THE REVIEW OR lEWS 4 ^ STRALASIA Q D (s^^l MARCH. 1912. fc^ iiiiiiiiicr Who are the World's Twenty Greatest Men? THE MAGNA CHARTA OF THE POOR. FINANCIAL ASPECT OP HOME RULE. THE CENSORSHIP. ^ Q^ i "CYCLONE" Gates are GOOD. The Illustration (Fig. 171 in our Catalogue) shows the effective combination of Scroll Work and Mesh which makes ' ' Cyclone ' ' Gates not only strong and lasting, but elegant in design and proportion. Get a Catalogue of This and Many Other Gates and Fences. L "Cyclone" Fence and Gate Co. 459 SWANSTON STREET (Corner Franklin St.), MELBOURNE. New Zealand : 59 St. Asaph Street, Chrlstchurch. S^-i^^^^' Y^frTETHER rt • a Oroi Shtft yoa era Laundering. • Smart Linen Gown. o> totBcdunt i«> ihs Children's Wear, there ii but ooe Perico 5urcii ^ Suick wtecb will casus* Cao4 Appcvance. It'i COLMAN'S STARCH The Review of Reviews. XXXlll. iMelbourne " I'unt It. ' THE WAK OF MILLIONS. (Tiie L (tiaervative (iovernment in Germany attempts ti> jump naval expenditure with an enormous leap; but the striinueBt party in the new Keichstag is tne Sr^oial Deinxratic party^the party of peace) The KAisnr. : " Ach ; clere go tlwo millions more. Bead it. ••( you can." JOHs Bri.i. : "Two milliona. eh? I go two better" TiiF. .SoriAi. Demociht: " Meia friemlta, dot silly peesi- i^-'*-- ^^4^^ii^^ ! j:Miu/j ^ ^£^j^a The Review of Reviews. BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. New Zealand Orders, 8/6. This Handsome Present Is one that will be acceptable to either very young or older children. The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in appearance, and put together strongly. THEY ARE FULL OF NURSERY RHYMES, FAIRY TALES, FABLES, STORIES OF TRAVEL, Etc., Etc. Everyone who buys the Books is delighted with them. Numbers of people repeat orders for friends. You Could not Buy a Better BIRTHDAY GIFT FOR YOUR CHILD. ©nly J/(y CONTENTS; VOL. I.— yEsop'.s Fables. VOL IL — Baroi) Muncliaiisen and Sinbad the Sailor. 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P/ease send we " BLOSSO WIS," for which I enclose Is. Name To "Ihc I'evlcw of k'c\icws," .Melbourne. XXXVl. The Review of Reviews. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA. (Annual Subscription, 8/6.) W. T. STEAD Editor Entflieh Review of Reviews " WILLIAM H.JUDKINS, OR. ALBERT S HAW, Editor "Review of Reviews for Australaeia ' Editor American Re lew ol Utiie"..' CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1912. PAGE I'ACE HIsfoty of the Month (Australasian) ... xxxviii. Leading Articles In the Reviews- History of the Month (English) J The Cliinese Revolution 45 Tlie Cliaiiges at the Admiralty 46 Current History in Caricature 17 The Problem in Persia 47 Who ari the Twenty Greatest Men ? Th«> P»'"'-« «f «i« Aeroplane 47 , ,. i 1- : 1 \T /•„ „ ■, m British Foreign Policy ... 48 A f5vni|iusiuni started liy Mr. Carne!5ie ... 23 The Financial Aspect of Home Knle 49 Walt Whitman on Some Eminent Men ■■. . 33 Woman on the Brink of Victory 5U ^, . ff . t ^'^ Ti 1 <■ nA AVesIey's Seven Sisters 50 Character Sketch : Sir Kdward Grey 34 „„ . . ., „ , . ,^ n- ,■ t, -, ^i What IS the Prospect of the l|^ordB Peace.-' .. 51 The Magna Charia of the Poor.— Alt. n. : Amazonia 52 Interview witli .Mr. Lloyd George 37 British Magnanimity 53 India's Gains and Losses under Our Kule . . . 54 The Appointment ol the N«w Examiner t.f The New Departure in India 54 Plays ... ■■■ •■• ■■■ ■•• •■. 41 "John Morley " 55 (Contiiiijed on let/ patle.> r£'£-T-5-r-£-r-£'t-£-£-5S-?-t£'ff-f-S-£-fS-S-5-S-£-c-S-5'£-C-r-e-C-G-3?^ ^ I EVERY HOUSEHOLD AND TRAVELLINC TRUNK OUCHT TO CONTAIN A BOTTLE CF ; ENO'S 'FRUIT SALT' U( vb tk til lb (1/ )li tt< U/ til til til tl; til i«i til til til til til til til til ti^ tii til til ttr til til ti A SI.MI'LE REMEDY FOR PREVENTING AND CURING BY NATURAL AlEANS All Functional Derangements of tlie Liver, Temporary Con- gestion arising from Alcoliolic Beverages, Errors in Diet. Biliousness, Sick Headache, Giddiness, N omiting. Heartburn, Suurness of the Stom.ich, Constipation, Tliirst. Skin Eruptions, Boils, Feverish Cold with High Temperature and Quick Pulse, Influenza, Throat Affections and Fevers of All Kind-;. INDIGESTION. BILIOUSNESS. SICUNF.SS. g»c-. "I li:ivo.)ficn thoueht of writing t.i tell you wh.it ' FRBIT SALT' has done for me. I used to bo a perfect martyr to Indigestion and Bil- ioiiaiiese. .About six or seven years back my husband suRfjested I should try 'FUUIT SALT.' I did 8<>, and the result has been m.-u-vcijons. I never have the tei--rible p;iin8 and su-iiticss I used to h.ave: I can eat almost anythinc now. I always keep it in the house and rccoiunicnd it to iny friends, as it is such an invaluable pick-me-up if you bavo a headache, or dou't feel .just right. Yours truly (August 8. 1900)." The efTcct of ENO'S 'FRUIT SALT' on a Disordered. Sleepless and Feverish Condition Is simply marvellous. It Is. in fact. Nature's Own Remedy, and an Un^uroRsscd One. CAUTION.— See Caosulc marked Eno's 'rrviil Salt ' Witlioiit it vou linv.. a WORTHLESS IMITATION. Prepared only by J. C. ENO. Ltd.. at the 'FRUIT SALT' WORKS, LOIMDON. by J. C. ENO'S Patent. '(t it< l|t 'f> l?« 'P 'f 1< f 'f •»> l»< It IV ir ii> i;t ■r II' ip *^^a^mma3'Si^m'm'SiSi-i-m'ii-i-3iimSii'i^-i^S-i^-3^^-m'S'S'i'3i-i-z-i-.=,^ The Review of Reviews. xxxvu. CONTENTS -(Continued from page xxxvi.) Leading Atticlfs (IVnliiiiiecll— The Putriot Songs of Iiuiii The Origin of the Triplice M;-. Bryoe on Foieisii Missions ■ Diziy " as l.itei-ary Thief An Alterniitive to Coiismoriow Bermudas a Paradise .. An Earthquake on tlie Stage The Cost of "The Miracle" Whitman Revealing Himself The Nations and their Table Pleasures What is Unniour? The Phiriiarmonic Society The Insurance Bill Progress of French Aviatior. What is Italia Irredenta? . Knlihh Mn-ii- ami Ihc Pe"|ile 56 57 58 59 60 60 (a t4 64 65 66 67 68 Leading Articles (Continued)— Christianily rcitus Islamitm ^2 The Three Bensons ^^ Juvenile Offenders in Madrid 73 Aeroplanes as Baggage Waggons 73 A Plea for Conscription '^ (iossip about the Duke 74 Random Readings from the Reviews The Reviews Reviewed — The FnitiiiKlitly Keview— The C-ontemporary Re- view The National— The American Review of Reviews The Knglishvoman — The English Review The North American Review— The Forum . . • A New Missionary Keview— The Occult Magazines Books of the Month Insurance Notes To Live in a City 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 TO ^ ^ There is Ho Better Magazine esperanto students. IN THE WORLD For the Knliglncnmcnl of Headers on Anything and Kvcryiiiin;; that refers to the Home than Esperanto Manual, Indispensable to Students, 2s. Motteau's Ksperanto-English Dictionary, 2s. 6d. 1 2s. 8d. posted . "GOOD HOUSEKEEPING." O'Connor's English-Espcranto Dictionary. -'s. It Is an American Hi) wh'jm the world was a L'ood place. Brisbane's people had no idea they were sitting on the edge of a volcano. They might have imagined that in this land of prasperitv, folk with nc> real grievance were sure to be contented and sane. But they reckoned without taking " blatant unionism " into account. For with that factor in the jiroblem, one gets most astonishing results, and lawlessness and temporary insanity brings most unexpected things to pass. And .so on that eventful day Brisbane found the tram systeni held up, sho))s were closed, the wharves were idle, food supplies were stopped, firms were pre- \ented from making and selling bread, and chaos ruled. The unionists assumed the role of dictators. They said that no trading should take place but what they permitted. They issued permits to cer- tain places to carry on business, and dictated the terms on which others could resume. From hence- forth emjiloyment must be in the hands of unionists. " You may open your shop," they said in definite terms to some business establishments; " you may open your shop if you send your old hands to us to join the union. If they won't join we will supply you with men of the right colour. If you w-on't agree to this, you may pha.se vourself, but you sha'n't trade." .\nd so they ruled the city. They were going to compel Brisbane to do what thcv wanted, and by un- guided anl unregulated force. They would smash the windows of any place where the Irador wanted to sujiply the needs of any of the |iopulaco. They became a revolutionary mob that r.iiscd its standards of what it wanted, and tried to st'cuie it by brute force and mob violence. Do men who take up this position realise the extent and strength nf th<> foundations which make their ordin- Iftmos Rex.— March, 1912. History of the Month. :iry life and prosiKi iiy, their daily comfort aiiil joys, the smooth running of the wheels of industry viver the whole Commonwealth. Evidently to them, all this is a haphazard con/dition of things that ma\ he upset by haphazard and brainless methods. Thcv f'»rget the existence of constitutions and laws, ani! the regulating levers that control all the forces th.i gf to make up a prosperous and well-ordered com munity. That is a lesson that blatant unionisn is slow to learn, that desirable and necessary changi - arc only to be brought about by comparatively slow nu-th(xis of education and legislation, slow not li\ choice of those Liehind the scenes, but because of tli n.iture of the work. And the Brisbane insune<:tioi i-ts, in the first moments of hilarity at having para Used a city and stopped its supplies, received a >tinging blow that made its head buzz, because it tried to do what education aloite can accomplish, it was a .self-inflicted blow. Unionism banged itsell uij against the foundations the peo])le had built tn preserve not only their national identity, but indee.l their very lives. And the foundations' were hard'r than the fooli.sh heads that butted into them. —Prone in the Dust. When the revolutionaries recovert from the shock, they found theii disrumfiture complete. Society had l)een injured, and rose to protect itself. Fortunately, Society had at the head of af fairs men who resjiected her. Its Premier, Mr. Den- man, was not the man to l)e over-ridden. He did the right thing in committing the care of the city to the Commissioner of Police. That gentleman, Major C.ihiil. is a man of action and re.sourcc. It *>ecamo at once evident that more than mora! suasion was needed in dealing witii tlTT" strikers. So, as the Commonwealth is bound In tlie Constitution to supply military assistance to the St.ites in the event of int.rnal troubles making armed interven- tion necessary, apf.lication was made to it for help. It was bluntly n-fused. Refeience to that will come later. So the Police Commissioner called for special const.ibles. The response that he got makes one's blood leaj). Hundr.-ds of men rose to the occasion, and even the bushmf-n -warmed in, and added their picturesque effectiveness to it. The effect was magi- cal. With this force at his disposal, the Commls- sioner rov.ed the insurrectionarv crowds, and struck fear to the hearts of tiie revolutionists. They rea- lised what they had .-ome up against. The forces that make for law and order h.id asserted theni- .celves. fn the meantime the city began to recover from its surprise.' It began to find out manv things, that it was hungry, that the strikers had bwn kept within hounrls, that life and property were beins made .safe by the authoriiies. that ilic tram servic- was N-ing m.tintaioed efli-ientU if ,,01 fnllv The City Recovering!. [The ISulUt.n. A OKNEBAL STKIKB: THE CRY OP THE CHILDREN. " What are tliey HglithiB- alxHit?" ;■ I don't know. But tlieyve atoppeil our food and baby's milk. And we never did them any harm." and that they might venture to do a little trading. Life began to renew its normal activities. Th threats of the strikers to traders was fouml to be (.1 little effect. Independent labour began to come in at first slowly, then faster and faster. More trams ran as the days passed. Shops began to fill up with hands. And each day saw the strikers dis credited. Some of the members of the New South Wales Government passed scathing strictuivs on the strike leaders. One of the largest Svdnev unions condemned it in very he.Trty terms. The hope that was expressed in the beginning that there would lie a general uprising died away. And at the time of writing, the strikers' places are being filled up, and the outlook is dark for them. The Rc.Tson ? .And what was it all about? Was it something so important that a city's .supplies had to be inter- cepted? Had the ordinary house- holder done something that twrited this sharp pun- ishnii-nt? Were the tramw.iy men ground imiU-v lli. heel of the sweater, with wages so poor that their wives starved and their daughters sought the wages of sjn? Were the hours of work so long that the in-n's strength failed (hem, leaving them in a con- litinn that ei'.langered the lives placed daily in xl The Review of Reviews. March. igi2. liifii care? If any of these things were, one would almost pardon the holding-up of a city that callously allowed these things to be. But on none of these permissible grounds did the tramway men come out, accept the sympathy of the other forty-three unions who came out on strike, and endeavour to embroil the industrial world of Australia. The excuse was that unionist.s were not allowed to wear, during- the time thev wore uniform, badges that indicated they I«longed to unions. It seems paltry, good reader, and is paltry. The reason the men give IS that they may know one an- other, and talk on union mat- uniform. The real reason is to False Premises. ters wliiltj in .strengthen unioni.^m, and make non-unionism ap- pear apart, and ant of court. It is an unrea- sonable demand to make in any case.. The men during their work time may reasonably be t-xpected to give their whole time and attention to it, and to do nothing likely to create distinctions between the men. Undoubtedly the wearing of badges tends to this. It is not for the convenience of the public, nor for the better conduct of their business, but --imiilv a pri\-ate matter for which naturallv the company has no concern. The men ha\'e a right to form unions, but to use their posi- tions to help their unions on is a matter which the Tramwav Companv has the right to object to. especially as unionism gives no sign of being at all keen in looking after employers' interests, but re- garding them .1^ natural enemies. Of course the real reason i.s the ar- Gettinj; at rogance of unionism, which desires the Cause. j^ |.j^p roughshod over industrial- ism. Its aim is to make the union the fieginning and the end of employment. It seeks to compel those outside to join its ranks, and the wearing of a badge is a means to that end. " Smash him up, or let him join the union," was the gospel of the Harvester strike. And everywhere it is the same. Unionism has a right to be, but it is just at the point of dominance and arrogance that the parting of the ways comes. And while blatant unionism assumes that attitude, <^iployers are driven to say. " We do not ask what your opinions about unioni.sm are ; all we want to know is. can you do viiur work salisfactorilv." On that particular part of the field of industrialism the battle is going to be fought out. .Shall an emyiloyer regard mem- bership of a union before fitness. That is what the question is narrowed I'.own to. From all appearances the employers The Employers' are going to fight this question. Stand. Tiicy have .so far decided that they know not a man's colour, making efficiency the Duly test. And it is to lie hoped that IMeJhourne " Vunch^'' 'PLE.VSBD ! (Mr. Fisher says he is quite pleased with the way the men ha\'e behaved during the Brisbane tram strike. . . . He refuses to sanction the employment of the military to keep order.)' Prime Minister Fisher (to the Queensland Premier): '■Sol- diers! Bless my soul, what do you want with soldiers? Why obtrude the symbols of strife upon this peaceful they will sit liown iiard on their deci^ii^n. It hnks as though they were going to, for they declined to meet the men in conference the other day. The leaders wrote to the employers' association a.sking for a con- fab that the question of resuming of work might be discus.sed. This was really the last move of defeat. The men are going back to work fast, and it was a ruse to save the situation, if possible. It was no wonder the employers refused. The re- quest was in keeping with the arrogance of the strike, the arrogance of the permits, the arrogance of the insistence of the tramway men that they should be allowed to wear private badges that would make division in tlie ranks. The only thing for men to do who are manifestly wrong is to make amends. That is the only way to set the situation right with dignity. But the employers are refusing to take the men l>ack on any conditions save tho.se of 1.1 ir wages and conditions of work. March, 1912. History of the Month. Photo.] [C. J. Frank. The Delegates of the First Interstate Coiisress of the Australian Iiidepeiideut Workers' Union. The President, Mr. Spencer, is the tliird from the left in the middle row, and Mr. J. T. Packer, the Secretary, is the fourth. Mr. Justice Higgins hss called a The Arbitration confi-n-nce in which the Adelaide, Court. (hg Mellx)urne, and the Brisbane tramway companies Jiave been compelled to take part, the grounds of ' the compulsion Ijeing that the question of badges was l)eing awsiden-d in each of these States, and that therefor.- an interstate dispute was threatened. The case is being heard as I write, and it is imi)ossiWe to hazard an opinion as to the result. It doi-s seem a pity, however, apart from the constitutional powers that may ' be in- voked, that the Brishim- strike and its causes could not have U-en settled on their own merits. It is a matter that has concermd Brisbane verv seriously, :ind that city has made such a brave stand over the attack u[)on it, that the rest of the States might lie «<.|1 ,.,.,'••■ t I let her finish it. There arc .some asjxrcts of the ca.-;e Mr. lishcr t|,.it j;ive cause for grave thoughts. Refuses Troops. ;^,^ |.j,h„ refu.s.-d the re.|iiest for military assistance, although the d.-mand was urg;-nt and evident. It will he in- teresting to se<' what tlie outcome of this will Ik*. It is understood that Mr. Denman is not willing to lei ili.- matter rpst where it is Wi.,.., .1,,, gtgfj.j; roiiM-nted to Feder.ition. thev surrendered their authority over military and naval matters on the distinct understanding that the Com- monwealth fSrces should be at the States' disposal if need arose. Now the only disputes that render military interference necessary that are likely to arise are those arising out of industrialism, for in the whole range of one's imagination one cannot discover anything else likely to cause riot, and it must have been with possibilities like these in view, that the clauses in tin' Constitution were inserted. .And yet Mr. Fisher refu.ses. h would Ik- intere.sting to know what Mr. Fisher's attitude would lie if em- ployers i)anded together, stoi)ped f<,K)d sujiplios, held up transit, and then passed up the streets in mobs and threatened inoffensive citizens. If .1 Labour Ministry h.ippened to be in power, and asked Mr. Fisher for aid, one may take his answer for granted. Such outrageous conduct would have to be stopped. Tr.iiiis Wl^lIld h.irdly move tpiickly enough to carry triMips to suppress the disorder. And the reason Mr. Fisher gave as His the ground of his refusal was that Imperturbability. [^^ thought the men— the strikers- were Uhaving very well. It was an unworthy answer. It denoted a puerile incapa- city to grasp a serious situation, and threw a flood iVn. The Review or Reviews. Mabcii, igi2. of light on Mr. Fisher's standards of excellence and right. In view of the situation, of all that has been told already, the wild lawle.ssness that began to be exhibited, it is incomprehensible that Mr. Fisher should "be pleased." Fortunate for him it was that the Queensland Government grasped the trouble like it did. Otherwise violence would inevitably have resulted. Fortunate for him that tl:e Queensland Government promptly ordered every hotel bar to be closed. Fortunate for him that (^.leensland has drastic laws on the question of holding public meetings in times of riot, and put them into operation. In view of all that happened, the imminent danger, and the need of the voluntary constables, Mr. Fisher can not say the request was not warranted. The fact that the strong force of volunteers was necessary proves that it was war- ranted. One canno't help feeling sorry for Independent the misguided men who follow so Workers' Union, implicity the guidance of the blind. Much need there is for the Independent Workers' Union, which held its first Conference during the month, and which was at- tended by repre.sentatives from all the States. Preaching its doctrine of industrial peace, and of independence of thought, it is bound to " win its widening way." For the principles it teaches are high. It will by its very tendency become one of the forces making for national righteousness. In the mid.st of the turmoil caused by the preaching of the disruptive doctrines of the lilatant unionists, the voice of the Independent Workers proclaiming the good new.s of industrial peace sounds like a new evangel. Such things as these stand out in its pro- gramme : — (0 The peaceful settlement of all Labour jiroblems. (2) O'piposition to strikes, lock-outs, boy- CDtting and picketing. (3) Recognition of the identity of interest between employer and employee. (4) Advancement of members' education. (5) To .secure just return in wages for Labour given. (6) Assisting mt-mibers in difficulty. (7) Equal opportunity for all to the right to work - open sho]). (8) Rer'ogniticui of principle of brr>therhood between man and man. The meetings of the Congress were very success- ful, and no wonder. There is a breath of boundless expan.ses in a i)rogrammc like that. The South Australian Deleat, The other event that brought a kind of mental convulsion to Australia's watching ones was the result of the South Australian elections. It is quite possible that no army went out to batth' with greater heart and stronger hopes of victory than the Government of South Australia went to the polls. They must ha\e been certain of victory to have risked the chances that they held through being in power. The men who are in oflict- can do much, and certainly verv mucli more than thev can out of office. P/iOto.] [Iliiiiimrr and C UK. PE.\KK. South Australia's New Premier ., .itIilaUle. and it was a puzzle to the outsider why the much was risked. Even brick works and timber yards were small things compared with what they could do. But then there remains always in any trouble where a fight is to be resorted to in order to bring a settlement, the confidence of victory. When men are swaved by that, they take enormous risks. But no one anticipated that a majority of two, which the Labour Party held, would be turned into a minority of ten. But that is what happened. The dreision of the people makes the appeal that was made to the Im,perial Government now seem more (Hit of place than ever, considering the overwhelm- ing declaration of the country against the policy of the Government. The South Australian Labour Party is made up of a singularly level-headed lot of men, men of whom any party might be proud, but thev sadly miscalculated the distance when they ti.ok their fam'^us K-ap. Why the Change ? Why the change in public oi)inion? Sewral reasons may be adduced. l'ii>l. ihf Brisbane strike was an, and at that time the strikers w'ere in their mf>st aggressive altitude. They were carrying an their intimidation in their most offensive v/ay. .And South Australia rememl>ered — remembered how she had been through a similar crisis only a little time ago ; rememl)ereil that bu.siness places were bovcotted, that vehicles were he'ld u)i in the .streets and violence used to carry out the strikers' demands, that trade was paralysed, and, mo.st damaging recol- lection of all, that tile Gm-ernment, the guanlian of March, 1912. History of the Month. xliii. the people's safety, stood by supinely and allowed it to go on. It 'vas regarded by the i eople as a breach of trust, and they resented it. For whatever quarrel the worker may have with his employer, the citizen can not see why he should U' bumped be- tween the two parties, ..nd made the subject of on- slau;,'hts, while a Cloveriiment sits by to .see the lig'ht out. Besides, a Government should shi>w no par- tisanship, -but .should keep order. .And it is quite possible that the South Australian people, re- membered their own trouble as tht-v viewed the Brisbane hold-up, and smote the thing — the thing that had hit them, the spirit of anarchy and mob- rule and hiwlessnes.s — smote it, through the South Australian Latxiur Party. I -have .some personal friends in it. and I frankly say I am sorry thev have gone down. \one the less do I think tJiat a tactical blunder was made in sacrificing the great opportunities they held for a problematical good. None the less I can see the causes that have made for defeat. They hoijed that the election would be fought on the one issue. But that could not be. It was a battle of parties, each brought out all its partv artillerx , and the Lilx'rals won magnilicentlv. A Turning Tide. Perhaps it is' an indication of a rai)idly turning tide. A few more Brisbane strikes would make con- verts to Liberalism by tens of thousand.s. It is more than probable that an election in New South Wales at the present time would send the Gmeriiment to tlie right-about. There are mnny who wish that the Federal elections, with the referendum tacked on. could take place now. For the Federal Govern- ment is not |K>[)ular. Beyonri ordinarv offi- cial administration, about the only original thing it has done has Lkvu to drag in preference to union- ists in the Government service. And it is more than likely that it would experience a .set-back. Mr. Fisher almost appeared to be expecting a change when, speaking of the .South Australian defeat, he said his party must expect to oliange its iilace .some time. Th.it is .self-evid<-nt, but it is not the cock- sureness that has up to now, and since the Federal elections, characterised the utteranc<'s of the Party. , . ,..,,, ^ Australia could not lit'<'-^ '"•''y when the l't.rar> stalT with l.iihour. "^ 'ji<^' " \\'orker," <>r a goodly part of it, went out on strike becau.se Ihey Cf>uld not, awording to their statement, get considiT.ition from their em[)l<)yers to their request for wages corresponding to those paid to other jour- nalists in Sydnry. |i is understood that the strike wa.s successful. ()t iour.se the [iroprietors and managers appl.iuded this action, cheering on the men to withstand the gretdy mono])olists (them.selv<\s), the grasping capitalists who would not [lay their hands profier wages, and whn c .nipellcd them to n-sorl tothe strike, praised their courage and loyalty to partv dis- cipline. Did tliey ? That was what they ought to have done to be consistent with what they have done in every other strike. But the mighty fell, and fell with a tremendous whack. They condemned the strikers, made explanations, and thought so little of their previous conduct which led up to the strike that they danced a new tune to the employees' piping. And the things that some of the Labour leaders said alwut the strikers ! — well, it took men wiio believe in ducking non-unionists to try to convert them, to say th<' things they said — and we will have compas- sion on them, considering the difficulties of the case, and the provocation they had, and not perpetuate the memory of their strong words by putting them in print. But it goes to show what we have all along contended, that the average Labour man is out for himself, and the talk of brotherhood is .so much high-falutin. The brotherhood of man is never coming along the lines of blatant unionism. For brotherhood means sacrifice if need be, and kindlv feeling, and that kind of unionism stands for war and hard, uncom])rfvmising selfishness, and cares not at all for the higher qualities that alone will make brotherhood possible. The Government in New Zealand New is in somewhat of a fix. Its major- Zealand, i^y i^.,5 mostly gone, and at the time of writing it hardly knows where it is. There was talk of resignation, but that would have been a pity, and we are glad that the Govern- ment is going to make a fight for it. To have gone out without a clash of arms would have been an in- glorious ending to the long and successful career the Lilier.il Party has had. And when Parliament met, the Government submitted a long programme of reforms, chiefly in connection with land settlement, which would keep a party going for a nunrber of years. It had all the .appearance of being ill- digested. ,111(1 somewhat garish; nevertheless it spoke a determination to see the thing through. It is to lie regretted that Sir Josqjh Ward intends to resign. But this he has done to allow the Labour and LiUral fbrces to iiiriti'. Whv thev could not unite under him it is difiicull to unilerstand. The Tasmanian Premier has de- Tasmania. ''^■*'''*^f' , \ , P'e-sessional siieech, crowded with all sorts of promises, which are not likely to find fulfil- ment if he remains in office. For the Tasmanian Government is notoriousK slow. Somehow or other the term " hidebound Conservative " seems parti- culail) .ipplic.ible to them. The Premier talked of land settlement and railway extension, and ex^iressed regret that the ;£yoo,ooo the Government wanted . from the Federal Parliament as an offset against Customs lo.sscs since Federation, is likely to mate- rialise .It only ^500,000. which regret is not to be wondered at. Hut it will need a new infusion cf XllV. The Review of Reviews. March, 1912. The South Seas. would iiivm biood to make the present Go\-emnient alert and aggressive. Tasmanian Governments have been .siilTering from a coldness of blood for many \ears. The fertile little island needs skilful management. If she had it. she would develop into one of the richest of the States. Unpro- gressive government will ruin any country. The, elections are almost due in the State, and tlv Ciovernment, through the Premier, cast out its baits. But there are signs that Tasmania is feel- ing the need of a change, and signs, too, that the I.alwur Party may gain a number of seats, not be- cause Tasmania is turning Labour, but because the ueople realise that they cannot get much in the way of progressi\'eness from the present Parliament, and they are willing to try anything else. Tas- mania is passing through the stage of somnolent Liberalism, as Australia has just done, and unless Liberalism there wakes up, it will suffer the re- verses that Australia did in the Federal Parliament. And if it happens, Tasmanian Liberalism will de- St'ive it. It needs adversity to wake peoples as well as iiersons up. Sir Everard im Thurm, speaking in England during the month, gave expression to the belief that some day the islands under British rule part of an Australian confederation. Such a suggestion wakens dreams of the future, and it is permissible to imagine and hope for a change which will mean a Pacific confederacy, even if the idea of Commonwealth absorption, which some hope for, is not realised. Indeed, the idea of a Confederacy is greater. Life in the South Seas' is totally different from that of Australia. And the work of government is to be extended rather than curtailed. But the time is hardly ripe for even Confederation yet. It is better that the Imperial Government should control matters for a time, until the Pacific groups are more firmly established in self-government. Tliey need to be much more thor- oughly developed than they are yet. Bur when the Confederation does take place, in the fulness of time, it will be a powerful thing. In the mean time, both the Commonwealth and the New ZealantI Governments should kee|) a watchful eye over Brit- ish interests there. The Pacific is going to be one of the most important of the great oceans in the near future. The opening of the Panama Canal will mean an almost certain change in the disposition of the men on the international chessboard. America, on the one .'side, is bound to consider the Pacific much more than she has done, while on the other side an awakened Jajian and an awakening China will keep their eyes upon the sea that washes their coasts. Aprojios of this, the change that has taken place in China is warmly welcomed by the Chinese .of Australia. As an intelligent Chinese put it to me the other day, " No one can come from China to Australia, with its iiolitical freedom, without PEOi'iis.so:: (.ai.iruTH, [.4i/cr Mills. I'hutu.] Of tlie .Melbourne IJniversity, wlio 'aas been appointed AdminiiitrHtor of the Northern Territory tor a term of five years. becoming an ardent revolutionist.'' The cause re- cei\-ed great help from the Australian Chinese, and great was the rejoicing when the Republic was an accomplished fact. What will an awakened China mean to Australia? Much, without doubt, and in the near future. We have been none taa considerate of her citizens, an'd if she demands equality of treatment with other nations, the fat is likely to gee into the fire. In view of the difficulties attending the mixing of races in other parts of the world, one cannot help feeling that the problem will he acute, and while we cannot be blamed for wishing to keep our race free from Eastern admixture, we cannot but wish that the treatment of those who came had been on me regretted, not simply because tlv- Speaker's action appeared to be somewhat tyranni- cal, but laecau.se, according to our reading, his action was not in accord with his rights and privileges. But what else could bo expected from a man who has allowed his contract to be over-ridden, and has lumg on to office after the agreement he made \yas dishonoured, or of a Government that was willing to make a breach of contract also. The New South Wales sessions have begun, and promise to be as lively as the last. An appeal to the electors isthe only thing that will make government on sane lines in New South Wales iiossil>'le. The Old and the New Year Meet. LONDDiV, Dec 30. 191 1. The Old Year passes. 1 salute it in Whitman's familiar lines : — .Arm'd year — year of tlie struggle, .No iLiimy rhymes or scniimenlal verses for you, terrible year. Vear that suddenly sang by the mouths of the round lip^icl cannon I repeat you, hurrying, c/ashing, s;id, distracted year. And in the words of the same prophet-bard I aildre.ss the New Vear : .\re all nations comnuining ? Is there going to be but one heart to the glolw ? Is Humanity' forming (^/ muss, I for lo I tyrants tremble, crowns i;ro\v dim. 'Ilie earth restive confronts a new era ; perhaps a general divine war ! .\o one knows what will hap- pen next. Whitman's curious med- ley of hope, of fear, and of hiank uncertainty aptly expresses the emotions 'xcited as 191 1 passes into 1912. Sursum Corda : The outlook is stormy. The tocsin of industrial war is pealing through the darkness. " Iron san- dalled crime" is abroad .unong the nations. 'I'ho jreat inarticulate aspirations of mankind " Confront |)eace, security, and all settled laws to unsettle them." Famine liroods over Russia, threatening twenty millions with death. China llounders through civil war to revolution. I'he hearts of men fail them for fear. But although the .story 'f fighting daily oppres^eth us, it is well to take • Durage with the Psalmi.si, and declare, " \\ hat time Chang;es in the Government of Bengal I am afraid I will trust in Thee." Cromwell's words — if indeed they be those of the Lord Protector, for they are not to be found in Carlyle's collection of his speeches and letters — seem to have the true ring : — Think you iliat He Who led His chosen people through the wilderness will fail you now. Has He deserted His people and cast oft' His Herilage'; I tell you Xay. When the deeps arc broken up then doth He make bare His .\rm, and you are never >o much in the prc-sence of Almighty God as when the founda- tions are shaken, and when the Heavens seem to be falling and the pillars of the earth to be removed. . . . Though ihe mountains be removed and the strong pillars of the earth ilo shake, thou shall be kept in perfect peace in the hollow of the Hand of .\lmighty God. Monarchy in Apotheosis. 1 1 is one of the most striking contrasts in the Sensational drama of con- temporary history that the same month which witnessed the substitu- tion of the Republic for the Monarchy in China should also havq wit- nessed the apotheosis of iMonarchy at Delhi. Europe and Asia seem to have changed rd/(S. The East advances -the West retreats. The prin- ciple of representative government is acclaimed in China at the very moment when the authority of the Emperor is asserted in India. 1 am not' referring to the pageantry of the Durbar. That was first-class circus, no thjubt ; but the significance of the ceremony did not lie in the ceremonial. Not until all tlie homage had been rendered, and the The Review of Reviews. proclamation of the Emperor completed, was the Monarchy revealed, armed cap-a-pie in all the mailed panoply of absolute autocracy. The King-Emperor was no sooner invested with all the paraphernalia of luTipire than he announced his sovereign will to his submissive subjects as follows : — 1. Delhi replaces Calcutta as the capital of India. 2. 'I'he partition of Bengal is annulled. Bengal becomes a Presidency. Behar, Chota, Nagpur, and Orissa are placed under a Lieutenant-Governor. Assam becomes a Chief Commissionership. Until the moment the fateful decree was launched no one outside the inner ring of the King's advisers had heard a whisper of the Royal decision. The 4- 5- triumph of the maladroit statesmanship of Lord Cur/on, had been passionately demanded, and sternly refused ever since Bengal was divided. The Bengalese had lost hope of success. The decision of the India Office had been regarded as finally adverse, when hey presto ! up jumps Emperor George, who waves his sceptre, and the partition is undone in the twinkling of an eye. And not only is it undone, but its undoing is immediately declared to be incapable of reversal. Parliament itself cannot prevail against the King's decree. Lord Lansdowne at once proclaimed in the Housj of Lords " that the word of the King-Emperor had been sooken, and that word is irrevocable." No- «^ Fhoto^raph by\ A Panoramic View of the Great Ceremony of the Imperial Parliament was no more consulted than was the Municipality of Calcutta. Never was there a more arrogant a.ssertion of royal power. It is quite in the olden style, and recalls the familiar verse : " I will divide Shechcm, and mete out the valley of Succoth. Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the strength of mine head ; Judah is my lawgiver ; Moab is my washpot ; over Edom will I cast out my shoe." The bewildering thing about this The transformation scene is that while Irrevocable Word, m, q^o was prepared for it, every- body acquiesced in it. Tlic annulling of the partition of I'.cngal, {hat .supreme body seems to have protested against that doctrine, therefore needs must ; and so I, even if alone, as Athanasius centra titiindian, protest against the notion that t(ie King-Emperor possesses any prerogative or power to utter " irrevocable " words. Are we back in the days of the Mcdes and Persians forsooth, that the writing which is written in the King's name, and scaled with the King's ring, no man may reverse ? Much as I rejoice at the undoing of the partition of Bengal, I di.slike the manner of the undoing of it. This magnification of the Sovereign is un-English and undemocratic, any\ {Ermst Brooks. The King-Emperor receiving the Homage of the Ruling Princes. 1*» s^ fkfftocrafik hy\ ' EmtU Brvoks. Acclaimed by the People. On December 131I1 (ihc f regarding the Persians as a homogeneous self- governing unit. Persian independence spells anarchy if it is absolute, and the only way to preserve Persian integrity is for the Persians and their .sympathisers in P^^uroin; and .America to acquiesce with good grace in the tcmporaryexerci.se of a limited The Only Way Out. Vhoto yni|orlal)ly enjoying their Christm:'- dinner found at the 1uml;Iii of the festival an invisible hand sliding a panel in the wall and opening a window and showing them another liouschold of men, women and children like iheiii- selvos, no worse, sonic <>l them ])robably better in all tli' cs.sentials of character, huddled shivering in wretched dens. I tell you what would liapp.n. McrTiinent would be fri-zen in every heart. The coTiMii-mc of the nation would be roused in a way it has never been loused before. The demand would rise from every quarter in this country that our rule.-s should do something to rid the land of this pestilence of wretchedness. )i is the business of the (_ liunh to open that window, to keep it open, to keep our eyes steadfast until that spectacle of ivrelehed- ness, woe, and despair shall have been transfigured into one of happiness and of ho])e. The Progress of the World. 13 An Overloaded Programme. The legislative proj;ramme for the coming session contains three Bills, all of which are destined to be thrown out by the House of Lords. I'hey are Home Rule, Welsh Disestablishment, and a Suffrage Bill, manhood or adult, as the House may decide. Any one of these measures would take up the whole of an ordinary Session. But all of them must be introduced this year in order to render it possible to carry them in 1914. Each of them must be sent up thrice to the Upper Chamber before tl>e veto of the Lords ceases to be operative. Long before 1914 the Liberals will be cursing the Parlia- ment Act as a most efficient instrument for reinforcing the obstructive powers of the Peers. Yet even to this day there are Peers who persist in lamenting that Veto Act as the destruction of their order ! On the Woman's Suffrage cause The Position the Cabinet is hopelessly divided. Woman's°Sulfrage. ^Ir- Asquith and a minority of his colleagues regard the enfranchise- ment of women as fraught with disaster and danger to the State. Mr. Lloyd George, with Lord Haldane and Sir Edward Grey, regard the exclusion of women from citi/enbhip as a danger and disaster to tiie State. ihctefore the Cabinet throws the whole question on tlic table of the House, and asks the majority of its members to decide whether or not women arc to be permitted to vote. If a majority say Ay, .Mr. .•\squith and his minority will pocket their objections to the Bill, the Adult Suffrage Bill will become a (Government measure, and will be sent up to its inevitable fate in the House of Lords backed by the authority of the ("abinet. It is difficult to see what more Mr. Asquith could have done. Tiie militants, however, are very discontented ; but though they siriash windows they refuse to endorse the more drastic methods of one militant Amazon, who boasted that she had thrust lighted linen rags steeped in kerosene iiuo pillar letter-boxes. Mr. Lloyd George and Sir Ldward Grey have addressed a great jjublic meeting in favour of woman'.s suffiage. It is expected that Mr. Asquith will follow suit on the other side. As four hundred members of the House are said to be pledged to the principle of woman's suffrage it will be interesting to sec how many will refuse to vote for the amendment by which It is proposed to give legal effect to that principle. The byc-eleclions are going badly Tho Government f,,r ihc Government. They lost and tho v .1 » 1 • .1 r Byc-Eicciions. North Ayrshire on the Insurance Bill, as they lost South Somerset ; and their majority was pulled down at Govan from 2,040 to 980. The Government is " spending its majority like a gentleman." The relations between the Ministerialists and the Labour party are not so cordial as they ought to be. If the LTnionists would but drop Protection they might win the next general election. Even with that handicap they have a better chance than is pleasant to contemplate. Mr. Bonar Law is proving himself worthy of the position to which he has been called. Some scandal has been occasioned The Pope jn certain quarters by the Papal the Boycott. Decree of October 9th, published November loth, which declares that any Catholic who summons any ecclesiastical persons whatever to appear before a tribunal of laymen without permission from any ecclesiastical authority becomes ipso fafto excommunicated. Of course this s|)rings from the secular struggle of the (,'huich to assert an exclusive jurisdiction over all its priests, and as such a survival or revival it is naturally aljhorrent to the lay world of the twentieth century. But there is anotlier side to it which ought not to be forgotten. The Papal Decree is in reality an attempt to use the ecclesiastical boycott of excommunication in order to compel all C'atholics to arbitrate before they fight. It might b'j well if the State took a lea^ from the book of the Vatican and enacted a similar law on modern lines for the avoidance of unnecessary litigation. The Pope excommunicates all who summon clerics before a lay tribunal without the permission of a Bishoj) ; but by the circular of 1886 the Bishop is compelled to grant that permission providing that efforts have been made to arrive at an amicable settlement. The new Decree therefore only amounts to the excomnuinication of all laymen who take a priest into court without having first attempted to arrive at an amicable settlement. That law might very well be extended to all Christian men, whether lay or clerical. The threatened general railway strike has been averted. The Industi lal Wars. .1.1 1 • 1 ■ 1 „ threatened general miners strike has been postponed until on a ballot a majority of two-thirds of the adult miners has approved of this drastic measure. The voting will take place about Jan. 12. Short but somewhat angry strikes of carters at Newcastle and transport workers at Dundee were settled by the peacemaker .\skwith. The cotton trade in Lancashire was booming at the end of the year when the fair prospect of prosperity was suddenly overclouded by a strike ordered l)y the Union for the pur- H The Review of Reviews. pose of driving tiiree persons out of two mills. The ofTence of these persons was that they had left the Union to which they had previously belonged, alleging that they received no benefits commensurate with their subscriptions. The masters refused to obey the edict of the Union that rio non- unionists should be employed, and ordered a general lockout as a protest against the tyranny which denied the right to work to any man or woman who refused to contribute to the funds of the Union. The year, therefore, closes with nearly a quarter of a million men and women laid idle in order that three non- unionists may be punished by loss of employment for refusal to join the Union. While this is deplorable in itself, it is doubly deplorable for the prejudice it excites against trade unions, which, with all their shortcomings, have not only done great things for labour, but are our chief hope for the ultimate solution of our labour difficulties. Dynamite The sensational confession of the as a McNamaras, the chiefs of one of Method , ' . , . of the greatest American trade unions, Persuasion. that of the National Erectors Association, that they had deliberately used dynamite as a weapon of persuasion, brings out into clear light a^urvival of the criminal practices which fifty years ago gave Sheffield so bad a name. The particular outrage to which the McNamaras pleaded guilty " In the Silence of His Cell.' was the blowing up of the printing office of the Los Angeles Times, a non-union office, by which twenty non-unionist workmen lost their lives. Within the last few years there have been nearly a hundred disasters caused by dynamite explosions which were all more or less closely connected with disputes between the National Erectors Association and their employers. The Los Angeles Times office was blown up on October ist, 1910. Mr. AV. J. Burns, the famous American sleuth hound, a Transatlantic Sherlock Holmes, was placed on the trail, and on April 22nd, 191 1, John McNamara was arrested in Indianapolis and taken to Los Angeles to be tried for the crime. Organised labour rallied to his support, and every eftbrt was made to postpone his trial, first by challenging jurors, and then by corrupt- ing them. At last, however, when all the resources of obstruction and corruption had failed, John McNamara and his brother pleaded guilty. One was sentenced to life-long imprisonment, the other to fifteen years. The effect of their confession has been profound, and it is not unnatural that suspicion of complicity in similar outrages attaches to other labour leaders It is to be hoped that the lesson will not be thrown away upon leaders nearer home, whose methods of peaceful picketing often come danger- ously near organised terrorism. After a period of comparative Resurrection obscurity spent in 'the editorial of office of the Outlook Mr. Roose- ^' velt is once more to the front in American politics. He has taken the field against President Taft's Arbitration policy — a nice thing for a Nobel prize winner to do — and men are beginning to talk of him once more as the probable Republican candidate for the Presidency. Dr. Shaw, who is Mr. Roosevelt's personal friend and confidant, writing on this subject in the January number of the Review of Reviews of New York, says : — Mr. Roosevelt is a well-known citizen now in private life, enjoying perfect healtli and the full vifjour ofa man in his prime. Thi-ie is no ]).^ssil)le reason why he should nol accept the Republican nomination, if tlic parly desires lo confer it upon him. He has no machine behind him, whether local or national. He is not holdini^ out liis hat asking" for anything ; and if he were seckiny; the ndniinalion his very solicitude for it would bea good reason for refusing to let him have it. It is presumable that neither Mr. Roosevelt nor Justice Hughes desires lo be nominated. But either man is strong enough to take the responsibility if conferred. Men who are eagerly pushing their own claims for the Presidency show bad taste and douhilul fitness. Mr. Roosevelt never pushed himself for any high oflicc. The nomination would have come lo him again in 1908 if he h.ad not resisted il in every possible way. If it should come lo him in 1912 it will not be through any intiiguing on liis part, or through anything else except a yield- ing to the will of the Republican party. There can be no Thh Progress of the World. 15 reason whatever for consuUing Colonel Roosevelt as to his wishes or intentions. lie is in every sense available for the nomination if the Repuljlican pirty wants him. No statement of any kind is due from Co'onel Roosevelt, nor from any other available Republicin. Which means, I take it, that " Barkis is willin'." The Dominion I'arliainent reas- Borden, Laurier. sembles on January loth. The the Tariff. new Premier, iMr. Borden, has promised to introduce a Govern- ment resolution for the creation of a permanent tariff commission. Mr. Borden wishes to get the tariff question out of politics. In his friendly address at the dinner of the Canadian Society, held in New York on December 8th, the Canadian Pretnier asserted that, in his opinion, tlie reciprocity idea wasdead beyond resuscitation. This statement has been resented by the Liberals and ex-Premier Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who is stoutly leading the Opposition in Pai^liament. The defeat of reciprocity, Sir Wilfrid has publicly main- tained, was not due to a discussion of the question on its merits, but rather to appeals to anti-American prejudice and to Imperialistic and pro-British senti- ment. Therefore Sir Wilfrid intends to make the introduction of the Premier's tariff commission resolu- tion the occasion for opening the entire tariff (]uestion. In this way he hopes, to keep the reciprocity senti- ment active in the West. It is evident that the system of Justice for Blacks fying natives accused of offences ..,1...'''°!" I against white men or women in White Juries. i- .u ir- 11 1 > i u South Africa will have to be aban- doned if justice is to be done. An influential memorial from Rhodesia confirms the opinion ex- pressed by Lord Gladstone, and we shall probably sec trial by jury superseded by trial by judges. An interesting article on the need for the proposed change is quoted elsewhere from the Contemporary Keiinv. A correspondent in Johannesburg, who writes me cordially endorsing all that I said in my Open I>etter to White South Africans, says : — - I could tell you of the utter inability of the native to obtain justice in a court of la«' if the while man swears against him. \Vc missionaries have given up going with our people to the Law Courts — wc never gel even a hearing. Only yesterday twenty-four "t>oys" in a mine refused to work under an over- seer who hauti ^i.iiiil- i8 The Review of Reviews. IVesiminsier Gazette.'] I A Bit of the " Good Old Times." TO The House of Lords, led bv Lord Lansdo\\Tie, threw out the Naval Prize Bill. By />ef 7nission of the proprietors of ' ' Pitttch"'\ Ihe Wolf .hat Wouldn't. Red RlDlN'G Hoop (Mr. Lloyd George) : "Hullo, Granny ; hasn't he tried to eat you ? " GRANDMOTMliR {Insurance Bill) : " Xo— never even touched me." Red Riding Hood : " Good ! But all the same this isn't the story I've been lirought up on." ^ l\\:\t'ii!tisll MaUlanc, Sir Eil"Mnl (ircy, aii'l ^tr. l.lnyil (kuri^i- coiniu'ic lir i!ic Champioiisliip of Uie Women's Cause] MH-ITANT Suffragist : '• Now, Icl me see, wtiich of Ibese three is my bc^l friend, lliat I may l.url ;lie apple at him ?'" I uricA Peaceful Settlement in Morocco ! Kngland will gel ll-> "«" way nntfc U(;aiii and thai witlioul iisiii}; iIk "mailc|rii.|- t liii»lnuis in I. iror .of ilii- Soeialisl vicloriea anliiipated ii llic elections, 20 The Review of Reviews. Le Cri de Paris.'\ The Other Danger ! The European Powers are squabbling, and all the time the UH.] greater danger — the Yellow Peril — looms large in China. A Pleasant Prospect for 1912. [Berlin. Nrhltfall'r.] Uuiicli Return of the Lost Aunt " A Place in the Sun." AlI'MONSO :." i'or this once, dear l.ulalia, the only punishment John Hull does not yrudge his dear cousin a place in the will be the destruction o( your scribbles." sun ; it is silly of Michel to sit where he does I Current History in Caricature. c 21 It 'eitminstfr Gazette. \ The ' ' Carson " Stamp. Minneapolis ynumal.'\ What Will He Do With Them? Design for the "Carson" Penny Lister Republic Postage Stamp, as suiZiiested by Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M.P. tivty. ^mk f lM ^■j'^m^mm ^J:-. *tv.i •i.< t».i.« iu»n» Dotty Nnvt . 1 " Pity the Poor Balls." A cartouni^t's view of Diplomacy. f„Uitt Btattrr.y [Bctlin. The Greatest Talkers of 191 r. There were very few great spceclics in lyll, luil there was a lot of talking I Shakespeare. Columbus. Julius L.tsar Gutenberg. Dante. Dar'.viii. Stephenson. Homer. Aristotle. Franklin. Lincoln. Watt. ■^>s St. Paul. ^'Yf^.^ Socrates, Charlemagne. Luther. SOME OF THE GREATEST MEN OF HISTORY. 23 Who arc the Twenty Greatest Men? A SYMPOSIUM STARTED BY MR. ANDREW CARNEGIE. "Universal History, ihc history of wliat man lias accoiiipli>hetl in this worUi, is at boitoin the history of the Grtat Men who have norked here. They were the leaders of men, these threat ones ; the modellers, patterns, and in a wide sense creators, of whatsoever the general mass of men contrived to do or lo attain. All things that we see standing accomplished in Ihc world are properly the outer material result, the practical realisation and embodiment of thoughts that dwell in the Great Men sent into the world ; the soul of the whole world's history, it may jitslly be considered, were the history of these. . . . Great Men taken up in any way are profitable company. We cannot look, however imperfectly, upon a yreat man without i;aining something by him. He is the living light fountain which it is good and pleasant to be near." — CarlyWs Lcilures on Ifcroet anJ Hero- iVorshif. " Great men taken up in any way are profitable company " is the motto which I have prefi.xed to this article. But did ev6r any man born of wotiun address himself to the discovery of the twenty L;reate.st men in such extraordinary fashion as Mr. Andrew Carnegie, to whom, however, we owe a debt >f gratitude for raising a subject w'hich cannot be liscussed without profit? On Mr. Carnegie's seventy- fourth birthday he received, after the genial custom of .\nierica, representatives of the Press, to whom he discoursed u[)on the world and all the things that are therein. On that occasion he handed the represen- tatives of the Press for their amusement and edifica- tion a list of those wiiom he regarded as the twenty greatest men the human race had yet produced. As Mr. Carnegie has tlevoied many millions to the founding of libraries in order to make the history of the world accessible to the present generation, bis views as to who were the greatest men in the world's history are intensely interesting. They are not only a self-revelation of the man who is Andrew Carnegie, but they have acted as a challenge to ail others who difTered from him to produce their lists. I thought, therefore, I could hardly begin the new volume of the Review ok Review.s better than l)y instituting an inquiry among notable living men as to how far they endorse Mr. Carnegie's judgment. For this purpose I addressed myself in the first place to .\Ir. Frederic Harrison, who has the right to be regarded as the greatest authority on -the subject in the world of letters. He kindly undertook not only to draw lip a list of his own, but to start the symposium by general ob.servations explanatory of the reasons which .;uided him in his selection of the greatest. I sent a circular letter to about one hundred selected names, both in Kngland and on the Continent, Miying :— )Lxc\\ one has his' own idea of what constitutes true i;re.it- ■i'-s\ and probably no two men would agree in an attempt to lefinc it. May I ask you if you would be so good as lo glance over Ihc two lists enclosed, Mr. Andrew Carnegie's and Mr. Frederic Harrison's, and return it lo me with any omissions, additions, ir comments of your own? I adilrcssed this among others to all those who were named in the recent symposium held in the Strand Magitzine as to who were the ten greatest hving men. I ihouglit it would be extremely interest- ing if the greatest living men would let us know whom they regarded as the twenty greatest men in all history; but, as was to be feared, most of the living men were too busy to reply. It is not an easy task to draw up at a moment's notice a list of those whom you regard as the twenty greatest men, each of whom, in Carlyle's phrase, is a "living light fountain" whose rays illuminate the world. Mr. Carlyle's own selection of great men in his familiar lectures on Heroes and Hero Worship are as follows : — Odin, Robert Burns, Mahomet, Johnson, Dante, Rousseau, Shakespeare, Cromwell, Luther, Napoleon. Knox, It will be noticed that Carlyle does not give any place among his heroes to those who figure most conspicuously in Mr. Carnegie's list. Mr. Carnegie's List. 1. Shakespeare. 2. Morton, discoverer of ether. Jenner, discoverer of vaccination. Neilson, inventor of hot blast in manutacture of iron. Lincoln. Burns, the Scotch poet. Gutenberg, inventor of printing. Edison, applier of electricity. Siemens, inventor of water meter. Bessemer, inventor of steel process. Mushet, inventor of steel process. Columbus. Watt, iniproveiiK-nt on steam engine. Bell, inventor of teleijhone. Arkwright, inventor of cotton-spinning ma- chinery. Franklin, discoverer of electricity. Murdock, first to cmiiloy coal as illuminant. Hargreaves, inventor of spinning jenny. Stephenson, inventor of locomotive. 20. Symin.ijton, inventor of rotary engine. Mk. 1kei>ekic Harrison on His Lrsr. I was tickled by my friend ("arnegie's " List of Twenty (Ircatest Men," and it set me thinking on the principles whereon such a reasonable list should be framed. Not being myself a Scolo-.\merican iron- master, and having some interest in ancient histoiy and literature, 1 am not sittisficd with a selection 4- 7- 8. 9- 10. 1 1 1 2. 15 16, I?. 18 19. 24 The Review of Reviews. which has no name older than Ciutcnbeig and Columbus, and includes three names that I never heard of. I hope that Homer, Aristotle, Charle- magne, and Dante are not excluded from the Carnegie Libraries. And if we once begin to insert the authors of niodern mechanical inventions, where shall we stop ? and where do automobiles and aero- planes come in, or Marconigrams and kinemato- graphs, nay, even fountain pens, gramophones, antipon, and pink pills — and all the damnable dodges invented to make us all go faster, work harder, and worry each other worse than man was ever worried before ? We must start witii Moses, Homer, Aristotle, and Archimedes, i.e., the obvious types of early priestly civilisation, ancient poetry, ancient philosophy, science, logic, and sociology, ancient geometry, and mechanics. The effect of these four founders lives and works still. From the point of view of European civilisation, Moses is thejiatural representative of theocratic socielies. Even if Lord Rosebery and Mr. Gosse were to succeed in burnuigthe Pentateuch, copies would still turn up, and no one can deny that the ideas and the races represented in the Old Testament are not quite obsolete. Nor is Homer obsolete — or why all this pother at Cxford about Greek ? If Ruskin and some clergymen prefer Plato to Aristotle, men of a scientific and general culture still honour Aristotle as " the master of those who know," as Dante hails him. No trained mind doubts how indispensable to all scientific jirogress was Greek geometry, or that Archimedes was its most astounding genius. The most creative spirit of the ancient world, the founder of the mighty Empire of Rome, out of wliich all media;val civilisation rose, was Julius Cajsar; and so Charles the Great was the primeval founder of modern Europe. As Jesus Christ is obviously /lors coficours, St. Paul is the true founder of Christianity as a doclrine. And as truly Dante is the founder of European literature. Why Mr. Carnegie ignores the Gospel, and prefers Burns to Dante and Milton, we cannot understand. 'J'he next two names, Gutenberg and Shakespeare, are in his list, and, of course, in everybody else's list. Here are ten names (half the whole), and I challenge any competent historian to show that they must not be counted in the twenty "greatest." You may say, Wiiy, these are Comtc's "Saints!" Yes! they are the first ten names in the Positivist Calendar. Does anyone supjiose that I am going to talk about great men without reference to our " Calendar of 558 Worthies," on which I spent some good years of my life ? 15ut Comte's list was drawn up seventy or eighty years ago, and was expressly designed " for the nineteenth century " alone. I am not at all a slave to it, and it obviously cannot serve for the futuie So I have no hesitation in using my free judgment lor die remaining ten names. Columbus must stand for the beginning of the vast American New World. William the Silent, Richelieu, and I'rederic the Great represent the creators of three nations. Cromwell was as great a man, but he was a revolutionist rather than a founder, and I v/iil not insert our own hero. Newton will be everywhere accepted as the type of all modern physical science, and Franklin is perhaps the earliest and best knovi'n name in the enormous range of electrical invention. And Watt is obviously the natural representa- tive of steam power with all its consequences. With about one-seventh of our twenty names already devoted to modern mechanical inventions, I am not prepared to follow our multi-millionaire Iron-Lord in adding more inventors. Modern mechanical improvements are made up of a series of gradual development of known forces, and there are now before us some scores of nearly equal merit and of possible utility. For myself I am far from clear that gas, telephones, motors, rotary engines, wood- pulp, and aeroplanes have added at all to human happiness or to our moral education. Washington, of course, is founder of U.S.A. For modern science I select Darwin as having revolutionised modern biology ; and for modern philosophy I naturally insist on claiming Auguste Comte — [" King Charles' Head " be—]. Here is my List of Twenty. Frederic Harrison. Mr. Frederic Harrison's Li.st. 1. Moses, early theocratic civilisation. 2. Homer, ancient poetry. 3. Aristotle, ancient philosophy. 4. Archimedes, ancient science. 5. Julius CcCSar, the Roman Empire. 6. St. Paul, Apostle of Christianity. 7. Charlemagne, founder of European State System. 8. Dante, father of modern poetry. 9. Gutenberg, inventor of typography. 10. Shakespeare, greatest of modern poets. 11. Columbus, discoverer of the American world. 12. William the Silent, founder of Holland. 13. Richelieu, founder of modem France. 14. Frederic the Great, founder of Prussian State. 15. Newton, founder of modern astronomy and physics. 16. Franklin, discoverer of electric forces. 17. Watt, inventor of steam-power machines. 18. Washington, founder of the United States. 19. Darwin, founder of new science. 20. Comte, founder of the Positive Philosophy. Eari, Grev. Earl Grey writes : — " You ask me for my opinion on Mr. .Andrew Carnegie's and Mr. Frederic Harrison's lists of the twenty greatest men. " I am not prepared at a moment's notice to send you a final selection of the men who appear to me to Who are ihi- Twenty Greatest Men 25 1)0 the twenty greatest men in ilie history of the world, hut no list would satisfy me unless it included — "(i) Chatham, who was the first man to realise that the future of the British Empire was on the other side of the Atlantic : " (2) Alexander Hamilton, who gave us the Federal principle ; " (3) Robert Owen, the Father of Co-operation and Co-partnership ; " (4) Mazzini, who warned the working men of his and all successive generations to distrust any leader who spoke to them of their ' rights ' and not of their ' duty." "I cannot think at the present moment of any four men whose inspiration and ideals are more wanted as a remedy for our present ills." SoMi; Criticisms and Suggestions. Among those who have answered my letter asking ihem to contribute to the symposium upon the subject I have had several letters from notables, who have excused tiiemselves on one ground and another. For instance. Lord Rosebery, who is as well qualified as anyone in the world to draw up a list, declares that it " would require a more complete knowledge of history and a clearer definition of the word ' great ' than I am prepared to give." Lord Rayleigh, although much interested in the rival lists, did not see his way to draw up one of his own, but he says Clalileo and F'araday are hard to pass over, and why should not sculpture, painting, and music be represented as well as poetry ? Sir John Gorst declined to draw up any list, on the ground that history did not afford materials for forming ah adequate judgment as to the comparative greatness of our fellow-creatures. Maarten Maartens writes : " Vou have started well. Your man of money remembered only men of metal ; your philosopher ignores Beethoven and Rembrandt.' -You will easily attain the object set forth in your accompanying letter, and i)rove— but was the thing really worth proving i"— that the world knows nothing of its greatest men." A brother Scot, whom I regard as the most typical Scotsman of our time, wrote saying he felt it would he " painting the lily " to touch Mr. Carnegie's list. He says : — Tliouclils fluicil lliimjt;li my mincj as I read it. The first one W.1S rather meanly cynical, but it did come: Some of .Mr. CnrncKle's greatest of mankind arc tho>c who have helped him most 'o amas.s his millions I That is rather mean, 1 fear; but is it not true t Then I Ihoiiyht of Tennyson's call to work our souls as nobly .IS our iron, and perceived that Mr. Carnegie had not heeded it. When I noticed the yreal disproportion of spiritual to mechanical, I could not help saying : What a poor halfpenny- worth of bread to all this/uick I And, lazily, it appears lo me that, according to .Mr. Carnegie, religion is im element in human greatness. 'I'he list was rather mcliiiicholy reading. Dk. Alfred R. \\ali,..\(je. Our greatest modern man of science is Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, who almost tied with Darwin in the discovery of the great principle which has been the inspiration of modern science. He does not enter into the subject at the same length as Mr. Frederic Harrison, but he makes the very practical suggestion that in compiling lists of great men they should be arranged in chronological order. If this is done it will be found that eleven out of Mr. Carnegie's list of twenty greatest men were born in the eighteenth century, and none were born before the fifteenth. Dr. Wallace writes : — " Mr. Carnegie's list of the twenty greatest men is the most preposterous I have ever seen ! I can only retain one of them— namely, Shakespeare. I daresay I should alter mine a good deal if I had more time to give to it. I take ' great- ness ' to apply to chanukr more than to any one or more striking or useful discoveries which have often been made by very small — and what a Yankee might call a ' one-horse ' man. The great difficulty is that around any one supremely great man there is a cluster of others almost as great, who might almost monopolise the whole twenty, as in the case of Socrates and Michaelangelo. I think my list fairly shows the different types of greatness. Scott, Dickens, and R Owen will be most objected toj but 1 could give very good reasons for including each of them. I think Jenner in Mr. Cartiegie's list is perhaps the very smallest of over-estimated men. Both Columbus and Lincoln seem to me second- rate." Homer, loth or i uh century B.C Buddha, 5th century B.C. Pericles, about 490 B.C. Phidias, about 490 B.C. Socrates, about 469 B.C. Alexander the Great, B.C. 356— B.C. 323 Archimedes, B.C. 287— B.C. 212. Jesus of Nazareth. Alfred the Great, 849 — 901. Michael Angelo, 1475— 1564. Shakespeare, 1564— -1616. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Swedenborg, 1688 — 1772. Washington, 1732—1799. Walter Scott, 1771— 1832. Robert Owen of Lanark, 1771— 1858. Faraday, 1791 — 1867. Darwin, 1809 — 1882. Charles Dickens, 1812- -1870. Tolstoi, 1828— 1910. • Princi'. von Bt low. One of the most interesting lists which Mr. Carnegie's bold challenge to the world has jjroduced is that of Prince von Biilow, the late Imperial Chancellor of (Germany, who frotn his charming retreat in Rotiie has sent me his list of the twenty greatest men, moved thereto by his remembrance of the pleasant 26 The RiiviHVV or RkvU'WS. conversation which he IkhI with Mr. Carnegie some years ago when he met iiim at Kiel. Prince von Bi.ilow says : — " Naturally you can have many different views of 'greatness.' 'I'he answer to your question will always be an individual one, according to the habits and sentiments of the person in question." It will Ije noted with some interest that seven of die following list are products of Protestant Germany. Heraclitus of Ephesus, 5th century B.C. Aeschylus, B.C. 525— B.C. 456. Hannibal, B.C. 247 -B.C. 183. Julius Cassar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. St. Paul, I St century. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 — 15 19. Luther, 1483 — 1546. Shakespeare, 1564 — 161 6. Richelieu, 1585 — 1642. Frederick the Great, 1712 — 1786. Kant, 1724 — 1804. Goethe, 1749 — 1832. Nelson, 1758— 1805. Pitt, 1759 — 1806. Napoleon, 1769 — 1821. Moltke, 1800 — 1891. Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. Cavour, 1810 — 1861. Richard Wagner, 1813— 1883. Bismarck, 1815— 1898. Among the lists sent me two are notable from their contrast. The first is Sir Harry Johnston, the well- known traveller and Pro-Consul, who is dominated by a strong animus against the Old Testament. The other, the Rev. Dr. John Cliftbrd, the foremost Non- conformist in England, m.iy be regarded as the typical product of the Puritan culture which is largely based upon the Old Testament. Sir Harry John.stun Sir Harry Johnston writes : " This a fascinating subject, stimulating to the imagination and delight- fully provocative of combativeness. One's first instinct is to e.xpunge from the list the greatest men of other competitors, and to put forward someone that no other partici[)ant in this best of parlour games has ever thought of — some Quetzal Coatl, some leader of Mongols, conqueror of inner Africa, or author of ' Arabian Nights,' or the founder of the French Revolu- tion. It argues well for the convincing greatness of Shakespeare (a miracle of ins[)iration if there ever was a miracle or any divine aftlatus in the world), Dante, Columbus, and Abraham Lincoln, that they are in so many lists, even of people who try to think for themselves. " In drawiiig up my own list I have excluded unhistorical, mythical, or semi-mythical personages, whether or not the legends about them exercised any influence on the evolution of man's th;iught, morality, or actions. .Aijart from this, I doubt whether tlie boresome ])ersonality of Moses (as depicted in Hebrew legends^ really had much influence oil hu.nan history ; and still less effect in the way of things that count was produced by the poetry ascribed to Homer. On the other hand, the conquests of that demi-god and semi-devil, Alexander of Macedon, have had an immense and far-reaching — and, on the whole, bene- ficial— effect on Western Asia, Egypt, and India. Naturally my selection is not composed of men and women— (.\nd why do so many of your correspondents forget women?)— whose lives have been irreproach- able from the point of view of the morality of Twentieth Century Europe ; but they are at any rate persons who by action or the inspiration of ideas or publication of inventions have reacted profoundly and beneficially on human progress. I have excluded mere destroyers like Muhammad and Jenghiz Khan ; yet even these destroyers did some good — got rid of rubbish, broke down barriers, created nations, implanted hopes. I feel .some compunction at having omitted Muhammad and even Tipiur, and, still more, Oliver Cromwell. In the case of the first and last ot these three that wait without the gate of our Valhalla, it is mainly my dislike of dogmatic religion and passionate love of scientific research which influence me, and the doubt in my mind whether either effected any permanent good. Oliver did, but is he not too purely a national and not a world-wide hero ? " Buddha, 5th century B.C. Alexander the Great, B.C. 356 — B.C. 323. Aristotle, B.C. 384— B.C. 322. Julius Caesar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. Jesus the Christ. Paul of Tarsus. Charlemagne, 742 — 814. Dante Alighieri, 1265 — 1321. Gutenberg, 1400— 1468. Joan of Arc, 1412 — 1431. Columbus, 1435 — 1506. Michael Angelo, 1475 — 1564. Galileo, 1564 — 1642. Shakespeare, 1564 — 161 6. Isaac Newton, 1642 — 1727. Benjamin Franklin, 1706 — 1790. James ^^'att, 1736 — 1819. Abraham Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. Charles Darwin, 1809 — 1882. Sir James Simpson, 181 1 — 1879. Dk, Ci.ii-fokd. " Human life, in my judgment, has been ruled bv ideas ; but through the men in whom those iiiea's found their earliest and most fruitful incarnation. Hence the standard of judgment I take must be the ([uality and character of the ideas promulgated and the energy and efficiency with which they have got to work in the lives of men. " Following this line, Abraham lakes high rank for his courage in going into exile in obedience to a fresh conception. Next comes Moses, the most formative in building the Hebrew Commonwealth, Who arh THi' Twenty (iRF.atest Mf.n? 27 md after him Jfremiah in iniliatinu; a spiiiwal rcvoluiioii in the Hebrew religion. " From Greece come Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Pericles ; from Rome Julius Caesar ; and then follows that wondrous embodiment of the best of Greece and Rome, and of Christianity, the Apostle Paul. "The New World comes into being with Columbus, and the Renaissance finds its religious and ethical issues in Majtin Luther. "'l"o Gutenberg is assigned the primacy in the distribution of ideas. 'I'he ' myriad-minded ' Shake- speare wins the vote in literature. John Smyth is the discoverer of the modern doctrine of Liberty of Con- science, and Cromwell pioneered its ultimate sway in politics. Newton, Franklin, Watt, and Stephenson lake their place without ([uestion as leaders of the changes etlected by the study of the heavens and the earth, by electricity and by steam and locomotion. D.irwi-n Supplies a new reading of the world of life, and prepares for radical and far-reaching changes in theology and history, in politics and religion." Abraham, B.C. 2153. Moses, 15th century B.C. Jeremiah, B.C. 580. Pericles, about 490 B.C. Socrates, B.C. about 469. Plato, B.C. 427. .Vristotle, B.C. 384 — B.C. 322. Julius Cai.sar, B.C. too— B.C. 44. Paul. Gutenberg, .\. i>. 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — 1506. Luther, 1483 — 1546. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. John Smyth, 1570—1612. Cromwell, 1599—1658. Newton, 1642 -1727. Franklin, 1706 — 1790. Watt, 1736 — 1819. Stephenson, 1781 — 1848. Darwin, 1809—1882. Thk Skcrkiarv of the Free Church Councii,. .Another leading Free Churchman who has com- piled a list of the twenty greatest men is the Rev. F. B. Meyer, Secretary of the Free Church Council, who says: " 'I'here is an ambiguity in the word •greatest.' Does it mean those who conferred the greatest utilitarian benefits on the world, or those whose moral character and influence have tended to the uplift of humanity ? A man who is the author of a mechanical iiivention docs not seem to me to be necessarily a great man." Moses, 15th century B.C. Cyrus, B.C. 590— B.C. 529. Confucius, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479. Sakya-muni (Buddha), 5th century B.C. Plato, B.C. 427. Juli-.is Cx-sar, B.<'. 100 — B.C. 44. Paul, A. 1 1. 1st century. Charlemagne, A.D. 742 — 814. Bernard, St., 1091 — 1153. Francis d'.Assisi, 1182 — 1226. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Columbus, 1435 — 15°6- Luther, 1483— 1546. Xavier, 1506 — 1552. ■" Shakespeare, 1564 — 16 16. Galileo, 1564— 1642. Cromwell, 1599—1658. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. Livingstone, 1813 — 1873. Mr. Walter Crane. Mr. Walter Crane in sending his list — which con- tains only one name on Mr. Carnegie's list and foiir on Mr. Frederic Harrison's — points out that it is impossible absolutely to decide who are the twenty greatest, especially as many of the greatest men remain anonymous. Mr. Crane writes : " I should be inclined to add to the twenty greatest men the un- known discoverer of the wheel, including the potter's wheel, the inventor of spinning and weaving, and of the plough and spade." /I'^sop, about 620 B.C. — 560 B.C. Cincinnatus, about 520 B.C. — 435 B.C. Phidias, about 490 B.C. Socrates, about 469 B.C. Aristotle, 384 B.C.— 322 B.C. Lucretius, 98 B.C.— 55 B.C. Alfred the Great, 849—901. Roger Bacon, 12 14 — 1292. Dante, 1265 — 132 1. Giotto, 1276 — 1336. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 — 15 19. Albert Durer, 1471 — 1528. Michael Angelo, 1475 --T564. Sir Thomas .More, 1478 — 1535. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Galileo, 1564— 1642. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Shelley, 1792 — 1822. Darwin, 1809— 1882. Karl NLar.x, 1818 -1883. Sir W. B. Richmond. Cheops (Pyramid builder). Totinus, the inventor of the s[)inning wheel. Moses, 15th century B.C. Homer, loth or nth century B.C. l^ycurgus, about 820 B.C. Pheidias, 5th century B.C. Plato, 427 B.C. Aristotle, B.C. 384— B.C. 322. Julius Ca2sar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. Alfred (KHig), 849 — 901. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Columbus, 1435 — 1506. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 — 15 19. Michael Angelo, 1475 — 1564. 28 The Review of Reviews. Shakespeare, 1564 — 161 6. Milton, 1608 — 1674. Sebastian Bach, 1685 — 1750. Beethoven, 1770 — 1827. Darwin, i8og — 1882. Lord Avebukv. Moses, 15th century B.C. Homer, loth or nth century B.C. Confucius, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479. Buddha, 5th century B.C. Plato, 427 B.C. Aristotle, B.C. 384 — B.C. 322. Julius Cffisar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. "St. Paul. St. John. Epictetus, about A.D. 60. Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 121— 180. Charlemagne, 742 — 814. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — 7506. Luther, 1483 — 1546. F. Bacon, 1561 — 1626. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Darwin, 1809 — 1882. Sir Frederick Treves. The engineer who built the Pyramids. The man who first made implements out of bronze. Homer, loth or nth century B.C. Aristotle, B.C. 384 — B.C. 322. Archimedes, B.C. 287 — B.C. 212. Julius Caesar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. Charlemagne, 742 — 814. Dante, 1265 — 132 1. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — ^S°^- Sir Francis Drake, 1545 — 1596. Shakespeare, 1564 — 161 6. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Franklin, 1706— 1790. Frederick the Great, 1712 — 1786. Watt, 1736— 1819. Lord Nelson, 1758 — 1805. Stephenson, 1781 — 1848. Darwin, 1809 — 1882. Lord Lister, founder of antiseptic surgery, 1). 1827. Some Editors' Lists. M. Jean Finot, the editor of Let licvui\ Paris, writes : "As for Mr. Carnegie, his great men seem to he those who aided in the creation of his fortune. All those who make for the glory and iieauty of human beings are lacking from his list. Here is my list, which appears to embrace the whole of human life : -■ Homer, loth or ntli century B.C. Socrates, about 469 B.C. riato, 427 B.C. Aristotle, B.C. 384- Jesus Christ. Dante, 1265- — 132 i. -B.C; 322. Copernicus, 1473—7543. Michael Angelo, 7475 — 7564. Shakespeare, 7564 — 7676. Moliere, 7622 — 1672. Spinoza, 7632 — 1677. Voltaire, 7694 — 7778. v Kant, 7724 — 7804. Fulton, 7765 — 7875. Beethoven, 7770 — 7827 Stephenson, 7781 — 7848. Victor Hugo, 7802 — 1885. Rousseau, 7812 — 7867. Pasteur, 7822 — 7895. Edison, b. 1847. Sir W. Robertson Nicoll, of the British Weekly, sends the following brief criticism of the two lists : — ■ " It appears to me that a man may do great things w'ithout being in any way great himself. This applies to some very clever and fortunate inventors. Mr. Carnegie's list is mainly made up of successful in- ventors, though he finds space for Shakespeare, Burns, and Lincoln. I think it very strange that neither Mr. Carnegie nor Mr. Harrison should mention Plato. As a great man who did great things there can be few comparable to Sir Walter Scott. We have his Journals and we have his Novels. We know what he did, and we know what he was." Mr. W. L. Courtney, the editor of the Fortnightly Rcvieiv, sends the following list : — Homer, roth or nth century B.C. Buddha, 5th century B.C. Plato, 427 B.C. Aristotle, 384 B.C.— 322 B.C. Julius Caasar, 100 Ij.C. — 44 B.C. St. Paul. Mahomet, 577 — 632. Charlemagne, 742 — 814. Dante, 7265 — 7327. Gutenberg, 7400 — 7468. Columbus, 7435 — 1506. Shakespeare, 7564 — 1616. Descartes, 7596 — 7650. Cromwell, 1599 — 7658. Newton, 7642 — 1727. Peter the Great, 1672 — 1725. Kant, 7724 — 1804, Napoleon, 7769 — 1827. Stephenson, 7787 — 1848. Darwin, 1809 — 7882. Lists of Men of Business. The only American who has contributed to the symposium at the present time is Mr. Gordon Selfridge, whose list is as follows : — Mr. Gordon Sei, fridge. Confucius, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479. Socrates, B.C. 470. Who are the Twenty Greatest Men? 29 Alexander the Great, B.C. 356— B.C. 323. Julius CKsar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44- Mohaninied, A.D. 571—632. Charlemagne, 742—814. Alfred the Great, 849—901. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Ciutenherg, 1400 — 1468. Columl.us, 1435 — '506. Lorenzo de Medici, 1448 — 1492. Michael Angelo, 1475 — 1564. Akbar, 1542 — 1605. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Oliver Cromwell, 1599 — 1658. Washington, 1732 — 1799. - Goethe, 1749 — 1832. Napoleon, 1769 — 1821. Stephenson, 1781 — 1848. Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. ' Mr. Selfridge deplores that the list is limited to twenty, and maintains that he would have done a much better list if he had been allowed to name lifty. Sir Joseph Lyons. Adam, who started the whole game. Noah, the first shipbuilder. Alfred the Great, A.D. 849 — 901. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Copernicus, 1473 — 1543. Martin I uther, 1483 — 1546. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Harvey, 1578— 1657. Cromwell, 1599 — 1658. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Franklin, 1706 — 1790. George Stephenson, "1781 — 1848. Beaconsfield, 1804 — 1881. Ferdinand de Lesseps, 180:; 1894. Sir Robert .NLicClure, 1807 — 1873. Darwin, 1809 — 1882. .Abraham Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. Dickens, 181 2 — 1870. King Edward, 1841 — 1910. Fdi>on, 1847. Marconi, 1874. Sir J.\mes Reckitt. Moses, 15th century B.C. Buddha, 51! ■ century B.C. ("onfucius, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479. Socrates, about 469 B.C. Julius Cxsar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. I'aul of Tars\is, ist century'. .Mahomet, 571-632. .Alfred the Gr^'at, 849 — 901. Dante, 1265- -1321. Giotli, 1276 1336. Van Eyck, 1366 — ;426. Columbus, 1435 — '506- NLirtin Luther, 1483 — 1546. Lord Bacon, 1561--1626. Oliver Cromwell, 1599 — 1658. John Milton, 1608— 1674. '1 Sir Isaac Newton, 1642 — 1727. George Washington, 1732 — 1799. Lord Lister, discoverer of aseptic treatment, 1827. Marconi, 1874. Mk. IsR.\EL Z.\N C.WILL. Mr. Israel Zangwill found himself in agreement with Mr. Carnegie in only two names— Shakespeare and Lincoln. Mr. Zangwill says: "No doubt his inventors have had great influence on civilisation, but to have great influence is not the same thing as to be a great man. Indeed, I should put Mr. Carnegie himself, with his work for peace and literature, before quite a ntmiber of his twenty." Moses, 15th century B.C. Homer, loth or nth century B.C. Confucius, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479. Buddha, 5th century B.C. Julius Caesar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. Jesus of Nazareth. Socrates, about 469. Mahomet, 571 — 632. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Michael Angelo, 1475 — 15^4. Shakespeare, 1564 — t6i6. Velasquez, 1599 — 1660. Voltaire, 1694 — 1778. Washington, 1732 — 1799. Goethe, 1749 — 1832. Napoleon, 1769 — 1821. Beethoven, 1770 — 1827. Emerson, 1S03 — 1882. Lincoln, 1809— 1865. Browning, 181 2 — 1889. Mr. Saint Nihal Singh. Mr. Saint Nihal Singh, the well-known Sikh journalist, has compiled a list of his own, which is based upon the idea of including only the names of those who discovered principles rather than those who merely made practical use of the discoveries of others. Mr. Singh says he is not content with a category that commences with the progenitors of the Jewish and Grecian civilisations, and he thinks that both Mr. Frederic Harrison and Mr. Carnegie's lists are defective on account of the individual bias and the conceit peculiar to the while man. He says he in- cludes " two names which may cause comment. One of these is Macaulay, whom I consider to be the maker of modern India. The other is Booker T. Washington, who has done more to inspire self- confidence, self-respect, and sell-lK-lp in the coloured man and woman than any ulhcr human being." Manu. Moses, 15th century B.(^". Homer, loth or nth century B.C. Confucius, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479. Gautama Buddha, 5th century B.C. Alexander the Grc.il, B.C. 356 — B.C. 525. Christ. so The RiiViEw of Reviews. Epictetus, ist centiirv. Mahomet, 571 — 63 j. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — 1506. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. FrankHn, 1706 — 1790. Frederick the Great, 17 12— 1786. Watt, 1736 — 1819. Stephenson, 1781 — 1848. Macaulay, maker of modern India, 1800 — 1850. Darwin, 1809 — 1882. Morton, discoverer of ether, 19th century. Booker T. Washington, born about 1858. Major B. Baden-Puwicll. The only soldier who has responded to the appeal to draw up a list is Major B. Baden-Powell, who I)refaces his li^t with the following remarks : — " All depends upon whether the ' Greatest Men ' are those whose individuality is pre-eminent, or whose work has had the greatest influence on humanity. The latter may be for good or evil. It may make men belter, as with founders of religions. It may further civilisation, as with the chief inventors, or it may merely affect political organisations, as with generals and politicians. Probably there were pn-historic celebrities quite equal to any. One of the greatest of inventions, if it were made, was the method of kindlinr, fire." Solomon, about 1015 — 977 B.C. Confucius, B.C. 551—479 B.C. Buddha, 5th century B.C. Alexander the Great, B.C. 356 — B C. 323. Julius Cajsar, B.C. ioo-~B.C. 44. Mahomet, 571 — 632. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — 15°6. Raleigh, 1552 — 1618. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Galileo, 1564 — 1642. Sir Isaac Newton, 1642 — 1727. Frederick the Great, 17 12 — 1786. Cook, Captain, 1728 1779. Walt, 1736— 181 9. Napoleon, 1769 — 1821. Stephenson, 1781 — 1848. Wheatstone, 1802 — 1875. Kelvin, 1824- -1907. ScANiii.s'AviAN Lists. First Court Chaplain of Swedkn, the Bishop ok lunu, gotit'riu bili.ing. Augustinus, 354—430. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — 1506. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 — 1519. Rapiiael, 1483 — 1520. Luther, 1483 — 1546. Shakespeare, 1564 -1616 Newlon, 1642 — 1727. Franklin, 1706 --1790. Carl von Linne (Linnaeus), 1707 — 1778. Kant, 1724 — 1804. Jenner, 1749 — 1823. Beethoven, 1770 — 1827. Stephenson, 1781 — 1848. John Ericsson, 1803— 1889. Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. Bessemer, 181^ — 1898. Bell, 1847. Edison, 1847. Morton, 19111 century. The Lord A.mtiquarv of Sv^eden, Member of the' Swedish Academv of Science, Professor Oscar Montelius. Gutenbeig, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435 — 1506. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 — 1519. - Michael Angelo, 1475 — ^S^4- Ra])hael, 1483 — 1520. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Swedenborg, 1688 — 1772. Franklin, 1706 — 1790. Carl von Linne, 1707 — 1778. Burns, 1759 — 1796. Symington, 1763 — 1831. Jenner, 1749 — 1823. Murdock, 1754 — 1839. Stephenson, 1781 — ^848, Lincoln, 1809 — 1865. Bessemer, 1813 — 1898. Victor Rydberg, 1828—1895. Bell, 1847. Edison, 1847. Norway : Mr. Chr. L. Lange's List. Socrates, about 469 B.C. Caesar, B.C. 100 — B.C. 44. Jesus. Benedict de Nursia, 480—544. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468. Columbus, 1435^1506. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 — 1519. Giordano Bruno, 1548—1600. Shakesjieare, 1564 - 1616. Newton, 1642 — 1727. Kant, 1724— 1804. Washington, 1732—1790. Watt, 1736—1819. Goethe, 1749-^1832. H. Chr. Orsted. Darwin, 1809— 1882. W. E. Gladstone, 1809 — 1898. Pasteur, 1822 — 1895. Bjornson, 1832 — mio. ludging by the opinion of the majority of the contributors to the symposium the twenty greatest men of history are as follows: — Will) ARE THE Twenty (^ri^atest Men? 31 SilAKESPCARC xrcatcit of modern pods COLUMBUS, diicoicrcr of America JULIUS C/eSAR. the Roman Empire GUTENBERG, ioventor of typosraphy NEWTON, founder of modern aatroooniy • nd pbytics DANTE, falhcr of modern poetry OARWIN. founder of new seieace ... STEPHENSON, innnlor of loeonoliie HOMER, ancient poetry BUDDHA, founder o' Buddhism ARISTOTLE, ancient philosophy .. MICHAEL ANCELO. painter, sculptor FRANKLIN, diseovercr of electric forces ABRAHAM LINCOLN MOSES, early theocratic civilisatiois SOCRATES. Athenian philosopher J5T PAUL. Apostle of Christianity WATT inventor of steam-power machines CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher CHARLEMAGNE, founder of Earop> Heraclitus of Ephesus, 5ih century B.C. , 32 The Review of Reviews. Pericles, about 490 B.C. Phidias, about 490 B.C. ... Socrates, about 469 B.C. Plato, B.C. 42> Arisiotle, B.C. 384— B.C. 322 Alexander the Great, B.C. 356— B.C. Arrhimedes, B.C. 287 — B.C. 212 Hannil)al, B.C. 247— B.C. 183 ... Julius Cresar, B.C. jog — B.C. 44 Lucretius, B.C. 98 — -B.C. 55 Jesus of Nazareth St. John St. Paul of Tarsus, ist century Epictetus, about 60 A.D. iVLircus Aurelius, 121 — 180 Augustinus, 354—430 ... Benedict de Nursia, 480 — 544 Mahomet, 571 — 631 Charlemagne, 742 — 814 ... Alfred the Great, 849—901 St. Bernard, 1091 — 1153 Francis d'Assisi, 1182 — 1226 Roger Bacon, 12 14 — 1292 Dante, 1265 — 1321 Giotto, 1276 — 1336 Van Eyck, 1366 — 1426 ... Gutenberg, 1400 — 1468 ... Joan of Arc, 1412 — 1431 Columbus, 1435 — 1506 ... Lorenzo de Medici, 1448 — 1492 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 —1519 Albert Diirer, 1471^1528 Copernicus, 1473—1543... Michael Angelo, 1475 — 1564 Sir Thomas More, 1478 — 1535 Raphael, 1483 — 1520 Luther, 1483 — 1546 Xavier, 1506— 1552 William the Silent, 1533 1584 Akbar, 1542 — 1605 Sir Francis Dralce, 1545 — 1596 Giordano Bruno, 1548 — 1600 Raleigh, 1552 — 1618 Lord Francis Bacon, 1561 — 16: Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616 Galileo, 1564 — 1642 John Smyth, 1570 — 161 2 Harvey, 7578—1657 Richelieu, 1585 — 164? ... Descartes, 1596 -1650 ... Oliver Cromwell, 1599 1658 Vela.squez, 1599 1660 ... Milton, 1608 -1674 Molil're, 1622 — 1672 Spinoza, 1632 — 1677 Sir Isaac Newton, 1642 — 1727 Peter the Great, 1672 — 1725 J, Sebastian Bach, 1685 — 1750 Swedenborg, 1688 — 1772 No. of Votes. 2 6 9 5 3 I 14 I 6 I 8 2 I I I 6 7 6 I I I 13 2 I 14 I 16 I 6 I 3 9 14 Voltaire, 1694 1 77S Franklin, 1706 — 1790 Carl von Linne (Linnreus), 1707 — 1778 Chatham, 1708— 1778 ... Frederick the Great, 1712 — 1786 Hargreaves, about 1720 — 1778 Kant, 1724 — 1804 Captain Cook, 1728 — 1779 Arkwright, 1732 — 1792 ... Washington, 1732 — 1799 Watt, 1736— 1819 Jenner, 1749 — 1823 Cioethe, 1749 — 1832 Murdock, 1754 — 1839 ... Hamilton, 1757 — 1804 ... Lord Nelson, 1 758—1805 Burns, 1759 — 1796 William Pitt, 1759 — 1806 Symington, 1763 — 1831 ... Fulton, 1765 — 1815 Napoleon, 1769 — 1821 ... Beethoven, 1770 — 1827 ... Walter Scott, 1771 — 1832 Robert Owen of Lanark, 17 71 — 1858 Mushet, 1772— 1847 Stephenson, i 781— 1848... Faraday, 1791 — 1867 P. B. Shelley, 1792--1822 Comte, 1798 — 1857 Macaulay, 1800 — 1859 ... Moltke, 1800 — 1 89 1 Wheatstone, 1802 — 1875 Victor Hugo, 1802 — 1885 Emerson, 1803 — 1882 John Ericsson, 1803 — 1889 Lord Beaconsfield, 1804 — 18J Mazzini, 1805 — 1872 Ferdinand de Lesseps, 1805 — 1894 Sir Robert McClure, 1807 — 1873 Lincoln, 1809 — 1865 Darwin, 1809 -1882 W. E. Gladstone, 1809 — 18^8 Cavour, 1810 — 1861 Simpson, Sir James, 1811 — 1879 Rousseau, 181 2 — 1867 ... Charles Dickens, 181 2 — 1870 Robert Browning, 181 2 — 1889 Livingstone, 1813 1873 Richard Wagner, 1813 — 1883 Bessemer, 1813^18.58 ... Bismarck, 1815 — 1898 ... Karl Marx, 1818— 1883 ■•• Pasteur, 7822—1895 Siemens, 1823 -1883 Kelvin, 7824 —1907 Lord Lister, 1827 I'olstoi, 1828 — 1970 Victor Rydberg, 7828 — 1895 Neilson (Invention, 1828) No. of Vot' Who are the Twenty Greatest Men. 33 No. of Votes. Bjbrnson, 1832 — 1.910 ... ... ... ... i King Edward VH., 1841 — 1910 ... ... i Edison, 1847 ... ... ... ... ... 4 Bell, 1847 3 Booker T. Washington, born about 1858 ... 1 Marconi, 1874 ... ... ... ... ... 2 Morton, 19th century ... ... ... ... 14 Manu ... ' ... ... ... ... ... 1 H. Chr. Orstcd i Totinus ... ... ... ... ... ... I Even when the whole one hundred and fifty named by the various contributors to the symposium are sub- jected to a similar analysis it wi'l be seen that there is a preponderance of English-speaking men, who supply fifty-four out of the one hundred and fifty. The other countries represented are seventLcn from Italy, fifteen from Greece, fifteen from Germany, twelve from France, nine for the Jews — crediting the Sons of Israel with Lord Beaconsfield and .Spinoza — four from Sweden, three fjom India, two each from Carthage, Holland and Spain, one each from Arabia, China, Norway, Persia and Egypt. It is curious to note that only five votes were given to Napoleon, while six each were given to Washington and Oliver Cromwell. ~ I have received several other lists which arrived too late to be included in the above statement. As the subject is one of such interest I shall probably return to it next month. WALT WHITMAN ON SOME EMINENT MEN. Horace Traubel, the Editor of the Consenort. Someone sends me some of his [)oems : they seem to im.ngine a likeness between us-^seem to see some suggestions of nie there, of Leaves of Grass.' " Later he talked of Rossetti and his expurgations. ' Of course I see now as clearly as I did then how big and fine Rossetti was about it all— how thoroughly he realised me : much more so and more promptly than ( onway. Hut I now feel somehow as if none of the changes should have been made : that I should have said, take me as I am or not at all. If any mistake was made in this incident, it was mine — my mistake : Rossetti was altogether beautiful— genial, loving, open-handed : he was full of resource— always seemed to know which way to turn next.' " He gave me what ho called a ' curio '—a letter from W. 0. Conway introducing ' Mr. lohn iMorley, Editor of the Fortnij^htly Review, in whose acquaint- ance you will find much pleasure, as he will in yours.' W. .said : ' ,\Iorley was not the famous man then that he is now : he has been gradually going ahead, ahead, until now he is one of the big-si/ed men over there : not quite my type— not the letting-it-go kind : rather too judicial : still ouite a man.' " He had given me a long letter from Edward Carpenter. He said : ' Carpenter is one of the torch- bearers, as they say : an exemplar of a loftier Eng- land. He is not generally known, not a wholly wel- come presence, in conventional England : the age is still, while ripe for some things, not ripe for him, for his sort, for us, for the human protest : not ripe though ripening.' " He was asked : ' Do you always feel it is quite certain that Emerson will size up in history ultimately bigger than Thoreau ? ' He was 'not dead sure oil that point either way.' ' My prejudices, if I may call them that, are all with Emerson : but Thoreau was a surprising fellow- he is not easily grasped — is elusive : yet he is one of the nature forces— stands for a fact, a movement, an upheaval : Thoreau belongs to .America, to the transcendental, to the protesters : then he is an outdoor man : all outdoor men— everything else big equal — appeal to me. " ' Thoreau was not so precious, tender, a personality as Emerson : but he was a force — he looms up biggtr and bigger : his dying does not seem to have hurt him a bit : every year h.is added to his fame. One thing about Thoreau keeps him near to me : I refer to his lawlessness— his dissent — his going his own absolute road.' " One more extract on another subject : — " Of war : ' They are a hellish business, ij-ars— all wars. Sherman said, War is hell ; so it is : any honest man says so — hates war where war is worst — not on the battlefields, no— in the hospitals : there war is worst : there I mixed with it : and now I say, God damn the wars — all wars : God damn every war!' His voice suddenly got strong, rang out. 'I'hen he sank b.ick on his pillow." 34 Character Sketch. SIR EDWARD GREY. "Conceive a schoolniasler addressing a posthumous sermon to an audience composed of children into whom he has just been c.ining the rudiments of arithmetic or geography, cind you will have before you a fair picture of the House of Commons listening to Sir Edward Grey during a debate on foreign affairs." THIS description, by the Lobby correspondent of the Westiiiirister Gazette^ is hardly an exaggera- tion of the ascendency of Sir Edward Grey 'ii tlie present House of Commons. Whether it is ileserved or not, this commanding position has been won by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. It may be that he owes it as much to the ignorance and incompetence of his audience as to his own merits. That is open to discussion. The essential and indis- |nital)le fact is that in the House of Commons he is Sir Oracle, and when he speaks no dog dares to liark. THE LORD OF ALL HE SURVEYS. No one probably regarded with more philosophic iiidifiference than himself the recent outcry against htm by the malcontents of his own party Sir lulward Grey is quite willing to go or to stay. Only ii' lie stays it must be on his own terms. Those terms are to-day, as they have been from the first, that Sir Edward Grey in all foreign affairs is to be allowed to have his own way. He and his satellites in I )owning Street and his agents or masters at the British embassies abroad, are " lords over us." Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman did not dare to interfere with Sir Edward Grey, even when the latter was opposing the policy he had publicly promised to promote. Mr. Asquith is probably as subservient as was C.-B. LIKE THE GREY MONU.MENT IN NEWCASTLE. In the heart of Newcastle-on-Tyne, at the head of (iicy Street, there stands a grey column lifting high into the grey northern sky the statue of Earl Grey, -the hero of the Reform Bill of 1832. The Grey monument, like Nelson's in Trafalgar Square, towers so high that the passers-by can with difficulty discern the sculptured features of the statesman on the summit. As it is with the Grey monument on Tyneside, so is it with Sir Edward Grey to-day. Alone, unap- proachable, and unapproached, he towers aloft in the midst of his fellows, but so far removed from them they hardly know what manner of man he may be whose utterances last month were watched for with an.\ious silence by all the Governments of Europe and ill the peoples of the world. " C.RKY, ONLY GREY." " What kind of a fellow is this Grey anyhow ? " mipaticntly asks a free-spoken stranger. " Has he got any blood in his veins, anything of the real old stingo, ir is he as Grey by nature as in name ? " To which the reply is that the Right Hon. the Secretary for Foreign Affairs is as grey in nature af his native county, grey and cold and aloof, reserved, almost shy, but a Northumbrian at heart, which, being interpreted, means that he is a staunch friend, loyal and true-hearted, more anxious to do than to make much show in the doing of things. The story goes that Sir George Otto Trevelyan once replied to someone who asked him what manner of man Sir Edward is : "Some think he is as black as the devil ; others believe him to be as white as an angel. In fact he is neither. He is just Grey." He is grey in that he eschews purple patches in his oratory, grey in the absence of lurid colours in his despatches, grey in the impression he produces upon the mind. A neutral balanced, judicially minded man, without prejudices, without passions, without " Humanity, in short," bursts in an impatient Radical. " He is a man without the failings of humanity, and therefore out of touch with the human race." Witiiout accepting thi* verdict, there is no doubt that Sir Edward Grey is out of touch with everybody excepting those who from their physical propinquity cannot be avoided. To begin with, he is the most insular of men. No man has more carefully avoided losing contact with the foreigner in foreign lands. It has been said that he never set foot on the Con tinent save once, when he paid a brief visit to Paris, \ but this is probably an exaggeration. But he i.s emphatically a stay-at-home politician. That possibly was why he was made Foreign Secretary. This would not matter so much if he were careful to surround himself with the foreigners who are always to be found within our gates, or even to cultivate the acquaintance ot competent Englishmen who have spent much time abroad. But he does neither of these things. He is of a reserved and of a retiring dis[)Osition — who does not easily make new acquaint- ances. In the House Sir Edward Grey is a compara-- tive stranger. He appears at question time — not always — but after that the House sees little of him. He keeps himself to himself, minds his own business, and lets you understand that he will br much obliged to you if you will mind yours and leave him alone. A MODERN PITT? — Sir Edward Grey reminded a shrewd political critic. | twenty years ago of the statesmen of the older school/ of Pitt and Fox. He may resemble Pitt ; hq certainly does not resemble Fox. He woulaj perhaps be more at home at the Foreign U.iici Character Sketch. 35 if the world could go back to the ways of the eighteenth century, when it was possible for Englishmen to be Eiglishmen ' instead of being, as they are to-day, Euroijeans, Americans, Africans, and Asiatics. For, resisting all temptations to belong to foreign nations. Sir Edward Grey has persisted in remaining an Englishman of the nar- rowest, most insular breed. He is no cosmopolitan. — OR MR. RE.ADY TO HALT ? He has generous aspirations, but he is easily daunted in the pursuit of his ideals. He was zealous for the maintenance of the authority of the Treaties of 1856, 1871, and 1878, when'; Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and the Herzegovina without saying •' by your leave " to the other signatory Powers. But when iiis attempt to maintain the public law of I'^urope was thwarted by tiie German mailed fist, he appears to have abandoned the cause of the public law of Europe as hopeless. \Vhen Italy followed and worsened the Austrian example by her brigand raid on Tripoli, Sir Edward Grey, like a burnt child who dreads fire, refused, in spite of all expostulations, entreaties, and menaces, to utter even the feeblest whisper of protest against the Italian violation of the Treaties governing the Ottoman Empire. In like manner in 1906 Sir Edward Grey was most valorous in his declaration as to his deter- mination 10 have the question of the limitation of armaments brought forward foi serious discussion at ^the Hague Conference. It was in vain that he was named that he was running his head against a stone "all ; he declared that if the subject was not dealt «ith the Conference would become a farce and the British Government would be the laugliing-stock of the world. No sooner, however, did his ambassadors and underlings convince him that Germany would not take part in any such discussion than he made haste to forget all his pledges, and instructed his representatives to confine their etfbrts to the providing of a first-cla.ss funeral for the question of armaments. To mention a third instance, Sir Edward Grey wrote a despatch on the Congo question which gladdened the heart of the Congo Reform .Association. No sooner, however, did he discover that there were rocks ahead than he turned on iiis own tracks with a celerity which made .Mr. Morel nearly expire with grief and chagrin. LOKIJ KOSKBLRV'S UNDKRSTUUY. Sir Edward Grey began his official career in a bad school. Lord Rosebery selected him as Under Secretary for Foreign .Aftairs in the short-lived Glad- stone .Administration of 1892-5. It is not generally known tliat during Lord Rosebery's tenure of office he brought the country to the very verge of imme- diate war over a trumpery quarrel with France in Siani, an act of imjiolicy which even Sir Edward Grey now stigmatises as a folly and a crime. It was under the same influence that Sir Edward Grey, as Lord Rosebery's mouthpiece, declared that any French intervention in Egypt would be "an unfriendly act." In those days France was the favouiiie bogey, as Germany is to-day. The habit of regarding one nation as hostile is inveterate with some English politicians. It used to be Russia, then it was France, to-day it is Germany. To-morrow, who can say ? HIS MASTERS. It would be a mistake to imagine that Sir Edward Grey has any personal dislike of Germany to-day or of France in 1892-5. He is not a man of prejudices, personal or national. He is a cold man, somewhat colourless, and therefore the better able to take on, like a chameleon, the hue of"lhe tree to which he clings. He is fortunately surrounded by advisers who are sane and sound on the subject of the Russian entaite. Therefore all the clamour of the Semitic Russophobes, who for the moment are masquerading as Persian sympathisers, leaves him untouched. He is unfortu- nately served by Sir Francis Bertie at Paris, Sir F. Cartwright at Vienna, and some unknown bureaucrats in Downing Street, who are notoriously dominated by Germanophobia. Hence he became an easy prey to the astute statesmen of Paris, who in the recent crisis made him the willing instrument of their policy, if we had a strong Ambassador at Berlin, and if Sir F. Bertie and Sir F. Cartwright were promoted to embassies at Thibet and Liberia, Sir Edward Grey's foreign policy would soon undergo a wondrous change. In the late crisis he was under their influence, and was much too subservient to France. He certainly has always been afraid to encourage the saying of a civil word to Germany for fear the French might take otifence. So lar Irom resenting Count iMetternich's complaint that he had one measure for France and another for Germany, he probably reflected that the observation was just and the difTerence a matter of course. For although Sir Edward Grey is not anti-(ierman himself, he is the prey of a veritable camarilla of (JermanoiAobes who make him do or refrain from doing very much as they please. THINGS Tt) HIS CREDIT. On the whole, Sir P^dward (irey may be com- mended for doing two things which are a set ofl against many disappointments in other directions. He backed Lord Fisher for all he was worth when Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. Winston Churchill were all for cutting down the Naval Estimates. That is the first thing. The second is that he has never wavered for an instant in maintaining intact the Edwardian inheritance of the .Anglo-Russian entente. He may have risked the peace of Ei:rope by his entente with I'rance. He certainly has maintained the peace of .Asia by his entente with Russia. Sir ICdward Grey is a tall, spare, cleanshaven man, who has the House of Commons manner to perfec- tion. He is a poor speaker on the public platform — lacking magnetism and fire — but in his place in 36 The Review of Reviews. Sir Edward Grey love of country has life. P.-irliament be is irresistible. P.irt of the secret of his power is that he is not often in his place in Parliament. He never makes himself too cheap. He delegates as much as possible the answering of questions to his Under-Secretary, and when he does answer interpellations he is sparing of words, and still more sparing in the imparting of information. He holds himself aloof from the rank-and-file. He is not hail fellow, well met ! with any but his narrow circle of intimates. Lord Haldane worships him as the greatest Foreign Minister since Pitt, and the Westminster Gazette is his faithful, not to say obse- quious, organ. Sir Edward Grey himself said, some years ago, that " of all pergonal considerations there was nothing stronger with him than the desire to work with, co-operate with, and keep in touch with Lord Rosebery." But this desire, like many other aspirations of Sir Edward Grey, has long since ceased to be a governing principle. A POLITICAL WHITE OF SELBORNE. The one thing to which always been faithful is his When I first met him, many years ago, I told him I had always heard he might some day be Prime Minister if he were not so passionately devoted to .'^almon-fishing. To have been a second White of ^-elhorne was much more in accordance with his natural sentiments than to be the gramophone of the bureaucracy of the Foreign Office. He is happier in the fields and beside a trout stream than he is in the Foreign Office or in the House of Commons. An enthusiastic naturalist, he probably enjoyed nothing 60 much of late years as the excursion he took with ex-President Roosevelt into the New Forest for the purpose of observing the birds of that as yet unspoiled region of woodland Britain. He is fond of cricket and an expeit player of law^n tennis. By heredity he is a Whig. The Greys of Northumber- land have always been Whigs, although the present Earl Grey, late Governor-General of Canada, became Unionist when Home Rule split the Liberal Party. Sir Edward (Irey is a Radical by impulse, but his staying power is weak. HIS VIEWS ON woman's SUFFRAGE. He was devoted to his wife, whose tragically sudden death has not prevented the persistence of her - influence over her husband's mind, for he is one of the staunchest advocates of Woman's Suffrage in the Cabinet, which is hopelessly divided on the question. In 1892 I asked him, " Are you in favour of Woman Suffrage and of making the law quite colour-blind as to sex, so that women may take any position they are qualified to fill, whether in Church or State?' Sir Edward Grey answered " Yes," without any qualification. But when it comes to put this heroic resolution into practice, I confess I have my doubts whether Sir Edward Grey will stand to his guns. NEXT PRIME MINISTER ? I asked one of his colleagues in the Cabinet a short time ago, " If Mr. Asquith were to be killed to-night by a taxi-cab, who would be his successor ? " He answered instantly, " On that subject there can be no doubt. The next Prime Minister would be Sir Edward Grey." I replied, " I would have said sa once, but to-day he would have no chance against Mr. Lloyd George." My friend answered, " In the country, perhaps, but not in the House of Commons. In the Cabinet I do not think he would have one vote excepting his own." Mr. Asquith fortunately is i« no more danger of being killed by a taxi-cab than any other citizen of London, so that the question of the succession does not arise. THE VICES OF HIS VIRTUES. In conclusion. Sir Edward Grey is an honest man, who, if surrQunded by men equally honest in the embassies and in his own department, would prob- ably be the best Foreign Minister available. But,, conscious as he is of his own ignorance of foreign nations, and ill-informed as he has repeatedly shown himself to be in the vital facts of important questions with which he 'has to deal, he relies upon his ciitoiirage, which is anti-Liberal, anti-German, and anti-Democratic. He is sincerely desirous of peace, but too timid to do anything to maintain it, if the doing of it exposes him to the remonstrances of Sir Francis Bertie and the veiled menaces of France. He is incapable of intrigue, but he is liable to be politi- cally blackmailed by those who are unscrupulous enough to take advantage of his weaknesses and his virtues. SOME SERIALS NOW RUNNING IN THE MAGAZINES. Ain HOK. Cn?.ile, Agnes and Kgcrtoii H.i>;g.i;d. H. Ridjr . li.pe, Oliver . . . Ii'glis, John . . . lodiison, Owen . . Le Feuvrc, Amy. Lccke, W. J. . . Mason, A. K. W. . Moure, CJcorge . ^lulllo^and, Clara. NfoMcll.Mrs. J. H. )'ti h.rd, K.. and j;.- kill TiTLK. Th«Gripof Lif.'. ■ Marie ' A Burden of Roses . (ieorge Wendcin Gave a Party Stover at Vale I-'our Gates . Stella Maris . , The Turnstile In Search of I)ivinity Mistress Marv Won i[i De'ipite . The Cahusac Mys- tery MAr,-\7is-r^ Comhill Mag. . Cassell's Mag. isunday at Home Blackwood ■ • McClure . . . Quiver .... century ■ • • Scribner . . English Review Irish Monthly . Young Woman. Chambers b Journal Begun. AUTHOK. Title. Mag.azini:. . liF.nVN. Jan. '13 Scott-King, W. . . What He Made of It All Rasili Young Man . . Jan. 'i: Sjpt. Singh. Jogendia . . Sn.iith, J. C. . . . East and West. June "1; Nov. The Principal Girl - Atlantic Mthly. Nov. '1 Jan. Thurston, t. X. . . The G.irdcn of Resurrection Forum . . • July '1 Oct. Vachcll, H. A. . . l^Iinds Down CornhlllMag. . J.rn. ', Nov. ;liook 11.) Ian. Vaiiag A Lc.ider .... Fortnightly Dec. ■. Oct. Rev. Dec, Wells, H. G. . . . Mariiage .... American Mag. No\. '1 Aug. Westrup, Will . . .^matcu^s a-[iiinting State . . . . July ■. Oct. Author of " The The Street called Harper . . . J.u,. \: Jan. Inner Siuine " Straight 37 The Magna Charta of the Poor. — Art. 11. INTERVIEW WITH THE RIGHT HON. D. LLOYD GEORGE. MP. IliRKAKFASTED with the Chancellor of the Exchequer at ii, Downing Street, on Thursday morning, December 14th, 191 1. It was a plea- sant i>arty ; the only other person present not belong- ing to the family circle was Mr. C. P. Scott, of the Mivichestcr Guardian. The Chancellor, who had made a great speech in the House of Commons the previous day in defence of his Budget, was late in coming down, and we were nearly through breakfast when he arrived. THE TOUGH .ANLl WIRY \VF,r,SHM.4N". I was amazed when I saw him. He has just passed through ])erhaps one of the most trying ordeals that any British Minister has had to pass through. During a long and jirotracted Session he has had to fight his Insurance Bill, clause by clause, through the House of Commons. The Bill was one of innumerable details, involving the social life of the people at every turn. It was bitterly assailed by the interested classes, each of which fought (or its own hand. In addition to his Parliamentary labours he had been continually receiving deputations, interviewing recalcitrants, nego- tiating difficult points with his adversaries, and defending ills policy on the platform. To work sixteen hours a day through the whole of the Session which is now closing is a record of which Mr. Gladstone's heroic conduct of the Irish Land Bill through the House of Commons affords the only parallel. Imagine then my amaze- ment on finding .Mr. Lloyd George, instead of being worn to a shadow, in more robust health than I had ever seen him before. He was in the highest spirits, and instead of losing had put on weight. ^Mrs. Lloyd George was the subject of general congratulation on the care which she had taken of her husband, " Oh, you Welsh are tough I " said I. " I think that insurance companies should make a reduction of fifty per cent, on the premiums on all Welsh lives, because of the demonstration which you have afforded of their superior vitality. But now to business." THK MAONA CHARTA OF THE POOR. "The National Insurance Bill," said Mr. Lloyd Cieorgc, "is the second great legislative measure by which we have attempted to grapple with what Mr. Carlyle called the ' condition of England ' question. For years |)ast statesmen of both parties hflvc recognised the urgent need of deal- ing with the amelioration of the condition of the people. There has been a spirit of vague discontent, the national conscience has been stirred front time to time, but hitherto our etilbrts have been more or less limited to sporadic voluntary efi'orts, with occasional attempts at legislative action. Pledges were given at election after election, but were never fulfilled! But now, seeing its op()oriunity at last, the Liberal Government has taken off its coat and is wrestling in grim earnest, and in its shirt-sleeves, so to speak, with the great evils from which the people suft'er. " Our first measure, of course you know, was the Old ."Xge Pensions Act, which secures for every necessitous old man and old woman in the three kingdoms on their seventieth birthday a pension of 5s. a week. At the beginning that measure was regarded with consider- able distrust. It seemed too good to be true to many of the old people, who at first would stand outside the post office hesitating to go in for their 53., fearing that ' somebody was making fools of them.' It was not until a year had passed that they fully realised the fact, which seemed to them almost a bewildering miracle, that as long as they lived they would receive 53. a week from the National Exchequer without being asked to pay one penny in return. After the first year, however, the popularity and success of that measure was so firmly assured that at the last General Election the worst accusation that anyone could bring against a candidate was that he was in favour ot tampering with that first great article in the Magna Charta of the poor." " How much does it cost now ? " I asked. " Thirteen millions sterling per annum. That was our first contribution towards the solution of the great problem that confronted us. The National Insurance Bill is the second." THK CO.ST OF INSURANCE. " How much is that going to cost ?" I asked. " The National Insurance Bill," said Mr. Lloyd George, " unlike the Old Age Pensions .Act, is on a contributory basis. That is to say, whereas the Old Age Pension is paid to any person who arrives at the age of seventy, without his having maile any contri- bution to the Pension Fund other than that of having paid rates and taxes during his long life, the Insurance Bill is an attempt made by the State to compel work- men and employers to co-operate in a great insurance scheme for the benefit of the workmen. The State simply puts a premium, so to speak, upon the contri- butions of the em[)loyers and employed. 'I'hat is to say, the workman pays 4d., the workwoman pays T,(\., and the State adds id. So far as the workman is concerned he jjays 4d. a week and is credited with 9d., which he takes out in benefits." IHK IIENKFITS SliCt/RKD. " Would you recapitulate these benefits ? " " Certainly," said Mr. Lloyd George ; " the whole thing can be put in a nutshell. I'he working man pays 4d. a week and the working woman pays 3d. a Week. In return they are guaranteed free medical attendance when they an: ill, 10s. a week for twenty- six weeks when they are oft work owing to ill-health if they are men, or 7s. 6d. per week if they arc ^8 The Review of Reviews. women, and if their malady is incurable and they are permanently incapacitated from earning a living they receive 5s. a week until they are seventy years of age. Then they will ordinarily become Old Age I'rnsioners and draw their 5s. a week like other Pensioners. In addition to this there is a maternity benefit of 30s. for women at the time of their greatest need, and special provision is made for ihe cure of sufferers from consumption. What the Bill aims at doing is to secure medical attendance for every man (and woman) in the land, to secure that he has los. a week when he is laid up by temporary sickness for half a year, and 5s. a week if he is per- manently incapacitated. THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CONSUMPTION. "We have voted this year ^1,500,000 for the beginning of a great campaign against tuberculosis. This great White Plague has never before been griippled with systematically by the nation. We regard this as a campaign that is as much "one of national importance as the resistance of a foreign enemy. Provision is also made for maintaining these sanatoria, each of which will be a kind of base of ojjerations against tuberculosis, and we are sanguine that before long we shall have done much to abate one of the greatest plagues which destroy the happiness, impair the physique, and threaten the life of our working population." " The doctor, sick pay, the maternity benefit, and the campaign against consumption — are these the four heads of your Bill?" WAR AGAINST THE SLUM OWNER. " These are four of the heads, but there are others, and one of the most popular of them, and that which is most frequently overlooked, is the provision which it makes for an organised campaign against slums." " Possibly you do not put it sutTiciently in the lime- light," I ventured to remark. .\Ir. Lloyd (ieorge replied, " That is not my fault, i'uhlic attention has been pre-occujiied with one sensation- after another ; outbreaks of foreign war, risks of war nearer home, revolutions in China, etc., etc. 'J'here has been an endless succession of ex- citing incidents to distract jjublic attention ; hence the debate upon that provision of the Bill which deals with slums failed to attract the attention which it will undoubtedly command. There are no greater (ontributory causes of ill-health than insanitary dwellings. Insanitary dwellings have hitherto defied all the efforts that have been made to deal with them. Housing Acts have been [lasscd, stringent regulations have been made, but hitherto all our best endeavours have been baflled by the simple fact that the people who own the slums, the local builder and the owner of small house property, have been able to dominate the local authorities who have been charged with the administration of the sanitary acts. 'J'hc .Medical (.)fficer of Health is employed by the local sanitary authority, and it is sometimes as much as his place is worth to make things unpleasant for the owners of slums who control his salary and are masters of the situation. In my Bill for the first time we have a fair chance of laying the axe to the root of this upas tree." THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN. "Would you mind explaining," I said, " how the insurance of working men against ill-health affects the slum-owner ? " " Nothing is more simple. The administration of the Act is placed in the hands, primarily, of Health Committees, which are in future to be known as Insurance Committees, including the representatives of the Friendly Societies and medical men who are charged with the administration of the Act and the distribution of the insurance benefits. If, in any area, the percentage of sickness rises above the average, so that the people resident in that area are drawing a disproportionate amount of money in the shape of sick pay, an inquiry will be made into "the local circumstances, and should it be found that the excess of demand upon the fund is due to slum property, then the owners of that slum property will be liable under the Act for paying the difference of what may be regarded as the average normal charge on the fund, and the e.^cess brought about by the insanitary buildings from which they are drawing revenue. HOW IT WILL BE CARRIED OUT. "This is tremendous,' I said : " but how on earth did you get that clause through ? " " Get it through ? " said Mr. Lloyd George. " I got It through without a division. It was one of the most interesting debates in the discussion in committee. Sir A. Cripps proposed to strike it out on the ground that it was a monstrous burden upon owners of property. It was asserted that the existing Sanitary and Building Acts were quite sufficient, that local authorities had ample powers, and that there was no need for legislation. I was challenged to produce evidence of the existence of the evils wliich I alleged. I produced and read out to . the House a list of local authorities in England and \Vales as instances where they had failed to put into execution the powers with which they were vested. I was challenged as to my authority, and replied that the facts were takeii from the reports of the Local Government Board. Lord Charles Beresford made one of the best speeches in the discussion. He began — " What I want to know is this : Does this Bill place the owners of slum jiropcrty under discipline?'' "Yes," 1 re[)hed. " 'I'hen I am for it," said Lord Charles Beresford 'J'hc result was that Sir A. Cripps with- drew his amendment and the clause passed. Thus we have now a self-acting check upon the existence of slums. Observe how simply and effectively it works. The Insurance Committee, which has to superintend the payment for medical advice and sick pay, finds that, say in Little Peddliiigton, twice as The Magna Charta of the Poor. 39 much money is drawn from the funds, in proportion, as from other districts in the neiglibourhood. 'Ihis is registered automatically in the shape of charges upon the fund. Now, when this automatic registra- tion of excess reaches a certain point an inquiry may be obtained. After it is proved that the excessive ill-health is due to insanitary property the owners of iliat property have either to put that property in order or pay the excess charge upon the insurance fund due to the condition of houses from which they have been drawing rent." " A tremendous measure of centralisation," I said. "Yes," said Mr. Lloyd George; "but the local authorities, left without effective control, have neglected their duty. 'lake the case of Harrogate, for instance, a fashionable watering place in the North of England, which I publicly pilloried for its neglect in certain instances to enforce the regula- tions of the Health Cunmiittee. There was a frightful outcry, but I have no doubt that the result will be that Harrogate will set its house in order, and what Harrogate is doing all insanitary places «ill have to do when the Act comes into operation." RELYING ON THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. "Our scheme is unlike the German scheme as it is based entirely upon the voluntary co-operation of the people. It is a great measure for the ])romoiion of voluntary co-oi)eration. The administration of bene- fits is left in the hands of the people themselves. instead of underiaking, as in Germany, the direct administration of the scheme, the responsibility is thrown upon the shoulders of local committees, in- cluding representatives of Friendly Societies, upon whose shoulders rests the administration of the Act. We found the whole of England covered with a net- work ol Friendly Societies, the majority of which were actuarially insolvent, even upon their own balance sheets. We say to them : ' We will entrust you with the task of administering this Act. We will subsidise you to the extent of twopence a week per head on condition that you collect the money from employers and employed, and that in three years you satisfy the State that you are actuarially sound. If we find that this is not the case you will either have to put a voluntary levy upon members in order to make good the deficiency, or your members will not be able to receive full benefits : it will be either increased contributions or diminished benefits.' If the -Act is properly administered, that is to say, if malingering is checked and proper supervision is taken, it ought to be perfectly possible for any Friendly Society to pay the benefits to its i ontributofs. If, however, a society i.s negligent, then that society must jiay the penalty, and its members must either increase their contributions or sacrifice part of the benefits which would otherwi.se accrue to them. Thus you see the scheme is not only one for pro- viding that every working man may be guaranteed against starvation when he is out of work, but it is a most tremendous engine for developing lf\vh: we mean a single suhjivl of the highest imporiance '.o il happiness of mankind, omjug.il felicity . . . .Alter ilie Uesto:, Charles Brookfield. ■a •iij The Appointment of thf New Examiner of Plays. 43 tion, the whole body of dramatists invariably represent adultery, we do not say as a peccadillo, but as the calling of a fine ijentleman, as a grace wilhuut which his character would be imperfect. All the agreeable qualities are always given to the gallant. .'\11 the contempt and aversion are the portion of the unfoilunate husband. The dramatist does his best to make the person who commits the injury graceful, sensible and spirited, and the person who suffers it a fool or a tyrant or Ixith. LORD macaui.ay's JUDGME.VT. Macaulay, be it stated in passing, is not describing " Dear Old Charlie," but the abominations of Wyclierley and Congreve. The description, however, applies as' exactly to one as to the other. Nor would it be possible to describe the world of Mr. Brookfield's play more accurately than in Macaulay's words : — .Morality constantly enters into that world, a sound morality and an unsound morality, the sound morality to be insulted, derided, associated With everything mean and hateful ; the unsound morality to be set off to every advantage and incul- cated by all methods direct and indirect. It is the creator of this kind of Lupanar of a world who is employed by the Lord Chamberlain, with the blessing of the Home Secretary, to read and report upon the morality of our modern plays ! It is an old device of the devil to seek admission to the priesthood the better to betray the Church. In those old stories, however, the wolf was always dis- guised in sheep's clothing. But to-day there is no attempt at concealment. The Evil One, horns, hoofs and tail all complete, with "Dear Old Charlie " pro- iruiling from his breast pocket, is made the censor of the morals of the British stage 1 FOOLS WHO MAKE A MOCK AT SI.V. It is written in an old book which both the Lord Chamberlain and the Home Secretary might read with " great profit," that " fools make a mock at sin." If to make a mock at sin be the mark of a fool, then iiiall I-2ngland could there be found a more unmistak- able fool than the author of " Dear Old Charlie," whom the Lord Chamberlain delighteth to honour ? I am not pleading for the Censorship. Neither have I any objection to plays that turn upon sex. Sex is the divinest thing in the whole world, and that is why I feel such unutterable loathing and hatred for the obscene tribe of japing satyrs whose foul imaginations revel in making jests at the abuse of Sex. Thr modern adultery play, of which " Dear Old (Jharlie " is a type, is like the sow which .Antiochus lipiphanes oftired on the altar of the most High in the Holy of Holies. But no one in these unenlightened times seems to have proposed to reward the man responsible for profaning the temple of the living God with the abomination that maketh desolate by making him High Priest. That supreme outrage was reserved for these later days, when the sons of the Puritans find "great profit and amusement" in reading plays which glorify adultery and deride morality. " MR. BROOKFItLD MUST GO ! Mr. Brookfield must go. Nothing else can atone for this outrage on the conscience of the nation. It is primarily a matter for the Nonconformist con- science, which the Dean of St. Paul's described the other day as "the greasy instrument of party politics," but which, oddly enough, usually is most active in assailing breaches of the moral law committed by Liberal politicians and Liberal .Administrations. But has the Archbishop of Canterbury nothing to say to this matter? or the Bishop of London ? or even our gloomy Dean himself ? whose conscience, if not " greasy," ought over this outrage to be somewhat queasy. The matter cannot rest where it is. Mr. Brookfield must go, and, as I said before, if the Lord Chamberlain goes with him so much the better. For the man who is so colour-blind to morality as not to see the special disqualifications of the author of " Dear Old Charlie " for the post of Examiner of Plays is no more fit for the post of Censor than a colour-blind engine driver is fit to drive the Scotch Express. III.— WH.Vr IS "DEAR OLD CHARLIE"? It is obvious that the whole point of the foregoing protest is directed not against Mr. Brookfield as a man, of whose admirable qualities and transcendent virtues the world may be unworthy, but sinii)ly and solely against the author of a certain stage play adajrted from the French for the English stage and performed under the title of " Dear Old Charlie.'' The justice of this protest, therefore, depends entirely upon the character of the play in question. What that play is may be seen from the following synop.sis of its contents which has been drawn up by Mr. W ,\rcher. "DEAR OLD C H A R L I E." {.\ SvNoi'Sis \Vithoi;t Commen r.) " Dear Old Charlie " is Mr. Charles Inglcton. It is his marriage morning, and his valet is packing his travelling-bag. " Now his brown Jaeger pyjamas," says the man. " No ; how stupid of me ! They're to go after with the heavy luggage. These are the ones he's taking with him " — and he holds up a suit of bright pink silk pyjamas. " Rather bizarre I call them ; but I suppose he knows the ciTect he wants to produce." ■ iThcn " dear old Charlie " enters. Having ordered. his man to light a fire, though it is June, he produces a casket of letters, and, before burning theui, soliloquises over them. They are the letters of two marrieil women, Mrs. Ilonora Pe|iloe and .Mrs. Rhoda Dumphie, with whom he has lived in adulterous intercourse. One of ihcm, .Mrs. Dumphie, is n