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W. T. STEAD Editor Enf;li8h "Review of Reviews " OR. ALBERT SHAW, Editor American ' Review of Review e.' CONTENTS FOR MAY, 1912. The Late W. T. Stead History of the Month (Australasian) History of the Month (English) Talks on Topics of the Day : I. With Norman Angell II. With Sir Albert Spioer, M.P. . . . . Character Sfcelcli: Lord Pirrie Current History in Caricature The Next Great Word in the Evolution of More About the Twenty Greatest Men ... Pea PAGE Isiii. Ixvi. , 225 • 239 ■ 241 • 243 250 : 255 . 262 P.^GE Leading Articles In the Reviews — If Britain Went to War. What Would Happen in the City? 263 Problems of Foreign Policy . . 264 Problems of Domestic Policy 265 Is Englaiul Emptying Herself? 266 Chat About Chancery . . 267 Recent Obanges in Wedding Customs 267 A New Sketch of the Kaiser 268 Sun Yat Sen on Himself 269 Ijuboucberiana 270 (Jreek Patron Sainjtfi of Feminism 271 A Dream of the "Great State" to Come .. .. 271 To Canadianise Britain 272 Paris and Her Monuments 272 Indian Reviews on tbe Durbar . . 273 {Continued on next page,) SEND US 7/6 And We will send You a BOX OF BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS Full of Faii^y Stories, culled from the Literature of Every Land. Nine Books, nicely bound and fitted in a pretty and strong case. Interesting and charming to every Child. Send to the Manager " Review of Reviews for Australasia," SWANSTON-ST.. MEIBOIRNF. [deaf; I)E4FNESSand HEAD NOISES U.li.vnl In nsiiiu Wll 9nN'Ie. Tiiousanda iu use. ;.'iviTt;,' perft'Ct s.ttisfactifin. 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PAGE Leading Articles (Cuiitiiined) — Cireatcr India 274 The EthU-8 of Mr. Rooaevelt 275 Tho United States of tli« World 276 The Chin:tinan as the Coming Jew 277 Opera in Kngland . .. .. 277 In the Twenty-Seiond Century 278 Growth of Socialism .. .. 273 When Will War Cease? . . 279 Wanted Colonists — for Franco . . . 280 Three Explorations of El Dorado 280 The Prejudice of Sex .... .281 The Dny of the Spinster 281 The Cliild's Xeeprietor and editottin-chief of " The Review of Reviews "has met his death in the appall- ing tragfdy of the "Titanic" disaster. The days of suspense have brought no relief. Beyond a doul>t he i> among.^ those who faced grim death in one of its grimmest and most terrible forms in that f<;irful rush of docm. It seems impossible to believe that Jle is not alive. His personality was so impressive that its influence pervaded one's atmosphere. He was so well known, his name being a household word whtiever men could read, that he was present ever\ where in a most realistic wa\ . And .ir will l)e a long time before we shall be able to accustom ourselves to the fact that he has gone. With many yt-.irs of useful life before him, he has been cut off in such a sudden and remorse- less kind of fashion lii;it one's sen.ses are numlied. He was a worlds man. There was nothing .small abnit W. T. Stead. He could nt>t think in small circles. The widest horizons appeared always oi)en before him in connection with anything that he undertook. He was a big man, in the biggest sense of the word. He [londered in continents. The foremost journalist of the wt)rld, he spoke to civilisation a.s a man who had a geniu.s for grasiiing srtuaitions, lM>king at things in their right persjjective. and intuitively finding his way to the loftiest jiKlgmeirts. He l«eg.in his career earlv. .\t the age of twenty-two, he took liis lir.st editor's chair, and com- pletely changed the character of the "'Northern P:cho." it D.irlington. .Nine years later he iK^-anie assistant editor to the "Pall Mall Cnzette," iinil.r Mr. John Morley, .succeeding to the editorship three years after he joined the .staff. In 1890 he founded ' The Review of Reviews." which has played so large a jiart in the making of history, and has Ixx-ome a p.iwer, not only in Britain, but also in .America antl .Austral.isia, in l)oth of which iiages upon curn-nt topics of interest. ' In this connection he cime into per.sonal contact with <\ery crowned head of KuroiK-. It was not given to any other jfnirnalist to have almost free eiitr) to liie mon.irehs of tlv Old World. He had only to request, .md the request was granteil. There is no other journalist li\ing who could commancl this. How elo<|iienily it spoke f>f the pro- found res)xvt in which he was hehl ! If a big newspapiT or journal wanterl a king or emjicror or sultan intervi«-wed, there w,is one cert.iin way of gil'tiug it done, and th.it w.is ihruiigh Mr. Stead- These knew it was im|>nasible frw him to deal other" than fairly, th.-it there woiiM Iw m. disi.rtion t.. make sensation.d "copy," and th.it the dipnitv of the throne would Ix* uphehl ixiv. Ihe Hevlew of Reviews. All this nu-aiis that he had iiiadf a place for iiiinself in the hearts ol the people, fromi which he I'ould not Ix; dislodged. Both high and low respected him as a man who would not, indeed, could not, use opportunities that oame in his way simply to advance his personal interests. He WMS a giant in reform. His personal goodness, his sense of justice, liis passion for righteous- ness, made him a deadly foe in any combat with wrong that he entered. \\'hen he set out to fight he carried no hamper, and went in with the single purpose of slaying the wrong he attacked. Because his vision of the ideal was so clear, he could not stay at half measures. To him wrong was a thing not to be compromised with, but destroyed. Needless to say, he had to resort to extraordinary means .sometimes to accomplish his ends; Ijut he never shrank from any ordeal, however severe. This was made evident in his attack on the hideous crime of child procuration which had assumed proportions in London that were appalling. He demonstrated, with the aid of some godly women friends, and some of the most irreproachable men in I,ondon, that it was ridiculously easy to purchase for inunoral ])urposes ciiildren of tender yeai.s. It was necessary, in order to prove his accusa- lio'iis to the hilt, to s:how that it was possible to do this. Not one breath of per.sonal s<;andal could ever attach to him in his pursuit of the hideous evil; but, through defective and biassed justice, whirh could not see that the .saUation of thousands of innocent girls depended on his crusade, and that his personal character could not be impeached, he was charged by his countr\ with having commit'tL'd a tecJinical breach of the law, and, to Hngkind's shame, be it .said, sentenced to prison for three months, which was re- duced to two on fhe initiartive of the (Jueen. Although treated as a first-class prisoner, the reproach \o England was just the SHme, especially as no effort was made to hound down the brutal monsters that trafficked in childhood's innocency. But, as an immediate result of what he did, the age of consent was immediately raised. One can sc.arcely credit that a .\Iell)ouriie newspaper, in an otherwi.se complimentary sketch of his carei'r. should style this righteous crusade as " an early blunder." It was a magnifictMit work, imdertakt-n in the public's interest, and \Ir. Stead was jirobably the onl\ man in the Kingdom who w.is jdiieky enough to face it and lo <'arry it through. When seizt-d with the necessity of seeing .m\ thing tlu'ough to the vnd. nothing could prevent him from doing it. Person. d or hnanei.d lass did not enter into his consideration. This was n'otably the ca.se in the Hin-r War. He wins one of tho.se whii said that it was a monsitrous crime, and kejrf up his ojipositiou to it long after iiianv of his (;ompatriots had. through weariness at the futility of their opj)osition, fallen silent. What he endured in <'onnection with this, none but his intimates will ever kimw. In a country that boasts of i'reedom of speech, of tolerance and respect for others' opinions. Mr. Stead suffered calumny and bitter invective, scorn and derision, that would ha\e driven most men to di.straction or .ililivion. But lie stixxl against the storm unmo\<'d. and s\ibsciiuent e\i-nls ha\'e jirdAed that he was right. He had the vision of a seer. He was a modern-day iiroplu't, .nid those wlio Inng for the realisation of loftiest ideals, national ,ind per.sonal, will sorely miss him. To him the question. " 1> it right?" was paramount. "Is it expedient?" knew no place in his Ix^iiig. No .stronger advocite of universal iieace lived. He ihd more than any other man to make ilu' Ha-ue < "onvention a reality, although, as it was con.'^tituted. it did not cxame up to his ideal. W.ir, to !iini. was a grand mistake, a proof of national madness, and yet ,it the same time he had no false ide.i^ of the means necessary to preserve the Empire under ])r<'.sent conditions. It was this clear-headed perception of things that made him insist upon the " Iwn keels to one" stand. ird in connection wiili William Thomas Stead. Ixv. the expansion of the Gernuii navy; aial vei thtrie waj> no truer friend to Germany than he, and no greater opponent of the anti-Gemian sentiment, so frequently, so obstinately, and so wickedly engineered by J'ingo journalists. His " Truth About the Navy " created a great sensation. It was the calm statement of a rruui who knew the facts, .md uh^i exposed a national weakness in order that efficiency might come. No oit|>ressed [jeople or race ap|iealed to him in wiiii. He was i)rc-fminently a sufferer's friend. Readers of the '" Re\iew of Re\iews '' will remember how mercilessly he stripj^ed the veil from the Congo horrors, and endeavoured to get justice for the natives. To enumerate all his high deeds would tx? to write his history, which could not lie done here. That w-yi l>e done, for no man has left a deeper stamp, and Th-at for good, on his country's records.- His loss is a national one, and the natioit will rememhier him. His works will follow him. He provoked antagonisms, as every reformer who deser\es the name will do; but they were the antagonisms of those who O[>posed reform and progress, and who could not understand a man who sought the people's good with all his heart. Vet. with it all. he had no ill-will towards his antagonists f>ersonally. He i)itied the man who was on the wrong track, and sorrowed for him, while he pursued the e\il the man was engaged in, relentlessly. Even men who had wronged him personally, he enter- tained no bitterness for. To quote his own words, " Even to a man who has injured me, I ne\er wish txj do anything that I would regret in my la.-il hour." Had lie Ijeen prepared to keeji has voice silent towards some gigantic evils, and truckled to public sentiments, he would have been a wealthy man many times over ; but if he had so truckled, or kept ffllent, he would not have been \\'. T. Stead. N'o one but those in his inner circle knew what financial sacrifices he e\er\ year made to keep liefore the jieople certain ideiils which he profoundly belie\'ed to lie for the people's goixl, or to maintain projects for their advancement and education. Of his personal qualities too much cannot lie said. The very fact that wliat has been written liefore could be written presupi>oses philanthropy, gtwdness, gentleness, and all those qualities that make up the lo\-able in man. Of these I have had ajnple piX)of since I was appointed to the editor- ship of the " Review of Re\iews " for Australasia. It was not my good fortune to meet him. but nn man could ever ask for or exiiect to have a fnuT chief, or ,i truer friend. He was intensely sjnritual. To him the imm.iterial was as real as tlie material, and the veil that hides frle did not exist for him. In this, as in everv other thing, he w.is crmstantly on the look-out for develoimif-nts :m(\ inwn as a husbandm.iii might be in the held, , with his h.TJld upon the ,uough, antl his e\e on the end of the furrow. .As t^w men h.ue d<»ne. he has sensed his dav and generation. .And iH)w he has " fallen on sleep." What h'.q)|KTied in that terrible hour of tragedy we shall never lie really able to grasp. One thing wi- are i-ert-iin of. ,iiwl that Ls that he would sfiuid asideth.it .in(*li<-r might p.-vis ^> >afet\. and that ileath to Ivim would h,i\e no fe.irs. He would nu^t it with cahntM-Ns .ind (|uirt in the midst of the awful chaos. There is no one who cm take just the s.nn<- high plao- in journ.ili.sjii tli.it he ilid. Nature is not prodigal in her gifts of such r.ire characters, and in each generation they can be found only in ones and twos. He was a.s trul\ a proi>het as any of those of olden tim«"s. and the world will miss luis righteous (ietiunriatioiis and his warning noti-. always directed to the nobU^it things. Over tlie world there are thoiLS,inds who were proud to U- cilltd hi^ " Heljiers," who tretl to carry out in their small way the great tilings he stooil f<->r. In has n.mii- I .i|)peal to rliem to carry on his wr>rk. and to try to ftil-fil his id<-al-s The Rev EVIEWS TEAff»EKA.XCE AND GBNBRA.L LIF i£ ASSVUANGE BUII^UCNG, SWAJVSTOJV STREET, MRLBOVRNE, II a matk is agaJn^t tbi- line the copy Is a sample one. Will you read it carefully and then send 8s. 6d. either to your news agent or to "The Review «f Reviews, T. and G. Building, Melbourne, and receive it foi la months. THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH. Melbourne, April 22, 1912. According to Mr. Anstey, M.H.K., The Labour ,jne of tlie oracles of the Labour Party's Sedan, p^rty, that Party is " marohing to its Sedan." In this liguravixe fashion he prophesies the defeat of the Party at the next elections. He says that his reason- for saving this is that he believes that the Re- ferendum proposals will prove too heavv a hamper for the Party to carry, and that, over -weigh ted, tht- Party will lie dt-fcatfil. Anrither memlier of the Federal P.irliament, no less a personage than Mr. Fisher, commenting u]")on the defeat of the State Labour Party at the South Aus- tralian elections, said that the Party could not ex- ])ect to win every election, ,mmits the Refercn(hini iirojHJsals or not, although l)Oth Mr. Fisher ,uid Sir. Hughes have most emphatically .sitated that thev are to lu> re-submitted, and cannot draw back wiithout loss of prestige. For the people's eyes have been e existent, acx^ording to census returns, but are net on the regi.ster of the Defence Department. .And there will f>e still further opposi- tion. The war god is nit worshipped by all. .nid there are many who look upon the cominilsorv tr, lin- ing of our boys as a \-otive offering to him. If youths, on attaining the age of twenty-one years, were compelled to learn a certain amount of drill there wiaild l>e less to sav about it ; but to take lad--; from fourteen years of age and tie them to drill for eleven years is making a farce of defence. Xuml)ers of parents who accepted the positir^i at its inception without comment, are becoming stout objectc>rs to it. 'J'hey liiid the indiscniminate mixing of lads a bad thing, and are concerned for their boys' morals. There is this aspect of the case, too, that is grave enough to cau.se serious thought. Lads brought up on militarism during their most impressionable years are not likely when man- hood comes trints on the boys' minds the image of a man he may some day point it at with intent to kill. The Act will have to be altered .Sfwner or later to make allow- ances for those who have conscientious objections against it. Some prominent writers .wiy that *" the Act will break down unless tJie Alternallve. n^^. g^^^,,^ ^^^^ j^ i^^cmght into it, that the sy.stem is too monotonous, and that in any case <.ur bovs are not steeped in militari.sm sutliciently to make them very ardent. I'liere iis a deal to !« s.iid for this, although it even ought to be voluntary. But if boys were taken by trained ob.servers, taught to get close to Nature, May, 1912. history of the Month. Ixvii. [.V.Z. Graphic. THE HON. J. MAOKEXZIE. The New Premier of New Zealand. to berome natur«?-lo\vrs, to enJure long walks and l)odily ta6i;;ue, to l)erfmie efficient in .some elemen- tary forms I'f snrveving so a.s to K-i-c^me |)ro;i<-)ent in lanii-marking, much practical and useful good would h)e done. It would pro\oke thought and ob- servation and promote muscular growth, as marching and counter-marching in the streets under the light of the lamps cannot do. It would, moreover, do awav with the dangers that l>eset the present systt-m in the way of immoral contamination. The present system is obnoxious and objectionable. The I't-deral Go\ernni<-nt is having' Sinie .1 b.id time over the building of its Enltrpristg. „ .ir.Uiips. The Kit/n.y d.»ks muddled those it put together. Now llif p.irt> tor others are read\ , but ncbndv can tell when tin- work will U* crim|)U-te(i. Mr. Fi.sher trietl to ge< Mr. MK'iowan the othro- mise that the work would be pushed on as (piicklv .ns |K)ssible, which may mean anything or nothing. Life drifts along very comfortably in the Fil/ro\ flovernment dix-ks. It really se.-ms as though there were some germ at work in fiovcrnmcnt industries, th.it prcM-nts push. And things are not likely to get any hK?tter, so that in the immediate future the FeiJeral Government may have to call in the aid of the hated manufacturer, " the natural foe of the working man." Govnly one from <^)uwnsl.ind and one from .South Australia. Healthy <-.'.mi)etitioti among private firms would have pre- vented this impasse. Po.s.siibly the pendulum will reach its limit with these difficulties and begin to swing back. But it is a co.-nplete answer to those wiio (-.instantly cackh- ami clamour for .Sta»e-OAvned <'nt;T])rists of every de.scripticHi. Immigration and the Federa Labour Party. The Federal Go\ernment continues to set its face determinedly against anything that will increase immi- gration. The State Governments some time ago unitedly asked the Giivernnient to undert.ike the business of getting ^5,000 immigrants ye.irly to Au.str.dia, the States to .irrange as to dis- tribution. The Government has re<-eived an official refusal. The reason giiven is <)f the flim.saest dest^rip- tion. It is that the Federal Government does not tliink th.it divided control lietweeii Commonwealin ,ind States is desir.ible. The f put every barrier it cm in the way of .idding to our [xipulation fr<«n outside. Londoners tell of the folly of divi- sion of work by the .States, .md urge that the Gom- monwealth should take rontrol of this department. But. in the f.ice of the Gplv troops to assist in preserving order. The sitring is haqntd on so much that one c»in discover the anxiety that lies l^ehind to put himself right with the general ])uhlic. He gaugt-il the ])os.ition bettt-r than the Oueensland r*n-mier, said he. although he was over a thousand miles from the situation ; and that his opinion was correct is <-viden<'ed hv the orrler tlvat was kt-|«t. Surely Mr.' Fisher 'is utterly devoid of humom ! Order wa.s kept hy the Government in spite of Mr. Fisher's refusal ; but the fact remains that the T'cdt-ral riiivernmenit did nfJt do what it ought t" have doni'. The ("onstitution is clear enough. Tlic Federal Government shall su|)ply militarv a.ssistancc under i'crt.\in conditions. These (-(niditions existed. ;inretically, he is again.sit strikes. During hiis Queens- land campaign he left the strikers no doubt as to his belief that the strike was a right and proiier thing. Mr. Fisher naturally falls into the pose of the actor agiitator. He pictured the piior -wives of tramway men (who. by the way, had no (ju.irrel with their conditions of work), in fear and trembliing every day le.st the evening .should bring home a dejected man who had been di.schargef] for his lieroic determrnatiini to wear a union badge when on duty. What rulihish ! And he justified tlie holding up of the city of Brisbane for that, sub- scribed to the strikers' fund, and refused the help he was legally Ixiund to give to the terrorised folk of Brisbane. Mr. Fisher temporised with the ques- tion of badges by saying that, of course, ' a man could hardly appear with medals all over him. But win not? If a company or an employer cannot for- bid the we.iring of one medal, which is objected to because it f>ecomes a signal for strife and di.scussion, how can he forbid the decoration of an employee's ooat with medals galore. <.>r prevent him from turn ing himself into a walking metal shop. It is well to know that Mr. Fisher is opposed to sitrikes, and in sympatin- with the Brisbane strike. It is an indication of a many-sided character, at any rate, but such an attitude is verv like that of a bandit who ilr.ius .1 sh.ir]) knife lightly across his victim's throat, t'l give him an idea of the gravity of the situation, and then s;iys. ■ I'm bitterlv oppased to cutting thro.its, it harrows my finer feelings, it is oppo.sed to hum.ni [iroj^ress ; but. by jingo, if you don't empty your |n.H■knt^. I'll cut vour throat with plea.siuv." It won't (Im. Mr. Fisher. Tliese sophis- tries are not fnie eno^^ll 10 veil the true state of affairs from the people. The Koombana. The loss of the " Koomlun.i " off the .North -West Caist of Australia is another of the tragedies of the setis to which we have lateK lie- cKine accustoni.-d. The " ^■ongal.l." off the i>oa.st (.1 iJui-ensLuid. and th ■ ' Ivoomban.i," off the West, bring home to us the dangers of the sea in .1 fearfully imjiressive way. It is the opinion of meteorologists that the " Koombana " w.is caught bttween the walls of two cyclones, .md w.is U-aten to pieces, .^o ship, thev s;iy, could have lived i:i such a sea. Thank Go.l. these terrible conditions ot wind and w.ive do not often happen. The '■ Is.eombaii.1 " was reg.irdt-d as a setiworthy Ui.it, well found and propeil\ .^luipped, but it was of no avail. Her wreckage Ix-ars eloquent vvitne.ss to her terrible fate. No trace of any of the no souls, slie cirried can ix' found. The Colliers' Strike. LONDON, March ist, 1512. All political questions arc over- shadowed at this moment by the colliers' strike. That a million miners should simultaneously lay down their tools and take holiday for an indefinite period in order to induce their employers to concede not merely the principle of the minimum wage, but the precise minimum which the men have fixed themselves, is a signifirant symptom of the progress that has been made of late years towards the realisation of Mazzini's ideal of association. It is the latest illustration of the tendency of mankind to organise itself according to its interests rather than according to geo- graphy. The new units of organisation ignore frontiers, 'i'he miners of I'Vancc and Germany are reported to have declared their intention to join the British miners if the strike continued. The aero- plane will probably expedite the process of reori^'anisation. The relative importance of the terri- torial .State shrinks every day in comparison with the ever-increasing interests of that vast ganglion of in- ternational inlirests which constitute the community. Mankind is but dimly conscious of the transformation which is going on silently in our midst. It will probably be by the outbreak of an international war between two jarring intern.itional interests that the absurdity of the old frontiers will be made manifest. An inter- national coal strike might advertise to the world the anachronism of the old wur system of Europe. The Dethronement of King Coal. Piiity Chrvmclf. ' The Atlas of the It is significant that the great strike of colliers should have coin- cided with the arrival of the first large oil-driven steamer in British watei's. The Selandia — a 5,000-ton steamer of the East Asiatic Company — is a ship of destiny, perhaps in more ways than one a ship of doom. The Trojan horse did not carry in its bowels more fatal freight than the Selandia brought in her bunkers. For she heralds (i) the dethronement of King Coal, the monarch upon whose throne rests British commercial and industrial prosperity ; (2) the scrapping of the Dreadnoughts ; and (3) the destruction of one of the greatest of our assets as rulers of the sea. Lord Fisher told me two years ago that in five years the whole of our mercantile marine would have to be rebuilt owing to the coming of the motor-steamer. What he said as to its cfTect on the Navy I will not repeat. But in the Selan- dia we have the first-fruits of the ( oming revolution. .She was built in Copenhagen for the Far Eastern trade. Her speed is only tweh-e knots, and she only carries two eight-cylinder Diesel engines. l?ut she is the pioneer of swift monsters which will rival the Lion in speed, and exceed it in endurance and in power. The Selandia can fill her bunkers with 900 tons of oil in a very few minutes, and then she is provided with motive power to drive her 20,000 miles without needing to replenish her stor". If oil costs, let us say, 37s. 6d. per ton. this means that twenty pcnn; worth of oil will drive a 5,000-ton steamer across u mile of .salt Industrial World. 220 The Review of Reviews. water. Oil occupies only one-fourth of the bunkers needed for coal. No boilers are needed ; three-fourths of the engine-room staiT can be dispensed with ; stokers will become extinct. The Diesel oil motor-engine will compel the conversion or rebuilding of all our steamers, and they will not burn coal. It is a rather melancholy reflection Us Industrial that the moment when the collier Imperial Significance, has achieved a triumph without precedent, the industry by which he makes his living should have received definite notice of its coming doom. The concession of the minimum wage will hasten rather than retard the dethronement of coal. As it will tend to the elimination of the older, weaker and less competent miners, so it will tend to the closing down of mines which, in face of the competition of oil, can no longer be worked at a profit. It is as melancholy for Great Britain as it is for the colliers. For our long industrial supremacy has been based upon our possession of the best and cheapest coal in the world. America has long since displaced us, but we hold our own against all other nations. In oil, however, we are nowhere in the race. The United States and Russia possess inexhaustible stores of the -<5^?r,rp^j; Its Bearing on ttie Naval Competition. liy frnttissitin oj the prtypHetors o/** Funch,"\ Mean Profits. Coal MF.RCH\Nr (to miner): "Look licre, my friend, I'm against sirikos, I am ; but the more threat!, of 'cm you can give nic, the better it suits my book." new motive force of civilisation. We have only a limited supply in Scotland, and none, or next to none, in England, Ireland and Wales. Probably nothing would do so much to revive Ireland's prosperity as the striking of paying oil in the wilds of Connemara. P"rom the point of view of Imperial defence the change from coal to oil hits Britain hard. We have hitherto been supreme on all the seven seas because we alone had coaling stations all round the world. Coaling stations may now be scrapped as useless. Ships can carry enough oil to take them round the world without calling anywhere en route. If they should run short, they can fill up from any tank steamer they meet in calm or in storm. Thus oil wipes out one of our great advantages. And what is worse, it will compel us to rebuild our navy. All our costly Dreadnoughts, which cost two millions each, will be scrapped before they have fired a shot. For it would be impossible to reconstruct them. It is the certainty that the Diesel engine will put the Dreadnoughts and the super-Dreadnoughts out of action that partially reconciles me to the weakening of our shipbuilding pro- gramme, for which various Liberal papers have been working with a zeal worthy of a better cause. Instead of maintaining without discussion or questioning the standard of two keels to one, they are eager to prove that we should be quite safe if the standard were reduced to three keels to two — signs of weakness noted with grim satisfaction in Germany, where the two keels to three standard is already being talked of as the normal relation between the two navies. This might be fatal — it is dangerous, in any case. But the certainty that all the capital ships upon which we are lavishing our millii)iis will be out of date so soon renders it less mischievous than would other- wise be the case. At present the Germans are ahead of us in the application of the motor-engine to ships of war. But we have great faith in our genius for naval construction, and in all probability some novel leviathan is being de\-ised in British shipyards which will utilise the motor to such an extent as to effect as great a revolution as was wrought by the Dread- nought, which practiially held up the battleship building of the world for cigliteen months. It is unsafe to play tricks with the standard of two keels to one, but it will be some consolation, if Mr. AN'inston Churchill should monkey with that standard for stcain- driven Dreadnoughts, that he will be all the more iioiind to lay it down as an axiom when he comes to build his new motor battlesliips. The Progress of the World. 227 Great Britain stands to-day On the Brink (March ist) on the very edge of of Hell. Hell. One million coal-miners, representing the whole body of workmen engaged in coal-mining, have struck work : — Yorks and N'. .Midlands, 235,000; South Walts, 220,000; Scotland, 130,000: Northumberland, 120,000; Durham, 110,000; Midlands and South, 105,000; North Wales, 70,000; N. and E. Lanes., 45,000. If they refuse to go back to work until their demands are conceded, and if those demands are not conceded, the country will be plunged into civil war. Not civil war of the ordinary kind, in which two armed forces appeal to the arbitrament of arms as to which shall rule, but civil wdr of a far more terrible kind — civil war in which the sole arbiter will be stars'ation — starvation endured not by the combatants alone or even in chief, but the starvation of a nation. Starvation is a far more cruel arbiter than War. War has its laws ; starvation knows no law. War confines the combat as far as possible'to the armed forces of discip- lined combatants. Starvation wreaks its worst tortures upon non-combatants, upon women, and most of all on infants. There is a certain chivalry in war. There are many noble qualities evoked on the battle- field. In the arena in which Famine sits as judge there are no such compensating advantages, for if man be deprived of food for a certain number of days he is converted first into a savage, then into a wild beast. .Vnd it is now being realised for the first time that in our highly complex hand-to-mouth civilisation, in this modern society of ours, which is as delicate as the works of a watch, it is in the power of a single deter- mined trade union to convert a whole nation of civilised men into an anarchic multitude of wild beasts ravenin;,' fi>r prey. Since the world began there has Our Hnnd-to-Mouth "^'^cr been a nation of forty Civilisation. millions that lived so absolutely; from hand to mouth as the British nation. Down to the middle of last century the country was to a large extent self-supporting. The nation also was organi.sed, .so to speak, in water-tight compartments. Railwaj's were still in their infancy. Each district was compelled to rely more or less on its own resources. A hundred years ago each household laid in stores of food to supply its needs till the grass grew again in the fields. To-day all this is changed. The country cannot feed itself. Two-thirds of its food come from o^■ersea. No one lays in stores of food. Everyone lives from hand to mouth, relying with implicit faith upon the continuous smooth working of the vast system of railways, steamships and banks. And the power which kept the whole system going with the regularity of the planets was coal. Without coal it is impossible to do anything. In old times the villagers drew their water from the village well. To-day there are at least twenty millions of persons in Great Britain who would die of thirst if th(; pumping- engines at the city waterworks could not be kept going. Our cities would be in darkness without coal. The sewage of London could not be disposed of with- out coal. Our manufacturing industries would be paralysed. Outside the purely agricultural districts everyone would be reduced, without coal, to absolute luck of food and drink, light and warmth. And to-dav, because a million miners refuse to go to work excepting on their own terms, this immeasurable disaster is threatening the whole nation. Sixty-five per cent, of the mine- The Questions owners are willing to agree to the at Issue. principle of a minimum wage by their own free will. The remainder are willing to give in if compelled to do so by Act of Parliament. For : Over sixty-five per cent. — English Federated area, comprising Lancashire, Yorkshire, Midlands, and North Wales, Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland. Against : Under thirty-five per cent. — Scotland, South Wales, Forest of Dean, Somerset, and Bristol. But in both cases it is stipulated that the question of what the minimum rate of wages should be in each district should be the subject of negotiation. The men's demand insists upon the following individual miner's minimum wage rates per day for piece-workers at the coal face : — s. il. s. .1, YorksliifL' 7 6 Bristol 411 Lancashire 7 o Cumberland 6 6 Miilland Federation Scotland 6 o 6i. lo 7 o South Wales Derliy 7s. ij lo 7 6 7s. ijv(>iniiiciil .t^ .Sccri'l:iry for Scolhind, ami lias been appointed to the ('■overnorship of Madras. Lidy IVniland is a daugliler of ilie Counlcss of Aberdeen, whom she strikingly resembles. The Progress of the World. 231 ■'.;,.'... ^,;/''i O I I f,T,;7,v;-. /'/;,.i',y.-,i//, /ivl \ I.nf.iyclle. Pliotogrnph ly\ [Swatfif, Xr-.v MifnJ St. The New Lord Chamberlain : Lord Sandhurat 238 The Review of Reviews. Lister and Fairbairn. the attention of His Majesty to the kind of play the Censor of Plays placed on the stage. But it miscarried. The memorial fell into the hands of men whose zeal against the institution of the Censorship has eaten them up. Instead of getting signatures to the short and simple memorial to the Crown which Mr. Archer suggested, they produced a column-long rechauffe of the arguments against any censorship. This immediately brought about the signing of a counter-memorial. Between the two memorials nothing will be done. Instead of concentrating upon the one definite point on which, with the exception of the Daily Mail, everyone was agreed, they raised the old issue, with the same old result. The King ought to go to see " Dear Old Charlie," and form his judgment as to the fitness of its author to be the keeper of his conscience as to the morals of the stage. February has seen the removal by death of two leading figures in the not unconnected spheres of medi- cine and theology. Lord Lister, as the founder of antiseptic surgery, robbed the knife of almost all its horrors. He made the cutting and carving of the human body a wonderfully safe means of restor- ing it to health. Such marvels have been wrought by his aid as to set men dreaming of the time when sur- gery will be em- ployed as readily and as fearlessly to remove inter- nal excrescences and superfluities as wc now use the art of the barber and the Kx-Principal of Mansfield College, Ox- manicurist to re- ford ; one of the great Nonconformist rwlnndant theologians of the Victorian age. '""^ '- 'Ctlunaant hair and nails. Dr. Fairbairn was far and away the foremost con- structive theologian of the non-sacerdotal section of British Christendom. He brought the Free Churches out of the shadow of Agnosticism and of a merely Pholosruplt iy] [Russell nth/ Sons. The late Rev. Dr. Fairbairn. literary religion. His glowing faith freed them from the dread of free criticism, and bridged over the chasm of negativism into which so many had fallen, making the way easy from the positive belief of the past to the positive faith of the future. He stripped the science of comparative religion of its supposed perils, and showed it to be an ally of the Gospel. His most overt and obvious achievement was the founding of Mansfield College at Oxford; his most vital was the fusing of science and religion, of social and personal evangelism in the lives of his followers. The rapidity with which public Crusade Against opinion is setting in the direction Poverty. of freeing the richest country on this side of the globe from the shame and pain of starving the poor is shown on many sides and ifi the highest quarters. The Chan- cellor of the Exchequer long ago proclaimed his jehad against poverty. But he is Wx. Lloyd George : and Englishmen make liberal discount for Welsh enthusiasm. Only last week, however, the Prime Minister, with all the authority of hrs position as head of the Government, and with the utmost emphasis, pledged himself to give effect to the " tremendous principle " of " a reasonable minimum wage " for all underground workers. Still, Mr. Asquith may be said to have spoken under the dire dread of a national paralysis. Perhaps most signifi- cant of all, as a proof of the movement of the most staid, cautious, and conservative elements in our national life, was the deliverance of the Primate, made in the course of his quadreonial Charge in Canterbury Cathedral. T'he Archbishop said : — He was prepared quite deliberately to expftss his own belief that, given a lillle time, say a couple of generations, for bring- ing about the change, real [HAcri) of llie extreme sort, crushing, degrading poverty, ought to 1 i-, and in a Christian land lijie ours might be, practically abolished altogether. lie did not believe that anything short of that would satisfy even elemen- tarily the conditions of Christian brotherhood. D.tlerent reformers' and guides would have their own wa)s of trying to lead tlicm to that result. He could see no obvious and simple road. IJul that there uas a road, and a Christian road, he was sure. That it coirld be found, and that by prayer and pains and perseverance it would be found, he had no doubt at all. It w.as the task of workers in the Church of God to foster the growth of such a spirit as would make these results certain : to promote such a sense of responsible brother- hood in the Church of Christ on earth that men should sec that the solution, by whatever pathway reached, was im]ierativc and inevitable. Be that their resolve and pr.ayer. Could they doubt that it was the Will of tjod ? Could they doubt that it was the duty of His Church on earth to set it forward ? When an Archbishop of Canterbury declares for the abolition of poverty in a couple of generations, as an elementary condition of Christian brotherhood, the end of destitution cannot be very far otl". 239 Talks on Topics of the Day. I.— WITH NORMAN ANGELL. Ralph Norman Ancell Lane is the name that was given to him by his godparents in baptism. Hut Norman Angell is the part of his name liy which he has made himself known to the pubhc. Nobody knows Ralph Lane save the newspaper world of Paris and his colleagues in Carmelite House, where he long ago made a reputation for himself as one of the ablest newspaper managers who ever took office in Lord Xorthcliffe's service. It is somewhat odd that Norman Angell should come out of the Daily Mall oftice, but good things do sometimes come out of Nazareth, as a famous leading case is on record to prove. The name and the fame of Norman An- gell are now world-wide. When I was at Constanti- nople the Russian .\m- bas.sador told mo that he had just finished .Norman .Vngell's book, and had passed it on to the Ger- man .Ambassador, the re- doubtable Baron Marschall \'on Bieberstein, who was then eagerly studying its contents. Of late, Nor- man Angell has been iddrcssing audiences of ..II sorts in CIreat Britain, .ind finding everywhere .ludiences eager, recep- tive, and sympathetic. One day he lectured at the National Liberal Club ; another day he discoursed at Cambridge Cnivcrsily. One Sunday he spoke at a Noncon- formist Chun h ; the ne.xt he appeared at .South I'lace Institute, liut he was most at home when .iddressing the Institute ■'f Hankers, l-'or bankers need no convincing as to the • Atent to whi( li civilisation is built on credit, and that liie very existenc e of modern society facilitates inter- national peace. In ap()earani e Norman Angell resembles the Apostle Paul, whose personal presence is said to have been in marked contrast to the weighty and powerful produc- 'ions of his pen. He is .short of stature, delicate in con- iitution, physically far from robust (though he 'i.is lived a rough life on the frontier and travelled in Photograph l'y\ Mr. Norman Angell, Aullior of "The Gre.it Illusion wild countries), without an ounce of animal magnetism to spare for any public meeting. Vet he holds his audiences. He is going to Germany to preach his gospel there, and everyone must wish him God-speed. For it is a gospel indeed of good tidings of great joy. It is an old gospel in a sense. For it is but a reitera- tion of the old saying that we are " all members one of another." But whereas the old sa\ing is often limited to the city or the commonwealth, Norman Angell demonstrates that it is equally true when applied to the whole civilised world. I first met Norman Angell in Paris, when I was on my way to Con- stantinople, but I inter- \-ievved him last month in London at the Salis- bury Hotel. He was, as usual, quiet in manner, lucid in speech, and per- fectly certain of his posi- tion. " People constantly mis- represent me," he said cheerfully. " They assert that I have declared war to be henceforth impos- sible. In presence of the record* of contemporary iiistory it is inconcei\able that I could make such an assertion. What I have asserted, and not only asserted but de- monstrated, is that war is a game which is no longer worth the candle, which in the nature of things must miss its aim, futile because, when you have achieved your vic- tory the present organisa- tion of the worKl will prevent your turning it to account. In former times you could make war pay. The Norsemen who harried our coasts found it a profitable operation. That day is past. No one can make war nay nowadays. It is an illusion that conquest means profit, or that you can increase your wealth by annexing territory. When that fact is recognised war will die out, as religious persecution ha.s died out." " We all agree," I .said ; " but 1 think you slightly overstate your case in one direction, and understiite it ( Ellioll ,inJ l-ry. 240 The Review of Reviews. in another. For instance, you contend that if Germany conquered TSritain it would profit her nothing. I agree that the co.st of conquest would make the operation financially unprofitable. But you argue as if Germany being, let us say, suddenly in a position- to dictate terms of peace to England, could not profit by such a position of vantage." " Do you think she could ? " " Certainly she could. For instance, she need impose no tribute, levy no indemnity, annex no territory. All that she need do would be to compel Britain to place the administration and control of the British Navy exclusively in German hands. They need not interfere with our self-government. They would man, control, and command the Navy, and we would pay just the same Naval Estimates as before. Nay, they might even promise to save us twenty millions a year in the cost of the Navy, since the old Anglo-German rivalry would- be extinct. They could disband their oW'n navy, and command the seas with one-half of the British fleet. Each nation would be saved twenty millions a year ; and Germany would be master alike of sea and of land." " I would like to put on my considering cap," said Norman Angcll, "before fully answering that objection. But practically it amounts to nothing. You cannot postulate the costless conquest of Britain, and the attempt at conquest would cost Germany more than, in your hypothesis, she would save by annexing our fleet. Besides, the gain of a reduction of estimates might be brought about more simply, by a friendly agreement without a war." " Agreed ! " I answered. " I was only pointing out what seemed to me an unnecessary overstatement. Now I come to your understatement. You dwell rightly and wisely upon the extent to which the whole fabric of modern society is built up on credit, and j'ou point out how disastrous war would effect indlistrial pro.sperity. But you might strengthen your argument by pointing out an even more conclusive argument against war in the modern state." " And what may that be ? " " The absolute certainty that no war between the two '1 riples could ever be fought to a finish by naval or military weapons. The one dominating factor of the fate of nations is not the Sword ; it is the Stomach. How long do you think Germany could have kept on the war if it had broken out last midsummer ? " " One of the leading bankers was asked that question the other evening," said Norman Angcll. " He replied, ' Not longer than a month.' He was speaking solely as a financier." " The financial crash will he bad, but it is the secondary effects of the collapse of ' redit which will he decisive. Germany, like Britain, lives from hand to mouth. She has now twenty millions more people to feed than she had in 1871. These people are fed from abroad. They live from hand to mouth. Their daily bread depends upon the uninterrupted working of the vast complex machinery of modern commerce. In olden times every community was a self-contained, self-sustained, self-feeding unit. That da)' is gone for ever. We live from hand to mouth to such an extent that a two-days' railway strike brought our industrial North Country towns within sight of famine." " There are countries which feed themselves." " Yes. In Russia there is food enough for her millions. Turkey also, and sparsely-peopled countries need not starve, but if a densely-peopled industrial communitv goes to war it cuts its own throat." " Then, if w^ar broke out between the Triples, what do you think would happen ? " " A cataclysm, in which society would temporarily disappear — a catastrophe, in which all thought of carrying on war against the foreigner would be effaced by the far more pressing necessity of finding lations for starving millions. The twenty additional millions of Germans, instead of being an added strength, are so many useless mouths that would demand food, and no food would be forthcoming. The same thing would happen to us if we lost command of the sea." " I think there is a good deal in what you say,"' said Mr. Norman Angell, " but even my moderate understatement, as .you call it, has penetrated far and wide. My little book has been translated into many languages, and I hear echoes of its doctrine in quarters where the book itself is unknown." " Lord Esher told me the other day," I replied, " that he was one of the first to recognise the immense cogency of your argument. He bought copies of your book and sent them to half the sovereigns and states- men of Europe." " I have never seen Lord Esher," said Norman Angell, " though I owe him- very much. He wrote suggesting that I should expand my argument, as he believed that it would have more influence than any book since Seeley published his ' Expansion of England.' " " Thinking over your thesis," I said, " .suggests to me that modern civili,sed society is like a city built upon a frozen lake. If a thaw comes the whole city will descend into the depths. Our credit system, our hand-to-mouth system, are the foundations of our industrial civilisation. They presuppose as a con- dition precedent a state of uninterrupted peace. When war comes the whole fabric will collapse." " Yes," said Norman Angell, " and the notion of keeping the thing going by armaments is as absurd as if the builders of your city on ice were to try to keep off a thaw by surrounding it with walls, which not only are powerless to prevent a thaw, but increase the pressure on the ice when the frost gives." Talks on Topics of the Day. 241 II.— WITH SIR ALBERT SPICER, M.P. When the Russian visit was over I had a pleasant talk over the tea-table in the House of Commons with Sir Albert Spicer, M.P., former president of the London Chamber of Commerce, who was one of the twenty- nine selected guests who had enjoyed the hospitality of the Russians at St. Petersburg and Moscow. Sir Albert had enjoyed his visit. That, at least, was i-bvious. So, he said, had all the other visitors. They had had a royal time and an Imperial welcome. ' liut what impressed me more than anything else," <;: id Sir Albert, " was the universality of the enthusiasm huge mistake if the visit had not taken place ; and from we ha\-e now seen, it would have been a great disappointment to a large number of the Russian people, including peasants, working men and students, if we had not gone. Ever)^where and by e\erybody our presence was hailed with evidence of the most friendly feeling ; wherever the train stopped it was the same. If it is said, ' Oh ! the reception was engineered,' all I can say is that there was over- whelming evidence from the receptions at all sorts of places that such a thing was impossible." The English Visitors to Russia. The parly were photographed in the Imperial l.il)rary, whete iliey weic atcmipariieil by the members of the Imperial Council. on the part of the pea.sants and the working men. As I told the Kmpcror when he received our party at I'sarskoe Selo, when we arrived at St. Petersburg I thought by the crowd that was outside the station that a General Election must be going on, and as if the next step might be the dragging of our carriages to our hotel." " Then- was some stupid protest before you left by a disgruntled facti n wlio objected to your going to Russia bf(ausr they disliked the [jolicy of the Russian Government ? " " V'es — -yes ; 1 know," said Sir .Mbirl. " 1 was written to and urged not to go, but I had no sym- pathy with Ihcir views, and felt it would have been a '• What impressed you most ? " " What I have just told you. The sentiment of friendliness, the desire to clasp hands with the nation which stands for liberty and progress. After that I was most impressed v.'ith the va.st. almost immeasur- able material wealth ol that enormous Empire. Prom the Hallic to Behrings Straits there stretches an enormous expanse of territory, much of which, I gathered, is still undeveloped." " Sir Robert Moricr," I observed, " used to say th.it Siberia would be to the twentieth century what the Western States of .America were to the nineteenth." ■■ .\s to developing commercial relations. I had to respond to the ("ommercc IliiiinT in St. Petersburg, 242 The Review of Reviews. and I \entured to say some things as to the obstacles that stand to-day in the way of a larger commercial intercourse between the two nations. First, there ought to be a simplification of the customs. The Custom House machinery must be made to work more smoothly and quickly. Secondly, there is a tendency in some local administrations to put obstacles in the way of the employment of ]>;nglisii overseers, foremen, and managers. These ubs'tacles are not created by the law of the Empire, but local prejudice is difficult to overcome, and there are also restrictions imposed by the police in some localities. Thirdly, there should be some arrangement made for the settlement of disputes by a system of friendly arbitration. My remarks were received in a very friendly spirit." " I suppose you found German competition very much en evidence 1 " " From all I could learn the Germans do a large business, but it is for the most part in cheaper articles than our manufacturers care to turn out. Naturally, so long as our people can find a demand for better- class goods, they are not going to turn on to inferior qualities." " Did you sec much of the political side of things ? " " No. We went to the Duma and heard, but did not understand, a debate. Then we were entertained and listened to speeches all full of goodwill. But we naturally did not venture upon controversial topics. I heard nothing of Finland, nothing of Persia. I had several conversations at the reception by the Duma with various members to whom I was introduced, and in those different conversations had plenty of evidence as to the great variety and difference in opinions. One had, of course, other conversations at the various dinner-tables and receptions, where naturally one had to realise that one was a guest." " How did it go at Tsarskoe Selo ? " " Very well indeed. The Emperor seemed to me a man of firmer character than I had expected. The Empress was charming. I had a curious e.xperience at the palace of taking precedence of a Bishop. The Bishop of Ossory, not being a Lord in Parliament, and only the Bishop of a Disestablished Church, stood below me. Apart from banquets and those receptions that we all attended, the Bishops, together with Lord Hugh Cecil and Mr. Birkbeck, were, I think, mostly together in gatherings connected with the Greek Church. In the few speeches I heard from the Bishops, apart from the spirit of friendliness, I did not catch any verv distinctive note. But very likely these were reserved fof their gatherings with the representatives of the Greek Church." " Then you were a pretty harmonious party ? " " Yes, most harmonious. We agreed at St. Peters- burg, with a view of meeting as many as possible of those who wished to receive us, to be .sent wherever our leaders chose, and this plan answered very well. I understand before we left a Russian said that we were the first party from other countries that had visited Russia and had not quarrelled amongst them- selves. It was, of course, a great disappointment that the Speaker had to return from Berlin on account of his father's death, but Lord Weardale excelled himself as the chief spokesman- of the party. He was indefatigable, full of energy, bonhomie, and tact. Altogether it was a most enjoyable visit, and, I believe, will bear srood fruit." KtitltdfUntutit, It A German View of Recent Anglo-German Differences. (I) " llulli) ! Here's ulil Michael ; wlial a lark ! \\C laii ame stock w hich was welded into w rought - iron his widowed mother, leaving in Canada, decided to return John Kno.x, the Shorter Catechism, and the Book of Proverbs. W. J. Pirrie was but a wee orphan laddie when her husband's grave to the land of her fathers. James Ale.xander Pirrie was a native of Little Clandeboye, in County Down. He had married Eliza Montgomery, of Dun- desart, in County Antrim, and had crossed the Atlantic in the forties to better himself in the New \\'orkl. Their only son, now Lord Pirrie, was born in Quebec, May 31st, 1847. His mother brought him back to Belfast, and gave to him the best education attain- able. He went to school at the Royal Academical Institu- tion. He was a lively boy who stuck to his books and showed a certain genius for mathematics. In 1862, when he was fifteen, he pleaded to be al- lowed to leave school and enter as a pre- mium apprentice the works of which he is now the head. Four years before a small firm of shipbuilders had started work in the premises formerly used as an ironworks. In i8^2 they were employing a hundred men. The era of iron shipbuilding had In'gtm. Palmer was making the Tyne famous, i)ut the Clyde was then easily first in the fiild. Neither Tyne nor Clyde dreamed that the lad who was taking his scat in the draughting dcparlnienl of a small Melfast by shipbuilding firm would make the North of Ireland An Excellent Portrait of Lord Pirrie. 244 The Review of Reviews. the seat of the greatest shipbuilding yard in the world. Ilarland and Wolff appear to have been men who had an eye for capacity among their employes. It is not quite clear how long it was before they discovered the genius whom they had employed unawares. William James stuck to his work. He meant to " go in and win." He had the right stuff in him and the right kind of mother behind him. LORD PIRRIE's mother. His mother was the third daughter of Mr. Alexander Montgomery, of Crumlin, co. Antrim, and niece of the Rev. Henry Montgomery, LL.D., of Belfast, who took such an active part in the Disestablishment of the Irish Church. Young Pirrie was a ^•ery lively and observant boy taking a keen interest in country pursuits and every- thing that came within his range. He owed much to the advantage of having spent his early years under the daily supervision of a devoted mother. For it was his mother who had the early training of William James. Of silver and gold she had little, but she gave him what was more valuable than either silver or gold, in the shape of a little manuscript book, in which with loving care she wrote down in simple sentences the love of a lifetime. In later years Lord Pirrie declared that he would advise every young man to make the chief corner- stone of their lives this maxim : — Respect your patents' wisdom aud good advice. At the outset of his career a young man could not do better than resolve that by thelielp of loivine giace nothing shall enter into his life of which his mother would not approve, or which would cause her pain. Herein we hear an echo of the Book of Proverbs : — My son, keep thy father's commandment and forsake not '.he law of Ihy mother. Bind tfiem continually upon thine heart, and tie them about thy neck. When thou goest it shall lead thee, when Ihou sleepcst it shall keep thee, and when thou awakest it shall talk with thee. For the commandment is a lamp, and the lav/ is light, and reproofs of instruction are the way of life. HIS mother's M.\XIMS. Few men have obeyed this precept more literally than Lord Pirrie. As one who wrote of him said quite recently :— Lord Firrie's mother framed a cod': of laws for her son's observance, quaint, lender, pious, and vastly wise and sound. .•\nd the beauty of it is that her system succeeded. Lord I'irrie grew up on the system, lie based his career upon it. The treasured little volume in which his mother wrote down her thoughts and aspirations concerning him h.as never been far from his hand. It has accompanied him on all his many voyages. I( has Iain snug in his pocket while he has been negotiating deals with the princes of money and industry on both sides of the Atlantic. This is no namby-pamby senti- nientalism, no gush. This little volume of counsel in his mother's hand was for many years the stay and support of his career, and since then, seeing that he feels that he owes his fortune to it, what more right and natural than thai he should rcgartl it with pious reverence and treasure it as his richest possession ? I have not seen the book which has been Lord Pirrie's guide and compass through the stormy seas of life, for it has never been published ; but extracts which have been published show that the mother was a shrewd, practical woman who knew how to condense into a few simple sentences the wisdom born of the observation and experience of a lifetime. For instance, she wrote : — It is the result of everyday experience that steady attention to matters of detail lies at the root of human progress, and that diligence is above all the mother of good luck. Accuracy is also of much importance, and an invariable maik of good training in a man, accuracy in observation, accuracy in speech, accuracy in the transaction of affairs. What is done in busi- ness must be well done ; for it is better to accomplish perfectly a small amount of work than to half-do ten times as much. A wise man used to say, " St.ay a little, that we may make an end the sooner." .Simple industry and studious exactness would be the making of Ireland. Method is essential, and enables a large amount of work to be got through with satisfaction. Despatch comes with practice. " If you want your work well done," says the proverb, " go and do it ; if you don't want it done, send some one else." HIS FIRST START. With these maxims in his head, and the inspiring influence of his mother ever behind him at home, William James soon made his mark. He rose rapidly in favour. He was steady, energetic and pushing. He had a head on his shoulders, an observant eye, and he never spared himself when work had to be done. By degrees he was trusted with more important work. When he was hardly out of his teens he was sent off to sea to learn the miseries and discomforts of sea travel as they then existed. And what he had to do when he came back was to take note of hi.s difficulties and privations seriatim and so improve his master's ships that these discomforts and disabilities should be ruled out of the products of the Queen's Island Yard. HARLAN U AND WOLFF. The story of the creation of the great shipbuilding firm of Harland and Wolff, prope'rly told, would b« an epic of modern industry. The founder of the firm Sir Edward Harland, was a man of original genius of bold initiative and great capacity in the selection o assistants. \\'ith his partner Wolfl he decided that ii | mudbank in the North of Ireland was the ideal sitif for a shipbuilding yard. It seemed a crazy decisiorij Ireland produced none of the ingredients necessa for the construction of steamships. Irishmen hai never shown much capacity for the building of ship: Neither had Ireland ever created a great nicrcha marine. 'I'here were no skilled arti.sans available o{ the spot. Of the raw material, iron and steel and bras and wood, not one ton could be produced in t whole of Ireland. And what was perhaps still moil important, coal, the magician whose touch alone coulli transmute iron ore and pig iron into hulls of ship marine engines, and all the appurtenances thereof, hai to be imported from (heat 15ritain. Neither skillc labour, capital, nor raw materials were to be foun in Belfast when Sir Edward Harland decided to ent Character Sketch. 245 into competition with the Clyde, the Tyne and the Tees, which had everything needed close to their back door. Orpheus with his lyre made trees and the mountain tops that freeze move hither and thither at his will. Not less marvellous was the magic by which, as by the wand of an enchanter, men and money, coal and iron hastened to the mudbank on Queen's Island, from which access to the sea had to be gained by an artificial channel. They began in 185Q with a staff of 44 men and an acreage of 3I acres. They now cover 80 acres and employ 14,000 men. And all this was accomplished in half a century : — O small beginnings, ye are great ami strong ! Based in a faithfvil heart and weariless brain, Yc build the future fair, ye conquer wron^', Yc earn the crown and wear it not in vain. .\ TRIUMPH OF BRAIN — Sir Edward Harland, Mr. Wolff, Lord Pirric, Mr. Alick Carlisle, Mr. Bailey, the Wilsons, and others who might be named, are entitled to a foremost position among the great industrial heroes of our time. It is all very well to exalt Labour and to maintain that Labour alone is the source of wealth. All the labour of all the men who were gathered together and trained to discipline and set to work at the construction of the I ocean ferries of our time could not have created the great wage-earning machine which, year in year out, ( distributes a million pounds sterling to Labour in Belfast. Without the Harlands, the Pirries, and the Carlisles Labour would have found not even a penny piece on the Queen's Island mudbank. Nor would uny Government Department have ventured, greatly daring, to attempt such a venture as the creation of this shipyard. Brain, after all, is the great thau- maturgist. It is genius which transmutes by its alchemy the grosser metals into gold. — AND OF RULE OF THUMB. The firm seems to have been born under a lucky star. It has had its misfortunes when it has ventured out of the beaten track. But so long as it remained true to the task .set before it by its founder it was uniformly successful. And here, again, we find our- selves confronterl by a strange parado.x. Shipbuilding is of all the crafts the one which demands the most science. But Harland and Wolff knew nothing of science. Neither did Messrs. Pirrie and Carlisle, who succeeded them in the direction and control of the firm. The firm, from the first to the last, has built its hips by the rule of thumb. It began with small ships, it experimented with bigger ships, it tried ex- periments in all directions, and profited by their result. Hut although it has now the record for building the biggest and safest ships in the world, it has done it all not by scientific calculation, l)ut by the sheer genius of the rule of thumb carried to the nth point. None of the great men who built up this marvel of constructive skill and made it capable of turning out the leviathans of the modern world coulil have passed 1' an ordinary Civil Service examination. One of the greatest of them never learned to .spell. But they built the Olympic, that wonder of the world. BELFAST AND ITS WORK.MEN. One of the essential elements in the creation of a successful industry is a constant supply of labour, obedient, skilled and docile. Belfast is the last place in the whole world where we should look for the raw supply of the labour required. The Black North has combined in its sons the dour doggedncss of the Scot with the fiery combativeness of the Irishman. Belfast has long been notorious for the readiness with which its sons let their angry passions rise on the slightest provocation. They are the only people in the British Empire who commemorate historical anniversaries by provoking always and occasionally producing bloody riots. When religion and history fail to supply them with an opportunity of showing that they have inherited the family characteristics of their pro- genitor Cain, they take a fierce delight in industrial wars. It was in the midst of this hornet's nest of Kilkenny cats, to perpetrate an expressive Hibernicism, that Harland and Wolff pitched their tent. They tamed the wild aboriginal and taught him to expend his energies not on breaking heads, but in driving rivets. They took the two-handed biped who had previously earned an exiguous li\-ing by digging potatoes, and turned him into a skilled mechanic, who, working in combination with his fellows and under the direction of his masters, turned out Olympics and Majesties as easily as his ancestors wove the wicker-work coracles of the western coast. The task was not achieved without many a tough and well- contested battle. The masters were as tough as their men, and they never shrank from the fray. No system of co-partnership, no tribunal of arbitration, was ever imented to evade the stern issues of industrial war- fare. Men struck and struck again. One strike lasted ten months. As a rule, if a strike lasted a day. It ran its course in four or eight weeks. But whether in war or in peace, the combatants understood each other, and when the battle was over they shook hands without rancour and resumed their fruitful joint labour in good heart. THE TRIUMPH OF HONESTY AND SKILL. I remember some forty odd years ago reading jeremiads by Mr. Froudc over the alleged decay of honest workmanship in modern Britain. The foundering of the Margara was one of the incidents which in those days supplied the prophets of disaster with materials for their sombre prognostications of coming doom. If we could raise Mr. Froudc from the grave it would be interesting to have his comments upon the superb results of modern shipbuilding. Better workmanship has never been put into floating craft since the world began than that which has been employed by Harland and Wolff. They are not the jerrybuilders of the fea. After breasting the storms of the Atlantic for a quarter of a century, the Whi'.e 246 The Review of Reviews. Star liner Britannic seemed to renew her youth and erhpsed all her previous records. The Oceanic, among other vessels, only put on her best speed after standing the wear and tear of a dozen years in constant serv'ice. " THE BUILDING OF THE SHIP." Longfellow's " The Building of the Ship " needs to be rewritten to suit the age of steel, but its spirit lives in Harland and Wolff's shipyard : — " Build Die straight, O worthy Master ! St.iunch and strong, a goodly vessel That shall laugh at all disaster. And with wave and whirlwind wrestle," The merchant's word D'jlighted the Master heard ; For his heart was in his work, and the heart Giveth grace unto every Art. And with a voice that was full of glee He answered, " Ere long we will launch A vessel as goodly, and strong and staunch, As ever weathered a wintry sea." Longfellow's words were more literally fulfilled at Queen's Island than in the shipyard vihere they used cedar of Maine and Georgia pine. This day and every day may be seen at Belfast how — Day by day the vessel grew . . . Till after many a week, at length. Wonderful for form and strength Sublime in its enormous bulk. Loomed aloft the shadowy hulk 1 When Sir Edward Harland began in 1859 — for the firm of Harland and Wolff only came into existence in 1862, when Mr. G. W. Wolff was taken into partner- ship— they built small ships of 2,000 tons. The first order they booked was for three steamers of the Bibby Line, 270 feet long, 34 feet wide^, and 22 feet 9 inches deep. Their latest ships are 45,000 tons, 880 feet long, 92 feet wide, and 64 feet deep. SIR EDWARD HARLAND. Edward J. Harland was not an Irishman. He was the son of a Scarborough doctor, who served his apprenticeship as an engineer in the Stephenson Works at Newcastle-on-Tyne. He worked as a journe}man at a pound a week at J. and G. Thomson's shipyard on the ("lyde, and got his first chance as manager of Thomas Toward's shipj'ard on the Tyne. When only twenty-three years old he applied for and obtained the post of manager of the Queen's Island shipyard, then doing business on a small settle under K. Hickson and Co. No sooner was he installed than he was confronted by a strike. He broke it by import- ing blacklegs from the Clyde, who worked for a time, ;ind then, under the persuasion of peticeful picketing, withdrew. His best friends advised him to throw up the job. Hickson had to compound with his creditors, and Harland had himself to guarantee the wages of the faithful few who stuck to him. If the strikers had won there would have been no Harland and Wolff to- day. ]{ut Harland was a man of mettle " 1 have mounted a resti\e horse," he said, " and I will ride him to the stable." He persevered, got the Bank of Ireland to back him, imported more blacklegs from the 'I'yne, and finally triumphed. Three years later Hickson sold out, and Harland came into possession, when onl)' twenty-si.K, of the Queen's Islanci shipyard. WHAT HE DID FOR SHIPBUILDING. Professor Oldhsm, in his interesting lecture on " The History of Belfast Shipbuilding," attributes the success of the Queen's Island firm, first, to its proximity to Liverpool — " the Lagan has been the ship- yard of the Mersey " — and, secondly, to the initiative, energy and genius of Sir Edward Harland. He early grasped the idea that the fish was the finest design for a vessel, but as a ship must float, the art and mystery of shipbuilding lay in hitting upon the happy medium of velocity and stability. Professor Oldham says : — Mr. E. Harland was the first shipbuilder to perceive that an iron ship need not be kept to the lines that were most suitable for wooden vessels. He had early conceived his theory that if an iron ship were increased in h.-ngth without a corresponding increase of beam, the carrying power botli for cargo and passengers would lie much greater, that the ships would show- improved qualities in a sea-way, and that (notwithstanding the increased accommodation) the same speed with the same power would be obtained by only a slight increase in the first "capital cost." This idea was original with him, .and is the reason why Belfast has become especially the place for building very large ships. He was confident that length could be fully compensated for by making the upper deck entirely of iron. " In this way," to quote Mr. Harland's own words, "the hull of the ship was converted into a box girder of immensely increased strength, and was, I believe, the first ocean steamer ever so constructed." He persuaded the Bibby firm to apply this theory to the two ships for their second order, which were made 310 feet long. These new vessels were nicknamed " Bibby's coffins," by the old sailors, but they inaugurated a new era in ship construction, " partly because of the greater cargoes which they carried, hut principally from the regularity with which they made their voyages with such surprisingly small consumption of coal." The firm h.as ever continued to apply new ideas in the design of their vessels. A few of their novelties may be mentioned as illustrations. The shaipness of their fish-like hull conduced to steadiness in a pitching sea, .as the ship went through the crest of the waves — " it was not (mly easier for the vessel, but the shortest road "—the bow bearing a turtle-back covering to throw off the shipped waters. The perpendicular stem formed by cutting the forefoot and figurehead away was an artistic sacrifice to efficiency, for when combined with a new powerful steering gear, worked amidships, it allowed the extremely long ships to be easily handled and swung round in narrow channels of navigation. To give large carrying capacity, they gave to their ships "flatness of bottom and squareness of bilge," and the " Belfast bottom," as it is technically known, h.as since been generally imitated. Finding it impossible to combine satis- factorily wood with iron (the two materials being so differently affected by temperature and moisture), they filled in the sp.aces between frames, etc., with I'Drtland cement instead of chocks of wood. They were also pioneers in the introduction of marine engines and were early advocates of the surface condenser. Messrs. Harland and Wolff have been identified with all the steps in the perfecting of the reciprocating engine— from the simple engine to the compound, the triple-expansion, and especially the tpiadruplc expansion on the balanced iirinciple, which not only increased the efficiency and economy of the machinery, but also greatly added to the comfort of passengers by eliminating vibration. Character Sketch. 247 THE WHITE STAR LINE. It is sometimes said that the White Star line made the fortune of Harland and Wolff. But, as Professor Oldham points out, the fact is that it was the other way about. Jlessrs. Ismay and Fletcher started the Oceanic Steam Xaviyalion Company in 1869 because they saw that Harland and Wolff hatl invented a type of vessel which was both speedy and economical. This firm have built over fifty White Star liners as well as all the Bibby liners. The evolution of the White Star ships can be stated in a couple of lines : — Length, Iteam. Hold. Shaft Feet. Feet. ■ Feet. Tonnage. Horse-power. 1S70 Oceanic 400 41 33 17,000 — 1910 Olympic 882 92 64 45,000 16,000 The White Star monsters are built for safety and comfort rather than for speed. The Maurelania, carry- ing 6,000 tons less cargo, requires 75.000 shaft horse- power in order to make twenty-si.x knots an hour, against twenty-one knots of the Olympic. THE queen's island SHIPYARD. I am not going to try to describe the works, for, in the first place, I have never seen them, and, in the second place, judging from the elaborate descriptions of those who have inspected them, I should utterly fail to do anything but bewilder the reader with a confused impression of immensity, lighted and worked by as much electricity as would illuminate the streets of a town of 300,000 inhabitants. A few nuggety facts, however, stand out from the bewildering maze of figures which dwell in the memory. To make the foun- dation of the slips on which the Olympic and Titanic were built required an expenditure of £250,000. They have got a 200-ton flouting crane — the largest in the world ; the travelling cantilever cranes are Brobding- nagian monsters, whose reach of arm and lifting capacity are quite uncanny. THE OUTPUT OF SHIPS. The firm has branches or sister establishments at Liverpool and at Southampton. At the latter place they employ from 2,500 to 3,000 men. Harland and Wolff have on twelve occasions during the last twenty years figured at the head of the shipbuilding returns. The following record of their tonnage will be found interesting : — N... of \V\v U. 1896 12 1897 10 1899 7 1901 7 |i)03 .S 1905 '( IC^ II I90,S S 1910 8 1911 10 I. II. p. Ponrd of rra'Ir GroM Kcnistcr. 'l'on>. . . 81,316 61,324 84,240 45,850 82,634 60,150 92,316 76,000 110,463 100,400 85,287 72,OJI >ii.2i* 9<^i.70o 106,528 65,840 115,861 100,130 118,209 96,9i6 In addition i" mercantile work, they have supplied the machinery for some of the largest vessels in the British Navy, as follows : — IIM.S. /l.iNitibal 15,000 I.H.r. 1I.M..S. Queen iS.ooo „ U.n.a. JCiits EciwarU VIZ. ... 18,000 „ H.M.S. Minotaur ... ... ... 27,000 ,, H.M.S. Xep/utie 25,0008. H. P. At Belfast, Bootle, and Southampton Harland and Wolff employ a standing army of between 17,000 and 20,000 workmen, whose weekly wage is £30,000, equal to an annual wage bill of £1,500,000. The nominal capital of the company is £600,000, held in si.\ hundred shares of £1,000 each. The value of the works repre- sents more than £2,000,000. LORD PIRRIE'S CAREER. After this digression concerning the famous shipyard, in which he had at one time the major interest, and of which he is still the chairman, it is time to return to Lord Pirrie. His rise was very rapid. He entered the yard when a lad of fifteen. He was head draughtsman when the Oceanic was designed in 1869, when he was twenty-two. Five years later, when he was only twenty-seven, he became partner, and was soon master of the concern. '■ ALICK CARLISLE." If I had space I should like to devote a special chapter to Mr. Carlisle, the cousin and brother-in-law of Lord Pirrie, who entered the business as an appren- tice in 1870. Lord Pirrie left the organisation of the business to his capable brother-in-law, who worked like a demon. Up till his retirement he practically never took a holiday. His instantaneity of decision enabled him to get through the work of half a dozen ordinary men. He designed everything ; looked after everything ; and had all the detail of everything at his fingers' ends. So herculean were his labours that no one was sur- prised when it was announced that he had retired from the active management of the great concern — which has still the advantage of his consultative abili- ties. Many wondered how the shipyard would get on without him. But he had organised it on solid foundations. The Carlisle tradition is not soon for- gotten ; and Harland and Woltf continues to prosper amazingly. Some time ago Lord Pirrie sold the major interests in the company to .Messrs. J. Brown and Co., of Clydeiiank. Shifheld, who at present own the celebrated Clydebank works, and will enter into full control of the famous Irish shipyard when Lord Pirrie retires from the chairmanship. THE CHARACTER OF LORD PIRRIE. Of Lord Pirrie as a man I can say nothing at first hand. I have never met Lord Pirrie, and when 1 began to write this sketch he was ])rcparing fur an operation which has, fortunately, been successful. If 1 had met him it is doubtful whether I could have fathomed that somewhat unfathomable character, of whom those who knew him best say they knew him least, who has carved his upward way to fame and fortune in com- parative .solitude of soul. 248 The Revikvv of RiiviKvvs. His speciality, which he has carried almost to the point of genius, was a magnetic talent for persuading people to entrust him with orders. But in this, as in much else, he preferred solitude to company. He always dealt with those with whom he did business " between four eyes." Two's company and three's none ; and of his exploits in persuading reluctant pur- chasers to agree to his own terms there are no eye- witnesses. Said one who knew him well : " Those who met Lord Pirrie for the first time were quite confident that they would have no difficulty in besting the apparently guileless, innocent gentleman who ushered them into his office. But no matter who they were, they all came out shorn." This Svengah-like gift of fascination has done wonders for Harland and Wolff. The firm always gave its customers good value for their money, but Lord Pirrie it was who persuaded them that it would be so. H he had the innocence of the dove, he also was as wise as a serpent ; and the impression of his wisdom lingered last. HIS PUBLIC LIFE. Lord Pirrie has devoted considerable attention to public life. In 1896-7 he was Lord Mayor of Belfast. They were memorable years in the history of the city, and Belfast testified its admiration of his character by making him its first honorary freeman — Lady Pirrie was subsequently rnade a sharer in the Freedom of the City. His Lord Mayoralty was distinguished not only by his public-spirited enterprise in municipal affairs and his hospitality, but by his generous senti- ment towards all men, so that in a city hitherto noted for religious differences all creeds and classes were drawn closer together. During his term of office the city boundaries were greatly extended and Catholics ensured admittance to the Council. Aided by his wife. Lord Pirrie was instrumental in furthering the erection of a large new hospital, the Royal Victoria, in celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. He personally supervised the design and construction of this building, which is one of the most scientifically-constructed and best- equipped institutions of the kind in the world. He has taken an active part in the municipal affairs of Belfast, and served in 1896-7 as Lord Mayor. His election was a well-earned tribute to the man of whom Lord Dufferin said : — " He is a man who by his talents and indefatigable exertions has so stimulated the activity of his town that he has lifted it from its former comparatively inferior position to that of being the liiird greatest commercial city in the whole Empire." A GREAT IRISHMAN. His zeal for the development of Ireland and Iri.sh industry is by no means confined to Belfast, 'f'ogether with Lord Iveagh lie projected a system of motor-cars l)y which the produce of the country districts of Ireland could be brought to market. He is a great believer in the industrial resources of Ireland and the Irish people. 'I'lic Irish emigrate in thousands every year. " This ought not to be," he declared. " Why, Ireland herself is ready for commerce." Why should she let her choicest children go hence to foster the commerce of other lands beyond the Empire's limits, when she herself has need of them ? " Ireland is so ripe for commerce that I should be very sorry to advise one of her young men to try his chances abroad while such glorious prospects remain at his own doorstep." When he was a Conservative the Unionists made him a Privy Councillor. The Liberals made him a peer in 1906, and Lord Aberdeen made him Comptroller of the Viceregal household. LADY PIRRIE. Fortunate in business, he was equally fortunate in marriage. He married Margaret Montgomery, the daughter of John Carlisle, M.A., of Belfast, whose brother, another young man of genius, succeeded Lord Pirrie as head draughtsman. It would not be correct to say that Lord Pirrie was made by the Carlisles, but Lord Pirrie would be the first to admit that without his wife and his brother-in-law he could never have achieved his astonishing success. Lady Pirrie has been in more ways than one the helpmate of his life. Unfor- tunately without children, she has concentrated upon her husband all the wealth of a loving nature and a shrewd and powerful mind. Since 1879 Lady Pirrie has been her husband's constant companion, tra\elling round the world and going everywhere with him, has taken a keen interest in everything connected witli the welfare and further- ance of Harland and Wolff's interests, coming into close contact with his ship-owning friends. Their interests are always united, and while he looks after the business part, all who know her recognise that she helps to bind closely together the link between the commercial and social hfe which adds to the success of one's undertakings. THE DIRECTOR OF A MIGHTY FLEET. Lord Pirrie's shipping interests in 1909 included directorships in the following companies : — Steamships. British and North Atlantic Steam Navigation Com- pany (Dominion Line) ... ... ... ... II Frederick Leyland and Co. ... ... ... ... 36 International Mercantile Marine Company (Ameri- can Line) ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 Mississippi and Dominion S.S. Company (Dominion Line) 3 Oceanic Steam Navigation Company (White Star I'ine) 30 Wilsons and Furness-Leyland Lines 6 Total ... ... ... ... 90 In 1910 he bought the undertakings of the late Sir Alfred Jones. This made him owner of a considerable portion of the following companies : — Sleamsliips. Kldcr, Dempster .and Co. African S.S. Company British and African .Steam Navigation Company . Elder, Dempster Sliippiii}; Company Imperial Direct West India Mail Service Co. Elders and Kyfles, Limited ... Total . 12 . 22 ■ ,S6 • 25 . 6 . 16 .117 Character Sketch. 249 Lord Pirrie thus was directly concerned with the affairs of 207 steamships, including scores of vessels of 2,000 to 5,000 tons and the great White Star Hners of 25.000 tons. As chairman of Messrs. Harland and Wolff's, the great Belfast shipbuilding firm, in which he has been a partner for thirty-eight years, he con- trolled the fortunes of 10,000 hands, and in some degree of Belfast itself. The London and South Western Railway, the London City and Midland Bank, and the Scottish Widows Assurance Fund claim him as a director. But still he was not satisfied. The other day he negotiated the purchase through Sir Owen Pounds of the Royal Pacific Mail Company and the Union Ciistle Line. A LAST WORD. The ke\-notes of Lord Pirrie's character are the cheerful optimism and enthusiastic zeal he evinces in evcrvthing. Foresight, optimism, incessant industry. the selection of able lieutenants (a sure mark of superior ability), the constant introduction of new and improved devices, world-wide travel and observation — every possible combination of mind and body, land and ocean, theory and practice, science and matter, have been brought into requisition, united with unique powers of organisation, to build up the greatest busi- ness of the kind that has existed in the world since men first began to go down to the sea in ships. This is not a biography but a character sketch, and it would be a mistake to overload it with the long roll of his directorships on railways and steamship com- panies, of banks and telegraph companies, of trustee and insurance companies, of oil mills and I know not what. Let it suffice in this connection merely to print the string of letters that appear after his name in the Directory : — The Right Honourable Lord Pirrie, P.C, K.P., LL.D., D.Sc, D.L., J. P., M.I.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., M.I.N.A. P^tografh hy\ \l.uj.iytttt, UHllin. An Earlier Portrait of Loid Pirrie. 250 Current History in Caricature. 'O wad some power the giftie gie us, To see oursels as ithers see us." — BURNS. Pasgttino.\ [Turin, Westminster Gazette] The Dove Reports. Persia's Plight Noah (Mr. Asquitli) : " Thank you very much ; it's quite a satisfactory report ! " The Bear : " Now that I have estab- lished order in Finland I will go and look after Persia." The sweeping electoral victories of the Socialists in Germany still continue to inspire most of the caricaturisits on the Continent, and our reproductions illustrate this fear of the " menace of Socialism." Melloume Punch. '\ The Burst Up. 'I'Hii WoRKKK : "'Ello, boss, here's the {general bust up at last ! 'I'hank 'caviiii; we know where we are.'* (One of tlie Labour leaders had declared that what was wanted w.is "a general burst up all round to put an end to shilly- shallying "). LTurin. Pasquino.\ The German Chancellor's Surprise. Before the Eleclions. After the Elections. " Never fear, little man, wc will find a I " Good heavens I He will fill up the corner even for you." 1 whole House." Current History in Caricature. 251 KlaJ.Ur.iJ.itsci'i.'i (Berlin. The Beggars. The German Chancellor, with the Clcricil and Junker Parties, begging help from the National Liberals. Dt-r IFahrt 7«a>/'.] (Stuttgart. The Defeated. " Hail, Cxsar ! We who arc about to die salute thee ! " /,. ' ,, .If r.iri..\ The Balance of Power. John r.iii I ; " .sit liyhi, my children ; I am going to preserve the ojuilibriuiD," A DEBACLE INDEED. \ r ""^ y.i'k.n. Kloiiiieraiia tsck, ] Kohl I [licrlin. Refers to the complete capture of Cologne by the Socialists, who won all the scats. 252 The Review of Reviews. KlaAfcrndalsch.'\ [Berlin. " F.c.G." in Pictur, Politics.] The Consultation, The Peacemaker-General. The Chanckllor : "The left hand The Peacemaker-" General " (Sir George Askwitli) : " There are those bells (Social Democrats) has suddenly grown to again 1 I wonder what would happen if / were to strike ! " an enormous size. Do you think that any- thing can be done to reduce the swellin-r?" Ktktriki. \ An Anglo-German Understanding results in a further extension of peace. [Vienna. Minneapolii yountaL] Up Out of the Gloom. Minruaf'otis ')oumat.\ Uncle Sam of the Orient. Current History in Caricature. 253 Ulk.} (Berlin Tranquillised China. TiiK Empress Dowagkk : " Come, chiUl, wc must go into exile." Thk K.x.Emi'ERor : "Oh, Aunty, I just want to sec how Sun Vat Sen and \ uan Shi-Kai settle each other 1" Fasi.i playin;; chcs.H with !x-King Manuel. The exkeycnt of China, liolilinj; in his irms Ihc cx-Knipcror of China, remarks : " Both of your chcss- nen [I'ortut;ucse and Persian] appear lo be pretty busy K^inj; or one another frcfirrinj; lo the conlinucfl unrcsl in both :ountries]. Hurry up with your game as I want lo play, loo. Ve shall soon sec how the Chinese Republican puppets shape I " The Two Uuclcs. Mr. Ko >■"" '""' l'el'<-'f 'ook for Mk Takt I some other country 1 North America is I too small for you." 254 The Review of Reviews. U.S. : "Just gol dinged cold .ill over ! " A reminiscence of llie recent severe weather in America, Py permiiiioK oj the proprietors «/ " Putich."\ Down Under. The Kangaroo : " No matter 1 We meet again in Kngland." Tiiii Lion : " Yes, but let's be photographed like this first." MiH'ifiifolis ytiMrnai.\ Louder. Spffktsiiiaii-IitvirwA I U.S.A. The Trust : " Your honour, I'm as innocent as a new-burn bal>e." 255 The Next Great Word in the Evolution of Peace. A PLEA FOR A DEVELOPMENT OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE. IT is my privii(.-;;e lo publish the following Manifesto by one of the shrewdest and ablest public men to whom Latin America has gi\en birth in our time. It is a masterly presentation of a plea for taking a forward step towards the world's peace by adding to the Monroe doctrine, which forbids all conquest liy European nations in the Western hemisphere, the important corollary placing under the same interdict all conquest in the American Continent, without regard to the origin of the conquerors. Obviously this interdict at first sight seems to have as its objective a desire to make the extended Monroe doctrine a barrier against the possible ambitions of the countrymen of President Monroe. But in reality, as there is no citizen of the United States who desires to make any such conquest, the acceptance of such a formula by the Government at Washington would have as its first and immediate result the removal of the one great obstacle which hinders the extension of the influence and the interests of the United States in Latin America. It would, however, be a mistake to regard the proposal as one prompted solely by the position of the United States. Such an extension of the Monroe doctrine is necessary to secure the success of the Monroe doctrine itself. For that doctrine is not aimed solely at the prevention of European conquest. It vetoes European intervention " for the purpose of oppressing " the American States or " controlling in any other manner their destiny." The latter clause is often forgotten. It is obvious that so long as conquest is allowed in the Western hemisphere any American Republic bent upon extending its frontiers might enter into an alliance with a European or Asiatic State in terms which would have the effect of placing the control of the conquered territory in fact, although not in form, in the hands of the powerful ally whose military or naval forces had effected the conquest. If all frontiers were stereotyped as they exist to-day — barring such readjustments as might be effected by friendlv arrangements— this easy way of evading the Monroe doctrine could be as easily blocked. American Republics would be delivered once for all from the temptation of wars of conquest, and this self-denying ordinance would render it impossible for them to reward a European or an Asiatic ally with an exceptional position in the conquered territory. 'Ihere is a third consideration which must not be lost sight of. Britain, France and Holland all have colonic.'' in South America. Suppose that by the fortune of war any one of these passed into the hands of Germany, Italy, or Japan. As long as conquest is admitted as a right of American States it is a moot question whether that right might not be claimed and exercised by the new holder of any line of the Guianas. It may seem a remote danger, but it is as well to be on guard against all possible ntingcncies. Wanted : a Revised and Extended which remain unsettled refer to special points, and do Monroe Doctrine "°'^ affect the fundamental doctrines. Furthermore. the effort to settle those differences and to reis of ihi- riliiil!i'~s Irmliin ii-^ -,irin<- ;ind deep 256 The Review of Reviews. as the Gulf Stream, that shape the course of nations, however, soon dispel the hope and exultation created liy the letter of the law. Violence, bloodshed and rapacity, with occasional compromises that hardly constitute an exception, are still the supreme law of nations. Mendacity and hypocrisy have increased a thousandfold ; honesty is weakness, justice and the respect for the rights of others count no more than a straw in the wind ; might is still, as it ever was, the only right. The statement of these undeniable facts solely by way of lamentation would be thankless and puerile. It becomes indispensable to the study of the trend of modern development. PEACE BY ARMAMENTS — IN EUROPE. Military force continues to be considered the basis of national greatness. The Powers of Europe have constituted themselves into two distinct groups, the main avowed object of which is to maintain the balance or equilibrium of forces and to secure the peace of Europe. It is a matter of history that no war has reddened the soil of Central Europe for the last forty years. Nations on the Continent may be, as they are, every one of them, like a huge barracks. The personal liiierty of the individual may be curtailed by prolonged military service ; the masses may be reduced to the very edge of the life limit wage through the imposts which are indispensable for the enormous armaments ; the growth of an ubiquitous proletariat, oppressed by misery, verging on despair and blind revolt, may have been fostered ; all that may be, but the fact remains that Central Europe has been free from war for forty years — a marvellous event, unparalleled in previous history. EXPANSION BY WAR — OUTSIDE EUROPE. Peace in Europe has not signified peace in the rest of the world, or that the European nations have been at peace with other people. The period of expansion ^that is to say, of acquisition of territory abroad — which had started at an earlier date, has synchronised with the self-same forty years of peace in Europe. Ivxpansion has meant war in every instance. Regret- table though it may be to the great imperial Powers, peoples and nations, no matter how weak thev may be, nor how forlorn their hopes of resistance, have not as yet learned to give up their liberties, their wealth, .ind their soil to a powerful invader without a struggle. 'I'he Powers may well point to the perverse stubbornness of the invaded nations as the real cause of the unavoid- able wars. The tide of European expansion, which has always meant violence, has submerged every availaiile spot on the continents and the i.slands ' throughout the Old World. The remoter regions of the I'",ast and the darker and less accessible parts of Central Africa were the first principal centres of attraction. The field of operations soon extended to better-known and more accessible parts of the Old World ; the essential con- dition for the seizure and retention of a given territory was that it should be in weak hands ; the distribution among the great Powers of whatever was available in the Old World is well-nigh complete. THE ETHICS OF EXPANSION. No justification is required beyond success. The weak cannot retaliate, and the Powers have established amongst themselves the principle of mutual non- interference in their predatory expeditions, based on what is called compensation, that is to say, some par- ticipation in the spoils, as between two rival cracksmen who agree not to obstruct one another in exchange for a share of the plunder. Flimsy pretexts arc alwa)s alleged on each successive aggression, as tenable and sincere as the old-time com- plaint of the wolf against the lamb, drinking below the stream, for disturbing the water. These are simply conventional concessions to form. It is thought that some attempt at giving a reason should take place before the unsheathing of the sword. As a general conception, expansion is in itself sufficient, and requires neither justification nor defence. The repetition of events of a like nature, carried out now by this great Power, now by that, has bred the indifference of familiarity, which, in its turn, has rendered peoples and governments impervious to moral considerations. Thus a state of conscience has been created which accepts and welcomes for the nation, | on a huge scale, what it would brand and reject as ! criminal and infamous for the individual. M. HANOTAUX ON THE ACCEPTED DOCTRINE. In the quest for expansion violence to the weak and treachery and disloyalty to the strong, if occasion be propitious, are openly advocated as legitimate mcan- of action. The follow ing quotation from an article of M. Gabrici Hanotaux, at one time French Foreign Minister, ;i sagacious historian and an alert and outspoken writer I pn speaks for itself {La Revue Hebdomadaire, Pari; November 25, 1911) : " . . . As a con\inrr(l believer in the policy < the balance of power (I' o/ nil Hire) I ask that Franc should devote herself to maintaining as far as possiblt the equal balance amongst the great Powers. " In order fully to explain my point of view I wouli call to mind Italy's example. She has indeed knowi how to employ these tactics, and she reaps the bcnefi to-day. At the very moment that she is enterin upon a most difficult enterprise, which in realit menaces the interests of the two European groups < nations, and which, in any case, seriously jeopardise one of the principal axioms of general politics — viz tlie integrity of the Ottoman Empire — Italy's dipU matic situation is so strong that neither of these tu groups, whatever may be their real .sentiment in 1 matter, dares to cross Italy's path or even to offer ll slightest remark, so grave is their fear that by so doi ho 1% '11, >; 'Hit I *tii The Next Great Word in the Evolution of Peace. 257 Italy might be pushed over to join the rival combination. Italy is thus playing in perfect surety (sur le velours) a game which, on the other hand, is a very risky one. . . " .... It was this thought (of maintaining the balance of power) which took M. \\'addington to the Berlin Congress, whence he brought Tunis back for us : it was this thought which took M. Jules Ferry to the Coloni; 1 Conference at Berlin also, to obtain the recognition of our dominion in Central Africa with our rights on the Belgian Congo ; it was this thought which, inspiring our conduct in 1898. allowed us to acquire without striking a blow and without granting ' compensation ' to anyone, the liberation of Tunis, the extension of Indo-China as far as Mekong, the seizure of Madagascar, the large extension of our establishments on the West Coast and on the coast of Guinea, and. finally, the joining of all our .\frican Colonies over the vast territories forming the three basins of the Niger, the Congo and the Nile. France, reiving on the Franco- Russian .-Mliance. holds an ; d nirable position for defence ; she provokes no one, and can l)ide her time." THE CONTRAST BETWEE.N PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ETHICS. " Without Striking a blow," " France provokes no one" ; there is a delightful candour in these statements. The wars in Indo-China and the butcheries in Mada- gascar, without further enumeration, being against weaker, and, in the case of Madagascar, practically helpless nations, are neither " blows " nor "' pro\o- cations." Comment is superfluous. It is certain that the illustrious writer just quoted must be a model citizen in everv way ; that he abhors treachery and chicane ; that he never would resort to violence, nor acquire land or chattels except for value received to the satisfaction of the owner. Furthermore, he is not one of the amorphous multitude who take ideas as they receive them, labelled, like pills from the chemist. He is one of the elite— jl thinker, an investigator, one should presume a seer. Bearing in mind that quantity does not alter the essence of things, that an atom of o.xygcn, for instance, has the identical properties of the whirlwind from the blast of a steel fiirnac e, and that the rule holds for the moral conception no less firmly than for tangible jT.atler — for as JoulTroy said : " One point of space contains the eternity of time and one instant of time contains the infinity of space" — bearing this in mind, it would be interesting, and even profitable, to know by what psychological process an analyst of such magnificent power can arrive at his attitude of con- science and remain honest to his reasoning faculty. " WHERE DOES INIQUITY BECO.ME RK;ilTEOfSNESS ? " If quantity alters the essence of things, where does the change begin ? Where does • iniquity become righteousness ? The tradition of evil-doing from time immemorial ronstitutes no justification. Inveterate infamy may, ind does, supply an acceptable reason to the dishonest politician, the blind reactionary, or the oppressor, individually or collectively ; the exceptionally gifted, however, ha\e higher duties towards their fellow-men. The practice of depredation, called, be it remembered, expansion, and the neccs.sarily constant decrease of territory available for the purpose — that is to say, territory held in weak hands — have intensified the activity of expansionists as well as their spirit of enterprise ; schemes are planned and carried out to-day which a few years ago would ha\e been con- sidered foolhardy and impossible. THE OBJECT LE.SSON OF THE WAR IN TRIPOI I. The latest events on the northern coast of Africa, too recent and notorious to require recapitulation, have sickened the conscience of humanity, callous though it may have become of late years. One is prepared for anything from Russia : the action of the Italian Government, however, is an unexpected shock. Never in the history of that glorious land whose people ruled humanity for centuries upon centuries, leaving the winged seed of liberty in the human conscience to expand and fructify ; never in the long ages of incessant strife, of conquest and dominion, was there such ruthless iniquity, in conception and in performance, as in the Tripoli expedition. It marks present possibilities, and should indicate the trend and intensity of future developments. THE IMPOTENCE OF LIBERAL GOVERNMENT, The two powerful groups into which Europe is divided are both formed by a combination of rca<-- tionary and enlightened nations. F.xperience has demonstrated that no hope should be placed in the liberal Powers to guide or even to attenuate the policy of their allies. The bond of alliance throttles all attempts in favour of justice and of righteousnes.--. It becomes a bond of complicity. As in the case ol a given currency, according to the law of Gresham. when there are in circulation two classes of coins, one true, the other of base alloy, the latter drives the former out of the market, even so in these alliances the policv of barbarism and reaction triumphs and prevails ; the glorious traditions of the past and the sclf-impo.sed and nobly-done duty in defence of liberty and humanity count for nothing. HOW ARMAMENTS BREED REVOLUTION. The complex causes that have brought about this recrudescence of the predatory instincts, arming them with all the incalculable elements created by modern science, bid fair to increase rather than to diminish. Ours is an age of transition ; the doomed systems and institutions will die hard and exhaust every means of self-defence. Unlimited armaments have become a necessitv, and also a cancer in the organism. Their appalling cost, whii h is constantly on the increase, drives the Governments to periodic and frantic efforts in .search of a means (or their limitation, since sup- pression is inconceivable. Their efforts have thus far proved fruitless, and success is only possible through 2^8 The Review of Reviews. a fundamental reconstruction of the international >lructure, started, as it were, from within. Such a thing is not likely to happen by evolution, but by revolution. When millions of trained soldiers who have returned to civil life resume the military discipline on the day and for the purpose of casting a \ote which is primarily a protest against the e.xisting order of things, the hour for radical and even violent changes is certainly w'ithin measurable distance. EXPANSION AS A SAFETY VALVE. Expansion is considered as an offset against such menaces ; it also serves the purpose of the all-powerful cosmopolitan financier. Thus, expansion will continue with a correlative increase in the intensity and audacity of its methods adapted to the increasing difficulty of the circumstances and the higher pressure of the determining causes. Furthermore, it lends itself to the cry of " patriotism," which still is, not only as Dr. Johnson said, " the last refuge of unsuccessful scoundrels," but, also, the supreme resource of dis- credited institutions and bankrupt systems. No deep cavilling, however, is required ; the decla- ration of principle has been made with unreserved frankness. On March 30th last, Ilerr von Bethmann- Hollwcg, ("hancellor of the German Empire, delivered himself, amongst others, of the following declarations . to the civilised world, in the presence of the German Reichstag : " The condition of peaceableness is strength. 'J'he old saying still holds good, that the weak will be the prey of the strong. When a people will not, or cannot. continue to spend enough on its armaments to be able to make its way {sich durchzuselzen) in the world, then it falls back into the second rank and sinks down to the role of a ' super ' on the world's stage. There will alwavs be another and a stronger there who is ready to take the place in the world which it has vacated. We Germans, in our exposed position, are specially bound to look this rough reality fearlessly in the face. It is only so that we can maintain peace and our existence." The world, and specially the weaker nations, should lake this warning to heart ; it implies .something beyond the serene recognition of a fact ; it is the declaration of a policy, and that is the policy of ex- pansion, considered indispensable to the maintenance of peace and the existence of the German Empire. THE STATUS QUO AS IT IS. The situation, therefore, briefly stated, is as follows : The two combinations of Powers have succeeded in maintaining the peace of Europe ; That peace in reality is a state of latent warfare, which increases daily the burdens of taxation and menaces the existence of established social institutions, both in constitutional countries and in despotic empires alike ; Whilst peace has prevailed in Europe, the Powers have waged wars of conquest and have acquired outside of Europe possession and control of vast territories ; The methods of assimilation — that is, of conquest — have increased in violence and ruthlessness with each succeeding year ; No Power interferes on behalf of the victims witli the operations of another Power. If diflferences ever arise thev refer solely to the distribution of the spoils : The unruffled equanimity of the official mind can never be disturbed ; it watches in calm composure the unnecessary destruction of property, the wanton cruelty to human beings, and the blackest crimes against humanity. Loyalty to the ally becomes thus ominously significant and horribly potential. The weak have nothing to hope from the good ofTices of the liberal Powers, which, after all, in reality are partners in the ventures. A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE. Leading thinkers and eminent statesmen alike, maintain the excellence of the system and the necessity for its continuance. In view of all this it is safe to assume that expansion will continue, that the force of circumstances will lead to the search of whatever territories may be held in weak hands, even in regions that up to the present may have been considered as beyond the reach of available forces. In this struggle, justice and human liberty count for nothing ; it is the policy of the jungle : the tiger tearing and devouring the weaker beast. Europe as she is governed to-day is not the guardian but the enemy of democracy and human liberty when, they are not entrenched behind large armies and powerful navies. " The weak will be the prey of the strong." 'Ihat is the official gospel of Europe in the twentieth ccnturyj It behoves the weak to look the facts fully in the face Is there some precaution possible to avert the announced and impending doom .' THE BLOODSTAINED CLAW OF EUROPE. The conditions just described, which would warrant the description of Europe — symbolically- — as a huge bloodstained claw in eager quest for new victims^ ar< not fortuitous nor sporadic ; they are normal anc endemic. No direct responsibility necessarily attache to governing statesmen. They are as powerless as ; floating log in the current ; even when they may thin) otherwise, loyalty to the system which they serv renders them helpless and not infrequently force them to act in direct contradiction to their ow convictions. The predatory spirit, therefore, arises from cause which are ever on the increase. When Genghis, o .\ttila, or Napoleon, disappeared, the world coul Si breathe more freely ; in them war and devastatio were incarnate. European expansion, in its presen violent and sanguinary aspect, has the immort ility c collective human tendencies, deeply rooted in th entrails of past centuries. fe. The Next Great Word in the Evolution of Peace. 259 J I. —HOW TO PROTECT THE NEW WORT.D. I'hc drama of recent European expansion has been \i lusively confined to the Old World : Africa, Asia, land the islands of the Pacific Ocean, large and small. >ince the Franco-Prussian War no important redistri- ition of territory has taken place in Europe. The -iiiall States continue to exist, like wedges in a structure, required for the safety of the larger parts. The New World has enjoyed absolute immunity ; the unsuccessful attempt to establish an Empire in Mexico, and the not more fortunate war of Spain to recover certain islands from Peru, have left no lasting historical trace, and, in fact, occurred before the recrudescence of the present spirit of expansion had set in. .American political emancipation from Europe began in 1776, and was completed in 1824. The old colonies became sovereign nations, holding sway, in the majority of cases, over the same territory as to-day. I he changes that have taken place have not been due any way to European interference. THE INDEPENDENCE OF PAN-AMERICA — The political independence of the American conti- nent from Europe is practically complete. England, France and Holland still hold some possessions, small in size and importance. Canada and the other self- governing British Colonies are, to all intents and purposes, sovereign nations acknowledging a haughty and conscious, if not a defiant, allegiance to the British Empire, founded primarily on a sentiment of loyalty to the common ideals of liberty and democracy, and limited by the convenience of the Colonies themselves. n the action of the Mother Country — supposing such a possibility — were to endanger or to jeopardise the evolution of liberty and democracy as the Colonies understand them, or wittingly or accidentally to clash with the interests and the convenience of the Colonies, in the opinion of the latter, the allegiance to the Empire would snap asunder like an overstrained bond. — STRENGTHENED BY EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION. Emancipation has proved propitious to the creation of new ties between Europe and America. Blood and treasure have steadily flowed from Europe to America during the nineteenth century, principally during j»s hitter half, contributing more decisively than any other factor to the creation in North America of the greatest democracy in the history of the race. A similar phenomenon is being realised, even at this moment, in the southernmost regions of the continent. These events are beyond the control of men, like the course of the seasons, inexorably advancing at the appointed time. Such happenings cannot be contemplated with equanimity in the old empires of Europe, where, doubt- less, it is thought that the national wanderers to distant lands should there constitute themselves, as it were, into a prolongation of the Mother Country, adding to its prestige and political power, and not become merged in the population of another nation, perhaps a potential rival in the future. It is quite conceivable that the United States may one day be the bulwark of the liberties of the American continent against German expansion, and yet, the United States would stand for far less than they do in the marshalling of the world's empires, if it were possible to eliminate the German element from the life of the nation. The attraction of the New World is as irresistible to the European masses as the tides of the ocean, limited solely by lack of information, or by sheer material possibilities of emigration. In the first place have come the United States and Canada ; then the River Plate, the temperate sections of Brazil, and Chili in a certain measure. And now, as the pres- sure of taxation increases and science has begun to teach how to live in the tropics, the tropical regions begin to have their turn. THE HEAVY BURDEN OF THE EUROPEAN. All Europeans, in the United Kingdom, as well as on the Continent, are born with a burden of taxation representing the vicissitudes of past generations. The cost of the Napoleonic wars, and of all the wars since then waged by Europe at home and abroad, awaits the European infant at the cradle and accompanies him through life, curtailing his economic independence and the result of his energies. Undoubtedly it may be argued that such is the fee of empire and of greatness and the boons of civilisation, which, in varying degrees bless the different European nations ; even so, the fact remains that such a burden does not exist in any of the American nations. Public debt there represents remunerative performance j the few occasional excep- tions from this rule do not alter the case. The pomp and pageantry of monarchy, military prowess on land and sea, resonant aristocratic names and glorious traditions of warfare and victory, must surely compensate the weary and life-long price imposed upon the millions of the masses beyond all sordid caU ulations. Yet they do not seem to think so ; they emigrate whenever they can to lands where the glitter of tradition may be contemplated from afar and not felt as a yoke. 'I'he process of developing and strengthening the nations of America with European wealth and European immigrants is bound to continue upon the lines that it has followed heretofore, unless some fundamental transformation of existing conditions should arise, which it is not didicult to conceive, and which circum- stances may render possible. A TEMPTING FIELD FOR EXPANSION. The territorial responsibilities of the Latin-American nations are greatly in excess of their respective popu- lations. The seventeen Republics from Mexico to Cape Horn, with an area several times that of Central Europe, contain at best seventy million inhabitants, which could be comfortably housed in any one of the 26o The Review of Reviews. larger Republics, as Mexico, or Colombia, or Brazil, or Argentina, leaving the remaining immense territory available for European expansion. Can Tripoli compare with the broad anri fertile plains of Northern Venezuela, bordering on the Caribbean ? Or Morocco, with the Atlantic coast section of Colombia, where the Magdalena waters a marvellous valley, in no wa\' inferior to that of the Nile, and equally well situated geographically ? Can the Congo compare favourably with the .'\mazon, or Madagascar or West Africa with the inner lands of Peru, of Bolivia, or of Ecuador ? THE POSSIBILITY OF CONQUEST. If an army of 100,000 men were to land suddenh-. without warning or provocation, in true Italian fashion, on the coast of one of these Republics, with a population of three or four million inhabitants, scattered over a territory twice the size of Germany or of France, and practically unprepared for war, all resistance would be unavailing ; the civilised com- munities of Latin-America would succumb like the nations of the Eastern hemisphere. The consideration of such possibilities implies no wanton spirit of alarmism. If Tripoli has been thought .worth Italy's present effort, and Morocco France's recent venture, why should not the infinitelv richer Caribbean coast of South America fare likewise ? No one in his senses, surely, would outrage the Powers by supposing that their abstention has been prompted by moral considerations ; their reputation is too well established. Their respect of the territorial rights of I.atin-American nations is as meritorious as the honesty of the man who found the safe locked. The disparity between territory and population makes the condition of the American nations one of weakness. The safeguard that has protected them from European expansion still subsists. On the other hand, the danger of an aggression, which may become the one supreme rallying effort of moribund systems, is constantly on the increase. No effort should be spared to strengthen a protection which has proved so efficacious and decisive in the past. THE MONROE DOCTRINE. There was an element of prophetic inspiration in the Declaration of President Monroe, uttered in 182^. It rang through the world like a peal of thunder ; k paralysed the Holy Alliance, and defmcd, once and for all time, as far as Europe is concerned, the international status of the newly constituted American Republics, The most important part of the Monroe Declaration reads : — In the wars of the F.uropc.in Towors, !n mailers relating to llicmsclvcs, we have never taken any pari, nor docs il comport with our policy ?o to do. It is only when our rij-hls are inv.iHed or seriously menaced that we resent injuiies or make preparations for defence. With the movements in this hemi- sphere wc are of necessity more immediately connected, and liy causes which must be obvious to all cnli(jlitcnc(l and impartial ol«ervcrs. The political system of the Allied Powers is essen- tially diircrenl, in this respect, from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Kovcrnments. And to the defence of out own, which has been achieved by the loss of so niiicli blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed such unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candour, .ind to the amicable relations existing between the United Slates and those Powers, to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemi- sphere as dangerous to our pe.ice and safely. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European Power we have not interfered, and shall not interfere. But wilh the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence ne have on great consideration and on just principles acknowledged, we could not view any interposi- tion for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other mariner their destiny, in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the United Stales. THE SHIELD OF .iVMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. The immunity from European aggression which the Latin-American nations have enjoyed since their emancipation, to this da}-, is exclusively due to the Declaration of President Monroe, which', having been uttered one year before the final overthrow of Spain in ICS24, was like a gift, which the nascent nationalities found in the cradle of their newly conquered liberties. European conquest was banned from the American continent. Sovereignty to a nation is as life to the individual : partial conquest of a nation's territory is mutilation. These truths must illuminate the appreciation of the scope and meaning of the Monroe Declaration, which has successfully stood the test of well-nigh a centurv of I':uropean expansion of unprecedented persistence and intensity. The immunity from conquest, however, has not been absolute. The United States themselves have on occasions turned conquerors. It serves no purpose to labour the point here. A glance at the map proves the assertion beyond perad\enture of a doubt. Thus, notwithstanding the evident and supreme benefits that have been conferred upon the Latin-American nations by the Monroe Declaration, benefits which, in manv instances, may be well considered as equivalent to national life itself, a spirit of distrust has been created throughout the whole of Latin-America, varving in degree according to local conditions and possible dangers— real or imaginary— which, if not counteracted and dispelled, may tend to modifv, prejudiciallv, the conditions which thus far have made the American continent inaccessible to European political expansion. In the presence of such dire possibilities it beho^■es the statesmen and the people of all the American nations to eliminate all cau.sc for friction and anxiety, letting the dead past bury its dead, looking solely to the future, mindful that recrimination never meiided a wrong, and often was the source of fresh evils. " AMERICA FOR THE AMERICANS." " America for Americans " is suppo.sed to be the essence of the Monroe Declaration. The tenet, if I rightly interpreted, embodies a noble ideal. It cannot 'k and has not stood for limitation of the geographical I place of birth or of racial character, as is shown by thej M The Next Great Word in the Evolution of Peace. 261 illions of men from all quarters of the world for whom incrica has become a refuge and a home. Had those A n. however, sought to land, on any part of the conti- nent, as the forerunners of political expansion, repre- senting European s\stcms of governments and Old World traditions of caste and privilege, the continent would have been closed to them. America is consecrated to the ideals of liberty and democracy ; they constitute the paramount issue of its destiny. " America for Americans," therefore, does not e.xclude any free man determined to remain free, and abhorring conquest and oppression as he would theft or murder. DISTRUST OF THE UNITED ST.\TES. The means to accomplish unity of sentiment and to dispel the misgivings between the United Stales and the Latin-American Republics is not far to seek. It is only required to amplify the Jlonroe Declaration to the full extent of its logical development. Therein li(s not honesty alone, but safet\' and peace. In our day and on our continent conquest of territory is inadmis.sible per se, for its own intrinsic hideousness and for the lie it gives to the fundamental principles and the laws and constitutions upon which our political life is based, without any concern w)u\te\cr as to its origin. \\ hat is a crime in a European nation cannot be righteousness if done by the United States. HOW IT .MAY BE DISPELLED. If these conclusions of honest logic are accepted and acted upon by the United States ; if they should (liclare that the era of conquest of territory on the .\merican continent has been closed to all and for ever, beginning with themselves, the brooding storm of dis- trust will disappear from the l.atin-.'\merican mind, and an international cordiality of incalculable possibilities will ensue, not only for the welfare of the American nations, but universally for the cause of freedom and democracy. The recognition of the principle should be ofhcially •i( ( omplished : it might form the special object of a l'an-Ameri( an Congress. It means no antagonism to I'.urripe, but to modern European political expansion : and also to European political com[)li(ations which threaten a return to barbarism and to brute force as the one supreme law . und the destruction of a (i\ ilisation \v hi( h is the fruit nl 'ountlcssages of painful endeavour. -ignifies the union of all the nations of America for lie common, noble purpo.se— for the establishment of international life upon the same basis as civil life amongst the citizens of a nation, the basis of justice, and not of violence. AN (IIT'ORTI NITV FOR I'ktSIDtNT T.\FT. I This gospel has been prcathcd to the world from the I [ same eminent place as the Monroe Declaration. Early 'in January of ii>i i I'resident Taft saifl :- i' " Personally I do not see any more reason whv matters o( national honour should not be referred to I court of arbitration than matters of property or _ national proprietorship. 1 know that is going farther f1 than most men are willing to go, but I do not see why questions of honour may not be submitted to a tribunal composed of men of honour, who understand questions of national honour, to abide by their decision, as well as any other question of difference arising between nations." The United States should to-day, like President Monroe, scan the horizon of the coming centuries. The task of the morrow should be lightened to-day ; such is the law of greatness. The cordial co-operation of Latin-America, important as it is to-day, may become paramount to-morrow. In the field of distrust rivalries soon flourish ; the interests of all Latin- America are identical at this stage ; a cunning diplo- macy may soon foster antagonism and beget irre- concilable ambition. We are at the parting of the ways. The exclusion of conquest of territory, as a fundamental principle of international life on the American continent, should be solemnly proclaimed by all the American nations ; they should all pledge themselves to maintain it. The sands are running in the glass of Time ; to-morrow it may be too late. W ANTED : A NEW DECLARATION OF I'AN-AMERICAN POLICY. In these Tripolitan days the proposed declaration of continental policy by all the American nations would be salutary and opportune. It would not alter, but strengthen present conditions, and forestall possible dangers to the weak nations of the continent, rendering the task of the United States easier of accom- plishment. It means no antagonism nor hostility to the peoples of Europe ; it is solely a defence against European imperialism. It does not in any way interiere with economic developments, nor with the open door for commerce ; it is no Utopian panacea, no .~hort-and-ready cut to the millennium; but it would maintain tlic .American continent free from European political c\pan>ion, carried out in the service of systems doomed to early disappearance by the dead- lock of limitless armaments. I bus the real interests of the peoples of Europe would be ser\ ed and reaction crippled. Tlie declaration would also consult the true interests of the United States ; it would carry the Monroe prmciples to their utmost honest logical development, and it would dispel misgivings and distrust throughout the continent, facilitating the harmonious and fruitful evolution of international life. 'I he declaration that conc|ucst of territory shall hereafter neither be practised nor tolerated on the .■\meri(an continent is in essence in full accord with the recent avowe-,' dealing with Socialism, page 151, chapter headed ' Variety versus Uniformity,' I write : ' Seldom if ever to the palace or stately home of wealth comes the messenger of the gods to call men to such honor as follows supreme service to the race. Rank has no place. Wealth robs life of the heroic element, the sublime consecration, the self- sacrifice of ease needed for the steady development of our powers and the performance of the highest service. Let working men note how many of the exceptionals indicated in the preceding pages, who have carried the race forward, were workers with their hands ; — Shakespeare Edison Arkwright Morton Siemens Franklin Jenner Bessemer Kay Neilson Mushet Murdoch Lincoln Columbus Hargreaves Burns Wan Stephenson Guttenberg Bell Symington " ' All these began as manual workers. There is not one rich nor titled leader in the whole list. All were compelled to earn their bread. " ' Under our present individualistic system, which breeds and develops the needed leaders, there is no State official to interpose — no commission to consider the respective claims of the exceptionals and decide upon their destinies. All are left in perfect freedom in the possession of glorious liberty of choice, free " by the sole act of his own unlordcd will " to obey the Divine call which consecrates each to his great mission.' " So much for ' The Problems of To-day.' " Perhaps you can start another ball which will roll round the press which uses the English language — and perhaps give rise to similar interesting criticism. ^Yours, Andrew Carnegie." I had not intended to publish any more contributions, but since the issue of our last number I have received some communications from which I deem it well to make extracts. One is from an Icelander now working as a farm labourer in Winnipeg. I publish his list not onlv because he is an Icelander, but because his contribution illustrates the very wide range of interest that has been excited by this discussion. The writer says : " Being myself an Icelander, I put two Icelandic names on the list, those of Jon Sigtirdsson and Hannes Hafstcinn. The former was the greatest statesman and patriot that Iceland has produced, and the latter, Hannes Hafsteinn, ex-Premier of Iceland, and doubtless her ablest and most farsighted statesman of the p'resent day. He also is one of the most distinguished poets of the country." Homer, loth or nth cen- tury B.C. Aristotle, B.C. 384— B-C- 322. Marcus Aurelius, 121-180. Dante, 1265 — 1321. Gutenberg (the greatest benefactor),i4oo — 1468. Michael Angelo, 1475 — 1564. Shakespeare, 1564 — 1616. Spinoza, 1632 — 1677. Voltaire, 1694 — 177S. Goethe, 1749 — 1832. Balzac, 1799 — 1850. Charles Darwin, 1809^- 1882. Jon Sigurdsson, i8ii — 1879. Herbert Spencer, 1820 — 1903. Ernest Renan, 1823 — 1892. HenrikIbsen,i828--i9o6. George Brandes, 1842. Anatole France, 1844. Leo Tolstoy, 1828— 1910. Hannes Hafsteinn. Sir Harry Johnston, in sending in his first twenty, said he would be better satisfied if he could nominate a second twenty, which he proceeded to do as follows : — Marco Polo, 1254 — 1324. Prince Henry of Portugal, 1394 — 1460. Vasco da Gama, 1450 — 1524. Magalhaes (Magellan), 1480— 1521. Jaques Cartier, 1491 — 1557. Elizabeth of England, 1553 — 1602 James Cook, 1728— 1779, Catherine II. of Russia, 1729 — 1796. Robert Arkwright, 1732 — 1782. Edward Jenner, 1749 — 1823. Robert Fulton, 1765 -1815. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769 — 1821. ' Elizabeth Fry, 1780 - 1845. Ferdinand de Lesseps, 1805 — 1849. Harriet Beecher Stowe, 181 2 — 1896. Charles Dickens, 1812 — 1870. Henry Bessemer, 1813 — 1898. Bismarck, 1815 -1898. Queen Victoria, 1819 — 1901. " Even this leaves out William Ewart Gladstone, whose opinions and reforms have profoundly affected modern Europe." The Strand gives a symposium by more than a dozen contributors on the twenty greatest men, taking Mr. Carnegie's list as text, and supplies the result in the following list of the names most frequently chosen antl the number of votes which each has recei\'ed. It will be noticed that the list includes more than twent\' names, owing to no fewer than nine having recei\ccl four votes each : — Shakespeare ... 11 Stephenson ... 5 Darwin ... 10 Walt - 5 Newton ... 10 Arkwright ... 4 Gutenburg ... 9 Cromwell - ^ Napoleon 0 Dante ... 4 Luther ... S Galileo Goethe ... 7 Jenner ... 4 Voltaire 7 Pasteur ... .■ Beethoven ... (i ritt ... . Columbus ... 6 Raphael Washington ... 6 Wilberforce Bacon ... 5 1 y I 263 Leading ARTICLES in the Reviews IF BRITAIN WENT TO WAR, \\ HAT Wi.iLU Happen in the City? I'liE Round Talle. that admirable arena for the dis- cussion of the serious problems of the Empire, publishes this month a most luminous and interestmg article on the credit system of the world, and how it would be affected by war. The article, entitled " Lombard Street and War," is anonymous, but it has been described by the Times as " one of the most remarkable articles on what we may call the natural history of ' the City ' that has 1 een published for some time. The writer displays an ;unount of knowledge of the working of the London Money Market and a degree of insight into the forces which govern it which is unusual and refreshing. That it is written • with a purpose ' makes its scientific breadth all the more surprising." LONDON AS THE NERVE CENTRE OF THE WORLD. The wnter says : — An infinile number of strands binds all the great nations to one another, and, like the nerves of the human body, these stran.ia, / 125,000,000; lhcKeichsb3nk,/55.ooo,cxX); while the Hank <•! England, with world-wide liabilities, has only /j5,ooo,ooo lying in bullion or coin in the vaulls of the Bank of Kngland, together with the stock of metal held by other banks, in all, perhaps, /^jo, 000,000. It is estimated that ibis sum is equal to not much more than six per cent, of the lolal di posits of the banks of the United Kingdom. While the slock .'callcrcil aUiut among the d;(fcrcnl banks is a valuable standby, the final reverse is tlie reserve of the Hank of Lnglaml. That is the restive which all the banks in the United King- di ID fall back on. In 1907 .America drew nearly ^{^15, 000,000 in two inunihs fiom I.ondon. The Hank of Kngland's reserve fell ever ;^6,coo,oco in two weeks. Tl.ere is no other nation which has been able lo undertake these tremendous respon- sibilities. Since 1895 the world's gold hat increased by ;f i,ooo,cco,ooo. .\ great portion of this huge sum has paiv^ed tlirough London, t ccause London is a free market. Only /J20,ooo,coo his I lyed there. IK WAR lnt(>KF. 01 1. What, then, is likely to happen on the outbreak of such a war ? Suppose, for instance, Gcimany declared war against us. A crisis in the Money Market nculil be at once precipitated. Everybody would be seeking to place themselves in a position lo meet their engagements. Money would diy up, and the Bank rate would be forced to a high figure. At the same Ume there would Le a tremendous fall in value of all securities on the Stock Exchange, so great a fall that the Stock Exchange might even have to be closed. Banks would have to "carry" their customers who had borrowed against seeurities, and would find a large part of their assets unrealisable. '1 he discount market — ;.(•., the bill marke:— would be no belter cfl". London finances Germany by means of acceptances to the (Xlent probably of about /70,ocio,ooo sterling at any one lime. This means that accepting houses in London will have made themselves responsible during the two or three months after Ihe outbreak of war for the pajment, mainly to the Joint Stock Banks, of ;£'70,ol of national unity through all changes, and an enduring chain of connection between the national past and the national future. " Constitutional " restraints only heighten the importance of the monarchy in this respect. 266 The Review of Reviews. IS ENGLAND EMPTYING HERSELF? Mr. Chkizza MoiNEV, iii the Nineteenth Century, raises the quaint query, " A ' Littler ' Englajid ? " He calls alarmed attention to the increase of emigration from the Mother Country. Since 1894 the number leaving these shores as emigrants in the year has risen from 38,000 to about 262,000 in iqi i — the largest total yet on record. This e.xtraordinary increase has taken place, not as in the old days, in a time of deep com- mercial depression, but in a time of abounding pros- perity. Mr. Money ascribes the increase to the way our Dominions oversea — first Canada, then Australia, and pre.sently South Africa — are advertising their attractions. At the same time, though the death-rate IS sinking, the birth-rate is dwindling too. 'I'he natural increase of births o\er deaths in the United Kingdom in 191 1 is estimated at about 440,000. Subtracting the 260,000 emigrants, the net increase is only about 180.000, or only ou per cent. A further dip in the birth-rate and a further rise in emigration, and our population will be on the down grade ! Great Britain and Ireland will take their places with declining nations like France. Meantime the population of Germany goes on increasing by births o\er deaths, 900.000 a year ; and she is actually receiving more migrants than she loses. In the next decade she can liardly advance less than by 8,000,000. So by 1921 she will have 74.000,000, while the British Isles and France together will have, say, 84,000,000. It is not that these i.sles are overcrowded. With a first-rate coal supply, close by tide water, the United Kingdom could sustain two or three times as many people as at present : — Populated at the Uelt;i,iii rate, tlie United Kingdom would contain 14,000,000 families and to house 14,000,000 lamilies at the Garden City rate of six families to the acre would absorb but about 24 million acres of the 77 million acres of United Kingdom area. The suggestion of remedies is evidently not so much Mr. Money's purpose in this paper as to sound an alarm. True, he asks, " What are we doing to advertise the natural advantages of the United Kingdom to those who inhabit it ? " ]?ut agricultural operations, even with the help of small holdings, demand a steadily decreasing number of workers. He has a fling at " the exactions of private railway com- panies," which extract " an extortionate mono])ol\- profit of about £50,000,000 a year," and consequenll\- injure our trade at every point. He merely hints at solution when he says : — The problem is one of a fuller economic use of our natural advantages, combined wiih a livelier regard for the creation of healthy and beauiiful urban and suburban dwelling-places for those occupied in industrial operations. In the Hindustan Re^new .Mr. Abbas A. Tayebji, writing on the ethics of Islam, maintains that it is a mistake to think that Islam is intolerant of non- Moslems, or approves of barbarity in war. On the contrary, its teachings arc as humane as an\- practised to-dav. The Revue Economique Interriationale. The January number of the Ra'iie Ecoiiomiqiu- IntcrnationaU opens with an aiticle, by M. Jacques Bardoux, on Economic .\ctivity in England, 1905-11. The writer deals with the increase of British trade, since 1904, and compares it with the trade of France, Germany, and the United States. His article is based on the statistics of the Board of Trade and tables compiled by the Economist. Dr. Albert Haas writes on the Baltic and White Sea Conference, and Dr. H. Smissaert has an article on the proposed new- Tariff Law in Holland. The form of protection which the Dutch Government seeks to impose on the country, he says, is not desired either by Dutch industry or by Dutch commerce. M. G. Renard, who contributes a paper on Technical Education in France, considers some of the improvements which are needed. The Mahamandal Magazine. A MAGAZINE which I liave never seen before reached me last month, entitled The Mahantandal Altigaziiif. It is a socio-religious magazine, published at the head office of Sri Bharat Dharma Mahamandal, Benares City. No. 2, Vol. I., has an interesting article concerning the relations between the Sikhs and the Hindus ; an article on " Amritsar and its Recent Anti-Hindu History ; " and another interesting paper which says that the Natucotai Chetties of Madras — whose name I hear for the first time — have spent a fortune over the repairs and renovation of the great temples of Southern India ; and the Chetties, who are millionaires, have not only pro- tected the historic shrines of the South from the ravages of time, but have given a new lease of life to the indigenous decorative arts that were threatened with extinction. The editor cries aloud for other millionaires to follow their example in every Province of India. Mind. TuK tendency of ps\chology and philosophy to concern itself more and more with the processes and picducts of religion is again illustrated in the January number of Mind. Mr. W. E. Hocking's " Meaning of Mysticism " is an example " Hoino Leone " discu.sses at length the Vedantic Absolute The writer maintains that the Vedantic doctrine makes elevating and possible the only life that i worth living, at once human and divine, concrete ant universal. It is a message of universal peace Mr. H. .\. Prichard contends that moral philosophy as usually understood, rests on a mistake. It is ai effort to have proved to us that our sense that w. ought not to do certain things, is not illusion ; w] tli,>loi Itlllt {'iM \ Vtn •ett: M want to be convinced of this by a process which air'" an argument is different in kind from our original anr * unreflective ajipreciation of it. This, he argues, is al illeuitimate demand. We try to base on argument I ?* process that depends not on argumentative grounds.! '•''* Leading Articles in the Reviews. 267 CHAT ABOUT CHANCERY. In CasseU's for Maah Mr. T. \\'. \Mlkinson writes on Chancery's millions. THE REAL J.ARNDVCE V. J.ARNDVCE— OUTDONE. He grants there is ground for the reputation of slowness which the Court of Chancery has obtained : — Wiliicss that famous cause, Jamdyce r'. Jarndycc, which is known in legal annals as the Jennens case. The original of B cak Hou?c was a deserted mansion at Acton, in Suffolk, w ere lived an eccentric miser named Jcnnens. On his death n 1798 his estate went in:o Chancery, and gave rise to several suits which dragged on till 1878. They were then disposed of l)y the Court of Chancery, and revived again and finally decided by the Court of Appeal in 1893. A still longer cause originated in a quarrel about lands between one of the Lisles and Lord B rkeley. It lasted for seven generations, 189 years, and was then, to the great grief of the Chancery Bar — who had long looked upon it as a perpetual annuity — settled by a compromise. £50,000,000 NOW IN COURT. Chancery is the repository of vast funds, though liuse are by no means all dormant or unclaimed : — The nominal value of the money and securities now in court i-, about fifty millions, made up of amounts paid into court to abide the result of litigation, the proceeds of estates sold by i.rause to consider the (xpense into which he is running. His private income is, of ccurse, very considerable, but there have been times when he has Leen distinctly " hard-up." At sea he unibends to a degree unknown ashore. He is an enthusiastic musician, and has composed several pieces himself. His private band on the llohenzoUcru is one of the finest : — A few years ago, during a cruise, the Kaiser stopped su- years of his life at the Hong Kong "ollege of Medicine under Dr. Cantlie. HOW HIS REVOI.LTIONARY CAREER BEGAN. On obtaining his diploma he decided to try his ortunes in the Portuguese Colony of Macap. It was hen that he enrolled himself a member of the Young "hina Party. He failed to secure a paying practice in •lacao, and removed to Canton, where he formed a )ran( h of the party. In 1895 he formed a conspiracy o capture the (ily of Canton, whith, however, the dvanre of Imperial troops frustrated. He fled for his life to Kobe. ( ut off his queue, and dres.sed as a lodi-rn Japanese. In 1896 he sailed for England, lure he was kidnapped at the Chinese Legation and, the intervention of Lord Salisbury, released at ■ eleventh hour. He returned to China during the .\er troubles, and sjxike and wrote and lectured on ic inevitable revolution. It was then that Colonel lomer Lea gave in his adhesion, and became his chief iilitary adviser. CONVERTED HIS CAl»TORS. Ever since the Canton conspiracy a price had Ix'en ned upon his Ikm.I, At one time that amounted to 00,000 sterling : — My most extraordinary experience was in Canton, when two young officials came themselves to capture me. I was in my room at night and in my shirt-sleeves, reading and looking over my papers. The two men opened the door. They had a dozen soldiers outside. When I saw them I calmly took up one of the sacred books and began to read aloud. They listened for a time, and after a while one of them spoke and asked a question. I answered it, and they asked others. Then ensued a long argument, and I stated my case and the case of the thousands who thought as I did at full length, as well as I could. At the end of two hours the two men went away, and I heard thein saying in the street, "That is not the man we want. He is a good man, and spends his life healing the sick." " I HAVE DONE MV WORK." Often asked why, with such a price offered for his head, he went about London so freely and took so few- precautions, he answered that his life was now of little consequence ; there were plenty to take his place. Ten years ago the cause would have suffered by his death ; now the organisation is complete. So he adds : — Whether I am to be the titular head of all China, or to work in conjunction with another, and that other Vuan-Shih-Kai, is of no importance to me. I have done my work ; the wave of enlightenment and progress cannot now be stayed, and China — the country in the world most fitted to be a republic, because of the industrious and docile character of the people— will, in a short time, take her place amongst the civilised and liberty loving nations of the world. Effect of the Crisis on India. The Rajput Herald, writing on the new Asia, says : — .■\fler the adjustment of Persia, which will be accomplished in a few years, the next step towards which the ball, set rolling by Cliina, will run to, is India. The Japanese victory had a stupendous etfect in India, and the people who never, a few years ago, knew the existence of Japan, rejoiced at her victory. Now the Chinese awakening will increase it further and further. In social matters India would once for all bridge her social gulfs and the people would put a stop to all internecine quarrels ; a deep feeling of awakening would electrify the nation, and after a few years social differences will be practically unknown. ABOUT MATTHEW ARNOCD. In " Sixty Years in the Wilderness," in Cornhill. Sir Henry Lucy mentions Matthew Arnold, who. he says, in company that he liked, was a delightful causeur : — To those permitted to enjoy intimacy of acquaintance he bubbled over with fun. He had a curious way ol telling little stories against himself. I lemcndjer two dropped in at the dinner table. Talking about Mrs. Arnold, he said : " Ah, you should know my wife I She has all my charm of manner, and none of my conceit." Another related to the episode of his un.satisfaclory visit lo the United Slates as a lecturer, a wuik undertaken at great personal sacrifice in order to perform what he regarded as a duly to his family. When the project was mooted, Arnold urged that it was not hopeful, since he was very little known in America. " I do not suppose," he .said, half hoping for contradiction, " that there are a hundred men in the country who possess one of my Ixiuk'.'' "Sir," said the agent, "I assure you you are mistaken. I know .Xmrrica, and I will unilcilake to say that there is not a small town or village that does not possess in its institute library a copy of ' The Light of Asia.' " •i 270 The Review of Reviews. LABOUCHERIANA. Mr. G. W. E. Russell contributes to Conihill several characteristic reminiscences of the -late Mr. Labouchere : — lie wa> the oracle of an initiated circle, anJ tlie smoking- room of the House of Commons w.ts his slirine. Tiiere, poised in an American rocking-chair and delicately toying with a cigarette, he unlocked the varied treasures of his well-slored memory, and threw over the changing scenes of life the mild light of his genial philosophy. It was a chequered experience that made him what he was. HIS " ARTS OF ROMANTIC NARRATIVE." He delighted to call himself " the Christian Member for Northampton," in contrast to his colleague, Mr. Bradlaugh. Mr. Russell gently insinuates that the Christian grace of veracity was not characteristic of Labby :— I have spoken of the flavour of unreality which was imparted to Labouchere's conversation by his affected cynicism. A similar effect was produced by his manner of personal narrative. Ethics apart, I have no quarrel with the man who romances to amuse his friends ; but the romance shoidd be so conceived and so uttered as to convey a decent sense of probability, or at least possibility. Labouchere's narratives conveyed no such sense. Though amusingly told, they were so outrageously and palpably impossible that his only object in telling them must have been to test one's credulity. I do not mind having my leg pulled, but I dislike to feel the process too distinctly. These arts of romantic narrative, only partially successful in ihe smoking-room, were, I believe, practised with great eflect on the electors of Northampton. No powers of divination could have ascertained what Labouchere really believed, but I think it was easier to know what he really enjoyed. HOW HE WAS SHUT OUT OF THE CABINET. Of his exclusion from the Liberal Cabinet in 1892 Mr. Russell says, speaking of Mr. Gladstone : — He became Prime Minister for the fourth time, and formed his last Cabinet. But he did not find a place in it for Labouchere. licforc he submitted his list to the Queen, he had received a direct intimation that he had better not include in it the name of the editor of I'ruth. On this point Her Majesty was reported to be '* very stiff." Whether that stiffness encountered any corresponding, or conflicting, stifi'ness in the Prime Minister I do not know ; but for my own part I believe that "the Grand Old Man" acquiesced in the exclusion of " Henry " without a sigh or struggle. HIS HATRED OF " NONCON. POPES." Mr. Russell quotes a letter of the end of iyo6, in which Labouchere wrote : — As for the Education liill, 1 do not love Bishops, but I hate far more the Noncon. Popes. Either you must have pure Secularism in public schools, or teach religion of some sort ; and, allho' I personally am an Agnostic, I don't see how -Xtianity is to be taught free from all dogma, and entirely creedlcss, by teachers who do not believe in it. This is the play of " Hamlet " without Hamlet, and acted by persons of his ]>hiloso]>hic doubt. " LABBY " ON " JOEY." In the same magazine Sir Henry Lucy, in his '■ .Sixty V'ears in the Wilderness," devotes several pages to Labouchere. In a letter of 1886 Labby thus de.scribes Chamberlain : — r)ver-bumptiousness is liis weakness. lie imagines that he is the Radical I'arty, and that all depends on him. This is true in Birmingham. Outside they regard him, much as the Apostles would have regarded Judas, if he had come swagger- ing in to supper with an orchid in his buttonhole, and said that the Christian religion would not go on, if his " flower " were not adopted, and he recognised as its chief exponent. He is utterly spoilt by the adulation of his fellow-townsmen, and has to learn that England is not Birmingham. THE WONDERFUL CAVES OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. In the February \y unhur Mr. C. P. Conigrave gives a fascinating account, with striking illustrations, of the caves found in Western Australia. The Govern- ment has wisely taken precautions to safeguard these natural treasures. In Yallingup there is a series of caverns and chambers, the vestibule of which is known as " The Theatre," and is ht up with electricity. The Wallcliff Cave consists of a cluster of stalagmites which have assumed the shape of a mighty outstretched hand, some five feet in height, known as " The Devil's Hand." Mammoth Ca\e has been wrought by the action of a watercourse. Within, on all sides, are great boulders, massive pillars which rise to the roof, and strange and grotesque formations appear on every side. The cave is twelve chains in length. It com- pletely penetrates a large hill. There have been found in it the remains of the great extinct marsupial diprotodon. Giant Ca\e contains a huge chamber 600 feet in length, with vast dome for roof 60 feet from the floor, wherein is found the " Fairies' Ball- room." The Lake Cave, only recently discovered, is singularly like a subterranean Polar sea — everything white, pure crystal white. Its most remarkable feature is the suspended table, which measures 15 feet in length and 4 feet in breadth, the stalactitic supports being several feet in circumference and remarkably corrugated. The Yanchep Caves are only thirty-five miles to the north of Perth. WHAT JAPAN HAS DONE IN MANCHURIA. Mr. Lindsay Russell, speaking to the Japanese in the Orienlal Review for February, says that Japan's main achievements in Manchuria during six years have been the construction of 189 miles of railroad over a mountainous country, the widening of its gauge, then the reduction of its gauge in the South Manchurian Railway on taking it over from Russia, and the conversion of the entire road (470 miles) to the standard gauge and its equipment with American rolling-stock. 'I'he town of Dairen now compares favourably with any town in America of 60,000 in population. The Japanese concession at Mukden is becoming a modern model city. What Mr. Russell thinks the most remarkable achievement of all is thai Japan has created one of the greatest industries of modern times — the bean and bean-oil trade, nowf ' Manchuria's chief export and greatest wealth-producer . A VERY realistic sketch of the French student of to-day is given in the Lady's Realm by Rowland' Strong. w Leading Articles in the Reviews. 271 GREEK PATRON SAINTS OF FEMINISM. Sappho and Aspasia. Mr. W. L. Courtney prints in the Fortnightly I:', vino his lecture before the Royal Society on Sappho and Aspasia. It is a brilliant attempt to vindicate the pioneers of Feminism in Ancient Greece. Mr. Courtney says that as they both set an early example of feminine enlighten- ment from prejudice, " A kind of crusade was entered upon to destroy their character, to deride their pre- tensions, to thrown scorn upon their names." SAPPHO. Mr. Courtney thinks the time has come to do justice to these two women, who are deserving of being hailed as pioneers if not patron saints of the woman's movement in the Western world : — In considering Sappho, we have to imagine a state of society in which it was not considered improper or indelicate to write frankly and openly about emotions, and feelings, and even passionate slates. Sappho's poems contain some instances of this frank speaking, and they have been misinterpreted, because wc read into the words some of the associations which belong only to a much later stage of civilisation and life. Sappho spoice sometimes with unconventional directness, but to argue from unconventional language to disorderliness of behaviour is to go a great deal beyond what the record warrants. Naturally, it suited the Christian writer, in his tirades against heathenism, to follow Greek perversions, and paint a Sappho full of corruption, as a terrible example of the depths to which heathenism could descend. We must put aside all these aspersions and innuendos, and take the poems themselves, if we «anl to understand .Sappho. .\ grave, clear beauty seems to reign over them, and that is why the only real way of judging Sappho is by reading her poetry, and then judging whether she could possibly have been the dissolute libertine that the Attic comic dramatists represented. ASPASIA, In whitewashing Aspasia Mr. Courtney is on firmer ground : — The scandal of .Xspasia's existence in .Vlhens was based es|Kcially on the fact that, instead of believing in the seclusion of women, she held reunions, at which both she and her friends moved with absolute freedom, discussing, with all the most learned men of the day, problems of policy, of philosophy, and metaphysics. She was also attacked by political partisans who hated Pericles. .Mr. Courtney points out that Pericles had made a most unhappy marriage, and was living apart from his wife. He could not marry Aspa.sia, who was an alien. Hut he lived with her openly as his wife, kissing her w henever he left home on business, and the excellence of the union was attested by the fact that the Athenians legitimatised her son : — Aspasia was a great woman, full of quick natural intelligence, adorned ann ; but to see their Emperor face to face in their own lan>l instills into ihcm dcc|K'r feelings of love and loyally. This cements India and England closer and firmer than any fin mal act of best conceived diplomacy. In the history of Asia this Delhi Durbar will stand out asa politi- cal event of the greatest importance, and the year will not be r.i?>ily forgotten. Nevr Capital I 274 The Review of Reviews. GREATER INDIA. A PAPER by Bhai Pitrmanand in the Modern Revinv lor February suggests that before long we may have an Eastern Seeley writing on the expansion of India. Mr. Parmanand writes on Greater India. He says very few people in India realise the importance and extent of the emigration that has been going forward. He divides this process of colonisation into three main sections : the first round the Indian Ocean, including East Africa. IN EAST AFRICA. Mombasa presents all the features of an Indian town, and seems to be a growing commercial centre for East Africa. The major part of its merchants and Govern- ment officials are Indians. The trading population of Zanzibar is mainly Indian, both Hindu and Moham- medan. There are Indian traders in German and Portuguese East Africa. In the Island of Mauritius nearly half of the population are Indians. The struggle of the Indians to maintain their footing in the Transvaal is of course a burning question. When the writer was in South Africa, Johannesburg and Pretoria with their suburbs contained nearly 10,000 Indians. In Natal the Indians form the backbone of the colony. Most of the industries, agriculture, factories and mines are v\orked by them. They form more than half the population. IN WEST INDIES. The second section of colonisation is in the West Indies and South .'America. In British Guiana the Indians form about one-half of the population, all of tiiem, or their forefathers, having come under contract as labourers. Many of them have grown to be wealthy and prosperous merchants and landowners. The Indians in Trinidad number more than 100,000, and they occupy a yet better position than in British Guiana. There are villages in Trinidad which contain a purely Indian population. Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, contains about 40,000 Indians, some of them traders and landowners. Jamaica contains not more than 10,000 Indians, " who will be gradually swallowed uj> i)y Christianity if they are not taken care of." ON THE PACIFIC. The third section is the colonies in the Pacific Ocean. California has a few thousand Sikh labourers trying to become farmers. Brftish Columbia has also a few thousand Sikhs, mostly labourers in the fields, but onlv a few of them have their wives with them. In both places the Government has put a stop to immigration. The Fiji Islands have got a population of about 70,000 Indians. The Madras Islands have also a number of Madras immigrants. A UNIVERSAL HINDU CONSCIOUSNESS. Mr. Parmanand concludes by urging all young men in India to go abroad in ever-increasing numbers, and to encourage our brothers across the seas : — • IrLT.ler Imlia h.-u; arisen without noise of drum or trumpL't, nn.jer ll c palm trees of tropical America and on the snow -girt plains of Canada. It is lime to take stock of our position and think in terms of a universal Hindu consciousness. The children of these colonists should be educated along national lines. Thus- the young men abroad may be saved irom absorption into the Christian community. " They are converted to Christianity only for social reasons, and not for the sake of their souls." EXPANSION ? — OR SLAVE TRADE ? A dark shade on this picture of expansion overseas appears in the next article in the same magazine, by Manilal M. Doctor, who writes on the Indian indenture system in the colonies, notably Mauritius, and demands that it should be put an end to in any shape or form. He would protect the Indian youths and girls who are kidnapped or abducted to Ma,uritius by prowling sharpers who obtain licence to recruit coolies. They are ruthlessly oppressed by the community at Mauritius, as is attested by the evidence of Mr. Bateson, an ex-magistrate of Mauritius. Further- more, they find it difficult to satisfy the legal proportion of men to women, even by taking on bazar women. In Mauritius the proportion is t,t, women to 100 men. Morality in general, and se.xual morality in particular, cannot grow under these cir- cumstances. The family antecedents of colonial-born Indians cannot as a rule satisfy fastidious inquirers. THE ESSENCE OF HINDUISM. In a recent issue of Easl and ]Vest Lala Baij Nath writes on the essentials of Hinduism, apropos of the Special Marriages Bill and other measures now before the Indian public. The question put to him by a census superintendent was, " What is the every- day working belief of every Hindu, irrespecti\e of sex, age, caste, creed, sect, education, or social con- dition?" He declares that caste is no rule of conduct in many cases. He finds the essentials to be four :— (i) Belief in the l,aw of Karma — as you sow, so you reap ; (2) active belief in a heaven where the good will enjoy the frtiit of their good karma, and hell where the bad will be punished for their bad karma ; (3) belief in the immortality and transmigra- tion of the soul from one condition of exi.stence to another, according to its karma; (4) belief in a Higher Power, called by various names, which rewards the good and punishes the bad. 'J'hese arc the basic beliefs of Hinduism. "The ideal of every Hindti is to achieve emanci- pation from this ever-recurring round of birth and re-birth, which is a source of infinite misery." If the Hindu is serious anywhere, it is here. This, then, is the essence of Hinduism — the merging of the individual into the universal self. " He sees all as his own self" The writer would include as many as possible in the fold of Hinduism, and open the door of university education and reform as wide as possible, to include Sikhs, Jains, Brahmos, Arya Somajists, Buddhists, and all others who are now living anci working in India. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 275 THE ETHICS OF MR. ROOSEVELT. As Illustrated bv the Story of Panama. A VERY scathing attack upon President Roosevelt's [)olicy with regard to the Panama Canal is published in the February nurhber of the North Aiiien'ajn Revinv by -Mr. Leander T. Chamberlain. The contrast between Mr. Roosevelt's view of his own policy and the facts as they appear to Mr. Chamberlain may be gathered irom the following e.xtracts. that good man ROOSfiVELX! .Mr. Chamberlain opens his attack by quoting Mr. Roosevelt's own words in praise of his own action. He says : — In a recent public statement ex-President Roosevelt declares : " It must be a matter of pride to every honest .American proud of the good name of his country, that the acquisition of the [Panama] canal in all its details was as free from scandal as the public acts of Georye Washington or Abraham Lincoln." " The interests of the American people demanded that I should act exactly .as I did act." " Every action taken was not merely proper, but was carried out in accordance with the highest, fmest, and nicest 'standards of public and governmental ethics." " The [1903] orders to the American naval ofticers were to maintain free and uninterrupted transit across the Isthmus and, with that purpose, to prevent the landing of armed forces with hostile intent at any point within fifty miles of Panama. These orders were precisely such as had been issued again and again in preceding years, 1900, 1901, and 1902, for instance." " Every man who at any stage has opposed or condemned the action actually taken in acquiring the right to dig the canal has really been the opponent of any and every etiort that could ever have l>ecn made to dig the canal." " Not only was the course followed as regards Panama right in every detail and at every point, but there could have been no variation from this course except for the worse. We not only did what was technically justifiable, but what we did was demanded by every ethical con- sideration, national and international." " We did harm to no one, save as harm is done to a bandit by a policeman who deprives him of his chance for blackmail." "The United .States has many honourable chapters in its history, but no more honourable chapter than that which tells of the way in which our light to dig the Panama Canal w.as secured, and of the manner in which the work has been carried out." WHAT ROOSEVELT REALLY DID. Mr. Chamberlain subjects this Pecksniffian self- praise to a coldly cruel examination. He points out that the President's policy was the exact reverse of all that he pretends it to have been. It began by a cynical violation of treaty faith, it was continued by an unprecedented illegal intervention in the alTairs i)t a friendly State whose independence the United States had undertaken to respect, and crowned by the immediate recognition of an American-fostered revolution which severed Panama from the Republic of Coloml)ia. In describing Mr. Roosevelt's panegyric upon himself, .Mr. Chamberlain bitterly exclaims : — The raid -jn defenceless Colnmbi.i, in the interest of a swift indomitable construction of an Isthmian waterway, m.ide to vie with the heroic settlement of a new continent, in the interest of civil ami religious freedom I The " fifty-mile order " and its congener of the following day, foredooming a " guaran- teed " ally to defeat by secession, ranked with the proclamation which gave freedom to enslaved millions 1 The coddled Panama " uprising," insured in advance, set in the illustrious category of Lexington and Uunker Hill, S'allcy l'"orge and Vorktown ! The recognition of a new sovereignty, after one day, seventeen hours, and forty-one minutes of pampered, flimsy independence, favourably compared with an independence which was won by years of ceaseless conflict and the saciifice of treasures untold ! A CASE FOR THE HAGUE ? Mr. Chamberlain maintains that the question is one which justifies Colombia in appealing to the Hague Tribunal for just and ample redress for this high- handed wrong. The Republic of Colombia has asked for arbitration, but, as the Colombia Minister at Washington complains, Uncle Sam does not deign to reply to the demand. Hence last month there was a brief sensation occasioned by the public declaration that Mr. Secretary Knox had much better not pay his contemplated visit to Bogota until this old sore had been healed b}- the acceptance of the proposed arbitration. INDIAN AND ENGLISH NOBLES COMPARED. The nobility of India and England are compared in the Rajpul Herald, and the contrast drawn is somewhat instructive : — The nobleman of England claims superiority on the strength of his birth, without fulfilling the conditions of his order as required by society to which he belongs. On the other hand, the superiority of the Rajpul — the Indian aristocrat — in his country is not only placed in his hereditary aspect as an aristocrat, but in the fulfilment of the conditions and other details demanded of him as an aristocrat. The one, whether he abides by rules and regulations enacted by society or goes against them consciously, is entitled to the term nobleman and poses himself as such. lie even forces recognition in others as such. Put the Rajput, the very instant he fails to follow the enactments of society, falls far short of his vocation as a R.ijput, sinks beneath the level of a nobleman, and is not recognised as such. An English nobleman, the representative of the hereditary aristocracy of England, lacks in qualities which an average Rajput possesses. The writer thinks that the nobleman is not made, but born. So soon as .Mr. So-and-so, nurtured among common surroundings, becomes a Lord So-and-so, '• the air is contaminated, the purity of the soil is lost." The writer proceeds : — With the solitary exception of Barons of Magna Charia, there has not been a single nobleman who has aided and assisted the people in the restoration of iheir liberties, who has sacrificed ills life for the happiness of the nation. If the liberties of Kngland were vindicated it was not by a Lord X, V or Z, but liv a Mr. Pym or .Mr. Hampden. He even goes on to say, " We find to-day the zenith of corruption parading the ranks." The Rajput has a very dilTerent conception of its duty ; — The Rajput is not born to lord over all. He does not want to lord over the universe. He wants, by his simplicity, truth- fulness, self-sacrifice, devotion and love, to serve the weak, downtrodden and the depressed. The British aristocracy perhaps expects to be criticised by the democracy ; but critiiisni of the kind quoted above from the ancient nobility of India may prove as .salutary as it is sur|)rising. The ruins of Pcrscpolis, the ancient capital of Persia, are described with pho'ographic pictures in the March Pall Mall by Mr. John Home. 276 The Review of Reviews. THE UNITED STATES OF THE WORLD. A Chinese Dream. In the February Forum Mr. George Soulic describes " the United States of the World, a Chinese philoso- pher's plan for universal happiness." It is interesting to note that at a time when the Chinese are setting up a Republic, a Chinese author should be writing a Republic that recalls Plato in more ways than one. The author is K'ang Yeou-Wei, who was appointed editor of the department of accounts in i8q8, before the Dowager- Empress took fright at the pace of reform and the unfortunate editor had to flee for his life. He at last found refuge in Nagasaki, under the constant pro- tection of the Japanese police. There he has produced this work. He finds that happiness is the one motive of life, but it is essentially variable, and it includes the desire to escape from sufferings and sorrows. THE FAMILY TO BE ABOLISHED. Having got his leading motive, K'ang Yeou-Wei entirely reorganises the basis of the family and life. He begins, radically enough, with the capital import- ance of heredity and procreation. He would deprive of the power of adding to the population those who had physical or moral deformity or were criminal. Even children previously born to criminals should be sought out and executed : — The family would be definitely destroyed : women, when they attained maturity, would be married, after an inquiry of the " Direction of Uiiions." .\s for the children, wlien they are old enough to take care of themselves, towards six years old, they would be placed in large schools, where their instruc- tion and education would be provided at the same time ; from that period they will form a part of the government and become the property of the Slate and the world. In the new order of things, the child, not knowing its father, will be separated from its mother before it has become strongly attached to her : all ancestral relation will be suppressed. The wife living in the phalanstery will not exist to the husband, who will not know his children. PRENATAL EDUCATION. E.xpectant mothers would be sent to phalansteries established in the mountains or on the seashore or other places where the purity of the air and the beauty of the landscape would unite in making a favourable impression upon the mind and health. They would be placed under the care of famous hygicnists, in- structed in all that is necessary about the care of children, in human anatomy, physi- ology, and every evening will have on hestras playing to them the finest music. :\n\ woman discovered to posse.ss dangerous or unhealthy characteristics should 1)C pre- vented giving birth to children. Meitibers of the community, both men and women, on reaching their twentieth year would spend a year in the establishments for the dirertion of the care of the sick and old. The young men would be employed after their studies were complete, according to their aptitudes, and would receive in e.xchange food, lodging, clothing, and some pocket-money, with rewards, more rapid promoliori, and certain advantages, lor those who discharge their duties satisfactorily, There would be two sorts of punishment — deprivation of employ- ment, and exclusion from the community, and depriva- tion of the power to produce children. Bachelors and married people who did not have children would be excluded from the community. ALL THE EARTH MADE PUBLIC PROPERTY. On the economic side this is his organisation of society : — All the land on the globe would be declared public property ; individuals could not possess it in their own name. The .State would utilise it in different ways — renting, cultivation on shares, or any other form of contract. All the mines would be managed by the community, as well as the great railro.id and navigation companies ; the great manufactories would belong to it, and commerce would be done in its name and for its profit. Kach region, each race, having its individual needs and its special ideal, tlie laws could iioi be universal, so there will be various Governments, all establislied on the same basis. TWO CHAMBERS OF LEGISLATURE. Each Government would contain a Ministry of Justice, including Direction of Unions, of Re-allotment of Property, a Ministry of Cares for the People, including direction of the prenatal education of chil- dren, the care of childhood, the care of sick and aged : — Each region would have two Legislative Chambers : an Upper House, composed of permanent members chosen froni the scientists and sages ; a Lower House, consisting of members chosen by the people for three or four years. Finally there would be a general Government of the United .States of the world, composed of two Legislative Houses, a President and a \'i:e-rresident, chosen from the men most famous for their knowdedge or their great qualities, and an executive power consisting of difterent Ministers regulating the intercourse between the Stales iliemselves. From what Mr. George Soulie says, it seems that K'anlg Yeou-Wei might be described as a cross between Plato and Fourier. As with both his intellectual progenitors, his scheme will shatter on the impregnable rock of the familv. itrrjiiinnit' . 1 The Latest Addition to the Republican Family. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 277 THE CHINAMAN AS THE COMING JEW, Bv A Canadian Magistrate. Mr. W. Trant, the first police magistrate of Saskatchewan, contributes to the North American Review for February a remarkable paper, entitled " Jew and Chinaman."' He declares that the China- man is the coming Jew. Mr. Trant .says : — Thu Cliiiiaman, as the Jew, has discovered ihal where wealth is there also is power, ami he is rapidly becoming wealthy, so that the position of the jew as arbiter of the world's affairs is being threatened by the Chinaman. Napoleon said of China : "There lies a giant sleeping. Let him sleep, for when China moves it will move the world." The white man has awakened the giant, and China is moving. She is making history. China is assimilating Western customs, ideas, and civilisation generally. It may be a bitter pill to swallow, but she is doing it as a matter of prudence and precaution. She has established a complete system of education, from the kindergarten to the university, on the English plan ; her young children are flocking by hundreds of thousands to schools of Western learning. .\ postal service has been established with remarkable rapidity ; telephones, telegraphs, and railways are spreading faster than in any other country ; and commerce, manufactures, and every department of human activity are throbbing with the impulse of a new life. China, always rich in agriculture and minerals, is developing her resources by Western methods. Cotton-mills and steel-mills are multiplying to stlch an extent as to threaten the supremacy of England along these lines. If the Jews, despite all the pitiless persecution to which they were subjected, achieved their present position, although they were without poetry, without scieoce, without art, and without character, what shall be the result of the Chinese, with their intense solidarity, their marvellous industry, with faith in their new destiny, v\jth a history, literature, and science that are and have ever been the wonder of the world ? China cannot bo kepi bound in her geographical empire for ever. The history of the world shows the fatuousness of the notion. Nor will the overflow be across the plains of Asia and Europe, as was the great movement of long ago. It will take the line of least resistance, viz., across the Pacific. OPERA IN ENGLAND. Views uf Dr. Ethel .Smvtii. The bio;.'raphical article in the Musical Times for February is devoted to Dr. Ethel Sniytli. CAUSES OF failure. .■Vs the trend of Dr. Smyth's inspiration is in the (Jirection of opera, her views on the prospects of opera in this country at the present time are interesting. She says : — Vou get a first-rate orchestra, goo<.l principals, new scenery paintct, regardless of expense. But all these things arc of little or no value artistically compared with the creation of an adeijtiate emfmhU. The Covi nt Ciardcn Syndicate claims to manage the only opera-house in Europe that pays its way without a subsidy, but it i> able to achieve this mainly because it is a fashionable social gathering. The general pro- duction is often excellent, because great singers are engaged, and trouble is spent over favourite works. But -.'.hen a new opera is proposed the risk of failure to please the public is a governing factor in the decision. LACK OF THE CRITICAL SENSE. The Continental opera-houses are subsidised because the public cares about opera and demands novelties. Dr. Smyth continues ; — Whether the English public has a potential t.iste for opera or not we do not know. The food is too badly cooked, and those who are asked to eat it sliow no signs of ai'petite. There is not an audience abroad that has not a rough idea "of whether a performance is good, bad, or indilTerent ; one can say that as regards English opera the English public has not the faintest critical sense in this matter. . . . For myself, I have declined two recent offers to produce "The Wreckers" in England, being perfectly certain that it is a waste of time and money. But on the other hand it will be produced in \'ienna next spring, and so certain am I of its being treated as a work of art should be treated that I shall not even preside at the rehearsals. Under present circumstances I cannot conceive of ever writing an opera in English again. I would rather "do time" than endeavour to get it properly produced. You cannot make bricks without straw. OPERA A CIVILIS.\TION. Dr. Smyth thinks English voices extremely beautiful, but the singers have not the most elementary know- ledge of acting and of expressing the drama which the music contains in their action and phrasing. Even the question of light is not thought out. Summing up her views, Dr. Smyth declares : — " Opera is itself a civili- sation, and that civilisation in England is lacking." THE FAIRY TALE IN ART. Writing in Chambers's Jotiriial recently, Mr. A. B. Cooper has found a charming subject for an article — " The Fairy Tale in Art." We may explore, he says, every gallery in Europe without finding a single picture with the slightest claim to the title " Old .Master" which has for its subject an incident from a fairy tale. Legend, parable, mystery, mythology are all well represented, but it has been left to the modern artist to discover a mine of wealth in the fairy tale. Of course, the artist was forestalled by the word-painter, but it is interesting to note that during the last fifty years the greatest artists of ou: own country have not thought it beneath their dignity to paint the fairy tale. Two beautiful examples by Mrs. Stanhoiie Forbes are cited — " Hop-o-my- Thumb " and " The Woodcutter's Little Daughter." Mrs. Marianne Stokes has made the fairy tale her special province, and the ])icture " Little Brother and Little Sister " is named to show how she has caught the true authentic note of the fairy tale. Miss 1. L. Gloag has painted " Rapunzel," Val I'rinsep "Cinderella" and "The Goose Girl," ami Mouat Loudon " The Slee|)ing Beauty." Sir ICdward Burne- Jones also painted an allegory of life, " 'l"he Sleeping Beauty," " shadowing sense at war with soul," and .Mr. G. F. Walts painted as one of bis earlier pictures " Little Red Riding Hood." But what a number of fairy tales are still left out in the cold night of artistic neglect ! 278 The REvmw of Reviews. IN THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY. Mr. Kii'ling's Vision of the Hell to Come. Mr. Rudyard Kipling begins, in the London Magazine for March, a prophetical romance entitled " As Easy as A B C," the date of which is 2150 a.d. Readers will rejoice that there is no chance of any of them living to witness the state of things which Mr. Kipling professes to foresee. The most salient feature of the world which he describes in his vision is that its population has been cut down to 450 millions. The Planet, which has passed under the despotic government of the Aerial Board of Control, has sickened of popular government. The board sitting in London was informed that the district of Northern Illinois had cut itself out of all systems, and would remain disconnected till the board should take it over and administer it direct. The Mayor of Chicago in the district had complained of crowd-making and invasion of privacy. The planet had had her days of popular government. She suffered from " inherited agoraphobia." The planet had, moreover, taken all precautions against crowds for the past hundred years. The total population was drop- ping, it was expected, to 450 millions. But men lived a century apiece, on the average. They were all rich and happv. because they were so few and they lived so long. 'I'lie country at the foot of Lake Michigan, like most flat countries, was heavily guarded against invasion of privacy by forced timber, fifty feet oak and tamarack grown in five years. No news sheet had been printed in Illinois for twenty-seven years, as Chicago argued that engines for printing news sooner or later developed into engines lor invasion of privacy, which might in turn bring the old terror of crowds and blackmail back to the planet. The carefully guarded privacy of the individual home was secured by belts of quicksand permeated with electric current that suspended the motion of any persons attempting to pass it. When the aerial fleet assembled over Chicago, the road-surfacing machines w-ere working on each side of a square of ruins. The brick and stone wre( kage crumbled, slid forward, spread out into white-hot pools of sticky slag, which the levelling-rods smoothed out more or less flat. The people were singing the old forbidden song, to an infernal tunc that had carried riot, pestilence and lunacy round the planet a few- generations ago. One stanza only is given of this anthem of Hell : — Once there was The People— Terror g.ive it birth ; Once there was The People, ami it made a hell of earth ! Earth arose and crushed it. Listen, oh, ye slain I Once there was The People— it shall never be again ! To suppress this insurrection of song the 250 ships of the aerial navy turn on terrible streams of light ; the firmament as far as the eye could reach seemed to stand on pillars of white fire. The light was with- drawn, and in the awful darkness the forbidden song rose again from undefeated Chicago. Then the fleet turns on terrific sounds that touch the raw fibre of the brain, and again pour down the beams of light. 'i"he notes cut through one's marrow, and after three minutes thought and emotion passed in indescribable agony. All Illinois asked them to stop. The deeper note — the lower C — '' could lift street paving." On the Admiral's ship arriving at the Chicago north landing tower a grovelling crowd gathered around, some crying they were blind, others pleading that no more noises should be made. Next day they were told their eyesight would return. GROWTH OF SOCIALISM. In the American Review of Revieu's for T.Iarch Mr. Thomas Seltzer describes the growth of Sociali.sm. He says that : — Germany always led in the .Socialist movement 01 the world, and until recently none of the Socialist p.irties of the other "countries dared even to aspire to rival it. But of late the remarkable spread of .Socialist sentiment in the United States, the steady and rapid growth of the .Socialist organisation, its many municipal victories piling one upon the other in the brief space of two years, the incrc.T^ing number of Socialist repre- sentatives in the State legislatures, and finally the appearance of the Red .Spectre in Congress itself seemed to augur such a phenomenal landslide that for a moment it was thought American Socialism would outstrip the German Social Democracy. He gives the following valuable summary of the posi- tion of Socialism at the latest general elections : — ^ . .. ,, , Seats in Percentage Country. Vear. Note. Lower House. ofSe.-.ts Germany 1912 ... 4,250,000 (ir)... I lo [li) ... 27-71 France 1910 ... 1,106,047 ... 76 ((■) ... 13-01 Austria 1911 ... 1,000,000 ... 82 ... IS'jI Australia 1910 ... 669,681 ... 44 (- there is a most suggestive and useful paper, entitled " War and Civilisation," by Mr. K. M. iMacIver, of King's College, Aberdeen. Mr. Maclver points out that the State, which once was conterminous with the community, is now only representative of a dwindling percentage of the vast range of the interests of the community, which become more and more international everv year. War will cease when the community which is international revolts against the right of the State to declare war. WAR AN ANACHRONISM. Mr. Maclver contrasts the ancient military isolated State with the modem community : — The city was once the .State, so far a? a State existed, ani^ wlierc the political society is co-extensive with and equal to ■!jc whole social life of t!ie community, that community is !iireby essentially cut otV from all others. The new civilisa- ■1 in, bringing to civilised peoples an ever-increasing and iltogether new solidarity, is thereby ni.iking war more ami mjre a meaningless survival. It is not our doing, we cannot liilp ourselves. It is soliut neither alone fundamental nor alone. The greatest ucial phenomenon of the present age is the expansion of society beyond the limits of any one State. It is perhaps the greatest distinction between the modern and the ancient world, but we have as yet failed to Iring our political thought into accord with this iU\elopment. The civilised world is becoming more ,ind more rapidly an effective society. Each country is becoming more and more bound up in the welfare of earh. LlKtrt.) For the Peace of Europe. Poor I'eatc ! lt'..tis THE P.\THWAV TO PEACE. The community which is international will some day question the right of the State to declare war. For war is the breaking down of all community, and men will ask what right the State has to carry on warfare, when, as is now the case, the State is not co-extensive with society. 'I"he stages in the path to peace have already been traced ; — So far as we can discern the dim beginnings of civilised life, first in the history of peoples came the law, never enacted or procl.iimed, next the court, the jurisdiction, the "doom," revealing but not making law, and last of all the legislature took law into its charge. International law is following exactly the same course. The Hague Tribunal has already begun its operations, and they will be extended. President Taft proposes to submit questions of honour to arbitration, and his example will be followed. Disarmament will come piecemeal by itself. War will cease to be regarded as the test of manhood. " God has found in place of war the tests of social and commercial progress." MODERN GERMANY AND THE GERMANS. V,\ Professor Mvnsterberg. Professor .Munsterberg contributes to the North American Review for February a characteristic essay- on " The Germany of To-day." THE secret of GER.MAN SICCESS. The Germans, says the Professor, owe their industrial prosperity : (i) to frugality, thrift, and a hatred of waste ; (2) to a natural spirit of enterprise ; (3) an inborn delight in industrious activity. The German loves his amusements in his leisure hours and can be happy with most naive pleasures. But he knows that work is work, and that it should be done with t)ie best efforts of the whole personality. Hut besides all these things, the Professor points out how much the German owes to the fact that he thinks first of the community and secondly of the individual : — For him the final aim is never the individual ; his aim is the life and progress of the community, not as a mere summation of millions of individuals, but .as an independent unity. The whole (Jerman life is controlled by this belief in the real exist- ence of the general mind as against the individual mind. This attract community is the real goal of interests, and the claims of any individuals must Iw subordinate 1 toil. THE GERMAN LOVE OF PEACE. Professor Munsterberg will have it that the mainten- ance of the German army is conclusive evidence of the German passion for peace. The forces — which really work toward the conservation of Kuropcan peace become more stable anil firm in Germany from year to year. The strong new nalion.ilism and patrinlism with all its pride in the ('•erman army and ilscnnlrmpi for a weak cosinopolitanism is not at all in contrast bu' ullimaltly in 4 iniuiliitants since 1906 being less than one per hundred. A HIGH DEATH-RATE. Writing in the Nouvelle Revue of February ist, M. Jacques baugny draws attention to the movement of population in France in the first half of 1911. Mortality has increased, the birth-rate is reduced, and there is a decline in the number of marriages, he says. Moreover, the number of deaths has exceeded the number of births by 18,000. Compared with Holland, Belgium, England, and Germany, which are less favoured by Nature, France, notwithstanding her temperate and healthy climate, has a higher death- rate. The decline in the population in France, there- fore, is not due entirely to a low birth-rate. In order to raise the birth-rate M. Paul Leroy- Beaulieu has suggested the payment of bounties to the fathers of families ! The writer acknowledges the splendid work to fight depopulation of private associa- tions and public aid which have helped poor mothers and rescued abandoned children : and yet the French nice is the poorer by 18,000 souls in the first si.\ months of last year. It is not so much in regions where the soil is arid and less productive as in the more fertile regions that the depopulation has not been arrested. TO INCREASE THE RURAL llOPULATION. In the harvest months thousands of foreigners cross the frontier for a short season and then return to their own lands. Since this invasion is indispensable, the writer proposes as a palliative to arrest the decline of the rural population that the annual foreign inva- sion he replaced by immigrants invited to settle in the country with their families. There would be no difli- culty about finding them. Every year a million men emigrate from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to form colonies in Africa and America. On their \vay to these unknown lands they cross French territory to embark at Havre or Marseilles. How many of them might be tempted to remain ! Poles, Ruthenians, and others would soon acclimatise themselves and replace with advantage in the North of I'Vance the Belgian, (Jerman, and other invaders; wliile the .Sardinians, Sicilians, Catalonians, and Andalusians would make excellent colonisfs for the south. Rude and primitive, but hard-working and not afraid of large families, these races might form an effective barrier against German infiltration. The Slavs would make good soldiers, and the Latins would assimilate tiuickly and easily with the native population. To elaborate and put into force such a scheme of home colonisation needs hut good will and a small capital, while the immigrants recruited from the most robust races might furnish France with the arms which she lacks, and check the invasion from the countries on her eastern border. THREE EXPLANATIONS OF EL DORADO. In a paper on the quest of El Dorado in the BuUetiir iij the Pan-American Union for January, three origins are given to the story. A roving Indian in 1535 fir>t told the Spaniards the story of the gilded chieftain. The person about to be made king, after a long fast, was obliged to go to the Lake of Guatavita, and offer sacrifice to his god. " After being stripped, he was anointed with a viscous earth, which was then overspread with powdered gold in such wise that the chief was covered with this metal from head to foot." Arriving at the middle of the lake with a great quantity of gold and emeralds, he made his offering by throwing into the lake all the treasure which he had at his feet. After several abortive attempts had been made to drain the lake, quite recently an English company have secured a concession from' the Colombian Government, have completely drained the lake, and found the bottom covered with a deposit of mud about three metres in thickness. It will be necessary to wash this carefully in order to find what treasures, if any, are contained in it. So far only a few beads, ceramic and gold objects have been found. According to Padre Gumilla, the word " Dorado " originated on the Caribbean coast. The Spaniards visiting the valley of Sogamoso found that the priest who niade his oblation in the great temple there was wont to anoint at least his face and hands with a certain kind of resin, over which powdered gold was blown through a hollow reed or cane. Others declare that the first authentic information is in a letter of January 20th. 1543. from de Oviedo. He tells of a great and powerful prince called El Dorado, near Quito. " This great lord or prince goes about continually covered with gold as finely pulverised as fine salt. To powder oneself with gold is something strange, unusual, and costly, because that which one puts on in the morning is removed and washed oil in the evening and falls to the ground and is lost. And this he does e\ery day in the year. While walking clothed and covered in this manner his move- ments are unimpeded, and the graceful proportions of his person, of which he greatly prides himself, are seen in beauty unadorned." Will some American millionaire on reading this be tempted to ad\-ertise his wealth by assuming the El Dorado costume ^ It is to be hoped not. Apropos of the now wiilnlrawn circular of the Japanese Government, relative to a combination of the common elements in Christianity and Buddhism and Shinto, may be quoted what Air. Wilfred H. ScholT reports in the MonisI for January : — " Six centuries after the Christian era Buddhist and Christian legends were so mingled in Western .\sia that the Koran absolutely confused the two ; while a little later in Ivistern .\sia a Chinese emperor issued an edict for- bidding the same confusion then prevalent' in his dominions." Leading Articles in the Reviews. 281 THE PREJUDICE OF SEX. Philosophy of M. Finot. M. Jean Finot. who is bringing out a book on the Woman Question, publishes another chapter from it in La Revue of February i. CAUSES OF UNHAPPINESS. In two previous chapters M. Finot has shown how a large number of ills, real and imaginary, may poison our existence, whereas happiness in the main depends on our selves. (See " The Science of Happiness " and '■ The Philosophy of Longevity.") In a third he has dealt with the prejudice of race, which has hitherto tended only to di\idc men, as though the world was not large enough to procure for all the means of li\ing divinely. Still more inconceivable, he says, is the prejudice of sex. In his march towards liberty, equality and happiness man would seem to have forgotten his constant companion, to whom he owes his existence and the better part of himself, and without whom paradise would be worse than hell for him. COLLABORATION OF THE SEXES. .M. Finot points out that since it is due to the collabo- ration of the two se.\es that we owe the immense variety of physiological life, it is also only bv their social and political co-operation that we can bring about a diminution, if not the total disappearance^ of the evils which poison the lives of individuals, nations, and humanity. By the side of the evils resulting from the prejudice of death, the prejudice of the inequality of men, and a false conception of happiness, there is this other great source of discontent —the prejudice ©f sex. Believing themselves unequal. the two sexes have for centuries been erecting between each other a barrier of lies. How can two travellers making a long journey hope to succeed except under conditions of complete harmony? Instead of an assote with the same right of its sweetness, joys, and sorrows. U hile one hiilf ul humanity suffers injustice the oppressors arc unhappy, just as when one part of the body is damaged the whole organism sufTers, .\ change in' the condition of woman must improve the condition of man. It is the new woman who will re^tore to humanity harmony between the sexes, peace among the nations whiih ha^ so long been desired, and the happiness so long awaited. THE DAY OF THE SPINSTER. Anna Garlin Spencer writes a clever paper under this heading in the February Forum. She declares that celibacy is comparatively speaking a recent experience of the human race (in face of the hordes of Buddhist monks, this seems rather a bold saying). But, she avers, " not until our own civilisation is reached do we ever find celibate women numerous enough to form a cla.ss." The courtesans of Athens and the \estals of Rome were exceptions. To make it possible for the respectable secular and average woman tolivca normal life without a husband two world-events of supreme importance were necessarv : one, the pro- clamation of Christianity, the other 'the abolition of slaver}-. Of the new draught of liberty the unmarried woman of to-day drinks the deepest and with the easiest abandon. The writer does not think it yet proved that the spin- ster as we now know her is to last for ever as a large class. It is the normal and the average that in the long run serve the purposes of social uplift. Hence she looks upon the day of the spinster as but a bridge of feminine achievement, which shall connect the merely good mother with the mother that shall be both wise and good. The writer finds the embodiment of the social value of the spinster in this her dav in the woman head of the social Settlement. Although men have been prominent in this work, and even husbands and wives with young children manage to harmonise a fine domesticity with public household arrangements, and to preser\e for their children a right atmosphere in a wrong environment, the Settlement is distinctly and logically a celibate movement, and also, to a great extent, a movement of celibate womanhood. The woman head of the modem Settlement has established a new type of salon. The larger and better-known Settlements, so far from being places of self-sacrifice, are the most coveted of social opportunities by young people of keen perception, high ambitions, and wide outlook. Is Golf Scotch or Dutch ? Let Scotland look to her laurels ! The roval and ancient game of golf has been one of her proudest distmctions. Now, in Frfs for Februarv, Mr. \V. W. Tunbridge declares that it is to Holland, not to Scotland, that we originally owe this popular pastime. He says : — It is .1 popuKir belief thai ihc game ori(;inatc«l in .^Jcolland, but this IS a fallacy. [| was brought lo Scotland from Holland, at some lime unknown, and this is proved by some of the ex- pressions that slill survive. Ihe name "golf" itself is derived from the Dutch word to/f n.canmg a bat or club. Then " fore ! " the word that is shoutc that pictures and prints would tell upon it. Dis- mper gave him best what he wanted, but plain paper uld be used. The background of the " Mother," the Carlyle," and the " .Aliss Alexander " shows the heme of grey and black in his house— 2, Lindsey Row. 'v hile Morris, preaching art for the people, would run up a bill for five thousand dollars in decorating a room, and make it so precious that the owner hardly dare use it, Whistler, insisting upon the aristocracy of art, would, at the cost of five dollars, arrange a room more beautiful, which cf)uld be used without fear, since it could l)e done over .i-ain in a dav. Whistler liked hi^ windows big, and his curtains were mostly of white muslin without patterns. Of iirse, there were -harles in the studio. The matting I the floor he de-,i;.'ned himself in harmony with the ' "lour .scheme. The furniture was simple in form. He ' .id no patience with the modern upholsterer's elaborate ntrivanres to encourage lounging. His extravagance A. IS in detail— the china, the silver, the table-linen iiuirkcd with the butterfly, etc. When conditions justi- lii-d it, he could be as gorgeous as he was usually simple. \\ itness the 'amous Pcaco<;k Room which he w'as asked to decorate for Mr. I.eyland. MukRls ANn THE PAST. Morris's idea was to put himself in the past. He preached that all things useful should be beautiful ; ili.it art sprang from the people, and should return to I lie people ; but, in practice, he made it impossible for people to own, or even to see, the work which he main- tained w^as theirs by right. His designs were beautiful, but the schemes he revived were often inappropriate in modem houses. Similarly, in the making of books, Morris copied old ones, without considering the needs of his time. They were beautiful, but the Gothic type he used was as ill-suited to Victorian eyes as mediaeval tapestries to Victorian houses. They were to be looked at rather than read, and the price explains how far they were beyond the reach of the people. Whistler's books are not toys for the rich ; with legible type and a well-leaded page, they make easy reading, and were intended to be read, and not hidden awav in a bookcase. DICKENS AND MDSIC. Mr. James T. Lightwood contributes to the February number of the C/ioir (C. H. Kelly, City Road) an article on Dickens and music. Strange as it may seem, the influence which poetry and music, especially the latter, exerted on Dickens has been little referred to, but Mr. Lightwood has recently made a perusal of Dickens's works with a view to noting all the musical references. This has revealed the fact that in practically all his books Dickens has introduced musical characters, or incidents with music as the background. Though not a practical musician himself, he was greatly interested in everything per- taining to music, and eagerly availed himself of any opportunity of musical intercourse. Dickens's orchestras are limited both in numbers and resources— a solitary fiddle, or a fiddle and a tambourine, or fiddles and harps, etc. He makes much innocent fun of the flute. Jaire Rtvinc for Februar}'. I 286 The Review of Reviews. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO DB. STEINER. A RosicRuciAN Ideal. Mrs. Mabel Collins contributes to the Occull Review for March an interesting account of the teachings of Dr. Steiner, the teacher of the new International League for the Study of Occuhism. Baron Wallein, president of the Steiner Lodge of Copenhagen, lectured on the Rosicrucian ideal in London recently, and from him Mabel Collins has taken her synopsis of Steiner's teachings. WHAT THINKS HE OF CHRIST ? The fundamental idea of Dr. Steiner is that— Since the coming of Christ, the Way, the Truth, and the Life have been, and are, open to all. Before Christ only the hijh initiates were able to get into touch with Divinity. The Divinity was outside man, now He is within man and the whole earth ; but " has to be awakened by man's own eft'ort without a school of initiation." Jesus Christ, he teaches, was a reincarnation of Zarathusthra. The reincarnation took place at the baptism at Jordan, when Jesus of Nazareth withdrew His ego, and in its place came the Cosmic Christ. THE MISSION OF THE CHRIST SPIRIT. Dr. Steiner teaches — that the man in whom the Christ Spirit is awakened has to transform matter into spirit, not to get away from matter. In the lecture given on February I2th, Baron Wallein gave this doctrine very definitely. As he expressed it (as nearly as I can remember) he said that, " We have to take the evil in the world and turn it into radiating, beautiful spirit, by the power of Love." .A. man may not complain if another strikes him, because it is he himself who first struck the blow and it has but returned to him. So with all the bad things done by others to us. To those who accept this teaching personal bitterness is of necessity eliminated from life. None can complain whatever their lot may be, for they themselves have created it. "There is no bad Karma — Karma is always good, always gracious, and no matter what the trials, the weight of a Karma can be carried as a banner is carried, instead of as a burden undesired." These are high words and enable the pupils of such a teacher to set out upon the hardships of life with new courage. THE ACTIVITY OF THE SOUL AFTER DEATH. Dr. Steiner is against spiritualistic seances, holding that the phenomena are purely astral, therefore mis- leading, and sometimes quite false : — Dr. Steiner teaches that the duty of the ego during Devachan, the state after death, is to change the character of the world and help it in its evolution. This it does by meeting with the souls who represent and rule groups of beings in a lower state of consciousness than that of man, and influencing them, urging them to le.id their groups upon the upward path. He says that, for instance, all diamonds arc represented in this higher state by one group-soul. He considers that the animals are likewise represented by group-souls, and says that these arc very wise, and that by contact with them man can help to evolve the animal worlds. Thus it maybe said that it is our "dcid" friends who are actually, when we have lost sight of them, working upon the conditions of the earth. Yuan Shi-Kai's entire career is pronounced by the Oriental Review for F"ebruary to he an evidence of what a crafty man, devoid of conscience, may be able to accomplish in the world. THE "SONG OF THE SANDS." A SINGULAR natural phenomenon is thus described by Mr. W. J. Harding King, as he narrates his travels in the Libyan Desert, in the February Geographical Journal. He says : — At a camp in the north-eastern corner of the plateau the curious "song of the sands" was heard. This was on April igth, igog. The week belore had been unusually hot, and this was followed, on the 19th, by a cool, almost cold, day, with an overcast sky and slight showers at intervals. Towards sunset this was followed by a regular downpour, vvhich, however, only lasted about a quarter of an hour. After sunset there was frequent vivid summer lightning. The sound began about 7.30 p.m. and continued at intervals until about 8. The sound was very faint ; in fact, two of my men were unable to hear it. There were two distinct sounds ; the one somewhat resembled the sighing of the wind in telegraph wires, and the other was a deep throbbing sound that strongly reminded me of the after reverberation of "Big Ben." The sky was about half overcast at 7.30, but the clouds had practically all cleared ofl' by 8 o'clock. A few drops of rain fell between 7.50 and 7.55. The aneroid at 8.20 read aS'Sj inches, the dry bulb thermometer read 59'5 deg., and the wet 56'0 deg. It was very difficult to determine , the direction from which the sound came, but apparently it came from a place about a mile distant where the sand poured over a low scarp. The sound was a distinctly musical one, as opposed to a mere noise. Some of the dunes we crossed, which happened to be covered with a hard crust, gave out a hollow almost bell-like sound when trodden on, and I have heard of a place on the top of the plateau, to the north of Kasr Dakhl, that gives out a loud musical note when struck, but I was never able to visit it. Much of the surface of the plateau we crossed is covered with loose slabs of sandstone, and in many places this produces a tinkling sound like broken glass when kicked. DRY FARMING IN THE TRANSVAAL. In the Empire Revinu for February Mr. Henry Samuel offers a very urgent plea for emigration from the Mother Country in order to prevent South Africa from becoming whoUv black. He says that the capacity of South African lands is at least equal to the arable lands of America and Australia :— On a piece of the poorest soil in one of the driest districts in tile Transvaal a dry-tarming Government test was made, all manures being purposely withheld. The work was entirely done with hired while labour, and the yields realised were : wheat twenty bushels per acre, giving a net profit ,^4 ; potatoes four tons per acre, net profit £21 ; maize eight bags per acre, net profit £1 5s. 4d. per acre. Only national recognition is required to ensure that hundreds of thousands of white children growing up in .South .-Vfrica and Britain shall, within the next twenty years, be taught a highly interesting, manly business, and settled in independence on their own farms. The Closer Settlement Commission's report showed that the country is in every way as suitable for compact colonisation as Australia, Nesv Zealand, or Canada. .\li that is needed is the immigration of the steady, industrious, hard-working white settler, and he is the citizen whom South Africa should welcome and encourage. Mrs. S. E. Abbott, in the same magazine, declares that life in the tropics of the northern territory is quite possible to white women. " White women can li\e here, and if they leave the drugs and liquor alone, can rear as healthy a brood of children as one could vvish to see." Leading Articles in the Reviews. 287 FREDERICK THE GREAT AS HISTORIAN. Thk Sevkn \'k.\rs' War. The German reviews for February publish a number of articles on Frederick the Great, one of them, by Klisabeth von Moeller. in the Deutsche Rundschau, dealing with him as historian of the Seven Years' War. THE KI.NG's ViJl.UMINOlS WRITINGS. The works of Frederick the Great are said to be twice as voluminous as those of Goethe, and they were all written in French, for the King, with his contempt for German, could hardly speak, and certainly could not write, his own language. In Preuss's edition, published under the auspices of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, 1846-7, the King's writings run to thirty volumes. These include his famous history of the three Silesian Wars, the third war being now better known as the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). The history of the first two wars was completed in 1746, but was carefully revised thirty years later. Two \'olumes are devoted to the third Silesian War. It may here be remarked that Frederick did not use the designation '■ Seven Years' War " ; that title was invented twenty years after the war by G. F. von Tempelhoff, in his history, and made popular by Archenholtz, another historian. SOVEREIGN CARELESSNESS AS TO DETAILS. Frederick's history of the Seven Years' War was never subjected to revision, like the previous histories, and many errors, rather trifling it may be admitted, have crept in. Various causes are given for the inac- curacies. The King complained of his bad memory, but more probably the chief causes were the haste in which the history was written and his " sovereign carelessness." The work was taken up as a kind of recreation after the day's work. '' This occupation," he wrote, " makes me happy so long as it lasts ; it makes me forget my present condition, and gives me what the doctors call lucid intervals. But as soon as this stimulus dis.ippears I shall sink again into my sad dreams." He did not approve of that painful accuracy which seeks to avoid a mistake even in the smallest detail ; it .seemed to him pedantic and lacking in intelligence. " Our historians," he thought, " have always made the mistake of not distinguishing between chief and secondary things." He despi.sed details which diverted attention from the m.iin point. A CHRONICLE OF HUMAN FiPl.l.iES. According to one critic, never did a King speak so impartially about his own deeds, or, as a statesm.m or general, so-i^rankly about his motives or his mistakes. Frederick never emphasises his own great deeds ; he merely states facts. He apologises for his use of the French language. Hi- had considered the dilVirulties for a German, but. on the whole, he thought French the most precise, as it was also the language most in use in Kurope at the time. Like C.e.sar, he writes in the third person, and refers to hini'self as " the King." It is not possible to say how much time he spent on the history, but the bulk of it was probably written in the last seven or eight months of 1763. Though said to have been finished in December of that year, the preface is signed March 3rd, 1764. On February i6th he wrote to Mari'chal d'Ecosse : — " I am at work writing down m>- political and military follies " ; and on .\pril 7th he wrote : — " The memoirs just completed convint e me more than ever that the writing of history is making a collection of human follies and chance experiences." THE HISTORY A JUSTIFICATION. The two chief objects he had in view in writing his own account of the war were, he said, first, to prove to posterity that it was not possible for him to avoid the war, and that the honour and welfare of the State prevented him from making any other terms than those agreed upon ; and, secondly, to e.xplain his military operations. The history was thus a " justi- fication," military and political. At the outbreak of the war, as we know, he took the aggressive, but he explains :— " The real aggressor is undoubtedly he who compels another to arm and undertake a less .serious war to avoid a more dangerous one. One must always choose the lesser of two evils." While the war was in progress he wrote down explanations of his military strategy. His characterisations are often severe. '" .Must not Maria Theresa feel that she could not break her word against anyone without inflicting wrongs?" he wrote. On the other liand, we have " Maria Theresa, the splendid woman de\oured by ambition, who executed plans worthy of a great man." Some of the officers are very briefly mentioned, and there are no eulogies. But Schwerin is described as " worth more than 10,000 men," and Fouque is " a second Leonidas," Other ofiicers come in for severe criticism, Frederick's philosophy. Many a valuable hint for his successors is recorded by the King. For instance : — No mailer how favouralile one's opinion may be of onc>clfi carelessness in war is alw.iys dangerous. It i» bct'.cr lo lake superfluous precavilions tli.in omil necessary ones. After all, it is neither the forlilicalions nor the soldiers which defend a city. Kverythiny depends on more or less ctpablc heads and the strong courage of the man in command. A few glimpses of the " unbelieving belief " of the King are also afforded us in the great history. On one occasion he expresses his contempt for humanity by referring to the people as " an animal with few eyes and many tongues." While he affected to set little store by " secondary causes," he writes : — The existence of nun hangs by a hair, and the winnini; or the lois of a battle depends on a mere baRatcUc. Our fates are the result of a uni%-ersal network of secondary causes, which, owing lo the results they induce, must of neceuily end favour- ably ur dis.v>lrou9ly. Sometimes he calls the secondary causes " fate " ; but again he explains, " What is usually called fate has no part in the things of this life," 283 The Review of Reviews. THE POPULARITY OF GHOSTS. Mr. Frederick Rogers writes in the Treasury for February on the ghosts at Hampton Court. He re- cords the stories about three ghosts— Jane Seymour, Catherine Howard, and Mistress Sibell Penn — but fails to find conclusive evidence. He says, how- ever : — Criticise them, laugh at them, or rationalise about them as we will, it is an undoubted fact that ghosts remain subjects of permanent and abiding interest in literature and in the reading world. They vary in characteristics with every generation, but Ihey do not pass aw^ay, and probably no generation has pro- duced such a rich crop of supernatural stories as the present. Perhaps the best writer of ghost stories to-day is Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson. His story entitled "The Traveller" is simply perfect as a piece of literary art, whether it has any foundation in tradition or history, or not. Mr. Algernon Blackwood runs him close, but his ghosts are often things rather than embodiments of .anything like a human spirit, and the same may be said of the crowd of smaller men whose ghostly creations fill the columns of " occult " and other journals. And after all, it is the relation of the ghost to humanity that makes it interesting. We cannot work up much interest in things which belong neither to this world nor the next. It was Lord Byron, scoffer and sceptic to the last, who wrote concerning things ghostly : I merely mean to say what Johnson said, That in the course of some six thousand years, All nations have believed that from the dead A visitant at intervals appears. And what is strangest upon this strange head Is, that whatever bar the reason rears 'Gainst such belief, there's something stronger still In its behalf, let those deny who will. His was an eighteen century voice, a century that filled its literature full of ghosts, never succeeded in making them convincing, and yet aian.aged to get for them as much belief as would heartily frighten, not only timid young ladies, but staid, elderly men and women as well. 104 YEARS OLD. Rov ViCKERS, in the Royal, gives an account of the life of Captain Jackson, an old man who has attained the age of 104 years. He is in full possession of his faculties. Said this aged worthy :— Men are not so cheery as they used to be. It seems to me that somehow, in your frantic rush to " got on," whether at work or play, you have lost the art of being sociable. Vou can no longer entertain yourselves. Vou have to p.iy others to do it for you. In my day a countryman's life interest was his work, whether as farmer or labourer. He lived simply and dressed simply ; and anything like social pretension never entered his head. But nowadays he spends his spare time trying to imitate the City clerk. He has a smart suit in which he lounges about in the evening (how often have you young men seen a smock ?) ; and his cottage is furnished with a lot of furniture which would have been laughed at when I was a boy. He has learnt, in short, to do what you call " keep up appearances." I grant you he is smarter to look at, and, ni.iybc, more intelligent, but — he isnoi so happy. He can even remember seeing a duel in the Batter- sea Fields between a noble lord and a jjolitician, in which neither was injured. The old man went on : — I have noticed a great change in the relationship of m.ister and man. In my day there was a bond of mutual respect between them. Each was interested in the other's welfare. But now respect seems to have given way to hatred. I am not saying it is the fault of either in particular. I suppose that it's really on .account of all your wonderful inventions which ha\e made com- petition so keen that both master and muEM in the February Easl and West en "The Hill of Frenzy," by Umrao Singh, contains a very spirited description of the new industrial life that is in\ading India : — I'ar in ihe distance a factory funnel piercing the air, and sending 10 Heaven the incense of llell, and grinding things to un- wholeiome powder. And the voice inaudible whispering of hope and fear and warning, \\ liispering from looms and grinding stones and smelting fur- nace, from whirring motor and p«£Bng engine, frcm stitching needle, rrom creaking yoke and scratching quill, from clanking harness and twitching muscle, Whispering of life, its luring hopes, its vanishing guerdons, its joys ever at hand and ever receding ; rif ever unwelcome but never departing sorrows ; of hopes reviving from the ashes of life, from the travail of years. Of the biilh of life from the womb of death. " A factory funnel piercing the air and sending to Heaven the incense of Hell," is about as good a description of a tali chimney as we have seen. St. \'.\le.ntine's D.av. In the Elicit slncoinan, Dorothy Bussy contributes a poem on Fcbruarx i4lhj from which the following lines may be chosen : — I-ove chose His holiday to fall In winter-time ; His festival He keeps when skies are dark and drear. In the saddest time of all the year. . , . He knows that of all sweets bereft. With neither fruit nor blossom left, \Vc shall but stretch our empty hands More eagerly to Him who stands The Lord of Life and Death, and I'ray With quicker, purer hearts than they Who go rose-crowned and never know The stress and gloom of « ind and snow. A Nine-Year Old Poetess. A recent issue of Harper's contained the following stanzas on the " Hermit Thrush," by .\rvia Mackaye, the nine-year-old daughter of the poet, Percy Mackaye : — While walking through a lonely hpo.1 I heard a lovely voice : .\ voice io freOi and true and -^ 1 It made my heart rejoice. It sounded like a Sunday bell Kung softly in a lonn, ' >r like a stream, that in a dell Korcver liicklci down. Ii seemed to be a voice of love That always had loved me, Sii Miflly it rang out above — So wild and wanderingly. ' 1 f oicc, were you a golden dove, Or just a plain gray bird ? <• \'oite, yiiu .ire mv wandering 1 .\ ■, Lost, yet forever heard. The Decay of the Yellow Press. In the Oriental Revicu: for February, Mr. Hamilton Holt, comparing the American and Japanese Pre.ss, conveys to his Japanese readers this piece of good news : — I am happy to tell you, however, that the " yellow " press in .\inerica has already reached its zenith. We now are w iinessing a positive reaction against it. Though it still wields a great power through its wide appeal to the masses, it is fast losing its prestige as a moral and political force, and that presages the dawn of a better day in American journalism as well asinler- i.aiionnl relations. Cherif-Pasha on the Young Turks' Committee. The Midieroutielle, or Constitutiunnd Ottoman, for January, the organ of the Ottoman Radical Party, contains a vigorous indie mcnt of the Committee of Union and Progress, as a new Ugolin, by its editor, Cherif-Pasha. He sums up by saying : — All liberties are suppressed — liberty of speech, of Press, of meeting, etc. There is only one institution which remains un- touclied, the Court Martial. The Conuiiiltee of Union and Progress has completely destroyed the Constitutional rule which it pretended was its work. Like Saturn and Ugolin, it devours its children in order to preserve to them a father. That is why we have the Committee of Union and Progress without a Constitution. But our friends abroad are disturbed about it, and the Otto- man people arc revolting against it. It is, in ilTfct, evident that the Kmpire will very soon partake of the fate of the Constitution if this state of aff.iirs continues, and that it cannot develop freely, entirely, unless disembarrassed from this sanguinary parasite. Then reversing the situation we shall have a Constitution without a Committee. Foreign Spots in London. Mr. |. I'Oster 1''r\si;r. pursuing; his " discovery of London " in the London Magazine for March, c'es ribes the habits and habitats of the 200,000 foreigners livinj' within the four-mile radius. In Liniehouse Causeway \ou find Chinatown ; Whitechapel is Jew land ; the ("icrman colony is the oldest of foreign settlements in London. There arc now about 70,000 (Jermans in London, with twenty German clubs, tweKe German churches, a German farm colony, several employment bureaux, and two (Jerman newspapers, .'\t Forest Hill there is a considerable population of Germans. " Go into Soho, and it is just as though you had stepped into France." The Italian colony is arounti .St. Peter's Church in Hatton Garden. Hut Hatton Garden is " the hotchpott h of nationalities." .\ regatta of motors in miniature m the pond of a London park is desiribcd in March Royal bv \V, .^. Williamson, There arc miniature electric launches, ocean liners, and battleships. " Do Men's Meetings help the Churches ? " is the nueslion discussed in a symposium by ministers of religion in the Sunday at Home. Ihe answer is emphatically in the allirmative. though it is admitted that the men gencrallv 1 i.d ihe absericc of those moral virtues which form the soul ol a nation - discipline, respect, union, faith in un ideal and in a religion, the love of one's country— the consent to pacririic oneself— which makes disasters inevitable.'' "TiiK keynote ol the recent carni\als has been the gradual triumph of woman, whi<-h culminated last year in the birth of the first Queen ( arnival," So .savs Miss Isa Gibson in the Ma.ch h'oynl. i-; she dex riljcs ih' Carnival ut Nice. 292 The Review of Reviews. THE WORLD'S FASTEST RUNNERS. In Badminton for March Mr. G. C. Terry gives a most interesting account of the Tarahumare Indians, the champion runners of Mexico. Some 15,000 of these Indians dwell in the Sierre Madre Range. They are the sole remaining cave-dwellers in North America.- They are pagans. They live on beans and corn, and when these give out, on rats and snakes. They excel in the running of races — not the sprint of the white man, but of a kind that no white man could or would endure. As couriers probably no other runners on earth can compare with them. They are employed as couriers by the Mexican Government and by mining concerns of Chihuahua and Sonora. They average frequently 170 miles a day. One specially quick messenger covered a distance of 600 miles in five days. The runner had no luggage, but simply carried his white wool blanket and a package of ground corUj " pimole " :— When short of amnmnition (they use only the bow and arrows) these Indians will run down a deer, there being great numbers of these animals in the Sierras. Half-a- dozen men will take part in the chase ; they head oft" the animal, talcing up the pursuit in relays, until finally the poor beast, running in ever narrowing circles, drops from pure exhaustion. They also chase and capture the wild turkey in the same manner. The runners undergo a sort of training before the races come oft' ; that is they eat no fat, no potatoes, eggs, or anything sweet. Neither must they touch "tesvino," their own native intoxicating drink. Their food consists of meat and pimole. A " shaman " (chief or medicine-man) has also put them through a sort of primitive rubbing-down and massage ; and the night before the race all runners are " cured." The said curing consists of semi-religious ceremonies, led by the shaman, and all the men sleep within sight of their tribal tokens or gods. THE LABADISTS. An interesting article in the Anliqiuvy of January and February is that by Mr. J. F. Scheltema, on Anna Maria van Schuurman. and her relations with the sect of dissenters in Holland called Labadists. A pioneer of the mo\ement in vindication of the rights of her sex, Anna Maria van Schuurman maintained that women ought to be allowed to culti\ate the arts and sciences on the same footing as men. Herself a prodigy in every branch of science and art, she was the wonder of her age. When Jean de Labadic left the Reformed Church, and founded a " kerk " of his own, orthodox hate made it impossible for him to tend his flock. Anna Maria van Schuurman stepped forward to the rescue, and e\entually the Labadists were enabled to settle at \Meuwerd in Friesland. Here they lived the simple life. All that tended to foster a taste for finery was forbidden, and those who had been accustomed to comfort and refinement were given the most menial tasks to perform. Anna Maria van Schuurman (died 1678) seems to have made many converts to the new faith, but to-day, alas ! there is practically nothing visible left of the Labadists at Wieuwerd. FOUR NATION-MAKERS. Mr. G. M. Trevelvan reviews M. Thayer's " Life of Cavour " in the Atlantic Monthly for February. Mr, Trevelyan sa)s : — Germany is a greater country than Italy, but Cavour was greater than Bismarck, .ilin'ist in proportion to the inferiority of the material with which la- liad to work. Wliereas Italy suffers to-day just in so far as she has failed to understand or refused to imitate the spirit of Cavour's statesmanship, Germany's ills derive from too close an imitation of the great man who made her, — his tarifi's, his junkerism, his dislike of the power of I'arliament, and his belii-f in the army as the proper factor tn dominate in national life. Bismarck used a maximum and Cavour a minimum of tbrcc. Cavour thought force bad in itself, and Bismarck thoui^hl it good in itself. Not with Bismarck, therefore, must Cavour rank. He has his place in a trio of a higher order : — As a nation-maker, therefore, Cavour stands with Vi'illiam the Silent and George Washington. Each of these men fought tlirough the agony of a war of liberation, yet never yielded for a moment to the militarist or despotic ideals so liable to be bred in time of crisis ; each loved free institutions with his whole heart ; each could have said (as one of them did say), " I was always on the side of the people " ; yet each avoided the special faults of the demagogue as completely as Wellington or Peel ; each planted justice and mercy amid the chaos of wrath and revolution ; each kept an heroic equanimity of temper toward all their supporters, even toward the foolish and the false who bade fair to ruin their work ; finally,, each died leaving as his handiwork a nation whose every merit is symbolised in the life of the man who made it, w liose every defect is due to the tradi- tion which he started being too lofty for imitation. THE SIX INSTINCTS. " Education Dramatised " is the title of a sugges- ti^■e paper by Harriet Finlay-Johnson in the Atlantic Monthly for Februarv-. She says : — No less an authority than Mr. E. G. A. Holmes, late Chief Inspector of Elementary Schools in England, has tabulated these instincts in his recent book on Education. They are — 1. The Conimunicative instinct — to talk and listen. 2. The Dramatic instinct — to act, to make believe. 3. The Artistic instinct — to draw, paint, and model. 4. The Musical instinct — to sing and dance. 5. The Inquisitive instinct — to know the why of things. 6. The Constructive instinct — to make and invent things. THE DRAMATIC INSTINCT. The writer goes on to insist : — If we neglect any one channel of expression we are not developing the whole man. If Nature implanted certain instincts it is not ours to discriminate which, if any, we shall neglect and help to stunt and kill. Children are born actors. They are constantly impersonating, or making their dolls imper.sonate, other people. They play at "mothers and faihers " ; or, with dolls for scholars, they play at being "teacher." Some people might say this is merely mimicry; but if one listens to the plays one finds originality rather than mimicry. .\II who are interested in the education of children know how successful is the kindergarten game among little ones in presenting to their senses and understanding things which it would be otherwise impossible to teach them. In the play for older scholars we visualise facts in a similar way, extending and profiting by our experience with younger scholars. _^__^__^^^^^_^ In the March Royal the bursting of the Bradfield Reservoir at Sheftield is described to Walter Wood by a surviving spectator, Mr. Jo'in Gilley, then clerk to the Chief Constable of Shefl.eld. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 293 NANSEN ON YOKING POLAR BEARS. Fridtjof Nansen writes in Scribner's for March on the race for the South Pole. He estimates the advantages first on the side of Captain Scott of the British e.xpedition, and then on the side of the Nor- wegian expedition under Roald Amundsen. Nansen does not think that modern invention has been of much importance for Polar exploration. Peary's great achievements were chiefly attained by employing Ivskimos. with Eskimo methods, Eskimo dogs, and Ivskimo sledges — methods used by Polar tra\ellers thousands of years ago. There has been an impro\e- ment of late years in working out systematically in detail beforehand what was necessary for an Arct c expedition. The motor-car does not appeal to Nansm as likely in its present stage of de\elopment to be of much service. The airship and the aeroplane may in time come to be of value. But perhaps the most picturesque suggestion is as follows : — II l.a> lieen stiggested tlial ihe polar bear miyht possibly be l;irntd lo actounl as a draught animal for polar expeditions. I .iplain .\ii undsen at one lime considered the advisability of iryint; lo btcnk in polar bears for the purpose, and men- lioncd it to the well-known Ilerr Hagtnleck, of Hamburg. Il3j,enbeck con-idercd il very po sible, and actually started 10 break in st me bears, and, actording lo what I have heard, xcA y 'o some extent succeeded. .-Viiyhow, this experiment has rot been made in the polar region*, but if it really were possib!e to train the polar bear for the purpose, he would naturally be an ideal draught animal for these regions: his sirengh and endurance are wondirfid ; like the dog, he can live on conccn- tiated food ; and, better than the dog, he has remarkable reserve poweis, f n.ibling him to live for a long time without any food. 1 ;im, however, afraid that the polar bear would be a somewhat lisky and tioublesonie draught animal to use, as he might not dways be very easy to manage. DANCING DERVISHES IN DAMASCUS. l.N March Corn/iill .Mr. T. C. Fowle describes the |)arweeshes (as he calls them, according to the nati\e pronunciation of the word) of Damascus. He entered building crowded, excepting in a centre place, that '.oked like a prize-ring. After ^ short Moslem service, he darweeshes walked staidly round in a circle, Muntcr-dockwise. .Music wa.s playing, the instruments cing drurn, fiddle, and a pair of cymbals : — The darweeshes again began their slow procession round, but - each reathed the sIm ikh, who now stood still at his prayer mat, , change occurred. The sheikh l>enl forward and kissed the •ip of each darwcr-h, which was inclined for his salute, and no ooncr was this done than, as if moved by some sudden and Kvisible machinery, the darweesh himself spun away, whirling iildily around. ,\l first his aims wouhl be crossed on his ircasi, his hands clasping his shoulders, but as his momentum increased, .as though shot out by centrifugal force his aims would ' xlend Ihcinselvcs unlil they were at right angles to his boiiy. 1 he next darweesh would go through the same slow, digniliid {iproach, the ^ me salutation from Ihe sheikh, Ihe same sudden rotation ; and the next, and Ihe next, unlil the whole company of them, to the numUrr of about fifteen, were whirling liclow inc like so many gigantic while lops. It was j sirangc sight, rid moreover a not ungraceful sight cilhi r. In fact, I have • en far more awkward expositions of the " poetry of motion " in a Wotcrn ballroom than I did that day in a daiwccsh I ikeeyeh. After about ten minutes the music ceascl, the darwrcshes leased spinning, coming to a standstill with tlicir hands on iheir shoulders, their arms crossed before them ; and the sheikh, coming out into the centre of the circle (he had not as yet taken part in their whirling), bowed gravely lo ihem. The darweeshes returned his salutation, and took rest for a short while. Again Ihe music commenced, again the darweeshes whirled in ihe same manner, and after almost the same space of lime slopped, when once more ihe sheikh towed and was bowed to. The third and last bout of whirling was remarkable for the fact that the sheikh look part in it himself — that is, in a modified manner. Looking back on the affair, one finds in it ^.physiail as well ,TS an ethnological interest. I mean it seems extraordinary that men could go through three bouts of whirling, such as I have described, wilh only a short interval for rest in beiwccn— and that rest taken standing, not sitting down. SANDHILLS MOVED BY WIND. '■ TiiF. .Automobile in Africa ' is the title of 5;ir Henry Norman's sketch in Scribner's of his tour from .Algiers into the Sahara. Sir Henry says that the Sahara is not a vast plain of sand, as is generally understood, but an undulation, varying in height from considerable depressions below sca-k\el to heights of thousands of feet. The average height of the Sahara is one thousand f\\c hundred feet above sea-level, more than five hundred feet higher than Europe. But though not a .sandy plain, il is spread over with great or little spreading mounds or dunes of golden sand, called " barchans." These, wind-created and wind-impelled, move forward almost like live things. Engineers employed in laying out desert railways have made costly, and even fatal, mistakes by not recog- nising the fact, now established, that "desert dunes are not anchored or stationary hills of sand, but mobile mas.ses, advancing at a VKxy appreciable rale in a definite direction." These dunes begin to move, according to another scientific observer, as scon as a light breeze blows : the air is perceptibly charged wilh sand in a moderate breeze; and during storms their progress may be nearly two inches an hour, while ihcir average advance is fifty feet a year. Many a once flourishing oasis is now buried forever beneath the great sand-dunes, which, "ever slowly widening, silence all"; nothing stops their insidious advance ; " in some localities extensive and prosperous setllemenis have been overwhelmed and blotted out of exist- ence." They form, however, but a minute part of the surface of the desert. It is not the soil of the Sahara that makes it sterile^ but simply the want of rain. A ROBIN STORY. In the Atlanlii- Monthly for I'ebruary Mr. John Burroughs writes on animal wit indoors and out. He insists that the experimentalist of the laboratory removes the animal frcni its natural surroundings, and that his conclusions are therefore vitiated by the un- ac( uslomedncss of the animal to its unnatural surround- ings. He urges that the fieUl naturalist is the true investigator. He tells this pretty story of two robins : — I heard of a well-aulhentiealed case of a jair of robins buiUI- ing Iheir nest under Ihe box on ihe running gear of a farmer's « agon which slos lo the village, two miles away, each week. 'I'lic robins followed him on these trips, and the mother bird went forward wilh her incubation while the farmrr did his errand', and ihe binls relumed wilh liim when he drove home. An.i, strange lo say, the broo.1 was didjr hatched and reared. 294 The Review of Reviews. MUSIC AND ART IN THE MAGAZINES. Etchinus of Mr. Josei'h Pennell. Writing in the Canadian Magazine for February, Mr. Britton B. Cooke draws attention to the work of Mr. Joseph Pennell as an etcher and as an illustrator. Mr. Pennell's " portraits of places " — New York sky- scrapers, London scenes, etc. — are outstanding from the rest of his work. He finds out the beauties of the scenes and the atmosphere in which they lie, and represents these. He does not make a sketch of the subject and work it up afterwards in his studio. His most beautiful etchings have been executed at street corners. Three centuries ago Rembrandt became the printer of his own work : the fa.stidious Whistler did likewise ; and now Mr. Pennell is doing the same. Mr. Pennell was born in Philadelphia, of Quaker stock. New York has always been a source of delight to him, and, as Marion Crawford once remarked, he has " made architecture of the New York buildings ! " Gluck and His Portraits. The February number of the Art Journal opens with an article by Sir Claude Phillips on " Some Portraits of Gluck." The portraits referred to are four, all by French masters, and all representing the composer in the full vigour of his late maturity. The famous bust by Houdon was placed in the joyer of the Opera House in the Royal Palace in 1778. It was left unharmed by the conflagration which destroyed this old opera- house, but only to perish in that which destroyed the Grand Opera in the Rue Lepeletier in 1873. The Louvre contains a fine marble copy of this fine work. The painted portraits arc two by Duplessis, and one attributed to Greuze. All belong to the years 1774-79, and, adds Sir Claude, Houdon, Duplessis, and Greuze have, by their consummate art, done as much as the distinguished chroniclers of the eighteenth century and the distinguished critics and biographers of the nine- teenth century to enhance the glory of the German master who revolutionised French opera. A Musical Despot. [n a most interesting article contril)uted to the Revue de Paris of February ist, M. Romain Rolland tells the musical life-story of Frederick the Great. He writes of the great King's early passion for music. Music, then, was the King's best friend, the only friend who had never deceived him, while his flute was called " My Princess," and he vowed he would never ha\'c any other love than this princess. Wc have an account of the operas which were written in French by the King. The Court poet translated them into Italian, and another poet translated them from Italian into German. 'I'hc King had no love for German poetry and literature. Graun composed the music, for the King, though a composer, had his limitations. Then came the Seven Years' War, which entirely changed the nature of the King. During the war he continued to play his (lute, but before it was over he had become an old man. His artistic sense seemed to become petrified. Worst of all, when he lost all real interest for music his musical despotism survived. He became severe and tyrannical with his musicians. One of the principals. La Mara, once said she was unable to sing, and to punish her her husband was imprisoned in a fortress. She persisted that she was ill and unable to sing. Two hours before the performance a carriage, accompanied by eight horsemen, arrived at her door. The actress was in bed, but the Captain who entered said he had orders to take her dead or ali\e to the opera, and he would carry her off with her bed. She was obliged to go and to sing. M. Rolland pities the great but poor musicians compelled to pass their best years at the Court, especially Philip Emmanuel Bach and Franz Benda. A Choir of Lancashire Mill-Girls. The Gentlemen's Concert at Manchester on January isth enabled the public of that city to realise the real significance and greatness of the work being done amongst the girls of Ancoats by Miss Say Ashworth, says a writer in the February number of the Musical Times. Ten years ago she started with abso- lutely raw material ; perseverance and a constant pursuit of the highest ideals have enabled her to raise a choir which, on .this occasion, was well worthy of association with Sir Henry Wood. Among the works given was Debussy's " Blessed Damozel," and this was the first hearing of the piece in Manchester. There is food for much thought in this juxtaposition of Lan- cashire mill-girls, Rossetti's " Blessed Damozel," and Debussy's elusive music, observes the writer. What was the power that enabled these comparatively untutored girls to give us the quintessence of such subtle music } Why should they succeed where more cultured folk entirely miss their way } Sir Henr)- Wood stated it was the most beautiful performance in its absolute truth and rightness that he had yet con- ducted. One of the soloists, like the choir, was a product of the competitive festival movement. The Oi'era King. Mr. Arthur Farwell contributes to the February number of the American Review oj Reviews a short article on Mr. O.scar Hammerstein, the American impresario, who, in April, 1910, startled the world by selling his Manhattan and Philadelphia Opera Houses (the former opened in December, 1906, and the latter in No\'ember, 1908) for something like two million dollars, and agreed to withdraw entirely from the local field of grand opera. W'nh the operatic anchor thus weighed, he sailed, quite lilerall)-, in quest of new worlds to conquer, and landed in London, where he announced his intention of giving up-to-date opera. As is usual with Mr. liammerstein's opera-houses, the building was completed a few minutes before the raising of the curtain on the first performance. If Mr. Hammerstein has anything that can be regarded as a fundamental principle of success, it is the use of a vast deal of common sense — common sense based upon a knowledge of common humanity. 293 RANDOM READINGS FROM THE REVIEWS. Frank ! Gwendolen Overton, writing in the November Forum on democracy and the recall, quotes a recent admission of Governor Woodrow Wilson : — " For fifteen years," he said, "' I taught my classes that the initiative and referendum wouldn't work. I can pro\e it yet. The trouble is that they do." \V.\R Not Necessary to Herois.m. War against physical nature and the evils of human nature and their ultimate subjugation to the intel- lectual and spiritual dominion of man, constitute a .struggle which will give ample scope to the energies of the race beyond our remotest ken. We cannot even guess its ultimate possibilities ; but so long as there are mountain barriers to be overcome, floods to be controlled, deserts and swamps to be reclaimed ; or so long as men are denied equal opportunities, and " predatory wealth " has any other than a historic meaning, man need not feel that war is necessary to call forth the best there is in him. As we do not want holocausts or mine explosions or flood or pestilence in order to give us heroes in action, so we do not want war simply to draw forth the heroic in human nature. Neither do we want these perils for mere efliciency"s sake. — General Chittenden, in February Forum. Huw Much Depends on Trifles. We are reminded of Mr. Powell's work a few )-cars ago in the orange district of Southern California. Much of the fruit was rotting en route to the east. The Department of Agriculture at Washington sent Mr. Powell out to investigate. He found that the rind on the orange was being pricked b\- the finger-nails as well as by the scissor-clippers of the pickers. He cut off the ends of the clippers and manicured the finger- nails of the pickers, and soon there was practically doub'e the amount of fruit coming through sound and whole. The net result of the experiment was that this little trip of .Mr. Powell's resulted in the saving to the fruit-growers of one district of as much every year as the whole cost of the new Government agricultural buildings at Washington — about 1,500,000 dols. annually. — British Columbia Magazine. Disappointed in the Ten Command.ments. 1 have the privilege of knowing two young ladies, daughters of a well-known member of the House of Commons, whose conversation is occasionally illumi- nated by startling flashes. The elder is aged eleven, her sister seven. One morning they had read out lo tlicm the tweniieth ( hapter of Kxodus, wherein it is written : " I the Lord thy God am a jealous God. visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children unto the third and fourth gener.ition of them that hate me." " I am very sorry to hc.ir that." said the younger, a note of profound disappointment in her voice. '' 1 have always understood He had no faults,"— Sir Henry Ltcv, in Cornhitl. Women as Jurors. As jurors, in a number of recent cases, women in the Western Stales of America elicited praise and recognition from judges and high-minded lawyers. They did not di.splay the supposed prejudice of their sex against certain classes or sets ; they tried the cases on the issues of law and fact ; they were anxious to do justice and avoid mistakes of the heart as well as mistakes of the mind.^The Chautauquan, February. The Rhodes Scholars. There were last year 176 Rhodes Scholars in resi- dence at Oxford — seventy-seven from the British Dominions, eighty-nine from the United States, and ten from Germany. Of the ordinary Honours Schools at Oxford that of Jurisprudence (forty-four students) attracts nearly twice as many Rhodes Scholars as Natural Science (twenty-three), and History (eighteen) makes a good third ; while the famous " Greats " or Lilera Hunianiores School is being taken by fourteen and Theology by ten. The lines of work taken up by the scholars who left Oxford in 1906-10 are, it appears, from a statement just issued as follows :— Education, eighty-four ; law, sixty-six ; religious work, nineteen ; Civil Service (Germanx). thirteen ; medicine, eleven ; scientific work, nine ; business, eight ; journalism, five ; mining and engineering, fi\e ; agriculture, three ; Diplomatic Service (Germany), three ; Diplomatic and Consular Service (U,S.A.). two ; Indian CwW Service, two ; forestry, two ; Consular Ser\-ice (British), one ; Colonial Service, one ; Army, one ; secretarial work, one : miscellaneous and unknown, ten. — The University Correspondent. Sei.f-advkrtisinu Ani.mals. Some animals walk delicately, some lie low, some fade into their surroundings, some put on disguise. On another tack, however, are those that are noisy and fussy, conspicuous and bold, — the self advertisers. The theory is that those in the second set can aftbrd to call attention to themselves, being unpalatable or in some other way safe. The common shrew, for instance, is fearless and careless, and makes a frequent squeaking as it hunts. It can afford to be a self-adver- tising animal, because of its strong musky scent, which makes it unpalatable. A cat will never eat a shrew. Similarly, the large Indian musk-shrew is conspicuous, even at dusk, fearless in its habits, and goes about making a [K^culiar noise like the jingling of money. But it is safe in its unpleasant musky odour. The common hedgehog is comparatively easy to see at night ; it is easy to catch, because it stops to roll itself up ; it rustles among the herbage, and " sniflTs furiously " as it goes ; it is at no pains to keep quiet. Nor need it, for although some enemies sometimes eat it, it is usually very safe, partly in its spines, and partly because it can give rise lo a most horrible stench. The porcupine is another good instance of a sclfadverliscr, and so is the crab-eating mungoose. - Professor J. A. TncMSON, in KtwwUd^e. 296 The Reviews Reviewed. THE HIBBERT JOURNAL AND ITS EDITOR. I'HE most notable achievement in the domain of serious periodical literature that has occurred in the last twenty years has been the creation of the Hibhcrt fourual. In its way it is one of the landmarks of literary history. It ranks with the creation of the Edinburgh Review and the founding of the Revue des Deux Mondes. If anyone had a.sked me or any other editor of periodical literature in the year 1899 whether it was possible to ^L•(ure a paying circulation for a half-crown quarter!)- clc^■oted to religion, theology, and philosophy, the answer would have been em- phatically in the negative. At that time' the public seemed to have lost its appetite for serious read- ing. High thinking had gone out of fashion in the days immediately preced- ing the Boer War. The public mind which was not absorbed in the ac- quisition of territory and the exploiting of gold mines was intent upon the reform of the mate- rial conditions of the life of the poor. It was a materialistic age, which abhorred metaphysics, and regarded theological speculation with the same pitying contempt that we look upon the ingenious calculations of mediaeval schoolmen as to how many angels could stand on the point of a needle. Never- theless, it was just at that bad, black Philistine time that certain men, of whom L. P. Jacks was one, arose and conceived the daring idea that there might be a remnant of thinkers who would, if the opportunity were offered, support a journal exilusi\cl)- dexotcd to the high matters of the mind. 'I his daring optimist lives in Oxford of all pkucs in the world. His name, even to this day, is hardly known to the multiludc, although he has successfully accomplished one of the miracles of the time. This man, then only forty >cars of age, is a professor in Manchester College, Oxford. When full of his great idea he went to the Ilibbert Trustees and asked for their support in his novel venture. 1 he Trustees listened to him with sympathy for his ideal, but with a not unnatuial ^ [^■j II^^^^^^K f^H^ i^^r -^^; i jH I^^^Hp^. 1 9 rhct'grjph /y-] Mr. L. P. Jacks. Editor of llic Hihhrl yciiniaj. doubt born of their mature experience. After he had finished setting forth his conception of what a Hibbert Journal ought to be and what a Hibbcrt Journal might accomplish, a Trustee asked him how many copies of such a high-class, religious, metaphysical, philosophical journal, published at half-a-crow n a quarter, did he think he would be able to sell ? The promoter of the scheme, taking his courage in both hands. 1 oldly replied that if he were fortunate he expected b.e would ha\e a sale of seven hundred copies per quarter! "Se\en hundred!" exclain.cd the Man of Experiencetl Wisdom. " Seven hun- dred ! You will be lucky, indeed, if you can .sell three hundred." Neverthe- less the Trustees showed their courage and fore- sight by generously back- ing up the enterprise. In such discouraKinjr atmosphere as of a wintrv frost the Hibbert Journal was born. To the amaze- ment of everyone it was