^^ APRIL, 1913. 6 d FEDERAL FINANCE. THE COMING WAR IN THE AIR! DEFENCE POLICY: CEMENT OR GUNPOWDER? THE HERO OF ASHANTEE AND THE NILE. FRANCE'S NEW PRESIDENT. REMODELLING EUROPE. WALLING IN CHINA. WHY BULGARIA WON. THE WORLD'S GREATEST ATHLETE. ARCTIC EXPLORATION AT ITS GRIMMEST. 'Review or Reviews, 1/i/lS. ^%.most rooms. Riley's Combine Billiard and Dining Tables from9 I £13/10/0. Cash or en-^y p.iyments. These prices include all! accessories. Gray's Book on Billiards published at 7/= I will be sent post free on receipt of two penny stamps, ■ Free on rpcpipt of postcard full detailed illustrated cat.Tlo^ne, I |E, iI. Riley, Ltd., Broadfield Mills, Accrington. I -0 London Showrooms : 147. Aldersfiate Street EC ^M Press Art School Students sell Drawings to "Punch" Fundi hat rManllr accsptetl more than 40 drawlngg by Pr«ii Art School pa»lU. laany oi whom had never before had a siotla sketch pabllshed. This Is the ttrongest possible evidence of the practical value of the courses of Art Training by Po»t organised — with the assistance of London's Leading Art Editori— by tho Press Art School. In these lessons (Preparatory or Advanced) the Press Art School pupil Is tautiht in a bright inspiring manner not only how to produce the drawings that really are wanted but how to sell " em— easily and well. Send for fret i>rospeciusei. to The Press Art School OTE THE Slot The Best Tooth Powder in The Best Container ' JEWSBURY & BROWN'S ORIENTAL TOOTH POWDER 6d. & 1/- All the Family may use the same box JEWSBURY & BROWN, Manchester, England WORK — NOT DRUDGERY if, instead of using steel pens, you write with the speedy en Iridium-tipped gold nibs to suit all hands ; every pen guaranteed. 12/6 and upwards. 0/ Siaiione) s and Jctvullers n'ciyw'uie. L. & C. HARDTMUTH. Ltd., Koh-i-noor House, Loni'on, England. AUSTRALIA-350, George St., <^ydney. I Benger's Food, 1^ prepared with fresh newmilk forms a dainty and delicious cream. If half Benger's Food so prepared, is mixed with half freshly made tea or coffee, cocoa or chocolate, its highly nourishing and digestive advantages are added with great success to the refreshing qualities of the beverage. FOOD also mixes agreeably with stimulants when these may be medically recommended. BENGER'S FOOD, LTD , Otter Works Manchester, Eng. Bender's Food is ioid m ttm by Lrugi^nn, c.v., cvcryivhcre. fiii. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Arw^ 1. ISIS. GREAT SOLAR TELESCOPE AiND MICRCSCCPE CC'/5 NED ?-r- only S '6. gua?.antze: f::zNT:?:cAiXY ?z?l?e:7 zv the :.i^K: ^ Valuable B-ooUet on Telescopy with Each Instrument ^ — rrvHJ -A : ic i: An Ma. _-^ - - ... . TiTUW It i ;>E., »3C ^ — "Am »«r» THE UNION COMPAFiY, 299 Elizabeth Street. Melbourne. ••n.YMK.C- LNRIV.-\i_LED B EYE OINTMENT AND LOTION. 2s_ iac 35. — ^. ii ^li-L V ii^ii _ii;j .iiU; :ji2 ra;:u.:.- ..i-* r:'gi.' "sag ^',- .11: g r^rr^TT^ncniB^inr^? ': .m lA- :« Jar." - : AT 5jE3T is sot The PIANOFORTE SIGHT-READING SCHOOL 157 Ne^^ B-r.-i S:,.. L:r_i:r.. W ,.fir."ff T-:- f:r in«:u-->-i^s ".^r ^-r" .■i-i-i "'^i":! irri'iiiig- !«> i.iTa.rxsi April 1, 1913 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. IX. Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers. X. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1. 1913, Useful Household Tools at money saving prices. No home =h'>ul(l bs without a Tool Set nowa- days, when handy and serviceable tools can be procured at such low prices. The following tools and prices should interest you. Saws, from 2s. Hammers, from Is. Chisels (^ in.), from 9d. Iron Planes, -from Is. 9d. Wood Planes, from 2s. 9(1. Gimlets, from 4d. Screwdrivers, from 6d. Braces, from Is. 9d. .-^nd a host of Garden and General Tools at easy prices. Priced Catalogue mailed free. JOHN,-p| \ ]VK^ ^ ^^^ Prop'y ±Jl3LL\ XVO Limited 391-9 Bourke St.. Melb. (,'\t"^i ,^. Minneapolis Journal.1 SIGNING IP. IF NOT, send for Dr. Gilbert Percival's FREE Book on " Eyes," that tells of a new Natural Jletliod of curinRweak sialit WITHOUT SPECTACLES. OPERA- TIONS or DRUGS. A self home-cure in the form of a gentle massage, that stimulates the eyes by restoring the normal circulation of blood. Thousands of people have entirely discarded spectacles in one month ; their eyes made strong and healthy. No matter how long you have suffered send for Dr. Percival's FEEE Book and learn how to completely cure near-sight, far-sight, astigmatism. and all kindred defects. It is absolutely safe, not ceming in direct contact with the eyes ; and five minutes' daily in your own heme is all that Is re:V.>3^3iv ^y.:M^^ ^0 The Card that will Help you to Win Success. LINNEAN MEMORY 5Y5TEM 56/3 K -^./^ Unless the knowledge and experience you acquire are treasured up for future use in a memory properly trained to retain them, much that would be of value in the game of life is forgotten and lost. Then, too, in the acquisition of know- ledge, how important a part does memory play. Tlie advantage of the mind organised to surely grasp and store up wha,t is read, heard and seen, cannot be overestimated. In the study, in business life, in the social world, there is no greater asset. The LINNEAN MEMORY SYSTEM is easy to learn. Success is certain. Fee returned if satisfaction is not given. The system teaches you by post, simply and surely, how the memory may be quickly trained and brought to the highest state of efficiency. The course is an eminently practical one — 600 illustrations are given of how to memorise with rapidity and success. The easy postal lessons occupy but a few minutes daily for six weeks. Hundreds of students already testify to the excellent results derived from a knowledge of the system. To R. BROWN, P.O. Box, 724, 211 Sw.^NSTON Street, Melbodrne, Vic. Please send free explanatory Booklet to Name Address XIV. REVIEW Ol^ REVIEWS. April 1, WIS. 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EDITED BY HENRY STEAD. CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1913. PAGE vi. The Editor's Desk The New Factor in War ... ... ... Frontispiece The Progress of the World — The End of the War HI The Peace Terms 112 Albania and the Islands 112 The Wickedness of the War 114 The Re-grouping of the Balkan States ... 114 Euroipe's Equilibrium 114 Prance's Reply 115 Where is the Money? 116 Australia Too 117 Assassiination of King George of Greece . 117 British Politics 118 Unionists' Successes and Failures 118 Oaesai-'s Wife 119 Mexico 119 Borne Notable Deaths 119 The Federal Eleotiona 121 Australia's Capital 121 The New High Court Judges 122 A Citizen's Triumph 123 The Perry Fighters 123 Strikes and Rumours of Strikes 126 By W. T. The Progress of the World (Continued)- The Blue Mountains Centenary , . . . New Zealand Finances The New American Ambassador . . . , W. T. Stead. By E. S. Hole Character Sketch— Lord Wolseley. Stead Who Will Rule the Air ? The Present Aerial Position ... The Next AVar : In the Air Topics of the Month — IV. — H;ia the Federal Government been Extravagant? By Alex. Jobsou.. .. V. — Cement or Gunpowder History of the Month in Caricature Leading Articles in the Reviews — Why the Bulgarian Ai-my Won Who are the Albanians? The Triple Alliance PAGE 126 126 127 128 131 139 141 148 151 155 161 164 166 (Continued on next page.) i. a. C.HAROTMUTM S jkohinoor: PENCILS OF PUAOTV OURABILH A , y COPfING Set your Watch by Homan's SUN CLOCK I the up-to-date sundial), AND YOU WILULWAYS HAVE THE RIOHT TIME. Write for particulars to the Inventor : W. nOMAN, 20 Renfrew Street, GLASGOW. Agents wanted everywhere. Please mention this magazine. 'A GOOD DIGESTION M mmmmmmm^^ m m m m This excellent wish may be realised by taking the 'Allenburys' Diet which affords an ideal food for those of weakened or temporarily impaired digestion. Prepared from rich milk and whole wheat — the two vital food elements combined in a partially predigested form. MADE IN A MINUTE .add boiling water only. ALLEN &HANBURYS LTD. C^ LONDON. ENGLAND *\^^ , and Market Street, Sydney ^^^ i ^S^^^^SS® DIET XVI. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. CONTENTS. — Continued from page xv. FACE Leading Articles in the Reviews Continued) — Austria aod the Crisis 167 The Dardenelles Problem 168 Ex-Sultan Abdul Hamid"8 Memoirs 170 The Letters of a Doomed Sovereign 171 Will of the Prince Imperial 171 Marie Oorelli on War 172 The Wheel of Fortune 173 The Destiny of Switzerland 174 China's Undeveloped Resources 175 China's Cohesion 175 A Gloomy View of Japan 176 Japan v. U.S. A 177 Are There Men to Man the Ships? 178 India and the Navy 178 British Preference in Canada 178 Great Britain and the Next War 179 Why Sap Rises 180 How the Egyptians Raised their Monuments 180 The Fight Against Tuberculosis 181 Mind Cures 182 Eats and Fleas and the Bubonic Plaguei . 183 The Stagnation of Opera 184 - ■ ~ -- 185 185 186 187 Theosophical Magazines ... M. Raymond Poincare, President of France Financial and Business Quarter. Conducted by Alex. Jobson, A.l.A. — The Union Bank of Australia Ltd Bank of Victoria Ltd Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Ltd PAGE 188 189 Co. 192 193 194 The Opium Thrall What Women Novelists Read The Greatest Athlete in the World Poetry in the Reviews Notable Books of the Month- Arctic Exploration at Its Grimmest 195 Spiders ]1° Allan Quartermain Again 197 The Children's Crusade 198 A Novel of Georgian Days 199 A Maartens Novel 199 Admiral Mahan on Arbitration 200 The Wonders of Wireless ZOO The " Movies " 200 Wells on Marriage 191 Divorce a Reward of Virtue 191 Books in Brief Travel and Education Department 203 211 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, 6- (postfieei. EDITORIAL OFFICE : Temperance & General Life Assurance Buildings. Swanston-st., Melbourne The Editor is not responsible for manuscripts sent in, although every possible care will be taken of them. The En«,'lish Review of Reviews : Bank Buildings, Kingsway, London. The American Review of i^eviews : :W Irving Place, New York City. LUMINOUS WATCHES DIAL AND HANDS ARE BRILLIANTLY ILLUMINATED BY A RADIUM COMPOUND WHICH ENABLES THE TIME TO BE SEEN IN THE DARK. Diameter 2in. Porlectly regulated Radio Luminous watch wiln Alarm CI 1 Of^O Lever Movement, Gunmetal Caae, Radio Luminous iVatch v^ttioui Alarm £18 0 FULLY ILLUSTRATE3 PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION. EDWARD, 92, Buchanan Street, GLASGOW April 1, 1913. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. xvu. MENTAL BRILLIANCE AN ATTRIBUTE OF THE PELIYIAN TRAINED MIND Moments of Mental Brilliance. All readers have felt a.t times a mysterioijs but more or less evauesceut increase in their mental powers. These are the moments when they feel they can do nothing wrong. They feel absolutely " brilliant." Their work suddenly seems easy to them, and they get through it in half the time it usually takes — and it is obviously batter work, too; quite obvious to them and to everyone else. Tlieir brain sieems to glow with a temporary incandescence. They feel superior to their surroundings and capable of achiev- ing anything. And for the time they are cap- able of achieving anything. If this mental mood continued day after day they would undoubtedly rise to great heighits. Perhaps you have thought that this fleeting moment of power, this glimpse of super-men- tality, was the outcome of some mood that had lifted your powers above their normal level, just aa a hurricane lifts the great Atlan- tic rollers above the level surface of the sea. Your Mind at its Natural High Level. This is not bo. That moment or mood m.arked no abnormal condition of your mind ; it marked the true " high level," of your mental powers. This is the level your mind attains when it is trained on th© Pelman plan. When it is not so trained it inevitably deteri- orates. The untrained mind reaches its level only in momentary moods — at other times it sleeps or broods. But train your mind, and it quickly rises to its true high level of energy, capacity and originality — and, what is more, it keeps at that level day in and day out. Able to work twice or thrice as quickly as they did be "ere, able to do better work with greater easi^. able to take in hand and organise schemes, propositions, and businesses which they would formerly have thought far beyond their powers, the mentally trained men swiftly rise from one high post to another. and become leaders instead of followers, and rich and powerful instead of poor and sub- ordinate. Thousand-fold Tribute to Pelman System. In nearly every untrained miud great powers of Organisation, Directive Capacity. Origin- ality, Driving Force and Business Ability lie latent — sleeping. The Pelman System awakens, trains, and developes these powers to the highest degree of efficient ability. Tliis is why so many thousands of men and women pay tribute to the definitely successful results of the Pelman System. Amongst those who have received immense l)enefit9 from the Pelman System are not only commercial and business men of every rank and age — Accountants Clerks Salesmen Managers Shop Assistants Shop-Keepers Travellers Farmers & Graziers Working Men but also members of the professions — Clergymen Doctors Civil Servants Barristers Service Men School Teachers Solicitors Surveyor* Engineers all praising the Pelman System in the most enthusiastio terms. 12 Progressive Lessons in the Science of Mind-Growth. This course consists of 12 progressive lessons in the Science of Mind Growth at one inclusive fee. which will surely prove the finest invest- ment any man or woman desire of Self-Im- provement and Self-Progress can maie. Whatever your business, occupation, or pro- fession, the Pelman System will enable you to push ahead and do more work and better work. Cut this out and post to-day. TAUGHT BY POST. The Pelman System is taught by To the Secretary, PELMAN SCHOOL OF MIND AND MEMORY, 23 Gloucester House, Market St., Melbourne. Please send your free book. " MiND AND MEMORY Training." Name Post in 12 Interesting Lessons. It takes from eight to ten weeks to complete the course. Benefits begin with the first lesson, and the interest and attention are main- tained throughout. W'rite now to the Secretary for Free Book, " Mind and Memory Training." Address PELMAN SYSTEM OF MIND & MEMORY TRAINING Thank ynu f' six months, but that concession was withdrawn later. Formerly an onl\- son was able to secure some exemption, but it is cer- ii6 REV JEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. taiiily a better idea to exempt those whose mothers have done their duty by the State. Such a scheme should work better than a maternity allow- ance ! The Socialists violently opposed this scheme, and also the special vote of ;£^30, 000,000 for immediate expendi- ture on the arm}'. The Briand Ministry survived their attack, but fell over the Electoral Reform Bill, which provided for the representation of minorities. A new Ministry was formed by M. Barthou, who held the portfolio of Justice under M. Briand. Itah^ intends building four more Dreadnoughts ; and little Belgium is adding 10,000 rnen to her arm}' this }'ear. The one comfort- ing thing in the midst of this terrible competition is Mr. Asquith's positive declaration that Britain is under no obligation to send an armed force any- where in Europe. It is good to know that none of our alliances call for mili- tary assistance on our part, though it must be a bitter pill for the United Service League and its ilk. Some of our Premiers now at home, by the way, have already realised and admitted the impossibility and unwisdom of intro- ducing universal service into Great Britain. Where is the Money? Britain is spending the huge sum of ^^^46, 300, 300 on the navy alone this }ear, and ;^28, 220,000 on her army. The civil service estimates, too, are still going up by leaps and bounds, but Britain bears this heavy burden ITopicaL King Ferdinand of Bulgaria meets King George of Greece in Salonikar— the town where the latter fell beneath an assassin's bullet a few weeks later. This meeting wae arranged in order to dispel the difficulties which had a.ri8en between tJie Greeks and the Bulgarians. licvicv of Beviews. i/i/13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. tr annually, paying for ever}-thmg out of revenue. She does not need to borrow. Wlien we think of other countries we cannot but wonder how long they can continue this fearful race in arma- ments. France, which authorised an expenditure of ;^30, 000,000 over and above her ordinary commitments, has m addition actually to meet a deficit of £^12,000,000 on this \'ear's budget, (iermany's fleet has been built on bor- rowed money. Italy's financial re- sources have been heavily strained by the war in Tripoli, and she borrows to build more Dreadnoughts. Japan, taxed to an almost unendurable extent, is borrowing a large part of the i, 36,000,000 she has just voted vv'ith which to build eight Dreadnoughts, four battle cruisers, eight scouts, and forty destroyers. China, although not requiring the mone\' for armaments, is being allowed to raise ;^2 5,ooo,ooo on loan. A regular debauch of borrow- ing ! Australia, Too. Nor is Australia behind the rest, though, fortunately, the money she re- quires is to be spent on something better than v/arships and guns. Still, it is hardly surprising that some diffi- cult}' is found in raising the wind in England just now. Unfortunately, the investor at home has little knowledge of Australia. He does not knov^^ the names even of all the States, much less their individual peculiarities. As far as he IS concerned, Australia is not only federated, but unified. This is hard on those States which have not transgressed so deeply as others. Just now the British public will be won- dering when the procession of bor- rowers from the antipodes will cease. Mr. Scaddon from West Australia, Mr. Peake from South Australia, Mr. Watt from Victoria, Mr. Holman from New KING OO'NSTANTINE OF GREECE. South Wales, Mr. Allen from New Zealand, ha\e all arrived in Great Britain m quick succession, and prac- tically all with the fell intent of return- ing home with several millions of John Bull's hard-earned cash. Mr, Allen's chief object is to discuss defence, and to induce a reluctant Admiralt}' to agree to New Zealand creating a fleet unit instead of contributing to the British Navy as at present. But no doubt he will be sounding tlie financial market now he is in England. Assassination of King George of Greece. The whole world was shocked when the news of the assassination of King George flashed across the wires. The King was walking unguarded, as was his custom, down a street in Salonika, when he was shot dead b}' a drunken, half-witted degenerate, half-Greek, half-Slav, named Alexander Schinas. Thus, when his fortune was at its happiest, when after a tr}'ing and tem- pestuous kingship he saw his country ii8 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. victorious in the field, and himself the idol of his people, the brother of Queen Alexandra was struck down b}' tne assassin's bullet. Kmg George as- cended the Greek throne in 1863, after it had been offered to almost every royaI-pri«Ge_ in Europe, including the late Duke of Saxe-Coburg, Queen Vic- toria's second son. He had a troublous time with his subjects, and several times narrowly escaped losing his throne. His somewhat difficult temper did not help matters, but after an at- tempt was made on his life in 1898 he became very popular. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Constantine, who is just now the hero of the Hellenes. He led the Greek armies against the Turks in 1897, when they were so terriby beaten, but this campaign has retrieved his laurels, and he is again in high favour. He will need all his popularity in the trying times which are inevitably ahead of Greece, when she has to evacuate the Aegean Islands and ar- range the partition of Thrace with her Allies. The new King married the Ger- man Emperor's sister Princess Sophia, in 1889. British Politics. Parliament was opened in State by King George on March loth. For the first time since his accession he wore his crown, and for the first time also a suffragette succeeded in holding up the State procession in an attempt to present himi with a petition. The Speech from the Throne said that the Irish Home Rule Bill and the Welsh Church Disestablishment Bill, both of which were thrown out by the House of Lords last session, would be reintro- duced. They will become law at the earliest, in May, 191 5. Measures are also to be introduced to secure the completion of land purchase m Ireland, to establish a national system of edu- cation and to abolish plural voting. The last two Bills, if they survive the ob- structive tactics of a disunited Oppo- sition, are safe to be rejected by the Lords. Nothing was said in the Speech about Woman's Suffrage, but reference was made to the gift of battleships and to the defence policies of the Dominions, which would promote the solidarity of the Empire. The Speech omitted also any reference to the Par- liament Act, which calls for the reform of the House of Lords. Mr. Asquith subsequently stated, however, that he hoped soon to submit a plan for mak- ing that Chamber a true and impartial judicial authority. Mr. Herbert Samuel stated that the new second chamber would not contain a vestige of the hereditary principle, and under no cir- cumstances would the absolute veto be restored. Unionists' Successes and Failures. The Unionist Party is still rent in twain, despite the efforts that have been made to patch matters up. As was to be expected, such stalwart food- taxers as Mr. Austen Chamberlain and Mr. Henry Chaplin could not long ac- quiesce in the throwing over of their favourite specific for all ills. The re- sult of their attitude is that the Union- ist free traders of Lancashire and York- shire will be exceedingly chary of ever trusting them in power. So once again there is a rift within the lute. The Moderates have b cii more successful in the London municipal elections than have the L^nionists in the House. The Reformers, as the}' call themselves, won nine seats, the Progressive only two, so the state of the parties now is, 67 to 51. The Progressives ex- pected to convert the narrow majority of six by which the Moderates have been able to rule London for the last tliree }-ears into a working majority for themselves. But they are again in opposition, for the third time running. Review of Eevieu-s, IJil 13. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. T19 Caesars wife. Like Caesar's wife, no British Alinis- ter dare ever give the sHghtest cause for the breath of scandal. He must keep clear of anythmg which could possibly be twisted into a charge of corruption, and specialh' must he avoid having any financial interest m any company or firm with which the Gov- ernment have a contract. Judge then the sensation which was caused when it became known that Sir Rufus Isaacs, the Attorney-General, and Mr. Llo}-d George, the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, held shares in the American Marconi Company. The Government has, of course, a contract with the British Marconi Compan}', of which Mr. God- frey C. Isaacs, the Attorney-General's brother, is the chairman. The matter came out in the libel action brougnt by Sir Rufus Isaacs and Mr. FI. Samuel, the Postmaster-General against "Le Matin," of Paris, which had accused them of trafficking in Marconi shares. Sir Rufus stated that he purchased 10,000 shares in the American Marconi Com- pany, and sold some to Mr. Llo>'d George, and some to Viscount Elibank, late Lil:)eral Chief Whip. He had lost £\,(i'jo on the deal, but would have made a profit of ^^2,500 had he sold out the da_\ after he bought. The American Compain' had nothing what- ever to do with the British Marconi Company. " Le Matin " withdrew its allegations unreservedh'. The matter again came up before the Select Com- mittee of enquiry into the Marconi con- tract, and has been the subject of questions in Parliament. The great outcry that has been raised shows how careful it behoves Ministers to be, and how jealous Parliament is of the good name of its leaders. Mexico. General Huerto by no means finds the Presidential chair a seat of roses. The Palace guards plotted to kill him, but the attempt was frustrated, and Mexico City was promptly placed under martial law. Insurrections are spring- ing w\i everywhere, and tlie Go\'ern- ment forces are by no means always victorious. It is increasingly clear that an iron-handed ruler is imperative in that distracted land. It is encour- aging, though, that so well-known a diplomatist as de la Barra has taken the portfolio of foreign affairs in the provisional Government. He was a highly respected member of the last Peace Conference at the Hague. Feliz Diaz is not in the Cabinet, but is work- ing loyally with it ; he will doubtless be a candidate for the Presidenc}- when the elections take place at the end of the }-ear. It is to be hoped that the elections will not give rise to the usual sanguinar}^ encounters, followed by civil war. It is freely asserted that General Madero, the late President, was deliberateh' murdered, and not ac- cidentia' killed as was at first stated. Some Notable Deaths. The death of Mr. Pierpont Morgan at the age of sevent}'-five removes one of the most influential financiers the world has ever known. On \arious occasions it has fallen to his lot to rescue the Go\ernment of the L'nited States when in financial difficulties, and he has time and again sta}-ed panics in Wall-street. His recent evi- dence before the Commission which en- quired into the alleged mone_\- trust created quite a sensation. He was a great collector of valual)lc works of art, and has gi\cn immense sums for hospitals, universities, and other insti- tutions. His gift of the electric light plant to St. Paul's Cathedral aston- ished peo])le at home. Tliere was no large financial enterprise in the L'.S.A. duriivj: the last liftx- \-ears with which I20 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. TS M ,- J* C p 05 o o ii s-^ 5' ri o T3 ,^ t. Q S t, 1. CO 0054 oS d 3- >-- s F^ tn < CH Ph a o (4 a o hH > pa w e.-p 2' 3 B ,11 CO 6 S'.S"' ? *i « •'^'Is a> ^ ^ ® ■p ra g a> 18 a H o — a a Q OPQ^ i-i ^ C ai S"!) liccicw of Fcviews. 2/i/is. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 121 he was not connected. He passed away in Rome on April ist. His son, an eminent banker, succeeds him as head of his gigantic business concerns. Sir W'ilHam White, who died on Feb- ruary 27th, may be considered the creator of the present British na\y. He gave up his position as chief con- structor of the navv before the Dread- nought era, but was responsible for the ships which were turned out for twenty }'ears before that, which period in- cluded the entire remodelling of the naval programme due to the appear- ance of Mr. Stead's " Truth About the Navy" in 1884. Another notable Vic- torian passed away when Lord Wolse- le}- died on March 25th. He had been for years in retirement, but for the last twenty-five years of the nineteenth cen- tury, was regarded even more as " our only general " than is Lord Kitchener to-day. He was accorded a state funeral at St. Paul's, where but a few weeks before the requiem service in memory of Captain Scott had been held. The Federal Elections. Compulsorily registration has natur- all\' had the effect of greatly swelling the register of voters. More than half the total population of the Common- wealth is on the Federal rolls, and among these there are more women than men. The figures are : New South Wales, 939,041 ; X'lctona, 747,593; Queensland, 330,462; South .•\ustralia, 223,671 ; West Australia, 148,002; Tasmania, 103,527; a total of 2,492,303. On March 31st, Mr. Fisher delivered his eagerlv antici- jmted policy speech. Naturally, he was much hampered b}- the fact that the future action taken by liis party depends entirely upon the fate of the Referendum proposals. This did not prevent him, though, taking credit for almost evervthing that has been done since Federation. W'hilst his speech conveyed the impression of confidence that his party would be returned to power, it did not show the same con- viction about the acceptance of the Referenda. The State debts' question is to be tackled, the Australian fleet is to be almost doubled, aviation is to be taken up, cadet drills are to be car- ried out in working hours — a step which will make emplo}'ers furiously to think. A State-owned line of steamships it to be established between Tasmania and Victoria, and an overseas service is foreshadowed. Cable rates are to be reduced, and universal penny postage is, if possible, to be arranged. Pro- vision is to be made for deserted wives and children. A scheme of Imperial citizenship is to be devised, and an initiative referendum is to be set up, an impossible thing, of course. The whole speech outlines wliat may be called a stop-gap polic}', one which suffices to mark time until tiie fate of the Refer- enda is known, but sufficiently com- prehensive to enable the party to take office if the}' are defeated. The only certain thing appears to be that there will be a further increase m the tariff " to encourage Australian manufactur- ers " whether the Referenda are passed or no. So v.'e must resign ourselves to a further speedy increase in the cost of li\"ing here. Australia's Capital. On Wednesda}-, March 1 1 , the new Federal capital w^as formally named Canberra by her Excellency Lad\- Den- man, and the stones of the foundation column were ceremoniously laid b}' the Governor-General, Mr. Fisher and Mr. O'Malley. Considerable relief was manifested all over Australia when it was known that the capital was to re- tain the name of the site where it is to be erected, instead of having some fanciful title tli^'ust upon it by the de- 122 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. LADY DENMAN NAMES THE OAPITAh, CANBERRA. cree of the Cabinet. The ceremony was not unimpressive, but it is ahnost impossible to realise that on such an occasion, in a Christian country, there was no invocation of Divine blessing, and that the only recognition of God throughout the whole ceremony was the singing by some of those present of the Old Hundredth, when the bands played the familiar tune. That this costly, and, were it not for the need for fulfilling the obligations laid down in the Constitution, utterly unneces- sary capital, should be founded with- out any religious ceremony, with not even one word of prayer for the Al- mighty's blessing to rest on the enter- prise, is a scandal that will shame posterity. The ceremony cost the country over ;^8ooo. The building of the capital itself will cost many more millions than was at first anticipated. The photo, on page 130 shows the site as it is at present ; the sketch over- leaf has carried out the architect's idea of what it is hoped the city will look like some decades hence. It is regrettable that so few who worked so earnestly for Federation were pre- sent to see the fulfilment of one of the conditions which made the Common- wealth possible. The New High Court Judges. The Bars of New South Wales, Vic- toria, and Queensland adopted an ex- treme attitude with regard to the ap- pointment of Messrs. Powers and Pid- dington to the High Court Bench, and decided to withhold their congratulations to the new judges. The Council of the New South Wales' Bar thus set forth the reason for their action : " In order to maintain the prestige of the High Court as the principal appelate court of the Commonwealth, and to secure public confidence in its decisions, it is essential that the positions of that bench should be offered only to men pre- eminent in the legal profession. The bar licriew ol Reviews. UillS. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 123 in New South Wales regrets that this course was not adopted with respect of the two most recent appointments to the bench of the High Court." Mr. Piddington has resigned his position for personal reasons. Much satisfac- tion is expressed at the appointment of Mr. Justice Rich in his place. It is highly probable that Sir Samuel Grif- fiths will become a member of the new Appeal Court in London, for which posi- tion he is eminently fitted. If the custom of the State Courts is followed, the rexersion of the Chief Justiceship would go to an absoluteh' new ap- [x^in.tee. If not, Mr. Justice Barton would probably fill the position. A Citizen's Triumph. There is natural jubilation in the citi- zens' camp over the judgment of the Supreme Court in the action brought against the McGowen Government on the public behalf, with reference to the e\iction of the Governor-General from the State Government House. The court held tliat the lands m question had been set apart for the purpose of a residence for the Governor of the State before the Constitutional Gov- ernment was granted to the colony, and that the purpose could not be al- tered without the assent of the Im- perial authorities ; further, that it was not within the power of the Legislature to alter the purpose for which the land had been used and set apart by the Imperial authority. The court would not take it upon itself to say what the proper authority would be to deal with the Government House land — whether the Imperial Executive or the local Gov- ernment, acting on behalf of His Im- perial Majesty. It was simpl_\- found that in the court's view the power to deal with Government House and grounds was not vested in the local e.Kecutive, and that the New South Wales' Government, in respect of that property, merely stands in the position of custodian. After consideration, the McGowen Government have announced their intention of appealing to the High Court, and the Citizens' Committee formed to contest the issue, is now ap- pealing for funds to meet the cost of defending their position in the higher court. The irony of the situation can- not escape notice. The State Govern- ment is spending public money in the hope of obtaining legal sanction to rob the citizens of what rightly belongs to them, while the citizens are driven to an appeal to public-spirited people for money to enable them to defend their rights! The Ferry Fighters. The sensation of the month in Syd- ney has been the strike of ferry hands. Good Friday was selected by the men as the best for making their militant ultimatum, and during the whole of the Easter holidays the entire harbour traffic was tied up. The huge holi- day crowds had to find their recreation in fighting for a chance to be ferried from one side of the harbour to the other in the limited number of small boats and launches specially requisi- tioned to minimise the inconvenience caused to the public. The chief de- mand of the men was for a 48-hour working week, and after six days of industrial warfare, a conference of re- presentatives of the ferr}' companies, and the men found a common ground of agreement, and the trouble ended, though not with an_\' particular satis- faction to the party most affected, the general public, who is always the worst sufferer, and the last to be con- sidered in these embroglios between capital and labour. The basis of set- tlement is a g6-hour fortnight, the or- dinary hours of the fortnight to be such that not more than 54 hours shall be worked in one week, and not more 124 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. 23 13 24 14 .'■f. is^.if^;'^^^*'^^' ' 15 i,H 12A ^ ^-^^f^^^^ 5a' '^ ■' '^^' t i> ^''i A if-^-''*.^ ^' /^7 tf^^- -f^-^ . . h: I . ^ ^ '>^-^ ♦^' >*r^ ,. ^; lO-"|-V^-:>V;;^5^ii 35 .'•itk .*■ n A > M •^. 'mii CANBERRA, THE NEW FEDERAL CAPITAL, SHO'WING HOW IT The future Federal Capital of Australia will be situated at Canberra, in New South Wales, i-ii the midst of some 900 square m.iles of territory, a part of which is unknown to man. The Molonglo River will flow through the heart of the new capital. The Cotter will provide the watei- supply, and an impounding weir is tx> be erected on this at about a mile above its confluence with the Murruinbidgee; while the water will be carried by a pipe-line to a pipe-head reserToir at Mount Stromlo, where the astronomical laboratory is to be placed, and thence to a service reservoir at Red Hill. The Molonglo will provide Canberra's ornamental waters. The Federal Capital City will be the permanent seat of Government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Federal Parliament will meet there for the discussion and arrangement of all Commonwealth legislation; and there, too, will be the official residence of the Governor-General. Thus the City is destined to be the official and social centre of Australia. Review of Reviews, JU/iS. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 125 .jt^aT''' •^ 1 — >v .»-^--»i^ ■M,-rM~..iii^,i7i^ .^^^ WILL APPEuVR IP THE HOPES OP THE BUILDERS ARE REALISED. The immbers on the drawing refer to the following: — (1) SUadinni; (2) Swimming Bath; (3) Administrative Offices; (4) Houses of Parliament; (5a) Government Printing Offices; (5h) Museum; (6a) Public Library and other Public Buildings; (6b) Opera, House; (7) Hotel ; (8) Railway Station; i9) Power House; (10) Power Plant Workshops; (11) Business Quarter; (12a) Town Hall; (12b) Tlie Mint; (13) Red Hill, where a Service Reservoir will be; (14) Onjhanage; (15) Cathedral; (16) High School; (17) Technical College; (18) Technical College; (19) Cathedral; (20) Capitol; (21) Mount Stromlo, with Astronomical Observatory and pipe-head reservoir; (22) Distant Mountain Range, unexplored; (23) Sports Ground; (24) Residential District; (25) Prime Minister's Residence; (26) Governor-General's Residence; (27) Hospital; (28) Isolation Hospital; (29) Residential Quarter; (30) Black Mountain: (31) University Buildings; (32) Sports Ground; (33) Military Barracks; (343 Church; and (35) the Ornamental Waters (Molonglo River). ^Specially drawn for tlie Illustrated I.omlon Xews Jioin the Anhitai's piai.s. 126 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1. 1913. than the balance of the 96 hours in the succeeding week; the weekly pay to be the same as was previously paid for a 60-hour week. The strike em- phasised the necessity for the North Shore bridge, a political bunch of carrots which has been dangled be- fore the electors from the days of Sir Henry Parkes, and a theme in which pantomime comedians have grown white- whiskered in humorously ex- ploiting. Strikes and Rumours of Strikes. The Sydney public have been hav- ing their fill of industrial warfare dur- ing Lent, and the air is still thick with dust. Following on the gas strike, the South Coast miners are out on strike at the time of writing, and the omin- ous black clouds of a general strike are slowly rising on the horizon. The real cause of the strike is said to be an apprehension on the part of the men that the mine proprietors are adopt- ing a policy of freely using their legal powers of dismissal in an arDicrary manner, and it is contended that if this should be suffered no employee would be safe m protesting against any act of the management which might be considered unjust or unfair. The particular instance which the em- ployees have in mind, of course, is the Russell case. As the strike stands many men are idle, and huge sums are being lost in wages. The bakers in their turn have given uneasiness to the public mind, and during Easter week it looked as though a bread famine might be precipitated. How- ever, a conference of the parties took a reasonable view of things, and the casus belli was removed. Apart al- together from the points at issue which have induced recent strikes, the ser- ious aspect, as Mr. Wade, the leader of the State Opposition, has empha- sised, is the reckless and irresponsible manner in which the principles of ar- bitration are being ignored. It is not a question of grievances, but of prin- ciple. The Arbitration Act has been reduced to a farce, or proved to be unworkable, whichever \-iew one may care to take. Recent happenings have disclosed the unhappy situation that the Arbitration Court has no ef&cacy in preventing strikes unless its award happens to be wholly in favour of the would-be strikers. The Blue Mountains' Centenary. Xext month, May 2^, will witness the interesting centenary celebrations connected with the hrst crossing of the Blue Mountains. One of the chief events will be the unveiling of the memorial to the three explorers, B'ax- land, Wentworth, and Lawson, on the summit of Mount York, which was first discovered by them on May 28, 181 3. The Centenary- Celebration Committee are at this early stage bewailing the proclivities of the vandal, and proclaim- ing the danger this monument is in of being disfigured by the scratching on, or painting of initials by visitors. Already the shelter shed on the sum- mit has been daubed over inside with yellow paint, even to the seats, but as the " artist " in this instance has chosen to record his name in the same dis- figuring material, an effort is being made to locate him, with a view to prosecution. Wtien the pa\-ilion shall have been completed a notice will ap- peal to the public to assist in the pre- servation of the monument. If that request should not be heeded steps will be taken to exclude visitors from the enclosure wherein the memorial will be erected. New Zealand Finances, The British Empire Trade Commis- sion visited Xew Zealand and secured some verv valuable evidence there. It Hrvicw Of Reviews, Uiiis. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 127 also elicited the fact from Mr. Malin, the President of the Wellington Cham- ber of Commerce, that the Dominion was not paying its wa}-. He based his assertion on the fact that Xew Zea- land's exports exceeded imports by something like £^1,000,000, but there were three millions a }'ear to pa\- for interest on the national debt, and pro- bably two millions in interest on local bodies' debts. The interest bill was thus probably about five millions a year. The Acting-Minister of Finance controverts this statement, but there appears to be no doubt that Xew Zea- land is passing through a period of financial stringenc}-, largeh- due, say experts, to the great extravagance on luxuries. The New American Ambassador. It is with peculiar pleasure that we record the appointment of Mr. Walter Page, the editor of the " World's Work," in America, as the United States Ambassador to Great Britain. He succeeds the late Mr. Whitelav/ Reid, who was also an editor. In this connection, it is worth recalling the rumours w^hich associated the name of Dr. Albert Shaw, editor of the " Review of Reviews " in America, with that post some }'ears ago. And rumour is not always a lying jade. [Topical. THE CREW OF THE MELBOURNE— THE FIRST B.\TTT.ESHTP OF THE AUSTRALIAN NAVY. 128 Revieiv of Eeviews, ]li/}3 W. T. STEAD. BY A CO-WORKER WHO William Thomas Stead believed in God. Therein lay the cause of his strange lack of harmony with the generality of mankind, and his equally strange charm for all who knew him as a man and not as a set of discon- certing ideas behind cold printers' ink. He had no conscious bias, and judged each individual question on its own in- dividual merits. Hence, strictly speak- ing, he belonged to no party, but con- tained wuthin himself a tinge of every school and owed adherence to none. By virtue of this very freedom of his intellect he was naturally nearer to the Liberals, properly so-called, than to the Conservatives, although his veneration for the truly and intrinsically venerable gave him a sound conservatism in many important respects, while his insistence upon the predominance of right over expediency rendered him a thorn in the side of any opportunist or recalcitrant Liberal legislators. Consequently, he was ever at variance with one party without attempting to conciliate the other. With him it was not the avoid- ance of Scylla and Charybdis, but the deliberate and direct collisicin with both. His reference of every question to its elementary first principles, quite apart from the exigencies of creed or party, gave his attitude that element of the unexpected which almost invariably proved to be founded on pure logic. He owed a responsibility to none but God. To the superficial observer he was a mass of contradictions. He was an Imperialist who hated militarism. He fought for universal peace and two keels to one. He was " a democrat w^ho flouted the democracy." He was a lover of pomp and ceremony who always dressed shabbily. OBLIVIOUS OF SELF. The very width of W. T. Stead's tolerance caused his troubles with the creeds. He abandoned his " Civic Church " idea because the Nonconform- ists objected to the inclusion of the Roman Catholics. He expurgated the " Kreutzer Sonata," and defended La KNEW HIM INTIMATELY. Milo. He quarrelled with the Roman Catholics in his defence of the Mor- mons. He attacked the Mormons for holding idiotic tenets and defended them from their adversaries. He was more jealous of his pen than of his life, and yet " wrote up " undertakings with a commercial basis. And in every single instance there was a sweet reasonable- ness which reconciled each with the other if men were not in too great a hurry to consider. Only his profound but childlike faith m the approbation and guidance of his " Senior Partner," and his rectilinear following of his reading of his "sign-posts," can explain the phenomenal and seemingly super- human strength behind his isolated per- sonality. To say that his life-work was the product of an exaggerated self- importance and an inflated ego is to betray a complete ignorance of the true nature of. the pure and unselfish being, who, when not absorbed by some ab- stract conversational problem or con- crete social evil was one of the most unassuming ' of all men. Instead of having any self-importance he was oblivious of himself, and no one ever paid any attention to the quietly and shabbily dressed, drooping man who sat in tramcar, 'bus or tube, hustled and jostled by his hurrying fellow mortals. To him a taxi w^as an extravagance, and nothing less than an international pilgrimage would justify a new suit. DIRECT TO HIS GOAL. Scarcely anything less than a wed- ding would bring a tall hat to his noble head, and his bag was a source of won- der by the very fact of its holding to- gether after so many years of constant use. Methinks I see him now before me, proceeding in his firm, methodical pace, as he did every morning, through the by-streets of W'estminster, through Old Palace Yard, past the Abbey, past the Commons, on to the Embankment, thence to proceed unnoticed, unknown and unobserved, in a penny car to Aldwych, almost to the office door. How vividly I can see his steady for- Review of Eeviews, Hi! 13. Pf. J'. STEAD. 1 29 ward tread, his head bent slightly, its blow down the iniquity, but he had also massive broadness striking all who took to pay the cost of the gunpowder and a second look, his bag swinging gently bear the scars of his own victory. To by his side, his form and motions full talk to hmi of "consequences" was to of a quiet, natural dignity, and his attack his belief in God. His faith was every movement indicating forward such that it entered into every phase an 1 force and wonderful energy. His life crevice of his aciivities, and permeated was even as his walk — direct to the every fibre of his being. " li you pub- goal, and he moved through his years lish that you will sacrifice fifty thou- like " a grand machine." Pride was sand readers of the Review !" " So much absent from his every act, but behind the worse for the fifty thousand his unpretentious externals was that readers," would be his steady, calm and consciousness of intellect which ren- unaffected response. " Do the public dered an unsurpassed and unquestioned edit me, or do I edit for the public?" leader of men. Acts which have been represented his attitude, imputed to his pride are directly trace- able to the childlike simplicity of his LOOKING FOR GUIDANCE, whole nature. The leviathan among One thing only could perturb him, political, economical, theological, or and perturb him to an incredible social questions was as a gudgeon depth. It was the absence of any among the goldfish in the fine-drawn " sign-post " in a time of stress or niceties of social intercourse. Yet, as even in a small emergency. Then a host, he was unsurpassed, and the he waited, and the change was manner in which he somehow seemed to marked. He was even as the unhorsed, give his special individual attention to swordless knight, but so soon as the a salon crowded with guests was a course was clear and the sign de- point which always baffled me to under- ciphered, though the path might lead stand. Like the god in the old Persian through gaol or mob or palace or wild, legends, he seemed to be in several tempestuous ocean, he went his way as places at once, with a contagious affa- placid and unruffled as the veriest maid bilit}- which endeared him to all. to her village school. I have seen him seeking his lacking sign-post like an A SOCIETY SHOCKER. Alpine guide 'midst the treacherous I once said to him, " Either society snows. I have seen him burst into my keeps straigl t on, and you zig-zag, or office upon me, his visage bright with you keep straight on and society zig- that intense happiness which it alone zags." I have no hesitation in accusing could portray, his whole being vibrating society of the unrectilinear course. His with the expression of pent-up, vigorous was the seeing intellect of a child wield- energy, his strangely, sadly-laughing ing the force of a Vulcan. He shocked soft blue eyes large with untold joy, and startled society as it shocked and and on his lips the news of "what had startled him, as it shocks and startles happened," and of the sign he had us poor pygmies who are content to sit therefrom interpreted. Every step I tight and acquiesce solely because we made in his employ succeeded its defi- value comfort, conventionality and con- nite and appropriate sign-post, and my venience. Not all great, but all success- very entry there was delayed for more fid, teachers have used the same direct than a year pending the same indispen- methods. Shaw shocks none the less sable preliminary. Let no man laugh, fundamentally, but in a different way, for we who were around him have been and with different objects. But the far too often staggered by the unex- questions attacked by Mr. Stead were pected vindication of his deductions to seldom, if ever, aostract and academic; find "coincidence" a fitting word, and they were practical, present, urgent and his greatest achievements were accom- vital, and, the glory be given unto him, plished with no further capital than his he seldom failed in his object. He was own implicit belief in their needfulness, ever the one to suffer. Not only did he I refer to his successful, or rather to his I30 REVIEW OE REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. most obviously successful, undertakings, for I believe that his greatest achieve- ments have yet to be enumerated, he having paid the cost, the true benefits being yet to come I have referred to the confident man- ner in which lie looked for guidance, His last was one of his most explicit sign-posts. He had finally settled all outstanding matters connected with the development of his Review which, to his delight, was making steady forward progress, and was awaiting his next call to arms. At that time he became spon- taneously and keenly interested ni a comprehensive, original and highly suc- cessful movement in America for national evangelisation on the card- index system. Such a movement, free from shibboleths and cant, secured his full and entire sympathy. He spoke to others and myself about it several times, and when he received a direct invitation to address it in conference, it was to him the most obvious call to action for some great purpose. On the evening before he set sail we rode to- gether to his home. On the way he was more deeply earnest than was his wont. "Well," he said, "and what shall I do out there?" "You will make a big splash!" I replied with a smile, but sadly. "Yes," he said, "I shall do that." He paused. " But there is something behind it all which I don't clearly un- derstand just yet. Believe me, H , the Senior Partner does not fling me across three thousand miles of land and sea with no great purpose." He re- mained somewhat pensive. He then described to me a strange instance of guidance vouchsafed to a devout man, and we were both deeply moved. We gripped hands at parting. " Good-bye, my lad," he said. " Do your best. Write me. Hotel Manhattan, New York. God bless you !" " God bless YOU, Mr. Stead," 1 answered, with a full throat, and went into the darkness with the big tears starting, leaving him to follow that clear sign-post which was to lead him direct to Heaven. E. S. HOLE. WHEIR.E THE FEDiEBAL CAPITAL WILL BE CREATED. The stone showin?, laid Ijy Mr. O^'Malley, has since been damaged and defaced. is Mount Alnslie. In the distance Ecvic^o of Beviews, l/i/13. ^^I Character Sketch— LORD WOLSELEY. THE HERO OF ASHANTEE AND THE NILE. By W. T. STEAD. The mere enumeration of the fields of service, military and civil, in which Lord Wolseley distinguished himself, brings forcibly before the mind the extra- ordinary ex- tent and im- mense variety of the Brit- ish Empire. Com pared with the do- minions of His Majesty the posses- sions of all other poten- tates are but country par- ishes, which, if, like Rus- sia and China, they are not limit- ed m area, are neverthe- less monotD- nously uni- form and confined to one or two con t i n ents. There is only one sovereign whose do- mains can for a moment be compared to those of the King, and his sove- reignty is not temporal but *The following sketch of the Inte Field- Marshal was written by Mr. Stead some years aso. It has required little alteration to hring it u-p to date, as the di.'^tintiuished sol- dier had already retired into private life. FIELIVMAR.SHAL LORD VVOI.SEhEY. [From a photo, specially taken for the Review of Reviews. spiritual. The prisoner of the Vatican administers a realm even wider than that which owns the sway of Britain's Em- peror. The bridge that crosses the Tiber near the Cas- tle of San Angelo leads to a world- centre of ad- minis t r ative energy whose cir c u m f er- ence is in the ends of all the earth. But after the Vatican there is no such c e nt r e of Empire as Westminster. Rome is still, as of yore, the capital of the Empire of Centrali- sation, West- minster is the capital of the Empire of Decentralisa- tion. The spiritual do- minion is a d e s p o tism disguised un- der forms of a c h u r c h , w liereas our 1 e m p o r a 1 Empire is a federation of Republics linked together by the golden circlet of monarchy. But outside the Church of Rome no such eventful and varied career is possible to au)- non- 132 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913 British subject as that which fell to the lot of Lord Wolseley. In this he is a type of the army to which he belonged. The British soldier is one of the shuttles of the Empire in the loom of time. He is constantly speed- ing to and fro, backwards and for- wards, weaving into one homogeneous, cosmopolitan whole the nations and peoples and tongues of this planet. The colonist goes forth to make a home, and plant firm root in the new Britains that he founds beyond the sea The sailor dwells upon the ocean, and his visit to the outermost fringe of the continents whose products he carries to and fro are but as the momentary alighting of a seagull upon a rock, from which, after a brief rest, it will again take its flight. But between the too- stationary colonist and the too-migra- tory sailor, comes the soldier, who never stays long enough to take root any- wh'^re, but whose journeyings hither and thither are not so rapid as to pre- clude the formation of those human ties of sympathy and good- fellow-ship which, like the rootlets of grass on the sand-dunes of Holland, are stronger than cement in the consolidation of Empire. Nor is that their only service. The whole world of our dominion is studded with the graves of our warriors, by whose death we live. A FAMOUS RECORD. Look for a moment at the cycle de- scribed by Lord Wolseley between 1852, when he left his Irish home, a raw en- sign, and 1895, when he became Com- mander-in-Chief of the British forces. The mere list of his appointments is more eloquent than any rhetoric : — 1852. Second Burmese War — Ensign. 1854. Siege of Sebastopol — Lieut., Captain. 1857. Ordered to China. Wrecked near Singapore. 1857. India. Suppression of Mutiny Lieut-Col., V.C. i860. Chinese War. Mission to Nan- kin. 1 861 Canada. First Assistant, then Deputy, Quartermaster-Gene- ral. 1870. Red River Expedition — K.C.M.G. 1 87 1. Assistant-Adjutant-General at War Office. 1873-4. Ashantee War — Major-Gene- ral, K.C.B. 1874. Inspector - General Auxiliary Forces. 1875. Governor of Natal. 1878. Governor of Cyprus. 1879. Zulu War — Commander-in- Chief and High Commis- sioner, South Africa. 1882. Egyptian Campaign. Tel-el- Kebir. Peerage. 1884. The War in the Soudan. 1885. Adjutant-General at War Ofhce. 1890. Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in Ireland. 1894. Created Field-Marshal. 1895. Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. 1900. Retired. What a record ! With the exception of Australia, Lord Wolseley had served in every continent, and faced almost every description of human and natural obstacle. Yet in all this Lord Wolse- ley was but a type of the British sol- dier. He was at the top ; Tommy At- kins is at the bottom. But they share the same lot, in having the whole wide world as their parade ground, and all mankind as their next-door neighbours. LUCK AND ILL-LUCK. To write a biography of Lord Wol- seley would be to write the history of the British Empire for the last half of the nineteenth century. As a comman- der he was singularly fortunate. His record was unstained by a single reverse in the held. Wherever he went fortune smiled on his flag, and promotion fol- lowed as a matter of course. One great misfortune alone darkens the brilliance of his record — a misfortune for which he was not responsible, and which he did all that lay in mortal power to avert. He was too late to save Gordon. The blame m not starting in time was not his, but that of those who, month after month, turned a deaf ear to the urgent representations which reached them from the War Office and from Eerie^v of Beviews, l/i/lS. CHARACTER SKETCH. 133 the country as to the necessity for action. With that exception, everything which he touched prospered. It is careers like his which lead men to be- fieve in a lucky star. Curiously enough, his luck in the field was coupled by a persistent ill- luck in other matters. Some men go through the hottest battles without a scratch. Lord Wolseley was wounded — sometimes very seriously — in almost every action in which he fought. Still more curious and persistent has been the misfortune which dogged him in the minor matter of the loss of his kit. In this matter some fatality seemed to attend him. A similar malign influence seemed to dog his footsteps whenever he made a voyage. His first journey to China was one long series of disasters, culminating in the foundering of the transport in the Straits of Malacca. When he went to Ashantee the steamer behaved so infamously that the war cor- respondents on board declared the voyage out was enough to account for all the mortality of the West Coast ; and wlien he was hurried out to Can- ada, during the Trent affair, his ship took thirty days in crossing the Atlan- tic. AGAINST THE JOTUNS. Lord Wolseley's career as a soldier is the more intc-esting because his warfare was waged more against the brute forces of nature than against his fellow-men. Excepting when a mere stripling, he was never engaged against a civilised foe. He has done plenty of slaughter, no doubt, in his time, but that was in- cidental. The triumph was gained be- fore the slaughter began— in some cases it was so complete that there was no need of slaughter at all. When he went forth to war it was like Thor of th® Thunder Hammer sallying forth from Asgard to do battle with the mud giants, those vast, huge, amorphous incarnations of the forces of nature. In the Crimea the chief enemy was not the Russian — it was Cold ; in India, Heat ; in China, Mud ; in Ashantee, it was Pestilence ; in the Red River it was the Forest ; and in the Soudan, the Desert. With all of these he closed in death battle, and came off victorious. He defied the Cold, ignored the Heat, baffled the Pestilence, pierced the Forest, and crossed the Desert. But perhaps none of these enemies was so formidable, so invulner- able and so invincible, as the Stupidity entrenched in high places, against which, as Schiller reminds us, even the gods contend in vain. HAIRBREADTH 'SCAPES. Of hairbreadth escapes he had enough to furnish even a hero of one of Ouida's novels. In his first serious action in Burmah nothing but the acci- dent of falling into a covered pit as he was leading a storming party against the Burmese position saved him from destruction. In the second attempt, he and his brother-officer, who were the first to enter the enemy's works, were both shot clown together. Both were struck in the left thigh, each by a large iron iinkall ball. His companion bled to death in a few minutes. Wolseley, although for months he hovered be- tween life and death, recovered, thanks to a magnificent constitution, which stood him in good stead at every turn in his career. But it was in the Crimea, that charnel-house of death, that he was most severely mauled. Mr. Lowe says of his escape from the perils of the siege : — Durine; its progress Captain Wolseley was wounded severely on the 30th August, and slightly on the lOt'h of April, and the 7th of June. On the 15th of Fehruary his coat was pierced by a ball ; on the l(1th of April a round shot struck the embrasure at which he was working and his trousers were cut; and on the 7th of June a ball passed through his forage cap from the peak to the back, knocking it off his head. It may be said, without exaggeration, that he bore a charmed life, for at the termination of the siege, of three messes of four nionibers each he was the only remaining oflicer in the Crimea, all the others having been killed or forced to leave through wounds. ADVENTURES AT SEBASTOPOL. Men were killed all round him. On one occasion when he was giving orders to two sappers in the trenches, " sud- denly a roundshot took off one man's head and drove his jawbone into the other man's face, to which it adhered, bespattering the party with blood." 134 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. Wolseley was dashed to the ground, where he lay senseless for a time. After a time he rallied, and was able to totter to the doctor's hut, where he was laid down unconscious. " He's a dead 'un," said the doctor. This roused Wolseley, who, turning in his blood, said : — ''I am worth a good many dead men yet." Wolseley' s head and body presented a shock- ing appearance. His features were not dis- tinguishable as those of a ihuman being, wkile blood flowed from innumoraljle wound,s caused by the stones with which he had been striick. Sharp fragments were embedded all over his face, and his left cheek had been almost completely cut away. The doctor fancied, after probing the wound^ that his jaw-bone was shattered, but Wolseley made iiim pull out the substance in his mouth, when a large stone came away. The sur- geon then lifted up and stitched the cheek. Both his eyes were comiiletely closed, and the injury done to one of them was so serious that the sight was permanently lost. Not a square inch of his face but ^vas bat- tered, and cut about, while his body was wounded all over, just as if he had been peppered with small shot. He had received also a small wound on his right leg, so that bo'th his limbs had now been injured. The wound in tihe left thigh received in Burmah rendered him slightly lame. CRIMEAN REMINISCENCES. If you talked to Lord Wolseley of his old Crniiean days he remembered not the amount of bloodshed as much as the horrors of cold and the brave endurance with which they were borne by our troops. He said : The one thought I have about the Crimean War, which dwells in my memory, is that of great admiration for the British soldier. These men, without any prospect or hope to inspire them; suffering horrible hardships, badly fed, and shivering with cold, went forth day by day into the trenches, while they were often so weak that they could hardly drag one foot .after the other. They did their duty, and died in doing it, witli a simple, brave, unpretending courage, that indeed was admirable. . . . Afti-r vou had been in the trenches all day — when you oame out you often got but one biscuit and a little lump of red salt junk whicih was as hard as a board until it was boiled The greatest hardship was not the lack of food, but the utter failure of firewood After you had come from the trenclies, and drawn your rations, you had to toil a mile or two to the plains of Inkerman, not in order to cut down brushwood for your fire, but to dig up tlie roots of the birsh already cut down, which were so wet as to be almost unburnable. You had to carry them back to make a fire to boil your fragment of meat. But the meM behaved splendidly. " THE GENERAL WHO NEVER STOPS. ' One pre-eminent characteristic of Lord Wolseley's career was the rapidity of his promotion. When campaigning on the West Coast of Africa, the Ashantees named him " The General Who Never Stops," on account of the resistless energy with which he pushed on from the coast to their capital, ignor- ing all the dilator)' messages by which they endeavoured to arrest his advance. This characteristic was shown as much in his advance through the successive grades of the Army, as in making his way through the bush. He ascended by such leaps and bounds that he was made Lieutenant-Colonel on his twenty-sixth birthday. Not only was his promotion rapid, but he always fell on his feet in securing fields of service. When Sir Hope Grant was campaigning in China, it was said that he always replied when any- one reported cases of exceptional dif- ficult}-, " Take Wolseley ; he will do the work for you ! " And probably that handiness and readiness to put things through, which characterised him from the first, always secured his selection by superior officers when they were forming their staff. Although not much of a linguist, Wolseley was a good draughtsman ; his favourite recreation was painting in oils and water colours, and he had a keen e}'e for topographical detail. He was, beside, a pleasant com- panion, full of inexhaustible energy^ and good spirits — just the kind of man whom you would like to have to execute your orders when you are absent, or to have by your side when you are in any tight place in a hotl}--contested field. IRISH THROUGH AND THROUGH. Lord Wolseley was Irish through and through, and in nothing was he more Irish than in the pleasantness and good humour with which he got on with all sorts and conditions of men. We need fot therefore go far afield in order to discover how it was he had always got on. Even in the Crimea, when a mere stripling, he obtained a much higher temporary rank in the Engineers than that which he held in his own infantry regiment. In after life he found him- Review of Revieivs, l/i/13. CHARACTER SKETCH. 135 self first on the staff of commander after commander in successive cam- paigns, and afterwards he was always told off to execute delicate missions in which tact was as much required as soldiership, and diplomacy as courage. IMPERIAL FEDERATION. Lord Wolseley was a great advocate for Imperial Federation. At the same time, his experience in the self- governing colonies of the Canadian Dominion and his opportunities for ob- servation under many Governments in many lands, had convinced him that the more you leave localities to settle their own affairs, the better for both the localities and their affairs. His ideas of an Empire seem to me to be pretty much like those of Mr. Rhodes — viz., a series of practically independent Republics, whose foreign policy and whose Army ;incl Xavy are all controlled by a supreme central representative assembly meeting under the shadow of the Im- jierial throne. His sympathies, as befit a Wolseley, were intensely popular. The Wolseley s have always been Liberal, and even revolutionary, in their politics. Sir Charles Wolseley was one of Crom- well's thirteen lords, and was much trusted by the Lord Protector. Another Wolseley, c f ter whom the Orange Lodge is cal led, commanded under W' il- liam III. at the Battle of the Boyne. Sir Charles (Lord Wolseley's kinsman) was about the only country gentleman who supported the Chartists, and was sentenced to eighteen months' imprison- ment at Birmingham for his share in the Chartist agitation. HIS READING AS A BOY. Lord Wolseley's father, grandfather, and ancestors for a long time back had all been soldiers, and he took to soldier- ing naturally as the profession to which he was called by birth. Almost as soon as he began to read he devoured books of history and military works. When a boy he saved up his pocket money to buy military books. One of the first which he ever bought, which made a deep impression on his mind, was a volume containing reflections upon military matters by Napoleon. One sentence in that book impressed itself indelibly on his mind — viz., : " Fron- tiers of States are of three kinds — a river, a mountain, or a desert. Of the three the desert is by far the most im- penetrable." " I little thought at that time," said Wolseley, " that it would ever be my lot to campaign in a desert. No one who has not been in the desert can appreciate fully the force of Napo- leon's maxim." THE FIGHTING VALUE OF FAITH. Speaking of the flghting value of fanaticism. Lord Wolseley said that in the Mutiny he had fought hand-to-hand with fanatics, who are of all people the most dangerous to hght with. Fanatics, meaning men w^ho are nerved up by re- ligious enthusiasm to such a pitch that they have lost all care for their own lives, and who go straight for you, are the most formidable foes in the world. Twenty thousand fanatics such as those whom the Mahdi hurled against the English troops in the Soudan were far more to be dreaded than three times that number of French or German troops. No continental troops would have ever faced the Are which almost failed to check the onward rush of the }klahdists. " Give me," said Lord W^ol- seley, " 20,000 fanatics, and I am not by any means sure that I could not take them through the Continent, re- gardless of any numbers that might be put upon the fleld against them. It is the same with English gentlemen. Give me 20,000 English gentlemen, and I will march them to the other end of Europe and back again." " Of course," he said, laughing, " this is nonsense, if you take it too literally ; but you have no conception of the terror which 20,000 resolute men, who always go for- ward and never turn back, would have in the hearts of armies many times that number. The sentiment of honour jn an English gentleman is as good a fighting force as religious fanaticism. There is a great deal of hollowness about modern armies. The real soul of the army consists of comparatively few." 136 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Aprtl 1, 1913. ALL SOLDIERS RUN AWAY. " Yes," said Lord Wolseley, " the pub- lic little knows how often soldiers cut and run. On one occasion my own men ran away from me in sheer panic, leav- ing me alone. All soldiers run away at times. I believe that the British soldier runs away less than the soldier of any other nations, but he also runs away sometimes. There is a great deal of human nature in soldiers, but the loss from skulking and desertion in the great conscript armies of the Continent attains dmiensions of which the English public have no notion. THE CHINESE AS THE COMING RACE. I found that Lord Wolseley fully shared General Gordon's belief in the latent possibilities of the Chinese. " The Chinese," he said, " are the com- ing nation. The Chinese will, I think, overrun the world. The Battle of Ar- mageddon will take place between the Chinese and the English-speaking races. There will be, I assume, another war be- tween France and Germrny, and it will be about the bloodiest war, or series of wars, which we have £:.'n in Europe. But, some day, a great General, or Law- giver, will arise in China, and the Chin- ■ese, who have been motionless for three centuries, will begin to progress. They will take to the profession of arms, and then they will hurl themselves upon the Russian Empire. Before the Chinese armies — as they possess every military virtue, are stolidly indifferent to death, and capable of inexhaustible endurance — the Russians will go down. Then the Chinese armies will march westward. They will over-run India, sweeping us into the sea. Asia will belong to them, and then, at last, English, Americans, Australians, will have to rally for a last desperate conflict. So certain do I re- gard this that I think one fixed point of our policy should be to strain every nerve and make every sacrifice to keep on good terms with China. China is the Coming Power. Those people — in- telligent, active, ingenious ; so indus- trious that at twelve o'clock at night you can hear the hammer of the smith in the forge — have for the last 300 years been ruled by the simple method of having all the more active, capable, and progressive heads shorn off by their Tartar rulers ; that is a simple, literal fact. The Government of China has been carried on by the method of cutting off every head of more than average in- telligence, activity, and energy. You have no idea of the massacres that were carried on as part of the regular govern- ment of the country. When Commis- sioner Leh was asked whether it was true that he had, in three years, beheaded 60,000 men, he replied, ' Oh, surely many more than that !" So long as this system prevails, Chinese progress is im- possible. But these rude Tartars will not always be able to control the nation." [A twenty-year-old prophecy now realised.] TEL-EL-KEBIR. I reluctantly pass over the campaigns in Ashantee and Zululand to come to the more recent war in Egypt. Lord Wolseley, it is an open secret, was no advocate of intervention in Egypt. He protested against the proposed bom- bardment of Alexandra before it took place, and although he carried out the military operations it necessitated with brilliant success, he deplored the con- catenation of blunders which led to that bombardment, and which forced us to occupy the country. Not that Lord Wolseley had much difficulty with Arabi. He seemed to him a clever ass, who was only frustrated by the rapid rush of our cavalry from burning Cairo When on this subject I asked Lord Wolseley what ground there was for the complaint of some of his critics that he ought to have attacked in flank and not in front, a mistake, according to them, which caused wanton slaughter of 500 British troops. Lord Wolseley said, " The reason why I did not take them in the flank was simply because any such attack must have been made by daylight, and it would have cost me about 5000 men instead of 500. Re- member, mine was a night attack. There is nothing more difficult in the world than marching across the desert in the dark, with nothing to guide you except your compass and the' stars. Next, by attacking in front we had the lieview of Heviews, 111,113. CHARACTER SKETCH. 137 canal, and so had no need to carry water as long as we stuck to the canal. If we had made a flank movement we should have had to carry our water, and we could not have possibly accom- plished that march in the darkness. We should have had to attack in broad day- light, when the enemy was thoroughly alert. We should have lost our way in the dark. This is no fancy of mine. It is proved by the fact that my cavalry, which were sent round in order to attack on the flank the moment that we at- tacked with the infantry in the front, did lose their way, although they were very well led, with the result that at the moment when the attack was delivered they were a mile from the place they ought to have been, and practically were out of it. If my cavalry lost their way, how do you think the whole Army rould have been depended upon to come up to time? The difficulties of a night march are little understood by those who criticise military operations at home. I was constantly in dread of the army getting scattered in the darkness." THROUGH THE DARKNESS. " How many men had you ?" I asked. " I do not think we had more men than about 16,000, but I had sixty guns, and forty of these I mustered together in ihe middle, between the right and left divisions. It is not so easy for artillery to straggle as for foot soldiers, so I kept the foriy cannons together as a solid link connecting the two divisions. By this means they did not fall apart, although they did rather inconveniently crowd one upon the other. 1 had reconnoitred the ground myself very carefully, and had sent out scouts for several days beforehand. We knew that Arabi never stationed outposts until the morning. During the darkness, the Egyptian Army seemed to think itself secure, and took no precautions ; hence, when we arrived within striking dis- tance, their camp was asleep. We charged, and although the men at the guns fought splendidly, and died where they stood, the others soon broke and ran." THE NILE EXPEDITION. From this we come to the campaign in the Soudan. I asked him what was the truth as to the dispute about the routes. Was the Suakin-Berber route abandoned because of the necessity for smashing Osman Digna, or why ? Lord Wolseley replied, " Not at all. That may have been put forward, but that was not the real reason. The real reason was simply the fact that it was a physical impossibility to get to Ber- ber with an army in the face of the opposition we must have encountered." " Use your common sense," said Lord Wolseley, " and say what possibility there was of crossing 245 miles of desert, absolutely waterless, with the ex- ception of some brackish wells, the last being some flfty miles before you get to Berber. After you had made your railway you had the certainty that as you neared the Nile, 245 miles from your base, you would have to meet and overcome some 20,000 fanatics, similar to those men who fought us at Abu Klea. These men can come with a very little water a very long way. We should have been kept constantly expecting their attack for the last fifty or seventy miles of the road." "If we had to go to Khartoum, we were compelled to go by the Nile. It is a great principle, in moving troops, never to go by land if you can possibly go by water. The chief difficulty of every commander is not to beat the enemy, but to feed his men — to provide them with rations and water. When you march by the side of a river, or take a river route, the difficulty about roads disappears. By any other route to Khartoum the difficulty of water for an opposed army is almost insurmountable. ONLY FORTY-EIGHT HOURS TOO LATE. Never, probably, has any commander had success dashed from his lips so cruelly as had Lord Wolseley when a delay of forty -eight hours in the arrival of the steamers at Khartoum rendered abortive the whole expedition for th^e relief of General Gordon. Lord Wol- seley never ceases to grieve with a sor- row too deep for words over the fatal destiny which crowned that famous expedition with an irreparable disaster. It was known in the camp that the 138 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 191S. Mahdi, alarmed at the advance of the British troops, had already packed up his goods and chattels and was ready to fall back into the interior of Africa ; but it is only recently that fuller news has been received on the subject, which shows how very near the expedition was to complete success. After the battle of Abu Klea there was a meeting m the Mahdist camp of all the Emirs, who were all in favour of abandoning the siege. One Emir, and one alone, stood up to protest against the proposed re- treat. " Let us," he said, " make one attempt more. Let us fire loi guns and proclaim a great victory, and make one more attack on Khartoum. If we fail we shall be no worse off than we are now, for we can always retreat, but if we succeed we shall be able to defy the approaching British." Unfortunately for us, the counsel of this Emir was taken and when Lord Charles Beresford arrived in sight of Khartoum it was in the hands of the rebels, and General Gordon was no more. But had even one steamer come down at once, Gordon would have been saved." A TEMPERATE TEMPERANCE MAN. Contrary to a very widespread belief, Lord Wolseley was not a teetotaller, al- though probably his words have had as much weight as those of any man in restraint of the practice of dram-drink- ing. Spirits are his detestation, and no one has expressed more strongly their conviction that they are entirely un- necessary except from a medicinal point of view when men have had to bivouac in marshes. It was during his Red River expedition that he first taught the Army that it was possible for the British soldier to fight on tea. When describing this expedition Air. Low says : — Acting upon views he had for years strongly lentertained as to the positive injury to health by dram-drinking, even in mode- ration, he would have no liquor of any sort — except a small quantity of brandy in each brigade of boats, as " medical comforts," under the charge of the commanding officer — to form part of the commissariat depart- ment. But he sanctioned a liberal allowance of tea, which was freely taken by officers and men twice and thrice a day. and though they were constantly wet to the skin, and had to perform the hardest work in damp clothes, the medical returns were almost blank, and crime and any serious cases of sickness were alike unknown in the Force. SMOKE. Like General Gordon, Lord Wolseley was at one time an immense smoker. He told me that from a boy he had smoked constantly, and that for many years he always smoked from six in the morning till he went to bed at night, smoking nothing but big black cigars. When he was worried and troubled, there was nothing in the world that soothed him as much as a cigar. He had always kept himself well in hand, and kept the habit under control by every now and then ceasing to smoke entirely for a week or a fortnight at a time. He finally gave up smoking alto- gether, and seemed to feel no in- convenience. For a fortnight before Tel-el-Kebir, he had never smoked at all, and when the battle was won, as he stood on the bridge of the canal at the camp, he lit his first cigar, and smoked six, one after another, as hard as he could — a kind of tobacco debauch, as he said. He was a man who made many friends and some enemies. His remark- able rise, and the freedom with which he spoke and wrote, combined to make him envied by many and hated by some. The truculence with which some suf- fered themselves to speak of a soldier whose valour has reflected glory upon the British Army is little to the credit of a service which ought to be based on good comradeship. This hostility was more than counterbalanced by the en- thusiastic fidelity with which the officers who were trained along with him re- gard their intrepid and resourceful chief. I am not a soldier, and have not at- tempted to deal with Lord Wolseley from a military point of view. He was more interesting to his countrymen as a picturesque and commanding per- sonality than as a mere man of the) sword. Yet even the most out-and-out Peace man cannot refrain altogether from admiring the capacity, the re- source, the energy, and the intelligence of the man who was for so many years the brains of the British Army. Review of Ueviews, ll/,/l3. 139 WHO WILL RULE THE AIR? THE PRESENT AERIAL POSITION. Britannia rules the waves, but who will rule the air? Is the control of the waters of the globe going to secure our safety in the future as it has in the past ? This is a grave question uideed on the correct answer to which our very existence may depend. Our statesmen at home, who have always regarded an invincible fleet as absolutely essential, have ever considered the frontiers of the Empire the coasts of the enemy. That is why as an island power Britain has set her face steadfastly and unhesi- tatingly against any form of conscrip- tion no matter how cunningly the National Service League wrapped up its designs. And British statesmen have been right. Are they still right in rely- ing solely on the fleet to protect their shores? Hitherto the narrow riband of the English Channel has proved an in- surmountable barrier to all would-be invaders, and will ever be so long as the only means of crossing it is by boat, but with the conquest of the air the value of the command of the sea is greatly discounted. Whether the air has actually been conquered or not is the real probleii those responsible for the defence of the country have to solve. England has ever lagged behind in orisfinating new methods of offence and defence. She has copied and improved on the work of her foes. The oak battle- ships with which Nelson crushed the power of France were modelled upon French ships of war captured by the British. The first ironclads were seen in America, not in British waters ; the sub- marine was a French invention ; the first heavier-than-air machine flew in America ; the first dirigible in France, and the first rigid lighter-than-air machine in Germany When we ask how much England has copied other nations m the creation of fl)-ing machines we find that she has done prac- tically nothing. The development of the flying machine since Wilbur W'right first astonished the world with his some- what primitive machine which yet flew for miles, and since Bleriot led the way across the Channel in 1 909, has been absolutely phenomenal. Has this ad- vance reached a stage where the ship of the air is sufficiently stable, or reliable enough to give the power having aerial preponderance entire command of the situation ? Some people are convinced that tnis condition of things has already arrived, that Britain is now open to at- tack by air, and that if she does not at once set about creating an aerial fleet capable of defending her against all attacks her end is near. Others — amongst them those who are charged with the adequate defence of the Em- pire— do not believe that the air menace is at all serious yet, and that before it can be ver\- great advances must be made in the construction of aerial craft. They prefer that others should make the experiments, and that we should delay the building of an air fleet until such time as the airships have passed the trial stage. Much has been written about the machines that have been built in France and Germany, of their wonderful reli- ability, and the menace they are to Bri- tain, but when we come down to actual achievements matters do not wear so serious an aspect. One thing is quite obvious — an invasion b\' airship is quite out of the question. To land only a thousand men would mean the use of twenty of the largest Zeppelins yet built, or at the ver}- least 250 areo- ])lanes, which would require many square miles in which to land. The need of creating a conscrip- tion army to meet a possible invader is no more imperative since the advent of the airshin than it was before the days of Wright, Parseval, or Zeppelin. Troops can still only reach England by water. It is as scouts and bomb drop- REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 191$. TO MEET THE AERIAh MENACE. The latest pattern of run for destroying airships. Note the specdal sighting apparatus. Revieiv of Ftviews, lU/lS. THE NEXT WAR. 141 ping machines that aircraft can be used. Whether they are more effectively com- bated by other airships, or by specially devised artillery is another debatable question. Germany has been most active of all countries in perfecting airships, and she has demonstrated recently how great is the improvement made in them. But the most powerful Zeppelin yet built whilst more or less secure in the air is helpless on land, and must always seek the shelter of its shed or run the risk of being torn to bits by the first moderate gale that blows. This means that no such airship dare ever land in a hostile country, out must be sufficiently powerful to return to its base before its lifting agent becomes exhausted. The following account of what has actually been achieved by the builders of aircraft is written by Messrs. T. R. Macmechen and Carl Dienstbach, and is published by special arrangement with Everybody s Magazine. We may not agree with their conclusions, and fore- casts of the next war, but their theories are based upon what can really be done rather than upon fanciful assumption. THE NEXT WAR : IN THE AIR. BY T. R. MACMECHEN AND CARL DIENSTBACH. All European military experts know that the next great war — for which the grand amphitheatre is now being pre- pared— will be fought under new condi- tions, and that the nation which com- mands supremacy in the air will have an advantage that can hardly be overcome. The problems of the next war will be greatly multiplied if the powers engag- ing in it are fairly matched in the air. If they are not, the war will be over be- fore it is well begun. No nation without an air navy can hope for success against an enemy with powerful fleets of dread- nought air-ships and of cruisers and tor- pedo craft in the form of aeroplanes having a speed of 80, 90, and even 100 miles an hour, because it will find it im- possible to mobilise its army. It is too much to expect of men that England has been quick to recognise the threatened danger. The new E.itish cruisers are to be fitted with heavily armoured and curved upper decks, and with steel umbrella-like coveringa for funnels. The cruisers will also carry guns that can be elevated to an angle of 80 degrees and that will have an effec- tive range of 9000 yards. At a distance of \\ miles one of these guns can send a 3 1 -pound shrapnel shell to a height of 13,000 feet. Thus the men in the hos- tile air-ships and aeroplanes will find the air filled with danger to themselves. THE NEW SHARPSHOOTERS. France in a time of peace lives in dread that the morrow will see fleets of German aircraft threatening to shower destruction u]ion its cities and fortresses. At the present moment the German- they will stand helpless while death and French frontier presents the paradoxical destruction is rained down upon them from an impregnable fortress floating in the air. Any sea navy which the otherwise un- prepared power may have will be all but useless. Only a few hours will be re- quired for air-ships to make a desperate attack upon any naval base. Weather, unless desperately bad, will not hinder the attack, for the reason that the modern air-ship is now sufficiently powerful to make detours and come with the wind to the point of naval mobilisation. appearance of an inland preparation for a great naval conflict. France has estab- lished military aeroplane cami:)s at Toul, Verdun, Chalons-sur-Marne, Bar-le-Duc, and Epinal, and within the year has built great sheds in which to house her air-ships. The French army has three very large demountable air-ship sheds and a portable hydrogen factory for field service. THE AEROPLANE V. THE AIR-SHIP. While France long ]>laced its main re- liance in the aeroi^lane, it now realises that the greatest danger will not come 142 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. ENGLAND .— =''T;owe6toft HELIGOLAND Airship Station O H BORKUM STr//\ITS OF DOVER , CUXHAVEN ^ Airship Station A, AirshipStation f Wli-HELMSHAWEN _>^£a^^ .-->'. ,_.iftirship Station ^^.^ ;rsiia«r fSSivtt'artiJ; > Afrship Stgtjop \_^ LE-CUC /"irship Static". if«%^t:^. ' '^MANNHEIM ^.^. AirshipStation AirshisS'f-at-oi-, ^j" « THE FRAJSrOO-GEBMAN FBONTIBR. How THE Rival Nations are Preparing to Battle in the Air. Tlie FrencU have established air-ship stations at Mezieres, Rheims, Chalons, Verdun. Bar-le-Ihic, Toul, Epina.1, Langres and Belfort. So^me of these can only a«oommodate aeroplanes, others air-ships. Tho powerful stations for Zeppelins and aeroplanes along the German side of the frontier are at Dusseldorf, Cologne, Frankfort, Mannheim, Baden, Metz and Friederich- shafen. On the North Sea a.re sta+ions at Kiel, Ouxhaven, Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven and Heligoland. On the Russian frontier there is but one. Review of Reviews, 1UIJ3. THE NEXT WAR. 143 from that quarter. France has recog- nised that aerial war will be a naval war in the air, and is lending full encourage- ment to the air-ship. By the end of the year 1913, fourteen semi-rigid dirigibles as large as the earlier Zeppelins will be in the service in connection with the French army. There is now in construc- tion, in a factory near Paris, a war air- ship of the Zeppelin type. The French aerial war budget for 191 1 was ^^250,000; for IQI2 it was ;t 800.000 ; and for 191 3 it is estimated at £"1,700,000. On the German side of the frontier the work of preparing for the threatened conflict is even more ominous. Four Zeppelin-built giant air dreadnoughts, armed and munitioned as if war were a thing of to-day, keep almost constantly in the air, training their crews m the science of navigation, and also in niarks- vianship. The naval Z is stationed at Wilhelmshaven, on the North Sea. The Z / is at Koenigsberg, on the Russian frontier ; the Z 1 1 1 is at Metz, and the Z II is at Cologne — each ready to raid across the French border at a moment's notice. GERMANY EASILY FIRST. Germany is adding nine units to its fleet of air-flghters : four Zei3pelins (rigid type), one Siemens-Schuckert (non-rigid), two Parsevals (non-rigid), one Schuet<:e-Lanz (rigid), and one Gross (semi-rigid). It is probable that this number will be doubled within another twelve months, during which time Ger- manv expects to add several hundred war 'aeroplanes to the three hundred it now has m service. The ranks of Ger- man officers now count more than four hundred diploma pilots, the most skilled in Europe. Thus not only in numbers of war aeroplanes, but in pilots, Ger- many outclasses France. Germany's budget for the year for its air navy is ;£ 1, 500,000. By popular subscription, too, Germany is increasing its fleet of military air-ships. For several decades Euro}^ has ex- isted as a series of armed camps. It has a tremendous population closely gathered together. It has manv points of manufacture and industry where im- mense wealth lies unprotected. Its dis- tances are comparatively short. All of these conditions are ideal for the suc- cessful prosecution of offensive aerial warfare. Only a \er}' few hours would be required for the flight of an air dreadnought from Germany to the cen- tre of France or to England ; Paris or London — or both cities — could be at- tacked immediately after a declaration of war ; French or English points of mobilisation, bases of supply, railway lines of communication, and naval sta- tions could be menaced and perhaps destroyed. Some morning England, perhaps, or France, or Germany, or some other European power will open its eyes to find its capital and the rear of its armies menaced by hostile air fleets. It will then be called upon to decide whether to accept peace on ignominious terms, or destructive war with humiliating de- feat almost certain. Its only hope of success will rest in its abilit}' to sum- mon, without loss of time, an air navy of its own sufhcienth- strong to destroy the enemy's or drive it across the border. ACTUAL ACHIEVEMENT. Those who consider this a fanciful picture are deceiving themselves. They have not kept themselves informed. Progress has been made while they slept. They have yet to realise that the 50-mile ship is already in the air. The naval Zeppelin and the Z ///, both built by Count Zeppelin for the German Government, have each made 50 miles an hour. An air dreadnought is now in process of construction that will have a speed of 55 miles if it meets its contract requirements. The latest-built Schuette-Lanz, the largest air-ship ever constructed, a veritable armour-clad of the air, has just been turned out from the shops in Mannheim. This ship makes fifty miles an hour. The 60-mile ship will be here within a year. These giant air-ships will carry within them- selves sufficient power to enable them to make headway against a storm of tem- pest-like strength. They will be almost independent of weather conditions. THE BATTLESHIP OF THE AIR. These shiiis nuuuit guns of great de- struction. A modern light cannon, of 144 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. :/Sr ^^..... JS" ' J,. / a'SCAPA FLOW :^^MARTY FIRTH Q: . \ K ;^v^^^-- Q .^/^5T0CKH0L^ 1 \i .-'Pole «'•-* -^^^fi ^^^'S^R v^^ ■ / \ ^' M^crjocC^Ti!! sX^ \X-i \W_Sa^ tS 4/ -- '--.V--. .-^5 ^ F R A N G E '^^ Nantes VIENNA ^^ Bud< v-.-^ /Switzerland'! msrmA-HUNCA ^^ fwordcacix^ THE BATTLE RANGE OF AIB-SHIPS. The latest German Air Dreadnoughts can remain in the air for four days and average 40 miles .conSuions" ^^^^^er. The a.erop.lan* range is at mo«t 300 miles out and baSk fniHal we^thl^ Beview of Eeviews, lU/13. THE NEXT WAR. 145 the type with which they are equipped, does as much damage as two whole bat- tries accomplished in the Franco-Ger- man war. Its half-pound shell goes through inch-steel after travelling a tre- mendous distance. Fired from the air, NEW WAR TERRORS. Bomb-dropping from air-ships, thanks to the new Ceiss sighting-instrument, now approaches an exact science. Not only is the percentage of hits very large, but the damage done is far greater these light guns are as efficient as the than is popularly supposed. From the heaviest guns firing over the ground. Krupp gun factory there is now being Conclusive tests have been made proving turned out a fire bomb that sheds a the certainty of effective marksmanship, bright light not only during its flight, particularly against a target on the but after it strikes the earth. This bomb ground. The gunner can tell exactly serves the double purpose of setting fire where each bullet or projectile strikes, to any inflammable material with which which makes it easy for him to correct it comes into contact and furnishing his aim. But it is difflcult indeed for sufficient light so that the air-ship gun- the gunner on the ground to tell how ners are able, even on the darkest night, close his shots come to the flying air- to see the objects upon which they wish ship of the enemy. THE STATOSCOPE. The statoscope — an instrument of as much importance to the air-ship naviga- tor as the compass is to the mariner — indicates to a nicety the slightest change of height above sea level. This makes it easy for the helmsman to steer his air-ship in a circle, using the target as ture is dropped from the air-ship and a pivotal bearing. So stable is the air- explodes high in the air. It throws out ship that the gunners can sight with the tremendous quantities of dense, heavy to centre their shots. Further aid at night to the gunners is given by the search-light which hangs sometimes as much as 500 feet beneath the air-ship from which it is suspended. This light is an actual protection to the ship above it, as its position confuses the enemy's marksmen. Another bomb of German manufac- same scientiflc precision that would be theirs if their battery were located on a mountain side. The Z III while at practice, manoeuvr- ing with battle speed at a height of 6000 feet, shot to pieces in seventeen minutes the target, a silhouette of a whole vil- lage arranged on the manoeuvring grounds several miles out of Bordeaux. Equally successful results have been ob- tained at the artillery grounds at Jiiter- bog and at the aerial school at Metz. During this target practice armour- piercing tests were made, and it was found that the macarite projectiles from the air-ship travelled with truly marvel- lous force. Armour such as that ordin- arily used to protect the decks of navy cruisers was cut through and dummy magazines were exploded. This was smoke that slowly sinks to earth. This smoke spreads in a great cloud and gives to the air-ship cover through which to escape from a point of danger. Still another bomb that will add to the terrors of war contains about 150 pounds of chemicals, which on explod- ing fill the air with poisonous gases, killing everything within 100 yards, and extending their influence for more than twice that distance. The Viktoria Lidse, one of the latest ships built by Count Zeppelin, and re- cently sold for i^25,ooo to the German Government, was sent last May through a series of manoeuvres over the North Sea. It surprised even those who had previously accepted the air-ship as no longer an exjieriment. After it had answered every demand in the way of ascending and descending flights, stops. done while the air-ship from which the starts, and quick turns, the Viktona projectiles were fired was in full flight Luise, from a height of about ;ooo feet, and at a height to make it nearly impos- plunged at an acute angle, holding a sible for the air-ship to be hit from the perfectly straight course until it almost gj-ound touched the water. Then it took posi- 146 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. tion directly above the North German Lloyd steamship Anierika. This was done to prove that gas and fuel may be renewed at sea, making it unnecessary for an air-ship to return to a land base for supplies. Then came the flight of the Hansa across the North Sea to Copenhagen, and Malmo, Sweden ; and all Germany rejoiced as over a victory won. The Hansa covered the distance of 375 miles for the round trip in exactly twelve hours, which included time for dinner and a few official visits in Copenhagen. Count Zeppelin, who was personally in command, reported that at no time was the air-ship put to its best speed. ARMOUR-PLATE FOR AIR-SHIPS. The Zeppelin and Schuette-Lanz air- ships, having a rigid framework, mount formidable guns on their hulls at various points. Two are carried for- ward, one amidships, one at the stern, and at least one on the top deck. This arrangement permits firing at a land target from any angle, and also makes it possible to discharge a Krupp shell that is exploded by a time-fuse, and Alls the skies with a rain of bullets — an effec- tive defence against an attacking aero- plane. The gun turrets and cars of the air-ship will carry armour, the secret composition of which has been kept by the German Government in soite of the spies who have endeavoured to discover its nature. This armour-plate is very light, and is only a slight fraction of an inch in thickness, but it spreads ordinary bullets as if they were made of sealing-wax. Riding at a height of a mile in the sky, a 500-ft. Zeppelin air-ship appears to an observer on the earth about the size of a lead-pencil. Changing posi- tion, as it constantly does, it makes an almost impossible target. An attack by an air-ship upon a great body of soldiers, resting in camp or quartered in a city, is certain to be de- structive and terribly demoralising. That such attacks will be made cannot be doubted. Advantage must remain with the air-ship in any contest with forces on the ground. Modern cannon have sufficient theoretical range and accuracy to hit a target the size of an air-ship when that air-ship is hung stationary in the sky ; but no gun that must first be laid and then fired is of practical use against an air-ship in flight. REVOLUTIONISING WARFARE. Military experts take the view that the aeroplane has revolutionised warfare backward. The flying scouts, serving during the recent army manoeuvres in England, France and Germany, ob- tained so much information that troops were brought to close quarters. Had the warfare been real and not mimic, the resulting battle would have been man against man and with such slaughter as occurred when soldiers fought hand to hand and when the defeated army was usually wiped out of existence. The air-ship revolutionises warfare forward. It introduces a new and powerful weapon of attack and makes possible strategy and tactics on a larger and more decisive scale. Coincident with the declaration of war, which may be made late of an afternoon, the best-prepared nation will send its air fleets raiding across its bor- ders ; by midnight it will menace the enemy's capital, threaten its various points of mobilisation, and attack fort- resses, depots of supply, and naval bases. The commander at home will be kept informed b)^ wireless of the amount of damage done and of the progress made by the enemy. In the meantime, other air-ships will prepare the way for the army of in- vasion. As soon as the army moves, aerial scouts will be out in front, not only to guard against possible surprise and gain information as to the enemy's plans, but to make direct attack if it be thought wise to do so. The issue of a battle may depend upon a single scrap of information ob- tained by an air scout. This will bring about the most desperate game of " tag " the world has ever known. Men will fight in the air to make their way back to their own forces, and they will figrht to prevent the enemy's scouts from escap- ing with the information which may have been g-athered. Review of Ueviews, llf,ll3. THE NEXT WAR. 147 TORCH TRAILING FROM THE SKY. As an engine of destruction the Navies of the air are so new that it j^ir_ would be foolish at this time to attempt to define their full powers and absolute limitations. It is certain, however, that there will be fighting in the air between hostile scouts and that naval tactics will be followed. The largest air-ship will have other air-craft more or less at its mercy, just as the dreadnought of the sea is more than a match for anv cruiser. The French have fulh' demonstrated that in a contest between two aeroplanes the one that runs and fights will have a distinct advantage over the one that at- tacks. THE COMING AIR-CLASH. There is a very great similarity be- tween the navies of the air and the sea. A fleet of dreadnoughts would be at a great disadvantage without cruisers and torpedo-boats to scout and perform other services of much value. But in this day of heavy armour and long- range guns a fleet of cruisers could not hope to meet hostile dreadnoughts with success. So it is in the air. The air- ship is a dreadnought capable of work- ing great destruction upon an enemy. And while, in a sense, it acts as a scout as well as a fighting-machine, it must have its own scouts in the form of swift- fl)'ing aeroplanes. Independent of the air-ship, the aeroplane will be of value as a scout to flash out a few miles in ship is by no means limited to the use of its guns and hand-dropped missiles. The next great war will be all that General Sherman said. And more. If it is thought necessary to devastate a coun- try as Sheridan devastated the Senan- doah Valley, the air-ship will be em- ployed. A trailing wire with a torch at the end will spread flames through a village or through ripened grain fields much more quickly and thoroughly than could be done by a thousand incendiary infantrymen. An active machine-gun will prevent an)- attempt to extinguish the fires. By means of hooks at the end of strong wire cables, small structures will be overturned on railroad tracks. The torch will then complete the work, and the heat w-ill be sufficient to twist and dislodge the rails. Gas tanks will be exploded ; power-houses rendered use- less ; railroad terminals destroyed, and such general havoc worked that the population will have to move out of the territory or starve. Mammoth air-ships with 2000 miles radius of activity (the naval Zeppelin and the new Schuette-Lanz air-dread- nought are nearl)- equal to that) will operate independently of the armies, carrying on a sort of guerrilla warfare advance of an ami}' to observe the la\' in the air. The}' will fly hundreds of miles be}'ond the theatre of military acti- vities, and raid parts of the enemy's ter- ritory that but for the air-ships would remain untouched by the hand of war. of the land and make certain that the enemy does not succeed in an attempt at a surprise. It will be more of a firefly than a mosquito ; more of a news- gatherer than a fighter. 148 Review of Reviews, 1/^/13. TOPICS OF THE MONTH. IV.-HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BEEN EXTRAVAGANT ? BY ALEX. JOBSON. When the Federal elections are being fought in the next few months few questions will arouse more controversy than that of the financial policy of the Fisher Government. On such a question into which party politics enter so largely it is extremely difficult for the man in the street to take a strictly impartial view. He necessarily has political lean- ings, and is accordingly prone to accept as final the views of his party leaders without looking into the matter for him- self. Not everyone of course has the time, nor yet the inclination to make such an inquiry, and we therefore pro- pose to consider the available facts judicially with a view to assisting the average voter to form his own judgment on the case. THE OPPOSITION CHARGES. The main issue is the charge of extra- vagance Mr. Joseph Cook, as leader of the Federal Opposition, has brought against the Government. Now, of course, expenditure is only extravagant if the spender cannot afford it, or if, having ample funds available, he spends them to no good purpose. Mr. Cook's indict- ment is accordingly just if the facts prove the existence of either or both of these conditions. In regard to the first it is very evident that the Federal Government cannot afford to spend i^22, 680,000 in the cur- rent year, for the simple reason that the revenue will not provide that sum. The Treasurer estimated that the year will only yield ^^20,422,000, and the deficit so created he intended to meet by usmg the surplus of ;£"2,26i,ooo brought forward from the years 1910-11 .and 1911-12. The revenue has, however, been so buoyant that this estimate is likely to be exceeded by about ;i^ 1,000,000. In that case, only about one-half of the surplus will be absorbed, while the year's actual deficit will be smaller than was at first anticipated. This, however, will not ■ alter the basic fact that the Government will have in the year spent more than it received. THE LIMIT OF REVENUE. There might be some justification for such a policy were the expenditure well within the Government's immediate revenue-raising powers. But it is not. The present sources of revenue are al- ready heavily strained, and the limits of their yields cannot now be very far away. The customs duties, for instance, seem to have almost reached their top for the time being. In 1911-12 they at- tained the record figure of ;^ 14,700,000, and now, though the Treasurer expected the current year to yield about ;^200,ooo less, the first eight months has brought m i^8oo,ooo more than the correspond- uig portion of the previous year. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. This is due to the tremendous growth in imports which in recent years have in- creased exceedingly. In 1909 the merchandise imports were about ^^50,000,000, whereas in 191 2 the approx- imate total was over ^^"76,400,000. The disconcerting feature of this growth is that it has been out of all proportion to the exports. In 1906 the excess of ex- ports over imports was about i^ 2 5, 000,000 ; in 1911 it had fallen to ;£" 1 2,500,000, and in 191 2 was less than three-quarters of a million. This is not owing to any reduction in the exports, for the total in 191 2 was only about ^650,000 below the record figure in 1911. It is the abnormal increase in imports that is responsible. The posi- tion will no doubt adjust itself in time, probably by a falling off in imports, for one cannot look for a marked expension Review of Feviews, l/i/lS. TOPICS OF THE MONTH. 149 in exports at present. This will, of course, mean a decline in the customs revenue. The pace is certainly too hot to last, and it would not be wise to rely on the customs revenue in 1 91 3- 14 being more than it is now — i^ 15,000,000 — if indeed it reaches that figure. THE POST OFFICE. The Post Ofhce, the next resource in importance, is also earning a record revenue. It was estimated to bring in ;6^4, 200,000, an increase of ;{J"28o,ooo, on 1911-12, but already the eight months' total shows an increase of ;^220,ooo, so that with four months still to run, it seems probable that the estimate will be largely exceeded. Whether the Post Ofhce'can be made to earn more money still, apart from natural growth, one cannot say. But one thing seems certain — which IS that if the public were given better telephone and telegraph services, the earnings on those accounts would be materially enhanced. At present the telephone is nothing but a nerve-racker and a time-waster, while it is often more expeditious to send messages by hand than to rely either on the telephone or the telegraph. THE LAND TAX. The land tax. which is expected to contribute /; 1,300,000, a trifle less than last year, must be very near to the pre- sent Hmit of its earning power. More- over, unless the Government increases the rate of the tax, a somewhat unlikely contingency, there is little probability of this source producing much more than it does now for some time to come. SPENDING MORE THAN RECEIVED. Now it is very clear from all this that there is little hope of the present sources of revenue as at present consti- tuted, increasing their yields in any marked degree. The customs duties may rise, but only if the imports con- tinue their unprecedented advance, which seems rather improbable. Of course a protection tariff would mean a bigger revenue, but such a tariff is not in prospect. The Post Ofhce revenue can only be expected to grow slowly. The land tax is near its limit. Consequently the Ministry cannot excuse the year's deficit on the ground that the revenue- producing sources are being only mode- rately tapped, and can be made to yield much more than they do, should the Treasurer so desire. The Government is taking all those sources can give. Clearly then, as it is spending more than such sources produce it must certainly be deemed to be financing on extrava- gant lines. THE INCREASE IN EXPENDITURE. Coming now to the question of neces- sity for so enormous an expenditure as that of the current year, the problem is, if anything, more difficult. It is quite a simple matter to assert that wasteful administration is responsible, but the proof of the assertion is not by any means easy. Compared with the year 1909-10 there has been an increase in the expenditure — from almost £8,200,000 to i," 1 6,600,000 — (not including payments to the States). Of this growth of over £"8,400,000 defence is responsible for nearly £3,900,000, the Post Office for £2,000,000, invalid and old age pensions for over £900,000, and other expenditure £750,000 The maternity allowance (£400,000), Northern ' Territory (£330,000), and Port Augusta railway (£100,000), also contributed towards it. THE INCREASING COST OF DEFENCE. Now it is absolutely impossible with- out a detailed knowledge of all the facts to say whether these increases are justi- fied or not. The Commonwealth has been committed to universal training and to naval construction, and the nation has to see these schemes through. Both are expensive, but are not by any means as expensive as they must be as time goes on. The second year of the universal training scheme is not yet ended, and alread)' the defence vote, under £1,400,000 m 1910-11, exceeds £2,860,000 for the current year. This does not include the vote of over £1,000,000 for rifie ranges, drill halls, etc., and military stores, which itself is greater by about £600,000 than that of Two years ago. As of course the defence scheme has only begun it is clear that the annual expenditure must increase steadily from year to year. NAVAL EXPENDITURE. The construction of the fleet is to cost £4,250,000, of which £3.750,000 has al- 15° REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. ready been appropriated, leaving ;£'500,ooo yet to be voted. The share of the current year is to be ;^ 1, 300,000, so that next year's expenditure should be ;^8oo,ooo less on this account. But this is only cost of construction, and there is the upkeep to be considered which will not be small. There is this, too, that the Commonwealth having" launched on navai construction cannot go back, but must proceed to build new ships either to increase the fleet, or to replace obso- lete ships, or perhaps to do both. The fleet, at present to consist of one Dread- nought cruiser, three protected cruisers, six destroyers and two submarines, must be kept up to date, and must be added to from time to time. This is bound to prove expensive, but if the Government rest content with its present fleet it will only subject the Commonwealth's naval policy to the ridicule of the world. INSUFFICIENT TRAINING. The defence and naval construction schemes are, however, settled, and the bills have to be met. It is needless, therefore, to criticise the growth of this portion of the expenditure, except that so far as the universal training is con- cerned the Government certainly does not appear to be getting full value for its money. The period of training is in- sufficient, and only a portion of the lads eligible are receiving even what training there is. Discipline is weak, because the officers feel they have no power over the boys, for they know that if a little salutary discipline is enforced, the sup- port of the Government is not likely to be given. This may not seem to be within the province of the financial critic, but it is, nevertheless, because it is his duty to point out that the public is not getting its money's worth. THE HOPELESS TELEPHONE. Another department for which the taxpayer pays heavily but gets a poor return for doing so is the Post Office. The expenditure has risen but the service has not improved. The telephone ser- vice already mentioned by us is just about as unsatisfactory as it can pos- sibly be. So unsatisfactory indeed is it, that if the telephone were brought on to the market now for the first time as a new invention and the experimental exchanges worked no better than do those now in use, it would be con- demned out of hand as an absolute failure. In fact, the general efficiency of this particular service is such that it deters many would-be subscribers from having a machine at all. However, the situation is not quite hopeless, for the automatic telephone is to be installed shortly, and much of the inconvenience and loss the present s)'stem involves should then disappear. A RECURRING DEFICIT. The Post Office revenue this year is estimated to be nearly i," 1,600,000 less than the expenditure. Of this, however, over ;^i, 1 50,000 is for new buildings, telegraphs and telephones, and wireless telegraphy. But apart from such new outlay, the general expenditure is still about i^440,ooo more than the revenue. It this regard, however, it must not be forgotten that there is a loss of ^^400,000 yearly on the penny postage. Still, apart from this, the expenditure is heavy. This, the Treasurer explains, is due to the greater cost of labour and materials, heavier prices for mail con- tracts, and increases in employees' wages. It is to be hoped that this out- lay will ensure the public getting better treatment. OLD AGE PENSIONS. Invalid and old age pensions are next in importance. They absorb ^^2,400,000 this year, about ;^900,ooo more than they did three years ago. The addition of invalid pensions not in force in 1910 is responsible for this increase. Con- cerning the necessity for this expendi- ture, there can be no criticism. The measure is law, and its repeal is un- thinkable. Moreover, the bill has to be paid, increasing though it must with each successive year, and there is noth- ing more to be said. The same argu- ment applies to the maternity allowance, the outlay on the Northern Territory, and the Port Augusta raihvay. These have been approved by a majority in Parliament, representing the wish of the majority of the voters at the last elec- tion, and there is no course open but to abide by them. FEDERAL CAPITAL, ETC. The growth of ^^"750,000 in other ex- Review of El views, 111,113. TOPICS OF THE MONTH. ^51 penditure to about i;i,;oo,ooo is chiefly in tlie cost of administration of various departments, combined with outlay on Federal Capital, High Commissioner, Land Tax, Bounties, etc. The Trea- surer has stated that the whole of the increase can be well justified. It cer- tainly needs justification, for it is with- out doubt a very solid increase. THE ADMINISTRATION OF FUNDS. The inquiry so far as to the necessity or otherwise of the year's expenditure of ;^22,ooo,ooo sterling appears to acquit the Government of extravagance on that account. But the acquiual is only ap- parent. The whole essence of the ques- tion lies in the administration of the funds, and on this point there is no published evidence for the critic. There is, of course, the general view that Ministers are more generous than just and that their estimates rarely if ever err on the side of economy. Seldom, it is said, does a Minister supervise his de- partment's expenditure with that strict regard for economy he would give to his own business. Though from obser- vation there seems good ground for the public view that Ministers act irrespon- sibly in regard to finance, no facts have been made public to support that opinion, and one cannot therefore accept it as being completely justified. BORROWING INEVITABLE. In a measure the Government's non- borrowing policy is to blame for this charge of extravagance. It has forced the Ministry to meet out of revenue ex- penditure rightly chargeable to capital. The naval construction cost is clearly a capital charge, and should have been met by a loan with a currency coincident with the estimated life of the ships, and to be repaid by a sinking fund. Of course a sinking fund has the distinct drawback of being a strong temptation to needy Treasurers, who are prone to borrow it, but who rarely if ever pay it back. The outlay on drill halls, rifle ranges, post offices, and similar works of a per- manent nature, might reasonably have been paid out of loan moneys. The policy of non-borrowing will of course have to be thrown overboard sooner or later, for the growth in defence and naval expenditure in a few years will be much more than the revenue will pro- vide, unless increased taxation be im- posed. NOT PROVEN. To sum up the results of our inquiry it is very clear that Mr. Cook's indict- ment of the Federal Ministry on the score of extravagance is just in that the Government is spending more than it can afford. In regard to the charge that such expenditure is unnecessary, the evi- dence is not by any means conclusive, and the verdict on that count must be " Not proven." V.-CEMENT OR GUNPOWDER. Will the Dominion Defence schemes unite or disrupt the Empire? This is a question which every thinking man has been asking himself, and since the un- fortunate debates in the Canadian Par- liament those who do not look far ahead have also begun to wonder. Ever since the days when the Amercan Colonies shook off the British yoke and became the United States, owing to the efforts of the Home Government to tax their imports, the attitude at Westmins- ter has been to allow the overseas Dominions to do just as they pleased. If they wished to help Great Britain in time of war, during circumstances of stress, or even in the piping times of peace, well and good, such help was thankfully received. There was never any question of its having to be given. It has ever been voluntary and spon- taneous, and has been accepted as such. All that simple arrangement has now disappeared. \\'e And one Dominion being held uj) to another as an example of what ought to be done, and violent recriminations taking place between different [parties as to the right method of giving such assistance, or whether indeed any should be given at all. The burst of loyalty which presented Great Britain with Dreadnoughts and cruisers from Canada, the Malay States, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and 152 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 19i:i started the Australian Navy, was a won- derful demonstration of the unity of the Empire before the world. The acrimonious debates at Ottawa can hardly have tended to strengthen that impression. The Dominion itself has been shown as coming so very obviously first and the Empire second that the re- sult has been to leave a feeling of dis- ruption rather than of union. IMPERIAL SHIPS OR LOCAL NAVIES. It is obvious that the Admiralty vastly prefers the contribution of ships to the creation of separate navies by the Dominions. But following the invari- able custom of the Home Government, the self-governing States are left en- tirely to do what they think best. It is clear, though, that the Lords of the Admiralty do not regard the Australian Fleet, for instance, as forming part of the Navy under their control, whereas they do treat the gift battle ships as part and parcel of the British Fleet. Naturally, those who do contribute towards strengthening the Imperial Navy consider that they should have some say in the way in which it is used. Recognising this fully, the Home Gov- ernment has offered the Dominions a larger share in the executive direction in matters of defence and in personal con- sultation and co-operation with indivi- dual British Ministers, whose duty it is to frame policy at home. The Dominions have the choice of being represented on the Committee of Im- perial Defence either by Ministers or by defence specialists. While the C.I.D. is advisory only, and the responsibility of deciding policy remains as hitherto, the sole prerogative of the British Cabi- net, representation on it cannot fail to give the Dominions a very considerable influence in defence matters. \\'hen the C.I.D. was started it was regarded by far-sighted statesmen as the first step towards the creation of an Imperial Parliament. The present offer of Dominion representation on the Com- mittee is a further advance in that direc- tion. Thus far therefore everything points towards cementing the Empire. It is when we come to examine the state of affairs in each Dominion that the disrupting element appears. CANADA. The gift of Dreadnoughts suggested by the Borden Government has been furiously opposed by what is really the stronger party in Canada, one which if it sheds its United States preferential tariff proposals will be returned to power at the next election. Sir Wilfrid Laurier proposes that instead of giving ships to swell the Imperial Navy, Canada shall create her own, as Austra- lia is doing. The reasons in favour of this policy, as brought out in the de- bates, were that such a fleet would be purely Canadian, under the control of the Canadian Government, and appar- ently not available by the British Ad- miralty in time of war save with the special authorisation of Canada ; and, second, that the ships should be built | in Canada, not in Great Britain, for the urgency of the danger which prompted the gift of Dreadnoughts had passed, and there was now time to arrange for the necessary plant being laid down in Canada. Australia, be it noted, was j held up during the debates as a bright ' and shining example for Canada to copy. Now, if Canada must have her sepa- rate fleet it is surely the height of folly to try and build it m her own dock- yards. There are 7,000,000 people in the Dominion, and it would cost them £1 a head to give the suggested Dread- noughts, but would cost 30/- a head to build them in Canada. Presumably the expenditure authorised will be limited to the ;^^7,ooo,ooo, and therefore if built in Canada the people must be satisfied with a far less powerful fleet than they could get for the same money by build- ing in Britain. The argument is ad- vanced, of course, that if Canada is going to spend money on a navy she should benefit her own people by doing the construction herself. That is to say, in order to give employment to at most a few thousand men, she must content herself with a less powerful fleet than she could otherwise obtain. No dominion shipyard could hope to be as efficient and as fully equipped as those at home. The building of battle- ships is a most highly specialised work, one which requires great experience. Review of Feviews, ]/ill3. TOPICS OF THE MOSTH. 153 New inventions constantly require the scrapping of costly plant, if the most efficient ships are to be turned out. Such efficiency can only be obtained where there is much competition and keen rivalry. If the proposed fleet is to be first of all a weapon of defence, it ought to be as powerful as possible, and should therefore be built in Britain. If it is to be the excuse for creating a new industry in Canada, well and good, but it is hardly fair to charge the huge cost of laying down new dockyards and equipping them with costly plant to the Defence Department. If Canada — and we ourselves for that matter — wish to become ship-building nations, why not subsidise yards for the turning out of merchantmen, rather than attempt to create them under cover of a Defence scheme It would be far cheaper in the long run, and the first line of defence would be all the more powerful. SOUTH AFRICA. In South Africa also this question of a contribution to Imperial defence has given rise to fierce argument, and there is obviously a strong feeling in the newest Dominion that no grant at all shouiQ be made. To create a local navy is quite out of the question there. The people have not therefore the in- ducement of getting something which is all their very own ; it is a question of cash only. c. contribution to the Imperial Navy. There are a million people in South Africa, and a Dreadnought costs close on i^2, 000,000 sterling. AUSTRALIA. We at any rate have made a begin- ning. We are creating a navy which is to be our verv own, and which will be under our entire control. In time we will man and officer it. and at once we begin to pay for it. The cost of the fleet now building is nearly ;£^ 5 ,000,000. Other ships will have to be added, and before many years have passed those we now have will be obsolete. Hardly one of the great battleships which lay at Spithead for the coronation review of King Edward were to be seen in those long lines of sinister strength through which King George passed in the Royal Yacht, when a far more powerful fleet assembled to do him honour in 1911. We realise that the fleet is going to cost us a great deal, and more, too, every year ; consequently we will have a more personal interest in the efforts that are being made to arrest the desjierate competition in armaments now going on in Europe. We are going to have a fleet, but would we agree to its being sent to Atlantic or Mediterranean waters should Britain ever be involved in war? No ; we would want it to protect our own shores. Any suggestion to send it away would be violently opposed. Its value to the Admiralty is not that it is an additional fighting force to be relied upon, but that its existence does away with the need of detaching special ships from the Home fleet for Australian waters should such a course be deemed necessarv. THE ARRIVAL OF THE " MELBOURNE." The control of the sea is vital to the Empire. Is the domination of the air not even more so '■! As I watched the Melbuiirnc leading the little proces- sion of Australian warships up from the Heads ni}' thoughts flew back to the last Bristol type of cruiser I had seen. She was lying with several others, and a battleship, at Harwich, in England. Round her were many of the latest destroyers and several of the last built submarines. On either side of her were the powerful forts which defend that East Coast Naval Station. Suddenly the whirr of a motor fell on our ears, and across her, high in the air, Com- mander Samson's hydroplane shot swiftly on its way seaward to search for two submarines nianeruvring below the w^atei outside the harbour. From his rapidly-moving machine the gallant commander si)eedily located them, and then flew (iuictl\' back, straight over the forts and the anchored warshijis, and dropped, light THE BAl.KAX STATES. In order to take possession of what you have inlierited from your fathers you must tirsl win it. The conference of Ambassadors in London has been made the butt of al- most e\er}' cartoonist in Europe. Le Cri de Fans is t\'i-)ical of the rest. Pas- qu'ino, copying Verestchagin's famous masterpiece perches Diplomacy upon a ghastly heap of skulls, and in another sketch shows Tiu-key grinding a sword for his own destruction. It is curious to note the different st\-le employed in their drawings by the l^uro]")ean cartoonists on the one side, and the American on the other. The 156 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 191S. Pnsquino.:\ [Turin. THE FIRST STEF6 OF 1913. former give the general effect without much detail, the latter put far more work into their sketches, and all stil copy Nash and Nolan, those giant? amongst cartoonists. Sir F. Carruther^i Gould, who for the last twenty years Le Cri de Paris.] [Paris. THE TjO'NDON CO'NFEiEEflSrOE AT WORK. '^■^*.^-'Sr-.^!^t ••■-y^ ^"^ sA ^%^'< Pasquino.] [Turin. Madame Diplomacy : " What a fine display for The Ha^ue Conference!" Vlk.'] [Berlin. THE WINDOW ON THE ADRIATIC, WITH RESTRICTED OUTLOOK. April 1, 1913 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 157 Lepnicuiui.} [Dublin. PARLIAMENTARY LIFE SAVING. Weshninstcr Gazette.] Patched-up. First Boatman : There ! I think she's all right now ! " The Other Boatman: "Quite a' triumph ! You'll be able to go out in her quite safely now.", limVrZdT got \a 'fo Ut^s r • ''''^ ™^"'' '^°''" ^'«^^ BOATMAN : " We're all going out together, mind !." In consequence of the heavy storm which still continues tTi EjsU\ i6o REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1. 1915. Nice Old Lady: "There, there; nice kitty; nice doggy; T. R. "Speaking for myself, sic 'em, Towser." let's all be friends." NOT BUILT FOR PEACE (Apropos of Mr. Frank A. Munsey's plan of a "holding company " for amalgamating the Progressive and Republican parties. From the Globe (New York) " 'irC^fe FROM TALK TO TACKLE Democratic P.\rty (to Mr. Taft) : " I say, can't y' give me a few tips on how to handle him?" From the Ohio Slate Journal (Columbus, Ohio) REVISING THE EMBLEM OF THE PROGRESSIVES From, the Daily News (Chicago) |^^£^$^ A MATTER OF MAKE-UP ("The Presidency is not a rosewater affair. This is an office in which a man must put on his war paint." — President- elect Wilson, at Staunton, Va.) From the Xorth American (Philadelphia) THE AMERICAN SPHINX AND THE OFFICE-S£EK£R- From the Posl (Pittsburgh) Review of Ueviews, 111,113. i6i Leading Articles in the R e views. WHY THE BULGARIAN ARMY WON. So much has been said and published about the success of the Bulgarians dur- ing the recent fightmg being due to their French artillery and their French instructors, that the views and state- ments of a Bulgarian officer of reserves which appeared a short time ago in an Eng-lish paper are of special interest. After referring to the discussions as to the cause of the Turkish defeats and the way in which attempts have been made to give credit to the alleged foreign training of the Bulgarian offi- cers, he says that those who know the Turks hnd a sufficient explanation for their defeats without mak'ing them mat- ter for comparison between French and German military art. " The arrogant assertions," as he calls them, that the Bulgarian army was formed under French influence he declares to be as ill- founded as similar statements about the Japanese army having been the result of other influences. This Bulgarian officer points out that the number of the officers of his army who received their training in the French military schools is exceedingly small, and the highest rank attained by any of these was command of a bat- talion, except three or four who went into the commissary department. As to the statement about the French guns, he says people seem to be ignorant of the fact that about half the Bulgarian ar- tillery was furnished by Krupp. It would be idle to ask whether results would have been any different if the Turks had been armed with Schneider- Creusot cannon. He asks if it has al- ready been forgotten that the purchase of the Schneider guns was a peremptory condition of the last loans negotiated in France, and that their price is the sub- ject of some very unedifying discus- sion, and says that Bulgarians cannot remain calm spectators of a discussion tending to envenom the relations of two great powers at a moment when the col- laboration of all Europe is necessary to the restoration of peace as speedily as possible. At the same time he flnds the unluckh' subject offers a good op- [lortunity to examine if and to what ex- tent Bulgaria owes its military force to foreign influences. To begin with (he shows that), during the past twenty-flve years, no foreign officer has served in the Bulgarian army. During about seven years after the for- mation of Bulgaria, all the superior positions and some of the others were filled by Russian officers. For that period the Bulgarian army was in every way a reflection of the Russian ; even the technical expressions were Russian. The military school at Sofia could not be distinguished from a similar Russian establishment. The teachers were Rus- sians and the method of instruction was Russian. The Bulgarian officers sent elsewhere to complete their military training went without exception to St. Petersburg. Among them were the Gen- erals Savov, Radko Dimitriev, and Ivanov, the three princi]:)al commanders in the war, and some other superior offi- cers commanding divisions. After the union of Bulgaria with East Rumelia in 1885 there was a sud- den change, and there commenced a new era for the Bulgarian army. On the eve of the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the Russian Government, desiring to express its disapproval of the Bulgarian Gov- ernment, recalled all its officers from Bulgaria, and the young captains and lieutenants of the Bulgarian army found themselves promoted to be gen- erals. Many of those who attained high commands so unexpectedy find them- selves still in the same positions they reached twent\--seven years ago. This recall of the Russian officers, which was meant to be a punishment, turned out to be a real benefit ; it delivered the Bui- l62 REVIEW OE REVIEWS. April 1, 191-3. GUNS THAT &0 WHEIRBVBR A MAN CAN: INFANTRY " ARTTLLEiRT." Vraini hy B. Caton WoodiiJle, for the " Illustrated London News." The small and extremely portable quick-firer' here shown in iisa by Bulg-arian infantry haa proved of the grreitest value to King: Ferdin,a,nd'8 army during' the war against Turkey. Each gun is carried, as a stretcher is cairrued, by tv?o. men, and" there are two others attached to it as ammunition-bearers. Anywhere a ra.an can go the ^un can go : hence its importance. It fires about six hundred shots a m^inute, using the ordinary rifle cartrido:e. For the benefit of the layman, it may be pointed out that what looks like a large barrel is the water-cooling jacket; the barrel proper is seen' protruding from this. Beview of Eeviews, Iil,/13. LEADING ARTICLES. 163 garian army from the Russian tutelage and taught it confidence, supplemented by a victorious campaign. During the followmg years there was made a com- plete reorganisation of the Bulgarian army, which eliminated the last traces of Russian influences. The military school at Sofia became a true national institution, and all the young genera- tion of officers was formed exclusively at home. During all that period the Russian military schools were closed to Bul- garians, and those who had to receive special training abroad (general staff, engineers, artillery) turned their steps toward western nations ; the greater number followed courses at the Italian xnilitary academy at Turin. A certain number went to Austria and Belgium ; on the other hand all requests made to Berlin were refused, so that not a single Bulgarian ofhcer has received his in- struction in the military state par excel- lence. France, which was struggling to obtain an alliance with Russia, refused similarly to admit Bulgarians to its military schools, and has only changed its attitude within the last few years. The officers who during this second period were trained abroad are nearly all colonels, and some have attained the highest and most responsible posts in the army. Three have become generals, of whom General Fitchev is the chief of the staff and the right-hancl man of the commander-in-chief ; a second, General Naslovitch, formerly chief of the staff, commands the cavalry division ; and the third, General Yankov, is head of the engineer corps. All received their training at the Mili- tary Academy of Turin, through which also passed Colonel Papadopov, chief of the staff of the Bulgarian army in the west ; Colonel KoJov, command- ing the Guard ; Colonel Mitov, com- manding the Philippopolis Brigade, Colonel Patov, commanding the Slivno Brigade ; and Colonel Yekov, head of the Soha Military School. All are con- sidered the most capable officers in the Bulgarian army. Since the year 1896 the Russian schools have been again opened to Bul- garians, and several hundreds of Bul- garian officers have Russian certificates. The connection with the Italian schools continues, but of late years the numbers frecjuenting them are relatively few. The same may be said of those taking courses in Austria, Belgium and France. Such in brief are the obligations the Bulgarian army is under to foreign countries. The total number of Bul- garian officers who after having passed through the military school at Soha and after active service of six or seven }-ears were sent abroad, do not exceed two hundred. That is about 7 per cent, of the corps of officers; the great major- ity of them have been educated exclu- sively in Bulgaria. They form the strength of the army, and carry the im- press of serious work. The manner in which the work has been done is signi- ficant of the value and the qualities of the nation whose principal characteris- tic is its thoroughness. No attempt was made to obliterate the fundamental lines, but profit has been drawn from the experiences of all the military nations. The progress of the great European armiee has been fol- lowed with attention, and hardl}' a day has passed without some improvement being introduced. The great principle has always been to adapt to the national life all that could be borrowed from abroad, not to imitate, but to appro- priate things, and in that sense it can be safely said that the Bulgarian army has always been what it will remain — a national army. In the recent campaign the result of the training it underwent must be a warning to every army. The complete preparedness and the swiftness with which the blow was delivered b)- the Bulgarian army secured them the vic- tory, for everything now known of the causes of the Turkish defeat goes to prove that the fighting qualities of the Turkish soldier have not deteriorated. The reports of the shortcomings of the Turkish commissariat are almost in- credible, while some of the statements circulating in the European press seem to point to something very like treason in high quarters. But great experience has been gained by the onlookers at the terrible drama that has been enacted 164 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. during the past weeks in the country be- tween the Maritza River and the Tchat- aldja lines. What the result might have been had the Turkish army been as well prepared as the Bulgarian is no doubt a problem occupying the Kriegspielers and the war departments of Europe ; and the students of tactics are undoubt- edly working out new methods of at- tack if an offensive war in the future is to be crowned with victory. The Bulgarian success has been pur- chased at terrible cost, some of their best regiments having been almost en- tirely wiped out, among them the First and Sixth Regiments, composed prm- cipally of the elite of Bulgarian society and a great number of officials. As an object lesson in favour of the e:^ercise of reason instead of arms in the disputes between nations, there can be none to compare with that of the recent war. WHO ARE THE ALBANIANS, AND WHAT DO THEY WANT? The question most difficult of definite settlement in the Balkan situation, as it presented itself in the deliberations of the peace negotiators at London in De- cember and January, was what to do with the Albanians. It is probable that to-day the largest element in European Turkey is of native Albanian stock. This is undoubtedly true, although its truth may not be admitted by the Turk, the Greeks, the Italians, the Bulgarians, or the Servians. Who are the Albanians, and what do they want ? An Albanian exile in the United States, an educated man, and a student at Oberlin College, Mr. Kristo A. Anastas Dako, who is a mem- ber of the Albanian Nationalist Com- mittee, furnishes some interesting data to the American Review of Reviews in answer to these questions. He says : — The name, " Albanians," was given first in the eleventh century by the Creeks of the lower empire to the tribe inhabiting Albasan (Elbasan). Later it was ext-ended to all those who spoke the saniB language or dia- lects of the same language as that of the original inhabitants of Albasan, from whom the Italians derived the word " Albania," and gave it to the rest of Europe. Those names " Albania " and " Albanians " are not known among the descendants of the early citizens of Albasan. Those whom the world calls Albanians know themselves as Shki- petar, and the country in which they live Shkiperia or Shkypnia. These people are generally and in all i^robability accurately identified as the result of the combination of the ancient Illyrians, Macedonians, and Epi- rotes, who were all the descendants of the more ancient Pelasgians. In 168 b.c. Illyria, Epirus, and Macedonia became provinces of the Roman Empire, but the Roman Con- quest seem to have wrougjht little change in the sal condition of the Albanians. They still retained their language, their national manners and usages, and still re- mained a distinct and peculiar people. At the end of the seventh century central and SimplicUsimus.'\ [Munic-h. IN THE ALBANIAN REGISTRY OFFICE. "You want ai king? I have something that will suit yoai very well : for example, there is Mr. Mianuel. He wa« formerly employed in that capacity; of course, he was discharged without notice, and so can bring no . character. But perhaps you might prefer Mr. Bonaparte? He comes from a good house, and his circumstances permit him to look rather for good treatment than hi-gh wages." Review of Eeviews, l/i/13. LEADING ARTICLES. 165 southern Albania were two provinces of the Byzantine Empire, and Nikopolis and Durazzo were their respective capitals. The Albanians were later conquered by the Bulgarians, and still later by the Turks, After the Ottoman conquest of Byzantium, 1453, the Albanian king- dom was revived for a time by the national hero, Skanderbeg. This worthy abjured the Mohammedan faith and declared himself a champion of Chris- tianity. In 1478 Albania became sub- ject to the Turkish Sultan, and has so remained ever since, although in re- cent years it has had a certain measure of autonomy. The centralising schemes of Sultan Mahmud II., in the early part of the past century, aroused Albanian patriotism. In 1878, after the Russo-Turkish War, the Albanian.s formed a National League known under the name of the League of Prizrond, with tJie purpose of defending parts of their territory gdven by the treaties of Sail Ste- faiio and Berlin to Montenegro, Servia, Bul- garia, and Greece. The whole of Albania ror three years was ruled by this league, and the territories which were assigned to Greece and Montenegro wei-e saved to Albania. According to Mr. Dako, the follow- ing, despite claims to the contrary, are accurate statistics as to the number of Albanians and the extent of territory populated by them : — - Until the middle age the Albanian nation occupied all the countries which form the Balkan Peninsula on the right side of the Danube. Bat in the seventh century, when the Servian and Bulgarian invasions took place, the Albanians were driven westward to the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Their present territory extends from jNIontenegro on the north to the Gulf of Arta on the south, and embraces the following four vila- yets of the Turkish Empire: Scutari, Kos- eovo, Monastir and Janina. No census of these 'has ever been taken, but the popula- tion is close to 3,000, OIJO, with 8U0,U00 addi- tional in southern Italy, 900,000 in Greece, 40,000 to 50,000 in America — not counting those who emigrate from southern Italy and Greece, but only those who emigrate from Albania proper-— 30,000 in Roumania, and several thousand in Egypt, Bulgaria and Russia. The Albanians who live now in Italy emigrated there after the Turks conquered Albania, but they kept their own language and social cu.stoms, and their own form of ChristJanity. They recognise as their ro- ligiou,s head the Pojie instead of the Greek Patriarch at Constantinople. The feudal system still obtains in Albania. To a great extent the Al- banians still live a patriarchal life. Each tribe or clan has its own chief or '• t)airakdar," and a council of elders, which governs the tribe and to which they refer aU quarrels and disputes. The decisions of the elders are final. As each clan has its bairak- der, so each family, which sometimes em- braces from fifty to one hundred members living under the same roof, has its leader, the oldest member of the family, whose word is absolute. Although the majority of the Albanian.s nominally assumed the Moham- medan faith, they have never become polyga- mous, for they have a great respect for woman liood and a deep love for home. In Albania the woman is the head of the house, the equal in all respects of her husband. This Albanian student regards the question of the future fate of his people as of great European importance. He says on this point : — The significance of the Albanian in future European politics, in European political and economical development, cannot be overesti- mated, while the infiuence upon the conti- nent at large of the restoration of the Chris- tian faith at this strategic iJoint will change the entire course of events east of European Turkey. Turkey, by granting certain de- mands made by the Albanian Nationalist Committee in 1911 and early in 1912, made thd national existence of Albania a possi- bility, and this development meant a deadly l)low to the furthering of the plans matur- ing in the several Balkan states. Hence their hurried alliance with the real view of crushing Albania before the Albanian people are fully prepared to check any at- tempt against the fatherland. The real cause of the present war is this : Greece wants southern Alliania, Montenegro wants north-western Albania, Servia want.s the same territory, and Bulgaria wants Mace- donia and a part of eastern Albania. The native Albanians themselves " take no stock ' in the interest that Bul- garians, Servians, Greeks, and Monte- negrins are showing in the autonomy of Albania and Macedonia, and old Ser- via. They insist that the real aim of the Balkan states is the securing of greater territory. The Albanian nation- alists have a programme which calls for the making of the four vila)'ets of Janina, Monastir, Scutari, and Kossovo into one vilayet, to be known as the Al- banian vilayet, with absolute educa- tional and religious liberty. On Thursday, November jSth, there assemljled at Yalona the first meeting of the new Albanian Chamber of Deputies, composftd of eighty-one Christian and Moslem Albanians, who chose Ismail Kemal Provisional President, and Louis Gurakuqui Provisional Secretary. The conclave proiMainied independence. i66 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April I, 1913. RE-ARRANGING EUROPE. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. In Nouvelle Revue Ragueni gives us the Italian view of the renewal of the Triple Alliance. A MARRIAGE OF REASON. Italy, he writes, has been obliged to remain in the Triplice ; it is in the supreme interest of peace that she is forced to remain the ally of Germany and of Austria. It is a marriage of reason and not of love. If in 1882 Italy had had as the head of her Government a man of genius like Cavour, she would never have entered the Triplice, which has never been of any use to her. It has, it is true, given thirty years of peace to Europe, but there is nothing to prove that peace would not have been maintamed even without the Triplice, which has only been profitable to Ger- many and to Austria. To safeguard her Mediterranean interests Italy has been obliged to conclude special agree- ments with France and England, which reduce, if they do not destroy, the value of the Triplice. If it were easy for Italy, by following the policy of friend- ships instead of the less fruitful one of alliances, not to enter into the Bis- marckian combination, it is much less Fischefto.] [Turin. AUSTRIAN FRIENDSHIP.. Though hie chain has been reforged, he is stil the same andmal. easy for her to get out of it. At Berlin and Vienna the significance of the re- newal has been greatly exaggerated. The event has been received in Italy and in France with the completest in- difference. It has not modified in any way the balance of Europe. When Italy entered the Alliance she feared, wrongly, the triumph of reaction in France. According to Bismarck, the Alliance was to assure the hegemony of Germany in Europe, but the Franco- Russian Alliance destroyed that. THE FEDERATION OF EUROPE. No Alliance has had a longer life than the Triplice, because, like the Franco-Russian Alliance, its character was pacific. But it has never been popular in Italy, especially because of Austria, whose policy in regard to Ser- via, has caused general indignation. The Italian Press and public opinion do not conceal their sympathy with the Balkan peoples, and this seems to irri- tate the clerical party at Vienna. It was wise for Italy to renew the Alliance without modification, and she has there- by rendered a great service to peace. Ragueni hopes the new situation created by recent events in the East, thanks to the progress of democratic and pacifist ideas among all nations, will make fur- ther renewal unnecessary. For, in spite of everything, the Alliance has never ceased to weigh heavily on Franco- Italian relations. He also Welshes that the Triple Alliance and the Triple 'Entente will one day form a solid group, which will hasten the realisation of the grand dream of thinkers and philosophers — the federation of the States of Europe. EFFECT ON THE BALKANS. M. Ernest Lemonon, writing in Ques- tions Diploinatiqnes et Coloniales, also notes that the renewal of the Alliance was not received with enthusiasm, but rather with a little hostility, in Italy. All the enthusiasm seems to have been centred in Berlin and m Vienna, especi- ally the latter, where the journals have proclaimed warmly the fidelity of Italy to the Alliance. A good many people Review of Reviews, lU/lS. LEADING ARTICLES. 167 were thinking that the need for renewal had largely disappeared. Italy entered the Alliance to avoid conflict with /\us- tria and to protect herself against France. Meanwhile, not only ha\e the chances of conflict with Austria almost vanished, but the necessity for Italy to enter into close and cordial relations with the Mediterranean Powers have in- creased. The conquest of Tripoli has created new duties for Italy. At the same time the trend in the present cir- cumstances has been to take on an aggressive attitude which has not escaped notice in France and m Eng- land. In these countries it has given rise to a little ill-humour, and, by the support which it has brought to x'Xiis- tria, it has weighted the Balkan atmo- sphere as well. AUSTRIA AND THE CRISIS. The Oesierreichiuke Rundschau give us the Austrian side of the crisis. Leopold Freiherr von Chlumecky, in reference to Servia, sa\-s that for years Austria has been trying to establish possible relations with her, but the re- sult has been most miserable. The question now resolves itself into this: Which influence in Belgrade is the stronger -Russia or Austria-Hungary :^ Austria's problem is to see that autonomv of a kind that will guaran- tee her interests and the possibility of life to the new State be created in Albania, to obtain the necessary guaran- tees from Sers'ia, to have the safety of her means of communication with Mace- donia and Albania assured, and the route to Salonika kept open. To yield on anv one of these points would bring great 'disaster to the Monarchy. The world would see in it a symptom of weakness, an admission that Austria had lost strength to act and the vitality so necessarv to a Great Power. The material and moral damage would be great, and it would be with difficulty that the Monarchy could ever recover from such a blow. ATTITUDE OF RUSSIA. In Europe, Austria Hungary is the only Power which honours the nation- ality principle in her policy, writes Dr. MiirchoJt.'] [Warsaw. THE AUSTRIAN MOBILISATION. Johann von Ankwicz in the Oeslerreiih- ischc Rundschau. The recognition of the free national development of each individual nation is the foundation of her home policy. It is, therefore, curious that Austria should be in con- flict with a member of the Balkan League, and that behind this member should be Russia, who in her own land and in her foreign policy suppresses the principle of national it v. But the Balkan League does not represent Slav- dom, the writer goes on to say. It is merel)- a union of weakened heterogene- ous Balkan nations who consider them- selves a manifestation of independence of a part of the Balkans. The posi- tion of Russia with regard to the Bal- kans is worse after the recent war than it was l)efore. In the war it was not Russian Slavdom that was victorious, but the four States of the Balkan League. That is why, in addition to national questions, so many State ques- tions have come up for settlement — communications, boundaries, harbours, tariffs, etc., driving natuMial considera- tions into the background. Russian Slavdom having nothing to do with anv of these things is, in consequence. i68 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. made weaker by the war, and because she has been weakened Russia stands behind a Servian State question and is trying to restore the old national Slav flag to the changed Balkans. AUSTRIA A BALKAN STATE. At the Berlin Congress Austria re- ceived a mandate for the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. So long as there was only occupation, Austria was not a Balkan State, having no posses- sion in the Balkans. Then came the annexation, and thereby Austria ac- quired the same rights over the fate of the whole Balkan Peninsula as any other Balkan State. Too little account is taken of this fact, and perhaps also it is too little emphasised by Austrian diplomacy. If, therefore, the Balkan League stands for the principle of inde- pendence, the voice of Austria must also be respected. The four Balkan Allies do not represent the whole Peninsula. Austria is entitled to a seat and a voice in the Balkan Confederation, and the conflict between Austria and Servia should be settled by the two States themselves. A nation's sacrifice. Mr. J. H. Whitehouse, M.P., in the TSImeteenth Century and After, writes on the revelation of nationality which has been made by Bulgaria and Servia in the war. He says Sofia to-day pre- sents a spectacle of an entirely united people, filling the observer with joy and pride, and yet with great liumility. Sofia to-day is the most wonderful of all pageants, a nation in sacrifice. To prevent private grief interfering with the discharge of public duty, the Bul- garian Government have prohibited the publication of the names of the men who are wounded or killed. Mr. White- house was much impressed with the soul of the nation, its bravery and its forti- tude, also the singular nobility of spirit shown in the attitude towards the Turk. There was no note of exultation, but gentleness and humility. In some re- spects, he adds, the present position achieved by Servia is even more wonder- ful than that of Bulgaria, because Servia has not only had to liberate her- self from the Turk, but has had to con- solidate her nation and build up its economic welfare with a hostile nation on her northern frontier. THE DARDANELLES PROBLEM. The end of the Balkan War will not put an end to the Eastern Question, writes M. Ernest Lemonon in the Grande Revue, though the elements of the problem may be modified owing to the defeat of Turkey. THE VARIOUS TREATIES. The writer deals in particular with the Dardanelles as the complement of the Eastern Question, and one which will necessarily occupy the attention of Europe. There may have been good reasons for the stipulation closing the Straits in 1841, but there are certainly none to-day, he says. He gives an out- line of the various measures adopted in regard to the Straits from time to time, noting especially those taken against Russia in 1856, and borne by her till 1870, when she broke down the door behind which she had been imprisoned. The Conference of London then sanc- tioned her action, but in Article 2 gave the Sultan certain power " to open the Straits in times of peace to the ships of friendly and allied Powers when the Sublime Porte judged it necessary, in order to assure the stipulations of the Treaty of Paris of 1856." This obscure article, in its turn, gave rise to difficulties of interpretation at the Berlin Congress in 1878. Great Britain's reading was that the exceptional power to open the Straits depended on the will of the Sultan alone ; Russia, on the other hand, made it an international question. According to M. Lemonon, it was the Russian interpretation which was the more logical, but the British interpreta- tion was the one adopted and main- tained ever since, and, curiously enough, accepted by Russia herself. In 1902 and in 1904, when she had occasion to require the opening of the Straits, Russia applied to the Sultan alone for the necessary authority. The Sultan gave permission and no one protested — except England, who had apparently forgotten her previous interpretation of Article 2. Bevietv of levieics, l/i/lS. LEADING ARTICLES. 169 EFFECT ON RUSSIAN POLICY. At different times Russia has pro- tested against the closing of the Straits, dictated by England and France, which Article 63 of the Treaty of Berlin, con- firming the Convention of London, maintained. The sole object of the stipulation having been to prevent a Russian descent on Constantinople, it has had a decisive influence on Russian policy. Having lost Constantinople, Russia threw herself upon Asia, and for half a century has been concentrat- ing her energies on Asiatic conquest in order to discover outlets to free seas. Notwithstanding her defeat by Japan, her principal aim will continue to be the economic conquest of Western and Central Asia. CONSTANTINOPLE AT BULGARIA'S MERCY. Meanwhile two new States, Bulgaria and Roumania, have come along to modify the situation, and another Power, Austria-Hungary, has gained an entrance into the Black Sea by he- free navigation on the Danube. It is now inadmissible that Bulgaria should re- main bottled up in the Euxine. In the near future she will have a fleet and will require to enter the vEgean. Roumania also will probably develop her military and naval forces. When the Straits were first closed it was regarded as a guarantee of safety to shut up Russia Le CharirariJ [Paris. WOE TO THE VAJ^QUTSHKD. Turkey;' "My good friends, st^ip tlie firiiifr." The Powers: "What will you g-ive us as ' bak- Bheesh ' ?" in the Black Sea. To-day, France and England having become the allies and friends of Russia, the latter Power is in no danger from the Mediterranean side. The opening of the Straits would not make it easier for Bulgaria to destroy the balance of power in the Euxine, for when she has a fleet concentrated in the Black Sea she could if she wished easily cross the Bosphorus and bombard Con- stantinople. Whether the Straits are open or closed, Constantinople is at the mercy of Bulgaria, The Triple Alliance could hardly re- fuse to open the Straits. If the Alliance objected that the descent on the Medi- terranean of Russia and Bulgaria would compromise the balance of power in the Mediterranean, it would be easy to reply that the balance in the Mediterranean had been disturbed by the Alliance, owing to the increase in the Austrian Navy, the appearance of Servia in the Adriatic, and the probability that Servia will one day have a fleet. If the Triple Entente cannot oppose any increase of the Austrfian forces, neither can the Triple Alliance prevent the opening of the Straits and its natural consequences. The Convention of 1841 is of no fur- ther use, except to figure in a museum of past diplomacy. The new charter for the Dardanelles should be similar to that stipulated for the Suez Canal by the Convention of Constantinople, October 29th. 1888. By it the Suez Canal is open at all times, even in time of war, to the ships of all nations, even belligerents. No act of hostility may take place in its ports of access or within a radius of three miles. Special very severe regulations have been made regarding the i:)assage of warships of belligerent nations. If to these mea- sures was added the obligation of the nations occupying the shores to pull down all existing fortifications and not erect any more within a certain radius, and if the general policing of the Straits was entrusted to a European (Commission, the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, like the Suez Canal, might be free at all times to ships of all countries, and there would be no danger of such freedom of navigation being compromised. 170 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April J, 7913. EX-SULTAN ABDUL HAMID'S MEMOIRS. Professor Louis Stein publishes in the Nord unci Sud a part of the memoirs of the ex-Sultan Abdul Ilamid. How the memoirs were ob- tained is not said nor is any proof of their authenticity given. The)' cover a number of years, and are interesting chiefly on account of his remarks con- cerning the European Powers. He has no love for England, chiefly on account of her policy in Egypt. He says: — ENGLAND IN EGYPT. " The English are more to be feared than any other nation. No promise is sacred to them ! The influence of my High Commissioner in Egypt is syste- matically combated by them, and we are simply pinned to the wall. I can- not understand how the French are weak enough to stand it all. He admits that the moral condition of Egypt has im- mensely improved, but that is only be- cause the English wish to make out of Egypt a regular British frontier. He is particularly angry with Gladstone, and says that Turkish atrocities were no worse than those of the Spaniards, French, and English when colonising. HOW FRANCE WAS SUPPLANTED. He regrets the loss of the traditional friendship with France. France, from whom most of the important Turkish reforms originated, has been supplanted by Germany. " Naturally it is bitter for these susceptible gentlemen that we now have German instructors in our army and in our Ministries. It is not at all astonishing that they view with misgiving the strengthening of the Ger- manic influence in the Levant. Scarcely, twenty )-ears ago Bismarck said that we were not worth the bones of a single Pomeranian Grenadier, and yet Ger- many has beaten all the other nations in the East without a fight." DOUBTS ABOUT GERMANY. This change was due to his friend- ship for the Kaiser, but later on he be- gan to have misgivings about Ger- many : — " It is trulv high time that we threw off the German influence. We must show that high and mighty lord Baron Marsrhall von Bieberstein the distrust he and the German policy inspire. Ac- cording to what my Ambassador at Berlin writes, the plan of the German Emperor is to endeavour to create a sphere of influence in i\sia !\Iinor. I certainh' see no objection to her arous- ing the economic activity of Anatolia, but under no pretext will I allow the colonisation they want along the Bag- dad railway. Unfortunately, we always neglected to keep the foreign element at a distance, and from this sprang all our troubles. But in Anatolia we ought and mean to remain alone. Allah be praised ! At least this last refuge re- mains to our compatriots and co- religionists, hemmed in on ail sides." HIS VIEW OF THE BALKAN STATES. He has much to say about the Bul- garian question, and about the other Balkan States. He places absolute trust in the mutual hatred of the States, and says they never will combine. " Dissensions and mutual mistrust con- demn the Balkan States to total impo- tence and the role of instruments of others. How can Russian iournalists imagine a fusion amongst them? Serb and Bulgars dislike each other, and the Bulgars hate the Roumanians ; whilst Greeks and Bulgars are enemies to the death." A PAIR OF R.4TS. " Bulgaria," he says, " is the agent not only of Russia, but of England. Eng- land and Russia undermine our house like a pair of rats. Formerly France was a terrier in whom we had confi- dence, whom we could set upon the wretched rodents at the right moment ; but France is more and more negative. Thanks be to Allah, we have found Germany to replace her. To keep them all in check we can employ the ' honest broker.' " Review of Reviews, lliUS. LEADING ARTICLES. 171 THE LETTERS OF A DOOMED SOVEREIGN. A high degree of personal courage was required of Prince Alexander of Battenberg to accept, in the face of Turkish hostility and Bulgarian anarchy, the perilous throne of Bul- garia. The letters he wrote during that time tells of the trials and difficulties of his kingship. Mr. H. J. Darnton- Fraser prints a selection in his article in the Wesiiuinster Reviezv. THE RUMELIAN INSURRECTION. With set resolution the Prince worked at the regeneration of Bulgaria, meet- ing, on the whole, with great success. The administration was purified, and, true to his German instincts, he paid the most careful attention to his army. But in September, 1885, came a bolt from the blue. The following is one of the Prince's most interesting letters: — The mine has exploded. I am in the midst of a revolution, Avitli one and possihly two wars looming ahead, and the Czar invoking all the maledictions of heaven on my de- voted head ! ! I was in Varna on the 15th, when Ritsow and Kurtew, two leading Rnme- lian agitators, came to see me and informed me that they had fixed the 1st of OctoV)er for the outbreak of a revolution in Rumelia with a view, of course, of uniting with Bul- garia. I did not take the thing very tragic- ally, as I had lieard the same sort of thing before on more than one occasion ; still I argued the matter out with them, and per- suaded them to put off tlie attempt till a more convenient season. Unfortunately some idiot had arranged to arrest Stojanow that very day, and this proved the start of the troivhle. I did not hear about it till midday on the 18th, as something had gone wrong with the telegrapli. My first movement was to get the advice of the Premier, but no one seemed to know where he had gone to. At last he was run to earth at Tirnovo, m the arms of a new damsel. His advice was sound, thouo-h disagreeable; to throw myself heai-t and 'soul into the popular movement. By this time there was nothing else possible, bo I have bu'-nt mv boats : the Czar is my sworn enemy, and I am a sort of idol of the Bul- garian people. It is truly a most ainazing transformation. I am afraid I will have to pav a heavv penalty for this by and by, hut Bulgaria will liave benefited by it, and after all a prince has no personality. I will keep you informed as regularly as 1 can. Cod !»> with thee THE LAST PHRASE. The Czar ordered all Russian officers in Bulgarian service to return to Russia immediately. This was meant cripple the young Bulgarian army, whu h only possessed three officers who had ever commanded more than a com- pany. It succeeded, and with indomit- able courage and energy the Prince set to work to create a field arm\' within the few da\'s or weeks that might be granted him before the outbreak of war. Suddenly a fresh eneni)' appeared on Bulgaria's flank : Scrvia started to arm with feverish haste, and a concerted Press campaign against Bulgaria and her Prince, fed with Russian, or rather Pan-Slavist, gold, was engineered in the Belgrade Press. The result of the brief campaign and the Servian rout are matters of history. The enmity of the Czar and the revolt of the army were what finally drove Prince Alexander from Bulgaria. There is a pathetic ring m the letter he wrote the day before he left his capital : — This is my last day of kingship. It has been a curious experience — one no man could ever envy me for. I have tried to do my duty; frankly, I don't know whether I luive succeeded or failed to save Bulgaria. For myself, I have had all the gambler's mad sensations without the gambler's stake — and I have lost ! ! I suppose I was doomed to be thus from the first. I hope soon to see you. Tliank God ! I am a mere man once more. WILL OF THE PRINCE IMPERIAL. In a recent number of the 'Nonvelle Revue M. Gilbert Stenger concludes his article on the Prince Imperial. Before his departure for Zululand the Prince made his will. It runs as fol- lows : — - " I die in the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion in which I was born. ^I desire that my body shall be laid to rest by that of my father until the time comes to transport both to the place where rests the founder of our house amongst the French people, whom we have loved as he did. -bXx last thought shall be for my country ; it is for it that T should like to die. When I shall be no more I hope my mother will keep me in the same affec- tionate remembrance as that in which I have kejit her to my last moment. to May my own friends, ni)- servants, the 172 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. partisans of the cause which I represent, be convinced that my gratitude towards them will only cease with my life. 1 shall die with a feeling of profound gratitude for Her Majesty the Queen of England, for all the Royal Family, and for the country where for eighteen years I have received such cordial hos- pitality. 1 appoint my beloved mother my only legatee (after certain legacies which are named have been paid.) CODICIL. " I have no need to request my mother not to neglect anything to defend the memory of my great-uncle and of my father. I beg her to remember that so long as there are Bonapartes the Im- perial cause will have representatives. The duties of our house are not extin- guished with my life. When I am dead the duty of continuing the work of Napoleon I. and Napoleon III. falls on the eldest son of Prince Napoleon, and I hope that my beloved mother, in seconding it to the utmost of her power, will give us who will be no more this last and supreme proof of affection. " Napoleon, Chislehurst, Feb. 27th, 1879." MARIE CORELLI ON WAR. The " star turn " on Naslts bill is Marie Corelli, who contributes an ap- peal against war, entitled " Savage Glory." As might be expected, the ap- peal is pitched in a very high key. The argument is a comprehensive chal- lenge : — Civilisation is a great word. It reads well — it is used everywhere — it bears itself proudly in the language. It is a big mouth- ful of arrogance and self-sufficiency. The very sound of it flatters our vanity and tes- tdfies to the good opinion we have of our- selves. We boast of "Civilisation" as if we were really civilised — just as we talk of "Christianity" as if we were really Chris- tians. Yet it is all the veriest game of make-believe, for we are mere savages still. Savages in " the lust of the eye and pride of life" — savages in our national prejudices and animosities, our jealousies, our greed and malice, and savages in our relentless efforts to over-reach or pull down_ each ot)her in social and business relations. If any com- firmation of such a statement be needed, it is found in the fact that war is still per- mitted to exist. War is unquestionably the thrust and blow of untamed savagery in the face of civilisation. No special pleading can make it anything else. This is, alas ! so much beating of the air ; it has been said with greater vehemence by anarchists and with more restraint by Carlyle and Ruskin. Miss Corelli, faced with the " popu- larity " of war, seeks to trace the causes, and finds the offenders to be Jews and journalists : — • Roughly speaking, most of the money ad- vanced as interest for all important purposes comes from the Jews. All nations are more or less under the thumb of Israel, disguise it as we will or may. No great scheme either in peace or war can be started witihout Jew- ish gold and Jewish support. . . . Unc- tuous newspaper articles lamenting the " hor- rors " of war and disclaiming all responsi- bility for fermenting and agitating the motives of quarrel, are only so much mean- ingless "copy." Whereas the very sugges- tion of war is a paying "sensation" for pressmen — it gives plenty of opening tor big "head-lines" and attractive "posters," which help to sell their penny or halfpenny sheets to the best advantage. If the Press were really responsible for war, peace would not be difficult of attainment. Miss Corelli is horrified at the recent development in the instruments of de- struction : — - Another instrument of treachery is the submarine — a truly devilish invention devised for the avowed object of destroying war-ves- sels by murderous action from the hidden depths of the sea. And now, not satisfied with attack from the secret depths of the ocean, we are pre- paring to sihower bombs upon our enemies from " military aeroidanes," so that the hitherto neutral skies will be made spaces of vantage for pitiless assault. All these "civilised" inventions for the practice of barbarity ought to give so-called " Chris- tian " Empires food for serious thought, yet, strange to say, it would seem that every new and more murderous weapon of warfare is hailed with columns of praise in the press and such general acclamation as may truly be called "savage," — ^for no "civilised" community, educated according to all that we boast of in our advanced state of pro- or would rejoice over the con- mere killing machines for the their fellow-creatures. There- be asked — Are we truly " civi- it all a sham ? Are we really humane, or as bloodthirsty as when, in our aboriginal savagery, we cracked open the skulls of our enemies with flint axe's? gress, could struction of slaughter of fore, it may lised," or is Review of Eeviews, l/i/13. LEADING ARTICLES. 175 THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE. The most interesting article in McClure's is one by Mr. C. N. William- son on " Systems and System-Players at Monte Carlo." This privileged resort has been de- scribed as a Garden of Eden and likened unto a Hell upon Earth. The spirit of evil may be the only nexus, but whether for pleasure or excitement, Monte Carlo continues to attract an amazing assortment of men and women THE JAGGERS SYSTEM. Mr. Williamson chats pleasantly of the great Jaggers who succeeded in a system invented on the ordered fluctua- tions of a faulty roulette wheel : — Tlie " sy.stem " began to soem superna- tural, and in a few months Jaggers had taken from the Casino the unprecedented .sum of £120,000. The autliorities began to suspect that all the cylinders were imper- fect. The maker was sent for, and each wheel was subjected to a rigid scrutiny. The i&e*«S:- THE PBINOIPALITY OP MONACO. Away on the left is Monte Carlo, the towers of the faiiii>u8 O.isiiio are jnat visilile. from the four corners of the earth. The most notable, if not the most pic- turesque, amongst these are undoubtedly the system-players. Mr. Williamson gives us an odd glimpse of these hope- ful ones : — A little after nine o'clock in the morning a stranger would be surprisetl to see a crowd, composed mostly of men, solemnly assenihled on the pavement across the road opjjosite the Casino. They look more like business men waiting for a suburban train to take them to the city than gay Riviera idlers. Their faces are intent, though not visil)]y anxious. They talk little to their neigli- bours, and laugh less. faulty one was discovered and taken away, and next morning Jaggers' tide of fortune turned. For a fmv days ho wont on jilaying, and lost back to the Casino some i:4"0,(HX) of his enormo\is winnings. Then he was wise enough to see that he was beaton. He dis- charged his staff, ceased nlay, and retired with the comfortable sum of ,£80,000 intact. Never did he appear again at Monte Carlo; but his memory has lived there since as a classic one. The simplest s\'stem is that adopted by the Grand Duke INIichael : — He is a most popular figure ; haiuLsome, dignified, striking, easy to find in a crowd because of his height, and amazingly lucky. His system is one tliat seems to be based 174 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. on an absurdity — that numbers, having ap- peared, will immediately repeat themselves several times in succession or close together; 29 and 36 are the Grand Duke's favourite numbers. When one of these appears, he bets the maximum (£640) that it will repeat, staking also on chevaux and carrees, so that if the number itself does not come, another near it may still give him a limited success. THE CONQUEROR. Mr. Williamson does not pretend to give a complete picture of the tragedies which must be enacted daily in the arti- ficial atmosphere of the gamblers' para- dise— or hell, but he gives the details of an ingenious system, the author of which died miserably poor in a London suburb while his pupils were daily win- ning considerable sums at Monte Carlo. The ingenious inventor called himself " the Conqueror." His system, when tested " over more than 50,000 authen- tic spins of the roulette wheel, has given the surprising average of four wins more than the Bank on each hundred coups, after annihilating the zero per- centage, and actual play at the tables has corroborated these results." So there is something in system after all ! THE DESTINY OF SWITZERLAND. The future of the Swiss Republic is causing grave concern to those who love the mountains, and the mountain people most of all. Francis Gribble, in the Edinbiir gh Review, speaks of the changes which have taken place during the last few years, and of their bearing on the years to come : — It has long been the fashion to praise Switzerland and congratulate the Swiss. The Swiss have freely praised themselves, and their foreign critics have echoed their eulo- gies, albeit with a suspicion of condescending patronage in their manner, as though they were patting Sunday school children on the head, or exhorting the sluggard to considea* the ways of the ant, or inviting admiration of the well-ordered economy of the bee-hive. A WHISPER OF ALARM. Provincialism has, on the whole, been a success in .Switaerland. The Swiss have solved many difficult problems with ingenuity and originality. They have produced great results with snrall resources. They have shown what the plain man can do in the Avay of government without the help of a ruling class, of "gentlemen," of men of leisure, of millionaires, of professional poli- ticians. The process has been, at once very instructive and very interesting to watch, and has afforded many useful object-lessons in the art, not only of administration, but of living ; and it is precisely' for that reason that one is impressed by the appearance, during the last few years, of a number of books about Switzerland in which a new note is sounded. It is a note of anxiety, and al- most of alarm, though one cannot detect in it anything of the sensationalism of the scaremonger. The books only echo the ap- prehensions of the more thoughtful of the Swiss journalists ; and Switzerland is pro- bably the country of Europe in which jour- nalists are most prone to think before they write. It is no part of their programme to make the flesii of their readers creep, and there is no group among them irrevocably committed to the doctrine, so popular in England, that the country is going tc the dogs. They do not write at the top of their voices like Mr. Garvin and Mr. Maxse; they do not juggle with figures like our Tariff Reform pamphleteers; on the contrary, they study statistics with tlie thoroughness of statisticians, and draw their inferences with the comparative calm of professors. Their natural inclination is to believe that all is for the best in the best of all possible Con- federations; and if they come to the con- clusion that there is something rotten in the state of Switzerland, they come to it with intense reluctance. FACTORS MAKING FOR CHANGE. The development of industry, the de- population of the country, the declining birth-rate, the increase in the popula- tion of the towns, and the turning of the Republic into a gigantic exhibition are cited in support of the writer's contentions : — No one who has read the summary and grasped the significance of the details can feel confident that tiie Switzerland of the future will bear much resemblance to the Switzerland of the past, or even of the present. The case is not at all like that of France, where tJae tendencies which are sometimes alleged to be making for disrup- tion and decav encounter uhe resistance of a solid population of 40,000,000 people. The population of Switzerland, at the census of 1910, was only 3,738,600. The forces at work are out of all proportion to the resistance which is likely to be presented to them, and thoiightful Swiss citizens are consequently asking themselves : How long will the in- habitants of Switzerland continue to be Swiss? Will the development of Swiss manu- facturing industries transform Switzerland into a kind of Lancashire? Will the develop- ment of the Fremden Industrie make of Switzerland a kind of International Exhi- bition, with illuminated waterfalls, and snowpeaks accessible by electric railways as the side-shows? Will the octopus of Pan- Germanism grip Switzerland with its far- flung tentacles, and absorb it as a German province? Bevieu- of Eeviews, Hi/ 13. LEAD/XG ARTICLES. 175 THE FAR EAST. CHINA'S UNDEVELOPED RESOURCES. If the new Government of China takes a statesmanlike view of the situa- tion, steps will be taken to reverse the old Manchu policy of the closed door, and the great country will take its place amongst the foremost industrial nations of the world. England and Germany have been able to secure their position owing to the presence of coal and iron in their respective borders, and China is, if anything, much more highly favoured in respect of the character and extent of her mineral supplies. In that interesting magazine. The Republican Advocate, Mr. C. C. Lue writes on " The Future Outlook of China," and indicates the extent of the mineral deposits of the middle-king- dom. He says : — In practically every province in China ithere are moiintainis of unlimited wealtli in the ores, precious stones, and useful metals. It is certainly surprising to find that in Shansi the immense deposit.s of coal, iron, and limest-one should lie so closely laid down, so as to provide for a very convenient and economical development of metallurgical industry. The coalfield in that province alone i.s able to snpply the whole world, at the present rate of consumption, for several thousand years. Yunnan is undoubtedly the richest province, as minerals of almost every description are to be found, such as copper, silver, lead, zinc, gold, tin, gypsum, alum, marble, coal, and precious .stones of various kinds; and in some districts platinum and nickel have also been found. Szechuan is again famous for its natural resources. Coal and iron deposits are to be seen nearly everywhere. Ores of copper, silver, tin, gold, lead, and zinc are abundant. Moreover, the natural gas in this western part of Cliina has been used for ages in evaporating salt water and procuring salt, and the innumer- able cascades which tlasli doAvn the ravines of the extensive mountain chains can be utilised, as in the case of the Niagara Falls for producing electric power. Kwei-Chow is capable of producing copper, iron, coal, quicksilver, zinc, lead, and nitre. Kwangsi is abundant in gold, silver, lead, iron, tin, antimony, coal and platinum. Kwangtung is rich in coal iron, slate, silver, copper, lead and tin. Among the northern provinces Shangtung abounds in coal, iron, lead, cop- per, gold, and quicksilver; Shensi produces good iron and coal; and Kansu is known to have treasures of iron, gold, silver, and 'petroleum. In Central China, Honan is famous for its coal, iron, and antimony, and is also rich in gold, lead, copper, zinc, and tin ; Hunan is productive in coal, tin, iron, and lead; whilst Hupeh is abundant in iron, coal, lead, zinc, and manganese. Speaking Miii'kno'h^i-pao.] The Cliincsc Giant and His "Iriciidi." 176 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. of the other territories, Manchuria possesses valuable coalfields, and also iron, gold, sil- ver, copper, lead, etc. ; Tibet is very rich in gold, and also silver, copper, lead, iron, and mercury; and Mongolia is pro- ductive in granite, coaJ, and gold. Is there any other country in the world so full of different minerals? There is more than sufficient evidence to show that when China makes up her mind to develop this mineral wealth she will rapidly assume a foremost position in the industrial world. CHINA'S COHESION. Under this title Ho Heng-Wha writes in the Republican Advocate of China, tracing the inception of China's national sentiment. The inert mass was practically ignorant of Japan's victory until the tax-collector came to the door : — When the provinces had to bear part of the cost of the war and the people had to pay a heavier tax for the Government's mis- management then the disgrace and humilia- tion of being beaten by a smaller foe were realised. Then the spark of national senti- ment began to glow. When Japan, goaded by Russia, turned, like the proverbial worm, against the malevolent oppressor and laid him low she not only did herself a great benefit, but rendered to China an immense service. Japan was the clevor surgeon who performed the operation of removing the cataract from China's eyes. The work of reconstruction has gone on from that moment, and Russia's in- terference in Mongolia is resented with all the indignation of a nation united for the first time by the common bonds of patriotism. The writer bears tribute to the sin- cerity of this new-born force: — Our love for our countiy has now been proclaimed as a real and powerful sentiment which knits every one of us, whether he be a Cantonese, a Pekingese, a Hunanese or a Yunnanese. The sacred flames of our cohesion are now blazing fiercely and serve as light for us to form a well-welded country. Patriotism is based on self-sacrifice and self-effacement, and in China such sentiment exists not only among the leaders but among the followers. It is not true now that the mass is inert and lifeless, for whence come the soldiers but from the mass? Who are readier to lay down their lives against a • common enemy than these noble and brave defenders? In the olden days what did the people care in keepdng up an alien dynasty? It is different to-day. It is not a dynasty one has to fight for, but one's own country, • one's own land and one's own home. A GLOOMY VIEW OF JAPAN. Under the head of " The Price Paid for Chauvinism in Japan," an anony- mous writer in the Economic Review seems to be trying to prove that Japan is in a bad way commercially owmg to her refusal to employ foreign money and enterprise. He admits that the Japanese are very capable administra- tively and commercially, but that in Japan things are in a bad state, that is to say, wages are low, housing is dear and uncomfortable, drainage is non- existent, and a large part of the com- munity is in a state of destitution, and this in spite of the fact that the country is full of natural resources. The Gov- ernment does little for the people be- yond providing free education. He accounts for this state of affairs by the fact that the men who have directed the policy of Japan since the revolution are men whose ideals do not rise above that of the parish pump. He says : — - Third and fourth grade petty local officials fi'om the counties of Satsuma and Chosshiu proceeded to manage all the affairs of forty millions of people. No more home-keeping men or homelier minds ever faced such a task. From the isolation of a narrow valley in a little county administered as a petty self-contained State, they passed into inter- national politics. Mistaking " tiie rustic cackle" oi' their intervillage feuds for the " murmur of the world," they supposed that world politics was just such another business; and so far as conceptions go, they think so still. As a result of this — Three aims are constantly held before the people. They are to check imports increase exports, and eliminate the foreigner from every stage of every transaction. This policy accounts for the impov- erished condition of Japan. The moral which the writer points, but does not state, seems to be that unless Japan makes use of foreign capital and enter- prise she will never develop into a pros- perous country. AND A HOPEFUL ONE. Count Okuma takes a more hopeful view. The fear (he says) of some is that our militarists may get the upper hand in the Government and over-ride the constitution. This apprehension of a Review of Btviews, 1UI13. LEADING ARTICLES. 177 dominant minority is for the most part entirely groundless. Neither our national polity nor our national charac- teristics would permit such an anachron- ism in the State. Japan could never en- dure the spectacle of a military class impairing her political progress and en- dangering the honour of the constitu- tion. As time goes on cities multiply and increase in population ; and with the progress of commerce and industry prices rise and times are poor for some ; so there is danger of a wide gulf form- ing between the rich and the poor, fac- ing us with problems of poverty and unemployment hitherto unknown in Japan. The labour unrest that for some time has disturbed and disfigured European civilisation may also invade our shores. The future, therefore, is not without its problems for us, re- quiring the utmost consideration. But such questions will hardly ever cause such widespread discomfort and diffi- culty as in Europe ; for Japanese civi- lisation is more disposed to keep order and maintain national dignity. We de- test argument and squabble, and trust to the Throne, the centre of all author- ity. The sacred character of the Im- perial person wields a purifying influ- ence over the restless multitude, calm- ing its irritation and calling for its best side. JAPAN v. U.S.A. Mr. William Archer discusses in McClure's the question, " Will Japan Ever Fight the United States?" Mr. Archer does not believe in keeping his reader in suspense. With a brief refer- ence to the Yellow Peril, he makes a plunge and settles the matter off- hand : — Has America anything to fear from Japane.se ambition:-' Has Japan eitlier the power or tlie will to seek aggrandisement m the North Pacific at the expense of the United States, or to challenge the Monroe Doctrine in Spanish America? Briefly, I believe that sho lias no snch will or power; and I shall now try to give reasons for that conclusion. The problem of over-population and a restricted land area is one that faces Japan at every turn, and, although making every effort towards industrial expansion, that in its turn brings new dangers : — But Japan has yet to prove her qualifica- tions for holding her own in the industrial race. Sho ha.s good lalwur and good water- power ; hut her coal is not very good, and the only textile raw material she possesses in any aJbundance is silk. All her cotton she has to import; and why she should hope to compete in cotton-spinning with India and China is not very clear. Admitting, however, that she is capable of great industrial development, and thus of supporting, by means of food- stuffs from abroad, a much larger population than her agriculture and fisheries can nourish, lis that a position to which her statesmen can look forward w-ith equanimity? She would thus become, in the fullest sense of the word, the Britain of the Ea.st — an island realm so over-populated that any enemy who obtained command of the sea could, in a few weeks, starve her into sub- mission. Mr. Archer is strongly of opinion that Japan could not finance a war of conquest, but suggests directions in which she is likely to move, but only at the risk of forcing trouble with the States : — - vShe might claim the right of unlimited immigration into the United States itself ; or she might attempt to take possession of Hawaii or the Philippines ; or she might en- deavour to gain a footing in Spanish America. The claim to dump her millions upon the Pacific Coast could be enforced only by the actual con(|uest of the United States; even a successful naval war would not enable Japan to force her surplus population upon America ; for nothing but armed occupation could prevent the American people from mak- ing life impossible for Jai)anese immigrants. The one incalculable feature in the situation is the intense patriotism of the Japanese nation, which may even force the hands of the Government, precipi- tating a conflict with the U.S.A. Mr. Archer comments: — Though tlie United States is practically invuln(>rable to Japan alone, she might quite well prove a most disagreeable factor in a larger international complication. If she fell into a habitually hostile frame of mind, slio would certainly be UMnjittHl to fish in troubled waters and turn to lu>r own advan- tage any embarrassment into which her otherwise una.ssai'lable neighbour might fall. By a policy of conciliation, then, on all points save tho.se which aflfect the vital in- terests of the .American people, the United States should ;»im at securing a friend, rather than a sullenly resentful enemy, on her Pacific flank. 178 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. SOME IMPERIAL QUESTIONS. Avril 1, 1913. ARE THERE MEN TO MAN THE SHIPS? Fred. J. Jane tells in the February London Magazine how victory might be snatched from the British Navy owing to the serious shortage of men. Skilled ratings are very much under strength, and substitutes are not being encouraged. "Have we enough men?" is a ques- tion very often asked. From time to time Lord Charles Beresford, or some- one following his lead, very emphatic- ally states that we have not. Then come official explanations of the "we have plenty " order ; on top of which it is presently announced that an in- creased number of men will be entered, after which, again, most people are satisfied and nothing more happens till Lord Charles Beresford repeats his as- sertion, and the whole programme is gone over again. The truth about the matter is easily stated. If we had a shortage several years ago we have that shortage still. The extra men are not real increases at all ; they all go to feed the requirements of an increased number of ships. Ten Dreadnoughts require a larger total -personnel than nine do. A little encouragement — not money, mind you, but merely encour- agement— and we could have 100,000 Naval Volunteers where now the navy is at least 20,000 men short, despite all its nucleus crews, ticklers and reserves. I grant that the Volunteers would be in- ferior to our trained seamen ; likely enough, very inferior. Also, they would be " blacklegs " in the eyes of anyone thinking that men prepared to pay for being food for powder would get in the way of people seeking to take financial advantage of England's necessity. I do not enjoy having to write like this. But if I am to tell the real truth, this matter is one that cannot be ignored. The main point is that we have a short- age, that thousands of men are ready to pay to fill it in the hour of need, and that they are consistently snubbed for their pains and patriotism. The vvhole present-day problem of shortage could be solved for less than ^^50,000 a year." INDIA AND THE NAVY. Britain's command of the seas, says Robert W. Brock, in the Indian Review, is the one factor that could render a Russian occupation of India ineffective. A comparison of the statistics will show that, while India's trade ranks second in the Empire only to that of Great Britain, her expenditure on de- fence is now smaller per head than that of any other part of the King's dominions. Thus, while Great Britain contributes £\ 12s. 3d. per head, Canada 6s. 5d., Australia £1, South x\frica, 2s. gd., and New Zealand 5s. gd., India spends only is. 3d. per head. That, of course, is excusable on account of her poverty. Low as her contribu- tion is, and rapidly as her resources are expanding, I believe there is no desire in authoritative quarters to ask her to increase it by a single anna. Those who have studied the subject recognise that for the next half -century, perhaps, the best service India can render to the Empire will be to develop her internal resources, and devote herself to the moral, mental, and material elevation of her people. On the other hand, in viev^ of the competition the Empire has to face, it would not be unfair, I think, to ask India to keep her contribution at its present level. The point at issue is not whether India's outlay on defence is adequate in proportion to her re- sources and responsibilities, but whether the expenditure is rightly distributed ; and if the Nicholson Commission report that, in spite of the entente with Russia, no diminution of our military forces is advisable, then the question of a naval contribution must, I think, be dropped. But if a saving is possible on the army, the money should, I think, be devoted to the service in which expansion is really necessary — the navy. BRITISH PREFERENCE IN CANADA. In the Quarterly Review Edward Porritt explains the forces that have been working against Preference since it was first adopted, and also the forces Review of En'jeu-s, iU/13. LEADING ARTICLES. 179 that have combined since 1905 to secure its maintenance and if possible to ex- tend it and to widen the market for British manufacturers in the Dommion. The niterests hostile to Preference are solely those of the manufacturers. Con- sumers generally are heartily in favour of it ; but the only organised forces that have made any hght for it are the farmers of Ontario and the grain- growers of the three western provinces. The grain-growers will become a much stronger factor in Dominion politics after the redistribution of electoral power that is now due following the census of 1910. The prairie provinces, which now have twenty-seven members in the House of Commons, will have at least forty-two after the redistribution, and, however much the manufacturers may press for further curtailment of preference and for increases in the duties in the general list, an}' Govern- ment, Conservative or Liberal, must pay heed to the growing demand of the West for lower duties in the general tariff and for the increase of the British preference to hfty per cent. Canada for half a century has been much influ- ence'd b>' the tariff legislation of the United States. It may now be assumed that duties in the American tariff have reached their climax. The tendency is now in the direction of lower duties ; and an\- general reduction in the duties in the American tariff, such as is ex- pected at the coming revision, will re- act on Canada and strengthen the de- mand for freer trade with the United States and for further reductions in the duties on imports from Great Britain. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE NEXT WAR. In the Fortnightly Revieiv Sir Arthur Conan Doyle gives' his views regarding the German menace. He states that if he now believes a German attack to be possible, and it may be imminent, it is because he has been studying " Germany and the Next War," l)y General von Bernhardi. THE ADVANTAGES OF A TUNNEL. After picturing what would follow a raid, he says a Channel Tunnel is essen- tial to Great Britain's safety: — "I will not dwell here upon the com- mercial or financial advantages of such a tunnel. Where the trade of two great nations concentrates upon one narrow tube, it is obvious that whatever corpo- ration controls that tube has a valuable investment, if the costs of construction have not been prohibitive. These costs have been placed as low as hve million pounds by Mr. Rose Smith, who repre- sents a practical company engaged in such work. If it were twice, thrice, or four times that sum it should be art undertaking which should promise great profits, and for that reason should be constructed by the nation, or nations, for their common national advantage. It is too vital a thing for any private company to control. " But consider its bearing upon a German war. All the dangers which I have depicted are eliminated. We tap (z'ia Marseilles and the tunnel) the whole food suppl}' of the Mediter- ranean and the Black Sea. Our Expe- ditionary Force makes its transit, and has its supplies, independent of weather or naval chances. Should anything so unlikely as a raid occur, and the forces in the country seem unable to cope with it, a Franco-British reinforcement can be rushed through from the Continent. The Germans have made great works like the Kiel Canal in anticipation of war. Our answer must be the Channel Tunnel, linking us closer to our ally." COULD IT BE EFFECTUELY GUARDED. Boring machiner)- has been so im- proved that what would have taken thirty years to accomplish can now be done in three. " In a matter so vital as our hold upon the Dover end of the tunnel we could not be too stringent in our pre- cautions. The tunnel should open out at a point where guns command it, the mouth of it should be within the lines of an entrenched camp, and a consider- able garrison should be kept perma- ncntl\- within call. The latter condi- tion already exists in Dover, but the numliers might well be increased. As an additional precaution, a passage should be driven alongside the tunnel, from which it could, if possible, be de- stroved. i8o REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND MUSIC. WHY SAP RISES. The Strand contains an important contribution from Mr. John J. Ward and Mr. George S. Heaven on " The Mystery of the Sap." The article is illuminated by reproductions of micro- scopic sections and photos, of experi- ments which reveal some of the mysteri- ous processes of nature. THE OLD IDEA EXPLODED. The writers are most painstaking in their explanations of the long-standing problem : How the raw sap traveLs from the absorb- ing roots beneath the ground to the topmost twig on an oak or elm tree, more than one hundred feet above, and to nearly four or five times that height in the case of some of the mammoth gum trees (eucalyptus) of the Tasnianian forests, and in the gigantic Wellingtonia of California, has long puzzled the physicist to explain. The old idea that capillarity is tne factor at work, the fluid being conveyed up the trunk and branches after the manner of oil through the wick of a lamp, becomes an altogether inadequate explanation. THE ROOT HAIRS. The microscope reveals the existence of minute hairs on the tips of the roots : — The whole group of hairs of the root-fibre may not occupy more than one-tenth of an inch of its length, yet they are gathering in sufficient moisture (with the mineral matters of the soil dissolved therein) not only to support the comparatively thick root-fibre from which they spring, but also to send up abundant additional supplies for the re- quirements of the leaves, flowers, and fruit high above ground. So marvellously do they absorb water that, before it has penetrated many of the outer layers of cells within the root-fibre, it may exert a pressure there equal to three atmos- pheres, or forty-five pounds to the square inch. This pressure passes on the water by diffusion through the successive layers of ground-cells of the root until the wood-tubes are reached, which during sunlight always have a greater or lesser tendency to be emptied of water, as it is then being con- tinually I'adsed in the stem, and there con- veyed to the leaves, where it is quickly evaporated into the 'atmosphere. Tne tubes also form an almost closed system, so far as the admittance of air ia concerned ; in fact, if air penetrated them the sap would be unable to continue its up- ward course. THE QUALITY OF PUSHING. These root-hairs are by no means mechanical automata, but develop an individuality and discrimination in their life-work which is governed by the chemical requirements of their host : — ■ The root-hair, then, is a modified cell. How does that cell absorb water? The physicist replies, " By the process of os- mosis." The protoplasm of the cell, he con- tends, is a fluid of a character very differ- ent from the water outside the hair, and the water is consequently absorbed. Fortunately, man possesses in some degree the same quality of pushing (osmosis), although expressed in dif- ferent values. HOW THE EGYPTIANS RAISED THEIR MONUMENTS. How did the ancient Egyptians in- stall their gigantic monuments? The question has long been a puzzle to modern engineers. In the Open Court F. M. Barber offers a solution which appears to be satisfactory. In the rock tomb of the surgeon Psamtik at Saqqaara (about 500 B.C.) was found an empty sarcophagus with its 17-ton cover resting on blocking sufficiently high above it to admit the mummy sideways. It is an important proof of how sand was actually used in lowering heavy weights. The cover was furnished with four projections, two on each side, which fitted into vertical grooves in the sides of the tomb chamber. The vertical grooves con- nected at the bottom with horizontal grooves which in turn connected with a cavity in the floor under the sarcopha- gus. Immediately under the projections of the cover were cylindrical wooden plugs, the remainder of the grooves and the connecting cavity being filled with sand. After the mummy had been placed in the sarcophagus the blocking was removed, leaving the cover resting on the wooden plugs. z\ workman then went under the sarcophagus and gradually removed the sand from the cavity, thus permitting the sand under the plugs to flow into the cavity until the cover descended to its final resting place on top of the sarcophagus. Occu- pied tombs were afterwards found with cover and plugs in place. Rcviexv of Iceoiews, l/i/lS. LEADING ARTICLES. i8i HOW AN OBELISK WAS RAISED. The geared wheel and water buckets worked by cattle embodies the principle of the capstan, and Wilkinson and most other Egyptologists suppose it to have been introduced into Egypt at the time of the Persian invasion B.C. 527, but Its principle must have been used as early as the time of the Papyrus Anastasi I. By its use the obelisk was hauled up and projected on top of a sand-box. There must have been also a solid wide border or ledge on each side, and higher than the road bed, not only for mounting the capstans, but in order to be able to wedge the obelisk back into position in case it got out of line in coming up the in- would be cut off afterwards. The box would be strongly buttressed to pre- vent its bursting, and there would be lashings about the pivoting point of tuc obelisk. Fhe obelisk would at all times dur- ing its pivoting be steadied by rope guys from the head and heel, and the pedestal would be placed at such a point that the obelisk, when reaching it, would rest on the edge of the heel and there would be a space of five or six inches at the opposite edge to clear the sand out before bringing it to th' vertical by means of the guvs. Very likely the edge would be splintered on account of the immense weight resting on it, and it would necessarily pivot \ \ Ccnlro «( Grov.l/ - — ■ — ■ — < } X 1 I \ \ Sluice Gait i r^ cline. The size of the box would be at least 40 by 20 by 50, in order that the obelisk might swing about its centre of gravity. The box would be care- fully caulked, and would contain ii,000 tons of sand, exclusive of the space occupied b}' the pedestal, which weighs 461 tons. Haswell's Avierican Tables give the weight of granite as 166 pounds per cubic foot and sand as 120 pounds per cubic foot. Perhaps Egyp- tian sand and granite may be nearer alike. The nearer they are the less would be the tendency of the obelisk to slide as it approached the perpendicular, though any such small tendency could be overcome by leaving at the quarry a small projection on the obelisk nearl\- under the centre of gravity, which on this edge when cdming to the ver- tical. Probably it would jump an inch or two just when it reached an upright position ; but nearly all obelisks are splintered at the base, and Professor Borchardt's careful measurements show- that the\- ne.irl)- all have jumped. THE FIGHT AGAINST TUBER- CU EOS IS. Professor Metchnikoff, in the Januar\- number of the Bedrock, discusses the various methods which have been em- ployed to fight against tuberculosis. He deals only with pulmonary phthisis, and treats shortly the history of the in- vestigation of the disease ; showing that it is contagious, but that the human l82 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. organism, although surrounded on all sides by the tubercle bacilli, is gifted with elaborate means of defending it- self from the disease. It has been shown that almost the whole population of European towns has at one time or other been attacked by the tubercle bacillus, but that in most cases the organism has been able to de- stroy the bacillus. Young children up to two years shown no signs of the bacillus, but contract it immediately after that age. TREATMENT. Certain diseases bring immunity from tuberculosis such as scrofula, lupus, and glands. These diseases, as it were, act as an unconscious vaccination. He deals with the different methods of treatment : diet, climate, drugs, inocula- tion by tuberculin (Koch's discovery), and by serum and sanatoria. All these methods are useful, but none are in- invariably successful, and it depends on the state of the patient as to which method is the most effective. Isolation of a tuberculous patient is most essen- tial in order to prevent the spread of the disease. i\ttempts at vaccination have been made, which, with regard to bovine tuberculosis, have been success- ful ; but as the vaccination cannot be obtained except with living bacilli it is impossible to extend the experiments to human beings. UNCONSCIOUSLY VACCINATED. Owing to the great prevalence of the tubercle bacilli it is remarkable that only one-seventh of the human race die of tuberculosis. This, he maintains, is not due to any innate immunity, but to an immunity acquired by man through being vaccinated unconsciously against serious tuberculosis. That is to say, that there exists m man, besides the viru- lent bacilli, other similar bacilli of at- tenuated virulence which confer im- munity from tuberculosis. Figures taken from a memoir of Koch show that tuberculosis is in course of diminution in many countries in Europe. Between 1883 and 1902 the following figures show the decrease in deaths per 10,000: — 1883. 1902. Pans 44 ... 37 Hamburg 32 ... 19 Copenhagen ... 29 ... 15 London 21 ... 16 In Berlin, however, the death-rate in- creased between 1903 and 1906 from 21 to 24. This general improvement is attri- buted to hygienic measures, which con- sist chiefly in searching out the cases of active tuberculosis in the population and in placing them in hospitals. But the improvement is too large to be due to this cause alone, and Metchnikoff agrees with Roemer in thinking that it is also due to the progressive natural vaccination of the people. MIND-CURES. Examining these cures from the scien- tific point of view, T. S. Clouston, in the Q?unterly Review, says that science now includes mind as well as life and matter in the scope of its investigations, and by this means only will humanity derive the full benefits which a study of the effects of mind, acting through the brain, will enable us to effect in cur- ing diseased and abnormal states:- — My contention (lie remarks) will be that it has been from sheer want of accurate ob- servation and lack of critical and reasoning capacity, and from reliance on authority, that the facts as to " mind-c\ires " have been misunderstood and misinterpreted, with the result that large numbers of people, otherwise living a rational life, have fol- lowed most hurtful and irrational practices and entertained degrading beliefs in regard to such questions. In even the present state of our physiological, psychological and medical knowledge, imperfect though it is, I maintain that scientific and rational expla- nations can be given of most of such cures, and that no mystical or miraculous views need be held about them by the modern man. We do not deny the existence of these cures; we only deny that they are due to occult, mystical or unexplainable causes, and we emphatically protest against their irrational misinterpretations. We may be ignorant; we need not be credulous. THE WONDERFUL BRAIN. The human brain is by far the most won- derful piece of organic living mechanism in Nature. It is the subtlest combination of machinery and of force for the production of the most remarkable results which evolu- tion during the countless seons of its pro- Review of Reviews, lliJlS. LEADING ARTICLES. 183 gress has yet attained. It is only within the past fifty years that we have got any true idea of the elements which compose it or of its microscopic structure ; and as yet our knowledge of it is most imperfect. As to its exact niodes of working, in some ways we are still groping towards the light. But we are now able to demonstrate as mucli of its structure and working as enables us to realise scientifically the general and par- ticular nature of its place in life. In the minds of all those who have considered brain problems there is now a firm assurance, at- tained by the process of induction from fact, that there is nothing connected with human disease or conduct or emotion or volition with which it has not to do. RATS AND FLEAS AND THE BUBONIC PLAGUE. Among the secondary results of the Spanish-American war none is perhaps of greater importance than the progress in sanitation on the Island of Cuba, more especially in the city of Havana. A description of the conditions at the close of the war reads : " The American authorties found the city (Havana) in a woefully unsanitary condition. The streets were unswept, garbage was piled in heaps, and the pavements were in a miserable condition. The existing sewers were in some places completely clogged, and all of them leaked, con- taminating the surrounding soil." How remarkably sanitar)^ conditions have ad- vanced since then is evident from a perusal of Samdnd y Bcneficencia, the official bulletin issued monthly at Havana by the Health Department of the Cuban Republic. In this volume of more than 200 pages, large octavo, are given, besides the ordinary vital statistics, reports on analyses of milk, inspection of mosquito larvae, bacterio- logical work, h\-gienic examination of pupils in the public schools, the exter- mination of rats, and the destruction of condemned foodstuffs. From yellow fever, that former scourge of Havana, not a single death has been recorded since 1908. That the De])artmcnt is thoroughly alive to the importance of its duties is shown by an article on La Pestc Bubonica (The Bubonic Plague) from the pen of Dr. Juan Guiteras, the energetic Director of Health in Havana, who describes the vigorous measures taken by his department. The plague was introduced into Cuba during the past summer from Porto Rico, in conse- quence, as Dr. Guiteras believes, of " the delay of the United States authorities in recognising the disease there." The presence of the plague in Havana was first conclusively noted on July 4th, in a patient at No. I Hospital ; and writ- ing on August 3rd, Dr. Guiteras states that " the disease has been confined to three individuals and three cit\' blocks, and he has every reason to hope that it will end there." He bases this anticipa- tion on the fact of the " early commence- ment of the campaign of ' deratization ' (' desratizacion ') and fumigation of buildings known to be infested with rats." That rats are frequent media of the transmission of the plague infection has long been known. In the present case Dr. Guiteras was informed " by an anonymous letter of the existence of an unusual mortality among the rats in a certain district of Havana" about the same time as the appearance of the bubonic plague. Investigation showed " that this mortality was not due to any organised attempt to destroy the rats ; and it was also learned that two cases of ' \ iolent sickness ' had occurred among the employees of the provision warehouses in which the dead rats had been found." These two cases died at the hospital witliin a few da\'s of ad- mission. The mortality amongst the rats soon afterward ceased. Rats are not the onh* sources or media of infection of the bubonic plague ; I'llK HUHONIC FI,K.\! 184 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. fleas are found to be almost as dan- gerous. The English Commission which investigated the bubonic plague epidemic in India in 1 902 reported that " experience points to the conclusion that the flea, particularly Piilex cheopis, transmits the plague infection." Dr. Guiteras in Havana is able to corrobo- rate this. He says : " In the rats examined by me in Havana the Piilex cheopis has predominated in a remark- able degree over all the other kinds." It has been mentioned above that the mortality among rats, noticed in the month of June in Havana, ceased shortly after that tmie In this connec- tion the following observation by Dr. Guiteras is interesting: — " In various tropical cities of import- ance there has been noticed a certain periodicity in the course of the epidemics of the bubonic plague. This periodicity has been characterised principally by a notable diminution of the disease in the months of June, July and August. This may be referred to the considerable diminution of the number of fleas in man and the animals during this period." THE STAGNATION OF OPERA. Mr. C. H. Clutsam, whose " Konig Harlekin " was recently produced at Berlin, has joined in the discussion on the question of National Opera in the Musical Times. WANTED, LIBRETTISTS — From the creative aspect, opera, nearly all over the world, he says, is in a state of stagnation. England, how ever has no opera, yet the taste for opera exists in the British public. The Eng- lish composer, noting the evident failure of other countries to produce a really successful modern opera, one attractive to a large general public, should find the spirit of ambition in him aroused. Having assimilated the most effective operatic qualities of the great operatic composers, and then having forgotten what other people's operas are like, the young (he must be young) composer must associate his music with a first- class book, and the work must be ade- quately mounted and excellently inter- preted. The star-vocalist must be avoided as the first-class dramatist avoids the actor-manager. The text will be to the point, terse and poetical, and action will be supreme ; and there must be a consideration and a reticence on the part of the composer which will permit of every word being understood. In short, we must first find our libret- tists before we start worrying about national opera. — AND COMPOSERS AND SINGERS. In the Century Magazine Mr. A. St. John Brenow records the views of Mr. Gatti-Casazza on Opera in New York. Mr. Gatti, who is general manager of the Metropolitan Opera House, looks upon opera as an entertainment — some- times popular, and sometimes austerely aesthetic and intellectual — the basis of singers. He believes the best subsidy the opera can have is the support of the public. Opera can be self-supporting by discreet management, which requires that the popular operas should carry the musically aristocratic operas on their shoulders. Though he attaches great importance to fine voices, Mr. Gatti is opposed to the star system, and at the Metropolitan the star system is dead. As to the opera of to-day, he notes a tendency to prefer the dramatic to the lyric or singing opera, the theatri- cal element outweighing the vocal. There Is still a dearth of good singers, and the couriers of the Metropolitan are ready to start at any moment in search of a new Patti. No consideration of economv would stand in the wav of her engagement. There is similar diffi- culty in getting new operas — that is, operas which will hold their place on the repertory for years to come, or even for a decade. The operas of another Wagnicr would run through Europe and America like wildfire. The diffi- culty which confronts the manager looking for new works is not that of getting a hearing for them, but the dif- ficulty of finding them. Bevieiu of Eeviews, l/i/13. LEADING ARTICLES. i8s THE OPIUM THRALL. Mr. Letchtield Woods has imagina- tion, and this is used to some purpose in his pen-picture m tlie British Re- view. Mr. Woods is a master of colour, and gives, as from experience, the impres- sion of his dreams while under the m-. fl-uence of opium : — " I had been lying upon the bed some little time, musing upon these things, until a semi-unconsciousness began to creep upon me, which deepened and darkened until 1 passed from the realms of daylight through the gateways of dreams. " Millions of white, tiny lights ; sweet and ethereal music ; thousands of beau- tiful women floating in the mazes of rhythmic dance, their jewels gleaming in the light which caressingly bathed their forms. In and out they moved and floated, the mute music of their motion harmonising perfectly with the music of the sfiheres which attuned it to rhythmic grace. They danced in a forest glade aglow with every tint of autumnal beauty, and carpeted by red rustling leaves — beautifully tinted mementoes of the bygone summer. Every variety of fern in every stage of exquisitely tinted decay trembled m the gentle breeze, gathering fresh beauty from the all-irradiating light. Round and round outside the ring of dancers gyrated a host of fairies, their fragile forms clad in garments of lightest gossamer. " I had an indescribable sense of in- dependence of material restriction as I gazed upon this wonderful scene ; 1 seemed to float on a sea of bliss up- buoyed b)' thousands of invisible hands. A pleasure so exquisite as to be almost pain thrilled me, and I came near to swooning from excess of bliss. " One of the most beautiful of the dancers disengaged herself from the rest and came slowly towards me, her face aflush with the light of happiness. I leaned eagerly forward ! our lips met, and ah, horror ! . . ." We acquit Mr. Woods from posing as a De Quincey, and would prefer to ap- preciate his art in more cheerful chan- nels. WHAT WOMEN NOVELISTS READ. From a symposium in the Book Monthly we learn something of the favourite reading of our women nove- lists. Miss Beatrice Harraden, for instance, reads mostly biography nowadays, though she also manages to find time for Sudermann, Anatole France, Thomas Hardy, Meredith, Shelley and others. For the moment, however, she is finding active life of more interest than books, and probably other women are also learning more by taking an active part in life than by contemplat- ing it. For pure interest and living excitement Miss M. P. Willcocks puts mental science far above novels. 01 the novelists, she never tires of Fielding and Richardson. Thackeray's sentiment revolts her, and his attitude towards women makes it impossible for a short- tempered person, she says. Among the moderns, she flnds John Galsworthy and May Sinclair special jo}-s. Madame Sarah Grand likes a long book, and delights in a long novel. The critic acclaim a scrap of a book, she szy^ ; the\' keep the giants of literature to- da\' in cages, but we must have them out and give them room to stretch their limbs. Miss Betham-Edwards has ever been a ])arsimonious novel-reader. It is with life itself that novelists are concerned. They must not shut them- selves up with their books, but run about the world and see the best and the worst of human nature, she ex- plains. The great books of the world, such as the Bible, Shakespeare, Milton, Plato, Cervantes, Goethe, etc., she adds, are as necessary to the mind as bread to the body. !NIiss Mary L. Tendered sa\-s that as a rule she prefers American novelists to English ones, because they are more natural, antl write of what they see aiul know. i86 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. Vndenrood] THE GREATEST ATHLETE IN THE WORLD. Considerable excitement has been caused in international sporting circles by the disqualification of "Jim" Thorpe, the hero of the recent Olympic games at Stockholm. Thorpe, who was described by the King of Sweden as the greatest athlete in the world, is a full- blooded Indian from America, whose achievements have been nothing short of marvellous. No professional is allowed to enter for the Olympic games, and it now appears that Thorpe had received money for playing baseball in some minor games in the States This of course made him a professional, and he has been disqualified as a result, hav- ing to return all the prizes he won at Stockholm, and also at the Amateur Athletic L'nion championships in the States, where he swept the board. The Viking Ship prize for the Decathlon, presented to him by the Russian Govern- ment, goes to Weislander, of Sweden, who finished second ; while Bie, of Nor- way, will receive the bronze bust of the King of Sweden, the prize for the penta- thlon. It is right that the amateur should be really an amateur, and the suspen- sion of Thorpe will no doubt go a long way towards purifying the ranks of amateurs, but it is pretty hard on the Fox and Sac Indian himself. There is no doubt that he was quite innocent of any desire to deceive. He does not ap- pear to have realised that the few dol- lars he received for playing baseball when he was at college disqualified him for all time from competing with ama- teurs. Had he dreamed that was the case he would never have taken the money. He did not need it, having a private income from his land, but find- ing that other college men received money for playing he followed their example. He, however, played under his own name, whereas the others all played under assumed cognomens. They therefore escape, whilst the far finer athlete is punished. There is no doubt that many Ameri- can boys, in order to enable them to pay their college fees, do become profes- sionals in this way. Whilst the object for which they do it is laudable, it is well that they should have this lesson, show- ing them that they cannot keep their amateur status if they raise the fees in this way. Thorpe himself has emerged pretty well out of the business. He erred in ignorance. The wrath of the athletic world is poured out upon those who knew quite well that he was techni- cally a professional, and yet never said a w^ord about his selection to represent America at the Games. The American Olympic Committee has apologised to the nations represented at the Games, and has returned the prizes. Although the loss of the points gained by Thorpe will reduce the com- manding lead of the States, they still stand hrst of all the competing nations. That Thorpe is not a professional in spirit is shown by his having refused almost fabulous salaries if he would play in either of the principal baseball leagues, preferring to play for an almost unknown Southern team, for which he received the £^ a week which has now disqualified him. There is no doubt that he is one of the most wonderful all- round athletes the world has ever seen. Hevieu- of Btviews, II 1,1 13. LEADING ARTICLES. 187 POETRY IN THE REVIEWS. AUSTRALIAN VERSE. The following examples of Austra- lian verse, taken from an article by Mr. William ■Nloore ni the February num- ber of the Poetry Magazine, %\vo\\ a strong feeling for open air and vast spaces, and a distinct breezmess of tone. This is a characteristic one would ex- pect in dwellers of a new country, in- spired by their virile life in the open. The following is from a poem of A. B. Paterson's : — ■ In zny wild erratic fancy visions come to me of Clancy Gone a-drov-mo; " down the Cooper'' where tlie Western drovers go ; \.s the stock are slowly stringing, Clancy rides behind them singing. For the drover's life has pleasures that the townsfolk never know. And the bush hath friends to meet him, and their kindly voices greet him In the murmur of the breezes and the river on its i)ars, And he sees the vision splendid of the sunlit plains extended, And at night the wondrous glory of the ever- lasting stars. The same feeling of vastness is felt in the following poem verse by Henry Clarence Kendall : — In the psalm Of thy gravt winds, and in the liturgy Of singing waters, lo ! my soul has heard The higher worship ; and from thee, indeed, The broader foundations of a finer hope Were gathered in ; and thou hast lifted up The blind horizon for a larger faith ! THE DAGO'S POET. The Month brings to our notice a new poet. T. A. Daly was born in Philadelphia in 1 871, of Irish parents. From Villa Nova College he passed to Fordham University, and, having ob- tained his degree, he served his appren- ticeship in the literary world in the office of the Philadelphia Record, which he left ten years later to take up the managership of the Catholic Stan- dard and Times, of the same city, a position which he has held ever since. Alice Dease, the writer of this apprecia- tion, says: — ■" T. A. Daly, despite his name and parentage, despite his Irish feeling and his irresistible Irish humour, is par excellence the Laureate of the Italian immigrant in America. English readers, however, will prefer his haunting Kiplingesque Irish verses to his ' Dago ' poems " : — In the corner of the alley Sits Cordaylia McNally, In the corner of the alley, where the people come and go In a penitent procession, Passing to and from Confession, To the old church of St. Joseph that was builded long ago. Oh, 'tis well she knows there's many Has the charitable penny More convenient to their fingers then than any other day. An' her tongue it is so sootherin' An' so masterful deluderin' There are mortial few whatever she'll be let- ting get away. For, oh ! the Irish eyes of her They twinkle at ye so, Ye hate to think the sighs of her Are part of the disguise of her. So faix she has yer penn}' gathered in be- fore ye know. There's small use in walkin' fasther In the hope ye'll sneak in past her, Shure she'll let ye go unnoticed wid yer little load o' sin. lint, man, she has you spotted An' yer penny good as potted, For she knows that you'll be softer comin' out than goin' in. For there's nothin' but good nature In the manest Irish crc^ature Whin he feels the soul inside o' him is free from every blot : Should Cordaylia address ye Wid her sootherin' " God bless y©," 'Tis not you will dare to judge ir she's de- servin' it or not. A PARA13LE OF THE RICH. The British Rcviciv contains quite an array of poems from the j-tens — we had almost said lances^of G. K. Chester- ton. II. Belloc, and J. C. Squire, but the most notable contribution is h\ Kathc- rine Tynan, " The Parable of the Rich Man." The poem is inspired by the noble example of many wealthy men who went down with the " Titanic," and i88 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. we cannot forbear to quote some of the verse : — Ijord Jesus stood at Paradise Gate And saw a myriad worlds and stars. Qih, wha,t is this so desolate Cling-ing to the ^Iden bars? Ijord Jesus bowed His comely hea.d With: "What a-rt thou, thou thing forlorn?" "Oh, I am a rich man's soul," it said, " That died ere I waa born. With a great sob she plunged and died. Oh, Lord, what need of hell?" " Son, I was there and saw thee died. The unstable waters bore Me up Whose hollowed liand can hold the sky, Sun, stars, as in a cup. "I, Shepherd of the Ocean, passed; Gathered My lambs, gathered My sheep: Saw rich men greatly die at last, Yea, what they lost they keep. " And kno'west Thou not. Lord Cbrist, this hour Who knowest all has been, shall be. That the great shiiD, new Babel's Tower, Is sunk beneath the sea? " The iceberg pierced her monstrous side. As frail as any cockleshell. "That which they cast away they save. They paid their debt in full. One V)reath ; Smiled on the innumerable grave. Leaped, and found Life, not Death. " Not through the needle's eye may fare The camel : by a atraiter gate. Naked and scourged, made clean and bare, The rich man enters late." THEOSOPHICAL MAGAZINES. Writing m the Theosophist on the first period of H. P. Blavatsky's life, Madame Pissareff says H. P. B.'s life can be divided into three well-defined periods : Childhood and youth to her marriage (1831 to 1848); 1848 up to 1872 made up the mysterious years about which hardly any definite infor- mation can be had. The third period lasted from 1872 till her death, and was spent in America and India and in Europe among many witnesses who knew her well. As a child she was very clairvoyant, and in Nature saw a " mysterious " life of its own ; she often conversed with birds and animals. Marguerite Pollard wTites on " Theoso- phical Ideas in Contemporary Poetry," and devotes the greater part of her article to comparing the mysticism of Yeats and A. E. (George Russell). Yeats, she says, is more drawn to the occult side of mysticism than A. E., who is essentially a visionary, and identifies himself with the life in Nature. Both have felt the inspiration of the East ; both have succumbed to the magical fascination of ancient Irish legend. Mrs. Besant concludes her paper on " The Bearing of Religious Ideals on Social Re-organisation." Baroness Melina tells of the impression made on her by the Boro-Budur — " the silent ranks of buddhas in meditation facing the massive mountain." In the Theosophical Path George ^^'harton James, in his second paper on the Zunis in New Mexico, writes on " The Religious and Ceremonial Life of the Zunis." He tells some very interest- ing facts with regard to their devotion to rain-making. The rain-priests are not allowed to do any secular work, but simply pray and fast for rain. Every Zuni believes that when they die they become rain makers. After gathering the ram from the springs of the six regions of the world, it is poured by the ram-makers through the clouds. A very interesting article this month is that by F. J. Dick on " Henri Poincare on Space and Time." Mr. Machell writes on the art of Rodin and F. S. Darrow gives "The Life History of the Soul " as his sixth paper on " Studies in Orphism." The Theosophical Chronicle has many interesting papers, amongst them one on " The So-called 'Primitive' Races and Human Evolution," by H. Travers, in which he maintains that to describe certain races as " primitive " or " savage " is, by the light of recent knowledge, proved to be a doubtful rendering, and that those commonly called " primitive," often show every sign of being a race with a long past behinds them, and as races they are in their old age — not infancy. The International Psychic Gazette^ which we note has now reached its sixth number, seems to grow in interest each month. It contains this month a paper by Felicia Scatchard on Abdul Baha, in which she relates how she brought Mr. W. T. Stead and Abdul Baha together. Eecicw of Fcvicirs, J/4//3. 189 C( M. RAYMOND POINCARE, PRESIDENT OF FRANCE. rogatives. He possesses the right of addressing both Chambers by means of messages. He can make treaties and jrant pardons. Again, he is supreme ommander of the army and navy, and under his signature appointments to high commands are made. He can make and unmake Governments, and even a President such as M. Loubet was able to prevent so strong a politician as Clemenceau from forming a Govern- ment during his occupation of the Ely see. Nor must we forget that in France, although there are many per- manent officials, they play a much less decisive part in affairs than they do m England. The President, through his power of making and unmaking Minis- ters, has really a ver}- unique position, and one much less vulnerable to attack than that of a constitutional sovereign. We may take it that M. Poincare is ! going to be a President in the fullest meaning of the word, morally supported M. RAYMOND POINOARE. For the first time it is of interest to Europe and to the world to know some- thing about the French President ; the time has passed — let us hope for ever — when the occupant of the Elysee created no more interest than does the name of a new Swiss President. To-day, at the age of 52, M. Poincare has had placed in his very capable hands for the next seven years the destinies of France, and who can say in these moments of storm and turmoil what may happen in this period ?" He is no figure-head, nor does he aspire to be a dictator — in either case the spirit of the new France would pre- vent it ; but he does mean to use the constitutional powers of President for the furtherance of the honour and glory of France. THE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT. And the President possesses power if he has the character to use it. He can prorogue the Chambers, and suspend their sittings — both considerable iire- .MAD.VMK POINCARE. ipo REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. by his knowledge that new France ap- proves the new President. HIS CAREER. Monsieur Poincare has had a remark- ably rapid and brilliant career. A true son of Lorraine, he possesses all the characteristics of this country — tena- cious will, methodical thought, perse- verence in work, precise realism, reject- ing vague ideals, smiling irony and good-natured malice, born of exact observation His tastes and aptitudes are catholic, and his career has proved that he was equally competent in science or letters, in philosophy and artistic sense. His philosophy of life is worthy of quotation. He says: — " Our youth is passed in continuing the education of our childhood ; our mature age in perfecting that of our youth ; our old age in regretting the im- possibility of concluding the education of our maturitv. " But we leave behind us a little of this education never wholly completed, and this little enters into the common fund of humanity, for the well-being of future generations." AN INTIMATE SKETCH. Ernest W. Smith, Paris correspondent of the London Daily News, whose per- sonal recollections of M. Poincare date back fifteen or sixteen years, tells this intimate story of his political career: — "He v/as then, if I remember rightly, Minister of Public Instruction in M. Dupuy's first Cabinet, a scholar, a charming speaker, and the nominee of his Government to deliver learned and non-committal orations which always had a fund of knowledge and a delicacy of touch about them which would not disgrace Lord Rosebery. He has changed since in appearance, and even more in character. With- in the past few weeks I was pass- ing along the Faubourg St. Honore when a sturdily-built man, a little over middle height, with closely cut beard and eyes that scrutinised even a stranger with interest, leapt from a motor-car and bustled into the Elysee. ' Tiens,' remarked my companion, ' voila Poin- care.' One might easily have mistaken him for M. Daneff. A STRONG MAN. " Now, as everyone knows, M. Poin- care talks to Europe instead of deliver- ing panegyrics at the pedestals of monuments to local celebrities. He has done well in a democracy where to raise your head above the shoulders of the dead level was to invite the hurling of half a brick. He has had to withstand in this brief electoral campaign the odium of being a ' strong man ' who dared say that he coveted the highest honour his fellow citizens could confer upon him. He is accused of being the new Boulanger. There is no doubt he is going to the Presidency determined to make the office more than a name ; whether he will prove more successful than M. Casimir-Perier remains to be seen. I think he will. " xA.lthough a well-known public man in France for nearly a quarter of a cen- tury, M. Poincare earned an interna- tional name just twelve months ago. His great grasp of European politics shown upon the Senate committee on the Franco-German Treaty brought him to the forefront, and indicated him as the statesman to take control of French policy when M. Caillaux's Ministry fell last January. His career since then needs not a word. His early life is less well known. HIS EARLY LIFE. " M. Poincare was born in 1 860. His father was an inspector of roads and bridges — quite a modest civil appoint- ment, but he was able to send young Raymond Nicholas Landry to a public school, from which he passed to the Col- lege at Nancy. He was called to the bar in 1880, and two years later took his degree as Doctor of Laws. Making a specialty of pleading commercial af- fairs, he was doing very well in the Courts, when his aspirations turned to politics, and he joined the staff of poli- tical writers, first on the Voltaire, and afterwards on the Re-publique Fran- ^aise. In 1886 he became principal clerk at the Ministry of Agriculture. The following year saw him elected deputy at the early age of 27, and the 'baby' of the Chamber. He proved himself a hard worker, and was appointed secre- tary of several important commissions, Review of Eeviews, l/i/13. M. RAYMOND PO I SCARE. 191 and eventually was charged with the re- port of the Budget investigations — a sure sign that the young deputy was marked out for office. " And so it proved. He was given the portfolio of Public Instruction in M. Dupuy's Cabinet in 1894. ^hen took over the finances, and afterwards re- turned to his original ministerial post under M. Ribot in 1895. Three Cabi- net offices in less than two years. " For fifteen years after this, although he remained in Parliament, his political career attracted no attention. He reached the Senate, it is true, at forty- three, and introduced a form of income tax which a grateful people knows has not )^et become law. He has since been elected to the Academie Fran(;aise. It was not until twelve months ago, when he came out as such a strong critic of the Morocco Treaty, that he made the reputation for himself which, with ability to back it up, has secured his election to the Presidency of the French Republic." FRENCHMEN, FIRST AND LAST. The keynote of M. Poincare is one of trium])hant and confident optimism in the present and future of his country. He is the sounding-board of the French nation, and his creeci, as theirs, is summed up in these words: — " You v.ill love humanity . . . but this will not make you forget that side of humanity, the most choice, the most intense, and the most dear — the Fatherland. You zvill be men; you iiuist be before all tilings F renchnienP'' WELLS ON MARRIAGE. Marriage. By H. G. Wells. (Duffield, N.Y.) Of the numerous novels recently U'ntten on the subject of the relation of the sexes, Mr. H. G. Wells' " Marriage" is surely the most brilliant, and the least effective. As a picture, graphic though unsympathetic, of contem- porary British middle-class life, as an exposition of human nature, as an en- tertaining narrative, it is excellent. But as propaganda for any belief, or as a study of social conditions, it is value- less. The heroine, who comes from a bourgeois family similar to that of Ann Veronica, but is inferior to her in intel- lect and training, marries a young scien- tist. His wife's extravagance hinders the young scientists's studies, and while making a fortune to satisfy her de- mands, he becomes estranged from her. Family peace is restored only after the unhappy couple have spent a winter in Labrador, away from all the worries of civilisation — including their children. Of course, a trip to Labrador is not a readily available cure for matrimonial difficulties. Mr. Wells has, for once, no remedy to offer, he is merely telling a story. And he does it very well. This is the best thing he has written since " Kipps." DIVORCE, A REWARD OF VIRTUE ! T/ic MoUi. By William Dana Orcutt. (Harpers.) This is supposed to be a defence of convention, a demonstration of the dan- ger w'hich comes from the mere appear- ance of evil. The Wo\\\ is Lucy Spen- cer, a wealthy \'oung matron with an innocent delight in masculine friend- ships. Fler husband is a drunkard, and she seeks a refuge from her unpleasant home-life in dinner parties, motor-rides, cocktails, and cigarettes. Her indiscre- tions nearly bring on a divorce suit, and endanger the good name of Cunning- ham, a lawyer who has, with his wife's aid, been endeavouring to teach Lucy the foil)' of deliberately antagonising public opinion. She learns her lesson, and shows admirable courage and strength of mind. So far this is all very well, but the ultra-modern climax, makes Mr. Orcutt's story very funn)- in- deed. In the old tales it was a mar- riage that repaid the heroine's patience and faithfulness — "they lived happily ever after " was the old tag. But Mr. Orcutt, after making his heroine demon- strate how very good she can be when she tries, gives her, as a reward of vir- tue, a divorce ! 192 Review of Beviews, Vi/13. FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS QUARTER. CONDUCTED BY ALEX. JOBSOX. AJ.A. THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED. The decrease of i^ 13,000 which the net profits of iJ'i 55,581 shown in this bank's August, 191 2, half-yearly report recently to hand does not seem at first sight particularly satisfactory. But when one remembers that the directors' policy in disclosing profits is decidedly arbitrary, and governed by the desired appropriations, this decline appears of little consequence. Especially so, seeing that the half-year, though earning less than the February, 191 2. period, made over ;^20,000 more than did the preced- ing August. The chairman, too, said that the report was " highly satisfac- tory," which further minimises the im- portance of the fall. * * * The arbitrary nature of this profit is evident from the fact that after adding iJ"50,ooo to the reserve fund, making it iJ"i, 450,000, and using £"105,000 to pay the customary 14 per cent. p. a. half- yearly dividend, there remained but £582 to carry forward in the profit and loss account, raising it to £43,349. * * * Though this bank has of late been chary of its advances, the August, 191 2, figures (£16,300,000) are only £150,000 below those of August, 191 1, probably because the policy of restricting ad- vances was not then so strictly carried out as it has been in the past six months. The deposits, however, were clearly affected by the dear money market, for they fell away by £650,000, thus being chief!}' responsible for the full }'ear's decline of nearly £700,000 in the public liabilities to £23,872,000. The chairman attributed this to Australians finding openings through the tight money mar- ket for their uninvested funds. But a more probable reason seems to be that the public generally has been drawing out its funds to meet heavy increases in expenditure. The liquid assets were necessarily affected by this drain, and their total was accordingly reduced b}' £447,000 to £10,158,000. The influence of this de- crease on their ratio to public liabilities was not, however, adverse, for the liabilities having declined, the propor- tion rose in the year from 42.6 per cent, to 43.1 per cent., which is quite a satisfactory one. * * * The decrease in the liabilities combined with the growth in the reserves has im- proved the margin of assets to liabili- ties. In August, 191 1, there were £111 17s. of assets per £100 of public liabilities, whereas in August last the proportion was £112 los. This is still much below the ratio of over £115 shown by two other leading Australian banks. It may be that this has in a measure influenced the directors in their decision to ask the shareholders to give them power to issue 20,000 new shares whenever they deem expedient. The reason given, however, is that the pro- gress and prospects in Australia and New Zealand are such as to warrant such a step. Whatever be the actual reason there can be no doubt that the move is a good one, both as regards security and also the possibility of more profits. The bank's surplus assets now ap- proach £3,000,000, securing the paid- up capital of £1,500,000 (60,000 shares paid to £25, with a reserve liability of £50), the reserve fund of £1,450,000, and the profit and loss balance of £43,349. This is excellent from the shareholders' viewpoint, for these assets represent over £49 17s. 9d. per share, and after allowing £25 for the existing paid-up value there remains nearly £25 more in disclosed reserves to be set against the reserve liabilitv of £so on the shares. Bcvicic of Peviews, l/ijl3. FINANCE AND BUSINESS. 193 At the time of writing the shares are in these times of dear money are not in- selling at £s9, in which price there is a clined to accept much less, while the little over £g for inner reserves. This prospect of sharing in the new issue IS a moderate valuation, being in the does not seem to attract buyers, prob- ^gg^'egate only under ^^550,000, a little ably because they fear that, like the over 2 per cent, on the total assets of Bank of Australasia, this bank may nearly ^^27,000,000. The yield, almost issue the new shares at a heavy 6 per cent., is a good one, but investors premium. BANK OF VICTORIA LIMITED. A casual glance at this bank's Decem- ber, 191 2, report gives one the idea that the half-year had earned a much larger banking profit than did the June period. Yet such an idea is quite a wrong one The December half-year shows a net proht of ^^^69,073, which is certainly much better than the figure of i^6i,686 of six months before. But then the June earnings were, after deducting the full year's bank net income and land taxes of ^^9303, and the actual net profit from banking was ^^70,989, over ;^i90O above the December net earnings. The point is important, for a share- holder ignorant of it would naturally assume that the bank's earning power increased considerably in the past half- year, whereas it actually declined. This incicience of the taxes falling in the June periods is a matter, too, that share- holders should remember when noting the movement of the profits from half- year to half-year. ' * * * The profit, nevertheless, was a good one, and sufficed to pay the customary half-yearly 6 per cent. p. a. dividend to preference' and to ordinary shareholders, absorbing ^44,340, and to permit of ^^2000 being given to the Officers' Provi- dent Fund. The remainder of ;£'22,773 with £12,26/ from the profit and loss balance (thereby reduced to i; 17,843), making ;6"3 5,000 in all, was applied to increase the reserve fund to ^,3 10,000. * » * The bank's lending power during the full year was reduced by about i:530,ooo, due to a falling-off of ^^230,000 in the bills in circulation to ;^4i9,ooo, a drop of £117^00 in the Government deposits to ;^5o8,ooo, and also a decrease of ;£■ 137,000 in the other deposits, to ;^6,053,ooo. Of this drain ;^273,OCO was met out of liquid assets, which declined to ^^"2,020,000, while most of the balance was provided by a reduction of ;£^205,ooo in the advances to ;£^6,495,ooo. The strain would un- doubtedly have been heavier on the liquid assets had not the board decided in the latter half of the year to lessen the advances, and to build up the cash reserves. Such a policy was practically imperative, for the ratio of liquid assets to public liabilities, 30 per cent, in De- cember, 191 1, had fallen in June last to the unsatisfactory proportion of 24 per cent. As a result of the directors' policy, however, it has been now raised to 28.7 per cent., which, though still much below what it ought to be, is }-et a decided improvement. It is comfort- ing to note, that the matter of its fur- ther increase appears to have the direc- tors' attention. * * * The downward movement of the de- posits has strengthened the security the bank offers to its depositors. In June last there were ;^I24 of assets per i^ioo of public liabilities, whereas now the ratio is almost ^,'125 14s. — an excellent proportion indeed. This is chiefly due to the large amount of the paid-up capi- tal ^^1,478,010 (41,676 ;^io preference shares fully paid, and 212,250 ;^io ordinary shares paid to £^) for the re- serves, ^^'327,842, though steadily grow- ing, are not yet anything considerable. The shareholders' interest in the sur- plus assets is £]i 5s. iid. per prefer- ence share and £6 5s. iid. per ordinary share. The market selling quotations at the time of writing are— for the former, ;£"iO 5s., yielding just under 6 per cent. ; and for the latter, £4. 2s., returning over 7|- per cent. Both classes of shares are accordingly being dealt in at a discount 194 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. on their assets value. For this the low rate of dividend is in a measure respon- sible, while no doubt the small demand for bank stocks consequent on the dear money market is also a factor A point to note is that the preference dividend may, if profits permit, and the directors deem ht, be increased to 7 per cent. p. a. When that rate has been paid for ten half-years the preference ceases, and the shares rank with the ordinary shares as regards dividend. PORT JACKSON & MANLY STEAMSHIP CO. LTD. There can be but little doubt that tins Company owes a very great deal to the popularity of the surf. There has always been a steady flow of passengers to Manly, mainly for the benefit of the sea air, but since surf bathing became a fashionable pastime, the traffic has in- creased by leaps and bounds, to the pecuniary advantage of the shareholders of this Company. The directors, how- ever, do not care much to advertise the Company's prosperity, and to this end they do not admit to any more profit than they can help. Anyone closely glancing at the periodical balance-sheets and unaware of the directors' reticence in this matter, must necessarily form very wrong conclusions as to the pro- gress from time to time. For instance, the net profit shown for the December, 191 2, half-year is only ;£'io,626, about £1^0 less than the amount earned in June last. Such a decline would sug- gest that the Company's earnings were falling away, and that the directors found it a difficult task to earn the divi- dend, for the current distribution of 13^ per cent, per annum for the half-year requried i^ 1 0,561, within £/0 of the published earnings. Such a statement can of course only deceive anyone un- acquainted with the Sydney Harbour traffic, for during the past season Manly has, if anything, been more popular than ever, and the flow of passengers has increased tremendously. The inference of a declining profit is, moreover, contradicted when one com- pares the growth in the published re- serves of the Company. These during the half-year were increased by no less than ^13,030, which of course came out of the earnings, and the total profit, so far from showing a decline, was actu- ally ;^23,7o6, nearly ^^4500 greater than the net earnings in June, 191 2. The directors, pessimistic though they may be in the matter of profit, are quite the reverse in their attitude as to the future. Otherwise they would not be so keen to build new steamers. Only in October last a new steamer, the " Bal- gowlah," was taken over from the builders and placed in commission, and good progress is now being made with another boat, which will be ready in September next. The effect of the outlay on steamers was to bring in a New Steamer Account for ^^5000, and to increase the existing steamer asset by ;£"i 4,000, to nearly ;£^i 19,000, and this, too, after ^providing depreciation, no doubt on a liberal basis. The money to provde for this arose out of profits, for the assets increased by almost ;^ 1 4,000 to ^^2 1 3,000, but this sum was not quite sufficient, and i^S/OO was taken out of the cash assets, thereby reduced to ^^69,000. The Company's remaining assets comprise — Properties, plant, etc., ^^16,400; Coal. £2^00; and Sundry Debtors, ;!^850. These have not been changed to any extent. Its liabili- ties are small, and consist entirely of about iJ^23O0 owing to sundry creditors. * * * The shares (211,212 £i shares paid to 15s.) are a very popular stock with a certain class of investor. At the time of writing they are selling at 47s. 6d., which shows the low return of under 4^ per cent.— that is, of course, on the ordinary dividend. This, however, weighs little with the investors who fancy these shares. \\'hat influences them much more is the hope that the directors will, sooner or later, capitalise some of the reserves, and make another generous issue of bonus shares. Not, of course, so generous as the June, 191 2, distribution of ;:^52,ooo in one new share for two old shares, but still a satisfactory one for all that. Review of Eeviews, l/i/13. 195 «!/ kind pcrmission-i [o/ ,Vr. ]lri,i,',„,i,in. OUR JOYFUL CAMP IN THE SHELTEiR. O'P THE BERG. NOTABLE BOOKS OF THE MONTH. ARCTIC EXPLORATION AT ITS GRIMMEST. Lost in the Arctic. By Captain Ejnar Mikkcken. (William Heinemann, 18/- net.) The impression left on the mmd after readinj^r Caj^tain iVniundsen's narrative of the manner in which he arrived at the South Pole, was that of a journey not without its hardships, but straight- forward, and as lacking in any element of the unexpected as an Antarctic ex]:)e- dition can be. The same description might aiiph' with little variation to Captain Peary's story of the hnding of the North Pole. These are the out- standing achievements in the conquest of the ice-covered caps of the earth, and they are apt to create the view that the men who tried and failed were bunglers. The truth is that both exjie- ditions were sjjlendidly equipped, and carried through by capable organisers with great experience. They had good luck, too, m the choice of time and in the matter of weather. What all these things mean in success comes vividly to the imagination as we read Captain Ejnar Mikkelsen's story of his three years' in Greenland. This is the real Arctic, in which starving men stagger blindly along over ice and snow and rock, kept moving only by the inward knowledge that the)- must find food within a few hours or perish miserably of cold and hunger. Ever the story seems to tremble on the edge of tragedy. Captain .Mikkelsen writes well, and far more graphically than Captain Amundsen. We do not envy the spirit of the man who. having begun his story, can lay it down before the hnal page. It was in 1906 that the ex])edition of Mylius Erichsen went to Greenland to surve}' the hitherto unexplored North- East Coast. The work was done, but Erichsen and the two men who accom- panied him perished of cold and want. A later exj^edition found the body of Brbnlund. the last of the three men to die, but the diaries recording the obser- vations were not found. To discover and bring these back, if possible, the exi)edition of Caj>tain Mikkelsen w^as organised. Six men went on the little "Alabama," which was finalh^ crushed by the ice, and the larger part of the work of exploration was carried out by Mikkelsen and one companion, Iver- sen. Two messages from Erichsen were fciuiul, but the diaries were not re- covered. Instc.id, Captain Mikkelsen 196 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. lost some of his own diaries, which had been hidden in a cache, and were dis- covered and gnawed by a bear. Such is the basis of one of the many powerful stories of exploration in the white North. There is grim intensity in the tale of the struggle onward of these two indomitable men. Their dogs had gone, dying or being killed one by one. They had picked up one food depot, and then another, only to find them cleared out. With little more than the flesh of two dogs which had them- selves come near to death by starvation, with their sledge abandoned, their sleep- ing bags gone, heavy with sickness, they fought their way for a hundred miles in a race with death, through a land that yielded them no game. " Hunger is all we feel, and food, food our only thought. We run wherever the beach is level enough, wading through deep streams, heedless of the wetting, and rounding steep, almost sheer walls of cliff in a fraction of the time it would take us under ordin- ary circumstances." Delirious with want of food, the two men go on and on, finding two tins of soup at an almost empty cache, and then arriving at the hut of the expedition, only to find their ship broken up and their com- panions gone. There was nothing to do but to face the winter in the hut. Then, when summer came, by mischance the only ship that called was never seen, and another winter had to be spent in solitude. In the ensuing summer a ship came, a sealer, and the two men were taken off to be brought back to civilisation, ragged, unkempt, with long beards after their twenty-eight months' isolation, finding almost a childish pleasure in every new^ incident of their lives. Captain Mikkelsen's book takes a high place for its interest amid the accumulating volumes on Arctic ex- ploration. SPIDERS. The Life of the Spider. By J. Henri Fabre. (Dodd Mead.) This old French naturalist — he is over ninety — besides being a great stu- dent of Nature is also a delightful writer. He lives in practical poverty, but after his books brought him fame many admirers wanted to assist him. He was poor, he said, that was true, but he was quite happy. A modest shelter, frugal food, and the delight of a Pro- vencal garden, where he could observe his beloved insects — what more could an old man who loved Nature want ? The " Insect Homer " is Maeterlinck's description of Fabre, who, he con- siders one of the most profound scholars, and one of the purest writers of the century that is passed. Rostand says of him that he thinks like a iDhilo- sopher and writes like a poet. Maeter- linck, who poetised the bee, writes the preface for the man who poetises the spider. In it we find the following tragic little story: — There are some rather strange caterpillars — the Processionaries, which are not rare; and, as it happens, a single string of them, five or six yards long, has just climbed down from my umbrella pines, and is at this moment unfolding itself in the walks of my garden, carpeting the ground traversed with transparent silk, according to the custom of the race. To say nothing of the meteorolo- gical apparatus of unparalleled delicacy which they carry on their backs, these cater- pillars, as everybody knows, have this re- markable quality, that they travel only in a troop, one after the other, like Breughel's blind men or those of the parable, each of them obstinately, indissolubly following it* leader, so much so that our author having one morning disposed the file on the edge of a large stone vase, thus closing the circuit, for seven whole days, during an atrocious week, amidst cold, liunger and unspeak- able weariness, the unhappy troop on its tragic round, without rest, respite, or mercy, pursued the pitiless circle until death overtook it. To most readers M. Fabre reveals a new world — one that has its comedies and its tragedies, its wars, its slavery, and its marriage rites. His acquaint- ance amongst spiders is extensive. Provence, which gave us the poet Mis- tral and M. Fabre himself, evidently abounds in such interesting families as those of the Labyrinth Spider, the Crab Spider, and the Black-bellied Taran- tula, to say nothing of the common gar- den spider, whose little tricks and clever hunting devices are not the least inter- esting. M. Fabre tells their stories with a personal friendliness ; he evidently would like to chide some of them for their murderous propensities, but knows that Nature will have her way. The temptation to repeat some of these Review of Bevieics, l/iJlS. NOTABLE BOOKS. 197 spider Iliads is great, but instead, leav- ing the reader to discover the stories for himself, let us take for extract a single passage about M. Fabre's per- sonal relations with spider-land: — Michelet has told us how. as a print<>r's apprentice in a cellar, he established amicable relations with a spider. At a certain hour of the day a ray of sunlight would glint through the window of the gloomy work- shop, and light up the little compositor's case. Then his eight-legged neighbour would come down from her web and take her share of the sunshine on the edge of the case. The boy did not interfere with her ; he welcomed the trusting visitor as a friend, and as a pleasant diversion from the long monotony. When we lack the society of our fellow-men, we take refuge in that of animals without always losing by the change. I do not, thank God, suffer from the melancholy of a cellar ; my solitude is gay with light and verdure : I attend, whenever I please, the fields' high festival, the thrushes' concert, the crickets' symphony; and yet my friendly commerce witli tlif spider is marked by an even greater devotion than the young type- setter's. I admit her to the intimacy of my study, I make room for her among my books, I'set her in the sun on my window- ledge, 1 visit her assiduously at her home, in the country. The object of our relations is not to create a means of escape from the petty worries of life, pin-pricks whereof 1 have my share like other men, a very large share, indeed ; I propose to submit to the spider a host of questions whereto, at times, she condescends to reply. ALLAN QUARTERMAIX AGAIN. rhild of SfiJiiii. Hv Sir H. Rider Haggard. (Cassell,'3/6.) All who have read Sir Flenry's stir- ring tale, " Allan Ouartermain," will re- joice to meet this wonderful hunter again in the pages of " Child of Storm." This talented author always contrives to bring in the "spook" side of native life with much effect, and the present tale hangs largely on the doings of old Zikali, Opener-of-Roads— Zikali, The- thing-that-should-never-have-been-born, a century-old dwarf, who works unseen and uncannily for the downfall of the Zulu race. Like most of Sir Henry's stories, there is plenty of bloodshed, but on this occasion in wholesale rather than in retail quantities. The Child of Storm is Mamecna, a magni¢ creature of Europciin, not native type, with an immense nmbition which stops at nothing, and causes the death and ruin of many of the greatest in the land ; is responsible indeed for the defeat of Prince L'rribelazi, in the famous fight of the Tugela, where Cete- wayo and he carried out the advice of their weak and vacillating father who, in an agony of indecision, had said, " when two young bulls quarrel they had better fight it out." The tale is animated by the true Zulu spirit, says Mr. Stuart, who was for twenty years Assistant Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, and who knows more of the language and customs of the native races than any other living man. It certainly gives a vivid picture of the state of affairs in Zululand which lead up to the struggle between the rival princes and the victory of Cetewayo. The account of the fight made by the Greys or U punga, the ro}'al regiment of veterans which Panda sent down at the last moment to the assistance of Umbelazi, his favourite son, is a vivid piece of word painting. After the prince's army had been defeated, this regiment of 3000 men held back the whole of Cetewayo's victorious army whilst the fugitives endeavoured to escape over the Tugela. Ouartermain, who was with these Amawombe warriors, thus describes the fight: — " Another minute, and the regiment in front of us began to move, while the other two behind it ostentatiously sat themselves down in their ranks, to show that they did not mean to spoil sport. The fight was to begin with a duel be- tween about six thousand men. "'Good!' muttered the warrior near- est to me, ' the}^ are in our bag.' " ' Aye,' answered another ; ' those little boys — (used as a term of con- tempt)— are going to learn their last lesson.' " For a few seconds there was silence, whilst the long ranks leant forward be- tween the hedges of lean and cruel spears. iV whisi>er went down the line. I became aware that we were moving, c^uite slowly at first, then more (juickl}-. . . We were charging now, and oh ! the awful and glorious excitement of that charge ! Oh, the rush of the bending plumes and the dull thudding of eight thousand feet! The Lsutu came up the slope to meet us. In ipS REVIEW OF REV/EV/S. April 1, 1913. silence we went and in silence they came. . . Then a roar, a rolling roar, such as at that time I had never heard ; the thunder of the roar of the meetmg shields, and a flash, a swift, simul- taneous flash, the flash of the lightning of the stabbing spears .... it looked as though some huge breaker — that breaker being the splendid Ama- wombe — rolling in towards the shore with the weight of the ocean behind it, had suddenly struck a ridge of rock and, rearing itself up, submerged and hidden it. . . . Within three min- utes that Usutu regiment was no more. We had killed them every one, and from all along our lines rose a flerce hissing sound of ' S'gee, S'gee' uttered as the spears went home in the bodies of the conquered. " That regiment had gone, taking nearly a third of our number with it, for in such a battle as this the wounded were as good as dead. Practically our first line had vanished in a fray that did not last more than a few minutes. Be- fore it was well over the second Usutu regiments sprang up and charged. With a yell of victory we rushed down the slope towards them. Again there was the roar of the meeting shields, but this time the fight was more prolonged. . . . I remember the melee swinging back- wards and forwards, the groans of the wounded, the shouts of victory and despair, and then Scowl's voice, saying : ' We have beaten them, Baas ; but here come the others.' " The third regiment was on our shat- tered lines. We closed up ; we fought like devils ; even the bearer boys rushed into the fray. From all sides they poured down upon us, for we had made a ring ; every minute men died by hun- dreds, and though their number grew few, not one of the Amawombe yielded. I was fighting with a spear now. . . . Something hit me hard upon the head, after which I remember nothing for awhile. ... I came to myself again, and found that I was still on the horse, with Scowl clinging to my stirrup leather and running by my side. . . . " ' Where are the Amawombe ?' I asked. " ' All dead by now, I think. Baas, as we should be had not your horse bolted. Wow ! but they made a great fight — one that will be told of. They have carried those three regiments away upon their spears.' " This account of the annihilation of the royal regiment is practically word for word that given to Sir Henry by Sir Alelmoth Osborn, who was present at the battle, although not as a combatant. He had swum his horse across the Tugela, and, hidden in a kopje, was as it chanced, close to the scene of the great fight of the day. Altogether a vigorous stor}', although not quite in Sir Henry's best vein. THE CHILDREN'S CRUSADE. The Distant Lamp. By Harold Begbie. (Hodder and S'toughton, 3/6.) Seven hundred years ago mediaeval Europe had fallen into its chronic state of indifference towards religion. Some of the spasmodic Crusades had started and failed, and people had turned in- stead to their own business, whenever their overlords would let them. Sud- denly a young shepherd, named Stephen, living near Cloyes m Touraine, had a vision when watching his sheep. It seemed to him that God appeared to him m the shape of a pilgrim and gave him a letter which he was to take to Jerusalem and then free the Holy Sepul- chre. Moreover, his sheep prostrated themselves before him and acknow- ledged in him something divme. It was an age of miracles and believers in relics, and so when this thirteen-year- old boy proclaimed aloud to his com- panions that the Crusades had been a failure because men who were often wicked had attempted to free the Holy Land by means of war, and that only the pure and holy, represented by the children, could accomplish its freedom, small wonder is it that everywhere the contagion spread and little children came pouring out from town after town at the cry of the shepherd boy. King Philip, hearing of this, ordered that the children should go home, and many obeyed, but Pope Innocent apparently took no heed. Students, women and girls in many cases joined the children, of whom we are told in the " Chronique Review of Eeviews, 111,113. NOTABLE BOOKS. 199 de Laon " that some 30,000 placed them- selves under Stephen's orders. Before they reached Marseilles, along the road people and children had been asking, " But how are we to cross the sea?" God wills it, He will provide the way, was the answer. Then comes the terrible sequel. In front of the children was the sea and no miraculous convey- ance. Two men, Hugue Ferri and Gil- laume de Porqueres, came to the leaders of the despairing children to tell them that they had seven boats ready to carry them across the sea, and that it would be done for the love of God, without payment. These infamous men had quite another purpose. In those days there was a big slave market m Asia Minor, and at Bagdad white children were eagerly bought. Of all that crowd of children few ever again reached their native land, fewer still their own homes. The Crusade was not confined to France ; some of the children fell by the road, and were taken in by friendly hands m other countries, and some few were liberated from slavery many years after ; some died under the torture in- flicted because they would not give up their religious faith. Mr. Begbie has revived this forgotten story of a terrible catastrophe. Even in encyclopc-edias no mention is made of it. Buried in old-fashioned French history, tne story may be found, and we have it given here, dressed in fictitious robes, but substantially historical. The figures stand out clearl) . A moving story of one of the strangest events m history. A NOVEL OF GEORGIAN DAYS. Mrs. Lancdot By Maurice Hewlett. (Century.) The author has, we gratefully notice, forsaken the monotonous and loud- mouthed Senhouse. In this novel of Georgian days, the problem is the ad- justment not' of the usual triangle, but of a quadrangle. There is one woman — a pale, aristocratic lad)', not sketched with Mr. Hewlett's old-time vigour, and three men. The husband, Charles Lancelot, is a starched and passionless Government employee, who for the sake of advancement, subjects liis wife to the dangers of friendshiji with the great Duke of Devizes. But this Ilew- lettian Marquis of Steyne is less vicious and less successful than Thackeray's immortal villain, and so Mr. and Mrs. Lancelot enjoy the Duke's protection with some scandal but no real harm, until the third man appears — one Ger- vaise Poore. He is a poet, as hot- headed and absurd as his fellow crafts- man in " The Song of Renny," and he finally captures Mrs. Lancelot and takes her off to listen to his poems (which, judging from the samples Mr. Hewlett gives, are hopelessly bad) in a cottage in Italy. Mr. Lancelot and the Duke follow, but retire abashed after hearing Poore's four-page speech on the ethics of love. In this speech Poore delivers himself of what may be considered Uis book's moral — if your husband neglects you, elope with a poet. This solution is interesting, but not always practicable. A MAARTENS' NOVEL. Eiw. By Maarten Maarrens. (Dutton.) There is marital unhappiness in " Eve," but the story, is on the whole plausible and wholesome. Eve is brought up in a fantastic household from which all unpleasant realities are, so far as possible, deliberately ex- cluded. She is not taught the meaning of sorrow. But after her marriage to the virtuous but prosaic Rutger Knoppe, who is obsessed with political ambi- tions, she finds sorrow enough. She falls in love with a young aviator. But this passion proves her salvation. For after tem])tations peculiarly difficult to resist, she resolves that it is her duty to confess to her husband this guilty affection, and, the aviator being dead, she does so. Then she leaves him, to seek in a convent " the peace we can regain." The dangers of an education which does not furnish knowledge of the difficulties and pitfalls of life is well brought out, and the necessity of confidence between husband and wife demonstrated. The development by suffering of the heroine's character from that of a frivolous girl to that of a courageous and sincere woman is skil- fully shown. Incidentall)' there is given an excellent picture of modern Dutch life, and some convincing studies of religious psychology. 200 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. ADMIRAL MAHAN ON ARBI- TRATION. Armaments and Arbitration. By Admiral A. T. Mahan. (Harper.) When Admiral Alfred T. jMahan dis- cusses " The Place of Force in the Inter- national Relations of States," the advo- cates of militarism and the agitators for universal peace alike do well to hearken. Professor Mahan (for he is scholar by the right of degrees conferred, as well as Admiral m the United States Navy) bases his argument in his latest book on the contention, " too frequently ignored, that neither arbitration in a general sense, nor arbitration in the more specific form of judicial decision based upon a code of law, can always take the place, either practically or beneficially, of the processes and results obtained by the free play of natural forces." Ot these forces this naval writer w'ould have us believe " national efficiency is a chief element and arbitration being the representative of the national strength is the exponent." Stated in other words, Admiral Mahan would have us believe that all civilisation has to de- pend for its supremacy on its energy. When the two " essential elements " — - international competition and armament — fail, the end of civilisation is near at hand. Particularly stimulating is the Admiral's concluding chapter, entitled " Was Panama a Chapter of National Dishonour?" It is his opinion that " not even the consummate results of the American occupation, in sanitation, in maintaining order, in advancing the canal, with its promise to the world's future, are so complete a iustification for the action taken as is the miserable and barren record of the former owner, the Republic of Colombia." THE WONDERS OF WIRELESS. The Wireless Man: His Work and .Idven- ttnes on Land and Sea. By Francis A. Collins. (The Century Company, 251 pp., ill.) It is said that there are ioo,ooo boys in the United .States who are actively employed for at least a part of their time as amateur wireless operators. This is only one indication of the rapid advance that has been made in recent years in this new held of human activity. Many of the wonders of this fascinating business are graphically de- cribed by Francis A. Collms, m " The Wireless Man : His Work and Adven- tures on Land and Sea." The every-day happenings in the great oversea wireless stations, as recorded by Mr. Collins, are quite as romantic as most of the inci- dents that we expect to hnd in fiction. Some of the stirring rescues at sea, ac- complished through the aid of wireless, are described, and one chapter is devoted to " Three Heroes of the Wireless." The great value of the new service to the army and navy is outlined. A little book compiled by the editor of Work (London) explains the prin- ciples and mechanism of wireless tele- graphy, and gives definite instructions for the assembling of the apparatus. Both text and illustrations are said to have resulted from the practical experi- ence of men who thoroughly understand their subject. THE "MOVIES." Moving Pictures: How They are Made arid Worked. By Frederick A. Talbot. (Lippin- cott.) The dramatic and mechanical perfec- tion of the photo-play and the moving picture is one of the marvels of the hour. Doubtless the millions of people who crowd into the countless moving picture theatres have often wondered, while gazing at the fascinating films being unreeled before them, just how these entertaining effects were produced, What is back of the pictures — how are they made? Mr. Talbot answers the question in a most interesting and comprehensive manner. The subject is dealt with from the earliest experi- ments with " action photography," to the life-like perfection of the picture play of to-day. A fascinating section of the book explains in detail the pro- duction of " trick " pictures — the danc- ing furniture, the " fake " automobile accident, the making of apparitions, giants, and lilliputians, the rolling of a pumpkin uphill, and all the other gro- tesque happenings of the comic moving picture films The volume is a veritable encyclopaedia of the moving picture art, and is liberally supplied with illustra- tions. April 1, 1913. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. The Cleverfst Humorous lournal. LONDON PUNCH Gives its readers many hearty laughs each week, and keeps them humorously in touch with Home politics, and events generally, in the most kindly and happy way. GET IT NOW. Sixty-five years ago Punch made the most popular joke ever published : Advice to a man about to get married— Don't. The jokes it makes every week are laughed over at dinner tables, at clubs, and in boudoirs the world over. Annual Subscription (52 numbers), 1 8s. post free. This includes the Annual Almanac. Send Subscription to : Office of London Punch, T. & G. Building, Swanston Street, Melbourne. The Sub- scription will start at once with the current copy. 20I Tliauk you for mentiatiiiig the l\c\ lew i>f Reviews when wiilliiLr to advertiser; 202 REVIEW OE REVIEWS. Airril f, 1913. **Tlie World Is, A.fter A.!!, Not Goins^ to the Devil.'* A REMARKABLE LETTER SENT TO THE EDITOR OF "PUBLIC OPINION" BY THAT DISTINGUISPIED ARTIST, SIR HUBERT VON HERKOMER, RUNS IN THIS WAV: HUBERT VON HERKOMER AND Lie OPI Dear Sir, — It gives me great pleasure to tell you how your paper, PUBLIC OPINION, answers a purpose in my life. Although I read a great deal, I find it impossible to keep abreast of the trend of higher thought that is going on around me, which can only be gathered from various articles and letters in newspapers, and articles in magazines. But your paper gives me the assurance that I miss nothing which would be of use to me in the train of thought upon which I may just be engaged, and seldom does a weekly issue of PUBLIC OPINION appear from which I cannot call some useful suggestion. As a lecturer on Art, I need all the suggestions on life that I can get into my hands, for I treat Art in all its phases popularly. From PUBLIC OPINION 1 get to know certain modern authors with whose methods of thinking I am in sympathy, and those I follow up further. Your paper does me the service to point to them. Your selection of current thought is worthy of all praise, for it gives one the wholesome feeling that the world is, after all, not going to the devil, but contains thinkers and good men and women. I wish you, with all my heart, continuous success with your paper. Yours very truly, (Signed) HUBERT VON HERKOMER. TWO OTHER LETTERS WITH A SIMILAR SPIRIT ARE FROM Dr, ALFRED R. WALLACE and Dr. W. H. FITCHETT. Dr. ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE, O.M., The Distinguished Scientist, says: " PUBLIC OPINION is the best of papers. It has a genius for perceiving not only vrhat is of high importance, but what is of interest in highly important things. I admire the paper immensely, and never miss it." Rev. Dr. W. K. FITCHETT Australia says : '• I get your PUBLIC OPINION regularly, and find it most interesting and valuable — a match- less bit of journalistic work. It ought to find a place, for one thing, in every newspaper office outside London, tor nothing else I know gives such a reflex of the thought in the cur- rent history of the world." OBJECT or PUBLIC OPINION. Now the object of PUBLIC OPINIOJ!^ is. while focussing the opinions and news of the week as given in the world's best newspapers and magazines and books, to emphasise those movements and opinions which are becoming important, and which promise to loom large in the future. PUBLIC OPINION emphasises the fact that there is news in ideas as well as in the or- dinary facts of life — for ideas rule the world; and is always on the look out for the hopeful thing and the helpful thing, the men and the women and the movements and the opinions which tend to lift the world forward. It is the ideal paper for the Australian. A SPECIMEN COPY of PUBLIC OPINION will be posted FREE on receipt of a card sent to the Manager, Public Opinion, 31 and 32 Temple House, Tallis-street, London, Eng- land. PUBLIC OPINION will be sent, on application to the alx>ve address, to any place in the world for 138. a year; six months, 5s. 6d. PUBLIC OPINION Edited by PERCY L. PARHEIR. TWOPENCE WEERLV. Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertiBers April 1, 191S. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 203 BOOKS IN BRIEF Bv E. (Mills a n d a ii<;l liamhles in HnJhind. M. S. Grew. Boon. Cs.) Holland, the sweet, shining land of wind-swept waters, wide hori- zons and lileaming light, is well described here. Photographs, let- terpre>ss, and good print help the reader to visualise the little-known parts as well as the ordinary tour- ist routes. The history which in- troduces the scenery is well and simply told. Few of us remenibei- wihat the Spanisli persecutions did to huild up the clu^racter of the Dutch people. Eighteen thous- and martyrs in six years is im- pressive. Silhouettes of Sircden. By Ethel C. Hargrove. (Methuen. (is.) A delightful guide-book to a country not yet well known to the many. It will have charm for those who arc not able to go to Sweden, and is invaluable for those who intend to visit the coun- try so well described her(\ !Miss Hargrove paid a short first visit to Denmark, and during the Olympic games went to Stock- holm, writing of it as seen in the wonderful beauty of midsummer days. Not only ai'e places in Sweden described, but also her artists, her literature, social or- ganisations, etc. The appendix- contains mucli useful information for the intending traveller. Austri(,i: Her Projilr and Thi'ir tfomi'lands. By James Baker. (John Lane. 21s. net.) A mine of information and a panorama of lovely scenery is this delightful book. In the preface it is stated that in fifty-three years only two books upon the Empire of Austria as a catalogued for The forty-eight colour sketches illustrated are well. The story whole have been English readers, charming water- with whicli it is l)y Donald 'Slax- is told con innorc by one who has travelled the length and breadth of this beau- tiful land, and whose astonish- ment at the lack of English tra- vellers is continually breaking out. '■Charles Dickens. Soci(d licformcr. By W. Walter Crotch. (Chap- man and Hall. 7s. (kl. net.) A patient reconstruction of th(> complete political pjiilosophy of that lover of his kind, Charles Dickens, taken from his own works. Taught by his own suffer- ings, Dickens' abiding jiurjiose was "to strike a blow for the poor," and though we all know Interesting to all— the attractive Souvenir Booklet telling of the record run of the year by the — 113-MILES- PER -HOUR MAY WE POST YOU A COPY? The engine that can develop this amazing speed will take you up the stiffest hills without faltering, and reveal an enduring disregard for arduous service. CLEMENT TALBOT, Ltd. 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We guarantee all titles, and will collect and remit the interest in London Exchange without charge. We invite correspondence, and will be pleased to submit lists of mortgages and pamphlet explaining in detail our services to investors. Bank leferences upon recjuest. THE DEVEREAUX MORTGAGE COMPANY 1002 Spalding Building OREGON. US.A. PORTLAND LETTEhS COPIED WHILE WRITING (IN INK) by using your ov/n letter paper, invoices, etc.. with this book. Von siinpi>' iiisnt your It'lier piipcr iis illusir^ittHi. liicii write : - ' ^ . , aiui yuii ^(■l•Ilrc I'v the nrl of writiriK a ix-rfoct letter aiv' " '*"-"* '*"■ -^ »py Ml ilu' bi'ok. Thi'iv is no sisn 0 your Imvii" ipv . no perforated edne to yonr ocmimunicatiou. I'o.tU N.S.C. -200 copies oiilier '2W letters si/o 8x10 inohes. i r 400 size H x .•>. Price 3 9 post free. UooU N.S.C. /400 copies 400 or K(K) respec- tively. Price 5/- post free, (-ash with order. Spn-ial I>ainty Octavo HooU. makfiiK '200 copies for i\>- Oid.T. or dnnlde capui-ity (or 4/.1. Sample of the WomU __ /allelic Ink Paper wliicli nialtos thecopv. frei\ if stamped addressed envelope *' R.R/' ZANETIC. Welford Road. Leicester takt'ii u c sent to 204 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1013. PEDIGREES & ARMS (EngUsh & Foreign.) Mr. Culleton traces pedigrees of middle class as well as landed families, with proofs from public records. Upon his collection of references to Pedigrees and Arms ;^ 10,000 have been spent during 70 years. Enquiry letters answered without charge. LEO CULLETON, 92 Piccadilly, London. CuUeton's Heraldic Office for the artistic production of Heraldic painting and engraving. Seals for corporations, private seals, signet rings, dies for notepaper, book plates, heraldic stained glass, memorial brasses. En- graving and designing for all purposes. 92 Piccadilly, london. 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Terms : Secretary, T. Howard. The Anglo-American School of Art Reproduction, 11 Red Lion Square, Southampton Row. London, W.C. DEAFNESS and HEAD NOISES Relieved b\- using WILSON'S JPn^sENSE _i,_„. EAR DRUMS. In%'isible, comfortable. Thousands in use, giving perfect satisfaction. Book sent free to the deaf. Write to — STPiH 7NO\?EUTY CO., 160 Arlinoton Chambers, 229 Collins St., Melb. NOSES AND EARS. NOSES. — riie only p;itent Nose Machines in the world. Improve ugly noses of all kinds. Scientific yet simple. Can be worn during sleep. Send stamped envelope for full particulars. RED NOSES. —My long established medically approved Treatment absolutely cures red noses. 3 9 post free. Foreign, 1/6 extra. UGLY EARS.— The Rubber Ear Caps invented by Lees Ray remedy ugly outstanding ears. Hundreds of successful cases. 7 6 post free. Foreign, 1/6 extra. -R. R. LEES RAY, ioe, Central Chambers, LIVERPOOL. this perfunctorily, it neeried Mr. Crotcli to s'liow us how this pur- pose dominated him. It is pointed out here that Dickens was prac- ticallv tlie first writer to express childhood in literature. And what does not the child owe to Dickens? The Lords of the VeviVs Paradise. By G. Sidney Paternoster. (Stanley Paul. os. net.) This book has been written with the object of arousing public opinion in order to force the Peru- vian Government to action with regard to the Putumayo atroci- ties. It contains a full account of the horrors perpetrated on the natives, the facts being taken from Hardenburg's story and the Casement Report. It also deals with the proceedings subsequent to the Casement inquiry showing that the: Peruvian Governmen;t has done nothing to bring the offenders to justice, and that pro- bably the same methods are still being employed against the natives. The author, who is respon- sible for the publication of Har- denburg's revelation's in the Lon- don Truth, puts the whole facts clearly and concisely before the reader. The Positive EvoJvtion of lieligion. By Frederic Harrison. (Heine- mann. 8s. 6d. net.). A keenly interesting resume of public discourse, giving Mr. Har- rison's thoughts on the general problem of religion, showing that the spiritual feeling which in- spires Positivism and Christianity is essentially the same, because the moral and social end of both are practically the same. Theism, Catholicism. Polytheism, etc., are all passed in review. Man: Whence, How, and Whiflier. By Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater. (Theosophical Publishing House. 12s.) A volume of over 500 pages, deal- ing with the evolution of man from the Theosophical standpoint and obtained by clairvoyance. The earth names of many of the characters in the story are given, such as Olcott, Bradlaugh, etc. The vision of the future, which concludes the book, shows a smoke- le.ss London, a universal language compounded of English shorthand gramalogues, and the earth with- out armies or navies or slums. T/iC Foundations of a Nationrd Drama. By Henry Arthur Jones. (Chapman and Hall. 7s. 6d. net.) For thirty years Mr. Henry Ar- thur Jones has consistentlj' Thank you for meutiouing the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers. April 1, 1913. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 207 preached the gospel of the intol- lectual drama. He was one of the founders of the original Play- goers' Club in 1884, and t]irouo;h all the dreary years -.vhen the Eng- lish stage was at its lowest ebl.', and "legs and tomfoolery" con- cisely summed up tlie English theatre, until now, when faint gleams of promise of better tlnngs are breaking through the clouds, he has never ceased, by word and example, trying to place the drama on its proper footing, not as an idle amusement for a vacant hour, but ns a serious and fine art. This collection of lectures, essays and speeches delivered and written between 1896 and 1912 contains his confession of faith, and will be welcomed by every earnest stu- dent of the drama, for few men can speak with more authority on fhe subject. FICTION. The Kniicc of Vidiiiouds. By Ethel y\. Dell. (Eisher "Unwin. 6s.) An amusing storv by the author of TItc Wan of an' Eagle. The hero is an original — a man of cul- ture, with the strain of the Red Indian in his blood, who seems tt> have had a fascinating jjower over those who came in contact with him. Tlie Saint of a story which deals in the super-human, angelic or the reverse, suffers a martyr- dom of pain from injuries re- ceived in rescuing the dog of his "best girl." The Lure of Crooning Water. Bv Marion Hill. (John Long. 6s.) The heroine Georgette Verlaine" is most amusing, and so are the chil- dren at the farm where she goes to recruit after a breakdown in health. Returning to the stage she leaves havoc behind lier, for she has lured the young farmer- husband into her toils. The at- titude of the young wife is as noble as it is pathetic. Georgette does her best to repair the mi.';- chief she has done, and is her- self taken into strong hands. Siren. By Harold (]\Iills and Boon. The Call of ihe Spender. 6s.) If a personal adjective may be at- tached to a novel, high-bred would be the one to use for this fine story of everyday life, the char- acters in which are so sanely and vividlv described, and the interest so well sustained. The two heroes are manly men, described without exaggeration, and their story will touch most people at one point or another. Oliver is the son of a noble mother and a father en- gaged in financial enterprises. ?mi DRINKING WATER is a necessity in every house. A "Berkefeld" Filter at a small cost will give you pure and germ-free water. Think o vour children's health. n'li'iff.ir Catalogue " N" to THE BERKEFELD FILTER CO., Ld. 121. OXFORD STREET. LONDON, W. JA A SPECIAL OFFER. We will send to any p.irt of the world a copy of our illustrated catalogue The Gift Book de Luxe showirifi :i comprehensive range of Jewellery, Sllverplate, Watches. Clocks, Rings. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Dressing Cases, Opera, Field and Reading Glasses, Barometerj, etc., etc. We can otter remark- .ible value, and a selection of goods to suit the taste of a'l. Biiyclireel from the tyianufadurers ivlio hare been established since 1S20. Special Note.— We can supply the same high-class articles as those obtained at any nther of the leading J'wellers at a much lower price. Send for catalogue fO-DAY and you will be delighted. SUTHERLAND &i HORNF. 10 SoutK St. Andrew Street. EDINBURGH - SCOTLAND. REAL SCOTCH TWEEDS can be obtained in any length DIRECT from the M/\NUFACTLJRtRS. Suitings, Dress Goods, and ''' Overcoatings ^^^^Ty.'"" (VERY SPECIAL VALUE.) !N THE LATEST DESIGNS. Write for P.A.TTERNS and PARTICUT.ARS post free from ROBERTS, SOMERYILLE & COY., GALASHIELS, SCOTLAND. Special Attention to Overseas Enquiries and Orders. FOUND AT LASl! "It has ceased to be necessary to advertise tlie discovery of tobact o. The great expeiuliliire of to-day is in advertisiny the discovery of a hundred or so brantls of the ' best' tobacco, and on the siij^Kestion oC this advertising a patient jiuljlic makes the round of the t-tTectivuly advertised tob iccos in quest of that special brand nh ch shall raise an ■ Amen' to the advertisenu-nt in the breast of each indii. i*Uial smoker. A lot of us are still seeking;." — "Printer's Ink," May. tou-. If YOU are "still seeking" yoii can end your quest by securing a sample of our .B» Smoking Mixture (Modivnn Strongtli.) Ill), tins, 2s. ill), tins, 4s. lib. tins. 8s., post free. In order to give re-iders of this Review an opportunity to test the merits of this mixture, a trial packet of one ounce will be sent, post i)aicl, to any address, on receipt of Sixpence. Write to-' °f Allen's famous Catalogue MY L.ADYS HOME" (New Edition de Luxe just readv) containing full illustrated particulars of Durobelle Fabrics New Cretonnes, Lace Curtains, Carpets, etc. Beautiful coloured plates. London Sliowrooms and Removals Ojfices : 6. Sloar-t St.. S.IV. Mail Order Depot 15, The Quadrant, BOURNEMOUTH Avlio, having brouglit his frauds to a climax, ishoots himself. His friend. Jack Eardley, secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, O'Brien and his sister, and Eard- lev's half-French wife are so well described that we feel that if ever we came in contact with them we should recognise them at once. Oliver's recipe for the troubles of his life is " Forget yourself in healing others." The haven he oomes to is a happy one, though we realise that the bliss will be qualified as it is in ordinary life. Mary All Alone. By John Oxen- ham. (Methuen. 3s. 6d.) A fine story of a girl, the daugh- ter of an officer killed in India, who, by various circumstances, finds soon after her arrival in Eng- land that she is absolutely desti- tute. Beautiful, educated but un- trained, she naturally finds great difficulty in earning her living, so that it is with relief we find Mary coming into lier own at last. 77! e Toll of the Thlc. By Theodore G. Roberts. (Werner Laurie. 6s.) Tliis story of the wreckers on the coast of Newfoundland is iiniqiie in some waj'S, and Black Denis Nolan, a swashbuckler of the old days, is a notable figure. Sir (rdhihad of the Army. By Ham- ilton Drumniond. (Stanley Paul. 6s.) A fine romance of the period of Charles VII. of France, the un- fortunate son of Louis XI. The young king is made to appear of sterner stuff than the old records allow, a knight-errant upon oc- casion. The scene is laid in Italy, and tilie story of love, adventure, and fighting of one of his knights is enthralling. The Threr Blacl- Stones. Bv K. E. Cogswell. (Relfe Bros. 2s. net.) Charming original fairy stories, with morals delicately interwoven. The illustrations are by ^laud Fabian, whose lamented death soon after her pictures had been accepted by the Royal Academy gives a further interest to the book. The Bed Harvest. Bv Newman Flower. (Cassell. 3s. 6d.) ^\'ritten befo)-e the outbreak of tliel Balkan War, this novel gives a good idea of the reasons for the enmity between Serbs and Austrians, the hatred of Queen Draga, and the preference of the people for the Karageorgevich o\ er the Obrenovich dynasty. But it would be a good novel even if April 1, 19 IS. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 209 it were not linked to the present trouble in Euroi)c. The interest is immediate and continued ; the characters, spies and plotters, tlie lady and her two lovers, Draga and her servants are all life-like The chapter in which the assas- sination of the King and Queen is described, and the episode in •which Colonel Slana, a dehauchoe and a liar, fights and heroically dies in defence of Draga is very realistic. Harry the Cochne)/. By Edwin Pugih. (T. Werner" Laurie. 6s.) A remarkable book packed with humour and shrewd observation, giving us a picture of the men- tality of the son of a barber in a slum neighbourhood in London. The author, in the person of "Harry the Cockney," says that in every other station of life " the boy " is described, but as these boys are totally alien to him he thinks it would be good to de- scribe his own thoughts and feel- ings. Harry Weaver becomes a K.C. and M.P., marries a charm- ing little wife, and has bright children, but remains lonely to the end, feeling still a pariah. Who's Who (A. and C. Black.) Is largely increased in size as well as in price, so that it will no longer fit in height the long line of its fixty-four predecessors. In widtili it has been rapidly increas- ing for many years. It is diffi- cult to find a solitary person of eminence who has not some re- cord in its pages, the record clos- ing, however, with August 31, 1912. It would be interesting to know the principle of selection ; why, for instance, should Mr. Fisk Crafts get 4^ inches of notice, and Lloyd George only one inchr' A careful analysis of ,the book would be amusing ; the notice ot "Gyp," for instance, is in her own language. The Writers (iml Artists' Year Book (price Is. net) maintains its former higli charac- iter of usefulness, and, togotlu'i' with the English Women's Year Book, forms a valuable adjunct to the book-shelf. The latter ('2-. 6d. net) maintains its usual elli- ciency. It is, of coui-se, ini])(>,s- sible to have such a volume (]iiite faultless, but it would really he very difficult to pick a hole in it. The Women's Sufl'rage Movement, of course, is well noticed. NOW IS THE TIME TO HAVE REAL HARRIS SUIT OR COSTUME ITS ALWAYS STYI/ISH A- GOOD I'OKM OLtuits *Carpets *Linolcum * Bedsteads *Bedding SHOP BY POST An allowance towards cost of Freight of 6d. in the £ is made on Colonial Orders. Cutlery * Kitchen Requisites *China and Glass *Silver Goods * Bazaar *Toys ♦Boys' Outfitting Gent.'s Outfitting Perfumery Haberdashery Needlewoik Stationery WESTBOURNE GROVE, LONDON, W. Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to aiivertisers. 21. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913. THE COLONIAL MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED. >. INSURANCE riRE .... ACCIDENT - EMPLOYER S LIABILITY fIDELITY GUARANTEE PLATE-OLASS BREAKAGE MARINE BURGLARY LIVE STOCK OFFICES: MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street. SYDNEY— 74 Pitt Street. ADELAIDE — 71 King William Street BRISBANE— Creek Street. PERT H-^B arrack Street. HOBART— Collins Street. LONDON— 77 Cornhill, E.C. WALTER TUCKER, General Manager. THE EQUITY TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED. RESERVE LIABILITY, £100,000; GUARANTEE FDND, £10,000. BOARD OF DIRECTORS- Edward Fanning, Esq., Chair- man ; W. H. Irvine, Esq., K.C., M.P. ; Donald iMac- kinnon, Esq., M.L.A. ; R. G. M'Cutcheon, Esq., M.L.A. ; Stewart Mc Arthur, Esq., K.C. Registered Office : No, 85 Queen Street, Melbourne. This Company is empowered by special Act of Parliament to perform all classes of trustee business. JOEL FOX, Manager. C. T. MARTIN, Assistant Manager. ^^^^"^ A KEMEDY OF LONG STANDIKQ Tried, true, and always to be relied on. gives instant relief in Asthma, and is of great value in Bronchitisand Whooping Cout;h, 1/ ler tin from Chemists. or post free 1/from J. HINK3- MAN. Chemiit. Carluke. Triai package free GREGG SHORTHAND A GREAT EDUCATIONAL REFORM. Ooming Universal System. Records Broken every way. Easily effectively mastered in less than a third the time required other systems. The work of a Master Mind. Simple. Natural, St'ientifio. Write now for full particulars and Free Sample Lesson. Expert Postal Tuition. PHIL. C BAINES (Anstralian Representative), Gregg Shorthand Institute. Albion, Brisbane, Qld. Australia and New Zealand to an im- mense number of Britons whose notions of our country iiere were of the haziest. It would be almost impossible now to meet anyone who thought us black, but it is almost a hopeless task to con- vey to the average dweller in the home- land any conception of the huge size of this Island continent. This is large- ly due to the fact that in London alone there are almost twice as many people as m the whole of Australasia, and you can circumvent London comfortably in half a day, whilst any part of the Bri- tish Isles is within a twelve hours' run. Europe, too, is very close at hand, two or at most three days sufficing to reach the most distant part of it. There is no doubt that a large num- ber of those who are going Home do so in order to arrange for the schooling of their children in the Old Xand, or on the Continent. The tuition here is excellent, that ever)'one admits, but there are many things that an educa- tion in England gives which are natur- ally unattainable in a new country. Aus- tralian boys and girls have done ex- cellently in Home schools and colleges, many of whom now make special pro- vision for Colonial pupils. Those who intend to arrange for their son's or daughter's education at Home are nat- urally anxious to know all about the best schools, boarding and teaching es- tablishments. We would be happ}' to have information sent on to any en- quiring reader, or direct application could be made to Mr. Baton, the best known and most reliable scholastic ad- viser in England. Long experience has shown that it is practically impossible to become fluent in a language unless some time is spent in the country where it is spoken. Im- mense numbers of girls and youths go from England every year to the cheap, but most excellent, schools in Germany and France. Australians are now fol- lowing" their example to a considerable extent. There is no question that a knowledge of European methods, man- ners and customs is of great use to any- one who in future life will have to do with people outside of this country. - Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers. AprU 1,1013. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Ur- Hj I Hi Q 0! D! D! D! B! 0! OOLS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Messrs. J. & J. PATON, having an intimate knowledge of the BEST SCHOOLS and TUTORS in ENGLAND and on the CON- TINENT, will be pleased to aid parents in their selection by sending (free of charge) pros= pectuses and full particulars of reliable and highly recommended establishments. When writing, please state the age of pupil, the district preferred, and give some idea of the fees to be paid. Parents from the Colonies should, on arrival in England, call and consult Mr. J. H. Paton before deciding upon a school. J. & J. PATON, Educational Agents, 143 CANNON ST., LONDON, E.G. ifl ID ni5ii^iSB]SiaJBigJSIgigigJgl^J^igl^JglS)aJBlSlgJB]BJBJES]gJSiaJgJBlSJS]SlSIBJSISiaJBlSIBIgiBJB)|B| Tliank you for rueiitiouiiig the Review of Reviews wlien vvi'iting to advertisers. 214 REVIEW OF REVIEWS. April 1, 1913_ Popular Hotels in Central London. NEaR THE BRITISH MUSEUM. KINGSLEY HOTEL Hart St., Bloomsbury Square, LONDON. OPPOSITE THE BRITISH MUSEUM. THACKERAY HOTEL Great Russell St., LONDON. These well-appointed and commodious TEMPERANCE HOTELS will, it is believed, meet the requirements, at moderate charges, of those who desire all the conveniences of the larger modern Licensed Hotels. These Hotels have Passenger lifts. 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