/.^ Review- I OP REVIEWS. pOR Australasia Q I> | iiimiiit KJi APRIL. 1912. ■•■..■ THE GAEKWAR OF BARODA. % THl£ LIFE OF CARDINAL NEWMAN. THb ENULIbH POLI I ICAL OUTLOOK. LEADINd ARTICLIS I ROM THE WORLD'S] MAOAZINES. •.•Si" t Sevtpw of Revicirs, lU/12. f "CYCLONE" Gates are GOOD. The Illustration (Fig. 171 in our Catalogue) shows the effective combination of Scroll Work and Mesh which makes "Cyclone" Gates not only strong and lasting, but elegant in design and proportion. Get a Catalogue of This and Many Other Gates and Fenoes. L *' Cyclone" Fence and Gate Co. 459 SWANSTON STREET (Corner Franklin St.), MELBOURNE. New Zealaod' 59 St. Asaph Street, Chrlstchorch. The Review of Reviews. xlv. IMt'thournc " Pmnh." ■■ .U>VANCE AUSTR„\U A ! ?" Kanuaroo: ■ Tbia tail you liave atuck on is an uwtii: dra^r on me." Board of Control: "Australia's Brighlea; ami :;cs- Go forth and conquer " ^- ^^fi* V ^«« -«? ^^w? vi* : .,ix/j^m^ ^ .iUJ4d The Reviewi of Reviews. BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. New Zealand Orders, 8;6. This Handsome Present Is one that will be acceptable to either very young or older children. The Books are cloth Ixiund, pleasing in appearance, and put together strongly. THEY ARE FULL OF NURSERY RHYMES, FAIRY TALES, FABLES, STORIES OF TRAVEL, Etc., Etc. Evervone who buys the Books is delighted with them. Numbers of people repeat orders for friends. 7ou Could not Buy a Better BIRTHDAY GIFT FOE YOUR CEILD. ©nly J/^ CONTENTS: VOL. I.— ^sop's Fables. VOL II. — Baron Munchausen and Sinbad the Sailor. VOL. III. — Tlie Adventures of Reynard the Fox and The Adventuras of Old Brer Rab- bit. VOL. IV.— Twice One aro Two. VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress. VOL. \'l. — Nur.sory IMiynies and Nursery Tales. VOL. Vfl. — The Christmas Stocking and Hans .Vndersen's Fairy Stories. VOL. VIII.— Gulliver's Travels. 1.— Among the Little People of Lilliput. 2. — Among the Giant.s. vol.. IX.— The Ugly Duckling, Eyes and No Kyvi. and The Three Giants. Write, enclosing fs. 6d.. to The Manager rr THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS, Bl TtMPtRANCt: & GtNERAL LIPE ASSIRANCE BIJILDING, Swanston St., Melb., AND IT WILL BE SENT TO YOU, POST FREE. All New Zealand Orders should be sent to the "Vanguard" Office, 100 Willis Street, Wellington. The Review of Reviews. xlvii. [Helbourne " Punch. THE INDUSTRIAL Si'ALE. Thk Workki; ( is., post free. 1 >o noi troiitile to buy a postal note : enclose twelve penny stamps in _\i»iii Idler, coniaining < irder Coupon, and mail to-dny. With " niossoms " we will send you n list of the other CoNolvpes. tM\ini' -l/es. COUPON. Please send we "BLOSSOIVIS, which I enclose Is. .\anic for To " I he l^evlcw of k'eviewg," A\elbourne. Ihe Heview of Heviews. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA, (Annual Subscription, 8/6.) W. T. STEAD Editor BDcrlieh "Review ol Reviews." WILLIAM H. JUOKINS, Editor ■ Review of Reviews for Anetralaela.' OR. ALBERT SHAW, Editor American "Review of Rtvlewe.' CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1912. PAGE PAGE History t> •P IP 'r I* <»> If. T ip T >»> t« f •P m T "P "P "P "P "P

f the VouiiK Turks 166 Panama a World Harbour 167 Why Japanese went to America ... 167 The Delhi Durbar . . 168 World Scouts v. Boy Scouts . 168 The Painter of Mona Lisa 169 The Creele 178 Japanese and English Poetry Compared 178 When 11 Man Dies, What Happens? 179 Music and Art in the Magazines 180 PAGE Random Readings from the Reviews 151 Languages aad Letter-Writing J82 The Reviews Reviewed — The Quarterly Review 183 The Edinburgh Review — The Dublin Review— The Fortnightly Review 184 The C^>ntemporary Review 185 'the North American Review — The Catholic Magazines .. 186 The Occult Magazines — T.P.'s Magazine — The Russian Review 187 The American Review of Reviews 188 The Italian Reviews — The Spanish Reviews 189 The Dutch Reviews 190 Topics of the Day in the Periodicals of the Month J9> Books of the Month : Tlie Life of Cardinal Newman J93 Mrs. Uarelay's Novels J98 Insurance Notes — ••• ••• ... • • 200 There is No Better Magazine TO ^ ^ ESPERANTO STUDENTS. IN THE WORLD For the Enlightenment of Readers on Anything and Kvcryiliinu; that refers to the Home than "GOOD HOUSEKEEPING." It is an American Hijjh Class Publication, and will be poslcd to your Adilress for 7s. 6d. Subscriptions may Ije ser.t io ''The Review of Reviews," T. & G. Building, Little Collins Street, Melbourne. The Article-i range from Nature Studies of the most charming (lcsrii|)lion, throuj;lj such suhjccls as Home Euildint; and Needlework, to the thing that is so attrac- tive to the average charming woman's mind — the Kajihions. WE STRONGLY ADVISE YOU TO TRY IT FOR 12 MONTHS. The expense is not great Send it along with your Subscription to the '■ Review, " op, If you have paid that send it now Esperanto Manual, Indispensable to Students, I's. Motteau's Espcranto-Bnj^lish Dictionary, 2s. Gd. I2s. 8d. posted). O'Connor's Enj;ii«h-Ksperanto Dictionary. 2s. (id. (2s. 8d. posted >. Rhodes' New English-Esperanto Dictionary, (is. (tis. 6d. posted', Esperanto for the Million, .'(d. Lc Sercado por la Ora Saflano The Golden Fleece), 7d. (ltd. posted >, Pocket Vocabulary Enjjiish-Espcranto), M. The iiritish I'.sperantist : a Monthly Journal in r.n).sitioii ol tii«' tiaiii\\a\ iiitMi is The Tramway humiliating. Tiiey have l)eeii Men. graiitcil the opportunity of wearing union badges, by the award of Mr. Justice Higgins. but their work has gf>ne. And public o|jinion will feel generally that they deserve the situation created. For the decision come to would have lieen arrived at without a strike, and all its attendant jlis. An appeal could have been m.ule to the Arbitration Court with just as much forc:-, and with far more puiilic sympathy. .\s it was they for- feited ])ublic resjiect, and put themselves entirely out of court as far as any practical result is con- cerned, for they now have no uniforms to display their badges on. In principle and in practice the position of the men would have been in no wise whatever affected, if the men had temjKjrarily ac- cepted the condition of the com|)any as to the wearing of badges, and had then referred their com- plaint to the Court. In hours of working, in pay, in general conditions, they would ha\c suffered not at all. .\Ir. Justice Higgins has given his The award in favour of the men, decid- Award. i,,jr th^t none of the c':!mpanie.s con I'crned have a legal rigiit to dictai' to till- elievt.- religiously makes no difference to me. Be- lieve what you choose, but do the work I pay you for, and as long as you work for me, cease wearing the emblem that means the stirring up of strife." The same argument api)lies to a political belief as api)lies to a religious one. An employer surelv has the right to say. " Vou shall not wear anything when engaged in ni\ work that is going to cause strife becau.se of its indications of the political be- lief you hold. Vou come here to work. Leave your religious and political differences outside." It would, of course, be urged that the union badge affects the things that the men are engaged ujxjn, and should be considered apart from such questions as .sectarian i.ssues. But the fact that the matter is one that concerns the everyday work of the men inake.s it more neces.sary that e\ery cause of friction should lie removed. And when men on trams are insulted both by their fellows and the general jiub- lic for not wearing union badges, it is time that the outward and visible sign of offence should be removed. And if anyone wants convincing as to the Lalx)ur Party being a distinct political ,lx)dy, h© must move about both, blind and deaf. Mr. Ju.stice Higgins does not like Unwise unions other than tho.se of the Distinction. jy^,]^^ Hall type, and regards them a^ enemies of Trades Hall union- ism. a\erring that the law has recogniseil unions, and that an Arbitration Court would be unwork- able without them. That is true, but it seems a wrong \iew to take to discriminate between unions, and to try to insist that they all should be of one type. .An Indeiiendent Unionist is just as true a worker's representative as a Trades Hall unioni.st. In fact, he is a more worthy reijresentative than th-* other, for he proclaiins the common interests of employer and employee, and puts out of his pro- gramme the .strike sjjirit. He seeks higher thinors thaji the Trades Hall unionist, who is concerned" only with better wages, thinking nothing of the general uplift of man. He recognises that if he has any difliculty with his employers, it should lie sKtled by friendly argument, and th.ii it is a matter of the tra s4'al of his disapproval on what are termed "compaiu unions," on the ground that the compain likes them better than Trar|c-s H.ill t nions. But is it anv wondi-r? i/ie Kevlew or Kevieu/s, April, 1912 If an employer emjiloys two men, one of whom is of a peaceable disjxjsitiun, working in with his em- ployer, anxious to give as much as he gets, eager to bring tiie brotherhood spirit into his work, and to settle any dispute bv friendly argument instead of violence, anil the other regards him as an enemy, as a man who will rob him. ami by force if he cannot get ai his p(;<-ket in any odier wa\ . who perpetually insists that he and his employer are in irreconcilable camps, is it anv wonder that the employer favours the fcitmer ? l$lat.-int Blatant unionism iloes not recognise and that it estranges public sentiment by Reasonable its violence. The independent Uniunisni. u<>rkers aim at bringing into every factors and workshop an Arbitration Court, Vjut one tiiat is free from aspersions from either side. It w^ould do away with all the paraphernalia that now covers attempts at industrial settle- ment. It is no wonder that employers wel- come it as being an outward and visible sign of a \ery healthy sentiment that is springing up in the breasts of thousands of workers. For the wek-ome they give it they are blamed. Em- plovers are not to be blamed for not encouraging unionism that is not happy unless it is engendering strife, and is peri>etuallv warring against their in- terests. The very fact that they welcome and may support Independent Unions shows that they are not averse to unions as such. But they do want some guarantee of good faith, some certainty that agree- ments will be kept, and the passing away of the class war spirit. Moreover, unions that preach goodwill and harmony should be as acceptable to an Arbitration Court as the other kind, and that judge should he the happiest who has no work to do, becau.se ma.sters and men work in mutual agree- ment, and with brotherliness and good will. That, Trades Hall unionism will never bring about. f l,j In spite of efforts to put out of court ladependent the Indeiiendent Workers' Union, it Workers' is steadilv gaining ground. Its Union. numbers are increasing, and it is dailv becoming a greater power. One rememl)ers wiih amusement the fear of some of the Federal memliers of Parliament, and their efforts to try to draw away some of the prominent men who were lending their sympathy to it, as they pointed out that it would interfere with Trades Hall unionism, and kill strikes ; remembers, too, that Mr. Fisher, after manv mental throes, decided that Independent Workers' unions would not come in the category of unions to which preference could be given. Rut in spite of this, the movement is growing, and the leaven of its brotherlv principles is begiiuiing to work. The fcnr was justified. An unexpected move has bten taken Queensland hv the (Queensland Government, but Elections. f,,,,. ^^\^^^ jj- j^ fully justified in mak- ing. It has determined to dissolve Parliament, and to submit it to the suffrages of the people, although there was another session to run. This is a direct result of the strike. The Government is really submitting its recent actions for the approval of the country. It h to be hoped that thev will be fully endorsed. Mr. Denman, in a manifesto upon the matter, recalls the recent trouble, when business was dislocated, the city held up, and seaborne trade stopped. But for the prompt action of the Government, and the loval help of the citizens, disaster would have come to the city. He then states that .some twentv legislators were involved in the trouble, and that one of them was the mouthijiece of the revolt. " Other members of the Opposition en- couraged the forces of disorder, and condemned, in the strongest words at their command, the efforts of the ci\il authorities to defend liberty, and assailed with the coar.sest invective those who came forward to take up the duty the Commonw^ealth declined to perform. It was not pleasant to realise that one-fourth of the members of the pre.sent Assembly had a reverence for democratic institutions, and had acquie.sced in the attempt to subvert it. It would be absurd to invite such to meet in Parliament, and join in ad- \'ising the Goxernor as to the best means of promot- ing the welfare of the State after they paraded their complete indifference to its welfare, and their de- cided preference for mob government to Parlia- mentary Go\'ernment. Therefore he proposed not to hold another session of the present Parliament, but to bring these imworthy members before an even higher tribunal than Parliament. The people would be asked to pronounce judgment on some of those seeking re-election. It would require no little courage to canvass for \i<"h was moved against him a month ago, but the fate of the Government was decided only by the Si)eaker's cast- ing vote. The debate was enlivened bv some impli- cations of briljery and corruijtion bv an Opjjosition member, on the jiart of some of the members of the Government party, and it was a great relief when the statement, on Ijcing investigated by a commit- tee, was found to have no basis in fact. Apart from its effect on any particular mcml)er, it would have lieen a sorry day for Austral- asian |>olitics generally if it had been true. They have l)e<-n singularly free from any thing of that kind. It was a pity that that kind of fighting was indulged in by the Op|)osition. It we.ikeiied its ca.se consider. d)ly. If its cau.se was a gn. Sir Jriseph Ward resigned the leadership of tFi"- |iarty, and Mr. T. MacKen/.ie has been s<-krted b> the Lilx'ral and I.alKMir I'ariies. A strong effort was made by his friimds to inpposition has little or no chance of making any api^eal for fair treatment that will be considered. Once or twice the Oiiposition has left the House in protest against the treatment it has received. It is growing increasingly clear that there will be no peace in the House till another Sjx-aker is appointed. Under the present circumstances legislation is being reduced to a farce. Some of the meml)ers of the Govern- ment are talking largely about establishing iron works, but the enormous ex])en.se involved will prob- ably prevent the .scheme Ix-ing carried out. Parlia- ment talks of .soon going into recess. This would really be the liest thing under the circumstances. Indeefl, for all the practical good that will W done, it would be a gn these great evils, to say nothing of others, they would be speedily dealt with. \Ve sliall lof)k forward with |)leasure to seeing the initiative in these mailers al.so undertaken by the Roman Catholic Church. ']"he\ will be assured beforehand of the ardent and active <:o-operation of e\er\ otlier church. For the last month or two the The Church and (.'hurch of Fngland authorities in Social Reform. M|.ll)ourne have taken a forward mii\ement in connection with Social Reform. Occasionally at the Sabbath evening ser- \ices in the Cathedral lectures have l>een given by prominent men — ministerial and hn — upon some form of .social evil. The limitation of families, im- moralitv. intemperance, and so on, have already been dealt with. This is excellent, and is a sign of the times which is encouraging. One can always rejoice when the work that has lain neglected for years is at last taken up. It is a tine thing that two great churches should recently have taken steps which make it appear that they are falling into line with other religious bodies and reform societies. The mo\e:nent indicates that the Church is falling into line with current thought, and recognising that it should lead in all that concerns the welfare of the people. Social reform occupies a far higher place in the minds of folk generally than it did seven years ago. and there seems a possibility of it becom- ing the natural habit of the churches. This is good and is worth fighting for. The South Polar regions have Captain demanded a lot of attention this Amundsen. month. First arrives Captain .\niundsen, who sa\s he has reached the Pole, and there ought to he no reason why his word should be doubted. No one will lie desirous of grudging any of the honour attaching to the accomplishment of the gallant captain, and we join with others in extending congratulations. The South Pole regions have not taken the toll of lives that the north regions ha\e done, and the task of reaching the Pole .seems much easier to overcome. FoUow-ing (.in the heels of the " Fram " at Hobart came Dr. .Mawson's boat, the '' Ainora," which has left for a time the intrepid men who are pinsuing their iinestigations in the south. The remiKUit ol liie cricketing The Cricket .ihiliiv of Australia has gone to Dispute. England to do its best to keep up the Ixi'st traditions of Australi.u) cricket, .\e\er in the history of Australia lias a team g!>n<' with less goodwill. The miserable tangle into which the Board of Control has got matters has not been imravelled with the departure of the team. The general feeling in the communitv is decidedly against the Board, which. b\ its arrogant and dicta- torial assumjition of anthoiitv has discredited itself in the exes of Australia. It has estranged hosts of s\m])athi.sers, and turn<'d .igainst itself the feelings of six of the best i-rick<-lers m the continent. Uii- lortunateh the Boartl is in |iow<'r, and even if it iniy not have it legallv, is ,iMe to exercise anthorilv. April, ;9I2. History of the month. L ntortuiiat(.-l_\ , tix), there were enough im-n uilling to go, quite apart from the merits of the dispute. Those who stood out are to be congratulated, for they could not have accede^ to- the demands of the Hoard without casting aside all their self-resixjct. ow<>r of gift of the Government. Con.sequentlv .Mr. Jacks-s place to Mr. O'Loughlin, a ^ujjporter of the Government. Mr. O'Loughlin i\ill gr.ace his position with the orthodo.x Speaker's rnl)es, whicli -Mi. Jack.soii cast .iside a.s a relic of barbaric days. The A.N. A. of Victoria is one of The A.N. A. that State's greatest friendly and (iambling. societies. It met- during the month at its annual sessions. Mr. Deakiii g.ive the members some good advice in urg- ing members to do what they could to carry on poli- tical educalioM throughout the country. An interest- ing discussicjn Kx)k place on a resolution .submitted to the meeting in fa\our of establishing .m annual art union in connection with the .sixnety. It is grati- fving that the motion was aign against gambling. The Trades Hall Council was the fir.st to turn back in the uj)ward march. The present Government is very lax with regard to the issue of ix-rmits. Hut if the .■\.-\.A. had decided to fall in line with the gam- bling j)roi)ensitie.> of the Trades Hall, gambling would have received a great imjietus. The decision of the -A.N'.A. was in favour of the best things. Are Wc Killing Our Aborigines ? .•\ few days .igo I received from tin- Editor-in- Chief of the Revie:w of Reviews in London, Mr. W. T. Sle.'ifl. .1 li-ttir cont, lining the fnllnwiiig vtract : My atteiilmn lin^ liccii once nioir (h;i\\'ii uri^ftillv ■"> till' iilli-t{)iti<>iis ttiat an- coiistaiitly ap))iiiriiif; in till' |>ri-.s.s a.s -«ii the ill-tieatiiii'iit to which the abori<;iiiHl iiiliabit;iiitri of .Vtistralia arc subjected. Tlieso .stati-niciits. althoii|;li positively iiiado by per- sons wlio profcs.s to be ill a position to spciili with otberi. whiKB reprpsciitative position ^'ives tbeir words flr.st-haiul iiifornial iuii, are iii(li);nantly coiitiadicteil hv con-^il|c^.■lbll• \Mii;hi : hut there i.s a very nnea.sy sus- picion that the Aii-l lalian aboritiinc is bciiin cliniiii- atMl from Aiisti iili;. , as lii.s brothers wore o)iininatio made manifest: if the statements were untrue, that the lies should b? nailed u|i and burled. My (iwn piisiiinn in th,- matter is that such ^weeping statements are untrue, that it is a lil)el on .\ustralians to sav it, that owing lo past l.ix administration, huge distances, the difli- iult\ of carrying on individual supervision over huge areas, arul the general difficulties of the iiroblem, iliere have lieen without doubt cases of indivi it has taken: — DipartnicMt .spendinp a very snb.slantial sum, oyer £'2,5, 000, in conneolum with lie pnitry good work indeed. With regard U) the Northern Territory I am .sorry to say that, except for grants of blankets and proyi.sion.s to a limited number of these people, very little had been done prior to the transfer of the Teri'itory on the 1st January Ia.st year. There lia, on behalf of the depart- ment, that his recommeinlations will be carried out. At pn\sent we stibsidi.se two missions, one in the MacDounell Kaiige region, conducted bv the Lutheran Church, and the other on the Hopor River, conducted by the Church of England. In addition, a Roman Catholic mission has been establi.shery little of the organisation of Goyernmi^nt, but I agree with you that these in.stances have not been widespread, and, 1 think, seeing that it i,s now well known that tho Goyernment intend to take active measures for the protection of the natiye tribes entrustiHl to our care, that eyeii these are not likel.v to i)e of fre(juent occurrence. —Yours faithfully, JOSIAU lllo.MAS. My invitation, 1 hupc will be widely taken advantage of by everyone iiUeresteil in the ab(.)riginc question. For or against existing systems, in har- mony with administration or not, let everyone who can say anything authoritative say so, and settk the in.itter once and for all. Welcome Home ! LONDON, Feb. ist, 1912. The King and Queen, after having carried out the programme of their Indian tour with a success unmarred by a single misfortune, are back in England once more. His Majesty telegraphed to Mr. Asquith on tiie eve of his departure from Bom- liay : " From all sources, public and private, I gather that my highest hopes have been realised, and that the success of our visit has e.\- u-eded all antici- pations. I re- joice that, thanks to the mutual confidence be- tween me and my people at hdine, 1 have thus been en- abled to fulfil the wish of my heart." This witness is con- firmed on all fides. Our old friend Bipin Chandra Pal, fresh from pri- licr., whither he had been consigned ;is a welii'mc home, so far fioin bearing any ill-will sends me a letter almost diihyrambic in its terms of grati- tude and exullnii'in. The Delhi Durbar will live in history, not merely as a biipirb lageant, for pageants come :ind pageants go, but as the notifi- cation to the wiiii'l that in King (leorge we have a King-Emperor uIijic prerogative is mijjhty. and who r.xl! ^I.ilt G.i..:ti.\ Mr. Asquith's Happy Family. .\ new vcr^i"ii "1" .in ol'l iMir-.<;ry rlij'iiic has both a will and a way of securing the desires of his heart. I'or let it be remembered that this Indian trip was due to the King's own initiative. If the Cabinet could have decided it by a show of hands he would never have been allowed to go to Delhi. But King George had made up his mind from the first hour of his kingship that he would go to India, and all opposition only hardened his resolution into adamant. He has had his will and he has gone his way, and now he comes back flushed with a great su( cess to pre- side over the councils of a divided Cabinet, which in its first clash with the Royal will has been proved by events to have been in the wrong. Monarchy In the Ascendant. King George left our shores King, lie returns King-Emperor, with all that the Imperial title implies. The o|)position led by the Liberals to the Royal Titles Bill some six and thirty years ago was based upon a sound instinct. The undoing of the partition of Bengal by an Imperial word, without consultation with Parliament, and the immediate acceptance of the decree as something that could not be nuestioned, since it was the King's word, is 114 The Review of Reviews. ominous of future trouble. A learned and thoughtful writer in the current Quarterly points out that of necessity as the result of the crippling of the Hquse of Lords the Monarch will be compelled to assume a more and more preponderant position as the balance- wheel of the Constitution. Whatever strength there may be in the forces to which the Qnarterly refers, they will be reinforced by the memory of this Indian trip. King George is a good all-round sensible man who has scored his first great success. I do not think that it will be found that it has turned his head ; but the Prime Minister will probably find , that George Rex et Imp., with the prestige of his Indian triumph behind him, is much more difficult to deal with than was plain George Rex immediately after his accession. This may be for good or it may be for ill, but on the whole, while recognising the solid and sterling qualities of our Monarch, I do not contemplate with much satisfaction what .seems to be the inevitable increase in the power of the Crown in the Constitution of Great Britain. The King has done well in India^ A Lamentable but one thing he — or, rather, his Omission. Viceroy, Lord Hardinge— has left undone. Mr. Tilak ought to have been released. Mr. Tilak's release would have been the natural corollary of the undoing of the partition of Bengal. Mr. Tilak is a gentleman, a scholar, and a statesman. To retain him in prison after recognising the justice of his chief complaint against the Adminis- tration is difficult to reconcile with a policy of con- ciliation. Nothing is so good an investment in political settlement as the outlay of a little mercy in the amnesty of political offenders, whose offence, as in the case of Mr. Tilak, often consists in their having seen sooner than their rulers the true policy to he pursued. Lord Grey was [)resente(l with the Canada Freedom of the City of London tiie Fore. '^st month, which was emphati- cally a case of honour to whom honour is due. Lord Grey is one of the great assets of the Empire, and the City did honour to itself in doing honour to him. Canada was also very much to the front last month owing to the visit of the Uuke and Duchess of Connaught, with their daughter, Princess Patricia, to New York. The American newspapers, with their legion of photographers, interviewers and spies, appear to have outdone all records in the way of enterprise. Wlicn journalist photograj^hers climb to the top of a li( .U.SC in order to photograph a Royal Duke, this may be regarded as the limit. The Royal Party seems to have quite enjoyed themselves ; the Duke took every- thing in extremely good humour, and the papers are full of praise as to his geniality and the beauty of his daughter. The Duke visited Washington to pay his respects to President Taft, and there also his bonhomie and simple, frank, direct mode of expressing himself created a very favourable im- pression. Among other persons whom he met at Washington was the redoubtable Champ Clarke, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, whose inju- dicious joke concerning the annexation of Canada did so much to defeat Reciprocity. The Duke's visit has naturally revived the report as to the inten- tion of the King and Queen to visit America. Nothing is definitely decided, but when they go to Canada the American visit will probably be arranged. All political questions in America Who Will Be are passing under the shadow of the Next President ? the approaching Presidential elec- tion. There seems to be general agreement that President Taft's candidature for a second term has no chance of success. The old Roosevelt brigade is rallying round its former hero, and a batUe royal will take place at the Republican Convention as to whether Taft or Roosevelt should be nominated for the Presidency. Mr. Roosevelt, of course, is still in retreat, but there is no doubt that if he were summoned to save the Republican Party he would magnanimously respond to the appeal. On the Democratic side the betting is now rather in favour of the adoption of Mr. Woodrow Wilson ; but whether it be Mr. Woodrow Wilson or some other candidate, it is probable that the next occupant of the White House will be a Democrat. \Vriting in the American Review of RcTie7i's, Dr. Shaw says : — " The indications have now become un- mistakable that the rank and file of the Republican Party desire the nomination of Colonel Roosevelt. This sentiment is manifest in almost every part of the country. It is obvious that Colonel Roosevelt could not be expected to seek the place. It is equally olnious that the Republican voters should be allowed to express their views, and should be permitted to choose delegates who will properly represent them in the Chicago convention. The control of State delegations through federal patronage will not be so readily condoned this year as it has been at some times in the past. No candi- date on the Republican ticket can possibly be elected this year if his nomination is merely due to the Roosevelt Redivivus. The Progress of the World. I '5 control of blocks of delegates holding federal oftices in Southern States which never cast electoral votes for Republican candidates. There is no reason whatsoever for asserting that Mr. Roosevelt would decline the nomination if offered to him, nor is there any reason for thinking that those Republicans who wish to support him are acting without due warrant in trying to have delegates sent from their States who would share in their views." A great andnotable thing happened j^g last month in Germany. A general German Plebiscite, election of the members of the Reichstag is not a great thing, for Germany is not a constitutional country ; the Reichstag, excepting for its control of supply, is often little more than a mere debatmg society, and the distribution of seats is so absurd that the minority of the electors usually elect a majority of the members. Hut although the choice of members for the Reichstag was as usual no better than a farce, the taking of the gross poll in a single day gave the election the ominous, not to say the sinister, significance of a plebiscite. l'"or on a given day in January every German male adult, of whom there are 14,236,722, was challenged to cast what was in fact although not in form a vote .'\ye or Xo on the decisive issue of the Home and Foreign policy of the Government of the Kaiser. .Vrc you fur the Kaiser's policy as interpreted Clul>!uhltr.\ [Vienna. The Political Theatre in Germany. Curtain rises on Ait I. and discloses the Red .Socialists otcu]iying Ihc stage. The Elections in Germany. Soliciting the vote of the German Chancellor at the entrance to the polling booth. by his Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and Kiderlein Waechter — a policy of Protection at home and of unrestful menace abroad ? Those who are content say Aye ; non-contents say No. The result was startling; ]2,r24,503 electors voted. About four and a half millions voted Aye, and seven and a half millions voted No. Each gioup voted by itself. 'l"he figures came out as follows : — Co.NTE.NTb Centre Party Conservatives Free do. I'olcs ... Anli-.Scmites Alsatians Guelphs... I.orraincrs -Aye. Non-Contents. Socialists 4,238,919 National Liberals , Radicals Danes, etc 1,671,297 1.556.549 125,000 Its SiKnincancc. 2,012,990 1,149,916 365.087 438,807 364.123 84, "3 76,922 56.390 The vote is complicated by the multiplicity of the groups and the difTerences between them. Some are against the Government and for Protection, others for the Government and against Protection. The chief diffiiully arises as to the classification of the National Liberals, who are neither .solid for Protection nor for Free Trade. Mr. Long, the able correspondent of the W'titminstcr Gazette, calcu- lates that even if all National Liberal votes were reckoned as Protectionist the Free Traders have so steadily improved their position they are now almost ii6 The Review of Reviews. abreast the Protectionists. The figures for the last six elections show this ; — Year of Election, Protectionist Vote, Aiiti- Protectionist Vote. iSgo ,.. .. 4,405,000 ... 2,735,000 IS93 4,723,000 ... 2,879,000 1S98 4,624,000 ... 2,970,000 1903 5,503,000 ... 3,885,000 11/07 (1,656,000 ... 4,570,000 I9I2 6,283,000 ... 5,841,000 Of course if the National Liberals were left out as an indeterminate factor the Free Traders would be in a majority of nearly a million. There is, however, no doubt as to the placing of the National Liberals among .the Non-Contents, They are for Constitu- tional Government, and therefore they are in Opposi- tion._ The plebiscite therefore in round numbers shows that when twelve million Germans go to the poll seven and a half million vote against the Government and only four and a half million vote in its favour. When people tell us that the Germans hate the English and that war is inevitable, we reply by pointing to these figures as much better evidence that the majority of the Germans are against their own Government than any that can be adduced to prove that the German nation as a whole is thirsting for war. When I was in Berlin on the The Rise morrow of the elections of 1907 the Socialist Vote. I called on a friend who had just parted from Herr Bebel. The veteran Socialist leader was in despair. The Social Democratic party seemed to have received a knock- down blow, nor did he venture to hope for its revival during his lifetime. Only five years have passed and lo ! the Social Democrats are now the strongest party in the Reichstag, and behind their one hundred and ten members stand nearly four and a quarter million Ger- man voters. They have put on nearly a million votes since last election. Of course it would be a mistake to regard these four millions as all convinced Socialists. When a German is irritated with the Government he votes Radical, but when he gets mad with-it and wants to say "Damn" he votes Socialist. The rise in the Socialist vote indicates rather a rise in the temperature of exasperation than of conversion to the scientific doctrines of Socialism. That the Socialists deserve their .success is indisputable. They are the only party that is' steady for human brotherhood and that has ofiered an unflinching opposition to all the predatory ])olicies of our time. At the same time it is probable that high prices had more to do with the increase in the Socialist vote than their views on international politics. What the effect will be on the foreign policy of Germany of this demonstration of the unpopularity of the Government who can say? It was a much less alarming registration of hostile votes in 1870 which led Napoleon to precipitate the war with Germany. Many incidents in the Elections Notable S'^'^ one furiously to think. The Electoral Victories. Socialists swept the whole of Berlin with the exception of the division in which the Kaiser lives, and they alniDst carried that. The Radical candidate defeated a Socialist by only a handful of nine votes. In Potsdam the Socialists swept all before them, much to the indigna- tion of the Kaiser, who finds himself represented in the Reichstag by a Socialist for Potsdam, and by a Radical for the Kaiser quarter of Berlin. Even more remarkable than the victories of Berlin was the capture of the great Catholic centre of Cologne by the Socialists with a majority of 4,000, and almost equally decisive was the Socialists' victory in that Liberal stronghold Frankfort. As a whole the Socialists have no members, constituting much the largest group in the new Reichstag. The following table shows the strength of the various parties in the present and late Reichstag ; — Socialists no [53] 44 [5'] 46 [49] 93 ['o.>] 43 [58] 13 [25I 19 [20] 14 [20] NationalLiberals Radicals Centre Conservatives ;. . Free Conservatives Poles Anti-Semites Alsatians, Guelplis, Danes, and Indepen- dents ■5 [17] Total 397 Count Aehrenthal. Universal regret is felt at the breakdown of Count Aehrenthal. He struggled gamely to the last to discharge the duties of his high and responsible position, but an insidious disease proved too much for him, and he has passed into retirement to the regret of all excepting those who regarded him as an obstacle in the way of the realisation of tlieir cherished policy. The Clericals, who saw in Aehrenthal an insuperable obstacle in the way of an anti-Italian policy, are rejoicing, although with trembling, for until the old Emi.eror goes the way of his Foreign Minister they are not likely to have a free hand to carry out the policy which is dear to their hearts. The Italian Government is prc- " When Thieves parini; a i;ood deal of trouble for Fall Out." itself by the high-handed fashion in which it is •exercising the light of search of steamers of neutral Powers. Within the The Progress of the World. 117 F'Hotogr,tph i'y] Ex-Lieut. Montagu. [Record Press. He is showing a friend some of the pieces of sliell which fell on the hospital tent at the seat of war in Tripoli. last month the Italian warships have overhauled one British and three Irench steamers for the purpose of seizing contraltand of war or mihtant Turks. The first seizure was excused on the ground that the French mail steamer ply'"K ^om Mar- seilles to Tunis had on board an aeroplane which might conceivably be intended for Turkish troops in Tri|.oIi. As a matter of fact, it was merely goini; to Tunis to take part in an aviation contrsi ; and, further, the French have imported directly several aeroplanes into Tripoli for the service of llie Italians without anyone making any objection. Hardly had the aeroplane difficulty been got out of the way when a much greater trouble arose from the si-i/ure of a French, mail steamer, which was taking twenty-nine Red Crescent officers and men to Tunis. But for the extraordinary blunder of the i-'rench Charge d'Affaires at Rome this incident woulii have been settled at once, for the Italians were clunrly in the wrong; but the French Charge ordered the P'rench Consul at Cagliari to in- struct the mail siiamer to hand over the Turks to the Italian aullioritics. Thereupon a great trouble arose. Italy at once proposed to send the question to the H.ngne for arbiti.illon, to which the French Govern- ment replied by s;iying, " First, hand over the men whom you have seized wrongfully under our flag, and then you can arlpJtrate to your heart's content." The Italian Govimtncnt, on making inquiries, dis- covered that thi ri was no gn und or justification Oir the seizure of ilir 'i'urks, who wrre really hon^i ful,- Kcd Crescent ni' n. The im ident was immediately arranged, but not without a considerable display of irritation on both sides. If this happened between France and Italy, who were practically partners in the felonious enterprise in Tripoli, what would happen if a similar incident occurred over an Austrian, or Russian ship? The Morocco crisis has had a The Fall strange sequel. M. Caillaux, the the French Cabinet. Prime Minister, who negotiated the settlement, has been caught in the act of intriguing against his own Foreign Minister in order to secure a settlement more favour- able to his financial friends at the expense of France. M. de Selves first resigned, and then the Cabinet. It is indeed difficult to see how the Republic could have tolerated M. Caillaux's retention of office. The disclosures forced by the Senatorial Committee of Investigation show that while the French P'oreign Minister was threatening Germany with an Anglo- Russian-French war if she persisted in making unacceptable demands for cessions of territory on the Congo, his own chief was busily engaged in intriguing with the Germans for an arrangeinent on the Congo acceptable to his financial friends, but abhorrent to France. M. Caillaux began the intrigue when he was Minister of Finance. He continued it when Prime Minister. It was probably Sir Edward Grey's knowledge of these intrigues which led him to back up .so reckles.sly the policy of M. de Selves. But just think of the risks he took. It was quite on the cards that M. de Selves, with the aid of Sir F. Bertie, might have entangled us in a war with Germany, out of which M. Caillaux might have slipped by dropping M. de Selves and concluding his own bargain with Germany. The incident Jias left a very unpleasant memory behind it. It is not well to go tiger hunting with a Cabinet whose chief may be arranging a deal with the tiger at the moment when he has provoked the tiger to pounce upon you. After a momentary and despaii-ing The New eftort to preserve its equilibrium French Ministry, the Caillaux Cabinet cullapsed. .\1. I'oineare was called to succeed him, and in order to avoid any risk of another scandal he became not only Premier but also Foreign Minister. He rallied round him many of the most notable men in France. M. Bourgeois, Member for France at the Hague Conference, was induced to take the post of Minister of Labour ; M. Briand, another cx-Prime Minister, became Minister of justice ; M. Miihrand, the former Socialfst, is Minister for War ; M. Helcas.sc lemains at the Navy. ii8 The Review op Reviews. This Ministry of all the talents began well with a brief dignified speech by M. Poincare, in which he declared that he intended " to organise in Morocco a Protectorate, which is the natural outcome of our African policy." Speaking of the relations with other nations, M. Poincare' said, " As fully as ever do we intend to remain faithful to our alliances and our friendships. We shall make it our endeavour to cultivate them with that perseverance and that continuity which in diplomatic action are the best pledge of straightforwardness and uprightness." Let us hope that if M. Poincare should lure Sir Edward Grey into any other policy of adventure none of his colleagues will emulate M. Caillaux's e.\ample, and arrange to sell us behind our backs. Lord Rosebery on January 12 th Lord Rosebery' made a speech at Glasgow which Warning. has excited much attention abroad. He said : — We are now embraced in the midst of the Continental system. We are for good or for evil involved in a Continental system which may at any time bring ns into conflict with armies numbering millions, We have entered into liabilities thenature and extent of which I for one do not know, but which are not M. Poincar6. The WCH- KiCLich I'lcmicr. the less stringent and liinding because they are unwritten, and which at any moment may lead us into one of the greatest Arm!igeddons which sometimes ravage Europe. We have certain vague obligations whicli involve an immediate liability to a gigantic war in certain circumstances which are by no means unlikely to occur. If you have, as you liave deliberately, as I understand it, adopted a policy of perhaps large and perhaps unlimited liability on the Continent, you must be prepared at the proper time to make good that liability. The speech reads as if it were a plea for universal compulsory military service. As Lord Rosebery knows that is out of the question, it can only be supposed that he is using this as a bogy to scare the nation off from pursuing the policy of Sir Edward Grey. No doubt if we were committed to send an army to the Continent whenever France chose to quarrel with Germany, we ought at once to make preparations to enable us to fulfil our liability. But as the nation does not realise that Sir Edward Grey has pledged us to send an army to the Continent, we make no preparations to fulfil liabilities into which we do not believe we have entered. Some Unanswered Questions. Anglo-German Friendship. Did Sir Edward Grey, supported by Lord Haldane, promise M. de Selves to send 150,000 British troops to the Continent ? Did Mr. McKenna refuse, and was Mr. McKenna on that account shifted from the Admiralty ? Is Mr. Winston Churchill prepared to carry out a policy from which his predece.ssor recoiled and which the Imperial Council for Defence never approved ? These are questions which Ministers have not answered yet. But they ought to be answered, and that without delay. The efforts of well-meaning folk on both sides of the North Sea to lessen the exacerbation produced by the recent anti-German policy iA Morocco continue, regardless of the plentiful cold water with which they are soused by our P'oreign Oftice. Jt appears to be the opinion of Downing Street that any public demonstrations in favour of better relations with (Germany are to be deprecated because they will be misconstrued by the Germans as a sign that we are afraid. That is the ostensible reason put forward. 'lihe real reason, of course, is Sir Edward Grey's deadly fear that if we make up in the least to the Germans the French will take offence, repudiate the entente, and fling theinselves into the orbit of German diplomacy. Notwithstanding these warnings, the friends of an Anglo-German entente con- tinue their eflbrts. On January 3rd the English Club of Cologne celebrated its Jubilee. This admirable institution, founded in ]S6j, has never ceased to The Progress of the World. 119 labour for a better understanding between the two nations. Long may it flourish, and may it Ijring forth a plentiful progeny of similar clubs both in Germany and in Britain ! 'i'he attitude of some English A Radicals with regard to this visit Ridiculous Radical , , , Rump. seems to be the very acme of absurdity. As long as Russia was One of the most satisfactory inci- ■< a despotism without even a semblance of Constitu- The Friendship dents last month was the visit paid witti Russia. ijy a deputation of some thirty notable and representative English- men, both lay and clerical, parliamentary and other- wise, to Russia. It is the return visit, on an enlarged scale, to that which was paid by the members of the Russian Duma 10 London last year. The visitors were to be headed by the Speaker of the House of Commons, but before the deputation had reached Berlin Mr. Lowther was unfortunately summoned back by the news of the death of his • father. Lord Hugh Cecil and Lord Charles Beresford are the most notable Parliamentarians who took part in this excursion ; but both Ministerialists and Unionists were well represented, as also were the Church, the Army and Journal- ism. There was a little unfortunate mis- understanding as to the issue of the invitations, which apjxiar to have been arranged by Mr. 15. Pares in this country, and M. Zvegintseff in Russia. Sir Mackenzie Walbce, Lord Weardale and Lord Sanderson signed the invitations, which were sent out by the Speaker. It was understood that the Russians were very an.xious that the Deputation should be thoroughly rciiresentative and should not be in any way political. Everything has been done in Russia to give a warm and hearty welcome to the representatives of Great Britain. Their stay at Moscow and St. i'clers- burg was crowded with receptions, banquets and excur- sions. The Bishops of the Greek Orthodox Church were delighted to welcome their .Anglican brethren, and the presence of Mr. Birkbeck lent some colour to the suggestion that they might witness the revival of thi; movement for the reunion of the Greek Orthodox and .Anglican Churches ; which is a fine dream , but one of those dreams which do no harm to the dreamers. The Labour Party and the Poles refused to take part in the welcome extended to the British visitors, but there are some people who delight to (I'.iy Hi'' part of the mummy at every Egyptian feast. tion, with no representative Assembly of any kind, the Daily NiU's, following the lead of Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, and all the great Liberal leaders of .the past generation, worked in season and out of season for a rapprochement with Russia. Anglo-Russian friendship was one of the watchwords of the Liberal Parly. Now that Russia has modified her despotism, established her Duma, and entered into the Anglo-Russian Agreement, these inconsequent politicians do every- thing they possibly can to inflame the relations Mr. T. M. C. Asser. Herr A. H. Fried. Between whom the Nobel Peace Prize was divided this year. between the two countries. They are not pleased with the Anglo-Russian policy in Persia, therefore they are doing their level best (or worst) to set up a row between England and Russia, entirely regardless of the fact that upon good relations between these two Empires the peace of Asia depends. These gentry seem to forget that there are many things in our policy which are just as much disliked by Russians as we dislike things in Russia's (xilicy. When we enter into a working agreement with a nation we do not give them a certificate for thf (>ossession of all the virtues; wo only recognise that with all their shortcomings it is better to be friends than to be enemies, especially as by being enemies we would accentuate every fault that we most dislike. The Daily Navs and its friends are all at present in favour I20 The Review of Reviews. of an Anglo-German entente, and as it seems as if they must hate someone, they are therefore reviving Russophobia, apparently in the hope that by so doing they may divert national prejudice from Germany to Russia. It is a dangerous game, and one entirely unworthy of the best traditions of the Daily News. Mr. Shuster arrived in London at Mp. Shuster the end of the month on his way Persia. home to America. He was enter- tained at a banquet at the Savoy Hotel by his friends and admirers. Mr. Shuster appears to be a very capable young man, and if he had had a little more tact might have done great things for Persia. Unfortunately he seems from the first to have set himself to jeopardise the agreement between Russia and England and to encourage the Persians in a provocative line, which, things being as as they are, everyone with half an eye must have seen would play directly into the hands of those Russians who from the first have regarded with little sympathy the agreement between the two Governments, the object of which was to maintain the independence and integrity of Persia. The one hope for Persia is that England and Russia will be on good terms with each other, and that each will act as a mutual check upon the other should they be tempted to interfere in the internal affairs of Persia. Eloquent and ambitious speeches were delivered in Mr. Hammcrsteiii's Opera House and at the Savoy banquet by men \vho do not seem to have realised the inevitable result of their impassioned rhetoric. Sup- posing Mr. Ramsay Macdonald, Sir Thomas Barclay, or Mr. Lynch were made Foreign Secretary, what would he do? He would either have to carry on with Russia as best he could, endeavouring to obtain the maximum security for Persian independence or integrity under very ditificult circumstances. If he did this he would be doing exactly what Sir Edward Grey is doing. Or he might take umbrage at some- thing Russia has done and protest against it, which apparently is the only idea these Opera House poli- ticians have in their heads. But after you have protested, what then ? Supposing that Russia ignores your protest, are you going to quarrel with Russia, which means war, the first results of which would be to place the whole of Northern Persia in the hands of Russia, without any possibility of being able to dislodge her by an attack from the Persian Gulf? Our Persiamaniacs protest that they do not wish to go to war, and as they are most of them paci- fists by profession we may accept their assurances. What, then, is the other alternative? Simply to protest and sulk: to break up the harmonious relations between England and Russia, and to set up along the whole of the Asiatic frontier, from the Red to the V'ellow Sea, the old policy of antagonism, intrigue and Fight or Sulk ? The Manchu Dynasty An Interesting Group. (I) Prince Tsni T.no ; (2) Prince All : (3) Princt .'^u ; (4) I'lincc Ts.ii l-u : (5) f kncr.nl Yin Tiliang ; (7) Kxccllcncy N.i Tung ; (8) Kxccllency Ilsu ; Minister Foiciyn AlVairs Tsao : anil (10) I'l \ Tofulilic pillory ; hui it is a pleasanler task to notice signs of grace which seem to indicate that even in the hearts of Gog and Magog, the great journalistic custodians of the medical hinterland, there may be a beginning of repentance. Of course, these signs of grace manifest themselves in characteristic fashion, but it would be too much to ask (Jog, when penitent, to clothe himself in sack- cloth and ashes ; rather would he prink himself up in his gaudiest armour and profess that, so far from having been the enemy of research in the hinterland, he had always been its leading advocate. On January loth the British Medical Journal has a leading article concerning bone-setting, in which, solemnly lifting up its eyes to heaven, it reproves those wicked " doctors who look upon such things as outside their province because they regard unqualified practice as in itself sufficient to damn whatever it touches. This attitude is unscientific, and does not tend to increase the respect with which the profession" is held by the public." A Daniel come to judgment indeed ! Is Gog then truly on his way to the penitent form ? It may be so ; but before we kill the fatted calf for Gog we should like to see him bring forth more fruits meet for repentance. Pkclograph */J t"'. o'"/ D. Dmvnry. The late Duke of Fife, Who dial al .\«on.ui on J.iimary 211. 128 Current History in Caricature^ Li By periiihsitm of the proprietors of"Pnnch"\ The Helpers' League. British Lion (lo Russian Bear) : " I join you,_ though under protest. After all, we undertook to act together. '^PERSIAN CAT Kdi,ninucnJo):"\i I may quote from the \n.Tlo-Rus5ian As^reement of igc?, this understanding Can only serve lo further and promote Persian interests, lor hence- forth Persia, aided and assislo Kiancc) : " Mere, my dcnr, this will Lcnieiil our friemlship anil proluiii; your noHlralily." I3Q The Review of Reviews. [Turin. Italy and " Perfidious Albion." Der Wahrl yaioh.'S - Civilising' Pioneers at Work. The year opens well. John Bull : "Turkey has given me a slice of Cyrenaica." [Stuttgart Italy': "But! But! . . . It belongs to me ! " John Bi'LL : " All the better ! I always enjoy stolen goods." '* By Jinks, it'sagirll" MinHeapolis yournai.) Not His Kind of Peace. Current History in Caricature 131 LefiraeaunA [Dublin. , Little Johnny Bull: "What a greedy lot you are. I jaoV at iiic ! .\11 I want is Peace — a solid, lasting Peace." ' Nasty Lot : "Thai is exactly what we want, too, a Solid / Piece — just like what you have everywhere." Spck*imal-Revie7tf.\ [U.S.A. / . In a Hurry Now. China : i My gtacious ! Iiookce up my dless , gelee move on." HlnJi Punch.] I Bombay. St. George and the Dragon of Unrest Nr.il Vark IfarlJ. | The Reception Committee. Kl,id,ler,ulaltch.\ [lieiliii. England and Germany. I'r. \<:e Angel : " I'm doing my licst 10 make Ihem kis.s and bo friends, hut they just won't i " We should be happy to send a specimen copy of this Review to any of your friends whom you think would be in- terested in it. 132 The Review of Reviews. In the Bibliothcca Sacra Professor Knudson discusses the philo- sophy and theology of the leading Old Testament critics — Spino/.a, Simon, Eichhorn, I)e Wette, Ewald, Vatke, Kuenen, VVellhausen. Most of them, he says, occupied distinctly heretical positions. But their main critical conclusions cannot be shown to be the direct outcome of any special theological or philosophical standpoint. Their estimate of the religious contents of the Old Testament is, of course, profoundly modified. The Australian Tariff Before Improyed. (.\!ul i[ iUic>n'l promise lo be vci better.) it wa y Luiiel 133 Character Sketch. — * — THE GAEKWAR OF BARODA. IT is a moot question whether the Cinematograph or Mr. Keir Hardie should be regarded as the worse enemy of the Gaekwar of Baroda. On tl„ whole, I think I award the pahn to Mr. Keir Hardie. ^^ , The Cinematograph, in its Day-of-Judgment accurate fashion, only represented the scene at the Delhi Uurbar as it actually happened. But it is rather a terrible thought that the inadvertent action of a single moment may be preserved in such fashion ihat the scene, in all its living actuality, can be repro- duced in indefinite succession for endless years before the eyes of millions of men. It is a reminder, up-to- date and most striking, of the truth of the saying : " For there is nothing covered that shall not be revealed, neither hid that shall not be known. What- soever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in the light, and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets shall be proclaimed upon the housetops." The Gaekwar was the second of the Indian princes to pay homage to the King at the Durbar at Delhi. After the Nizam had advanced, had made obeisance, and had backed out of the Imperial presence, it was the Gaekwar's turn. He advanced with apparent nonchalance, bowed slightly, and then departed, apparently turning his back upon his Sovereign. The incident was cau^^ht by tlie cinema, and night after night all last month in all the picture palaces of the world the multitudes assembled saluted with more or less violent ex])russions of indignation the action of "the Priijce who insulted the King." The Gaekwar had no intention of insulting anybody, much less the King-lCmperor. Even if he had been so dislc^yal at heart as some of those who are in his immediate enloiir.i!;i\ it would have been the very last thing he would have thought of doing, to choose such a moment to offer an affront to a Sovereign who literally held him in the hollow of his hand. That this was fully understood by His Majesty is obvious from the gracious intimation which was sent to the Gaekwar affording him an opportunity of making a timely and satisfactory explanation. Of this opportunity the Maharaja availed himself with promptitude. He wrote: — . . . the very last thing I intended or could ever intend wa> to do anythint; that could displease his Imperial Majesty or lead him or anyone else to doubt the reality of my loyally and allegiance to his throne and person. To the British Government the liaroda Stale owes cvcrythin[{, and to that Govcmnicnt my Slale and myself personally will always he truly yratcful ami loyal. ,. T^ i When approaching and returning from the dais at the Durbar I am said lo have failed to observe the exact ciiquctte pre- scribed. If this was the case it was due entirely to nervousness and confusion in the pr. scnce of their Imperial M.ajestics and Ihat vast assembly, l >"ly one chief, the .Nitim, had made obeisance before me, nml I had not h.id the opportunity of noticing others, and, in fact, in the confusion of the moment had hardly been able to note the details of what the Nizam did. .■\fter bowing I receded a few steps .ind Hirned round to .ask which way I was to go. I was under the imjinrssion that 1 aclually descended by the right passage, but am loUl that I did not. Having turned round to ask the way, I became confused and continued to walk forward. For this mistake I can only say how sincerely sorry I am. That is a very simple statement of a very much to be regretted contretemps due to the nervousness and confusion of a man who found himself suddenly in the blaze of the limelight of the world. Tiie pheno- menon of stage fright is familiar. It is a distressing but temporary malady. With this all-sufficient recognition of the origin of the episode the incident might have been regarded as closed. And closed it would have been but for the cine- matograph and Mr. Keir Hardie. We had almost /orgotten the story when the films began to come in from India, and from that time onwards every night the British public has been presented with a living picture of the Gaekwar at the Durbar. His explana- tion is not given. Only his inadvertent offence is repeated over and over again until at last a kind of legend has sprung up that the Gaekwar meant to insult his Sovereign, and that the King-Emperor may be relied upon in due season to take it out of the Gaekwar. King George is not so deficient in magnanimity. For him the incident ended with the Gaekwar's explanation. The pictorial re[)etilion on a thousand screens of the scene at the Durbar cannot affect the King's own estimate of the affair. To assume otherwise would be to repeat the ■ blunder of the man who on seeing a picture of the Crucifi.xion rushed out and began to beat the first Jew whom he met. " You, brute, you '. " he cried. "Take that, and that!" "What for?" asked his victim. " For crucifying Christ," he replied. " But," pleaded the Jew, " that was done nineteen hundred years ago." " That does not matter," said the irate Christian. " I heard of it for the first time to-day." •The crowd in the cinema shows who hiss the (;aekwar see it for the first time. But to the King it is an old story now, well-nigh forgotten ; nor is there the least reason to think that tlie reproduction of the scene on a thousand or a million screens can aflfect His Majesty's judgment or induce him to go back upon hris decision to accept the Gaekwar's explanation. Much more serious, however, than the cinemato- graph is Mr. Keir Hardie. No one denies the simple-hearted sincerity of the member for Merthyr Tydvil. It is as much bcyontl dispute as his Reiniblican abhorrence of moiiarrhs in general. Not even his worst enemy ever accused him of being in the confidence of any reigning Prince in India or elsewhere. Hence he probably thought, if he thought about the matter at all, that he could not possibly do [C. Vitti.i^'A-, Loud.'it. H.H. SHRI SIR SAYAJI RAO III., GAEKWAR OF BARODA. AND HIS MAHARANI. Character Sketch. 135 an innocent man any harm if he used the inadvertent blunder of a print e in order to say nasty things about a kino;. At any rate, this is the way in which our Republican Socialist delivered himself concerning the incident at the Delhi Durbar : — ■ Api'arcntly s mie, probably most, of his fellow-rulers li;iil been laui;ht lo s^ruvcl low before the Throne, as becomes all who go near iU-li a symbol of imbecility. But he (the Gaekwar), with his American itailitions behind him, kept erect, and then, horror of all horrors, when leaving the dais he actually lurneil his back upon the King. Remembering always that a man's eyes are in front, and that he is not a crab, skilled in the art of walking backwards, ii is difficult to see what else the man could do. The figure which stood for something real, and the one that the historian will depict as being alone significant, was not that of the KJng-limptror, going througli his little part like a well- jolnled automaton, nor the be-laced and be-girdcd uniformed men by whom he was so plentifully surrounded, and slill less the be-jewelled and bi'dizened semi-rulers who bent low before him, but the calm, sedate, well-built man in the white robe of a bearer, who moved about with native dignity, doing all that was required of him as a gentleman, but remembering always that his country is in the dust with the heel of the foreigner on her neck, and refusing to add to her abasement by kissing the foot of the oppressor. That, I repeat, was the only significant event of the iJurl ar. and its significance will become even more significant as time unfolds the tragic scroll ofthe future. All this rhodomontade is the merest nonsense. Mr. Keir Hardic knows perfectly well that the Gaekwar had no deliberate intention of affronling his Sovereign, for the Gaekwar has said so, and it is to be presumed that this calm, sedate, dignified man is not a liar. But just imagine the unkind suggestion that this reckless speech sets up. First, that the (Jaekwar delilicrately insulted his Sovereign, and, secondly, that to get out of the trouble" thereby occasioned he crawled in the dust with a lying apology in his mouth I No wonder with such a lead as this that it is being said openly that tlie Delhi affair is not to be lightly parsed over. Only the most credulous believe ihat it may lead to tin- dethronement of Sayaji Rao. The general story is that his Highness's juinishment will not be so draslK as this. Some say his salute will be reduced. Others i)rcdict that his rank of precedence will be lowered by allowing the Maharaja of Mysore — a larger Statt- than Baroda— lo figure ahead of the Gaekwar, who, .inomalously, ranks immediately after \ the Nizam of Hyderabad, the premier Prince of India. Still oiln is are of the opinion that the Chief will be prevented from absenting himself so fretjuently and for such long periods from his State for travels abroad, as he has been in the habit of doing in the past. Those who ought to know declare that the < hnslisetiK nt will take the form of his not being ii.vited to attend Court functions when he is in London, just as his presence was dispense^l with at the time of tlnir .Majesties' departure from Delhi ; and they add that such intimation has been served upon the refta< tuiy ruler. A few even go to the length of piiiliMiiig that the match arranged for pretty I'rincess liidiraraja with the Mahar.ija of Gwalior will be broken off; and the ruler of Gwalior, who is considered to be one of the shrewdest living Indians, may be credited with knowing where and when his interests are at stake, and therefore may, of his own volition, attempt to slip out of fulfilling his promise to marry the daughter of the man who had the efiVontery to act in a cavalier manner toward his liege lord. This is all mere gossip, and ill-informed gossip at that. The Gaekwar, who is a very sensitive man, has been already punished in excess for any fault he coinmitted at the Durbar, and it ill becomes a practical commonsense nation like our own to attach such an exaggerated importance to a mere /' \\ Character Sketch. 137 iic:,s's part could do Great Britain's established authority in India the least harm, one can easily dogmatise that Sayaii Rao cannot well be a rebel or dare to insult his Suzerain. The Gaekwar's mistake, therefore, lies in the fact that, in paying his homage as an Indian of to-day he comported himself with unnecessary stitTness. He claims that this was " due entirely to nervousness and confusion in the presence of their Imperial Majesties and that vast assembly." Without casting any doubt on the sincerity of the Gackwar, it may be said that the mistake was due to the fact that, at a stage of transition, it is well-nigh impossible properly to subordinate centuries of racial experience to the newly-formed ideals, and act in a sweet, gracious and polite manner, at the same time upholding one_|s dignity and indeijendence of character. ■ From his somewhat intimate knowledge of the man the writer can dogmatically state that it would be absolutely wrong to feel that independence of character has made the Gaekwar boorish. All who know him con- cede that while he does not bend double and kiss the ground, as Indians of the old type used to do, and even do to-day, he has courtly manners. It is all the more regrettable, therefore, that he was not able to be manly yet dignified, to be unservile yet gentlemanly, to be self-respecting yet not stiff-necked, while offering his homage. Right here he has committed his mistake. He has not only done temporary harm to himself by leaving the impression in the minds of the people that he is a rebel and an ingrate, and giving his enemies the opportunity of raking over his past and putting into it r-volulionary episodes that never existed in fact, but he also has done Young India serious harm by UKiking the outside world feel that it has rude, brus(|ue manners- -that independence of character does imt go hand in hand with paying " Cxsat his due." Manifestly this is an utterly false impression about New India, as it is wrong in regard 'u the Gackwar, drspite his blunder. Similarly, the Gaekwar's greatest mistake in regard ii< the polygamous betrothal of his daughter to the Maharaja of Gwalior has been that, whateverthe reasons' may have been for ihe move, he has shown weakness of will in permitting himself to be persuaded to go back upon his convictions and professions. It is, a fact well known to those who hang about the Court of Haroda that he hnics the match from the bottom of his heart, and that his wife, ambitious for her (laughter, as mammas are apt to be the world over, has foisted it ujion him and upon the Princess. Unfortunately, the Mnharani's will is stronger than that of Sayaji Rao, tlinugh it is a recognised fact that Chimnahai lacks the superior intelligence of Sayaji Rao. It is only fair to say that the Gaekwar is not the first Indian husl).ind who has compromised his position in such a circumstance for the sake of securing peace in ilu; family, though it is regrettable that he has abaiiie for February a cojiiously illustrated article concerning " The Life Romance of the Gaekwar of Baroda." It begins as follows : — Thirly-sevcn years .igo he was an uncouth, unlettered lad, (hvcllini,' in a bare mud hut, clad in a breech-clout, with no future before liim but plodding behind the plough in the furrow of liis father's field. Ti)-day he is the master of over 8,000 square miles of territory, holds the lives of more than 2.000,000 human beings in the hollow of his hand, at a conservative estimate spends £^00 fi-r diem upon his pleasures and liniisehold expenses, possesses a resplendent array of jewels of faUiilous vaiue, has in his service more lackeys than many European mnnarchs can aflbrd to employ, and is famed in both hemispheres for his genius as an .ailminislrator and his culture as a man. The years intervening between these two st.ages are packed solid with romance which lends an engrossing fascination to the life-story of his Highness .Sliri Sir Sayaji Kno HI., Gaekwar, G.CS.I., S,muKltas-Klu-l (Commander of the Select .Army), Shamshcr-tiixluulur (IUustriium of human civilisa- tion. 5. Judge, not by bril- lianty of genius or of IKjrsonal power, but by service to humanity. 6. Admit the principle of representation, i.e., .iliow one highest type to stand for the rest, and thus omit all but A i in each class. In the entire liistory of mankind there an.- aliout tifty— |)erhapsa hundred— men of almost C(|ua! power and of nearly eijual usefuln'ss, between whom it is dittkult to decide. A selection should not depend on IK-rsonal taste, nor ujx)n merely moral or intellectual sui)eriority, so much as on permanent intUiencc on their race and posterity. . Alexander of Macedon was the most transcendent personality in recorded history, but his .\iiatic comiuests did not ultimately equal the komin lOmpire of the Cxsars. We must not admit his only uiodern equal, Bonaparte, wlif)se evil work suri)a-,>' s and annuls his good works. The Mr. Frederic Harrison. only perfect sovereign in recorded history, Alfred, worked on a scale so .far smaller than the mighty Charles. Cromwell was more a destructive than strictly speaking a founder ; however, his work was indispensable. Pericles, noble as he was, saw his state ruined. Hannibal, the greatest soldier in history, utterly failed. And . so did the saintly ruler, Marcus Aurelius. For these reasons I omitted all these in my original list of twenty. I now submit a larger list of fifty, based on the prin- ciple of leading types of all forms of service to the progress of mankind. Mr. Carnegie, no doubt, was thinking of the practical life of the present day. My own scheme was a brief summary of univer- sal history. Carlyle's list were merely " fine fel- lows." It is, no doubt, impossible to api)ortion the exact part of many discoverers in practical mechanics ; and so let us take the accepted names in each. Columbus is the popular type of mari- time discovery, as Guten- berg is of printing, and Franklin of practical use I if electric force. Darwin, .Simpson, Pasteur, Besse- mer, Wheatstone, Kelvin, Wagner, Bismarck, are too near us to be properly placed. Chatham, Pitt, Nelson, and Wellington are too purely British. Others are too local or too special. For a list of fifty, on the principle I state above, I think a wide agreenicnt would be found. I-'reuekic Harrison. Fil'TV FOUNDERS AND THINKERS. (.Nor Inci.udi.no Destroyers, Mvthical, Living, ANij Recent Persons.) Moses Bouddha Confucius Mahomet Founders of great Theo- cracies. Homer | .-I'lschylus I'heidias Highest ty|x;s of ancient epic, drama, art. .Socrates Plato .Aristotle Archimedes Founders of ancient ethic, jihilosophy, politic, and science. I 140 The Review of Reviews. Alexnnder the Great Julius Cpesar St. Taul St. Augustine St. Bernard Charles the (ireat Alfred the (Jreat St. Louis IX. Dante Shakespeare Calderon Moliere Goethe Michael Angelo Ra])hael Mozart Columbus Gutenberg Franklin ^\'att Stephenson Descartes Francis Bacon Kant Conite Luther William the Silent Richelieu Cromwell Peter the (Jreat Washington Frederick II. Cavour Lincoln Galileo Newton Lavoisier Volta Faraday ) Founders of the Eastern and 5 the Western Empires. Highest types of Christian theology, Church, and monarchism. I Highest types of Medifeval ( warriors and monarchs. Highest types of Italian, l",nglish, Spanish, French, and ( lernian poetry. Founders of modern sculp- ture, architecture, paint- ing, and music. Pioneers of modern dis- covery and industrial in- ventions. Founders of modern schools of philosophy. Founders of modern reorgan- ised States: German, Dutch, English, French, American, Italian. Types of modern science : astronomy, physics, chem- istry, electricity. Frederic Harrison. As a supplement to Mr. Frederic Harrison's sununing up 1 ajipend various comnumications received since I went to ])ress with the last number : — A SPANISH-AMERICAN VIEW. M. Triana, the Minister for Colombia, is the only Spanish corres()ondent who answereil my inquiry. He did not fill in his list, but he wrote me an interest- ing and characteristic letter. M. 'I'riana'.s Letter. " Now, I am going to be quite frank with you ; the question in itself is ponderous and intricate, but, viewed in the light of Mr. Carnegie's reply, it is absolutely disconcerting to the point that I find myself unable even to attempt to cope with the problem. " Let us see. The world up to the Middle Ages, when the real foundations of what is called modern civilisation and real human progress were laid, is considered as a blank. All the recorded greatness of Greece, of . Rome, of Egypt, and the unrecorded life of earlier ages is considered as a blank by Mr. fhotOirafh ty\ M. Triana. {Dover St. studios. Carnegie ; in a certain measure his list reads as if it had been prei)ared for a club of ironmongers or steel magnates, and the suggestion that acquired wealth constitutes necessarily a title to greatness, implied in the ' all born jioor,' increases the perplexity. " It seems to me that the really great men are those who did fundamental work ; they are far superior to and far greater than those who built upon the founda- tions laid in advance of themselves. "Another (juestion is this ; What does Mr. Carnegie consider greatness ? Is it merit ? Is it success ? Is it achievement ? Is it the potentiality of endeavour ? "If greatness is to be judged by achievement, as far as the individual is concerned, the greatest men would be left out, as nearly all redeemers — not only the one who came from Heaven — have been crucified in their day. The men who do, the men who act, the men who achieve things may be very great, and certainly Lincoln, Gutenberg, Franklin, whom Mr. Carnegie mentions in his list, deserve a place amongst the great accomplishers of specific work ; but the men who guided human thought and turned or stemmed the great currents of the mirid into fruitful fields of action are the real great men. " In the perplexity that I have tried to exjilain I Who are the Twenty find that I cannot give you a list, but will conclude with the mention of a fable taught to children in the Spanish-speaking countries. " There was an island whose inhabitants, though blessed with many gifts of nature, were unacquainted with hens and their ])rogeny. Once upon a time there arrived on that island a man with a few hens and roosters ; as may be suspected, eggs ensued, ^and the man taught the pco|>le that those eggs could be eaten, if boiled. The man eventually died, as happens to most men. " For a long time, maybe a decade or so, the people went on eating boiled eggs. One day there arose a genius who discovered that eggs might be fried. Shortly alter another one produced the omelette ; later on someone scrambled them, and so on. A great man of the locality who had amassed a considerable fortune celebrated a national festival in order to honour the discoverers of fried eggs, omelettes, and scrambled eggs, and great was the joy and great was the honour heaped ui)on the happy inventors. But alas ! an importunate intruder with a memory happened on this occasion to obtrude his obnoxious remarks, saying : ' All this is very well, but what about the man who brought the hens ? ' " Without prying too deeply into the evolution of knowledge, and mentioning solely what lies on the surface, I would ask in the case of Mr. Carnegie : ' Where is Bacon, who was greatly instrumental in teaching men how to learn by experimenting?' Without that teaching neither printing, nor electricity, nor water-meters, nor steel processes, nor steam- engines, nor telephones, nor cotton - spinning machinery, nor locomotives, nor rotary engines, whose discpverers are all included in .\lr. Carnegie's list, would ever have been invented. To refer to the simile, people would have continued eating boiled ,-,_t(IS." < Maakien Maartens' l.isr. Mr. Maarten Maartens, who, on my first appeal, refused to attempt to fill in the li.st, has relented, auvl I am glad to publish the following interesting com- munication from his pen : — " 1 have looked again at your (luestion. It seems to me that your demftnd was clear, many a response confu.sed. You do not ask for ' greatness ' ot character, for fiiat often remains unknown, or oi accidental effect, as in a chance invention, or ol unintended well-doing, for then Pontius I'ilate, foi instance, were the greatest man that ever lived. You ask for the greatest impression, as a personality, on the whole race throughout its common life. If thai is correct there can hardly be much discussion aboiM your list : — 1. Mo.ses. 2. I'aul. 3. Homer. 4. Socrates - I'lalo. .Aristotle. Alexander the (Jreat. Julius C;esar. The Buddha. 1' Greatest M EN ? 9. Confucius. i,v Rembrandt. 10. Mohammed. 16. Beethoven. II. Charlemagne. 17- Luther. 12. Dante. 18. Napoleon. 13. Michael Angelo •9- Newton. 14. Shakespeare. 20. Darwin. 141 " I have bracketed 4 because the personality is, as a world-impression, one. " W'ith your uneijuallcd journalistic acumen, if I may be permitted to say so, you have fixed on exactly the right limit. Fifteen would have been impossible, twenty-five quite easy. Personally, I should place Augustine above Luther, Leonardo above Michael Angelo, perhaps I And Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Goethe should have got in had you not just banged the door in their faces. The matter is nowise one of personal sympathy. I have had to admit that brute Alexander the Great and that brute Napoleon. I have been able to exclude that brute Peter the Great, yet the last-named was not a self-seeking slaughterer of thousands like the other two. But, if you stand away and look down the history of the race objectively, the twenty stars shine, to my mind, immovable for all. With all due admiration, for instance, for the persistence of Columbus, it seems absurd to call him one of the twenty greatest because he unintentionally invented the Americans. As soon praise the potter for the rose ! " Having written so much, I cannot resist sending \ou a patriotic list of greatest names in the making of n^li'trafh !.y] r.iiwti ,M„i 1 , Mr. Maaiten Maartens. 142 The Review of Reviews. modern Europe, picked up amongst a couple of million souls in the great multitude : — The greatest devotional writer — • Tiiomas h. Kempis. The greatest humanist — Erasmus. The greatest anti-Reform. Jesuit — Canisius. The greatest jurist — Grotius. The greatest philosopher — Spinoza. The greatest physicist — Christ. Huygens. The greatest painter — Rembrandt. The greatest founder of a State — William the Silent. The greatest statesman-king — William III. The greatest admiral — De Ruyter. The greatest physician — Boerhave. The greatest military engineer — Coehoorn. " Pretty good — is it not ?" Sir Hiram Maxim's List. The list of Sir Hiram Maxim is very characteristic. Sir Hiram is one of our- few public men who are vehemently opposed to religions of all kinds. He accompanied his paper by an assertion that neither Moses nor St. Paul ever existed ! This animus explains the presence of Colonel IngersoU and Tom Paine among the world's greatest men : — Confucius, author of the golden rule, B.C. 551 — B.C. 479- Archimedes, science and mathematics, B.C. 287 — B.C. 212. /'/l y/i'j^-r.i/'/i Sir Iliraiii Maxim. Columbus, who discovered America after it had been discovered by others, 1435 — 1506. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Galileo, astronomical discovery, 1564 — 1642. Voltaire, gave superstition its death-blow, 1694 — '778. Benjamin Franklin, drew electricity from the sky, 1706 - 1790. Watt, inventor of the modern steam engine, 1736 — 1819. Thomas Paine, liberator of man's mind, 1737 — 1809. Thomas Jefferson, rejected the superstition of his time, 1743 —1826. Jenner, discoverer of vaccination, 1749 — 1823. Napoleon, the greatest soldier, 1769 — 1821. Stephenson, inventor of locomotive, 1781 — 1848. Abraham Lincoln, the best of great men and the greatest of good men, 1809 — 1865. Darwin, work of evolution, 1809 — 1882. Bessemer, inventor of steel process, 1813 — 1898. Pasteur, bacteriologist, 1822 1895. Colonel IngersoU, killed the devil and abolished Hell, 1833— 1899. Ernest Haeckel, greatest living scientist, 1834. . Graham Bell, inventor of telephone, 1847. Mr. Harold Begbie's List. Mr. Harold Begbie's list is in contrast to that of Sir Hiram Maxim's : — " By greatest I mean most valuable to the greatest number of humanity in the sense of giving happiness and vision and knowledge. Therefore I exclude Napoleon, who was a greater man than Charles Dickens, and prefer Frazer, who has illumined the whole region of superstition, before Julius Caesar, who was no doubt a man of most exceptional force and power. Until one has a definition about the word greatest it is impossible to compose a reason- able list. No man, I .suppose, has given more comfort and joy and encouragement to the human race than David ; but he did not invent the rotary engine nor employ coal as illuniinant. Which is the greater — David or Symington ? David or Murdock ? One has to think before one decides, Which has done more for the human race, the Twenty-third Psalm or the Steam Engine ? " ^ Moses, 15th century B.C. David, about 1055 — 10 15 B.C. Socrates, about 469 B.C. St. Paul. CJulenberg, 1400 — 1468. Michael Angelo, 1475 1.S64. Luther, 1483 — 1546. William the Silent, 1533 1584. Shakespeare, 1564—1616 Newton, 1642-1727. Handel, 1685 — 1759. Watt, 1736 -1819. Beethoven, 1770 — 1827. Who are the Twenty Greatest Men? H3 Balzac, 1799 — 1850. Darwin, 1809 -1882. Simpson, 181 1 — 1879. Dickens, 181 2 — 1870. Lister, 1827. Tolstoy, 1828 191 o. J. G. Frazer, 1854. An Anglican's Choice. An Anglican clergyman in Wales, seeing that no clergyman of the Church of England has contributed to the Symposium last month, sends in his list of Twenty Greatest Men. Its chief peculiarity is that he includes Sir. H. M. Stanley as one of the greatest men that the world has ever produced. This probably may be attributed to the fact that our correspondent dates from Neath :— Moses, 15th century B.C. Rameses II., 1300 — 1230 B.C. Homer, loth or nth century B C. Plato, 427 B.C. Aristotle, 384—322 B.C. Julius Caesar, 100 — 44 B.C. St. Paul. Marcus .\urelius, 121 — 180. Constantine thtj (ireat, 272 — 337, Augustine, 354-430. Francis d'Assisi, 1182 — 1226. Dante, 1265— 132 1. Luther, 1483 -1546. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Newton, 1640 — 1727. Darwin, 1809 — 1S82. Gladstone, 1809 — 1898. Ruskin, 1819 —1900. H. NL Stanley (John Ro^^lands), 1841 — 1904. Tolstoy, 182K— 1910. An Irish Catholic's List. .\ very curiou-. list reached me from an anonymous Irish |x;asant. It is characteristically Irish, and not less characteri.stic.illy Catholic. (July an Irishman could have described the twelve Apostles as one of the greatest nn-ii in history. Between this and Sir Hiram's list the cunirast is great indeed :— 1. (Jur Diviiu- Lord, true Man as true God. 2. Our Blessed Lady. 3. St. Joseph. 4. The twelve .\i)Ostles. 5. St. Mark. • 6. .St. Luke. 7. St. John the llaptist. 8. Abraham. 9. Moses. 10. King Daviil. 11. Klias. 12. St. Benrdii t. 13. St. .Aunii-.iiu'- of Hipf)f>. 14. St. Patrick. 1 ;. Si. Oretioi \ ilii- ( Jreat. 16. 17- 18. 19. 20. St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Ignatius. St. Vincent de Paul. O'Connell. - Pius X. FAMOUS SAYINGS OF GREAT MEN. Mr. A. H. Leuis, writing to the Ne7v York American, sends a list of some of the famous sayings of some ot the world's greatest men, holding that a great thought is often as valuable as a great invention :— Washington : " Put none but .\mericans on guard." G.\LILEO : "It moves, nevertheless." Frederick the Great : " Every man must get to heaven his own way." Lincoln : " You can fool part of the people all of the lime, and all of the people part of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time." Franklin : " Love your neighbour as yourself, but don't take down your fence." Cro.mwell : " A battleship is your best ambassador." Mahomet : "There is no god but God." Jefferson : " Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." Confucius : " Honour lies not in never falling, but in rising every time you fall." Luther : " To pray well is the better half of study." Magf.llan : " The church says the earth is flat, but I know that it is round ; for I have seen the shadow on the moon, and I have more faith in a shadow than in the church." Napoleon : " Imagination rules the world." Newton : "I cannot calculate the madness of a people." Peter the Great: "I would give half my kingdom to know how to govern the other half." Cesar : " Better first in a village than second in Rome." GORDON'S HEROISM. "Charles Geokgk Ourdun, Hero," is the title of a tribute by T. A. Lacey in the Treasury. He says : — This perfect, gentle knight was, as all such must be, the most humble and modest of men : humble, in spite of his haughty confidence ; modest, in spite of his challenging demeanour. He was overawed by no superior, he flinched from no judgment, he stinted no indignant word, he slaved no righteous blow ; he was fearless to act because he sought neither reward nor praise, he saw only something to \x done and himself the appointen the day of King Ivhv.ircr> funeral I found two Canadian soldiers w.andcring listlcsilv about .Si Paul's. I look thcnj l^i Gotiliin's tomb — a !ond) euiply uf honoured dust, bul reminis- cent of Ihc spirit. Tliiv stood to ullnilion. 144 Fakir Singh: Harold Begbie's Saint. M one who has landed at his a man with a personality, a R. HAROLD nEGBIE is one oi the com- ing men, if indeed he may not already be described as destination. He is message, and a following. He has written several books of late which have achieved an almost unprecedented success, both in this country and in America. His latest, entitled " Other Sheep," describes the impressions produced upon his mind by his recent visit to India. He saw the country and the people that dwell therein, and he Iwd the great advantage, during part at least of his tour, of being accompanied by Mr. Commissioner Booth Tucker, who for many years was a distinguished member of the Indian Civil Service, and who since 1881 has devoted the whole of his life to preaching the Gospel, ac- cording to the Salvation Army, to the people of India. The picture that Mr. Harold Begbie gives of Mr. Booth Tucker, whose native name is Fakir Singh, is extremely at- tractive, and has fasci- nated a great many people who have read the book. " Other Sheep," take it all in all, is a great tribute to a great man ; and that being so, I was deliglited to seize the op[)ortunity of Mr. Booth Tucker's presence in London to ask him to come round to my Sanctum and have a talk. Fakir Singh responded to the invitation, and then, as his manner was, he forgot all about Harold Begbie, and set himself with a whole heart to interest me in the work that the Salva- tion Army is doing for the redemption of the outcasts of India. When I listened to Fakir Singh's account of the multifarious eflforls which the Salvation Army is- making for the amelioration of the condition of the ]jeo]jle of India, it seemed to me that tliey arc attempt- ing to achieve salvation by silkworms which dark saying, being interpreted, means tiiat they have con- ceived the idea that millions of the Indian people may be snatched from deadly poverty, the like of I'lnlof, Mr. Harold Begbie. wliich is inconceivable to the Western world, by training them to manage silkworms. The Indian silkworm produces eight crops of siik a year, whereas his French brother only produces one. France has, indeed, almost forsaken the grow- ing of silk for the breeding of silkworms or silkworms' eggs. Fakir Singh gave me what seemed almost fabulous figures concerning billions of silkworms' eggs which are exported from France every year. A thousand tons of silkworms' eggs, which are sold at varying prices from 3s. to 4s. an ounce, represent innumerable billions of active workers, each of which is no sooner hatched out than it sets to work to convert mul- berry leaves into silk. At first the experiments were not successful ; they put the wrong sort of cater- pillar upon the wrong sort of tree, wi'h the result that the caterpillar killed the tree, and the tree killed the caterpillar. However, by long and patient experiments they now know how to fit the caterpillar to the bush, with the result that the supply of silk from India is steadily increasing, and in time Fakir Singh and ( leneral Booth may be the greatest silk-producers in the world. At the present they are modestly engaged in pioneer work, and do what they can to act as middleman be- iween the peasants who act as shepherds to the silkworm flocks and the great silk manufacturers of Europe and America. But the silkworm industiy is only one of the multi- farious economic activities which absorb so much of his energies. The Salvation Army did a noble work in India in agitating for the establishment of land banks, which before that time were i)ractically non- existent in India. They acted as jjioneers and the Govenuuent followed in their wake. There are few institutions so much appreciated by the [leople as the land banks. It is very largely the work of the Salvation .Xrmy to find out a good thing, to turn theljl-; energy and enthusiasm and intelligence of their { people loose upon it so as to carry on experiments \t'rniaft^ Ipswich. Fakir Singh: Harold Bkghie's Saint. 145 wiiith the Governnicnt could not at first undertake, and then, when ihcy have demonstrated that it is a practical, useful proposition, the Government with this object-lesson before it takts up the idea and extends it throughout the Empire. After silkworms mid land banks, perhaps the most useful thing that the Fakir Singh has had and has still in hand is the development of village industries. People are still on the land in India : although there is a certain tide setting in towards the factories of great cities, and tj keep people on the land, you must help them to make a living on the land. " They can be helped in two ways," he said. " One is to help them to buy at cheap rates improved machinery, insteaonic of which are grown on the frosty hills, otiiers of which thiive best near the sea shore. NV'e collected a great deal of information regarding the right kinds. A great tree, the cu< alyplus ; it grows quicker than any other and jiroduces hard wood, and it is the greatest pre- ventive of mal.iria that has yet been discovered. W'e have devotei! .\ good deal of attention to the planting of trees. We have borrowed from America the institution of .\rbour Day, and one day in the year all the childr' 11 in our schools go out to plant '.rccs. Another d.i\ in the year we go out to see how they are thriving. It is attention to little details whieh secure us the success of all these operations. The discovery that by putting a simple porous earthen- ware pot of water beside a newly-planted tree keeps the soil moist has saved thousands of the little trees from perishing. Another thing which is vitally necessary is the improvement of their method of agriculture, so as to enable them to keep more stock on less land. The gradual enclosure of the forests has deprived the peasant of much of his grazing ground, ^^'e have to explain to him now that he can no longer pasture his cow upon ten acres, that by improved methods of culture he can keep ten cows on one acre, although that of course is somewhat exaggerated. " The welfare of the people is what wo Keep con- stantly in view. Help the people to help themselves, and to improve their economic conditions at the same time that we are labouring to save their souls. That is the great object which we keep constantly before us. We have sixty million of outcast people in India, with whom the educated Brahmin will have nothing to do." "What relations have you with the Government? ' "The very best," said Fakir Singh. "Of course, you may think I am prejudiced, having been in the Civil Service myself, but I must say that after all deductions have been made it seems to me that the Indian Government is the best Government existing in the world. I do not think you will find in any other administration in the world a standard of duty so high as is to be found in the Indian Government. Their relations with us have always been most cordial. They have handed over to us from time to time the care of professional criminals with whom they could do nothing. In India there are whole communities, the members of which return themselves to the census as professional robbers, who live by robbing. For generations they have practised brigandage and dacoity as a means of livelihood, and it is these peojile that we are after. The great thing to teach them is that there are other means of making a living which are more desirable than that of looting villages and waylaying travellers. In one case the Government gave us an old fortress as a base from which ta conduct our operations. The criminals, after having served their time in gaol, were handed over to us to settle on the land to make them industrial citizens, and we have had great success. The Indian nature is very responsive to kindly treat- ment : the great thing is to establish confidence, to win their hearts ; when that is done all the rest follows." " \Vhat about the police?" 1 asked. " Well," .said Fakir Singh, " 1 must say the (Jovern- ment makes the best of the materials that are available. It reminds me of a story General Booth is fond of telling of a very fine lady who was at one time taken in a vision to see the celestial city. Her angel guides showed her various beautiful mansions prepared for the just when they passed over. ' .A"'! >vhi»-. i>. th n 146 The Review of Reviews. ninnsion over there,' asked the lady, poiiituig to a very beautiful building. 'That,' said the angel, ' is for your charwoman.' ' My charwoman,' said the lady. ' If you have such a palace for a charwoman, do show me what you have prepared for me.' \Vhere- upon the angel led her a long way oft" to a very poor quarter, and showed her a very small shanty. ' There is your home,' said he. ' That,' said she, turn- ing up her nose in contempt, ' is that all you have for me?' 'I am very sorry, madam,' said the guide, ' but we have done the best we can with the material you have sent up to us during your earthly life.' So " Fakir Singh." Commissioner Bootli-Tiicker ami liis wife. it is with the Indian Government, they do the best they can with the material they have to hand." " Now about Mr. Begbie," said I. " Oh," said Fakir Singh. " They are his own ideas which he has expressed in his own way. We have no responsibility for them. I told him many times that he was wrong, but it is one thing to tell a man he is wrong, and another thing to make him believe it, and I seem to have failed with Hegbie. He has been very kind, and I want to say no more about him excepting this : I wish he had said more about the work and le^s about me." ORIENTAL VIEW OF WESTERN WOMAN. In the Modern Revinc for January, Har Dayal sets out to prove that there is not much to choose for women between East and A\'est. The fine talk of Europeans and Americans about the superior position of women in the West is, he says, simple falsehood. " As rejards woman, man is the same gross, brutal egoist everywhere." Beneath all disguises peers forth " the same old figure of the unchivalrous, disdainfiil, indifferent man-brute, and the stunted, weak, timid, dependent and ignorant slave, woman." The boasted higher position of woman in the West is a myth. "one continual crucifixion." In the middle and upper classes, says the writer, the life of a woman between the age of fifteen and her death is one continual crucifixion. With the all- important question of marriage, the tragedy of woman's life begins. It is a sadder tragedy in the West than in the East, for in the East the duty of finding a breadwinner falls on the girl's parents. Education, accomplishments, deportment, are all intended to fit the woman for the marriage market. MARRI.\GE BY HUNT OR PURCHASE. Marriage is secured by v woman in Europe by a hunt or by purchase : — No pen can describe tlie anguisli of those women wlio cannot find purchasers in the marliet or who fail to bag some game in this hunt. They are stranded, and no one pities them. Their lot is one of terrible hardship in these upper classes. 'I'liey become mere human wrecks, tlie refuse of the market, which the managers throw into the garbage box. Is not the condition of the Oriental woman, who finds a hiis- Ijand, a home, and assured maintenance provided for her as soon as she reaches maturity, a hundred times better than that of these pitiable scramblers in the mr.trimonial market, where, to add to their troubles, the supply far exceeds the demand? THE PROFESSIONAL WOMAN. M. Let ourneau pronounces true marriage by pur- chase to be more common in France than elsewhere. The economic emancipation of woman appears to the writer a confession of failure :^ This .advancing civilisation must drag her in the mire c( modern commercialism ; she must also learn to lie and cheat, to haggle and calculate, to buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest market. This is what this boasted emancipation of woman in the professions really means. But there are no traces of the immense superiority over the Turkish women that some people ascribe to the educated ladies of ihe West. They aie all alike ns yd. They all chatter trifles. They are all credulous and shallow-brained. There is no great difference between the East and the West, or even between Africa and Kurope in this respect. THE DEPTH OF WORKING WOMEN'S WOE. Working women suflTer still more : — The life of the w omen of the working-classes is worse than that of helots. Girls of tender age are overworked in factories like be.asts of burden. . . . No Turkish woman or Soudanese slave le.ids such a life of unremitting toil and brutish squalor. This is almost Ihe nadir of /iiiiiiati lii-graJalioii, and it is (ound in the West, which is said to honour woiran. The writer adds that the darkest night is just before the dawn. L 147 The Pagan and Christian Conception of God. THE MIRACLE" AT OLYMPIA AND "OEDIPUS REX" AT COVENT GARDEN. l>oiina." Hut surely it is something to tiic good that men and women should be familiarised with the out- worn creeds in the strength of which their ancestors faced the jiroblems of life and went down into the chill waters of the river of death? Kach of these religions, "exploded superstitions " as men call ihcm, was at one time a step on the great altar stair by which humanity has groped its way from darkness to the throne of God Since " the first man stood God conquered with his face to heaven upturned," each successive generation has formulated, according to the light aflfordtd it, a creed and a ritual which defired with more or less exactitude the angle at which they faced the Infinite. 'I'he scenic represen- tation of these lites enables us at least to realise with a more sjmpathetic understanding the marvellous variety of conceptions which man has formed of God. It is at least better that great multitudes should be gathered together to see and to reflect upon the ancient ways in which our forefathers realised Divinity than that they should be perjietually surfeited with contemplating the various methods in which men corrujit their neighbours' wives and deceive their own. If it be true that all paths to the Father lead when self the feet have spurned, it must be profitable to see vividly represented before the eye and car the efforts which our fathers made to stumble upwards towards the Author of their being. Of course this is abso- lutely opposed to the old notion that a man should turn away as from a temptation of Satan from any attractive presentation of any creed save that in which he was born and baptised. It used to be regarded almost as much of a religious duty to despise your neighbour's creed, to caricature it, to abuse it, as to hold firmly to your own. Religious men and religious women have for generations acted on the principle of the ingenuous juror who wanted to !-top the case and find a verdict before the counsel for the defence had been heard. " It is all so clear to nic now, but if that other fellow speaks I know he will confuse me." Reinhardt is making us hear the other fellow, and it ought to be counted to him for righlcousnes.s. .\nd right here before I go any further I must make a |)crsonal explanation. In order to help to increase ihe popular interest in "The Miracle," I wrote a letter which has been extensively quoted in the Press pointing out how directly Rcinhardi's play challenged the narrow-minded fanaticism of Orange rrotestant- ism. I asked, in tl e same vein of .scoffing irony as that cni])loyed by the Prophet Klijah when he had the priests of Haal on the h.ip, what our good Pro- testants were thinking about when they rai.scd such a hull.djaloo about the procession of the Host at iho I'lucharistic Congress and sat down lainely before this beautiful but defiant presentation of Romish RlilN'Il.ARI)!' il'.e Jew has made the Christian world of London his debtor by compelling the multitude to see and wonder at two mar- vellous scenic representations of two of the vanished faiths of mankind. His success opens up a wide field for the entcriirise of audacious dramatists. There are a score, nay, a hun- dred, religions — both past and present — which are cap- able of sym- ])athetic repre- sentation on the modern stage. There- is the faith of the Druids, for instance, which has in it great possibili ties, and a play based on the worship of Moloch w'ould outdo " CEdi- pus Rex " in ho rror. The riles of Isis, the Bacchanalian orgies of the cult of Cybele, offer obvious attractions to tho.se who find profit in e\i)luiting the mysteries of sex. Still more attractive, because more grim and weird, are the obscure an^ obscene rites of Voodooism. " Dear Old Charlie" might be induced to license a realistic representation of Phallus worship, and that ancient deity Priapus might be honoured naked and un- ashamed insteail of being the furtive inspirer of musical comedy and the gay humours of I.abiche. Hindoo mytholni^ics afford endless themes for the K( inhardts of ih.- future. Nor can it be said after "'I'he Miracle ".iiid "CEdipus" that anything must be rejected as common and unclean. The study of conqjaralive mythology has long '•ngaged the allenlion of the learned. 'I'hese repre- sentations on the stage are now democratising the subject. The gicat advantage of the dramatic treat- ment of what ilic freethinker scornfully waves aside as superstitious is that it must he sympathetic. That has its disadvantages no doi;bt. To accustom thousands of young men and maidens to think them- selves inio the mental and physical state of Pacchantes c.wi hardly be < ommendcd as tending to purity of thought, of manmrs, or of morals. The same objection may be taken to the persona- tion of the Laily of the Camellias or of "Bella Professor Reinhardt. 148 The Review of Reviews. dnctrine. And then caricaturing the absurdities cherished in some quarters, I aslved in derision how much money had been subscribed by the Vatican and tlie Jesuits to subsidise tliis subtle attempt to pervert the Protestant subjects of our Protestant king. I thought that the extravagance and exaggeration of my letter would have been sufficient to show my real drift. But alas ! I underestimated tiie density of the brain of the Protestant public. Imagine my dismay at finding myself enthusiastically hailed as tlie one man who dared to bear witness for the Protestant faith ! In future, when I write anytliing in the same vein I shall have to add like .\rtemus Ward, " N.B. — 'Phis is rote sarkastic." All the newspapers have described at such length " The Miracle " and " (Edi- pus " that I shall spare my readers any detailed account of either one show or the other. I will address myself to pointing out as simply and clearly as I can the concep- tions of life and of the rela- tion of man to God which these two plays of Rein- liardt's have impressed upon the mind of the public. Judging them from our present standpoint, they are both distinctly immoral. 'I'hey both set forth ideas as to the relation of God to man in terms which only need to be stated in their naked simplicity to revolt the moral sense. 'Pake the earlier play, the "(Kdipus" of Sophocles. Here we have a man who, so far as his own will and conscience are concerned, is absolutely innocent. 'K iipus, so far from doing wrong, met his doom in try- ing to escape from commit- ting the crimes it was predicted he would couunit. 1 le was a man who wished to escape from sin. lie was no monster of iniiiuity. He was indeed a man pious and pulilic-spirited, a good father, a I iving son, a faithful husband. He was a sovereign d'^voted to his peo|)le's welfare. In order to escape from the jiredicted horror of a double crime he sacrificed his right to the throne of Corinth and fled as an exile to another realm. l!y his ready wit he saved the people from the devastating appetite of the .Sphynx, and was regarded by his contemporaries as a benefactor and a Saviour. Yet this man of all men is made the victim and the sport of the malignant gods. He is led, all unknowing, to commit with innocent heart the very oflcnces which he desired of The Nun in the M'racle Play. all things to avoid, and having committed them tliere rains down on him the pitiless vengeance of the gods. His wife-mother hangs herself. He tears out his eye.s in the anguish of his remorse, and departs alone an outcast and a wanderer into the desolate wilderness. Prom our point of view Qidipus had done no wrong and deserved no [ninishment. He deserved indeed our profoundest pity, our loving compassion ; but from the point of view of the drama not only was this not the view of his contemporaries, it was not even his own view. He was terribly punished, but he makes no railing protest against the divine fienJs who had ordained his destruction. It is all very strange and abhorrent to us, an outrage upon what we now regard as the elementary ideas of justice. And yet and yet ! 'I'he night upon which I saw (Edipus was tl-.e twenty- sixth anniversary of the night on which I was wel- comed in triumph in Exeter Hall after my release from Holloway gaol, to which 1 had been consigned as a penalty for having en- deavoured, not wisely but too well, to increase the legal safeguards against the ruin of young and innocent girls. 'Phe anniversary rc- i-.illed some of my medita- tions in my prison cell. < »nc of the most persis- tently recurring thoughts of that time was the injustice with which Society treats the fallen woman. Many a girl has "lost her virtue" in innocence as absolute as that of OEdi[)us. But although she may have been as helpless in the toils of her betrayer as the trapped do\e. Society takes no ac- count of that. She has lost her character and is cast out, like Qidipus, or doomed often to a fate even worse than his. Nay, many times her undoing has been due to her very effort to preserve her virtue. Fleeing from temptation in one (|uarter, she has found herself in the toils from which llicre was no escape. Of which fa^t the annals of the \\'hite Slave trade afford only too much overwhelming evidence. \'et Christian society, priding itself ujion its morals, is as remorseless as Apollo in the tragedy of So|)hocles. ' This brings me to the equally immoral story of " 'Phe Miracle." Here the pendulum has swung to the other extreme. In " Qidipus " the innocent falls crushed by the ruthless gods. In " 'Phe Miracle " we have the guilty made the special object of the The Pagan and Christian Conception of God. 149 favour of Heaven. .\ nun, the finest flower of the convent, surrenders herself willingly, knowingly to the arms of her lover. The lure of tlu- Tempter over- came her maidenly scruples. The riot of her senses revolted against the austere morality of the cloister. The teachings of her religion were forgotten on the very morrow of the day on which their truth had been attested by a miracle. She violated her vows and sacrificed the virginity she had pledged to a heavenly bridegroom to the knight who made her his paramour. Never was sin more flagrant committed with more open-eyed consciousness of its enormity. But instead of bringing down upon her guilty head the wrath of offended Heaven, the blessed Virgin herself steps down from her throne in order to assume the dress and to personate the fugitive. To screen the guilty and fallen nun, the \'irgin vacates her throne and serves as a humble sister of the convent in order to conceal the guilt of the erring one. The play goes on. The perjured nun loses her first lover to become the prey of a succession of para- mours. By the time she has reached the last stage of degradation in the common liipanar, ?-he has been the mistress of from ten to a dozen kings, princes, and knights, who have fed her on the richest fare, clad her in dainty robes, and given her what to the carnal mind must have been a right royal good time. In ;he course of this career of unbridled debauchery she fell in the family way, and became a mother. Her <:bild dies. Then she repents, and returns to the <.onvent. When she arrives she finds that the Virgin, having fulfilled her role as locum Icneiis while the nun was carrying on (uitside, remounts her throne in the cathedral and waits silent and unreproachful the return of the picligal. The nun, bearing her dead b.iby, prostrates inrself before the obliging \'irgin. In the original phi) she resumes her old garments and lakes her old place without anyone suspecting what rigs she ha6 bet n playing since the day of the miracle. But the baby must be got rid of. A happy thought struck her. Since the \irgin had been so kind as to kecj) her place warm for her while she rioted outside, would she not also oblige by disposing of the fruit of lawless love. She ])lnced the dead baby in the arms of the Mother of God, by whom it was accepted wiibout demur as the infant Christ. There the story ends. But the desire for a good "curtain" led ibe (iroducers of "The Miracle" at Olympia to spoil the tale by omitting the resumi>- lio;i by the nun of her conventual dress, and the play closes with a triumphant procession, in which the nun is lost in the crowd, and the Virgin, still clas[)ing in her arms the nun's baby, is carried amidst the sound of sacred song down the stage and out of the ' "The Miracle " we see the recoil carried to its furthest limit. The touching story of the Prodigal Son is outdone by this story of the prodigal daughter, and in the rejoicing of the human heart over the discovery that God is a God of love we see the Virgiri making herself accessory to and an accomplice in the violation of the most sacred law. So we may regard the two plays "Gidipus" and "The Miracle" as the dramatic expression of the extremest form of the two dominant ideas — of the ancient pagan creed deduced from an observation of the law of nature, and of the Christian doctrine of the infinite compassion of the God of love revealed in Christ Jesus. Said ■' Qildipus '' : — .-\m I not charged with death. Most charged and filled to the brim With curses? And wltal man sailh, God liath so hated him ? But the message of " The Miracle " is that by Christ Cometh the forgiveness of sin — for God so loved the world ! j'/io/fj^r.t/'i /yj A Great Scene in " CEdipus Rex." {///HS/rii//iVts Btndtti 151 THE ABUSE OF TRADE UNIONISM, AN IRRESPONSIBLE TYRANNY WITH POWER OF LIFE AND DEATH. The strike against the non-Unionist has long.been a famihar and unlovely feature in the organisation of labour. Kut it is only of recent years that this power has been exercised with the ruthless severity which is calculated to fill ail friends of labour with dismay. It is regarded by many excellent men who are engaged in the organisation of labour disputes as a perfectly right and proper thing to compel working men, by fair means or foul, to join the Union. But this, however serious an infringement it may be of the liberty of the subject, is nothing to the later developments of the doctrine that the Trade Unions can do no wrong, which is to be witnessed in its full growth in America, and is by no means unknown even here. For the New Tyranny is no The dispute at .\ccrington as to the employment of a man and hi= wife and of anotb.er woman who were not members of the Union paralysed the cotton trade of Lancashire for nearly three weeks. It is estimated that the working classes lost a million sterling in wages and the trade of the district was diminished by seven millions sterling. The difficulty was finally surmounted by the tact of Sir George Askwilh, who arranged that work should be resumed on the old basis, and that Unionists and non-L'nionists should work together for six months, in which period it was thought some permanent arrangement might be arrived at. Xo sooner, however, did the owners I'-open the mills than the workers struck work the moment the three non-Unionist workers appeared in Miss Mar(jaret Bury. Mr. Riley. Cotton opcr.ilivcs wlio refused to join the Unions and precipitated llie strike Mrs. Riley. the mills. They pursued the unfortunate non-Unionists with vituperation and abuse, threatening violence, until finally they succeeded in driving them out of the mill. It is an ugly incident and one which seems to justify many of the worst things that are said as to the lack of good faith which characterises Trade Unionists. Indei-d, it .seems almost to be accepted as an axiom that a 1 rade Unionist can do no wrong. A Trade Unionist should be above the law, and a Trade Unionist should never be expected to keep his bargain. This is a sad descent from the old high principle which animated Trade Unionists of the last generation. It is difficult, however, to account for the proceedings in Lancashire excepting on some such assumption as that which I have just slated. longer exerted merely to compel working men to join the Union whether they like it or not. It is employed without scruple to doom working men and their families to the slow torture of starvation, if, from any causes over which tluy have no control, they are not admitted into the Unionist ranks. Now it is one thing to deprive a man, his wife and children of their daily bread in order to comjiel the man to join the I nion, but it is an altogether diflerent, and an in- finitely worse thing, first of all, to decree that a man shall not join the Union, even if he wishes to, and then to refuse him any opportunity of earning his living, because he is not a Trade Unionist. It is this tendency which fills many of the sincerest friends of labour organisation with alarm. The Roman Catholic Church in the days when there was i=;2 The Review of Reviews. 110 limit to its power to use force, even in the extreme form of the rack and the stake, to punish heresy, never went so far as do modern trades unions in the irresponsible exercise of the power of life and death. For the Roman Church in her worst days was always willing to receive the heretic when he repented and submitted to her authority. But in America working men who have been expelled from the union, either from the caprice or i)rejudice of- the local voting majority in their lodge, are denied all place for repentance. They are branded as industrial lepers ; they apply in vain for admission to the close ranks ol the union from which they have been expelled, and if any employer ventures to give them emi)loyment a strike is ordered or his goods are boycotted by all the trades unionists of the United States. This is a hideous and horrible abuse of the power of the associa- tion ; it is utterly destructive of liberty, and will inevit- ably in the end provoke a reaction which may do infinitely more harm to the cause of labour than the utmost that could be obtained by the boycott of the non-Unionist. Those who are incredulous as to the possibility of such a tyranny finding its place in modern society will do well to read Mr. W. J. Merritt's article on the closed shop in the Ncrth American Rcvirici for January : — \VH\T IS A "CLOSED SHOP?" The " closed shop " is a system prevailing in factories con- ducted under a fi.\ed rule that none but union men in good standing shall be employed at the trade involved. It is called the "closed shop" because its doors are barred against all employes whom the union does not recognise, and it is con- trasted with the "open shop," where both union and non- union men are employed, without discrimination against either. The non-union man may be denied union member- ship ; he may have been suspended or e.Npelled, or he may not desire membership, but in either of these three contingencies the fact, and not the reason, that he is non-union is the conclusive disqualification against employment in a closed shop. As the employer cannot review the union's adjudication that a man is non-union, and as in most unions, like all secret societies, an applicant for membership must be approved or voted in, and no court or any other authority can review the organisation's action in rejecting the applicant, the result is that no man can secure employment in a closed shop except by consent of the union. Mr. Merritt describes in considerable detail the method in which this tyranny, exercised by irrespon- sible local majorities voting in ballot, is brought into operation. HOW THE TVKANNV IS ENFORCEO. The first step is to strike against any employer who gives work to a non-unionist. Should strikes fail of their purpose, the American Federation of Labour, which has a membership of nearly two millions, repre- senting ten million persons (over a tenth of the entire American poptilation), are all pledged to boycott the goods produced by the open shop. There are one thousand four hundred organisers of the Federation, whose chief duty is to see that the boycott is enforced : — With .igents in every trade centre of the country, and local federations of all trades to .let at their commands, with travel- ling agents going from city to city, and spies to detect opcn-shoi. shipments and telegraph the information to the unions at the place of consignment, we have a phenomenon hitherto unknown in either democratic or despotic states, with its branches like veins throughout our entire society. Another weapon is the insistence upon the employ- ment of the Union label, which is fixed to all goods produced by closed shops. The conditions of labour may be much better in the open shop, but its goods are branded by the absence of the label, whereas a closed shop which may be run under much worse con- ditions has a full right to use the Union label. The Carpenters' Union refuses to handle any goods or to work upon any materials which come from an open shop. The same rule prevails in relation to many other workers. By the aid of the strike and the boycott and the label the chances of a nonUnionist earning his living can be reduced to a minimum. ABANDON HOPE ALL VE WHO ! Many trades unionists who are professedly the friends of liberty and justice are to be found who would defend this use of power in order to compel men to join the associations by whose actions the\ are supposed to profit. But few, I hope, even in this country, would defend the exercise of this power of life and death, for that is what it comes to, against the man who wishes to join the union but who is for- bidden to do so, and then is punished for not being a Unionist. No man has an enforceable legal right to membership in any trade union. He must apply for membership, and he may be rejected or black- balled in exactly the same way as if he applied for membership of any private club. Sometimes if a man has left the union for a time, possibly because of his inability to pay the levies, his application to rejoin may be rejected, or he may be admitted on condition that he pays dues on the wages he has earned during the years he was outside the union. Sotne men who have once been members, and have withdrawn, have been obliged to pay large fines before they were re-admitted. Sometimes the unionists will refuse to admit any new members at all in a given period of time. Others will refuse to admit any new members above the age of twenty-one, and others systematically exclude foreigners. If a local union by a majority vote refuses any application, none of the other unions throughout the country can accept the unfortunate man who has been rejected, except by a two-thirds vote of the union to which he has made a second application, and even then his application is invalid unless he can obtain the consent of the union which first rejected him. Thus, if a man is blackballed for per- sonal reasons by a union in ("alifoinia, he cannot be admitted to a union in New York exceptitig by a two-thirds vote, and then the decision nuist be ratified by the union of California. IS rHERE NO REMEDY ? Mr. Merritt considers the tyranny has reached such a pitch in .\merica that employers will be obliged to Thu Abuse of Trade Unionism. oo Hi !"liftstfr Ciizi ' Une Danse Macabre. meet the closed slio|i movement by a counter organi- sation which would bring the country very near to a ( ivil war. He maintains that the State should intervene : — If a cominercial nation in peaceful times cannot protect the rijjhls of its working class to secure employment from those who wish to employ them, it has lamentably failed. The history of civilised government alTords no parallel wherehy law permits a combination of men to enter into a >cheme so calcul.Uccl to imperil and destroy property and pe&inal rights. Nothing could !■■• l.iircr than to place upon the statute books in all the States ^i l.nv which forbids any combination on the part of any cla.ss of [icoplc, whether employers or employees, to discriminate against :\ man on the ground that he is or is not .i member of a labour imi n. THF, BRITISH I..\U' AND IRADKS UNIONS. Mr. Waller V. Osborne, of the >sbornc Judginetit fame, writing in the Weilminskr Rniai.' for Jatiuary, maintains that it is absolutely necessary that the Trades Unions .Act of 1 906 should be amended. Mr. Osborne traces the condiiiun of the present unfortunate position of aflairs to thi- Taff Vale decision, which deprived the Trades Unions of the immunity which they had previously enjo) id of being al>le to conduct a strike without being liable for damages. Mr. Osborne says : — Little real harm li.nl l>ecn suffered by the country during all those yt.if- of suppfrstd immunity, and this argument w.as the ureal inducement for the passing of the Act of 1906. No -ooncr was this Act p.asscd (ban it became an instrument of tyranny in the ll.^nd^ of extreme but narrow-minded, ami often ignorant men. Traili- I iiionists hail long fought for the right to combine without loircion or disability, but they now sought I > deprive others ■■f the liberty of choice they lhemselvi~ demanded, and denied the riglit for any man to remain outside the, L-'nion. They seek with impunity to obtain tile dismisii::! of nonunii'ii men, and to so take away their means of livelihtxjd. If the (.'nion men strike all others mnsl come out, to u«e their own words, "by fair means or foul." Contracts and agreements arc disregarded, whilst Molcnce is indulgeil in by the mob. If the leaders, inmiune liy the Act o( ii)<)<'>. deliberately defy the civil law, there is little wonder that iheir more ignorant adherents defy the criminal law. The 1906 .'Vcl is a real inducement to crime of every description, by giving a false impression that criminal as well as civil wrongs done in connection with a strike are imn-.une. By encouraging mobs to assemble outside private houses and places of employment at times when passions run strong, the .Xct becomes a real danger. If contracts and agree- ments are to remain the corner-stones of our commercial and industrial life, if the individual is to retain any shred of liberty, and if violence and brutality is to be put down, in fact if we arc to be .'aved from anarchy and civil war, it is necessaiy that the Act of 1906 should be immediately amended. HOW TO FACE INDUSTRIAL UNREST. Lv the Edinburgh RcT'ieiv for January the writer of an article on " Changes of Current in Political Thought" takes a cheerful view of the situation. The reviewer declares he looks forward to a great future for the British people. He admits that there are changes that are inevitable, but which need not necessarily be either wicked or degenerate. He looks forward to a great campaign against disease as the outlet for energy which at the present moment is expressing itself in strikes and riots. So inveterate an optimist is the reviewer that he contemplates Syndicalism with equanimity. He deplores the adoption of any strong measures by the Government against Syndicalism. Syndicalism springs from discontent, and it is better that it should come to the surface. There are two practical ways of meeting the discontent. The first is to remedy, by granting the popular demands. This, the writer says, is very often impossible. The second way is to provide channels by which the overflow ing discontent may from time to time relieve itself in a comparatively harmless manner. .Minor strikes are to discontent what vaccination is to smallpox. Strikes may con- stitute a natural safety-valve for blowing off the passions of industrial discontent ; and it would be in the last degree unwise if the Government were to block up these safety valves. Reprcs-ion will never cure that discontent e.xcept amotig a decadent people. " I'assion " is always best relieved by conversion into "action." Anger is quickly spent by abuse or blows, without which it woukl have been long harboured. The article is an interesting one as a survey of the shifting currents of political thought at the beginning of the century. Dividends v. Missions. "Thk dividends which How frotii the wealth of South America into the pockets of British investors in one month exceed in amount the total expenditure on evangelical missions in that continent in a hundred years." So says Allan Green, writitig in the SiinJ,n at Home on " The Continent of Opportunity," South America, and its evangelisation. .\s Great Britain alre.idy has close upon six hutidrcd millions invested in the cotitinent, and this ituniense capital yields nearly thirty millions a year as dividend, the statement seems to be credible. i 154 Leading Articles in the Reviews THE POLITICAL OUTLOOK. Conservative Hopes — " Curio," writing on " The Turn of the Tide " in the Fortnightly Review for February, is quite sure the Tories are coming in. The present Government has not two years to live. The turn of the tide is sure to come, but Ministers have ante-dated that turn, .^t the same time he warns the Tories that it won't do for them to take up a purely negative attitude ; neither the Church nor the Union, nor Tariff Reform, will in the long run be assured if Toryism does not succeed in saving the revolting masses from the arms of Labour. It will not do for the Tories to come in on a programme summed up in the phrase " anything for a quiet life " i — For the temper of the industrial districts at the present moment it will not do at all — and it is in tlie industrial dislricts that the vast bulk of the seats have got to he -won. The aspira- tion there, as present and continued Labour trouble proves, is not for a quiet life but for a better one. — AND FEARS. Mr. F. E. Smith, in the Oxford and Cambridge Reviav, dilates with glowing hope on Unionist prospects. The change from October to January in the outlook of the Party is, he says, prodigious. The Insurance Act — the underlying conceptions of which Mr. .Smith is careful to say are bold and beneficent — and the circumstances under which it became law, have powerfully contributed to the growing un- popularity of the Government. He anticipates that the forthcoming session of Parliament will carry still further that unpopularity. " None of its proposed measures will win it a vote : some of them will lose many in different parts of the country." Mr. Smith goes on to rejoice in the split in the Ministry over Female Suffrage, but at the same time reveals his anxiety about a division in the Opposition on the same question. He urges even those Unionists who believe in enfranchising the propertied woman to prevent the beginnings of what may prove to be the terrible evil of general female franchise. TORY DEMOCRACY — That seems all pretty plain sailing until we read the next article in the Fortni'^liily by Mr. .-Vrlhur A. ]?aumann, entitled "Is a Tory Revival Possible?" " Yes," says Mr. Baumann, " not only possible but certain, if the leaders of the Tory Party would turn a deaf ear to other advice and absolutely refuse to make any attempt whatever to outbid the Liberals in their appeal to the democracy." He implores Mr. Bonar i^aw and his colleagues to recur to the honest name of Tory, or the respectable appellation of Con- servative, but, he says : — We are compelled to ask to-day, as Disraeli "asked in 1844, what docs the Conservative Parly conserve? Is the Tory tradition a myth, the hocus-pocus of political priests, or is it a living principle, adaptable to the conditions of modern politics_? — "a disorganised hypocrisy.' " Tory democracy," he says, " is disorganised hypocrisy." He denounces Mr. Balfour for declar- ing that " the protection of the rights of property is in no sense the special function of the Conservative Party." That, Mr. Baumann maintains, is in truth its first function. " The Conservatives," he says, " had much better leave Social Reform alone for the present, first, because the nation has had its bellyful of Social Reform during the last three years ; and secondly, because we Tories do not really understand the question." Two-thirds of the educated skill of the country are Conservative ; nine-tenths of the accumu- lated wealth of the country are Conservative. If public credit is to be restored, and the national finances put in order, this is not to be done by publishing a pale copy of Lloyd Georgeism. ffhe electors ought not to be asked to choose between two competing programmes of Socialism, but between Socialism and the strong and orderly government of the Empire. ■ CLAIM OF THE UNDERFED MILLIONS. Now this too seems plain sailing ; then we turn ,over a few pages and we come to a paper on Strikes by " G.," who draws a lurid picture of the growth of Syndicalism'and the prospects of revolutionary anarchy, which for the most part of it would appear to confirm Mr. Baumann in his contention that the supreme need of the hour is to rally round threatened property, lust as we are settling down to this comfortable con- viction we are pulled up short by a warning that the condition of the people question is such that unless something is done, and that right speedily, there is nothing before us but \vide wasting desolation. "G."says of John Bull :— These children of his hard work ; they have helped to buiM up a great luiipirc, a world-wide couimerce. And what is his care ol ihtm 7 In a typical English city one-sei'eiilh of the wai^c- earneis, all loafers being excepted, were recently receiving wages insuffieient to keep them in bare physical efficiency — that is, for bare housing, bare clothing, bare food. In_the capital of the Kmpirc, thirty per cent, of London w orking men receive wages below the sidnisteiice li-vcl. Beguiled in his distress, in his stupefied brain and underfed body, Ijy false leaders, the working man is at last embarking on iheoidy prompt measures offered to his hand — the strike, the multiplied strike, the general strike. What About "Prince Proletariat"? Another paper very much on the same lines is Mr. Walter Sichel's essay, which he calls " Prince I'roletariat." He also speaks in an uncertain voice. ' He asks : — Why should not the Tory Party stir Labour to emancipate itself from the Unions as at present conducted, or, rather, why should it not frame some plan for the reconsti'.ution of those Unions on proper lines? The national safety is at stake, and the national party should act as if philosophic doubt had not wholly whittled away ihe resources of inspiration. On the whole our Tory friends seem very much more certain that they are going to succeed to jiowci than they are as to what use they will make of the power when it is placed in their hands. Leading Articles in the Reviews.. 15: THE CHINESE CRISIS. YcAN Shi Kai's Calculations. In the Americivi Rancio of Rei'iiws for February Appears an interesting character sicetch of Yuan .Shi Kai's career, by a writer who has but scant reverence for that shifty opportunist : — When the call c;\ini; from Peking on the heels ofrevoliuionary successes Yuan accepted it, after due and decorous hesitation, thinking somewhat in this wise:. If the Hankow rebels and their revolt turn out to be like a hundred other uprisings which preceiled it ; if they become, as they are very apt to do, a house divided against itself after a few months of feverish agitation, then Yuan can turn to the Manchu throne and the Regent, Prince Chun (who had given him a little vacation on account of •■rheumatism of the leg") and ask politely but firmly to see who happened to be the saviour of the Manchu lie grace. Yiewed from a national angle nf virion, the republican form of govtrn- menl seems leaa a.hipt.'l to the comlitions now prevalent in the Kar liasl. The bonds by which it keeps the elements of the nation together are loose and easily severed. The degree of comp.ictncss with which the provinces are united is slight, and the danger of ili^cntigration is correspondingly great. The evil consequences of tlii^ ^publican pressure are already making ihcmselvc-s felt. The c iitripelal forces of the nation are less than centrifugal. Mongoli.i is not nearly so republican as Canton. ^1 Black Aversion for White. Fasti[)Iol's whiit women are so fond of proclaim- ing their racial aversion to human bcwigs tiiat .ire black that it is well at limes to know that white people are even more repulsive to black. In \\\q Jmrnal 0/ the African Society Colonel H. Iv Rawson says :— III West .\frica we are told by the Oirector of the Niger Delta .Mission that the unsophisticated African cnterLains aversion to white peo|,|e, and when, on accidentally or iincx- '"^'"y meeting a whnr m.an he turns or takes to his heels, it because he (eels that he has come upon some unusual or larthly creature, some hobgoblin, gho>t, or sprite; and when lie does not lock straight in a white man's face, it is because he [jelievcs in the "evil eye," and that an aquiline nose, scant lips and catlike eyes afflict him. The \oruba word for a l-.uro()ean means a " peeled man," and to many an African the white man exudes some rancid odour not agreeable to his .olfacluiy nerves. Moreover, ICuropeans are regarded as plague HOW THE CARNEGIE PEACE MONEY WILL BE SPENT. Details of the European Organisation. La Paix par le Droit for January loth publishes an article upon the Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace, which says : — ■ The European Bureau of the Carnegie Endowment has been installed, very unostentatiously, since January 1st, 1912, in Paris, Rue Pierre Curie, 24 (Tel. 838.03 and 839.32), in some suites of rooms in a buiUHng in the 5th ward, in the neighbour- hood of the Institut Oceanographiqiic and the laboratories allotted to the widow of the great savant to whom we owe the discovery of radium, in the very centre of that district of schools which is enlivened by the overflowing life of the University of Paris. Provided with the working instruments of a modern " Office " the Bureau will be for Europe, and in due time for Asia and -Africa, the executive organ of the decisions of the Third Division of the Carnegie Endowment. Its mission will be to transmit the communications of that department to the organisations or the personages interested ; to gather together their replies, and to study propositions relative to the propaganda. It will be the seat of the niinioiis of the European Council. I'o assist it in its function the pdrsonttfi of the Bureau (M. J. Prudhonnau.-c has for an efticient secretary and colleague M. J. L. Puech, Doctor of Laws, secretary of the French .Society for Arbitration between Nations) will have recourse to the authorised opinions of national " cor- respondents" in the principal countries of the Old World, chosen from amongst the most experienced leaders of the Peace Movement. Charged to do its utmost to foster amicable international relations, the BureaiS will dcjyote itself to that part of its work, while extending to the delegates c(f tKe endowment and to all friends of peace from abroad a welcome whose cordiality will atone for its informality. Let us add finally that as the functioning of the Bureau — as we have just definea it — will give rise to considerable circulation of funds, the Third Division of ' the Carnegie Endowment, by a selection which will win universal approval, has appointed .as auditor or examiner of accounts of the European secretaryship -M. Theodore Ruyssen,- President of L' Association de la Paix par le Droit. To make the reader fully acquainted with the resolutions of the W ashinglon Trustees we will make a few last extracts from the report of the AWi' i'oik 'limes; "'The work of propaganda in Europe will be conducted by the Berne International Bure-au of Peace, with the help of grants which it will receive from the Carnegie Endowment. . . . The considerable activity of the central office of International Associations, established at Brussels under the direction of .\I. H. La Eontaine, will also receive financial encouragement and support. The Endowment will give its support to the principal organs of the Pacificist Press in Europe, . . . ."Special correspondents have been chosen in the centres of public opinion, Paris, London, Kerlin, Vie'nna, and Tokio ; and, thanks to them, the Thiid Division of the Carnegie Endowment will Ix; kept accurately informed of the general slate of public opinion as to the extent to which the great causes which the Endowment pioposcs to serve receive benefit from these conferences," From this it would seem that M. Prudhonnaux and M. I'uech arc to constitute the real brain of the Carnegie Fund in luirope. Some idea can be formed of M. I'uech by an article of his entitled " .\ Survey of 191 1," which appears in the same number of La Paix par le Dro:t. 156 The Review of Reviews. THE OUTLOOK IN IRELAND On the Eve of Home Rule. Mr. Sydney Brooks contributes to the Forliii^hlly Reviaa an article entitled " Aspects of the ' Religious ' Question in Ireland." Pray note that the "religious" is in inverted commas. Mr. Brooks says that the Roman Church is in favour of Home Rule only so long as it is sure of not getting it. They fear that Home Rule in Ireland will mean an anti-clerical Ireland, and that popular feeling might very soon be brought into sharp collision between the priesthood and questions of education. He ridicules the idea that in a Home Rule Parliament the Catholics would attempt to suppress their Protestant neighbours : — The lines of division in any assembly that is ever likely to meet on College Green would be primarily urban and rural, and, in the fulness of time, clerical and anti-clerical, with the farmers arrayed against the traders over questions of taxation in the first instance, and the Catholic, Episcopalian and Presby- terian clericals allied against popular control of education in the second. In conclusion, he adjures all stout foes of Rome to reconsider their attitude, to consider whether or not it would be ever possible to get rid of absolute domination in Ireland, except by confronting clericalism with the only power that has ever succeeded in sub- duing it— the power of an educated, self-governing, responsible democracy. The Financial Question. Mr. Williams contributes to the Conkviporary Revieiv an interesting paper, purely financial, on the Imperial funds spent in Ireland : — Ireland raises in revenue, based upon Imperial taxation, about 52 per cent, more than twenty years ago, and appears to do so quite as easily as before. Ireland has, during the same interval, increased her expenditure on that civil government by about 126 per cent.— from 5 million pounds to ilj million pounds ; and about 25 per cent, of that remarkable increase is due to the Old Age rensions'granted. A Gloomy Forecast. The Quarterly RitUjc devotes its last paper to a discussion of Home Rule finance. It takes a gloomy view as to the financial outlook of a self- governing Ireland. The reviewer recalls the pro- posals that were finally embodied in M-r. Gladstone's last Home Rule Bill, which it is worth while reprinting for purposes of reference ; — The remodelled scheme embodied in the Bill in Committee provided that (i) Ireland should contribute to Imperial expendi- ture a quota of her true revenue from taxes, and the pro- ceeds of the Crown lands ; (2) the quota sIkiuM be one-third of such revenue ; (3) Ireland should be credited with the rest of her tax revenue and any surplus from postal services ; (4) out of this Irish revenue two-thirds of the cost of the constalmlaiy and the Dulilin police, all civil government charges, and any ikficit in postal services should be discharged ; (5) the control of (he rates of Inland Revenue duties, postal revenue and customs, as well as their collection, should remain with the Imperial Parliament ; (6) if any war tax was imposed, all of it collected in or contributed by Ireland should go to the Imperial Kxchequer ; (7) these fmancial arrangements should last for six years, when (a) they should be revised as regarded the Irish contribution to Imperial services, (b) the collection of the Inland Revenue should be transferred to the Irish Government, and (c) the Irish Legislature should impose the Irish stamp duties, income tax and excise licence duties ; (8) a joint Committee of the Treasury and Irish Government should be appointed to ascertain the " true revenue " of Ireland. It was estimated that, under these modified provisions, the total Irish revenue would be ^'6,922,000; the amount payable to the Irish Exchequer, ^^4,660 000 ; Irish expenditure, ;{,4, 148,000 ; and the surplus Jor Ireland, ;^5I2,ooo. CAN IRELAND FINANCE HERSELF?, NO, The situation is now much more difficult than it was in 1893. Great Britain must now determine either to grant to Ireland complete independence in all matters of revenue and taxation, or to retain the financial system of the Union. The reviewer maintains that on the figures as they stand at present, and on the facts as they are known to us, it is quite impossible for Ireland to finance herself : — Even if a quarter of a million per annum could be saved by reductions, Ireland would be pr.actically no nearer firianeial salvation. Great Britain, unless she is prepared to permit the disgrace and danger of a bankrupt dependency being created beside her, must find fromjif4,ooo,o03 to /'5, 000,000 per annum for Ireland, and must hand over its control to an Irish parlia- ment. This is a height of altruism hitherto unattained in politics or business. AN IMPRACTICABLE I O U. Any terms that the Irish may make to pay are no more than an I O U, the payment of which cannot be enforced. If it be replied that England can stop her subvention to Ireland, and that this will be her security for the repayment of the loan, the reviewer replies that a national strike in Ireland against repayment of land purchase and local loan advances already made would be more than a set-oft" and the Imperial credit of England wouki be shaken to its foundation. If England goes to war when Ireland has Home Rule, the Irish executive has only to arrange to stop the payment of the land annuities to destroy British credit and deal a blow more disastrous than a defeat on the field of battle. Hence the conclusion that once the Imperial Parlia- ment gives up the executive control of Ireland and of Irish finance, it betrays not only Irish Unionists but the whole people of Great Britain. The Two Bundles. The belief that the parnits of the human race were given a power of choice and used that in a way that brought death into the world, which we find in the Christian Scriptures, reappears in the legend of the Awemba, who live on the Tanganyika Plateau. Sir Harry Johnston, in 'i\i hristianity is conlril)uted to the Athvttic Monthly lor January by .Mr. Winston Churchill, the American novelist. The recent campaign for moralising politics has brought home vividly, he says, to many men certain throbbing sjii ritual currents. People cry, not for Parties; they ask, " Give us a good man." .^;.,,. "r.'in IS IN POLITICS." " .-Vnd what is a good man but a Christian ? We begin to see moie and more clearly that God is in politics, that He nUvays has been and always will be. He enters into the hearts of the people, and moves them, and so the uoild progresses. God is in politics, to the >.onfusion of politicians. We are at the dawning of an age, spiritual, like all the great ages which have preceded it." .\ spiritual craving is ]. resent everywhere. A publisher asked to send recent books on religion said they would fill a library. A medical specialist declared that most of the so-called nervous prostration of to-day is due to a lack of religious belief. Mi. Churchill seems to think that the wave of agnosticism has passed. Even scientists now acknowledge the necessity of religion. (;KiriNr, b.*ck to Christ. Martin Luther lilicralcd the idea which is embodied w the Declaration of Independence, and the fer- lentation he be.; in is growing towards culmination. We stand on ilie threshold of a greater religious I a than the worn! lias ever .seen." 'I'he monarchical eriod in Chureh and State is passing away ; we re getting back to the new and bewildering idea of tlod which Jesui brought, that "God is the Father: not the Father ul a nation, but the Father of every njan and woman who walks the earth, of tlie publican and the sinner, ot tiic outcast as well as the fortunate.' liin may become, by recognising God in His true lalionship, a responsible, autonomous being." 1 HI LAW OK SERVICli. .Serviic was the only acceptable thing in the sight 1 God. "Our Lord taught no system of govern- eiit ; but He brought into the world the germ, the cd, the idea that "as to change all governments." I niversal sufTrag'- is but the Christian principle directly applied ot the recognition of the intrinsic worth of the indivi(Juai. We are beginning to under- sianrately organised conspiracy to compass his death. The decisive action Henry took suggests that he knew his part and was ready to play it. The conduct of the ecclesiastics, in burying William without the riles or even the ilccencics of Chiislian burial, seems needlessly offensive unless they h.ad their cue. 158 The Review of Reviews. WHICH IS THE FINEST RACE? Under this title the February Strand publishes a symposium. The late Lord Leighton said the nearest approach to the Greek female type is the modern Englishwoman of the upper and middle classes. With the men it is different. Professor Bergmann, of Munich, says the natives of Samoa are probably the most beautiful race in the world. The Swiss and Scandinavian, as well as the Italians and Turks, he would put above the English. Mr. Marcus Stone says, "The Italian is a typical human creature. Our inarticulate and incomplete type of form is more marked in women than in men." Mr. Hamo Thornycroft challenges any country in the world to show a type nearer to the Hellenic standard than the English type. Mr. Frank Uicksee certainly does not regard the_ English race as beautiful. Mr. Briton Riviere agrees with Lord Leighton. Sir William Goscombe John, R.A., believes that the Southern Italians are probably the finest race in the wodd. Mr. H. N. Hutchinson thinks that the men and women of England belonging to the upper middle classes are a better type physically than those of any other European country of the same class. Dr. Harrison Petrie awards the palm for men to the Spanish peasant, and for women to the lower class Venetians. Mr. Sandow, in the power of accomplish- ment, pronounces the Englishman to be superior to other races ; ne.\t comes the agile, hard-trained, and energetic Japanese. Professor Meredith Clease says that at the last Olympic Games, when the athletes of a dozen different countries marched before the King, " the unanimous opinion was that the British con- tingent was by far the poorest specimen present, both in physique and deportment." It looked very much undersized. Mr. Arthur Diosy thinks that the average Italian of Central Italy comes nearer to the Hellenic standard. He would award the prize for manly beauty to the Sikhs and Rajputs ; for female beauty of face to Irishwomen, and of form to the girls of Samoa. Sir Ernest Shackleton, wlio says he has visited every country in the world, from China to the South Seas, says the chances are — taking even Italy — • that when one sees a beautiful woman walking along, she is either English or American. Sir Sven Hedin says that in physical accomplishment no race in Europe can be compared with the Swedes and Norwegians. The editor sums up : — Broatlly spc.iking, tlic niajotily of votes for pliysic.il bcaiily go to the Italians, especially .is regards the men. So far, how- ever, as women only are concerned the beauties of the liritish Isles carry off the palm, although not by any means without opposition. The Scandinavian nations stand high up in the list as regards both sexes, and the Turks and P'rcnch are selected more than once. On the other hand, the Germans arc never mentioned, except in disparagement ; while, save for the Spanish, the other nations of Europe arc prattically ignored. Americans will be pleased to see that thov arc picked out by one of the highest authorities as the most fast-improving race on the face of ihe globe. THE GREATEST COURT IN THE WORLD. Under this title the February Strand gives an interesting account of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and of its official habitat. The writer says : — If you would seek the inner shrine of Empire you must climb a pair of stairs in a narrow street otT Wliitehall, cross a threshold, push aside a pair of red-baize curtains, and find yourself in — not a scene of imposing splendour ; far from it — but, neverthe- less, in the greatest Court in the world. There is no human tribunal to approach this one in great- ness. All other human Courts are petty in comparison. The Supreme Court of America pi \A\y cl.aims that it is the final Court of Appeal for nearly one hundred millions of people. This Court that you have entered possesses jurisdiction over four hundred and fifty millions. Vet never did greatness so ape huinility. The bare, panelled room ; the arresting, almost dis- concerting silence ; the unrobed figures at the two tables behind the barrier — who would dream that it was here that Britannia was seated on her throne, balancing the scales of justice amongst White and Black, Hindu, Mohammedan, and Buddhist — from the Channel Islands to Hong Kong, and from Johannesburg to Hudson's Bay ? The writer tells an amusing story of a case from India being finally settled by the mighty power Judish-al-Komiti, who stands above the Kaisar-i- Hind and all subordinate grades of government, and whotn some of the Indians worship as a god, the new god who rules the Etnperor. CANARY-TAUGHT SPARROWS. In Harper's for F'ebruary Mr. J. B. Watson gives an account of some interesting experiments and observations on instinctive activity in animals. After touching on action/ that are purely instinctive and automatic, he passes to consider those that are due to social influence : — That social influence, in the form of imitation, rivalry, or in whatever other ways social influence may exert its effect, doe- play a lole in shaping the early responses of certain othti animals comes out clearly in the work oT Conradi at Clail, I'niversity. This investigator reared English sparrows in th.- presence of canaries, keeping them from birth separate from their own kind. The first sparrow was captured when one day old, and was reared by a canary foster-mother. During the growing period this sparrow was isolated from all other sparrows and placed in a room containing about twenty canaries. The native characteristic "chirp" first developed. As time went on this was given less and less, being gradually replaced by the "peep" which is natural to the canaries. The sparrow im- proved in his vocal eftorts by this kind of training ; gaining the confidence finally to chime in when the canaries would burst into song. .\ second sparrow was captured when tHo weeks old, and w.as reared in a room with the canaries. The regular sparrow chirp had, of course, already dcvcluped by this time. After being with the canaries for a time he developed a song which more or less rescmbleil that of the canaries — it was certainly something very different from the ordinary song of the sparrow. Dr. Conradi says : " .\t first his voice was not beautiful ; it was hoarse; It sounded somewhat like the voice of the female canaries when they try to sing, lie sang on a lower scale; he often tried to reach higher notes, but did not succeed. Later he learned to trill in a soft, musical manner.'' In both these cases the call notes of the canaries were adopted. These two sparrows were then taken from under the luteLige of the canaries and placed in a room where they could hear the song and call-notes i;f adult sparrows. Eor the first two or three weeks the integrity of the song and call-notes learned from the canaries was maintained. M the end of the sixth week, however, they had lost practically every vestige of the acquired canary song. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 159 HOW TO IMPROVE THE TERRITORIALS. 'VH^/ounial 0/ tJie Royal United Service Institution for January publishes an elaborate article by "Tanj " on the Tetritorial forces. The following are the practical suggestions which he sots forth for remedy- ing some difficulties which, he thinks, militate against the success of that body : — (1) A longer eng.igemcnt for men, an earlier reiiieinenl for officers. A more thorough and reasonable schedule for training. (2) Far greater facilities for attending courses of instruction. Prompt, payments (sufficient to cover all expenses) imme- diately on the conclusion of the course. The requirement of •;rc.itcr qualifications. (3) The relief of Territorial ofiiccrs from oflice work as much as possible. The simplification and reduction of returns. I'he instruction of senior officers in staff work. .\ larger cstablislimenl of subalterns per company. (4) The conferring on the Territorial of some advantage over his fellow-men in return for his services, either in the form ■f 1 gratuity, or by some other means. The recognition of all practices, classes, etc., as well as drills I parades. 5) A provision by which specially good service will count I more than mere attendance at the minimum number of ji.irades. The prevention of stagnation in the case of the older officers \-- the restoration of honorary rank. \ check on the loo rapid promotion of the younger ones. 16) The con.sideration of cases of hardship in accordance with llic spirit, and not the mere letter of the regulations. The improvement of the headquarters of certain corps so that ihey will be attractive, and not remain such as to make the members ashamed tn bring their friends there. The extra cost of the whole of these suggestions would be under half a million I'T the first year, and about three-quarters of a million when Mn- lorce was at full strength, and every man was earning the maxinumi. That conies to from 2J1/. to 41/. per inhabitant. GERMAN GENERAL ELECTIONS. I'a-J and I'KtsK.Nl. In the American Ra'iew of Revieuis for January I'roftssor J. W. Ji-iiks writes on the ('jcrman elections, lie mentions that the Germans, too, have their " bosses " and arc ovi n now usiiii; the I^nglish word to express the fact, lie says also that there should be a reapporlionniciit of the districts. In 1873 the country was broken up into districts, on the basis of I one rcprusL-ntative !■> each 100,000 inhaljilants. The far of llic Socialist, gaining liy a redistribution of its has prevented the Government from taking i.it .step. Hence .Sehaumburg-Lippc with 44,000, or l.aucnburg with 50,000 inhabitants has the same •presentation as a district of Hamburg with about 0,000, or one of lierlin with some 700,000 inhabi- t.iiits. The increase of population rctiuircs that there I should be one representative to every 150,000 in- habitants. HIE tSSt'ES. Foremost among the issues the writer puts the high '-Oit of living, the tariff, and the Anglo-German peril. ] He says the tension between Germany and England is on both sides rather of fear than of hostility, but a nervous fear that is a menace to peace. The Englishman claims that Germany is eager to attack England ; Germany replies that England is the mischief-maker in Europe, and she is evidently jjreparing for war against Germany. He says : ■" We have been gaining England's trade w ith other nations, and England is clearly determined to stop this gain. That is why we, against our will, are forced to increase our fleet." » GERMAN VIEW OF HALV IN TRIPOLI. The writer says : — Germany stands to-day almost alone" in Europe. She is an ally of Italy. For twelve years the Emperor and his govern- ment have promised a helping hand to Turk 'y. .^nd now the war in Tripoli has come under such coi.ditions that she can help neither. Did England, as many think, for this purpose encourage Italy's attack ? The elections, then, with the issue of the tariff emphasised by the high cost of living 'and the feelings of international isolation and jealousy, may well prove of significance far beyond the territory of Germany. They are well worth careful study. The writer gives a table of the elections hitherto, to which we append in italics the result of the elections in 1912 : — I8-I 54 38 1 — 58 21 15° 47 1 I 28 1874 21 1 — 91 33 152 50 19 8 1877 40 38 ■ 93 28 127 48 12 II 1878 59 56 _ 93 35 98 34 9 13 I88I 50 28 i — 1 98 43 45 114 12 7 1884 78 28 — 99 42 50 74 24 2 I8S7 80 41 ' 98 32 99 32 II 3 1890 73 20 5 106 37 43 76 1 35 3 '893 72 28 ii> 96 37 53 48 j 44 3 1898 56 5* 23 24 102 33 47 SO i 56 6 1903 20 IS 100 31 9 50 36 i 81 9 1907 60 25 27 104 28 56 50 43 4 1 3 Ii)t2 43 H ^J 9J 3S 45 '41 I/O I 2| o 8 !^ c_2 'A V) i6o The Review of Reviews. THE RENASCENCE OF ICELAND. Ix the Twentkth Century Mai^azine for January, the first of a series of papers on the obscure democracies of Europe is an account by Professor J. H. Raymond of the awakening of Iceland. It is a very interesting story that he has to tell. THE GOLDEN AUE. 874 A.i). is held by the Icelanders to be their natal, year, when they were colonised by emigrants from Norway. For four centuries Iceland was independent, and had her golden age. In 1264 Iceland voluntarily put herself under the rule.of Nor- way ; and since 1380, when Norway passed to Denmark, Iceland has been a Danish possession. From that date Iceland passed into obscurity. CRUSHED BY MONOroI.V." In 1602 Christian IV. of Denmark, wanting money for his building operations and wars, made a Royal monopoly of all the trade of Iceland. This raised the cost of living enormously, and utterly crushed the wretched Icelanders. Its results were so evil that in 1787 the Dani.sh Government made traffic with Iceland free to all Danish subjects, and in 1854 to all nations. " As Iceland produces j^ractically nothing but sheep, ponies and tish, almost all the necessities of life must come from abroad." AFl'ER I'REE TRADE, HOME RULE. Having achieved Free Trade, Iceland began to clamour for Home Rule. The country is one-fifth larger than Ireland, but the population is only 84,000, the majority of whom are women. There are no railroads, either steam or electric, and very few roads. Until 1905 there was no t e 1 e - graph and no cable. The Ice- landic Par- liament, or .V 1 1 h i n g , had a con- tinuous e.\- istence for nearly nine bund red years, from 1^30 to 1800. 'I'hcAlthing was depriv- ed of its legislati ve lunctions in J 700, and abolished in 1800. In 1845 Ice- land's Par- Jon Sigurdsson. 'i he Hero of Mo'.lern Iccl.iinl, liament was restored to it by Christian \'III. of Denmark, but had only advisory functions. THE HERO OK )10ME RULE. Jon Sigurdsson the beloved, " the modern Ice- landic hero," was a member of the new Althing, and is regarded by all Icelanders as the Father of the new Iceland. He became the leader, almost the embodiment, of the new Home Rule movement, and in 1874, the thousandth anniversary of the settlement of Iceland, its ancient law-making power was restored to the Althing, and the Icelanders celebrated at once their original hiilh as a 1 >.tion and their rebirth as a self-governing .State. The revered Jon .Sigurdsson was the real author of Iceland's freedom. Still the King was represented by a Governor not responsible to Parliament or ])eople. But the Constitution was amended in 1904 so as to provide for a responsible Minister in place of the irresponsible Governor. The Icelandic Parliament is composed of forty members. The .Senate has fourteen, the Lower House twenty- si.x. The franchise was restricted to men twenty-five years old, and not servants. The Althing elected eight of its thirty-four members to the Senate ; six members were appointed by the King — really by the -Minister in, power. woman's suffrage granted. Agitation for further reform set in, and Ireland again amended the Constitution iti three ways : — (l) .She h.is enfrancliisod her servant class ; (2) she has com- pleted the enfranchisement of her women : and (3) she luis removed a renmant of medievalism in her legislative system by abolishing the Royal appointment of the six Senators. A nooM IN progress. Having achieved Free Trade, Home Rule, Woman Suffrage, Iceland is bounding ahead. Her new National University began teaching in October, 191 1 : — .\ splendid new Xational l.ilirary lias been eslablislied at Reylijavik ; telephone lines arf bring extended into many of the remote parts of tlie island ; excrllont and much-needed roads and bridges are being Iniilt ; ;igricidtural experiments are being made which will undoubtedly demonstrate the possibility of raising something more than tin- present lonely and inadequate crops of potatoes and turnips ; prospectors are energetically exploring the nmuntains and plains in search of mineral trea- sures ; municipal improvements, ^uch as water systems and sewer systems, are being introduced in KcykjaviU : and one even hears talk of harnessing some of the magnificent waterfalls to produce electric light and power with which to operate proposed new mills and even railways. '{'he Icelandic women have possessed the municipal vote for some time, and are responsible for the itiiro- duction of gas for lightitiy and cooking purposes, the great lack of Iceland being fuel, many an Icelatider having lived and died without having ever so much ' as seen a tree. The wreck of the Del In is described by George R. I lalkett iti the Pall Mall Magazhu; with sketches by the writer, and photographs. He gives a very thrilling account of the time between the grounding of the ship and the removal of the p:iNsengers. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 101 THE RIGHT HON. F. E. SMITH A.ND His CONKKDERATKS. Thirty years ago the Conservatives rejoiced in the possession of a Mr. Smith. The name of that Smith was W. H., the founder of the great firm of W. H. Smith and Son. Now Smitii, \V. H., has found a successor in Smith, F. E. It is difficult to imagine two persons more dia- metrically opposed to each other than Smith, W. H., and Smith, F. E. Mr. W. H. Smith was solid, some- what stodgy, intensely respectable, a very heavy weight, and in every way a man who drew upon himself the attack of that Puck of politics, Lord Randolph Churchill. Mr. F. E. Smith is not a tradesman, he is a K.C. He is not a stodgy, supremely respectable representative of the virtuous middle classes, neither is he a heavy-weight. He is a very light-weight, and he has modelled himself upon Lord Randolph Churchill, although it is true that he has shown himself more adept in imitating the excrescences of Lord Randolph Churchill than of appropriating his more valuable qualities. It is interesting to have an account, not only of this coming man of the Tory Party, hut a statement under his own pen a^ to what he considers to be the programme of Unionist Social Reform. We find both in T. P.'s A/,r-ie for January. " T. P." tells a good story to the efTect that Mr. Balfour one day inquired the age of Mr. F. E. Smith. When he was told that he was thirty-nine Mr. Balfour commented, " I am si.\ty-four. Don't you think he might wait a bit for the leadershijj? " To wait a hit, however, is never a characteristic of young men in a hurry who model themselves on Lord Randolph Churchill. "T. P." says that .Mr. F. E. Smith has a curious family resemblam :«_• to Lord Randolph :— The lung, hatchet -^Inpi,-!! face, the glittering black eyes, the nhott, scornful upper lip, with its suggestion of inexhaubliblc bitterness and fluency, the light, alert, anri powerful fr.itne, the impassive expression, all reveal him as the born and instinctive swashbuckler. Round F. E. Smith have gathered several young Tories whom Mr. T. P. O'Connor credits with the conversion of the Inionist Party to Tariff Reform. Behind him staivls Mr. "Archie" Salvidge, who deserves all the goml things that .Mr. O'Connor says of him. The confederates include Mr. Edward Goulding, the nienibi-r for Worcester ; Mr. Hills, the member for Durham ; Mr. Remnant, the member for Holborn ; Mr. Page Croft, member for Chrislchurch ; and Sir W. Max .Aitken, member for Ashton-under- Lyne. Sir William Max Aitken is the most interest- ing of the group. He is a Canadian who made liim- sclf a millionaire hi-fore he was thirty. So much for Mr. F. E. Smith .uid his confederates. Now let us turn to Mr. Smith's rtion is the more significant as the Free State was not originally a bl.ick man's country. When the V'oortrekkers came in, in 1836, the country was practically uninhabited. There was a clear fiehl for both races. But the blacks show a rale of increase of two to one, and if this were to go on long Professor Brown's theory that South .Xfrica will lie black in a century would come near realisation. An omimius fact is that the black race has triumphed in p.ist epochs. The while races have inv(ideinccre atlvoc.ilc*^ of universal peace .arc ^Irivinj; b an inlcrn.ilional court of arliltr.iliun, l.cforc wliicli a weak nation m.iy summon one more poHt;rful when the wcakrr liclii;ves it* rictus an- Ijciny violated by the more powerful. If llierc ha* teen \mjiisl spoliation of China such a Inlnm.il wniild have iliscli»ctl the fact and would have forbidden such spoliation. In the cvsc of Tripoli, a» Jn the case of Turkey cenerall^-, such a triliunal would have served to insure to Turkey its lights whenever ihcy were In danger of violation. Il i* pre- cisely llie absence of such a tribunal, to which a weak nation can appeal, which makes possible the violation of its rights by one more powerful. It is precisely the absence of such a tribunal which makes possible the violation of the provisions of general treaties guaranteeing the integrity of nations unable to protect themselves. President Taft then argues strongly against the notion that questions of vital interest or national honour should never be referred to arbitration. He says : — That argument presupposes that a nation is the best judge of a question involving its own rights, although human experience clearly proves the contrary. Xo just nation can desire other than an equitable settfement of such a question. And it seems hardly necessary to argue that an equitable settlement is far more likely to proceed from a just and impartial tiibunal than from the inner consciousness or from the popular and too often impassioned clamour of one of the nations whose interests are at st.-ike. .-^nd even if this were not so, to what can nations appeal when their vital interest or their national honour is at stake if the arbitration of an imiiarlial court is to be rejected ? To the arbitrament of war ? And if to that, what guaranty is there of a just decision ? If these Treaties are passed, some advance will have been taken towards- the creation of an Inter- national Court of Arbitration, whose sutnmonses should be made compulsory and whose judgments final. PRESIDENT TAFT ATTENDING MASS. In the December Bulietin of the Pan-Ainencan Union an account is given of the Pan-American Mass. The writer says : — The l'an-.\mcrican Mass has now become one of the regular holiday functions of Washington in the celebration of the Thanksgiving Day festival in the United States. Kor the third time Tiranksgiving, which in 191 1 fell upon the last day of November, was made the occasion of that solemn service in St. Patrick's Church in \V.ashington, and particular attention w.is paid to the spirit which pervades that holiday in all America. The President of the United States, the diplomatic repre- / senlativcs of the twenty other .\merican Republics, members of Ihe Cabinet, and very many especially invited guests,^ com- pletely filled the well-known church of St. Patrick's, and all were impressed with the dignity and beauty of the ceremony. President and Mrs. Taft were given the place of honour. Cardinal (libbons was in attendance at the altar. Bishop Donahue, in his sermon, expressed vigorous hope that the Senate would approve the treaties of peace now pending between the United Slates and Great Britain, and between the United States and France. The Bishop applauded the l,atin-.\meriran States for their efforts iti behalf of international |)e.'ice, and mentioned the Court at the Hague and the Pan-American Union as both great forces for the spicad of the spirit of i)cacc. A feature of the musical programme was the recessional, the Pan-American March, played by the organ and orchestra, and including parts of the tialiotial airs of all the American countries. .■\re there no Kcnsitites in the United St.-ites? Fancy the hubbub that would be created if the King, or even the Pritne Minister, in this country were lo attend Mass 1 1 64 The Review of Reviews. CHRISTIANITY AND WAR. Ad.miral Mahan's I'i.ea for the Sword. Rear-Admiral Mahan coiitrit)utes to the North American Rcvuiv a notable article on the place of force in iiiternatioiial relations, which is an elaborate attack upon the opinion that Christianily is opposed to war, or that Christian men ought to object to the use of force. He ^ays : — To right what is amiss, lo convert, to improve, (o ileveIo)i, is of the very essence of Ihe C'hiistinn ideal. Williout man's responsive tlTort God Himself is — not powerless, liul deprived of the instrument through which alone He wills to work. Hence the recognition that,, if force is necessary, force must l)e used for the benetit of the community, of the commonwealth of the world. As towards conviction of the intellect, upon which religion depends, force is inoperative, and the use of it therefore wicked, Christianity as a religious system tlierefore rests upon a different power — a spiritual. But to Christianity as a political system, force, the sword, if necessary, is incumbent, when required to remedy environment, to amend external conditions : — ■ In the past, in other lands, the Church not infrequently has evoked the s\i'ord of the State. To-day she seeks to shatter it. In either case .=he errs. The present discipline of the sword in international relations keeps alive armament and the organisation of force — the power of the sword which alone centuries ago checked and roUe^l Ijack the Saracenic and Turkish invasions. Upon this depends the ability to use force in the great conflict with the powers of political evil in the external world. In days not long past I have written of this as prospective. To-day it is upon us. In it the disarmament of the States of European civilisation, the al)an(Ioniiient of tlie energies of force, will mean tlie downfall of that civilisation. .\dmiral Mahan takes occasion to rejily to Mr. Norman Angell's " The Great Illusion." He says ; — It is, I believe, the cardinal mistake of the author of "The (Ireat Ilh.sion" that nations now go to war, or are preparing for war, under the impression that there is financial profit in injuring a neighbour. His other proposition, that the extension of national territory — that is, the bringing a large amount of property under a single administration — is not to the financial .advantage of a nation, appears to me as illusory .as to maintain that I)Usiness on a small cajiital is as profitable as on a large. Tt is the great amount of unexploited raw material in territories politically backward, and now imperfectly possessed by the nominal owners, which at the present moment constitutes the temptation and the impulse lo war of Kuropean States. Admiral Mahan denies that the oljject of recent wars was chiefly commercial advantage, and says that probably no State in Europe at the present time seriously contemplates the acquisition by force of the European territory of a rival, because such acquisition cannot be so valuable industrially as to compensate for the expense of the conquest. The armaments of European States now are not so much for protection against conquest as to secure the utmost possible share of the unexploited. The redemption to man- kind of Algiers, Egypt, India, is the warrant in equity for the forcible suppression of those who occupied and controlled, but failed to justify their possession by results. FIVE YEARS MORE FLYING. In 'the February Pall Mall Magazine Mr. C. C. Turner, certificated aviator, writes on flight proba- bilities during the next five years. He says : — One of the things that aeroplanes will be used for very soon is tile carrying of mails, not as a mere curiosity or for charity, but as part of the regular mail-carrying organisation. For example, late-fee letters will be taken through the air from the shore to liners already on their way outward bound. From 500, even 1,000, feet this could be done with precision. For an extra fee of sixpence per letter such a service would be so well patronised that it could I'e run at a profit. Further anticipations are : — Hydro-aeroplane tours along the coast in the summer time will be most delightful experiences. In picturing the machines of next year and the year after, we may quite safely reckon upon them beingdriven by motors furnished with silencers. Egypt, Australia, Canada, and .South .Africa will have regular aeroplane services between outlying stations and towns not yet served by railways. The British Colonies, indeed, are somewhat behind the times as regards aviation. The Belgian Government is already establishing aeroplane communications in the Congo State ; the French are doing the same thing in Morocco and Senegal. But among the pupils who have learned to fly lately in England have been a large number of officers of the Indian Army and many Australians, so that it is certain that interest is being awakened. EI.ECTIONICERING BV AEROPLANE. A member of the French Senate, M. Reymond, is a certificated aviator, and has, indeed, taken out the superior military brevet. He travelled to his constituency by aeroplane a few weeks ago, and in an up-to-date progressive country like France it can safely be assumed that he increased his popularity and the number of the votes that will be given to him at tlie next election. Politics in England will have undergone a tremendous intellectual and moral revolution if, in the course of the next five years, many candidates for Parliament do not see that in the aeroplane they have an unequalled means of advertising themselves and exciting the admiration of young voters, more particularly of young lady voters, should they by that time l>e enfranchised. Compared with flying round the constituency, administering the kick-off at the local football match is tame. AEROPI.ANliS A f ^150. As to cost, the writer ex|)oses the common error that the more powerful and more expensive the engine the better the flight. Just the reverse is the case. We need a series of prizes for slow flying, for flying with low-power motors. He prophesies : — Within the next five years we sh.all have aeroplanes flying quite fast enough for all ordinary purposes, very easy machines 10 fly with and to land with, and even more stable in gusty weather than the high-speed monoplane of to-day ; and they will do it with motors of eight or ten horse-power. Then aeroplanes, instead of costing as tlipy do now from ;i'7oo to /^i,50O each, and being very expensive to run, will be ;^l5o, and even less ; and they will, indeed, be within the means of middle-class people. He anticii)ates that in 191 7 Great Britain will have 500 war machines, France 1,200, Germany 1,000, Russia 500, Italy 100, Austria 300. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 165 BARBARISM AND CIVILISATION. The Recurrent Ebb and Flow of Historv. Till'; law of untlulation, recognised in sound and heat and light, is now being extended to the vicissi- tudes of human history. In the Dublin Revinv Dr. Harry reviews Professor Flinders Petrie's " Revolu- tions of Civilisation," Of the Professor, Dr. Barry says : — He is likewise a thoughlful critic of present-day phenomena, which he views from ihe Mount of Vision, lifted beyond parties and politics by sludics so independent. The conclusion at which he arrives 15, in absolute formula, this — that what we term civilisation falls under a law of recurrence ; that it is inter- mittent, and therefcirc has definite phases, coming and going like the seasons, in a Great Year, ihe length of which is fairly ascertainable. Civilisation has its periods, and these by Ihe comparative method we can now arrange as on a plan, the points of resemblance being so manifest that error in deduction is largely eliminated. History, then, proceeds by a rhythmical movement, and the intervals known as Barbarism may be expected to occur between returning periods of a higher type. .Such is Professor Petrie's contention, founded on a comparative view Hhich lakes in Kgypt, Crete, and Europe, as terms of likeness and inference. Of continuous liistory the Professor would give altogether >cven thousand years and more (from about 5,1500 B.C.). We may add three thous^ind for his two prehistoric periods, bring- ing the whole curiously near to Dr. Evans's estimate, which reckons ten thousand from the first Neolithic settlement at Knossos, in Crete. Thus we attain to the "Great Year," during which civilismion arose about the Mediterranean orbit, having its seasons of perfection and decline, until it shall perish off the face of the earth, or survive oidy in its records and ruins. It would appear lliat the average duration of a " Period " is 1,330 yeais, the shortest being about half that amount, and the longest half as much again. The Golden Age never lasts. Fifty years or a little more, and it becomes a reminiscence. Yet this unclulatory theory of history does not necessarily exclude the idea that " through the ages AW increasing purpose runs." Says Dr. Harry : — Human progress, though defeated again and again, recovers itself by coming to .i wider outlook, creates something of a reserve for the futun-, and enlarges not only the thoughts of mankind, but their allictions, which, once domestic or merely tribal, now tend tuwaids universal brotherhood. DECM'tNCE AND DEMOCRACY. Professor Petric finds that forms of government ( orrcs[)ond, of necessity, to the various stages of iiitermixiure among races : — W hen it is beginnin;.; by conquest and armed innnigralion, the absolute thief, Alaric or Clevis or Charles the Great, is demamtcd and must lie forthcoming. After it has reached a certain degree, the feudal system, or an oligarchy in some shape is indispens.ible. In the third epoch of a pretty uniform diffu- sion by which these clemenls have Iwen assimilated, the inslintt of democracy awakens. Then — we had better quote his very words — " when democracy has attained full power, the majority w ithoiit capital neccvstirily cat up the capital of the minority, and the civilisation stc.idily decays until the inferior population is swept away to mike room for a fitter people." He con- cludes with astonishing calmness, ".Such is the regular connection of the forms of government," and "the maxinr one of the most striking events in history. Febru.\RV Cornhill overflows with good matter. Apart from fiction, most of the articles have been separately mentioned. .\ quaint and pathetically jj interesting paper is contributed by the late Mr. Ken Hoshimti on his dead sister, O-Tsune-Chan, giving very direct glimpses of Jajianese home life. One of his brothers became a Christian minister, and the whole family finally followed iiilo the new faith. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 167 PANAMA A WORLD HARBOUR. The BiilUtin of tin Pan-Amaican Union states that last November more than three-fourths of the Panama Canal was aheady completed. Already there appears to be a surplus of both European and West Indian labour. The force of labour is being reduced. The canal is divided into three sections : the Atlantic, which ends in the three flights of the Gatun locks, seven and seven-tenths of a mile in length ; the Central, from the Gatun locks to the Pedro Miguel locks, thirty-one and seven-tenths of a mile ; the Pacific division, extending from the Pedro .Miguel locks, eleven miles long. As the accompany- ing sketch suggests, there is provision at the Pacific end of the canal for the largest and most completely equipped harbour and dock system in the world. The piers will be a thousand feet by one hundred and ten feet, and the slips between them three hundred feet wide, thus permitting vessels like the Olympic, which is eight hundred and si.xly feet long, to dock with ease. The locks are gigantic erections capable of containing with ease vessels of the size of the Olympic. They are capable of being emptied ■ )r filled within fifteen minutes. Their steel gates are as high as a six-storied house, the larger of them Weighing si.K hunilrcd tons. WHY JAPANESE WENT TO AMERICA. The Japanese in -America form the subject of an interesting paper in the Oriental Rci'icio for January, by Dr. Jokichi Takaminc, President of the Nippon Club. He declares that the young men and women who came to .America a generation ago were mostly students, and later came to be the guiding spirit of modern Japan. " Newhaven and Cambridge are names even more familiar to the Japanese than New York and Chicago " — a very remarkable statement. The Japanese in entering America dreams not of money, but of books and colleges. Japanese domestic servants are complained of because they always demand time to attend night-schools or similar institutions : — A few years ago, when the Japanese Government, at the request of that of the United Slates, prohibited the coming of ilie Japanese labourers to America, a vital blow was dealt to the young men who were not rich enough to come as regular college students, but who still wanted to come, not really to work, but to learn. The flow of immigration from Japan has not only been stopped, but reversed. The so-called anli-Japancse feeling in .America was a political fiction only. The Japanese form no Japan- town as the Chinese form a Chinatown. They assimil.ite with the .American methods and manner of life. .^rr^i^e Sesx,:^ ££■-.>. Sketch of Docks and Harbour at Panama : to be the largest in the World. i68 The Review of Reviews. THE DELHI DURBAR. Indian Opinion. TiiK Modern Review for January is grateful, but only subduedly grateful, for the Delhi boons. The editor says : — Whatever the genesis of the ch-inges, let us on this solemn occasion bow down in all humility before the throne of the Most Hiyh and pray to him to teach us wherein lies true strength and the way to conserve it. Let us not forget, too, in the midst of our rejoicings, all who Iiave suffered, directly or indirectly, on account of' the partition and for undoing the partition. Among the Durbar boons which will be appreciated is the grant of fifty lakhs for popular education. The amount is not large, considering the vast extent and population of India, but it will be a blessing if it foreshadows a policy of universal education. Among the boons that have been missed are commissions for Indian soldiers, the grant of the right of volunteering to Indian citizens, and the liberation of prisoners who have been guilty only of political offences. How THE Durbar Affected the Crowd. 'l"he February Blachcood contains an account of the Durbar from the crowd, which is much more interesting than any amount of gorgeous rhetoric from the Press stand. After the King passed, the writer reports the gossip that followed : — One other topic, too, w.as a common one, and showing, perhaps, how the great machinery of goverrmient pinches as it grinds. Never, said' the old country folk, had the police been so miluban, so kind. It was no longer " J/iil jao,'' and "Get away out of this," and " .Serve you right if you do get run over !" but "Would you be so good as to move along," and " Grandfer, mind the motor," and the like. " No doubt," as one old farmer said, "the Bm/s/icVi had given orders to the police to treat his subjecis properly ; it w.is only real BaJs/ui/is who thought of poor folk in the streets." .A.!rd a ragged leper by the roadside waving the flics from its (you could hardly say his) face, with fingcrless stumps, cried in a voice forged on anvils hot with pain, that the Queen herself had heard and ordered relief. Wherever one \\'ent, wherever one listened, was the same chorus of contentment that i\\eBaJs/iah had come and been seen by his people, and stirred the pride of other days. In the streets all the school children had been provided with a medal bearing the heads of their Majesties, and showed them off eagerly, and even away in the village schools a similar dis- tribution had been m.ade. In all the streets ;he veterans paraded their intense satisfaction — for had not his .Majesty actually spent over an hour going down their ranks, speaking to almost every one, and making kindly remarks in their own language ? It is good to cherish the mtn who have carried the eagles, and the Jirtdshah had not forgotten. " When," said one triumphant old man, who had been serving as a mace-bearer, "did a king in the Mogul days ever allow such as me to come within a luuulred feet of hiin, but this Biilshiih has shaken hands with me, and- called me faithful, and the (Juccn has given nie a medal ; was ever such a Raj before ? " Lord Moulicy's Mautvrdo.m. Sir W. Weddcrburn, writing in the Coiileiiiporary Rti'iav, thus sums ui) the inner history of these great events : — The Partition oT Bengal was the central fact. Krom the biginning Lord Morley held that it was wrong ; he declared it lo be " wholly and decisively " against the wishes of the people, liat he was faced by two impossibilities. On the one hand, the conciliation of Itulia was impossible tuiless the r.irliiion u'as rectified ; on the other hand, the passing of the Reform .\cl, on which the future of India depended, was impossible unless the rectification w,as postponed. Accordingly he postponed the rectification, taking upon himself a long martyrdom of repioach, both in India and in this country. He insured the success of his great scheme of reform, and at the psychological moment he stood aside, and left to others the crowning of the edifice. WORLD SCOUTS v. BOY SCOUTS. The American Magazine for January contains a very interesting illustrated paper on " World Scouts," written 'by Albert J. Nock. Mr. Nock is an enthu- siastic admirer of Sir Franci.s Vane, publishes an excellent portrait of Sir ^Francis as the frontispiece, and declares that he is " the most remarkable and interesting man that I had the fortune to meet in all Europe. This is Sir Francis Vane, si.xth in line from the Sir Harry Vatie of Cromwell's time. Sir Francis Vane is an aristocrat of the purest type." Mr. Nock says : — The original .Scout movement was a stroke of genius, nothing else. ."Ml honour to Sir Robert Baden-Powell for it. His scheme was one of the few that light up the centuries. It inter- preted the instincts and aspirations of boyhood and suggested the direction they should lake. Too much cannot be said for it ; it cannot be overpraised. But the collective selfishness that we miscall patriotism laid hold of it and drove it awry. Selfishness in boy, man or nation is bound to go wrong. Now the thing is, to show the organisers of the original Seoul movement that they have made a false step. The ideal of patriotism to be set before boys is the ideal of the World .Scouts, — an ideal that has no spark of racial animosity. Sir Francis Vane has founded the World Scouts on an anti-military basis, and has restored the movement to its proper bearings : — It has been a wonderful success. In the few months of their existence the muster-roll has gone up to fifty thousand, and is growing daily by shoals. There are World Scouts of England. Australia, Fr.ince, Germany, even of Russia. Mr. Slobody- anikov. Master of the first Classical Gymnasium at Kherson, was in London in July and addressed a Scout parade at .Soulh- wark. Italy has Scout Corps in thirty-five cities and villages. The King of Italy reviewed them recently, and many of tiie most prominent Italians are engaged in the movement. The peace sentiment is strong in Italy, and the Scout idea takes hold at once. Now, being turned off from following a false ideal of chivalry, the Scout learns indirectly how lo gel at the true. Scouts are started out in twos and threes, as I w.as continually seeing them in the London streets, to find something good that neetls tloing and do it. Perhaps it is some old woman that needs to be piloted over a crowded crossing ; perhaps a cat or dog to be rescued from cruelty ; perhaps a child to be fished out of the Thames. Mr. Nock concludes his article by suggesting that the .\merican Boy Scouts should all become World Scouts. He says : — America, with its half million boy Scouts already enrolled, is the very place to effect a substantial federation of the World Scouts with the original movement. American boys are the ones to say that the Boy Scout ideal is not half large enough or half progressive enough to suit. I venture to ask Mr, Roosevelt whether he might not sec hi:; own way to a permanent place in tlie world's history by leailing the slurily march of American childhood through paths of real chivalry and real adventure towards the pure ideal of ciiild- hood's natural romance. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 169 THE PAINTER OF MONA LISA. Facis and Fancies auout LtoNARDO da Vinci. The Art Journal for January publishes a long article, by M. Salomon Reinach, on Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo's apprenticeship at Florence in Verrocchio's studio remains shrouded in mystery, and only two drawings of that period seem to be extant. Some critics assert that he painted the angel in profile in Verrocchio's great picture, " The Baptism," in the .\cademy at Florence ; others assert that the whole picture was by Verrocchio, and others that Leonardo's co-operation should be recognised throughout the picture. As it is not yet possible to fix the exact date of the painting it cannot be stated with accuracy whether the work was executed before Leonardo entered Verrocchio's studio. M. Reinach, however, is of opinion that Leonardo painted the angel, but not the rest of the jjicture. The writer also believes that a panel in the National Gallery, " The Virgin adoring the Infant Christ," ascribed to Ghirlandnjo or to Verrocchio, is a work by the young Leonardo. WHO painted "the virgin of the rocks"? No picture, continues M. Reinach, has been the object of more controversy than "The Virgin of the Rocks." The I'aris fiicture is stated to be un- doubtedly Leonardo's, but what about the picture in the National Gallery ? As we know some critics believe that it is a free copy of that in the Louvre executed entirely Ijy -Ambrogio da Predis, but M. Reinach thinks it far too good and far too original a picture to be attributed to a copyist. He is of opinion that " The Virgin of the Rocks " in the Louvre was painted by Leonardo in Florence before 1483. In this j.ic lure the angel is looking towards us and with extended arm and finger is jjointiiig to the young St. John, «i)0 is praying to Jesus. In the London picture that gesture of the angel does not exist. M. Reinach exjilains that the gesture of the angel in the Louvie picture is an exhortation to the Florentines, who^e patron saint was St. John the Baptist, to follow the Saint's example and pray devoutedly to Jesus. In Milan where the London picture seems to have been painted after 1485 that gesture would iiardly have been understood, therefore Leonardo substituted for it another, which not being significant is rather dull. M. Reinach concludes that Leonardo thus nidilified his first composition, and that if he did not paint the London |)icture entirely, it was executed under his guidance with the assistance of Ambrogio da I'redis. j In the January number of the M011//1 there is ; another article on the same subject. Assuming that !' Leonardo painted only one of the two pictures, Mr. Montgomery Carmichael, the writer, names ten eminent critics who favour the view that the Louvre ])icture was the work of Leonardo, and ten others who attributed the National Gallery picture to him. Mr. Carmichacl draws attention to the various points of diftercncc in the two paintings, but comes to the conclusion that Leonardo was the painter of both pictures. MONA Lisa's tearful smile. In reference to Mona Lisa, M. Reinach tells us that Vasari was right when he said that Leonardo called in musicians to amuse her while he was painting her portrait, but he missed the reason and point of it. In 1499 Mona Lisa had lost a young daughter, and as she was the third wife of her husband, and he was no longer young, this may have been her only child. Next comes the fact that she wears no diadem, or necklace, or ring, or jewel of any kind. She is clad in dark olive green and a dark veil. The absence of jewels, according to Florentine custom, was characteristic of mourning attire. This, M. Reinach suggests, explains the whole matter. Mona Lisa was a distressed mother, and when Leonardo began to paint her portrait he found she looked dejected, and got musicians to elicit a smile from her. Her smile is not perfidious, or ironical, or coquettish ; it is a forced and superficial smile, a smile of the Ijps and eyes to which the heart fails to respond. FREDERICK THE GREAT AS A MUSICIAN. O.x January 24th the two-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Frederick the Great was commemorated in Germany. The January numbers of the Konsena- tive Momitsschrift and of the Aram each publish a series of articles on the great king, and one in the Arena, by Herr Enst li^duard Faubert, deals with him as a musician. As Crown Prince, Frederick chose the flute as his favourite instrument, and under the tuition of Quantz he attained a remarkable degree of proficiency. His father, however, was much opposed to. the Prince's study of music, and it had to be carried on in secret. After he became king he remained faithful to the instrument of his choice, ^Dut in his old age shortness of breath and loss of teeth made it difficult to play it, and.he returned to the clavier. A visit to Dresden which he made with his father in 1728 when he heard an opera for the first time had a decisive influence on his 'relations to music. The impression made by what he then saw and heard was so great that as soon as he came to the throne he set about instituting something of a like nature in Berlin. Orders were given for an opera house to be built, and Karl Heinrich Graun was commissioned to compose an opera. But the King was too impatient to wait till the opera house was completed, and Graun's opera was perlormed in 1741 in a temporary theatre fitted up in the palace. It was the first of a long series composed under the auspices of the King. During the years of (leace after the Seven Vears' War concerts were given every evening at Sans Souci, and j)icces composed by Frederick or by (Juantz were regularly jierformed by the King and the musicians established in the palace. Several comtemporaries have written of the King's affecting playing of slow moveme'its on the flute. I lyo The Review of Reviews. THE CREED OF THACKERAY. In the Dublin Review the Rev. P. J. Gannon discusses the rehgion of Thackeray. He says : — ■ I Us creed might be embodied in these few maxims. Hohl, as far as may be — but unobtrusively — to the beliefs of your fathers, and do as much kindness as you can, mindful that we are all sharers in the same p.ithetic iloom and owe one another a tragic loyalty. Dry the tears of childhood and ease the burden of old age. If you meet a good woman, go on your knees in reverence ; if you meet an erring one, don't he in a hurry to cast stones. In general, judge not and you shall not be judged. No one is faultless. The good are not without their weaknesses, if you look closely ; the wicked are seldom wholly graceless, if you peep within. Destiny is a tangled web and life a multi-coloured scene, where the drab hues pre- dominate. Which of us has his heart's desire or having it is satisfied ? But even so drink your wine, and sup your Bouilla- baisse, and be content. No snivelling about Fate, no whining about the world's ingratitude. If there is much wormwood in the cup, tears won't sweeten it, and courage may. It is true that in the real life the hero does'not always come in time to rescue the maiden in distress, as on the Adelphi stage. The Dragon does not always meet a St. George : he dies oceasionally in a hoary and evil old age, with his scales decorously whitewashed, and quite persuaded, perhaps, of his own eminent respectability. Vet for all that, honesty is the best, if not necessarily the best-paying policy ; and if virtue is not always triumphant, still less is vice likely to prosper, or if prosperous to make the sleek sinner content. Sir George Warrington may " yawn in Eden, with Eve for ever sweet and tender by his side ; " but most readers will think he has fared better than Barry Lyndon, whose career closes in the Fleet Prison with nothing but the love of an old mother to lighten existence till lidiiium tnmc'is ends the tale. The writer says we get as near to the mind of Thackeray on religion as we shall anywhere in his words : — O .awful, awful n.inie of God I Light unbearable! Mystery unfathomable ! Vastness immeasurable ! Who are these who come forward to explain the mystery, and gaze unblinking into the depths of the light, and me.asure the immeasurable vastness to a hair ? O name, that God's people of old did fear to utter ! O light, that God's prophet would have perished had he seen ! who are these that are now sofamiliar with it ? Women, truly, for the most part weak women — weak in intellect, weak; mayhap, in spelling and grammar, but marvellously strong in faith. ANGLICAN PLEA FOR A CELIBATE PRIESTHOOD. Mrs. Huih Jackson makes in the Nimteaith Century for January a strong plea for a celibate clergy in the Church of England. She resents ,the appeals that are made for the support of clergy on the ground that they are married and have families. She says : — What happens if a penniless subaltern in a good regiment marries? lie leaves. What happens if a briefless barrister marries ? He starves. What happens if clerks, actors, business men, doctor's, or men in any other profession marry on an insufficient income ? Is there a public appeal to the compassion- ate for money on their behalf? . . . The average clergyman works no harder than other men— and very much less hard than the doctor. There are many, especially country clergymen, or clergymen in fashionable watering-places, who have a very easy time indeed. Mrs. Jackson quotes a gifted Frenchman who asked, why an Englishinan always mentions the word "parson" with a shade of contempt? adding, "We often hate priests in my country, but we do not despise them." Mrs. Jackson finds the reason in the fact that the Roman priest has for the s.ke of his profession practically renounced all^that to most men makes life worth living. Hence the laity respects him. The ordinary English clergyman " has not given up enough," and hence he is not sent for by his parishioners in trouble. PRIESTS VERSUS CLERGYMEN. The writer goes on to urge " There are signs in the air that in England the need for priests as opposed to clergymen is more get eral than is popularly sup- posed." To the stock aiguments against celibacy she replies that scandals arise in connection with married clergymen as well as with celibates. Marriage does not make clergymen m.ore human than Roman priests. The wife and family of the clergyman do not always do good work in the parish, but often are the cause of great trouble. The growing need for confession makes a clear line of demarcation between confessor and confessed essential. " It is nauseous to think of a girl relating her siiis to a possible husband." A married clergyman can never be a priest in the fullest sense of the word. He will never have that hold over his flock or that direct communication with God which a priest has. Asked why she does not rather go over into the Roman Communion than seek to introduce celibacy into the. Anglican, the writer replies that she believes firmly in the .Anglican branch of the Catholic Church, and in its destiny to reunite Christendom. PLEA FOR BOUNTIES ON WHEAT. Mr. Hilaire Belloc, writing in the O.\foid and Cambridge Ra'i(u\ urges that the chief requisite at this moment to re-establish wheat-growing upon its true economic basis in England is the security and steadiness of the minimum price. Between the state- ments that wheat pays well at 37s. a quarter and tolerably well at 30s. a quarter he suggests 33s. 6d. If 33s. 6d. could always and regularly be obtained the majority of farmers would begin to produce it permanently and profitably. Taking this 33s. 6d. as the minimum price the State could secure and obtain it by a bounty equal to the difference between the minimum and the actual tiiarket price. In 1906 bounties would have cost us 5s. 3d. a quarter, or a total of two million pounds; in 1907 2S. ird. a quarter, or just over the million; in 1908 is. 6d. a quarter, or a good deal less than half a million ; in 1909 the tax-payer would not have had to pay at all ; in 1910 the bounty would have been somewhat less than 2s., a total of ^700,000. Mr, Belloc declares "the IS. registration duty on corn, which nobody felt, and which was only taken off as a matter of economic orthodoxy, would very nearly meet the largest of these imposts, and would have much more than met all the others." . I. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 171 TENNYSON AND HIS WOMAN FRIEND. Mr. Wii.Kkiu Ward writes in the Dublin Rrciew for January on Tennyson at Freshwater. He reviews Lord Tennyson's account of the poet and his friends, and adds reminiscences of his own. Mrs. Cameron was a woman of great originaUty, a daughter of Mr. Pattle, and a sister of the late Lady Somers and Lady Dalrymple. " MV \vill'ag.\inst his will." She was an expert photographer and took of the poet " a photo done by my will against his will." She seems to have made the poet do much as she would with him, the explanation being, "Tennyson loved Mrs. Cameron sincerely, and was amused at her intense hero-worship." She used to make him show himself on occasion and do whatever she thought suitable to his genius and position, while he often endeavoured, half annoyed and half pleased, to frustrate her design. One time, in 1873, she took it into her head that he ought, like the Doge of Venice, to wed the sea. She had a friend make a wreath of white and red may to take the place of a ring. In the end she succeeded in bringing the poet with her to Freshwater Bay and making him throw the wreath into the sea and speak words worthy of the occasion. She was almost an otTicial mistress of ceremonies for those \vho desired an interview with Tennyson. Once she brought .\merican visitors to whom he showed himself out of humour. She rebuked him with the word^, " .Alfred, I brought them to see a lion ; they did not expect to find a bear." VACCl.NATED NOLENS VOI.EXS. Here is another instance of her ascendency over the poet : — Mrs. CiHicron wa^ profoundly interested in keeping the poet well, and fit for work. One evening a friend who was dining wilh her menlioned lliat there was small-pox in the neighbour- hood. Mrs. Cameron started. " Alfred Tennyson has not been vaccinuted for tweiiiy years," she said. " We must not lose a moment." She wtTit at once in search of the village doctor, ■k him lo Farringford, and made her way to Tennyson's ■iidy. lie was l.u-y and did not want to see her, but she pursued him from room lo room. In^lhe end he said : " Madam, if you will leave me I will do anything you like." He was vaccinated. The sequel was lold me by Tennyson himself. The vaccine proved lo be bad, and he was not really well again for six months ; so Mrs. Cameron's intervention did not prove quite so fortunate as she had hoped. CARDINAL VAUOIIAN A.S SIR LA.NCELOI'. Once Cardinal Vaughan was at the Wards' house at Weston, when Mrs. Cameron and Tennyson came to lea to meet him ; — .Mrs. C;>meron wns, at that lime, photographing various people for the char.nclcrs in the " Idylls of the King." Directly she saw VaughaiiH kiiighlly face and figure she called oul to Tennyson : " .Mfrcd, I have found Sir Lancelot." Tennyson, not seeing to whoDi she referred, replied in deep tones : " 1 want a face that is well worn with evil passion." The Cardinal was greatly emlwrrassed, and the company a good deal amused, llul lliey were afterwards introduced to e.^ch other and had much friendly conver^.uiun. TALKED BEST WHEN WALKING. Mr. Ward adds :— Tennyson's conversation was at its best out walking, and his morning walk was an event to which his friends always keenly looked forward. To one who had never met him it presented some surprises. When one first heard him speak one was startled by the strong Lincolnshire accent, which I fancy he deliberately cultivated. ^ THE BEAUTY OF THE NEW WOMAN. M. Finot's Ideas. M. Jean Finot contributes to La Revne of January ist another chapter on women. THE CANON OF BEAUTY A FICTION. Entitled " The Beauty of the New Woman," the article deals with the eflect which the present evolu- tion of woman will have on her personality. The eternal feminine is always changing, but is there ,not also a continuous evolution of the eternal masculine ? Men's ideas of beauty change not only because women are always changing, but because men's ideas about women change as women change in their ideas about men. There are no inflexible laws which can be applied to beauty. Ideas of beauty cannot be codified, for beauty evolves. Present changes in the social and moral conditions of humanity are going to bring about the triumph of a new ideal of feminine beauty con- formable to the evolution of women and to the changed tastes of men. The canon of beauty, the law of fixed proportions of the human body, is a fiction. Such a law can onlj- have in view a normal type. There arc"other points of beauty of equal importance. THE NEW BEAUTV. The changes in women's education will give us new incarnations of. the beautiful. Women will become stronger, bigger, but not necessarily less graceful. .\s the brain of woman contains more ideas it will change •^ in form and will bring in its train a modification of the fac ial angles. Her intelligence strengthened by contact with life will give a now expression to her face, her body will be more harmonious, thanks to physical exercise, and her look will be expressive of a deeper inner life, She will be graceful and strong, and her movements will be animated by divine thought ; she will be the dispenser of noble joys, and at the same time be more intimately associated with our sorrows. \\'omen, thus transformed morally and intellectually, will cease to wear clothes detrimental to their health. In the dress of the future they will be more elegant and at the same time more jiersonal in their taste. \ beautiful soul is expressed by a beautiful face. The mystery of true beauty is to be found there and nowhere else. The new beauty will be expressed in beings having more nobility of soul and pride in the rhythm of their bodies than could be found in the old. The new woman will be beautiful in a difterent way, but men will be none the less sensible of her charms. ^ 172 The Review of Reviews. TENNYSON'S EARLY NEIGHBOURS. Canon Rawnsley contributes a delightful paper to the February Conthill on memories of the Tenny- sons at Somersby. It is a beautiful picture of the affectionate way in which the poet, his brothers and bisters and father and mother, were regarded by the village folk. " yUlCEN OK THE ROSEBUD GARDEN." Tlie Canon tells us that the originals of " rare pale Margaret " and " Adeline were the Misses Bourne, beauties in their day, who lived at Alford : — Rosa Baring, " <^)ueen of the rosebud garden of* girls," although to her all poelry in those days seemed mere "jangle- dom," remembered how she would hang upon the words of ihe quaint, shy, long-haired young man who impressed her .as being more learned and thoughtful than was common, and wiser than his years. " .\lfred," she said, " was so quaint and chivalrous, such a real knight amongst men, at least I always fancied so ; and' though .Sophy and I used to ride over to Somersby juSt to have the pleasure of pleasing liim or leasing him as the case might be, and used to joke one anolher about his quaint taciturn ways, which were mingled strangely with boisterous tils of fun, we were as proud as peacocks to be worthy of notice by him, and treasured any message he might send or any word of admiration hemight let fall." k"AlRY FAIRY LILIAN." As lor my .\unt Sophy, the original of " .\iry fairy Lilian," as the family tradition has it, she never quile got over the kind of awe with which Tennyson inspired her as a young man, Ijut she said " he was so interesting because he was so unlike other young men, and his unconventionality of manner and dress had a charm which made him more acceptable than the dapper young gentlemen of ordinary type at ball or supper party. He w.as a splendid dancer, for he loved music and kept such time. Most girls were friglUenetl of him. I was never afraid of the man, but of his mind. He once told my brother that at the age of sixty he had well-nigh danced a girl oft her feet, and was not a bit dizzy at the end of it." THE POEt'.S father. A Somersby villager said that the poet's father had a voice like a "horgin," and was "the clivverest man i' the county. \ great scholard as taught all his boys hissen, would not let other folks do it — laught them hissen, he did. Theer w.as a great family of them to wear him, one died a babby and there was eleven left," and the old man went over the names of them all, and then added, *' It was study as wore out th' owd doctor. lie wouldn't 'low other fwoaks to school his bairns." The villagers said : — Such fine, up-straight men they all were ; such heads of hair, and such a walk, wilhoul never a bounce of pride in tlieni ; always in and out of Ihe cottages, and never forgot their servants, and generally with books in their hands. " A ROUGH 'UN, MR. HALFRED. " An old woman, speaking of the family, says : — ■ But as for Mr. Halfred, he was a 'daciousone. He used to be walking up and down the carriage-drive hundreds of times a day, shouting and holloaing and lueaching, with a book always in his hand ; and such a lad for making ?ad work of his clothes. He never seemed to care how he was dressed or what he had on — " down on his heels," and " his coat unlaced and his hair anyhow." He was a rough 'un was .Mister Halfred. and no mistake. AI.MO.ST A WESl.EVAN ! Some of the old folks remembered a Wesleyan minister who "Mr. Halfred used to have a deal o' lalk with i' them daays, and he said he wud go to church to 'comnioJate his mother, but be wud well have liked to get oop a nieetin' hissen." The old parish sexton, as he told me of this, added, " He was quite a religious young man was Mr. Halfred, you know ; leastways, would have been if he had been dragged up by the Wcsleyans, you know." "all THOWT he was CRAZED." The Canon gives a veri. vivid picture of an old inhabitant at Gibraltar Point who could not believe that Mr. Alfred was now " wuth thousands by his potry," and who tells how her man was coming home in the morning early : — Who should he light on biit Mr. Alfred, a-raavin' and taSvin' upon the sand-hills in his shirtsleeves an' all ; and Mr. Alfred said, saiiys he, " Good morning," saiiys he ; and my man saays, " Thou poor fool, thou doesn't knaw morning from night " ; for you know, sir, i' them daays we all thowt he was craazed. Weil, well ! .Xnd the Queen wants to maake him a lord, poor thing ! Well, I nivver did hear the likes 0' that, for sarten sewerness." GENTLEMEN AND AN EIGHT HOURS' DAY. Mr. Siethen Gwvnn in the February Conihill, bidding farewell to the land, contributes much sound sense and shrewd wisdom : — Gentlemen talk airily about an eight hours' or a ten hours' day ; but do they know what it means ? I have heard able editors declaring that they themselves wished greatly they could get off wilh an eight liours' shift. I have even heard members of I'.uliament declaring that their Parliamentary labours (s.ave the mark) are often extended beyond that limit— as if that had something to do with the matter ! It would really be a great and blessed thing if every educated man knew by bodily experi- ence what it meant to dig eight hours and get half a crown for it. The learner would have to be taken, early. No man of middle age could, I ihink, do a reasonable day's spade-work without going near to kill himself, unless he had been broke to it in boyhood. But even a couple of hours, or, better still, the task which an ordinary labourer will accomplish in two hours, would teach a man what labour me.ans, and should, if he is a decent man, leach him to feel that sense of inferiority which the swimmer inspires among those who must drown if they fall in. THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE SOIL. He also says : — Living on the land gave me full confidence (not that I ever lacked it) not merely to deny, but to ridicule and spit upon an opinion which often enough is put forward. A "gentleman" (to speak by the card), it is said, lowers himself in the eyes of working people if he puts his hand to servile labour, God help us all, if that were so ! For my own part, though it had become natural for my men to send for nic without more .ado when an exira hand was needed in .any sudden pressure, and to save up things which needed extra help till I should be available, no one ever got more ungiudging service or better value for wages paid ; and I think 1 got more thin service, as cerlainiy I g.ave more than wages. I think our liking and respect were mutual. If to-d.iy we breed " class-conscious .Socialists,"' that is because yearly fewer of us, gentle and simple, live together on the land. Mr. Gwynn says that " by owning a farm, by having a voice in the working of it, by putting my hand to all the elementary activities, 1 did find myself brought nearer to the central facts of life, and nearer to the men I employed. Comradeship was established." Leading Articles in the Reviews. 173 HOW TO FIND SPIRITUAL PEACE. By John Masefield. Mr. Masefiki.h, whose portrait appeared in our last number, publishes in the quarterly Quest a very interesting and thoughtful article concerning contem- plaiives It is a thoughtlul survey of the various methods by which men I. ve sought to find spiritual peace. He begins by describing the monastic system, of which he speaks with great appreciation. The earlier religious orders, he says, provided man with a way of escape from the world, the later ones fitted him with a means for conflict with it. The great object ol the monk was to beat down self in order to obtain the peace which passes understanding : — I'licy strove to make themselves vessels of Christ, exponents of the spirit of Christ, and ihey sought Christ's cross cheerfully, wherever it might be found most heavy, in the world, the monxslcry, or the wilderness. After the Reformation the place of the monk was taken by tlie Alchemist, who became the typical religious thinker : — But the true .\lchenii>t sought by a knowledge of matter and a subtlety of reason to make the spiritual Gold, the Perfect Metal, the Incorruptible Substance, in himself and in the universe, and to practise in short (though not presumptuously) the .\rt of God. When .'\lchemy came to the ground thought ceased to be religion. Thought began to undermine religion as it undermined .Alchemy ; and although much of Christianity remains, it is now not a light illuminating the multitude : — I do not know whi. in lliis age can be cailcd contemplative?, seeking union with the Divine .N'ature, though all seek it some- how, according lo tlicif cnlii;hlenmenl. It has been urged to nie that artists are the pi.' .pic most like the religious of past limes; but all who set llumselvcs to attain mental or .spiritual power take the three vom s of the monk, and fight the rebellion of the alchemical Sulpliur, and walk the dark night, often enough. But he remarks that there is in nearly all art of the time a want of any thing that will feed the soul. How, then, shall we find spiritual peace ? Mr. Masefield's conclusion is stated in the following passage : — Inner peace, tranquil liappincsj, the possession of the spirit, and all the spiritual gifi^, are not to be got by reading the new U)ok and listening lo the old fossil. If we want them, they are within ourselves, here and now, near the surface or not as the case may U-, waiting to gb>rify our work here, whatever it may l>c, and we can get ihcm, if we want Ihem, as Ihey have Ixin got in the past, by the contemplative man. I know that the contemplative man got ihein, and what he did we can do. We can get ihcin ourselves by trying for Ihem anil paying the price, and in no other way. And wlial is the price? The monk and the alchemist paid ihrmsclvcs, and got, as ihey declared, GckI for the price paid. For the s.iiiie price really paid down, without haggling, wc can have the same reward. When we come lo look at the price paid and to ask, Can wc pay this? Is ii really worth it ? we re.ilisc more the heroism and the nobility of those old de.ad thinkrr. who paid the price centuries ago : "Casting down im.i^inalions and every high thing that cxaltelh itself against the knowledge of God and bringing Into captivity every Ihounhi lo the obedience of Christ." That was the price paid ; and it was paid very cheerfully by thousands of earthly men and women, who were the happier for paying it. And if we, whose lives are so much wider and finer than theirs, will pay that price, not leaving the world as they did, but making the world our monastery, and our work our lalRiratory, we, too, shall attain their Union, and touch our fellows with Incorruptible .Substance. f As a sequel to Mr. Masefield's paper may be read with advantage another paper in the same periodical. It is Mr. G. R. S. Mead's paper on " The Ideal Life in Progressive Buddhism," which, he says, is essen- tially indistinguishable from the highest Ideal preached in the West. THE EARLY MARIE CORELLI. In "Sixty Years in the \Vil(lerness," appearing in Ccnihill, Sir Henry Lucy recalls times he had in 1879 with Professor Blackie. He mentions a meeting with a young lady who has since acquired multi- tudinous fame : — Some weeks later Blackie and I foregathered at Oban, where he had a house encircled by hills and fronting the Bay. Charles Mackay, the poet, also h.ad quarters at Oban, and was accus- tomed to be at home after dinner to a little circle of friends, amongst the most regular altendants being William Black and Professor Blackie. The mistress of the household was a lady in the prime of young womanhood, whom we knew as Miss iMackay, niece of the poet and journalist. She played Ihe piano with fine touch and sang charmingly. Blackie was .iccustomcd to break into song as inconsequently as lie dropped into poetry. He always insisted upon a chorus to Miss .Mackay's song, regardless of the composer's intentions in the matter. In later years we knew the simple-mannered songstress as Marie Corelli. THE GROWTH OF THE RACE MEETING. ^In Baily's Maf^azine for February "Sprinter" writes on the development of race-courses. He gives the following striking statistics : — According lo the returns in " Baily's Racing Register," Vork meeting was Ihe only one, from 1709 until 1714, of which a record was kept. In 1715 Black Hambleton meeting finds its way into type, and in 1716 a return of a programme at New market is given. Kor a year Newmarket falls out, but by 1719 it b.as two meetings a year. Krom 17 19 until 1724 there are five meetings reported. In 1727 one finds twenty-six meetings to record, and in 1728 forty-two. By 1728 they had grown to sixty-four, and by 1760 there were seventy-nine race meet- ings a year. In 1790 there were exactly eighty meetings recognised, but about iSoo a select sixty-six reunions were run iitf year in and year out. The growth of the movement up to the present time is given in the following table : — Vcar, 1709 1719 1727 1728 1729 1760 1790 1800 No. of Afccting«. Vur 1 iKlI 5 iSl^i . 2b I.S?() . 42 1S40 '•t 1S.,<. ■ 79 I.^OJ 80 ii/aS 66 No. of Mccrinij*. 1 1 5 1 12 . 176 . 184 194 217 205 174 The Review of Reviews. SHOULD ESPIONAGE BE ABOLISHED? A French Symposium. Is Ztt Revue oi January i5tli M. Paul Gsell has edited a symposium on the subject of espionage. The questions addressed to a number of writers and tlunie expected to know t" Then the shade of Kve enters, and says : — " It all began in I'.den," she 5«id softly, " when we were given coals of skin»." *' But it must »lop I It's got to end I " cried the Molern Woman. WOMAN AS TEACHER. "The Monopolising Woman Teacher'' is the title of a racy article by Mr. C. W. Bardeen in the January (.American) Educational Rci'kw. The writer quotes the following statement : — The number of men teachers decreased between 1882 and 1895, '" America, from 72*6 per cent, to 68'5 per cent. ; in France, between 1886 and 1896, from 54*5 per cent, to 424 per cent. ; between 18S1 and 1901, in Italy, from 412 per cent, to 35"4 per cent. ; and in Great Britain, from 29'6 per cent. to 268 per cent. k WOMAN WITH THE I..\RGEST S.4L.\RV. In the several States in America the percentage of women has risen from ninety to nearly ninety-six. The writer says : — To-day the largest salary paid in the world to a public school teacher is paid to a wonian. The action for equal salaries for men and women is universal. The immediate working in New York is to make the salary of tho;e entering the system, which had been 600 dollars for women and 900 dollars for men, 720 dollars for both. But at 900 dollars it h.id already become impossible to secure satisfactory men ; how inany are likely to present themselves at 720 dollars ? Where men and women get the same salary and are equally eligible the men will vanish. \vom.\n's defect. The writer finds the most serious difficulty of all that a woman does not grasp what a man means by sense of honour. To women principles count for little when persons are involved. Did you ever hear of a woman who would not rather consign law and justice and the entire structure of society to the demnition bow-wows than that her son should be hanged ? Man sees an idea in its relation to the rest of the world, in perspective. Woman sees only the one idea, whether a person or a cause. Some of the noblest women I know are suffragists, y.nd there is not one of them who, when her o|itnion of a public man is asked, will not stale first his attitude on that subject and base the rest of her judgment on that fact. The modern English suffragette, for instance, thinks that the one end she has in view justifies the means, though it involve the destruction of every law and principle of society and the conversion of women into a nuisance that every man loathes. A STONE LIBRARY. The idea of the tcrra-rotta library has been made familiar to us by the explorations of the Assyriologist, l)ut the stone library of China referred to in the Oriental Rci'iew for January is perhaps not so well known : - There is one public library in Peking. It is the library of the Kuo Tie Chicn, or "School of the Sons of the K.mpirc," an ancient university that existed a ihousami years Iwfore the Christian era. This library is of stone. On 182 tablets of stone composing it are carveil all of the " Thirteen Classics," the summary and essence of all Chinese culture. In the Imperial lecture hall of this Kuo Tie Chien the I'.mpcror would go once a year to hear a discourse on the resp'insibilitics and duties of his office and would receive reproof and rxhortation from the Ucails of the institution. The stone library in Peking is only a copy of that in Shi .\n 1 II, in Shcn-si, which w.as the capital of the empire. 176 The Review of Reviews, THE SECRET OF HAUNTED HOUSES. Mr. R. H. Benson's Explanation. In the Dublin Rn'iew appeares an article on the phantasms of the dead, by Mr. R. H. Benson. He says : — I have listened p.-iliently to every ghost-story that has come my way — 1 have read all the literature I could lay hards on ; I have slept in haunted houses ; I nnce took a suicide's room, with a bloodstain under the bed, and slept in it for a whole year in the hope of seeing a ghost— and the total effect of all my pathetic attempts to arrive at some conclusion on the matter, to Ibrmulate some theory that should satisfy myself at any rate, has been that I stand now in a position of entire and complete agnosticism. His agnosticism has its Hmits, however. He declares : — Strictly scientific investigation up to the present lime has resulted in this— that while it is scarcely possible for an educated man in these days to deny that at the time of death it is ctrm- paratively common for the dying person to be able to project an image of himself, or a violent impression of his personality, upon some sympathetic friend at a distance — it is not possible to demand from fair-minded and educated persons that they should extend anything like the same kind of belief towards stories related of so-called haunted houses. Telepathy is now as much an established fact amongst psychologists as the law of gravita- tion amongst physical scientists. A CURIOUS GHOST STORY, Here is a curious instance : — I am acquainted with a certain house in England, so badly " haunted" that the family has been forced at last to leave it and to build a new house in the same park a quarter of a mile away. This haunting has been expeiienced again and again by all kinds of people. Mass has been said in the house repeatedly, but with no efl'ect. It is a beautiful old house, but so terrible are the apparently ghostly events that take place there that at least one member of the family, a normal and courageous person, entirely refuses to pass a single night there, even with servants sleeping in the room, because it is against him always that the princip.al force is directed. Many others as well have experienced the attacks. In one case a perfectly normal man went to stay, with the family for a week. He was put in a room two doors away from the haunted room, but such was the effect upon him merely of hearing half- a-dozen inexplicable footsteps p.ass his door that he left early next morning and has declined to set foot in the house since. The supposed " ghost " has been seen on many occasions ; there is an extraordinary sensation of evil, felt even by sceptical persons— and, in ctTect, as I have said, the best concrete evidence of the facts is found in the leaving of this old and ancestral house by the family and the inhabiting of the other, 'i'he most startling manifestations take the form of actually physical force. The niend>er of the family has on many occasions been thrown to the ground, and once, at any rate, in the presence of three friends. I know these facts well. aroumknt from relics. Mr. Benson passes over the idea that the soul itself is present in the haunted house, or that the pheno- mena are the work of an unl.unian fallen spirit He inclines to the theory suggested in tlie following excerpts : — .\11 Catholics are perfectly familiar with the fact that spiritual impressions can be made upon material objects, and that these unintelligent material objects can retain the impression made upon them. Devotion to relics, for example, is an instance where an unanimated object so retains the eftcct, to some degree, of the personality that was once in close union with it. Now, if it is true that material objects can absorb, so to speak, something of the personalities that are in contact with them, we can hardly conceive an event more likely to put this law in motion than a murder. Both personalities are at full stretch — the murderer in his malignity ; the victim in his terror. It is, for both of them, a kind of nerve-climax — the supreme moment of their lives. Does it not seem probable— if the Jaw I have spoken of is true at all — that the very walls, and ceiling, and floor, and bedhangings, and furniture, should receive a certain impression of the horror ? and that they should retain it ? IMPRESSIONS IN ROOM ON IMPRESSIONABLE. Then comes a man who is highly receptive and intuitive, falls to sleep; his sub-conscious self receives the impressions from the material surroundings. Is it not perfectly conceivable that a telepathic force which has been stored, so to speak, in a kind of material battery, even for years, stored there by the terrific emotional impulse of the original crime — may be powerful enough also to produce a visual image ? He awakes with a sense of shock. The cases where the haunting ceases so soon as the crime is discovered, where a body is found and given Christian burial, Mr. Benson says it seems to him conceivable, as Mr. Hudson suggests : — That the emotion generated by the victim may be condi- tioned by the victim's own violent desire at the moment of the murder. As he dies with the knife in his throat, his supreme wish may very well be that the crime should be detected and punished. He sets up, that is to say, in the emotional atmo- sphere vibrations that are conditioned and coloured by his desire ; and those vibrations may, quite conceivably, continue to vibrate — with the result that the room is haunted— until their conditioning quality is satisfied — until, that is, they meet with the answering vibrations set up by the discovery. THE EVIL EYE, The Hiudu Spiritual Magazine publishes an article upon "The Practice of Gaze." Mr. U. S. Surya Prakas Rao says that the impossible becomes pos- sible to the man who has practised steady gaze I A French peasant, he says, was able to kill small birds by steadily looking at them. But the most striking story is that of an opera singer named Massol, who, under the Second I'^mpire, was a great favourite with the public. Although he was a man of small intellect he had a wonderful voice and an eye which slew. One of his greatest successes was his rendering of the "Curse" aria in an opera called " King Charles VI." During the singing of this aria, if his eye fell acci dentally upon anyone in the audience or on the stage, that person died. After he had killed a scene shifter, the leader of the orchestra, and an unfortunate mer- chant from Marseilles, the opera was excluded from the repertoire. The writer of the article says the science and practice of " the gaze " is known amonj; the Hindus as " Trataka Yoga." The practice of the gaze gives you whatever you can desire. The third eye becomes open. The whole article is interesting and unusual. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 177 THE DICKENS CENTENARY. As might be expected, the magazines of January .ukI I'ebruary devote a good deal of space to papers on Charles Dickens. In the Cftitury Magazine for January Mr. W. L. Phelps writes an essay on Charles Dickens as " the man who cheers us all up." He thinks tiiat if Dickens is not the highest writer of English fiction he fills the biggest place, and is the last whom we could spare. The writer says that every child in England and America should be grateful to Dickens, for the present happy condition of children is due in no small degree to his un- remitting efTorts in their behalf. The paper is fol- lowed by four illustrations by S. J. Woolf of typical scenes in Dickens's novels : ".Alfred Jingle and Rachel Wardic," "Saircy (lamp and Betsy Prig," " Captain Cuttle.Sol Gills,and Walter Ciay," " Dick Swiveller and the .Marchioness." I »ICKEXS .\ND FORSTER. The February issue of t'liambiirss Journal con- tains an article, by Mr. S .\I. Kllis, on Forster's ■ I ,ife of Dickens." While tnis " Life " is generally regarded as one of tlie great biographies in the Knglish languaL;e, it is astonishing how open is the book to attack. Forstcr liimself is unduly pro- minent, while other inti- mates of Dickens who greatly influenced iiiscareer and literary work .nre rele- gated to an obscure jiosition. 'I'hc letters quoted are mostly those addressed to Forsler, the valunble let- ters of other coirespon- ilents arc not utilised, and Dickens's letters ari- rruclly mutilated. The writer also {xiints out how incomplete is the record of many important events, such as the relations of Dickens to Macronc, his first publisher, Dickens's (juarrel with Hentley, and Dickens's early visits to .Manchester. The most attractive feature of the Memorial edition of the "Life" is the unique coUertion of over five hundred illustrations, arranged by Mr. \\. W. Mat/T, but here, too, seem to be many regrettable omissions, and the writer maintains that I>ortraits of Macronc, Bentlcy, the Grants, and others should have been in<'luded, also a view of -Kensal Lodge, where Dickens and Forsler first met, and illustrations of Dickens's visits to Manchester. Charles Dickens Dickens in A.merica. In the World's Work for January Mr. Joseph Jackson describes " Dickens in America Fifty Years Ago." The paper is very interesting, and it is illus- trated by reproductions of several illustrations that appeared at the time of his visit to the United States. Another illustration represents the only public monu- ment to Dickens that has been erected in the United States of .Vmerica. Dickens is seated on a pedestal, by the side of which is standing " Little Nell." Accord- ing to this paper Dickens was received with more demonstrative exhibitions of genuine aftection than had ever been given to any foreign visitor to Americ-'s shores before. Even the triumphal progress of Lafayette fifteen years earlier seemed tranquil in comparison. He was then only a young man, having just completed his thirtieth year. He began joyously by admiring everything and everybody, excepting the young ladies who insisted upon having a lock of his hair. He suffered from the rapacity of some hotel proprietors, and despite all his aj- parent good-will towards ever) body he tlally refused to bow to national senti- ment. His independence and his strong sense of his own righteousness would not sufier him to use tact in his public ad- dresses. In private, as in public, he spoke !Tis mind. A literary man once tried to draw him on the subject of slavery. " I do not like it," said he. " I don't like it at all ! " " Ah ! " said his visitor, " you pro- as a Young Man. bably have not seen it in its true character, and are prejudiced against it." " Yes, I have seen it, sir," said Dickens, " all I ever wish to see of it, and I detest it." After the visitor had departed, Dickens turned to his secretary and, burning with passion, ex- claimed : — - "I).Tmn ihcir impudence! If llicy will not llirust llicir acciirseil domestic iiustiliiliun in my Tnce, I will not altack it, for I dill not come here for that purpose. Hut lo tell mc .t m.in is belter off as a slave than as a freeman is an instdi, .incar it I" Dickens was equally strong in his views as to the need for international copyright, and when his hostility to slavery led to the |)ul lication of s|)iteful and untrue paiagra|)hs about him, it resulted in eventually souring \ 178 The Review of Reviews. his early appreciation and love for America. The remainder of his visit, however, Dickens found more ' to his liking. He grew fond of Americans, found the women beautiful and the men chivalrous, but their expectorating habit aroused his wonderment. Dickens was unknown in America until after the first four monthly parts of " Pickwick " had been published in England, but on his first visit to America, although he came as a private person, he was treated practically as " the literary guest of the nation." On his second tour he came announced as a public reader and enter- tainer. That this tour was not in one sense so triumphal as the former was due to the fact that he was ill almost all the time. His readings from his novels were the most successful of the kind ever given in America. He carried with him a staff of half a dozen men. He gave in all seventy-six readings ; the tickets were usually sold out a fortnight before the readings were given. The receipts of the tour were ^.£^5 7,000, of which Dickens took ;^38,ooo. Origin" OF " Boz." In the Treasury Mr. T. Hannan gives a very concise story of the novelist's life. He thus explains the origin of the name " Boz " :— "Boz" was a nom de plume, conceived quite in the characteristic vein of the humour of Dickens. He had a brother who was called " Moses"— princip.illy because that was not his name. Pronounced with a cold "id the head," it became " Boses " ; and that was shortened into "Boz." And that is the genesis of the name under which were published, chiefly in the Evening Chronicle, those sketches which formed the beginning of a wonderful career. Macrone published the " Sketches " in book form and gave Dickens ;f 150 for the copyright — which Dickens and his publishers. Chapman and Hall, afterwards bought back for j^2,ooo. The February Strand reports that the Dickens Centenary Fund which it inaugurated has attained such proportions as to place the five granddaughters of the author of " David Copperfield," for whom the appeal was made, for ever out of the reach of want. The portraits are given of the five ladies in question, whose names are : Miss Mary Angela Dickens, Miss Evelyn Dickens, Miss Ethel Dickens, Miss Dorothy Dickens, Miss Cecil Mary Dickens. else, the same unfortunate influences still being operative. .Some other form of Government seems to .be required, but what ? At the moment there is in effect a condominium of Russia and Great Britain, and it is just possible that it may subsist until Persia is nursed into strength. At all events, that is what Great Britain would desire to see accomplished. THE PERSIAN TROUBLE. Mr. Robert Machrav contriliutes to the Fort- nig/itiy Revinu for February a narrative of recent events in Persia, which brings out very clearly the absurdity of assuming that all the troubles in that distressful country have arisen from the Anglo-Russian Agree- ment. He points out that Russia practically domi- nated Northern Persia ten years ago, and the fact that her troops are in occupation in certain towns in the North is paralleled by the fact that our troops are in occupation in certain districts in the South : — In both cises the presence of these soldiers has been caused by the weakness, and, it may be .iddcd, the folly of the central Persian Government. The experiment of a constitutional r,'gime has produced chaos so far, and there is no good rea.son for supposing that for a long time to come it will produce anything JAPANESE AND ENGLISH POETRY COMPARED. By a Japanese Poet. In the Taiyo for January, Mr. Yone Noguchi, who says, " I pass as a poet," contrasts Japanese with English poets. He says : — The English poets w.iste too much energy in " words, words and words," and make, doubtless with all good intentions, their inner meaning frustrate, at least less distinguished, simply from the reason that its full liberty to appear naked is denied. It is the poets more than the novelists who not only misinterpret their own meaning, but often deceive their own souls, and cry to their hearts too affectedly so that their timid eyes look aside ; it is almost unbelievable how the English-speaking people with their pronounced reserve and good sense can turn at once to " poetry " so reckless and eloquent. ■ Japanese poetry, at least the old Japanese poetry, is different from Western poetry in the same way as silence is difterent from a voice, night from day ; while avoiding the too close discussion of their relative merits, I can say that the latter always fails, naturally enough, through being too active to properly value inaction, restfulness, or death, to speak shortly, the passive phase of Life and the World. Oh, our Japanese life of dream and silence I The Japanese poetry is that of the moon, stars and flowers, that of a bird and waterfall for the noisiest ; when we do not sing so much of the life and world it is not from the reason that we think their value negative, but from our thought that it would be better, in most cases, to leave them alone ; and not to sing of them is the proof of our reverence toward them. Beside, the stars and flowers in Japan mean to sing Life, since we human beings are not merely a part of nature but Nature itself. When our Japanese poetry . is best, it is, let me say, a searchlight or flash of thought or passion cast on a moment of Life or Nature, which, by the virtue of its intensity, leads us to the conception of the whole ; it is swift, discontinuous, an isolated piece itself. ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS, How To Square Germany. In the Dub/in Revi(7u Mr. Edwin De Lisle boldly outlines a policy which he thinks would dissipate the war cloud that hangs over our present relations with Germany. He says : — Why then should England wish to prevent Germany from acquiring an Asiatic Empire, let us say West of the Persian Gulf, and East of the Mediterranean Sea? It is unfriendly ; it is impolitic. In fact, it is impossible. The Turk must wane, the German wax ! • The alternative seems to him absurd : — Will England be mad enough to compel Germany to encroach on the French Republic rather than on the Ottoman Empire ? To exp.ind in Europe on her French, Dutch, Swiss an i Italian boundaries, instead of over the seas, say in Morocco and Mesopotamia? Why should England fear? Why should France olijoct ? Why should Russia fume ? . . . The true solution of the difficulty is to make a friend of Germany instead of an enemy, and to regard her j;rowing fleet as a possible ally. If we abandoned our present policy of thwarting every German move, as in the railway schemes for Salonika and Bagdad, and the East and West transcontinental .African Railway, we should lose nothing, and Germany would gain her desires, and there would be no need to continue this ruinotis neck and neck race in shipbuilding. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 179 WHEN A MAN DIES, WHAT HAPPENS? By Mr. C. W. Leadbeater. The most minute and detailed description of what happens to man after death that I ever remember to have read appears in the January Thcosophist from the pen of Mr. Leadbeater. It forms the si.\th chapter of the new "Text Book of Theosophy." Whether Mr. Leadbeater knows what he is writing about I cannot say. But he certainly writes as one having authority and not as the scribes. Much that he says I can confirm as having been stated to me by those who have returned from beyond the grave to describe their experiences; but much, very much, lies beyond the range covered by these reports. The distinction between the physical, the astral, the etheric bodies are confusing to non-theosophists, and the account which he gives of the different planes through which men pass in their ascent to the glorious heaven that awaits us is very circumstantial, and those who are interested in these speculations will read Mr. Leadbeater's paper :— PROGRESS AFTER DEATH. Death is the laying aside of the physical body; but it makes no more ditTerence to the ego than does the laying aside of an overcoat to the physical man. Having put" off his physical body, the ego conlinucs to live in his astral body until the force has become exhausted which has been generated by such emotions and passions as he has allowed hiniself to feel during earth-life. When ih.u has happened the second death takes place ; the astral body also falls away from him, and he finds nimself living in the mental body and in the lower mental world. In that condition lie remains until the thought-forces generated .during his physical an.l astral lives have worn themselves out ; then he drops llie tliird vehicle in its turn and remains once more an ego in his own world, inhabiting his casual body. HOW THU ASTRAL BODY IS FORMED. At the death of the physical body his vague astral conscious- ness is alarmed. It realises that its existence as a separated mass is menaced, and it lakes instinctive steps to defend itself f and to maintain its position as long as possible. The matter of the astral body is far more fluidic than that of the physical, and this consciousness seizes upon its particles and disposes them so as lo resist encroachment. It puts the grossest and densest upon the oui^lile as a kind of shell, and arranges the others in concentric l.iyers, so that the body as a whole may become as resistant 10 friction as its constitution permits, and may therefore retain its sli.ape as long as possible. This, however, is soon sloughed unless the man has lived a life of selfish indulgence, in which case the heavy and gross panicles due to his selfishness last a long time. PURGATORY. The coarse, .sensual man finds himself unable to perceive any but coarse, sensual people. He finds himself, he thinks, in hell among the damned. He carries with him all his desires, which arc intensified. He is unable to satisfy them : — Such a life is a very real hell — the only hell there is j yet no one is punishing him ; he is reaping the perfectly natural result of his own action. Grmlually .is time passes this force of desire wears out, bill only at the cost of terrible siilTcring for the man, because to liiiii every day seems as a thousand years. The astral life, which the man has made for himself cither miserable or comparatively joyous, corresponds lo what Chri«- tians call purgatory ; the lower mental life, which is always entirely happy, is what is called heaven. AWAKING AFTER DEATH. Character is not in the slightest degree changed by death ; the man's thoughts, emotions and desires are exactly the same as before. He is in every way the same man, minus his physical body ; and his happiness or misery depends upon the extent to which this loss of the physical body affects him. The man who finds himself in the astral world after death, if he has not sub- mitted to the rearrangement of the matter of his body, will notice but little difference from physical life. He can float about in any direction at will, but in actual fact he usually stays in the neighbourhood to which he is a survivor. He is still able to perceive his house, his room, his furniture, his relations, his friends. The living, when ignorant of the higher worlds, suppose themselves to have " lost " those who have laid aside their physical bodies ; but the dead are never for a moment under the impression that they have lost the living. THE FATE OF THE AVERAGE DECENT MAN. For most people the state after death is much happier than life upon earth. The first feeling of which the dead man is usually conscious is one of the most wonderful and delightful freedom. He has absolutely nothing to worry about, and no duties rest upon him, except those which he chooses to impose upon himself. For the first time since early childhood the man is entirely free to spend the whole of his time in doing just exactly what he likes. His capacity for every kind of enjoy- ment is greatly enhanced, if only that enjoyment does not need a physical body for its expression. Men are no longer hungry, cold, or suffering from disease in this astral world ; but there are vast numbers who, being ignorant, desire knowledge. THE DWELLERS " IN THE GREY." The etheric double which remains in a man wheii- he sleeps leaves the corpse at death. The astral body has at first some difficulty in freeing itself from this etheric double, and until they do they are unable to function either in the physical or in the astral world : — There are some men who cling so desperately lo their physical vehicles that they will not relax their hold upon the etheric double, but strive with all their might to retain it. They may be successful in doing so for a considerable time, but only at the cost of great discomfort to themselves. They are shut out from both worlds, and find themselves sur- rounded by a dense grey mist, through which they see very dimly the things of the physical world, but with all the colour gone from them. It is a terrible struggle to them lo maintain their position in this miserable condition, and yet they will not relax their hold upon the etheric double, feeling that that is at least some sort of link with the only world that they know. Thus they drift about in a condition of loneliness and misery until from sheer fatigue their hold fails them, and they slip into the comparative happiness of astral life. HFAVEN. Even astral life has possibilities of happiness far greater than anything that we can know in the dense lx>dy ; but the heaven- life in the mental world is out of all proportion more blissful than the astral, f )n each higher plane the same experience is repeated. Merely to live on any one of them seems the utter- most conceivable bliss ; and yet, when the next one is reached, it is seen that this far surp.isscs it. To a largo extent people make their own surroundings in the higher astral plane. This, however, is not the end. Progress is infinite. It is always l)ctler in the summcrland of which we hear in spiritualistic circles — the world in which, by the exercise of their thought, the dt.nl call into temporary existence their houses and schools anil cities. These surroundings, though fanciful from our point of view, are to the dead (l« real as houses, temples or churches built of stone are to us, and many people live very contentedly there for a number of yc irs in the midst of all these thought- creations. I i8o The Review of Reviews. MUSIC AND ART IN THE MAGAZINES. The New Bach Criticism. Ir is now some two hundred years since the great Bach lived and flourished, primarily as an organist and only secondarily as a composer. But in the last half-century or so research has revealed a dozen new aspects of him and has slowly changed our general view, not only of him, hut of esthetics in general, writes Mr. Ernest Newman in the January number of the Musical Times. In his article Mr. Newman deals with Bach literature since the monumental biography by Spitta, which appeared between 1873 and 1880. The Bach criticism of recent years includes two great books, one by Albert Schweitzer and the other by Andre Pirro, and these have largely transformed the older notions of the aesthetic basis of Bach's music. The tendency during the last decade has been to study more his vocal works and to look there for a key that will unlock, not only these, but his instrumental works as well. Schweitzer and Pirro prove conclusively, says Mr. Newman, that so far from being the most " abstract " of musicians. Bach is the most "poetic " or " pictorial." If a line or a verse offered him an opportunity for " painting" he never failed to seize upon it to the occasional neglect of the sentiment of the passage as a whole. The same verbal "image" was sufficient to evoke the same, or a similar, musical phrase. Thus we have quite a system of " motives " — generic types of melody or of rhythm which may be classified as symbolising joy, or grief, or terror, or majesty, or peace, etc. ; and these discoveries throw a new light upon both the vocal and the instrumental music of Bach. Music and Drama. Writing in the Qnarta/y Eeview for January on Music and Drama, Mr. \V. H. Hadow tells in outline the story of music's association with drama from the days of earlier Greek tragedy to our own times. He replies to the dictum of Tolstoy that the musical drama is an untenable convention by explaining how music has been needed at all times to enhance the effect of the drama — either to intensify the dramatic note, or, it may be, to rela.\ and alleviate it, as in poignant tragedy. With regard to modern music- drama, he deals with Wagner, Richard Strauss, and Debussy. The most momentous composer to carry on the Wagnerian tradition is Strauss ; but, says M. Romain Rolland, Wagnerian drama does not in any sense respond to the French mind, and he declares Debussy's " Pelleas et Melisande" to be the manifesto of the French revolt against Wagner. Mr. Hadow, in conclusion, says that it is clear that no common measure can at present be set to the ideals of Strauss and Debussy, to the music of " Pelleas " and that of " Elektra " ; they stand poles asunder, and seem to admit of no point of union. But each in its own way has shown how the music-drama caji enrich its theme, and it is possible that the ways may after all converge. The day may come when men will regard Strauss as we regard Gluck, and see in Debus.sy the lineal heir of Mozart. Also the day may come when a greater than either shall arise and show us that these ideals are not incompatible ; that the poignancy of .the one and the exquisiteness of the other may be resolved into a fuller and nobler art that shall absorb them both. The Chantry Gallery. The Windsor Magazine for January publishes the fourth article, by Mr. Austin Chester, on the Pictures in the Chantry Bequest. Referring to the pictures which represent the sea the writer mentions Mr. Henry Moore's masterpiece, " Catspaws off the Land," and Mr. Thomas Somerscale's " Off Valparaiso," the former depicting the English sea, hyacinth, purple, and sapphire, and the latter the dark-blue, deep- rolling, oily-looking sea of the Pacific. The note of tragedy is struck by such works as Mr. Arthur Wardle's "Fate," Mr. W. F. Yeames's "Amy Robsart," and Mr. Frank Bramley's " \ Hopeless Dawn," the last-named appealing to the eye and to the heart in a manner attained by no other picture in the collection. History is represented by several pictures, and " pastoral " by a number of landscapes by Mr. David Murray, Mr. Yeend King, Mr. Adrian Stokes, Mr. MacWhirter, Mr. F'arquharson, and other well-known painters. There is a group of pictures by Mr. Thomas Matthews Rooke, illustrating the story of Ruth, and Mr. Arthur Hacker has a picture repre- senting the Annunciation. Other pictures deal with mediaeval subjects, and there are many more, the subject-matter of which it would not be easy to classify. The writer notes the catholicity of choice, both in regard to subject and to style of painting, which has been exercised by the Purchase Com- mittee. There are now nearly one hundred and forty pictures in the collection. Murillo's "Holy Family" in the National Gallery. Murillo's " Holy Family " in the National Gallery in its spiritual significance is the subject of a little article, by H. A. Dallas, in the January number of the Treasury. No other picture in the National Gallery, says the writer, offers so much food for thought to the Christian mystic. Poverty brought -Murillo into contact with the poor and gave him sympathy — and he saw in a family group of poor peasants the material for his imaginative pictures of the Holy Family of Nazareth. \Ve are told that his wife was the model for many of his Madonnas. To the writer, the " Holy Family " in the National Gallery suggests that the idea of the artist was to represent the Divine Trinity and the human trinity, the Man, the Woman and the Child, as Joseph, Mary and Jesus presenting the human trinity, while the picture symbo- lises Eternal Fatherhood and Sonship united by the Di\ine Spirit imder the figure of a Dove. The Child is the meeting-point of the two trinities. RANDOM READINGS FROM THE REVIEWS. The Centre Party. No scientific economist, and certainly no historical economist, can be either an out-and-out Individualist or an out-and-out Socialist nowadays. They must all belong to the Centre ; the only question is whether it shall be the Right or the Left Centre; to stand in the lixact Centre is, perhaps, more than can be hoped for. — Professor ^V, J. Ashley, in the Economic Journal. MlSSIOM.\RIES AND THE MAKING OF A New AkrICA. The mission schools are creating an educated class of civil servant, of skilled artisan, telegraph operator, and agriculturist, who will be of inestimable advantage in the future development of Negro Africa. Practi- cally nothing nf this kind comes from out of the teaching of Islam. One has to take things as one finds them, and to admit that the theology of the Christian missionaries is at any rate harmless, whereas three-fourths of their work in moral and mental training will prove to have been of supreme advantage to the new peoples that are growing up in Africa under Kuropean sup-rvision. — Sir Harry Johnston, in the Journal of the African Society'. What Miss W'li lard Prized .more than Succe.ss. , Frances VVillard seems to me a type of the most admirable and the most successful of public women. She accomplished much, she was honoured, she was loved ; instead of losing her femininity she made it to the last a jirinic clement of her power. When she published her autobiography I wrote a review of it that happened to please her ; she thought I understood her in so many ways that she wanted to correct my misapprehension in some others, so when I wjs intro- duced to her she did me the honour to discuss with me at some length the book and her life. Near '.he end of the convi rsation I remarked: "Yet I have no doubt that all this success, so far as it is personal,'^ you would gladly exchange to be a happy wife and mother." "Without a moment's hesitation," she re- plied, her eyes glistening. — C. W. Bardeen, in January (.Xmerican) Educational Ra>irw. The Fill re of English .Farming. The prophet who, in the second decade of the twentieth century, traces in outline the future history of Knglish agriculture, and attempts to mark the main directions along which the land system of this country will develop, may, with more precision than belongs to most cautious horoscopes, venture on two positive assertions. The one is that a noticeable change is likely to occur, or is even now proceeding, in the mutual relations of the ownershi|) and the occupancy of land, and in their separate characters. The second, which has its connection with the first, is that in a fuller degree tlian heretofore scientific study will be given, any in advance, urging the freedom of woman to \x noble, and the social reparation that springs from the scn^e of fraternity. Stic was the /Kolian lyre of her times, i^ has been said ; the echo of the century in its most generous aspirations. The widest love and faith and hope were her portion. She lived by admiration, and looked to the triumph of the gootl, the fair, the true. Able to console and inspire, she well may continue to propagate the sense of the divine within us. And it were ungrateful to look narrowly uijon her shortcomings. THE FUTURE OF FIJI. Sir Everard ImThurn, writing on " Fiji as a Crown Colony," concludes his paper by saying : — There arc goages are devoted to an article by Mr. L. A. Compton-Rickett on the doctrine of "Die to live" in Hegelianism ; Mr. Harold Williams writes on " Personal and Ab?.tract C"oncep- tions of God"; and the Rev. K. C. .AndersGn discusses whether the New Testament Jesus is historical. Mr. R. Hopkyns Keble writes a curious essay entitled i* The Unbelievable Christ," .Mr. F.ric C. Taylor writes on Henri Bergson, and the Rev. G. W. .Mien has an appreciative paper concerning Mary Everest Boole. i84 The Review of Reviews. THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. The Edinburgh Review lor January is hardly an average number. It opens with a long article on " The Place of Doctrine in War," the writer of which rejoices that the British General Staff has begun to formulate a doctrine of war. The article upon' " The Elizabethan Playwright " is brightly written, and contains a good deal of out-of-the-way informa- tion. In Shakespeare's time the average pay for dramatic work was £,% a play. You could get room in the galleries of a theatre for one penny. One play, " A Game of Chess," which ran for nine days, brought into the company ^1,500, which is equiva- lent to about ;^8,ooo or ^9,000 of our money. There are two articles dealing with the politics and country life of Chatham and Pitt. The writer of the article on the Sovereignty of the Air adjures our Government to wake up and not waste the first half of 191 2 as we have wasted the whole of 191 1. The reviewer is very despondent on the subject, and feels it is quite on the cards that the Power that possesses the sovereignty of the air may be able to snap its fingers at our sovereignty of the seas. The article on Russo-Chinese relations is chiefly historical. The reviewer seems to think that Russia will have her own way in Mongolia — That she will seek to confirm her political prestige there for the benefit of her trade and manufactures ; and that she will profit by Laniaist goodwill, carefully fostered for some j'ears past, to exercise henceforth a preponderating influence at Urga and at Lhassa — with what further extensions who shall say ? The writer of the article on Great Britain and Europe is an enthusiastic admirer of Sir Edward Grey, and refuses to believe that the soreness of Germany is irremovable. THE DUBLIN REVIEW. The January number contains several articles of special interest which have been cited elsewhere. Mr. \Vilfrid Ward pays a graceful tribute to Mr. Balfour's leadership and his farewell words. But he insists : " This is no termination of a political career. The appropriate word is not ' Farewell,' but ' Auf Wieder- sehen.' " Mr. G. K. Chesterton recalls with exultancy the " agnostic defeat," when " Ideal " Ward, in answer to Huxley's statement that we cannot trust any other mental process except experience, asked, " Experience depends upon memory : why do you believe in memory ? " Huxley rejoined, " I believe in memory because I have so often experienced its reliability." But, as Ward pointed out, Huxley could only experi- ence the reliability of memory by memory itself. 'J'hat is memory, not experience. " Here was one of the very few cases in history in which a great sceptic received in ciiiial fight an answer he could not answer." Rev. Camillo Torrend describes with much heat the anti-clerical policy jiursued by the Portuguese Repub- lic, with especial abhorrence of Senhor Costa's Minis- try. Mr. A. P. Graves gives some very quaint and interesting translations of early Irish religious poetry. THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. The Fortnightly Review for February does not tend to promote a healthy optimism. There are two articles on the coming triumph for the Tory Party by authors who are absolutely in disagreement as to the means by which that triumph is to be secured. There are two articles on the industrial unrest which are full of most lugubrious forebodings as to possi- bilities. Mr. Laurence Jerrold's article on French " Patriots " and English " Liberals " is equally sombre. Sir J. D. Rees is a veritable Jeremiah con- cerning the recent changes in India. Mr. H. Charles Woods is full of forebodings about the future in Turkey, and Mr. R. Machray, in a, well-informed but gloomy paper, wrings his hands over the inevitable fate of Persia, .•\ltogether, for enlivening reading I would recommend any magazine ratlier than the Fortniglitly Reireailnoughl5, Germany fourteen, Russia, .\u»tria, Italy, France, and the United Stales, at least four each. OTHER ARTICLES. Mr. I'hilip Oylcr contributes an interesting natural history pajjcr explaining the reason why liritish birds and quadrupeds have adopted the peculiar markings both in colour and in contour. Mr. John Gals- worthy publishes an essay entitled " Vague Thoughts on Art." It is an eloquent and somewhat dithy- rambic meditation, leading up to his conclusion that we all out selves are but " little works of Art — ripples on the tides of a birthlcss, deathless, equipoised Creative Purpose." THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. The Contemporary for February publishes several articles of topical interest which are briefly noticed elsewhere. The Bishop of St. David's protests against the dis- endowment of the Welsh Church. The Bill, subject to vested interests, takes away from the Church in Wales all its endowed income for the maintenance of the ministry except IS. 6d. in the £,, takes away every penny of their endow- ments from 511 out of 9S3 incumbencies in Wales, and leaves 132 others with less than £,\o a year each. On the Other hand, Mr. Llewellyn Williams, M.P., exults in the coming disappearance of the Establish- ment : — Wales is the only country in Christendom which still has an alien Church established by law. The Church of Ireland is sounder, purer, and stronger to-day than ever it was before Disestablishment. Wales owes her success and her increase largely to her Nonconformity, To-day she reaps the fruits of her devotion and self-sacrifice. Mr. Norman Lamont, • writing on " The West Indian Recovery," suggests that the proposal to federate the British West Irtdian Colonies, rejected as , premature in 1894, is now ripe for action : — Everything depends on the first step. What is it to be? Not, let us hope, yet another Royal Commission. Rather let it lake the form of a free and open Conference, summoned, indee peasant as Crabbe saw the English peasant at the end of the eighteenth century. Atlajitic Monthly. The contrast between the British and .\nierican novelist coold scarcely have been drawn more strik- ingly than in the ojiening pages of the Atlantic Monthly for January. Mr. H. G. Wells, as he has often previously done, claims to bring all life within the scope of the novel, with inseparable moral con- seciuences and powerful moral suggestion, reflecting the insurgent thought of the age against authority. The American novelist, Mr. Winston Churchill, as noted elsewhere, proclaims, like a modern John the liaplisl, the nearer and fuller advent of the Christ, the dawn of a greater religious era than the world has ever seen. Mr. Churchill's paper alone confers distinction on the number, which is otherwise remark- ably good. 1 86 The Review of Reviews. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. I NOTICE elsewhere two remarkable articles in the January number of the North American Review — • Rear- Admiral Mahan's article on "The Place of Force in International Relations" and Mr. W. G. Merritt's gloomy essay on the closed shop. ARBITRATION TREATIES AND THE SENATE. Mr. C. C. Hyde is hopeful as to the acceptance of the Arbitration Treaties : — The Senate will not vender the treaties abortive by emascula- tion. It will not withhold approval of the arbitration of all justiciable differences so long as it is clearly understood that political questions, such as those that might arise from the operation of the Monroe Doctrine, are definitely excluded. Finally, it is believed that, undismayed by the constitutional objection, it will be prepared to accept the full provisions for the Joint High Commission if the American representatives, when interpreting the scope of treaties, are to be not less than three in number, and themselves members of the Senate. Mr. Ralph S. Tarr discusses at length the factors that govern what is known as the Alaskan problem. He says : — The one underlying need to make this possible, 'assuming that the belief in the mineral wealth of Alaska is correct, is the provision of transportation. Without it, as at present, only the richest deposits can be worked, and these only at very great and wasteful expense, while truly valuable deposits will con- tinue to remain untouched. As a landowner the United States cannot afford to allow these deposits to remain useless, and cither private enterprise should be encouraged to furnish neces- sary transportation facilities or else the Government itself should provide them. Of the two plans the latter would seem to be i'ar the wiser and to promise the best results with the greatest economy. Mr. P. F. Hall, in an article entitled " The Future of American Ideals," discusses the efifect which a million emigrants is likely to have upon the American nation. He maintains that many of the emigrants come from the defective and delinquent classes of Europe, who have fallen into a lower stratum of its civilisation. He fears that the one result would be that the United States would become like Austria-Hungary — a mi.xture of peoples living side by side who never wholly merge into the general national type. Further, he thinks that the Mediterranean emigrants and the Jews will inter- marry with the blacks, and the resultant population will never tolerate the present domination of the whites. The Puritan Sabbath has already dis- appeared, free marriage is coming in, and unless something is done the old ideals will disappear. OTHER ARTICLES. Mr. Stanwood Cobb, writing on " The Difficulties of the Young Turk Party," maintains that Turkey is about to be carved ; the only question is, who will get the best slice ? Mr. P. J. Lennox, in an article entitled " Insuring a Nation," describes Mr. Lloyd George's Insurance Act from a very sympathetic point of view. Mr. W. D. Howclls describes his visit to Stratford-on-Avon. Mr. Arnold Bennett writes on " The Future of the .American Novel " ; and Mr. S. G. Tallentyre gossips about the poetry of Robert Herrick, George Herbert, and Richard Barbara. THE CATHOLIC MAGAZINES. With the January number the Irish Monthly entered upon its fortieth annual volume, having been founded_in 1873. Of this Catholic magazine, the Rev. Matthew Russell, a well-known writer of religious verse, has been editor since the first number. Mr. Russell was not quite inexperienced when he took up this labour of love, for he had been a contributor to the English Messenger of t fie Sacred Heart, a history of which he gives in the January Irish Monthly. The first editor of the Messenger, Father William Maher, belonged to the Sir James Knowles class of editors, who never write a line themselves but get the best out of other people. The first volume of his magazine (1868) contained nothing original except new translations of Latin hymns, one of thera being Father Albany Christie's famous translation from the German of a hymn to the Sacred Heart. In the second volume Mr. Russell's verse began to appear, and he helped the magazine by securing for it the poems of many other interesting writers. He now unveils for us the anonymities of many of these poetic contributors. Thus, the signature " M. M." represents the Rev. Michael Mullins, and the initials " R. M." stand for Rosa Mulholland (Lady Gilbert). When Mr. Russell's contributions became too numer- ous they were divided between his initials " M. R." and his finals, " W. L." In the Irish Monthly, Lady Gilbert is recognisable by the initials " R. M. G." Some of her early poems appeared in the Month over her finals, " A. D." THE OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE REVIEW. The January number is intensely Conservative. Mr. F. E. Smith, in a paper noted elsewhere, glows with joy over Unionist prospects. Sir W. Bull gives an account of the various Socialist movements in this country. Mr. Hilaire Belloc's plea for bounties on wheat is mentioned elsewhere. " A Believer in the Book " inveighs against Modernism in the Church of England, and what he regards as the pernicious repudiation of the authority of Holy Writ. Professor Defourney desc-ribes the religious situation in Belgium by saying that Belgium is preponderatingly Catholic. Almost all Belgian children are taught in Catholic Schools, and by a marvellous network of organisation the Church keeps her children as they grow up within her care. Henry Bordeaux writes in French on the family in the contemporary French theatre, and traces the growth of a more normal attitude towards the proper paternal, filial, and conjugal relations. In refreshing contrast to most of the papers, Mr. L. F. Salzmann turns the searchlight upon the mediceval times and the infamous way in which those in authority harried the people. He dismisses with scorn the idea that England in the Middle Ages was a merry place. The Anti- Vivisection Review publishes in full, as a gratifying sign of progress in humane thought, the new Protection of Animals Act, 191 1. The Reviews Reviewed. 187 I THE OCCULT MAGAZINES. The Hindu Spiri/iui/ Magazine publishes an account of a fire test which took place on July 3rd, 1909. The account is written by Mr. Babu Prankumar Ghose, Deputy Magistrate. Mr. Ghose describes what took place in his presence. A fire was built in a hole in the ground that was about twelve feet long and nine inches deep. After the fire had burnt for an hour and a half the hole was full of glowing char- coal, and the heat was so intense as to be uncomfort- able at a distance of fifteen feet. Thakur Taranikanta came upon the scene barefooted : — He stood for a short time with his face towards the fire, and then entered the blazing pyre, while pronouncing some incantations. The flames covered him up to the waist, and the spectators were struck with amazement at the wonderful sight, and began to resound the place with the shouts of " Horibola." The Thakur crossed the fire four times from south to north and from north to south, again from west to east and from east to west, and then came down from it on a side, .'\fter this his disciples took the dust of bis feet and crossed the fire one by one. The Indian then invited any of those present to share his experience. The ^Iagistrate with some friends volunteered. Mr. Ghose thus describes his own experience : — The Thakur came up and touched the head of every one of us with his hand. At his touch we felt as if our whole frame were completely cooled down and an inexpressible joy was given rise to in our minds. We then got upon the pyre and gently crossed the fire two or three times. It was wonderful ! The fire had, as it were, lost its [lowcr. \Vc were in the midst of that fire whose heat had been fell unbearable from a distance ! Could it be that the burning power of the fire had been completely destroyed? My friend thus made a test of it. lie had some pieces of paper in his pocket. One of these was thrown into the fire and was reduced to ashes in a moment. Mr. Morley Adams contributes to T.F.'s Magazine for January an illustrated paper on "Water Wizardry," in which he describes the mystery of the divining rod. Mr. Adams, being an honest man, has come to the same conclusion which every other honest man ha? arrived at. He takes pains to investigate the fact that the divining rod in the hands of a " dowser " can locate water and minerals. Mr. Adams was present at the tests to which Mr. Child, of Ipswich, was sub- jected, and these e.xpcriments seemed to be quite conclusive. T.P.'S MAGAZINE. T.P.'s Magazine for January is an interesting bright number. I notice the articles upon " The Young Tories" and "The Railway Juggernaut " elsewhere. Mr. Harold Macfarlane, the writer of a brief paper on Monte Carlo, indulges in a variety of ingenious cal- culations which enable us to realise the significance of the fact that the gross receipts of Monte Carlo amount to a million and a half per annum, or jCS 15s. for each minute of the twelve hours working day. The takings of Monte Carlo exceed the com- bined incomes of the United Free Church of .Scotland and the Presbyterian Church of Ireland by over a hundred thousand poimds. There is a charmingly illustrated p.ijxir on " .Some Bridges in (Jreat Britain." Stamp collectors will turn with much interest to Mr. Barry Perre's article on " The Romance of Philately," and the social reformer will find much to interest him in the article on " The Problem of Prison Labour." THE RUSSIAN REVIEW. I AM delighted to welcome the appearance of a new- half-crown quarterly, under the title of the Jiussian Revie7i\ which is to be published for the pur- pose of keeping the English public au courant with Russian politics, history, literature, and art. It is edited by Bernard Pares, Maurice Baring, and Samuel N. Harper, and published by Thomas Nelson and Sons. A brief editorial address states the objects of the publication, and says that those who know and love Russia are convinced that the wonderfully human genius of this great people is destined to have a far greater influence on the life and thought of Europe, and to teach many lessons which Europe will be glad to learn from it. The Review aims at making ac- cessible to the English public the works and views on various subjects of Russians of divers opinions, and thus at giving some perspective of that enormous Empire ; hoping that it may thus help to acquaint the English public with Russia's work in art, science, litera- ture and politics, both in the past and in the present. The first number opens with an essay by Sir D. M. Wallace, in which he surveys the forty years that have lapsed since he first visited Russia. There are two articles dealing with the new land settlement in Russia — one by Sergius Shidlovsky, and the other by Bernard Pares. Mr. Harold Williams writes on " The National Problem of Russia," and Mr. A. Shingarev contributes a very solid article upon " The Reform of Local Finance in Russia." The only literary article is one by Mr. Aylmer Maude on Count Tolstoy, which seems to^nie more balanced and just than when he wrote on Tolstoy when he was alive. The following passage illustrates what I mean : — I cannot help thinking that if Tolstoy had realised tliat sex and property are in the world for some other end than to be tabooed, and that, great as arc the evils that beset them, these may be outweighed by the good that comes of their right use, he might have presented his main thesis, that man is here on earth to straighten the crooked paths, to smooth the tough places, and to prepare a highway for his God, even more con- vincingly and powerfully than he did present it. Altogether the Review, although a tride heavy, is a valuable addition to our periodical literature. Blackwood. TnK. February number is'.fuU of readable and enter- taining matter. Three articles have been separately noticed. " Musings Without Method " speaks very contemptuously of Rcinhardt's " CEdipus " at Covent Garden. " A lost letter of ancient Rome," purporting to be from Cicero to Atticus, amtisingly describes modern statesmen under the transparent disguises of Clodius, Pompcy, Brutus, etc. Granville Sharp draws largely from Paulsen's reminiscences of Ibsen in 1876 to 1881, in which the great dramatist is seen in many lights. There are the usual interesting papers from the outposts of Em[)ire. 188 The Review of Reviews. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS. The February number of the American Reviau of Reviews is full of articles of strong topical interest. First, of course, as always, comes Dr. Shaw's survey of the world. I gather that he thinks it probable that Roosevelt will be nominated despite Tafif's efforts to secure re-nomination. He is willing to allow the Arbitration Treaties to be ratified on the understanding that they do not amount to much any- how. I am glad to see he insists upon the duty of being on the best of terms with Russia, and maintaining and improving friendly relations with that country, even though, with England's support, it has " waged a short but bloody war of infamous conquest in Persia wholly unprovoked." From which it would seem that the Persian news that reaches New York must be — well, let us say, very Persian in its character. The character sketch section is devoted to Yuan Shi Kai, a supreme type of the self-seeking opportunist; to a man of the very opposite type, Dr. Parker, for forty years President of Grinnell College, Iowa ; and to Oscar Hammerstein of the London Opera House. An interesting article describes the aims and objects of the International Opium Conference which met at the Hague last December. A brief paper gives a sketch of Gilbert Bowles, the Apostle of Peace in Japan. Dr. Hosmer describes Mr. Pulitzer's ideals for the Columbia School of Jour- nalism. Mr. C. M. Dow describes " A Great Living Tree Museum," the Letchworth Park Arboretum. Miss Rosa Pendleton Chiles discusses the question whether the National Archives are not in peril. The range of the articles from other sources is wide, but they are chiefly devoted to foreign periodicals, ignoring more or less systematically the reviews and magazines of the English-speaking world. "THE WIDOW IN THE BYE STREET." The February number of the Eiiglis/i Review con- sists of Mr. John Masefield's poem and a number of miscellaneous stories and essays, which are completely eclipsed by the poem which fills half the Review. " The Widow in the Bye Street " is a work of genius. It is coarse, no doubt— coarse as the everyday talk of the country folk whose doings it describes. But there is a marvellous simplicity about the verse. It is almost written in words of one syllable, but it touches every note in the gamut of human emotion. The story is sombre. The widow in the Bye Street in a Shvop.shire village is left with an only son. She rears him to manhood, only to lose him to a light-o'- love of the village. The lad is discarded for an elder paramour, whom in his jealous rage he slays. For this the lad is hanged and the poor old mother mercifully goes insane. The portrait of the light-o'- love and her ways with men and youths is a master- piece. But so is the picture of the poor old mother and her son. It is a pity Mr. Masefield should feel compelled to make such liberal use of the Saxon equivalent for prostitute. " Strumpet " and " harlot " serve his turn once, but I humbly submit that to use the other word nine times in a single poem is just a little too much. Mr. Masefield's latest and greatest poem may be described in the terms of the stud-book as by Don Juan out of Crabbe's Parish Register, and in some respects it is an improvement upon both its parents. The Art Journal. AViTH the January number the Art Journal begins its seventy-fourth annual volume, having been founded, at the instigation of Mr. S. Carter Hall, in 1839. Mr. Hall held the position of editor till 1880. In 1849 a pew series was inaugurated, and the original name of the magazine, the Art Union Mont/ify four- nal, was changed to the contracted title, and the present familiar format adopted. For about forty years after the magazine was started the engraved block continued to reign supreme ; but the metal block engraved by photographic processes gradually asserted itself. Among the earlier contributors were numbered Ruskin, Mrs. Jameson, and other well- known names. Messrs. Virtue have been the pub- lishers from the beginning. Hispania. IHE second number of this important Spanish- American monthly more than maintains the high standard of the first. Two of its articles are authori- tative pronouncements upon matters of burning interest in South America. The first is by the Chilian Minister, and deals with the disagreement of Chili and Peru over the annexed province of Tacna ; the other is by ex-President Reyes. The former chief of the Colombian administration tells about the official negotiations he conducted with President Roosevelt about the Panama Canal. A most interesting history it proves. Mr. Cunninghame Graham gives another instalment of his experiences in Argentina before there was any settled government in the country. Amongst other notable contributors is His Excel- lency S. Perez Triana, the Colombian Minister in London. Scribner's. The February number makes a special feature of coloured and other illustrations of Mr. Warner Robinson's "new cattle country," Mexico. Mont- gomery Schuyler declares that in ten years the capital of the United States has become a new Washington, the Senate having ten years ago authorised the im- provement of the park system of the district of Columbia. " The chief element of wonder is the costliness of the new erections." Mr. S. S. Howland describes with many illustrations Cuzco, the sacred city of the Incas. ('aptain J. M. Palmer, of the United States General Staff, insists, as becomes a soldier, that the development of war power is the best guarantee of peace. The Reviews Reviewed. 189 THE ITALIAN REVIEWS. "Viator," writing in the New Year number of the Nuova Antologia, takes stock of the position in Tripoli " with serenity and satisfaction." .'\mong the " iiositive advantages " he notes " the splendid patriotic spirit of the nation " and the " admirable conduct of the campaign on land and sea." The war, he says, has shown to Europe a new Italy, strong in her conscience, and conscious of her strength. As regards railitary operations, he points out that the whole coast and the chief towns are now held by Italian troops, and it is only on this basis of conquest that peace can be concluded with Turkey. The real aim of Italy is, however, a colonial one, a long and difficult enterprise, and nothing must be undertaken beyond what is strictly necessary for its accomplishment. English neutrality must at all costs be maintained. "Viator" notes with satisfaction that the tone of the European Press is growing less hostile, but admits there is still much to grieve all thoughtful Italians. The same number contains the opening chapter of a new serial by Grazia Deledda, a story of Corsican life entitled " Doves and Sparrow-hawks." The Deputy P. Bertolini describes the "recent constitu- tional crisis in England " with much knowledge and impartiality, and takes an optimistic view of the future. Arturo Graf contributes a fine dramatic poem on " The Death of Cain." Professor Boni contributes one ' of his delightful archreological articles, profusely illustrated, on the excavations in and around the Column of Trajan. Another article from the same pen in the Rassegna Ccntemporama deals learnedly with the ancient flora of the Palatine, and describes the replanting which Professor Boni is carrying out with such felicitous results. The KassegtM Conlc;it/ioi- to Vol / ) altholl);!) Xewnian liec.inie a Roman Catliolic, lie was lirst, foremiisi, and all the time, the liiu- Iruit of <>xt<)rd eultnre. H<- did some notahle things after he left Oxfonl. Hut it was when he was at Oxford that he ilominaled the relij^ioiis evolution of his tinn'. An I am not an Oxford man, nor a University man of any kind, I am the rankest of rank outsiders when set down In/fore a f)Ook like Mr. Ward's. With frank liimiility, therefore, I .ibstain from any attempt to write any appreciation of this |)owerfnl intelUrt, ami conli'iK' nivself to the mop' moilest task of extrartinn from these two portly volumes some passages which are of per- manent interi-st, dealin;;, as they do, with li\ing questions of to-day, instead of trying to revive the interest formerly excited by the controversies as.so- ciated with the name and fame of Cardinal New- man. What I think will most interest and edify mv readers is not to rehash the story of ancient strife, but to let them read, in Newman's own words, what lie believed upon the vital nialtt-rs of life and death, .md the life after death. HIS EVANGELICAL FAITH. First and foremost Newman was the Evangelical ( 'hristian. He was con\erted under Calvinistic influences when he was still in his teens. It was not the ordinary Methodist coinersiun in form, but it was the same thing in essence : — ■■J believe." In- writ(\s. "that the imvard conver- sion of wliich I wa.s <-onscious (and of which I am still more certain than that I have hands and feet) Hoidd last to the ne.xt life, and that I was electeaks of "the reality of eonvension as cuttini; at the root of d, wash ; Thy love, World n illiciut einl. .\men 1. II . p. .VUi.t 194 The Review of Reviews. Not a word here, be it noted, to which the extremest Protestant tx>uld object. HIS MINIMISING OF INFALLIBILITY. Nothing is more note\vorth\ in reading this story of Newman's life than tlie evidence which it affords of the exceeding fallibilitv of Catholics. Verily it is- true that if the Cinirch of Rome be all that Newman claimed lor it, no one saw better than he !iow very human an institution it was. It may indeed be compared to mortal man. He is the Temple of God, within him dwells the Holy Ghost, but it is incarnate in a body the law of whose members wars against the Spirit of Christ. So it is with the ('hurch as Newman conceived it. No man asserts more strongh than he his faith in its divine origin, inspiration and authority. Knt few men have insisted more vigorously upon its limita- tions, the errors, the fallibility of its members < "ardinal Manning,' who figures in this book as the real jirotagonist of Newman, agreed with him in this. How often he would say to me: "'Do not fall into the mistakt- (jf confounding the utterance of anv parish priest with the authentic declaration of the mind of the Church." 1 used to tell him t'.iat since the Bishop of Keauvais burned Jeanne d'Arc as a witch whom the Infallible Pope w^as hereafter to canonise as a saint, e\eryone had the widest licence to reject as possibly mistaken the decisions of any ecclesiastic. '• Excepting those of the Pope,"' he would reply ; '' when speaking ex cathedra he decides whether any disputed doc- trine does or does not belong to the original deposit of faith." In talking to me Manning was as much a minimiser as Cardinal Newman himself. New- man's fam,'>us saying, " The Rock of St. Peter on its summit enjoys a pure and serene atmosphere ; but there is a great deal of Roman malaria at the foot of it." may Vje jjaralleled by Manning's caution to me, " When you go to Rome do not judge the Church bv what'xou find at the Vatican. Rather judge it by the simple piety of Oberammergau. For Rome is the great centre of the wirepullers of the Church, and wireijullers are not the best somre in which to seek the spirit of any institution." THE INSPIRATION OF HERETICS. Sjjeaking at .South Place Institute last month, I <-laimed the right to blaspheme — or to appear to men to blasi)henie— as the fundamental right of every Christian man. Newman would have re- ojiled from the i)hrase, but no one recognised the truth underlying Ixjwell's dictum that "All men rot orthodox mav be inspired." It was, indeed, his th<'mtort.il'I\ dwelt upon, when individuals use their own private judgment in the discussion of religious questions . . . fi.r the purpose of anathematising tin- |)ri\,ite juilgmint of others." "The ])rinciple of minimis- ing is iK-iessary, for a wise and cautious theology led him to dei'lart- that he put "' consriencv , a di\ini- voice s]ieaking within us." before the Pope, that only the Scliala Thclogorum was com|)etont to determine the force of Pai^ai and Synodal utter- ances, and that instances frequentlv «xnu- when it i>i successfuilv maintained bv some new write' that the Pope's act does not imply what it has seemed to imp)). He quotes Bellarmine wit!i apjjroval when he declareil : "It is lawful, I sa\ . to resist the Pope (if he assaulted souls, or troubled the .State, or strove to destroy the Church) by not doing what he commands and hindering the execu- tion i>f liis will." HIS DIFFICCLTIES IN ENGLAND. Newman in his Biretta speech on assuming the red hat i-onlided to his sympathetic hearers the difficulties which c in noiih' shnpe. ami tliiil hotli hi'cau.^e (il tlie jvMii. lit tlic. scrie.s of jiasl coiillicts with Ori'al Kritiiin. wliieli seems to portend it, and lnyaii.ie Cif OriTce. lielKiiini. lioinliardy. Ilnn(;ar.v and lliilcnria. lint I am no ndvocute for sneli i.ssue ; ratlii>r. it soems to nie a blow on the power of Kri^rlan I lis .m-rious ajt it is retributive. (Vol. II., p. .">I8.) There is nothing to show in these volumes that he ever sympathiseil in the h-a.st with the liUTation of any of thes<' nations. His f>ld friend I)ean Church was enthusiastic for the lilx-ration of the Sla\s in 1877. But Newm.ni iloes not seem to have iH-eii conscious f)f the lilerating work of Russia in the Ea.st. He was intensely interpsted in llie ('rimeai\ war, and th ■ de.-uh of Cmrdon affected hitn dceph. ■■ The sacrifice of (Jordon " (for such he judged and termed the Oneral's fate) " had the same effect upon his i)earing as a per.sonal loss. He felt it as an almcst unparalleled di.sgrace to the country. It was a subject of \'ery solemn reflection, of which he could bareh speak. This strong feeling about it never realK died in him." lil.S I'iiRSONAL LIKINGS. Newman, like other men. had his likes and dis- likes. H-^Te is a lisf of the saints who.se intercession .liMIN IIKNKY NEWMAN IN I,S7:{. From an t-npraviaiy by Joseph Bi-owii. (>>.v IV/. /(.) he invoked when in 1864 he felt himself in the near prese!"--- ■ ■(' death : I.ST (ATKliOliV. M. .Joseph. .St. Philip Neri. St. .John the Kvnnieli.st. .Si. .lohn the Baptist. St. Henry. .St. .Vtli'inasins. St. (Jri'^orv .N'aziaii/.i'n. .St. Chrv.'-ostom. .St. .Vmbrosi'. •Jnii (ATiaioiiv. .St. Peter. St. (Jre'^oiv. St. Leo. .'{Kn ( \TK constantly preached to himself. Xow. however, he was nearer eighty than seventy, •■Mid the inexorable march of time seemed to bid him liiially to put away fui'ther hope .so far as this world was concerned. His life had had its .successes, and, in later years especially, its lieavy trials. The cloud which seeim'd to hang over him, the evil report in many Catholic circles of his falling short of wliole- li"arted loyalty to the Church, because his duty to truth had held him back from the extravagant lan- guage which was demand("d by so many as the watch- word of orthodoxy, must be accepted as an irreversible fact. His companions felt that these were years of depression if of resignation. (Vol. II.. p. 1.31.') THE ROAD TO ROMil. Writing to William Fronde in 1879 Newman thus sums up " the rnurse of thought " h\ whii~h he was l.nnded in f'athulirity : — It consists in three propositions; th;it there has been or will be a R<:'velation : that Christianity is that Revelation : and that Catholicity i sii liajiivv ! |{ii.sy, busy for God doing work (i.r l[im." The old mother asked what work!'' ''Not eiii|)lo\ meiits as on earth -we .m-c and kiuiw dif- tcii'iitly. ' and slii' addetl, " 1 cannot tell you nidre than J am peniiittiKl by Gtod." Her mother asked if she knew what passes here, she said, " No, nothing since I left the earth; I remember my own life per- fe<'tly, but nothing after." Tlien she asked by name after her liiisbaiid and children, and each of her brothels iiiid sist'-r.s. This dream left the lady " |)er- fcctly radiant from lieiici'forlli. ' At this linn' she '' .seemed (piite well." It seems t« me a \ ei y r<'inarkable dream, as being \i I'v unlike what wnuld occur to a I'rotestant, as the lady was. nay to most Catholics. Fir.st, there is no iiiiiiie is against the grain of I'l'otestnnt. not to say Catholic, anticipations. Fifthly, the vivid remem- biaiice li'oiiteiiipl'ition) of its own |)»st life is not commoiily attiibiilid by Protestants to the separatetl siiid. .\nd si\tlily. there is no sng'^cstioii, which is «o familiar a ihouglil with Protestants, not to say C;itholies. of the ibnil enioying tile Nociety of their iliiid friends. Where did the lluly get the ideas which make lip this die.iin- .\nd then its coming, if there is no inaccuracy in the account, to warn he, of her approaching death, at a time when she was in no .serious state of weakness or with other physical intimation of what was coming. F am the more .struck with the dream, because I have either long or at least lately held about the intermediate state of all the si.x points I have eiiumeratetl. The first, of course, because it is an article of Catholic faith. The second, since I wrote ill 183.5. " They are at rest,'' etc. The third I have thought about much lately, our dense ignorance being painfully brought home to me by the death of friends lately. The fourth from the silence of Scripture on the sub.ject. Of course the instance of saints who enjoy the beatific vision is not in point. Nor does the ignorance of the departed concerning u.s preclude their praving for us. The fifth, a.s in my verses in 1832. " My hope is now," etc. And the .sixth from tlie circumstances of the restirrection being spoken lit ill Scripture as the time when there is a restoration 111 all things, and. as we may suppose, a meeting of iiieiids. Before that the di-jiarted. as such, are not members of the hi-avenly "Ctiria." Not till then, it eM'U then our duty being, when we lose those who liave been hitherto the light of our eyes, not so much to look forward to meeting them again as to take their removal to fix our thoughts more steadily and our love on Him, who is the true i/over of SoiiLs, recollecting the great danger we lie under of making an idol of the creature iiustead of ilierishing the intimate conviction that God alone can be our peace, jov and blessedness. — (Vol. IT., p. .">l)7-S.') Ciinipare this dream and Newman's comments with Mr. Leadlieater's account of the After Death state quoted elsewhere from the Theosophht. The exiierieiice of Newman's ohl lady coincides with that of most of the spirits with whom I have been ix^rmitted t. I think wliat a se\ere purgatory it woukl hi", though there wi're no pain at all. but darkness, silence and .solitude, and ignorance where you were, liow you held together, on what you depended, all you know r>f yoiir.self being that .\oii fluni.iht. and no possifde anti- cipation, how long this state would last, and in what way it would end, and with a vivid recollection of eM'iy onii of your sins from birth to deatli, even though you were no more able to sin. and knew this, and though yon also knew you were. Or, again, supposing the phenomena of sleep and dreaming arise from the aliseiice of the lirain's action, and the feelile. vain alteinpt of the soul to act without the brain, so that witl'mil a brain one caiimil think consecutively and rationally, ami that the intermediate or jJisenibodiiKl state, before the elect soul gix-s to lienveii, is u helpless drc'im, in which it neitlier can sill on the one hind, any more than when n man sins when dreaming now. but on the otlu-r cannot be saiil to exercise intellect or lo have knowledge. 198 The Review of Reviews. September lUtli, 1876. I suppoxr, whni we ai'e brought into the unseen state, we shall find things so different fi'om what we had expected tliat it would seem as if nothing had hitherto been revealed to us : or, more exactly, it will be like our first sensations on personally know- ing a man whom we had known hitherto only by his writings, when we are led to .say that he is so unlike, vet still like, what we anti<'ipated. — (Vol. II., p. r,(;8.) IN CONCLUSION. Mr. W'iihid Ward has done his work conscien- tiou.slv and well. It was no light task to i:onden.se even into two portly volumes the sublimated es.sence of the voluminous correspondence of a copious letter writer, who went on writing almost till his death. Newman to the twentieth century is almost as remote a figure as Chillingworth. But he was a good man, who was much persecuted by the Church he adored ; and although it is almost inconceivable that a recognition of the truth of other religions should have appeared to him as the Antichrist of our time, there is no danger that any of the present generation will be tempted by this book to share that eccentric delusion. Indeed, as I have already said, the net effect of its perusal is to strengthen our cnn\iction as to the fallibility of those who act and speak in the name of " Holy Church." a \oung niissionar\ who has been invalided home from Africa is l:>rought into sympathetic contact with Diana, a lady \oung and wealthy. Diana invites Da\id, the missionarv. to dinner, in order to make MRS. BARCLAY'S NOVELS. Much attention has lieen attracted by the enormous sale of '■ The Rosarv," 350,000 having 'been sold in two years. Bv some critics this novel has been conwing of the Star." opens in a remote H.impshire parish, where MRS. BARCL.A.Y. Antbor of '' Tlie Rosary." etc. an astounding proposal, but her courage fails her, and instead she gets from his simplicity fresh views of what faith in God means to a believer. By a provision in her un<-le's will she must Iwcome j)ennj- less unless she marries within a year of his death. She has never 'met a man whom she can love, and, iiecessitv compelling, she projx)ses a bargain with David. He is going to Africa never to return, ami as his mission station is unfitted for a woman, Diana desires a formal marriage with him on his way to his slilp, she on her ])art promising to helji him in his work out of her abundance. David passes through a mental and spiritual conflict, but in the end consents. The description . of his .struggle is one of the finest passages in the book, only to he matched with that when, after a long absence, Diana discovers that she really loves him. She leavers her home to give help in a hosi)ital, and there one night, standing in ix'r riiom. she listens to the sing iug of a h\mn in a ni.'ighboiiring mission chapel. '• Who can gauge the power of an inspired hymn of jirayer? As the simjjle melody rose and fell, sung by hundreds of belie\ing hearts, Diana became conscious of an un.seen Presence in the midst, over- .shadowing the personalit\ of the miinster, just as in the nobh' mi;minieiit to Phillips Bn-oks outside Books of the Month. 199 his church ill the bcaiiiifiil cit\ of Boston, the mighty, tender ligure of the Master overshadows the sculptiiri-d form of the great preacher. The pre- sence of the risen Christ was there, the Power of the risen Christ then and there laid hold upon Dian.i. She saw herself. She understood now and felt strangel), sweetly one with David. He in tjie wilds of .Africa, she in a hospital in the heart of London's Imsy life, were each jiresenting tiieir offering of mvrrh, and (lod h.id overruled their great mistake." The Uxik with its religious appeal is hardly likely to reach so wide an auilience as " The Rosar\ , ' iiut the story is told with insight antl rare sympatln , and the fact that already 150.000 roi)ies have lieen .sold is due chi v.tlinnc 1 < commenced in ' .students in s.T'arch than adojjt Mr. Ameriean. The studv and much not addicteil to alluring theories torical liase. Th author's quality ; sake of the pict AMERICAN PEOPLE." iiiiiiun-.s Mr. Low's rritical sur\ev The Planting of a Nation," and of a reliable guide could do wor.se Low's obiter dicta on matters lKM>k represents a sast amount of the reader is a defect of the he will not let him.self go for the uresque, and every line .seems to MR. MAURICE LOW. Aullior of " The American People." breathe argimient against those who have the temerity to disagree with the [larticular statement or fact approved by the author. The rhajiters dealing with the growth of the Colonial spirit and the power of the States to absorb an alien jjopulation are excel- lent, and the volumes are not likelv to be out of date for a generation. "BRITISH COLUMBIA MAGAZINE." Hriiimi ( ul.i -MI'.ia i> ,1 l.ind of higli hopes and Jmmen.se jMitencies. Her ambitions and her poss- bilities are well reflected in the British Columbia Magazine for D<-> new world of th<- \V«-.st. "Our germ of art " is not neglected. There is an aj)|ire- riatioii of the eviiibition under the auspices of the Uritish Columbia .Society of Fine .Vris. K. I!. Vrooman. the editor, is emphatic in his assertion of British lm])i'rialism, and demands that jjroper atten- tion be given to national defence; "build ships, build docks." FOUR MAGAZINES IN ONE. For a long linn- i!.>w Svstcnt has maintained its place as the foremost business magazine in the Uniteil States and dreat Hritain. It has recently absorbed three of its rival.s — Modem Business, the Maf;a:iiie of Comnieree, and the British Exporter, coml)iiiing in itself the l)est features of the three. Its articles are ahv.ivs helpful. alwa\s worth read- ing, and thoroughly practical, U-iiig written by masters of the |)ariicular business to which they relate. The Januar\ number has a jiarticularly use- ful article by Mr. John Williams, indicating how the letter-copying nia<'hine has completely revolu- tioniseil the production of corres|K)ndence. Its \yOS- sibilities are oiih beginning to he realised. On a good class of (lujiliciiing machine 50,000 letters can Ik' turned out in eight hours, the only exjjense iM-ing that of an oper.itor to f occurred in the heai't of Mel- bourne on 4th March, when Hri.scoe and Co.'s ware- house, of four .stories and iiasi'meiit, was gutted, and the building partially destroyed. Heavy dainaj;e was also caused to adjoining buildings. During the year ended 31st December last the Standard Fire "and Marine In.surance Company of New Zealand Limited earned an income of £139,244, and expenditure amounted to £120,7312. an increase in the former of £12.o8U over the 1910 figures. Losses, rein.surances and charges, however, were heavier in the term under review, and the net result is £2097 less. The balance available is £26,449. of which £10,000 is placed to the reserve fund, raising it to £80,000. Dividend of 8 per cent., half of which was paid in June, and bonus of (id. per share, absorb £8500, leaving a balance of £7949 to be carried for- ward. The paid capital is .£7o.OOO. sundry creditors stand at £2808, and appropriation for unadjusted losses figures at £4540. A.ssets amount to £203,354, of which £98,964 are loans on mortgage, £20,560 real estate, £52,083 debenture.s and fi.xed deposits, £10.989 cash, £16,557 balances due, and minor items. C'ommeuting on the recent big fire at Bri.scoe and Co.'s warehou.se in Little Collins-street, Melbourne, .Mr. H. H. Lee, the superintendent of the Fire lirigade, condenses hi^ proposals under three heads: — 1. (xreater tare in ridding premises of inllammable material, .such as rubbish and packing. 2. Proper watchinu, with automatic appliances to check the watchman. 3. Fir.st aid instalments for suppressing the first outbreak. Mr. Lee states that very great carelessness is shown in allowing rc'fuse. straw and other packing material to accumulate. The general tendency is to sa.v that the duty of watching and inspecting should be placed on the sh(ndders of the police an use of the autonu\tic appliance which .Mr. Lee ree(imnien llii' lire brigade itself has in opera- tion. Net premiums earned by the Mercliants' Marino Insujance C the cnxlit of the 1910 account on December 31, 1911, wa.s £.54,232. and after deducting expenses and adtling interest ihei'e I'eiiuiined a balaiu'e of £51,845. The sum of £40,000 was transferr.>d to underwriting suspense account, leaving a profit of £11.815. The directore rcconimeiiled the paynu>nt of a ,il()0, and the reserve fund i? also .shown at £l'2o. 11(10, while underwriting su.spen^e aoeount is £40,355. and ereditor.s for returns and re- insiiran(>> £15.007. while the balance from income aiul ex])cnditure account, suh.ject to oiitstandin;; ri.sks, was tl50,040, making the halance-shcel total C45(i,'278. .\iiionf; a.s,sets, .securities and bank de- posiU appear at £.301,040, the market value being £302,543. Rrricv of Kc«>tr#, Ij^llS. GOOD BOOKS FOR LITTLE MONEY We will sand you any of the following Poets or Novels at the rate of Is. 4d. per dozen, posted. Pick out what you want and send the order along. Poets. Wordsworth (Pt. II.). Liberly, I'roKress and Labour (AVhittier). llie I'leasiircs ul llopu (Campbell). St. Gi'or^o and the Uragoii. JoliM Drydcn. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. I'ariidise Lost (I't. II.). Child.. Harold (Pt. II.). \V. Cullen Bryant. William Cowper. Piienis for .SclioolroDin and Scholar ( Pt. I.). Tennyson's In Memoriam, and Other Poems. Novels. The Scarlet Letter. Aldorsyde. Guy I'awkoa. Tartariu of Tarascon. The Fifth Form of St. Dominie's. Charles O'Malley. Stories of Sevastopol. Noemi, the Brigand's Daughter. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Les Miserablos (Cosette). Also Maca\ilay's History of England. We can also supply the followinf; books, strongly hound in limp green cloth covers at 4d. each, or ,^s. 6d. per do/.en, post free. Shakespeare's "Hamlet." Shakespeare's " Henry V." Shakespeare's "Henry VII[." Shakespeare's " Twelfth Night." Shakespeare's " The Tempest." ShHke..peare's " .Julius t'le'iar." Lamb's " Talwi from Shakespeare." Scott's " Marmion." .Scott's " Lady ">f the Lake." Scott's " Lay of the Last Minstrel." LonKfello"''s " Hiawatba." Wordswdi th'fi Poems (Pt. I.). Moore's Iri.sh Melodies. f'liaucer's CaiiterbMry Tales. .Matthew .\rnold : His Poetry and Message. Hums' Poems, Seleetions. Tennyson's "In Memoriam," and Other Poems. Poems for SehnolriKun ntul Scholar (I't. III.). Poems for Sehnolrnom and Scholar (Pt. IV.), Hymns that Have Helped. National .Songs (with words and Music, Tunio Sol-fa). Send to THE MANAGER *^The Review of Reviews for Australasia," T. & G. Life Buildino. corner of Little Collins and Swanstnn Streets, Melbosme. For mnlusl ■dTaDtagv. when tou wrHr to an •dvrrhtri. plrair aicDllon th^ Bevlvw of R^vi^wa Review of Rovievs. i/iliS. Charming Books for Children. Very Strongly Bound in Cloth and Well Printed. ONLY 3d. EACH. Have your cliildren a little Library of their own? If not they are missing one of the chief joys of childhood and one of the most pleasing memories of manhood and womanhood. The reading of GOOD BOOKS shapes a child's life naturally and pleasantly, and lays the toundation of education in the true sense of the word. Cultiviito in your children a love of good reading, and they "ill ever hold fast to whatsoever things an- good and true. Think a moment of the joy in your household if a bundle of these charming little volumes arrived liome as an unexpected treat, and we feel sure you will marl; this [lauc. tear it out, and post it to u.s with the ainonnt. and your address. Should you Iniy all of these books, we charge 8/6 (3d. each), delivered freight paid; if 12, the cost is 3/6 post paid; single copies, posted, 4d. Money may be sent by money order, postal note, or cheque. Exchange must be added in latter c.iic. HJBRB IS THB L,ISTi- Wouder Tftlei The Chief of the Giants Life'i Little Ones The Slave of the Lamp Punch and Judy Ka.iry Tales Sunday's ISairns The Magic liose The Redoross Knight— Part II frince Waut-to-Kuow The Christmas Stocking Illustrated Hccitations — Part H. Pictures to Paint Shock-Headed Peter Little Snow-White Kairy Tales from Africa The Christmas Tree First Birdie Book Fairy Tales from China The Story of the Robins From January to December The Babee in the Woods Father Christinas The Fairy of the Snowliikes. The I'gly Duckling More Nursery Rhymes The Enchanted Doll Fairy Tales From the South Paoifio Coal-Munk-Peter Perseus the Gorgon Slayer The Frog Pnnoe John Gilpin Country Scenes Alice in Wonderland Cecily Among the Birds THB MANAGER, "Review of Reviews," Temperanoe and General Life Building, Swanston Street, Melbourne. J'riiiteiiting Agents for Anstraliisiii ; Mcshth (Jorilon and (Jotrli P(y. Ltd. ■■