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,
1855, p. 158.

Galago sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 147;
Mivart,:Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 137-630; Huxley,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324.

Galago (Otolicnus) sennaariensis Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 647. :

Otolicnus sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 859.

Galago moholi (nec Smith), Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
p. 650; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 137; 1896,
p. 790. (Nyassaland).

Type locality. Sennaar, Africa.

Geogr. Distr. Sennaar along the White Nile south of Khartoum,
to Mashonaland, and into Ankole west of the Victoria Nyanza, up to
5,000 feet. Nyassaland at Kebrabassa, Batoka (Kirk), and the
Chiradzula Mts. (Thomas).

Genl. Char. General hue dark bluish gray; tail very long, half as

GALAGO 75

long again as the body; feet large; ears large. Posterior upper molar
tricuspidate; third upper premolar very large.

Color, Head, neck, rest of upper parts and outer side of limbs
dark bluish gray, washed sometimes on head and back with brown;
(one specimen from Goz Abu Guma on the White Nile, is pale gray
washed with écru drab on the back) ; orbital ring black; stripe between
eyes and on nose white; inner edge of thighs cream buff; entire under
parts whitish; hands gray; feet whitish gray; tail at base écru drab,
remainder blackish, hairs tipped with white; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 483; tail, 303; foot, 75; ear, 43.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 13; zygomatic width, 32;
intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 19; width of braincase, 25;
median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series, 13; length
of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 13.

This appears to be a well marked, long tailed, blue gray species
found in the valley of the White Nile, southward to the west of the
Victoria Nyanza, and to Mashonaland up to an elevation of 5,000 feet.
Eight specimens are in the British Museum Collection; from Goz Abu
Guma on the White Nile north of Khartoum, Mashonaland at Mazz
5,000 feet elevation, and South Western Ankole, west of the Victoria

Nyanza at an altitude of 5,000 feet. It seems impossible to discover

any differences to separate these specimens. The skins with one excep-
tion closely resemble each other; the exception being the one from
Goz Abu Guma, which is an écru drab above, but others from the same
locality are the usual blue gray, and for lack of any evidence to the
contrary, we must attribute this difference to an individual peculiarity,
or to season, as it was taken in April, the blue ones in November.
More material and more knowledge of the seasonal changes, are neces-
sary before the value of many specific differences, so considered, can
be fully ascertained. The skulls vary considerably in size, but this
difference is probably caused by age or sex. In the Paris Museum is
a specimen, No. 187, which is recorded in the old Catalogue as GALAGo
SENNAARIENSIS Typr. This is probably the specimen called by Lesson
(1. c.) Galago acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis. It is the usual blue
gray animal, the specimen faded somewhat in the lapse of years, the
blue hue only remaining on top of head and upper back between the
shoulders, rest of upper parts and limbs assuming a brownish tint.
The tail is darker than the body and is now a reddish brown hue. The
ears are large and blackish, the under parts and inner side of limbs
whitish, and the skull is in the skin.

76 GALAGO

Measurements. Total length, 365; tail, 195; foot, 65.

In the British Museum are two specimens of this species each
marked co-type and which were the originals of Gray’s description.
He did not select any particular specimen as The type.

GALAGO MOSSAMBICUS Peters.
Galago senegalensis Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Saugeth., 1852, p. 11.
(nec Geoff.).
Galago mossambicus Peters, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, 1876, p. 143; Thos. and Wrought., Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1908, p. 537.
MOZAMBIQUE GALAGO.

Type locality. North of Tete, Mozambique. Type in Berlin
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail very long; ears large; rostrum'very
short.

Color. General color of head, upper parts of body and outer side
of limbs sooty gray, tinged with buff on hinder part of thighs and legs |
below the knee; under parts and inner side of limbs sooty buff ; hands
and feet sooty; tail sooty brown tinged with reddish. Ex type Berlin
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 400; tail, 210. Skull, much broken:
zygomatic width, 26; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper
molar series, 9. Ex type Berlin Museum.

This is a small animal distinguished by its sooty head. That is,
as the type is today, as shown to me in the Berlin Museum; but Peters
in his Reise states, that the under parts are grayish white, (grau
weiss), or yellowish white, (gelblich weiss). Four specimens in the
British Museum from a few miles south of Tete have the under side
so colored. It is probable therefore that the type has become discolored
by dust, and does not correctly represent the species.

GaALAGo PUPULUS Elliot.
Galago pupulus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, 8th Ser., 1909,
Duif 7s
Type locality. Yola, Nigeria. Type in British Museum.
Genl. Char. Size small, color pale; ears very large; tail very long.
Color. Top of head, neck, and back to root of tail brownish gray,
the brown tinge less noticeable between the shoulders which part is a

VOLUME I. PLATE X.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS.

No. 99.4.6.4. Brit. Mus. Coll 14 larger than Nat. Size.

GALAGO 77

more decided gray ; nose, and between eyes whitish ; sides of head, chin,
throat, under side of body, and inner side of thighs grayish white;
forearms and legs cream buff; inner side of arms buffy white; hands
and feet cream buff; tail drab gray; ear reddish brown. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 360; tail, 220; foot, 37. Skull:
total length, 40.2; intertemporal width, 28.6; breadth of braincase,
22.4; Hensel, 26.2; zygomatic width, 25; median length of nasals,
12.8; palatal length, 12.5; length of upper molar series, 13; length of
mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 11.5. Ex type British
Museum.

This species belongs to the group having the hind legs more or
less cream buff in color. The ears are enormous occupying the entire
sides of the head, and the pale yellowish hue of the outer side of the
limbs is very conspicuous. In general appearance it is very like G.
MOSSAMBICUS, but the characters of the skull are very different. The
species just named is remarkable for its very short rostrum while the
present animal has a long rostrum, with slender nasals, of about equal
width for their entire length, while those of its relative broaden con-
siderably at the tip; the bulle are much longer and narrower and
the molar series much larger.

Subgenus 3. Otogale.

First upper premolar shaped like canine; muzzle short; angle of
mandible produced downwards; tarsus shorter in proportion to tibia
than in members of subgenus Otolicnus.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS Le Conte.

Galago elegantulus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1857,
p. 10; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 153; Pou-
sarg., Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 241;
Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 185.

Galago (Otogale) elegantulus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 647.

Galago alleni Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 43, (Part.).

Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1901, p. 138; Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
VI, 1894, p. 141.

78 GALAGO

Type locality. West Africa. Type in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

Geogr. Distr. Cameroon, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Ears short; tail very long with white spot at tip;
first upper premolar canine like; no lachrymo-malar suture, the malar
placed further backward than in other species.

Color. Upper parts pale cinnamon rufous, paler on the rump;
dark cinnamon rufous dorsal band from head to lower back, indistinct
upon the neck; forehead gray washed with cinnamon; orbital rings
black; line from forehead over nose gray; outer side of arms dull
russet ; outer side of legs wood brown; entire under parts of body, and
inner side of limbs slate color washed with yellowish white, the hairs
being tipped with that hue; hands and feet broccoli brown; ears dark
mars brown; tail at base above like the back, remainder drab, some-
times grayish with a white tip, beneath slate color washed with white.
Ex type Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Measurements. Total length, about 580; tail, 260. Skull: (not
the type), occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width, 35;
intertemporal width, 20; palatal length, 15; median length of nasals,
11; length of upper molar series, 13; length of mandible, 30; length of
lower molar series, 14.

This form is distinguishable from others of the genus by the
bright rufous upper parts, and by the yellowish brown tail, sometimes
grayish and tipped with white. The color of the upper parts is quite
different from that exhibited by the other members of the genus. The
type is still of a very bright cinnamon rufous on back. No skull for
the type specimen.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS TONSOR Dollman.
Galago elegantulus tonsor Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th
Ser., 1910, p. 94.

Type locality. 15 miles from mouth of Benito River, Spanish
Guinea, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. ELEGANTULUs but paler; skull smaller.

Geogr. Distr. Benito River, Spanish Guinea, and Efulan, Came-
roon, West Africa.

Color. General color pale orange, dorsal line brighter; face and
sides of head gray; top of head gray washed with pale buff; under
parts, and inner side of limbs grayish white; outer side of arms gray
and buff; of legs yellowish gray; hands and feet gray; tail on basal

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GALAGO ELEGANTULUS PALLIDUS

GALAGO 79

half above grayish buff, remainder gray with white tip, beneath gray
washed with buff at base.

Measurements. Total length, 495; tail, 280; foot, 61; ear, 30.
Skull: total length, 45.4; zygomatic width, 36; basal length, 35; length
of nasals, 11.6; palatal length, 17.3; length of molar series, 13.

I have not seen this race.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS PALLIDUS Gray.
Otogale pallida Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 140, t. XIX ;
Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 324; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 646; Matschie, Saugeth., Deutsch.
Ost Afr., 1895, p. 14.
Otolicnus pallidus Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
VI, 1894, p. 141.

Galago (Otogale) pallidus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,

p. 646.

Euoticus pallidus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 860.

Galago pallida Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 71.
PALE GALAGO. Ns@, native name in Southern Cameroon.

Type locality. Fernando Po. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Cameroon, (Bates), and Island of Fer-
nando Po, (Capt. Burton), West Africa.

Genl. Char. Head short, broad; face short, conical; eyes large;
last upper molar quadricuspidate ; last lower molar quinquicuspidate.

Color. Head, and between shoulders, and outer side of arms dark
hair brown, rest of back broccoli brown; gray spot between eyes; nose
blackish ; white spots at axille, and another on each side opposite the
groin; dorsal line from middle of back to tail, mummy brown; outer
side of legs like lower back; tail like back for basal third, remainder
smoky gray. Ex type British Museum.

Another specimen is paler, being dark hair brown washed with
wood brown on head, upper part of back and arms; remaining upper
parts, and legs wood brown; under parts yellowish; basal part of tail
wood brown, remainder hair brown washed with gray, British Mu-
setlm specimen.

Measurements. Size similar to G. ELEGANTULUS. Skull: zygo-
matic width, 48; intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 18; breadth
of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar
series, 14; mandible missing, and occipital region of skull gone.

80 GALAGO

This race is much darker than G. ELEGANTULUS and has none of
the cinnamon color of that species; the mummy brown on the dorsal
line, which is quite indistinct, being the only change from the general
uniform hair brown color of the upper parts of the body. There are
only two examples in the British Museum Collection, the second one
being lighter on back and rump, this apparently on account of the old
hair not having been yet shed, as the head and upper part of the back
are dark like the type.

Bates records (1. c.) that the Ns@ uses neither hollow trees nor
old squirrel’s nests for a hiding place in the daytime. They are found
sleeping in bunches of as many as a half dozen, clinging with their
arms around each other’s bodies and around the branch of a tree. »A
shrill squeaking or chirping often heard at night among the tree tops of
the forest, is referred by the natives to the Nse. They say that this
noise is heard oftener near morning and that then the father is calling
together the rest of the company, to gather them into a huddle for the
daytime.

GALAGO ELEGANTULUS APICALIS (Du Chaillu).
Otolicnus apicalis Du Chaillu, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 361; Id. Equat. Africa, Append. 1861, p. 471; Matschie,
Mitt. Geog. Ges. Nat. Mus. Liibeck, 1894, p. 131.
DU CHAILLU’S GALAGO. Aboli, native name.

Type locality. Equatorial Africa. “Mountains of the interior
near the equator.” No particular locality given. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Skull of type has only the frontal bone, orbits and
rostrum remaining; but these portions show considerable differences
from the skull of G. ELEGANTULUS with which species this one has
been united by some writers. These differences may be expressed as
follows. The width between the orbits is much greater; the nasals are
narrower, and the rostrum anteriorly much more slender and narrower ;
the frontal from the parietal suture to nasals is shorter; the posterior
end of nasals is rounded instead of pointed; first upper molar is
smaller and the third larger; the bony palate from the center of the
arch is longer, and the width throughout its length much less, causing
the teeth to lie more on a straight line and not to flare outward, as is
the case with the tooth rows of G. ELEGANTULUS; the bony ring of the
orbits is much wider.

Color. Head, neck, and upper parts bright russet; dorsal streak
burnt umber; outer side of arms mummy brown; outer side of legs

GALAGO 81

Prout’s brown; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs yellow-
ish white, the tips of the hairs being that color; hands like arms; feet
like legs; tail at base mars brown, remainder bistre with whitish tips.
Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. About the size of G. ELEGANTULUS. Skull:
length of frontal, 19; width between orbits, 5; length of nasals, 12;
width of rostrum above canines, 10; palatal length, 18; width of palate
between last molars, 14; length of tooth row, 13. Ex type British
Museum.

The type, from which the above description and measurements
were taken, is a very much darker and altogether a differently colored
animal than G. ELEGANTULUS, and can be recognized at a glance. The
differences in color and in the dimensions of the skull above given
would seem to almost entitle this form to a separate specific rank.

Du Chaillu states (1. c.) this species is called Aboli by the natives.
It lives in the forest retiring by day to holes in the trees, coming out at
night in search of food, which consists of fruit and insects. The male
and female generally dwell together. “I kept one for some time and
it throve well, being very fond of cockroaches, bananas and corn.” It
is found in the mountains of the interior near the equator.

82 HEMIGALAGO

GENUS 4. HEMIGALAGO. BUSH BABYS.
Li; Cs Pgs M. e336.
First upper premolar unlike canine; premaxillz extending in front
of incisors; muzzle short; angle of mandible produced downwards and

backwards; tarsi very long; species small in size. Second upper
premolar with cusp on the heel.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Second upper premolar with cusp on heel.

a; Upper. parts. Prout'syhronyan, <n by Seed bee a H. demidofi.
Dy.iUpper parts, .mars, brown yadesent fs-fe-e eee H. d. poensis.
c. Upper parts rufous washed with yellow....... H. anomurus.

d. Upper parts drab washed with mars brown..... H. thomasi.

*HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI (Fischer).
Galago demidoffi Fisch., Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, 1806,

p. 1, pl. XXIV, fig. 1, Juv.; Jd. Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 68; I.
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 81; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, p. 148; Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.
380, pl. XXV; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 248,
fig.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 5, (Mombuttw) ;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 44; Pousarg., Ann.
Scien. Nat., Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 242.

Mioxicebus rufus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 219.

Microcebus rufus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 107.

Otolicnus peli Temm., Esquis. Zool., 1853, p. 42; Fitzing., Sit-
zungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensth. Wien, 1870, p. 746.

Otolicnus demidofii Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.
292, (footnote) ; V, 1855, p. 165; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth.
Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 748.

Hemigalago demidofii Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

*For Geographical Distribution see Galago, p. 52.

VOLUME | Baa a

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HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFF) Wh

VOLUME I. PLATE XI.

HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI.
No. 98.5.4.5. Brit. Mus. Coll. Twice Nat. Size.

HEMIGALAGO 83

Natur., 1856, fasc. I, p. 230, tab. X, figs. 35, 35a; Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 858; F. Major, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 139, figs. 38, 39.

Galago (Hemigalago) demidofi Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1864, p. 648.

Galago pusillus Peters, Monatsb., Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.

Berlin, 1876, p. 473.
DEMIDOFF’S GALAGO. Ojam, native name.

Type locality. Senegal.

Geogr. Distr. Gold Coast to Great Basin of the Congo, West and
Central Africa; Mombuttu, Equatorial Africa, (Thomas) ; Dongila,
Gaboon, (Peters).

Genl. Char. Second upper premolar with two small cusps on heel ;
upper molars with small cusp on oblique ridge; tail longer than head
and body.

Color. Head and upper parts Prout’s brown, darkest on center of
back and rump, but sometimes these parts are cinnamon rufous; buff
streak between eyes and nose; upper lip black; outer side of arms and
legs like back with the outer edge of legs ochraceous buff ; entire under
parts buff, darkest on the breast; tail Prout’s brown, hairs tipped with
golden yellow.

Measurements. Total length, 323; tail, 180; (skin). Skull: occi-
pito-nasal length, 31; Hensel, 25; zygomatic width, 23; intertemporal
width, 15; palatal length, 12; width of braincase, 19; length of upper
molar series, 11; length of mandible, 20; length of lower molar
series, 11.

Peters gave a figure of the head, in his text, and a plate by Wolf
of a Galago in his paper published in 1863 (1. c.) under the name of
GALAGO DEMIDOFFI, but in 1876, (1. c.) decided his example was not
that species, and named it Otolicnus pusillus. The plate exhibits an
animal very like H. pEmiporFl, with some slight differences, but these
may possibly arise from faulty coloring. The only differences stated
by Peters in the later paper to separate his example from H. pem1-
DOFFI are its shorter ears and smaller size. No dimensions are in this
paper, but they are given in the earlier one. Measurements in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, (1. c.) are as follows: “total
length, 2” 2”, tail 3” 1”, head 1” 1”, arms 1” 5”, legs 2” 6”, thigh 8,
tibia 10, foot and tarsus 1”.”

84 HEMIGALAGO

There is an error here as the head and tail are made to measure
separately, nearly twice the total length.

I examined the type in the Berlin Museum. It is a baby and
presents no characters to separate it from H. DEMIDOFFI.

Bates (1. c.) states that the “little 6jam is similarly found asleep,
three or four huddled together in old nests of the squirrel dsen. Some
people have told me that the little Lemurs make their own nests, but
it seems more likely that these are only old squirrel’s nests. An djam
that I kept alive once for several days made a chirping noise at night,
as shrill as that of a cricket. In grasping anything with its hind hand,
the clawed finger was always folded in the palm, under and not over
the thing it grasped.”

HEMIGALAGO DEMIDOFFI POENSIS (Thomas).
Galago demidofii poensis Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, p.

186.
FERNANDO PO GALAGO.

Type locality. Banterberi, Fernando Po, West Africa. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. DEMIDOFFI, but band on side of body
paler ; tips of hairs black.

Color. Upper parts and outer side of limbs mars brown darkest
on dorsal region; yellowish white stripe between eyes and on nose;
hands mars brown; feet brownish gray; under parts and inner side of
limbs yellowish white; buff on abdomen; tail at base mars brown,
remainder blackish brown, hairs tipped with golden. Ex type British
Museum. .

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail, 195; foot, 46; ear, 28,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 38; Hensel, 22; zygomatic
width, 24; intertemporal width, 15; palatal length, 12; breadth of
braincase, 19; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar
series, 10; length of mandible, 21; length of lower molar .series, 11.
Ex type British Museum.

HEMIGALAGO ANOMURUS (Pousargues).
Galago (Hemigalago) anomurus Pousarg., Nouv. Archiv. Mus.
Hist. Nat., Paris, 1894, pp. 158, 164, pl. XI; Jd. Ann. Scien.

Nat. Paris, III, 7me Sér., 1896, p. 244.

HEMIGALAGO 85

Type locality. Upper part of the River Kemo, a tributary of the
Oubongui, French Congo. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Kemo River, French Congo, West Africa.

Genl. Char. Muzzle equal in length to diameter of orbit; tail
shorter than head and body.

Color. Above yellowish rufous, darkest on nape, back and flanks ;
all the rest of pelage beneath white, the hairs white at tips, blue at the
roots; inner side of legs buffy white; a white stripe on nose; orbital
ring and sides of nose brownish black; tail bushy, bright russet ; hands
and feet pale brown. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 340; tail, 140; foot, 54; ear, 24.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 36; Hensel, 25 ; zygomatic width, 22; inter-
temporal width, 16; palatal length, 10; length of mandible, 20; length
of upper molar series, 13; length of lower molar series, 10. Ex type
Paris Museum.

This is a very small species with a rather bushy tail of a general
rufous color tinged with yellow; the tail however being darker than
the body and without any yellow tinge. This type is in a good state
of preservation, and as yet has probably only slightly faded. There is
no real gray hue on the upper parts, the plumbeous of the base of the
hairs, when showing through on throat and under parts, alone giving
an indication of a gray hue.

HEMIGALAGO THOMAS! (Elliot).
Galago thomasi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser., 1907,

p. 189.
THOMAS’S GALAGO.

Type locality. Fort Beni, Semliki River, Central Africa. Type in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Uganda to boundary line of the Congo Free State.

Genl. Char. Larger than H. pemipoFFi, color quite different.
Skull much larger, differently shaped braincase, much broader in
occipital region, and higher over roots of the zygomata; teeth much
larger.

Color. Head and upper parts drab, washed with mars brown on
head and dorsal region; stripe between eyes and nose yellowish white ;
outer side of limbs drab; under parts and inner side of limbs buff;
tail mars brown. Ex type British Museum.

86 HEMIGALAGO

Measurements. Total length, 349; tail, 200; foot, 58; ear, 28.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 40; Hensel, 28; zygomatic width, 25;
intertemporal width, 16; palatal length, 14; breadth of braincase, 21;
median length of nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 11; length
of mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 11. Ex type British
Museum.

This, the fourth member of the genus Hemica.aoo, differs from
all in color and size, being the largest of all. The skull shows many
and great differences from that of H. DEmiporri or H. ANoMuRuSs, and
cannot well be confounded or mistaken for them. The type was taken
on the boundary line of Uganda and the Congo Free State, and a
second and somewhat darker specimen at Dumo, Uganda. Whether
it goes farther into the Congo region or is confined to Uganda is
unknown.

VOLUME I. PLATE XI.

CHIROGALE SIBREEI.

No. 97.9.1.160. Type Brit. Mus. Coll. ™% larger than Nat. Size.

CHIROGALE 87

Subfamily 3. Lemurinz.

GENUS CHIROGALE. MOUSE LEMURS.

2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3
Lae Cos begat la aig, 30:

CHEIROGALEUS (!) E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 172, pl. X. Type Cheirogaleus (!) major E. Geof-
froy.

Myspithecus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., ed. 4°, 1833.

Cebugale Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.

Myscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.

Myocebus Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 1841, II, p. 19.

Myslemur Blainv., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. Paris, VIII, 1846, p. 559.

Opolemur Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 853-855, fig. 1,
pl. LXX.

Chirogale F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 1.

Head round; face furred; eyes large; approximate; ears mem-
branaceous, projecting beyond the fur; hind limbs longer than the
fore limbs; foot elongate; nails flat, except that of second finger which
is pointed; tail longer than body. Skull: mastoid region not inflated ;
inner upper incisor larger than outer ; last molar smaller than the first,
with one internal and one external cusp; inner hind cusp of molars
small, or absent; palate extending beyond last molar.

The Mouse Lemurs are small animals with tails as long or longer
than the body. The head is round, with large eyes situated close to-
gether, and the ears which are thin, stand out beyond the fur.
The legs are longer than the arms, and the foot is very long,
the astralagus, or heel bone, being remarkably elongate. The nails
are flat except that of the second finger which is pointed. In their
habits these animals are nocturnal, and during the dry season some
species become torpid, sleeping all the time. They are only found on
the island of Madagascar. During the summer a large amount of fat
is deposited on portions of the body at the root of the tail, enlarging
this part greatly, and the creature is sustained during the period of
hibernation by absorbing this unique store of food; resembling in this
respect the Bears when they hibernate.

1812.

1828.

1833.

1840.

1843.

1854.

1855.

CHIROGALE

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
In this paper the Author reproduces drawings of three Lemurs

by Commergon, reduced two thirds, upon which he establishes
the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!) and gives to the three figures the

- names according to their respective size of C. mayor, C. MEDIUS,

and C. minor. It is not known what became of Commercon’s
types; they probably were not preserved. They are not now in
the Paris Museum, but there is a specimen there marked C.
MAJor Geoff., TyPE, so he must have selected it to represent the
species he called by that name. C. MEDIUS is now in the genus
ALTILILEMUR, and C. minor is a MiIcrocEBUsS, and is the same
as M. murRINus (Miller).

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Cours de l’Histoire Naturelle des
Mammiferes.

The Author here describes as Cheirogaleus (!) mili, the ani-
mal figured by Commercon to which he had previously given
the name of C. MAJor.

Sir A. Smith, in South African Quarterly Journal.

C. major is here redescribed as C. typicus.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

CHEIROGALE MAJoR is here called Cebugale commersonii.

J. E. Gray, in List of Specimens of Mammalia in the British

Museum.

Two species are here included in the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!)
C. smithti = MicrocEBUS MURINUS, and C. typicus = C. MAJOR,
P. Gervais, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes.

Three species are here given of CHEIROGALE, only one of which
belongs to the genus, viz., C. milii = C.major, while C. furcifer
and C. murinus both belong to the genus MicroceEsus.
Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen der Natur
mit Beschreibungen.

Various species are here included in CHEIROGALE, not all of
which belong to the genus; C. milii = C. major Geoff., C.
typicus = C. MAJorR; the others should be included in the genera
MyoxiceBus and MIcROocEBUS, viz., C. cinereus = MyoxIcEBus
GRISEUS ; C. olivaceus = MyOXICEBUS OLIVACEUS; C. furcifer =
MICROCEBUS FURCIFER; and C. smithii = M1cROCEBUS MURINUS.

1856.

1863.

1864.

1867.

1868.

1870.

CHIROGALE 89

Giebel, Die Saugethiere.

Like the Author just preceding, this Writer unites in this work
with CHIROGALE, species of other genera: C. mili and C.
typicus = C. Major; C. furcifer is MICROCEBUS FURCIFER; C.
griseus is a MicroceBus; C. smithii = MIcROCEBUS MURINUS;
and C. olivaceus = MyYoXICEBUS OLIVACEUS.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
In this review of the LEmuripz the Author includes in the
genus “CHEIROGALEUS (!)’ three species, C. milii, and C.
typicus both of which = CHIROGALE MAjoR Geoffroy, and C.
smithii = MicRocEBUS MURINUS (Miller).

St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

In this elaborate paper on the crania and dentition of the
LeMuRID# only two species of the genus CHEIROGALE are
given: C. milu = C. major, and C. typicus = C. Major. In
the arrangement of the species, however, C. typicus = C.
MAJOR is erroneously placed in the genus MicrocEBus.

St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

In this paper the Author endeavors to decide upon the character
separating the genera CHIROGALE and MucroceBus, and
concludes that it will be possible (and perhaps even useful)
still to retain, provisionally at least the distinction between
them, though reposing mainly if not exclusively on a few
cranial and dental characters. Yet in dividing the species he
places FURCIFER and COQUERELI both of which belong to
Microcesus, with C. mili = C. MAjor, as two of the three
species he allots to CHIROGALE.

Grandidier, in Comptes Rendus.

C. major is redescribed as C. adipicaudatus.

Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI first described.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

This is mainly a repetition of the review of the LEmuRIDZ
given in the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London in
1863. Three species are included in CHErROGALEUS (!), C.
mili = C. Major; C. typicus = C. Major; and C. smithu

1871.

1872.

| 1873.

1875.

1876.

1894.

CHIROGALE

= Microcesus MuRINusS. In the appendix to the Catalogue a
new genus Azema is created for the species last named, but
which is quite uncalled for.

A, Milne-Edwards, in Revue Scientifique.

In his “L’Ordre des Lemuriens,” this Author places the genera
CHIROGALE, MicroceBus, and GALAGo in the family Galagine,
as a section of Microtarses, and decides that Microcesus and
CHIROGALE, cannot be separated generically.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
A new generic name, Opolemur is here proposed for Chirogale
milii = C. MAJOR, which was already the type of CHEIROGALEUS
(!) Geoff.

St. G. Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

In this paper the zoological rank of CHIROGALE and its species
is discussed. Following the opinion of Prof. A. Milne-Edwards
which is apparently here adopted, he considers CH1ROGALE and
Microcesus the same generically, and that C. smithii, minor,
MYOXINUS, gliroides, rufus, and pusillus are the same; that
C. milii and typicus are synonymous, and adipicaudatus, and
MAJoR Geoff., are the same as C. milii, and also L. samati
Grandidier, is the same as C. (ALTILILEMUR) MEDIUS Geoff.
Gray’s genera of Murilemur, Phanar, Mirza, and Prolemur
have no claim to distinctness.

Gunther, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
CHIROGALE TRICHOTIs first described as ‘CHEIROGALEUS (!)’
TRICHOTIS. .

Schlegel, in Muséum des Pays-Bas, Simie.

In the genus ‘CHEIROGALEUS (!)’ only one species is given,
which, as now understood, should be included in it; viz., C.
milii = C. MAjoR Geoff. The others are C. samati = MyoxIceE-
BUS MEDIUS (Geoff.) ; C. pusillus = MicRocEBUS MURINUS; and
C. MyYOXINuS, also a Microcesus. C. TRICHOTIS is also
mentioned but no specimen had been seen by the Author.
Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologia.

This paper is a review of the genera CHIROGALE and MIcROcE-
BUS, with critical remarks on the species. Three are recognized
as belonging to CHIROGALE, viz., C. milii = C. major, C.
MELANOTIS, and C. TRICHOTIS. Six are given to MICROCEBUS,

GH LR O GA 91

and these will be considered under that genus, and one L.
samati Grandidier, = ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (FE. Geoff.), is
placed in Gray’s genus Opolemur.

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologie.
CHIROGALE MELANOTIS first described.

1896. Forsyth-Major, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CHIROGALE SIBREEI first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Five species are here recognized as belonging to the genus Cu1Ro-
GALE, all natives of the Island of Madagascar. It cannot be said that
the limits of their dispersion are as yet definitely ascertained, especially
of those comparatively lately described, as of these we know little
beyond the locality in which they were discovered. The one most fa-
miliar to Mammalogists, the C. mayor Geoffroy of this work, C. mili
Auct., seems to have a rather extensive range on the Island, and is
found from Pasandava on the north west coast to Tullare in the south,
and on the east coast from Fort Dauphin in the south east, and in
Betsileo Province in the lower wooded region, to Tamatave in the
north east, and also according to Shaw in Central Madagascar. C.
MELANOTIS has been obtained at Vohemar on the north east coast, and
C. SIBREEI was taken at Ankeramadinika one day’s journey east of
Antananarivo the capital, but the extent of the range of neither is
known. C. CROSSLEYI was procured by Grandidier in the forest of
Antsianak, and C. tricHoTis was found by Mr. Crossley between
Tamatave on the north east coast and Morondava on the west coast,
but we have no knowledge of the limits within which the ranges of
these two species are restricted. It is not improbable, however, that
they may have a considerable dispersion in Central Madagascar.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Size moderately large; ears without tufts.

a. External tips of ears, naked, black.
a. Forehead and cheeks brown, hairs tipped

HELL) ST 1 AA a a er em A C. major.
b.’ Forehead and cheeks yellowish, hairs tipped
WAL ADIACIOIA A. OT betel hati, ERAN ye EE C. sibreei.

92 CHIROGALE
b. External tips of ears hairy.
a.’ Larger; head pale brownish red........... C. melanotis.
Y. Smaller; head rufous ..@ieere..: si! 25.6 C. crossleyi.
B. Size small; ears tufted: 4)... i Jsktc Be = bees nee C. trichotis.

CHIROGALE MAJOR EK. Geoffroy.

Chetrogaleus (!) major E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1812, XIX, p. 172, pl. X, fig. 1; Jd. Cours Nat. Hist. Mamm.,
1828, p. 24, 1lme Legon; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Naturw. Akad.
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 656; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 492.

Cheirogaleus (!) milii E. Geoff., Cours Hist. ‘Nat, Mamm., 1828,
p. 24, 11me Lecon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 79; Gerv.,
Nat. Hist. Mamm., 1854, p. 171; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, fasc. V, p. 223, pl. VIII, figs. 32 and
32 a; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 142; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 642; 1867, p. 971; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Meth. Naturw. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p.
657; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 77; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 324, (Part.) ; Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 134;
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768.

Myspithecus typus F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 2me ed., 1833, p.
228, pl. LX XXIII.

Cheirogaleus (!) typicus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., II, No.

1, Part II, 1833, p. 50; Gray, Cat. Spec. Mamm., Brit. Mus.,

1843, p. 17; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 142; 1872, p.
855, fig. 3; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 78; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Meth. Natur.
Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 664; Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492.

Cebugale commerconi Less., Illust. Zool., 1831-2, p. 111; Jd. Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 213.

Lemur milii Blainv., Ostéog., Mamm., Primates, 1841, p. 12, pl.
gae

Lemur (Chirogaleus !) milii van d. Hoeven, Tijdsch. voor.
Natuur. Geschied. Phys., 1844, p. 38.

Chirogaleus (!) commerconti Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p.
104.

Microcebus milii Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641.

Microcebus typicus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641.

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PLATE 5

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CHIROGALE 93

Chirogaleus (!) adipicaudatus Grandid., Compt. Rend., XIV, Dec.
1868 ; Jd. Ann. Scien. Nat., X, 1868, p. 378.
Opolemur milii Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853.
Chirogale milu Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492; F.
Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 21, pl. XI, figs. 1, 8, 9; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 50.
MILIUS’S MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar; Fort Dauphin to
Tamatave; also in the lower wooded regions of Betsileo Province; and
on the west coast from Tullare to Pasandava, Central Madagascar.
(Shaw).

Genl. Char. Nose rather broad; ears moderate, sparsely haired;
braincase moderately arched; orbits large; palate extending beyond last
molars with rather large posterior perforations ; bullz moderately large ;
first premolar larger than second; upper inner incisors broad, flat
at tips.

The type of C. major Geoffroy is in the Paris Museum and is
identical with his C. milii, and as the first name was published fourteen
years before the latter, it will of course take precedence, and milu, by
which appellation the species has been so long known, must become a
synonym. The type is in very good condition and may be described
as follows: orbital ring blackish brown; whitish spot between eyes; no
facial streaks; face, top and sides of head, and upper part of body to
rump, and the tail pale reddish brown inclining to a buff; flanks and
outer side of limbs, hands and feet, reddish brown or buff paler than
the back; upper lip toward corner of mouth, chin, throat, inner side
of limbs and under part of body white.

Measurements. Total length, 609.6; tail, 278.5; foot, 51.4.

The type of C. milii while faded somewhat, has undergone less
change than most of the types of the earlier species in the Paris Mu-
seum. It is a reddish brown animal with a yellowish white sheen,
produced by the tips of the hairs, and with a long dull brownish tail
darkest at the tip. The species varies so considerably in color among
individuals that the type can only at best give an idea of but one phase
of coloring, with which other examples would only agree in part.

A general description of the species would be somewhat as follows.

Color. Varying considerably among individuals; head and neck
brownish gray, sometimes grizzled with silver gray washed with rufous
of varying intensity, this color sometimes extending over the entire
upper parts; in other examples the upper parts are ashy brown; under

94 CHIROGALE

parts and inner side of limbs yellowish or whitish yellow; orbital ring
black; nose and face between eyes light gray; hands and feet dark
brown; tail pale rufous with white tip, or ashy brown for entire length.

Measurements. Total length, about 580; tail, 275. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 56; Hensel, 47; intertemporal width, 16; palatal length,
24; zygomatic width, 38; median length of nasals, 18; width of brain-
case, 28; length of upper molar series, 19; length of mandible, 37;
length of lower molar series, 20.

Cheirogaleus (!) typicus Smith, is undoubtedly the same as the
present species. The type is in the British Museum and the following
description is taken from it.

Head and upper parts pale rufous, hairs tipped with gray more
profusely on the rump and sides; orbital ring black; outer side of limbs
and the tail like back ; space between eyes and top of nose without hairs,
these having slipped off ; entire under parts yellowish.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 54; zygomatic width,
34; intertemporal width, 16; median length of nasals, 19; width of
braincase, 26; length of upper tooth row, 18; length of mandible, 34;
length of lower tooth row, 16.

Mr. Shaw, (1. c.) had one of this species in captivity and he relates
that it lived in a small box, but was allowed to exercise in the room at
night. It was nocturnal in its habits, and was brought from the forest
on the lower part of the eastern side of Betsileo province. It ran about
on all fours, but sat up to eat, holding its food in its hands. He
imagined the animal hibernated, for in the winter, (June), after exer-
cising for several nights, on opening the box one evening, it was found
asleep and quite cold. He thought it was dead, but on holding it to
the fire and rubbing it, it gradually awoke, and after having been
thoroughly warmed it was none the worse in health. This happened
several times, and from the fact that the tail became suddenly enlarged,
it probably would, if in its native forest, have slept through the winter.
It made a nest of leaves and dry grass, scooping a place in it just large
enough to contain its body, and carefully covering itself with the loose
material. Mr. Shaw considered it rare in Madagascar, for he was only
able to obtain this individual, although he kept a man two months in the
forest seeking it. Of course its nocturnal habits make its capture more
difficult. His animal was easily tamed, and became very affectionate,
coming when called by name, and enjoyed being handled.

CHIROGALE 95

CHIROGALE MELANOTIS Major.
Chirogale melanotis F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 25, pl. II,
fig. 10.
Cheirogaleus (!) melanotis Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p.
52; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p.

548, Zool. Ser.
BLACK-EARED MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Wohemar, north east coast of Madagascar. Type
in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. Major, but ears black; fur more silky.
Skull smaller; face longer; nasals broader; last lower molar with a
distinct heel.

Color. Top of head, neck, upper parts and tail light brownish red ;
outer side of limbs paler; ears and orbital ring black; pale grayish
rufous stripe between eyes on to nose; grayish stripe on side of neck
extending from throat; entire under parts and inner side of limbs
grayish white with a yellow tint. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 490; tail, 225. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 51; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 31.5; palatal length,
20; width of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 18; length of upper
tooth row, 15; length of mandible, 32; length of lower tooth row, 16.
Ex type British Museum.

This form is very similar to C. MAjor, but is slightly more red,
and can always be distinguished by its black ears. The color of the
tail of the two species is very much the same.

CHIROGALE SIBREEI Major.

Chirogale sibreei F. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1896, p. 325.

Type locality. Ankeramadinika, one day’s journey east of Antana-
narivo, Capital of Madagascar. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Teeth larger than in C. MELANOTIS, canines much
larger; upper tooth rows only slightly divergent posteriorly ; molars
nearly equal, the last slightly smaller ; first upper premolar longest, the
third premolar shortest and broadest; palate extending beyond last
molars; posterior openings small and narrow; inner upper incisors
longer than outer; first lower premolar canine-like, much longer
than the others, curved and pointed.

Color. Forehead, around eyes, space between eyes and cheeks
yellowish or buffy; top of head, neck, and upper part of body grayish
brown darkest on dorsal line; outer side of limbs like back; orbital
ring black; inside of ears naked, black; entire under parts and inner

96 CHIROGALE

side of limbs gray, with a yellowish tinge; hands and feet brown; tail,
basal half above like back, paler beneath, remainder pale reddish brown
with white tipped hairs. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 500; tail, 250. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 44; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal
breadth, 20; palatal length, 19; width of braincase, 24; median length
of nasals, 17; length of upper tooth row, 14; length of mandible, 20;
length of lower tooth row, 15.5. Ex type in British Museum.

This animal is about the same in size as C. MELANOTIS, and might
pass for a gray phase of that species were it not for the naked ears,
those of C. MELANoTIS being rather closely haired. The skulls show
differences also, the rostral portion of C. sIBREEI being much narrower,
and the nasals more slender. The tooth rows are straighter, not curv-
ing outward as in C. MELANOTIS.

CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI Grandidier.

Chirogaleus crossleyi Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1870, p. 49;

Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 53.
CROSSLEY’S MOUSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Forests east of Antsianak, Madagascar. _

Color. “Parties supérieures roussatres, surtout la téte, parties
inférieures blanchatres. Téte énorme, arrondie. Cercle noir autour
des yeux. L/’intérieur des oreilles est recouvert de poil brun foncé, et
leur sommet est bordé de noir. Queue courte et trés fournie. Oreilles
petites. Longeur du corps, 20 cent., des membres postérieures, 10 cent.,
des oreilles, 1 cent.’

Neither the type nor any specimen of this species could be found
in the Paris Museum during my visits there.

CHIROGALE TRICHOTIS Gunther.
Chirogaleus (!) trichotis Gunth., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875,
p. 78.
Chirogale trichotis F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 26; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 52.
TUFTED-EAR MOUSE LEMUR.
Type locality. Between Tamatave and Morondava, Madagascar.
Type in British Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Madagascar, Forests of Antsianak.
Genl. Char. Size small; ears tufted; tail shorter than body.

CHIROGALE 97

Color. Brown gray on upper parts and head, with numerous
rather long white hairs on the body; forehead and beneath eyes buff ;
orbital ring, black; light buff space between eyes, becoming gray on
nose; ear tufts brown, tips of hairs white; outer side of limbs liké
back; rufous dorsal line from middle of back to tail; under parts
yellowish white, base of fur plumbeous; hands and feet grayish white
in some lights; tail reddish, darker than back, but lighter than dorsal
line. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 300; tail, 154. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 26; zygomatic width, 22; intertemporal
width, 18; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 19; median length of
nasals, 12; length of upper tooth row, 10; length of mandible, 21;
length of lower tooth row, 10. Ex type British Museum.

This species differs from all the members of this genus in the tufts
of hair standing out from the ears and sides of head, above the ears.
The fur is soft and woolly and it is one of the smaller forms of
the group.

MICROCEBUS

GENUS MICROCEBUS. DWARF LEMURS.

2—2 1-1 3—3 3—3
ip 2-95 C. 1-13 Pp: 3—3) M. 3-3 — 36.

MICROCEBUS E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1lme Legon,

1828, p. 24. Type Lemur pusillus E. Geoffroy, = Lemur
murinus Miller.

Scartes Swains., Nat. Hist. and Class. Quad., 1835, p. 352.
Gliscebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.
Mirza Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British

Museum, 1870, p. 131.

Phaner Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit-

ish Museum, 1870, p. 131.

Azema Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British

Museum, 1870, p. 132.

Murilemur Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

British Museum, 1870, p. 133.

Size small; fore limbs shorter than hind limbs; nose short; eyes

large, approximate; ears elongate; mammz four, pectoral two and
ventral two. Skull: braincase high; facial region short; squamosal
region less inflated than in GALAGO; inner upper incisor larger than
outer; no diastema between upper canine and first premolar; molars
with three sharp cusps, basal ring swollen and internally forming a
hind cusp; last upper molar smaller than the first with rudimentary
hind cusp; palate extends behind last molar.

1777.

1784.

1788.

1795.

, LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

J. F. Miller, Cimelia Physica.

MICROCEBUS MURINUS first described as Lemur murinus.
Boddert, Elenchus Animalium.

In this work MicroceBus MURINUs is placed in the genus
Prosimia as P. minima.

J. F. Gmelin, Systema Nature.

MICROCEBUS MURINUS is here recognized under Miller’s name
of Lemur murinus.

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Bulletin de la Société Philomatique
de Paris.

-

PLATE XIll.

VOLUME |.

MICROCEBUS MURINUS.

Mus. Coll. Twice Nat. Size.

. Brit.

1812.

1828.

1839.

1840.

1842.

1852.

1863.

1864.

MICROCEBUS 99

MICROCEBUS MURINUS is here redescribed as Lemur pusillus.
E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

MICROCEBUS MURINUS renamed Cheirogaleus (!) minor.

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Cours de VHistoire Naturelle des
Mammiferes.

MICROCEBUS MURINUs is redescribed as Galago madagascarien-
Sis.

de Blainville, Ostéographie.

MICROCEBUS FURCIFER first described as Lemur furcifer.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

In this list, M1cRocEBUS MURINUS appears under various genera
and specific appellations, giving rise to a certain amount of
wonder, for it is called Myscebus palmarum, Gliscebus murinus,
and Gliscebus rufus.

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
MICROCEBUS MURINUS is renamed Galago minor; and Cheiro-
galeus (!) smith.

Peters, in Naturwissensshaftliche Reise nach Mossambique,
Sdugethiere.

MIcROCEBUS MYOXINUS first described.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
in this communication intended for a review of the LEMURIDA,
the genus Lepilemur (!) (LEPIDOLEMUR), was proposed, to
contain MicrocEBUS MURINUS; M. myoxiINus; M. FURCIFER;
and LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS; only the last of the species
being properly included.

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London.

A critical review based on the crania and dentition of the
Lemurip#2. While the results arrived at will be discussed
under the various genera, as they are reached, it is only
necessary here to consider the Author’s conclusion regarding
the species of Microcesus. Five are recognized: M. myoxI-
nus; M. smitm; and M. pusillus; the last two = M.
MURINUS (Miller) ; M. typicus = CHIROGALE MAJorR; and M.
FURCIFER. The Author states, however, that owing to the
scarcity of materials “I have not attempted to work out the

100

1867.

1868.

1870.

1872.

1873.

MICROCEBUS

,

species,” and that he does not intend to imply that all those
given are distinct, some only having been adopted provisionally
on the authority of others.

Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

MICROCEBUS COQUERELI first described as Cheirogaleus (!)
coquereli.

Grandidier, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle de
Paris.

MIcRocEBUS MURINUS redescribed as Cheirogaleus (!) gli-
roides.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.

In this list, MicRocEBUS MURINUS is given as Cheirogaleus (!)
smithti Gray, and placed in the genus LEepILemMuR (!), and
comments are made on MIcRocEBUS MYOXINUS Peters, the
Author, however, never having seen a specimen. In the Appen-
dix several genera are proposed for the species of Microce-
Bus as follows: Murilemur for MIcRocEBUS MURINUS; Phaner
for M. FURCIFER; and Mirza for M. coQUERELI. All these are
quite unnecessary.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
This paper is practically a repetition of a review of the
LEMURIDZ given in the Catalogue above mentioned, except
that whereas the species of MicroceBus were in the pre-
vious publication placed in various genera, here they are in-
cluded in one LErILEMuR (!) with the addition of L. Mus-
TELINUS Geoff., (which is generically distinct from the species
of Microcezsus), and with the omission of M. Myoxinus
Peters. The genera Phaner and Mirza are suppressed.
Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
This is another of the Author’s elaborate papers on the
LEMURIDA, in which he raises the entire group to a suborder of

the Primates, as LEmuRowEA, and gives very cogent and per-

tinent reasons why they should not be considered as an order.
He also considers that MicrocEBus and CHIROGALE are gen-
erically the same, to be known by the latter name, the one first
designated. He cites A. Milne-Edwards’ opinion regarding the
species of the genus CHIROGALE with which he apparently con-
curs; viz., that smithi, minor, MYOXINUS, gliroides, rufus, and
pusillus are all one; that milii, typicus, and adipicaudatus are
the same as MAJoR Geoffroy; that samati is MEDIUS Geoff., and

—_

Sree ~~ «+

1876.

1894.

1910.

MICROCEBUS 101

that COQUERELI is distinct. With this opinion the present writer
agrees, with the exception of myoxinus of which form the
material available is not sufficient to prove that it should not
be separated from the rest as a distinct species or race. As
regards uniting the species of the two genera; the opinion
previously expressed by the Author (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 965), “that it will be possible and perhaps even useful
to retain, provisionally at least, the distinction between CHEIRO-
GALEUS (!) and Microcesus, though reposing mainly if not
exclusively on a few cranial and dental characters,” may not be
disregarded.

Schlegel, Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie.
In this work in the arrangement of the species of Primates
MICROCEBUS FURCIFER is placed in the genus Phaner, and M.
COQUERELI in Mirza, although Gray had abandoned both four
years previously. M. major, called mili, and M. mMuRINUS
called pusillus, with M. myoxinus (nec Peters), = M.
MURINUS, are placed in the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!).

The genus MIcroceBus receives no recognition.

Forsyth-Major, in Novitates Zoologice.

This paper is a critical review of the literature and species of
MicrocEBus, OPOLEMUR, and CHIROGALE. Of MicroceEsus, the
first species is given as M. minor Gray, the MuRINUS Miller
being rejected, for the reason that Miller’s plate of L. murinus
= L. bicolor Gmel., which is not proven. The others are M.
MYOXINUS, and M. smithi = M. Murinus Miller.

Kollmann, M. in Bulletin du Muséum National d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

A paper on the genera CHIROGALE and Microcesus. ‘The
material upon which the Author bases his conclusions is in the
Paris Museum, important collections in other National Institu-
tions having evidently not been examined. CHEIROGALE is
accepted as a genus and a description of it given, but no species
mentioned. Muicrocesus and Opolemur (ALTILILEMUR of this
work), are considered to be the same, and the following species
named: MuicrocEBuS SAMATI = ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (E.
Geoff.), M. minor = M. murinus (Miller). The following
forms are regarded as subspecies all in Mrcrocesus. M. minor
minor = M. mMurinus (Miller); M. minor griseorufus nov.
subsp. = M. murinus (Miller), red phase; M. pusillus mMyoxt-
Nus = M. myoxinus Peters; M. pusillus minor smithi = M.

.

102 MICROCEBUS

MuRINUS (Miller); and M. minor rufus = M. MuRINUS
(Miller). Evidently Miller’s description of MURINUS was
unknown to the Author, as was also the Bibliography of the
species of MIcRocEBUS, as some are reinstated, e. g. smithi,
rufus, which have been long since relegated to the synoptical
list. The paper is one apt to lead investigators astray, by the
recognition of individual examples not entitled to any distinctive
rank, while MicRocEBUS COQUERELI (Grandidier), the type of
which is in the Paris Museum, is not mentioned at all.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The members of this genus are all found in the Island of Mada-
gascar ; some with quite an extensive dispersion, but the range of others
has not yet been entirely ascertained. On the west coast from
Cape St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine Bay, M. myoxinus is
found, and from Cape St. Vincent to Helville on the same coast M.
COQUERELI occurs. M. MURINUS ranges from Betsileo Province to
Fort Dauphin on the south east coast, and northerly from St. Augustine
Bay on the south west coast. Its complete range has not yet been de-
termined. The species with the greatest known range is M. FURCIFER
which goes from Fort Dauphin on the east coast to Mt. Ambre, and
then on the west coast to Cape St. Vincent, thus being found through-
out the northern section of Madagascar.

KEY TO THE SPECIES,

A. Size small.

a. Sides of ‘nose brown!tiisd S222 3. See M. murinus.

b: {SidesOf tioserblack™: aft}. sraVae Lee. Ie M. myoxinus.
B. Size large.

aw) Nowoersaltband \:'. svotloahest ber iaegenl, nade M. coquereli.

b. With dorsal band, bifurcating on forehead ...... M. furcifer.

MIcrocEBus MURINUS (Miller).
Lemur murinus Miller, Cim. Phys., 1777, p. 25, pl. XIII; Gmel.,

Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 44, No. 7; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p.
106, pl. XXXVII; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1830, p. 77, (Ad-
denda) ; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 278.
Prosimia minima Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 66.
Lemur prehensilis Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 88, No. 104,
gray phase?

MICROCEBUS 103

Lemur pusillus E. Geoff., Bull. Soc. Philom., ler Part., 1795, p.
89; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1904, p. 24.

Cheirogaleus (!) minor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, 1812, p. 171, pl. X, fig. 3; Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Nat., No. 6, 1910, p. 303.

Galago madagascariensis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, 1812, p. 166; Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 47, pl. VI, fig. 1;
Smith, S. Afr. Journ., II, 1835, p. 31; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, p. 149.

Microcebus pusillus Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 25,

1lme Lecon; Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2nd ed.,

. 1838, p. 12; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 641.

Microcebus murinus Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 125;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 278; V, 1855, p.
154; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 712.

Myscebus palmarum Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 214.

Gliscebus murinus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 216.

Gliscebus rufus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 217.

Galago minor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842, Ist Ser., p.
255; Id. List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 17.

Cheirogaleus (!) smithi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1842,
Ist Ser., p. 255; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145; 1872,
p. 856 ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 78; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p.
642; 1867, p. 492; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 607.

Scartes murinus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 106.

Otolicnus madagascariensis van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natuur.
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 43.

Otolicnus minor Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 159.

Microcebus rufus Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., Fasc.
I, 1856, p. 231.

Lepilemur (!) murinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 143,
Id, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 87.

Microcebus minor Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 615;
1867, p. 972; Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 8; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 55.

Cheirogaleus (!) gliroides Grandid., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
X, 1868, p. 378.

104 MICROCEBUS

Azema smithi Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 134, Appendix ; Id. Proc. soot. Soc.
Lond., 1872, p. 856, fig. 4, p. 857.

-Murilemur murinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 857.

Chirogaleus (!) pusillus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p.
492; Fowler and Lydekk., Anim. Living and Extinct, 1891,
p. 690.

Cheirogaleus (!) myoxinus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 326, (nec Peters).

Microcebus smithi Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 12; Shaw, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 135.

Microcebus minor griseorufus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.,

Paris, No. 6, 1910, p. 304.

Microcebus minor minor Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris,
No. 6, 1910, p. 304.

Microcebus pusillus minor smithi Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Nat., Paris, No. 6, 1910, p. 304.

Microcebus minor rufus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris,

No. 6, 1910, p. 304.
MILLER’S DWARF LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Betsileo Province to Fort Dauphin on the south east
coast of Madagascar, and on the south west coast northerly from St.
Augustine Bay. The exact limits of the species’ dispersion cannot be
said to have yet been definitely ascertained.

Color. Two phases, rufous brown or gray.. The first has the head
rusty brown; orbital ring and upper lip black; stripe between eyes and
on nose, grayish white; upper parts of body rufous brown; dorsal line
indistinct; sides of body and outer side of limbs mouse gray washed
with rufous brown; entire under parts and inner side of limbs white,
base of hairs plumbeous, this hue often showing on the surface; tail
rufous brown like the back, but sometimes much paler ; hands and feet
gray. The other phase is mouse gray above, the back washed with
rufous, a rufous spot over each eye; outer side of limbs mouse gray;
entire under parts white; tail pale rufous.

Measurements. Total length about 300; tail, 150; foot, 26. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 21; inter-
temporal width, 16; palatal length, 11; median length of nasals, 8;
width of braincase, 17; length of upper molar series, 8; length of
mandible, 19; length of lower molar series, 9.

MICROCEBUS 105

I have examined probably all the specimens of this species, under
the various names given to it, and in its various styles of coloration,
contained in all the great Museums of the world, save that in St.
Petersburg, and I can find no character by which the examples called
murinus, pusillus, smithi, minor, and others given in the above synop-
tical list, can be separated or distinguished the one from the other.
Specimens vary greatly in their coloration even among those belonging
to the two phases gray or rufous brown, and there is also an individual
variation to be seen among the skulls. Various types are extant, such as
smithi Gray, and the specimen that probably served as the type of
minor Gray, both in the British Museum; and of gliroides Grandidier
in the Paris Museum, and all belong to one or the other phase of the
animal called by Miller murinus. It would seem that the confusion in
synonomy, and the perplexity arising as to what name examples of this
little creature should bear, has been caused by recognizing forms as
distinct that really are not, and the difficulty of obtaining a uniformity
of opinion among Mammalogists is emphasized by the fact that the
specimens in different collections exactly similar, bear separate names.

Mr. Shaw, (1. c.) says that this Lemur inhabits a belt of forestland
extending from the eastern forest into the heart of Betsileo Province
a few miles north of Fianarantsoa, where the species is fairly abundant.
It lives in the tops of the highest trees, and makes a nest of dried leaves
closely resembling that of a bird. The food consists of fruits and
insects, and Mr. Shaw frequently saw those he had in captivity catch
the flies that entered their cage for the honey which was placed there.
They were fond of moths and butterflies and ate them greedily. They
were very shy and wild, and he never succeeded in taming one. Even
among themselves they were quarrelsome and fought fiercely, uttering
at the same time a cry like a shrill whistle. The teeth though minute
are sharp, and they grip so firmly with them it is difficult to make them
loosen their hold. They. can leap, but they usually go on all fours, and
they are very nimble among the branches. They have much strength
in the hands and legs, and they would often hang by the feet head
downwards, grasp food in the hands and then draw themselves up-
wards to their former position on their perch. During this movement
the tail served as a balance, but was not used for holding on by, for it
is in no sense prehensile. The eyes were large and brilliant, and the
hands beautifully perfect, with ordinary sized finger nails; the second
toe nail, however, being long and claw-like.

106 MICROCEBUS

MIcROCEBUS MYOXINUS Peters.

Microcebus myoxinus Peters, Naturw. Reis. Mossamb., Zool.,
Saugeth., I, 1852, pp. 14-20, Taf. III, Taf. IV, 6-9; Mivart,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 640; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 88; Fit-
zing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 927;
Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 11; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 56.

Lepilemur (!) myoxinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 144.

Microcebus pusillus myoxinus Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.,

Paris, 1910, No. 6, p. 304.
PETERS’ DWARF LEMUR.

Type locality. Bay of Bombetok, Western Madagascar. Type in
Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Dist. West and southwest coast of Madagascar from Cape
St. Vincent to Tullear on St. Augustine Bay.

Genl. Char. Muzzle short; ears large; eyes large, round; fourth
digit longest ; second and fifth shortest; tail longer than body.

Color. Head and upper part reddish brown, many hairs tipped
with golden yellow; spot at lower corner of eyes, and side of nose
black; stripe between eyes, white; cheeks rufous, throat buff; under
parts of body and inner side of limbs, cream buff; tail dull brown,
darker than the back; hands and feet gray. Ex specimen in British
Museum. ,

Measurements. Total length, about 300; tail, 150. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 22; intertemporal width, 18; zygomatic
width, 21; median length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series,
9; length of mandible, 20; length of lower molar series, 19. Ex type
in Berlin Museum.

The type of this species is in the Berlin Museum and has evidently
faded considerably, for now the sides of the head, lips, entire under
parts and inner side of arms are white; upper part of back is whitish
brown, and only the dorsal stripe on lower back is reddish brown; tail
ochraceous buff above, yellowish white beneath. It has all the appear-
ance of having been similar in color to the British Museum specimen
above described, but faded by light.

This species is about the size of MicRocEBUS MURINUS and is
not unlike that form in its general appearance. In fact so nearly do
they resemble each other that I have found, when a Mammalogist had
no personal knowledge of M. myoxinus and depended entirely upon

MICROCEBUS 107

descriptions, that the name of this species had been given to examples
of M. murinus. Is is, much more rare in collections than the species
just named, which accounts in a measure for its relative being at times
compelled to represent it, and they are really so much alike that I
could only find one fairly conspicuous external character to separate
them, viz., the color of the nose, that member having its side black in
the present species, but brown in M. murinus. The type is now
practically useless for determining the species, as it does not resemble
at all Peters’ published colored figure, nor agree with his description.
As to the ultimate standing of M. Myoxrnus, whether it will be enabled
to maintain a distinct specific rank, or will eventually be ascertained to
be a race of the longer known form or possibly identical with it, can-
not be satisfactorily decided at the present time. The acquisition of
much additional material to that already existing in collections is
imperatively needed before any definite conclusion is reached. Until
such a time arrives, it will be necessary to leave them as representatives
of distinct species.

MIcROCEBUS COQUERELI (Grandidier).
Chetrogaleus (!) coquereli Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., XIX, 1867,

pp. 85, 316.

Microcebus coquereli Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p.
966; 1873, p. 492; Schleg. and Poll., Rech. Faun. Madag.,
Mamm., 1868, p. 12, pls. VI, VII, fig. 2 A; F. Major, Novit.
Zool., I, 1894, p. 14.

Mirza coquerelt Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 135; Jd. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1872, p. 85; 1873, p. 492; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz,
1876, p. 321.

COQUEREL’S DWARF LEMUR. Native name Sietwi (Schleg. and Pollen).

Type locality. Passandava Bay near Morondava, S. W. coast
of Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Island Africaine, (Schleg. and Pollen) ; west coast
of Madagascar from Cape St. Vincent to Helville.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. FurciFER, but smaller; second and
third upper molar with five cusps, two outer, two inner and one pos-
terior; last premolar with one long outer, and one small inner cusp;
last lower molar with five cusps.

Color. Head and upper parts rufous, hairs tipped with yellowish
gray; under parts yellowish, plumbeous under fur showing through;
nose rufous; orbital ring black; arms and legs on outer side rufous,

108 MICROCEBUS

duller than back, inner side pale yellow; tail dark rufous, hairs black
tipped, basal end paler; ears large, naked, flesh color. Ex type Paris
Museum.

Female. Like male, but under parts more yellowish or buff.

Measurements. Total length, 548; tail, 331. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 50; Hensel, 39; intertemporal width, 18.5; zygomatic width, 30;
palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 26; median length of nasals, 17;
length of upper molar series, 14; length of mandible, 30; length of
lower molar series, 15. Ex type Paris Museum.

This is a moderate sized reddish colored Lemur, without any par-
ticular markings. The skull is highly arched, and with large bulle.
This species was obtained, (Schleg. and Pollen, 1. c.) in the north
western part of the Island Africaine. It lives in the most impenetrable
forests, and makes a nest a foot and a half in diameter, constructed of
straw and dead leaves, in which it sleeps during the day, only leaving
it towards night to seek its food. Only one specimen was procured,
which would seem to show the species was not very abundant, at least
in the locality where this example was discovered.

MicrocEBus FURCIFER (Blainville).

Lemur furcifer Blainville, Ostéog. Mamm., Primates, 1839, p. 35,
pl. III.

Cheirogaleus furcifer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XX XI, 1850, p.
876; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 77; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
1854, p. 171; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 149;
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, fasc. I,
p. 223; Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 64; Fitzing., Sit-
zungsb. Metth. Nat. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 660; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc.:Lond., 1873, pp. 492, 502, fig. 16; Flow. and
Lydekk., Anim. Living and Extinct, 1891, p. 690.

Lepilemur (!) furcifer Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 145;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 621, fig. 1867, p. 960;
Schleg. and Poll., Recher. Faun. Madagas., Mamm., 1868, p. 8,
pl. V; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 88.

Phaner furcifer Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 132, 135, Appendix ; Jd. Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 855; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz,

1876, p. 319.
Microcebus furcifer Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 16; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 59.

reer a

MICROCEBUS 109

FORK-MARKED DWARF LEMUR. Native name Walouvy. (Schleg. and
Pollen).

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Fort Dauphin
on the south to Mt. Ambre on the north, and down west coast to Cape
St. Vincent, inhabiting all the northern section across the island.

Genl. Char. Black dorsal streak continues to forehead, and there
divides into two branches terminating over each eye. Size large for
this genus. Inner upper incisors larger than outer. Skull: facial
region long; palate extending beyond last molar; inferior margin of
mandible concave, the angle produced backward not downward; upper
incisors in advance of canines, posterior pair the larger ; first upper pre-
molar canine-like; second and third upper premolar with one cusp;
lower incisors long; lower molars subequal.

Color. Upper parts reddish gray, brighter and more reddish on
head and neck; outer side of limbs dark rufous, almost chestnut on the
arms; throat pale rufous; chin and rest of under parts yellowish; a
black stripe from lower part of back to crown of head where it
bifurcates, each branch leaning towards inner side of ear and ending
over the eye; hands and feet dark brown; tail bushy, dark reddish
brown with black tip.

Measurements. Total length about 600; tail, 350. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 53; Hensel, 42 ; zygomatic width, 33 ; intertemporal width,
20; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 14;
length of mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 12.

This pretty little species, according to Schlegel and Pollen, (1. c.)
is found in numbers in the forests in the western part of Madagascar.
It also dwells in the eastern part whence M. Goudot sent an example
to the Paris Museum. Towards evening it leaves its lodging where it
had slept during the entire day. In choosing this it prefers a hole in a
tree which has two openings. Often such places are the dwellings of
bees, and in that case, the Walouvy, the name the animal bears in the
country, separates the hive of the insects from his own nest by a small
bunch of straw or dried leaves. The natives pretend that it prefers the
society of the bees to rob the honey of which it is very fond. It is
much more nimble and agile than the ordinary Lemur, and its leaps are
wonderful. Its cry, continually uttered during the night, is very
piercing and resembles the syllables ka-ka-ka-ka, similar to the cry of
the guinea fowl.

110 MIXOCEBUS

GENUS MIXOCEBUS. THE HATTOCK.

11 11 3s—3 3—3 )
To g33,.,)C. ca13tiedn sai go Meeas

MIXOCEBUS Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1874,

p. 690, Taf. I-II. Type Mixocebus caniceps Peters.

Nose pointed; pad naked; eyes very large; ears small, rounded,
mostly hidden in the fur, sparsely covered with hair; arms and legs
long ; fingers and toes with flat nails; tail as long as body. Skull: inter-
parietal bone not lacking, but coalesced with parietal; incisors small,
only one upper on either side; line of tooth rows slightly convex.

MIxocEBUs CANICEPS Peters.
Mixocebus caniceps Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

1874, p. 690, Taf. I, II; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 78.
THE HATTOCK.

Type locality. Madagascar.. Type in Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Unknown.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus. About the size of GaALaco
CRASSICAUDATUS, tail slightly longer than body, thick.

Color. Top of head dark gray, black spot in center ; upper parts of
body, and outer side of limbs sooty brown; under part of thighs ochra-
ceous buff; hands blackish brown, feet paler, the buff of base of fur
showing; forehead whitish gray; sides of head above and below ears
whitish; sides of nose, and bar under eye blackish brown; brownish
band across chest; patch on sides of lower neck; under parts and inner
sides of thighs buff ; inner side of arms and legs sooty brown; tail sooty
grayish brown on basal half, grading into blackish brown at tip; ears
flesh color. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 635; tail, 335. Skull: total length,
60; occipito-nasal length, 58; zygomatic width, 34; intertemporal
width, 25; length of nasals, 15; length of lower molar series, 19.5. Ex
type Berlin Museum.

A Lemur-like animal about the size of MyoxIcEBUS GRISEUS with
a long thick tail. The skull has a broad and heavy rostral region, two
very small upper incisors, the molars with three cusps, two outer and
one inner; the second upper premolars with a small inner cusp. The
exact locality where this animal was found is not given by Peters who
only states it came from Madagascar. The type is unique.

—

VOLUME |. PLATE XIV.

MIXOCEBUS CANICEPS.

No. 4687 Berlin Mus. Coll. Type. ¥% larger than Nat. Size.

== Ss = = = Seren at
e : =
5 )
—
? <
fi
*
i
? |
. 1
~ ~ |
. +
== { i
i
= : = ag: G

VOLUME |. PLATE XV.

ALTILILEMUR THOMASI.

No. 91.11.80.8. Brit. Mus. Coll. 6 larger than Nat. Size.

AE Tee TEE OL ke 111

GENUS *ALTILILEMUR. FAT-TAILED LEMURS.

‘ie = c: —- P. = M. 30.

Tail conical, thickened at base; rostrum exceedingly broad for its
length, with long narrow nasals, rounded on tip; braincase long, wide
posteriorly, with considerable intertemporal constriction; zygomatic
arches wide; orbits large; palate very broad posteriorly ; molars rather
large with three cusps, two outer and one inner; first and second pre-
molar canine-like in both jaws; the first lower premolar much larger
than the others ; the third shortest with one low interior cusp.

The species included here in this genus have been usually placed in
Opolemur Gray, which had for its type and only species CHEIROGALEUS
(!) major E. Geoffroy. There was, indeed, at the time Gray instituted
his genus another described species, C. crossLey1 Grandidier, which
should have been included, but it was evidently unknown to Gray, as
he makes no mention of it, and for him Opolemur (!) was a mono-
typical genus. Unfortunately for the scientific standing of Gray’s
genus, E. Geoffroy had proposed in 1812 for his milii, previously
named MAjoR, the genus CHEIROGALEUS (!) and this fact was per-
fectly well known to Gray, who gives Cheirogaleus (!) milii Geoff.,
as one of the species in his Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, etc., p. 77.
In establishing the genus Opolemur (!), Gray, as was frequently cus-
tomary with him, ignored the writings of previous authors, and here
adopted for his type a species: already the type of another described
genus. This procedure deprives Opolemur (!) of all scientific stand-
ing, and reduces the term to a pure synonym of CHEIROGALEUS (!)
Geoff., and its farther employment as a generic name is prohibited.
This leaves the two species C. samati = A. MEDIUS, and C. THOMASI
without a genus, and I propose therefore for them the generic term
ALTILILEMUR, with A. MEDIus (E. Geoff.), as its type.

Only two species of ALTILILEMUR are known; the type just named,
and tHomas! Major, both heretofore placed in Opolemur (!), although
that term was applied to species possessing different generic characters
from those exhibited by the forms now placed under the newly created
name.

*Altilis. Fatted or Fattening, alluding to the often enlarged base of tail.

112 ALTILILEMUR
LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1812. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
A drawing by Commercon was reproduced in this publication
and given the name CHEIROGALEUS (!) MEDIUS. A specimen
in the Paris Museum was identified by Grandidier as Geoffroy’s
species, and its locality given as Bourbon, Madagascar.

1868. Grandidier, in Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.
ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (Geoff.), redescribed as C. samati, and
by this latter name the species is universally known.

1894. Forsyth Major, in Novitates Zoologice.
ALTILILEMUR THOMAS! is described for the first time as Opole-
mur (!) thomasi.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The two known species of ALTILILEMUR are both natives of Mada-
gascar, They are fairly large animals with tails nearly as long as the
head and body. The base of the tail becomes very large by laying on
of fat before the creatures hibernate, and it is on this they subsist
during the period they remain in a dormant condition. Their range on
the Island of Madagascar, so far as known, is very restricted, A.
MEDIUs having been found only at Bourbon on the west coast, and A.
THOMASI at Fort Dauphin on the south east coast. Both species are
rare in collections.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Black ring around eyes separated by a white stripe.
a. Tail above dark gray washed with ferruginous....A. medius.
Ua~~Latlpabove ‘pale, rutous ton fusty, oo. cheba eo eee A. thomasi.

ALTILILEMUR MEDIUS (E. Geoffroy). -

Cheirogaleus (!) medius E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, 1812, p. 172, pl. X, fig. 2; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, p. 492.

Chirogaleus (!) samati Grand., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 49;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 492.

Opolemur (!) samati F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 18;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 62.

ALTILILEMUR 113

Microcebus samati Kollm., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1910,
No. 6, p. 302.
SAMAT’S FAT-TAILED LEMUR.

Type locality. Bourbon, west coast of Madagascar. Type in
Paris Museum?

Genl. Char. Size small, tail long, thick at base; fur thick, woolly;
nose short, broad.

Color. Above dark gray washed with ferruginous, hair tipped
with silver gray; a circle around the eyes, extending on to sides of nose
blackish brown; between eyes white; cheeks, chin, throat and under
surface of body, and inner side of limbs yellowish white, in some
examples fulvous; tail above like back, beneath yellowish white. Ex
type? C. samati in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 352; tail, 161; foot, 36. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width, 27; inter-
temporal width, 12; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 21; nasals,
13; length of upper tooth row with canines, 19; length of mandible,
25; length of molar series, 12. Ex British Museum Specimen, Moron-
dava, Madagascar.

The cheeks and under parts of the type have faded almost to a
white, but the upper parts retain most of their original color. The
ticket on the specimen states that the species is the “Chirogaleus medius
(Geoff.), C. samati (Grand.), Type,” from which I infer it is Gran-
didier’s type and not Geoffroy’s. The example was procured by Gran-
didier at Bourbon, West coast of Madagascar. Mivart states, (1. c.)
that Prof. A. Milne-Edwards informed him that C. samati Grandid.,
was the same as C. mepius E. Geoffroy.

E. Geoffroy’s type of C. mEpIus, if the one above mentioned is not
it, is not in the collection of the Paris Museum.

ALTILILEMUR THOMASI Major.
Opolemur (!) thomasi F. Major, Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 20,
pl. I, fig. 1, pl. II, fig. 2; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894,

p. 63.
THOMAS’ FAT-TAILED LEMUR.

Type locality. Fort Dauphin, south east coast of Madagascar.
Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. MEDIUS; posterior upper premolar
broader than the second and larger than in A. MEDIUS; middle premolar
without inner cusp; nasals keeled on middle line.

114 ALTILILEMUR

Color. Head and upper parts of body brownish gray, hairs tipped
with silver gray, top of head darkest ; semi-white ring around the neck;
white stripe between eyes reaching to nose pad; black ring around
eyes; chin, throat and entire under parts, and inner side of limbs,
yellowish white; hands and feet grayish white; tail above pale rufous,
beneath gray washed with rusty. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 427; tail, 217; foot, 35. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 36; zygomatic width, 29; intertem-
poral width, 12.5; palatal length, 17; breadth of braincase, 20; median
length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 12; length of man-
dible, 28; length of lower molar series, 13. Ex type British Museum.

VOLUME lI. PLATE XVI.

LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS.

No, 97.9.1.24. Brit. Mus. Coll 6 larger than Nat. Size.

LEPIDOLEMUR 115

GENUS LEPIDOLEMUR. SPORTIVE LEMURS.

rey eos: P. SS; jy ==
LEPILEMUR (sic.), I. Geoff., Cat. Meth. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, lre Part., 1851, p. 75. Primates. Type Lepilemur (!)
mustelinus I. Geoffroy.
Lepidolemur Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1874, p. 690.
Galeocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, pp. XII, 147.

Smaller in size than the true Lemurs (genus, Lemur); head
conical; ears large, round, hairless; tail shorter than body; fourth
finger and fourth toe longest; nails keeled, that of the great toe large
and flat. Skull: nose long; no upper incisors as a rule; canines large
with a posterior heel, and internal groove; no diastema between canine
and first premolar; the latter tooth has one exterior cusp only; the
next two molars have both an interior and exterior cusp; the last molar
has three cusps; all the molars have a rudimentary hind cusp largest in
last molar ; lower first premolar large, resembling canines, with a proc-
ess on anterior margin; last molar with one exterior cusp; the median
molar with one external and one internal cusp. Palate extending to
middle of last molar. Mastoids much enlarged and swollen. Sagittal
ridge present. Space between orbits, and in front of lacrymal foramen,
depressed. Feet only slightly elongate. No os centrale in wrist.

This genus was instituted by I. Geoffroy (1. c.) for the reception
of his L. MUSTELINUS, at that time the only species belonging to it that
was known. Since then others have been discovered and seven are
now recognized. LrpipoLEMuR has been thoroughly investigated by
St. George Mivart in his excellent paper on the Lemurip# and its
characters plainly given; and he failed to find that its affinities had any
marked relationship with any other genus, although it approximates to
Hapalolemur = Myoxicesus, more nearly than to any other. The
teeth are peculiar and recall those of Inpris. They are arranged in
nearly parallel lines, and there are no incisors in the upper jaw. The
first lower premolars are large, similar to canines in shape with one
external cusp, and the last lower molar has a large fifth cusp. The

116 LEPIDOLEMUR

angle of the mandible is produced downwards as well as backwards.
The navicular bone is long and the foot thereby lengthened.

The species, like all those of the LEmuripa, are nocturnal and
live in trees, and are agile in their movements. But little is known of
their habits, and certain of the species are represented by the unique
types in Museums only. The genus is divided into two groups arranged
according to size e. g. large or small, the first containing three species,
the latter four. When a number of examples have been assembled
together, much variation in color is seen to exist among the older forms,
but whether an equal diversity will be found on the species more
recently described it is impossible to state at present. All the species
thus far discovered are natives of Madagascar.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1851. J. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates. Premiére
Partie Mammiferes.
LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS, genus and species described.

1867. Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de. Zoologie.
LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS first described.

1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the British Museum.
LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS redescribed as L. dorsalis.

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Forbes Handbook of Primates.

_ Four species are here described for the first time, viz., L. m1cro-

DON, L. EDWARDSI, L. GLOBICEPS and L. GRANDIDIERI.

1894. Forsyth-Major, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
LEPIDOLEMUR LEUCOPUS described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

On the eastern coast of Madagascar L. MUSTELINUs is found from
Mt. Ambre in the north to Fort Dauphin in the south; and in the
eastern districts of Betsileo Province, Central Madagascar, L. MIcRo-
DON is met with. At Fort Dauphin in the southeastern part of the
island, L. LEUcopus was obtained. Passing to the opposite side of
Madagascar at Betseko on the northwestern part L. EDWARDSI was pro-
cured ; and somewhere in this part, locality not given by its discoverer,
L. GRANDIDIERI comes ; in the southwestern part from Marinda to Masi-
kora, L. RUFICAUDATA ranges, and in the same section at Ambulicata,
L. cLopiceps is found. It will be seen that several of the species are

LEPIDOLEMUR 117

limited to one locality, and this is on account of the limited number of
examples procured, as all the species obtained by Forsyth-Major save
one, L. MICRODON, were represented by only one specimen. The dis-
tribution of these, therefore, is still to be ascertained.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size small.
a. Feet not white.

ecg Toil way COLOR os pce e etait ae L. globiceps.
Denn General: Colon CinNAaMOM ie cie o oe ee c+ aot L. grandidieri.
UB, # ad TSLELE SI OS ae a 8 OO ag L. leucopus.

B. Size large.
a. Upper parts chestnut or grayish red.

a. Without stripe on side of neck........... L. mustelinus.

b.’ With stripe on side of neck .............. L. microdon.
b. Upper parts reddish brown or reddish gray.

Prem NO COtsal WMC. cae ree concen L. ruficaudatus.

b.’ Dorsal line conspicuous from forehead. .....L. edwardsi.

Not having seen a specimen of either L. GLosicers or L. GRAN-
DIDIERI, I am obliged to take such distinctive characters as I could find
in the brief and unsatisfactory descriptions given of these species by
Forbes, (I. c.).

LEPDOLEMUR GLOBICEPS Major.
Lepidolemur globiceps Forsyth-Major, in Forbes Handbook of
Primates, I, 1894, p. 89.

“Char. The smallest of the Sportive Lemurs. Similar to Lep1-
DOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS, but less rufous down the fore limbs; the tail
drab color.”

“Skull very characteristic; the braincase broad, high, and globose,
the facial region short ; the premaxillz more reduced than in any other
species; the external auditory channel very large; the occipital region
less vertical than in the species of Section A. Distribution, Ambulisatra,
southwest Madagascar.”

I have not seen this species, as the type, the only known example,
could not be found in the British Museum. The extract quoted above
is all that is known of the animal.

118 LEPIDOLEMUR

LEPIDOLEMUR GRANDIDIERI Major.
Lepidolemur grandidieri F. Major, in Forbes Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 89; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 259, fig. 67.
Lepilemur (!) mustelinus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.

144, (nec I. Geoff.).
GRANDIDIER’S SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. North west Madagascar, locality not given.

Type not in British Museum.

Geogr. Dist. North west Madagascar.

Genl. Char. “Skull remarkable for the large size of its orbits, and
for the anterior convergence of its upper dental cheek-series being
greater than in the other members of the group.”

Color. “General color cinnamon; head grayish; an indistinct
median dorsal streak from the forehead along the back; inner side of
the limbs and under side of the body yellowish gray.” Ex Forbes
(Tae).

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 42; zy-

-gomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 19; breadth

of braincase, 24; median length of nasals, 11; width of palate between
last molar, 10; length of mandible, 35; length of lower tooth row, 20;
length of upper tooth row, 19. Ex type British Museum.

I have not seen this species as the unique type could not be found
in the British Museum. The skull however was in the collection and
the measurements were taken from it.

LEPMOLEMUR LEUCOPUS Major.
Lepidolemur leucopus F. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1894,

p. 211; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 89, pl. IX.
WHITE-FOOTED SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Fort Dauphin, south east Madagascar. Type in
British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Madagascar. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Ears large; tail shorter than the body. Skull long
and broad; mastoid region greatly inflated; palate long; tooth row
short ; molars small, slender.

Color. Male. Nose pale gray; head iron gray with a dark brown
median stripe; neck, shoulders, and outer side of arms pale rufous;
upper rump pale cream buff; rest of upper parts and outer side of legs
chinchilla gray ; a dark brown stripe from neck to rump; spot under the
ear rufous, cheeks gray tinged with rufous; chin white; rest of under

LEPIDOLEMUR 119

parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white; hands rufous gray; feet
white ; tail rusty gray above and below. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. ‘Total length, about 540; tail, 265; foot, 57.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 50; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 35;
intertemporal width, 19; palatal length, 18; width of braincase, 25.5;
median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 12; length
of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series, 18.

A rather easily distinguished species and one of the prettiest of
the group, its chinchilla coloring and white feet making it quite con-
spicuous among its more somber-hued relatives.

LEPMOLEMUR MUSTELINUS I. Geoffroy.
Lepilemur (!) mustelinus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 76;

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 244; Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, pp. 623-642; 1867, p. 971; 1873, pp. 489,
490, figs. 7, 8; Schleg. and Pollen, Faun. Madag. Mamm.,
1868, p. 10, pls. IV, VI, fig. 3; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 88, 135; Id. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 851; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1873, pp. 486-490, figs. 1-8; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz,
1876, p. 317; Barth., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768;
von Bardeleb., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 86.

Galeocebus mustelinus Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad.
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 664.

Lepilemur (!) dorsalis Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 135.

Hapalemur (Lepilemur!) dorsalis Trouess., Cat. Mamm., p. 136.

Lepidolemur mustelinus Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 86;
F, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, pp. 257, 258, figs. 63,
64, 65; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906,
p. 347, Zool. Ser.

WEASEL LEMUR. Native name “Fitiliki.”’

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Entire length of east coast of Madagascar from
Fort Dauphin to Mt. Ambre.

Genl. Char. Fur woolly; ears rounded, haired only at base ex-
ternally; hairs of tail short; dorsal stripe on type very indistinct.
Skull large, heavy; braincase small, rounded; facial region long;
orbits very large; os planum distinct; molars large; anterior upper pre-
molar not like a canine; last lower molar with large fifth cusp; anterior
portion of each molar produced forwards, overlapping posterior portion

120 LEPIDOLEMUR

of teeth in front; posterior margin of palate level with anterior edge
of last upper molar; premolars with one external cusp; fourth digit
longest ; tail more than half the total length.

Color. Top of head dark brown, hairs tipped with grayish white;
lower sides of neck above shoulders dark rufous; entire upper part
reddish, becoming paler on rump, but brighter on flanks; dorsal stripe
from neck to middle of back very indistinct on lower back; outer side
of arms like back; legs paler and duller; chin and throat white; under
parts buffy; inner side of limbs mouse gray; tail at base like back,
middle portion sooty, apical portion reddish brown. Ex type in Paris
Museum.

The L. porsaLis Gray, is the same as L. MusTELINUS. The type is
in the collection of the British Museum, and may be described as
follows. Top and back of head grizzled grayish brown with an indis-
tinct dark brown stripe in the middle of the crown; upper part of body
reddish brown; on the lower back the tips of the hairs have all been
worn away leaving only the blue under fur visible; shoulders and outer
side of limbs like the back; under part of body and inner side of limbs
grayish fulvous, the plumbeous under fur showing through in many
places; hands reddish brown, feet paler brown; tail above bluish gray
on basal half, (tips of hairs worn away), pale rufous on apical half,
beneath pale rufous. This type specimen is slightly smaller than
Geoffroy’s type, and its tail a little longer, but the color of the
upper parts and texture of the fur is very like L. musteLtinus. The
skull of the type of L. dorsalis had been mislaid and I did not see it.

Another specimen in the British Museum attributed to L. dorsalis
has lost nearly all the reddish tips of the hairs, and is nearly a plum-
beous color, but gray on head and between the shoulders, while a brown
stripe extends from the forehead to the middle of the back. Gray
states there is no dorsal stripe, and his type has none, but in these ani-
mals the absence or presence of a dorsal stripe may be regarded more
as an individual than an important specific character, as its depth and
distinctness varies greatly among examples. The tail is somewhat
darker. I am unable to discover any character by which these speci-
mens can be separated from L. musteLtinus. The skull of this last
individual measures as follows: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 40;
zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 18; palatal length, 17; width
of braincase, 30; median length of nasals, (broken) ; length of upper
molar series, 20; mandible wanting. A specimen in the Paris Museum
is very red on back, and tail red on basal half, rest dark brown.

LEPIDOLEMUR 121

Another example is pale reddish brown on upper parts, the tail buff
washed with reddish. There is great variation among individuals.
Little is known of the habits of this species, but according to Schlegel
and Pollen (1. c.) it resembles in these respects those of M. FURCIFER,
and these two species are often seen together. It is very stupid and
lazy, more so than M. crRIsEus, and the natives say they often kill it in
the day time with sticks. It will eat flesh.

LEPOLEMUR MICRODON Major.
Lepidolemur microdon F. Major, in Forbes Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 88; von Bardeleb., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p.
358; F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 429, fig. 6;
Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 547,

Zool. Ser.
SMALL-TOOTHED SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, Central
Madagascar. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern district of Betsileo Province, Central
Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Similar outwardly to L. MUSTELINUS, but molars
very small; premolars of usual size; palate longer than that of the
species compared.

Color. Male. Head, back, shoulders, outer side of arms, and front
of thighs, chestnut; lower part of back at rump paler; blackish brown
stripe from crown to middle of back; outer side of legs rufous; in
one specimen this part is like the back; in most examples there is a
narrow ochraceous stripe from the cheeks to back of neck, but this
is only partly shown in the type; throat and fore neck dark gray ; chest
chestnut ; under parts of body and inner side of limbs yellowish gray.
The type has lost the tip of the tail, the portion remaining is russet ;
but the entire tail taken from other specimens has the basal half
chestnut and the remaining portion blackish brown. The type is not in
as richly colored pelage as are specimens procured by Dr. Forsyth-
Major. It was obtained by W. D. Cowan in the Ankapana Forest,
Eastern Betsileo, Madagascar.

Measurements. Size about equal to L. Mustetinus. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 58; Hensel, 49; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal
breadth, 21; palatal length, 22; median length of nasals, 19; width of
braincase, 29; length of upper molar series, 21 ; length of mandible, 40;
length of lower molar series, 22. Ex type British Museum. The teeth
are remarkable for the small size of the molars, hence the name.

122 LEPIDOLEMUR

LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS Grandidier.
Lepilemur (!) ruficaudatus Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p.
256; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 971; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 851, 855; Forbes, Primates, I,
1894, p. 87.
Lepilemur (!) pallidicauda Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872,

p. 850.
RED-TAILED SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Morondava, Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. South western Madagascar from Marinda to Masi-
kora. Type in Paris Museum.

Genl. Char. Smaller than L. MuSTELINUS; nasal region short;
ears ovate, haired; tail long; orbits small. Skull massive, broad for
its length, muzzle short.

Color. Head dark grayish brown; upper parts of body pale red-
dish gray; shoulders and outer side of arms reddish brown; outer
side of hind limbs, pale gray washed with brown on outer edge of
thigh above the knee; chin and breast gray; rest of under parts, and
inner side of limbs whitish or yellowish white; hands reddish brown,
feet paler brown, toes whitish; tail reddish brown darker than the
rump ; apical part of ears naked, black, remainder hairy like head ; dor-
sal line indistinctly reddish.

Measurements. Total length about 560; tail, 280. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 55; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal
width, 19; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series,
21; length of mandible, 41 ; length of lower molar series, 21.

There are several mounted specimens of this form in the Paris
Museum, all of which, according to the regrettable custom prevailing
in that Institution are marked as “types.” Some are greatly faded and
show but little of the original coloring, and which one is the real type
it is impossible to say. The one described was procured by Grandidier
at Morondava, Madagascar, in 1869, and is of course not the true
type, but a co-type. The probably real type taken at the same place in
1867 is so faded that but a faint idea of its original coloring can be
obtained. The chief difference between this form and L. MUSTELINUS
is in the shape and proportion of the skull. Three or four skins, how-
ever, in the collection in the drawers, still retain the original coloring.

Lepilemur (!) pallidicauda Gray, is the same as L. RUFICAUDATUS.
Why Gray should have described it as distinct is difficult to imagine for
he states, (1. c.) that, “this animal was sent to us by Mr. Frank of Am-
sterdam as LEPILEMUR (!) RUFICAUDATUS Grandidier,’ and then he

LEPIDOLEMUR 123

gives Grandidier’s short description. Surely there was no reason to
confer upon the hapless animal a new name. Gray’s description of
the male is short and he gives none of the female, merely making a
slight reference to the color of the tail. The following description is
taken from this female. Head gray, hairs tipped with black; back
grayish washed with brown; a reddish brown (not very distinct), stripe
on middle of back; rump buff or pale fawn; shoulders and arms red-
dish brown; outer side of legs pale gray; entire under parts and inner
side of limbs yellowish white; hands rufous, feet gray; tail above dark
brown, beneath basal half yellowish white, remainder pale cinnamon.

Measurements of the male’s skull are as follows. Occipito-nasal
length, 56; Hensel, 45; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 17;
palatal length, 21; width of braincase, 27; median length of nasals,
14; length of upper molar series, 21; length of mandible, 41; length of
lower molar series, 23.

It will be seen that there is very little difference in the measure-
ments between this skull and that of the male given above.

LEPIDOLEMUR EDWARDsI Major.
’ Lepidolemur edwardsi F. Major, Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 87.
MILNE-EDWARDS’ SPORTIVE LEMUR.

Type locality. Betseko, north west Madagascar. Type in British
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Skull long, narrow; orbits small; mastoid region
inflated ; molars and premolars large.

Color. Head above, and upper part of neck gray, hairs tipped with
reddish; nose reddish; dark brown stripe behind ears; back grayish
brown, with a reddish brown patch in the center of the back; dark
brown streak from center of forehead to middle of back; shoulders
and outer side of arms reddish brown; outer side of legs gray washed
with brown; lower sides of neck, chin, throat, under parts of body and
inner side of limbs grayish white; hands reddish, feet gray; tail cinna-
mon. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total,length about 660; tail, 300. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 55; Hensel, 49; zygomatic breadth, 37; intertemporal
width, 19; palatal length, 23; width of braincase, 25; median length of
nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible, 41;
length of lower molar series, 20. Ex type British Museum.

124 MY OXTCEBUS

GENUS MYOXICEBUS. GENTLE LEMURS.

2-2 ee 3-8 3-3
| ie a Oe Iie he Hike. Bt (ep

MIOXICEBUS (!) Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207. Type Lemur
griseus Geoffroy.
Hapalemur (!) I. Geoff., L’Instit., 19 Ann. No. 929, p. 341, foot-
note, 1851; Jd. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74.
Prolemur. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 828, pl. LI,
figs. 1-4.

Head globose; muzzle short, tapering; ears short, hairy; hind
limbs longer than fore limbs, feet short, broad; tail hairy, as long as
body. Skull: facial portion short, narrow; nasal bones arched; pre-
molar small ; paroccipital processes small, distinct, laterally compressed,
pointed; braincase rounded, without crests; palate reaching to middle
of last molar; mastoid region not inflated; mandible with large angle
produced downward, inward and backward. Upper incisors very small,
subequal; canines small, with a narrow diastema between them and
first premolar; this last tooth has but one cusp; the last premolar has
one inner and two outer cusps united by a ridge; cingulum prominent
externally, internally rudimentary; last upper molar tricuspidate. All
these teeth are serrated. The molars have one inner and two outer
cusps not connected by a ridge, with a cingulum having an external cusp.
The first and second lower premolars are oblique, the second having
one outer and one inner cusp; posterior premolar has three outer and
two inner cusps, with transverse ridges between the inner and outer
cusps. All these teeth except the molars are serrated like those in the
upper jaw. Wrist without os centrale.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1796. E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Magasin Encyclopédique.
MyYoxICEBUS GRISEUS first described as Lemur griseus; and the
same species redescribed as Lemur cinereus.

1840. R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféeres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

The genus Myoxicesus was instituted here, and two species
placed in it, which were, however, not co-generic. LEMUR

tpt

VOLUME |. PLATE XVII.

MYOXICEBUS SIMUS.
No. 84.10.24.4. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size.

MYOXICEBUS 125

GRISEUS E. Geoff., which is the type, and HEMIGALAGO DEMI-
DOFFI.

1851. J. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection
des Mammiferes.
In this publication a list is given of the species and examples
contained in the Paris. Natural History Museum. M. GrisEuS
is removed from the genus Lemur and placed in that of Hapale-
mur (!) here originally instituted, the writer either having been
ignorant of Lesson’s genus Myoxicesus or having disregarded
it. A new species is first described M. otivaceus as Hapalemur
(!) olivaceus.

1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.
MyoxiIcesus siMus first described as Hapalemur (!) stmus.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

On the eastern coast of Madagascar from the Bay of Antongil to
and including Betsileo Province, M. stmus has its range; while in the
same Province is found M. crisEus which also appears in the north
west part of the island to Ifassy. The known locality for M. oLiva-
CEUS, so far as I have been able to discover is Ampazenanbe, where an
example was procured by M. Lentz, and which is now in the Paris
Museum.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Rostrum long, slender.

a. General color dark ochraceous ................. M. griseus.
b. General color olive brown tinged with reddish. .M. olivaceus.
B. Rostrum broad; struneateys. 4: « fic. ced pictosnleysis aisle fb vi0 M. simus.

Myoxicesus GRisEus (E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire).
Lemur griseus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48; Audeb.,
Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, p. 18, pl. VII; Shaw, Genl.
Zool., 1800, p. 113; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 24; Less.,
Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 68; Id. Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 218;
van d. Hoev., Tijdsch., Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 383.
Lemur cinereus E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 48.
Mioxicebus (!) griseus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 218.
Hapalemur (!) griseus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74; Gray,

126 MYOXICEBUS

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 142; 1872, p. 851; Mivart,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 613; Schleg. and Pollen,
Faun. Madag., 1868, p. 611, pls. III, VII, fig. 4a, *(Skull) ;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 361; Jent., Notes
Leyd. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 33, pls. I-II; Bedd., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 391-394, 396, 399; 1887, p. 369, fig.; A.
Milne-Edw. and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Atl., II, 1890,
pl. XXIID, fig. 2; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 81.

Microcebus griseus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 107.

Hapalolemur griseus Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 161;
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870,
p. 652; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906,
p. 547, fig. LX XVII, Zool. Ser.

GRAY GENTLE LEMUR. Native name Bokomboula. (Schleg. and Pollen).

Type locality. Madagascar. No locality given. Type in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern side of Betsileo Province, and northwest
side to Ifassy, Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Teeth serrated; broad pad beneath great toes; spines
on forearm above wrist.

Color. Nose covered with white hairs; spot over eyes grayish; top
of head, neck, upper part of body, and outer side of limbs dark
ochraceous, the hairs black tipped ; sides of head wood brown or drab;
throat and chest grayish white with a reddish tinge; rest of under
parts dark orange buff; hands and feet blackish brown; tail dark
grayish brown, the hairs being yellowish at base, then black, the basal
coloring showing through.

Measurements. Total length, 730; tail, 365. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 58; Hensel, 47; intertemporal width, 19; zygomatic width, 34;
median length of nasals, 110; palatal length, 21; width of braincase,
27 ; length of upper molar series, 22; length of mandible, 39; length of

lower molar series, 19. Ex specimen in Berlin Museum from Vohemar,
Madagascar.

The type in the Paris Museum is so faded from exposure to the
light for more than a century that the original color has disappeared,
and a description of the specimen would be useless.

In their account of this species Schlegel and Pollen say, by the
natives in the northwest part of Madagascar it is known by the name

*This figure is badly drawn, or does not represent the skull of M. GRISEUS.
It is altogether too broad, especially the muzzle. See Jentink, (1. c.).

MYOXICEBUS 127

of Bokomboula, and it inhabits the forests of bamboo. They found it
several journeys from the coast on the banks of the river Ambassuana.
This animal remains during the day asleep among the shoots of the
highest bamboos, the back curved, the head placed between the thighs,
and the tail covering the back. It is strictly nocturnal in its habits, and
does not perceive its enemies nor know of the hunter’s approach. It
feeds on the bamboo leaves, which were always found filling the
stomach. It is very lazy during the day, but at night exhibits an
activity and agility that is incredible. It utters a feeble grunt similar
to that of a pig, but much less pronounced. The young are born in De-
cember or January. A young one kept in captivity lived on bananas
and cooked rice, but it only ate the latter when forced by hunger. It
had the bad habit of gnawing its tail as monkeys often do in captivity.
On pointing a finger at it, it flew into a rage, showed its teeth and
uttered sharp grunts.

Myoxicesus otivaceus (I. Geoffroy).
Hapalemur (!) olivaceus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 75;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 133; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad.
Wissensch. Wien, 1870, p. 654; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 768.
OLIVACEOUS LEMUR. Native name Coaline, (Bartlett).

Type locality. Ampazenambe, Madagascar. Type in Paris Mu-
seum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Betsileo Prov-
ince, and north western parts to Ifassy.

Genl. Char. General color olive brown, under parts dark.

Color. Top of head, upper parts of body and outer side of limbs
of arms grayish brown; rest of under parts pale fulvous; inner side of
head behind ears and cheeks grayish; throat and chest, and inner side
of arms grayish brown; rest of under parts pale fulvous; inner side of
legs grayish tinged with fulvous; tail gray and black mixed, darkest on
median portion; hands and feet blackish brown; ears hidden in fur.
Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length about 620; tail, 425. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 76.5; Hensel, 52; zygomatic width, 43.6; width of brain-
case, 32.5; palatal length, 36.7; median length of nasals, 13.4; length
of upper molar series, 22.8; length of mandible, 55.2; length of lower
molar series, 21. Ex specimen British Museum.

128 MYOXICEBUS

This animal seems separable from H. criseus. It is much darker
and of quite a different color on both the upper and under parts of the
body. The type is in good preservation and has a young one by its side,
showing the same coloration. It is not stated in what part of Mada-
gascar it was procured, but a skin in the study collection obtained by
M. Lentz is labelled as having been taken at Ampazenambe.

Myoxicezsus simus (Gray).
Hapalemur (!) simus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus. 1870, p. 828, pl. LII, figs. 1-4, (skull) ;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 491, fig. 9; 501, fig. 14;
Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 132; Bartl., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768; 1884, p. 391; Schlegel, Notes Leyd.
Mus., II, 1880, p. 45; Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus., VII, 1885,
p. 33, pl. I, figs. 1, 2, pl. II, figs. 1,2; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1884, p. 892; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 82.

Prolemur simus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 851.
BROAD-NOSED GENTLE LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. No locality given. Type in British
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North east coast of Madagascar. Antongil, (Jen-
tink) ; Nandisu, Betsileo, (T. Waters. Ex Brit. Mus. spec.).

Genl. Char. Size large; nose broad, truncate; ears short, covered
with long hairs externally, and on the margin; no spines above wrist.

Color. Nose black; top of head, and back and sides of neck
rufous; cheeks, and beneath ears buff; lower part of back, sides of
body, and outer side of limbs mouse color; yellowish spot on rump;
throat, breast, and inner side of limbs pale ochraceous; under side of
body yellowish white; hands, feet, and tail blackish gray. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 81; Hensel, 63.6;
zygomatic width, 65.5; palatal length, 33.2; width of braincase, 48.8;
median length of nasals, 29.2 ; length of upper molar series, 31.3 ; length
of mandible, 60.7; length of lower molar series, 39. Ex type British
Museum.

This species has been confounded with M. crisEus (E. Geoff.), by
various writers, and Gray himself thought it might be M. oLIvAcEUs
(I. Geoff.), though he maintained it was not the same as M. GRISEUs.

It is a much larger animal than that species, and the skulls if com-

MYOXICEBUS 129

pared would show at once by their great dissimilarity of size, and shape
of the muzzle, (one broad and one truncate, the other narrow and
pointed), that they represent very distinct species.

There are two specimens in the Paris Museum, marked male and
female and named M. stmus, collected by M. Lentz in the valley of
Ambookobe, Madagascar, but which in color, do not resemble Gray’s
type of the species. Both examples have the very broad nose and
muzzle of M. stmus. The following description was taken from the
male specimen. Nose between eyes and on sides black; top of head,
neck, and between shoulders, reddish chestnut, the hairs tipped with
ochraceous ; rest of back, sides of body, outer side of limbs and under
parts yellowish gray, tinged with reddish on arms; throat and under
side of arms below elbows rusty; hands reddish; feet yellowish gray;
tail at base pale red, remainder brownish gray, blackish at tip; muzzle
white; ears grayish on long hairs.

It will be seen that this specimen differs greatly in color from the
description of the type of M. crisEus given above, and while both
examples have characters that would seem to indicate they belonged to
Gray’s species, the various differences they exhibit in coloration would
show that the form was subject to great diversity in its hues.

. Mr. Shaw gives an account of one of these broad nosed Lemurs
which he had in captivity (1. c.). It was caught in the higher level
forest among the bamboos on the eastern side of Betsileo Province.
The outwardly inclined teeth in the lower jaw were used as scrapers
and not for biting. Besides these nearly all the teeth were serrated
and arranged in opposition so as to intersect, and it could bite off easily
the young shoots of the bamboo, and mince up a handful of grass
blades and stalks, each bite cutting like a pair of scissors. It feeds
nearly throughout the entire day, like most grass-eating animals, and
for several months this Lemur was kept chained on the lawn, and it
rarely ceased from eating the grass from morning until evening. It
disliked fruit and could not be induced to touch it although tempted
with various kinds growing in the forest, but was very fond of cooked
meat and sugar cane; and through its desire for sugar it was induced to
eat cooked rice, which eventually became its chief food. The broad pad
on the great toes enabled it to grasp even the smoothest surface firmly.
The male’s head was round in shape, the female had a more pointed
nose. The cry it uttered was at times like that of a duck, but on other
occasions was loud and piercing.

130 LEMUR

GENUS LEMUR. TRUE LEMURS.
Co OC Se a =e

LEMUR Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 59; I, 1766, p. 44. Type Lemur
catta Linnzus.
Prosimia Briss., Regn. Anim., 2nd ed., 1762, p. 156.
Procebus Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., 1780, p. 32, tab. A.
Maki Muirhead, Brewst., Edinb. Encyclop., XIII, 1819, p. 405,
(Part.).
Varecia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 135.

Head fox-like ; nose elongate ; eyes large; superciliary ridges rising
above forehead; ears large, tufted; chin and cheeks surrounded with
long hair; arms shorter than legs; tail half as long as the body except
L. cATTA; wrists and ankles hairy ; outside of the palm of hand, and at
base of fingers are fleshy pads; mammez two, pectoral. Skull: facial
portion elongate; mastoid region not inflated; incisors small, subequal,
placed in front of canines, which are large and set in a notch on the
jaw; all upper molars with an internal cingulum; upper premolars
have one exterior cusp, with a supplementary one on the first, and the
second premolar has a large interior cusp; the molars except the pos-
terior, have seven cusps, two interior, two exterior, a small supple-
mentary one in front, and two on the ridge between the exterior and
anterior cusps; the posterior molar has only a front interior cusp. In
the lower tooth row there is a diastema between the canines and the
first premolars; these last are higher than the others and have a
cutting edge; the lower molars except the last, have five cusps, two
cuter, two inner and an intermediate one, which is wanting on the last
molar, leaving that tooth with but four. Angle of mandible not pro-
duced downward.

This genus contains the typical Lemurs, with an elongate face and
a somewhat fox-shaped head; the cheeks are usually surrounded by a
ruff of lengthened hairs, often passing beneath the chin. The ears are
large with tufts on upper parts. Eyes large and round; the arms are
not quite so long as the legs; and the tail is usually long, and some-
times inclined to be bushy. Fleshy pads are placed on palms of hands
and muscles of the feet, as well as on under side of fingers, which

VOLUME I. PLATE XVIII.

LEMUR CATTA.
No. 75.7.20.10. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size.

LEMUR 131

enable the animals to grasp the branch of a tree with great tenacity. In
size they are about equal to the house cat, and their fur is thick, some-
times woolly in texture. Not very much is known of their habits in
the wild state, but they are not so strictly nocturnal as the species of the
other genera of the family, and are seen during the day as well as at
night seeking food. They are only found in the Island of Madagascar
and the adjacent Comorin Islands. They go in troupes, sometimes of
many individuals, are very noisy and live in the forest, one species only,
L. caTTA, frequenting rocky places destitute of trees. They are very
agile and their movements are made with great rapidity. Their usual
note is a kind of low grunt, but they often utter loud cries. Fruits of
various kinds, and insects, bird’s eggs and birds themselves, when they
can catch them, furnish their principal means of subsistence. During
the heat of the day they sleep, the head placed beneath the arms and the
tail coiled about the neck. They walk on the hands and feet, both when
on the ground or amid the trees, the tail usually carried high up. Great
confusion has existed in the many published articles on the species,’
mainly from a lack of sufficient material by which a correct judgment
could be obtained. Much variability occurs in the coloration, individuals
of the same species differing greatly in this respect, and in not a few
instances the female has been described as a species distinct from the
male. In some cases there is wonderful difference in color between the
sexes, and in such cases it is not to be wondered at that the female
should have been considered as representing a species, the male of
which had not at that time been obtained. To rectify the synonymy
given by different writers is no easy task, as they have not always been
in accord as to the name of different species, and much confusion has
been created by bestowing various names upon the same species. De-
scriptions of these animals by the earlier writers were often so meagre
and insufficient that it was difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain what
one was intended, and the task was made no easier by the disappear-
ance of the type from the collection of the Institution in which it was
originally deposited. But after an examination of all the types now
existing, and a careful study of the collections of these animals in the
Museums of the World, the conclusions given in the articles on the
various species, deemed worthy of recognition, have been reached.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1758. Linneus, Systema Nature.
Three species are included in Lemur, only one of which belongs

132

1762.

1766.

1774.

1777.

1788.

LEMUR

to the genus, viz., L. catra. The others are tardigradus, of the
genus Loris, and volans included in GALEOPITHECUS.

Brisson, Regnum Animale.

Four species of Lemur are here given, under the genus Pro-
simia: viz., P. fusca, P. pedibus albus, P. pedibus fulvis, and P.
cauda annulis cimcta. The first three cannot be determined
with any degree of certainty, the fourth, however, is without
doubt Lemur catra Linnzus and must be regarded as the type
of Brisson’s genus.

Linneus, Systema Nature.

Beside the species in the former edition of this work, given
above, two more are added, L. Moneos, and L. mMacaco.
Schreber, die Séugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit
Beschreibungen.

Various species are given in this work under Lemur, not all of
which belong to that genus. L. tardigradus = Loris TARDI-
GRADUS; L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. Futvus E. Geoff.,
and is mixed in synonymy and plates. L. Futvus and L. RuFI-
FRONS are confused together and the synonymy given belongs
partly to each, while plate XXXB represents L. FuLvus, and
XXXIXA has a figure of L. RuFIFRoNs. L. Macaco Linn., is
also confused with L. variecatus (Kerr), and plate XLA
represents the former, and XLB the latter, while the synonymy
belongs partly to each. L. catra is correctly given. The “Yellow
Maucauco” of Pennant is included without any Latin designa-
tion in the text; but is called on plate XLII, Lemur simia-
sciurus. Lemur volans = GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS.

A plate of L. atsirrons, No. XXXIXD is given.

Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.

Species of various genera are here included in the genus LEMur,
but the following valid forms are properly placed. L. MoNcos;
(nasus albus, Africa orign.) ; L. MAcAco, (nec synonymy) ; L.
cATTA. The others are L. tardigradus = LORIS TARDIGRADUS ;
L: flavus = Peropicticus potto; L. tarsus undeterminable.
L. volans = GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS.

Gmelin, Systema Nature.

A number of species representing various genera as now
accepted are here included in the genus Lemur. L. tardigradus
= Loris TARDIGRADUS; L. indri = INDRIS INDRIS; L. potto
= Peropicticus potra; L. Moncoz; L. macaco; L. cattTa; L.
murinus = Microcesus mMuRINUS; L. bicolor Miller, unde-

1792.

1796.

1812.

1820.

1827.

1829.

LEMUR 133

terminable; L. laniger = LICHANOTUS LANIGER; L. volans =
GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS. No new species described.

Kerr, Animal Kingdom.

LEMUR VARIEGATUS first described as Lemur macacus varie-
gatus. ,

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Encyclopédie Méthodique.
LEMUR ALBIFRONS described.

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

A list of the species as then known is here given. L. macaco
(nec Linn.), = L. variecatus Kerr; L. niger = L. Macaco
Linn.; L. ruber = L. variegatus ruber, which with L. nicrRI-
FRONS, and L. rurus are first described; L. aLpirrons; L.
albimanus = L. Moncoz Linn.; L. rutvus first described; L.
anjuanensis = L. Moncoz Linn.; L. collaris = L. rutvus; L.
CATTA.

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou description des espéces de Mammi-
feres.

A list of Lemurs containing most of the errors of previous
authors. L. macaco = L. variEGATuS; L. ruber = L. v. ruber;
L. catta; L. niger = L. macaco Linn.; L. rutvus; L. albi-
manus = L. MoNnGos Linn.; L. ruFus; L. collaris = L. FuLVUS;
L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. cinereus = MyoxIcEBUS
GRISEUS E. Geoff.

R. P. Lesson, Manuel de Mammalogie ou Histoire Naturelle
des Mammiferes.

A list of the species of the genus Lemur is given in this work
as then understood. The valid species are, L. catra; L. FUL-
vus; L. RuFuUS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS. The remainder
are L. macaco = L. variEGATuS (Kerr); L. ruber = L. v.
ruber; L. niger = L. Macaco Linn.; L. mongoz (nec Linn.), =
L. rutvus E. Geoff.; L. albimanus = L. Moncoz Linn.; L.
collaris = L. Futvus; L. cinereus = MyYoxIcEBUS GRISEUS (E.
Geoff.).

J. B. Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

In this work a list of species of the genus Lemur is given as
they were understood at that time. The valid species are L.
cATTA; L. ruFUS; L. FuLVUS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS.
The remainder are, L. ruber = L. v. ruber; L. niger = L.
MACACO Linn.; L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. rutvus Geoff.; L.
albimanus = L. moncos Linn.; L. cinereus = MyoxicEesus

134

1833.

1834.

1840.

1840.

1842.

1842.

1848.

1850.

1851.

LEMUR

GRISEUS; L. murinus = MICROCEBUS MURINUS; and L. bicolor
undeterminable.

Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
LEMUR RUFIFRONS first described.

F. Cuvier, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes.

LemMuR MONGOs Linn., redescribed as L. dubius.

Wagner, Schreber die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Eight species of the genus Lemur are included in this work,
four of which are correctly named, viz., L. catta; L. RUFI-
FRONS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. ruber = L. v. ruber. The others are
L. macaco = L. variEGAtTus Kerr; L. niger = L. Moncos Linn. ;
L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L. v. RuBER; L. FuLvus; and L.
collaris = L. FULVUS.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

The species of Lemur are here placed in the genus Prosimia
with four divisions, Les Macacos, Les Mongous, Les Maques,
and Les Varis. The first contains (P.) catta; Les Mongous has
(P.) MoNGoz; with (P.) macromongoz = L. moncoz; (P.)
bugi = L. Moncoz; the third Les Maques, has (P.) rufa = L.
RUFUS; (P.) albimana = L. moncos; (P.) brissonit =
L. moncos; (P.) ALBIFRONS; (P.) RUFIFRONS; (P.) ocularis =
L. NiGRIFRONS; (P.) frederict = L. ALBIFRONS; fourth race
Les Varis contains (P.) MACACO; with several varieties; the
red variety = L. v. ruber.

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

LEMUR CORONATUS first described.

R. P. Lesson, Nouveau Tableau du Régne Animal.

LEMUR VARIEGATUS Kerr, renamed Prosimia erythromela.
Schuermans, Académie Royale des Sciences et Belle-Lettres de
Belgique, in Mémoires Couronnés et Mémoires des Savants
Etrangers.

L. coronatus redescribed as L. chrysampy-.

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de l’ Académie
des Sciences.

LEMUR RUBRIVENTER 4, first described, and the 2, described as
LEMUR FLAVIVENTER.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

In this list of Lemurs is given all the species designated by
previous authors, and himself, but no new ones described. The

1862.

1863.

1864.

LEMUR 135

valid species are, L. catra; L. vartecatus; L. ruber = L. v.
ruber; L. RUBRIVENTER; L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS; L. albi-
manus = L. MoNcos Linn. ; L. collaris = L. FuLvus; L. anjuan-
ensis = L. moncos Linn.; L. moncos; L. Futvus; and L.
chrysampyx = L. CORONATUS.

Wagner, Schreber die Sdugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

The list of Lemurs in the previous volume of this work is here
considerably enlarged and fourteen species are enumerated, only
six of which are valid, viz., L. catra; L. ruber = L. v. ruber;
L. RUBRIVENTER; L. RUFUS; L. ALBIFRONS; L. RUFIFRONS: and
L. coronaTus. The others are, L. macaco, (nec Linn.), = L.
VARIEGATUS; L. flaviventer = L. RUBRIVENTER; L. collaris =
L. FuLvus; L. brunneus = L. FuLvus; L. mongos (nec Linn.),
= L. ruLvus; L. anjuanensis = L. Moncos Linn.; and L. chry-
sampyx = L. CORONATUS.

Bartlett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
LEMUR MACACO, 9, redescribed as L. leucomystax.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
In an elaborate paper on the “Lemuroid Animals” Lemur is
divided into a number of genera which cannot be considered as
having any claim to a distinct rank. Under Varecia are placed
L. VARIEGATUs as V.. varia; L. niger = L. macaco; L. ruber =
L. v. ruber; and L. leucomystax = L. Macaco. In Lemur is
L. catta. Prosimia has L. ALBIFRONS; L. NIGRIFRONS; L.
melanocephalus = L. FuLvus; L. mongos (nec Linn.), = L.
FULVUS; L. RUFIFRONS; L. xanthomystax = L. Futvus; L.
coronaTa; L. albimana = L. Moncos; L. anjuanensis (nec
Geoff.), = L. nicrirrons; and L. collaris = L. Frutvus.

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

An important paper on the crania and dentition of the Le-
MURIDZ& embracing all the genera, with the species of some as
then understood, and with definitions of genera and subgenera.
Of the genus Lemur a careful specialized description is given of
the skull and teeth, and comparisons made with other genera of
the Family. The synonymy and description of the genus are given,
but a list of the species is omitted. Lemur is placed in the sub-
family LEmurin#, followed by Myoxicesus (Hapalolemur),
MicroceBus, CHEIROGALEUS (!), and LepitemurR (!). The
conclusion of his investigation may be summed up in his own

136

1867.

1868.

1870.

1870.

LEMUR

words: “I have been quite unable to detect any cranial or dental
characters which would justify a subdivision of the genus
Lemur.” He divides the LEMuRIDz into four subfamilies with
fifteen genera, an arrangement that has not been adopted,
as the species of several of the genera, such as DAUBENTONIA,
Tarsius, and NycrTicEeBus etc., are considered as possessing
characters sufficiently distinctive to make their species repre-
sentative of independent Families.

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

This is a supplementary paper to the one mentioned above, in
which the genera CHEIROGALE and MicrocesBus are compared
and the differences found to be few, but “it will be possible
(and perhaps even useful) still to retain, provisionally at least,
the distinction between CHEIROGALEUS (!) and MIcROCcEBUS,
though reposing mainly, if not exclusively on a few cranial and
dental characters.” LEPIDOLEMUR is also discussed and is con-
sidered not to have any marked relationship to any other genus.
The tarsal structure of these three genera and that of GALaco is
compared.

Schlegel and Pollen, Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar.
LEMUR NIGRIFRONS from the Island of Mayotte redescribed as
L. mayottensis.

Fitzinger, in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Wien.

Ina revision of what he calls the order of Half apes “Halbaffen,’
under the genus Lemur, this Author gives a list of the known
forms with their synonymy considerably mixed, continuing the
errors of previous writers, and adding some of his own. The
following valid species are given: L. catta; L. macaco; L.
MONGOz; L. ALBIFRONS; L. RUFIFRONS; L. coRONATUS; L. ruber
= L. v. ruber; L. RUBRIVENTER; and L. NicRIFRONS. The other
forms recognized are, L. collaris = L. Futvus; L. macaco-
griseo-maculatus = L. variegatus Kerr; Lemur macaco albus
possibly an albino of L. variEcaTus Kerr; Lemur niger = L.
mMaAcACO Linn.; L. anjuanensis = L. Moncos; L. chrysampyx =
L. coronaTus ; L. flaviventer = L. RUBRIVENTER ; L. albimanus =
L. moncos; L. cuvieri = L. moncos; and L. brunneus = L.
FULVUS.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.

——— a

LEMUR 137

This is mainly the paper published in the Proceedings of the Hi
Zoological Society of London in 1863. Varecia now contains 1)
L. variecaTus as V. varia; L. ruber = L. v. ruber; and L. ii
leucomystax = L. macaco; L. niger being made a synonym of
L. VARIEGATUS! and Prosimia contains the same names as in the
previous review.
1871. J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Hil
LEMUR RUBRIVENTER redescribed as Prosimia rufipes.
1876. H. Schlegel, in Muséum d Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Les
Singes, Simie.
This volume is a most valuable and authoritative review of
the Primates, the Author’s conclusions being founded upon the
great collection of these animals in the Leyden Museum, which
was doubtfully equalled by that of any other Institution at
that time. The opinions expressed therefore are entitled to the
greatest respect, and when it may be necessary to disagree with
the Author, it will be found generally that new material,
obtained since his work was published, has shed a clearer light
upon doubtful points, that could not be decided satisfactorily
when he was writing his review.
Of the genus Lemur he recognizes comparatively few species,
and divides them into two Sections with subdivisions added.
These Sections are I, with the tail having more or less a uniform
coloration such as grayish, brownish or rufous, the apical half
being often brown or blackish, and II, with the tail ringed with
black and white. The first is again divided into A, with those
species having the nose black, and B, with those having the
nose covered with white hairs. A has four subdivisions, a
containing animals of large size with tails nearly as long as the
body, chin and upper part of throat naked, fur thick and woolly,
varied chiefly with black and white and reddish brown, and ears
hidden by the long hairs on each of their sides, color very
variable but not dependent on age of animal. This division has
L. variEGATuS Kerr. 8. Pelage of male black, that of female,
more or less bright red. In this is included L. macaco Linn. 7.
Front and crown more or less black with a large whitish spot on
each side of the brow; ears naked at edge, remainder covered
with short hairs. Color gray tinged sometimes with brown, or
fawn or red; the four hands of the same hue as the dominant
color, or verging to red. Above reddish or grayish white. Tail
at base above, and hind part of thighs of a bright red, more

138

1880.

1890.

1894.

1901.

LEMUR

or less deep in hue. Apical half of tail ordinarily black.
Individual modifications of these hues often occur, and local
differences in the style of coloration are more or less apparent
as if indicating subspecies. Two species are placed in this
division L. collaris E. Geoff., = L. rutvus E. Geoff., and L. c.
rufus = L. ruFuS E. Geoff. 8 Head white to the vertex; with
L. ALBIFRONS. e. Ears rather small, thickly covered with, and
hidden in the fur. Color of pelage brownish red ticketed with
black, the tail more or less black. Under parts either red, or
yellowish or whitish. One species represents this division L.
RUBRIVENTER E. Geoff. B. Nose covered with white hairs;
ears covered. Two species are placed here L. moncoz Linn.,
and L. coronatus Gray. No new species are described, but
while L. mayottensis = L. NIGRIFRONS examples are placed
among those of L. collaris and L. FuLvus, in a foot note atten-
tion is called to its distinctness from those species.

Sclater, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
LEMUR NIGERRIMUS described.

A. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, in Histoire Physique,
Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar.

LEMUR CINEREICEPS is figured but not described.

F, E. Beddart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

A paper in which the brain of the various species of the LEMu-
ROIDEA are described and compared. The decision as regards
the species of the genus LEMurR, is, that the range of variation
is not large, but the bigger brains are more complex than the
smaller. In a subsequent paper in the second volume of the
same publication, the brains of LEMur Macaco and LEMUR
CORONATUs are described and a comparison made with the brain
of PERODICTICUS POTTO.

C. I. Forsyth-Major, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London.

An important contribution dealing with the os planum and
lachrymal in Lemurs and Monkeys. The conclusion is, that
in those LEMuRIDZ which have a large lachrymal the os
planum is reduced and vice versa. The following points in
existing species are insisted upon when there is a “great
facial expansion of the lachrymal and particularly its exten-
sion beyond the fossa lachrymalis.”

1. “It is scarcely more frequent in Lemurs than in the

LEMUR 139

higher groups; the greatest reduction of the lachrymal occurs
precisely within the Prosimiz.

2. It is at its minimum in young individuals.

3. The genera of each group in which this character is
presented have certainly no closer relationship with those of
another group.

4. It can always be traced back to an elongation of the
facial cranium, necessitated by a more powerful dentition.
This extension of the lachrymal, is, in the Lemurs as well as

in the Monkeys, not a primitive condition, but an extreme’

specialization.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The species of the genus Lemur are found on the Island of
Madagascar and some of the small neighboring islands; Madagas-
car, as would naturally be inferred on account of its large size,
containing most all of the species, if not indeed all of them, and
this island may be regarded as the original home of the genus. On
the northern portion of Madagascar from the east to the west coast,
. from the mouth of the river Antamba and the environs of the Bay of
Mazamba to Bombetok (Schlegel), and also on the north eastern coast,
(Schlegel, limits not defined), L. rutvus is found. On the same coast
from Vohemar to the Bay de Diego is the range of L. coronatus, and
from Adampone to Cape Masoala L. vARIEGATUS is met with. Still on
the north east coast from the Bay of Antongil to Masindrano we have
L, atBirrons and L. v. ruber; and from Teneriffe to Fort Dauphin in
the south L. RUBRIVENTER is found. In the rocky lands of the south and
south west portion of Betsileo Province, and also in the Province of
Anossi, is the home of L. catTa; and in southern Madagascar from the
River Tsidsibon to the River Mangonka, L. ruFus has its range. On
the north west coast from Baly to Marinda, and also on the neighboring
islands of Anjuan (Johanna), Comoro, Nossi-bé, and Mohilla, L.
MONGOs is found; and from Cape Ambre to Ifassy L. NIGERRIMUS
ranges; while from Ifassy to Manaharana are the limits of L.
macaco. From Baly to Cape St. Vincent L. RUFIFRONS occurs; and
from some portion of Madagascar as given by E. Geoffroy, locality
not stated, and also from the Island of Mayotte, L. NicRIFRONS is
found. For L. crnereicers Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, no lo-
cality has been given, those authors having simply published a figure
of the species without any description.

140 LEMUR

The ranges of the recognized forms of Lemur here given may
probably be more extensive than is known at present, at least for some
of them, but further exploration of Madagascar, especially in the
interior will be necessary to decide positively any doubts now held upon
this point. The limits given have been ascertained from specimens in
different Museums having particular localities attached to them, and
also from various maps placed in the collection of Lemurs in the Paris
Museum, prepared, presumably, under the direction and supervision of
Grandidier and A. Milne-Edwards. It is greatly to be regretted that
the text for the Lemurs in the Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar of the
authors above named, was never published, for it would have undoubt-
edly have thrown much light upon the variation, distribution and habits
of these singular animals. The plates do indeed give in a restricted
manner, some idea of how Lemurs vary, but it would require more than
one volume of illustrations to exhibit the often extraordinary differ-
énces shown by these animals in the hues of their coats, both between
individuals, and also at times between the sexes of the same species.
This could only be properly demonstrated in the text of a volume de-
voted solely to this group. In a work like the present, lack of space
only permits that the attention be called to this fact and the inclusion,
in the articles on the species, of the descriptions of a few striking

instances, which of necessity only give an inadequate idea of the condi-

tions existing.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

MALEs.
A. Nose white.
a. Back of head grayish fulvous ................. L. mongoz.
b. Back of head black bordered with rufous ..... L. coronatus.

B. Nose black.
a. Without ruff on sides of neck.

a. Tail without annulations.
a.” Greater portion of head not white.

“rr

a.” With spot at root of tail ....... L. nigrifrons.
b."" Without spot at root of tail.
a.4 Forehead and top of head black;

pray Spot-over eyes i227 L. fulvus.
b.4 Forehead and top of head
rafous'i, cc Fee an L. rufifrons.

c.4 Forehead and top of head rufous
brown or chestnut ....... L. rubriventer.

LEMUR 141

d.* Forehead and whiskers yellowish

Witte: BAT geet OR, ott. Ee, Lavrufus.

b.” Greater portion of head white.
a." Body dark brown speckled....... L. albifrons.
Gt 3 Bodyvorangel red) | Asn .ciod .% L. cinereiceps.

c.’ Head and body all black.

a.” No upstanding crest on forehead. ..L. macaco.
b.”” With upstanding crest on fore-

Head’ on she terete cae ere L. mgerrimus.
Deu bail ondeh atiriitlations). steer tse ete ot 255 L. catta.
With ruff on sides of neck, color exceedingly variable.
a.’ Colors mostly black and white ........... L. variegatus.
Dig VCOLOLS MOSUL TOG) 3): 2m seer ity eng L. v. ruber.

LEMuR MONGOZ Linnezus.
The Mongooz Edw., Glean. Nat. Hist., 1785, p. 12, pl. CK XVI.

Lemur mongoz Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 44; Erxl., Reg. Anim.,

1777, p. 66; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 42; Shaw, Genl.
Zool., I, 1800, pp. 96, 112, pl. XXXIII; Fisch., Anat. Maki,
1804, p. 19; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 267;
V, 1855, p. 44, excl. syn.; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur.
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 34; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 168, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 216, 219; Schleg., Naderl. Tijdsch. Dierk.,
III, 1866, p. 75; Schleg. and Pollen, Faun. Madag., II, 1868,
p. 4; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 231, excl. syn.;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 312; Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1861, p. 93; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1901, p. 249; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,
VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser.

Prosimia mongos Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 65; Less., Man.

Mamm., 1827, p. 62.

Lemur albimanus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 161; IT. Geoff., ‘Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv.,
Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 215, 219; A. Milne-
Edw. et Oust., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., X, 1888, p.
282; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890,
Ae Lie piss CLV 11, "Clele 9OL Ml VEVEEX V igs! “1, 2;
Lorenz, Abhand. Senckenb. Natur. Geschied., XXI, 1898, p.
450, pl. XX XIII, fig. 2.

Sm:

142 LEMUR

Lemur anjuanensis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 161; Gray, Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, fig.;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 145; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 216, 219;
Peters, Reis. Nach. Mossamb., Zool., I, 1858, p. 21; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 627;
Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 5th Ser., 1879, p. 215.

Mongous d’Anjouan F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1819, p. 2, pl.
LXXXVII.

Lemur dubius F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1834, pl. XCIII, 9.

Prosimia bugi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 227.

Prosimia albimanus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 239; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 139; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and
Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 75; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 74.

Prosimia brissonii Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230.

Prosimia collaris (nec E. Geoff.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1863, p. 139.

Lemur cuvieri Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

LXII, 1, 1870, p. 58.
MONGOOSE LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. ;

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar from north of
Baly to Marinda, and the Islands of Anjuan, (Johanna), Comoro,
Mohilla, and Nossi-bé.

- Genl. Char. Nose white never black; rufous patch on throat;
hands sometimes white.

Color. Male. Face from between eyes to nostrils, and side of nose
and upper lip white or grayish white; space around eyes black; fore-
head grizzled black and gray of varying intensity ; cheeks, and beneath
ears rufous in some specimens, continuing beneath and almost meeting
on the throat; top of head and neck, and in some specimens the upper
part of back, dark gray, hairs tipped with fulvous; rest of upper parts,
and outer side of limbs brownish gray; hands and feet pale gray, some-
times white; a gray band across chest; rest of under parts fulvous.
Basal portion of tail like back, remainder iron gray grading into black
at tip.

Female. Similar to male except that the cheeks, and patches
beneath ears, throat, inner side of arms, and upper part of chest are
white; a black band across the forehead. }

LEMUR 143

Measurements. Total length, 876; tail, 420; foot, 79. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 76-82; Hensel, 67; intertemporal width, 27-31;
median length of nasals, 20; width of braincase, 35; palatal length,
32-39; length of upper molar series, 25-28; length of mandible, 59;
length of lower molar series, 32..

The type of L. flavifrons is in the British Museum, and the follow-
‘ing is a description of it. Pale yellowish band across forehead; nose
bright rufous ; top of head, body above, and beneath ears rufous, dorsal
line darkest; rump paler, more reddish; shoulders yellowish; outer
side of limbs rufous like head; hands and feet dark rufous; chin and
throat whitish; inner side of limbs, neck and body beneath yellowish,
tail rufous.

A second specimen also a female, is very much darker in color,
being bright chestnut on head and body, dorsal region and hands
blackish chestnut, feet and tail rufous. While having a general
resemblance to each other, these two examples differ greatly in depth
and shade of color.

Schlegel in his monograph of the Lemurs was the first to call atten-
tion to the fact that it was not the animal that was most common in
collections, and of a rather large size which should bear the name of
MONGOZ given by Linnzus, but a smaller form distinguished in the
male by rufous patches beneath the ears, extending sometimes on to the
throat, and with a whitish face and nose. Later Forsyth-Major in the
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 249, published a paper in which he
showed very conclusively that the wrong animal had been accorded the
Linnean name of MoNncoz, and agreed with Schlegel that the smaller
rufous-cheeked animal should rightfully bear the appellation. The
female is very similar to the male in general appearance, but lacks the
rufous coloring ; and the patches on the side of head and throat, called
whiskers by Schlegel, are white, and she is rather lighter on the under
side of the body. Besides Madagascar, this species is a native of the
islands of Anjuan, (Johanna), Mohilla, and Nossi-bé.

According to Schlegel and Pollen, (1. c.) “this species inhabits the

forests which extend from the bay of Diego-Juarez to the bay of Bam- .

betoc, also the forest of Loncoubé in the island of Nossi-bé.’”’ The
animals go in troupes and keep to the highest trees. Ordinarily they can
be seen towards evening, and then their voices are head in loud cries,
for at that time they are exceedingly noisy. Sometimes when danger
approaches these cries’ are changed to growling. Their agility in leap-

144 LEMUR

ing from tree to tree is wonderful and can hardly be followed with the
eyes, and it is easier to kill a bird on the wing than one of these animals
when leaping. They have the habit when pursued of dropping suddenly
from a lofty tree into the bushes, and the hunter thinking the indi-
vidual to be dead, is soon undeceived by seeing it quickly seeking
another tree a considerable distance away, and this makes following
them difficult. When raised in captivity from a very youthful age, .
it is gentle and friendly. It will eat all kinds of fruits, and is especially
fond of bananas, upon which it chiefly subsists in the wild state. It is
also fond of bird’s brains, which, after breaking the skull with its teeth,
are sucked into the mouth, but it does not eat the bird. The inhabit-
ants of Nossi-falie will not permit this animal to be introduced there,
as they contend that its presence would be a profanation of their so-
called sacred island. |

LEMUR CORONATUS Gray.

Lemur coronatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. X, 1842, p.
257; Id. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 15, pl. IV; van d. Hoev.,
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 36; I. Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 1851, p. 74; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168,
fig.; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 144; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 213, 217;
Fisch., Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 634; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 313; A. Milne-Edw. et
Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atlas, pls. CLVIII-CLXI,
CLXV, CLXVI; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 75.

Lemur chrysampyx Scheurm., Mém. Couron. Acad. Brux., XXII,
1848, p. 6, (Part.); I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 74;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 146; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856, fasc. I, pp. 215, 218;
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1879,
p. 634.

Prosimia coronata Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 138; Jd.

_Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.. Mus.,

1870, p. 75.
CROWNED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. No particular locality given. Type
in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North eastern Madagascar from Bay de Diego to
Vohemar.

Genl. Char. Tips of ears naked, tail longer than body.

VOLUME |, PLATE 4.

MiICROCEBUS COQUERELI.

| LEMUR NIGRIFRONS. LEMUR RUFUS,

LEMUR 145

Color. Male. A black or blackish brown spot on center of head,
sometimes only a stripe, in some specimens occupying nearly all the
space between the ears; orbital rings black; face and nose grayish
white; ears white; cheeks and forehead rufous; upper part of body
dark sienna gray; outer side of limbs, and under side of body pale
rufous; tail rufous on basal half, remainder blackish to tip, beneath
much paler, but becoming blackish at tip; hands and feet pale rufous
like outside of limbs. Ex type British Museum.

Female. Resembles the male but washed with rufous on the back;
forehead and face gray ; between eyes and side of nose, ears and stripe
_ in front of ears, white; under parts yellowish white; tail dark gray
for entire length, as are also the limbs; the rufous band on top of the
head extends downwards on sides of head in front of ears; hands and
feet grayish white; tail iron gray.

Measurements. Skull: total length, 81; occipito-nasal length, 76;
Hensel, 62; intertemporal width, 27; zygomatic width, 49; median
length of nasals, 21; length of upper molar series, 26; length of man-
dible, 54; length of lower molar series, 24.

LEMUR NicRIFRONS E. Geoffroy.
Lemur nigrifrons (nec Linn.), E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 260; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828,
p. 19, 1lme Lecon; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., IT, 1824,
Livr. XXX, pl. XVIII; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 73;
Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 168, figs.; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool.” Fam, ‘Reg? Anim, Nat, fasc. 11856, pp. 215, 219:
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870,
p. 73; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Atlas,
II, 1890, pls. CXX XVII, CXLIII.

Prosimia ocularis Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 231.

Prosimia anjuanensis (nec Geoff.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1863, p. 139; 1872, p. 862; Gunth., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., III,
1879, 5th Ser., p. 216.

Prosimia nigrifrons Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872,
p. 850; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768.

Lemur mayottensis Schleg., Ned. Tijdsch. Dierk., 1866, p. 76;
Schleg. et Pollen, Faun. Madag., 1868, p. 3, pl. IT; Schleg.,

Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 308.
BLACK-FRONTED LEMUR.
Type locality. Island of Madagascar.

146 © LEMUR

Geogr. Distr. Islands of Madagascar and Mayotte.

Color. Face black; top of head, forehead and patch at top of
nose black; grayish buff spot over each eye; entire upper parts sooty
brown washed with yellowish; outer side of limbs paler ; cheeks yellow-
ish or buffy; entire under parts buff; hands and feet reddish; tail
reddish with black spot at base above. Ex specimen in Paris Museum
probably a type.

Ex specimen from the Island of Mayotte. Face, nose and lips
black; black band across forehead projecting to a point in front at
center ; cheeks and back of head and line in front of black on forehead,
rufous; body above, and outer side of limbs fulvous, darkest and more
reddish on dorsal line; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs
yellowish brown; rufous spot at vent; hands dark brown; feet rufous:
black spot at base of tail above; basal part of tail rufous grading into
black for three fourths the length, the hairs tipped with rufous.

Measurements. Total length, 906; tail, 500; foot, 97; ear, 36,
(Collector’s measurements). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel,
76; zygomatic width, 54; intertemporal width, 28; palatal length, 39;
width of braincase, 38; length of upper molar series, 30; length of
mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 35.

The supposed type of L. N1GRIFRONS in the Paris Museum, has the
black spot at the root of the tail above, characteristic of the island form
named by Schlegel mayottensis. This spot is generally very conspic-
uous and causes the specimens from Mayotte to be readily recognized.
Another peculiarity is the absence of spots over the eyes, which is
observable in another “type” in the Paris Museum, although the one
described has these marks; the muzzle is also broad and inflated, quite
different in shape from the rather pointed muzzle of L. rutvus; and
the third upper premolar and the first and second upper molars are
larger. There is much individual variation in color, as in the other
species, and some are all yellowish gray with all the top of the head
black, and no rufous showing. It would seem that the characters men-
tioned are sufficient to give this form a distinct rank, and that it was
an error to regard it as a synonym of L. Futvus. Between the Paris
Museum examples and those from Mayotte Island there are no grounds
for separation, and it may be, Geoffroy’s specimens came originally
from Mayotte Island, as it is not likely, at the time he wrote, that
a discrimination of the islands would be made, but all material from
that quarter would be labelled Madagascar.

Messrs. Schlegel and Pollen state that they discovered this species

PLATE 6

VOLUME |

LEMUR FULVUS

‘a.

LEMUR 147

during their visit to the island of Mayotte, situated in the western part
of the bay of Gongonie. It goes in bands of from six to twenty
individuals in the primeval forests of the island. They are seen both
by day as well as at night, keeping mostly to the trees, but descending
occasionally to the ground to look for fallen fruit. At the setting of
the sun they utter their plaintive cries in unison. When pursued by
dogs they seek the highest trees, intently watching their enemy and
growling. It is only when they see the hunter that the entire band
takes flight, seeking the depth of the forest where it is exceedingly
difficult to follow and shoot them. When wounded it defends itself
against the dogs with great fury, and it has been seen td leap upon the
back of one and bite its ears and neck. At Mayotte in hunting this
Lemur, a cur dog is used, which on perceiving one of the animals keeps
up a continual barking, jumping at the same time against the tree on
which the Lemur is. The latter pays more attention to the dog than
to the hunter, and is easily approached and shot. This species is fond
of wild dates, and makes long journeys in search of them. The flesh of
this Lemur is excellent, and tastes like that of the Hare.

Lemur Futvus E. Geoffroy.

‘Lemur fulvus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 161, No. 9; Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 61.
Lemur collaris E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 161, No. 11; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.
270; V, 1855, p. 143; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72;
Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 216, 228; Fitzing.,

Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 52.

Lemur mongos (nec Linn.), Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I,
1840, p. 270; V, 1855, p. 144; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth.
Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 622; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 71.

Lemur brunneus van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., V, 1844,
p. 35; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 143;
Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870,
p. 622..

Prosimia melanocephala Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 137,
pl. XVIII; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 74.

Prosimia xanthomystax Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p.
138, pl. XVII; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

148 LEMUR

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, p. 68.

Prosimia mongos (nec Linn.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 137; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 74.

Prosimia flavifrons Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 596, pl.
XXXI; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, Append. p. 132, 9.

Lemur flavifrons Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 232, 9.
FULVOUS LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Northern part of the Island of Madagascar.

Genl. Char. Distinguished from L. Monecos Linn., by its black
nose.

Color. Male. Top of head, middle of forehead, face and nose
black; ears scantily haired, black fringed with white; spot on each side
of forehead iron gray; cheeks iron gray varying to whitish in different
individuals, this hue extending beneath the ears; upper part of body
rufous or reddish gray, becoming in some specimens darker and more
reddish on the rump; outer side of limbs reddish gray like back; hands
and feet reddish brown; under parts of body, and inner side of limbs
pale yellow ; tail yellowish brown, beneath at base pale orange yellow.

Lemur mongos collaris 67. 10. 5. 20. There is a specimen in the
British Museum purchased from the Zoological Society of London and
named Lemur mongos collaris which is peculiar and should be noticed.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Color. Nose gray in the middle, black at top and at tip; a partial
orbital ring and forehead black, a rather indistinct line across top of
head, space beneath ears on neck, cheeks and sides of throat rufous; a
yellowish band from back of shoulders across back at base of neck;
shoulders, arms, grizzled gray and black; upper parts of body and
thighs speckled grayish brown with a yellow tinge; legs below knees
sooty; hands and feet blackish; chin and middle of throat white; a
blackish band across upper part of breast; line down center of inner
side of arms gray; under parts of body and inner side of legs sooty; tail
sooty speckled with whitish, becoming black towards tip.

Measurements. Total length, 780; tail, 440; foot, 80. Skull in
the specimen.

This example obtained from the Zoological Society is apparently
without any history beyond the fact of its purchase. It does not agree
exactly with any known species. Its nose is neither black nor white,

LEMUR 149

and in the rufous coloring of the cheeks, sides of the neck and throat

it resembles L. moncos Linn., but its black hands and feet separate it —

from that species, as do also its dusky under parts. This is not
Gray’s Prosimia collaris which = L. Moncos Linn., nor does it seem to
agree with any described species; and the thought arises, can it be a
hybrid born in the Zoological Gardens, as it seems to have resemblance
to more than one species, its nose neither black nor white keeping it
out of both groups as arranged in the key of the species.

There are great variations in color and in head markings among
individuals of this species, and this fact has been the cause of the
multiplication of names, and confusion in the synonymy. It is
the common Lemur called L. moncos generally by authors and
attributed to Linneus. It is however a larger animal than the
true L. moncos Linn., and has a black face and nose which the
other species never has. Attention has been called to the error, so
universally committed by authors, by both Schlegel and Major as
mentioned in the article on L. moncos Linn. The names ruLvus and
collaris were bestowed upon this species by E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire
(1. c.) and both published on the same page, but as FULVUS comes first,
it must replace the somewhat better known collaris. The types of both
L. ruLvus and L. collaris have disappeared from the collection in the
Paris Museum, but there is an example marked L. collaris E. Geoff.,
and which was figured in the Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar by
Milne-Edwards and Grandidier. This animal died in the menagerie
of M. Polito, and was given by him to the Museum in 1828. While
therefore, it cannot be any specimen examined by Geoffroy when he
named the species, it is probable that it represents fairly enough
Geoffroy’s form so far as can be determined by his meagre description.
This Paris Museum specimen may be described as follows: top of head
and back of neck blackish maroon; entire upper parts and outer side of
limbs reddish brown; dorsal line from neck broadening on rump, dark
reddish brown; a reddish brown spot over each eye; cheeks and large
patch between ears extending to throat bright rufous; throat, under
part of body and inner side of limbs pale yellow, (probably faded) ;
hands and feet rufous; wrists and ankles bright rufous; tail chestnut.

When considering examples of a species so varying in color as the
present, it is not to be wondered that writers with insufficient material
at their command should have been induced to describe some of their
specimens as distinct species, but it is not always easy, when such
examples are no longer accessible for examination, to accurately define
what species they really belong to. And this has been one of the diffi-

150 LEMUR

culties in the synonymy of the present species. The descriptions are
often meagre and insufficient, and the types no longer existing there was
little left to assist a correct decision to be reached. Some types remain
such as L. xanthomystax Gray, and L. melanocephalus Gray, both of
which are undoubtedly the same as L. Futvus. These are both in the
British Museum and may be described as follows:

L. xanthomystax Gray, (1. c.). Head and back of neck black;
black line between eyes; nose black; dark buff spot tinged with rufous
over each eye; large bright rufous spot on each side of throat; fur of
body and limbs rufous gray, hairs black tipped ; dorsal line dark reddish
brown; under part of body pale rufous; hands and feet rufous; basal
portion of tail dark brown, remainder blackish. Ex type in British
Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 90; Hensel, 77 ; inter-
temporal width, 31; zygomatic width, 54; median length of nasals, 22;
length of upper molar series, 30; length of mandible, 62; length of
lower molar series, 27.

L. melanocephalus Gray, (1. c.). Top of head with a narrow line
extending over the ears to the occiput ; forehead, face and nose black;
upper part of body grizzled chestnut and black; outside of arms iron
gray; outer side of legs brownish gray, chin and throat pale yellowish;
outer side of limbs, and body beneath buffy; hands dark brown; feet
bright rufous; tail chestnut with black tips to the hairs on basal half,
but nearly all black on apical half. Ex type British Museum.

It will thus be seen from the above descriptions that while the
general resemblance is the same, yet there are various differences in
coloration sufficient to mislead unless the species’ tendency to exhibit
individual variations was not known nor understood. The black nose
will, however, always distinguish L. ruLvus from L. Moncos, as well as
its larger size, but neither of these characters are sufficient to separate
it from the next species with which it is more closely allied, at least
so far as coloration is concerned.

LEMUR RUFIFRONS (Bennett).
Lemur mongos Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 138, Taf. XX XIX A,

(nec Linn.).

Lemur rufifrons Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 106;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 269; V, 1855, p.
145; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Naturw. Geschied., XI, 1844, p.
38; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 63; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768.

LEMUR 151

Prosimia rufifrons Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 138; 1872, p. 852; Id. Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 74; Id.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 4th Ser., 1871, p. 339.

Lemur mongos var. rufifrons A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atl. II, 1890, pls. CXXXVIII,
CXXXIX, CXLIV.

Lemur mongos rufifrons Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,

VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser.
RED-FRONTED LEMUR.

Type locality. Unknown. Type specimen then living in the
garden of the Zoological Society.

Geogr. Distr. West coast of Madagascar from Cape St. Vincent
on the south to Baly on the north.

Genl. Char. Male with top of head between ears rufous; that of
female grizzly black.

Color. Male. Top of head between ears and patch beneath ears
deep rufous; center of forehead and nose black; spots above and in
front of eyes, and cheeks, whitish; outer side of limbs, hands and feet,
and under part of body pale rufous; upper part of body grizzled gray
washed with rufous; hands light brown; feet dark brown; tail blackish
on apical half, then rufous, brightest and deepest towards root, and
blackish at root. Ex type in British Museum.

Female. Top of head grizzled; patch around eyes grayish white ;
upper part of body and outer side of limbs grizzly brown; under side
of limbs, and body beneath pale rufous; deeper along sides of abdomen
and at vent.

Measurements. Skull: total length, 87.3 ; occipito-nasal length, 85 ;
intertemporal width, 31.6; zygomatic width, 47.7; median length of
nasals, 25.9; length of upper molar series, 28.6; length of mandible,
60; length of lower molar series, 32.3.

LEMUR RUBRIVENTER I. Geoffroy.
Lemur rubriventer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 876;
Id, Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 71; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth.
Suppl., V, 1855, p. 142; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., Fasc. I, 1856, pp. 214, 218; Schleg., Neder. Tijdsch.
Dierk., III, 1866, p. 75; Id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p.
311; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 638; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag.,
1890, Atl., II, pls. CLX VIII, CLXX; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.

LS
a ~
caeaEpEEDTNS ——— - - =

152 LEMUR

Lond., 1899, p. 554; 1901, p. 263; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field
Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 544, Zool. Ser.

Lemur flaviventer I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXI, 1850, p. 876; Id.
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 167, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856,
fasc. I, pp. 214, 218, 220; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 629; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pl. CXCI.

Prosimia rufipes Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 4th Ser., 1871,
p. 339; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pl. 69.

Lemur rufipes Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 72.
RED-BELLIED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Tenerifa to
Fort Dauphin. Ampitambe, N. E. Betsileo, Ambohimitombo, and Ivo-
himanitra, Tanala country, and Vinanitelo, Southern Betsileo confines
of the Tonalas of Ikongo. (Forsyth-Major).

Genl. Char. Outside of ears, and inner side of margins haired,
rest naked. Iris dark yellow. (Forsyth-Major).

Color. Male. Line from forehead, top of nose and lips maroon;
head above mixed dark brown and buff; sides of head coppery red;
body above chocolate brown, palest on rump; arms, under parts from
chin, and inner side of limbs coppery red; outer side of hind limbs to
ankles reddish buff; hands and feet coppery red; tail maroon at base;
blackish maroon for remainder of length. Ex type Paris Museum.

The colors, especially on lower back and legs have probably faded.
An example in the British Museum differs somewhat as will be noticed
in the following description.

Line from forehead, top of nose and muzzle black, or blackish
maroon; head and cheeks reddish brown; upper part of body speckled
black and reddish, becoming in some individuals, almost black on dor-
sal line; limbs, hands and feet, and under side of body reddish brown;
tail black.

Female. The sexes differ in coloration only in that the throat and
upper part of breast of the female is white, and the under parts of the
body are pinkish buff.

Measurements. Total length, 711.2; tail, 407.6; foot, 102.8.
Skull : occipito-nasal length, 83 ; Hensel, 35 ; zygomatic width, 34; inter-
temporal width, 29; median length of nasals, 21; palatal length, 35;
length of upper molar series, 30; width of braincase, 39; length of
mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 33.

LEMUR 153

Lemur RuFuS E. Geoffroy.

Lemur rufus E. Geoff., Cat. Mamm., 1803, p. 34; Jd. Ann. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 160; Less., Man. Mamm.,
1827, p. 67; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p.
36; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 144; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I,
1854, p. 167; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., 1856,
fasc. I, pp. 216, 219, pl. VIII, figs. 31, 3la, 31b; Fitzing.,
Sitzungsb. Metth. Naturw. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 647;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 76.

Prosimia rutfo Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 223.

Lemur collaris rufus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 309,
(Parts)e

Lemur mongos var. rufus A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat.

Madag., Mamm., Atl., II, 1890, pl. CXLVI.
RED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Madagascar from the River Tsidsibon to
the River Mangonka, 21° 30’. (Schlegel).

Genl. Char. Frontal band, and whiskers whitish or yellowish
white.

Color. Spot between eyes on forehead, and sides of nose dark
reddish brown; top, and sides of head yellowish white; sides of head
beneath ears, back of neck, entire upper parts of body, and outer side
of arms bright rufous; flanks, and outer side of hind limbs golden;
under side of body and inner side of limbs pale golden yellow; hands
and feet golden yellow; tail dark rufous with blackish hairs towards
tip. Ex co-type in Leyden Museum. Skull in the specimen.

This example is stated to be “un des types du Lemur rufus E.
Geoff.” It is, as the description shows, of a bright rufous color, quite
different in appearance from all the other Lemurs. It came from the
Paris Museum in 1815.

The type of Lemur rufus Geoffroy, is in the Paris Museum but in
a very dilapidated condition. In fact, excepting the hind neck and
dorsal region, there is very little color remaining, and the specimen
or co-type in the Leyden Museum is in a much better state.

As near as it can be given, the following is a description of this
type.

Color. Nose on top and on sides black; a narrow line from occiput
over center of head broadening out on forehead and between eyes black,

154 LEMUR

tinged with brown; on each side of this on top of head, and on sides
in front of ears white or yellowish white; beneath ears, hind neck, and
upper parts of body, and shoulders, deep ochraceous buff with a red-
dish tinge; arms much discolored, but seem to be paler than back until
halfway on forearms where they are like the upper parts to wrists and
hands; outer side of legs and flanks pale golden yellow; feet so dis-
colored with the dust of years, nearly a century, that it is impossible
to tell with certainty what was the original color, but from one or two
places that show a little color, it would seem to have been like that on :
the back; under parts and inner side of limbs pale golden yellow, |
possibly, originally a rich golden yellow; tail mostly denuded of fur,
and what remains is black with dust, but probably in the life of the
animal it was like the back, reddish and ochraceous buff.
Measurements. Total length, 915.67; tail, 458.37; foot, 101.60.
Ex type Paris Museum. Skull in specimen.
y
,
a
:

LEmurR ALBIFRONS EK. Geoffroy.
Lemur albifrons E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, I, p. 20; Audeb.,
Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797, p. 13, pl. III; Shaw, Genl.
Zool., I, 1800, p. 113; E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
XIX, 1812, p. 160; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1819, Livr.
III, p. 1, pl. 1; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 67; E. Geoff.,
Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 1lme Legon; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 271; V, 1855, p. 144;
Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl, Lemur, pl. VI; van d. Hoev.,
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 36, pl. I, fig. 3; I.
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 72; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
I, 1854, p. 167, fig.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 214, 218; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. ,
) Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 628; Schleg., Mus. Pays- ‘
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 310; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.
. Calc., 1881, Pt. I, p. 92; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p.
73; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p.
) 544, Zool. Ser.
| Prosimia albifrons Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 230; Gray, Proc. ;
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 137 ; 1872, p. 852; Id. Cat. Monkeys, }
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 73.
Prosimia frederici Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 232.
Lemur mongos var. albifrons A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pls. CXXXVI, CXLIV.

>. F a|

LEMUR 155

WHITE-FACED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type not in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar from Masindrano on
the south to Bay of Antongil on the north.

Genl. Char. Greater part of head white.

Color. Male. Forehead, cheeks, temples, back of head and ears
white ; face from above eyes, and nose black; upper part of body, and
outer side of limbs dark brown, each hair tipped with bright pale
rufous, giving the fur a speckled appearance; entire under parts, and
inner side of limbs whitish gray; hands and feet like outer side of
limbs ; basal half of tail like the back, apical half black.

Female. Paler than the male, and the white seen on the head of
the male, is dark gray on the female.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. rutvus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 84; Hensel, 75 ; zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width,
27; median length of nasals, 31; palatal length, 37; length of upper
molar series, 28 ; width of braincase, 38; length of mandible, 57 ; length
of lower molar series, 31.

This is a large Lemur, easily distinguished from all others by hav-
ing the head from the eyes to behind the ears, and the cheeks white.
The type, if it ever was in the Paris Museum, has disappeared. On
plate XIII of the Cimelia Physica J. F. Miller has figured an animal
with a heart shaped white spot on the forehead, and described by Shaw
as having the “upper part of the neck and back, hind part of the
thighs and tail black; the under part of the neck and body and the
limbs white. On the forehead is a large heart-shaped spot pointing
downward.” To this figure Gmelin, (1. c.) gave the name of bicolor.
It has been suggested by Shaw and others that perhaps this creature
is the same as LEMuR ALBIFRONS Geoffroy, but excepting the white
on the forehead it bears no resemblance whatever to Geoffroy’s species,
and the restricted area of white on the head is very unlike the almost
entirely white head of L. atBirrons. Miller’s animal is apparently
adult, and does not seem to be in a state where the color of the pelage
is changing to something else, and this condition, moreover, is not
habitual with the Lemurs, as the young usually closely resemble the
adults. L. ALBIFRONS is not common in collections, and it cannot be
said that it is at all well known in so far as its appearance at all
ages is concerned, but with the knowledge that we have at present, it
would be very unwise to reduce Geoffroy’s name to a synonym in favor
of that bestowed by Gmelin to an animal he probably had never seen,
and which has no representative in any collection. Miller’s example

156 LEMUR

should more properly be assigned a place among those quasi species
deemed indeterminable.

LEMUR CINEREICEPS Milne-Edwards and Grandidier.
Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atl., II, 1890, pls) CXL,.CX Lie
(desc. nulla).
Lemur cinereiceps Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 72.
GRAY-HEADED LEMUR.
Type locality. Unknown.
Geogr. Distr. Madagascar.
Genl. Char. Hands and feet bright rufous red; head gray.
Color. Top of head, face and ears gray; rest of pelage, body,
limbs, hands, feet, and tail bright rufous red.

The type of this form was not in the Paris Museum although a
diligent search was made for it, and I could not therefore give a
description from the example, nor take any measurements.

No description was ever published so far as I have been able to
learn, except the short one in Forbes, (1. c.) and all we know of the
form, is the figure in the work above cited. Whether or not a figure
alone is sufficient (no matter how well colored it may be) to establish
a species, naturalists are not yet in accord, and as the above brief
description was taken from the plate, it may not be sufficient to make
amends for former lapses. The plate exhibits a figure of an apparently
distinct animal.

LrEmvur MAcAco Linneus.

Lemur macaco Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 44; Erxl., Syst. Reg.
Anim., 1777, p. 67; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 43; Shaw,
Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 98; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 11;
Less., Man. Mamm., I, 1827, p. 66; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat.
Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 1lme Legon; Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl.,
Lemur, III; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Nat. Geschied., XI, 1844,
‘p. 55; Schleg., Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., III, 1866, p. 77; Schleg.
et Pollen, Faun. Madag., I, 1868, p. 1, pl. I, 2, et juv.; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 229, 230; 1872, p. 853; 1885,
p. 672, fig.; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881,
p. 91; Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 161, 162, fig.
14, (Brain).

Lemur macaco niger Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 142, pl. XL A.

LEMUR 157

Lemur niger Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 112; E. Geoff., Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 259; Id. Cours Hist.
Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 1lme Lecon; Fitzing., Sitzungsb.
Metth., Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 629; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Madag., Atl., II, 1890, pl. CXXX.

Prosimia macaco Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 165; Less., Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 252.

Lemur leucomystax Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 347,
pl. XLI; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136; 1872, p.
Saas 9:

Varecia nigra Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136.

Varecia varia var. 6, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 70.

BLACK LEmuR. Native name Acoumba, (Schlegel and Pollen).

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North west Madagascar from Ifassy to Mana-
harana.

Genl.Char. Tufts of ears continuing downward to angle of mouth.

Color. Male. Usually entirely black, but there is considerable
variation among individuals. Iris yellow or brownish orange; pupil
small, black.

Female. Face, nose and back of head black; forehead grizzled
gray; whiskers long; ear tufts white; upper parts rich ferruginous
brown, darkest on middle of back; arms, legs, and neck yellow tinged
with red; under parts, and inner side of limbs cream yellow; hands and
feet reddish yellow ; tail white or yellowish white. Considerable varia-
tion exists among individuals and some have the top and back of head
gray or whitish, and the tail rich ferruginous like the middle of back.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 101; Hensel, 86;
zygomatic width, 59; palatal length, 47; intertemporal width, 31;
median length of nasals, 37 ; length of upper molar series, 36; length of
mandible, 71; length of lower molar series, 41.

LEMUR NIGERRIMUS Sclater.
Lemur nigerrimus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 451,

fig. 2; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm.,
Atl., II, 1890, pls. CLIV, CLV; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 73.

Lemur macaco Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 1016, (nec
Linn.).

158 LEMUR

BLACK LEMUR.

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North western Madagascar, Cape Ambre to Ifassy.

Genl. Char. Face hairy, except nose pad and lips, which are
naked;earsnaked. Iris “greenish blue.” (A. Milne-Edwards in Litt.).

Color. Male. Face black; head, neck, fore part of body from
middle of back, and arms black glossed with maroon; rest of body
above, hind limbs, and feet, maroon; hands black; under parts of body
reddish brown; inner side of limbs maroon; tail black tinged with
reddish beneath; iris green. Ex type in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85; Hensel, 77 ; zygo-
matic width, 53; intertemporal width, 32; width of braincase, 37;
palatal length, 39.5; median length of nasals, about 24; length of upper

molar series, 26 ; length of mandible, 64; length of lower molar series, 34. -

The type of this form was purchased by the Paris Museum from |

the Zoological Society of London, the skull, however, is in the British
Museum. It is a large animal, and may possibly be a melanism of L.
RUFUS or L. FULVUS, or a male of some species of the L. macaco style.
The fact that nothing is known of its habitat, or whence the specimen
came, makes it difficult to form an opinion upon its specific value, and
we are therefore compelled, for the present, to keep it separate from
the other species of the genus.

LEMUR CATTA Linnezus.
Lemur catta Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 30; I, 1766, p. 45;

Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 143, tab. XX1; Erxl., Syst. Reg.
Anim., 1777, p. 68; Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 43, No.4; Shaw,
Genl. Zool., 1800, p. 103, pl. XX XV; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804,
p. 17; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 66; E. Geoff., Cours Hist.
Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 1lme Legon; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 266; V, 1855, p. 142; van der
Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 32; I. Geoff.,
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 70; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 165; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fase. I,
1856, pp. 214, 215; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 72; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas,
Simiz, 1876, p. 314; G. A. Shaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
p. 132; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 768; Anders.,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, Pt. I, p. 90; Bedd., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 371, fig. 3; 1900, pp. 135, 160; A.
Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag. Mamm., Atlas,

VOLUME I. PLATE 5.

LEMUR CATTA.

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LEMUR VARIEGATUS.

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LEMUR 159

II, 1890, pls. CLX VII, CLXXII; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 77; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,
1806, p. 545, fig. LXXVI; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1906, p. 124, fig. 48.

Prosimia catta Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 65; Less., Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 223; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
p. 129.

Le mococo F. Cuv., Hist. Mamm., 1824, Vme Livr. pl. 2me ed.,

1833, pl. XVII.
RING-TAILED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. South, and southwestern borders of Betsileo Prov-
ince, Central Madagascar. Province Anossi, (Schlegel and Pollen).

Genl. Char. Prominent spur in old males on forearm above wrist ;
comb-like growth, in females and young, continuous with palm of hand
by a hairless skin; near this is a gland surrounded by stiff hairs; tail
long, conspicuously banded.

Color. Top of head grizzled white and black; neck, shoulders and
back to rump and sides of body fawn, hairs tipped with white; a black
_ band from cheeks to shoulders; outer side of limbs and rump pearl
gray, inner side of limbs, and under part of body white; hands gray
like arms; feet white; ears white; tail banded with numerous rings
alternately black and white, tip black.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 75 ; Hensel, 70; zygo-
matic width, 45.5; intertemporal width, 15; width of braincase, 39;

palatal length, 35; median length of nasals, 21; length of upper molar.

series, 27 ; length of mandible, 53; length of lower molar series, 30.

This is the most beautiful of all the Lemurs, the soft, delicate color-
ing of the body, with the strongly contrasted rings on the long tail,
easily enabling the species to exceed all others in the attractiveness of
its appearance. Of course it would be a conspicuous object anywhere,
and when met with in the localities it frequents, the traveller’s attention
would be at once arrested, and the following statement of its habits was
given by one of its fortunate observers, Mr. George A. Shaw in the
Proceedings of the London Zoological Society (1. c.). He says that
in his seven years’ experience of the species the animals were found only
in the south and south western part of Betsileo Province. This province
is on the center table land from 100 to 250 miles south of Antananarivo,
the capital, and extends for 150 miles with a width of 50 to 60 miles.
The eastern side is covered with forest, fringing the table land, and
covering the slopes into the lowland bordering the sea. The Lemurs

160 LEMUR

dwell among the rocks in the south and southwest portion, and are not
arboreal. Their hands (hands and feet?) have long, smooth, level and
leather like palms which give them a firm footing on the wet, slippery
rocks, over which they easily travel, as a fly does on a pane of glass, and
people, although barefooted, are unable to follow them. The thumbs
are smaller in proportion to those of the forest Lemurs, whose fingers
are suitable for grasping as they spring from tree to tree, rarely
descending to the ground except for water. There are very few trees
where the Ring-tailed Lemurs live, and these are stunted and bushy.
These Lemurs have two long upper fangs, longest in the males, and
with these they take away the outer coating of the prickly pear which
is full of fine spines, and which forms their principal food, as it grows
abundantly in the crevices and around the foot of the rocks. In sum-
mer they feed on various kinds of wild figs and bananas. The fangs,
(canines), are doubtless used for self defence, although when fighting
they depend chiefly on their hands, with which they scratch and
strike, and a male has been seen to whip a dog larger than itself by
these means. They are very easily tamed, and will eat almost any kind
of fruit, but no cooked meat; cooked rice however, they can be induced
to eat. They do not drink in the wild state, as is proved by native state-
ments, and from the fact of their abstaining for a month or more when
in captivity, and living on bananas during that period. The Lemurs
living on the west, including two species of white Lemurs, (PROPITHE-
cus), subsist without water, but those on the east invariably drink
when feeding.
There is no difference in appearance between the sexes.

LEMUR VARIEGATUS Kerr.

Lemur macaco variegatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 86, No. 98.

Lemur macaco (nec Linn.), Schreb., Saugth., 1775, pl. XLB;
Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et des Makis, 1797, p. 16, pls. V,
VI; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 112; E. Geoff., Ann. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 159; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p.
87 ; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 75; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth.
Suppl., I, 1840, p. 266; V, 1855, p. 142; Gerv., Hist. Nat.
Mamm., I, 1854, p. 166.

Lemur varius I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 7; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 213, 217;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi, 1876, p. 301; Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 91, Pt. I; A. Milne-Edw.
et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., 1890, Atl., II, pls. CX XIII,

LEMUR 161

CXXIX; Forbes, Handh. Primates, I, 1894, p. 68; Elliot, Cat.
Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 543, Zool. Ser.

Maki-vari Coquer., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 462.

Varecia varia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 136; 1872, p.
853; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 70, fig.

Lemur macaco griseo-maculatis Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Nat.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 619.
RUFFED LEMUR.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North eastern Madagascar from Adenpone to Cape
Masoala at the entrance of Antongil Bay, and into the interior to
Bengoa.

Genl. Char. Color black and white, and variable in the extreme in
the arrangement; apparently purely individual. Tail thick, long; ears
hidden in fur; chin naked ; coat thick and woolly.

Color. Excessively variable. Possibly the most usual style has the
nose black on top, the sides covered with short yellowish white hairs;
cheeks, forehead, top of head, neck, upper back, arms to elbows, wrists,
outer edge of thighs, ankles, inner side of limbs, under parts, hands,
feet and tail black ; rump, flanks, outer side of thighs, and legs to ankles
white. In some examples there is a white collar around the neck
beneath the head, and the:hind neck is white down to the lower back,
and this is often tinged with orange or deep buff; but the extent and
distribution of these two colors varies so greatly that it is practically
impossible to find two individuals alike.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 99; Hensel, 89;
zygomatic width, 59; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 44;
medium length of nasals, 31; length of upper molar series, 30; length
of mandible, 39; length of lower molar series, 35.

Coquerel states, (1. c.) that this animal is considered sacred by the
natives of Tamatave, and they say it worships the sun, and prays to it
every morning. This idea doubtless comes from a habit this Lemur
has in common with the Mococo. An individual of this species which
he had in captivity, at the first rays of the sun appearing sat up on its
hind legs and remaining erect, would open and extend the arms holding
them in this position while looking at the sun, as if its vivifying in-
fluence would by this action be received within itself. One, seeing
Lemurs in European menageries, would obtain no idea of the activity
they display in their native wilds, or of the grace of their movements
and their incredible agility in the Madagascar forests, as they launch

162 LEMUR

themselves from branch to branch with astonishing precision, and pass
from tree to tree in prodigious leaps.

LEMUR VARIEGATUS RUBER EK. Geoffroy.
Lemur ruber E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p.
159; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19, 1lme Lecon;
Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 66; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
1833, p. 219, pl. LXXX; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I.
1840, p. 272; V, 1855, p. 142; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur.
Geschied., XI, 1844, p. 34; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p.
71; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p. 166, pl. X; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 213,
219; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1870, p. 636; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 853;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 69, pl. VII.
Prosimia erythromela Less., Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 10.
Varecia ruber Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 71.
RED-RUFFED LEMUR. Native name Varikossi.

Type locality. Madagascar. Type not found in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Madagascar, from Bay of Antongil in the
north to Masindrano in the south.

Color. Back of neck and circle around ankles white; ruff, rusty
or orange red; upper part and sides of body, and outer side of limbs
rusty red; under parts, and inner side of limbs and tail, black. Varia-
tions from this style are frequently seen, but the predominant color is
usually some shade of red.

Measurements. Size same as L. variecatus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 99; Hensel, 85 ; zygomatic width, 59 ; intertemporal width,
34; median length of nasals, 33; length of upper molar series, 36;
length of mandible, 70; length of lower molar series, 32.

This handsome variety of LEMUR VARIEGATUS apparently ranges
to the south of that species on the eastern coast of Madagascar, the two
forms meeting at the Bay of Antongil. While exhibiting sundry styles
of different colorations, it is not subject to such extreme variations as
those shown by its relatives. Its bright color gives it a very gay and
attractive appearance, even more striking than that of the strongly
contrasted hues of L. variecatus. No especial records have been
given of the habits of this form, but it is not supposed that they differ
in any degree from those of its relative.

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VOLUME |. PLATE XIX.

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LICHANOTUS 163

Subfamily 4. Indrisinz.

GENUS LICHANOTUS. THE AVAHI.

i: =; ce = P. 7; M. = 6e.
LICHANOTUS Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 72. Type

Lemur laniger Gmelin.

Avahi Jourd., L’Instit., II, 1834, p. 231.

Microrhynchus Jourd., Thése inaug. Faculté Scien. Grenoble, 1834,
(nec Megerle, 1823, Coleopt.).

Habrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, pp. IX, 257,
(Part.).

Semnocebus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 207.

Tropocus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg., I, 1841, pp. XXVIII,
43, 44.

Fur woolly; head almost round; nose not elongate, hairy; face
naked ; nostrils opening into a cavity below the skin; ears small, hidden
in fur; tail longer than body; third, fourth and fifth fingers flattened ;
third and fourth toes united by a membrane up to the first joint. Skull:
braincase rounded, rather high; orbits very large; upper incisors small,
outer ones the larger; canines short; premolars with an outer
cingulum, and no interior cusp; molars four cusped. Inner lower
incisors more slender than the outer; anterior and posterior molars
with five cusps; palate reaching to middle of last molar; os centrale of
wrist wanting; fourth finger and toe longest.

LICHANOTUS LANIGER (Gmelin).

Lemur laniger Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 44; Cuv., Tabl.
Element. Mamm., 1798, p. 101; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800,
p. 99, pl. XXXIV; Fisch., Anat. Maki, 1804, p. 16; Griff.,
Anim. Kingd., V, 1827, p. 125; van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur.
Geschied., 1844, p. 27.

Lemur brunneus Link, Beytr. Natur., 2nd Pt., 1795, p. 165.

Indris longicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Natur. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 158; Desm., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1817, p.

Wl

164 LICHANOTUS

171; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 97; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p.
65; Lenz, Nat. Saugeth., 1831, p. 35.

Microrhynchus laniger Jourd., Thése inaug. Facul. Scien. Gren-
oble, 1834, II, p. 231; Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 461;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 141; Mivart, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 151, pl. XV; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, pp. 90, 136;
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769.

Indris laniger A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., II, 1835, p. 27;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 256; 1873, pp. 484,
494-497.

Avahis laniger Less., Compl. Buff., I, 1838, p. 294; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 69; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854, p.
164, pl. VII; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc.
I, 1856, p. 202; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 290.

Lichanotus laniger Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., 1811, p. 72;
Blainv., Ostéog. Mamm., Primates, 1841, p. Atl., pl. VIII,
Lemur.

Semnocebus avahi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 210; Jd. Suppl.
Buff., 1847, p. 103.

Lichanotus avahi van d. Hoev., Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p.
44, pl. I, fig. 6, pl. III; Jd. Die Saugeth., 1855, p. 1024.
Habrocebus lanatus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 115; Wagn.,

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 258, tab. XLII A; Fit-
zing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p.
603.

Lemur lanatus Schleg., Handb. tot der Dierk., I, 1857, p. 19.
WOOLLY AVAHI. Native name Ovandros, Ampongui.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar, and the Bay of
Passandava on the west coast. St. Mary’s Island, (Coquerel).

Color. Face covered with russet hairs, nose pad naked; a buff
band across forehead, anterior to which is a blackish band; top of head
and neck blackish brown, hairs white tipped; ears and patch beneath
tawny black; shoulders, and upper parts of back tawny, tips of hairs
paler, their bases slate; tips of hairs on lower back, and outer side of
legs buff; patch on rump buff; upper parts washed with ochraceous;
under parts, and inner side of limbs dark gray; hands dark reddish;
feet reddish; tail bright dark cinnamon rufous.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 38;
zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 21; median length of nasals,

LICHANOTUS 165

9; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper molar series, 17 ; length of
mandible, 32; length of lower molar series, 18.

This curious little animal, with a coat much resembling wool, is
strictly nocturnal in its habits, sleeping during the day. It is arboreal,
and inhabits the forests on the eastern coast of Madagascar, and
along the Bay of Passandava on the west coast. Examples from the
north western part are smaller and of a lighter color. Coquerel (1. c.)
states that this animal is found in the great forest of Tsasifout on the
Island of St. Mary and is known to the natives by the name Ampongui.
It is more decidedly nocturnal than the true Lemurs and a more stupid
animal.

166 PROPIT HEGIS

GENUS PROPITHECUS. SIFAKAS.
LE; cE: PB; M S=30.

PROPITHECUS Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20. Type
Propithecus diadema Bennett.
Macromerus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2nd Ser., 1833, p.
49, (nec Schonherr, 1826, Coleopt.).
Habrocebus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, pp. IX, 257.

Head longer than broad; muzzle black, naked; ears partly con-
cealed in the fur, hairy ; tail long; index finger not united to the others.
Between the arms and the body is a fold of skin. Skull: upper in-
cisors protruding, the inner pair approximating and longer than outer;
braincase high; diastema between upper canines and premolars; lower
molars quadricuspidate.

The Sifakas, as these rather handsome animals are called, are
remarkable for their wonderful diversity of coloration.

As now restricted only two species are recognized, each having
several subspecies, which are only met with in certain localities apart
from their species. The color is usually white varied with yellowish,
red, or black markings. Sometimes black phases occur when the entire
pelage is of that hue. The animals are only found in Madagascar, and
very little has been recorded of their habits. They are dwellers of many
parts of the Island, and are not confined to the forests, but are met with
in the arid tracts, and on the plains where trees are infrequent. Albino
individuals are found, mostly belonging to the P. v. deckeni variety, a
form that exhibits very great diversity of color and pattern among
individuals. In fact examples of most of the forms vary so much in
this respect that many descriptions would be necessary to make them
recognizable, and enable one, not familiar with the group, to attribute
the examples to their proper place among the different accepted forms.
The Sifakas are venerated and never killed by the natives of Mada-
gascar. They are inoffensive animals, going about in troops of half
a dozen individuals, and live upon various leaves, fruits and flowers,
quite a different diet from that of other species of Lemurs. During
the heat of the day they sleep in some secluded place among the foliage
and are active in the early mornings and evenings.

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PLATE XX.

VOLUME |.

ggcle

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA.
No. 31253 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. Size.

EB ROR THT ERE GUS: 167

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

Bennett, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
PROPITHECUS DIADEMA described.

Wagner, Schreber die Séugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur
mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA is here placed in the genus Habrocebus.
Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI described.

A, Milne-Edwards, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
Propithecus verreauxi coquereli described as Propithecus co-
quereli.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, British Museum. Appendix.

Propithecus verreauxi coquereli redescribed as Propithecus
damonis.

Peters, in Monatsberichte Kénigliche Preussen Akademia der
Wissenschaften.

Propithecus verreauxi deckeni described as Propithecus deckent.
Grandidier, in Comptes Rendus.

Propithecus diadema edwardsi described as Propithecus dia-
dema var. edwardsi.

A, Milne-Edwards, in Revue des Traveaux Scienttfiques.
Propithecus verreauxi coronatus described as Propithecus ver-
reauxi var. coronatus.

Grandidier, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

Propithecus diadema sericeus described as Propithecus diadema
var. sericeus.

Gunther, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
PROPITHECUS DIADEMA black phase; described as Propithecus
holomelas.

Schlegel, Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie.
In this work the various forms described are all given full
specific rank. The species are P. coquereli = P. v. coquereli; P.
damanus = P. v. coquereli; P. deckeni = P. v. deckeni; P.
VERREAUXI; P. DIADEMA; P. edwardsi = P. d. edwardsi; and
P. holomelas = P. DIADEMA.

Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologice.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI redescribed as Propithecus majori.

168 PROPITHECUS
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

On the eastern coast of Madagascar, P. plapEMA ranges from the
Bay of Antongil on the north to the Masora River in the south; and
P. d. edwardsi from the Faraouny to the Masora; and north of An-
tongil Bay P. v. sericeus is found. On the west coast, in the northern
part P. v. coronatus is met with from the Bay of Mozamba to the
Manjaray River, and also for some distance into the interior. Between
the southern base of the eastern range of mountains and the River
Tsidsibon P. vERREAUXI is found; while P. v. coquereli is met with
from the north side of Bombetok Bay to the south side of Marendry
Bay, the Betsiboka River being its southern limit. In the center of the
west coast on the great plains between the Rivers Mananbolo and Man-
zarayo, P. v. deckeni has its range. j

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Face and nose black.
a. Body not mostly white.

a.’ Forehead white, back dark gray ........... P. diadema.
b.’ Forehead black glossed with purple, back
Chestit...°. «ho cee es cep eee eee P. d. edwardsi.
B. Face black spotted with yellow .................. P. d. sericeus.

C. Face and ears black.
a. Body mostly white.
a.’ Outer side of limbs ashy gray.

a.” Under parts: white;j..2 oe oe eee P. verreauxi.
b.” Under parts bright rufous ......... P. v. deckeni.
D. Face black, nose white.
a. Outer side of limbs dark maroon .......... P. v. coquereli.
b. Outer side of limbs rusty red ............. P. v. coronatus.

With species, such as these of this genus, which vary from each
other in an almost unlimited degree, no key can be constructed to give
all the phases of coloration. What may therefore be considered as
representing the typical styles has been selected in the descriptions of
the different forms embraced in the above key.

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA Bennett.
Propithecus diadema Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 20;

Ogilby, The Naturalist, II, 1837, p. 9; Less., Spec. Mamm.,
1840, p. 220; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 16; van

PROPITHECUS 169

d. Hoev., Tijdsch., Nat. Geschied., 1844, pp. 9, 45; I. Geoff.,
Cat. Mamm., 1851, p. 68; Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., I, 1854,
p. 162, pl. VIII; van d. Hoev., Handb. Dierkunde, II, 1855, p.
1042; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I,
1856, p. 204; Pollen, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 1863, p. 286;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 338; Grandid., Rev.
Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 313; Fitzing., Sitzungsb. Metth. Natur.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 608; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 90; 1872, p. 847;
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 62; A. Milne-Edwards
et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madagas., I, 1875, p. 296, pls. I-III;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 296; Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 93; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 98; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 541.

Macromerus typicus A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 1833, p. 20.

Habrocebus diadema Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.
260; V, 1855, p. 141; Schinz, Syn. Mamm., 1844, p. 115.

Lichanotus diadema Blainy., Ostéog. Mamm., Primates, 1841,
Atl., pl. VIII, (Lemur).

_Indrus albus Vinson, Compt. Rend., LV, 1862, p. 829; Id. Rev.
Mag. Zool., 1862, p. 494.

Indrus diadema Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 247, pl.

XVII, (skull), text figs. 1-3, (skull and teeth).
DIADEMED SIFAKA.

Type locality. Sambava, Northeastern Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. North east Madagascar between the rivers Lokoy
and Bemarivo, (Grandidier).

Genl. Char. Head round, muzzle naked; thumb slender, widely
placed from fingers; great toe large, powerful; depression in skull
behind orbits.

Color. Forehead white or yellowish white; back of head, neck and
narrow dorsal line to middle of back, black; shoulders and back dark
gray; rump buff yellow; outer side of arms buff yellow; outer side
of legs cream color; sides of body brownish gray; brownish bar across
lower part of throat ; upper part of throat, chest and abdomen yellowish
white; hands black; feet ochraceous buff, the central portion brown-
ish, toes black; tail buff yellow at base, paler in the center and then
grayish white to tip. Ex type in British Museum. No skull. In
fresh specimens, the arms, legs, and rump at base of tail are orange
color.

170 PROPTITHEGCCS.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 92 ; Hensel, 81 ; zygo-
matic width, 64; intertemporal width, 37; palatal length, 36; width of
braincase, 49 ; median length of nasals, 19; length of upper molar series,
31; length of mandible, 72; length of lower molar series, 33. Ex skull
of skeleton No. 1533 in British Museum.

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA EDWARDS! Grandidier.

Indris diadema (nec Bennett), Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, p. 255.

Propithecus diadema var. edwardsi Grandid., Compt. Rend., 1871,
p. 231; A. Milne-Edwards et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag.,
Mamm., I, 1875, p. 4, pl. IIL.

Propithecus edwardsi Sclat., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 10th
Ser., 1872, p. 847; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847;
Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 63; 1879, p. 769;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 297; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 99.

Propithecus bicolor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10th Ser., 1872,
p. 206.

Propithecus holomelas Gunth., Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser.,
XVI, 1875, p. 125; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p.
297 ; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769. (Melanistic
style).

Propithecus diadema var. holomelas A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,

Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 4. (Note).

Propithecus diadema holomelas Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

MILNE-EDWARDS SIFAKA.

Type locality. Forests in the west of Mananzary. Island of
Madagascar, in the interior for the melanistic style holomelas. Type
of species in Paris Museum; type of P. holomelas in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of east coast of Madagascar and southern
coast from the Masora River to the Faraouny, and the forests of the
interior near Fienerentova.

Genl. Char. Face slightly haired. Color various, sometimes
melanistic.

Color. Head and neck black glossed with purple; back chestnut,
growing paler towards middle of back; lower back white divided by a
median brown line; flanks white; arms and hands, and upper surface of
thighs black; legs and feet purplish chestnut, rump at root of tail, and

eS ae

PR OR IME GOS 171

inner part of thighs chestnut; inner side of arms, legs, and abdomen
burnt umber ; chest black; tail black. Ex type in Paris Museum.

The melanistic style has the face, head, neck, back, sides, limbs,
hands, feet and tail black; at root of tail a cinnamon rufous spot;
entire under parts and inner side of limbs drab washed with mars
brown. Ex type P. holomelas British Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 84; Hensel, 69; zygo-
matic width, 59; intertemporal width, 39; palatal length, 31; median
length of nasals, 19; width of braincase, 49; length of upper molar
series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of lower molar series, 31.

PROPITHECUS DIADEMA SERICEUS Grandidier.
Propithecus diadema var. sericeus Grandid., Rev. Zool., 1872, p.
274; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I,
1875, p. 4, pl. II; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 99.
Propithecus sericeus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 292.
(Note).
SILKY SIFAKA.,

Type locality. Sambava, northwest coast of Madagascar. Type
in Paris Museum.

_ Geogr. Distr. Narrow belt of forest between the rivers Lokoi and
Bemarivo, on eastern side of the mountains in north western Mada-
gascar.

Gen. Char. Body white or washed with yellow; face black,
spotted. :

Color. Face and forehead black, spotted with yellow; top and back
of head dark brownish gray; back, shoulders and arms pale fawn;
hands black; rest of body, legs and tail white.

The type in the Paris Museum is entirely white, the other colors
having disappeared from exposure to light.

Measurements. Size equal to P. v. coronatus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 77 ; Hensel, 68 ; zygomatic width, 57; intertemporal width,
31; median length of nasals, 14; length of upper molar series, 28;
length of mandible, 56; length of lower molar series, 31.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI Grandidier.
Propithecus verreauxi Grandid., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, pp. 84,

313; Id. Album Reunion, IV, 1867, p. 162, pls. I-II; Gray,
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 136; Id.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847; Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Mad., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 305, pls. IV, VIII;

172 ICOM Sh Th Ss LEE (UF cy

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 293; Bartl., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 769; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 100; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,
1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

Propithecus majori Rothsch., Novit. Zool., I, 1894, p. 666, pl.

XIV.
VERREAUX’S SIFAKA.

Type locality. Mananzari, Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. South west coast of Madagascar, between the
southern base of the eastern range of mountains and the River Tsidsi-
bon.

Genl. Char. Face naked; skull swollen between orbits; incisors
sub-equal.

Color. Top of head dark reddish brown, this color not reaching the
face; gray patch on middle of back; outer side of forearms, and legs
ashy gray; rest of head, body and limbs white; tail yellowish white.
Face and interior of ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 1,000; tail, 550. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 77 ; Hensel, 64; zygomatic width, 55 ; intertemporal width,
27 ; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 27 ; length
of mandible, 56; length of lower molar series, 28.

The type of this species in the Paris Museum with the exception
of the spot on the head has faded completely, the entire body and limbs
being white, the gray hue having disappeared. P. majori is undoubt-
edly a melanistic form of P. vERREAUXI which is found in the same
locality, the Collector obtaining both the typical and melanistic styles.
I have examined the type of majori in Tring Museum.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI DECKENI (Peters).

Propithecus deckeni Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1870, p. 421; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p.
847 ; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 63; Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 294; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 101.

Propithecus candidus Grandid., Compt. Rend., 1871, p. 231.

Propithecus verreauxi var. deckeni Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 312, pl. V.

Propithecus verreauxi deckeni Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

PROP TRH E'GUS 173

VAN DER DECKEN’S SIFAKA.

Type locality. West coast of Madagascar. Type in Berlin
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Middle of the west coast of Madagascar on the great
plains between the rivers Mananbolo and Manzarayo.

Genl. Char. Face and ears black, colors pale, various.

Color. General color entirely white washed with yellow, or ashy
gray on neck and outer side of limbs; chest, and inner side of limbs
rusty white; under parts rufous; fulvous patch at base of tail; tail
white. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Some specimens have a gray collar, others only a gray spot on the
neck.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 78 ; Hensel, 66; zygo-
matic width, 56; intertemporal width, 32; median length of nasals, 13;
length of upper molar series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of
lower molar series, 30.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI COQUERELI (A. Milne-Edwards).
Cheirogaleus (!) coquereli A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867,
p. 85.
Propithecus damonis Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 112;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., Append., p. 137; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p.
847 ; Pollen in Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 293.
Propithecus verreauxi var. coquereli Milne-Edw. et Grandid.,
Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., I, 1875, p. 314, pl. VI.
Propithecus verreauxi coquereli Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Co-
lumb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.
Propithecus coquereli Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 102,
pl. XI; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 292.
COQUEREL’S SIFAKA.
Type locality. Morondova, Madagascar. Type in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar between the south
side of Marendry Bay and the north side of Bombetok Bay, the Betsi-
boka River being the southern limit of its range and the Loza the
northern.
Genl. Char. Face naked, and except a white center on the nose,
is black; ears black, nearly hidden in fur; colors white and maroon.
Color. Outer side of arms from shoulder to wrist, chest, and
upper part of thighs dark maroon; head, neck, body above and beneath,
inner side of limbs, and long hair from lower side of arms and legs

174 PROPITAHECTS

yellowish white; loins, hands and feet white; tail rusty gray; ears
black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel, 70; zygo-
matic width, 60; intertemporal width, 33; median length of nasals, 10;
length of upper molar series, 28; length of mandible, 60; length of
lower molar series, 26.

PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI coronaTuS A. Milne-Edwards.

Propithecus verreauxi var. coronatus A. Milne-Edw., Rev. Scient.,
1871, p. 224; Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag.,
Mamm., I, 1875, p. 316, pl. VII.

Propithecus coronatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 847;
1875, p. 63; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 102.

Propithecus verreauxi coronatus Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 542, Zool. Ser.

CROWNED SIFAKA.

Type locality. Province of Boeny on the Bay of Bombetok, Mada-
gascar. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. North west coast of Madagascar between the Bay
of Mozamba on the north, the River Betseboka on the east, and the
River Manzaray on the west, in the country of Boeny, extending its
range for some distance into the interior.

Genl. Char. Muzzle broad, naked; braincase large; nasals extend-
ing beyond incisors; nose flat. Colors various.

Color. Face naked, black; top of nose covered with short white
hairs ; top and sides of head in front of ears descending to, and cover-
ing the throat, chocolate brown; ears black fringed with white; upper
surface of arms and thighs rusty red; under part orange red; rest of
body, limbs, hands, feet and tail pure white. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size about equal to P. vERREAUXI. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 81 ; Hensel, 67 ; intertemporal width, 34; zygomatic width,
55; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 28;
length of lower molar series, 30. Ex type Paris Museum.

VOLUME |. PLATE XXI.

INDRIS INDRIS.

No. 48.10.28.1. Brit. Mus. Coll Nat. Hist.

INDRIS 175

GENUS INDRIS. BLACK INDRIS.

2-2 el 2-2 guige’
Deas) Co panty 2356 Mees 3°:

INDRI (sic) E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., I, 1796, p. 46. Type
Lemur indri Gmelin.
Indrium Rafin., Analys. Nat., 1815, p. 54.
Pithelemur Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 207-209.
Sylvanus Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch., 1816, 3ter Theil, Zool. 2te
Abeth., 1223-1225, (nec Latreille 1870, Coleopt.).

Head longer than broad; nose moderately lengthened covered
with short hairs; fingers and toes hairy to the tips; ears rounded with
a hairy fringe; arms about one quarter as long as legs; hands long, the
four outer fingers united by a membrane up to the first joint; toes
united half way. Ears rather large, tufted; tail rudimentary. Skull:
long, laterally compressed; nasals not reaching end of premaxille;
two upper premolars are unicuspidate; the molars quadricuspidate,
each pair united by a transverse ridge; canines higher than premolars,
no diastema; incisor subequal; first and second lower premolars semi-
cuspidate; first molar quadricuspidate, each pair connected by an
oblique ridge; anterior external cusp continued by a curved ridge to
anterior basal process, and posterior internal cusp is joined to the
anterior internal cusp by a curved oblique ridge; second molar quadri-
cuspidate, no oblique ridge, the pairs of cusps connected by transverse
ridges; posterior molar quinquicuspidate, oblique ridges connecting
the pairs of cusps; incisors varying with individuals and in proportions,
and with longitudinal external ridges. Laryngeal pouch present.

InDRIs INDEIS (Gmelin).
Lemur indri Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 42; Link, Beytr.

Naturg., 2nd Pt. 1795, p. 65; Cuv., Régn. Anim., 1817, I,
p. 118; 1829, p. 108; 1836, p. 130.

Indri brevicaudata E. Geoff., Mag. Encyclop., 1796, p. 46; Shaw,
Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 94, pl. XXXII; Fisch., Anat. Maki,
1804, p. 15, pl. II; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 290.

Lichanotus indri Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p.

176 INDRIS

72; Oken, Lehrb. Zool., 1816, p. 1178; Blainv., Ostéog., Atl.,
Lemur, pls. IV, VIII.

Indris brevicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 157; Desm., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1817, p.
170; Id. Mamm., 1820, p. 96; Id. Dict. Scien. Nat., 1823, p.
129; Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 65; Ogilby, The Naturalist,
II, 1837, p. 8; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 68; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 20;
Coquerel, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 461; Pollen, Tijdsch.
Dierk., I, 1863, p. 285; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
p. 133; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 255; Grandid.,
Rev. Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 314; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 91; Jd. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 848; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, pp. 444-498; A. Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist.
Nat. Madag., Mamm., 1875, p. 336, pls. XI, XII; Anders.,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 94.

Indris indri E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 20,
1lme Lecon.

Lichanotus indri Voigt, Das Thierr., I, 1831, p. 102; van d. Hoev.,
Tijdsch. Natur. Geschied., 1844, p. 44, pl. I, fig. 5; Schinz,
Syn. Mamm., I, 1844, p. 114; Schleg., Handb. Dierk., I,
1857, p. 19, pl. I, fig. 2; Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, p. 326, fig.

Lichanotus niger Smith, S. Afr. Quartl. Journ., II, 1833, p. 27.

Pithelemur indris Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 208; Id. Nouv.
Tabl. Régn. Anim., 1842, p. 9.

Lichanotus brevicaudatus Giebel, Die Saugeth., 1855, p. 1025;
van d. Hoev., Handb. Dierk., II, 1855, p. 1041; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 140.

BLACK INDRIS, Endrina or Babakotou, and Amboanala in Madagascar.

Type locality. Madagascar.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Madagascar, in forests on the
eastern side of the high mountains between the Bay of Antongil on
the north and the River Masara on the south.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus.

Color. The single species of this genus is so extremely variable
that any description given can only be regarded as pertaining to the
specimen then under consideration. No two individuals are exactly
alike and the varieties of the color patterns are only limited by the
number of examples in a collection. Face black or dark gray; head,

INDRIS 177

neck, back, shoulders and arms black; in some the crown is white; sides
of neck and forearms are grayish white; a band starting from point
in middle of back and widening as it goes down and embracing the
entire rump and root of tail, white; sides dark gray tinged with brown;
upper surface of thighs from body to middle of leg below knee inside,
black; rest of thighs and legs dark gray; under parts of body and tail
gray; hands and feet black. In some specimens the lower back is
ashy gray; flanks bright rufous; tufts over ears large, upright, black.
Although exhibiting such a great variety of color patterns as well as
diversity of hues, the species can never be confounded with any
other, its large size and stumpy tail making it at all times easily
recognizable.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 91; Hensel, 82;
zygomatic breadth, 58; intertemporal width, 36; length of nasals, 20;
width of braincase, 43; length of upper molar series, 31; palatal length,
35; length of mandible, 66; length of lower molar series, 34.

Coquerel (l.c.) has given an interesting account of the habits of
this species as observed by him in Madagascar. He says it is well
known to the inhabitants who call it Babakotou, but never Indri which
means in their language “Behold,” “look,” “see there!” It is probable
when Europeans first hunted this animal, the natives drew their atten-
tion to it by calling out Indri, and in this way the idea was formed
that that was the native name for it. It is very common in the forests
of Tamatava where it is considered sacred. The natives never kill
it, and they say that the trees on which the Babakotou live supply a
sure remedy for many forms of illness; and they gather carefully the
leaves of the trees in which they have seen the animals, for their
benefit. The natives state it is very dangerous to attack a Babakotou
even with a spear. If this weapon is thrown at one, you may be sure
it will be seized in its flight before reaching its mark and will be
immediately hurled back at the thrower, and the Babakotou never
misses its aim. The tales of which the /ndri is the hero are endless.
Its ways are full of mystery, and it is subject at birth to a severe
trial. When the young one is born, the female takes it in her
arms and throws it to the male, who is stationed at a considerable
distance away, and he throws it back to its mother, and this is repeated
a dozen times or more. If the baby falls to the ground, it is left there,
the parents making no effort to recover it, but if it passes the trial
without falling, it is tenderly cared for. The Jndri is not found on any

178 INDRIS

of the outlying islands near Madagascar. This animal is gregarious
and goes in troops of considerable numbers, is the largest of the Lemu-
roides, and is not nocturnal. One of its names is Amboanala or ‘Dog
of the Forest,’ so called on account of the howls it utters, and which
resemble those of a dog. Its voice is very powerful, the laryngeal
sac contributing to this, and enabling the creature to utter loud cries.
It lives in the trees and subsists mainly on fruits of various kinds,
but will eat the brains of any bird it can catch. Its melancholy cry is
frequently heard in the forest resembling that uttered by a person in
distress. According to Dr. Vinson the natives free these animals if
they find one in captivity and bury them when dead. The Betanemena
tribe relate a legend of a certain tribe which was at war with neighbors
and fled for refuge into the forest. Its enemy pursuing and guided
as supposed by human voices, saw before them a troup of Jnudri, and
believing those they were following had been changed into beasts,
they fled terror stricken, while the fugitives vowed eternal gratitude
to their deliverers, and have never since harmed them.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXII.

SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS ELLIOT.

No. 32708 Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist. Coll. Type. 1% Nat. Size.

SEN MOGI, Bi U.S; 179

SUBORDER 2. ANTHROPOIDEA.
FAMILY 1. CALLITRICHID/E.

GENUS SENIOCEBUS. BALD-HEADED TAMARINS.

2-2 res) 3-3 ya) al
Visas) Cate B. sgn Mag = 32:

SENIOCEBUS Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68. Type Midas bicolor Spix. ©
Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.

Face naked, hairy in young; no mane; head in front of ears bald;
ears naked, exposed; tail not ringed.

With this genus we enter the SusorDER ANTHROPOIDEA. The
Tamarins all belong to the Platyrrhine or New World Monkeys, and
in many respects occupy the lowest rank. They possess but thirty-
two teeth, instead of thirty-six as in the CeBmp@ and higher Apes, as
well as in man, the discrepancy being caused by the absence of two
molars in each jaw, only eight in all remaining.

The Tamarins placed in this work in the four genera SENIOCEBUS,
*CERCOPITHECUS, LEONTOCEBUS with a subgenus Marikina, and
CEpipomipas, are small delicate creatures with silky fur, and long,
thick, almost bushy tails. By the earlier writers they were contained
either in CALLITHRIX or Hapale with the Marmosets, but are now not
considered cogeneric with the species contained in the first of those
genera, and the second Hapale, being antedated, becomes a synonym.
The chief difference between the members of CALLITHRIx and the
species now under consideration is found in the teeth, the canines of
the lower jaw being longer than the incisors, a distinction deemed by
some Authors as perhaps hardly sufficient to cause the Tamarins to be
separated generically from their relatives. Tamarins and Marmosets
resemble each other, and the skulls with the large braincase are much
alike. Both groups possess but little intelligence, as the cerebrum, in
its smooth surface almost lacking in convolutions, would seem clearly

*See Elliot, in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1911, p. 341.

180 SENIOCEBUS

to indicate. These animals possess somewhat rounded heads, and
large eyes and mouths; the ears are conspicuous, standing out from the
hair, and the face is small and short. Rather long whiskers and manes
are often present. In captivity, even in their own land, they rarely
live long, and usually succumb in a brief period when carried to
northern climes, cold temperatures being fatal to them. They are
pretty creatures, and a number of the species bear a certain resemblance
to each other, and so it is possible to arrange them in groups, dis-
tinguished by the hair on head and neck, being respectively long or
short.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES OF THE FOUR GENERA OF
TAMARINS AND MARMOSETS.

1758. Linneus, Systema Nature.
Two species are described as Simia edipus = CEDIPOMIDAS
CEDIPUS ; and Simia midas = CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS.

1766. Linneus, Systema Nature.
The two species of the earlier edition of this work are also
given in this one, and another added, Simia rosalia = LEONTO-
CEBUS ROSALIA.

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.
Under the genus CALLITHRIX, in which the earlier writers were
accustomed to place the Tamarins, three species only are given:
(C.) eprpus; (C.) ROSALIA; and (C.) MIpAs.

1788. Gmelin, Systema Nature.
The three Linnzan species already mentioned are here recorded,
and no néw ones added. ‘

1806. Fischer, in Bulletin de la Société Impériale de Moscou.
CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS redescribed as Simia lacépédit.

1811, Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie

(1815) .et d’Anatomie Comparée.
LEONTOCEBUS LEONINA described as Simia leonina.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
Six species are enumerated under the genus Midas, the valid
ones being, (M.) ursulus = CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; (M.)
labiatus = LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS; (M.) rosalia = LEONTOCE-
BUS ROSALIA; (M.) @dipus = CEprromIDAS cprPus; and (M.)
rufimanus = CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS. The remaining (M.)
LEONINUS is a most doubtful species, no examples ever having

1820.

1820.

1823.

1826.

1829.

1840.

SENIOCEBUS 181

been secured. The first two of the valid species are described
for the first time.

Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie.
Seven species are here given, one of which is described for the
first time as (Midas) cHrysoMELas. The other valid species
are (M.) uRSULUS = CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS; (M.) LABIATUS ;
(M.) RosatiA; both now included in the genus LEONTOcEBUs ;
and (M.) ep1pus, now placed in the genus CGépipomipas. The
last valid species (M.) rufimanus = CERCOPITHECUS RUFI-
MANUS; and (M.) LEONINUS a doubtful species, no example
extant.

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des Espéces de Mam-
miferes.

The list given by Kuhl is repeated in this work, all the species
placed in the genus Jacchus.

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Five species are enumerated in this work, four of which are
described for the first time under the genus Midas. They are
(M.) FuscicoLLis; (M.) NicRICOLLIS; (M.) mysTax; and
(M.) sicotor. These are now all placed in the genus LEon-
TOCEBUS, except BICOLOR, which is a species of SENIOCEBUS.
The fifth species is (M.) @pipus = CEDIPOMIDAS EDIPUS.
Maximilian, Prinz von Wied-Neuwied, Beitrage zur Natur-
geschichte von Brasilien.

Under the genus Hapale five species are enumerated only two of
which belong to LEonTocEBus; viz.: L. RosaLia and L. cHRy-
SOMELAS; the latter more fully described than in the previous
work above cited. The other species are (H.) yaccuus; (H.)
LEUCOCEPHALUS ; and (H.) PENICILLATUS; all belonging to the
genus CALLITHRIX.

Fischer, (J. B.) Synopsis Mammalium.

In the second section of the genus Jacchus ten species are
enumerated of which seven are valid, viz.: (J.) mmas; (J.)
URSULUS; (J.) LABIATUS; (J.) CHRYSOMELAS; (J.) ROSALIA;
(J.) cHrysopycus; and (J.) ARGENTATUS. The first two are
now included in the genus CERCOPITHECUS, the rest in LEoN-
TOCEBUS; and (J.) q@pIPpUS = CEpIPOMIDAS ceDIPUS. The
other is (J.) leoninus doubtful. No new species described.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes. -

The genus CERcoPITHECUs is here represented by Midas, with

182

1840.

1843.

1845.

1848.

1849.

1850.

1851.

SENIOCEBUS

one species (M.) tamarin = CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS; the C.
URSULUS being regarded as the male of middle age, and Lron-
TOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIs being the young. The Genus Cépipus has
CEdipus titi = CEDIPOMIDAS cEDIPUS; Cercopithecus bicolor
(Spix), being the immature animal. Under the genus Leon-
topithecus = LEoNnTocEeBus, of the subgenus Marikina, the
following species and varieties are given: L. aurora = L.
ROSALIA; L. fuscus = L. LEONINA; L. ater = L. CHRYSOPYGUS;
var. A. and var. B. L. corysomMetas. The method of arrange-
ment adopted by this Author is unsatisfactory and somewhat
confusing.

Wagner, Schreber, die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

A similar arrangement with that of previous Authors is here
given, and species belonging to different genera are brought
together in the genus Hapale. (H.) Jaccuus; (H.) LEuco-
CEPHALA; (H.) aurita; (H.) melanura = (H.) ARGENTATA;
the last belonging to the genus CaLLiTHRIx. The other
species are CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS; CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS;
SENIOCEBUS BICOLOR ; LEONTOCEBUS LABIATA ; L. CHRYSOMELAS ;
L. cHrysopycus; L. LEONINA, L. ROSALIA, and C£pIPOoMIDAS
CDIPUS.

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS redescribed as Midas rufiventer.
Pucheran, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

LEONTOCEBUS ILLIGERI first described as Midas illigeri; and
CEDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI first described as Hapale geoffroyi.

I. Geoffroy et Deville, in Comptes Rendus.

LEONTOCEBUS PILEATUS first described as Midas pileatus; and
LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIs redescribed as Midas flavifrons ; and
L. NIGRICOLLIS redescribed as Midas rufoniger.

Deville, in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.

LEONTOCEBUS WEDDELII described as Midas weddelii.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus.

LEONTOCEBUS DEVILLII first described as Hapale devillii.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

A review of the Tamarins is here given and two described as
new, only one of which is valid. All are included in the genus
Midas. The species are (M.) ROSALIA; (M.) CHRYSOMELAS;
(M.) Lasiatus; (M.) prteatus; (M.) Mystax; (M.) DEVILLI;
(M.) RUFONIGER = L. NIGRICOLLIS (Spix) ; (Z.) NIGRIFRONS;

1852.

1855.

1862.

1864.

1870.

SENIOCEBUS | 183

M. flavifrons = L. FUSCICOLLIS (Spix); (/.) ILLIGERI; and
(M.) weppELI. All these are now included in the genus
LreontTocesBus. (M.) cpipus, and (M.) GEOFFROYI, are now
placed in the genus C£prpomipas; while (M.) urRsuLus and
(M.) RUFIMANUS are arranged in the genus CERCOPITHECUS ;
and (M.) BicoLor in the genus SENIOCEBUS.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Archives du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

In this paper five Tamarins are given, being those described in
the Comptes Rendus in 1848 and 1850. They are (Midas)
PILEATUS; (Hapale) DEvILLII; (Hapale) NIGRIFRONS;
(Midas) flavifrons = LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS; and
(Midas) rufoniger = L. NicRICOLLIS. Midas and Hapale were
used at different times for the generic name, but in this paper
Midas is selected as the name of the genus.

Wagner, Schreber, die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

A list similar to that given by this Author in 1840, but enlarged.
The additional species are Leontocebus rufiventer = L. LABI-
ATUS; L. FUSCICOLLIs; L. NIGRICOLLIS ; L. WEDDELI; L. ILLIGERI;
and CEpIrpoMIpDAS GEOFFROYI. All are placed in the genus

' Hapale with three subgenera, Jacchus, Liocephalus, and LEon-

TOCEBUS. The species now arranged in the genus CALLITHRIX
are also included in Hapale, and in the first two subgenera, but
LEoNnTocEBUS has merely the species of Marmosets belonging
to it, and to G@epipomipas. No new species described.
Reichenbach, der Volistindigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
The species of LeontoceBus are placed in this work in the
genera Leontopithecus, Marikina, Midas, and Seniocebus as
follows: (L.) LEonINUS; (M.) RosaLiA; (M.) CHRYSOMELAS;
(M.) atsirrons; (M.) ruFimanus; (M.) ursutus; (M.)
rufiventer = L. LABIATUS; (M.) FUSCICOLLIS; (M.) BICOLOR;
(S.) cHRysopycus; (S.) mMysTAx; (S.) NIGRICOLLIS; (S.)
PILEATUS; (S.) RUFONIGER = L. NIGRICOLLIS; (S.) DEVILLII;
(S.) nicriFrons; (S.) flavifrons = L. FUSCICOLLIS; (S.) ILLI-
GERI; (S.) WEDDELI; (S.) erythrogaster = L. LABIATUS.

J. H. Slack, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS redescribed as Midas elegantulus.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in Collection of the British Museum.

184

1870.

1876.

1878.

1904.

1907.

1912.

SENIOCEBUS

In his tribe Hapalina the species of Marmosets are in this List
arranged under four genera: Leontopithecus, CEpipus, Midas
and Seniocesus. In Leontopithecus are placed ROSALIA, and
CHRYSOMELAS; CEprpus has titi = O. G&DIPUS; and GEOFFROYI
both in GEprpomipas; Midas contains MyYSTAX ; LABIATUS; rufi-
venter = LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS; leucogenys = LEONTOCEBUS
DEVILLI1; flavifrons = LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS; URSULUS;
and ursulus var. 2 = Cercopithecus Mipas (Linn.). SENIOCE-
BUS contains but one species BICOLOR Spix.

Descriptions are given of the following species which, evidently,
the writer had never seen: (Midas) rufoniger = LEONTOCEBUS
NIGRICOLLIs ; (M.) DEVILLII; (M.) NIGRIFRONS; (M.) ILLIGERI;
(M.) FuScICOLLIs ; and (M.) WEDDELI; the last two supposed to
be the same

Espada, (J. L. de la), in Boletin Revista Universitado de Madrid.
LEONTOCEBUS LAGONOTUS described as Midas lagonotus; and
L. GRAELLSI described as Midas graellsi.

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie.
The Tamarins in this work are included with the Marmosets in
the genus Hapale. The Author places them in one division with
various sections, some of them having subdivisions. A. has
(H.) ROSALIA; (H.) CHRYSOMELAS; and (H.) cHRysopyGa; all
LEoNTocEBUS; B. has (H.) LEONINA; a. subdivision, has (H.)
BICOLOR, a SENIOCEBUS; in b. are (H.) cepipus; and (H#.)
GEOFFROYI; both in Cfprpomipas. D. subdivision a. includes

(H.) Lapiata; (H.) PILEATA; and (H.) mystax; b. has (H.)

DEVILLII; (H.) WEDDELI; (H.) ILLIGERI; (H.) NIGRIFRONS;
(H.) FuscicoLtis; and (H.) NiGRICOLLIS; all belonging to
LEoNTOCEBUS; c. (H.) URSULA; and (H.) mrpas; both in CEr-
coPITHECUS. Much attention is given to the geographical dis-
tribution of the various species, and descriptions added.

A. Milne-Edwards, in Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’His-
toire Naturelle, Paris.

LEONTOCEBUS TRIPARTITUS described as Midas tripartitus.

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
LEONTOCEBUS APICULATUS described as Midas apiculatus.
Goeldi, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
LEONTOCEBUS THOMASI described as Midas thomasi; and LEon-
TOCEBUS IMPERATOR described as Midas imperator.

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
SENIOCEBUS MARTINSI described as LEONTOCEBUS MARTINSI.

SENIOCEBUS 185

1912. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.
SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUS first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The most northern country inhabited by the Tamarin Monkeys is
Central America where in the southern portion, in Costa Rica and
extending its range through Panama to the Isthmus, C#p1pomipas
GEOFFROYI is found. In the Guianas, northern South America, CEr-
COPITHECUS MIDAS is a dweller of the English and Dutch Guianas, and
CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS is met with in French Guiana, and on the
banks of the Rio Araguay, Province of Goyas, Brazil, and as stated
by Tschudi, also in Peru. The great territory of Brazil contains, as
would be supposed, the greatest number of species, twenty-four in all
including C. RUFIMANUsS just mentioned. In the vicinity of Para on
the lower Amazon, near the mouth of the Rio Tocantins, C. uRSULUS is
met with, and in the forests through which the Ilhéos and Pardo flow
in eastern Brazil, LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS occurs; and strangely
enough, though it is not known from Western Brazil, yet, according
to Tschudi, it is a native of Peru; and on the Rio Negro and on the
Upper Amazon west of Barra, SENIOCEBUS BICOLOR is found; and on
the north shore of the Amazon at Faro, near the mouth of the River
Yamunda SENIOCEBUS MARTINSI was taken. In south eastern Brazil
in the Province of Rio Janeiro, L. rosAttia is found, and if the animal
mentioned by Bates (1. c.) under the name of Midas leoninus is the
same, then it extends its range to the Upper Amazon, although there
are no records of its appearance in the intervening districts. In the
Province of Sao Paulo near Ipanema, L. cHRysSopyGus is met with, and
on the banks of the Rio Solimoens, and as stated by Castelnau and
Deville, also at Pebas, Peru, L. NiGRICOLLIS occurs. In the forests
between the rivers Solimoens and Ica, L. mystax and L. FUSCICOLLIS
dwell; and on the banks of the Rio Purus, Upper Amazon, L. 1m-
PERATOR has been procured. Near the Rio Javari on the borders of
Brazil and Peru, L. NicRIFRONS occurs, and its range extends to the
Rio Copataza in Ecuador. Between the Rio Solimoens and Rio Javari,
L. LABIATUS has been obtained, and Tschudi states it is also a native
of Peru. At Tunambins on the Upper Amazon L. THoMAsI was
obtained, its range unknown, and still more indefinite, somewhere on
the Upper Amazon, no locality given, L. taconotus was taken. At
Popayan, Colombia, the monkey seen by Humboldt and called by him

186 SENIOCEBUS

Simia LEONINA, but not procured, occurs. In Colombia, at Cartagena
and Turbaco C£pipomipas cpipus is found, and on the River San
Jorge SENIOCEBUS METICULOSUs was taken, and in Ecuador on the Rio
Napo L. tripartitus and L. GRAELLSI have been obtained; and in the
same State on the banks of the Rio Copataza, L. apicuLatus and L.

ILLIGERI are met with, the latter species possibly extending its range

into Colombia, (see I. Geoff., Cat Primates, p. 65). In Peru near

_ Pebas, L. PILEATUS was procured; and on the banks of the rivers

Ucayali and Huallaga, L. pevitii1 dwells. Finally, in the Province of
Apolobamba, Bolivia, L. wEDDELI is found. In the above recapitulation
of the general distribution of these small monkeys, the ranges are
given according to the records obtained from specimens collected.
While some species may have a restricted habitat, others probably have
much more extensive ranges than those known at present. The interior
of Brazil, removed from the banks of its great rivers, is as yet im-
perfectly known, and it will not be until its vast forests and inland
savannas have been thoroughly penetrated and explored, that the
Geographical distribution of its Faunz, and the ranges of its individual
species can be definitely ascertained.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Head bald.
a. Hairs on nape white.

,

a. Abdomen and inner side of legs orange

PUTOUS, 90, asin cyeee aie ie e e S. bicolor.

b. Entire under parts and inner side of legs
silvery WIHItG ..< d@eccuaclnnst ig nate ieee ee S. meticulosus.
b... Hairs on nape. black iy. <i: askis satiate at ie ie eee ie S. martinsi.

SENIOCEBUS BICOLOR (Spix).

Midas bicolor Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 30, pl. XXIV,
fig. 1; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Slack, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Scien. Phila., 1861, p. 464; Bates, Natural. Riv. Amaz.,
I, 1863, p. 344; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 147.

Hapale bicolor Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 251;
V, 1855, p. 135; I. Geoff., in Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud,
1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 193; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz,
1876, p. 257.

tay

SE NLOGE BUS 187

Marikina bicolor Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
11, fig. 33.
Seniocebus bicolor Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.
PIED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Rio Negro, Brazil. Type in Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil. Pebas,
Upper Amazon west of Barra, (Castelnau and Dev.).

Genl. Char. Head in front of ears naked; hairs on back of head
long, white ; face in young, hairy; tail very long.

Color. Head in front of ears, naked, black; back of head, neck,
back between shoulders, arms, chest to middle of belly ending in a
point, white; back and legs yellowish brown, darkest on dorsal line;
hands white; feet golden yellow; sides of lower chest, abdomen and
inner side of legs, deep orange rufous; tail, black above, orange rufous
beneath.

Measurements. Skin, total length, about 650; tail, 380. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 49; zygomatic width, 34; intertemporal width,
24; palatal length, 14; width of braincase, 27; length of nasals, 7;
length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 32; length of
lower molar series, 31.

This monkey has a peculiar appearance with its bare head and
white coloring, which makes it rather exceptional among the Tamarins.
There is also a total absence of brilliant colors possessed by many of
its relatives, save on the under parts, inner side of legs and tail,
beneath. The immature individuals have the head covered with short
white hairs.

The type in the Munich Museum is not adult, the head being
covered with short white hairs. It is in good condition and is well
represented in Spix’s plate, though the coloring in the specimen is not
so bright. Another specimen, not obtained by Spix, is older with the
head entirely bare.

Bates, (1. c.) states that this monkey was rather common in the
forests at Barra on the lower Amazon, and is restricted so far as he
knew, to the eastern bank of the Rio Negro.

A specimen in the Paris Museum, was obtained by Castelnau and
Deville at Pebas on the Upper Amazon west of Barras, where Bates
and Natterer also found this species. Like its relatives it goes in
small troops, running along the main boughs of the loftier trees, and
climbing perpendicular trunks, but never taking flying leaps.

188 SENIOCEBUS

SENIOCEBUS METICULOsUS Elliot.
Seniocebus meticulosus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,
191260. 31,

Type locality. River San Jorge, Northern Colombia. Type in
American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Genl. Char. Head and ears naked; no orange rufous on under
parts; rump, root of tail and thighs bright bay.

Color. Male. Face and forehead covered with short white hairs;
top of head and nape covered with very long white hairs, forming a high
crest on the head and flowing over the back between the shoulders;
rest of head, ears and throat naked, black; upper parts to rump dark
drab; flanks paler, the hairs on the latter as well as those between the
shoulders tipped with white; hairs on upper arms and shoulders from
roots bright bay, with terminal third drab and tips white; thighs, rump
at root of tail, and hind side of legs bright bay; rest of legs, arms,
inner side of limbs, entire under parts silvery white; hands and feet
grayish white; tail above bright bay on basal third, the same color
extending for half the length on under side, remainder jet black. Ex
type American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Measurements. Total length, 660.5 mm; tail, 400; foot, 80. Skull:
total length, 49; occipito-nasal length, 46.2; Hensel, 30.3; zygomatic
width, 32; palatal length, 14.4; intertemporal width, 23.1; median
length of nasals, 60.7; length of upper molar series, 90.5; length of
mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 12. Ex type American
Museum of Natural History, New York.

Female. Resembles the male, except there is very little of the
bright bay color on the shoulders and’ rump, while the thighs are
colored like the upper parts, dark drab, the hairs tipped with bay. Tail
like that of the male.

Two examples of this handsome little monkey, the third species
known of the genus, were received at the American Museum of Natural
History in New York from Mrs. E. L. Kerr, Cartagena, collected in
the forest on the River San Jorge, Colombia. While bearing in some
of its coloration a resemblance to the species known for so long a time
from Brazil, S. prcoLor, its bright bay rump and thighs, pure silvery
white under parts and inner side of limbs, and grayish white hands
and feet cause it to differ in a conspicuous manner from its relative.
The lately described S. MarTins1 (Thomas), is the third known species
of the genus.

SENIOCEBUS 189

SENIOCEBUS MARTINSI (Thomas).
Leontocebus martinsi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1812, 8th Ser.,

XI, p. 84.

Type locality. Faro, Lower Yamunda River, Brazil.

Genl. Char. “Precisely like L. BicoLor, except that the head and
fore limbs are of normal coloration, corresponding to the rest of the
animal, not sharply contrasted white.

Color. “Head (in adult) naked from crown to chin, the skin black.
Scanty hairs of back of crown and the nape black or brownish black.
General color of back and sides isabella, darkened along the dorsal
area, the middle posterior back almost blackish. Under surface tawny
ochraceous, duller anteriorly, richer posteriorly. Ears quite naked, black.
Arms proximally isabella. buffy yellowish on forearms, hands cream-
buff or rather more yellowish; whole inner side of arms ochraceous.
Hind limbs externally isabella, becoming suffused with tawny towards
ankles; inner aspect rich ochraceous, tending towards ochraceous
rufous. Feet yellowish buffy. Tail black above nearly to the tip;
under-side and end sharply defined ochraceous.

“Young specimens with the crown well-haired, blackish mixed with
grayish; face and chin thinly haired, grayish; ears with black hairs
about half an inch in length.

Measurements. “Head and body, 208 mm.; tail, 366; hind foot,
61; ear, 31. Skull and teeth essentially as in L. BIcoLor; occiput to
gnathion 51; basion to gnathion 36; zygomatic breadth 35.5; breadth
across orbits 28.8; breadth of braincase, 27.5; length of upper cheek-
tooth-series 10.”

190 CERCOPIGRHBECUS

GENUS CERCOPITHECUS. BLACK TAMARINS.

, 3 CE =e lie = M. = oe.
*CERCOPITHECUS Gronov., Zoophyl. Gronov., 1763, p. 5. Type
Simia midas Linneus.
Cercopithecus Gronov., (nec Erxleb.), Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., N. Y., XXX, 1911, p. 341.

Head not bald; hair of mantle long; face in adult hairy.
KEY TO THE SPECIES. |

A. Hair on back of head long.
a. Head not bald.
b. Head, forepart of body and arms black.
a.’ Back rayed black and white.
a.” Hands and feet ochraceous buff; face

of Siu SROrt, - ., «ninvaste) Oe tiane eee ne C. midas.

b.” Hands and feet tawny ochraceous;
face of skull Too’: gc out a ah C. rufimanus.
b.’ Back rayed black and ochraceous .......... C. ursulus.

{CERCOPITHECUS mIDAs (Linnezus).
Simia midas Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 1758, p. 28; I, 1766, p. 42;
Schreb., Saugth., I, 1774-78, p. 132, pl. XXXVII; Bodd.,
Elench. Anim., 1784, p. 63; Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811,
(1815), p. 362.
Litile black Monkey of Edwards (CrRcoPiTHEcUS), Gronov.,
Zoophyl. Gronov., 1763, I, p. 5.

*Some Naturalists maintain that Gronow was not a binominalist, and that,
therefore, his genera must not be recognized. Against this view stands the
almost unanimous opinion of the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
appointed by the International Zoological Congress held at Leyden in 1810.
The report which was adopted by a vote of eleven in favor to one against is
as follows: “It is clear that Gronow’s nomenclature is binary, that is, he names
two units or things, genera and species. His generic names, therefore, cor-
respond to the provisions of the Code, and are to be accepted as available under
the Code.”

It is not to be doubted, therefore, that an Opinion passed with so much
unanimity will become a LAw at the next meeting of the Congress, and

Gronow’s name will be accepted by all Naturalists.

+For Geographical Distribution, see S—NrocEBUs, p. 185.

ft. @

VOLUME I. PLATE XXIll.

CERCOPITHECUS MIDAS.
No. 6.1.1.2. Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size.

weve

CERCORLRAEECU'S 191

Callithrix midas Erxl., Syn. Mamm., 1777, p. 62.
Simia lacépédivi Fisch., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc., 1806, p. 23.
Midas tamarin Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 194.
Hapale midas Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 245; V,
1855, p. 135; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 587,
(note) ; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 266.

Midas ursulus var. 2, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.

Midas midas Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 148.

Leontopithecus midas Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 128.

Cercopithecus midas Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

XXX, 1911, p. 341.
MIDAS TAMARIN.

Type locality. “In America.”

Geogr. Distr. English and Dutch Guianas.

Genl. Char. Face hairy; tail very long; hair between shoulders
long; hands and feet golden yellow.

Color. Head, neck, back between shoulders, arms to wrists, entire
under parts and tail black; back from shoulders, and upper parts of
legs rayed black and white, caused by the white tips of the hairs on the
black ground color; wrists and ankles orange rufous; hands and feet
ochraceous; ears black.

Measurements. Similar in size to S. Bicotor; tail, 480. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 50; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 34; intertem-
poral width, 26; palatal length, 16; width of braincase, 28; median
length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible,
32; length of lower molar series, 11. Height of face of skull, 9; from
base of middle incisors to top of frontal between orbits, 16.

CERCOPITHECUS RUFIMANUS (EK. Geoffroy St. Hilaire).
Midas rufimanus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 121; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 31, lre
Legon; Tschud., Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 53; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 190, 194;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 10, figs. 34, 36;

Bedd., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 121.
RUFOUS-HANDED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Ipoussin, French Guiana. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. French Guiana, Banks of the Rio Araguay, Prov-
ince of Goyas, Brazil. (I. Geoffroy).

Genl. Char. Similar to C. mipas, but the hands, feet and mottling
on back tawny ochraceous. Nasals longer; distance from base of

192 CERCOPITHECUS

middle incisors to upper outline of orbits much greater; forehead
higher ; superior outline of skull more curved.

Color. Like C. mipas, but hands, feet, and tips of hairs on back,
tawny ochraceous instead of white. Ex type in Paris Museum. Skull
in specimen.

Measurements. Size equal to C. mipas. | Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 50; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 25;
palatal length, 25.5; breadth of braincase, 30; median length of nasals,
10; length of upper molar series, 10; height of face, from base of
middle incisor to top of frontal between orbits, 20; length of mandible,
34; length of lower molar series, 12. Ex specimen British Museum.

A single specimen is in the British Museum Collection procured
by G. K. Cherrie at Ipoussin on Approuague River, Cayenne. This
resembles C. MIDAS with the exceptions given above, but the coloring
of the specimens from the different localities is striking and arrests
the attention at once. The nasals are much longer, and the difference
in the height of the face of the skull is remarkable.

Geoffroy’s type in the Paris Museum is in an excellent state of
preservation, but the hands and feet are not so deep in color as those
of the British Museum specimen, having faded considerably. Other-
wise the examples are alike.

CERCOPITHECUS URSULUS (Humboldt).

Simia (Midas) ursula Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), p. 361.

Midas ursulus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,

. p. 121; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 194; Reichenb.,
Vollstand.: Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 10, figs. 37, 38; Bates,
Natur. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 321; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 89; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 148.

Hapale ursula Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 246;
V. 1855, p. 135; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 265;
Anders., Cat. Mamm., Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 89.

Midas tamarin Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1861, p. 464.

Cercopithecus ursulus Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

XXVIII, 1911, p. 342.
NEGRO TAMARIN.
Type locality. Para, Lower Amazon.
Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon, Para, and near the mouth of the

River Tocantins. (Hoffmannsegg).

a

CERCOPILE EGU S 193

Genl. Char. Face covered with hair; hands and feet black; ears
naked, large.

Color. Head, neck all around, chin, arms, entire under parts,
inner side of legs, hands, feet and tail black; back below shoulders
and outer side of legs, rayed black and ochraceous, the tips of the
hairs being of the latter color.

Measurements. Size of C. mipas, tail shorter, 407. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal
width, 23; palatal length, 16; width of braincase, 28; median length
of nasals, 7; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 31;
length of lower molar series, 10.

“Tn the vicinity of Para,” says Mr. Bates, (1. c.) “the only monkey
I saw frequently was the little Midas ursulus.” It is never seen in
large flocks, three or four being the greatest number he had found
together. It was less afraid of the neighborhood of man than any
other of its Tribe. He at times saw it in the woods bordering the
suburban streets, and once saw two in a thicket behind the house of the
English Consul at Nazareth. Its mode of travelling along the boughs
of the lofty trees resembled a Squirrel, and it does not go on the
slender branches, nor make flying leaps, but confines itself to the larger
boughs and to the trunks of the trees, its long nails enabling it to cling
securely to the bark, and it often rapidly encircles the trunks of the
perpendicular trees. It is quick, restless and timid, and has much
curiosity, for should a person pass under the trees on which a flock
of these little creatures is running, they always stop to stare at the
intruder. In Para, it is often seen tamed in the houses, but when first
captured, or tied up, it is very timid and irritable, not allowing itself
to be approached, but retreating when any one draws near.

When treated kindly, however, as it generally is in the houses of
the natives, it becomes very tame and familiar. He once saw one as
playful as a kitten running after the negro children and fondled by
them. It did not like strangers to sit in the hammock which was hung
in the room, and tried to bite them. It fed on bananas and insects,
especially spiders and grasshoppers. This little monkey has a very
intelligent and pleasant face, and when its curiosity is excited, it in-
clines its head to one side and has a very knowing expression. Although
the absence of convolutions in the brain would seem to indicate a low
type, Bates considered this a very unsafe guide, for in mobility of
expression and general ways, he considered these small monkeys resem-
bled the higher Apes, more than any other Rodent animal with which
he was acquainted.

194 LEONTOCEBUS

GENUS LEONTOCEBUS. TAMARINS.
6 =P Cc. 3 os s; M. = 32:

LEONTOCEBUS Wagn. Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1839, pp. 12, V
bis. (248). Type Hapale chrysomelas Wied.
Midas Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 120, (nec
Latreille, Dipt., 1796).
Leontopithecus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 268.
Marikina Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 57, pl. II,
figs. 25-31.
_Tamarin Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 68.
Tamarinus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. t. Viv. z. Foss., Quinz. Suppl.,
Pp. 29.

“Cauda haud annulata, auriculis non penicillatis, facie juba longa
erectili circumcincta” (Wagner).

Hair on head and neck long, forming a ruff; tail as long as the
body, tip bushy ; lower canine teeth longer than the incisors; patch of
white hairs around the mouth, except in species of subgenus Marikina.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail black or mostly black, lips white.
a. Head black.
a. Head with median stripe.
a.” Stripe narrow, brown, greenish at
OCeIPU TCI HAO? IRI, FRE L. labiatus.
bi: Stripe broad, red/*P. 2 e Wee ae L. pileatus.
b.’ Head without median stripe.

”

a.” Back dark grayish brown, legs black-

ish brown washed with gray......... L. thomasi.
b.” Back blackish chestnut speckled with
fed’. S10 LIE A) TAR L. nigrifrons.

ec.” Back black.
a.”” Legs bright reddish chestnut....L. nigricollis.
B.. Legs rusty Ted ga«k acu wane L. chrysopygus.

-
—a. |

PR iid ee

VOLUME |. PLATE XXIV.

LEONTOCEBUS MYSTAX.
No. 3.9.1.11, Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size.

z

LEONTOCEBUS 195

din Backs \blackyand! tawny}... 246.39 80s L. mystax.
e. Back black and reddish brown .......L. weddeli.
f.”. Back black and buff.
a; sMantle) lackey’), sats, ..6¢ eae ss 2 L. devillii.
Ds Mantle: chestnut... isssa ecsn\o'spe« L. apiculatus.
c.”" Mantle dark liver brown ......... L. illigeri.
g: Back dark gray.
a.” Mantle golden yellow .......... L. tripartitus.
b.”” Mantle dark ferruginous ....... L. lagonotus.
ei Mead) buitty. yellows’. . Sclec. Aan eee: L. fuscicollis.
d.’ Head black and gray speckled ............. L. graellsi.

,

e. Head on top black and hazel, sides black. .L. imperator.

B. Tail golden yellow, lips not white.
a.’ Head and arms golden yellow.

uw

a.
b”

uM

C.

Body" olden yellow io. Stee. ss. as L. rosalia.
Body ochre yellow annulated with black L. leoninus.
Body*bladke. 2 sve pees L. chrysomelas.

Subgenus Tamarinus.

Mane moderate; lips white.

LEONTOCEBUS LABIATUS *(E. Geoffroy).
Midas labiatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 121; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 10me Legon ;
Tschud., Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 53; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates,
1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 189, 194; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.
Phil., 1861, p. 464; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 141.
Simia (Midas) labiatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),

p. 361.

Marikina labiatus Reichenb., Vollstand. Nat. Affen, 1862, p. 11,

fig. 39.

Jacchus labiatus Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 95.

Midas rufiventer Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 1st Ser., 1843,
p. 398; Id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 735; Id. Voy.
Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1844, pl. XVIII; Id. Voy. Sulphur,
1844, pl.; Jd. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,

*Geoffroy in his paper calls this an “Espéce inédite,” and does not quote
Humboldt’s work, which he always does if Humboldt had previously provided
a name.

196 LEONTOCEBUS

Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 66; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V,
1855, p. 129; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

11, fig. 40.

Midas elegantulus Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p.
463.

Midas erythrogaster Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,
p. 14.

Hapale labiata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 246;
V, 1855, p. 130; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 260.
Midas griseoventris Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 90,
fig. 22?
WHITE-LIPPED TAMARIN.

Type locality. “le Brésil?” Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forests on north side of the Amazon; Rio Javari,
(Schlegel) ; Rio Solimoens, (Natterer) ; Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. General color dark reddish brown; lips white; mane
absent.

Color. Head black, with a median brown stripe on the crown,
becoming broader and greenish in color on occiput ; lips white ; arms to
elbows, legs to ankles, and upper parts of body dark reddish brown,
almost blackish on dorsal region; forearms, hands and feet, black;
under parts and inner side of limbs, rich orange red; tail, tawny at
base beneath, remainder black with a purplish tinge; ears black. Ex
type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, about 415; tail, 205. Skull in the
type.

The above description gives the present appearance of the type of
this species.. While it has undoubtedly faded somewhat in the more
brilliant and delicate colors, its general aspect cannot have changed
much, and what is now dark brown was never black as given by most
authors as the color of the body; for the head, hands, feet and tail are
as black as they probably ever were; the tail alone showing a purplish
tint which no doubt always existed. The brilliant orange red of the
under parts still remains where the hairs have not disappeared.

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail, 390, (skin). Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 31; palatal length, 15; intertemporal
width, 23 ; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 9;
length of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 11.

The type of Midas rufiventer Gray, is like L. LABratus but has a
small gray spot on the crown between the ears and the nape. This is
probably an individual peculiarity, and is the only difference in color

a

LEONTOCEBUS 197

between the example and specimens of L. LaBiatus, and is hardly
sufficient to be regarded as a distinctive character. Gray in his descrip-
tion (1. c.) states that this head spot was the same color as the under
parts, “chestnut brown.” At present it is gray, as above stated, and
must have faded considerably. The under parts are now ochraceous
rufous, and this part, in the intervening sixty or more years, has un-
doubtedly faded from the more brilliant color of the living animal. It
would seem most probable that this example is not distinct from L.
LABIATUS. Slack’s type of (M.) elegantulus is in the National Mu-
seum, Washington, in excellent preservation. The arms to elbows,
and legs to ankles, and upper parts of body are mottled black and buff,
not dark reddish brown or blackish as in the type of L. LaBiatus, but
this difference may be caused by age. The rest of the pelage is like
that of the type of L. LaBratus.

Midas griseoventris Goeldi, I have not seen, as there was no
example in any European Museum. Its chief character for separating
it from the present species appears to be the color of the patch or stripe
on the crown which is stated to be white. This certainly is not the
color of the patch or stripe on the crown of L. LABIATUS type. Gray’s
rufiventer has now a gray patch on the crown although, as stated above,
it was described as chestnut brown. It may be there is a race of L.
LABIATUS with a gray or white crown patch, but in such a case it would
have to be determined whether Goeldi and Gray’s examples represent
the same species, and if they do, Gray’s name rufiventer though a poor
one, would take precedence, and comparisons of specimens would be
necessary to decide this. For the present, therefore, I place Goeldi’s
name among the synonyms of L. LaBiaTus with a question mark.

LEONTOCEBUS PILEATUS (I. Geoffroy).
Midas pileatus 1. Geoff. et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848,
p. 497 ; Id. Cat Primates, 1851, p. 62; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Paris,
V, 1852, p.: 569, pl. XXXII; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud,
Mamm., 1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 189, 194; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464.

Hapale pileata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 130.
BONNETED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Near Pebas, Upper Amazon, Brazil. Type in
Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Upper Amazon, range unknown.

198 LEONTOCEBUS

_ Genl. Char. Similar to L. Mystax; hairs of back and limbs with
chestnut buff tips.

Color. Line on forehead, sides of the head, hands, feet and tail
jet black; edges of lips covered with long white hairs; forehead, top
of head, and nape extending to ears, dark ferruginous; between
shoulders and flanks, brownish black, hairs tipped with chestnut buff,
(white in type) ; arms above and beneath brownish black, uniform;
back black, hairs broadly tipped with ochraceous buff, (white in type) ;
thighs and legs Vandyke brown, darkest on outer edge; under parts of
body blackish brown; ears black; tail black. Ex type Paris Museum.
The type is possibly a little darker than specimens of this species
generally are, but the pale color, such as chestnut buff seen in fresh
specimens, has faded to white on the back, between the shoulders and
on flanks. Otherwise it still represents the species.

LEONTOCEBUS THOMASI (Goeldi).

Midas thomasi Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, I, p. 89.

Type locality. Tunantins, Upper Amazon. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Colors somber, belly orange.

Color. Head, outer side of arms, chin, throat, and upper part of
breast, hands, feet, ears and tail, black; neck and upper part of back,
burnt umber, rest of upper parts and legs blackish brown marked with
gray; inner side of arms and lower part of breast, buff yellow; rest of
under parts dark orange. Ex type British Museum.

_ Measurements. Similar in size to L. LABIATUs.

LEONTOCEBUS NIGRIFRONS (I. Geoffroy).

Midas nigrifrons I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XXXI, 1850, p. 875;
Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Paris, p.
572; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856,
pp. 192, 196; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67, var. e; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1880, p. 395.

Hapale nigrifrons Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p.
135; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 263.

Midas nigrifrons Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.

13, no fig.; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 143.
BLACK-FRONTED TAMARIN.
Type locality. Not given. Type in Paris Museum.

LEONTOCEBUS 199

Geogr. Distr. River Javari, border of Brazil and Peru,
(Schlegel) ; Copataza River, Ecuador.

Genl. Char. Fur ringed, and washed with rufous. Tail very long.

Color. A narrow line on forehead above eyes black; top and sides
of head, nape and mantle, blackish chestnut speckled with reddish
brown; lips and face beneath eyes, white; shoulders, arms, throat and
chest, reddish brown speckled with black; back, rump and sides,
mottled black and buff ; hind limbs reddish brown, base of hairs black;
under parts reddish chestnut ; hands and feet black; tail at base reddish
brown, remainder black, with reddish brown hairs mingled with the
black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 620; tail, 330.

This species in certain ways resembles L. NIGRICOLLIS Spix, but
does not have the head entirely black like that species, the black being
confined to the forehead. There are other differences in the coloration
of portions of the body, which influence me to keep the two forms
apart, although it is not impossible that eventually they may be proved
to be the same species. The type has no locality, but Schlegel states
that the specimen in the Leyden Museum was obtained on the Rio
Javari, and Thomas received six examples from the Rio Copataza in
Ecuador.

LEONTOCEBUS NIGRICOLLIS (Spix).

Midas nigricollis Spix, Simize et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 28, pl.
XXI; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.- Phil., 1861, p. 464;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, fig. 42;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 145.

Leontocebus ater Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 205.

Midas rufoniger I., Geoff. et Dev., Compt. Rend., XX VII, 1848,
p. 499; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd.
Amér. Sud, Mamm., 1855, pl. V, fig. 3; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 195; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, no fig.; Bates, Nat.
Amaz., II, 1863, p. 323; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and
Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67, var. a.

Hapale nigricollis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 132;

Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 264.
BLACK AND RED TAMARIN.
Type locality. Banks of the River Solimoens. Type in Munich

Museum.

200 LEONTOCEBUS

Geogr. Distr. Region of the Upper Amazon. Pebas, Ecuador,
(Castelnau and Deville).

Genl. Char. Similar to L. pEvILLi, back uniform black.

Color. Head, neck, ears, throat, chest, arms, hands and feet
black; legs bright reddish chestnut, hairs on rump and flanks tipped
with same; abdomen and base of tail, reddish chestnut, rest of tail
black; white hairs around mouth and beneath eyes. Ex type Munich
Museum. Skull in specimen.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. ruscicot.is; tail, 315. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 44; zygomatic width, 26; intertemporal width,
23 ; palatal length, 13; width of braincase, 27 ; median length of nasals,
6; length of upper molar series, 11; length of mandible, 26; length of
lower molar series, 12. Ex specimen in British Museum.

The type of Midas rufoniger I. Geoffroy, in the Paris Museum,
agrees perfectly with the above description, except the upper part of
the throat is a yellowish brown. This appears to be caused by the
paucity of hair on that part, there not being enough black tips, which
produce the color for this part, to be spread all over. Wherever the
hairs are sufficiently numerous the color is black. Geoffroy’s species
is without doubt the same as L. NicRICOLLIS (Spix).

There are two examples of this species inthe Munich Museum both
marked ‘types.’ These are in good condition, only slightly discolored
by dust, but the dark colors of the pelage have not faded. The skulls
of each are in the specimens.

Bates (1. c.) has given a very interesting account of this monkey
under the name of Midas rufoniger 1. Geoff. Its habits are the same
as those of C. ursuLus and he imagined it was a form or race of the
same stock, modified to suit the altered local conditions under which
it lived. One day, he says, while walking along a forest pathway, he
saw one of these small creatures which was passing with a number of
his fellows, miss his hold and fall head first about fifty feet to the
ground. He managed to alight on his hands and feet, however, in
the path, and turning quickly around he stared at the intruder on his
domain for a few moments, and then bounded away to climb another
tree.

LEONTOCEBUS CHRYsoPyGusS (Wagner).
Hapale chrysopyga Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.
249; V, 1855, p. 138; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 254.
Jacchus chrysopygus Mikan, Delect., fase. III, fig.

LEONTOCEBUS 201

Midas chrysopygus Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 144.
Marikina chrysopygus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,
pe OP Si
YELLOW-TAILED TAMARIN.

Type locality. Ypanema, Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the vicinity of Ypanema, Sao
Paulo, Brazil.

Color. Head, neck, entire body above and beneath to rump and
vent, arms, edge of thighs, hands and feet jet black, with a few white
hairs above eyes; rump and thighs golden, grading into rusty red near
ankles; base of tail like rump, remainder black. Ex specimen in
Leyden Museum.

Measurements. In size about equal to L. nicRicoL.is; skull in the
example.

This is a black Tamarin, and differs from L. NIGRICOLLIS in hav-
ing the body all black, and in the different coloring at base of tail. It
is rare in collections, and so far as I could learn, has only been procured
from the vicinity of Ypanema, Sao Paulo Province, where Natterer
obtained it.

LronTocEBUS MysTax (Spix).

Midas mystax Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Baraat 1823p. 29; pl.
XXII; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd.
Amér. Sud, Mamm., 1855, p. 21; Dahlb., Stud, Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 191, 195; Slack, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 104; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 12, fig. 4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 66.

Hapale mystax Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 129;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 261.

Type locality. Banks of the Solimoens River, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forest between the Solimoens and Ica rivers,
Brazil.

Color. Head, arms above and beneath, chin, throat, inner side
of legs, hands and feet, black ; lips white; back of head, and upper part of
body and flanks black, the hairs dirty white at base and tipped with
tawny, this color hardly perceptible on nape and between the shoulders,
but increasing on upper back and flanks, and giving the prevailing tint
to these parts; lower back, base of tail, rump, and outer side of legs,

202 LEONTOCEBUS

reddish chestnut; under parts blackish brown. Ex type Munich Mu-
seum. Skull in specimen.

Measurements. Tail, about 390. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 50;
Hensel, 36; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 25; median
length of nasals, 7; breadth of braincase, 29; length of upper molar
series, 10; length of mandible, 33; length of lower molar series, 11.
Ex specimen British Museum.

The type of this handsome species is in the Munich Museum, in
fair condition. As is usual with the types of the Authors of the
beginning of the last century, the skulls have been left in the skins, and
I was obliged to take my measurements from another example.

LEONTOCEBUS WEDDELI (Deville).
Midas weddeli Deville, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1849, p. 55; I. Geoff.,

Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855,
p. 23, pl. VI, fig. 2; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 190, 195; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 143. (Part.).

Midas leucogenys Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 735; Id.
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 67.

Hapale weddeli Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 134;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi, 1876, p. 262.

WEDDEL’S TAMARIN.

Type locality. Province of Apolobamba, Bolivia. Type in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Apolobamba Province, Bolivia. Extent of range
unknown.

Genl. Char. Fur of back gray ringed.

Color. Forehead, and sides of face to below angle of mouth, and
lips, white; face around eyes and nose bare; hairs on cheeks long,
forming whiskers ; top of head to nape blackish brown forming a cap;
upper back and shoulders reddish brown, center of back black; lower
back, rump and hind limbs, golden red; arms blackish brown; under
parts yellowish with a red tinge; hands and feet reddish brown; tail
jet black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size equal to L. pEviLii1. Skull in type specimen.

This species has been united to L. pEvILLII by some Authors, but
it presents too many differences from that form to justify us, with only

LEONTOCEBUS 203

our present knowledge of the changes that may occur towards the
adult state, in uniting them. ;

The examples are both quite small, and judging from the teeth
that show in the open mouth, the type is the younger animal, but the
white face, only displayed in the front part of the whiskers of L.
DEVILLII, and the general reddish brown color of the pelage, with the
absence of mottling on the lower back, cause the two types to appear
so different that it would seem best to permit them to remain under
different names until we have more knowledge as to the respective
changes, if any, which may occur in the coloration of the pelage of L.
DEVILLII from the youthful to the adult state.

Measurements. Size equal to L. prvitti1. Skull in the specimen.

LEONTOCEBUS DEVILLII (I. Geoffroy).

Hapale devilli I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XX XI, p. 875.

Midas devilli I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Id. Archiv. Mus.
Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 570; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud,
Mamm., 1855, p. 22, pl. VI, fig. 13; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 191, 195; Reichenb.,
Volistand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,
p. 67, var. b; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 220,
pl. XIII.

Hapale devillei Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 262.

Midas leucogenys Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67.

Midas weddeli Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 143. (Part.).
DEVILLE’S TAMARIN.

Type locality. Banks of the rivers Ucayali and Huallaga near
Sarayacu, eastern Peru. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Peru.

Color. Head, chin, throat, hands, feet and tail except at base,
black; back between shoulders, outer side of arms, black, hairs tipped
with cinnamon rufous; back black, hairs tipped with buff, giving to this
part a mottled appearance; rump, base of tail, and legs inner and outer
sides, dark burnt sienna; edge of thighs at and below knee, blackish,
hairs tipped with burnt sienna; under parts, from lower part of throat
to groin, reddish chestnut. Ex type in Paris Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 530; tail, 340. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 43; Hensel, 31; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal width, 22;

204 LEONTOCEBUS

median length of nasals, 5; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper
molar series, 8; length of mandible, 28 ; length of lower molar series, 10.

The type of Midas leucogenys Gray, is in the British Museum
Collection. It is a young animal about half grown, and in all its mark-
ings exactly corresponds with the adult (M.) pEviLL11 Geoffroy. There
seems to be no reason whatever to separate it from the present species.
The type of L. pEvILL1i in the Paris Museum, presents the coloration
described, but it has lost much fur from the under parts of the body,
and the reddish chestnut of that part is not so pronounced as is shown
in recent specimens.

Bartlett, who met with this species in eastern Peru, says (1. c.) it
was plentiful on the Peruvian Amazons, and he obtained examples on
both the Huallaga and Ucayali rivers. There is but little difference
between the sexes, the male being rather larger and darker in color,
especially the long hair on nape and neck. It is an extremely delicate
animal and will not bear the least cold, and he could only keep them
alive for two or three weeks, as they seemed to suffer from cold, and
died. The Indian women make pets of them, and allow them to stay
amid the long hair on their heads, and thus protected they will live
for a long time. Becoming tame they come out and feed, and having
captured a spider or two, they scamper back to their refuge amid the
luxuriant hair of their owners, who are usually unwilling to part with
them.

LEONTOCEBUS APICULATUS (Thomas).
Midas apiculatus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., 1904, p.
189.

Type locality. Banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Differs from L. DEVILLII in having the mantle chest-
nut, not black.

Color. Head, throat, hands and feet black; lips white; long hairs
on neck and between shoulders forming a mantle, chestnut; back
black mottled with gray, tips of hairs having that color; arms and legs,
and under parts reddish brown; blackish brown on chest; tail reddish
brown at base, rest black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size similar to L. 1rticert. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 43; intertemporal width, 22; zygomatic width, 29; palatal
length, 13; breadth of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 5; length

;
a
‘
:
;
?

LEONTOCEBUS 205

of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar
series, 10. Ex type British Museum.

LEONTOCEBUS ILLIGERI (Pucheran).
Hapale illigeri Pucher., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 134.
Midas devillu Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 20, pl. VIII,
(nec I. Geoffroy).
Hapale illigeri Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 263.
Midas illigert 1. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 65; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 192, 196;
Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,
p. 67, var. d; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 395.
Cdipomidas illigert Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,
1906, p. 554, Zool. Ser.
ILLIGER’S TAMARIN.
Type locality. Colombia.
Geogr. Distr. Colombia; banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador,
(Thomas). Type in Paris Museum.
’ Genl. Char. Hairs on upper back very long, forming a mantle.
Color. Male. Forehead between eyes, face beneath eyes and
upper and lower lips, white; head, hands, feet, inner side of arms and
tail except at base, black; upper part of back and shoulders, liver
brown speckled with black; outer side of arms, and under part of body
dark liver brown slightly speckled with black; lower back black, hairs
broadly tipped with ochraceous; sides of rump and legs, and base
of tail, dark reddish, but lighter than upper back. Ex type Paris
Museum. : ,
Female. Resembles the male, but the hair on upper back is shorter,
and the arms, legs, and under parts are a lighter and brighter red.
Measurements. In size about equal to L. LaBiatus; tail, 380.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; zygomatic width, 31; intertemporal
width, 24; palatal length, 15; breadth of braincase, 26; median length
of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 31;
length of lower molar series, 10.

The type of this species is believed, according to Pucheran
(1. c.) to have come from Colombia, and Thomas has received speci-
mens from the banks of the Copataza River, Ecuador. It has gener-
ally been given as from eastern Peru, but it is probable that the

examples from that portion of South America were not this species,
but L. WEDDELI.

LEONTOCEBUS TRIPARTITUS (A. Milne-Edwards).
Midas tripartitus A. Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Paris, 2me Sér., I,
1878, p. 161, pl. VIII.

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. Type in Paris
Museum.

Genl. Char. Remarkable for the black head, golden shoulders and
upper back.

Color. Head to nape all around, and throat to chest, black; back
of neck, and shoulders to middle of flanks, golden yellow; rest of upper
| parts and thighs to knees, iron gray; arms, outer and inner sides,
i under parts and inner side of legs, and outer side below knees, orange
red; hands and feet dark reddish brown mixed with gray; face bare,
lips covered with long white hairs; tail reddish chestnut for basal
| fourth, remainder black. Ex type Paris Museum.
| : Measurements. Total length, about 460; tail, 200. Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 45; palatal length, 15; zygomatic width, 31; inter-
| temporal width, 22; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper molar
l series, 9; length of mandible, 29; length of lower molar series, 10. Ex
type Paris Museum.

206 LEONTOCEBUS
i
}

This strikingly colored species, so unlike any of the genus, is
recognizable at once. The jet black head and throat, contrasted with
the bright colors of the body make it most conspicuous. The type
in the Paris Museum has retained its color so far remarkably well, and
it is to be regretted that it should be permitted to remain exposed to the
sunlight which will eventually destroy most of the coloring, which now
eminently distinguishes it from the other species of the genus.

LEONTOCEBUS LAGONOTUS (Espada).
Midas lagonotus J. de la Espada, Bol. Revista Univ. Madrid, 1870,
p. 57; A. Milne-Edw., Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, Hist. Nat.,
I, 1878, p. 161, (note) ; Cabrera, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
XXIX, 1900, p. 31.

Type locality. Upper Amazon. Type in Madrid Museum.

Genl. Char. Differing especially from L. TripartiTus in having
the mantle dark ferruginous, not golden.

Color. Head black; mantle, arms and legs dark ferruginous;
back dark gray and black; under parts, hands, feet and tail black; base

LEONTOCEBUS 207

of tail dark hazel. From a drawing in color of type in Madrid Mu-
seum. Face bare, purplish?, or black; edges of lips apparently white.

“ “M. Capite, gula, podiis, brachiis, intus, caudaque, basi excepta,
aterrimis nitidis ; pectore, abdomonique ex rufo nigroquemixtis; dorso,
lumbis, coxibrunneo intenso fere nigro et albo, coxim versus et scapulas
flavescente variegatis, ceteris, castaneo rutilanti ornatis; piliis vultum
circumdantibus longis auriculas obtegentibus maxtace atque myxtace
albis aut palidilis.’” Espada desc. Ex Milne-Edw.

Color. ‘del dorso y los costados variedo da amarillento y ne-
gruzco, como el de las liebres. Los pelos dela cabeza muy largos y de un
negro brillante, lo mismo que la garganta, la parte interna de los brazos,
los manos y los pies. Las espaldillas, los brazos par fuera y los miem-
bros posteriores de collor rojo encendido tirando a lemado en medio
de los hombros; en el pecho y el vientre este color rojo esta mezclado
con negro; la cola es en su reiz mismo color que el dorso, roya despues en
un corto espacio y negra en el resto sobre la cara, que es de color
cardeno y esta a medias cubierta de pelillos negros y blanquecinos, se
destaca el pelo blanco que rodea la boca y les aberturas nasales.

“Longitud deade et hocico a la raiz de la cola. O, 235 mm. der la
cola, 32.” Cabrera (1. c.).

LEONTOCEBUS FUSCICOLLIS (Spix).
Midas fuscicollis Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 27, pl. XX.
Midas flavifrons I. Geoff. et Deville, Compt. Rend., XX VII, 1848,
p. 499; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 64; Casteln., Expéd. Amér.
Sud, Mamm., 1855, tab. VI, fig. 1; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 193; Slack, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 13, no fig.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 67.
Midas devillei Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464,
(nec I. Geoffroy).
Hapale fuscicollis Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p.
131; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 264.
Hapale chrysomelas Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p.
254, (nec Kuhl).
BROWN-HEADED TAMARIN.
Type locality. Between the Ica and Solimoens rivers, Brazil. Type
in Munich Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Between the Iga and Solimoens rivers in Brazil;

208 LBEONTOCESTES

and vicinity of Pebas, Peruvian Amazons; and the banks of the Javari
River, boundary between Brazil and Peru.

Genl. Char. Pelage mostly brown and black; head and face buff
yellow.

Color. Forehead, and top of head buff yellow, some hairs ochra-
ceous, graduating into burnt umber on sides of head and back between
shoulders, outer side of arms, and throat; lips white; back black, the
hairs broadly tipped with buff; rump, legs, and under parts reddish
chestnut ; hands and feet black; tail at base like rump, remainder black.

Measurements. Similar in size to L. labiatus; tail, 265. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 43, (broken) ; intertemporal width, 22; breadth
of braincase, 26; palatal length, 14; median length of nasals, 7; length
of upper molar series, 8; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar
series, 10. Ex specimen British Museum.

The type in the Munich Museum has lost most of the hair on the
top and sides of the head, and on arms to elbow; the left arm is
practically bare for entire length, as is also the hand. The hair is
mostly gone from the under side of the body. It therefore would not
serve to describe the species, and one was selected for this purpose
from the British Museum Collection. The skull is in the type specimen.

LEONTOCEBUS GRAELLSI (Espada).
Midas graellsi J. de la Espada, Bol. Revista Univ. Mad., 1870, B.

57; Milne-Edw., Archiv. Mus. Paris, I, 1878, p. 162, (note).
RIO NAPO MARMOSET.

TypeJocality. Banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador. Type in Madrid
Museum.

Color. Nose, forehead and center of head black; from eyes to
ears and on cheeks, light chestnut; back of head, nape, back between
shoulders, outer and inner sides of arms, and throat to breast black,
hairs tipped with gray and darkest on dorsal region, giving this part
a speckled brown appearance; back and flanks mummy brown, hairs
tipped with gray, giving a grayish brown tint to these parts; rump
tawny brown, the hairs being black at base, then tawny and tips grayish
brown; thighs, and legs to ankles speckled brown and ochraceous buff,
the latter color being the tips of the hairs; tail at base fuscous, more
clear brown than the rest of the pelage, and this color extends along
the tail beneath for one third its length, remainder of tail, hands and
feet black; breast and abdomen blackish chestnut brown, hairs tipped
with yellowish; inner sides of legs russet, the hairs being blackish at
base tipped with russet.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXV.

LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA.

No. 1000.B. Brit. Mus. Coll Y% larger than Nat. Size.

LEONTOCEBUS 209

A co-type of this species is in the British Museum Collection. It
is peculiarly colored and very difficult to describe. The general appear-
ance is that of a grayish brown creature with a black head and neck,
and speckled with lighter brown on the body and hind legs. The base
of the tail is lighter than the body, and the fur generally is so shiny that
the color is very difficult to see, and varies constantly according as the
light shines upon it. Unfortunately no skull accompanied the skin.

LEONTOCEBUS IMPERATOR (Goeldi).
Midas imperator Goeldi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 1907, p. 93, fig.

Zo:

Type locality. Rio Purus, tributary of the Amazon, western
Brazil.

Genl. Char. Moustache of long white hairs extending beyond
the face to the ears; tail longer than body.

Color. Sides of head, face, hands, and tufts on ears black; middle
and back of head black and hazel mixed; lips white, from upper lip
extends a long white moustache; throat black and gray; upper part of
body, arms and outer side of legs buffy gray, the hair being black with
buff tips; breast, lower part of belly, and inner side of legs, pale burnt
sienna; middle of belly pale vinaceous cinnamon; tail above black,
beneath burnt sienna at base, graduating into pale reddish brown, and
then into black for apical half. Ex specimen British Museum.

Subgenus Marikina.

Mane large; lips not white.

LEONTOCEBUS ROSALIA (Linneus).
Simia rosalia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 41; Schreb., Saugth.,

I, 1775, p. 130, pl. XXXV; Shaw, Genl. Zool., I, 1800, p. 64,
pl. XXV, fig.

Callithrix rosalia E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 121; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 10me
Legon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 188, 192;
Gulliv., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 493.

Jacchus albifrons Desm., Mamm., Suppl., 1820, p. 534.

Leontocebus pithecus marikina Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 200.

Marikina albifrons Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
9, pl. II, figs. 29, 30.

210 LEONTOCEBUS

Marikina rosalia Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 7,
figs. 25, 27.

Midas leoninus Bates, Nat. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 98, (nec Wagner).

Leontopithecus rosalia Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.

Hapale rosalia Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 250.

Type locality. “In Brasilia.”

Geogr. Distr. Forest of southeastern Brazil, Province of Rio
de Janeiro; Upper Amazon.

Genl. Char. Conspicuous ruff around face and neck; tail bushy at
tip, as long as body. Sometimes the pelage varied with black, this
color appearing on the head, hands, feet and tail.

Color. General color of head, body and limbs golden yellow,
darkest on head and limbs, and palest on tail; face, hands and feet
purple; long tufts of hair from inside of ears brownish black.

Measurements. Tail to end of hairs, 345. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 53; Hensel, 39; zygomatic width, 35; intertemporal width, 23;
median length of nasals, 11; breadth of braincase, 28; length of palate,
17 ; length of upper molar series, 12; length of mandible, 38; length of
lower molar series, 13.

Bates, (1. c.) says he once saw a tame individual of M. leoninus =
L. ROSALIA?, which was even more playful and intelligent than (J/.)
URSULA. In length of body it measured only seven inches, and was
friendly with every one in the house where it lived, and its greatest
pleasure was to climb about the persons of those who entered. When
he first visited the house, it ran to the chair on which he was sitting
and climbed on to his shoulder, and looking into his face showed its
teeth and chattered as though it would say, “Well, and how do you do?”
It was very affectionate with its master and would climb upon his head a
dozen times in an hour, and make a great show of searching for certain
animalcule. Of this species Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire knew of
one individual that distinguished between different objects in an
engraving. When shown figures of a cat and wasp, it was very much
frightened, but when it saw a grasshopper or beetle, it precipitated
itself on the picture and tried to seize them.

LEONTOCEBUS LEONINUS (Humboldt).
Simia leonina Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), pp. 16, 361,

pl. Va

LEONTOCEBUS 211

Hapale leonina Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 249; V,
1855, p. 138; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 255.
Leontopithecus leoninus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen,
1862, p. 6, fig. 24.
LION TAMARIN.
Type locality. Seen at Popayan, Brazil. No specimen preserved.
Color. General hue ochre yellow shading into olive brown, annu-
lated with black; back varied with yellow; hands and feet black, face
black; around the nose and mouth bluish white.
Measurements. Total length 7 to 8 inches.

No specimens of this monkey have been procured. Humboldt saw
two living individuals at Popayan and from these he made his descrip-
tion and gave the name of LEONINA (I. c.). It inhabits the plains of
Mocoa, and the fertile banks of the Ica and Japura rivers, never goes
into temperate regions, and is rare even in the country it inhabits.

Whether these specimens represent a distinct species, or some
state of pelage of L. rosatia, or a dark form of that species it is
impossible to state, and any decision regarding it will have to be
deferred until examples are procured.

LEONTOCEBUS CHRYSOMELAS (Kuhl).

Midas chrysomelas Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 51; Tschudi, Faun.
Peruan., 1844, p. 53; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62;
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 188,
192; Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464.

Jacchus chrysomelas Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 95.

Leontocebus ater var. B. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 205.

Marikina chrysomelas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,
p. 8, fig. 28.

Leontopithecus chrysomelas Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and

Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.
WIED’S TAMARIN.

Type locality. Forests through which the Rio Ilhéos flows, Brazil.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of the Rio Ilhéos, and Rio Pardo, Brazil;
Peru, (Tschudi).

Color. Forehead, sides of head and chin, throat, and arms from
elbows to hands, golden yellow, darkest on throat and towards sides of
neck, where the long hairs fall over; the hairs on the forehead have
faded to a pale yellow; occiput, back and sides of neck, shoulders, arms
to elbows, mantle, under parts of body, inner side of hind limbs, and

212 LEONTOCEBUS

ankles, black; lower back, rump, outer side of hind limbs to ankles,
reddish chestnut; feet above mixed tawny and black; edges reddish
chestnut; tail above on basal half pale yellow, faded from golden
yellow ; sides black. Ex type American Museum of Natural History, .
New York.

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs on tail, 670; tail, 300;
foot, 75. Skull in specimen.

Kuhl describes this species from specimens brought by Prince
Max. of Wied from Brazil. Some of these were distributed to the
Berlin Museum, and to M. Temminck. The above description is taken
from the male example in Prince Max.’s Collection purchased by the
New York Museum and presumably the type, as it is not supposed that
the type of Kuhl’s description would be permitted to leave the collec-
tion. It is in good preservation but the delicate yellow has faded con-
siderably.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXVI.

CEDIPOMIDAS CEDIPUS.

No. 3.5.1.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. ™% larger than Nat. Size.

GDIPOMIDAS 213

GENUS GDIPOMIDAS. MARMOSETS.

2-2 141 3-3 PE Sjall
Ligegs (Ch ent) Bai gags) Ei p=, — 3

CEDIPOMIDAS Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 5, pl.
II, figs. 18-20. Type Simia edipus Linneus.
Gdipus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 184, 197-200, (nec Tschudi,
1838, Amphib.).
Head sometimes crested; sides of head naked or covered with
short hairs, hairs on nape elongate. Size small.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Hair on nape elongate; arms and outer side of legs, white.

a. Head crested, top of head and nape white........ O. edipus.
b. Head not crested, center of head white, nape
bugs umber eas a. tees. es NoMa s O. geoffroyi.

(iprromipas cepiPus (Linneus).

Simia edipus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 28; I, 1766, p. 41;
Schreb., Saugth., I, 1775, p. 128, pl. XXXIV; Bodd., Elench.
Anim., 1784, p. 63; Audeb., Singes et Makis, Fam. VIme
Sec, 1 1797;-pl. or

Callithrix edipus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 55.

Simia (Midas) edipus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 361.

Midas cdipus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 122; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat Mamm., 1833, p. 200, pl. LX XII; I.
Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 62; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 193; Slack, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 140.

Jacchus edipus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36,
10me Legon.

CEdipus titi Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 197; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.

Hapale edipus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 251;
V, 1855, p. 138; Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl, Cebus IV;

214 GEDIPOMIDAS

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 587, (footnote) ;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 258.

Cdipomidas edipus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
5, figs. 18-20.

Leontopithecus edipus Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 127.
PINCHE MARMOSET.

Type locality. “In America.”

Geogr. Distr. Cartagena and Turbaco, coast of Colombia.

Genl. Char. Sides of head naked; top of head crested.

Color. Face covered with short white hairs, sides of head naked;
top of head, nape and neck, arms to shoulders, outer side of legs, hands
and feet white; upper parts grayish brown; thighs bright hazel, the
hairs tipped with gray, giving this part a tint or wash of that color;
entire under parts and inner side of limbs white; tail, basal half bright
hazel, remainder blackish seal brown.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 45; Hensel, 32;
zygomatic width, 32; intertemporal width, 23.5; palatal length, 14;
breadth of braincase, 27; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper
molar series, 9; length of mandible, 31; length of lower molar series,
110

CEDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI (Pucheran).

Hapale geoffroyi Pucher., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 251; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simi, 1876, p. 258.

Midas edipus var. Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 30,
pl. XXIII.

Midas geoffroyi I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 63; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 89, 193;
Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1861, p. 464; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 478, pl. XXXVIII; 1872, p.
8; Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., I, Mamm., 1879, p. 17; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 139, pl. XIII.

Midas spixi Reichenb., Vollstand. Natur. Affen, 1862, fig. 2.

Cdipus geoffroyi Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 65.

Cdipomidas geoffroyi Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,
p. 5, no fig.; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies,
Field Columb. Mus. Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 724, figs. 164,
CXXXVII, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Check List Mamm. N. Amer.

GEDIPOMIDAS 215

Cont. and West Indies, Field Columb. Mus. Pub., p. 532, Zool.
Ser:
GEOFFROY’S MARMOSET.

Type locality. Panama. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica and Panama, Central America.

Genl. Char. Head not crested; face hairy.

Color. Face and head covered with short white hairs; center of
head from forehead white; back of head and neck burnt umber; fore-
arms, and arms inside to shoulders white; upper parts, extending to
elbows on outer half of arms, shoulders and flanks, black mottled with
yellowish white; this mottling is caused by the yellowish white band
on the black hairs showing; under parts and inner side of limbs white;
hands and feet gray; tail reddish or bright burnt umber on basal third,
remainder black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 29; inter-
temporal width, 22; zygomatic width, 28; palatal length, 13; breadth of
braincase, 22 ; median length of nasals, 5; length of upper molar series,
10; length of mandible, 26; length of lower molar series, 11.

The type of Midas spixi Reichenbach, is in the Munich Museum
and is, as was supposed, a specimen of CDIPOMIDAS GEOFFROYI
(Pucheran).

(Note) For description of C2. sALAguiEeNnsis, see Appendix Vol. III, p. 255.

216 CAS CICA RIX

GENUS CALLITHRIX. TRUE MARMOSETS.

2—2 1-1 3—3 2—2
gcse “Cy pec eee eee

CALLITHRIX Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 55. Type Simia

jacchus Linneus.

Sagoinus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Mamm., I, 1792, p. 80.

Sagouin Lacépéd., Tabl. Mamm., 1799, p. 4.

Hapale Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 71.

Jacchus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 118.

Sylvanus Rafin., Analys. Natur., 1815, p. 53, (nec Latreille 1807,
Coleopt.).

Arctopithecus Virey, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., ed. nouv., XXXI,
1819, p. 279.

Ouistitis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Scien. Litt. and Arts, 1828,
XXVI, p. 307.

Liocephalus Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, pp. IX, V bis,
(244-248).

Mico Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 184, 192-194.

Cebuella Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 734.

Micoella Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 130.

Head round; eyes large; face naked; ears large, sometimes fringed
with hair. Large whiskers are seen on several species, and the neck is
sometimes encircled with a ruff. Skull: braincase large; facial region
short; orbits large; upper incisors longer than the canines, and all
project outward.

The Marmosets are small delicate creatures, possessing a soft,
thick, silky fur, and a long rather bushy tail. In color there is much
variety among them, and some have ringed tails. In disposition they
are very timid, and while attached to, and familiar with those they are
accustomed to meet daily, are shy with strangers, and apt to meet
advances with sharp bites. The smooth skull, although the braincase
is large, indicates a low order of intelligence. The female produces
two or three young at a birth contrary to the general rule, as the
females of these Anthropoide have usually but one.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXVII.

CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUS.

No. 98.10.3.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. % larger than Nat. Size.

1758.

W771.

Wie

1792.

1812.

CALLITHRIX 217

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

Linneus, Systema Nature.

CALLITHRIX JACCHUS described as Simia jacchus.
Linneus, Mantissa Plantarum.

CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA first described as Simia argentata.
Eraleben, Systema Regn Animalis.

_In the genus CALLITHRIX, established by this Author, among

other species now placed in different genera, C. JACCHUS is
included.

Kerr, Animal Kingdom.

CALLITHRIX JACCHUS renamed Simia (Sagoimus) jacchus mos-
chatus.

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Comprising his genus Jacchus seven species of CALLITHRIX are
given, only five of which are valid, as follows: (J.) vulgaris =
C. yaccHus; (J.) PENICILLATUS; (J.) LEUCOCEPHALUS; (J.)
AURITIS; (J.) HUMERALIFER first described; (J.) melanurus
= C. ARGENTATA; and (J.) ARGENTATUS.

(1811), Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie

1815.

1820.

1820.

et d Anatomie Comparée.

In the subdivision Jacchus of the “Famille des Hapales,’ under
Simia the following species of CALLITHRIX are given: (S.)
PENICILLATA; (S.) AURITA; (S.) HUMERALIFER; (S.) mela-
nurus = C. ARGENTATA; and (S.) geoffroyi = C. AURITA
(E. Geoffroy). Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of the
new species notwithstanding the fact Geoffroy’s paper was
apparently published a year later; but I. Geoffroy gives 1815
as the date of Humboldt’s article.

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des Espéces de Mammi-
feres.

The genus Jacchus is divided into two subgenera Ouistiti and
Tamarin. In the first of these is placed the species given by
Erxleben enumerated above, without any additions; while
Tamarim includes such species as were known to the Author,
and which are in this work contained in the genera SENIOCEBUS,
LEoNTOCEBUS and CEpIPoMIDAS.

Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie.

The list of species enumerated by Geoffroy and Desmarest in

218

1823.

1829.

1830.

1840.

1840.

1842.

CAL RITRMELX

the genus Jacchus is repeated here without additions, but all are
included in the genus Hapale.

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Three species of CALLITHRIX are given in this work under the
genus Jacchus, viz.: PYGMUS; ALBICOLLIS; and PENICILLATUS;
the first two described for the first time.

Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

Under the genus Jacchus all the species given by previous
authors are included with copious synonymy, as well as the
various Tamarins, now considered to belong to other genera.
Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam-
malium.

The list in the previous work is here given without additions.
Wagner, Schreber, Die Siugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Following the arrangement adopted by Desmarest, all the
species enumerated by him belonging to different genera, are in
this list included in the genus Hapale.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

The genus Hapale in this work contains the species then known,
but which are now placed in the genus CALLiTHRIx. It is
divided into several subgenera, and the few species recognized
have many varieties. 1st subgenus is Hapale with two species
(H.) leucotis = C. JaccHus; and (H.) melanotis = C. PENI-
CILLATA Humboldt. The first has four varieties, all valid
species, viz., A. C. aurITA; B. (J.) vulgaris = C. JaccHus; C.
C. ALBICOLLIs ; C. HUMERALIFER ; the second has one “‘viellesse,”’
C. LEUCOCEPHALA. 2nd subgenus Mico has but one species,
C. ARGENTATA. 3rd subgenus Midas contains species of
SENIOCEBUS, and 4th of CEprpus, and 5th of LEonTocesus.
Wagner, in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte.

A list of species belonging to the genera CALLITHRIX and CAL-
LICEBUS, in which a description is given for the first time of
CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA. CALLITHRIX is the name the Author
adopts for all the species enumerated, four in all.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Catalogue des Primates.

The various species of CALLITHRIx described to date are here
given under Hapale.

Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

}
=

1862.

1870.

1876.

1876.

1893.

1903.

1904.

CALLITHRIX 219

In the genus Hapale the various species of CALLITHRIX and the
Tamarins are here given. Jacchus has var. B. ALBICOLLIS;
PENICILLATA has var. B. LEUCOCEPHALA; ARGENTATA Linn., is
retained as a valid species.

Reichenbach, Die Vollstindigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.

In this work the following species of CALLITHRIXx are given
under the genera Jacchus and Mico: (J.) pyemzus; (J.) spixi
= CEpIromiDAs GEOFFROYI; (J.) vulgaris = C. Jaccuus; (J.)
HUMERALIFER; (J.) ALBICOLLIS; (J.) trigonifer = C. PENICIL-
LATA; (J.) PENICILLATUS; (J.) LEUCOCEPHALUS; (J.) mazxi-
miliant = C, LEUCOCEPHALA; (Mico) ARGENTATA; and (M.)
CHRYSOLEUCA.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

The species of CALLITHRIXx are divided by this Author into
several different genera. C. auriTa is placed in Hapale; C.

| JaccHUS as vulgaris, in Jacchus var. 1, 2; with ALBICOLLIS;

PENICILLATA ; LEUCOCEPHALA ; and leucogenys = LEONTOCEBUS
DEVILLII as varieties 3, 4, and 5, of vulgaris. C. PYGM#A is
placed in Cebuella; and melanura = ARGENTATA, in Mico. All
of which genera are unnecessary. In the Appendix to the
Catalogue, C. sericea, (= CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA) ; and C.
CHRYSOLEUCA are placed in the genus Micoella.

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie.
The species of CALLITHRIX are here placed in the genus Hapale,
as was customary with many of the earlier Authors. Simia
ARGENTATA Linn., is kept distinct, because its habitat was
different from that of C. melanura = C. ARGENTATA, and it
could not be an albino because its eyes were black and not red!
Gunther, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUs first described as Hapale leucopus.
Matschie, in Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschen-
der Freunde zu Berlin.

CALLITHRIX SANTAREMENSIS is described as Hapale santarem-
ensis.

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CALLITHRIX FLAVICEPS first described as Hapale flaviceps.

O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CALLITHRIX GOELDI and Callithrix penicillata jordani described.

220 CALLITHRIX
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The majority of the species of this genus are natives of Brazil, one
only extending its range into Bolivia, and one inhabiting Colombia. C.
GOELDI has no ascertained locality, as the unique type was brought alive
to the City of Para, and it was not known whether it was captured in
the vicinity or taken farther to the westward on the Amazon, or on
one of its tributaries. At Santarem, at the mouth of the Rio Tapajos
C. SANTAREMENSIS was procured, but its range is quite unknown. C.
JACCHUs is stated to have been obtained on the Island of Marajo, lying
between the mouths of the Amazon and the Rio Para. In the vicinity
of Bahia C. ALBICOLLIs has been obtained, and south of the Bay Todos
os Santos, C. HUMERALIFER occurs. C. PENICILLATA ranges from, and
including the Province of Goyas, through that of Minas Gerees, and in
Espirito Santo on the east coast, between 14 and 17 degrees South
Latitude; and C. p. jordani is found in the south west portion of
Minas Geres.

In the last named Province C. LEUCOCEPHALA occurs, ranging into
the Province of Espirito Santo; and in Matto Grosso C. ARGENTATA is
found. This species is also met with in Bolivia, and a specimen ac-
cording to I. Geoffroy is in the Paris Museum brought from Para by
Castelnau and Deville. On the banks of the Upper Parana to the
Province of Sao Paulo, C. aurita occurs, while in the last named
Province at Engenhiero Reeve C. FLAVICEPS was procured. At Booba
on the Lower Rio Madeira C. cHRYSOLEUCA was obtained; and in the
forests along the Rio Solimoens and Rio Ucayali, C. pyem#a dwells,
and lastly at Medellin in the Province of Antigua, C. LEUCOPUS was
found.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail without rings.

a. Tail black, feet blackish brown. ..:......+.-.5. C. argentata.
b. Tail seal brown, tip white, feet white........... C. leucopus.
c.. Tas and feet golden yellow..2.40-c445 sree C. chrysoleuca.
a. Lanvand feet ‘black... SiS eaee new ee ae Moe sae C. goeldi.
B. Tail with rings.

a. Eheadand*aeck whiter TY? 22. Bake ee nel eet C. santaremensts.
b. Center of head tawny ochraceous, rest black....... C. aurita.
c. Middle of head dark brown.

a. “Above light pray iyi). se a C. penicillata.

a =_— 2.

Uw

PLATE 8

VOLUME }

CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA

—_

CALLITHRIX 221
b.’ Above, browanishigray Jers SPM yO), C. p. jordani.
d. Middle and top of head buff.

aj inHamtafts blackedante 4980 a Obs... C. leucocephala.
bi) Ban tiuhtsvavinitens sscved sees des). C: flaviceps.
e. Head above to nape brownish black.............. C. jacchus.
f. Head and upper parts of body white......... C. humeralifer.

g. Forehead blackish brown; back of head and nape
yellowishywhiten. ; ¢unq@ ian aD. Sl mice je C. albicollis.
c. No ear tapites lait 15. 2ete oR C. pygmea.

CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA (Linnzus).

Simia argentata Linn., Mant., 1771, p. 521, pl. II; Gmel., Syst.
Nat., 1788, p. 41; Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, 1797,
Fam. VI, Sec. 2, Fig. 2; Shaw, Genl. Zool., 1800, p..66, pl.
XXVI, lower fig.

Callithrix argentata Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 61.

Jacchus melanurus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 120.

Jacchus argentatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 120; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 94.

Hapale melanura Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 49; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., 1840, p. 244; V, 1855, p. 137; Casteln., Expéd.
Amér. Sud, Mamm., 1855, p. 20; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 186, 187; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1875, p. 419, pl. I; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simize,
1876, p. 268; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 136.

Midas melanurus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36,
10me Lecon.

Hapale argentatus Kuhl, Beitr., 1820, p. 49; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., 1840, p. 245; V, 1855, p. 128; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 268.

Jacchus leucomerus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 1846, p.
Zig.

Midas argentatus E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36,
10me Legon; Bates, Nat. Amaz., 1863, p. 128.

Mico argentatus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 192; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 6, figs. 21, 22.

Mico melanurus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 64.
BLACK-TAILED MARMOSET.
Type locality. “le Brésil.” Geoffroy’s type in Paris Museum.

222 CALEITARLX

Geogr. Distr. Provinces of Matto Grosso, Para, (I. Geoff.),
Brazil; Bolivia, (I. Geoffroy).

Genl. Char. Face naked; ears exposed, naked; tail uniform, black.

Color. Forehead blackish brown; top of head, neck, shoulders and
outer side of arms dark wood brown; back mummy brown; legs darker
brown; hands grayish brown; feet blackish brown; under parts and
inner side of arms yellowish white; inner side of legs orange buff above
ankles grading into buff on upper part; broad stripe on outer edge of
thighs, extending nearly to center of back white; tail black.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 32; zy-
gomatic width, 30; intertemporal width, 22.5; palatal length, 15; width
of braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar
series, 9; length of mandible, 30; length of lower molar series, 10.

The presumable type of C. melanura in the Paris Museum is so
faded that it would be useless to attempt a description from it, the
various shades of brown having practically become one, the legs alone
being somewhat darker than the back, grading into the blackish brown
of the feet.

CALLITHRIX LEUCOPUS (Gunther).
Hapale leucopus Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 743;
Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 89;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 134; Elliot, Cat. Mamm.

Field Columb. Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 553, Zool. Ser.
WHITE-FOOTED MARMOSET.

Type locality. Medellin, Province of Antioquia, Colombia.

Geogr. Distr. Province of Antioquia, Colombia. Range unde-
termined.

Genl. Char. Hair on back and sides long, silky; ears large, naked,
not tufted; hands and feet white.

Color. Top and sides of head and face covered with short grayish
white hairs; nape and upper parts brownish gray, some examples being
a yellowish gray; arms from above elbows to wrists white; legs below
knees grayish brown; hands and feet whitish; throat dark brown;
under parts and inner side of limbs bright cinnamon rufous; tail seal
brown, tip whitish.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 47 ; Hensel, 32; zygo-
matic width, 33; intertemporal width, 24; median length of nasals, 7;
width of braincase, 29; length of upper molar series, 9; length of
mandible, 33 ; length of lower molar series, 7.

CALLITHRIX 223

There are several specimens of this species in the British Museum,
but none of them was selected by its describer as the type, a most
unfortunate omission. It was from one of these, No. 75. 6.3.1. that the
above description was taken, and this might serve hereafter as THE
TYPE.

CALLITHRIX CHRYSOLEUCA (Wagner).
Hapale chrysoleuca Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., I, 1842, p. 357; Id.
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 125; Sclat., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 594; 1871, p. 229; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. b;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 277; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 125.
Mico sericeus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 256.
Mico chrysoleucus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
6, fig. 23.
Hapale argentata Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 262.
Micoella sericeus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 131. (Append.).
GOLDEN MARMOSET.

Type locality. Borba, on the Lower Madeira River, Brazil. Type
in Vienna Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type locality.

Genl. Char. Ears large, naked, margined with long hairs; color
pale.

Color. Head and upper part of body, throat, chest and shoulders
ivory white; long hairs of ears buffy; arms, back of thighs, legs, tail
and lower part of abdomen golden yellow; under parts buffy; ear
tufts white. Ex type Vienna Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 33 ; inter-
temporal width, 23; breadth of braincase, 26; length of upper molar
series, 10; palatal length, 10; length of mandible, 31; length of lower
molar series, 12. ;

The type of M. sericeus Gray, in the British Museum cannot be
separated from C. cHrysoLEucA. There was no skull of the species in
the Vienna Museum of the four examples in the collection, and the
measurements given above were taken from the type of M. sericeus
Gray.

This is a peculiar little animal, giving, at first, the impression that
it must be a partial albino, but all the specimens agree in their coloring,
and it is a very pretty species.

224 CALELEARIZX

CALLITHRIX GOELDI Thomas.
Callithrix goeldi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1904, 7th Ser.,

p. 100.
GOELDI’S MARMOSET.

Type locality. Para, Brazil. Brought alive to the city. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Hair on back and shoulders long, silky, projecting
beyond ears.

Color. Head, limbs and upper parts blackish brown, the hairs
at base are broccoli brown graduating into black, and tipped with pale
_ brown; white tufts exist on head in front of ears, and on either side
of the back at the loins, and there are white hairs scattered about the
forehead ; feet, hands, under parts and tail black, with light tips show-
ing on some of the hairs in the tail. Ex type British Museum.

No skull to the specimen.

The specimen is in poor condition and misshapen, so that it would
be impossible to give correct measurements. The skin of the hands and
feet has been filled with some material and is stretched, making these
members appear unusually broad, and the skin of the body has been
shortened in making up. There is no species of the genus known to me
to which this specimen can be assigned, but as the animal had been in
captivity, and possibly, as suggested by Mr. Thomas, had been injured,
this accounts for the white hairs on different parts of the head and
body. We must wait for additional examples to enable us to decide
what shall be its proper place in the genus.

CALLITHRIX SANTAREMENSIS (Matschie).
Hapale santaremensis Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freund.

Berlin, 1893, p. 227.
SANTAREM MARMOSET.

Type locality. Santarem, at mouth of River Tapajos, Amazon.
Type in Berlin Museum.

Geogr. Distr. South bank of Amazon.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. CHRYSOLEUCA.

Color. White spot over each eye; side of head from corner of
mouth to beneath ears, and middle of forehead black; tufts over ears,
top of head, neck, shoulders, under side of arms, and back between
shoulders white ; brownish black streak down back of neck; entire back
below shoulders and flanks black, hairs dark gray at base, then pure
white, with apical portion black; outer side of leg mixed black and
white, with a white stripe across upper thigh; inner side of arms and

CALLITHRIX 225

legs, and under parts of body golden yellow; hands and feet dark
brown; tail black, indistinctly barred with buff, becoming more buff
than black towards tip. Ex type Berlin Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 570; tail, 380; flat skin. Skull:
total length, 45.8; occipito-nasal length, 43; intertemporal width, 22,7 ;
Hensel, 32.1; zygomatic width, 38.9; median length of nasal, 65;
palatal length, 13.5; length of upper molar series, 9.7; length of man-
dible, 28.7 ; length of lower molar series, 11.

This species resembles somewhat C. CHRYSOLEUCA, and one might
almost think, as Herr Matschie says, that that species was an albino of
the present one.

CALLITHRIX AURITA *(E. Geoffroy).
Jacchus auritis E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., XIX, 1812, p.

119; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 36, 10me Lecon;
Humb., Rec. Observ. Zool., I, 1811, (1815), p. 360; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 3; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 61; Ad-
dend., 1830, p. 61.
Hapale aurita Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 48; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 243; V, 1855, p. 125; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., Fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 276; Pelz., Zool.-Bot.
Ges. Wien, XXXIII, 1883, Beiheft, p. 21; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 134.
Hapale auritus var. A. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 188.
WHITE-EARED MARMOSET.

Type locality. “Brazil.” Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Province of Sao Paulo, and on the banks of the
Upper Parana, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Larger than C. yaccuus; face whitish; no cross-

bands on back, ears tufted with long white hairs.

Color. Face and forehead yellowish white; center of head and

*E. Geoffroy described this and other species of CaLtirmrix in 1812.
Humboldt’s volume which contains his “Tableau Synoptique des Singes de
Amérique” bears date of 1811, a year before Geoffroy’s paper appeared. As
Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of the Species, the date must be an
error, which is corrected by I. Geoffroy in his “Catalogue des Primates,” 1851,
p. vii, in the “Liste des Ouvrages, &c.,” where he gives it as 1815, four years

after the publication of E. Geoffroy’s contribution.

226 GALE TA RUA

nape tawny ochraceous; rest of head, neck, back between shoulders,
across loins outer side, and on lower parts, and under parts black; back,
flanks, outer side of arms, legs at and below knees tawny and black
mixed; hands and feet deep chrome; tail, ringed with alternated black
and gray bands, the latter washed with ochraceous towards tip; ear
tufts white. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; Hensel, 33;
zygomatic width, 30; intertemporal width, 33; palatal length, 14; width
of braincase, 21; length of upper molar series, 9; length of mandible,
30; length of lower molar series, 10.

CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA * (EK. Geoffroy).
Jacchus penicillatus E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 119; Humboldt, Obser. Zool., 1815, p. 360; Spix,
Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 36, pl. XXIV; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 92; Fisch., Syn. Reg. Mamm., 1829, p. 61;
Addend., 1830, p. 61; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen,
1862, p. 4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 4.
Hapale penicillatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 47.
Hapale penicillata Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 242;
V, 1855, p. 124; E. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., 1856, pp. 185, 187;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 273; Anders., Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 88.
Jacchus trigonifer Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4,
fig. 10.
Type locality. Brazil. Type not in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr.. Provinces of Goyas, Minas Gers, and Espirito
Santo, between 14 and 17 degrees S. Latitude; Rio Parana, (Natterer).
Color. Face very scantily covered with white hairs, spot on fore-
head white; head dark Prout’s brown, back of head and mantle brown-
ish black; upper parts, and outer side of limbs gray, banded across
lower back and rump with black; under parts black on throat and
chest, gray on abdomen; black on inner side of thighs, and yellowish on
legs below the knee; tail ringed black and white; hands and feet dark
brown and gray mixed.
Measurements. Total length, 495; tail, 285; hind foot, 57; ear,
21. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 30; zygomatic width, 29;
intertemporal width, 21; palatal length, 13; breadth of braincase, 25;

*Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of this species.

CUAGVET Te EURAX 227

median length of nasals, 7; length of mandible, 28; length of lower
molar series, 9.

The type of this form is no longer in the Paris Museum. There
are several specimens, however, in the collection, the earliest of which
bears date 1822, ten years after Geoffroy described the species. In all
the examples, the name penicillatus is attributed to Kuhl, who gave
the species in his Beitrage Zoologie eight years after Geoffroy had
described it.

CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA JORDANI Thomas.
Callithrix penicillata jordani Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV,
7th Ser., 1904, p. 188.

Type locality. Rio Jordao, S. W. Minas Geres, Brazil. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Like C. PENICILLATA, but width of the middle upper
incisor about one half the length, instead of two thirds as in the other
species, and it is also longer and narrower.

Color. Face mars brown; spot on forehead and short hairs on
lips white ; top of head brownish black; nape, neck, and ear tufts black;
the hair on back of head very long; general color of upper parts gray,
banded with black, this being caused by the subterminal black band on
the hairs showing alternately with the gray tips; none of the ochra-
ceous color of the hairs showing, as it so conspicuously does in the
other species ; arms and legs ochraceous buff washed with gray; throat
pale brown; upper part of chest, and a line in center of abdomen
ochraceous washed with gray; inner side of arms, elbow to wrist black;
above elbow ochraceous buff and gray; inner side of legs pale clay color,
with a black spot near the body; hands and feet mixed black and
orange; tail ringed with black and white. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 533; tail, 298; foot, 58; ear, 20.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 30; intertemporal width, 21;
palatal length, 13; zygomatic width, 28; breadth of braincase, 25;
median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 9; length of
mandible, 27.5; length of lower molar series, 9. Ex type in British
Museum.

This subspecies is not so gray as C, PENICILLATA, but darker and
browner ; the band above the slate colored base of the hairs is tawny
and not ochraceous, and this causes the general darker hue of the
animal; the under parts are much lighter, and more yellowish brown
on sides of abdomen and inner side of thighs.

228 Gs JO IEIMIMIEL Ie D.G

CALLITHRIX JACCHUS (Linnezus).

Simia jacchus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 27; I, 1766, p. 40; Erxl.,
Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 56; Bodd., Elench. Anim., 1784, p.
68; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 39.

Callithrix jacchus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 56; Fisch.,
Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 60; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb.
Mus., VIII, 1906, p. 553, Zool. Ser.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1911, p. 127.

Simia (Sagoinus) jacchus moschatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., 1792,
p. 80, No. 80.

Simia (Jacchus) jacchus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, (1811), 1815,
p. 360.

Jacchus vulgaris E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris; XIX, 1812,
p. 119; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 35, 10me Legon;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 2; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p.
Gs.wvar. 12.

Hapale jacchus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 46; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 241; V, 1855, p. 124; Blainv.,
Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pl. VI; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates,
1851, p. 39; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur.,
fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Bates, Nat. Amaz., 1863, I, p. 98;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 271; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 132.

COMMON MARMOSET.

Type locality. “in America.”

Geogr. Distr. Island of Marajo, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Face black with white spot; ears naked with a tuft of
long hairs ; hairs outside of head long ; cross bands on back ; tail banded.

Color. Head, nape, neck, and throat brownish black; ear tufts
and long hairs from behind ears white; back yellowish gray; lower
back barred with ochraceous, black and grayish white, caused by the
ochraceous hairs, the subterminal black bars and grayish white tips
alternating ; hind limbs, hands and feet, black washed with yellowish
white; under parts and inner side of limbs, black washed with gray;
tail banded black and white.

Measurements. Total length, 510; tail, 295; foot, 61; ear, 21,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 32; zygomatic
width, 30; intertemporal width, 22.5; palatal length, 14; breadth of
braincase, 25; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series,
9; length of mandible, 29; length of lower molar series, 10.

GQAETATT HERSIEX 229

Bates, (1. c.) states that while walking about the streets of Para
he counted thirteen different species of monkeys, and, of these, two he
never met again in any part of the country. One of these was Hapale
yaccHus. “It was seated on the shoulder of a young mulatto girl, as
she was walking along the street, and I was told had been captured in
the island of Marajo.” ‘This appears to be about the only identified
locality in which this species is found, for previous authors, as a rule,
in giving the range of C. yaccHus have so confounded several species
together, as to make it practically impossible to designate the geo-
graphical limits of this long and well known species; and of its
range in Brazil but little is known even at this late day.

oF
CALLITHRIX FLAVICEPS (Thomas).

Hapale flaviceps Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 7th Ser., 1903,

p. 240.
YELLOW-HEADED MARMOSET.

Type locality. Engenheiro Reeve, Province of Espirito Santo,
Brazil. Type in British Museum.

Color. Face and forehead whitish; head, throat, neck, shoulders,
upper part of chest and inner side of arms, buff or buff yellow, upper
parts showing the tawny, black, and gray color which each hair exhibits,
the.tawny not visible on lower back and rump, where the other two
colors are ranged in black and grayish white bands across the body;
outer side of arms yellowish; outer side of legs dark gray; middle of
chest and abdomen, and spot between legs black, rest of abdomen tawny ;
hands and feet mixed dark brown and yellowish; tail ringed with
black and gray, and a black spot on each side of base. Ex type British
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 546; tail, 298; foot, 65; ear, 23.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 47; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 31;
intertemporal width, 23; palatal length, 15.5; width of braincase, 28.5;
median length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 10; length of
mandible, 31; length of lower molar series, 13.

CALLITHRIX LEUCOCEPHALA (EK. Geoffroy).
Jacchus leucocephalus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 119; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 93; Fisch., Syn.
Mamm., 1829, p. 61; Addend., 1830, p. 61; Reichenb., Voll-
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4, fig. 16; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 5.

Jacchus vulgaris Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 63, var. 4 and 5.

230 CATLIN TER IX

Hapale leucocephalus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 47.
Hapale leucocephala Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.
124, var. B; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185,
187; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 274.
Jacchus maximiliani Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
5, fig. 17.
WHITE-FRONTED MARMOSET.
Type locality. “le Brésil.” Type in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Eastern coast of Brazil in the Provinces of Minas
Gers and Espirito Santo.
Genl. Char. Face flesh color; hands and feet brown; tail ringed.
Color. Head in front of ears white; back of head and neck black;
ears black, with long black tufts; upper parts have the hairs ochra-
ceous with a subterminal black bar and yellowish white tips, giving a
mottled appearance of all three colors; arms and legs grayish brown;
throat and chest white; under parts, hands and feet, blackish brown;
tail ringed with gray and black bands. Ex type Paris Museum.
Measurements. Total length about 400; tail, 200. Skull in
mounted type specimen.

CALLITHRIX HUMERALIFER *(K. Geoffroy).

Jacchus humeralifer Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 120; Humb., Rec. Obser. Zool., 1811, (1815), p. 360;
Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 93; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 62;
Addend., 1830, p. 62; Reichenb., Vollstand. Affen, 1862, p.
4; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 63.

Hapale humeralifer Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 48; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 60; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 185, 187; Bates, Nat. Amaz., II,
1863, p. 55; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 133.

Hapale humeralifer var. D. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 189.
WHITE-SHOULDERED MARMOSET.

Type locality. “le Brésil.” Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Bahia, to the Bay of Todos os Santos,
Brazil. (Wied).

Genl. Char. Face partly naked; ears fringed with long hairs.

Color. Forehead, face, sides of head and throat bare; center and
side of head near ears, black; rest of head, tufts on ears, neck, upper

*Humboldt cites Geoffroy as the Author of this species.

CALLITHRIX 231

part of back, shoulders, arms, hands and under parts, soiled white; rest
of upper parts blackish brown, the hairs being white with blackish
brown tips, and the white shows in spots giving the back and rump a
mottled appearance; hind limbs and feet blackish brown; tail, black
and gray mixed, the hairs being gray ringed with black. Ex type
Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size about as C. yaccHus. Skull in mounted type
specimen.

It is most likely the fact that the bare head and throat of the type
is caused by the hairs having slipped, as scattered ones still are to be
seen, rather than that these naked parts are natural. The scattered
colored places on the head, and the whiteness of the hairs on the upper
part of the body, and the white mottling of the back and rump would
seem to be more a condition of partial albinism of C. JAccHus than
characters indicating a distinct species. However, it is impossible to
establish this as a fact, and until more proofs are obtained in other
specimens, duplicating the type, or examples of C. JAccHUS in various
albinistic stages, the present specimen will have to remain under the
name given to it by Geoffroy.

Bates (1. c.) gives the following account of this species as observed
by him at Santarem: “I saw in the woods on one occasion, a small
flock of monkeys, and once had an opportunity of watching the move-
ments of a sloth. The monkeys belonged to a very pretty and rare
species, a kind of Marmoset, I think the Hapale HUMERALIFER de-
scribed by Geoffroy St. Hilaire. I did not succeed in obtaining a
specimen, but saw a living example afterwards in the possession of a
shop keeper at Santarem. It seems to occur nowhere else except in the
dry woods bordering the campos in the interior parts of Brazil.
Altogether I thought it the prettiest species of its family I had yet
seen. One would mistake it at first sight for a kitten, from its small
size, varied colors and the softness of its fur. It was a most timid
creature, screaming and biting when any one attempted to handle it; it
became familiar, however, with the people of the house a few days after
it came into their possession. When hungry or uneasy it uttered a
weak querulous cry, a shrill note, which was sometimes prolonged so as
to resemble the stridulation of a grasshopper.”

CALLITHRIX ALBICOLLIS (Spix).
Jacchus albicollis Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 33, pl.
XXV; Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 60; Addend., 1830, p. 60;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 4.

232 CALLITHRIX

Hapale albicollis I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 59; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Natur., fasc. I, 1859, pp. 185, 187 ; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,
D635; varc3:

Hapale albicollis var. C. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 189.

Type locality. Woods in vicinity of Bahia, Brazil. Type in

Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Bahia, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Ears tufted; hairs on neck long forming a mantle;
size small.

Color. Top of head reddish brown; long ear tufts grayish white;
sides and back of head and neck yellowish white; upper parts mottled
with black and ochraceous, hairs tipped with white; outer side of limbs
brownish black, hairs gray tipped; throat and fore part of breast
grayish white; under parts, hands and feet blackish brown; tail brown-
ish black, indistinctly ringed with gray. Ex type Munich Museum.
The throat and fore part of chest appear yellowish, but this is merely the
reflection of the skin, the hairs being grayish white. The skull is in
the specimen.

Color. Ex specimen British Museum. Upper lip and spot on fore-
head white; head in front of ears, Prout’s brown; center of head, and
nape yellowish white, sometimes grayish white; ear tufts white; back
very similar to that of C. LEUCOCEPHALA, the hairs ochraceous with
a subterminal black bar and white tips; arms blackish brown, hairs
tipped with yellowish; legs yellowish brown; under parts pale brown
on throat and a band across chest and inner side of legs, rest blackish
brown; tail ringed black and gray, or black and yellowish; hands and
feet dark brown washed with gray.

Measurements. ‘Total length, 494; tail, 296; foot, 59; ear, 24,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 30; intertem-
poral width, 24; width of braincase, 24; zygomatic width, 30; palatal
length, 13.5; median length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series,
8; length of mandible, 28; length of lower molar series, 10.

The difference between this form and C. LEUCOCEPHALA is mainly
in the coloring of the nape and ear tufts, which are yellowish white in
C. ALBICOLLIs and black in its relative; the rest of the pelage is colored
almost exactly the same.

CALLITHRIX PYGMAA (Spix).
Jacchus pygmeus Spix, Simiz et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 32, pl.
XXIV, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 1.

CALLITHRIX 233

Hapale pygmea I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 61; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 126; Casteln., Expéd.
Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 20, pl. V, figs. 1, 2; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 186,
187; Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 220; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 277; Anders., Cat. Mamm.
Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881, p. 88; Forbes, Handb. Primates,
I, 1894, p. 135.

Cebuella pygmea Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 64.

PIGMY MARMOSET.

Type locality. Forest near Tabatinga on the Rio Solimoens,
Brazil. Type in Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forest along the Solimoens and Ucayali rivers,
Brazil, north into Mexico. (Bates).

Genl. Char. Size diminutive; ears small.

Color. Top of head dark brown, hairs pale yellow tipped with
dark brown; hairs on back black at base, then yellowish white, then
black, giving this part a mottled appearance; limbs blackish brown and
yellow ; under parts yellowish. Ex type Munich Museum.

The type is in bad condition, and a correct description of its pelage
as it was when the animal was living is impossible, as the fur is dis-
colored and the hair is mostly gone from the tail. The skull is in the
skin, and judging from the teeth, which are exposed, the animal is fully
adult, although so small in size.

Color. Adult. Head, neck and back between shoulders speckled
dark brown and gray, or dark brown and clay color; back black mottled
with buff; gray on rump; outer side of arms like head; outer side of
legs like back; throat and upper part of breast yellowish brown; ab-
domen gray, inner side of legs yellowish brown; hands and feet yellow-
ish; tail above banded with black and tawny, beneath tawny for basal
two thirds, banded with black and tawny for remainder.

Measurements. Total length, (skin), 325; tail, 165; foot to end of
nails, 46. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 34; intertemporal width, 19;
palatal length, 12; zygomatic width, 23.5; breadth of braincase, 22;
median length of nasals, 5; length of upper molar series, a 5; length of
mandible, 20; length of lower molar series, 7.

234 CALBICEBUS

GENUS CALLICEBUS. TITI MONKEYS.

2-2 1 a—8 208
I, 5-35). eas, pl pss ee

CALLICEBUS Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., XII, 1903, pp.
456, 457. Type Callithrix personatus E. Geoffroy.
Saguinus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 56, (nec Sagouin Lacép.,
1799; nec Illig., 1811).
Callithrix Auct., (nec Erxleben).

Head small, depressed; eyes small; ears large; tail long, bushy.
Skull lacks backward extension, such as exists among the species of
SAIMIRI; canines small; angle of mandible only moderately expanded.

The Titi Monkeys, as the members of this genus are usually called,
are active creatures, but less lively than the Sapajou or Capuchins, and
Bates says that C. MoLocH is a dull, listless animal. But according to
his own account, it is agile enough in the trees. Their food consists of
fruits, insects, birds’ eggs, and small birds whenever they succeed in
capturing one. Their range is extensive, comprising the greater part of
Brazil, and they are also natives of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1807. Hoffmannsegg, in Magasin fiir die neuesten Entdeckungen in
der gesammten Naturkunde. Berlin.
CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS and C. MOLocH, are here first described
as Cebus torquata and Cebus moloch.

1811. Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et

(1815). d’ Anatomie Comparée.
CALLICEBUS AMICTUS described as Simia amicTa; (S.) ToR-
guatus; (S.) lugens = CALLIcEBUS ToRQUATUS. The other
species are (S.) PERSONATUS; and (S.) MoLocH. (S.) SCIUREUS
is a SAIMIRI.

1812. E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
Under the genus CALLITHRIX six species are given as follows:
(C.) sciureus = SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; (C.) PERSONATUS de-

VOLUME I. PLATE XXVIII.

CALLICEBUS PERSONATUS.

No. 3.9.4.22. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size.

1820.

1820.

1823.

1826.

1829.

1830.

1835-
1847.

1840.

CALLICEBUS 235

scribed for the first time; (C.) lugens = CALLICEBUS TOR-
guatus; (C.) Amictus; (C.) ToRQUATUS; and (C.) MoLocH.
Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie.

Eight species are here recorded under the genus CALLITHRIX,
varying but little from Geoffroy’s list. (C.) sciuREUS =
SAIMIRI SCIUREUS; (C.) INFULATUS (Licht.), is an AorTuUs;
(C.) Torguatus; (C.) amictus; (C.) lugens = CALLICEBUS
TORQUATUS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) PERSONATUS; and (C.) MELA-
NOCHIR first described.

Desmarest, Mammalogie ou Description des espéeces de Mammi-
feres.

A repetition of Kuhl’s list is here given with the same errors
repeated.

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Like most of the previous authors, CALLITHRIX, in place of
CALLICEBUS, is here used for the genus of these monkeys, and
six species are recorded. (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) AMICTUS;
(C.) CINERASCENS; (C.) NIGRIFRONS; (C.) GiGoT; and (C.)
CUPREUS all four described for the first time.

Maximilian, Prinzen zu Wied, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte
von Brasilien.

Two species of CALLICEBUS are given in this work as (Calli-
thriz) PERSONATUS; and (C.) MELANOCHIR.

Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

In this book the species of CALLICEBUS are placed in the genus
CrBus, and six species are given and two varieties. (C.) PER-
SONATUS, with (C.) NIGRIFRONS as a synonym considered as
the young apud Temminck. (C.) TorQguaTuS, with var. B.
(C.) AmMictus; and var. ¥. (C.) lugens = CALLICEBUS TOR-
QUATUS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) MELANOCHIR; (C.) INFULATUS =
AOTUS INFULATUS; and (C.) CUPREUS.

Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam-
malium.

The list of species given in the preceding work under the genus
CeBus is here repeated.

D’Orbigny et Gervais, in Voyage dans l Amérique Méridionale.

‘Mammiferes.

CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS first described as Callithrix dona-
cophilus.
R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiferes Bimanes et Quadru-

manes.

236

1840.

1842.

1848.

1851.

1855.

1862.

1865.

CALLTI GE BUS

The species of CALLIcEBUs are here placed in his genus Sacut-
Nus, and, as in the other genera treated by the Author, are
divided into many varieties. They are (S:) MoLocH; (S.)
CUPREUS; (S.) PERSONATUS; (S.) NIGRIFRONS; var. A. (S.)
INFULATUs is an Aotus; var. B. (S.) DONACOPHILUs; and var.
C. (S.) MELANOCHIR; with (S.) CINERASCENS Spix as juv.;
(S.) vidua = C. Torguatus; (S.) amictus; and (S.) Tor-
QUATUS as (S.) AMICTUS juv.

Wagner, Schreber, die Siugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Six species and two varieties of CALLICEBUS are here given
under CALLITHRIX, viz., (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) MELANOCHIR;
(C.) DoNACOPHILUS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) CUPREUS; and (C.)
TORQUATUS, with var. B. (C.) AMicTus; and ¥. (C.) lugens =
CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS.

Wagner, in Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte.

Two species of CALLicEBUs are here first described in the
genus CALLITHRIX; (C.) CALIGATUS; and-(C.) BRUNNEUS.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus.

CALLICEBUS CUPREUS (Spix), is redescribed as Callithrix dis-
color.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

Seven species of CALLICEBUS are here recorded under the genus
CALLITHRIX, viz., (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) AmicTUS; (C.)
GIGOT; (C.) MELANOCHIR; (C.) DONACOPHILUS; (C.) discolor
= CALLICEBUS CUPREUS, and (C.) MOLOCH.

Wagner, Schreber, Die Stiugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

The list given in the previous volume is here repeated with (C.)
CALIGATUS, and (C.) BRUNNEUS added.

Reichenbach, Die Vollsténdigiste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
The species of CALLIcEBUS are here included in CALLITHRIX
and are as follows: (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.) NIGRIFRONS; (C.)
MELANOCHIR; (C.) AMICTUS; (C.) ToRQUATUS; (C.) lugens =
CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS; (C.) INFULATA = AOTUS INFULATUS;
(C.) cupREUS; (C.) MoLocH; (C.) DONACOPHILUS; (C.) dis-
color = CALLICEBUS CUPREUS; (C.) CINERASCENS; (C.) GIGOT;
(C.) CALIGATUS ; (C.) BRUNNEUS, and (C.) chlorocnemis Lund,
a Pleistocene fossil.

St. George Mivart, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.

CALLICEBUS 237

An elaborate paper on the axial skeleton of the Primates, with
critical comparisons between the Families and Genera and their
resemblance to Man.

1866. J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CALLICEBUS ORNATUS first described as Callithrix ornatus; and
C. caLicaTus redescribed as Callithrix castaneo-ventris.

1870. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.
Under the genus CALLITHRIX, eleven species of CALLICEBUUS
are here given. (C.) CUPREUS; (C.) AMICTUS; (C.) TORQUATUS ;
(C.) DONACOPHILUS (nec D’Orb.), = CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS
Thos.; (C.) MoLtocH; (C.) orNATUS; (C.) PERSONATUS; (C.)
NIGRIFRONS; (C.) castaneo-ventris = CALLICEBUS CALIGATUS ;
(C.) MELANOCHIR, and (C.) GIcor.

1883. A. von Pelzeln, Brasilische Saugethere.
Six species of CALLICEBUS are here enumerated under CALtLi-
THRIX, viz., (C.) NIGRIFRONS; (C.) MOLOCH; (C.) CALIGATA;
(C.) BRUNNEA; (C.) GicoT, and (C.) TORQUATA.

1900. Cabrera, in Anales Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural.
CALLICEBUS LEUCOMETOPA first described as Callicebus cupreus

leucometopa.

1907. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CALLICEBUS USTOFUSCUS, and C. suBRUFUs first described.

1907. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS first described.

1908. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CaLLiceBus hoffmannsi first described.

1911. O. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
CALLICEBUS EMILI first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Brazil is evidently the home of the members of this genus and
they have a wide distribution over its territory, with representatives on
the west in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In the north on
the right bank of the Orinoco near the Mission of Santa Barbara, C.
TORQUATUS is found and its range is extended in the forests watered
by the Rios Cassiquiare, Guaviare, Negro and Solimoens, going, accord-
ing to Tschudi, (1. c.) in southeastern Peru as far as Latitude 12°. On
the Upper Amazon in the forests of Olivenca near the Rio Solimoens
and thence to Peru (Tschudi), its near relative C. amicTus occurs. At

238 CALLICEBUS

Urucurituba, Santarem, on the Lower Amazon, C. HOFFMANNSI was
procured, and from near the last mentioned town, C. REMULUS was
obtained, and from Para C. EMILI@ was received. On the east coast
from the Rio St. Mattheus to Sertem de Bahia C. MELANOCHIR is met
with; and on the banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio
Tapajos, and also according to Schlegel (1. c.) at Aveyros on the Lower
Amazon, C. MoLocH dwells. Near Ilhéos south of Bahia C. cicor has
been procured, and this species goes as far to the south as New Frei-
bourg (Schlegel), between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains to the
north of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. Near the last named city extend-
ing northward to the banks of the Rio St. Mattheus (Wied), and on
the Rio Doce C. PERSONATUS ranges, and according to Tschudi, (1. c.)
it is also found in Peru between 12° and 14° South Latitude. In the
Provinces of Minas Gerzs and Rio de Janeiro C. NIGRIFRONS ranges.
The most southern locality for any member of the genus is Chaco in
Paraguay, where C. PALLESCENS has been taken. On the middle
Amazon near Teffé or Ega, C. EGERIA occurs; while at the Falls of
Bonaneira, Rio Marmoré, C. BRUNNEUS was procured; and near Borba
on the Rio Madeira, C. cALIGATUS was obtained. On the Rio Solimoens
and thence into Peru in the forests of the Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga,
also on the Rio Copataza, and at Andoas in Ecuador, C. cuPREUS
occurs, and on the banks of the Rio Potomaico, on the borders of
Peru, C. CINERASCENS was procured. From some unknown locality,
supposedly in Brazil, C. ustoruscus came. In Colombia near Bogota
C. ORNATUS was met with. At Andoas, on the Rio Pastasa in Ecuador,
C. PHNULATUS occurs, and also in the same State its locality unknown,
C. LEUCOMETOPA was obtained. Finally in Peru, at Pachite on the
Rio Ucayali, C. suBruFus occurs, and in the Province of Sara, Central
Bolivia, C. DONACOPHILUS is found. As may be seen from the above
recapitulation, the entire range of a number of species is not yet known,
and doubtless, in numerous instances, they are considerably greater
than those given.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail black.

aw Under parts red). .600% “5. TROeY a Sa a C. torquatus.

bs Wunder parts: black ©.) ryt. ATCT), SAIS C. amictus.
B. Tail grayish and black.

a. Hairs on ears dark claret brown............ C. ustofuscus.

b. Hairs on ears reddish.

Cc.

d.

é.

EALEETRGE BUGS 239

a. Forehead buffy yellow grading to ferru-
PINGUS 3 FM ail SRL ah Sead oe Hare C. cupreus.
b.’ Forehead blackish maroon ............... C. caligatus.
c.. Forehead mixed black and gray......... C. melanochir.
d.’ Forehead grizzled ochraceous ........... C. penulatus.

Hairs on ears white.
a. Hands and feet burnt sienna, fingers

Stayish) rufous cx, shledc) Ae Pee ous ters Seer C. egeria.
‘ Hands and feet chestnut ............: C. leucometopa.

c. Hands and feet bright chestnut red,
fingersianid toes avhite: .. 2a) ie). bP eck C. subrufus.

d.’ Hands and feet black, hairs tipped with
WAITER ices ‘ato o: denies ave a coyenaaneam a een, bSHe 2 C. hoffmannsi.

e. Hands and feet yellowish gray.

a.’ Under parts coppery red. $2.0... 00.60 C. ornatus.
Bb’ = Under parts rufous 239% oS: ee C. remulus.

u”

c.” Under parts dark cinnamon rufous.C. donacophilus.
Hairs on ears ashy gray; under parts bright
GQUARRSHa es .. tevit ss acta haleir aerate s eee tohana 3 C. emilia.
Hairs on ears yellowish gray.
a. Cheeks yellow, chest and belly pale rufous. .C. pallescens.
b.’ Cheeks, chest and belly reddish ........... C. moloch.

,

c. Cheeks, chest and belly grayish white...C. cinerascens.

C. Tail tawny, or cinnamon rufous.
a.

Hairs on ears black.

a, Top of head grayish brown ............ C. nigrifrons.
G2. “Vop- of head pale’gray” . Vac te et = isl 4.6 ss C. gigot.
Gz ne Lop, Of head black |i .wiaptayey Mla eicievaices « C. personatus.
d.’ Top of head yellowish brown ........... C. brunneus.

CALLICEBUS TORQUATUS (Hoffmannsegg).

Cebus torquatus Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, X, 1807,

p. 86.

Simia (Callithrix) lugens Humb., Rec. Zool. Observ., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 357; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
1828, p. 18, 10me Legon.

Simia (Callithrix) torquatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,

(1815), p. 357.

Callithrix torquatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 114; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; E. Geoff., Cours

240 CALEICEBUS

Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth.
Suppl., I, 1840, p. 234; V, 1855, p. 119; Tschudi, Faun.
Peruan., 1846, p. 47; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852,
pp. 107-109; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22,
no fig.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 235; von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1833, p. 20; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 159.

Callithrix lugens E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 113; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 89; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18,
10me Lecon; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 862, p. 22,
no fig.

Sanguinus vidua Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 166; Jd. Nouv. Tab.

Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 8.
WHITE-COLLARED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Right bank of the River Tocantins near its mouth.

Geogr. Distr. River Tocantins; mountains on right bank of the
Orinoco, near Mission of Santa Barbara; the forests near the Rio
Cassiquiare and the Rio Guaviare near St. Fernando de Atabapo;
upper reaches of the Rio Negro; forest of Olivenga on the right bank
of the Rio Solimoens; Southern Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. Fur long, soft, woolly; ears short, nearly naked.

Color. Face naked, or with a few short white hairs on lips and
cheeks; forehead, sides of head in front of ears, limbs, feet and tail
black; upper parts dark maroon; under parts paler with the throat
white, this hue extending as a kind of collar up to the ears; hands
yellowish white.

Measurements. Total length, 800; tail, 475. Skull: intertemporal
width, 35; breadth of braincase, 39; palatal length, 18; median length
of nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 43;
length of lower molar series, 18.

CALLICEBUS AMICTUS *(E. Geoffroy).
Callithrix amictus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 114; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 10me
Legon; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 39; Desm., Mamm., 1820,
p. 8; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 234; V,

*“Espéce inédite,’ E. Geoffroy. This Author and Humboldt must have
seen each other’s MSS. as each cites the other’s article on the Monkeys,
although these were published some years apart.

CALLICEBUS 241

1855, p. 119; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Dahlb.,
Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 152-
154; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22, fig. 58;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 54; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p.
634.

Simia (Callithrix) amicta Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 357.

Callithrix amicta Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 13, pl.
XIII; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 167; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 161.

Callithrix torquatus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 235.
(Patt):

WHITE-CRESTED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Forest of Olivenga near Solimoens River, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Upper Amazon region, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. Torguatus, but differs in having under
parts black instead of red.

Color. Face bare; white hairs on cheeks and on under lip; head,
whiskers and throat, arms, legs, feet, tail and under parts of body
black; upper part of chest extending upward to ears in a half collar,
and hands white.

Measurements. Total length, 863; tail, 482; foot, 76.2. Ex speci-
men in Paris Museum procured from Frank of Amsterdam in 1849.
It is marked “type” on the label, but of course it is not E. Geoffroy’s
type. No skull.

This species has frequently been considered the same as C.
TORQUATUS, but the black under parts of the body will always cause
it to be easily distinguished from its relative. It appears to be rare
in collections.

CaLLIcEBUS ustoFUscuUS Elliot.
Callicebus ustofuscus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 1907, 7th
Sen, piss.

Type locality. Brazil. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Allied to C. cuprEus, but color much darker. Skull
has the teeth much larger; palate longer and narrower; braincase
wider; space between pterygoid processes and bullae, and the width
of basioccipital throughout its length, greater. Practically the skull
is larger and more massive in every way. Mandible much larger and
heavier, and the depth of the ramus very much greater.

242 CALRELNGEBUS

Color. The general appearance of this animal shows a burnt
umber color, the hairs having a slaty base and then annulated with
two slate and two clay color bands, and a dark tip. Face naked,
black; top of head mixed dark ochraceous rufous and black, the black
predominating on the forehead; the rump is redder than the back
being somewhat of a burnt sienna color; outer side of limbs, hands
and feet, very dark claret brown; sides of head, throat, inner side of
limbs and under parts maroon; tail for one third the basal length
black, the hairs being chestnut with broad black tips; rest of tail mixed
black and yellowish gray or very pale clay color, the under parts of the
tail being almost altogether of this color; ears black. Ex type British
Museum.

Measurements. Size about the same as C. cupreus. Skull: occip-
ital region has been cut off. Intertemporal width, 32; zygomatic width,
41; palatal length, 21; width between last molars, 12; breadth of brain-
case, 35; median length of nasals, 9; length of upper molar series, 14;
length of first upper molar, 5; length of mandible, 42; extreme height
of mandible, 35; length of lower molar series, 17.5. Ex type British
Museum.

This species is nearest to C. CUPREUS but is altogether different in
color, being darker in all its hues. The skulls also are not at all in
accord, the differences mentioned being very conspicuous when a com-
parison is made. The unique example is in the British Museum
Collection, and all that is recorded of its history is that it came from
Brazil, collected by Castelnau.

CALLICEBUS CUPREUS (Spix).

Callithrix cuprea Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 23, pl.
XVII; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 233; V,
1855, p. 114; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
23, fig. 59; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 54; E. Bartl., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 219; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 236; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 394; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 160, pl. XIV.

Callithrix discolor I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, V,
1845, p. 551, pl. XXVIII; Jd. Compt. Rend., XXVII, 1848,
p. 498; Id. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 41; Casteln., Expéd.
Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 11; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth.
Suppl., V, 1855, p. 114; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

CALLICEBUS 243

Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 151, 153; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23, fig. 62; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p. 219. (footnote).

RED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Banks of the Solimoens River, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Regions of the Peruvian Amazons; Solimoens,
Ucayali, Huallaga and Copataza rivers; and Andoas, Ecuador.

Color. Face black; top of head gray, becoming orange rufous on
occiput, or buff-yellow on forehead grading into ferruginous on occi-
put, these colors due solely to the tips of the hairs which are black
on the basal portion; upper parts reddish brown and black, the former
being the tips of the hairs, producing an annulated appearance; sides
of head, limbs, hands, feet, and under parts coppery red; tail mixed
grayish white and black, the basal portion like the back; hairs on
ears coppery red. Ex type Munich Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 900; tail, 290; foot, 85; ex Spix’s
type. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; zygomatic width, 39; inter-
temporal width, 36; palatal length, 18; width of braincase, 34; median
length of nasals, 6; length of upper molar series, 14; length of man-
dible, 38; length of lower molar series, 15. Ex specimen Brit. Mus.

There is some variation among individuals of this species, and
some have the upper parts a uniform Vandyke brown, palest on the
center of the back, without the annulations so characteristic of the
typical style; the tail also is mixed ochraceous buff and black with a
buffy tip, the rest of the pelage however, being coppery red as in the
others.

Specimen in Paris Museum marked CALLitHRIx piscotor I.
Geoff. et Deville, type, cannot be separated from the present species.
It is somewhat faded in the lighter colors, but otherwise resembles
C. cupreus. There are several examples in the Munich Museum
obtained by Spix and all marked ‘Type.’ From one of these my
description was taken.

Mr. E. Bartlett, (1. c.) says that this Monkey is equally dis-
tributed, but not so numerous as SAIMIRI uSTUS, in fact it may be
regarded as rather rare, that is in eastern Peru. He procured it at
Cashiboya on the Ucayali and at Santa Cruz on the Huallaga.

CALLICEBUS CALIGATUS (Wagner).
Callithrix caligata Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., I, 1842, p. 357; Id.

Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 116; Reichenb., Voll-

244 CALLICEBUS

stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 69; Schleg., Mus. Pays-
Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 237.
Callithrix castaneo-ventris Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII,
1866, p. 58; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; von Pelz., Brazil. Saugth., 1883, p.
19; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 164.
RED-BELLIED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Banks of the River Madeira near Borba, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Western Brazil.

Genl. Char. Resembles C. cupreus, but the head is black on top,
and hands and feet are black instead of coppery red.

Color. Top of head from forehead to between ears blackish
maroon ; face black ; the upper parts are reddish brown like C. cuPREUS
annulated with black darkest on dorsal line; limbs and under parts
coppery red; hands and feet black with numerous yellow hairs mixed;
tail black at base, grayish white for the rest of its length; a second
specimen has the tail black for basal third, then mixed gray and black,
and tip grayish white. Hairs on ears black.

Measurements. Size about equal to C. cupreus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 67.3; Hensel, 44.2; zygomatic width, 48.9; palatal length,
28.5; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series, 14.3;
length of mandible, 48.5; length of lower molar series, 26.6. Ex
specimen 8.5.9.9. British Museum.

CALLICEBUS MELANOCHIR (Kuhl).

Callithrix melanochir Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 40; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 88; Wied, Beitr., II, 1820, p. 114; Id. Ab-
handl. Akad. Miinch., IV, 1828, fig. 6; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 230; V, 1855, p. 113; I. Geoff.,
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg.
Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 153-154; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 22, fig. 57; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 57;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 233; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 165.

BLACK-HANDED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Bahia.

Geogr. Distr. East coast of Brazil, from the Rio St. Mattheus to
Sertem de Bahia.

Color. Male. Entire back from between shoulders to tail, and

flanks ferruginous; head, neck, shoulders and outer side of limbs

CALLICEBUS 245

iron gray, lightest on top of head and nape; inner side of limbs and |
under parts, blackish gray; tail brownish gray, more brown than gray
at base; hands reddish brown; feet black. |
Female. Forehead reddish; top of head yellowish gray; upper
parts sooty gray tinged with reddish; outer side of limbs and under
parts yellowish brown; hands and feet blackish brown; tail reddish |
brown. These specimens are in the Paris Museum. The ¢ was
obtained from the Prince of Wied, and must be a co-type from Brazil, |
the 2 was purchased from Parzudaki, no locality. |
Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63 ; zygomatic width, |
40; intertemporal width, 32; palatal length, 20; breadth of braincase,
35; median length of nasals, 11; length of upper molar series, 17;
length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18.5. Ex British
»Museum specimen. .

This species has been usually attributed to the Prince of Wied,
and Kuhl himself attaches the Prince’s name to the one he gives the |
species. But the ‘Beitrage’ in which the Prince’s description is found, i
was published six years after Kuhl’s work appeared, and even if he |
took a MS. name given by the Prince to the species, it would stand |
as Kuhl’s who first described it in 1820.

}
CALLICEBUS PZNULATUS Elliot. ; |
Callicebus penulatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th Ser., it
1909, p. 244. 1
Type locality. Andoas on the Pastas River, Ecuador. Type in HI
British Museum. i]
Genl. Char. Fur very long, thick and fluffy; mantle uniform :
color, distinct from back; arms from elbows, and hands, feet and legs i]
to above knees, uniform color. |
Color. Forehead grizzled ochraceous, the hairs black with ochra- |
ceous tips, this being the dominant color; crown and occiput rich
cinnamon rufous, the color produced by tips of hairs; mantle tawny
ochraceous uniform, extending behind shoulders; middle of back dark
hair brown, grading into tawny ochraceous on the rump; flanks dark
grizzled brownish gray; hair on ears, cheeks, arms from above elbows,
hands, legs from above knees, feet, inner side of limbs, chin, throat
and under parts, rich dark burnt sienna; tail very long, grizzled white
and black, the orange buff of the basal portion of the hairs showing
through, darkest at base and the tip buff. The root of the tail is
tawny ochraceous like the rump. Ex type British Museum.

a
" mF
SSS LIONEL TOD

246 CABIN CEBES

Measurements. Total length, 850; tail, 520, (skin). Skull: occip-
ito-nasal length, 57.3; Hensel, (skull broken); zygomatic width,
40.6; palatal length, 29.1; median length of nasals, 9.3; length of upper
molar series, 14.2; length of mandible, 41.3; length of lower molar
series, 15.8.

This species differs in many ways from all others of the genus.
It is the only one of the C. cupreus style with a uniformly colored
mantle, and one so long and thick as to resemble a mane; the red on
arms and legs extends much higher than on any other species, and
the fur everywhere is longer and thicker. A single specimen was
procured by Mr. Buckley at Andoas.

CALLICEBUS EGERIA Thomas.
Callicebus egeria Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th Ser.,

p. 89.

Type locality. Teffé, Middle Amazon, Brazil. Type in British
Museum.

Color. Top of head grizzled gray; neck and upper parts grizzled
grayish brown; arms from elbows, legs from below knees, and feet a
rather dark burnt sienna hue; hands like feet but the fingers grayish
with a rufous wash; arms above elbows, and legs above knees, grizzled
grayish brown like back ; cheeks, throat, and under parts with under side
of limbs, dark burnt sienna; tail grizzled gray and black, darkest on
basal third. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 760; tail, 430; hind foot, 84. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 67.4; Hensel, 48.6; zygomatic width, 46.7 ; palatal
length, 27.9; median length of nasals, 17.4; length of upper molar
series, 14.8; length of mandible, 47.1; length of lower molar series,
16. Ex type British Museum.

The type is a young adult male, paler in general coloration than
C. cupreus to which it bears the closest resemblance, but differs
in its gray crown.

CALLICEBUS LEUCOMETOPA (Latorre).
Callithrix cuprea leucometopa Latorre, Ann. Soc. Espagn. Hist.

Nat., No. 29, 1900, p. 83.
Type locality. Ecuador. Type in Madrid Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Ecuador.
Genl. Char. Similar to C. cupreus but forehead white or grayish
white, top of head gray.

CALLICEBUS 247

Color. Face black; forehead white or grayish white; top of head
iron gray; sides of head, throat, and under parts, chestnut red; lower
part of outer and inner side of limbs, hands and feet, chestnut red;
the upper part of limbs iron gray; tail black with gray mixed, remain-
der silvery gray; hair on ears grayish white.

Measurements. Size of C. cupreus. Skull: occipito-nasal length,
56; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 28;
width of braincase, 33; median length of nasals, 7; length of upper
molar series, 14; length of mandible, 38; length of lower molar series,
15. Example in British Museum.

CALLICEBUS SUBRUFUS Elliot.

Callicebus subrufus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 1907, 7th

Ser., p. 192.

Type locality. Pachite, Ucayali River, Peru. Altitude between
400 and 500 feet. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Allied to C. LEUcoMETOPA, but color entirely different.

Color. Face black; a narrow black bar on forehead above eyes,
succeeded by a broader white one; rest of head on top, neck and entire
upper parts bright russet, becoming darker and more reddish on the
rump, the hairs being slate at base, then alternately ringed with slate
and bright russet, or on the rump with slate and dark russet or
reddish ; arms to elbows, and thighs to knees, rest of outer side of limbs,
hands and feet bright chestnut red; side of face, whiskers, inner side
of limbs, throat, chest, and middle of abdomen bright chestnut red;
fingers and toes yellowish gray; tail, basal third black, with chestnut
hair mixed with black at the root, remainder light gray above, nearly
whitish beneath; hairs on ears white. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size about equal to that of C. LEUCOMETOPA.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 51; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 35;
intertemporal width, 29; palatal length, 18; breadth of braincase, 33;
median length of nasals, 6? (broken) ; length of upper molar series,
15; length of mandible, 35; length of lower molar series, 16. Ex type
British Museum.

While allied to C. LEUcoMEToPA the great difference the present
animal exhibits in its coloration makes it easily recognizable. In its
gray fingers and toes it shows a leaning towards C. orNATUS, but in
other respects it has no resemblance to that species. The unique
example in the Collection of the British Museum is fully adult, but
not old.

248 CALLICEBUS

CALLICEBUS HOFFMANNSI Thomas.
Callicebus hoffmannsi Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th
Ser., p. 89.

Type locality. Urucurituba, Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil.
Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Tail long, under parts very light color.

Color. Top of head, hands and feet black, the hairs with white
tips which give the dominant hue, making these parts appear as if
frosted; upper parts of body dark rufous, the hairs being black and
ringed and tipped with rufous ; upper side of arms with the hairs black,
tipped with white; outer side of legs hoary, paler than arms; cheeks
and under parts, and inner side of arms and legs, all but cheeks very
sparsely haired, yellowish white; tail black with a brownish gloss. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 815; tail, 440; foot, 91. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 68; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 43; palatal
length, 27; median length of nasals, 17; length of upper molar series,
16.3. Ex type British Museum.

While resembling C. poNAcorHiLus from Bolivia somewhat on
the upper parts of the body, this species is easily recognized by its black
tail and hoary head, black hands and feet, and pale under parts. The
specimen is old with teeth much worn.

CALLICEBUS ORNATUS Gray.
Callithrix ornata Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, 4th Ser.,
1866, p. 57; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 238.
Callithrix ornatus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55.
THE ORNATE TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Near Bogota, Colombia. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Colombia, Peru, South America.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. cuprEus and C. cALicatus, but the top
of head is mixed black and coppery red behind the white forehead, and
hands and feet yellowish gray.

Color. . Face black, naked; forehead white, top of head coppery
red and black; nape, neck and upper parts mixed gray, black and
ochraceous, giving it a grizzled appearance with an ochraceous wash;
outer side of limbs gray; sides of head, (where the hairs take the
shape of whiskers), inner side of limbs and entire under parts cop-
pery red; hands and feet yellowish gray; tail mixed gray and black.
Hairs on ears white. Ex type British Museum.

GALE OE BUS, 249

Measurements. Skull: intertemporal width, 32; breadth of brain-
case, 36; palatal length, 18; zygomatic width, 42; median length of
nasals, 8.5; length of upper molar series, 15; length of mandible, 42;
length of lower molar series, 17; occipital region gone. Ex type
British Museum.

CALLICEBUS REMULUS Thomas.
Callicebus remulus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th
Ser., p. 88.
Type locality. Santarem, Lower Amazon, Brazil. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. HOFFMANNsI but under parts rufous.

Color. Forehead yellowish white; top of head gray; nape and
dorsal region like C. HOFFMANNSI, being dark rufous, the black hairs
being ringed and tipped with that color; sides of body grizzled grayish
brown; outer sides of limbs grayish brown grizzled, but paler than
the flanks; under side of limbs and under parts rufous, this color
showing on side of legs from above; hands and feet grayish white;
whiskers pale rufous, base of hairs yellowish; tail black, the hairs
yellowish at base; root of tail rufous; ears black sparsely covered with
gray hairs. Ex type British Museum.

‘Measurements. Total length, 705; tail, 420; foot, 82. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 53.3; Hensel, 42.4; zygomatic width, 48; palatal
length, 27.2; median length of nasals, 17.1; length of upper molar
series, 14.3; length of mandible, 39; length of lower molar series, 25.5.
Ex type British Museum.

The type which represents the species in the British Museum Col-
lection is a young adult with the teeth entirely unworn. In various
respects it resembles C. HOFFMANNSI and it comes from the same place,
Santarem, but the gray hands and feet, and rufous under parts easily
distinguish it. It is desirable to have more specimens so as definitely
to determine whether two species of this genus really are found in
practically the same locality, or whether age and sex may not account
for the different coloring in the types of C. REMULUs and C. HOFF-
MANNSI.

The type of the present species is much smaller than that of
C. HOFFMANNSI as would be expected considering the difference of age.

CALLICEBUS DONACOPHILUS (D’Orbigny).
Callithrix donacophilus D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mamm.,
1847, p. 10, pl. V; Wagn., Schreb., Sdugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p.

250 CAB BLCE BGS

232; V, 1855, p. 116; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40;

Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp.

152, 154; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23,

fig. 61; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 240.
D’ORBIGNY’S TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Province of Sara, Bolivia.

Geogr. Distr. Found in high forests, Province of Sara, Central
Bolivia, alt. 2,100 feet. British Museum Collection.

Color. Top and sides of head reaching to the throat, varying
from orange rufous and black to cinnamon rufous and black; upper
parts varying from dark grayish brown to a reddish brown washed
with gray, grading into deep russet on the rump; flanks, hairs broadly
tipped with grayish white, forming a whitish fringe along the sides;
arms to elbows like back; forearms silvery gray and black, the hairs
black at base with silvery gray tips; outer side of legs gray and deep
russet; inner side of limbs, and under parts dark cinnamon rufous,
darkest on belly; hands and feet yellowish gray to iron gray; fingers
and toes whitish; tail, grayish white at base, yellowish gray for the
remainder ; hairs on ears white; face covered with short white hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 745; tail, 415; foot, 90; ears, 35.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 55.6; Hensel, 43.9; zygomatic width, 47.5;
palatal length, 15.7; median length of nasals, 7.4; length of upper
molar series, 14; length of mandible, 42.1; length of lower molar
series, 16. Ex specimen 7.8.2.12. British Museum.

The specimen from which D’Orbigny’s figure was taken is in the
Paris Museum, and marked “type de la figure.” It is greatly faded,
-but still in the main corresponds to the description given above from
fresh examples in the British Museum, obtained in practically the
same locality from which D’Orbigny’s type came. The real type of
C. DONACOPHILUS cannot be identified, as all the examples are marked
as ‘types’ and there is no way of ascertaining which was the one origi-
nally described.

CALLICEBUS EMILIZ Thomas.

Callicebus emilie Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, 8th Ser., 1911,

p. 606.

Type locality. Lower Amazon. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Back, bay or hazel.

Color. Upper surface rich rufous bay or hazel; hairs on nape
grizzled brown and whitish, tips rufous; crown grayish; ears ashy
gray, long hairs with black tips; indistinct line on flanks, arms from

——

ee a se

ee ee eS

GALE! CE BY-S: 251

wrists to shoulders, and legs from hips to ankles grizzled ashy gray ;
under surface and inner side of limbs bright orange rufous. Tail at
base chestnut brown, then black with a whitish tuft at end.

Measurements. Total length, 720; tail, 400; foot, 81. I have not
seen this specimen.

CALLICEBUS PALLESCENS Thomas.
Callicebus pallescens Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, 7th Ser.,

1907, p. 161.
-Callithrix donacophilus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, 1870, p. 55, (nec D’Orb.).

Type locality. Chaco in Paraguay, 30 miles north of Concepcion.
Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small; fur thick, soft.

Color. Above pale grayish, generally suffused with pinkish buff,
palest on rump; basal half of fur dark brown, remainder pinkish buff ;
long hairs ringed with black and white; under parts and inner sides of
limbs rufous; hairs of head yellow and ringed with black; muzzle and
lips whitish; hands blackish, white hairs on fingers; feet grayish white ;
outer side of arms with hairs buff at base, tips black; legs dark ochra-
ceous; tail yellowish brown, hairs ringed with black, and white tipped.
Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 755; tail, 390; hind foot, 84. Skull:
total length, 58.5; Hensel, 43; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal
width, 36.7; median length of nasals, .90; length of upper molar series,
14.2; length of mandible, 45.5; length of lower molar series, 15.9.
Ex type British Museum.

This is a pale yellowish brown species, with certain resemblances to
C. DONACOPHILUS, but evidently quite distinct. The type is unique.

CALLICEBUS MOLOCH (Hoffmannsegg).

Cebus moloch Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, X, 1807,
p. 86.

Simia (Callithrix) moloch Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,
(1815), p. 358.

Callithrix moloch E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 14; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 40; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 87; E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 19,
10me Lecon; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840. p. 238;
V, 1855, p. 113; I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
IV, 1844, p. 38, pl. IIL; Jd. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 41; Dahlb.,

252 CALLICEBUS

Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 151,
153; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 23, fig. 60;
Bates, Nat. Amaz., II, 1863, p. 98; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 55;
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 239; von Pelz., Bras.
Saugeth., 1883, p. 10; Weldon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884,
p. 89, fig. 3; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 162.

Saguinus moloch Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 151; Id. Nouv.
Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 8.

THE ARABASSU TITI.

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Para.

Geogr. Distr. Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio
Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Cheeks, chest and belly reddish.

Color. Top of head, nape, shoulders and outer sides of arms,
brownish gray, the hairs with black tips; rest of upper parts reddish
brown, hairs annulated with black; hind limbs similar to arms but
paler; sides of head, under parts and inner side of limbs orange red;
hands and feet gray; tail reddish brown and black at base, black and
gray washed with brown for remainder, the hairs being pale brownish
gray with black tips. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size of C. cupreus. Skull: occipito-nasal length,
53; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal width, 31; length
of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 15; length of mandible, 36;
length of lower molar series, 17.

At Aveyros on the Amazon, Bates (1. c.) met with this species,
the only monkey in that locality, and which was called by the Indians
Thacapu-sai. Although allied to the Cebi he found that it possessed
none of their restless activity, but was dull and listless. It goes in
small flocks of five or six individuals, and runs along the main boughs
of the trees. He obtained an individual one morning at sunrise on a
low fruit tree behind his house, the only instance in his experience of
one being captured in such a situation, for it must have descended to
the ground and walked some distance to reach it. Though kept as a
pet by the natives, it is not very amusing and does not live long in
captivity.

CALLICEBUS CINERASCENS (Spix).
Callithrix cinerascens Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 20, pl.
XIV, juv.; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 24,
fig. 67; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 161.

CAL EGE BUS: 253

THE REED TITI MONKEY.
Type locality. Forest of the Potomaio and Ica rivers, on the

borders of Peru. Type in Munich Museum.

Color. Hairs on forehead yellowish white at base, then black,
and tips grayish white; back of neck yellowish; upper parts of body
rufous, becoming blackish on rump; cheeks and chin white with a
grayish subterminal black ring; limbs brown, hairs tipped with grayish
white, and with a subterminal black ring; under parts of body grayish
white; hands and feet similar to limbs, but darker almost black, the
hairs tipped with gray; tail brownish black, tip reddish, the hairs,
except those of the tip, being yellowish white at base, remainder black.

Measurements. Total length, 865; tail, 465; foot, 90. Ex type
Munich Museum. There was no skull.

The above description was taken from the specimen labelled as
Spix’s type in the Munich Museum. As will be noticed it bears no
resemblance whatever to the figure on plate XIV of Spix’s work, and is
generally quite different from his description, at the same time it is
not like any of the described species of the genus. In general appear-
ance it is a reddish brown animal with nearly all the hairs tipped with
grayish white, and most of them with a subterminal black ring.

’ The tail appears black with a red tip. I have never seen a gray or
ashy CALLicEBus like Spix’s figure, and doubt if one exists in any
collection. If the present example in the Munich Museum is really the
type of C. CINERASCENS the general idea of its appearance will have
to be changed from Spix’s figure of an ashy gray animal, to a reddish
brown one speckled with grayish white. If Spix’s draughtsman
intended to represent the present type by the figure on plate XIV, he
made a grievous failure. The type specimen is unique. Spix’s descrip-
tion is as follows: “Ce singe a presque le taille du Saimiri. Son occi-
put et le dos sont d’un gris rougisseant, l’avant front, les quatres pieds et
le dessous du corps d’un gris de souris, et la queue noiratre. La téte
est trés allongée, la face aigue, brunatre, nue sur les sourcils et sur le
nez, et du reste vétue de petits poils cendrés, entremélés de quelques
poils roides noirs; des poils plus longs, cendrés, rayonnent autour
Vextérieur de la face presque jusqu’a la gorge; les poils du corps ne
sont pas si longs comme chez les autres espéces de ce genre. Les
oreilles sont un peu tronquées, nues en dedans, et tres pelues en déhors.
Les mains et les pattes porte la méme couleur que la reste des pieds;
les dents et les ongles ont presque la méme forme que ceux de la précé-
dente espéce, (C. amictus). J’ai trouvé ce singe dans les fdrets de la
riviere Potomaio ou Ica aux frontiéres du Pérou.”

254 CALLIGEBUS

CALLICEBUS NIGRIFRONS (Spix).

Callithrix nigrifrons Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 15, pl.
XV; Wagn., Abhand. Akad. Miinch., V, 1848, p. 447; Jd.
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 110; Reichenb., Voll-
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 121, fig. 56; Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 232; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; von Pelz.,
Brasil. Saugeth., 1883, p. 19; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,

1894, p. 164.
BLACK-FRONTED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Province of Minas Geres, Brazil. Type in Munich
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. From Province of Minas Geres to that of Rio
de Janeiro, where the species meets with C. PERSONATUS.

Genl. Char. Forehead and stripe to ears black, but in some
examples the stripe is wanting; throat grayish, not black.

Color. Face naked, black; forehead with a black stripe to ears;
hands black; feet reddish brown, toes black; top of head and neck
buff, hairs with a subterminal black ring; hairs on upper parts of body
pale orange ochraceous with a subterminal black ring; forearms black,
the pale orange rufous of base of hairs showing through; arms from
shoulders to elbows like back; hinder parts and inner side of limbs
buff; tail tawny, hairs blackish towards tips. Ex type Munich
Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 960; tail, 455; foot, 100. Ex type
Munich Museum.

The above description taken from Spix’s type will hardly answer
for the figure on Spix’s plate, which does not represent the species, nor
agree with his description. The various descriptions in Spix’s volume,
should have the chief attention, and species be determined by them, for
not a few of his figures are quite unlike the types, (making all allow-
ance for the lapse of time and possible discoloration of the specimens),
and would certainly mislead an investigator trying to determine his
material. There is a certain amount of variation in coloring existing
among examples of this species, and some do not have the black stripe
on forehead to reach the ears, and the apical half of the tail is much
lighter, being at times cream buff.

CALLICEBUS GIGOT (Spix).
Callithrix gigot Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 22, pl.
XVI; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Wagn., Schreb.,

CAELICEBUS 255

Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 112; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 152-154; Casteln.,
Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855, p. 10; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg.
Affen, 1862, p. 24, fig. 68; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz,
1876, p. 234; von Pelz., Bras. Saugeth., 1883, p. 19; Weldon,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 165.

Callithrix gigo Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1876, p. 57.

GRAY TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Near Ilhéos, south of Bahia, Brazil. Type in
Munich Museum.

Geogr. Distr. South of Bahia near Ilhéos, (Spix) ; New Frei-
bourg, between the Rio Parahyba and the mountains north of Bay of
Rio de Janeiro, (Schlegel). :

Color. Male. Face naked, black; narrow line on forehead and
side of face; ears, hands and feet black; hairs on top of head short,
black with grayish white tips; hairs on upper parts long, woolly, black-
ish brown at base, remainder reddish brown; limbs -and flanks like
back but darker, and blackish on outer side; under parts yellowish
gray; tail cinnamon rufous, with many black hairs intermingled. Ex
type Munich Museum.

Female. Has the lower back decidedly reddish, otherwise like the
male.

Measurements. Total length, 975; tail, 520; foot, 105. Ex type
Munich Museum. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 58; Hensel, 46; zygo-
matic width, 38; intertemporal width, 31; palatal length, 20; breadth
of braincase, 33; median length of nasals, 9; length of upper molar
series, 15; length of mandible, 43; length of lower molar series, 18.
Ex specimen in British Museum.

Spix’s figure of this species, like that of C. NIGRIFRONS, in no way
represents the type, which is a darker animal and of quite a different
color. Spix’s description however is fairly correct.

CALLICEBUS PERSONATUS (EK. Geoffroy).
Callithrix personatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 113, (Espéce inédite) ; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p.
40; Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 86; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert.
Bras., p. 18, pl. XII; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840,

256 CAT ERGE BY,S:

p. 229; V, 1855, p. 110; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 46°
I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 40; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1852, pp. 107-109; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg.
Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 153-155; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 21, figs. 54-55; Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1865, pp. 555-584; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 56; Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 231.

Simia (Callithrix) personatus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,
(1815), p. 457

Pithecia melanops Vig., Cat. Coll. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6.

Cebus personatus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pl. VI; Less.,
Nouv. Tabl. Reg. Anim., 1842, p. 87.

Saguinus personatus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 162.
MASKED TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. “le Brésil.” Type unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Region of the Upper Amazon, south to latitude
14°.

Genl. Char. Head to behind ears, and throat black.

Color. Male. Face naked, black; head to behind ears, throat,
hands and feet black; nape yellowish white; back pale reddish brown
becoming a bright hazel on the rump; limbs cream buff tinged with
gray; chest orange rufous, passing into blackish brown on abdomen;
tail burnt sienna red.

Female. Head and throat black like the male; nape, upper part
of back and arms yellowish white; middle of back russet grading into
a reddish brown on rump; flanks and legs grayish white; center of
abdomen pale ochraceous rufous, sides grayish white.

The males vary greatly in coloring even in the same locality, and
some have the upper part of back and arms whitish yellow like the
nape, or a dark brownish gray, with lower back and rump dark grayish
brown, or reddish brown with the under parts uniform dark grayish
brown. _

The female is therefore much paler than the male, with a reddish
brown back.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 70; Hensel, 55;
zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width, 35; palatal length, 23.5;
breadth of braincase, 37; median length of nasals, 11; length of
upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 52; length of lower molar
series, 20.

CALLICEBUS 257

CALLICEBUS BRUNNEUS (Wagner).
Callithrix brunnea Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv., 1842, I, p. 357; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 118; Reichenb., Vollstand.
Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 70; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas,

Simiz, 1876, p. 230; von Pelz., Brasil. Saugeth., 1883, p. 20.
BROWN MASKED TITI.

Type locality. Falls of the Bonaneira, Rio Mamoré, Brazil. Type
in Vienna Museum.

Color. Face black; forehead black; hairs tipped with red; these
red tips are absent on the center of the forehead in front, which is jet
black, but behind this and on the sides the red tips dominate, and the color
is dark red, the black not showing; whiskers dark red, hairs tipped with
black, just the opposite to the coloring of the forehead; top and back
of head, back and sides of neck, and entire upper parts pale yellowish
brown, the hairs being rufous and tipped with yellowish brown, which
becomes the dominant color of the upper parts; throat, breast, under
parts, flanks and limbs on inner and outer sides reddish chestnut, some
hairs on inner side of arms tipped with black; hands and feet black;
tail reddish chestnut, hairs with black tips, tip of tail yellowish brown;
tufts on ears black. Ex type Vienna Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 815; tail, 440; foot, 90. Ex type
Vienna Museum.

Three specimens are in the Vienna Museum, a male and two
females obtained by Natterer. It is a strongly marked species not to
be confounded with any other. Unfortunately there is no skull. The
general appearance is that of a reddish animal with a yellowish brown
back and black forehead. There is no difference in color between
the sexes.

258 ALOUATTA

FAMILY 2. CEBIDZ.
Subfamily 1. Alouattinz.

GENUS ALOUATTA. HOWLING MONKEYS.

2—2 1—1 3—3 3—3
I: 23 C. T3 P. 3-33 M. a3 — 35.

ALOUATTA Lacépéde, Tabl. Div. Sous-div. Ordres et Genres, Mamm.,
1799, p.4. Type Simia beelzebul Linnzus.
Mycetes Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, p. 70.
Stentor E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812, p. 107.
Head pyramidal; body thick, heavy; face naked; chin bearded;
tail long, prehensile, naked at tip; thumb opposable. Skull: braincase
depressed; occipital region truncate; angle of mandible enormously
developed ; lower incisors vertical ; canines rather strong; claws convex,
powerful ; hyoid greatly inflated.

This subfamily has but one genus, embracing the largest species of
monkeys found in the New World. Their body is thick-set and heavy,
the mandible at the angle is very deep and massive, the throat is large
and thick, and the larynx extraordinarily developed. The basihyal is
greatly enlarged, and is expanded into a bony capsule which is lined
by a continuation of the thyroid sac, and so the animal is able, by
means of this peculiar formation, to produce the great volume of sound
for which it is noted, and from which the trivial name of Howling
Monkey is derived. The tone is deep and far reaching, resounding
through the forest for an estimated distance of three miles. The tail
is long and prehensile, but partially naked, and while of considerable
advantage to the animal for grasping, does not attain the sensibility
and extreme mobility of the. same organs of the species of ATELEUs,
whose tails are equal in their service to a fifth hand. The thumb of
the Howling Monkey is well developed and opposable. The face is
naked, and a heavy beard hangs beneath the chin, especially thick in
old males. Their movements are slow and their tempers sullen, and
the animal is practically untamable and soon dies when held in cap-
tivity. Their intelligence is of a very low order, and altogether the
animals of this genus are among the least attractive of the Primates.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXIX.

ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL.
No. 4.7.4.3. Brit. Mus. Coll. 34 Nat. Size.

ALOUATTA 259

The majority of the species are black or partly so, although six are
clothed in fur exhibiting shades varying from straw color to dark red.
In some species the sexes are alike in color, in others quite different,
and the young of some resemble their parents, while those of others
are totally unlike the adults, and they can therefore be arranged in two
groups. The fur is short on the bodies of some species, quite long on
others, but is usually thickest on the head.

Wallace (1. c.) writing of the Howling Monkeys, under the genus
Mycetes, on the Lower Amazon, states that they are generally abun-
dant; the different species, however, are found in separate localities,
(M.) BEELZEBUL being confined apparently to the Lower Amazon in
the vicinity of Para; a black species, (M.) caraya to the Upper
Amazon, and a red species, (M.) urstna to the Rio Negro and Upper
Amazon. Much confusion seems to exist with regard to the species
of Howlers, owing to the difference of color in the sexes of some
species. The red and black species of the Amazon, however, are of the
same color in both sexes. These animals are semi-nocturnal in their
habits, uttering their cries late in the evening and before sunrise, and
also on the approach of rain. Humboldt observes that the tremendous
noise they make can only be accounted for by the great number of
individuals that unite in its production. His own observations, and the
unanimous testimony of the Indians, prove this not to be the case. One
individual only makes the howling, which is certainly of a remarkable
depth and volume and curiously modulated, but on closely remarking
the suddenness with which it ceases and again commences, it is evi-
dent that it is produced by one animal, which is generally a full grown
male. On dissecting the throat, much of our wonder ceases, for
besides the bony vessel formed by the expansion of the “Os hyoides,”
there is a strong muscular apparatus which seems to act as a bellows in
forcing a body of air through the reverberating bony cavity.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1766. Linneus, Systema Nature.
ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL first described as Simia beelzebul; and A.
SERICULUS first described as Simia sericulus from Cartagena,
Colombia.

1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.
The two species described by Linnzus are here placed in the
genus CEBUS.

260
1788.

1792:

1811,

ALOUATTA

Gmelin, Systema Nature.

This Author copying Linnzus places the two species in Simia.
Kerr, Animal Kingdom.

ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL renamed Simia Sapajus beelzebul.
Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie

(1815). et d’ Anatomie Comparée.

1812.

1820.

1820.

1823.

1829.

1829.

1830.

In this work five species under the genus Stentor are described,
two for the first time, the Black Howler from Southern Brazil,
A. CARAYA as Simia caraya, and the Red Howler from the
Upper Amazon A. uRSINA as Simia ursina; Simia guariba =
A. uRSINA; Simia flavicaudata probably = A. ursinaA; and S.
straminea = A. SENICULUS.

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’ Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

Six species are designated in this contribution and placed in
the genus Stentor, viz., (S.) sENIcuLUS; (S.) uRsINUS; (S.)
stramineus = A. SENICULUS; (S.) fuscus = A. URSINA juv.;
(S.) flavicaudatus = A. urstNA; and (S.) niger = A. CARAYA.
Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und Vergleischenden Anatomie.
Geoffroy’s list is here repeated with one additional name,
Mycetes rufimanus = A. BEELZEBUL Linn.

Desmarest, Mammalogie et Description de Mammiferes.

In the list of Howlers given in this work the species enumerated
by Kuhl are recorded without additions, and the same errors
repeated.

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Four species are here given under the genus Mycetes. (M.)
fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; M. stramineus = A. SENICULUS; M.
barbatus = A. carayA; and M. discolor = A. BEELZEBUL juv.
or A. CARAYA immature.

E. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle.

ALOUATTA SENICULUS redescribed as Mycetes chrysurus.
Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium.

Six species of Howlers are in this work placed in the genus
Cesus. (C.) sENIcULUS; (C.) stramineus = A. SENICULUS;
(C.) uRSINUS; (C.) BEELZEBUL; (C.) CARAYA; and (C.) flavi-
caudata = A. URSINA.

Fischer, Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mam-
malium.

1840.

1840.

1845.

1848.

1851.

1855.

ALOUATTA 261

The list of the previous Author is here repeated without
change.

Wagner, Schreber, Die Stugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband.

Two species with numerous varieties are here enumerated
under the genus Mycetes. (M.) sENICcULUS; var. B Stentor
chrysurus Geoff., = A. SENICULUS; var. y (/.) uRsINUS valid
species; (M.) fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; (M.) caraya; (Part.).
R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

In his arrangement of the Primates the Author places the
Monkeys of the New World in his Tribu Deuxiéme. The
species of ALouatta, which he calls Mycetes, are but three
in number; (M.) sENIcULUS; (M.) BEELZEBUL; Mycetes pis-
CoLoR Spix, = A. CARAYA as var. A; and M. caARAyA with
three varieties, var. A. (M.) barbatus Spix, = A. CARAYA; var.
B. Simia flavicaudata Humb., = A. ursINA; and var. C. Stentor
stramineus E. Geoff., = A. SENICULUS.

J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Nine species are here given under Mycetes. (M.) uRsINUS;
(M.) laniger = A. sENIcuLUS; (M.) bicolor = A. URSINA;
(M.) auratus = A. sENICULUS; (M.) caraya; (M.) barbatus
= A. carAyA; (M.) BEELZEBUL; and (M.) viLLosus, described
for the first time.

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
ALOUATTA PALLIATA first described.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Catalogue des Primates.

In the list of Howling Monkeys in this Catalogue five species
are given only two of which are properly named, and ail are
placed in the genus Mycetes. (M.) sENicuLus; (M.) chrysu-
rus = ALOUATTA SENICULUS; (M.) uRsINUS; (M.) rufimanus
= A. BEELZEBUL; (M.) niger = A. CARAYA.

Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen, Supplementband.

Seven species are here recorded with varieties, under the genus
Mycetes: (M.) fuscus = A. URSINA juv.; (M.) uRSINUS; with
var. B. (M.) sENIcULUs valid species; var. ¥. Stentor chrysurus
Geoff.. = A. sENIcuLUS; (M.) caRAYA; with var. B (M.)
VILLOSUS valid species; (M.) rufimanus = A. BEELZEBUL; (M.)
flavicaudatus = A. uRSINA; (M.) PaLtiatus; (M.) stramineus
= A. SENICULUS.

1862.

1862.

1870.

1876.

1902.

1902.

1903.

1904.

ALOUATTA

Slack, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Five species with partial synonymy are here given. A. sENI-
CULUS; and A. URSINA; A. nigra = A. CARAYA; A, BEELZEBUL;
A. PALLIATA,

Reichenbach, Die Vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
The species of ALouaTTa are here included in the genus
Mycetes as follows: (M.) senicutus; (M.) chrysurus = A.
SENICULUS; (M.) urRsINUS; (M.) barbatus = A. carAyA; (M.)
flavicaudatus = A. URSINUS; (M.) BEELZEBUL; (M.) stramin-
eus = A, SENICULUS; (M.) PALLIATUS; and (M.) vILLosus.
J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in the Collection of the British Museum.

The following forms are here included in the genus Mycetes.
(M.) ursinus; (M.) senicutus; (M.) bicolor = A. uRsSINUS;
(M.) laniger = A. sEnicuLus; (M.) Pattiatus; (M.) auratus
= A. SENICULUS; (M.) carAyA; (M.) barbatus = A. CARAYA;
(M.) BEELZEBUL; (M.) vILtLosus.

Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas.

A list of the species of ALouatta, placed in the genus Mycetes
with synonymy and geographical distribution as then under-
stood, with a catalogue of specimens in the Leyden Museum is
here given. (M.) flavicauda Humboldt, is considered a distinct
species, simply on Humboldt’s account of it, no examples ever
having been procured. (M.) niger = A. caRAYA; (M.) BEELZE-
BUL; (M.) vittosus; (M.) Patyiatus; (M.) fuscus = A.
URSINA juv.; (M.) uRsinus; and (M.) sENnicuLus. No new
species described. ;

Merriam, in Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash-
ington.

Alouatta palliata mexicana first described.

Thomas, in Novitates Zoologice.

Alouatta palliata coibensis first described.

Festa, in Bolletino du Museo Torino.

Alouatta equatorialis first described.

J. A. Allen, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History.

ALOUATTA SENICULUS redescribed as A. s. rubicunda, and A.
S. caucensis.

ALOUATTA 263

1908. J. A. Allen, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History.
ALOUATTA PALLIATA redescribed as A. p. metagalpa.
1910. D. G. Elliot, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
A. MACCONNELLI; A. INSULANUS; A. JUARA; and A. sara first
described.
1911. G. Dollman, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
A species of Alouatia from Miritibi, Maranhao, referred to
M. discolor Spix.
1912. D. G. Elliot, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.
ALOUATTA ULULATA first described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The members of the genus ALouatra are found from the State
of Vera Cruz, Mexico, on the north, through Central America and the
Island of Coiba to the Province of Corrientes, Brazil, on the south, and
westward to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia..

Our knowledge of the ranges of the Brazilian species of this
genus is only partial, as it is also of the other Primates inhabiting that
Republic, for in the interior of that great country there are thousands
of miles of mountains and forests where no white man has ever pene-
trated, and whose faunz are quite unknown. Also, when Collectors
have failed to bring specimens back with them, it is at times impossible
to determine what are the species they refer to in their publications,
and errors of distribution can therefore easily be made. In Brazil, in
the interior, we have practically no knowledge of the animals which
inhabit the dense forests at any considerable distance from the rivers,
for explorers have penetrated, in most instances, but a few miles from
their banks, and how far a known species may range is, in many cases,
quite impossible to state. Therefore in giving the range of most of
the South American species of Primates, we are restricted to the
places where they have been obtained, or seen by reliable and com-
petent observers.

To begin at the most northern point where a species of ALOUATTA
dwells, we find, in the eastern portion of the State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, A. palliata mexicana, the only species of the genus inhabiting
that Republic. In Guatemala, Central America, A. vILLosus occurs,
extending its range into Honduras; while in Nicaragua we have A.
PALLIATA, which is also an inhabitant of Costa Rica and Panama. On

264 ALOUATTA

Coiba Island, off the west coast of Panama, A. p. coibensis has been
procured. On the Island of Trinidad one species dwells, A. 1nsu-
LANUS; and in the British and French Guianas, and probably also in
Dutch Guiana, (though no examples from there were obtainable), to
the coast north of the Amazon, A. MACCONNELLI has been obtained.
In Venezuela in the forests of the Lower Orinoco, (Humboldt), and in
the maritime Provinces of Brazil from Bahia to Espirito Santo, A.
URSINA occurs, and also according to Tschudi, under the name of
Mycetes flavicaudatus it is found in Peru, in which case it must
necessarily inhabit the intervening portions of Brazil. From the
vicinity of Para, on the Rio Muria (Natterer), and between the Rio
Xinges and Island of Marajo, (Spix), on the Rio Araguay, (I. Geoff.),
and in the vicinity of Borba near the mouth of the Rio Madeira,
(Natterer), A. BEELZEBUL occurs. Bates states that the natives assert
there is a “yellow handed” monkey on the Island of Marajo, which
may be this species. On the Lower Amazon in Maranhao A. ULULATA
appears to have its range. Proceeding on in eastern Brazil, A. cARAYA
ranges from the Province of Bahia to that of Corrientes in Argentina ;
having been observed in the low forests of Bahia and Minas Gerzs
(Spix), in the Province of Goyas, (Castelnau), and on the Upper Rio
Paraguay, and near the town of Matto-Grosso (Natterer), and also at
the junction of the Rio Parana and Rio Paraguay, Argentina,
(Rengger). On the Rio Juara, a tributary of the Upper Amazon, A.
JUARA has been obtained. In Colombia, A. sENIcuLUs is found, and
according to Spix who obtained a specimen, it also occurs in the forest
between the Rio Negro and Rio Solimoens, his example having been
secured near the borders of Peru. In Ecuador at Vinces on the west
coast A, ZQUATORIALIS was procured; and finally, in Bolivia in the
Province of Sara, A. SARA occurs.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. General color in males black or partly black.
a. Sexes different.

,

a.’ Male all black; females and young straw

Color: «aids si. wie tke. pete. Gs ana A. caraya.
b.’ Male with back rich chestnut red; female
raw umber :::/. a2tns >. lesmentaared ak «28 A. ululata.
b. Sexes alike.
ar Alleblack’) .ci20.3 Jo tiaiiddet A Oath ae ee A. villosus.

ALOUATTA 265

b.’ Black, base of hairs reddish brown, hands

and feet pale reddish brown........... A. beelzebul.
c. Black, back mixed black and golden,

flanks yellowish brown.

Gay, size lasses h..0..4. SL bbe ours .be A. palliata.
By. Sizexsmallts icintin x... tee dee A. p. mexicana.
et izeiveryasmalless. .e78 «estan: A. p. coibensis.
B. General color chocolate brown .....-.......... A. equatorialis.
C. Coloring mostly shades of red.
a. Upper parts of body uniform golden red, limbs
darkened Vyvoung -blackiie:" erage ACen net. « A. ursina.
b. Middle of back straw color, lighter than the
rest of the upper parts, young like adults..... A. seniculus.
c. Upper parts uniform golden yellow ........ A. macconnelli.
d. Upper parts uniform red, limbs bright red....A. insulanus.
e. Upper parts golden red, limbs maroon ............ A, juara.
f. Upper parts uniform pale golden orange........... A, sara.

ALOUATTA CARAYA (Humboldt).

Simia (Stentor) caraya Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811 (1815),
p./355:

*Stentor niger E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 108.

*Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 108, 9, (nec Spix).

Mycetes niger Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 31; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 53; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Nat., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz,
1876, p. 149; von Iher., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899, p. 517.

Cebus caraya Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1820, p. 44.

Mycetes barbatus Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 46, pl.
XXXII ¢, XXXIII 9; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, p.
220; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855; p. 4; Reichenb., Voll-
stand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 68, figs. 166-168; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870,
p. 41.

*These species are not marked “Espéce inédite,” which Geoffroy usually
stated beneath his description when he believed the animal had not previously
been described.

266 ALOUATTA

Mycetes caraya Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 180;
V, 1855, p. 68; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 122; Id. Nouv.
Tabl. Régn. Anim., 1842, p. 6; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs
and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 41; Sclat., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 6, fig.; Kerr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1892, p. 174.

Alouatta nigra Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 518;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 195.

BLACK HOWLER.

Type locality. Paraguay.

Geogr. Distr. Villa Nova, Upper Amazon, (Bates); southern
Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. Banks of the Pilcomayo, Argentina,
(Kerr) ; Sao Paulo, (von Ihering) ; Province of Goyas, (Castelnau) ;
Provinces of Bahia and of Minas Geres, (Spix); Bolivia, (D’Or-
bigny).

Genl. Char. Feet naked; size large; beard large; rami of mandible
greatly developed; sexes different in color. Hair at forehead directed
backward, meeting that on back of head which is directed forward at
this part, though radiating from a central spot.

Color. Male adult. Hair deep black, the hands and feet and tail
sometimes showing yellowish brown hairs, probably the remains of
the immature pelage.

Immature Male. Flanks, inner side of limbs, under side of tail,
and under parts of body, buff yellow, rest of pelage black.

Female. Straw color, darkest on the back which is tinged with
olive; tips of hair on frontal ridge, black.

Young. Entirely straw color.

Measurements. Male. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 101; zygo-
matic width, 83 ; intertemporal width, 42; palatal length, 42; breadth of
braincase, 53 ; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series,
33; length of mandible, 97 ; length of lower molar series, 40.

The type of Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., (nec Spix), is in the
Paris Museum. It was obtained from the Cabinet de Lisbonne in
1808, and is a female of A. caraya. The upper parts are bistre,
darkest on dorsal line and rump; brow, beard and limbs yellowish,
hands yellowish, but the feet are blackish brown; tail rather dark
brown on basal half, paler on remainder. On a label beneath the stand
is the following statement: “Stentor stramineus de quelques auteurs;
c’est la femelle de Stentor niger, type de l’espéce du Cabinet de Lis-
bonne, 1808.”

ALOUATTA 267

ALOUATTA ULULATA Elliot.
Alouatia ululata Elliot, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Phish N YY..;'1912, p:

32.
Alouatta discolor Dollm., (nec Spix), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI,
1910, 8th Ser., p. 422.

Type locality. Miritibi, Maranhao. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon; Maranhao, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Sexes unlike; male with chestnut red back, female
raw umber.

Color. Male. Forehead, and whiskers extending beneath chin,
black ; top of head brownish black; arms, hands, feet, rump, and outer
side of legs black; indistinct blackish stripe on middle of back; rest
of upper parts and flanks rich chestnut red, in certain lights suffused
with a golden color; upper edge of thighs chestnut red; forearms
beneath, black; rest of under parts and limbs beneath nude; fingers and
toes covered with long yellowish red hairs; tail black with numerous
golden red hairs intermingled; tip chestnut red like flanks. Ex type
in British Museum.

Female. Tuit above middle of forehead, and whiskers black; top
and sides of head above ears, upper part of body and flanks raw umber,
with a golden tinge on head, and an indistinct dark dorsal line; arms
black with a strong olive tinge; legs similar but paler; hands similar to
arms, but hairs grading at knuckles, and extending over fingers, yellow-
ish gray; feet more golden red, and toes golden yellow; tail like legs |
at base grading to a mixed golden red and black, with the tip golden
red. Body and limbs beneath, naked. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. Male. Total length, 1,145; tail, 585; foot, 140.
(Skin). Skull: total length, 120.5 ; occipito-nasal length, 101.4; Hensel,
104.3 ; zygomatic width, 78.4; breadth of braincase, 52.4; palatal length,
47.7 ; median length of nasals, 25.5; length of upper molar series, 33.5;
length of mandible, 95.1; length of lower molar series, 40.5. Ex
specimen in British Museum. The above descriptions were taken from
specimens loaned to me by my friend Guy Dollman, Esq., of the British
Museum, and received from Miritibi, Maranhao, Brazil. )

Examples of this monkey were received at the British Museum
representing both sexes and were supposed by Mr. Dollman to be the
long lost Mycetes discolor Spix, and were so described by him under
that name (1. c.). I have already remarked upon the dissimilarity
frequently existing between Spix’s descriptions and his types, and also

SSS XLT

268 ALOUATTA

between the latter and the colored figures, and the present seems to
be a striking case of this unfortunate state of affairs.

Spix’s description of discolor in several points leans more towards
this species than it does towards his type, which is a rather small young
adult black example with fingers, toes and tip of tail pale rusty red,
and is most probably a young example of A. BEELZEBUL while his
description and figure do not agree in several particulars, viz., “Les
quatre pieds sont presque entiérement d’un noir luisant, excepté les
doigts trés allongés, qui sont garnis de poils courts et roux,” while his
figure shows brown feet and blackish brown hands; and of the body he
says “le tronc rougeatre au milieu, et noir luisant aux cétés,’ which does
not describe any species of Alouatta known, and his figure exhibits an
animal with a blackish brown back and reddish flanks and shoulders;
while the type is black with only a very faint brownish tint on the
flanks. “La queue pas épaisse est noire * * * et rougisseante au
bout” which is correct of the type itself, but the figure has a black tail
for the entire length.

Spix’s figure more nearly represents a male A. BEELZEBUL with an
immature coat, retaining in some respects the colors more like the
female upon the flanks and under parts, though somewhat too red on
the flanks, but regarding it in all its coloring it is more nearly a figure
of a young adult male A. beelzebul which the type specimen itself
would seem to prove to be the fact, while Spix’s description cannot be
applied to any species of Howler known at the present time. I am
greatly indebted to my friend Mr. Dollman for the opportunity of
describing this distinct species.

ALOUATTA VILLOsuS (Gray).
Mycetes villosus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 220;
Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 76, no fig.; Id.
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 41; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 6, fig. in
text; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 151; Alston,
Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm., I, 1879, p. 5, pl. I; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 199.
GUATEMALAN HOWLER. Mono, native name.
Type locality. Guatemala. Type in British Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Eastern and north eastern Guatemala; Honduras.
Color. Entire pelage, hands, feet and tail jet black, base of hairs
Prout’s brown.

ALOUATTA 269

Measurements. Total length, 650; tail, 630; foot, 128. Ex type
British Museum.

Mr. Salvin has given in Sclater’s paper on this species, (1. c.), the
following account of it. “The Mycetes of Guatemala .is commonly
known as the ‘Mono.’ It is abundant throughout the virgin forests of
the eastern portion of the Republic, but is unknown in the forest clad
slopes which stretch towards the Pacific Ocean. In the former region
it is found at various altitudes over a wide expanse of country. I have
heard its cry on the shores of the Lake Yzabel, and all through the
denser forests of the valley of the river Polochie. It is very common,
from the steep mountain road which lies between the upland village
of Peruba and S. Miguel-Tucuru, and especially in the wilderness of
uninhabited forest which stretches from Teleman to the Lake Yzabel.
In the unbroken forest country which occupies the whole of the
northern portion of the Vera Paz, from Coban and Cahabon to the con-
fines of Peten, it is also abundant; for seldom an hour passes but the
discordant cry of the Mono strikes upon the ear of the traveller as he
threads the lonely path to Peten. The elevation of this district varies
from about 700 to 3,000 feet; and the Mycetes is found at all heights.
When travelling through this forest in 1862, I was dependent for the
animal food to supply my party of Indians entirely upon my gun; and
Monos contributed not a little to the larder. The Indians eat monkey
without demur ; but the meat looks dark and untempting. For my own
part I far preferred the delicate Tinamou or Curassow, a sufficient
supply of which never failed for my own consumption. Perhaps there
is no district in Vera Paz where Monos are more abundant than the
mountains of Chilasco, a cold and damp region, elevated at least
6,000 feet above the sea but where the forest growth is of the densest
description and trees of the largest size abound. It was here that
the specimens were obtained that are now in the British Museum. The
wonderful cry whence Mycetes gets its trivial name of Howling
Monkey is certainly most striking, and I have sometimes endeavored to
ascertain how far this cry may be heard. It has taken me an hour or
more to thread the forest undergrowth from the time the cry first
struck my ear, to, when, guided by the cry alone, I stood under the
trees where the animals were. It would certainly not be overestimating
the distance to say two miles. When the sound came over the lake of
Yzabel unhindered by trees, a league would be more like the distance
a Mono’s cry could be heard. These animals are found in companies

270 ALOUATTIA

of five or six. They are usually met with in the branches of the highest
trees, and when disturbed, crawl sluggishly along the boughs. The
young, as well as the females, are of the same dense black as the old
males, but the hair is shorter and not so glossy.”

In the article from which the above extract has been taken, Dr.
Sclater endeavors to prove that the black form of the northern and
the one from the southern part of South America are distinct, on
account of the different manner in which the hair on the forehead is
inclined forward or reversed. It is quite true that the southern and
northern Black Howlers are distinct, but the way in which the hair
lies on the forehead is not a character to be relied upon, but merely an
individual peculiarity exhibited by members of this genus. This is the
more misleading in the Howlers, for in other groups, notably ATELEUus,
the direction of the hair on the head is a character that is of consider-
able importance for the arrangement of the different species in their
proper position in the genus.

ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL (Linnzus).

Simia beelzebul Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 37; Bodd., Elench.
Anim., 1784, p. 61.

Cebus beelzebul Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 44.

Simia Sapajus beelzebul Kerr., Anim. Kingd., 1792, p. 75, No. 64.

Mycetes rufimanus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 51; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 79; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 37; Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 53; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V,
1855, p. 69; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p.
4; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856,
poly sy fig! 172:

Mycetes discolor Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 48, pl.
XXXIV.

Mycetes beelzebul Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 220;
Id, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 41; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 67,
fig. 172; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 295.

Alouatia beelzebul Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 197.
YELLOW-HANDED HOWLER.

Type locality. “in Brasilia.”

Geogr. Distr. Lower Amazon, vicinity of Para to Rio Madeira,
Brazil. Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. Like A. cARAYA but base of hairs reddish brown.

ee i —=—— <a

ALOUATTA 271

Color. Head and upper parts black tinged with brown, base of
hairs reddish brown; outer side of arms and legs black; inner side of
limbs and under parts yellowish brown; tail brownish black at base,
reddish brown for remainder of length; hands and feet pale reddish
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 914; tail, 469. Skull: total length,
111; occipito-nasal length, 92; Hensel, 93; intertemporal width, 39;
palatal length, 40; breadth of braincase, 50; median length of nasals,
15; zygomatic width, 75; length of upper molar series, 33; length of
mandible, 90; length of lower molar series, 40.

Bates states (1. c.) “in the neighborhood of Para a reddish colored .

species prevails, (M.) BEELZEBUL; in the narrow channels near Breves
I shot a large, entirely black kind; another yellow-handed species,
according to the report of the natives, inhabits the Island of Marajo,
which is probably the M. flavimanus of Kuhl”; (rufimanus is probably
intended = A. BEELZEBUL) ; “some distance up the Tapajos the only
howler found is a brownish black species.” The type of Mycetes dis-
color Spix, is in the Munich Museum. It is a rather small black animal
and may be an immature example of the present species or A. CARAYA,
but more probably of A. BEELZEBUL, as A. CARAYA has a more southern
habitat. Spix procured his specimen at Fort Carupa on the Amazon.

ALOUATTA PALLIATA (Gray).

Mycetes palliatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 138, pl. VI;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 71; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 70, fig. 172; Frantz.,
Wiegm., Archiv., XXXV, 1869, p. 254; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 40; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 7; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas,
Simie, 1876, p. 152; Alst., Biol. Centr. Amer., I, Mamm.,
1879, p. 4; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., Pt. I, 1881,
p. 83; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 202; Elliot,
Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M. Pub., Pt.
II, 1904, p. 726, fig. CX XXVIII, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Check-L.
Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI,
1905, p. 533, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,
VIII, 1906, p. 555, pl. LXXXI.

Alouatta palliata Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 519,
(Sallé).

272 ALOUATTA

Alouatta palliata metagalpa Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1908, p. 670.
MANTLED HOWLER.

Type locality. Shores of Lake Nicaragua.

Geogr. Distr. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Central America.
Type in Paris Museum.

Genl. Char. Face naked; hairs on forehead short, stiff, upright;
those on back of head longer ; beard moderate.

Color. Head, throat, shoulders, arms, legs, hands, feet and tail
black, with a tinge of maroon; middle of back and upper part of sides
black mixed with golden; lower parts of flanks, hairs much lengthened,
yellowish brown, base of hairs much paler; under parts very sparsely
covered with dark chestnut hairs. Ex type British Museum. Some
specimens are entirely black.

Measurements. Total length, 1,142; tail, 585; foot, 145. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 98; intertemporal width, 40; palatal length, 42;
breadth of braincase, 51; median length of nasals, 20; length of upper
molar series, 33 ; length of mandible, 90; length of lower molar series,
40. Ex type British Museum.

The type locality of this species is the shore of Lake Nicaragua,
as stated by Sallé to Sclater, (I. c.) and A. p. metagalpa Allen there-
fore becomes a synonym.

ALOUATTA PALLIATA MEXICANA Merriam.
Alouatta palliata mexicana Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV,
1902, p. 67; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1904, p.
40; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M.
Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 727, Zool. Ser.; Id. Check-List
Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI,
1905, p. 533, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus.,

VIII, 1906, p. 555, Zool. Ser.
MEXICAN MANTLED HOWLER.

Type locality. Minatitlan, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type in
United States National Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. PALLIATA, but smaller; rostrum
narrower, teeth small; coronoid process broadly rounded.

Color. Similar to A. PALLIATA. Forehead, limbs, upper part of
throat, rump and tail black; occiput and entire upper parts to rump

ALOUATTA 273

mixed golden and brownish black, golden predominating, the hairs
being golden banded with black and tipped with golden; long hairs on
flanks golden ; hairs on under parts scantily distributed, mummy brown.
Ex type United States National Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,190; tail, 651; foot, 148. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 91.9; Hensel, 88.4; zygomatic width, 80.5; palatal
length, 48.9; intertemporal width, 40.2; median length of nasals, 19.8;
length of upper molar series, 32; length of mandible, 86.4; length of
lower molar series, 39. Ex type United States National Museum.

The type is an extreme example, as there is an entire absence of
the jet black hue on the upper parts to be seen to a more or less con-
siderable extent in other specimens, some indeed having the upper parts
nearly all black with very little golden to be seen, these being the other
extreme.

A series of specimens of this subspecies from southern Vera Cruz
establishes the fact that it is a much duller colored animal than the one
from Central America, the flanks having none of the golden rufous
witnessed, for example, in specimens from Chiriqui.

ALOUATTA PALLIATA COIBENSIS Thomas.
Alouatta palliata coibensis Thos., Novitat. Zool., IX, 1902, p.
135; Elliot, Mamm. Middle Amer. and West Indies, F. C. M.
Pub., IV, Pt. II, 1904, p. 727 ; Id. Check-L. Mamm. N. Amer.
Cont. and W. Indies, F. C. M. Pub., VI, 1906, p. 533, Zool.
Ser.; Id. Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., 1906, p. 556, Zool.

Ser.
ISLAND OF COIBA HOWLER.

Type locality. Coiba Island off west coast of Panama. Type in
British Museum.

Genl. Char. Like A. PALLIATA, but smaller. An insular race.

Color. Head, upper part of back, arms, legs, hands, feet, and tail
black; middle of back Prout’s brown, hairs tipped with golden; long
hairs on flanks shining ochraceous buff ; abdomen dark brown. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,140; tail, 580; foot, 130. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 87; Hensel, 84; intertemporal width, 40; palatal
length, 36; breadth of braincase, 50; zygomatic width, 79; median
length of nasals, 15; length of upper molar series, 30; length of
mandible, 83; length of lower molar series, 37. Ex type British
Museum.

274 ALOUATTA

ALOUATTA ZQUATORIALIS Festa.
Alouatita equatorialis Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVIII, 1903, p. 3.
Mycetes niger Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 394, ex Intac,

Ecuador, (nec Geoffroy).
ECUADOR HOWLER MONKEY.

Type locality. Vinces, west coast of Ecuador. Type in Zoological
Museum, Turin.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. PALLIATA, but general color chocolate
brown instead of black.

Color. Male adult. General color chocolate brown, the hairs
at base yellowish fulvous, with yellowish tips. Hair on flanks long,
golden yellow. . Hands, feet and tail chocolate brown.

Female adult. The chocolate brown color of the male is less con-
spicuous, the general dominating hue being yellowish fulvous.

Young Male. General color dark gray, many hairs being of a
golden hue particularly at the tips.

M. Festa states (1. c.) that this species is nearly extinct in the
Province of Vinces, and is only found in certain places on some planta-
tions of cacao, where hunting is forbidden.

It seems to have its nearest relationship with A. PALLIATA.

ALOUATTA URSINA (Humboldt).

Simia (Stentor) ursina Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 355, pl. XXX.

Simia (Stentor) flavicauda Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,
(1815), p. 355?

Simia (Stentor) quariba Humb., Rec. Obs., I, 1811, (1815), p. 355.

Stentor ursinus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 108. —

Stentor flavicaudatus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 108.

Stentor fuscus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 108; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21, 10me Legon.

Mycetes ursinus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 78; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 179;
var. V, 1855, p. 67; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p.
218; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 65, figs. 159, 161; Gray,
Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 39; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1870, p. 156.

ATIOW A Tia 275

Mycetes fuscus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 78; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 43, pl.
XXX; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 180; V,
1855, p. 67.

Mycetes flavicaudatus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 30; Desm.,
Mamm., 1820, p. 79; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., 1844, p. 38;
Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 70.

Cebus ursinus Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 43.

Cebus flavicaudata Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 44.

Mycetes bicolor Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219;

Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 40.

Mycetes flavicauda Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
66, no fig.; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 147.

Alouatta ursina Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1862, p. 517;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 193.

BROWN HOWLER.

Type locality. Venezuela, (Humboldt).

Geogr. Distr. Venezuela, Nouvelle Andalousie et de la Nouvelle
Barcelone, et les bords du Bas Orinique Maratime, (Humboldt) ; dis-
tricts of Brazil from Espirito Santo to Bahia; Peru, (Tschudi).

Genl. Char. Head and body uniform coloration.

Color. Male. Face black; head and body shining yellowish or
golden red, passing into a darker red upon the limbs, hands and tail;
whiskers bright umber red; the beard black; narrow line of hairs on
center of chest, widening upon the abdomen, blackish red-brown akin
to chestnut; basal half of tail above burnt umber, hairs tipped with
golden, remainder shining golden red; dorsal line slightly darker than
flanks ; feet blackish brown. Young uniform black.

Measurements. Male. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 103; total
length, 121; Hensel, 106; intertemporal width, 42; palatal length, 43;
zygomatic width, 78; breadth of braincase, 53 ; median length of nasals,
‘19; length of upper molar series, 33; length of mandible, 97; length of
lower molar series, 40. Vertebrz, Cerv. 7, Dor. 14, L.5,S.3. Espirito |
Santo specimen.

There are only six adult males, one immature male, one adult
female and two immature examples in the British Museum, that I can
satisfactorily determine to be this species. They were all collected with
two exceptions, by Robert, at Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo, and
Roca Nova, Parana, Brazil, and one from Barri, Rio Negro, Collector
unknown. The adults from Espirito Santo resemble each other in

276 ALOUATTA

color, varying but slightly in the depth of the red; one male not pro-
cured by Robert was obtained at St. Catherines and agrees with the
others in color, and a young 2 from San Sebastian, Sao Paulo, was
obtained from A. Hempel. The skulls, however, do vary very much,
the differences when of the same sex, probably caused by age. Com-
paring the skulls of two adult males the shape of the braincase at once
attracts attention, where in one it is shorter and flatter above, with two
ridges starting from the center of the upper edge of the orbit, curving
towards the center of the skull, but keeping 20 mm. apart, and ter-
minating on the edge of the occipital on either side of the interparietal.
Another, with a longer braincase, has these ridges coalesce and form a
ridge or low crest down the center of the skull, broadening out in the
rear, and terminating at sides of interparietal. These two formations
so totally different occur in adult males from the same locality. These
skulls also exhibit differences which might possibly under other con-
ditions be taken as sufficient to cause a specific separation. The
premaxillaries in the longer skull extend forward beyond the canines,
coming to almost a point in the center, causing the alveolar border of
the outer pair of incisors to be lower than that of the middle pair, while
in the other skull the alveolar border of the incisors is perfectly straight,
causing the width between the canines to be much greater, nearly 4
mm. Other differences are also observable, such as in the width of the
pterygoid processes, the width of the basi-occipital, length of the ptery-
goid fossa, width and shape of the palatal arch, width and shape of the
occipital region, and the curve of the frontal and nasals, all these, with
others not mentioned, serve to show the great individual variation that
exists in the skulls of this species even among animals of the same sex,
and practically the same age, dwelling in the one locality. A larger
series would undoubtedly show greater diversities. The young of this
species are jet black, the golden brown appearing on the tips of the
hairs as they grow older, this gradually extending from the head to
the body and limbs, and growing more and more red until in the fully
adult the pelage assumes the appearance as described for the males
given above. Mr. Robert’s series from Roca Nova, Parana, exhibits
this change finely. This is the style that has been described as distinct
by Kuhl as Mycetes fuscus.

Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda was described by Humboldt (1. c.)
from the Province of Jaen. He did not see this Howler living, but
describes it from some skins procured by natives, and no specimens
answering to this description have ever been received by any Museum.
Its peculiarities are the extremely long hair on the body, and the color

ALOUATTA 277

of the tail “d’un noir olivatre et ornée latéralement de deux stries
jaunes.” A tail colored like that has not been seen thus far with a
species of Alouatta in any collection. Tschudi states (1. c.) that this
monkey is found in Peru in 11° Latitude, but I am not aware that
he sent any specimens to Europe. Kuhl states (1. c.) that a specimen
was in the Paris Museum, but this must have been a mistake. Geoffroy
does not mention it, and it is not there now.

I have placed Humboldt’s species among the synonyms of A.
ursina with a ?; and the doubt can only be settled satisfactorily by the
acquisition of specimens.

ALOUATTA SENICULUS (Linnzus).
Simia seniculus Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 37; Bodd., Elench.

Anim., 1784, p. 61.

Cebus seniculus Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 46; Fisch., Syn.
Mamm., 1829, p. 42.

Alouatta seniculus Lacépéd., Mém. Instit., 1800, III, p. 89; Slack,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 516; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 192, pl. XVIII.

Mycetes seniculus Mllig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 70;
Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 77; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p.
117; Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., I, 1840, p. 179; V, 1855,
p. 68; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219; Id. Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p.
40; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 163, figs. 156-157; Flow.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 335; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, p. 374; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p.
156; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 632, (footnote).

Simia (Stentor) seniculus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 354.

Simia (Stentor) stramineus Humb., Rec. Obs. Zool., I, 1811,
(1815) )p..355.

Stentor seniculus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 108; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 21,
Qme Lecon.

Stentor stramineus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 168.

Mycetes stramineus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 29; Desm., Mamm.,
1820, p. 78; Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 35, pl.

278 ALOUATTA

XXXI; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 67, figs.
170, 171; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., I, 1863, p. 294.

Stentor chrysurus I. Geoff., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XVII,
1829, p. 166.

Mycetes auratus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845. p. 220;
Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 40.

Mycetes laniger Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 219;
Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus.,
1870, p. 40.

Mycetes chrysurus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 52; Casteln.,
Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p. 4; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 175; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 65, fig. 158.

Alouatta seniculus rubicunda Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
N. Y., 1904, p. 458.

Alouatia seniculus caucensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

N. Y., 1904, p. 462.
RED HOWLER.

Type locality. Cartagena, Colombia.

Geogr. Distr. Colombia, and forest between the Rio Negro and
Solimoens, (Spix) ; Rio Madeira, (Bates) ; Brazil.

Genl: Char. Middle of back lighter than rest of back and limbs,
and varying from straw color to golden; mamme placed occasionally
in the axille.

Color. Variations in color exist among individuals of this species
apparently quite independent of age, sex, or locality, the head, limbs
and tail varying from brownish and coppery red to a dark purplish
red, sometimes almost a blackish purplish red, and the tail from fer-
ruginous to dark purplish red; the back is straw color, always lighter
than the head; limbs and upper part of the back chestnut brown; hands
and feet are always the same color as the limbs, and the under parts
are but sparsely covered, chiefly on the abdomen, with purplish red
hair. Young like the parents.

The type of Mycetes chrysurus I. Geoffroy, in Paris Museum is
undoubtedly this species.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 98; Hensel, 100;
zygomatic width, 79; intertemporal width, 46; median length of nasals,
22; length of upper molar series, 34; length of mandible, 95; length of
lower molar series, 41. Verteb., Cerv. 7, Dor. 14, L. 5, S. 3, Caud. 27.

aN

ALOUATTA 279

I have examined the series of specimens in the American Museum
of Natural History in New York, from Colombia, including the types
which Dr. Allen has separated from A. SENICULUS, as A. s. rubicunda
and A. s. caucensis, and am unable to find characters in my opinion
sufficient to cause them to be elevated to a distinct rank. In the table
of measurements given at the end of his paper, sixteen specimens of
A. s. rubicunda and eight, only half as many, of A. s. caucensis have
been selected. This has been done by Dr. Allen, not from his own
volition, but because he did not have sufficient material from the
Cauca Valley to enable him to equalize the two series in the number
of examples apportioned to each. These subspecies were established
upon cranial characters chiefly, although the color of the specimens
was not disregarded. As to the latter I find that Cauca Valley speci-
mens have practically perfect representatives from Bonda, Santa
Marta district, and Dr. Allen speaks of the “great local variation
abundantly shown by a fine series of nine specimens from the Upper
Cauca Valley collected at altitudes of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet” and
of the A. s. rubicunda he states, this large series (examples), “shows
a wide range of variations in color, which proves to be entirely inde-
pendent of sex or age and largely independent of season.” This agrees
with my own experience of A. SENICULUS with the large series of these
animals examined in the collections of the various European Museums,
More or less slight variations in depths of shades, seen in specimens
from the same or contiguous localities cannot therefore be relied upon
as a character for establishing a race for this species, and I have shown
in my remarks on the crania that the skulls, even of specimens from the
same locality, vary in an almost incredible degree. Dr. Allen in his
paper has given figures of the skulls of his two subspecies, which, if
taken by themselves would seem to show that he had ample grounds
for giving them distinctive rank, but on examining these crania, the
differences exhibited, either disappear or are shown not to be confined
exclusively to either form. At first sight of the figures exhibiting the
under side of the skull, one is struck by the curvature of the tooth
rows in the cranium of A. s. rubicunda, a feature not found in any
individual of the A. SENICULUS type. On examining this skull it was
seen that the last molar was abnormally placed, was out of its proper
position, the one on the left side, (right side of the figure), was situ-
ated farther inward than the corresponding tooth on the opposite side,
which was only slightly out of position, and this accounted for the
curvature seen in the figure. The other skulls from the same locality
had the tooth row perfectly straight as exhibited by the figure of the

280 ALOUATTA

Cauca Valley skull. In selecting his type Dr. Allen had quite over-
looked the abnormal position of these last molars. The other cranial
characters mentioned by Dr. Allen are mainly individual variations
which are readily perceived in any considerable series of skulls of this
species, but which, as I have already said, if judged by themselves
without ample material for comparison might be considered as having
specific or racial value. Any form, however, established upon these
variations would create confusion and prove a stumbling block to all
investigators.

In the table of measurements given by Dr. Allen in his paper, the
average of the Cauca Valley specimens, shows their skulls to be slightly
smaller, but if as many of them had been available as of the other series
from Santa Marta, sixteen instead of eight, the probability would be,
if the individuals were of a similar age, that the average would show
little if any difference between the crania from the two localities.

As Linnzus’ type came from Cartagena, these specimens from
Colombia would undoubtedly represent the typical style of the species.

The specimen named and figured by Spix as Mycetes stramineus
is in the Munich Museum. It is in poor condition, so changed by the
accumulation of nearly a century’s dust that its original color is indis-
tinguishable. It seems to have been of a general uniform color, now
pale straw yellow where a few spots of that color can be detected in
various parts. The limbs and tail would appear to have been about the
same color as the body; the beard and sides of face alone being a dark
brownish. Spix gives the locality of this example as the forest
between the Rio Negro and the Solimoens River near the boundaries

‘of Peru. There is only one specimen in the Museum. This forest also

extends on the eastern border of Colombia, and it is not improbable
that A. SENICULUs is found there, ranging also to the borders of Peru.

Bates, (1. c.) speaks of a Howler from the Madeira River, which
he attributes to the Mycetes stramineus Geoff., but which is possibly
the A. sENICULUS Humb., as follows: ‘The only interesting mam-
malian animal which I saw at Villa Nova was a monkey of a species
new to me; it was not however a native of the district, having been
brought by a trader from the river Madeira, a few miles above Borda.
It was a howler, probably the Mycetes stramineus Geoffroy St. Hilaire.
The howlers are the only kinds of Monkey which the natives have not
succeeded in taming. They are often caught but they do not survive
captivity many weeks. The one of which I am speaking was not quite
full grown. It measured sixteen inches in length, exclusive of the tail;
the whole body was covered with rather long and shining dingy

ALOUATTA 281

white (?) hair, the whiskers and beard only being of a tawny hue. It
was kept in a house, together with a Coaita and a Cairara monkey
(CEBUS ALBIFRONS). Both these lively members of the monkey order
seemed rather to court attention, but the Mycetes shrunk away when
any one approached. When it first arrived, it occasionally made a gruff,
subdued howling noise early in the morning. The deep volume of
sound in the voice of the howling monkeys, as is well known, is pro-
duced by a drum-shaped expansion in the larynx. It was curious to
watch the animal while venting its hollow cavernous roar, and observe
how small was the muscular exertion employed. When howlers are
seen in the forest there are generally three or four of them mounted on
the topmost branches of a tree. It does not appear that their harrow-
ing roar is emitted from sudden alarm; at least, it was not so in captive
individuals. It is probable, however, that the noise seems to intimidate
their enemies. I did not meet with the Mycetes stramineus in any
other part of the Amazonian region. * * * On the Upper Amazons
the sole species seen was the Mycetes ursinus whose fur is of a shining
yellowish red color.” This is doubtless M. sEnIcuLus.

ALOUATTA MACCONNELLI Elliot.
Alouatta macconnelli Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser.,
1910, p. 80; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XXX,

1911, p. 271.
MACCONNELL’S HOWLER.

Type locality. Coast of Demerara. *Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. English and French Guiana, Cayenne to coast north
of the Amazon. El Llagual, El Hacha, Paramo de Rosas, Venezuela,
(Carriker).

Genl. Char. Upper parts unicolor from head, in adults. Under
parts and flanks orange red.

Color. Head all around rich maroon red, entire upper parts golden
yellow, tips of hairs in certain lights fiery golden, base of hairs black;
arms to elbows, under parts, and forearms deep orange red; hands,
legs below knees, feet and tail maroon red growing paler to tip. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Size same as A. sENIcULUS. Skull: occipital
region wanting ; intertemporal width, 44.5; palatal length, 46.8; zygo-
matic width, about 86.8; median length of nasals, 21.3; length of upper

*The type lacks hands and feet; the coloring of these was taken from
another example.

282 AL OVW Aviv”

molar series, 38.1; length of mandible, 107.7; length of lower molar
series, 42.2; adult ¢. Ex type British Museum.

This form differs from A. SENICULUS in not having the dark hue
on the upper part of the back, limbs, hands, feet and tail. The upper
parts and flanks in the adults are a rich golden hue from the nape to the
tail, and the under parts and limbs a beautiful orange red, quite different
from the typical style on the north western part of the continent.
Allen (1. c.) gives the following account of this species from Carriker’s
notes:

“The three specimens from northern Venezuela do not differ
appreciably in color or otherwise from four others from El Llagual
and Rio Mocho. There is a noteworthy sexual difference in color, the
males being much more intensely colored throughout than the females.

“Common on the Caura and on the Cuyuni, and in less numbers
most everywhere from sea level up to 4,000 feet (La Cumbre de Valen-
cia), where heavy forest is found. Its presence is always quickly
revealed in a locality by its tremendous roaring, which is really quite
awe-inspiring. They are sluggish, morose brutes, impossible to tame,
and are more often found in pairs or families than in troops. They will
sit curled up for hours in the top of some giant tree, and as long as
they believe themselves unseen, will not move, but even when dis-
turbed, never move with the speed or agility of Cebus or Ateles (!)

“T have found them to be much troubled with ‘screw worms,’
especially around the neck. Other species seem to be able to remove
them, as a rule. They are very tenacious of life, clinging to a branch
after being riddled with shot, and even after death, only dropping
after rigor mortis has passed and released the contracted muscles.
They invariably howl at the first break of day and usually before a
rain-storm. They are invariably very lean of body, being in that
respect different from the other species, which at times are found
exceedingly fat.”

ALOUATTA INSULANUS Elliot.
Alouatta insulanus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser.,

1910, p. 79.
TRINIDAD HOWLER.

Type locality. Island of Trinidad. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Size small, color nearly uniform throughout, limbs
only slightly darker than the body.

Color; Head and whiskers maroon, darkest on chin and throat;
upper part of body and flanks red, in certain lights with a golden

ALOUATTA 283

lustre ; limbs, hands and feet, bright red with a maroon tinge on fore-
arms; tail at root bright maroon grading into golden and growing
paler at the tip. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,120; tail, 600; foot, 105; no skull.

This red Howler in general appearance resembles somewhat the
form from the Juara River in the western portion of South America,
but is considerably smaller in size, has not so much of the golden color
of the body, and the limbs and tail are much paler, more the hue of the
body. It is even more entitled to the name of Red Howler than is the
A. JUARA.

ALOUATTA JUARA Elliot. |
Alouatta juara Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910,

p. 80.
GOLDEN HOWLER.

Type locality. Rio Juara, Upper Amazon. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. General color golden red; arms and legs darker.

Color. Head and whiskers bright maroon, darkest under chin;
upper part of body and flanks golden red; arms and legs, hands and
feet, maroon darker than body; under parts and inner side of limbs
red; tail maroon at base grading into golden red similar to body. Ex
type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,145; tail, 625; foot, 130. Skull:
total length, 126.3; occipito-nasal length, 104.9; intertemporal width,
40.2; breadth of braincase, 54.5; Hensel, 106.2; zygomatic width, 81.4;
median length of nasals, 25.9; palatal length, 44.3; length of upper
molar series, 35.8; length of mandible, 94.8; length of lower molar
series, 42.9. Ex type British Museum.

The peculiarity of this species is its general red color, the bright
maroon of the head grading into the golden red of the body without
any marked line to separate the hues. Its general aspect is that of a
red monkey with dark limbs. The basal half of the tail is maroon,
darker than the head, more nearly the color of the thighs, the remainder
much lighter. Two specimens are in the British Museum procured on
the Rio Juara, Upper Amazon.

ALOUATTA SARA Elliot.
Alouatta sara Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 8th Ser., 1910,
p. 81.

284 ALOUATTA

BOLIVIAN HOWLER.

Type locality. Province of Sara, Bolivia. Type in British
Museum.

Genl. Char. Color of body uniform, limbs only slightly darker;
under parts yellowish not orange red as in the Guiana monkey. Black
band around face to beneath chin.

Color. Head very dark maroon, band across forehead down sides
of head in front of ears, meeting beneath chin, black; upper parts of
body and flanks and arms to elbows pale golden orange, darkest on
dorsal line, base of hairs black; forearms and legs, hands, feet and
tail above, orange red, paler than sides of head; hairs on under parts
nearly gone but apparently yellowish with a red tinge; the hairs of
flanks along abdomen yellowish red not at all like the orange red of
the Guiana example; under side of thigh yellowish red, and tail beneath
pale red. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 1,125; tail, 590; foot, 130; ear, 40,
(Collector). Skull: total length, 110.4; occipito-nasal length, 92; inter-
temporal width, 43; Hensel, 89.6; zygomatic width, 68.2; length of
nasals, 17.4; palatal length, 35.5; length of upper molar series, 32;
length of mandible, 81.2; length of lower molar series, 38.2. Ex type
British Museum.

The above described example from Bolivia is a female, and there-
fore there can be no comparison between it and that of the one from
Guiana which is an old male. The coloring of the upper part of the
body in the two animals is not unlike when they are brought under the
same light, but beneath, along the flanks, the Bolivian animal has none
of the rich orange red characteristic of the eastern species, but is
yellowish red on this part.

Two examples from the Province of Sara are in the British
Museum, one of which is young.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXX.

PITHECIA MONACHA.
No. 8.5.9.1. Brit. Mus. Coll. Nat. Size.

PLRHECIA 285

Subfamily 3. Pithecinze.

GENUS PITHECIA. SAKIS.

2-3 1-1 343
Dae Ore be aaa ee et

PITHECIA Desm., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804, p. 8. Type
Simia pithecia Linneus.
YVarkea Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 176.
Chiropotes Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 178.

Hair long, thick, divided by a central line on the head, and falling
down partly covering the face; thick beard on the chin; ears large; tail
long, thick, bushy, non-prehensile. Incisors of both jaws project
forwards, the inner pair larger than the outer which are very small;
canines long, conical; first premolar the smallest and with only one
cusp; molars with grooved crowns, and four cusps.

The members of this genus are peculiar in having the body usually
covered by long, coarse hairs. The tail, which is longer or as long
as the body, is also covered with a similar coarse hair, being in certain
species quite bushy. Another peculiarity is the thrust forward of the
incisors both of the upper and lower jaws. In the brain the cerebellum
and olfactory lobes are covered by the cerebrum, and the ribs are broad
and consist of twelve pairs except P. PITHECIA which has thirteen.

They are timid and very delicate creatures, usually surviving but
a brief period in captivity, and become much attached to whoever cares
for them.

These monkeys are found in the Guianas, the forests of the
Orinoco and its tributaries, and the valley of the Amazon, extending
their range westward into Ecuador and Peru. Eight species are here
recognized.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

1766. Linneus, Systema Nature.
PITHECIA PITHECIA first described as Simia pithecia.
1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis.
In this work under the genus CALLITHRIX various species are

1811.

1842.

1844.

1848.
1850.

1851.

1855.

PLIERE Gia

ranged, none of which are now included in it. Callithrix pithe-
cia for PITHECIA PITHECIA is the first one given.

H offmannsegg, in Magasin fiir die neuesten Entdeckungen in
der gesammten Naturkunde.

PITHECIA SATANAS as Cebus satanas first described.
Humboldt et Bonpland, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie
et d’ Anatomie Comparée.

In the subdivision Pithecia, all the species are retained in Simia.
PITHECIA CHIROPOTES first described as Simia chiropotes. Other
species given are (S.) SATANAS; (S.) rufiventer = P. PITHECIA;
(S.) mMonacuus first described; (S.) azareé = AoTus MIRI-
guouINnus; (S.) leucocephalus var. C. P. MonacHusS; 2d sub-
genus Yarkea, with (Y.) leucocephala = P. pitHEcta middle
age! P. hirsuta Spix, young, and P. inusta = P. MONACHUS;
3d subgenus Chiropotes, with (C.) cuxio = P. SATANAS; var.
A, (C.) cHIROPOTES; var. B. P. sagulato = P. CHIROPOTES.
The discrimination shown of the specific values is not great,
and the arrangement confusing and unnecessarily complicated.
J. E. Gray, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
PITHECIA PITHECIA redescribed as P. pogonias.

J. E. Gray, in Zoology of the Voyage of the Suiphur. Mam-
malia.

PITHECIA MONACHA redescribed as P. irrorata; P. pogonias,
and P. leucocephala both = P. PITHECIA.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de l Académie
des Sciences, Paris.

PITHECIA ALBINASA first described.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Comptes Rendus de l Académie
des Sciences, Paris.

PITHECIA CHRYSOCEPHALA first described.

I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Catalogue des Primates.

Six species of Pirnecta are here given. They are P. leuco-
cephala = P. PITHECIA; P. CHRYSOCEPHALA; P. rufiventer =
P. PITHECIA; P. MONACHUS; P. ALBINASA; and P. SATANAS.
Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Seven species are here recognized but only three belong to the
genus PitHecia. P. leucocephala with B. P. rufiventer = P.
PITHECIA; P. ALBINASA; P. SATANAS; P. CHIROPOTES. The
other species mentioned belong to the genus Cacajao.

I

1860.

1862.

1870.

1876.

1883.

PITHECIA 287

J. E. Gray, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Four species are here given. P. CHRYSOCEPHALA; P. MONACHA,
with P. irrorata Gray, as a synonym; P. rufiventer = P. PITHE-
cla, with P. pogonias Gray, as a synonym; and P. ALBICANS
described for the first time. Two others are mentioned as ap-
parently distinct, P. leucocephala Geoft., = P. pirHEcta; and P.
ALBINASA. These had not been seen by this Author.
Reichenbach, Die Vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
In this work the species of PirHeEcta are divided between that
genus and Yarkea as follows: P. rufiventer = P. PITHECIA;
P. CAPILLIMENTOSA; P. CHRYSOCEPHALUS; (Y.) leucocephala
= P. PITHECIA; (Y.) ochrocephala = P. CHRYSOCEPHALA ;
(Y.) musta = P. pitHecia; and (Y.) irrorata = P. PITHECIA;
B. israelita Gray = P. curropotes as does also C. sagulata
Gray.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in British Museum.

The species of PirHecia are here divided into two Tribes,
Pithecina and Brachyurina. The first contains the genus PITHE-
cIA with four species, viz.: P. atsicans; P. rufiventer = P.
PITHECIA; P. leucocephala = P. PITHECIA; and P. MONACHA.
Brachyurina has two genera Chiropotes, with (C.) SATANAS;
(C.) sagulata = P. cH1ropotes; (C.) ater = P. saTanas; and
(C.) ALBINASA. The second genus Ouckaria has three species,
all of which are now included in the genus Cacajao.

Schlegel, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simic.
In this work nine species are placed in the genus PITHECIA,
viz., P. nocturna = P. CHRYSOCEPHALA Geoff., which is con-
sidered a variation from the typical style. Simia PITHECIA
Linn., is given among the synonyms, but, although it has a
prior claim, is not adopted as the name of the species. P. MonaA-
CHA; P. ALBINASA; P. CHIROPOTES; P. sATANAS; P. melano-
cephala, P. calva, P. rubicunda and P. alba, the last four not
belonging to PirHEciA, but now contained in the genus Caca-
JAO, but P. alba is a supposititious species no example having
ever been procured.

A. von Pelzeln, Brasilische Saéugethiere, Resultate von Johann
Natterer’s Reisen in der Jahren 1817 bis 1835.

Five species of PirHecta are here recorded as follows: P. leu-
cocephala Audeb., = P. pirHecia Linn.; P. cHRYSOCEPHALA;
P. lirsuta = P. MonNAcHA; P. CHIROPOTES; and P. SATANAS.

288 PITBHEC LA

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

On the northeastern corner of South America in French Guiana,
two species of this genus are found, one P. carILLIMENTOSA not having
been, as yet, procured elsewhere; the other P. pirHEcia with a wider
known range, being a resident of British Guiana for 300 miles into the
interior, (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 305) ; and Guiana
possesses two additional species, P. sSATANAS and P. CHIROPOTES, rang-
ing on the Upper Orinoco, Rio Tocantins and Rio Negro; the first
named having been obtained at Para; the latter also on the Rio Branco,
Brazil, and, according to Bates, it goes to Peru. On the Upper
Amazon near Ega on the Solimoens P. ALBICANS was procured, its
range unknown; and on the banks of the Rio Negro near Barra P.
CHRYSOCEPHALA occurs. At or near Santarem on the Lower Amazon
P. ALBINASA was found. The most extensive known range of any of
the species is that of P. MmonacHa, which occurs on both banks of the
Upper Amazon, on the Rio Negro, Rio Madeira and Rio Marmoré, in
the vicinity of Tabatinga on the Rio Solimoens, and into Peru, where
it has been procured on the Rio Javari and Rio Ucayali. The species
has also been obtained on the Rio Marona in Western Ecuador.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size large.
a. Hair of head long, projecting forward on face.

‘

a. Color black, hairs tipped with white, hands

and feet grayish white ................. P. monacha.
b.’ Color clove brown, some hairs white tipped,
hands and feet black.............0. P. capillimentosa.
c. Back and tail only black, rest whitish........ P. albicans.
b. Hair of head short, not projecting on face.
as) Head white .¢2 0012 S00070 Pines RI eee P. pithecta.
6 Head-ochraceous bufP yok 2. ad. P. chrysocephalus.
c.. Head black, nose scarlet, tip black.......... P. albinasa.
B. Size small.
a. Back black, washed with brown ................. P. satanas.
b.. ‘Back golden brown 220. DARIEN Aen | P. chiropotes.

PirHecia MONACHA EK. Geoffroy.
Pithecia monachus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,

1812, p. 116; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 24, 10me

PLATE 6.

VOLUME I.

“SNGNNOIGNY OVPVOVO

‘VIOSHLId VIOAHLId

“SNHOVNOW VIOSHLId

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VOLUME | PLATE 9

PITHECIA MONACHA

TEIN ISIS (EI val 289

Lecon; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 55; Casteln., Expéd.
Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 17, pl. III; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg.
Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 178, 179; Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 230; 1872, p. 664; Flow., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1862, p. 326, pl. XXXVII; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 59;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 182.

Simua (Pithecia) monacha Humb., Recueil Observ. Zool., 1811,
(1815); p. 359.

Pithecia hirsuta Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 14, pl. IX;
Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 178; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz.,
1868, p. 314; von Pelz., Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1883, Beiheft.

Pithecia inusta Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 15, pl. X;
Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1860, p. 229.

Pithecia irrorata Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., 1844, p. 14, pl. III;
Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 108.

Yarkea hirsuta Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 27,
figs. 78, 79.

VYarkea inusta Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 27,
Hg. AZ:

Yarkea monacha Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 28,
fig. 80.

Varkea irrorata Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 29,
fig. 82.

Pithecia monacha Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 220.
HAIRY SAKI.

Type locality. “Probablement le Brésil.”

Geogr. Distr. North bank of the Upper Amazon from Tonantins
extending into Peru. South bank of the Upper Amazon, (Wallace) ;
Macas, Ecuador, (Buckley) ; Cidade do Matto Grosso, Rio Marmoré;
Destacommento do Ribeiro am Madeira; Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil,
(Natterer).

Genl. Char. Hairs long, harsh, loosely set, directed forward about
the head forming a hood; face bare, or covered with short hairs; nos-
trils lateral, separated rather widely; ears, large, round, naked.

Color. Male. Face and ears purplish brown; face sometimes
covered with short white hairs; head covered with short hairs, white
from above eyes to crown; black and white on crown and sides, extend-

EES

290 PITELE GIA

ing on to the throat; lips covered with short white hairs; upper parts
of body, limbs and tail black, the hairs tipped with yellowish white,
becoming brownish on rump; throat and breast ochraceous buff; rest
of under parts purplish prune or purplish black; hands and feet yel-
lowish white; inner sides of arms and legs black.

Female. Face bare, dark purplish brown, nose almost black,
around eyes paler, and sparingly covered with short white hairs; top
and back of head, neck, shoulders, back, thighs and tail black washed
with yellowish white; rump, pale yellowish brown, base of hairs
brownish black; forearm black, hairs white tipped; hands and feet
white; tail black, hairs with pale brown tips; throat, breast, belly and
inside of thighs pale brown; nails black. Flower’s description of 9.

Measurements. Total length about 880; tail, 508. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 80; zygomatic width, 62 ; intertemporal width, 38; palatal
length, 27; breadth of braincase, 47; median length of nasals, 17;
length of upper molar series, 18; length of mandible, 59; length of
lower molar series, 22.

The type of Pithecia inusta Spix, is in the Munich Museum and
can in no way be separated from P. monacHa. It is a full grown
animal in good condition and came from the forests of the Tonantins,
an affluent of the Solimoens River, near Tabatinga.

Bates, writing about this monkey under the name of Paranacu
(1. c.) states that it is a timid, inoffensive creature, and is found on
the “terra firma” lands of the north shore of the Solimoens from
Tonantins to Peru. It is a very delicate animal rarely living in cap-
tivity for any length of time, but if one succeeds in keeping it alive for
any considerable period, it makes a very affectionate pet. While the
Cebi exceed all the American monkeys in intelligence, the Coaita,
(ATELEUS PANISCUS) has the most gentle and affectionate disposition,
but the Paranacu although a dull, cheerless animal exceeds all in its
capability of attachment to man. It is not lacking in intelligence, as
the following incident shows. A neighbor had gone out in the morn-
ing leaving his pet behind, and the monkey missing its friend decided
it would come to Mr. Bates as was its habit, and so the Paranacu took
a short cut over gardens, trees and thickets, as a neighbor saw it on its
way, and came directly to Mr. Bates’ dwelling. Not finding its master
there, it climbed on to a table and sat down, and with an air of quiet
resignation waited for him. Soon after its owner entered and his pet
jumped at once to its usual perch on his shoulder.

BITHECIA 291

PITHECIA CAPILLIMENTOSA Spix.

Pithecia capillimentosa Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, XVI,
pl. XI; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 229; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 25, fig. 73.

Pithecia rufiventer (nec Geoff.), Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,
I, 1840, p. 222, (desc. nec Syn.).

Type locality. Cayenne. Type in Munich Museum.

Genl. Char. Hair very long and loose on hinder part of head, and

inclined to stand erect. Face covered with short hairs.

Color. Forepart of head and sides yellowish white, the hairs
being black at base with yellowish white tips; upper parts of body and
flanks clove brown, the long hairs falling over the shoulders, and on
arms above elbows tipped with yellowish white; forearms, hands and
feet jet black; throat, breast and abdomen buff, rest of under parts to
vent clove brown; tail very bushy, clove brown.

Measurements. Total length, 475; tail, 220; foot, 90. Skull in
specimen. Ex type Munich Museum.

The type is a young animal, perhaps half grown, and has gener-
ally been considered the same as PITHECIA PITHECIA (Linn.). It is,
however, much nearer P. MonacHa (Humboldt), but differs from that
species in its jet black hands and feet, and in having the buff on the
under parts extending to the lower part of the abdomen. Compared
with a young P. monacHA of about the same size and probably age,
it differs in the much longer hairs on the head and neck rising, as Spix
states, like a wig, (but not shown in his plate), in the much greater
extent of the buff color on the under parts, and strikingly in the totally
different color of the hands and feet, as there is no indication whatever
of the grayish or yellowish white hue which makes the hands and feet
of P. MONACHA so conspicuous a feature of that species. There seems
to be no alternative but to consider Spix’s type as representing a dis-
tinct form. Like so many of Spix’s figures, the one given of this type
does not represent the animal either in color or in the length and
peculiar disposition of the hairs. Spix did not collect this specimen, but
found it in the collection of the Munich Museum, and it was in the
register of 1816 as having come from Cayenne. This is on one of the
tickets now attached to the type. Of course this was before Spix made
his journey to Brazil. He does not say in his work what the locality
of his type was, but merely gives a description of the animal and a
figure.

292 PITH EG IRA

PITHECIA ALBICANS Gray.
Pithecia albicans Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231, pl.
LXXXI; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Museum, 1870, p. 59; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., II, 1863.
p. 314; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 216.
Yarkea albicans Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
27, no fig.
WHITISH SAKI.

Type locality. Lake Teffé, near Ega, on the Solimoens River,
Brazil. Type in British Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Tonantins to Peru, on the Solimoens River, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size large. Hair long and loose hanging down the
sides to knees and elbows; tail long, bushy; hair on back of head
leaning forward, forming a hood as in P. MONACHA.

Color. Face covered with short white hairs; head, shoulders,
sides of body, limbs, hands and feet whitish; back, upper part of sides
and tail black, the hairs with whitish tips; under parts russet; hands
and feet whitish or grayish. Ex type in British Museum.

Measurements. About the size of P. MONACHA.

The type and paratypes of this form described by Gray are in
the British Museum Collection, and seem entitled to be regarded as
distinct. They differ in color from all other Pithecie. The adult
does not agree with Gray’s description for the shoulders and arms
are not black, but whitish, the black of the back only covering the back
between the shoulders, and there is no black whatever on the arms.
The ‘whitish’ of Gray’s description has now become a pale, dirty,
yellowish brown, probably giving a very incorrect idea of the animal’s
appearance in life. The hairs on hands and feet are quite short, the long
hairs not going beyond the wrists and ankles. The long hair of the
head comes forward to the face as in P. MonacHA, but the texture is
quite different from the hair of that species, being not harsh and
straight but having an inclination to curl.

Bates, to whose book I have so often referred, says, (1. c.) that
this monkey is found on the banks of the Teffé south of the Solimoens.
An individual, since placed in the British Museum, was a pet of a
young Frenchman at Ega. It was so tame that it followed him like
a dog about the streets. Its owner was a tailor, and the monkey passed
most of the day on his shoulder while he was at work. It was not
friendly, however, to any other person.

PIRMEGCILA 293

PITHECIA PITHECIA (Linneus).

Simia pithecia Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, p. 40; Bodd., Elench.
Anim., 1784, p. 63; Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 39.

Simia leucocephala Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis, Fam. VI,
Sec. I, 1797, p. 9, fig. 2.

Pithecia nocturna Illig., Abhandl. Konigl. Akad. Berlin, 1804-1811,
p. 107; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 217,
(Part.) ; Anders., Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Calc., 1881, p. 86.

Simia (Pithecia) leucocephala Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 359.

Simia (Pithecia) rufiventer Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 358.

Pithecia leucocephala E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 117; Id. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 24, 10me
Legon; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 45; Gray, List Spec.
Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 3; Jd. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 12,
pl. II; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p.54; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Reg. Fam. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231; Id. Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 57; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 228.

Pithecia rufiventer E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 116; Jd. Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p. 18, 10me
Lecon; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 175; Wagn., Abhandl.
Akad. Miinch., V, 1848, Pt. II, p. 436, 9; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 55, 9; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.
Natur., fasc. I, pp. 178, 179; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, p. 230; Id. Cat. Monkeys Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 60.

Yarkea leucocephala Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840 p. 177; Reichenb.,
Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 26, figs. 75, 76.

Pithecia pogonias Gray, Voy. Sulphur, 1844, p. 13, pl. II, 9.

Yarkea rufiventer Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
Vio yee 1-4

Yarkea pogonias Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
29, fig. 81.

Pithecia pithecia Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 185; Elliot,
Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII, F. C. M. Pub., 1906,

p. 556, fig. LXX XII, Zool. Ser.
WHITE-HEADED SAKI.
Type locality. Guiana.

294 PITHECHIA

Geogr. Distr. Interior of Demerara, French Guiana; British
Guiana ; and the region of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Hair very long both on body and tail; sexes differ-
ently colored. ;

Color. Male. Head grayish white, becoming yellowish on sides
and tawny ochraceous about the lips and throat ; face naked, black, and
a narrow black naked line on the center of the head dividing the white
hairs; entire rest of pelage, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail black.

Female. Brownish black, hairs tipped with buff or buff yellow;
belly red.

Measurements. Total length about 750; tail, 400. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 69; zygomatic width, 49; intertemporal width, 35; palatal
length, 33; breadth of braincase, 42; median length of nasals, 14;
length of upper molar series, 16; length of mandible, 48; length of
lower molar series, 19.

Gray (1. c.) refers his P. leucocephala to P. CHRYSOCEPHALA
Geoff., having never seen the type specimen and considers Geoffroy’s
P. leucocephala as distinct. In this he was mistaken, as both Gray’s
and Geoffroy’s leucocephala are the same, and not separable from P.
PITHECIA Linn. In the same paper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, he
refers his P. irrorata correctly to P. MONACHA.

There are two specimens in the Paris Museum marked P. rufi-
venter but neither are marked “Type,” and the whereabouts of that
important example is unknown. The type of Pithecia pogonias Gray,
is in the British Museum. It is a female with the red belly, and in all
respects resembles the females of P. pirHEciA. A specimen in the
Paris Museum marked “Type” on the label, and on the bottom of the
stand, “Jeucocephalus G. St. H.” is probably Audebert’s type which is
exactly the same as S. PITHECIA Linn. It is.a male.

PITHECIA CHRYSOCEPHALA I. Geoffroy.

Pithecia chrysocephala I. Geoff., Compt. Rend., 1850, p. 875; Jd.
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 55; Jd. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
V, 1852, p. 557, pl. XXIX; Gray; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, p. 230; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond , 1871, p. 228; von
Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1880, p. 14.

Pithecia rufibarbata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. 1820, p. 44, 2; Less., Spec.
Mamm., 1840, p. 175.

Pithecia ochrocephala Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 44, juv.; Less.,
Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 175.

PITHECIA 295
Yarkea ochrocephala Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862,
p. 26.
Pithecia nocturna Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simie, 1876, p. 217.
(Part.).

GOLDEN-HEADED SAKI.

Type locality. “Banks of the Amazon.” Type not in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Near Barra, Rio Negro, (Natterer).

Genl. Char. Head ochraceous buff instead of white. Teeth large;
throat and chest bare, black. Lips covered with short white hairs. _

Color. Male. Head and sides of throat ochraceous buff, divided
by a black naked line on top of head; rest of pelage of body, limbs,
hands, feet and tail black.

Female. General color of head, upper parts, flanks, limbs, hands,
feet and tail brownish black, hairs tipped with buff. This color is very
prominent on the forehead, about ears and beneath eyes; under parts
and inner side of limbs orange buff. Several specimens are in the Vienna
Museum collected by Natterer at Paraguacu, Barra do Rio Negro.

Measurements. Total length about 670; tail, 340. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 65; zygomatic width, 46; intertemporal width, 33; palatal

‘length, 23; breadth of braincase, 39; median length of nasals, 13;
length of upper molar series, 17; length of mandible, 42; length of
lower molar series, 20. Ex specimen from Rio Negro in British
Museum called Jeucocephala.

This species varies considerably both among adult individuals and
also at different ages ; the young being more or less reddish brown and
the females resembling young males, reddish brown hairs tipped with
buff in the color of their pelage, with a white band bordering the front
of the cheek.

Kuhl’s types of P. ochrocephalus and P. rufibarbata are both in
the Leyden Museum and both are immature. P. ochrocephalus has
begun to assume the black pelage on different parts of the body,
especially on the limbs, the hairs of which are tipped with ochraceous;
and the hairs around face and on front of head are buff, probably
faded, and much paler than the adult P. ochrocephalus. P. rufibarbata
is a very young animal about half grown and completely in the brown
pelage.

PirHEciA ALBINASA I. Geoffroy et Deville.
Pithecia albinasa I. Geoff. et Deville, Compt. Rend., XXVII,

1848, p. 498; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 56; Id. Archiv.

296 PITHECIA

Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, V, 1852, p. 559; Casteln., Expéd.
Amer. Sud, 1855, p. 16, pl. II, fig. 12, juv.; Dahlb., Stud. Zool.
Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, pp. 177, 178; Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 231; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1881, p. 258, pl. XXIV; Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894,
p. 188, pl. XVII.

Yarkea albinasa Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 127.

Chiropotes albinasa Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating

Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61.
WHITE-NOSED SAKI.
Tvpe locality. Santarem, Lower Amazon. Type in Paris

Museum.

Color. Entire pelage, head, body, limbs, hands, feet and tail,
jet black; face around eyes and upper part of nose, black; lower part
of nose to tip, lips and chin covered with short white hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 665; tail, 310; foot, 120. No skull.

The type I should judge to be a half grown individual, for, as the
measurements show, it is very small. The skull being unfortunately
wanting, no estimate of its age can be given. The white of the nose,
lips and chin is very conspicuous.

The locality given above is written on the bottom of the stand.

PITHECIA SATANAS (Hoffmannsegg).

Simia satanas Hoftmanns., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, X,
1807, p. 93.

Simia (Pithecia) satanas Humb., Obs. Zool., 1811, (1815), p.
314, pl. XX VII.

Pithecia satanas E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, 1812,
p. 115; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 56; Wagn., Schreb.,
Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 102; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Sclat., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 712, pl. XLI; 1871, p. 228; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 224; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1882, p. 442; von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1883, p. 16;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 186.

Brachyurus satanas E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828, p.
25, 10me Lecon.

Saki noir F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. LX XVIII, juv.

Chiropotes cuxio Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 179.

Pithecia satanas var. a. nigra, Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl.,
1855, V, p. 102.

oe ee ee

. —

PT HE TA 297

Chiropotes satanas Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
73, figs. 179-182; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61.
Chiropotes ater Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 61, juv.
BLACK SAKI.

Type locality. Cameta, on the right bank of the Rio Tocantins
near its mouth, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. British Guiana; forests near Para, Lower Amazon;
banks of the Rio Orinoco, Rio Tocantins and Rio Negro, Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size moderate; fur soft; hair on crown in young
radiating from center and falling evenly around the head; in adult
divided by a central line; tail long, bushy ; whiskers long, and moderate
beard on chin.

Color. General color of pelage black, with the back washed with
brown; more so in the female than in the male; hands and feet black.
Female does not differ in color from the male but has a shorter beard.

Measurements. Total length, 863; tail, 406. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 72; zygomatic width, 48; intertemporal width, 39; palatal
length, 26; breadth of braincase, 49 ; median length of nasals, 8; length
of upper molar series, 17; length of mandible, 42; length of lower
molar series, 20.

I have examined the Chiropotes niger Gray, type in British
Museum, and find it to be undoubtedly this species. It is not ‘shining
black,’ but has quite a brown back, and is probably not a young
individual, the hair on head radiating from the center.

PirHecia *cHIROPOTES (Humboldt).
Simia (Pithecia) chiropotes Humb., Obs. Zool., I, 1811, (1815),
p. 311.
Pithecia chiropotes E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 116; Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., 1820, p. 43; I. Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 56; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim.

*Trouessart in his Catalogus Mammalium, p. 43, gives among the synonyms
of this species, P. chiropotes satanas var. fulvo-fusca Hoffmann., 1807, but no
page cited. After most diligent search I cannot find that Hoffmannsegg ever
gave the name fulvo-fusca to any species of monkey. It certainly is not
mentioned in the Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berl., X, 1807, where P. sATANAS is
described, nor in any other volume of the Magazine, and Dr. Trouessart must
have been misled in citing the name attributed to Hoffmannsegg. Had this
Author really called the species known as cHrRopotes, fulvo-fusca, the latter
appellation would have taken precedence.

298 Pl THEE 6 Ica

Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 177, 178; Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, p. 228; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 224;
von Pelz., Bras. Saugth., 1883, p. 116; Forbes, Handb.
Primates, I, 1894, p. 187.

Simia sagulata Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc., III, 1821, p. 167.

Brachyurus israelita Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 11,
pl. VII; Wagn., Abhandl. Bay. Akad. Minch., V, p. 433,
(Part.).

Pithecia sagulata Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 59.

Brachyurus chiropotes E. Geoff., Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1828,
p. 26, 10me Lecon.

Chiropotes israelita Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
73, fig. 183.

Chiropotes sagulata Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p.
14, figs. 184-186; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-

eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 60.
RED-BACKED SAKI.

Type locality. Banks of the Orinoco, Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. British Guiana; region of the upper Orinoco, and
that of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, Brazil. Peru, (Tschudi) ;
banks of the River Japura, Peru, (Spix); Cararaucgu, banks of the
Rio Branco, (von Pelzeln) ; Andros, (von Pelzeln).

Genl. Char. Larger than P. satanas, beard long; hair of head
dividing in middle on adults, radiating from a point near the occiput in
young.

Color. Top and back of head, lips, chin and whiskers black;
shoulders and upper parts of body golden brown, paler, more yellowish
brown in immature individuals; arms to elbows chestnut; forearms,
legs and tail black tinged with chestnut, the bases of the hairs being
that color ; hands and feet cinnamon rufous; flanks like back ; middle of
abdomen blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 780; tail, 370; foot, 124; ear, 32,
(Collector). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 76.1; Hensel, 59.1; zygo-
matic width, 60.7 ; width of braincase, 50.6; palatal length, 27.4; median
length of nasals, 14.1; length of upper molar series, 18.1; length of
mandible, 54.5; length of lower molar series, 22.5. Ex specimen in
British Museum.

Spix’s type of Brachyurus israelita is in the Munich Museum and
is certainly the same as this species; there is no difference observable
whatever.

VOLUME I. PLATE XXXlI.

SGC

CACAJAO CALVUS.

No. 60.4.16.6. Brit. Mus. Coll Nat. Siz

CACAJAO 299

GENUS CACAJAO. UAKARI MONKEYS.

22 it s3 geen.
lL gt Gee T Wea TM Sey = 3°.

CACAJAO Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 181. Type Simia melano-

cephala Humboldt.

Brachyurus Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 11, tab. VII,
VIII, (nec Fischer Muridz, 1813).

Cercoptochus Glog., Hand. u. Hilfsb. Naturg. I, 1841, pp. XX VII,
41.

Ouakaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 9, fig.

Uacaria Flow. and Lydekk., Mamm., Liv. and Extinct, 1870, p.
Al2:

Cothurus Palmer, Science, N. Ser., X, 1899, p. 493, (nec Cham-
pion, Coleopt.).

Neocothurus Palm., Scien., N. Ser., XVII, 1903, p. 873.

Face short, sometimes highly colored; fur short, silky; tail very
short. Skull: parietal and malar bones in contact; mandible dilated
posteriorly, similar to that of the members of the genus ALOUATTA;
incisors oblique; diastema present between canines and incisors of the
upper jaw.

The three species comprising this genus are the only short-tailed
monkeys inhabiting the New World. The brevity of this organ is not
occasioned by the fact that fewer vertebre are present, but on account
of their small size. Two of -the species are remarkable for the
brilliant coloring of their faces, which are scarlet or vermilion-red, and
this hue becomes much deeper whenever an individual is excited.
The brain is well developed and complicated, very different from that
of the species of Saimiri. The lower jaw is peculiar in shape resem-
bling somewhat that of the species of ALouatTa, but there is no
especial relationship between the genera.

In their distribution each species of Uakari monkey is restricted to
a certain district, and although the ranges of two of them, C. cALvus
and C. RUBICUNDUS, approach rather closely at one point, they are not
known ever to mingle together. Bates, who had very good oppor-
tunities for observing these animals in their native land, states, writing
of them in a general way, that they live in forests which are inundated

300

CACAJAO

during a great part of the year, and they never descend to the ground;
the short tail being no evidence of terrestrial habits such as those of the
short-tailed Baboons of various genera.

1812.

1823.

1840.

1845.

1862.

1870.

1876.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES.

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

CACAJAO CALVUS Piste | as Brachyurus calvus, and C.
MELANOCEPHALUS as Pithecia melanocephala.

Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium.

Under the genus Brachyurus two species are given: C. MELANO-
CEPHALUS redescribed as B. ouakary; and B. israelita =
PITHECIA CHIROPOTES E. Geoffroy.

R. P. Lesson, Species des Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadru-
manes.

Two forms recognized by the Author are placed in Cacajao,
but this is made a subgenus of PirHecia. The species recog-
nized is C. MELANOCEPHALUS with “variété d’age”? B. ouakary
Spix, = C. MELANOCEPHALUS.

E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Archives du Muséum d’Histotre
Naturelle, Paris.

Two species are here first described under the genus Brach-
yurus: B. RUBICUNDUS, and B. CALVUS.

Reichenbach, Die Vollsténdigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
Cacajyao here contains C. ouakary = C. MELANOCEPHALUS ;
and C. MELANOCEPHALUS; the remaining species being included
in Brachyurus: (B.) RuBICcUNDUS and (B.) CALVvus.

J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, in Collection of the British Museum.

In this List the three species above described are placed in a
new genus ‘Ouakaria. Individuals varying in white or red
hues are considered as albinos of C. MELANOCEPHALUS!
Schlegel, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas, Simie.
Three species already described are here placed in the genus
PiTHECcIA, and a supposed white form from the banks of the
river Japura, represented only by an uncolored drawing in
Bates’ book, “The Naturalist on the River Amazon,” (no
specimens from that locality having been seen), is described as
Pithecia alba = CAcAJAO CALVUS.

CACAJAO 301
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

The dispersion of the species of this genus is given in the articles
as described by Bates in the passages quoted. Briefly it may be said
that C. caLvus is confined to the west side of the Japura River near
its mouth; to the banks of the Uatiparana near Tonantins; C. RuBI-
CUNDUS inhabits the eastern half of the western part of the Japura
delta, an extent of country 150 miles long by 60 or 80 wide, and C-.
MELANOCEPHALUS is found 180 miles from the mouth of the Japura
according to Bates, but Humboldt says it is met with in the forests
watered by the Cassiquiare, Negro and Branco rivers.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Face naked, tail short.

@.., General “color whitish, oray 4) ep. ioe ait. ai-teiets ole C. calvus.
b. General color bright chestnut red ........... C. rubicundus.
c. General color black and chestnut red ....C. melanocephalus.

Cacagao catvus (I. Geoffroy).
Brachyurus calvus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Pawis, 1845,
p. 560; Id. Compt. Rend., XXVIII, 1848, p. 576; Id. Cat.
Primates, 1851, p. 57; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm.,
1855, p. 17, pl. IV, fig. 1; Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., 1863, p.
308; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 586, (note) ;
Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p.
180; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 70; W. A.
Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 646; 1887, p. 119, pl.
XII; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 119, pl. XII;
N. O. Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 177.
Ouakaria calva Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, pp. 8, 10, fig.
(skull) ; Id. Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,
Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62.
Scarlet-faced Monkey Bates, Nat. Riv. Amaz., IT, 1863, p. 313, fig.
Pithecia calva Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 228.
BALD OR WHITE UAKARI.
Type locality. Banks of the Japura River, opposite Fonteboa,
Brazil. Type in Paris Museum.
Geogr. Distr. Amazonian region, Brazil, in the angle formed by
the union of the Japura River and the Amazon.

302 CACAJIAO

Genl. Char. Face and fore part of head naked; color pale; tail
short.

Color. Face scarlet; fore part and sides of head cinnamon, the
hairs becoming long below the chin, where they are reddish chestnut;
top of head, neck, upper parts and outer side of limbs whitish gray;
under parts cinnamon rufous; inner side of limbs whitish gray tinged
with cinnamon rufous; hands and feet yellowish brown.

Young. Bates writes of the young (1. c.) p. 313, “I was surprised
to find the hair of the young animal much paler in color than that of
the adults, it being of a sandy and not brownish red hue, and con-
sequently did not differ overmuch from that of the white species, the
two forms therefore are less distinct from each other in their young
than in their adult states.”

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 85; zygomatic width,
64; intertemporal width, 41.5; palatal length, 32; width of braincase,
52; median length of nasals, 16; length of upper molar series, 20;
length of mandible, 58; length of lower molar series, 23. Vertebre:
Cervical, 7; Dorsal, 13; Lumbar, 6; Sacral, 4; Caudal, 15 to 20.

The type in the Paris Museum is so faded that it will no longer
serve for comparison of colors.

Bates says of this species, (1. c.) under the trivial name of ‘white
Uakari,’ that it is only found on the banks of the Japura River near its
principal mouth, and is confined, so far as he was able to ascertain, to
its western side. It goes in small troupes, in the tops of the highest
trees, and subsists on various kinds of fruits. The hunters say, while
nimble in its movements, it does not often leap, but runs along the
larger limbs when travelling from tree to tree. The young are carried
on the back of the mother. The Indians shoot them with poisoned
arrows, and they go a considerable distance after being wounded, and
an experienced hunter is required to follow them. The most expert
hunter is he who can keep up with a wounded Uakari, and catch it in
his arms when it falls exhausted. If then he wishes to keep the animal
alive, a pinch of salt, the antidote for the poison, is put into its mouth
and it revives. These monkeys are in great demand for presents, and
high prices are asked for them, often as much as the equivalent of
nearly twenty dollars.

Adult Uakaris taken in the above manner rarely become tame,
remaining peevish and sulky and bite every one who comes near them,
and are quite silent in captivity, and in the course of a few days refuse
to eat and die. Many succumb to inflammation of the lungs. One he

CACAJAO 303

had as a pet died of this malady. Although kept in an airy veranda,
it soon lost its appetite; its coat which was long, smooth and glossy,
became dingy and ragged, like museum specimens, and its bright scarlet
face became dull. When in health, this color extends to the hair on
the forehead and temples, and over the cheeks and jaw to the neck.
As their hue remained for several hours after the animal’s death, he
supposed it was due, at least partly, to a pigment beneath the skin,
which would probably retain its color after the circulation ceased.

After witnessing so many proofs of this monkey’s morose disposi-
tion, he was to meet a very lively individual at the house of a friend.
It came from an adjoining room, ran to him and climbed into his lap
and nestled there, looking up at him and grinning in the way monkeys
have. It was young, and had been captured after its mother had been
shot. Its teeth were still incomplete and its face was pale and mottled,
the scarlet hue of the adult not having yet appeared. It had been reared
with the children and allowed to run about the house.

The Uakari is one of the many animals the Brazilians call “mortal”
or with delicate constitutions in contradistinction to those which are
“duro” or hardy. Most of those sent from Ega die before reaching
Para, and the difficulty it experiences in accommodating itself to
changed conditions probably influences its restricted range, for its limit
is an area of swampy woods of about sixty miles in extent, without any
barrier to prevent it from wandering farther, except towards the south.
One, which he had on his boat on the Rio Negro, and which was quite
tame, went on shore one morning at Barra and disappeared in the forest
and was gone for twenty-four hours, when he reappeared and walked
down the bowsprit, his mode of departure, to his usual place on deck..
He had evidently found the forest, which was very different from his
humid home on the Japura, uncongenial, and preferred the boat and
captivity, to freedom in such a district.

Schlegel (1. c.) has given the name of Pithecia alba to the monkey
described by Bates, as he considered the uncolored drawing in the
book represented a distinct species from the Uakari found on the
banks of the Solimoens, from the fact that the artist has represented
the hair of the animal much longer than it is on the other, and because
Bates speaks of it as having a shining whitish hue. It may possibly be
that two nearly allied forms of Uakari do exist on these rivers, but
until specimens from the two localities are obtained and compared, it
is hazardous to describe one as distinct upon an uncolored drawing,
and not a very meritorious one at that. It is not easy at times to
recognize different species of monkeys when examples are accessible,

304 CACAJAO

and it is hardly worth while to add to difficulties already existing, and
which are quite sufficient to give the investigator trouble enough,
without bestowing names on possible species that the describer has
never seen! I have included Schlegel’s name among the synonyms of
this species, on the strength of the Scotch verdict “not proven.” The
so called white Uakari is probably an immature individual of the
present species.

CacaJAO RUBICUNDUS (I. Geoffroy).

Brachyurus rubicundus 1. Geoff., Compt. Rend., XX VII, 1848,
p. 498; Id. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1845, pl. XXX; Jd.
Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 57; Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1852, pp. 107, 108; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm.,
1855, p. 19, pl. IV, fig. 2; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg.
Affen, 1862, p. 76, fig. 189; W. A. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1880, p. 646, pls. LXI, LXII, figs. 1-6; H. O. Forbes,
Handb. Primates, 1894, p. 176, pl. XVI.

Ouakaria rubicunda Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62.

Pithecia rubicunda Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 228.
RED UAKARI.

Type locality. North bank of the Amazon opposite Olivenga,
Brazil. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of the Amazon, north side, from Iga River
westward. Exact range not known.

Genl. Char. Hair on arms and shoulders long, forming a cape.
Color like that of the Ourang.

Color. Entire face, forehead and sides of head naked, bright
vermilion red; middle of head on top gray; rest of head, neck, limbs,
body above and beneath, hands, feet and tail bright chestnut red.
Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Skull of type in specimen. Another example
has occipito-nasal length, 102; zygomatic width, 66; intertemporal
width, 42; median length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar series,
20; length of mandible, 64; length of lower molar series, 24.

Bates in the work from which extracts have ‘already been taken
says: “A most curious fact connected with this monkey is the existence
of an allied form, or brother species, in a tract of country lying to the
west of its district. This differs in being clothed with red instead of
white hair, and has been described by Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire

VOLUME | PLate Il

CACAJAO RUBICUNDUS (Head)

PLATE 10

VOLUME |

CACAJAO MELANOCEPHALUS

CACAJAO 305

(from specimens brought to Paris in 1847 by the Compte de Castel-
nau) as a distinct species, under the name of Brachyurus rubicundus.
It wholly replaces the white form in the western parts of the Japura
delta; that is to say, in a uniform district of country, 150 miles in
length, and sixty to eighty in breadth, the eastern half is tenanted
exclusively by white Uakaris, and the western half by red ones. The
district, it may be mentioned, is crossed by several channels, which at
the present time doubtless serve as barriers to the dispersal of
monkeys, but cannot have done so for many centuries, as the position
of low alluvial lands, and the direction of channels in the Amazon
Valley, change considerably in the course of a few years. The red-
haired Uakari appears to be most frequently found in the forests lying
opposite to the mouth of the river which leads to Fonteboa, and ranges
thence to the banks of the Uatiparana, the most westerly channel of
the Japura, situated near Tunantins. Beyond that point to the west
there is no trace of either the red or the white form, nor of any other
allied species. Neither do they pass to the eastward of the main
mouth of the Japura, nor to the south shore of the Solimoens. How far
they range northwards along the banks of the Japura, I could not
precisely ascertain; Senhor Chrysostomo, however, assured me that
‘at 180 miles from the mouth of this river, neither white nor red Uakari
is found, but that a third, black-faced and gray-haired species takes
their place.

“T saw two adult individuals of Brachyurus rubicundus at Ega,
and a young one at Fonteboa; but was unable to obtain specimens
myself, as the forests were inundated at the time I visited their
locality. I was surprised to find the hair of this young animal much
paler in colour than that of the adults, it being of a sandy and not of a
brownish-red hue, and consequently did not differ very much from
that of the white species; the two forms, therefore, are less distinct
from each other in their young than in their adult states. The fact
of the range of these singular monkeys being so curiously limited as
here described, cannot be said to be established until the country lying
between the northern shore of the Solimoens and New Granada be
well explored, but there can be no doubt of the separation of the two
forms in the Delta lands of the Japura, and this is a most instructive
fact in the geographical distribution of animals.”

r

CacAJAO MELANOCEPHALUS (KE. Geoffroy).
Pithecia melanocephala Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 117; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simi, 1876. p. 229.

306 GA GATAOGO

Brachyurus ouakary Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., 1823, p. 12, pl.
VIII; Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 183.

Cacajao melanocephalus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 182.

Ouakaria spixi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 10, fig. 1.

Brachyurus melanocephalus W. A. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 645, pl. LXIII; H. O. Forbes, Handb. Primates, I,
1894, p. 175.

Ouakaria melanocephala Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-

eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 62.
BLACK-HEADED UAKARI.

Type locality. Banks of the Cassiquiare River.

Geogr. Distr. Forests through which the Rio Cassiquiare, Rio
Negro, and Rio Branco flow; Brazil.

Color. Face naked, and with the head, shoulders, limbs, hands,
feet and tail is black, except a portion of the upper side of tail which
is chestnut; back and sides reddish and black; rump and middle of
thighs reddish chestnut; under parts blackish.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; Hensel, 65;
zygomatic width, 61; intertemporal width, 40; median length of nasals,
12; length of upper molar series, 19; length of mandible, 55; length
of lower molar series, 21.

I examined Spix’s type of Brachyurus ouakary, Munich Museum,
and found it agreed with Humboldt’s species.

VOLUME lI. PLATE XXxXIl.

SAIMIRI CERSTEDI.

SIDE VIEW REVERSED.

No. 17116 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. Size.

a _ is

=.:.lU ee

SAIMIRI 307

GENUS SAIMIRI. SQUIRREL MONKEYS.

2-2 1-1 3-3 838i
ie 05 & I-13 le 3-3) M. 3-3 — 36.

SAIMIRI Voigt, Cuvier’s Thierreich, I, 1831, p. 95. Type Simia
sciurea Linnzus.
Chrysothrix Kaup, Das Thierr., I; 1835, p. 50, fig.
Pithesciurus Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, pp. 116, 157-160.
Saimiris Geoft., Compt. Rend., Paris, XVI, 1843, p. 1151.

Head rounded; eyes large, approximate; ears large; septum of
nose broad; tail long, tufted at tip, non-prehensile; thumbs very short.
Skull elongate, braincase large, arched, prolonged posteriorly; facial
portion small; middle upper incisors larger than outer, canines long,
pointed ; partitions between orbits and nostrils thin, membranaceous.

The Squirrel Monkeys are small animals, ranging from Nicaragua
through the valley of the Amazon into Bolivia and Peru, and with their
brilliant coloring are perhaps the most beautiful of their tribe. They
are strictly arboreal, and as Bates remarks, are the most common
of the ordinary monkeys of the American forests. By some writers
they have been considered as closely related to the nocturnal monkeys,
but the relationship is one caused more by environment and conse-
quently similar methods of life than through their organization, and it
may therefore be regarded in the light of being artificial. They possess
large eyes, small ears, and a small inquisitive face, but they would
probably make very unsuccessful hunters by night, as their vision
is only adapted for daylight. Six species and two subspecies are
now recognized, with fairly distinctive characters. It has been found
necessary to make certain changes in the nomenclature of some forms
either on account of previous names having been overlooked by some
of ‘the earlier writers, or the law of priority disregarded. There is
little or no change in the appearance of the sexes, or between old and
young individuals, and these causes of frequent errors in other groups
being non-existent, the synonymy of the various forms is happily brief.

LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

1758. Linneus, Systema Nature.
Under Simia, in which genus Linnzus placed all species of

1834.

1836.

1840.

1844.

1844.

SAIMIRI

Apes and Monkeys, Simia sciurus = SAIMIRI SCIUREUS is
described.

Humboldt, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’ Anatomie.
SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS from the banks of the Cassiquiare
River is described as Chrysothrix sciureus cassiquiarensis.

E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in Annales du Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle de Paris.

Callithrix sciureus var. B. afterwards named S. ustus by I.
Geoffroy St. Hilaire.

D’Orbigny, Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d@ Histoire Naturelle.
SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS described as Callithrix boliviensis.
D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l Amérique Méridionale, Mammi-
feres.

SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS redescribed as Callithrix entomophaga.

R. P. Lesson, Species Mammiféres Bimanes et Quadrumanes.
The genus Pithesciureus is here employed instead of Sarmirt,
which antedates it. P. saimiri = S. sctuREuS; var. A. ex le
Brésil, P. saimiri; var. B. P. entomaphagus ex le Brésil; var.
C. P. CASSIQUIARENSIS, ex Spanish Guiana; and var. D. the
Callithrix sciureus var. B. Geoffroy. Of these P. sciureus and
P. cassiquiarensis are valid. P. entomophaga = S. BOLIVIENSIS.
I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Archives du Muséum d Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.

SAIMIRI USTUS first described.

I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire

_ Naturelle, Paris.

1844.

1855.

1862.

SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS redescribed as Saimiri lunatus.
Wagner, Kéniglich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Miinchen.

SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS redescribed as Chrysothrix nigri-
vittatus.

Wagner, Schreber, Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der
Natur mit Beschreibungen. Supplementband.

Three species are given under the genus Chrysothrix: (C.)
SCIUREA; (C.) entomophaga = SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS; and (C.)
nigrivittata = SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS.

Reichenbach, Die Vollstindigste Naturgeschichte der Affen.
The genus “Saimiris,’ Satmiri, contains the following species
in this work: S. scrureus; S. ustus; S. entomophaga = S.
BOLIVIENSIS ; S. lunulatus = S. CASSIQUIARENSIS; and S. ochro-
leucus which is a CEBUus.

SAIMIRI 309

1872. Reinhardt, Naturhistoriske Forening, Kjobenhaven.
SAIMIRI GRSTEDI described as Chrysothrix erstedi.

1876. Schlegel, Muséum des Pays-Bas, Simie.
In this catalogue four species are recognized under the genus
Sarmiri: S. sciureus; S. lunulatus = S. CASSIQUIARENSIS; S.
CERSTEDI; and S. entomophaga = S. BOLIVIENSIS. S. USTUS
Geoff., is considered the same as S. SCIUREUS.

1904. Thomas, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
SAIMIRI GRSTEDI redescribed as Saimiri erstedi citrinellus.

1907. Elliot, (D. G.) in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
SAIMIRI MACRODON described.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

The range of the various species is as yet but imperfectly known
for several have been obtained only from a few localities, and some
indeed from only one, and those given heretofore by previous writers
are to some extent misleading as more than one species have been
confused together and the separate ranges united. The most northern
distribution of members of this genus is in Central America where S.
-GRSTEDI is found from south of the Herradura Mountains to Panama.
In northern South America S. scluREUS is met with in the three
Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia, and to the south on both banks of
the Amazon and some of its tributaries as the Rio Negro, Rio Uaupe,
Rio Javari, (Schlegel), etc., and in the Province of Goyas, Brazil. S.
CASSIQUIARENSIS ranges from the banks of the Orinoco south of the
Cataracts to the Rio Cassiquiare, and in the forests through which the
Rio Caura flows above the rapids of Mura, and thence westward to
the Rio Copataza in Ecuador. From Humayta, middle Rio Madeira,
also in Ecuador, S. MADEIR# has been procured. On the banks of the
Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons, S. ustus is found and at Cosnipata in
eastern Peru, S. b. nigriceps is met with. S. Macropon has been
obtained from the banks of the Rio Copataza in Ecuador; and from
those of the Rio Juara, and from Marcopata in Peru. S. BoLIVIENSIS
occurs in the Sierras Guarayas, Bolivia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Head gray with a yellowish brown tinge.
a. Forearms, hands and feet ochraceous, teeth small.

,

a. Without black curved line in front of ears...S. sciureus.

310 SAIMIRI

b.’ With black curved line in front of ears.S. cassiquiarensis.
b. Forearms, hands and feet tawny; teeth large ...S. macrodon.

B. Head blue gray without yellow tinge............... S. madeire.
C. “Head golden yellow and black 9). 2797).. See sled ee S. ustus.
D. Head black or blackish.

a. Upper parts grizzled yellow.
a.’ Forearms, hands and feet saffron yellow.S. boliviensis.
b.’ Forearms, hands and feet deep golden
VENOW efor cos eee'e cee Te eles hese S. b. nigriceps.
b. “Upper parts ochraceous! muitous .'.i-... 2 So eee S. erstedi.

SAIMIRI SCIUREUS (Linneus).
Simia sciurea Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1758, p. 19; I, 1766, p. 43;
Bodd., Elench. Animal, 1784, p. 62.
Callithrix sciureus E. Geoff., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX,
1812, p. 113; Casteln., Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., I, 1855, p.
13;
| Saguinus sciureus Less., Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 56.
Chrysothrix sciureus Kaup, Das Thierr., I, 1835, p. 55; Wagn.,
Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 120, pl. XIX; Huxley,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 250; Gray, Cat. Monkeys,
Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 156; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 395; von Pelz., Kaiserl.
Konigl. Zool.-Botan. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1883, p. 21;
von Bardel, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 359; Forbes,
Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 156.
Pithesciurus saimiri Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840. p. 157.
Cebus sciureus Blainv., Ostéog., 1841, Atl., Cebus, pl. VI.
Saimiri sciureus I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 37; Dahlb., Stud.
Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Natur., fasc. I, 1856, p. 157; Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 242.
Saimiris sciureus Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 15,
figs. 44, 45.
Saimiri sciurea Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Columb. Mus., VIII,
1906, p. 558, Zool. Ser.; Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911,
p. 129.
COMMON TITI MONKEY.
Type locality. “India.”
Geogr. Distr. Northern South America in Venezuela (Schlegel) ;
Guianas, (English, Dutch and French), on the Amazon, and several

SAIMIRI 311

of its tributaries on both banks, into Colombia; Santa Fé de Bogota,
(1. Geoffroy).

Genl. Char. Posterior lobes of the brain overlap the cerebellum
by one fifth their length. (Huxley).

Color. Face flesh color, covered with small white hairs; lips
bluish black; white superciliary streak extending over sides of head
to ears; head, arms above elbows, shoulders and legs gray with a
yellowish brown tinge; back gray washed with golden yellow; the dor-
sal region chestnut in some specimens, but always darker than the
rest of the back; arms below elbows, hands and feet ochraceous; under
parts yellowish white; inner side of limbs ochraceous yellow; tail
iron gray for three fourths its length, rest black; ears white.

Measurements. Total length, 694; tail, 384; foot, 78; ear, 28.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 58; zygomatic width, 38; intertemporal
width, 30; palatal length, 15; width of braincase, 31; height of brain-
case over zygomata, 29; median length of nasals, 8; length of upper
molar series, 12; length of mandible, 34; length of lower molar series,
14; width of palate between canines, 10; between last molars, 12.

SAIMIRI CASSIQUIARENSIS (Humboldt).
Chrysothriz sciureus cassiquiarensis Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool.,

I, 1811, (1815), p. 334.

Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis var. D. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840,
p. 160.

Saimiris lunulatus I. Geoff., Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, IV,
1844, p. 18; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 16.

Chrysothrix nigrivittatus Wagn., Abhand. Bayer. Akad. Miinch.,
1844, p. 461.

Saimiri lunulatus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 245.

Chrysothrix sciurea (nec Linn.), Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 395.

Type locality. Banks of the Rio Cassiquiare, Venezuela.

Geogr. Distr. Banks of the Orinoco south of the Cataracts, to the
Rio Cassiquiare, and Rio Guaviare, and in the forests through which
the Rio Caura flows above the rapids of Mura, Venezuela, (Hum-
boldt).

Color. Top of head and nape speckled buff and black; line from
occiput passing above ears and curving downwards, black; forehead,
face, nose, chin, throat, ears and sides of neck white; dorsal region
red speckled with black; arms to elbows, and legs to ankles dark gray;
forearms, hands and feet ochraceous; under parts and inner side of

312 SAIMIRI

limbs yellowish white; tail like back at root, then iron gray for three
fourths the length, apical portion black.

Measurements. About the size of S. sciureus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 60; zygomatic width, 37 ; intertemporal width, 32; median
length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 18; length of
mandible, 15; length of lower molar series, 15.

This species has been usually known as S. lunulatus Geoff., but
this name is antedated by Humboldt’s cassIQUIARENSIS bestowed on it
thirty-three years previously. The whereabouts of the type does not
appear to be known.

Humboldt states that this Squirrel Monkey is common south of
the cataracts of the Orinoco; some are found there of a more slender
form and are very difficult to tame, and also on the banks of the
Guaviare River, and in the forests in which the Caura River flows
above the rapids of Mura. The smallest and prettiest of the Titis are
those of Cassiquiare. Schlegel says (1. c.) that an individual of this
species was brought to his notice, which was procured by a French
naturalist near the Oyapock, a river separating French from Portu-
guese Guiana. Spix, according to Wagner, obtained three examples
of this species, called by Wagner C. nigrivittatus! at the junction of
the Teffé and Solimoens rivers near Ega, but Spix does not mention
this monkey.

SAIMIRI MACRODON Elliot.
Saimiri macrodon Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1907, 7th

Ser up. noo.

Type locality. Copataza River, Ecuador. Type in British
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Upper waters of the Amazon, Ecuador; and Rio
Jurua; Marcopata, Peru.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. sciureus, but hands and feet much
darker. Skull has a much higher and narrower braincase; much wider
palate, and larger teeth with the external line of the upper tooth row
much more curved; zygomatic arch wider; and intertemporal width,
greater; bullz narrower and longer.

Color. General color like S. sctuREuS with the back darker, that
of the type being tawny and black on the dorsal region, golden yellow
and black on the flanks; arms above elbow dark gray washed with
yellow; legs paler; under parts yellowish white; arms from a short

SAIMIRI 313

distance below the elbow, hands and feet tawny; head and tail like S.
SCIUREUS. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size similar to S. sctureus. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 64.5; zygomatic width, 43; intertemporal width, 32; median
length of nasals, 11; width of braincase, 36; height of braincase above
zygomata, 35; palatal length, 19; length of upper molar series, 13;
length of mandible, 40; length of lower molar series, 16; width of
palate between canines, 12; width of palate between last molars, 13.
Ex type British Museum.

While the general color of this animal resembles that of S.
SCIUREUS from the east coast of South America, it is at once noticeable
by its much darker forearms, hands and feet. But the great differences
between them are exhibited in the skull, and the large teeth of the
present species. The braincase has quite a different shape, being large
and narrow with an elevated forehead sloping rapidly downward to
the occiput where it is narrow and rounded. The palate is wider
throughout its length, while the teeth are much larger, the canines
being also stouter and broader. Several specimens were brought by
Mr. Buckley from the type locality and there are others in the British
Museum Collection from the Jurua River, a tributary of the Upper
Amazon, and from Marcopata, Peru.

SAIMIRI MADEIRZ Thomas.
Saimiri madeire Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1908, 8th Ser.,
p. 90.

Type locality. Humayta, Middle Rio Madeira, Ecuador. Type
in British Museum.

Genl. Char. No yellow tinge on head, and no fulvous above hands
and feet.

Color. Top of head and nape, arms from wrists to shoulders,
and legs above ankles, chin and lips blue gray; face, sides of head and
neck, entire under parts, inner side of legs and inner side of arms to
elbows, white; inner side of arms below elbows yellowish grading into
golden brown at wrists; hands and feet golden brown; upper parts
of body golden yellow and black; sides chrome yellow; tail black
above, the yellow at base of hairs showing, beneath white, apical third
jet black all around. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 391; tail, 41; hind foot, 83. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 69; Hensel, 47.3; zygomatic width, 40.8; palatal
length, 27 ; median length of nasals, 17.6; length of upper molar series,

]

314 SAIMIRI

12.5; length of mandible, 45.6; length of lower molar series, 14.5. Ex
type British Museum.

This species resembles S. sciureus but the forearms are bluish
gray instead of fulvous. Several specimens were obtained by W.
Hoffmanns. The exact locality being about 63° West and 7° 30’ South.

Saimiri ustus I. Geoffroy.
Saimiri ustus I. Geoffroy, Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, [V, 1844,

p. 15, pl. I; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen, 1862, p. 16,
fig. 40; Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 219; Sclat.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 688, fig. (head).
Saimiri ustus Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam. Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I,
1856, pp. 157, 158.

Chrysothrix ustus Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating
Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 53.

Saimiri sciureus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876, p. 242,
(nec Linn.).

Chrysothrix usta Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 154.
GEOFFROY’S SQUIRREL OR TITI MONKEY.

Type locality. Unknown. Type in Paris Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Peruvian Amazons, Bolivia.

Genl. Char. Ears naked saye a fringe of hairs on the inside near
the upper edge; general color golden yellow and black.

Color. Upper part of head, shoulders, upper arms to elbow, and
hind limbs to ankles golden yellow speckled with black, the hairs being
golden yellow with black tips; back from neck to rump orange red
and black, the latter being the tips to the orange red hairs; face around
eyes and upper part of nose flesh color, muzzle black; cheeks pale
yellow ; sides of head. and neck, throat, under parts of body and fore-
arms golden yellow; hands and feet reddish brown; tail, hairs golden
yellow with black tips, the tip of tail all black. Ex type Paris Museum.

Measurements. Size about equal to S. scturEA Linn. Skull: total
length, 72. (Geoff. Arch. Mus.).

The type of this form is in the Paris Museum and fairly well
preserved, though probably the golden yellow of the greater part of the
body has faded somewhat. The back, however, is conspicuous for
the depth of its orange red color, and more resembles the hues of the
Central American forms than any of the eastern South American
examples. With our present knowledge of this group, in spite of
Schlegel’s unqualified statement, (1. c.) it seems best to consider

SAIMIRI 315

Geoffroy’s species as distinct, until undoubted evidence is obtained to
the contrary.

SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS (D’Orbigny).
Callithrixz boliviensis D’Orbig., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,

VIII, 1834, p. 89.

Callithrix entomophaga D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mamm.,
IV, 1836, p. 10, pl. IV.

Callithrix sciureus var. B. Less., Spec. Mamm., 1840, p. 160.

Saimiris entomophaga D’Orbig., Voy. Amér. Mérid., Mamm., IV,
1847, p. 10; I. Geoff., Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 58; Castein.,
Expéd. Amér. Sud, 1855, p. 14; Dahlb., Stud. Zool. Fam.
Reg. Anim. Nat., fasc. I, 1856, pp. 156, 157.

Chrysothriz entomophaga Wagn., Schreb., Saugth. Suppl., V,
1855, pl. X, p. 12; Reichenb., Vollstand. Naturg. Affen,
1862, p. 16, fig. 47; Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-
eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 53; von Pelz., Kaiserl-
Ko6nigl. Zool.-Botanische Gesell. Wien, XX XIII, 1883, p. 21;
Forbes, Handb. Primates, I, 1894, p. 155.

Chrysothrix sciwrea Frantz., Wiegm., Archiv. Naturg., XXXIV,
1869, p. 260, t. 35, (nec Linn.).

Saimiri entomophagus Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, 1876,
p. 246.

BLACK-HEADED TITI MONKEY. ;

Type locality. Sierras Guarayas, Bolivia. Type not in Paris
Museum.

Geogr. Distr. Bolivia, and according to Schlegel, Castelnau
found it at Sarayacu on the banks of the Ucayali, Peru; but this was
probably S. MADEIRA.

Color. Top and sides of head and nape black; upper parts wax
yellow lined with black; arms to elbows, and legs to ankles grayish
yellow; under parts and inner side of limbs straw yellow; hands and
feet, saffron yellow; tail, yellowish gray lined with black, apical por-
tion black. Ex type British Museum.

Measurements. Size about same as S. sciureus. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 59; zygomatic width, 37; intertemporal width, 29.5;
palatal length, 16; breadth of braincase, 37; median length of nasals,
9; length of upper molar series, 12; length of mandible, 32; length of
lower molar series, 13.5. Ex type in British Museum.

316 SAIMIRI

SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS NIGRICEPS Thomas.
Saimiri boliviensis nigriceps Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 1902,
p. 246.
Chrysothrix entomophaga (nec D’Orb.), Wagn., Wiegm., Archiv.,
1842, p. 357; Wagn., Schreb., Sdugth. Suppl., V, 1855, p. 121,
pl. xX.

Type locality. Cosnipata, eastern Peru. Type in British Museum.

Genl. Char. Black cap on crown of head; hands and feet to tips
of fingers and toes golden yellow; tail grizzled yellow.

Color. Top of head glossy black ; black line in front of ears; white
auricular patch; upper parts of body grizzled yellowish; under parts
and inner side of limbs pale yellow; tail above grizzled yellow, beneath
a central line clear yellow, tip black; inside of ears yellow. Ex type
British Museum.

Measurements. Total length, 730; tail, 400; foot, 76, (skin).
Skull: total length, 66; zygomatic width, 41.5; breadth of braincase,
35; basal length, 42 ; occipito-nasal length, 61 ; intertemporal width, 29;
median length of nasals, 8.5; length of upper molar series, 14; length
of mandible, 36; length of lower molar series, 16. Ex type British
Museum.

SAIMIRI G@RSTEDI (Reinhardt).
Chrysothrix orstedi Reinh., Vidensk. Medd. Naturhistoriske

Forensing Kjobenh., 1872, p. 157, pl. III; Sclat., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 434.

Chrysothrix sciurea Sclat., Nat. Hist. Rev., 1861, p. 510, (nec.
Linn.).

Saimiris entomophaga Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 3,
(nec D’Orbigny).

Saimirt erstedi Elliot, Mamm. Middle America and W. Indies,
F.C, M. Pub., IV, Pt. Il, 1904, p. 731, figs. 166, CXGL, Zool.
Ser.; Id. Check-L. Mamm. N. Amer. Cont. and W. Indies,
F.C. M. Pub., VI, 1905, p. 534, Zool. Ser.; Jd. Cat. Mamm.
Field Columb. Mus., F. C. M. Pub., VIII, 1906, p. 559, fig.
LXXXIII, Zool. Ser.

Saimiri cerstedi citrinellus Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.,

XIII, 1904, p. 250.
RSTED’S TITI MONKEY.

Tvpe locality. Chiriqui, Panama.
Geogr. Distr. Guatemala? to Panama, Central America.
Color. Face and sides of head to ears white; top of head and

SAIMIRI 317

nape black; shoulder and outer side of arms to below elbows, and legs
to ankles gray washed with yellow; upper parts dark ochraceous
rufous, dorsal line dark orange rufous; throat and between arms
white, rest of under parts and inner side of limbs ochre yellow; hands
and feet ochraceous; tail above for two thirds the length black and
yellow, beneath yellow, apical portion black.

Measurements. Total length, 633; tail, 363; foot, 78; ear, 24.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal
width, 30; palatal length, 15; breadth of braincase, 35; median length
of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 11; length of mandible, 31;
length of lower molar series, 13.

This species was originally described from an example obtained
at Chiriqui, and Dr. Frantzius states it is confined to the hotter region,
being very abundant in the valley of Terraba and on the plain of Piris,
and he believed its northern limit to be the spurs of the Herradura
Mountains going towards the sea. A living individual was presented
to the London Zoological Society by Mr. W. F. Kelley, who said it
was procured in the Department of Solala, Guatemala, but no other
example seems to have come from there and it is surmised that possibly
Mr. Kelley’s animal may have been brought from some southern
locality.

Mr. Thomas has described the monkey from Pozo Azul, Costa
Rica (1. c.) as a distinct race under the name of S. er. citrinellus, the
chief character being the head “less blackened and the limbs less yel-
low.” <A series of these monkeys from Panama collected by J. H.
Batty and two specimens from Pozo Azul collected by M. A. Carriker,
belonging to the New York Museum of Natural History are before
me. In the Panama series every style of head coloring from jet black
to gray is represented, some almost exactly like the examples from
Pozo Azul, and the difference in coloration would seem to be due to
age, the old adults having intensely black crowns, and this passing
through all grades of coloring to the young animals with little or no
black on the head. The type of S. er. citrinellus in the British Museum
has less black on the head than the old adults, and it does not go so
far on the occiput, but other specimens from the same localities in the
Museum collection have black crowns, and it does not seem that a dis-
tinct race can be sustained, knowing, as we do, the great diversity of
head coloring that exists at different periods of the animal’s existence.
I have therefore placed S. er. citrinellus as a synonym of S. G&RSTEDI.

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INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

VOLUME I.

Numbers in heavy type indicate the page on which is the description of the

Species.

PAGE
abelii (Pongo p.) ...... Ixvi, 1xxii, cili
abyssinicus (Colobus) ...lxv, lxxii, ciii
acaciarumie (Galago)) 2-¢--. 2-2 47,72

adipicaudatus (Cheirogaleus) ...89, 92
adipicaudatus (Chirogale) ..89, 90, 100
adustus (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, lxix, xciti
zequatorialis (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 274

zthiops (Cercocebus) ....... lviii, xcv
ethiops' (Sima) Gio fae... es XXXV
Africanus <(P am), lye)... See XXXIV
agilis (Cercocebus) ........... lix, xcv
agilis (Hylobates) ...... Ixvi, Ixxti, cili
INCU ATUR AT HMA eee core cee ae ae XXXill
agisymbanus (Galago) ............ 55

agisymbanus (Otolemur) ..xxx, 48,54
agnatus (Pithecus) ....lviii, 1xx, xciv

alacer (Pithecus) ........ lvii, xx, xciv
albas(@Chiropotes). ss. 0.4.2. wate 300
alba (Pithecia) ......... 1, 287, 300, 303

albibarbatus (Pithecus)
Xiv, xxxiv, xxxvii, lvii, xix, xciii
albicans (Pithecus)

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 292
albicans’ @VYarkea)! .:.)... eee ie aes 202
albicollis (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 231, 232

albicollis' (@ilapaile) yak. ... 5... 6 232
albicollis (Hapale var. C)........ 232
albicollis (Jacchus) 0.2.0. 52. 218, 231
albifrons (Cebus) .......... lv, xc, 281
albifrons™(acehts) ie! 6. sos 209

albifrons (Lemur)
xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135
136, 139, 141, 154, 155
albifrons (Lemur mongos var.)...154
albifrons (Marikina) ............. 209

PAGE
albifrons, (@Midas)\eess.eeieee eae 183
albifrons (Prosimia) ......... 134, 154
albigena (Cercocebus) ....... lix, xcev
albigena (Pygathrix) ......... XXXVIIi

albigenis (Erythrocebus)
Lxii, Ixxi, xcix

albigularis (Cercopithecus) ........ xl
albigularis (Lasiopyga) . .lxi, Ixx, xcvii
albimana (Prosimia) ......... 134, 142

-albimanus (Lemur) ..133, 135, 136, 141

albinasa (Chiropotes) ........ 287, 206
albinasa (Pithecia)

lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 295
albinasam@Varkeayie.noe ae. ss 3 295
albipes (Galago b.)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 69, 70

albipes (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiv, lxxi, c
albitorquata (Lasiopyga) Ixi, lxxi, xcvii
albus (indiriis) Web teleee ccc. ia cee 169
albus’ (@eemiur m:)) . 22 seat elsiete 136
albus pedibus (Prosimia) ........ 132
alexandri (Lasiopyga t.) ..... Ix, xevii
alleni (Galago) xxxi, xlvi, xviii, lxxviii

46, 47, 48, 63, 67, 77
allertie (@togale) ce sects. «cats bi iets 48
allent ((@tolieris) is... «os seid les 47
Allochrocebus ............-.5. xlii, lix
Alouatta

xiv, XV, Xvi, xvii, Xvili, xxiii, xxiv
xlii, lii, lxxiii, xxiv, xxv, Ixxxvi
258, 261, 262, 263

Alouatta zquatorialis
lii, xxiv, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 274
Mlowattan barbatus! seimwk sie e'ss cele. 261

Alouatta beelzebul

lii, xxiv, lxxxvii, 259, 260, 261
262, 264, 265, 268, 270, 271, 209

ii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
PAGE PAGE
Alouatta caraya andamanensis (Pithecus) lvii, lxix, xciii
11, Ixxiv, lxxxvi,;260, 261 | Andropithecus’..-...-.--o5eeeeee XXXi

262, 264, 265, 266, 271
AMlotatta discolor 2. a2... 267, 268
Alouatta (Simia) flavicauda...274, 276
Alouatta insulanus
lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 263. 264, 265. 282
Alouatta juara
lii, lxxiv, 1xxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283
Alouatta macconnelli
lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 281
Monattaynignra, ...2-2ee eee Oe 262, 266
Alouatta palliata
lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 261, 262
263, 265, 271, 272, 273
Alouatta p. coibensis
lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 273

‘Alouatta p. mexicana

lii, lxxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 263, 265, 272
Alouatta p. metagalpa ....... 263, 272
Alouatta sara

lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283
Alouatta seniculus
lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 260, 261, 262
264, 265, 277, 279. 280, 281, 282
Alouatta s. caucensis .....262. 278, 279
Alouatta s. rubicundus 262, 263. 278, 279
Allouattausericulus (S22eeeer.. see 259
Alouatta ululata
lii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 267
Alouatta ursina
lii, xxv, 1xxxvii, 260, 261
262, 264, 265, 274, 275
Alouatta villosus ‘
lii, Ixxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 265. 268
A Ouattineer voce ees c «Atlee xxiii, xlii, li
Altililemur
xxxi, xli, xlvii, Ixviii, xxx, 88, 101, 111
Altililemur medius
xlvii, xxx, 91, IOI, III, 112, 113
Altililemur thomasi
xl vii, Ixxx, III, 112, 113
amicta, (Sinaia) em aeemtee ss 234. 241
amictus (Callicebus)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 234, 238. 240
amictus (Callithrix) ..235, 236, 237, 241
amictus var. B (Cebus)........... 235
aimictiis ((Saguinds)) wee cei. a. 0 236

angolensis (Colobus) ....lxv, lxxii, cii
anjuanensis (Lemur) 133, 135, 136, 142
anjuanensis (Prosimia) ........... 145
anomurus Galago (Hemigalago) ...84
anomurus (Hemigalago)

xlvi, Ixviii, 1xxviii, 84, 86
ansorgei (Miopithecus) Ixii, lxxi, xevili
Anthropopithecus .......xV, XVi, XXXVv
Anthropoidea

Xiil, XIV. XVii, XViii, Xx, XXIi, XXxXi

xlii, xlix, lxviii, lxix, ev, 79

Noting © 2. 2.22.00). Jeep xxvi, xlii, liii

ots ....../.nihies XVili, xix, xxvi, xlii, liii

Ixxiv. Ixxxviii, 236

Aotus boliviensis .....liii, xxv, Ixxxix

Aotus griseimembra .liii, xxiv, lIxxxix

Aotus gularis ........ liv, lxxiv. Ixxxix

Aotus infulatus

xxxil, liii, xxiv, Ixxxvili, 235

Aotus lanius ......... ii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

Aotus microdon ..... liv, lxxiv, Ixxxix
Aotus miriquouina

liii, Ixxiv. lxxxix, 286

Aotus nigriceps ..... liii, xxiv, Ixxxviii
Aotus oseryi ......... liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Aotus roberti ........ liii, xxiv, Ixxxix
Aotus rufipes ....... liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxix
Aotus senex ........ liii, xxiv, Ixxxvili
Aotusespixi 2.0.5. 0... bee liv, Ixxxix

Aotus trivirgatus
liv, lxxiii, xxiv, Ixxxix
Aotus vociferans .....liii, Ixxiv. Ixxxix

apedan(Sinia)it treet eee see ee 83
apella (Cebus) .. ... ¢a2eene lv, Ixxiii, xc
apella (Simia) <./sd274228e03-2 xxxv, 83

apicalis (Galago e.)
xvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 48. 80
apicalis (Otolicnus) 25..01). j2teeee 80
apiculatus (Cebus) ....... lv, Ixxiv, xci
apiculatus (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 204

apiculatus (Midas) ........... 184, 204
apoensis (Pithecus p.)....... Iviii, xcv
arabicus (Papio h.) ..... Ivi, Ixix, xcii
Arachnocebus micas .nisemn 2s - fevers XXX
Arachnocebus) loriaai. Aes 18

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES iii

Pace
arachnoides (Ateles) ........... XXXIV
arachnoides (Brachyteles) ........ liv
arachnoides (Brachyteleus) ....liv, xc
arachnoides (Eriodes) .......... XXXV
Arctocebus

xii, xxii, xxxi, xli, xlv, Ixxvii, 16, 35
Arctocebus aureus ...xlv, lxxvii, 35, 36
Arctocebus calabarensis

xlv, xxvii, 35, 36
Amctopithecus':..../<cttiseebel oe XXXVi, 216
argentata (Callithrix)

1, Ixxiv, lIxxxv, 217, 218, 220, 221
argentata (Hapale) ...... 182, 221, 223
argentata (Simia) ....xxxv. XxXvi, 221
argentatus (Jacchus) xxxv, 181, 217, 221

argentatus (Mico) ............... 221
argentatus (Midas) .............. 221
ascanius (Lasiopyga) ........ lix, xevi
assamensis (Pithecus) ..Ilvii, lxix, xciv
Ateles!s:..o! Jaa XVi, XXX1i, xxxili, 282
Ateles ater? i. 22 Vee te ie Ixxiv
Ateles! arachnoides ........... XXXIV
Ateles! cucullatus ................ liv
Ateles W fusciceps, eetiteminc +» citeisten liv
Ateles! geoffroyi ................. liv
Ateles! hybridus ........... liv, Ixxiv
Ateleslt pan VI.2 senses. 5) SSG! liv
Ateles"paniscus) sueseeescie: © idole 290
Ateles! rufiventris .............. Ixxiv
Ateleus ...xili, xiv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxiv

XXXili, xxxix, xlii, liv, lxxiii

Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix

Ateleus ater ...liv, lxxiii, lxxiv, lxxxix

Ateleus belzebuth ....liv, xxiv, Ixxxix

Ateleus cucullatus ......... liv, lIxxxix

Ateleus fusciceps .......... liv, Ixxxix
Ateleus geoffroyi

liv, lxxiii, lxxiv, Ixxxix

Ateleus grisescens ......... liv, Ixxxix

Ateleus hybridus ....liv, lxxiv, lxxxix

Ateleus marginatus ..liv, lxxiv, lxxxix

Ateleusipans\..n/..228e liv, Ixxiti, lxxxix
Ateleus paniscus

liv, Ixxiii, xxiv, lxxxix

Ateleus rufiventris ...liv, lxxiv, lxxxix

Ateleus variegatus
liv, xxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix

Avelocheinus' 7): Sse eatat: bee XXXil

PAGE
ater (Atelesf)imestamametA). feds Ixxiv
ater (Ateleus)..liv, lxxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
ater, (Chiropotes) i... S28. -. 287, 207
ater (Leontocebus) .......... 182. 199
ater (Leontopithecus var. B.) ....211
aterrimus (Cercocebus) ....... lix, xcv
aubryi~ (Ban). eee wane Ixvii, 1xxiii, cv
aurata (Pygathrix) ....... 1 xiii, xxi, c
auratus (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 278

aureus (Arctocebus) ..xlv, Ixxvii, 35, 36
aurita (Callithrix)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220, 225

aurita (Hapale)) .....%.2 0.250 182, 225
aliritax((Simia)oaeg. Hasek ae 217
alinitus! @jacchus) ieee ein cen) fee 217
aurora (Lasiopyga) .......... Ix, xcvi
aurora (Leontopithecus) ......... 182
australis (Otolicnus) .............. 47
australis (Otolicnus galago v.).....73
Avahil (sh? 22 e5 ee: ofan tt xxix, 163
avahii(Lichawotus)m = eens on cee 164
avahi (Semnocebus) .............. 164
Avahis) laniger 4 7asericieses xxix, 164

avunculus (Rhinopithecus)
Ixiv, 1xxii, ci

Aive-avie 8% ak Re os Se XXViii, I, 2, 3
aygula (Pygathrix) ....... | xiii, Ixxi, ¢
ayeila (Sima)! Reeieties oleae xxxiv
azare (Cebits)il ces sees lv, xxiv, xci
azarzem(Simia)> 4s.1an soos es eee 286
Azemal ts, 2035/20. Sead, xxxi, 98, 104
Azemajsnaithiy, Wye teeta, 104

bancanus (Hypsicebus)
bancanus (Nycticebus)
xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 23, 24

bancanus (Tarsius)
xxix, xxx, xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 14

barbatus a(Alouatta) mates pele eieets 261
barbatus (Mycetes) ..260, 261, 262, 265
barbei (Pygathrix...... Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
batesi (Galago) ..xlvi, lxviii, xxviii, 66
batesi (Perodicticus) ........ 38, 42, 43

batuana (Pygathrix) .. .lxiii, xxi, xcix
baumstarki (Erythrocebus)
xii, xxi, xcix

baweanus (Pithecus) ...]viii, Ixx, xciv

iv INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
PAGE PAGE
beelzebul (Alouatta) Brachyteleus arachnoides ...... liv, xc
lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 259, 260,261 | Brachyurus...... XXXiv, Xxxix, 299, 300
262, 264, 265, 268, 270, 271,209 | Brachyurus calvus ..... XXxXixX, 300, 301
beelzebul (Cebus) ............ 260,270 | Brachyurus chiropotes ........... 298
beelzebul (Mycetes) Brachyurus israelita xxxiv, 287, 298, 300
259, 261, 262, 270,271 | Brachyurus melanocephalus ...... 306
beelzebul (Simia) Brachyurus ouakaria ...... XXXVii, 306

xxxii, lii, 259, 260, 270

~beelzebul Simia (Sapajus) ....... 270

beirensis (Lasiopyga a.)

Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii
belzebuth (Ateleus) ..liv, Ixxiv, lxxxix
bengalensis (Nycticebus) ..xxix, 21, 26
beringeri (Gorilla g.) ..1xvii, lxxii, citi

bicolor (Cercopithecus) ...... 182, 184
bicolor (Hiapale) .danvenwk i: 184, 186
bicolor (Lemur) ..... IOI, 132, 134, 155
bicolor (Leontocebus) ............ 189
bicolor (Marikina) ............... 187

bicolor (Midas)
XXXvili, xlix, 179, 181, 183, 186
bicolor (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 275
bicolor (Propithecus) ............ 170
bicolor (Seniocebus)
xliv, lxxiv, Ixxxiii, 181
182, 185, 186, 187, 188
bieti (Rhinopithecus) ....lxiv, lxxii, ci
bintangensis (Pithecus) Iviii, lxx, xciv
boliviensis (Aotus) ...liii, lxxv, lxxxix
boliviensis (Callithrix) ....... 308, 315
boliviensis (Saimiri)
liti, Ixxv, Ixxxviii, 308, 300, 310, 315
borneanus (Nycticebus)
xlv, Ixviii, lxxxvi, 22, 23, 24
borneanus (Tarsius)
xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 13, 14

borneot (Pongo) ive: eit oo. ee. Ixvi
bosmani (Perodicticus) ........ 38, 390
bosmani (Potto) .......... xxx, 38, 39
boutourlini (Lasiopyga) ..... lix, xevi
bouvieri (Colobus) ...... Ixv, Ixxii, cii

braccatus (Galago)
xlvi, Lxvili, Ixxviii, 68, 60

Brachiopithects iseacaeee ee. XXXVili
Brachyteleslitc.c-ceeren «ele oh XXXVI
Brachyteles! arachnoides.......... liv

Brachyteles! macrotarsus....xxxiv, liv
Brachyteleus xxiv, xxxiv, xli, liv, xxiv

Brachyurus ouakary ...xxxix, 300, 306
Brachyurus rubicundus ...300, 304, 305
2

Brachyurus satanas. ..... sivscsenen fete)
Bradicebus. ......./.meube sesh. XXViii, 21
Bradipodide: vi. 2.khet Het... 16, 17
Bradylemitr ......2. ,d56ee8ts ee XXX, 21
Bradylemur tardigradus ........... 26

brazze (Lasiopyga) ....1xi, lxx, xcviii
brelichi (Rhinopithecus) . .lxiv, Ixxii, ci

brevicaudata (Indri) ............. 175
brevicaudatus (Indris) ........... 176
brevicaudatus (Lichanotus) ...... 176
brevicaudatus (Pithecus) lvii, lxix, xciv
brissonii (Prosimia) .......... 134, 142
brockmani (Papio) ...... lvi, lxix, xcii
brunnea (Callithrix) ..... 236, 237, 257

brunneus (Callicebus)
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 257
brunneus (Lemur) ...135, 136, 147, 163

budgetti (Lasiopyga t.) ...... 1x, xcvii
buffoni (Macrotarsus) ........... xxix
bugil (Prosimia), ....1.siteeaeeeer 134, 142

burnetti (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, xx, xcviii
buttikoferi (Lasiopyga) ......lix, xcvi

Cacajao xvii, xxiii, xxxvi, xlii, lili, xxiv
Ixxv, Ixxxvili, 286, 287, 299, 300
Cacajao calvus
xxiii, liii, lxxxvili, 299, 300, 301
Cacajao melanocephalus
liii, Ixxxviii, 300, 301, 305, 306
Gacayaovrouakary. «.\.hs cessed cee 300
Cacajao rubicundus
liii, Ixxxviii, 301, 304

cagayanus (Pithecus) ....... lviii, xev
calabarensis (Arctocebus)

xlv, Ixxvii, 35, 36
calabarensis (Nycticebus) ........ 36

calabarensis (Perodicticus)
xxxi, xlv, 35, 36
caligatus (Callicebus) ....230, 243, 248

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES ‘ v

Pace
caligatus (Callithrix)

li, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 248
caliginosus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci
Callicebus

Xvi, XVii, xxili, xxxix, xlii, li, xxiv
Ixxxv, 218, 234, 235, 236, 237, 253
Callicebus amictus
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 240
Callicebus brunneus
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 257
Callicebus caligatus
li, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 248
Callicebus cinerascens
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 252, 253
Callicebus cupreus
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 239
241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248
Callicebus donacophilus
Ixxiv, lxxxvi, 235, 238
230, 248, 249, 250, 251
Callicebus egeria li, lxxxvi, 238, 239, 246
Callicebus emiliz
li, lxxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 250
Callicebus gigot
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 254, 255
Callicebus hoffmannsi
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 248, 249
Callicebus leucometopa
li, lxxiv, lxxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 246, 247
Callicebus melanochir
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 244
Callicebus moloch
li, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 239, 250
Callicebus nigrifrons
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 255
Callicebus ornatus
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247, 248
Callicebus pallescens
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 251
Callicebus pznulatus
li, Ixxiv, 1xxxvi, 238, 239, 245
Callicebus personatus
xxxix, li, xxiv, Ixxxvi
238, 239, 254, 255
Callicebus remulus
. li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 249
Callicebus subrufus
li, Ixxiv, lxxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247

PAGE
Callicebus torquatus
li, Ixxiii, lxxiv, Ixxxv, 234
235, 236, 238, 239, 241
Callicebus usto-fuscus
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 241

callida (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcvii
calligata (Callithrix) ..... 236, 237, 243
Callithrix

XV, XVi, XVii, xxii, xxxii, xxxiti, xlii, |
Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 216
217, 218, 225, 234, 235, 236, 237, 285

Callithrix albicollis
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 231, 232
Callithrixtaniictathe. tems seco bene 241
Callithrix amictus ....235, 236, 237, 241

Callithrix argentata
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220, 221

Callithrix aurita

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220, 225

Callithrix boliviensis ......... 308, 315
Callithrix brunnea ....... 236, 237, 257
Callithrix calligata ....... 236, 237, 243
Callithrix castaneo-ventris ....237, 244
Callithrix chlorocnemis ........... 236

Callithrix chrysoleuca xxxviii, li, xxiv
Ixxxv, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225
Callithrix cinerascens .... ..235, 252
Callithrix cupreus ....235, 236, 237, 242
Callithrix c.leucometopa ......... 246
Callithrix discolor ........ 236, 242, 243
Callithrix donacophilus
235; 236, 237, 249
Callithrix entomophaga ...... 308, 315
Callithrix flaviceps
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 229
Callithrix gigot ..235, 236, 237, 254, 255
Callithrix goeldi li, lxxxv, 220, 221, 224
Callithrix humeralifer
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 230
Callithrix infulatus .........54..... 235
Callithrix jacchus
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220
221, 225, 228, 220, 231
Callithrix leucocephala
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 229, 232
Callithrix leucogenys ......... 220, 221
Callithrix leucopus
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 222

vi INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE PAGE
Callithrix lugens ......... 235, 230, 240 | caraya (Alouatta)
Callithrix melanochir ..... 235, 2360, 237 lii, Ixxiv, lIxxxvi, 260, 261
Callithrixemelanura: ...5.. 5. 0.00. 222 262, 264, 265, 266, 271
Callithriximidas ey acveacee aoe 180;19r | caraya..(Cebus) icciaan-- 0 cae 260, 265
Callithrix moloch ....235, 236, 237.251 | caraya (Mycetes) ....250, 261, 262, 266
Callithrix nigrifrons..235, 236, 237, 254 | caraya (Simia) ............... 260, 265
Callithrixvcedipus 2.0.2.2... < 180, 213 | carbo (Pygathrix) ........ Ixiii, Ixxi, c
Callithrix ornatus ........ 236, 237,248 | carimate (Pithecus) ....lviii, lxx, xciv

- Callithrix penicillata

li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 226, 227
Callithrix penicillata jordani
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 227
Callithrix personata
xxxix, Ixxiv, 234, 235. 236, 237, 254, 255
Callithrix pygmza
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 232
Callithrix irosalia 22.2). «.1ctnls. 180, 209
Callithrix santaremensis
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 224
Callithrix sciureus 234, 235, 308, 310, 315
Callithrix torquatus
li, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241,

Callitrichide

Xii, Xvii, xxi, xxii, xlii, xlix, 1xxxiii, 179
callitrichus (Lasiopyga) ..... lx, xevii
Gallotus wes. 210 Sere kn, XxXXi, 45
Callotismmonteirimntsstie. ences 48
calvae(Ouakaria)),..:..1 ase. SoRee 301
Calva i(Bithecia) aeeeccieeaemte 287, 301

calvus (Brachyurus) ...xxxix, 300, 301
calvus (Cacajao)

xxiil, liii, Ixxxvili, 299, 300, 301
calvatsm(@Pan)) semen. Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv
Calyptrocebusi....:, sae aes eee xxxix
cameronensis (Galago a.)

xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 65
cameronensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) 65
campbelli (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xcvii
cana (Lagothrix) ..xxxvi, liv, lxxiv, xc
cana, (Byeathrix) ieee tee I xiii, Ixxi, c
candidus (Propithecus) .......... 172
caniceps (Mixocebus)

xxxi, xl vii, xxix, 110
capillimentosa (Pithecia)

lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 287, 288, 291

capitalis (Pithecus) ... lviii, liv, xciv
capucina’ (Simid)) ieee xxxiv, lv
capucinus (Cebus) ....... ly, Ixxiii, xc

carimate (Pygathrix) ..1xii, lxxi, xcix
carruthersi (Lasiopyga s.)....1x, xcvi
cassiquiarensis (Chrysothrix s.)

308, 311
cassiquiarensis (Pithesciureus) ...308
cassiquiarensis (Saimiri)

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 308

309, 310, 311, 312

cassiquiarensis (Simia s.)......... 311
castaneiceps (Gorilla g.)

Ixvii, 1xxii, civ

castaneo-ventris (Callithrix) ..237, 244

castaneus (Cebus)........ lv, Ixxiii, xci
catemana (Pygathrix) oes bndixeais
Gattare. 328.020, 32¢050.5 ee XxXxii

catta (Lemur)
XXViii, xlvili, 1xxxi, 131, 132, 133
134, 135. 136, 139, 141, 158

Cattasmococors..cks .Reeeet at ee XXXxili
catta.(Prosimia) meee eee ae 134, 150
caucensis (Alouatta s.)...262, 278, 279
caudatus (Colobus) ..... Ixv, Ixxii, cili

Cebide ....xiii, xv, xvi, xviii, xxii, xxiii
lii, Ixxxvi, 179, 258

Cebine Ss. sor pees ee xlii, liv
Cebuella*..:... 22: eon eee xl, 216
Cebuellaspygmzea’ sees.c)..) se. ee oe 233
Cebugale,..4: 2h. =. Rete aoe xxx, 87
Cebugale commerconii ............ 92

Cebugale commersonii ....xxx, 88, 92
Cebus xiv, xvi, xviii, xxiv, xxxii, xxxvii
xlii, lv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc, 78, 235, 282, 308

Gebusialbifronses) tees nen lv, xc, 281
Cebus amictus var. B............. 235
Gebus, apella i5, xnctegecac.« lv. Ixxili, xc
Cebus apiculatus ........ Iv, Ixxiv, xci
Gebus azar yw... oc Setar lv, Ixxiv, xci
Cebus a. pallidus ........ lv, Ixxv, xci-
Cebus beelzebul .............. 260, 270
Cebus capucinus ......... ly, Ixxiii, xe

INDEX OF EATIN NAMES vii

PAGE
Cebus c. nigripectus ...... lv, Ixxiv, xc
Cebus caliginosus ....... lv, Ixxiv, xci
@ebuskcaraya.. 5.5... nee 260, 265
Cebus castaneus ......... lv, Ixxiii, xci
Cebus chrysopus ........ lv, Ixxiv, xci
Cebus cirrifer ....... ....lv, lxxiv, xci
Cebus crassiceps ........... Ixxiv, xci
Cebus cuprems, .. =... pe a> e235
Cebus fatuellus ....... ...lv, xxiv, xci
Cebus flavicaudata ........... 260, 275
@ebuswhlaviisis 2 6...0:. 2 « lv, xxiv, xci
Cebus frontatus ..........lv, xxiv, xc
Cebus infulatus ............ Sct235
Cebus libidinosus ........ lv, xxiv, xci
Cebus lugens var. ¥......-......-- 235
Cebus macrocephalus ....lv, lxxiv, xci
Cebus malitiosus ........ ly, lxxiv, xci
Cebus melanochir ...... SHSM e235
Cebus moloch ....... .» +234, 235, 251
Cebus nigrifrons ....... RE etegecbeae 235
Cebus personatus ............ 235, 256
Cebus peruanus .......... lv, Ixxv, xci
Cebus satanast Aytarstravatete devia cet ele 286
(SEP UIGISCIUTEUISMES oie siete eae sos, 0 Sb oe RIC)
Gebusmseniculus airy. :..<...-.. 260, 277
Cebus stramineus ...... . daar 200
Cebus torquatus ......... 234, 235, 239
Cebus torquatus var. 8 amictus...235
Cebus unicolor ..... AUG jn: ote lv, Ixxiv, xc
Cebus u. cuscinus .......liv, xxv, xci
Cebus ursinus .......... ee 200,275
Cebus variegatus ........ lv, xxiv, xci
Cebus vellerosus ........ lv, Ixxiv, xci

Cebus versuta ...........lv, lxxiv, xci
cephaloloptera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, 1xxi, c

Cephalopachus ..... Phe, dda ties xxix, 7
cephaloptera! (Simia) ............ xli
cephodes (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xevi
cephus (Lasiopyga) .......... lv, xcvi
Ceplins,(Simia)! Wseee seis eee xlii
centralis (Lasiopyga) ........ lx, xcvii
Cercocebus

Xvi, xix, XXV, Xxxill, xliii, lvili, xcv
Cercocebus zethiops ......... Iviii, xcv
Cercocebus agilis .:.......... lix, xcv
Cercocebus albigena .......... lix, xcv
Cercocebus a. johnstoni ...... lix, xcv
Cercocebus a. zenkeri ........ lix, xcv

PAGE
Cercocebus aterrimus ........ lix, xcv
Cercocebus chrysogaster ....Iviii, xcv
Cercocebus fuliginosus ....xxx<iii, lviii

Cercocebus galeritus .......... lix, xcv
Cercocebus hagenbecki ....... lix, xcv
Cercocebus lunulatus ........ Iviii, xcv
Cercocebus torquatus ....... lviii, xcv
Cercopithecida) eee ae ater xix
Cercopithecus

XXiil, XXxXi, Xxxii, xii, xlix
Ixxxiii, 179, 181, 183. 190

Cercopithecus albigularis ..........xl
Cercopithecus bicolor ........ 182, 184
Cercopithecus cynosurus xxxviii, xcvii
Cercopithecus grayi ........... xxXxix
Cercopithecus hamlyni ......... xl, lix
Cercopithecus larvatus ....xxxiii, lxiv
Cercopithecus l’hoesti ........... vex

Cercopithecus midas xlix, lxxiii, 1xxxiii
180, 182, 184, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193
Cercopithecus midas egens
xlix, Append. vol. III, p. 256
Cercopithecus petaurista ....... XXxX1X
Cercopithecus rufimanus
xlix, lxxiti, Ixxxiii, 180
181, 185, 190, 191
Cercopithecus talapoin ......... XXXVI
Cercopithecus ursulus
xlix, Ixxtii, xxiv, lxxxiii, 180
181, 182, 185, 190, 192, 200

Cercoptoch is) js -q.. ee ete ote Pate 209
ceylonicus (Lemur) ............... 17
ceylonicus (Lemur g.) ......... 17, 19
ceylonicus (Nycticebus) ........... 22
Cheropithecus ............. XXXvil, xl
Cheirogaleus

xxix, 87, 88, 90, 100, TOI, III, 135, 136
Cheirogaleus adipicaudatus ..... 89, 93
Cheirogaleus commerconi ......... 92
Cheirogaleus cinereus ............. 88
Cheirogaleus coquereli ...100, 107, 173
Cheirogaleus crossleyi......... 96, 111
Cheirogaleus furcifer ............. 108
Cheirogaleus gliroides ....... 100, 103

Cheirogaleus major
XXVili, XxXix, XXX, XXXi
xlvii, 87, 80, 92, 93, III
Cheirogaleus medius .xxxi, 88, 112, 113

viii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
PAGE PAGE
Cheirogaleus melanotus! .......... 95 | Ghiropotes alba .ic.ceskenn. sees 300
Cheirogaleus milii Chiropotes albinasa .......... 287, 206
xxxi, 88, 89, 90,92, 111 | Chiropotes ater ............. 287, 297
Cheirogaleus minor ........ 88, 89, 103 | Chiropotes brachyurus ........... 208
Cheirogaleus murinus ............ .88 | chiropotes (Chiropotes) ......... 286
Cheirogaleus myoxinus ........... 104 | Chiropotes cuxio ...... xxxvi, 286, 206
Cheirogaleus olivaceus ........ inten 89. |. Chiropotes israelita ....siceaseonee 298
Cheirogaleus pusillus ......... 90,104 | Chiropotes niger ...............-. 207

Cheirogaleus samati ...90, III, 112, 113
Cheirogaleus smithi
xxxi, 88, 89, 99, 100, 103

Cheirogaleus thomasi ............ III
Cheirogaleus trichotis .......... 90, 96
Cheirogaleus typicus ....88, 80,92,94
Cheisomvys =.. +... Pcsamaetnetegts Xxx, I
Cheiromys madagascariensis ....... 2
G) o¥yh ch 0 ne Oe ee AE ./XXxvii
chimpanse (Pan) ...... Ixvii, lxxiii, cv

Chirogale ..xxiv, xli, xlvii, xviii, 1xxix

87, 80, 90, 91, 100, 101, 136

Chirogale adipicaudatus ....89, 90, 100

Chirogale coquereli ........... 809, IOI
Chirogale crossleyi

xlvii, 1xxix, 89, 91, 92, 96, III

Chirogale? furcifer, \........ +++»... 88, 89
Chirogaleteliroides’...........- 90, 100
Chirogale griseus ..............+0: 89

Chirogale major
xvii, 1xxix, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, III
Chirogale (Altililemur) medius 90, 100
Ghirogale amedius 2... 2neeigeds 90, 100
Chirogale melanotis
xlvii, 1xxix, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96

Chirogale milii ....... 89, 90, 91, 93, 100
Chirogale nunor ....... ./.sisiste sie 90, 100
Chirogaleamurints: ....... asniceiectes 88
Chirogale myoxinus .......... 90, 100
Chirogale pusillus ............ 90, 100
GChirogale ruts rai on <\cerstereys 90, 100
Chirogale samati ............. 90, I00
Chirogale sibreei xlvii, lxxix, 91, 94, 96
Chirogale smithii ....... 88, 89, 90, 100

Chirogale trichotis

xl vii, xxix, 90, 91, 92, 96
Chirogale typicus .......... 89, 90, 100
Ghiromysnedicn. teimelsieisers ©» ejoue(a XXVili
Chiromys madagascariensis ........ 2
Chiropotes ....... XXXvVill, 285, 286, 287

chiropotes (Pithecia)
xvi, lit, lxxiii, xxiv, 1xxxvii>

286, 287, 288, 297, 300
chiropotes Simia (Pithecia)....... 207
Chiropotes sagulata .......... 287. 208
Chiropotes satanus ........... 287, 207
chiropotes (Simia)” 225. cuanie eee 286
Chirosetunis,... ..-aiidkedaoaeicaeas See 45
Chlorocebus, , 2s....c.. nase eee xi lx
chlorocnemis (Callithrix) ......... 236

chrysampyx (Lemur) 134, 135, 136, 144
chrysocephala (Pithecia)

lii, Ixxiv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 294
chrysogaster (Cercocebus) ..lviii, xcv
chrysoleuca (Callithrix)

xxxviil, li, xxiv, Ixxxv
218, 220, 223, 224, 225

chrysoleuca (Hapale) ............ 223
chrysoleuca (Mico) ............- 2190
chrysoleucus (Mico) ............. 223
chrysomelas (Hapale) xxxv, 1, 184, 207
chrysomelas (Jacchus) ....... 181, 211

chrysomelas (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 181, 182, 185, 195, 211
chrysomelas (Leontopithecus) 183, 211
chrysomelas (Marikina) .......... 211
chrysomelas (Midas) ....181, 182, 183
chrysomelas (Pygathrix)

Ixili, Ixxi, xcix

chrysopus (Cebus) ...... Iv, Ixxiv, xci
chrysopyga (Hapale) ........ 184, 200
chrysopygus (Jacchus) ....... 181, 200

chrysopygus (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 185, 194, 200

chrysopygus (Marikina) .......... 201
chrysopygus (Midas) ............ 201
chrysopygus (Seniocebus) ........ 183
Ghrysothrix ........ saws XV, XXXV, 307, 308

Chrysothrix entomophaga 308, 315, 316
Chrysothrix nigrivittata ..308. 311, 312

TN DEX (OUR, SEAT EN:

PAGE

Chrysothrix cerstedi .......... 300, 316
Chrysothrix sciurea

308, 310, 311, 315, 316

Chrysothrix s. cassiquiarensis 308, 311

Chrysothnixatistarceeloes% 6. sc... 314

Chrysothrix ustus ................ 314

chrysurus (Mycetes) 260, 261, 262, 278

chrysurus (Stentor) ......... 261, 278

cincta cauda annulis (Prosimia)...132
cinerascens (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 252, 253
cinerascens (Callithrix) ...... 235, 252
cinerascens (Saguinus)
cinereiceps (Lemur)

xl viii, lxxxi, 138, 130, 141, 156
cinereiceps (Lemur m.)........... 156
cinereus (Lemur) ........ 124, 125, 133
cinereus (Nycticebus)

xiv, lxviii, Ixxxvi, 21

22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30

circumcinctus (Erythrocebus)
Ixii, Ixxi, xcix

cirrifer (Cebus) ......... lv, lxxiv, xci
citrinellus (Saimiri o0.)....300, 316, 317
Cletes: Ae ca HAe eee sci XXXVIi, II

coibensis (Alouatta p.)
lii, lxxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 264, 265, 273
collaris (Lemur)
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 147

collaris (Prosimia) ...... 142, 147, 149
Colobine acc ee eS xxv, xliti, xii
Colobus ...xvi, xxvi, xliii, lxv, ]xx1i, cii
Colobus abyssinicus ..... Ixv, xxii, citi
Colobus angolensis ...... Ixv, xxii, cii
Colobus bouvieri ........ Ixv. xxii, cli
Colobus caudatus ....... Ixv, lxxii. citi
Colobusvellioti ce. near. Ixv, lxx1i, cli

Colobus ferrugineus
xxxix, xv. lxxii, cli

ColOhus OAWE vats carcie see Ixv, Ixxii, cil
Colobus fuliginosus ..... Ixv, Ixxii, cii
Colobus gallarum ....... Ixv, lxxii, ciii
Colobus godonorum ..... Ixv, 1xxii, cil
Colobus graueri ......... Ixv, Ixxii, cii
Colobus guereza ...........++. XXXVili
Colobus: kirk. : Sseeeienit lxv, lxxii, cii
, Colobus nigrimanus ..... Ixv, lxxii, cli

NAMES ix

PAGE

Colobus occidentalis ....1xv, xxii, citi
Colobus oustaleti ........... . xv, cii
Colobus palliatus ....... Ixv, xxii, ciii
Colobus pennanti ........ Ixv, lxxii, cii
Colobus poliurus ....... Ixv, lxxii, ciii
Colobus polycomus ...... Ixv, Lxxii, cil
Colobus preussi ......... Ixv, Ixxii, cii

Colobus rufomitratus
xxxix, Ixv, 1xxii, cii

Colobus rufoniger ....... Ixv, 1xxti, cii
Colobus ruwenzori ...... Ixv, lxxii, cii
Colobus satanas ..... xli, lxv, 1xxii, cii
Colobus sharpei......... Ixv, Ixxii, citi
Colobus temmincki ...... Ixv, lxxii, cii
Colobus tephrosceles ....1xv, lxxii, cii
Colobus tholloni ........ Ixv, xxii, cil
Colobus vellerosus xxxix, Ixv, xxii, cii
Colobus versus ...... xli, Ixv, Ixxii, cii
commerconi (Cebugale) ........... 92
commerconii (Chirogaleus) ........ 92
commersoni (Cebugale) ...xxx, 88, 92
commersoni (Lemur) ............ xxx
concolor (Hylobates) ..1xvi, lxxii, cili
concolor (Simias) ...... xvi, xl, lxiv, ci
conspicillatus (Galago) ..... 47, 48, 73

continentis (Symphalangus s.)

xxvi, lxvi, Ixxii, citi
coquereli (Cheirogaleus) .100, 107, 173
coquereli (Chirogale) ......... 89, 101
coquereli (Microcebus)

xxxi. xl vii, Ixxix, 89, 100, IOI, 102, 107
coquereli (Mirza)
coquereli (Propithecus)

xlix, Ixxxii, 107, 173

coquereli (Propithecus v.)
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 173

coronatus (Lemur)

xl viii, Ixxxi, 134, 135
136, 138, 139, 140, 144

coronatus (Propithecus v.)
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 174

coronatus (Prosimia), ............ 144
Gorypithecus, sirvds «)aseye » «ace xxxix, Ixii
Gothia. eee ek o:5.3. cis 36: Page dione xli, 299

coucang (Nycticebus)
xxx, xlv, lxviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 26, 28
coucang (Tardigradus) ..xxviii, xlv, 21

x INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

crassicaudata (Otogale) ........... 48
crassicaudatus (Galago)

xxx, xlv, Ixvii, xxvii, 46, 47, 48
crassicaudatus (Otolicnus) ........ 47
crassiceps (Cebus) ...... lv, lxxiv, xci
crepuscula (Pygathrix) ...lxiv, lxxi,¢
cristata (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, Ixxi, ¢
crossleyi (Cheirogaleus) ...... 96, III
crossleyi (Chirogale)

xlvii, xxix, 89, 91, 92, 96, IIT
cruciger (Pygathrix) ...1xii, lxxi, xcix

cucullatus, (Ateles!) ....2.... 2.2006 liv
cucullatus (Ateleus) ....... liv, Ixxxix
cupidus (Pithecus) ..... lviii, xx, xciv

cupreus (Callicebus)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 236, 237, 238, 230
241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248
cupreus (Callithrix) ..235, 236, 237, 242

cupreis, (Cebus)! ji¢8-) dees 235
cupreus (Saguinus) .............. 236
cuscinus (Cebus u.) ...... lv, Ixxv, xci
ctiwiert, (emus): tees. aaa 136, 142
cuvieri (Otolicnus) ............... 73
cuxio (Chiropotes) ....xxxvi, 286, 296
cyclopsis (Pithecus) ...lvii, xix, xciti
Cynamolgosieeeeseceins pitas XxXxix
GyMOcebiUs wane tile ss i ecsleanecosveere xl
Cynocephalus ............... xxxil, lvi
Cynocephalus niger ............ XXXV
Cynocephalus olivaceus .......... 121
cynocephalus (Papio) xxxi, lvi,lxix, xci
cynocephalus (Pithecus) ......... xili
Cynocephalus porcarius ........ XXXVI
Cynocephalus silenus .......... XXXxvi
cynocephalus (Simia) ......... XXXIV
Cynopithecus

XViil, XxX1, XXVi, XXVII, XXXVi1

xliii, lvi, Ixix, xcii

Cynopithecus niger .......... Ivi, xcii
cynosura (Lasiopyga) ...xxxviii, xcvii
cynosurus (Cercopithecus) ...xxxviii

damonis (Propithecus) ....... 167, 173
Daubentonia ..xxi, xxvii, xli, xliv, |xviii
Ixxxv, cv, I, 2. 136
Daubentonia madagascariensis
xliv, Ixxxv, I, 2, 47
daubentoni (Tarsitis) ) Ji..0) 0s. ee. 2

PAGE
Daubentoniide ..xii, xli, xliv, Ixxxv, I
Dans | .,....< esis «dias eee XXXVI
dubius, Ghenaiur) Fek .\.\. . 2c cere aee 134

deckeni (Propithecus v.)
xlix, lxxxii, 166, 167, 168, 172
demidoffi (Galago) ...xxix, xxx, 48, 83
demidoffi Galago (Hemigalago) ...83
demidofi (Hemigalago)
xlvi, Lxviii, Ixxviii, 46, 48

82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 125
demidofii (Otolicnus) .......... 47, 82
denti (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, xx, xcvii

devellii (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 184, 186
195. 200, 202, 203, 204
devilli (Hapale) ......... 182, 184, 203
devilli (Midas)
182, 183, 184. 203. 204, 205, 207

devilli (Seniocebus) .............. 183
Diadie act Wit 4s 328s... < asc bee ooh XXXVIi
diadema (Habrocebus) ........... 169
diadémal @indrus), ....0.c54-62s0e8 169
diadema (Lichanotus) ............ 169

diadema (Propithecus)
xxix, xlix, lxxxii, 167, 168

Diana . os... acct Cee ak ee een
diana (Lasiopyga) ..... Ixi, lxx, xcviii
diana (Simia), .,.........4 dieeteniek- steele xli
diehli (Gorilla g.) ..... Ixvii, Ixxii, civ
dilecta (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiii, lxxi, c
discolor (Alouatta) .......... 267, 268
discolor (Callithrix) ..... 236, 242, 243

discolor (Mycetes)
260, 261. 263, 267, 268, 270, 271
djamdjamensis (Lasiopyga) ..1x, xcvii

doggetti (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcvi
dogtera (api) .a.cscne as lv, Ixix, xci
dollmani (Pithecus) ..... Iviii, Ixx. xcv

donacophilus (Callicebus)
Ixxv, Ixxxvi, 235, 238, 239

248, 249, 250, 251
donacophilus (Callithrix)

235, 236, 237, 249
donacophilus (Saguinus) ......... 236
dorsalis (Hapalemur! 1.) ......... 119
dorsalis (Lepidolemur) .......... 120
dorsalis (Lepilemur!) ............ 11g
WOUTGuUcOUlL ..:.),. kth eeies lore! Os MEETS xiii

_

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xi

Pace
Dr illipend staceibe iancyl atid nie $4.5 .ibelord: xl
dubius (Lemur) ............. 134, 142 |

dunni (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 70

edwardsi (Lepidolemur) “9
xlviii, xxx, 116, 117, 123
edwardsi (Perodicticus)
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 30, 42, 43, 167, 170
edwardsi (Propithecus d.)
Ixix, Ixxxii, 42, 167, 168, 170
egens (Cercopithecus m.)
xlix, Appendix, vol. ITI, p. 256
egeria (Callicebus)
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 246
elegantulus (Galago)
xvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48
68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81
élegantulus Galago (Otogale)
elegantulus Galago (Otolicnus) ....77
elegantulus (Midas) ...... 183, 196, 197
ellioti (Colobus) ......... Ixy, Ixxii, cii
emiliz (Callicebus)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 250

1B EO) poco bin a TAG iS ORE CIC Ce RRR xl
Eute lis: .civaewipetee - Piet nelcl> Sei « erspia2 xl
entellus (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiv, 1xxi, c
entomophaga (Callithrix) ....308, 315
entomophaga (Chrysothrix)

: 308, 315, 316
entomophaga (Saimiri) ...308, 300, 315
entomophaga (Saimiris) ..... 315, 316
entomophagus (Pithesciureus) ....308
Eriodeset jitenk.oaik jas ares c XXXViI
Eriodes arachnoides ........... XXXV

Erythrocebus xvi, xix, xxv, xxxix, xliii
1xi, lxxi, xcviii
Erythrocebus albigenis .1xii, lxxi, xcix
Erythrocebus baumstarki Ixii,1xxi, xcix
Erythrocebus cireumcinctus
Ixii, lxxi, xcix
Erythrocebus formosus Ixii, lxxi, xcix
Erythrocebus kerstingi .1xii, 1xxi, xcix
Erythrocebus langeldi ..1xii, lxxi, xcix
Erythrocebus patas ...1xti, lxxi, xcviii
Erythrocebus poliophzus
xii, lxxi, xcix
Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus
xii, Ixxi, xcvili

PAGE
Erythrocebus sannio ...1xii, lxxi, xcix
Erythrocebus whitei ....lxii, lxxi, xcix

Erythrocebus zechi ..... Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
erythrogaster (Midas) ........... 196
erythrogaster (Lasiopyga) ...lix, xcvi
erythrogaster (Seniocebus) ....... 183
erythromela (Prosimia) ...... 134, 162
erythrotis (Lasiopyga) ....... Ix, xcvi
Eiucebus) :.... (rere iets staies XXXVii
EiOtictiswes ic sates § cen XXX, 45
Enoticus tpallidus, hat ante: ieee er 79
everetti (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, 1xxi, c
fantiensis (Lasiopyga) ...... lix, xcvi
fantiensis (Lasiopyga p.) ....... xcvi
fascicularis (Pithecus) .lviii, xix, xciv
fatuellus (Cebus) ....... lv, xxiv, xci
Haunts; J. aadsamniaiadod. 17 XXXV
Faunus indicus ................ XXXili

faustus (Perodicticus)

xlv, Ixxvii. 38, 39, 42
felinus (Nyctipithecus) i
femoralis (Pygathrix) ..1xiii, xxi, xcix
ferrugineus (Colobus)

xxxix, Ixv, 1xxii, cli

fischeri (Tarsius) ............... 8,15
flavicauda Alouatta (Simia)...274, 276
flavicauda (Mycetes) ......... 262, 275
flavicauda (Pygathrix) .|xiii, lxxi, xcix
flavicauda (Simia) ........... 274, 276
flavicaudata (Simia) ......... 260, 261
flavicaudatus (Cebus) ........ 260, 275
flavicaudatus (Mycetes)

261, 262, 264, 275
flavicaudatus (Stentor) ....... 260, 274

flaviceps (Callithrix)
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 229

flaviceps (Hapale) .............-. 220
flavifrons (Lemur) ........... 143, 148
flavifrons (Midas) ...182, 183, 184, 207
flavifrons (Prosimia) .:...-.5.... 148
flavifrons (Seniocebus) .......... 183
flavimanus (Mycetes) ............ 271
flaviventer (Lemur) ..134, 135, 136. 152
flavuss (Cebus) wicisicrtel aes lv, xxiv, xci
Aavits iG@Leimie) end Ee wiek ctersaieiets shel. 132
foar(GGolobus))) ier: carat Ixv, lxxii, cii

formosus (Erythrocebus) Ixii,1xxi, xcix

xii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
PAGE PAGE
francesce (Lasiopyga) .1]xi,]xx,xcviii | gabrielli (Hylobates) .. .lxvi, lxxii, ciii
frangoisi (Pygathrix) ..... Ixiii, Ixxi,c | Galagine ...... xii, xxii, xli, xlv, 45, 90
fraterculus (Tarsius) Galago ...... xxii, xxviii, xli, xlv, Ixviii
xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 12 45, 46, 47, 48, 90, 136
frederici (Prosimia) .......... 134,154 | Galago acaciarum .............. 47,72
frontata (Pygathrix) ...1xii, lxxi,xcix | Galago acaciarum var. A alleni ....47

frontatus (Cebus) ........ lv, lxxiv, xc
frontatus (Semnopithecus) ..... XXxixX
fuliginosus (Cercocebus) ...xxiii, lviii
fuliginosus (Colobus) ....lxv. xxii, cii
fuliginosus (Pan) ...... Ixvii, lxxiii, cv
fulvis pedibus (Prosimia) ........ 132
fulvus (Lemur)

xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136

138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 149, 150, 158
funereus (Hylobates) ...1xvi, lxxii, ciii

furax(@Papio) 5.5.’ eee: lvi, Ixix, xci
furcifer (Cheirogaleus) ........... 108
furcifer (Chirogale) ........... 88, 89
furcifer (emur) eeieees. Xxxi, 108
furcifer (Lepilemur!) ............ 108

furcifer (Microcebus)
xvii, Ixxix, 89, 99, 100, 101
102, 107, 108, I21

Minetier CPhager)” 2.60 0. oe. Neto ee 108
fusca (Prosimia) .....0.00..0..004 132
fuscatus (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, lxix, xciii
fusciceps (Ateles!) .............03 liv
fusciceps (Ateleus) ........ liv, lxxxix
fuscicollis (Chirogale) ............ 88

fuscicollis (Hapale) ......... 184, 207
fuscicollis (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184, 185, 195, 200, 207
fuscicollis (Midas) ...181, 183, 184, 207
fuscomanus (Tarsius) ............. 15
fuscomurina (Pygathrix) ..]xii, lxxi,c¢
fuscus (Hylobates) .....1xvi, lxxii, cili

fuscus (Leontocebus) ............ 182
fuscus (Mycetes) ....260, 261, 262, 275
Tascus | (Bane wee sect Ixvii, lxxili, cv
fuscus (Pithecus) .......... lvili, xciv

fuscus. (Stentorn)menm emetic. ee 260, 274
fuscus (Tarsius) xliv, lxxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 15

gabonensis (Galago a.)

xvi, Ixviil, Ixxviii, 48, 65. 66. 67
gabonensis Galago a. (Otolicnus) ..66
gabonensis (Otolicnus) ........... 66

Galago acaciarum var. B senega-
LENSIS.2.6..04/00 ESR eee 47,73
Galago acaciarum var. C sennaar-
TENSES 702 Sh oR Rae OM ae ie 47,74
Galago agisymbanus .............. 55
Galago alleni ..xxxi, xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii
46, 47, 48, 67, 77
Galago a. batesi xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii, 66
Galago a. cameronensis
xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 65, 67
Galago a. (Otolicnus) cameronensis 66
Galago a. gabonensis
xlvi, xviii, Ixxviii, 48, 65, 66, 67
Galago (Hemigalago) anomurus....84
Galago badius ....... xlvi, lxviii, Ixxvii
Galago batesi....... xlvi, xviii, lxxviti
Galago braccatus
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 68, 69
Galago braccatus albipes
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 69, 70
Galago conspicillatus ....... 47, 48, 73
Galago crassicaudatus
xxx, xlv, Ixvii, lxxvii, 46, 47, 48
Galago demidoffi ..xxix, xxx, 46, 48, 83
Galago (Hemigalago) demidoffi....83
Galago demidoffi poensis........... 84
Galago dunni ....xlvi, lxviii, xxviii, 70
Galago elegantulus
xl vii, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48
68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81
Galago (Otogale) elegantulus ..... 77
Galago (Otolicnus) elegantulus.....77
Galago elegantulus apicalis
xvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 48, 80
Galago elegantulus pallidus
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 48, 79
Galago elegantulus tonsor
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 78

Galago (Otogale) pallidus ........ 79
GalagotwalacoHuints cae van gestae 47, 68
Galago galago var. australis........ 73

Galago galago B. senegalensis .....73

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xiii

PAGE
Galago gallarum
xlvi, xviii, 1xxviii, 68, 60. 71
Galago garnetti
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 46, 57
Galago' geofiroyi oe iS 46, 72
Galago granti ...xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 71
Galago hindsi ...xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviti, 62
Galago kikuyuensis
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 63

Galago kirki ..... xvi, xviii, 1xxvii, 60
Galago lasiotis ...xlvi, Ixviii, 1xxvii, 61
galago (Wemur) icz.eneci test: XXVili, 72
Galago madagascariensis ...46, 99, 103
Galago moholi ....... 46, 48, 70, 72.74
Galago (Otolicnus) moholi...46, 47, 72
Galago ‘minor “5.5. aeeehioa as. 8 99, 103

Galago monteiri
xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii, 1xxviii, 48
Galago monteiri kirki ............. 48
Galago mossambicus
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 76, 77

Galago s. mossambicus ........... 48
Galavo murinus ...5./8seace fern 73
Galago nyasse ..xlvi, lxviii, xxviii, 70
Galago palliday 8 heasansere! othe 79
Galaco pallidus ss yesicss. ee 48, 79

Galago panganiensis
xlvi, Ixvii, 1xxvii, 57

Galago ‘potto’ 222... anesbeiaie «2 bein 46
Galago pupulus ..xlvi, lxviti, lxxviii, 76
Galago pusillus ...... Ixviii, Ixxvili, 83

Galago senegalensis
XXVili, xlv, lxviii, lxxvili, 45
46, 47, 48, 70,72, 76
Galago (Otolicnus) senegalensis....73
Galago sennaariensis xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii
47, 48, 70, 71, 74, 75
Galago (Otolicnus) sennaariensis ..74
Galago talboti ...xlvi, lxviii, 1xxviii, 67
Galago (Otolicnus) teng........... 47
Galago ‘thomiasi ........ 0 deeees Senne 85
Galago zanzibaricus
xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii, 67
Galago zuluensis ..xlv, Ixviii, 1xxvii, 56

Galagoides ...... Yishe ried at bear XxIx, 45
Galagoides senegalensis ........... 72
Galavoniidt 0% 2... RES | ahem 48
GaleoceDusy cco nscrecue eee XXX, 115

PAGE
Galeocebus mustelinus ........... 119
Galeapithecus! ijscisicf Pao easene 32
Galeopithecus volans ........ 132, 133
galeritus (Cercocebus) ....... lix, xcv
gallarum (Colobus) ..... Ixv, xxii, cili

gallarum (Galago)
xlvi, xvii, Ixxviii, 68, 60, 71

garnetti (Galago)
xlvi, lxviii, lxxviti, 46, 57

garnetti (Otogale)y ict.) . 02s saeees 48
garnetti (Otolicnus) ...... Xxxi, 46, 47
Gastrimargus. ss): strate eee ats XXXVi
Gastrimargus infumatus ........xxxiv
Geladas?.:).5.33 eR eBasottyacss of XXXVi
gelada (Macaca) ,.Vectnirsacte tat XXXVi
gelada (Macacus) ............. XXXVI
gelada (Theropithecus) ..lvi, lxix, xcii
geoffroyi (Ateles!) ............... liv

geoffroyi (Ateleus)
liv, lxxiii, Ixxiv, lxxxix
geoffroyi (Galago) ............ 46, 72
geoffroyi (Hapale)
XXXVili, 182, 184, 214
geoffroyi (Midas) ........... 183, 214
geoffroyi (CGdipomidas)
1, xxiii, Ixxxiv, 182, 183
184, 185. 214, 215

geoffroyi (Gdipus) .............. 214
geoffroyi (Perodicticus) ..xxix, 38, 39
PEOMLOY1 (S11) brespieid sly ods oes 217
Geopithecus™.. faaconiotons bt sev
germaini (Pygathrix) .....lxiv, Ixxi.c

gigot (Callicebus)
li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 254, 255
gigot (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237, 254, 255

gliroides (Cheirogaleus) ..... 100, 103
gliroides (Chirogale) .......... 90, 100
gliroides (Microcebus) ........... 105
Gliscebiisti seks)... deddqaidh SOEKNOS
Gliscebus murinus ............ 99, 103
GAISCEDUS! LUGS: :eintele sleleisies ov 99, 103

globiceps (Lepidolemur)

xvii, xxx, 116, 117
godonorum (Colobus) ...Ixv, xxii, cii
goeldi (Callithrix)

li, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 224
Gorilla ...xiii, xv. xvi, xx, xxvii, xxxvii
xliil, Ixvi, Ixxti, civ

xiv INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
Gorilla beringeri ....... Ixvii, xxii, ciii
Gorillatgorillage.jce8 25. ? Ixvi, lxxii, civ
Gorilla g. castaneiceps .]xvii, 1xxii, civ
Gorilla g. diehli ....... Ixvii, lxxii, civ
Gorilla g. jacobi ....... Ixvii, lxxii, civ
Gorilla g. matschie ..... Ixvi, xxii, civ
Gorilla*mayema:'/9).50. 2.25. x1, Ixvii

gorilla (Troglodytes) .....xxxvii, xvi
graellsi (Leontocebus)
1, lIxxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 208

graellsi (Midas) ............. 184, 208
gracilis (Wemur) .....0.5 090000: 17, 18
gracilis (Qoris) rs. 29. 82. Xxviii, xliv, 18
gracilis (Nycticebus) .............. 18
gracilis (Stenops) ................. 18

grandidieri (Lepidolemur)
xvii, xxx, 116, 117, 118
granti (Galago) ..xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviti, 71

graueri (Colobus) ....... Ixv, 1xxii. cii
grayi (Cercopithecus) .......... xxxix
grayi (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, xx, xevii
gricescens (Ateleus) ....... liv, lxxxix
griseimembra (Aotus) liii, lxxiv, lxxxix
griseisticta (Lasiopyga) ..... Ix, xcvii

griseo-maculatus (Lemur m.)..136, 160
griseorufus (Microcebus m.)..I0I, 104

griseoventris (Midas) ........ 196, 197
griseoviridis (Lasiopyga) ....1lx, xevii
griseus (Chirogale) ............... 89
griseus (Hapalemur!) ........ 124, 125
griseus’ (Hapalolemur) ........... 126
griseus (Lemur) ...xxx, xviii, 124, 125
griseus (Microcebus) ............. 126
griseus (Mioxicebus) ..:..... SKS

griseus (Myoxicebus)
xl viii, xxx, 88, 110, 121, 124, 125
126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135

guereza (Colobus) ........... XXXVill
gularis (Aotus) ...... liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Gymnopygalaeds eee ne ee XXXVili
Habrocebts Seen ees xxix, 163, 166, 167
Habrocebus diadema ............. 169
Habrocebus: lanattsmerene. eve anes 164
hagenbecki (Cercocebus) ..... lix, xev
Elamad nyasin cea sentir lets oe xxxvi, lvi
hamadryas (Papio) xxiv, Ivi, lxix, xcii
hamadryas*(Simia)i ees as... XXXVi

PAGE
hamlyni (Cercocebus) ........ lix, xcv
hamlyni (Cercopithecus) ....... xl, lix
hamlyni (Rhinostigma) ...... lix, xev
Hapate Ve, ee: XV, XXXiv, 179, 181, 182

183, 184, 216, 218
Hvapalealbicollis®! 2: :... 20923 232
Hapale*albicollis*var. Cl sore. fame 232
Hapale argentata ........ 182, 221, 223
Hapalevauritalt Zee... 182, 225
Hapalet bicolor. oe. eee 184, 186
Hapale chrysoleuca .............. 223
Hapale chrysomelas ..xxxv, 1, 184, 207
Hapale chrysopyga .......... 184, 200
Hapale devillii ........0% 182, 184, 203
Hapale flaviceps ...............0. 229
Hapale fuscicollis ............ 184, 207
Hapale geoffroyi .xxxviii, 182, 184, 214
Hapale humeralifer ........... 230, 231
Hapale humeralifer var. D........ 230
Hapale*illigert’ See tee 184. 205
Hapale jacchus ...... 181, 182, 228, 229
Hapale) labiatat Wee eee ene cee 184, 196
Hapaleileonina <. ... denen 184, 211
Hapale leucocephala .......0..20% 230
Hapale leucocephalus ....181, 182, 230
Hapale leucopus”... 5-2 eeeae soee 222
Hapale leucotis .........5¢50.0008 218
Hapale melanotis .............00. 218
Hapale melanura ............ 182, 221
Hapalemmidas ties fee eee ee 184, IOI

Hapale mystax
XXXViii, 181, 182, 184, 198, 201
Hapale nigricollis ....183, 184, 198, 199

Hapale nigrifrons ........ 183. 184, 198
Hapalevoedipust?: . ¢s 2c. ae 184, 213
Hapale penicillata ............ 181, 226
Hapaletpileata te....-e. +. cece 184, 107
Hapale pygmea .......... XXXViil, 233
Hiapale*rosalia’ 28.2... a ere. 184. 210
Hapale santaremensis ............224
Hapalevursula ye... eee eee 184, 192
Hapale weddeli ~ itoe.. seen. 184, 202
Hapalemurl.).ee.e. cece XXX, 124, 125
Hapalemur! (Lepilemur!) dorsalis 119
Hapalemur! griseus .......... 124, 125
Hapalemur! olivaceous ....... 125, 127
Hapalemur! simus ...... XXxi,I25, 128
Hapalidze 08 i. POOR eee xix

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES XV

PAGE
Hapalolemur {42 xigeatieciesne . 115.135
Hapalolemur griseus ............. 126
Ebapanell aig icine oistoiminsastrerevowetel <1 XXXVili

harmandi (Pithecus) ...lvii, lxix, xciti
Hemigalago xxx, xli, xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii
45, 46, 82, 86
Hemigalago anomurus
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii,84, 86
Hemigalago demidoffhi
xvi, lxviii, 1xxviii, 46, 48
82, 83. 84, 85. 86, 125
Hemigalago demidoffi poensis
xvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 84
Hemigalago thomasi
xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 85
henrici (Hylobates) ....lxvi, lxxii, ciii
heuglini (Papio) ......... lvi, xix, xci
hilgerti (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xevi
hilleri (Nycticebus)

xlv, lxviii, lIxxxvi, 22, 24, 31
hindei (Lasiopyga k.) ..1xi, lxx, xcvii
hindsi (Galago) .xlvi, Ixviii, lxxviii, 62
hirsuta (Pithecia) ....... 286, 287, 280
hinsutae(Varkea)))). 2feeeicte slots 2» oles 289
hoffmannsi (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 248, 249
holomelas (Propithecus ......167, 170
holomelas (Propithecus d.)....167, 170
holotophrea (Pygathrix)

xiii, Ixxi, xcix

FLOM | sfosdieiay a) s'asehedetReolethoraephesioe XXXi
Homo latins. aki. <<, XXXIV, xxxv, xvi
Eomontdal a iveo.< s cauidtetreetttie XVii
hoolock (Hylobates) xiii, Ixvi, lxxii, citi
Bose1 (Pe yeathnix)) enh Ixiii, xxi, c

humeralifer (Callithrix)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 230

humeralifer (Hapale) ........ 230, 231
humeralifer var, D. (Hapale) ....230
humeralifer (Jacchus) ........ 217, 230
humeralifer (Simia) .............. 217
hybridus (Ateles!) .......... liv, Ixxiv
hybridus (Ateleus) ..liv. lxxiv, lxxxix
Eiylanthropuse: seen eee. XXXVili
Hylobates ...xili, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, Xxvi

xliii, Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
Hylobates agilis ........ xvi, lxxii, cili

Hylobates concolor .....1xvi, lxxii, ciii

PAGE
Hylobates funereus .....Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
Hylobates fuscus ....... Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii
Hylobates gabrielli ....1xvi, Ixxii, ciii
Hylobates henrici ...... Ixvi, Ixxii, citi
Hylobates hoolock ..xiii, xvi, lxxii, ciii
Hylobates ar) seen Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
Hylobates leuciscus ..... Ixvi, 1xxii, cili
Hylobates leucogenys ..1xvi, lxxii, ciii
Hylobates nasutus ...... Ixvi, xxii, citi
Hylobates pileatus ..... Ixvi, Ixxii, ciii
Hylobates syndactylus ............ XV
Hylobatidz
Xill, XVii, xviii, xxii, xxvi, xliii, Ixvi, ciii
hypoleuca (Pygathrix ..... Ixiv, Ixxi, c
Hiypsicebus) sears heen. 7S
Hypsicebus bancanus ....... xxx, 8,14
ibeanus (Papio) ......... Ivi, lxix, xci

ibeanus (Perodicticus)

xlv, Ixviii, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 41
iligeriu@Hiapale)y ses eeaden 184, 205
illigeri (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 204, 205

illigeri (Midas) ...... 182, 183, 184, 205
illigeri (Eedipomidas) ............ 205
illigeriy (Seniocebus) ......6-.0.0% 183

imperator (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195, 209
impudens (Pithecus) ...lviii, Ixx, xciv

indicus (Faunus) .............. XXXiii
indicus (Midas)i 4... aceeiede 184, 209
TrdriesSPA-tiries Gah ee ieee 175
Indrigbrevicatidata). eleven cere 175
mocks Sotbnc phage soncua uate aaa Ue 176

indri (Lemur)
XXVIii, xxix, xxx, xlix, 132, 175

indri (Lichanotus) ........... 175,176 °
Indris ...xxii, xli, lxviii, lxxxii, 115, 175
Indris brevicaudatus ............. 176
Tint eTS MINCE i simie eieleeie rma aes 176
Iircyabec), shelebeeegaperad oc xlix, xxix, 175
Tndrisilaniger! ...< .. «emesemee miles 164
Imidrisslonecicatidatists meskes teins 163
indris, (ithelemir) i setmiewes sees 176
inclrisiice. tek ese ete xiv, xxii, xli, xlvili
Ipataboh(600l eA SAM Sai Pin Si Xxix, 175
Indriisr albus) ANN. 2...2 seer eile 169
indriasediadema.%%, «: «Seen eee 169

xvi INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PacE
infumata (Lagothrix)
xxxiv, liv, lxxiv, xc
infumatus (Gastrimargus) ...... XXXIV
infulatus (Aotus)
xxxii, liii, xxiv, Ixxxviii, 235

infulatus (Gallithrix), ...s%)..aseaeere 235
infulatus (Cebus) ................ 235
inftulatas ((Sacuinus)) ote! aaaaeiey 236
-inobservata (Lasiopyga) ..... Ix, xcvi
inornatus (Macacus) .......... XXXViii
Insignicebus),.,..asae ete eee xlii
insignis (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxxi, xcviii
insolita (Lasiopyga) ......... lix, xcvi

insulanus (Alouatta)

lii, 1xxili, lIxxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 282
insulanus (Pithecus) ...lvii, lxix, xciii
insularis (Lasiopyga p.) .1xi, lxx, xcviii

inusta (Pithecia) ......... 286, 289, 290
inustas@Varkea) si. tcleeeees o 287, 289
Lropoctisiteernciits WER. 3.15 xxx, 163
Jropocuslaniger,...\... <.hlmeehrhde ses XXX
irrorata (Pithecia) ...286, 287, 289, 204
irrorata i@Wiarkea) it: ..0eis. se 2 . -287, 289
irus (Pithecus) ........ lviii, Ixix, xciv

israelita (Brachyurus)
Xxxiv, 287, 298, 300

israelita (Chiropotes) ............ 298
Jaechush titan j.04 181, 183, 216, 217, 218
Jacchus albicollis ............ 218, 231
Jacchus albifrons. .....<).(enisde.). aes 209
Jacchus argentatus .xxxv, 181, 217, 221
Jacchuswarnitus) | 5... sie Seer ters oe 217

jacchus (Callithrix)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 217, 218, 220
221, 225, 228, 220, 231

Jacchus chrysomelas ......... 181, 211
Jacchus chrysopygus ......... 181, 200
jacchus (Hapale) ....181, 187, 228, 229
Jacchus humeralifer .......... 217, 230
Jaechus: labiatus)...,....... «Aisles 181, 195
Jacchts) leommuSie seis eee 181
Jacchus leucocephalus ........ 217, 220
Jacchus leucomerus .............. 221
Jacchus) maximiliant ........0.5 92% 230
Jacchus melanurus ..... XXXV, 217, 221
Jiacchtts) midasik satan en ane 181
Jacchus, cedipus) 3... eet 181, 213

PAGE
Jacchus penicillatus ...... 217, 218, 226
Jacchus pygmeus ............ 218, 232
Jacehus rosalia. .:.....5<0 oe ee ey

jacchus (Simia)
XxXxii, xxxiii, xxxv, 1, 216, 228

JacehusShttigonifer: 122.0. 5.0.<.sen 226
Jacchus ursulus 225/0:20t4 “20K 181
Jacchus vulgaris ..... 217, 218, 228, 229
jacobi (Gorilla g.)...... xvii, 1xxii, civ

javanicus (Nycticebus)
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 21, 22, 23, 28, 31

javanicus (Stenops) ............ .. 28
johni (Pygathrix) ........ Ixiii, Lxxi, c
johni (Semnopithecus) ....... XXXVili
johnstoni (Cercocebus a.)..... lix, xcv
johnstoni (Lasiopyga c.)...... lx, xcvii

jordani (Callithrix p.)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 227
juara (Alouatta)
lii, Ixxiv, xxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283
ju-ju (Perodicticus)
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 41

kandti (Lasiopyga) .....1xi, lxx, xeviii
karimoni (Pithecus) ....lviii, xx, xciv
TEAS Ha OAR: BFR SPAAVTORI AE eine XXxix
kerstingi (Erythrocebus)

I xii, Ixxi, xcix
kibonotensis (Lasiopyga a.)

Ixi, Ixx, xevili
kikuyuensis (Galago)

xlvi, [xviii, Ixxviii

kirki ,(Colobus)i. ..< «bess » Ixv, Lxxii, cii
kirki (Galago) ....... xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxvii
kiskii(Galago m1.),...l.e-eeecke eae 48
klossi (Symphalangus) .Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
kolbi (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, Ixx, xevii

kooloo-kamba (Pan) ..1xvii, lxxiii, ev

labiatal. (Flapale)) euesses . eae 184, 196
labiata (Lasiopyga) ....lxi, lxxi, xeviii
labiatus! (Jacchus) f2etiee~ 5 oe 181, 195

labiatus (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 180, 182, 183, 184
185, 194, 195, 196, 197, 205, 208
labiatus’ @Miarikina) 0.0... skagen 195
labiatus (Midas)
180, 181, 182, 183. 184, 195

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xvii

PAGE
labiatus Simia (Midas) .......... 195
lacépéedii (Simia) ............. 180, 191
letus (Pithecus) ....... lviii, lxx, xciv
laglaizi (Lasiopyga n.)........ Ix, xevi

lagonotus (Leontocebus)
1, lxxxiv, 184, 185, 195, 206
lagonotus (Midas) ........... 184, 206
Lagothrix ..... Xvi, xix, xxii, xxxiii, xli
liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc
Lagothrix cana ...xxxvii, liv, lxxiv, xc
Lagothrix lagotricha liv, lxxiv, xxv, xc

Lagothrix lugens ........ liv, Ixxiv, xc
Lagothrix infumata xxxiv, liv, lxxiv, xc
Lagothrix thomasi ....... liv, lxxiv, xc
Lagothrix ubericola ...... liv, lxxiv, xc

lagotricha (Lagothrix)
liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, xc
langeldi (Erythrocebus) 1xii, lxxi, xcix

lanatus (Habrocebus) ............ 164
lanatus (Lemur) ©... .c.. xxix, 164
lania (Pygathrix) saesesan Ixiv, xxi, ci
laniger (Avahis) ............ xxix, 164
laniger (indris) ei. satin... se. cess 164
laniger, (Iropocus) ......2....-+. XXX

laniger (Lemur)
XXViii, xxix, xxx, xl viii, 133, 163
laniger (Lichanotus)
xlviii, lxxxi, 133, 163, 164

laniger (Microrhynchus) ......... 164
laniger (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 278
lanius (Aotus) ...... liti, lxxiv, Ixxxix
lapsus (Pithecus) ...... Iviii, Ixx, xciv
lar GEion10) sa.2c6..5:- XxxVvi, xxxvii, Ixvi
lar (Hylobates) ........ Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
WALAEGS | Sie e Pivierey-snininr-s Ae «8 XXXIV

larvatus (Cercopithecus) ..xxx<iii, lxiv
larvatus (Nasalis) xxxiv, xxxvi, Ixiv, ci
Lasiopyga xiii, xiv, xvi, xxv, Xxvi, xxxli
xxxviii, xl, xliti, lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga albigularis ...1xi, lxx, xcvii
Lasiopyga a. beirensis.. .1xi, 1xxi, xcvii
Lasiopyga a. kinobotensis
lxi, Ixx, xcvili
Lasiopyga albitorquata ..1xi, lxxi, xcvii
Lasiopyga ascanius .......... lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga a. whitesidei....... lix, xcvi
WAablopy ea aurora. «eiietas she Ix, xcvi

Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga
Lasiopyga

PAGE
boutourlini ........ lix, xevi
burnetti ...... Ixi, Ixx, xevii
-buttikofert c/s. ss lix, xcvi
brazzz ...... 1xi, lxx, xevili
Callidagietrtcterae «ts . 1x, xevii
callitrichus ....... lix, xcvii
campbelli ....1xi, lxx, xcvii
carruthersi ........ lx, xevi
centraliswteerades sey Ix, xevii
c. johnstoni....... lx, xevii
ee Wniteaeejaceaes es lx, xcvii
Ch why tellin «xe «jin Ix, xcvii
cephodesiiaeais ass Ix, xevi
Cephusiirracsieis: sax Ix, xevi
CYNOSUTAlaFabes «Ee lx, xevii
denti” 2.2 edte Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
diana. sa7enh Ixi, Ixx, xevili
djamdjamensis ....lx, xcvii
doggettiiavader «aa: Ix, xcvi
erythrogaster ..... lix, xevi
erythrotis ......... Ix, xcvi
fantiensis ......... lix, xcevi
francesce ...1xi, 1xx, xcviii
gtayl, oc. itdeen Ixi, xx, xcvii
g. pallida..... Ixi, lxx, xcvii
griseisticta ........ Ix, xcvii
griseoviridis ...... Ix, xcvii
hilgertivesddass- one Ix, xcvi
inobservata ....... lx, xcvi
INSIP MIS. were Ixi, xxi, xcvili
InSolita) suanenee «te lix, xcvi
kandtwye sents 1xi, Ixx, xcvili
kolbi aenhent Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
k, hindeiqacéa: Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
k. nubila...... Ixi, Ixx, xcvii
labiatay anisrie Ixi, Ixxi, xcviii
leucampyx ........ liv, xevi
PhOeStt..,0<itdsyes ire lix, xevi
MUVATELTIN sa, 010) « + faxe tenes Ix, xcevi
THAtSCHIE ms ararceis sfeies- Ix, xevi
moloneyi ....1xi, lxx, xevili
POM Assays) seria Ixi, lxx, xcvii

mossambicus I|xi, lxxi, xcviii
neglecta ....Ixi, lxx, xcviii

HEU US: oo vi icra hake re xii
NEUMAN © + ¢ epee © Ix, xcvi
MICHIEATIS: Mag vga ses Ix, xevi

J

XViii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE

Lasiopyga n. laglaizi.......... Ix, xcvi
Lasiopyga nigrigenis ......... lix. xevi
Lasiopyga nigroviridis ....... Ix, xcvii
Lasiopyga opisthosticta ...... lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga petaurista ........ lix, xevi
Lasiopyga p. fantiensis........... XCVi
Lasiopyga petronelle ...1xi, lxx, xcvii
Lasiopyga pluto ............ lix, xevi

Lasiopyga pogonias ....1xi, lxx, xcvii
Lasiopyga p. nigripes....Ixi, xx, xcvii

Lasiopyga preussi ..... Ixi, Ixx, xcvili
Lasiopyga p. insularis...1xi, 1xx, xcviii
Lasiopyga princeps ..... Bee Ix, xcvi
Lasiopyga pygerythra ....... Ix, xcvii

Lasiopyga roloway ..... Ixi, Ixx, xcviii
Lasiopyga rubella ........... dix, xcvii
Lasiopyga rufilata ...... Ixi, Ixx, Xcvili
Lasiopyga rufitincta ....1xi, lxx, xcviii
Lasiopyga rufoviridis ........ Ix, xcvii
Lasiopyga schmidti .......... lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga sclateri ........... Ix, xevi
Lasiopyga signata ........... lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga Silacea®.. 2.2.22. .:% Ix, xcvii
Lasiopyga stairsi ....... 1xi, xx, xevili

Lasiopyga s. mossambicus
Ixi, xxi. xcviii

Lasiopyga sticticeps .......... Ix, xcvi
Lasiopyga stuhlmanni ........ Ix, xcevi
Lasiopyga s. carruthersi ..... Ix, xcvi
Lasiopyga s. nigrigenis ...... lix, xcvi
Lasiopyga tantalus .......... Ix, xevii
Lasiopyga t. alexandri ....... Ix, xevii
Lasiopyga t. budgetti ........ Ix, xevii
Lasiopyga t. griseisticta ..... Ix, xcvii
Lasiopyga temmincki ...1xi, lxx, xcvili
Lasiopyga thomasi ..... Ixi, xx, xevili
Lasiopyga werneri ........... Ix, xcvii
Lasiopyga wolfi ........ Ixi, Ixxi, xcvii
Lasiopygide

Xili, Xv, XVii, xviii, xix, xliii, lv
Lastopy gine \..\.\).2 te ee. 2 xiii, lv
lasiotis (Galago) ....xlvi, Ixvi, Ixxviii
lasiotis (Pithecus) ...... Ivii, lxix, xciii
lautensis (Pithecus) ....lvili, lxx, xciv

Lemur xxii, xxviii, xxxi, xli, xlviii, lxviii
Ixxxi, 115, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133
134, 135, 136, 137, 138. 140

PAGE
Lemur albifrons
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132. 133, 134, 135,
136, 138, 139, 141, 154, 155
Lemur albimanus ....133, 135, 136, 141
Lemur anjuanensis ...133, 135, 136, 142
Lemur bicolor ....... IOI, 132, 134, 155
Lemur brunneus .....135, 136, 147, 163
Lemur catta
XXviii, xl viii, lxxxi, 131, 132, 133
$ 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 158
Lemur ceylonicus® 2 sine, See 17
Lemur g. ceylonicus............ 17,18
Lemur chrysampyx ..134, 135, 136,144
Lemur cinereiceps
xl viii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, 156
Lemur cinereus -...:..:.. 124, 125, 133
Lemur collaris
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 147
Lemur collaris rufus
Ixviii, Ixxxi, 133. 135, 138, 152
Lemur commersoni.............. xxx
Lemur coronatus
xlviii, Ixxxi, 134, 135, 136
138, 139, 140, 144

Temun cuviert’ 2.2.2. sneer 136, 142
Lemur dubius ................ 134, 142
Lemur flavifrons i seseoseestee et 143, 148
Lemur flaviventer ....134, 135, 136, 152
Lemur: flavus | oUcuiegoonee et eee 132

Lemur fulvus
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136

Bemurlfurciferts..i0ss0...eee xxxi, 168
Bemiurigalago.cso0c. Agee XXVili, 72
Wemiur gracilis pn.) s srs ph eyo 17,18
Lemur gracilis ceylonicus....... 17,19
Lemur griseus ....xxx, xlvili, 124, 125

Lemur indri
XXViii, xix, xxx, lix, 132, 175

Gemurwlanatus strane sie oe ote xxix, 164
Lemur laniger

XXVili, Xxix, xxx. xlviii, 133, 163
Lemur leucomystax ...... 135, 137, 157

Lemur macaco
xxix, xlvili, Ixxxi, 132. 133, 134, 135, 136
137, 138. 130. 141, 156, 157, 158, 160
DBemur m. albus...‘ cee eee 136

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
Lemur m. griseo-maculatus....136, 160
Weritind 109 MISE AN 2 so cs csc ore 156
Lemur mayottensis ..136, 138, 145,146
Lemur melanocephalus ....... 135, 150
Wem, 5. A Maer te- 2.2. seh eee 92
Lemur (Chirogaleus) milii......... 92

Lemur mongos
xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133. 134. 135, 136, 138
139, 140, 141, 143. 147, 149, 150

Lemur mongos var. albifrons...... 154
Lemur mongos var. cinereiceps....156
Lemur mongos rufifrons.......... I51
Lemur mongos var. rufus ........ 153

Lemur murinus

xxix, Xxx, xxxi, 08, IOI, 102, 132, 134
Lemur niger 133, 134, 135; 136, 137; 157

Lemur nigerrimus
xviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, 157

Lemur nigrifrons
“xviii, Ixxxi. 133, 134, 135. 136
138, 139. 140, 145, 146

emir, POtiop eile hes >. Setekel easy 132
Bemur, prehensilisyecjierid...-/iisins 102
Lemur psilodactylus ................ 2
Lemur pusillus ....... xl vii, 98, 99, 103

Lemur rubriventer
xviii, 1xxxi, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 151
Lemur rufifrons
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 134, 135
136, 139, 141, 150, I51
Eemur rufipes#spereieters.: 2s weary: 152
Lemur rufus
xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 153

HeemT, SAMA Ks spp daeyeparaniet Mekal G0, 91
Meme SIMMA=SCIIGMG a siciexs sels Suclois 132
Tlemipit) SPELL) ,«opsjacieuears,’s vinjooi«is xxix

Lemur tardigradus
XXVill, xxx, 17, 18, 19, 31, 132
Lemur tarsier
Ieemtir tansittsue. ese oie xliv, 7, 8,9
Lemur variegatus
xxx, xlvili, lxxxi, 132, 133, 134
135, 136, 137, 139, 141, 160, 162
Lemur v. ruber
xviii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135
136, 137, 139, 141, 162
Méemur varius <3 53. APP: xxx, 160
Péemurivolans Assess. pee 132, 133

xix

PAGE

Lemur xanthomystax ........ 135, 150
Lemuride

89, 99, 100, 115. 116, 135, 136, 138
Lemurine ...xiv, xxiv, xli, xlvii, 87, 135
Lemuroidea ...xi, xii, xxi, xxii, xli, xliv

Ixix. Ixxv, cv. 100, 138

leonina |(Hlapale) pee ak- so... 184, 211

leoninag(Simia) pers 2 cee 186, 210

leoninus (Jacchus)
leoninus (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 180, 182, 183, 195, 210

leoninus (Midas) ....180, 181, 185, 210

Leontocebus

xiv, xxiii, xxxv, xlii, 1, lxxiv, Ixxxiii

179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194, 217, 218
Leontocebus apiculatus

1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 204

Leontocebus ater gai ais -5:-- 182, 199
Leontocebus ater var. B.......,.. 211
Meontocebus) aurona 3.6 6s <eiscys so 182
Leontocebus bicolor ............. 189

Leontocebus chrysomelas
1, xxiv, Ixxxiv, 181, 182, 185, 195, 211
Leontocebus chrysopygus
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 185. 194, 200
Leontocebus devillii
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 184, 186
195, 200, 202, 203, 204
Leontocebus fuscicollis
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184, 185, 195, 200, 207
Leontocebus fuseus) 22.2. ¢sses-- 182
Leontocebus graellsi
1, lxxxiv. 184, 186, 195, 208
Leontocebus illigeri
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 204, 205
Leontocebus imperator
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195, 209
Leontocebus labiatus
1, xxiv, 1xxxiii, 180, 182, 183, 184
185, 194, 195, 196, 197, 205, 208
Leontocebus lagonotus
1, Ixxxiv, 184, 185, 195. 206
Leontocebus leoninus
1, Ixxxiv, 180, 182, 183, 195, 210, 211
Leontocebus martinsi
xlix, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189
Leontocebus mystax
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 184, 195, 198. 201

xX INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE

Leontocebus nigricollis
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184
185, 194, 199, 200, 201

Leontocebus nigrifrons
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 194, 198

Leontocebus pileatus

1, Ixxxiii, 182, 186, 194, 197

Leontocebus pithecus marikina ...209

Leontocebus rosalia
1, lxxiv, lxxxiv, 180, 181, 182
183, 185, 195, 209, 210, 211
Leontocebus rufiventer ........... 183
Leontocebus thomasi
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 185, 194, 198
Leontocebus tripartitus
1, lIxxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 206
Leontocebus weddeli
1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 202

Leontopithecus ...... 182, 183, 184, 194
Leontopithecus chrysomelas ..183, 211
Leontopithecus leoninus .......... 211
Leontopithecus midas ............ IQI
Leontopithecus cedipus ........... 214
Leontopithecus rosalia ........... 210
Lepidolemur

xli, xlvii, lxviii, lxxx, 99, 115, 136
Lepidolemur dorsalis ............ 120

Lepidolemur edwardsi
xl viii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 123
Lepidolemur globiceps
xlvii, Ixxx, 166, 117
Lepidolemur grandidieri
xl vii, xxx, 116, 117, 118
Lepidolemur leucopus
xvii, xxx, 116, 117, 118
Lepidolemur microdon
xviii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 121
Lepidolemur mustelinus
xl viii, Ixxx, 99, 100, II5, 116
117, I1Q, 120, 121, 122
Lepidolemur ruficaudatus
xlviii, xxx, 116, 117, 122
Lepilemur! ..xxx, xlvii, 99, 100, 115, 135

Lepilemur! dorsalis .............. 119
Lepilemur! furcifer ............+- 108
Lepilemurl! mdtirintisee) wie ee de. = 103

PAGE
Lepilemur! mustelinus
Xxx, xlvii, 115, 118, 119

Lepilemur! pallicauda ............ 122
Lepilemur! ruficaudatus .......... 122
leucampyx (Lasiopyga) ...... lix, xcvi

leuciscus (Hylobates) ..1xvi, lxxii, ciii
leucocephala (Callithrix)
li, xxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 220, 221, 229, 232

leucocephala (Hapale) ........... 230
leucocephala (Pithecia)

286, 287, 203, 294, 295
leucocephala (Simia) ....... XXXVi, 203

leucocephala (Yarkea) ...286, 287, 293
leucocephalus (Hapale) ..181, 182, 230
leucocephalus (Jacchus) ......217, 229
leucogenys (Callithrix) ....... 220, 221
leucogenys (Hylobates) Ixvi, lxxii, citi
leucogenys (Midas) ..184, 202, 203, 204
leucometopa (Callicebus) ‘

li, Ixxiv, 1xxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 246, 247

leucometopa (Callicebus c.)....... 237
leucometopa (Callithrix c.) ......246
leucomerus (Jacchus) ....... } ieee
leucomystax (Lemur) ....135, 137, 157
leucophea (Simia) ........... XXXViii
leucophzeus (Papio) ..... lvi, Ixix, xcii

leucoprymnus (Pan) ...Ixvii, lxxiii, cv
leucopus (Callithrix)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 222
leucoptis! (Hiapale)\: 5. 0... .e eae 222
leucopus (Lepidolemur)

xvii, xxx, 116, 117, 118

leucotis ‘(Hapale)*?).00.. 2 Seen 218
V’hoesti (Cercopithecus) ........... xl
Vhoesti (Lasiopyga) ......... lix, xcvi
libidinosus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci
Lichanotus

xxii, xxviii, xli, xl viii, xviii, Ixxxi, 163
Lichanotife avaht? 6. ois. < nce melee 164
Lichanotis brevicaudatus ......... 176
Lichanotus diadema ...... oes e ce 169
Lichanptus: initil: ..2.cine geet 175, 176

Lichanotus laniger

xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 163, 164
Lichanotus: nigerieg.. ce ese cute 176
linge (Pithecus) ....... lviii, Ixx, xciv
lingungensis (Pithecus) Iviii, Ixx, xciv

—E——E————

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES xxi

Pace
Liocephalus -.... Aenean XXXV, 183, 216
littoralis (Pithecus) ....lvii, Ixix, xciii
longicaudatus (Indris) ........... 163
Eophocebus.....4a-ceaee tte eels xl, lix
Wophocolobus 3-- 7-ee tl ee XXXiX
Lophopithecus ............ xxxix, Lxii
ICOPNOLUS: vcraxayerc sere Renee ate nets XXXV
1 Co} 9 ISO aS oe & Coc. clo. crc ERane ck: 16
Lori arachnocebus “fies s.. ence: 18
lori (GNy.cticebHs)peenenitee ee xxx, 18
TE Oriditim) Gees ree ei sletale.o.c.0.0 xxix, 16

Loris ....xii, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xli, xliv
Ixviii, lxxxvi, cv, 16, 17, 20

Loris gracilis ..... ¢....XXVili, xliv, 18
Loris gracilis ceylonicus ....... 17,19
Roris gracilis *typicwst vcd. ts. 36 19
Loris gracilis zeylonicus .......... 19

Loris lydekkerianus

xliv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 17, 18, 19, 20
Loris tardigradus

xliv, Ixviii, lxxvi, 18, 19, 20, 132
AZ ORISINI GEN ese r-revarenyerers xiv, xxiii, xli, xliv
lugens (Callithrix) .......235, 236, 240
lugens var. y (Cebus torquatus) ..235
lugens (Lagothrix) ...... liv, Ixxiv, xc
lugens Simia (Callithrix) .....234, 239
lunulatus (Cercocebus) ...... Iviii, xcv
lunulatus (Saimiri) ..308, 300, 311, 312
lunulatus (Saimiris) .............. 311
\ lutea (Lasiopyga c.)..........1x, xcvii
lydekkerianus (Loris)

xliv, xviii, Ixxxvi, 17, 18, 19, 20

TEVSSOES ase aes aie Peete Renee XXXVii
MEACACA) 2 iss ecus cee eee XXVil, XXXVI
Macaca, gelada .. . -s228 See XXXVI

macaco (Lemur)
xxix, xlviii, lxxxi, 132, 133
134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139

141, 156, 157, 158, 160
macaco (Prosimia) ..........134, 157
macaco (Lemur) niger............ 156
Macaeus iweladia. ti hnctieics ccsens XXXVI
Macacus inornatus ........... XXXViil
Macdes matinitsray 5. cate is XXXVili
MacacusOindps fests d. setiens XXXVI
Macacus rhesus ....0. 2.00000. XXXVi

Macacus speciosus ............ XXXVii

PAGE
macconnelli (Alouatta)

lii, lxxiii, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 281
Macrobates +. .< aeeeeeien einer XXXV
macrocephalus (Cebus) ..lv, Ixxiv, xci
macrodon (Saimiri)

liti, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 312

Macromerusy «fence come tae meee 146
Macromerus typicus ............. 169
macromongoz (Prosimia) ........ 134
Macropusii sas accra tne:s «ios XXVIli, 45
Macrotarsus . ccna enen eee. XXIXx, 7
macrotarsus fe rsehigtelbaly. .XxXxiv, liv
Macrotarsus buffoni............. Xxix
madagascariensis (Cheiromys) ...... 2

madagascariensis (Daubentonia)
xliv, Ixxxv, 1, 2, 47
madagascariensis (Galago) 46,99, 103
madagascariensis (Otolicnus) 2, 47, 103
madagascariensis (Sciurus)
XXViil, xxix, xliv, I, 2
madeire (Saimiri)
liti, Ixxiv, Ixxxvili, 309, 310. 313, 315

Mia Otis! 152, Poe c.ctiahalsoteccletetatey ere XXXIV
Magus: Sanco tar Xvi, XiX, XXV, XXXIV

xliii, lvi, lxix, xcii
Magus maurus ........ xxxiv, lvi, xcii
Magus ochreatus ............. lvi, xcii
Magus tonkeanus ............ lvi, xcii
Maimon’ {...5.24 scene). 3a XXXVii

major (Cheirogaleus)
XXViil, Xxix, XXX, XXXi
xlvii, 88, 89, 92, 111
major (Chirogale)
xIvii, xxix, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, III

major (Microcebus) .......... 89, Ior
majori (Propithecus) ............. 172
Malage Nau amicheeates lads. xxix, 130

malaianus (Nycticebus)
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31
malaianus (Nycticebus t.)....22, 24, 29

malitiosus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci
Mamiatelests :..):\.4 alec dercle stasis XXXIxX
mandibularis (Pithecus) lviii, lxx, xciv
Mandell (es ekistraieis le oharveers ean XXXKV
IVPATICLEYATAL Gets coors. ale iars aisle aiactelas:s XXXvi

margarita (Pygathrix) ....lxiv, Ixxi,c
marginatus (Ateleus) liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Marikina 1) ier. 1, 179, 182, 183. 194

XXii INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE

Marikina albifrons ............... 209
Marikinaiibicolor s.r. Steels. 187
Marikina chrysomelas ............ 211
Marikina chrysopygus ............ 201
Marikina abiatus | /).elaeee seeeen 195
marikina (Leontocebus pithecus)..209
Marikinatinosalia:...... .eesereene 210

- martini (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcvi

martinsi (Leontocebus)
xlix, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189
martinsi (Seniocebus)
Ixxiv, lxxxiii, 184, 185, 186, 189
marungensis (Pan s.)..1xvii, Ixxiii, cv
matschie (Gorilla g.)...lxvi, lxxii, civ

matschie (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi
maurus (Macacus) ........... XXXVili
maurus (Magus) ....... xxxiv, lvi, xcii
maximiliana (Jacchus) ........... 230
mayema (Gorilla) ........... xl, lxvii

mayema (Pseudogorilla) Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv
mayottensis (Lemur) 136, 138, 145, 146
medius (Altililemur)
xIvii, Ixxx, 91, IOI, III, 112, 113
medius (Cheirogaleus)
xxxi, 88, 112, 113

medius (Chirogale) ........... 90, 100
medius Chirogale (Altililemur) ....90
medius (Myoxicebus) ............. 90
melalophus! (Simia) ........... XXXIV
melamera (Pygathrix) Ixiii, xxi, xcix
melanocephala (Ouakaria) ....... 306
melanocephala (Pithecia) 287, 300, 305
melanocephala (Prosimia) ........ 147
melanocephala (Simia) ....xxxvi, 200

melanocephalus (Brachyurus) ....306
melanocephalus (Cacajao)

liii, Ixxxvili, 300, 301, 305, 306
melanocephalus (Lemur) ..... 135, 150
melanochir (Callicebus)

' li, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 244

melanochir (Callithrix) ...235, 236, 237

melanochir (Cebus) .........s:2.- 235

melanochir (Saguinus) ........... 236
melanolopha (Pygathrix)

Ixii, lxxi, xcix

melanolopha (Simia) ........... XXXIX
melanops (Pithecia) ............. 256
melanotis (Cheirogaleus) ......... 05

PAGE
melanotis (Chirogale)

xvii, Ixxix, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96

melanotis (Hapale) .............. 218
melanura (Callithrix)) -.. sseeeeee 222
melanura (Hapale) ........... 182, 221
melanurus (Jacchus) ...xxxv, 217, 221
melanurus (Mico) ................ 221
melanurus (Midas) ............... 221
melanurus (Simia) -:6ss.eeereeee 217

menagensis (Nycticebus)
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 23, 24, 32
metagalpa (Alouatta p.)...... 263. 27
meticulosus (Seniocebus)
Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 186, 188
mexicana (Alouatta p.)
lii, xxiii, Ixxxvii, 262, 263, 265, 272

IMA COM..) .s.<.. See oe eee XxXxvi, 216, 218
Mico argentatus “peers ee 221
Mico chrysoleucus ............... 223
Mico melantras °. .ceeeeeeeteneee 221
Mico sericeus .....:....... XXXVili, 223
Mine oe Males since ,<c.c oeescie XXXVili, 216
Micoella sericeus ...............- 223
Microcebus

xxiv, xxix, xli, xlvii, xviii, Ixxix, 46, 47
88, 89. 90, 98, 99, 100, IOT, 102, 135, 136
Microcebus coquereli
xxxi, xl vii, 1xxix, 89, 100, IOI, 102, 107
Microcebus furcifer
xvii, xxix. 89, 90, 100
IOI, 102, 107, 108, I21

Microcebus gliroides ............. 105
Microcebus griseus ............... 126
Microcebus major ............ 89, IOI
Microcebus milit 0 0........ meen 92
Microcebus minor ....... IOI, 103, 105
Microcebus minor griseorufus IoI, 104
Microcebus m. minor......... IOI, 104
Microcebus ma.jtutusps sss... 2 asim. 104

Microcebus murinus

Xxix, xxxi, xl vii, Ixxix, 46, 47
88, 89, 90, 98. 99, IO0. IOI, 102
103, 105. 106, 107, 132, 134

Microcebus myoxinus
xvii, xxix, 99, 100, IOI, 102, 106, 107
Microcebus pusillus ..90, IOI, 103, 105
Microcebus p. myoxinus ..... IOI, 106
Microcebus p. m. smithi .....101, 104

—_ 2 thie ee .

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
Microcebus rufus ......... 82, 102, 103
Microcebus samati ........... IOI, 113

Microcebus smithi

99, 100, IOI, 102, 104, 105
Microcebus typicus
microdon (Aotus) ...liv, lxxiv, lxxxix
microdon (Lepidolemur)

xviii, xxx, 116, 117, 121

Microrhynchus ............. xxix, 163
Microrhynchus laniger ........... 164
Mid asia. 92. 328. 2 XXxili, 183, 184, 218
Midastalibtironsien. a1. ee- eaene 183
Midastapiculatus .....52824).8 184, 204
Midastargentatus, .232eenio. 20686 221

Midas bicolor
xxxvili, xlix, 179, 181, 183, 186

Midas (Callitinix)) weeever ee. 5 180, I9I
midas (Cercopithecus)

xlix, lxxiii, Ixxxiii, 180, 182

184, 185, 190, IOI, 192, 193

Midas chrysomelas ...... 181, 182, 183

Midas chrysopygus .............- 201

Midas devillii
182, 183, 184, 203, 204, 205, 207

Midas elegantulus ........ 183, 196, 197
Midas erythrogaster ............. 196
Midas flavifrons ...... 182, 183, 184, 207
Midas fuscicollis ..... 181, 183, 184, 207
Midas geoffroyi .........:.... 183, 214
Madasseraellsi . oviy. teolss. 2 184, 208
Midas griseoventris .......... 196, 197
Midas (EAapale)y s.s)).lec.e no pis 184, 191
Midas illigeri ........ 182, 183, 184, 205
Midas imperatorin. 09-100 20) 184, 209
Midas tigechits yah pre tales «a atencune 181

Midas labiatus
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 195

Midas lagonotus ............. 184, 206
Midas leoninus ...... 180, 181, 185, 210
midas (Leontopithecus) .......... IQI
. Midas leucogenys ....184, 202, 203, 204
Midas: melantirussiiipiie .i). foakieetels 221
Midas mitdas\--eeieete ie tele 184, 191

Midas mystax

xXxxviii, 181, 182, 184, 198, 201
Midas, nigricollis 0.0 circ ates 181, 199
Midas nigrifrons ......... 182, 184, 198
Midas cedipus ...180, 181, 183, 213, 214

XXili

. PAGE

Midas pileatus ........... 182, 183, 197
Midas rosalia ........ 180, 181, 182, 183
Midas rubriventer ............... 184
Midas rufimanus ..... 180, 181, 183, 191

Midas rufiventer

182, 183, 184, 195, 196, 197
Midas rufoniger .182, 183, 184, 199, 200
midas (Simia) xxxi, xxxiii, xlix, 180, 190

Madaiskspixt eee rit lvs.cvo 214, 215
Midasitamariny s42eheenee 182, IQI, 192
Midas; thomasi-jeen see 184, 198
Midas tripartitus ............ 184, 206

Midas ursulus xxxviii, 180, 181, 183, 184

IQI, 192, 193, 210

Midas weddeli ...182, 183, 186, 195, 202
milii (Cheirogaleus)

xxxi, 88, 80, 90, 92, III

milii (Chirogale) ....89, 90, 91, 93, 100°

mili Lente ik skis See Ute he. oc cs 92
coomibel (Wi pesiitbe Toots 04 oahibonaanee 92
milii (Microcebus) ............ 92, IOI
milii, (Opolemur)) | eReees.. be) ae 93
minima (Prosimia) ............ 98, 102
minor (Cheirogaleus) ...... 88, 99, 103
minor (Chirogale) ............ 90, 100
minona(Galago)) y.eeiieeter tan ae 99, 103
minor (Microcebus) ..... IOI, 103, 105
minor (Microcebus m.) ...... IOI, 104
minor (Otolicnus) ............ 47, 103
Miopithecus

xix, Xxv, xxxvi, xliii, lxii, 1xxi, xcviii
Miopithecus ansorgei ..1xii, xxii, xcviii
Miopithecus talapoin ..1xii, lxxi, xcviii

Mioxicebusle.Aisesiets «stews davese 124
Mioxicebus! griseus ......... XXX, 125
Mioxicebus! simus ............... 125

miriquouina (Aotus)
liii, xxiv, lxxxiv, 286

INEZ rer akata-aveia: cv areys XXxXi, 90, 98, 100, IOI
Mirzay coquereli,. sf aiatcndeie destined 107
mitrata, (Presbytis)) tiifcius'-bians XXXVI
Mixocebus

xxxi, xli, xlvii, Ixviii, xxix, 110
Mixocebus caniceps
xxxi, xl vii, lxxix, 110

IMO CDTO.GF? | SK Ba KvA Re events XXXi
MOCOCO A(ALER) Wieiapuveen eile eek XXVill
moholi (Galago) ...... 46, 48, 70, 72, 74

XXIV

moholi (Otolicnus)

moloch (Callicebus)
li, Ixxxvi, 234, 238, 230, 251

moloch (Callithrix) ..235, 236, 237, 251

moloch (Cebus) ........- 234, 235, 251
moloch (Saguinus) .......... 236, 252
~ qmoloch (Simia)) $5... Wiageet ter 234, 251
moloneyi (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xcvili
Monat® cinco: «sins tite... SE XxXxix
mona (Lasiopyga) ...... Ixi, lxx, xcvii
Mmonae(Sitaiia), ch. << lee eteos XXXIV

monacha (Pithecia)
lii, Ixxiv, lxxv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287
288, 280, 200, 291. 292, 204
monacha Simia (Pithecia) ........ 289
monacha (Yarkea)
mongos (Lemur)
xl viii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136
138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 149, 150
mongoz (Prosimia) ...... 134, 141, 148
monteiri (Callotus)
monteiri (Galago)
xxxi, xlvi, Ixvii, Ixxviii, 48

monteiri (Otogale) ............... 48
monticola (Pygathrix c.)..1xiii, xxi, c
mordax (Pithecus) ..... lviii, xx, xciv
Miormontttencidhs | ee Xxxvii, lvi
mormon) (Simita)is tee cleo ore XXXV
moschatus (Simia j.)......... 217, 228

mossambicus (Galago)
xlvi, lxviii, Ixxviti, 76, 77
mossambicus (Galago s.).......... 48
mossambicus (Lasiopyga s.)
Ixi, Ixxi, xcvili

Murilemur ....... XxXxXi, 90, 98, 100, 104
Murilemur murinus ..............- 104
murinus (Cheirogaleus) ........... 88
murinus (Chirogale) ........ xlvii, 88
MMUriNus (Gala My-wr. «1 «ey veel 73
murinus (Gliscebus) .......... 99, 103
murinus (Lemur)

xxix, Xxx, xxxi, 98, IOI, 102, 132, 134
murinus (Lepilemur!)
murinus (Microcebus)

Xxix, Xxxi, x] vii, xxix. 46, 47, 88

80. 90, 98, 90, 100, TOT, 102

103, 105, 106, 107, 132, 134

murinus (Murilemur)

TENIDIBXYS OF EVA T DN NEAIMESS:

PAGE
muriniws <(Scartes), ...css- see 103
mustelinus (Galeocebus) ......... IIQ

mustelinus (Lepidolemur)
xviii, xxx, 99, 100, 115, 116
II7, 119, 120, 121, 122
mustelinus (Lepilemur!)
Xxx, xl vii, 115, 118, 19
SAR XV, 258, 259, 261, 262, 281
Mycetes auratus ......... 261, 262, 278
Mycetes barbatus ....260, 261, 262, 265
Mycetes beelzebul 259, 261, 262, 270, 271
Mycetes bicolor ......... 261, 262, 275
Mycetes caraya...... 259, 261, 262, 266
Mycetes chrysurus ...260, 261, 262, 278
Mycetes discolor
260, 261, 263, 267, 268, 270, 271

Mycetes

Mycetes flavicauda ........... 262, 275
Mycetes flavicaudatus 261, 262, 264, 275
Mycetes flavimanus .............. 271
Mycetes fuscus ...... 260, 261, 262, 275
Mycetes laniger .......... 261, 262, 278
Mycetes niger ....... 261, 262, 265, 274
Mycetes palliatus ........ 261, 262, 271
Mycetes rufimanus

191, 260, 261, 270, 271

Mycetes seniculus ....261, 262, 277, 281
Mycetes stramineus
260, 261, 262, 277, 280, 281
Mycetes ursinus .250, 261, 262, 274, 281
Mycetes villosus ......... 261, 262, 268
Myoxicebus ...... xxxi, xli, xl viii, xviii
Ixxx, II5, 124, 125
Myoxicebus griseus
xviii, xxx, 88, 110, 121, 124, 125
126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135
Myoxicebus medius ............... 90
Myoxicebus olivaceus
xviii, xxx, 88, 89, 125, 127
Myoxicebus simus
xl viii, Ixxx, 125, 128, 129
Myoxinus (Cheirogaleus)
Myoxinus (Chirogale)
myoxinus (Microcebus)
xlvii, Ixxix, 99, 100, IOI, 102, 106, 107
myoxinus (Microcebus p.) ...101, 106

INEVSCEDUS, «js: :0:0.0.0 ein ce ORE xxx, 87, 103
Myscebus palmarum .......... XXX, 90
Myslemurd .c54 tates wwe eerie XXX, I, 87

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
Myspithecus «4-25.71 XXix, Xxx, I, 87
Myspithecus (typicus) ............ 92
Myspithecus typus ............ xix, 92
Mystax. .. 0055 See Stee. Ree XXXVili

mystax (Hapale)
XXXVili, 181, 182, 184, 198. 201
mystax (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 195, 198, 201
mystax (Midas)
XXXVIii, 181, 182, 184, 198, 201
mystax (Seniocebus)

....Xill, XX, XXVi, XXXiii, XXXVii
xliii, Ixiv, 1xxii, ci
Nasalis larvatus ..xxxiv, xxxvi, lxiv, ci
NaSica ((Simia) 52...< 5 ssieiieire) ste XXXIV
nasutus (Hylobates) ....lxvi, 1xxii, ciii
natune (Nycticebus)
xlv, Ixviii, lxxxvi, 23, 29
natunz (Nycticebus c.)...........65-
xl viii, Ixxxvi, 22, 29
natune (Pygathrix) ...... I xiii, xxi, ¢
neglecta (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxx, xcvili
nemzus (Lasiopyga)
nemzus (Pygathrix) ..xl, lxiv, lxxi, ci
nemzus (Simia) ....xxxiii, xxxiv, ]xii
WENTESELINA 5 cic an Ae XXXVili
Nemestrinus
nemestrinus (Pithecus)
xvi, lvii, lxix, xciii

Nasalis

nemestrinus (Simia) .......... XXXVIli
Neocebus ........ BR eds disvces xl
INGScothurus! A. cattle). a5: XXXix, 290
Neopithecis) 29 RRS a. oc 0 SOG Ix
neumanni (Lasiopyga) ....... Ix, xcvi
neumanni (Papio) ....... lvi, lxix, xcii
nictitans (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi
nictitans (Simia) (een tee xxxii, lix
niger (Chiropotes) ............... 207
niger (Cynocephalus) ........... XXXV
niger (Cynopithecus) ......... lvi, xcii

niger (Lemur)
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 157

WICET CLSmMiUT/ Ms) earel ave Hea setae 156
niger (Lichanotus) .............. 176
niger (Mycetes) ..... 261, 262, 265, 274
niger (Stentor) .......... 260, 265, 266

niger (Troglodytes)

XXV

PAGE
Digeriz (Papio)senseeee ly, lxix, xci
nigerrimus (Lemur)

xviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141, 157
nigra (Alouatta)
Higna.(Vareeia) Aree seh, fsic cans s 157
nigriceps (Aotus) ..liii, lxxiv, lxxxviii
nigriceps (Saimiri b.)

liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 316
nigricollis (Hapale) ..183. 184, 198, 199
nigricollis (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 184
185. 194, 199, 200, 201

nigricollis (Midas) ........... 181, 189
nigricollis (Seniocebus) .......... 183
nigrifrons (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 254, 255

nigrifrons (Callithrix) 235, 236, 237, 254
Nigrifrons (Cebus) week icsins cache 235
nigrifrons (Hapale) ...... 180, 184, 198
nigrifrons (Lemur)

xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135, 136
138, 139. 140, 145, 146
(Leontocebus)
1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 194, 198
(Leontopithecus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 185, 194, 198
(Midas) ....... 182, 184, 198
(Prosimia)
nigrifrons (Saguinus)
nigrifrons (Seniocebus)
nigrigenis (Lasiopyga s.)..... lix, xcvi
nigrimanus (Colobus) ...1xv, lxxii, cii
nigripectus (Cebus c.)..... ly, lxxiv, xc
nigripes (Lasiopyga p.) ..1xi, Ixx, xcvii
nigripes (Pygathrix) ..... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci
nigrivittatus (Chrysothrix)

nigrifrons
nigrifrons

nigrifrons
nigrifrons

308, 311, 312
nigroviridis (Lasiopyga) ..... 1x, xcvii
nobilis (Pygathrix) ..... Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
INGCEMOTAY tr iso bvevousieote coker «setae XXXIV
nocturna (Pithecia) ...... 287, 203, 295
nubigena (Pygathrix) ....1xiii, lxxi,c

nubila (Lasiopyga k.)....1xi, Ixx, xevii
nudifrons (Pygathrix) ..1xii, xxi, xcix
nyasse (Galago) xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 70

Nycticebus
xiv, Xvili, xix, xxiii, xxix, xli, xlv, xviii
Ixxxv, cv, 16, 19, 21, 22, 26, 33, 136

XXVI INDEX! OFF CAM PNY NAMES

Pace
Nycticebus bancanus
xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvii, 22, 23, 24
Nycticebus bengalensis ....xxix, 21, 26
Nycticebus borneanus
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 24
Nycticebus calabarensis ........... 36
Nycticebus ceylonicus ............. 22
Nycticebus coucang
xxx, xlv, lxviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 23, 26, 28
Nycticebus c. cinereus xlv, lxviii, lxxxvi
21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30
Nycticebusyicumalaianus .. 22... .0 29
Nycticebus c. natune
xviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 29
Nycticebusiigracilliss2. acre ieee 18
Nycticebus hilleri
xlv, xlviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 31
Nycticebus javanicus
xlv, xlviii, lxxxvi. 21, 22, 23, 28, 30
Nycticebus Jon =... ceeeeas- eer xxx, 18
Nycticebus malaianus
xv, xviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31
Nycticebus menagensis
xlv, Ixviii. Ixxxvi, 23, 24, 32
Nycticebus natunz
xlv, Ixviii, lxxxvi, 23, 29
Nycticebus potto ..... xxix, xlv, 38, 39
Nycticebus pygmzus
xlv, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 24, 33
Nycticebus sondaicus ............. 29
Nycticebus tardigradus
22, 25, 26, 27, 20, 30
Nycticebus tardigradus var. cinerea 27
Nycticebus t. malaianus ........ 22, 29
Nycticebus tenasserimensis
xlv, xviii, Ixxxvi, 22, 23, 25
Nycticibidz xii, xxi, xli, xliv, Ixxxvi, 16
Ny.ctipitheci(sseeetr mentions XXxiv
Nyctipithecus felinus ........... XXxXiv

obscura (Pygathrix) ...Lxiii, lxxi, xcix
obscurus (Theropithecus) lvi, xix, xcii
occidentalis (Colobus) ..Ixv, lxxii, ciii

ochreatus (Magus) ........... lvi, xcii
ochrocephala (Pithecia) ..... 204, 205
ochrocephala (Yarkea) ....... 287, 205
ochroleucus, (Saimiri) see. scan ve 308
ocularis“(Prosimia) eyo 134, 145

PAGE
CEdipomidas
XXVi, Xxxvii, xlii, 1, Ixxiv, xxv
Ixxxiv, 179, 181, 183, 184, 213, 217
(Edipomidas geoffroyi
1, Ixxiii, Ixxxiv, 182, 183
184, 185, 214, 215
G£dipomidas illigeri .............. 205
GEdipomidas cedipus
1, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 213, 214
(Edipomidas salaquiensis
1, lxxiv, Ixxxiv

Gidipusheseeee: XXXvVi, 182, 184, 213, 218
cedipus (Callithrix) .......... 180, 213
Gidipussgeofiroyi .... 0029... noes 214
cedipus (Hapale) ............. 184, 213
cedipiis) (Jacchus)\-.,.....26 eee 181, 213
cedipus (Leontopithecus) ......... 214

cedipus (Midas) ..180, 181, 183, 213, 214
cedipus (Cdipomidas)

1, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 213, 214
cedipus (Simia) xxxvi, xxxvii, 1, 180, 213

cedipus Simia (Midas) ........... 213
Gedipusititie.:.. sees 182, 184, 213
cerstedi (Chrysothrix) ........ 309, 316

cerstedi (Saimiri)
liti, Ixxiii, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 316, 317

oinops (Macacus) .............. XXxvi
olivaceus (Cheirogaleus) .......... 89
olivaceus (Cynocephalus) ........ 121
olivaceus (Hapalemur!) ...... 125, 127

olivaceus (Myoxicebus)
xl viii, Ixxx, 88, 89, 125, 127, 128
opisthosticta (Lasiopyga) ....lix, xevi

Opolemur ..... xxxi, 87, 900. OI, IOI, IIT
@polemur sanilii’ Beeches eee eee 93
@polemtiresamati) .J eee eee II2
Opolemur thomasi ........... 112, 113

ornatus (Callicebus)
li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 239, 247, 248

ornatus (Callithrix) ...... 236, 237, 248
oseryi (Aotus) ...... liv, Ixxiv, Ixxxix
Otocebusyes.. 620.5 lee RBS XXXVii
Otogalewe sks ce Pee. xxx, xlvi, 45
Otogale ‘alleni, ...,.) Getter. 0. ee 48
Otogale crassicaudata ............. 48
Otogale warnetti yo meee ee 48
Otozalesmonteiri......<csieanteeene 48
@togale pallida S.ckareeernene xxxi, 48

INDEX

PAGE
Otogale speliteteS <a: sc) s occas 0 DONTE 48
Otogale sennaariensis ............. 48
@Otolemuriee?.....caereLen st... XXX, 45
Otolemur agisymbanus ....... xxx, 48
Otolicnus °.. erase. - XXVili, xlvi, 45
Otohienuspalleniyeseeee sae os once orn. 47
@tolicnus apicalis: 2. .-ber.'.) 48, 80
@Ofolkienuseaustralis! asec s)he 47
Otolicnus crassicaudatus ........... 47
Otolicnus ctvienite sees sees: cle eee 03
Otolicnus gabonensis ............. 66
@folienusygalago...t2n-- + 46, 47, 72
Otolicnus garnetti ........ xxxi, 46, 47

Otolicnus galago a. sennaariensis .74
Otolicnus galago v. australis
Otolicnus madagascariensis ..2, 47, 103

Otolicnus minor .............. 47, 103
@tolicnustmoholi :...2. A215. 5.2685 47
@tolicnus pallidus) ~ see etea. ose: 79
Otolieniuspp elie -ti4-1-1-1- -leisielb cis 3 82
Otolicnus pusillus” <-eeecned.-2- 6. 83
Otolicnus senegalensis ......... 47,73
Otolicnus sennaariensis ....... 47,74
@folients teng Beate ete eas. ae 47,74
OCOpiEMCCUS ts hes aa cicmne wile cee eee xli
Ouakartat. soe: XXXV1i, 287, 299, 300
ouakaria (Brachyurus) ..... XXXiii, 306
Onakariateealvay ee. s ssc. ese. 301
Ouakaria melanocephala ......... 306
Ouakariaesubicunda ee. tite)... - 304
Opakartaesprxt: ... 2. -Mideelen. nese 306

ouakary (Brachyurus) ..xxxix, 300, 306

Ofakany(Cacajao). .. Ste Weel. deere 300
OUST oo. - os PAs cits rcs 217
@Oaistitisi Ge ee ee. ee XXXV, 216
oustaleti (Colobus) ........... Ixv, cil

penulatus (Callicebus) .

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 245
pagensis (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, xx, xciii
pagonias (Pithecia) ..286, 287, 293, 204
pallescens (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 230, 251
pallescens (Callithrix)
- pallida (Otogale)
palliata (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxiii, lxxxvii, 261, 262
263, 265, 271, 272, 273

OF LATIN NAMES

XXVil

PAGE
5 ft lvi, Ixxii, cili
5 ARDS! 261, 262, 271

palliatus (Colobus)
palliatus (Mycetes)

pallicauda (Lepilemur) ........... 122
palliday(Galago))v.-)). 20e.an oe ee 79
pallida (Lasiopyga g.)...1xi, lxx, xcvii
pallidus (Cebus a.)........lv, xxv, xci
pallidus) 7@Busticus) ris eae eee 79
pallidust (Galago)) 300... eee. 48. 79
pallidus (Galago e.)

xlvi, xlviii, Ixxviii, 48, 79
pallidus (Otolicnus) .............. 79
palmarum (Myscebus) ........ XXX, 99
Panvtes..4 5 Xili, Xvi, XX, XXVii, Xxxiii, xliii
Pan ainicantisus:. «ee eeen). eee XXXIV
Pan ACAteles!) -; Awash ee... APPR AOER liv
pan (Ateleus) ....... liv, Ixxiti, Ixxxix
Pam aubryie,.,..4seeee Ixvii, lxxiii, ev
Pan calvius: ssonemeiee Ixvii, Ixxiii, cv
Pan chimpanse ........ Ixvii, lxxiii, cv
Pan fuliginosus ........ Ixvii, lxxiii, cv
RanBiiSCuS., sacs. tees Ixvii, xxiii, cv
Pan kooloo-kamba ..... xvii, Ixxili, cv
Pan leucoprymnus ..... xvii, Ixxiii, cv
IPansSatyrtiSiae. «ince ce. « Ixvil, xxiii, ev

Pan schweinfurthi
Pan s. marungensis

ig te Ixvil, Lxxiii, cv
....1Xxvii, 1xxili, cv

Pan vellerosus ......... Ixvii, Ixxili, cv
panganiensis (Galago) xlvi, lxvi, lxxvii
IPamiscust: ... «05. fete sek . see XXXV

paniscus (Ateles!)
paniscus (Ateleus)
liv, lxxiii, xxiv, Ixxxix
paniscus (Simia) ..... xxxii, xxxiii, liv
Papio
XVi, xix, xxiv, xxxii, xliii, lv, lxix, xci
Papio brockmani ........ Ivi, Ixix, xcii
Papio cynocephalus xxxii, lvi, lxix, xci
Papio doguera ties se - lv, Ixix, xci

Paproniiiras Pen. ines alee Ivi, Ixix, xci
Papio hamadryas ...xxiv, lvi, lxix, xcii
Papioh., arabicushasscuiet « lvi, lxix, xcti

PApIoPMEUgliNi, .... ssivisee rl lvi, Ixix, xci
Papioyibeantts ..... 1). .aues « lvi, Ixix, xci
Papio leucopheus ....... lvi, xix, xcii
Papio neumanni ......... lvi, lxix, xcii

Papio’ nigeriz ...4..0085..% lv, Ixix, xci
Papio"papio’ ... oes: 5. lv, lvi, Ixix, xci
Papio planirostris ........ lvi, Ixix, xcii

XXVili INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Pace
Papio porcarius .......... lvi, xix, xci
Papio pruinosus ......... Ivi, Ixix, xcii
Papio sphinx ......... lv. lvi, lxix, xcii
Papio strepitus”..¢ =... sme lvi, Ixix, xcii
Papio tessellatum ......... ly, lxix, xci
Papio yokoensis ......... lvi, lxix, xci
patas (Erythrocebus) .1xii, 1xxi, xcviii
patas (Sina) eos... dee ee xxxix, Ixii
SP avian) sees o's ste chs SYREN XXVili, XXxii
pelin(@togale)s: ic iskhi.c ss oe eee 48
peli: (Otolicnus)” {soicie te ee 82

penicillata (Callithrix)
li, lxxiv, Ixxxv, 218, 226, 227

penicillata (Hapale) ......... 181, 226
penicillatus (Jacchus) ....217, 218, 226
pennanti (Colobus) ..... Ixv, xxii, cii

percura (Pygathrix) ...1xiii, lxxi, xcix
Perodicticus
Xvi, XVii, xxii, xxix, xli, Ixviii
Ixxvii, 16, 35. 38, 43
Perodicticus batesi .......... 38, 42, 43
Perodicticus bosmani .......... 38, 39
Perodicticus calabarensis
xxxi, xlv, 35, 36
Perodicticus edwardsi
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 42, 43, 167, 170
Perodicticus faustus
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 42
Perodicticus geoffroyi .....xxix, 38, 39
Perodicticus ibeanus
xlv, Ixviti, 1xxvii, 38, 30, 41
Perodicticus ju-ju xlv, lxxvii. 38, 39. 41
Perodicticus potto
xlv, Ixxvii, 38, 39, 46, 132, 138
Perodicticus p. edwardsi........... 42
personata (Callithrix)
xxxix, lxxiv, 234, 235, 236, 237, 254, 255
personatus (Callicebus)
Ixxiv, Ixxxvi, 238, 230, 254, 255

personatus (Cebus) .......... 235, 256
personatus (Saguinus) ....... 236, 256
personatus (Simia) .......... 234, 256
peruanus (Cebus f.)....... lv, Ixxv, xci
Petauristavts../ scllae ates Ahi: oe ee xl
petaurista (Cercopithecus) ..... xxxix
petaurista (Lasiopyga) ...... lix, xevi

petronellz (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xevii
pheurus (Pithecus) ....]viii, Ixx, xciv

Pace
ANAT oo: o ces, rele ers XXxXi, 90, 98, 100, 101
Phaner furcifer -/7-025453reo eee 108

phayrei (Pygathrix) ...1xiii, xxi, xcix
philippinensis (Pithecus) Iviii, lxx, xev
philippinensis (Tarsius)
xliv, Ixxxv, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 33
pileata (Hapale) .<.cisceese ee 184, 197
pileata (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiv, lxxi, ci
pileatus (Hylobates) ...Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
pileatus (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxxiii, 182, 186, 194, 197

pileatus (Midas) ......... 182, 183, 197
pileatus (Pithecus) ..... lvii, lxix, xciv
pileatus (Seniocebus) ........... . 183
Piltocolobuis22214. .& -oeeeme. eee xli, Ixv

Pithecia ..xvi, xviii, xxiii, xxxii, xlii, lii

Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 285, 287
Pithecia alba .......0 eek 1, 287, 300, 303
Pithecia albicans

lii, Ixxiv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 292
Pithecia albinasa

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 295
Pithecia calvaileesdsaocehee ee 287, 301
Pitheeia capillimentosa

lii, Ixxili, Ixxxvii, 287, 288, 291
Pithecia chiropotes
xvi, lii, xxiii, xxiv, Ixxxvii
286, 287, 288, 297, 300
Pithecia chrysocephala \

lii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvii, 286, 287, 288, 294
Pithecia hirsuta ...... ae 286, 287, 280
Pithecia inusta .........% 286, 289, 290
Pithecia irrorata ..... 286, 287, 280, 294
Pithecia leucocephala

286, 287. 203, 204, 205
Pithecia melanocephala ..287, 300, 305
Pithecia melanops ................ 256
Pithecia monacha

lii, xxiv, Ixxv, 1xxxvii, 286, 287

288, 280, 200, 201, 202, 204

Pithecia monachus ...........0c0. 286
Pithecia nocturna ........ 287, 293, 205
Pithecia ochrocephala ........ 204. 205

Pithecia pithecia
lii, Ixxxvii, 285, 286, 287

288, 201, 293, 204
Pithecia pogonias .. ..286, 287, 293, 204
Pithecia rubicunda ........... 287. 304

eel ee oer hee

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PacE
Pithecia rufibarbata .......... 294, 205
Pithecia rufiventer ...... 286, 287, 293
Pithecia sagulata ............ . 286, 208

Pithecia satanas
lii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 1xxxviii
286, 287, 288, 296, 298
Pithecia satanas var. niger........200
pithecia (Simia)
xxvii, lii, 285, 287, 293, 204
pithecia (Simia) chiropotes .......207

Pithecing) vo... <3 4+ sete xxiii, xlii, lii, 285
Pithecus ....... xiii, xiv, Xvi, XxV, Xxxli

xliti, lvii, lxix, xciii, cv
Pithecus adustus ....... lvii, 1xix, xcili
Pithecus agnatus ....... Iviii, xx, xciv
Pithecus alacer ......... lvii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus albibarbatus

xiv, xxxiv, xxxvii, lvii, ]xix, xciv
Pithecus andamanensis .|lvii, lxix, xciii
Pithecus assamensis ....lvii, lxix, xciv
Pithecus baweanus .....|lviii, lxx, xciv
Pithecus bintangensis ...lviii, xx, xciv
Pithecus brevicaudus ...lvii, Ixix, xciv

Pithecus cagayanus ......... Iviii, xcv
Pithecus capitalis ...... Iviii, lxix, xciv
Pithecus carimate .....Ilviii, 1xx, xciv
Pithecus cupidus ....... Iviii, xx, xciv
Pithecus cyclopsis ......lvii, lxix, xcili
Pithecus cynocephalus ........... xiii

Pithecus dollmani
Pithecus fascicularis
Pithecus fuscatus ...

....lviii, xx, xcv
... lvili, lxix, xciv
....-lvii, xix, xciil

Pithecus fuscus ........lviii, xx, xciv
Pithecus harmandi ..... lvii, lxix, xciii
Pithecus hirsuta ......... 286, 287, 289
Pithecus impudens...... lviii, lxx, xciv
Pithecus insulanus ..... lvii, lxix, xciii
Pithecus iris ........... Iviii, lxix, xciv
Pithecus karimoni ...... Ivili, Ixx, xciv
Pitheeus Ietus cass.uss 6 lviii, Ixx, xciv
Pithecus lapsus °.:..:.'.. lviii, Ixx, xciv
Pithecus lasiotis ........ Ivii, Ixix, xciii
Pithecus lautensis ...... Iviti, xx, xciv
Pithecus linge ......... Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus lingungensis ...lviii, xx, xciv
Pithecus littoralis ...... Ivii, lxix. xciti

Pithecus mandibularis ..lviii, xx, xciv
ERSTE Iviii, Ixx, xciv

Pithecus mordax

xxix
PAGE
Pithecus nemestrinus xvi, lvii, lxix, xciii
Pithecus pagensis ....... Ivii, Ixx, xcili

Pithecus pheurus ......lviii, Ixx, xciv
Pithecus philippinensis ..lviii, lxx, xcv

Pithecus p. apoensis......... Ivili, xcv
Pithecus pileatus ....... Ivii, Lxix, xciii
Pithecus pumillus ........... lviii, xcv
Pithecus resimus ....... lvii, xix, xciv
Pithecus rhesus ...xxxvi, lvii, lxx, xciv
Pithecus rufescens...... lvii, lxix, xcili
Pithecus sancti-johannis lvii, lxix, xciii
Pitheewsn (Sina). sae ee 203
Pithecus sinicus ........ Ivii, Ixix, xciv
Pithecus sirhassenensis .lviii, xx, xciv
Pithecus speciosus ...... Ivii, lxix, xciii
Pithecus sphinx ......... Me cba eee xili
Pithecus suluensis ............... XCV
Pithecus syndactylus ...... xxxvi, Ixvi
Pithecus thibetanum .... vii, lxix, xciii
Pithecus umbrosus ..... Iviii, Ixx, xciv
Pithecus validus ....... Ivii, Ixix, xciv
Pithecus vestitus ....... Ivii, Ixix, xciii
Pithecus villosus ....... lvii, lxix, xciii
Pithecusvitiis! 2. . sens lviii, lxix, xciv
Bithelemur s.o sce iedee. ke. XXX, 175
Pithelemur indris ............ Aane076
Pithestiew ccs som ette ce. ok sees XXXV
Pithesciurus ........... xxxvi, 307, 308
Pithesciurus cassiquiarensis ...... 308
Pithesciurus entomophagus ...... 308
Pithesciurus saimiri ....xxxvi, 308, 310
Pithesciurus sciureus ............. 308
Pith: eae acehettae ocean ake XXXVi
planirostris (Papio) ...... lvi, lxix, xcii
plutom(lasiopyga) .s.0.5..+-. lix, xcvi
Poensisn (Galago Ga) newts seers 84

poensis (Hemigalago)

xlvi, Ixviii, xxviii, 84
pogonias (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxx, xcvii
pogonias (Pithecia) ..286, 287, 203, 204
pogonias (Yarkea)
poliopheus (Erythrocebus)

Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
poliurus (Colobus) ...... Ixv, Ixxii, cli
polycomus (Colobus) ....1xv, lxxii, cii
polycomus (Simia)
Pongiide ..xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxix

xliii, lxvi, xxti, civ

BSS INDEX OF LATIN. NAMES

PAGE
Pongo xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, xxvii, xxxli
xxxvV, xliii, Lxvi, Ixxii, civ

Pongo*abelit,.. 5... 22.1% Ixvi, Ixxii, civ
Pongouborneo) sete et sia iee is ae Ixvi
Pongo pygmeus xxxvii, lxvi, Ixxii, civ
Poneefwiirimibs (225... 2temerenete are XXxili
porcarius (Cynocephalus) ..... XXXVI
porcarius (Papio) ........ lvi, lxix, xci
potenziana (Pygathrix) ...1xiii, lxxi,c
POCEORERE Ee osctn eens otic e xxx, 38
Potto®bosmanii7A0.. 27228 xxx, 38, 39
potto (Galaga... . serene 46
pottom Gaemtin) yo. 1-0. treettel tele aale 132

potto (Nycticebus) ...xxix, xlv, 38. 39
potto (Perodicticus)
xlv, Ixxvii, 38. 39, 46. 132, 138

potto «(Stenops)). .. ./2etane .pemenr 39
prehensilis (Lemur) ............. 102
Presbypithecus ................ XXXIX
PreSbytistates sa a. . SAT eae. ae XXxXiv
Presbytismmttrata -.. sets. XXXVI
preussi (Lasiopyga) ....1xi, 1xx, xcviii
preussi (Colobus) ........ Ixv, Ixxii, cii
priamus (Pygathrix) ..... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci
princeps (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi
Procebuswatcrctrsteiss- oa ee XXVili, 130
Prodolobusmeaaeics <5 <5 14 eck: xxxix, Ixv
Prolenatict meet lsc tie ore xxxi, 90, 128
Prolemur simus ..........----.-- 128

Propithecus ..xxii, xxix, xli, xlix, lxviii
Ixxxii, 160. 166
Propithecusmpicolon vee. terra 170
Propithecus candidus ............ 172
Propithecus coquereli
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 173
Propithecus coronatus ........... 174
Propithecus damonis ......... 167, 173
Propithecus diadema
xxix, xlix, 1xxxii, 167, 168
Propithecus d. edwardsi
xlix, lxxxii, 48, 167, 168, 170
Propithecus d. holomelas ....167.170
Propithecus d. sericeus
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171
Propithecus holomelas ....... 167,170
Propithecus majori .......... 167,172
Propithecus sericeus ............. 171

Pace
Propithecus verreauxi
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174
Propithecus v. coquereli
xlix, 1xxxii, 167, 168, 173
Propithecus v. coronatus
xlix, Ixxxii, 167, 168, 171, 174
Propithecus v. deckeni
xlix, Ixxxii, 166, 167, 168, 172
Prosimia xxviii, 98, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137

Prosimia albimana ........... 134, 142
Prosimia albifrons .........:. 134, 154
Prosiniiat anyiianensiss -/.. <2... see 145
Prosimia brissonii............ 134, 142
Prosimia. bugi...... eee 134, 142
Prosimia,icatta,.....:..ceeeck 134. 152
Prosimia cauda amnulis cincta..... 132
Prosimia collaris ........ 142, 147, 149
Prosimia coronata®. Jix9 OK... - 144
Prosimia erythromela ........ 134, 162
Prosimia flavifrons ............... 148
Prosimia frederici ........... 134, 154
Prosinita, fusca. .sAree teste. ee aee 132
Prosimia macacoseinassce tee 134, 157
Prosimia melanocephala ......... 147
Prosimia micromongoz ........... 134
Prosimia,aninima. cheno eee ee 98, 102
Prosimia mongoz ........ 134. 141, 148
Prosimia nigrifrons .............. 145
Prostmiayocularrsieeee eee ee 134, 145
Prosimia pedibus albus .......... 132
Prosimia pedibus fulvus .......... 132
Prosiniladr tla wes’. S22 Paeeecee cee 134
Prosimiatrtiitowaesee ures (on oot cee 153
Prositiiainutipes: =... eck cee. one 152
Prosiniarimtrons ee. eee. ce oe 134, I5I
Prosimia xanthomystax .......... 147
pruinosus (Papio) ....... Ivi, Ixix, xcii
Pseudanthropus) ..¢e4-s eee cae XXXVii
Psuedocebusps.. 1.00 ee secant XXXVii
Pseudogorilla

xxvii, x1, xliii, Lxviii, Lxxii, ev
Pseudogorilla mayema ..Ixvi, 1xxiii, cv

PSiOdaCtyAUS: ©. <3 as). orp oe Xxix, I
psilodactylus' (Lemuk) smnun saan 22
Ptetrycolobus ........ «ikarcere s.. ater XxXxix
pullata (Pygathrix c.)..... Ixiv, Ixxi, c
pumilus (Pithecus) .......... lviii, xcv

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
pupulus (Galago) xlvi, xviii, 1xxviii, 76
pusillus (Cheirogaleus) ....... 90, 104
pusillus (Chirogale) .......... 90, 100
pusillus (Galago) ....Ixviii, xxviii, 83
pusillus (Lemur) ..... xvii, 98, 99, 103
pusillus (Microcebus) .99, IOI, 103, 105
pusillus (Otolicnus) .............. 83
Pygathrix

Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix
Pygathrix

Xili, Xvi, XIX, XXV, XXXili, XXXVIi

xxxvili, xl, xliti, 1xii, Lxiv
Ixxi, xcix, cv

albigena .... t-yteini >. XXXVIli
albipes ......... Ixiv, Ixxi, c
Alivata)) -a aera Ixiii, xxi, c
ay gitlargentrcn G1. Ixiii, xxi, c
Darbetesecn- Ixiii, Ixxi, xcix
batuana ....1] xiii, lxxi, xcix
Cana 282 eae. =. xiii, Ixxi, c
CAtDO: fateeieee Ixiii, lxxi, c
carimate ....1xii, 1xxi, xcix
catemana ...... Ixiii, Ixxi, c

cephaloloptera .1xiii, lxxi,c
c. monticolor. . .]xiii, lxxi, c
chrysomelas xiii, xxi, xcix

crepuscula ..... Ixiv, Ixxi, c
c. wroughtoni ..1xiv, Ixxi,c
ceristatae erteita. Ixiii, lxxi. c
c. pullata....... xiv, Ixxi, c
cruciger .....1xii, 1xxi, xcix
dilecta. .:teemnees xiii, Ixxi, c
entellus ........ Ixiv, Ixxi, ¢
everetti ........ Ixiii, Ixxi, c
femoralis ...1xiii, lxxi, xcix
flavicauda ...1xiii, xxi, xcix
francoisivehe .... Ixiii, xxi, c
frontataw 0.4 Ixii, Ixxi, xcix
fuscomurina ....1xii, lxxi,c
germaini: 2/13... Ixiv, lxxi, c
holotophrea .1xiii, lxxi, xcix
OSC -¢..010.-8 OIE xiii, Ixxi, c
hypoleuca ..... Ixiv, lxxi, ci
J OUMIM sictaus yayele tie Ixiii, xxi, c
lasia. .\Asereeess Ixiv, lxxi, ci
margarita ...... Ixiv, Ixxi, c
melamera ...1xiii, 1xxi, xcix

melanolopha .1xii, lxxi, xcix
STASI CEs clip cual these xiii, xxi, c
nemzus ....xI, xiv. 1xxi, ci

XXXi
PAGE
Pygathrix nigrimanus ...Ixv, lxxli, xc
Pygathrix nigripes ....... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci
Pygathrix nobilis ...... xii, xxi, xcix
Pygathrix nubigena ....... Ixiii, Ixxi, c
Pygathrix nudifrons ...1xii, lxxi, xcix
Pygathrix obscura .....1xiii, lxxi, xcix
Pygathrix percura ..... Ixiii, lxxi, xcix
Pygathrix phayrei ..... Ixiii, Ixxi, xeix
Pygathrix pileata ......... Ixiv, 1xxi, ci
Pygathrix potenziani ..... Ixiii, xxi, c
Pygathrix priamus ....... Ixiv, Ixxi, ci
Pygathrix rhionis ........ xiii, lxxi, c
Pygathrix robinsoni ...1xiii, xxi, xcix
Pygathrix rubicunda ....1xii, lxxi, xcix
Pygathrix sabana ......... Ixiii, lxxi, c
Pygathrix sanctorem ..... Ixiii, xxi, c
Pygathrix schistaceus ....]xiv, lxxi, ci
Pygathrix senex ......:... Ixiii, lxxi, c
Pygathrix siamensis ...... Lxiii, xxi, c
Pygathrix sumatrana ..1xiii, xxi, xcix
Pygathrix thomasi ....... xiii, xxi, c
Pygathrix ultima ........ . xiv, Ixxi, c
Pygathrix ursina ...... & . xiit, lcxt,c
pygerythra (Lasiopyga) ..... Ix, xevii
pygerythra (Simia) .......... XXXVili
pygmea (Callithrix)
li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 221, 232
pygmea (Cebuella) .............. 233
pygmza (Hapale) ........ XXXVIli, 233
pygmza (Simia) ....xxxii, xxxiii, [xvii

pygmzus (Jacchus)

pygmeus (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 24, 33

pygmzus (Pongo) xxxiii, Ixvi, 1xxii, cii
pyrrhonotus (Erythrocebus)

quariba Simia (Stentor)

Rabienus

Ixii, lxxi, xcvili

remulus (Callicebus)

resimus (Pithecus)
rhesus (Macacus)

li, Ixxxvi, 238, 239, 249
sur tetS ET oY fed lvii, xciv

rhesus (Pithecus) xxxvi, lvii, lxx, xciv

Rhinalazon

Rhinopithecus xiii, xiv, xx, xxvi, Xxxix

xliti, Ixiv. Ixxi, ci

XXX

PAGE
Rhinopithecus avunculus Ixiv, lxxii, ci
Rhinopithecus bieti.... .. Ixiv, Ixxii, ci

Rhinopithecus brelichi ...1lxiv. lxxii, ci
Rhinopithecus roxellane
xxvi, lxiv, ]xxii, ci

Rhinostictuse.,..4. ..228e.2 xxxix, lix
Rhinostigma .xix, xxv, xl, xliii, lix, xcv
Rhinostigma hamlyni......... lix, xcv
rhionis (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, lxxi, c
Rhynchopithecus .............. XXXVii
roberti (Aotus) ...... liii, Ixxiv, Ixxxix

robinsoni (Pygathrix) ..1xiii, xxi, xcix
roloway (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, lxx, xcviii

rosalias@Gallighrix))sst.0set. wee 180, 209
rosalia’ (Hapale) ... .2G8h 24. 225 184, 210
rosaliat@acchus) 710s gas. eee 181

rosalia (Leontocebus)
1, xxiv, Ixxxiv, 180, 181, 182
183, 185, 195, 209, 210, 211

rosalia (Leontopithecus) ..... 184, 210
rosalia (Midas) ..... 180, 181, 182, 183
rosalia (Simia) ....... XxXXvii, 180, 209

roxellane (Rhinopithecus)

xxvi, lxiv, Ixxii, ci
roxellane (Semnopithecus) ....xxxix
rubella (Lasiopyga c.)........ Ix, xcvii
ruber (Lemur v.)

xl viii, Ixxxi, 133, 134, 135
136, 137, 139, 141, 162

Tuber tGViaTcetay). «..- . ciated sees 162
rubicunda (Alouatta s.)

262. 264, 278, 279
cubseunda s¢@takaria)) Wt... <n 6c 304
rubicunda (Pithecia) ......... 287, 304

rubicunda (Pygathrix) ..Ixii, xxi, xcix
rubicundus (Brachyurus) 300, 304, 305
rubicundus (Cacajao)
liii, Ixxxviii, 301, 304
rubriventer (Lemur)
xl viii, Ixxxi, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 151

rubriventer (Midas) .............. 184
filtay CErostinia reer eee os ais sie eleiets 134
rufescens (Pithecus) ...Ivii, lxix, xcili
tiufto. (Prosimia) ee. aeeeteld\. bible 153
rufibarbata (Pithecia) ........ 204, 295

ruficaudatus (Lepidolemur)
xl viii, Ixxx, 116, 117, 122
ruficaudatus (Lepilemur!) ........122

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

? PAGE
rufifrons (Lemur)
xl viii, lxxxi, 132, 134, 135
136, 139, 141, 150, I51
rufitrons’ (Lemur .m.)/oci.c0-= ene ISI
rufifrons (Prosimia)
rufilata (Lasiopyga) ....1xi, lxx, xevili
rufimanus (Cercopithecus)
xlix, lxxiii, lxxxiii, 180
181, 185, 190, r9r
rufimanus (Midas) ...180, 181, 183, 191
rufimanus (Mycetes) 260, 261, 270,271 -
rufipes (Aotus) ...... liii, Ixxiii, Ixxxix
rufipes (Lemur)
rufipes (Prosimia)
rufitincta (Lasiopyga) ..1xi, lxx, xcviii
rufiventer (Leontocebus)
rufiventer (Midas)
182, 183, 184, 195, 196, 197

rufiventer (Pithecia) ..... 286, 287, 293
rufiventer (Simia) ........... 286, 203
rufiventer (Yarkea) ............-. 293
rufiventris (Ateles!) ........... Ixxix

rufiventris (Ateleus) .liv, lxxiv, lxxxix
rufomitratus (Colobus)
xxxix, Ixv, lxxii, cii

rufoniger (Colobus) ..... Ixv, xxii, cii
rufoniger (Midas) 182, 183, 184, 199, 200
rufoniger (Seniocebus) ........... 183
rufoviridis (Lasiopyga) ...... 1x, xevii
ruts) (Chirogale).. essen. ene 90. 100
rufus (Gliscebus) ............. 90, 103
rufus (Lemur)
133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 153
rufus (Lemur c.)
xlviii, Ixxxi, 138, 139, 141
rufus ((Lemur mi. var,)ii../. tseeees 153
rufus (Microcebus) ....... 82, 102, 103
rufus (Microcebus m.) ........... 104
rufus (Mioxicebus) ....... 82, 102, 103
rufus (Satyrus) ..... {hoes ce xxxili
ruwenzori (Colobus) ..... Ixv, Ixxii, cit
sabana (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiii, Ixxi, c
SABGINNSH Xics «+ cheeeabemethag xxxii, 216
Sagoinus infulatus ..............- 236
Sagoinus melanochir ...........-. 236
SaGGuitieisiebvtn sis ENS Xxxii, 216

SaPwinGS ee eetejsni. ae 234. 235

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PaGE
SAGMINNS ATMICEISHAeR EEE tote eee 236
Saguinus cinerascens ............. 236
Saguintus \ecupreus -FesRee fete eee 236
Saguinus donacophilus ........... 236
Saguints infulatuswies-tee. sone se 236
Saguinus melanochir ............. 236
Saguinus moloch ............ 236, 252
Saguinus nigrifrons .............. 236
Saguinus personatus ......... 236, 256
Saguinus personatus var. A....... 236
Saguinusiisciarets! 9: ..%'.,.).25)4. th-% 310
Saguinus torquatus .............. 236
Saguinusividua Gusitn}). 22270! 236, 240
sagulata (Chiropotes) ........ 287, 208
sagulata (Pithecia) ........... 286, 208
sagulata. (Simia)ie satiry. saves ven 298

Saimiri xiii,xv, xvi, xvii, xxiv, xxxv, xlii
liii, Ixxxviii, 234, 300, 307, 308
Saimiri boliviensis
liii, xxv, 1xxxviii, 308, 300, 310, 315
Saimiri b. nigriceps
liii, Ixxiv, 1xxxviii, 309, 310, 316
Saimiri cassiquiarensis
liti, Ixxiv, Ixxxviii, 308
309, 310, 311, 312
Saimiri entomophaga..... 308, 300, 315
Saimiri lunulatus ....308, 300, 311, 312
Saimiri macrodon
liii, xxiv, 1xxxviii, 300, 310, 312
Saimiri madeirz

liii, xxiv, Ixxxviii, 309, 310, 313, 315

Saimiri ochroleucus ....:.0.....2. 308
Saimiri cerstedi
liii, xxiii, 1xxxviii, 309, 310, 316, 317

Saimiri ce. citrinellus...... 300, 316, 317
saimiri (Pithesciureus) xxxvi, 308, 310
SALMITIM(OCIULEA) yee cae sr te ete oles 314

Saimiri sciureus
liii, lxxiii, Ixxiv, 1xxxviii, 234, 235
308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315
Saimiri ustus
liii, xxv, Ixxxviii, 243, 308, 300, 310, 314

Saimiris’ 5, taMtAeeee. SPER Se. 45307
Saimiris entomophaga ........ 315, 316
Saimiris lunulatus .............. -3II
Saimirisisciireus <0... 2. ack ee ole 310
SAIS) wre ivi inlets crhatebeveyerete, wt IRS! 2 XXXV
Srila bi Cs CL 4 2, BRP RA be AA a i XXXili

XXKXili

Pace

salaquiensis (C2dipomidas)
1, Ixxii, lxxxiv
saltator (Tarsius) .xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9,13

samati (Cheirogaleus) 90, III, 112, 113
samati (Chirogale) ............ 90, 100
Samatr (Lenitin) eae en tes oss 90, 91
samati (Microcebus) ........ IOI, 113
samati (Opolemur) .............. II2

sancti-johannis (Pithecus)

lvii, lxix, xciti
sanctorem (Pygathrix) ....lxiii, lxxi,c
sanghirensis (Tarsius)

xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 13
sannio (Erythrocebus) ..1xii, lxxi, xcix
santaremensis (Callithrix)

li, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 220, 224

santaremensis (Hapale) .......... 224
Sapajyoul 5-0 aerate cae ce ateata XXXiV
Sapajas? ooo. 0c), Leet |. SEE XxXxli

sara (Alouatta)
lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii, 263, 264, 265, 283

satanas (Brachyurus) ............ 2096
Satanias, (Cebus) Pek se feel eee 286
satanas (Chiropotes) ......... 287, 207

satanas (Colobus) ....xli, lxv, Ixxii, cii
satanas (Pithecia)
lii, lx xiii, xxiv, Ixxv, lxxxvii

286, 287, 288, 296, 208
satanas (Pithecia) var. nigra...... 296
satanas (Simia) ....... xxxvi, 286, 296
satanas Simia (Pithecia) ......... 206
Satyfusires cece otek eels s OEE XXXV
Satymers(ban)/ ese eee xvii, xxiii, cv
Saby rus) riiiareraeisent. tetera saree xxxiii

satyrus (Simia)
XXXiv, XXXV. Xxxvi, xxxviii, Lxvii

Seartes! 9.26 Fee eee xxix, 98
SCAPLCS MATULIMUSiee «cide le rct oie, cysiaieiers 103
schistaceus (Pygathrix) ..1lxiv, 1xxi, ci
schmidti (Lasiopyga) ....... lix, xcvi

schweinfurthi (Pan) ...Ixvii, lxxiii, cv
sciurea (Chrysothrix)
308, 310, 311, 315, 316

sciurea (Saimiri)
sciurea (Simia)
Xxxv, xxxvi, lili, 234, 308, 310
sciureus (Callithrix)
234, 235, 308, 310, 315

XXXIV INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
scitiretis "(Gebiis) he aideto: cee 310
sciureus (Pithesciureus) .......... 308
sciuretsy (Saguints): (..)-f.22-8% 286 310

sciureus (Saimiri)
liti, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxvili, 234, 235
308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315
Sciuinens (Saimiris) padaeitet oe = lal 310
Scturocheinus) +... -lactindGeee: XXX, 45

' Sciurus madagascariensis

XXViii, Xxix, xliv, I, 2

sclateri (Lasiopyga) ......... Ix, xcVvi
Scolecophagus) <fti/asee eats XXVili, I
Semnocebus ....... XXX, XXXVili, xl, 163
Semnocebustavahin|jaouseeeue sole 164
Semnopithecine ...... XXV, XXxiv, lxiv
Semnopithecus frontatus ....... XXXIX
Semnopithecus johni.......... XXXVill
Semnopithecus roxellane ...... Xxxix

senegalensis (Galago)
xxviii, xlv, lxvili, Ixxvili
45, 46. 47, 48, 70. 72, 76

senegalensis (Galagoides) ......... 72
senegalensis (Otogale) ............ 48
senegalensis (Otolicnus) .......... 47
senegalensis (Otolicnus g.) B...... 73
senex (Aotus) ...... liii, Ixxiv, lxxxviii
senex (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiii, xxi, c

seniculus (Alouatta)
lii, Ixxiv, lxxxvii, 260, 261. 262
264, 265, 277, 279, 281, 282

seniculus (Cebus) ............ 260, 277
seniculus (Mycetes) ..261, 262, 277, 281
seniceulus ((Simia)) .. ..-. sect XXXV, 277
seniculus Simia (Stentor) ........277
seniculus (Stentor) .......... 260. 277
Seniocebus

XXXili, XxX xvill, xii, xlix, lxxiv

Ixxxili, 179, 183, 184, 217, 218
Seniocebus bicolor

_ xlix, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 181

182, 185, 186, 187. 188

Seniocebus chrysopygus ......... 183
Seniocebus devillii ............... 183
Seniocebus erythrogaster ......... 183
Seniocebus flavifrons ............. 183
Seniocebus: illigériy Aes. ...-.-- 183

Seniocebus martinsi
xliv, Ixxiv, lxxxiii, 184, 185, 186, 189

PAGE
Seniocebus meticulosus

xlix, lxxiv, lxxxiii, 184, 186, 188

Seniocebus mystax <. 22... souls 183
Seniocebus nigricollis ............ 183
Seniocebus nigrifrons ............ 183
Seniocebus pileatus .............. 183
Seniocebus rufoniger ............. 183
Seniocebus weddelli .............. 183

sennaariensis (Galago)
xlvi, Ixviii, Ixxviii, 47, 48, 70, 71, 74, 75
sennaariensis (Galago acaciarum

var. ‘C)....:..<... alse ee 75
sennaariensis (Galago a. var. G.)...74
sennaariensis (Otogale) ........... 48
sennaariensis Otolicnus (galago a.).74
sennaariensis (Otolicnus) ...... 47,74
sericeus (Mico) .......... XXXVIii, 223
sericeus (Micoella) ............... 223
sericeus (Propithecus) ........... 171

sericeus (Propithecus d.)
xliv, lxxxiii, 167, 168, 171

sericulus (Alouatta) ............. 250
sharpei (Colobus) ....... Ixv, lxxii, ciii
Siamangam: 76 be ales os se ole reae XXXVili

siamensis (Pygathrix) ....1xiii, Ixxi,c
sibreei (Chirogale)
xl vii, Ixxix, 91, 94, 96

signata (Lasiopyga) ......... lix, xcvi
silacea Guasiopyga) sien) due « Ix, xevii
Silenus 5. os. 02. 0s + eeehnenieeees XXXIV
silenus (Cynocephalus) ........xxxvi
Silents ((Simia) .. .ceeeateetea-t XXXVii
Simia xxxi, xliii, lvii, lxix, xciii, 286, 307
Simiay zethiopsie:..\Jis<cind soa tee XXXV
Simiapamicta (|. . sch eHeree oak 234, 241
Simianapeda»..{.ss0ksnwtik Pek 83
Simia, apella ........¢ aeaeene xxxv, 83
Simia argentata ......XXXV, XXXVi, 221
Simiar auritaxsh cased eRe es «oe 217
Simiay ayorilay tx: akey. geet. Ms «3 XXXiV
Simla azarze 000.2... eee ee 286
Simia beelzebul ..xxxi, lii, 259, 260, 270
Simia (Sapajus) beelzebul ........ 270
Sima capucina <esedeieiewas xxxiv, lv
Simia*caraya i... <ntskeieeneee 260, 265
Simia cephaloptera! .............- xli
Siniiaicephus) oc isccsi ashes eee xl
Simia chiropotes .....3..2.:) ee 286

Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia

Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia

Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia
Simia

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES XXXV

PAGE
(Pithecia) chiropotes....... 207
cynoeephalus (2... ....... XXXVI
diana tas saee er. eet as xli
flavicadaiereersr... ats 274, 276
Havacatidatamasce 4s sacs 260, 261
SEOMLOVAG OTe. Se so leieke 27)
MATER AS] Hee Rise seers. sve chee XXXvVi
Hipmenaliieteertice: a. dete als: 217
jacchus
XXxii, XXXiii, xxxvi, 216, 228
(Sagoinus) j. moschatus 217, 228
fncépeditl 2k wtcsk esac: 180, IOI
VEOMIN AWE sees sele eis ene ait 186, 210
leucocephala ....xxxvi, 286, 293
p-! leucocephala.:....2..2%27 203
fETICOphwassererleelss.¢ - = XXXVili
(Callithrix) lugens..... 234, 239
melalophus!) 2220.43.25 .8% Xxxix
melanocephala ....... XXXVi, 299
melanolophayaues.\.. tek xli, liti
TMM LATTA SiMavars hos ele.xh ss: oeceee 217
midas xxxi, xxxiii, xlix, 180, 190
(Midas) labiatus............ 195
MOlocIL Ap oA ake Abs Soke 234, 251
TIL ONC A ee ROR es okeic/eice.s S scahatle’s XXXIV
(Pithecia) monacha........ 289
AMOLIMOM ss. cise Ae ae se XXXV
MIASICA th sti heis sche eo stele XXxiv
Memes 2... XXXill, xxxiv, Ixti
nemestrinus ............ XXXVili
MICHILANS i. oa cee eae xxxil, lix
cedipus xxxvi, xxxviii, 1, 180, 213
(Midas) cedipus............ 213
PANISEMSy |. «oid a. XXXii, xxxiii, liv
HIAILAS,..arteic, sr RWS rors xxxix, Ixii
PEnCWatay .). sd sciukew ewe 217
DEESOMALHS, | icc setsrusbcuensacss* 234, 256
pithecia
xxxii, lii, 285, 287, 293, 204
PVE OMNIS iiss: cha lsjuscisicss) ciple’) «ese Ixv
DV ELVEN TAs seis ce 6 XVI
PV emia oo...» XXXil, Xxxill, xvi
Gilaria aie vmetererei viet in oveneielsis 260
(Stentor) quariba ......... 274
LOSAMA. ramet Xxxvii, 180, 200
MUMVGMECE Poteet ache ocidios oboe a 286
(Pithecia) rufiventer....... 203
SARMAta meee tee ee tee ee

PAGE
Siiniaysatantsy separa. XXxvi, 286, 296
Simia (Pithecia) satanus........ . -206

Simia satyrus
XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVi, xxxviii, lxvii

Simia sciurea
XXXV, Xxxvi, liii, 234, 308, 310

Siniapseiuneis eee ee eee 234, 308
Simia sciureus cassiquiarensis ....311
Simia-sciurus) (Lemur) 9.222). 06: 132
Sita ySemicril tsi swaps seete ais: -te XXXV, 277
Stitapsilentism a1) see eee ae XXXVii
Siniaysinicaus eee XXXii, xxxvili, lvii
Simiausphinxy sana. eles ee XXXV
Simia (Stentor) flavicauda....274, 276
Simia (Stentor) seniculus ........ 277
Simia (Stentor) stramineus....... 277
Simiuapstramitiea eemeerace ee ah Sete 260

Simia sylvanus xxv, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxiv
xxxv, lvii, lxix, xciii

Simiaatalapoinieyaaccseee vette see Ixxi
Simia (Callithrix) torquatus...234, 239
SMniawohiviGeata weet. > ss: Xxxiv, lili

Simia troglodytes
XXXil, XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVili
SMa eT Sita... wees Lee 260, 274
Simia (Midas) ursulus ........... 192
Simias ..xx, xxvi, xl, xliii, Lxiv, lxxii, ci
Simias concolor ..xiv, xl, lxiv, xxii, ci
Simi eeyr ee Soe RN sie ep ees Xvil
simus (Hapalemur!) ....xxxi, 125, 128
simus (Myoxicebus)
xI viii, xxx, 125, 128, 129

Simuse (Ps olemr) eayetacrugee = - 2 avetes 128
Simiea (Sima)! Gears XXxii, Xxxviil, lvii
sinicus (Pithecus) ...... Ivii, lxix, xciv
sirhassenensis (Pithecus)|lviii, lxx, xciv
Smartliy, GA Zeman. pjsjaiecophipetels scale fayays 104

smithi (Cheirogaleus)
xxxi, 89, 99, 100, 103
smithii (Chirogale) ..... 88, 89, 90, 100
smithi (Microcebus)
99, 100, IOT, 102, 104, 105

smithi (Microcebus p. m.)....101, 104
sondaicus (Nycticebus) ........... 29
speciosus (Macacus) .......... XXXVii
speciosus (Pithecus) ....lvii, lxix, xciii
spectrum (Wemur) einem vee ¢ xxix
Spectrum (Harsius)) os. cee cn wsis 8, 9, 33

XXXVI INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
Sphinse as ABs: civics RRR XXXVii
sphinx (Papio) ...... lv, lvi, Ixix, xcii
sphinx \(Bitheess))) ..... alee. oe xili
splninx (Sima) ie. 2). eee ae XXXV
spixi (Actus) ieee: .:.ceeree liv, Ixxxix
SpixvVindaisy eh shih 2H eels je. 214, 215
spixie(Ouakaria) «.,.. ci dient. be 306
Stachycoloprsitee acs hi: eee xxxix, lxv
stairsi (Lasiopyga) ....lxi, 1xx, xcviii
SfenOps Peierls keie-..ccc ee XXVill, 16, 21
Stenopsienracilis: ....,.. 3.4 eee een eee 18
Stenopstyavamicus a; ....ceioe «nee 28
StenOpSApOtto) 4.1... 2. see eee 39
Stenops tardigradus ........... 18, 26
Stentor iain hice ee XXxXili, 258
Stentor ichgysurts! 26 .fssleene 261, 278
Stentor flavicaudatus ......... 260, 274
Stentonmiuscus’..2:.22.% eeeaets 260, 274
Stentonmniger feu... ys. 02 260, 265, 266
Stentonisentculus|...-s-ereeee 260, 277
Stentor stramineus
260, 261, 265, 266, 277
Stentorigsintis:.-...aceeeke eee 260, 274
sticticeps (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvi
Stramimeade(Simiia)) ee. sere eee 260
straminea Simia (Stentor) ....... 277
stramineus (Cebus) .............. 260

stramineus (Mycetes)
260, 261, 262, 277, 280, 281
stramineus (Stentor)
260, 261, 265. 266, 277
stramineus Simia (Stentor) ...... 277
strepitus (Papio) ....... : Ivi, xix, xcii
stuhlmanni (Lasiopyga) ...... Ix, xcvi
subrufus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxiv, 1xxxvi, 237, 238. 230, 247
suluensis (Pithecus) ......... lviii, xcv
sumatrana (Pygathrix) Ixiii, lxxi, xcix
Sylvanus ..... ...XXXili, XXxXiv, 175, 216
sylvanus (Simia)

XXV, XXXI1, XXXiil, XXXIV

XxxV, lvii, xix, xciii

Symphalangus ..xiii, xv, xx, xxvi, xxxVi

xiii, xvi, Ixxii, civ

Symphalangus klossi ...Ixvi, 1xxii, ciii
Symphalangus syndactylus

Ixvi, Ixxii, cili

PAGE
Symphalangus s. continentis
xxvi, Ixvi, lxxii, ciii
Syndactylus ; 22. 52 ses.2 +> Gee XXXVi
syndactylus (Hylobates) .......... Xv
syndactylus (Pithecus) ....xxxvi, lxvi
syndactylus (Symphalangus)
Ixvi, lxxili, ciii

talapoin (Cercopithecus) ....... XXXVi
talapoin (Miopithecus) 1xii, lxxi, xcviii
talapoin 4(Simia) ii). 42232 eee eee Ixii
talboti (Galago) xlvi, xviii, lxxviii, 67
Mamatin 2:2... XXXix, 179, I81, 194, 217
tamarin (Midas) ......... 182, IOI, 192
Pamarinus. -... 2 Meese eeeee 1, 194, 195
tantalus (Lasiopyga) ........ Ix, xcvii
Mardicradus, S525. -aaee XXViil, 16, 17
tardigradus (Bradylemur) ......... 26

Tardigradus coucang xxi, xxviii, xlv, 21
tardigradus (Lemur)
XXViii, xxx, 17, 18, 19, 31, 132
tardigradus (Loris)
xliv, Ixviii, Ixxvi, 18, 19, 20, 132
tardigradus (Nycticebus)
22, 25, 26, 27, 20, 30

tardigradus (Stenops) ......... 18. 26
tarsier.:(enittr)) J. J5.soee eee ae 7,8
Parsudce <2... -- xxiii, xli, xliv, Ixxxv, 7
Tarsius

xiii, xxvili, xli, Lxiv, Ixxxv, cv, 7, 8, 136
Tarsius bancanus
xxix, xxx, xliv, Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 14
Tarsius borneanus
xliv, Ixxxvi. 8, 9, 13, 14

Parswuis daubentoni 5... cee eee 2
Manrsiis PASCHEM ec ciee tke eee 8.15
Tarsius fraterculus xliv, lxxxv, 8, 9, 12
TLarsitiswitiscCOManys, sc... «cs = eee 15
Tarsius fuscus ..xliv, Ixxxvi, 8. 0, 12, 15
fansiisa(@eemlr)) ccc pesos xliv, 7, 8,9

Tarsius philippinensis
xliv. Ixxxv, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 33
Tarsius saltator ....xliv, lxxxvi, 8, 9, 13
Tarsius sanghirensis
xliv. Ixxxvi, 8, 9, 12, 13
Darsitis Spectuum) .» - dasscseeen 8, 9, 33
temmincki (Colobus) ....Ixv, xxii, cii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
temmincki (Lasiopyga) .1xi, Ixx, xcviili
tenasserimensis (Nycticebus)

xlv, Ixviii, 1xxxvi, 22, 23, 25
teng Galago (Otolicnus)
teng (Otolicnus)
tephrosceles (Colobus) ..1xv, Ixxii, cii

tessellatum (Papio) ...... lv, lxix, xci
Theranthropus + acj-tatyarct- lest ¢ Xxxv, lvi
Theropithecus

XXVi, xxxvi, xliii, lxix, xcii
Theropithecus gelada ...lvi, lxix, xcii
Theropithecus obscurus ..lvi, lxix, xcii
thibetanum (Pithecus) ..lvii, lxix, xciii
tholloni (Colobus) ....... Ixv, 1xxii, cii
thomasi (Altililemur)

xlvii, Ixxx, III, 112, 113
thomasi (Chirogaleus)
thomasi (Hemigalago)

lvi, xviii, xxviii, 85
thomasi (Lagothrix) ....liv, lxxiv, xc
thomasi (Lasiopyga) ...1xi, 1xx, xcviii
thomasi (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxiv, Ixxxiii, 184, 185, 194, 198

Seedotiasi (Vidas) ise esac 184, 198
thomasi (Opolemur) ......... 112, 113
thomasi (Pygathrix) ...... Ixiii, Ixxi, c
Ehie (GE CIpis)) ccc oeeeies 182, 184, 213
tonkeanus (Magus) .......... lvi, xcii

tonsor (Galago e.)
xlvi. Ixviti, lxxviii, 78
torquatus (Callicebus)
li, xxiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxv, 234
235, 236, 238, 239,241
torquatus (Callithrix)
li, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241

torquatus (Cebus) ....... 234, 235, 239
torquatus (Cebus) var. amictus ..235
torquatus (Cercocebus) ..... lviii, xcv
torquatus (Saguinus) ............ 236
torquatus Simia (Callithrix) ..234, 239
AL TACIV PIE CIIS eerie terse) cloisihe(si a) olere xl
trichotis (Cheirogaleus) ........ 90, 96

trichotis (Chirogale)
xlvii, lxxix, 90, 91, 92, 93
trigoniter: (Jacenus) iin... «+ cisiecce « 226
tripartitus (Leontocebus)
1, Ixxxiv, 184, 186, 195, 206
tripartitus (Midas)

Dievers.osevaete,2 184, 206

XXXVIii

PAGE
trivirgata (Simia)) .aseeuters xxxiv, liii
trivirgatus (Aotus)

liv, Ixxiii, xxiv, lxxxix

Groslodytes) ..7-ceios a XXXIi, XXXVIi
Troglodytes gorilla ....... xxxvii, xvi
Troglodytes niger .............. XXXV

troglodytes (Simia)
XXXii, XXXV, XXXVi, XXXVili

Eropicolobusy...ceEneeetee xxxix, Ixy
typicus (Cheirogaleus) ...88, 89, 92,94
typicus (Chirogale) ........ 89, 90, 100
typicus .@Loris ec) peek o4. satiate 19
typicus (Macromerus) ........... 169
typicus (Microcebus) .......... 92, 99
typicus (Myspithecus) ............ 92
typus (Myspithecus) ......... XXix, 92
Wacariay i... 5c. Saeeeta eos XXX1X, 299
ubericola (Lagothrix) ...liv, lxxiv, xc
ultima (Pygathrix) ....... Ixiv, Ixxi, c

ululata (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxvii, 263, 264, 267
umbrosus (Pithecus) ...|lviii, xx, xciv
unicolor (Cebus) ......... lv, xxiv, xc
ursina (Alouatta)

lii, Ixxv, Ixxxvii. 260, 261

262, 264, 265, 274, 275
eEsinay, (eycath ni eee Ixiii, Ixxi, c
Bysinas(Simia)) seer echt o5)- = 260, 274
ursinus (Cebus) .............260,275

ursinus (Mycetes) 259, 261, 262, 274, 281

ursinus (Stentor) ............260, 274
ursilal (Eiapale) ioe tiicts eich ic 184, 192
ersula s(Simia midas))t i siettom s+ «ats 192

ursulus (Cercopithecus)
xlix, Ixxiii, lxxiv, 1xxxiii, 180
181, 182, 185, 190, 192, 200
LINSUNIIS) | UACCMILS))eclerepatereterciey sive elevate 181
ursulus (Midas)
Xxxvili, 180, 181, 183. 184
IQI, 192, 193, 210
ursulus Simia (Midas)
usta (Chrysothrix)
usto-fuscus (Callicebus)

li, Ixxxvi, 237, 238, 241
ustus (Chrysothrix)
ustus (Saimiri)

lii, xxv, 1xxxvili, 243, 308, 300, 310, 314

XXXVili INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

PAGE
validus (Pithecus) ...... Ivii, xix, xciv
WVarecia: ses ae XXX, 130, 135, 137
Vareciakitonramte evi. ee ON es 157
Wareciatsubenign: « .:.<.2 «0: RRERGRE 162
Vareciatvanial a... 6.022. 135, 137, 161
Wareécia, variasvar.. 6 {281% eee 157
vatia (Varecta) ...eiabe.. 135, 137, 161
Variat vars OMG@Varecia)mAR . 2.05 ssi 157

variegatus (Ateleus)

liv, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxix
variegatus (Cebus) ...... lv, Ixxiv, xci
variegatus (Lemur) ......... 133, 160
variegatus (Lemur m.)

xxx, xlviii, Ixxxi, 132, 133, 134, 135

136, 137; 139, 141, 160, 162

varius (Lemur) ............ xxxii, 160

vellerosus (Cebus) ...... lv, lxxiv, xci
vellerosus (Colobus)

xxxix, Ixv, lxxii, cii
vellerosus (Pan) ...... xvii, xxiii, cv
verrauxi (Propithecus)

xlix, lxxxii, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174

versuta (Cebus) ......... lv, Ixxiv, xci
verus (Colobus) ..... xli, lxv, Ixxii, cii
vestitus (Pithecus) ..... Ivii, xix, xciti
Vest urls ttn ed obs eusiens xxxix, lvii
vidual(Saeumus)-S..c sc... 236, 240

villosus (Alouatta)
, lii, Ixxiii, lxxxvii, 263, 264, 268

villosus (Mycetes) ....... 261, 262, 268
villosus (Pithecus) ..... lvii, Ixix, xciii
vitiis (Pithecus) ....... lviii, xix, xciv
vociferans (Aotus) ...liii, lxxiv, Ixxxix
volans (Galeopithecus) .......132, 133
volans (Glemun) Meee iti teeta. 132, 133

vulgaris (Jacchus) ...217, 218, 228, 229

weddeli (Hapale) ............ 184, 202
weddeli (Leontocebus)

1, Ixxxiv, 182, 183, 186, 195, 202
weddéli (Midas) 182, 183, 186, 195, 202

weddeli (Seniocebus) ........... -183
werneri (Lasiopyga) ......... lx, xevii
whitesidei (Lasiopyga a.)..... lix, xevi
whytei (Erythrocebus) .1xii, Ixxi, xcix
whytei (Lasiopyga c.)........ lx, xevii
wolfi (Lasiopyga) ...... 1xi, Ixxi, xcvii
wroughtoni c. (Pygathrix) .lxiv, lxxi, c
wttnibi' (Pongo)! icy. 2908 XXX1ii
xanthomystax (Lemur) ...... 135, 150
xanthomystax (Prosimia) ....... .147
Warkea,..:2.... (48 XXXViii, 285, 287, 289
Yarkea “albicans! (R2\f2t0 so. see 292
Warkea al bindsa is... 2... «sous sce 295
Warkeahitsuta’... 251s i2g6.4) are 289
Warkeatinusta .<. (22 xS2te8.A4.. 287, 289
Yarkea: irrorata sereer ee ee 287, 289
Yarkea leucocephala ..... 286, 287, 203
Warkea monacha .... (28k sone .289
Yarkea ochrocephala ......... 287; 205
Yarkea'pogonias (J/30i0024 1.0288 203
Warkea rufiventer -i..... SOC 203
yokoensis (Papio) ....... lvi, xix, xci
LAU FES HERS SOLS ore. 550 sete inne lvii

zanzibaricus (Galago)

xliv, Ixviii, xxviii, 67
zechi (Erythrocebus) ...1Ixii, lxxi, xcix
zenkeri (Cercocebus a.) ...... lix, xcv
zeylanicis*(Morishe.)h oe... ec eee ak 19
zuluensis (Galago) ...xlv, Ixvii, xxvii

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