^-^■^^^-(U,

0<

0

III

0)

M^MMl^i

^OYA L
DUTC'^

wo**'

• u- n ti rt iltaIVw

nnat. an n. tipwsna.ner.

Jlustralia's new Tence :

Reciew of Reviewi, 119106.

THE CYCLONE

Spring Coil Tence.

Woven in our factory from
the very best possible material,
and specially adapted to Aus=
tralia's needs. Fewer posts
are required, and no wire
holes are needed. This saves
time, money and material. No

THE CYCLONE SPRING COIL FENCE IS A GOOD FENCE." straining after erection.

HORIZONTAL lines are crimped; this gives elasticity.
Cross ties are one foot apart, and bind the fence stoutly.
Resisting power is immense ; any strain is distributed over the

whole fence.
A breach does not affect the whole fence, and can be quickh

repaired.
A reliable stock holder for any stock, large or small.
Easily and quickly erected. Sent out in 5=chain rolls.

tLLUSTRATEb QTiTALOGVE PREB.

^^HTE$4^^

A PERFECT HOC-STOPPER.

THE CYCLONE WOVEN WIRE EENCE & GATE CO.,

SWANSION STRCEr (Corner of franklin Street). MELBOURNE. VICTORIA.

n

|L] -^ " g~>r AHSTtftPAM-

Highly i\utririou3 and
easily digeahed .

C^k^\ safely be lakerv
by the mosf delicalc
children &■ invalids.

A KeaUKy .shmulanf
for brain worker?.

Is the Q\ieei\^of £k

>f Bensdorp's

Specially recommended by
medical men for Ihe nervous
5yjlem in preference to tcatroffa.

Ir3 excdle^^l quality m2\ke5 W
economical

^ feajpoonful bein^ 5ufficifi\>
for a breakfast cup.

II CoCO£kS
£r purity.

^^ HOICE

■ ^ HOCOLATES £r.

\S> ONFECTIONERT

SepteinOer I, '.'>0i;.

The Review of Reviews,

Miiuie'ipolis Journal.^ .

Some Kind of a Bath Nee:'ed.

The PUBLIC: "What you need ia another iminiinit?
bath. ■

^^u maKV ma^ke or mar a Vppir\
by the MATTEL .
To see iKe HanTels tKa^t HAKE
a l^on\ , visit" the

5T0CKFELD STUDIO

Cifeens' Chd^mbcrsS^t

285 Collins 5f. Melbourne, lei 322/

Ori$ir\?kl ©Exclusive Desi^r\s
submitted, Tree of cosl", for

R)mirure,ritmer\l5, Curkim©

foR, Chest

^M PLAINTS

AMD

PleasanhhohheTashe.

CHEMISTS ^gf%
' Large Bottle/

ALeOHOLie

«K K ^ f^ Hft f^ ^^ PermanenUr cured at par
L W • L ^^ ^^ tlent'a own borne in 3 to T
r A I r ^N ^% weeks, by the reoognlMd
^#\^^kr^^^^ TUBVET TBKATUEirT, wlth-

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ out inconveaienoe. Beexili
'^'■■■^'^^^™"^^^^^^ assnred. Snccesa testiflad
bj offloialt of the Chnrch of England Temperance Society
Diocesan Branches, etc. Eeport of Public Test sent frea.
ICK. Thomas Holmes, the famoos Church of England
Temperance Society Missionary, eay» : " Indiapengable 1»
my work." Th» Chronicie says: "A remarkable aucoeea."
Thb only System undee English Msdioal DtREcnoi*.
Write in confidence (or call 10 to 5) Secretary Turrey
Treatment Oo. Ltd., W Amberlay Hooaa, Norfolk Street,
Strand, London.

VARICOSE VEINS

BAILEY'S

Elastic Stockings,

For the Colonies.

SIIK. Post Tree 8s. 6d.

COTTON 6s.

With Free Pamphlet " Varice," All about EI«itio

Stooliings; How to Wear Clean & Repair Them.

DIRECTIONS fOR MEASIREIHCNT.-Clrcumfereoce

at A, B, C,D, E; Length, A to D.

W. H. BAILEY SON,

38 OXrORD STREtT, LONDON W.

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1S06.

AVE YOU

TRIED

%^

Kci

^

SHOPPING BY POST?

If you have not, study cup advertisements, and write to oup adver-
tisers, and see whether they will not serve you as satisfactorily as if
you shopped in person.

Whether it be Machinery or Tea, Buggies or Hair Restorer, Gates or
Biscuits, Patent Medicines or Books, that you require, write our Adver-
tisers and test their goods.

It is our wish that the advertisements in this magazine be read by
its readers. "The Review of Reviews " is a high-class production, the best
magazine of its class in Australasia, and we refuse to take advertisements
from all and sundry. We discriminate between firms to whom we apply
for advertisements. The appearance of an advertisement in "The Review
of Reviews" is a proof that the firm advertising is a reputable one, and
that its representations are genuine. We want readers of "The Review
of Reviews" to have confidence in its advertisers.

Write them, and try them !

BUY WELL-ADVERTISED GOODS,

In recent years methods of shopping and purchasing have changed.
Purchasers do not buy goods on chance, but they rely on the reputation
of well-known, well-advertised brands. In this extensive advertising cus-
tomers find security, for the merit of an article is soon found out, and
the thing not up to description goes down. Constant advertising of an
article is therefore an excellent guarantee of that article's worth.

Misrepresent a line of goods in advertising and it is as good as dead.
The public will not be imposed upon.

In a good-class magazine like "The Review of Reviews," advertisements
can be relied on. The management exercises great care that none but
reliable advertisements are accepted.

Don't take chances in buying. Buy well-known goods advertised in
our columns by our clients.

"THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA."

Septemher I. imij.

The Review of Reviews,

111.

/c??--^-

Minneapolis Journal.'}

Distance Leads Enchantment.

BEYAIS^: "T!ie dear old party; she wouldn't have missed
me if I stayet! at home."

Householders Never Complain

Of SMOKE or SMELL

Provided their Grocer supplies

American

"White Rose''
Kerosene.

THE BEST OIL FOR USE

Lamps, Oil Heaters and Cooking
Stoves.

For COUGHS,
CJLDS,

SORE THROAT,
LOSS OF VOICE,
ETC.

'Sf*fi

I'nlike Cou'_'h Medicines. "EUMEXTHor. Ji;BrHli:S"do not interfere with the Di^'estion.
On (he (^ontrniy they have a henefit-ial effect, ns their antiseptic properties prevent
al>norrniil forinetitation of the food.

" EUMENTHOL JUJUBES" are an Ideal Remedy,

f oiitaiiiin;,' n ) Oot; linc or oilier Pois^iion* Dni^^s Tlic ' .AiHi raiasian Medic 1 OazetCe " saj'S :

■ Of jfreat service in afTectioriK of the voice and throat.'

Their daily use preserves the teeth anJ keeps the mouth in a swtet healthy condition.

INVALUABLE AS A PROPHYLACTIC AGAINST INFLUENZA.

The Lancet says : " Tht-ir jmrpose is to act a-^ a bactericide in the ninutli '

SOLD BY ALL CHEMISTS. TINS, Is 6d

fELTON, ORIMWADE & Co., "^''»"™

Agents.

A. The Laryn.x, or organ of

Voice.
Tl. The Trachen. or Windpipe.
(' The Bronchial Tuhes of a

Dissected Lung
I> A Lobe of one of the Lungrs

For mutual advantage, when you write lo an advertiser, piease mention the Review of Reviewg.

The Review of Reviews.

Septemifr 1, 1906.

To.

TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS IN SYDNEY.

Yon should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at
the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket-Book :—

^% WILLIAM FARMER & CO.,

Diamond Merchants. Ooldsmiihs, Silversmiths.

An ni«klni; u M.it:niiuent Eihibi! o( Beauiifni IKWELLERY (mm
England, America, and Ptrig. at their >howTOOms.

30 HUNTER ST.. SYDNEY.

which Is well worthy Of inspection. Diamond and Jewelled Orna-
m«n!s Sil\er and --iive- pi .ie.1 Ware Gem Riii-s Necklets, Bani;les.

•.FW ILLU<;TP4TED CATftLOGUE D^^T PnEB.

FURS AND CURIOS.
faxidermists. Furriers, Tanners & Curio Dealers,

6-10 A 12 MOORE ST. (ni.r •.p.o.), SYDNEY.

Largest ColicctiiD in Australia. Museum and Sh- Aroims.

rnsn«:ti^n Invited. 'Phone 2106

•MANHATTAN "

Xea and LuncKeon Rooms.

EQUITABLE BUILDINGS, GEORGE ST., SYDNEY.

lunches. Atternoon Tea. Lounge and Smoke Rooms.

'Phone :i:!!)5. Horns from 10 a.m.

Proprietress : A\RS. I. L. HARTE.

JONES & CO.,

Opposite G.P.O., SYDNEY.

DRAPERS, GLOTHiERS, FURNISHERS.

Chari.es G^tbb & Co.

•PKCtALITlES :

SCIKNTIFIC SIGHT TESTING.
KXPERT SPECTACLE MAKING.

Ophtha/mic Opticians,

6 HUNTER STREET.

SYDNEY.

After Travelling ...

Did you ever try having your Clothes CLEANED or DYED 7

It will save you a good amount of cash in your tailor's ot
'!^c^s^lake^*s account.

ROGERS BROS. 9 steam & French Cleanert and Dyers.

181 Oxford St. St 775 Georae St. (opp.Cbrist Churcht
Kin- nn Telephone ]Pn4 SYDNRY.

A. A. MARKS,

TOBACCONIST
376 George Street,
310 George Street,
28 Hunter Street,
177 O.xford Street,
And Mark's Corner—
King and Pitt=sts.,

SYDNEY.

Under Vice-Regal ^^^^ Patronage.

MISS VAM BKAKKEL,

Ladies* Hairdresser and Dermatologist,

Only Address: 20a thb strand. Sydney.

Tails. Fringes. Transformations. NATL'RAL HAIR PADS from One
Guinerx Hair Dvctne a Speciality AU Tourists .Requi'^ite* Stocked

INFORMATION & GENERAL AGENCY CO.
OF AUSTRALASIA.

General Commission and Service Agents to the Public.

Information Supplied on Any Subject Correspondence In\itcd.

W. S. JACOB, Manager, Bull Chambers,
14 Moore Street, Sydney.

4th Julv. 1906.

"THE SETTLER."

The Leading Organ of the Closer Settlement MovemeBl.

Bright, Descriptive, Splendidly lllumtrated.

The Journal for the Man who Wantg Land," " Th« Han oa tka
Land " and " The Man who thinki of going; on the Land. "

Address— 4 Post Office Chambers, Pltt-st., Sydney.

T. T. JONES & SONS Ltd., HOLIDAY MAKERS I

JEWELLERS,
316 GEORGE STREET, SYDNEY. READ PAGE xvi.

Telephone 939.

See Announcement on Page 316.

flmlit, s, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

WINTER IS HERE . . .

Lay in Your Stock of Reading.

Nothing Better and Cheaper can be got than Our Novels and Poets.
SEND FOR THEM AT ONCE,

A GOOD NOVEL IS A NECESSITY FOR HARD WORKERS.

You Can't be Working Day and Night.

You Need Some Relaxation.

Nothing Gives Relaxation Like a Good Novel.

1. CHARLES O'M ALLEY: Charles Lever's stirring romance.

tdlliDi: of the adventures of an Irish officer in the
Napoleonic Wars.

2. OONINGSBY ; one of the most famons works of the

stateeman novelist. Lord Beaconsfield.

3. BEN HUE; perhaps the most realistic story of the time

of Christ. A stirring tale of fighting and love by
General Lew Wallace.

A. THE SCARLET LETTER; Nathaniel Hawthorne's master-
piece. Tells of the stern, early Puritan doings in
America.

6. ALDERSYDE: a charming story of the Scottish border.
written most graphically by Annie S. Swan.

6. NEOMI : THE BRIGAND'S DAUGHTER; the title ex-

plains itself. The novel is one of the most popular
of that popular writer, S. Baring-Gould.

7. UNCLE TOM'S CABIN. An epoch-making hook, by

Mrs. H. Beecher-Stowe. A tale of the slave days in
America.

«. THE FIFTH FOR.\I OF ST. DOMINICS; one of the best
stories of school d.ays in England. Bright, having
plenty of incident. By T. Barnes Reed.

9. ROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY DAYS; by Jules
Verne. This is one of the few stories which give
some idea of the world as a whole.

10. THE TRUE HISTORY OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON; by

Mrs. E. Lynn Linton.

11. LAY DOWN YOUR ARMS. A thrilling tale of the four

great European Wars. 1870-1, by Baroness Suttner.

12. FRANKENSTEIN,

Mrs. Shelley.

or THE MODERN PROMETHEUS; by

1. THE EARTHLY PARADISE; by William Morris. Btorlw

from this great masterpiece of one of the greatest
of present-day poets, told in prose, with copioni
extracts in verse, by special permission of the author

2. THE POEMS OF WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, the

Wordsworth of America. This edition containB tpeci
mens of all his various styles.
3 UHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. The book contain,
the second portion of Lord Byron's greatest master
piece It is more popular than the fir»t, as it deaU
with the poet's wandering in better known lands.

4. POEMS OF LIBERTY, PROGRESS & LABOUR, by John

Greenleaf-Whittier, the Quaker Poet of America. He
has been called the Poet Laureate of the Suffrage

5. WHITTIERS POEMS, contains his autobiographical

poems and selections from the verses he wrote against
slavery.

6. COWPEE'S POEMS, including a collection of all his

poems relating to ^tnimals.

7. LEGENDS AND BALLADS. A Selection of the best

known legends and ballads in the English tongue.

8. ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. That portion of

Spencer's Faerie Queene which tells of the adventuree
of the Red Cross Knight.
9 THE CANTERBURY TALES, in which Geoffrey Chaucer
tells of a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury five
centuries ago.
10 THE PLEASURES OF HOPE, and other poems, by
Thomas Campbell. The Scottish poet is chiefly known
by bis battle poems. The Battle of the Baltic, Hohen-
linden.

11. THE POEMS OP JOHN KEATS. This "Poet of Beauty"

lived but 25 years, and yet he was one of the greatest
poets of the 19th century. All his best masterpiece*
are included in the vohime.

12. IRISH AfELODTES. and other poems, by the greatest of

Irish poets, Thomas Moore.

TWELVE NOVELS for Is. 4d. as. sd m stamps).

TWELVE POETS for Is. 4d. as. sd. m stamp..)

ALL EXCELLENT READING.

S*nd only Is. 4d. 'is. sd. If stamps , and the twelve novels or the twelve poets will be sent you by return.
^•r 3s. 6d. the whole library of twenty four volumes will be sent, post free.

THE MANAGER ''The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

The Review of Reviews.

Septembrr 1, 190i.

TOURISTS, TRAVELLERS AND HOLIDAY MAKERS

IN OR PASSING THROUGH MELBOURNE.

Vou should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at

the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the firms in your Pocket-Book —

FRANCIS LONGMORE & CO.,

Melbourne's Popular CHEMISTS.

Prescription Drug Stores.
Best Stocked Emporium of Rare Medicines in

185 & 187

Australasia.
BOURKE STREET,

MELBOURNE.

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS

Can have their Pictures Carefully Developed and Printed,
and obtain all Photo. Supplies and Accessories from

BAKER & ROUSE Propty. Ltd..

Sole Australian Agents for KODAK Limited,

*' The Block," 284 Collins Street. Melbourne.

...ARTISTIC PORTRAITURE...

THE BURLINGTON studios.

294 BOURKE STREET, MELBOIRNE

(Opposite Oole'6 B<)ok Arcade).
tf Phone 3361. Appointments Booked. Popular Prices.

VALAZE,

tlie Wonderf ul Producerand Pre-
server of Lovely Complexions.

.■\cls quickly, naluralh' and efiectively.
It is invaluable to all who suffer from wrinkles, blackheads,
tan, and freckles, and all other skin blemishes. It %vill
completely remove them, leaving the skin soft and trans-
parent, s's. 6d. and 6s. All Chemists, or H. RUBIN-
STEIN & CO., 274 Collins Strktet, MF.tBOt.RXE.

THE IDE^JL

...TEA and LUNCHEON ROOMS,

BASEMENT.

Corner of Bourke and Swanston Sts., Melbourne.

Next I :ank of Victoria.

Luncheons and Afternoon Tea. Lounge and Smoke Rooms.

1. ECKER, Proprietor.

HOLIDAY MAKERS.

Look at Page v.
of this issue.

The Review of Reviews for Australasia |

iB far and away the best Monthly Paper published in Australasia. It ie •

not only the bii.^y man's and ■w^oman's paper, but the best paper ^

that the man or won-'an of leisure can buy. As no other paper does,
it gives, month by month, a resume ol the -world's doings, and the
best thoughts .of ita best -writers.

Ce ihe Sli-anager,

Uhe SlevieiD of Steviems for jiutlralasia,

Squilable Sjuilding, SKelbournt.

SPfease tend me llie Slcvieio of Sieview* for jluslralatia for twelre montfit,
ttglnning for lotiieh S enefose 6", 6

(SKr. )

Dlame \ SKn. [•
I SHisn I

Jiddr

r^n

♦
♦
♦
♦

♦

^♦•♦e«9«e«9»e'»««e*e***A^***^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^®^<s*0**^®^*^9*o«»«««*«ci

September 1, 1900.

The Review of Reviews.

TU.

r

^^m(^^

\

n<^-r

Mitmeapolh Journal.']

The Type of Caaal.
Wliat we want is a canal with water in it.

GOOD HAIR FOR ALL.

HOLLAND'S

lARVELLOUS HAIR RESTORER

Has gained a world-wide repuUtion for arrestine the prema-
ture decay, promoting the crowth, and giving lustre to Um
hair. If your bair is falling off. try it. If it is thin, try it.

F>rlc* 3«., ^s-> Bs. ^os^aeo 9d. «xtr«.

HOLLAND'S PARASENE.

For Eczema, Ringworm, and all Parasitical Diseases of tha

Head, and for making Hair grov on Bald Patches.

^rlco Ss. PostaiK^ 9d. exlrai.

HOLLAND'S NATURALINb, for restoring Grty
Hair to its original colour.

Acts quickly, naturally, and effectively. Price 5/6.
Postage 9d. extra.

Consult £. HOLLAND for all Diseases of ths HalP.

Sold by all Chemists and by Wasbinsrton Soul * Co., Pitt-st..

E. HOLLAND, Hair Specialist,

195 COLLINS STREET. MELBOURNE.

For INFANTS,
INVALIDS, and
THE AGED.

BENGER'S FOOD is mixed with fresh

milk when used, ;s dainty and

delicious, highly nutritive and

easily digested. Infants ihrive

on It, and delicate or aged

persons enjoy it.

THE BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
says: " Benyer's Food has
by its excellence established
a reputation of its o.vn."

BENGF.R'S FOOD i.s snIJ in Tins
by Chemists, «c., everywhere.

TROUP'S

VAPOUR AND HOT AIR

Folding

Bath Cabinets.

A Turkish Bath in your own home. Guaranteed to cure
the Tery worst cases of Rheumatism, Sciatica, Lumbago

Recommended by Sir Thomas Fitzgerald.

Australasia's Leading Surgeon.

Send for Descriptive Circulars, Free.
Price, 25s. COMPLETE, Delivered In Melbourne.

Depot : 18 ROYAL ARCADE, MELBOURNE.

You Have a Bad Gou^h

Tlnd a Good Shlllin!^.

U

HONEY BALSAM

v\ ill Relieve you of boih. Posted tu any part of the
Comracnwealth, is. 5d. GRAY, Chemist, Bondi,Sydn«y.

CLEMENT H. DAVIS,

Incorporated Accountant.

Licensed Auditor.

Sworn Valuator.

ROYAL BANK CHAMBERS, MELBOIRNE.

The Review of tieviews. September i. ms.

Have You a Clear Understanding of the Alany Uses to
Which the Comptometer is Being Put ?

FOR PAY-ROLL AND COST-KEEPING accounts, tlie Comptometer, once
used, becomes indispensable. It has no sutistitute. liut that is oidy a part of it. On
trial balances, or any other kind of adding, it turns out the work witli absolute accuracy
and so easily and rapidly as to pay for itself several times a year. Then there is the
multipljing and dividing. To those who have used the Comptometer on multiplication or
division, from the simplest bill extensions and checking to the large computations involved
in railroad accounting, the mental process by comparison seems absurd and foolish.
They wonder why anyone would waste time and useless pain by pursuing the old, slow,
uncertain, and nerve-rackinj; methods.

You could use the Comptometer and though not a mere toy it does not cost too much.
Light to carry, small and convenient to set on a book or desk.

WITH MULTIPLICATION OF ANY KIND it cuts the time of the most
expert mental computer two thirds ; makes hard work a pleasure, and insures accuracy
beyond the possibilities of any other known method. So simple and easy that a child can
learn to multiply accurately and rapidly in ten minutes. From extending or checking bills
of any kind — fractions and all — to computing railroad tonnage, there is absolutely nothing
that can compare with it.

It will save you money ; also worry. It really does the work. All you have to do is
simply touch the keys and read the answer ; and you touch them in bunches ; two, three,
four at a stroke, and the answer will be correct just the same. Nothing else like it in all
the world. It will do all your adding, multijilying and dividing in a mere fraction of
the time it takes to do it mentally, and so easily and surely that you will wonder whv
you did not look into it before. The only ma:;hine that is rapid on all classes of adding
and calculating, and it is more rapid than any other on any class of work. Thousands of
our customers started with one machine who to-day use from 2 to 100. WHY DID

THEY BUY MORE ?

A GOOD CALCULATING MACHINE gives better satisfaction and saves
more money than almost any other modern invention. Saves overtime and headaches, too.
The best is not necessarily the most expensive, neither is it a toy.

The Western Electric Co., New York, writes : — " We have over 20 Comptometers in use in
our ditt'ereut houses. We have experiniented with most all the adding and multiplying machines on
the market, and have come to the conclusion that for all-around work the Comptometer is the best."

The Hartford Fire Insurance Co., which uses six Comptometers, writes : — " Most of our
work reijuires results only, and for this purpose we find no other machine as reliable and rapid as the
Comptometer. We use in om' banking department a 375.00 dollar adding and listing machine. We
make use of this only where a list is required."

Meyer Bros.' Drug Co., St. Louis, Alo., writes: — "We use the Comptometer exclusively
in our billing department : wjiilst we have other adding machines in different departments, ninety
per cent, of our addition-^ are made on the Comptometer. A great time saver, executing work
accurately and ijromptlv."

WHY NOT rNVESTIQATE ?

P^LT & TARRANT MANllfACTliRINO CO.. 55 Orleans St., CHICAGO, l.S.A.

.•September 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

i^f%

r/lt frotubiUonisf]

Interested Devotion.

■'That were a present far too small."

««

BRUSH

99

Electrical Installations.

ELECTRICAL SIPPLIES Of ALL KINDS.

Power Plants —

STEAM, OIL. PETROL, GAS.

The "Watt" OAS PRODICERS.

GWYNNE'S Pumping Plants.

AVERY'S Weighbridges and Weighing
Machines.

WM. CHAS. ROWE,

32 MARKET ST., MELBOURNE.

THE NORMYL

DRINK & DRUG CURE.

The Normyl Treatment Absolutely
Cures.

Write to or Consult FREE—
A. R. SIMS, Manager,

NORMYL TREATMENT
ASSOCIATION.

Head Office— 62 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Renewed
Happiness, or
Continued
Misery —
WHICH?

THE WORST
CASE NEED
NOT NOW
DESPAIR.

TtlE ENGLISH MANAGEIVIENT

COMMirrEE consiil, auiuiigsl

u.hcis, of the following : —

Archbishop of Armagh, Arch-
bishop of Westminster, Bishop
of Southwark. bishop of Chiches-
ter Rev. Canon Scott Holland.
Kight Hon. Lord Armstrong,
Rifiiit Hon. Lord Harnisworth.
Right Hon. Sir Allan Watson.
K.C.I-E., Maior Knox (Governor
of Wandsworth Prison), and
many others.

LONDON SECRETARY ;
Rev. HU(;u B. Chapman.

Vicar t>f St Lukes, Cambtrwell.

. ^ -^- By Appointment to

$^i'^i H.M. The King and H.R.H

i-'feS-i* The Prince of Wales.

\tjtf

SALT

A pinch of salt gives flavotii',
but a pinch of CEREBOS SALT
gives S'.r-ength and Health as
we'l : becau e it contains the
b an phosphates which make
the difference between White
Bread and Wiiole Meal Bread.

Agcnis— Peterson ^^ Co., Melvourtit.

For mutual adTantage, when you write to an advertiser, please mention th" Review of Reviews.

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 190S.

HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE

T-Ki FAMOUS REMEDY For Has the Largest Sale ol any Chest Medicine In Australia.

COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA AND CONSUMPTION.

Those who have taken this medicine are amazed at its wonderful influence. SuBerers from any form of Broncmus. C->ugh. DifftciJty ««
Bf cilhing. HoarsencBs, Pain ■ r Soreness in the Chest, experience delightful and Immediate relief ; and to those who are subject to Culdi ontM
Chest it is invaluable, as it effects a Complete Cure 11 is most comforting in allaying irriUtiun In the throat and gWng ftreogth to ihc votoa,
and It neither allows a Cough or Asthma to become Chronic, nor Consumption to develop. Consumption has never been Icnown Ic eiul whM
"Coughs" have been properly treated with this medicine. No house should be without It, as, takes at the beginning, a dou >• genanBy
sufficient, and a Complete Cure is certain.

^° BEWARE OF COUGHS!

flSTHMa.

A FIVE YEAES' CASE.
AT TIMES VERY BAD INDEED.

Q0IOKLY AND COMPLETELY CTJKED BY HEAENES
BEONOmTIS AND ASTHMA OtTEE.

Mr. Eearue. Dear Sir,— For five or six years I was
troubled with asthma, at times very bad indeed. I was
very ill just after Christmas, so sent to the local
chemist tor a bottle of your Bronchitis and Asthma
Oure. I took the first dose on eroing to bed. and was not
tronbled that ni^ht. I finished the medicine, and liave
not had a touch of the astiima since. I tell everyone
about it. M. MURRAY.

Postmistress, Pampoolah, Manning Eiver. N.S.W

Remember that every disease has Its commencenieol, sa4 Coaaiaiai
li DO exception to this mis,

HaV aSTHMH.

A SEVEEE ATTACK EELIKVED IN TEN MINXITE8 BT
HEAENES BRONCHITIS CUEE.

THE EFFECT WAS WONDERFUL.
Mr. W. G. Hearne. Dear Sir,— About three weeks $ls»,
while in the vicinity of musty chaff, I gradually 'elt •
difficulty to breathe. My nose be^an to run. and t > mil
appearances I was developing a severe attack of Bron-
chitis or Asthma. At last I could stand it no lo^gar.
I then tried your Bronchitis Cure, and its effect w»a
wonderful. In less than ten minutes I was all ngli*
agrain. Such a result, and so quick, astounded me. ThU
is no exaggeration. I am pleased to sav.— Yours truly.

8. H MAYO.
Meredith, Victoi la.

BROMeHITIS a.\0 HSTHAia.

\ SYDNEY EESIDENT SUFFERED FOE OVEE SIXTY
YEAES.

SO BAD HE DARED NOT STIR

KELIEVED IN A FEW MINUTES BY HEAENES
BEONCHITIS CURE.

WOULD GIVE £50 FOR THE SAME BENEFIT RATHER
THAN SUFFER.

Mr. W. Q. Hearne

Dear Friend,— Chronic Bronchitis I had from birth.
fcnd I am now 66 years old. Some time back I con-
tracted Asthma, and for montlie I was so bad that any
remedy that had previously relieved smothering was of
no usa to me. I was so bad that I dared not stir, and
spent the worst night I ever had. When in a oonver-
■atlon, Mr. March, J. P., of Balmain, Sydney, kindly told
ma that a friend of his was using your Bronchitis Cure,
and that it was good. So my sister bought me a bottle
of It, and in a few minutes after taking the first dose
I could breathe a little. The next day I was better, and
kept getting better every day. To-day I am bette'
than I have been for the last seven years. I took the
medicine as directed, six bottler, and it cost me less
than £1. I would give £50 for the same benefit rather
tban suffer as 1 did. Please make what use of this
letter yon think fit. If by so doing it would only
catise one to get rid of tbis fearful complaint. — Yours
faithfully,

WILLIAM CANHAM,
108 Curtis Road. Balmain. Sydney

Mr. Hearne. Cliemiat.

Sir — I am thankful to say that the medicine you sent
for Asthma hap bad a wonderful effect. I have not
taken all the Bronchitis Cure, as I did not need it:
therefore I aetid you my hearty good wishes for your
future success. I myself will, for the benefit of others.
make it known to all I know. I am 73 years of age. —
Tours truly, JOHN BRAY,

Alliance-street. Clunes. Victoria

1 was a bronchial subject lor nearly 40 years, b«l
have found Hcarne's Bronchit's Onre a perfect remedr-"
H. BDHOUSE, J.P.,

Stawell Brewery,
Stawell, Vlotorl*.

"Your Bronchitis Cnre is a splendid medicine. II
is the best medicine I have ever used for Coughs, Oolda
on the Cheat, and Sore Throat."

(Mrs.) JOHN McKENZIE,

Weroua, Viotorln.

" I suffered very much from Asthma for four yaajs
and tried lots of so-called cures withnnt deriving any
benefit. I got a bottle of your Bronchitis Cure, No. iM,
last Friday, and a bottle of your No. 2 Medicine, for
obstinate Asthma, on Saturday. Since the first dosa of
your No. 2 Medicine, T liave not had the wheezine at
all."

V CAMERON,
" Leongatha." Biveradale Boad.
Hawthorn, Melbonm*.

"'Your Bronchitis Cnre really acts like magic."
(Mrs.) E. L. 8TMES.
Narracoorte Hotel. Narracoort*.
South Australia.

" As my purchases show, your remdies are increasing
in sale. From time to time I hear people speaking
about the good results obtained from them. WisblOK
you a very much enlarged aaV - --' ^T-^-.-t r>rosperity,"

JOHN KING.

Chemist, Ballarat.

" I have purchased a small bottle of your Bronchitla
Cure, and have only taken four doses, and am glad to
tell you that I am cured "

J. WBTGPT.

c/o Mr. D. McLean,

Camperdown, Victoria.

" I was laid up for twelve months with Bronchitla.
during which I tried many remedies, without sncc«aa.
I used two bottles of your Bronchitis Cure and am bow
completely cured."

JAMES WILLIAMS.
Hnntly Street. Elstemwick. Melbourne

HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE-SMALL SIZE. 2/6; LARGE SIZE. 4/*.

; Sold by Chemists and Medicine Vendors, and by the Proprietor,

Wi. G. HEARNE. CHEMIST, GEELONG, VICTORIA.

Forwarded by Post to any Address when not obtainable Incal'v

September J, VJ'j:

The Review of Reviews.

"THE KALIZOIC;'

THE LEADING HOUSE

HOUSE FURNISHINGS-
CARPETS,

LINOLEUMS,
CURTAINS,
BEDSTEADS,
and BEDDING

. . FURNITURE . .

Of every Desciiptiou.

Newest and most Upto-Date Designs are now
arriving by Mail Steamers. Inspection of Our
Showrooms Invited.

CHURCH BROS. PROPY. LTD..

Minneapolis Journai.^

With John D, headed for Europe,

EM.PEEOE WILLIAM: "That's right. Uncle: this is where
we miLst guard our moet valuable possesaions!"

•43= '45 Eiizabeth=st., Melbourne.

Wareliouse and Factory — Ft. kmim: 1'lace, City.

GOJNTsxjrivii^Tiorjr can be cxjfied

M<ir\ cllous as it may seem after the cen-
turies of failure, a curj for consumption has
at lasi bren found. After twenty year-i of
almost ceaseless research and experiment in
his laboratory, the now renowned specialist,
D.erk P. Vunkerman, lias discovered a specific
wliich Hms cured the deadly v on^nmution
even in its far advanced stages. In many
cases, though all other remedies tried had
failed and changes of climate were unable
to check the progress of the disease, this
wonderful specific has conclusively proved
its power to cure.

Whatever your position in lite may be
;f you are in consumption, or suffer from
asthma, bromliitis, catarrh, or any throat or
'uns: trouble, this rure is within vour reach.

for it is a home treatment and need not inter-
fere in any way with your daily occupation.
I'rove for yourself its healing power,

ABSOLUTELY FREE.

Simply send your name and address
lo the Derk P. Yonkerman Co. Ltd.,
':'.'>^ JDixson Buildings, Sydney, and they
will post to you a free trial treatment of this
temarkable remedy.

Don't hesitate or delay if von have any
of the symptoms of consuni|ition. If you
have chronic catarrh, tlronclnti^. asthma,

TTr. Oerk P. Yonke7man, P^'"^ '" >'°"^ ^^^^^' ^ "''^^ "" >""^ '""f?^' »■■
whos-.li=coveryof aCure any throat or lung trouble, write to-day for
for Consumption has the free trial treatment and full instructionv,
startled the World. and core vourse f before it is too late

*'Good HouseKeeping/*

THE BEST WOMAN'S MAGAZINE PUBLISHED.

It contains 128 pages of interesting and useful reading matter, and is splendidly illustrated throughout.
We cannot here give any idea of its contents, but it is all that its name implies.

Annual Subscription, 8s., Post Free.

THE MANAGER

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS,'

EQUITABLE BUILDING. MELBOURr.:

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

t EVERY HOUSEflOlD AND TRAVELLING TRINK OUGHT TO CONTAIN A BOTTLE OP

1 END'S 'FRUIT SALT'

A SIMPLE REMEDY FOR PREVENTING AND CURING
BY NATURAL MEANS

All Functional Derangements of the Liver, Temporapy Con-
gestion arising from Alcoholic Beverages, Errors in Diet,
Biliousness, Sick Headach«, Giddiness, Vomiting, Heartburn,

Sourness of the Stomach, Constipation, Thirst,

Skin Eruptions, Boils, Feverish Cold with High Temperature

and Quick Pulse, Influenza, Throat Affections and

Fevers of all kinds.

iNDHOESTION. BILIOUSNESS. SICKNESS. &ic.— "I have often thousrht of writine to toB you
WIMt 'FRUIT SALT' has done for me. 1 used to be a perfect martyr to Indigeetion and liliousnesa. About sis or sereo
T««ri b»ok my husband suggested I should try 'FRUIT SALT.' I did so, and the result has been marvellous. I nevei
have the terrible pains and sickness I used to have; I can eat almost anything now. 1 alw.i_\s keep it in the house and
r«oommend it to my friends, as it is suoh an invaluable pick-me-up if you have a headache, or don't feel just rijjht.

Yours truly i August 8. 1900)"

TH« afraot of END'S

FRUIT SALT' on a Disordered 'Sleepless and Feverish Condition is aimply marvelloua.
It Is. In fact, Nature's Own Ramedy, and an Unsurpassed One.

I

C AUTION —See Capsule marked Eno's ' Fruit S»lt.' Without it you have a Wobtiii,«88 IiilTiTlo».
Prepared only by J. 0. ENO, Ltd.. at the 'FRUIT SALT' WORKS, LONDON, by J. C ENO'S Patent

********** -a^^^^^^^^^^^-S^^^^^^^^^^^-S^^^^^^^^^^^-S^i-S^-S^S^-S^-sS^^^^-i^^-J-J-J^

"LION BRAND" CONFECTIONERY. 5

f i « o
'^ * <*

>2 ««

01 i

(A

^ .

c-

ui :

n

S3

V

--4

0 .

u

<^

u
IS

ail
01

Q

SI

0

c

01

0

cl:

k

;Cl\

(J s

3

Hi

0

0%

(Q<

4)

b

<

z

•X

7.S 1

<7'

O-s

&

JAMES STEDMAN Ltd., Sydney.

Confectioners and Country Storekeepers, write us for our NEW Wholesale) CATALOGUE. VVe can fillj
all your requirements Fresh Stocks of CO NTI. VENT AL and AMERICAN N'lVELTlES by every mail.

1^

z

0

e;

For mutual advantage, when you write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

^"M »

MiuneapoltH Journal.}

I The Handwriling on the Wall.
Tlie Trusts geeins Things.

of Brasswork for
Eivgirveera* and

PlumberS*made by

us irv Australio combares
witK aivytKin.^ of its class

IN THE WORLD

LET US SHOW YOU ITS GOOD POINTS

THEN — cDrf*irv IT ON

»J~tV^I r I YOUR JOBS

JOHN DANKS & SON PropLtd
bourkest melb. Pitt St Sydney.

The Pure Cocoa

which is more digestible and possesses
a finer flavour than any other.

" Perfect in Flavour, Pure and well
prepared " — Bntish Medtcal Journal.

A PERFECT BEVERAGE."

— Medical Annual

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, I90S.

A. PEARSON.

Secretary for Mining Companies.

Flotation of Approved Properties Undertaken.
34 QUEEN-ST.. MELBOURNE.

LIVER PILLS.

CHAMPION'S

PERFECT

The Most Valuable and Eff'Cti^e Remfilvforli»er Troubles. Giddiness. Wb<
In the Stomach, and all Disorders arising from non-asslmllatJori of for>d.

Being mild in their action, they may be talcen at any time without discomfort, and

as they are prepared from well-Known and tried in^edients, may be taken

with safety by both sexes. Price. LB. Bottle ; IncTudin^ postage. iM, Id.

JOHN CHAMPION. PHARMACIST.

100 BRIDGE ROAD, RICHMOND.

Tjhompson T^oore cC Sons,

EQUITABLE BUILDING.

MELBOURNE.

D. J. LUXTON,

STOCK AND SHARE BROKER,

Member of Stock Exchange, Melbourne.

369 COLLINS STREET. OLD EXCHANGE.

First Floor. Telephone 26l!7.

E. D. CRELLIISr,

ILicrnsrti autiitor,

31 QUEEN STREET,

MELBOURNE.

Fop Newest and Latest Designs In . . .

Call and Inspect our Stock. We are always pleased
to show our workmanship.

ART FRAMING DEPOT, ""''i^S^NE.

JOH.S L. AIRMAN, Proprietor.

A. J. DAVIS,

3 Post Office Chambers. Pitt Street, Sydney.
SECRETARY OflviiNiNO COMPANIES.

Flotation of Approved Properties in Xew South
Wales riiilertaken. Tel. -21.17.

J. EARLE HERMANN,

Secretary for Mining Companies.

Flotation of Approved Properties Undertaken either in
Commonwealth or London.

Vickery's Chambers, 848 pjtt Street, Sydney

Cable* -"Earleman."

r

A LIGHT NOURISHMENT FOR GENERAL USE

A complete Food, made from pure
pieh milk, and whole wheat, both
ingredients being largely pre-digested
during manufacture. It forms an
ideal diet for Invalids, Dyspeptics
and the Aged, and can be m.ade
in a minute, by the addition cf buiUiig
uatrr only

The "AUenburys" DIET is a food
for Adults and is quite distinct from
the ■•Allenburys" Foods for Infants.

FULL PARTICULARS ON APPLICATION TO

& HANBIRYS Ltd., BRIDGE and LOFTUS STREETS. SYDNEY.

Granular Lids.

CURED WITHOUT OPERATION.

. n. rnUljlijn, orxiciam.

476 Albert Street, MELBOURNE.

M iPtCMi/Sr IN ALL CYt COMPLAINTS

Ectropian.

T. R. PROCTER would remind his Patients
throughout Australia that, having once measured
their eye«, he can calculate with exactitude the
alteration produced br increasing age, and adjust
spectacles required during life without further
measurement.

PROCTER'S UNIVERSAL EYE OINTMENT >• • lamily SaWe tan no eqnal: cnrei BUstat. t<xe and iaflamed Krw.
Granular Eyelids. Ulceration of the Eyeball, and rettorea ETelasbei. 2 6, post free to any part of the Statei. No careM
housewife abould be without PROCTER'S EYE LOT ION. store eapeciaUr in the country places, ai Inflammation is c<a»
rallT the forerunner of all diseases of the Bye An early application wonld cure and prerent any iurther trouble with the 'Sr*»,
Botttes, 2r and 3 6, post free toanjr part of the iv^loniea. Eym Bath*, 6d. luterstate Stamps add 10 percent.

,-ptemlter J, 1900.

The Review of Reviews.

llitineapolis Journal.']

A Pure Food Bill Needed.

The BASS: "It's a blamed shame Congress don't pass
that Pure Food Bill. Tou can't g«t a frog nowadays
without fishhook.s in iiim."

The CR.VppY; " And minnows aw just aa bad."

jjuuiuiaauuduaaD

Your Infant Will
Thrive on

Heaves
Food!

nn
nn

DD

□ D

no
an

DC

□ n
nn

DG
DD

nn
nn
nn
na

"AN EXCELLENT FOOD,
admirably adapted to the
wants of Infants." —

Sir CHARLES A. CAMERON, C B..M.D..

Prof.-ssor of Chrmislrv. R.S.C.l.
Mccltcal ffiar oj Health for Duhliii.
City and County Analyst.

Purveyors by Special Appointment to

H EMP]

H.I.M. THE

EMPRESS OF RUSSIA

annnnnnannDD
n ngnnannn d n a

DAINTY WORK FOR PRETTY FIN6ER9
THE PURITAN MAID

SILK PATCHWORK PILLOW

Makes a Handsome Cushion

ji iDcbes square, exclusive

of Ruffle.

AriUttc Design & Colors

VERY EASILY PUT
TOGETHER

A Pleasing Croatlon
for NeedSo Workers

Aboai JSO Rich QiLflllty
5iUk Pieces to Beaulirul
bbudes of Blue, Greon,
Brown, Crimson, Cream
ic, antl Fancy stripes.
Checks, Tartans, &c.

This Cushion wins the
Prize at Shows ana
Bozaan* whenever ex-
hibited.

,yw.H E complete out lit consists of about 250 pieces of silk,
ff dtcufaiely cut (o sue and shape and of elTeciivel/ contrasl-
vt' ini- colors and -patterns. There is not the slightest trouble
Of dilri'uli/ about ihe way of making up the Pillow, for sinipio
and clear- priiiled (Ihuctions are given, and on© compldi!ii
|):itt(M'ii «(j«:ire IS sent wuh the outfit. Forty nine o( these squares
make a Kiilow measuring 31 inches both w.iys. exclusive o( the
rufHe. The engraving serves merely to give you some faint idea
of Ihe general effect of the conirasung patches and the method of
arran^emenl. but it is not possible to display the richness of the
appearance, the wonderful not of color, yel the enQuisite harmony
of the shadings and the symmetrical combination of the completed
design 01 course, ihe pjriern may be varied to make a larger
or smaller cushion or a bed spread or quill. The price of the
complete oulht is only 3/6. including carnage, lliree OUlfltS Tof
10/. These Pillows when finished sell readily al 12/6 ot 15/.
each, and at church bazaars realise double those figures. A NfiedlO
Tlireading and Thread-CuUlng I'hlmble will be given with each
of Ihe hrsi 100 outfits sold tf you meotioD (hrs paper wtieo ordering,

THE UNION MANUFACTURING & A6ENGV GOMPANV,

299 ELIZABETH STREET, MELeOURNr

Only 3/6, Carriage Paid

The Union Manufacturing & Agency Co.,

299 ELIZABETH STREET, MELBOURNE,

Have Just Published ■ New Edition of their

WONDERFUL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

«( ©»or 200 P»QO». «ont«lnlnB » •■r.«llou« St»«k of
TALKIM; MACIIINtS. BtiSICAL I^STIll^«K^.rS. TOYS,

You ara Losing Monoy
H you flo not obtain
on* ol our GBlalonuas

DNLOHJION W*TCH»;S. OUSS,

i;A1IE8. CURIOSITIKS »inl

ihii cinnor Em protured «ls««heie- E

RIKLES. HJZZI.KS.
NOVELTIKS

e.y page ■» .nicreiimg.

bend youi nim» »m( ndilresi

chK^c. ini] '1 you menlton

ele«er puiile. » ReguiJ- I

II yju on \oi-" <t>if

■ „d «< "III po" 1' '
Ihls puper -e «■" se

JUL Bbsuluiely dea an

Puuie. r"" ""V ■*^"'

0 )IOU «.

d you ft

ihoul

»<rr

(Wide

PROSPECTING, ASSAYING

G O LP, SILVER, COAL MININ G .

Instructor : Member ln«t. Mining Engrs
England. Write for Free Prospectus.

AMERICAN

SCHOOL o CORRESPONDENCE

10 PRINCES ST . AUCKLAND N.Z

Read Page 316.

riie Review of Reviews.

Septetnber 1, 190S.

BOOKS

FOR THE

This Handsome Present

Is one that will be acceptable to either very

young or older children.

The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in

appearance, and put together strongly.

■They are full of . . .

NURSERY RHYMES,

FAIRY TALES,

FABLES,

STORIES OF TRAVEL,

Etc , Etc.

Everyone who buys the Books is delighted

with them. Numbers of people

repeat orders for friends.

You Could Not Buy a Better

BIRTHDAY GIFT

For Your Child.

ONLY

BAIRNS. 7/6

CONTENTS

VOL. I.— ^.sop'g Fables.

VOL n. — Nursery Rhymes and Narsery Pales.

VOL. ni. — The AdFentures ni Re\ uaru the Fox

and The .Adrentures of Old Bier Rabbit.
VOL. IV.— Cinderella and Other Fairy Tales, and

Grirani'v Fairy Tales.
VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress.

VOL. VI.— The Story of the Robins and th»

Story of a Donkey.
VOL. VII. — The Christinas Stocking awi Han*

Andersen's Fairy Stories.
VOL. Vm.— Gullirer's Travels. l.—Anu.oe. the

Little People of Liliput. 2. — Among th»

Giants.

Vol. IX. — T?aron Slunchansen and Sinbad the Sailor.

Write, enclosing YS. 6d., to

rr

The Manager

REVIEW OF REVIEWS,"

EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE.
And it will be sent to you, post free.

September 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

A BEAUTIFUL PICTURE OFFERED FOR ONE SHILLING.

them

UR beautiful Collotype Pictures, when framed and
hung, add to the charm and attractiveness of any
home. Thev are supplied at the extremely low
price of 2/6 each. Many experts have valued
at io/6, so none can excuse themselves for having
bare, unsightly walls on the ground of expense.

We do not, however, want you to buy the pictures
without knowing more about them, so we are offering to
send Albert Moore's lovely picture " Blossoms," for the
nominal price of 1/-, post free. Do not trouble to buy a
postal note — enclose twelve penny stamps in your letter,
containing order coupon, and mail to-day.

4-

5-

6.

7-

8.

LIST or COLLOTYPES.

2/6 each.

BLOSSOMS. By Albert Moore, R.A. (Size, 6} i ai In.) Mailed

to anyone sending Coupon for i/-.

THE FIGHTING TEMERAIRE. By J. W. Turner, B.A. (il

X 13J in.)

JUNE IN THE AUSTRIAN TYROL. By J. C. McWhirter,

R.A. (i8i X 12J ia.)

A SUMMER SHOWER. By C. E. Perugini. (uj x 19 in.)

THE MONARCH OF THE QLEN. By Sir Edwin L«ndieer.

(I4i X 14J in.)

BEATA BEATRIX. By Dante Gabriel Rossetti. (14 x 18 in.)
THE CORNFIELD. By Constable. (14J x 16S in.)
THE VALLEY FARM. By Constable. (14! x i6| in.)
CUPID'S SPELL. By J. A. Wood, R.A. (nJxiSiin.)
PROSERPINE. By D. G. Rossetti. (9 x 19 in.)

(The sizes given are of the actual Pictures, and do not include
the white mounts.)

These famous pictures look best in a green or brown frame, with
fjold edging. The Collotype process excels all otheri. The Director
of the National Gallery, Melbourne, says they surpass photoglyphs ot
steel engravings.

COUPON.

Please send we '' BLOSSOMS," for wblcb
I taclose I,-

Name _

To "The Review of Reviews,"

Equitable Building, Melbourne.

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, J9(K.

HORNSBY

SUCTION

GAS
PLANTS.

Saving of 50 to 80 per
cent, over Steam or
Electricity.

GAS
ENGINES.

'" 11,000

IN DAILY USE

OIL
ENGINES

Are Still Unequalled.

655-667 Bourke-st.. Melbourne.
,, Cor. May & iussex-sts.. Sydney.

IF YOU have difficulty in obtaining a suitable "SWAN" please

write to us and we will put you In communication with the

nearest stationer carrying a well assorted stock.

<<

SWAN

\M FOUNTAIN

PENS

ff

Wholesale onlv

[. 1080 1

.J. A. BlRKE)

London. Manchester, Paris. Brussels.
New York and Chicago.

27 Jamieson-st, SYDNEY.

Write tor Catalogue.
Post Free.

Esperanto
Students.

Esperanto Manual, indispensable to Studems, as.
Motteau's Esperanto- English Dictionary,

2S. 6d. 12s. 8d. postedi.

O'Connor's Engllsh = Esperanto Dictionary,

2s. 6d. 2s. 8d. postedi.

Dickens' Christmas Carol in Esperanto,
IS. 4d. IIS. 6d. postedi.

La Sercado por la Ora Saflano (The Golden

Fleece), yd. (gd. posted).
Pocket Vocabulary (English Esperanto), 3d.

LIMITED SUPPLY. SEND AT ONCE.

Learn the coming Universal World Language, used at
the recent Boulogne Congress by people of 22 nationalities.

Send lo

"REVIEW OF REVIEWS,"

Equitable Building, Melbourne,

ESPERANTO— TUITION.

We are able to make arrangements
for Tuition in Esperanto by post or
Personal Interview. The Fee will be
ONE GUINEA per course of Ten Lessons.

Special Terms can be made for
Classes.

Apply to

"ESPERANTO."
REVIEW OF REVIEWS."

EQUITABLE BUILDING,

MELBOURNE.

September 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

"A

Minneapolis Journal.']

An American Story Applied to the Russian

Situation.

The CZAB : "Somebody stop ns, go'dern our fool souls:
we re nimung away."

GOOD ?\xm is a Good Asset."

Is recognised all over the world as
being in tlie first flight of Pianos. Its
Purity of Tone, its Delicacy of Touch,
its Quality and Durability, its Artistic
Appearance and its Moderate Price
make it a welcome adjunct to any
iionie.

Call or Write for Catalogue.
Sole Agents . . .

John Blackburn & Son,

343 Flinders Lane

(Between Elizabeth and Queen Streets),

- - Melbourne.

Established 54 Years.

All Standard Makes Kept in Stock.

FREE

Make Big Money

We eiTe away Talk inpMarhinps.

Gold Watches, Jewellery. At-.,
to those who help us introduce our remedies. This Talking Machine
reproduces Songs. Speeches. Rand Music, &c., and can be used al all
entertainments, in any size hall or room. It has a 14-inch Metal
AraplilyingHorn. with Concert Base Many of our agenisare making
big money by giving concerts with this machine, which we give away
Free. Send us your name and address, and we will send you S buxes
of (lur New Life Vegetable Pills ^Fo^mulae printed on each box). Sell
ihera at i/- a box, then remit us the S/- received and we will promptly
forward you, wiihout extra expense or work, the valuable premiums as
listed. This is the biggest offer ever made, and vou will be delighted.
We are an old, reliable firm, and will present £10 in cash to anyone
who can prove we do not do as we say. Our Pills are good sellers, and
we are anxious to introduce them no matter what it costs us. Send
at once. Don't delay, it costs you nothing to try. We take all risk.
ELECTINg MEDICINE CO . 21 Ash Street, Sydney

a WeeK
Oiven
A-way

^

^\e.

a)

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

^>\\\\V^\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\^^^^^

Twenty-Nine Magnificent
COLOURED POST-CARDS

For 2s. Post Free.

THE OLD HOMESTEAD.

These Post-Cards have been specially produced
for us by the New Colourtype Process.

They are reproductions of Original Oil and

Water Colour Paintings in all their

Natural Colours.

Xnw that the postal restriction, which prohibited
writing on the address side has been removed, Picture
Post-Cards will be much more used, especially as the
Post Office officials take great pains not to damage the
picture.

O- Q> €b

SERIES No. I.

(15 Cards. 1

The Harboar at Vcnlcf
Purity

The Shepfierd's Star
The Weddino Party
A Neighbourly Chat
Land of the Midnight Sua
Sunset on long Island
Berkshire Brook in Autumn
A Passing Storm
landscape (dr.ir)
In a Bad Fix
Judgment of Paris
Autumn

Three Boatmen of Barce-
lona
The Fishermen's Return

V?

<S

a

SERIES No. 2.

114 Cards )

The Chess Players

Youth

A Summer Day In Holland

ttaters
The Fortune Teller (Dj«i)
Venice (Canal)
The Evening Meal
Highland Sheep
The Old Homestead
The Puritan Olrl
Prepariilg the Fete
Sunset on Mount Hood
The Young Mother
Street Scene In Venice
An Old Salt

Picture Post-Cards are becoming
more and more popular, but the best should be
used; that is why you should wiite fur our
series at once.

It will be seen from the particulars srtven thr.i the two
series embraces a variety of land and~ seascapes, heads,
domestic subjects, animal life, etc. They exceed in
beauty and finish, richness and variety of design, any-
thing: on the market.

It is of these pictures, which are now lor the first time
reproduced as Post-Cards, that Sir PHILIP BUBNE
■JONE:S writes ;—" I have the greatest pleasure in ex
prtssins; my admiration for the high standard of excel
lence obtained in the coloured reproductions of paint
ings, which I had the opportunity of seeing the other
day, and I wish them all the success they so undoubtedlv
deaerve."

HIGHLAND SHFEP

CO'??

^ The Two Series (29 Cards). 2s. post free.

I Series No. I (15 Cards). Is. Id. post free.

I Series Ho. 2 (14 Cards), Is. post free.

I THE MAX.A.GER

I "THE REVIEW OE REVIEWS,"

I Equitable Building, Melbourne. the chess pl.ayers. |

'.\\\\\\\\\\V\\\\\\\V\\\\\\\\\\V.\^^^^^

September 1. 1906. Yhc Revicw of Rcviews.

BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS,

NOVELS. POETS

All Strongly Bound in Cloth.
MOST SUITABLE FOR USE IN SCHOOLS.

BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS.

Nursery Rhymes, and Nursery Tales 4ci. The Christmas Stocking, and Haua Andersen's Fairy

The Ugly Duokling, and Eyv« and No Eyes 4d. Stories 4d.

The Adventures of Reynard the Fox, and the Adventures Gullivers Travels— 1. Among the Little People of

of Old Brer Rabbit 4d. Lilliput. 2. Among llie Giants 4a.

Cinderella, and Other Fairy Tales, and Grimm's Fairy i „.,„ „„j o.„i, j .i. a i _ ,11

rp 1^ 4^1 Baron Munchausen, and Sinbad th© Sailor 4a.

Tlie Story of the Robing, and the Story of a Donkey 4d. .Esops Fables 2a.

NOVELS, 4d. Each.

Charles O'Malley. and Ooningsby. Round the World in Eighty Days, and The True History of

Ben Hur. and The Scarlet Letter. Joshua Davidson.

Aklersyde, and Noemi the Brigand's Daughter. O"'' P^"''^- ''°<' ^he Tower of London.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, and The Fifth Form at St. Dominic's. Lay Down Your Arms, and Five Weeks in a Balloon

Frankenstein, and Stories of Sevastopol. Tlie Conscript, and Tartarin of Tarasoon.

POETS, 4d, EACH.

The Earthly Paradise, and The Poems of W. Culleii Bryant. .St. Georyre and the Dragon, and Ti]e Canterbury Tales

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Pt. II.), and Walt Whitman. ,p,,^ di„.. „ p xr .„ „,. 1 in n r t 1 i- .

1 he Pleasures of Hope, and The Poems of John Keats

Whittier's Poems of Liberty, Progress and Labour, and

Whittier's Poems. Irish Melodies, and Par.adise L"3t (Pt. H.).

Oowper's Poema and Legends and B;illads. Robert Browning.

ADD ONE SHILLING PER DOZEN FOR POSTAGE.

Send to the MANAGER

"The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

The Review of Reviews.

GAUNT^S WATCHES.

"CORSECT TO THE SECOND'

A
C
C

u

R
A

T

GAUNT'S "CHAMPION" WATCHES.

faunmetal Kcvless Lever Watch icwelled with lo it-wels, only 2ls-

qaiint's "Standard" Silver Eitgllsh lever. £6 lOs., £7 10s.

Every \\ atch bears our Guarantee. Visitors aic invited to inspect out

Showrooms, which contains the latest and nv^st complete st'-'ck o

Jewellery, Electroplate. Silver Ohurchplate. Eyesloht Tested Gratis

1. GAUNT & CO., OPTlcVANS^^EwlL^ERa.
337-339 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE.

Seplember 1, 1906.

waih

, QreyHair fadlin^^
Hair, and Mdr\e55

flh one remedy cai^ cure b}\
dised5e3 of the hevir. Y\^^^)>^ 15
efficaciou3 \r\ ofac \f\5\d.r\ce,, b
Karmful or ir\effective , ir\ a^rxotKer. '
5end,witK stamped envelope for t
., reply, particulars, enclojirx^ a few ''
^[ fallen Kair3 , ar\d we will fell ■
_you, free of cost, the cause of H
Trouble, and the po53ibilitie5

> Address.

274 Collii\3 ^Vr

rielboupr\e..

>^ TALES FROM OLD FIJL >^

llv Rev. Loki.MER P'lsox, M.A., D.D.

This book should be upon the bookshelves of every reader
of " The Review of Reviews." Its 175 pages are filled with
matter which, from first to last, is entrancing. It is a series of
word pictures, taking the reader back into the old dark days
of heathendom. Some of the legends are exceedingly beau-
tiful. The book is splendidly illustrated. To anyone inter-
ested in the folk-lore of the people of our own Southern Seas,
it would pro\ e a source of great literary delight.

The chapter on " How the Samoans First Got Pigs " is
amusing, and that on " The Beginning of 1 )eath " is tenderly
magnetic in its setting of grey.

The Book is Handsomely Bound in Cloth. It is loin,
X 6^in.

Send 6/- only in Stamps, Postal Note, or Money
Order to—

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS,"

Equitable Building, Melbourne,

And it will be sent, securely packed, post free.

September 1. im. _ jf^^ ReviCWr Of ReViCWS. xxiii.

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA.
(Annual Subscription'. 6,6.)

W. T. STEAD,

Editor Enj^iish ' Review ol Reviews."
WILLIAM H. JUOKINS. OR. ALBERT SHAW,

KdMor ' Beritw At BeTiews" for AostralaBia. Editor American Monthly " Review of Review*."

CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1906.

PAGB PiOB

The German Editors' Visit to Eogfand — Esperanto 260

Frontispiece '^

Progress of the World 215 Leading Articles in the Reviews- •

^ To Millionaires: Look Out! 262

The Collingwood "Tote" 235 The Secret of Empire 263

„ _ , D . KTT t c • T7C Municipal Farming; Can It Paj-? 253

How treneral Booth IVlakes Jlmigrants ^.33 B,. Emil Reich and Miss Gertrude Kingston on

_,, _, . r> . r T 11 c » .1 „ Woman 253

The Temple Rums of Java— by Senator H'e Cliamberlain Town - 264

Hon. Staniforth Smith 239 pour Acres and Twelve Piga 264

WIT T ^ TOT X c- ■ 1- '1AA Psvcliic Locomotion at 250 Miles an Hour 265

Mr. J. C. Watson on Soc.ahsm 244 ^^.^^^ ^^ Live Again ... 265

Archbishop Clarke on Gambling 245 A Symposium on the British Climate 266

•^ Tli« Mind of a Dog 266

The Victorian Government Licensing Bill — I'.v "A Ghost That Was of Use" 266

•John \'ale ... ... ... ... ... 247 Laying Waste Pleasant Places 267

D 1 ,. The Wagnerian Drama 267

On Anglo-American Friendship— D.V the (governor- Practical Technical Education 267

General of (anaua ... ... ... ... 251 The Founder of the Swedish System of Gym-
nastics .;. ... 268

Character Sketch— Roman Art ... ... 268

Michael Davitt. By W. T. Stead 254 Sir N. Anson on Feeding School Children ... 268

(Conilnufd on next patje.)

rTj IMPERIAL GERMAN

• l^«L» MAIL STEAMERS.

Direct Steamers to ENGLAND and the

CONTINENT, calling at Adelaide, Fremantle,
Colombo, Aden, Suez Canal, Naples, Genoa,
Southampton (London), Antwerp and Bremen,
will be despatched as under : —

Steamer.

•Scharnhopst.
Gera

*Zieten
•Grosser |
Kurfuenst I

Tons.
8131

5005
8043

13,182

Commander. .Melbourne.

.. L. Maass.... ... Sept. 18

. . F. Prosch . . . Oct. 1 6
. . F. V Binzer ... Nov. 13

. . E. Prehn ... I )ec. 1 i

'Twin Screw Steamers.

Steamers leave Adelaide following Saturday.

FARES TO LONDON:

Single. Return

First Saloon ^65 to ^75 ... ;^ii2

Second Saloon ... ^^38 to £42 ... ^63

ThirdClass ^15 to ^17 ... ^"27

Saloon Return Tickets availal>le lor Two Years.

FREMANTLE.

Saloon, £^ to £<) ; Return, ^.'11 to £ 13 los.

Round the World, £17,0, with _^2o Atlantic

Berth.

To CHINA and JAPAN.

Regular Four-Weekly Service, calling at
Brisbane, New Britain, New Guinea and
Manila, for Hong Kong, Kobe and Yoko-
hama, connecting at Hong Kong with the
Fortnightly Express Mail Service of the
N.D.L. from Japan and China to Europe —

Tons.

Steamer.

,Prinz Sigismund ... 3300... Aug.

• Willehad 4761 ...Sept

•Prinz Waldemar ...3300... Oct.

Melbourne. Sydney.

...Sept. I

Sept. 29

Oct. 2 7

•Twin Screw Steamers.

Fares from Sydney to Hong Kong :
IE, ;^23; III, £15-

-I-. £35 ;

Linen Washed on board at Moderate Prices.
English spoken on board.

For further particulars, apply to

OSTERMEYER, DEWEZ & VAN ROMPAEY,

AGENT.S,

480 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE.

The Review of Reviews.

Se-ptemier I, 1906

CONTENTS — (Continued from page xxiii.)

Paob
Leading Articles in the Reviews (Continued) —

Wli:it M'akes the Successful Lawyer 269

Woman's Real Eights 269

The Congo Horrors 270

How to Deal with the Anarchist 270

An Academic Co-operative Factory 271

Why Glasgow is a Model Municipality 271

The King Edward VTI. Sanatorium 272

The Press and Charitable Funds 273

Indentured Labour in Trinidad 273

Electrical Music Supply 274

Are We Under a Civilised Savagery? 274

The Corneille Tercentenary 275

The Problem of Afforestation .,, ... 275

How to Dish the Radicals 276

The Education Bill ... 276

The Native Question in Soath Africa 277

The Japan of Europe .. 278

Something For Our Taxes 278

A Plea for Regimental OfQcers .. . 279

Henrik Ibsen 279

The First Month of the Duma 280

What to Do With the House of Lords 281

Professor Ramsay on the Eastern Question ... 282

Religious Education in Public Schools ... ?3Z

"The Fall of Woman" 283

Camping Out 284

"Muck-raking" as a Profession 284

Millions Wasted in City Churches 285

From the Occult Review 285

Pagi

Current History in Caricature 286

The Reviews Reviewed —

The American Review of Reviews 291

The Pall Mall Magazine 291

The Fortnightly Review 292

The Occult Review 29'

The Contemporary Review 293

The National Review 29J

Tlie Engineering Magazine 293

Men and Women of India 294

C. B. Fry's Magazine 294

The English Illustrated Magazine 294

The Atlantic Monthly 294

The Century Magazine 295

Chambers's Journal 295

The Quiver 295

La Revue 295

The Revue De Paris . . 296

The Nouvelle Revue 296

The Dutch Reviews 296

Tile Scandinavian Magazine 297

"In the Days of the Comet"— By H. G. Wells ... 298

The Rise and Progress of the Stripper Harvester 306

A Wonderful Australian Invention 3JJ

Leading Books of the Month 313

Insurance Notes ■• .- ._ ... 314

DRUQ HA.BIT

HAVE YOU FAILED THBOUGH

DRUNK!

ENNESS

,DONT DESPAIR.
DR. LANGSTONS VEGETABLE CURE-

A Home Cure which never fails.

It is safe, lure, abtoluttly certain, and
inexpennive. A few dosei produce a won-
derful change. The craving for all
intoiicanti will be destroyed, the nerrcs
become steady, the appetite for food will
return, refreshing eleep ensues. This care
will surprise and delight you. May be

GIVEN SECRETLY.

Thousands of Curei ; here is one : —

Rav^ithorpe, W. A. .23-9-04.

Have finished the half course, lehich hat

effected a cure, J have no desire for drink,

in fact, Autw a repngnance to the very idea

of it. Yours faithfully,

Write for Treatise No. 5. Posted Free,

Tne Dr. Langston institute,

12 9» COLLINS STREET.
MELBOURNE.

^V. JNO. BAKER

BACK SEINNIHS KNIFE. &i.u.
llnndle. 3s. eijch. Wichuul
Lock. 2>. ed. e^itli.

, CUTLER,
3 HUNTER ST..

Sydney, N.S.W.

Smooth Horo Handle.

I Size when dost' <i. : Smooth Hora Handle, Spinning Bfcidf. 4fl. 6(L <-3ch.

Posted free throughout the Commonwealth and New Zealand. New
Illustrated Catalogue post free on application.

214

The Review of Reviews.

Stptember 1, 1906.

O

Z
LiJ

2 I

o

I- -■

— c
CO -

3
D-

C

ot
CO

DO

"E
o
a
o

u
O

CO

oc
O

Q
UJ

U

I

Vol. XXIX., No. 3.

SEP 1 KMliER I. 1906.

The Rev

EVIEWS

ASIA.

EQi;iT.'VBtij HVir^rn^^'G. melbovri-'E.

THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH.

A Return

to the

Barbaric.

Melbourne, August 9th.

On the night of July 14th the whok-
community held its bivath, appallt-d.
An act of fiendish atrocity was com-
mitted by a gang of human wolves,
in the broad light of day, on the flat at Flemington.
A young fellow named McLeod, who had been
making a book on the races, but who, evidently not
up to his work, had made it carelessly and wrongly,
found himself unable to .pay his debts. He, how-
ever, returned the money which had been " laid "
with him by the " backers," endorsing the tickets
with a promise to pay the rest later. But menacing
words induced him to beat a retreat, which developed
into a run. He w^as followed by a pack, of men
who swarmed over him, and when the police ar-
rived, McLeod was dead. >The coroner's verdict
was: — ^"That on the 14th July, 1906, at the Flem-
ington Racecourse, Donald Jno. McLeod died from
sufl'ocation due to pressure upon, or laceration of the
spinal cord, due to dislocation of the neck close to
the head, following upon a fall upon the ground.
There is no evidence to determine how the disloca
tion was caused, or whether the fall was due to th<'
act of anv other person." The mother of McLeod
was so overcomp that in three or four days after thi-
trasredv she became an inmate of an insane asylum.

An

Inconclusive

Verdict.

The verdict seems woefullv incon-
(■lusi\-e in, face #' the aw-ful
tragedv. The man was slaughter-
ed, brutally and cruelly, with-
out a doubt. His own part in it canii.ot
be justified, but even that does nnt warraM
the awful crime that followed it. Tt ought
to sting the Government into stern action. Its plain
duty at this juncture is to pass legislation which
will make a rep<-tition of this gruesome thing an
impossibility. The people cannot pass laws ; but
the Government, in the present condition of public
opinion, can put through legislation of the most
drastic character. _But if it does not, there is onr
thing the people can do, and that is, refuse to re-
elect the men who show thcm.seUes to be so car<-

Sfilh"urne Punch.}

The Fiend Has Another Victirr.

.\USTRALL\: "This is my Prankenstein monster;
the time has come for the use of the gnu."

and now

less of the best interests of the community. The
tragedy shows in a lurid light the kind of inhuman
that the present conditions of society produce, con-
ditions that will never be altered so long as our
laws give such facilities for the growth of vice. The
duty of Parliament is clear. Let it curtail the facili-
tie.s, and make it difficult for men tO' do wrong.

A

Huge
Blunder.

Innim

I.''-i^

The tragedy w'as responsible for one
of the most stupendous farces ever
enacted in any Parliament. It
was carried through in the Vic-
Intive .Assemblv on (he night of Jnlv ^TSt.

The Review of Reviews.

•:eiitember 1. in06.

Melbourne Punch.}

The Parliamentary Tragedy That Did Not Come Off.

The Rev. Henry Worrall, of Bendigu, had a week
or so' previously condemned Sir Samuel Gillott and
the Parliament as responsible for the death of
McLeod. The condemnation was expressed in
lurid language, but was not beyond any citizen's
right. Anyone with average i>erc ption knew that
it was never intended that it should be understood
that anv member of Parliament was in the nicb
which murdered McLeod, but that by neglect to
bring in legislation to deal with these matters, it
was responsible for the results that followed the
neglect. That was comprehensible to everybody
but Parliament, which unanimously called him to the
Bar to explain his conduct.

But Parliament reckoned without its

The Right ^^^^ -^^ uproar raised was tre-

f ree Speech, mendous. Victoria leaped to the

'side of free speech. The actual

identity of the man was secondary. An important

principle was involved. Meetings were electric,

newspai>ers full of the matter. The community

discovered an attempt at suppression of criticism.

an attempt which was indignantly opposed as being

as autocratic or bureaucratic as Russia's novel and

effective methods to stop free speech. Even those

who, under ordinarv circumstances, would have
smiled contemptuously at the expression, or openly
condemned it, forciblv expressed the hope that the
■victim ■ would stand to every word" he had said.
It came to be a fight between Parliament and the
fieople, and even before the trial Parliament stood
condemned.

A

House
Divided.

When the trial came on, excitement
was intense. The Government
was uneasy. Mr. Worrall manfully
stood his ground. He retracted no-
thing. Parliament was in a grave difficulty. It
made some holes in the fence for the •"victim'' to
walk through, but he made it evident that he would
go openly through the gate or stay inside. Never
was any Parliament in such a pickle. Never has
any State Parliament provided such a humiliating
spectacle. Sir Samuel Gillott looked miserable, and,
if looks went for anything, might have been the
man at the Bar. No word of defence did he speak.
One would have expected that at this juncture, at
anv rate, he would attempt to justify himself. Each
section of the House girded and snarled at the other
section for bringing the accused to the Bar. The
" dignitv of Parliament " was a term, the suggestion

Review of Reviews, 119106.

History of the Month.

217

A

Party
Vote.

.1 which provoked contempt. The language used

b) some of the members savoured more of the

I piiblic-house than ParHament House. The exhibi-

l tion was a pitiable one. It was incongruous to

i' hi-ar a man who was summoned to the Bar for

using forcible language criticised in terms that could

lit- described as forcible only because they savoured

of the worst traditions of Billingsgate.

It became very soon evident that
justice was not to be done. The
Premier moved that the reverend
gentleman should be censured, and
the Opposition and the Third Partv opposed it.
The whole community stands solidly with these
I wo sections in its endeavours to secure justice in
this struggle for free speech. But anyone could
prophesy ten minutes after the motion was launched,
that if it were carried it would not be by the con-
victions of members, but by a party vote. What a
travesty of justice, this ! Even Sir Samuel Gillott
acted as his own judge in the matter, when ordinary
good taste would have suggested leaving it to others.
One Government member, convinced of the folly
and wrong of the whole proceeding, walked out of
the Chamber rather than vote with the Opposition.
" What is the right, and where is justice in a (House)
like this?"

The motion was carried. The
* **'" Speaker censured the reverend

Tree Speech, gentleman, and the House ad-
joumed, sick aid ashamed of itselt.
Tf a general election had taken place during the
next we<:-k, the Government would have been
sneered out of existence. The censure is nothing
in the wav of disgrace. Indeed, it is an honour.
Neither the charge of Sir Samuel Gillott's lax ad-
ministration nor the past negligence and delay of
Parliament in introducing refonn were defended,
or proved to be unfounded. Indeed, they were
Tather substantiated. It was a sorry spectacle. The
State shares in the woeful exhibition. But the
right of criticism is established. Never again will
the Victorian Parliament make such a blunder, and
never will it resort to such questionable forms of
speech in condemnation of free speech.

Whatever nrav lie the intention of

' Ye'oid It '^^ Government with regard to

Not." future legislation — and it is too early

vet to know what its intention really
is — it deserves the severest castigation for past in-
nctivitv. Last vear there was abundance of time
to put through the Lower House the Bill to sup-
press gambling which originated in the Upper
House : but the Government made no attempt what-
ev( r to put it through. Social evils have been the
last thing to be thought of. and valuable time has
been spent over matters of minor importance, or else
•wasted in emptv talk. On the charge of " Inasmuch

'^"^>)%Si5^S<'-

The Bulletin.'i

Tarred and Feathered.

The Victorian Assembly carried the third reading of the
Bill to abolisli ex-Premier Iceberg Irvine'a Separate Repre-
sentation of Civil Servants without one dissenting vote. This
practically abolishes the last of Irvine's legislation.

BENT: "In fact, I might say, we are removing our old
friend Irvine off the premises for good."

Both Houses of the Victorian Parliament have passed the
Separate Kepresentation Repeal Bill.

as ye did it not," the Victorian Parliament stands
hopelessly condemned, while Sir Samuel Gillott, as
the head of the Department concerned with the
liquor traffic and gambling evil, the man w'ho should
have taken these things in hand, and whose business
it is to initiate legislation to proj>erly control public
concerns, is the arch political culprit. " The titled
bit of administrative incapacity," a term used by the
Rev. R. Ditterich at one of the indignation meet-
ings, is so peculiarly apt and correct that it deserves
to have pennanent record.

Rarely has any comniLinily been
shaken to its foundations as Victoria
has been during the last three
months. Social reform has become
the burning question. Meetings which surpass in
numbers those of the celebrated Torrey-Alexander
Mission are the order of the day. The whole com-
nuniitv has been aroused, and the thrill has been
felt even in the remotest and tiniest centres of the
State, and, indeed, all over .\ustralasia. There is
no doubt that the introduction of the Licensing Bill
and the proposed Anti-Gambling Bill are the result
of popular clamour. It is just an illustration of the
power of King Demos when he takes the trouble to

An
Ethical
Revival.

2l8

The Revietv of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

clean things up in his dominions. It is certain that
the present movement is not a temporan- one, but
that some lessons have been so thoroughly learned
by the people, that the agitation will be'likelv to
continue. Upon the attitude of Mr. Bent's Govern-
ment towards the Bills will depend a great deal what
kind of support will be given to him at the next gene-
ral election. If he shows a thorough determination to
get them through both Houses, it will strengthen
his position in a most remarkable wav ; but if he
shows any indications of having merely introduced
the Bills to satisfy popular demand, and then lets
them slide in the face of opposition, it is not im-
probable that it will mean the ultimate ruin of his
Government. The New South Wales Government is
dealing drastically with the gambling evil, and in-
deed all over Australia the social reform mov.-ni.-nt
is gripping the people.

The duel. between Messrs. Holman

Exit and Norton, of the New South

Mr. Nortoi. Wales Parliament, has ended badly

for the latter. It will be remem-
bered that Mr. Norton had cast aspersions of a
highh-flavoured character against Mr. Holman, and
had offered him the alternative of an electoral strug-
gle or a demand for a commission of enquiry. Mr.
Holman accepted the former, possibly because it
was the more likely to produce dramatic situations,
with a result that has probably made Mr. Norton
ver}- sorrj- that he took the matter up at all. Both
members, of course, resigned, and Mr. Norton was
badly beaten in his own electorate. In order to tr\
to save his political skin, he had nominated for Mr.
Holman's electorate (Cootamundra') as well, but the
defeat at Surry Hills evidently convinced him of the
futility of fighting Mr. Holman in that gentleman's
own electorate, and induced him to retire. Mr.
Holman, however, had another opponent in the
shape of Mr. John Fitzpatrick, who came into the
field only about a fortnight before the election. In
spite of that fact, however, he polled some 1600
votes as against some 2300 polled by ]Mr. Holman.
Mr. Holman fought his battle purely on personal
grounds, and eschewed politics^. Mr. Fitzpatrick
took exactly the opposite position. Had he had a
longer run, and a better organisation behind him. he
would probably have defeated Mr. Holman. It will be
a great relief to a large majority of people th,at Mr.
Norton did not secure re-election. He is not the kind
of man to raise the tone of any Parliament. Mr. A.
Bnmtnell. who takes his place, is a reformer of the
finest type. He will prove a valuable addition to
the forces in the New South Wales Parliament that
are fighting for general reform.

Mr. Mauger, M.H.R.. deserves the
thanks of the communitv for movins;

Th«
Canteens'

Bill, in the Federal House in the direc-

tion of having canteens abolished
from military depots. It is rather a remarkable

thing, and certainly a great compliment to him, that
the Bill passed through all its stages in the House
of Representatives, at one sitting, without debate,
and with no dissentient voice. It has, however, met
with a considerable amount of opposition in the
Senate. Senator Neild is leading a determined
charge against it> to the detriment, if he succeeds,
of our permanent forces. If the military want
liquor, they can get it outside with the ordinary
facilities, but there is tieither rhyme nor reason in
providing canteens in the depots. America has re-
cognised the wisdom of keeping the camps clear of
liquor, and it is time Australia stepped into line.
If the Senate blocks tisis Bill, it will be a standing
bad mark against its name. Hitherto, the Senate
has not shown any wildly consenative tendencies
in the matter of general reform such as is invohed
i.T this canteen question, and it had better continue
marching to the tune of the times. A note of warn-
ing will need to be strtick if there are any indira-
tion.s of the Senate developing into a support of
vested interest, as opposed to flesh and blood, such
as is the case in America ; and although it may be
urged that its attitude so far over the Canteens' Bill
can scarcely be taken as an indication of a move in
this direction, still it is a straw which shows the
existence of a tendencv to legislate for th^ benefit
of a fe^-, rather than the good of the whole com-
munitv.

The Trades and Labour Councils
"S eaf " '^' some of the States are taking up
the question of Sweating, and if some
of the allegations be true, we de-
serve as much blame as some of the older countries
of the world. What is needed in ever\- State is a
good, strong, active Anti-Sweating League, like that
in operation in Victoria, which has done, and is
doing, incalculable good in getting injustices re-
moved, and a fairer state of affairs, as far as
wages is concerned, brought in. The proposal of
Mr. Mauger to equalise industrial conditions all
through the Commonwealth might ver)- well be con-
sidered at thi.s juncture. There is no reason why it
should not be. Indeed, there is every reason why
conditions should be so equalised as to render it
impossible for one State, by the under-cutting of
wages, to gain an advantage over another State,
swamp it with cheaply-made goods and destroy the
local demand for industn,-. Here, again, is another
illustration of the wisdom of getting a matter of
this kind under control before industrial conditirms
become unwieldy. Such a proposition as that men-
tioned will be sure to meet with a great deal of
opposition from vested interest, but it ought to be
pushed through as far as possible, with the idea of
taking it up at the earliest possible date in the future.
Indeed, it is only by some concerted action like this
that the reproach of sweating can be put awav from
.Australia. It is encnuraginG: to note that the ques-

Revietc of Reviews, IIB/OU.

History of the Month.

219

tion of ill-paid wurk. is bting geiit-rally takt-n up.
Hithf rto the Anti-Sweating League has worked hard
ill the genera! interest without the support and re^
cognition that it ought to have had, and this niove-
mont will greatly strengthen its hands.

The ^Ir. Bent has introduced his Licen-

Victorian sing Bill into the Victorian Parlia-
Licensing ment. It cannot, in ever)' detail, be

^'"' considered satisfactory from a re-

former's point of view, but it is certainly a step in
the right direction, and will, generally, have the sup-
port of reformers. Briefly, his proposal is to allow
the i)resent Local Option provision.s with, compen-
sation to remain for a period of ten years (compen-
sation during that time to be on the sliding scale),
Local Option only referring to districts with hotels
in excess of the statutory number, and beint; limited
to a reduction to the statuton,- number. After the
ten years have elapsed, complete Local Option will
come into force, without compensation. The Bill
is exciting a tremendous amount of interest. There
are some blemishes upon it. For instance, three
years' time .limit is quite sufficient. Ten years is
ridiculous. The proposal to establish \o-license
by a three-fifths majority is also a severe handicap.
Why should reform be burdened in this way, when
ever}- other question that is debated within His
Majesty's dominions is decided by a majority, no
matter how bare that majority may be ? Another
proposal in the Bill that will* have to be fought is
that which makes provision for the establishment of
roadside licenses at distances of five miles, in coun-
try districts. These licenses would not be subject
to Local Option ; so that if this clause goes through,
the Government will be taking away with one hand
something that it grants with the other. Seeing that
the whole tenor of the Bill is in favour of giving the
people a voice in the settlement of the question of
the number of liquor licenses, it is ridiculous to in-
troduce a new clause which provides for the granting
rif licenses, irrespective of the desires of the people.
Another clause that will need amendment is that
which provides for the lapse of licenses three years
after a district declares in favour of No-license. The
decisions of the people should be carried into effect
as soon as the annual license lapses.

The Wellington division of the New
Necessary '^•"a'-ii'l .section of the British
Campaion. Medical .Association has taken an

action which might he followed with
ver\^ great advantage by every division of the Medi-
cal Association throughout Australasia. It has ex-
pressed its sympathy with Mr. R. H. W. Bligh in
his crvrsade again.st impurity. One of Mr. Bligh's
chief objects of attack is some medical agencies pro-
fessing to deal with secret diseases, and proof is not
wanting of incalculable harm which ha.s been worked
to the community through the operations of some

uf these agencies. Australasia may just as well, in
the beginning of her career, lay her hand upon some
of the evils that are going to throttle her if left
undisturbed. It will make work easier for reformers
in days to come. With this question is closely asso-
ciated that of indecent post-cards, huge quantities
of w'hich are circulated throughout Australasia in
spite of the postal prohibition. These are matters
which must be grappled with if Australia is going
to keep on a high level. It will never do for the
morals of the indecent part of the community to
swamp those of the better class.

There is romance in figures. What

New Zealand's labours, and hopes, and fears, and

10 Years disappointments, and success lie

within the ten years (i 895-1 905) of
New Zealand's history, which is sketched bv the
New Zealand Registrar-General. To deal with it
exten.si\'ely requires a vear book. In that ten years,
the population has increased by nearly 200,000.
The value of postal money orders has increased by
three-quarters of a million. The railways have
lengthened by very few miles, barely 400, but the
receipts are greater by a million pounds. Wool ex-
port has increased by one and three-quarter millions.
Grain export is just about equal. Frozen meat has
Increased by one and a-quarter millions. The total
exports of New Zealand produce have increased by
^7,000,000, the value of the imports by ^^6. 000,000.
The amount to credit of depositors in Savings Banks
is nine and three-quarter millions in 1905, as against
four and a-half millions in 1895. Trulv this is a
remarkable growth, and the progressiveness during
the next ten vears will probably be in greater pro-
portion to that of the last ten. Tw'enty. and even
ten, years ago matters were comparatively stagnant
in New' Zealand, but now they are swinging along
at a fa.st pace.

The New South Wales Parliament
Mr. Crick's has taken the extreme measure of
Suspension. suspending Mr. Crick pending his
clearing of himself in the Law
Courts of the charges made against him. In this
Parliament has acted wisely without the slightest
doubt, although at the same time there is no reason
why Parliament should not have dealt with the
scandals. Whilst so much nmiour is in the air. and
whik- he is fighting his battle out in the Law
Courts, it is most desirable that Parliament should
be kept clear of constant allusions to it. It will be
all the better able- to deal with the matter in any
wav that may be necessary after the Law Courts
have disposed of it. Now that it has made a start,
it is sinc<Telv to be hoped that this miserable Lands
Department business wil! be thoroughly probed.
The temper of the people to-dav is all in favour of
clean administntinn. To our credit be it said that
it is the rule, and \m<\ tlie exception ; but that is all

The Review of Reviews.

September I, 1906.

the more reason why, if there should be exceptions,
they should not become the rule. It is a sorrv
business cleaning up public morals ; but neverthe-
less it is absolutely necessary in the interests of tlie
present and the future generations. The Xew
South AVales Parliament is being watched very nar-
rowly over the Lands Department scandals, not
simply by Xew South Welshmen, but bv Austral-
asians, and there will be some real grief if it does
not grasp the question and deal with it verv drasti-
cally, no matter what disgrace it mav bring to anv
guilty parties.

Mr. Deakin is responsible for a

Electoral very pleasant surprise. For quite a

Reform. considerable time vre had been

hoping that some attempt would
be made to rectify the anomalies in connection with
Parliamentarv elections. In so many cases it hap-
pens that the elected member represents only a
minority of the electors. Even hi the case of the
return of Mr. A. Bruntnell for Surry Hills, last
month, this is so, large as his majority was. The
votes cast for his opponents totalled more than the
votes cast for him. No more desirable candidate
could be found anywhere in the world, but neverthe-
less the fart remains that the votes recorded for him
were a minority of the electors. Now- it is extremelv
probable that under an exhaustive ballot Mr.
Bruntnell would still have been elected, but it would
have been infinitely more satisfactory- to him and lo
the electors if both he and thev knew that a ma-
jority of the electors had voted for him. But in that
direction the sky of political reform in all the States
has been clouded. S'o Parliament has seemed willing
to undertake the business, although the reasons for
reluctance were hard to find. Sitting members
would not be likely to have their chances jeopardised
any more than anybody else. Consequentlv the
statement of Mr. Deakin comes as a ven' pleasant
surprise indeed. In whatever wav the law is
amended, either by the preferential vote or the second
ballot, it is to be hoped that Mr. Deakin will adopt
the suggestion made by us a few weeks ago, and trv
to get the co-operation of the State Premiers to
have the method of voting taught in the State
schools. If in some quarters it should be urged that
this might be made an instrument for influencing
local elections, that could be ea.silv avoided bv giving
instructions to teachers that the names of no local
candidates should be used in teaching children how
to vote.

Annthpr Another matter which Mr. Deakin

Electio« Date. P^poses to deal with, alterinc:
the date of the elections, will
meet with general approval. The -end of the
year is ven,- irvconvenient for holding an elec-
tion, for everybodv outside towns is busv
with harvesting operations, or something con-

Melbourne Punch,']

A Tough Contract.
I The Prime Minister is wearying the Protectionists by his
tardiness in entering upon Tariff Reform.)

SIB EDMTtND BAHTON (who has tried it himself): 'You've
got to linock that into shape, Alf. Tou'U like the job. I
don't think."

Mr. Deakin is expected to have some tiresome and tedions
work in front of him over the "Tariff Amendment Bill.

nected with them, and it is small wonder that
the proportion of electors who vote is so small. The
present dates are not fair to farmers. Almost anv
other time in the year would be better than the last
two months. It is quite certain that with the altera-
tion of the date a much heavier poll would take
place, and seeing that the question of compulsory
voting is in the air. facilities should be made as
easy as possible.

The expected has happened. Sir

Enter, Joseph Ward has returned to New

Sir Joseph Ward. Zealand, and Mr. Hall-Jones has

retired in- his favour. Sir Joseph
Ward has evidently taken the bull bv the horns, and
reconstructed the Cabinet, a course which has been
desirable for a ven,^ long time. It is better that he
should have done it in the beginning of his reign,
for things possible now would be impossible after-'
wards w-ithout bringing political ruin clatter-
ing about his ears. The new Ministry will
be made up as follows : — Sir Joseph Ward,
Prime Minister, Co'.onial Treasurer, Postmaster-
General, Commissioner of Telegraphs, Minister

Rtvitv of Revieat, 119/06.

History of the Month.

^Iiliirji^/''1I

LIBERTY or THE PRESS IN VICTORIA, 1866,

as illustrated ui the mcarceratioii of

HUGH UEORUE, Esq., Publisher of "The Argus."

Dedicated to the Hon. Jas. McC h.

An old photo., reminiscent of a Parliamentary
farce of manj' years ago. when a representative of
" The Argils " was called to the Bar,

for Industries and Commerce, and Minister in
Charge of the International Exhibition. Mr.
W. Hall-Jones, Minister for Railways and Min-
ister for Public Works. Mr. James Carroll, Native
Minister and Commissioner for Stamps and Deeds.
Mr. J. ] !( r.nwan. Minister for Justice, Mines and
linmigraiiu;; Mr. A. Pitt, Attorney-General and
Colonial Secretary and Minister for Defence. Mr.
J. F. Millar, Commissioner for Customs. Minister
for Labour and Marine. Mr. R. McXab, Minister
for Lands and Agriculture. Mr. George Fowlds,

N .Z . Free Lance.l ^ .,-„„ -i-i, ™ o «^

-■ Getting Them Keady.

Yoi'NG New Zealand: "You're doing all right with those
boots, old man, and won't you * look the shine ' when they're
on?"

The Premier : " Oh. I'm only going to wear them for a bit.
I'm putting on this extra shine for my friend Joe."

Minister for Education and Public Health. This
means that two members of Mr. Seddon's Cabinet,
Mr. Duncan and Mr. Mills, Ministers of Lands and
Customs respectively, retire. The three new men
are Mr. Millar of Dunedin, Mr. McNab of South-
land, and Mr. Fowlds of Auckland. Undoubtedly,
the new Ministry will be strong. Sir Joseph Ward
has made a wise selection. Mr. Hall-Jones resumes
his old portfolio, taking in addition that of Rail-
w'ays. Temperance sentiment is van- strongly re-
presented in the ■ Cabinet bv Mr. Hall- Jones, Mr.
McNab, and Mr. Fowlds. One of the most strik-
ing additions to the Cabinet is that of Mr. Millar.
Some years ago he became known as the organiser
of the maritime strike. He was elected as member
for Dunedin in 1891, and his inclusion in the Min-
istry' as a prominent Labour man. and as Minister for
Labour, is exceedingly significant at this juncture.
Sir Joseph Ward has been astute enough to close
up a hole which might have widened into a breach
big enough to have let in a flood which would have

'^*''"-^*5sii»:3ia

J^^^s:

= ri^r'r^l ■ ■

||Iggl^WVrffi<{^S^

The New Central Railway Station, Sydney. Opened OfUcially on Saturday, August 4th, by the Hon. J, H, Carruthers.
Bird's-Eye View from the roof of Messrs. Marcus Clark & Co.'s EstablUhmeit. on the opposite side of Pitt Street.
From Snl'i.v Dailv Telegraf'h ]

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906

Photo.}

The Late Bishop Langley. of Bendigo.

[Metba.

latio.
Cab:
won!
been

given him a great deal of trouble, even if it did not
overwhelm him. It will be remembered that Labour
Unions in New Zealand have been somewhat restive
of late, and there has been some talk of the forma-
tion of a distinct Labour Party. It would have
been an unwise thing to do in Labour's interest, for
the simple reason that the tendency of the late
Goven'm- it was so greatly in favour of liberal legis-
I. Jad Mr. Millar not been included in the
n't, it is very r ,sible that a Labour Party
1 f '.ve been for- d, and although it would have
Uiiwise in fli interests of Labour, it would
nevertheless liav-j <- ased the Ministry a good deal
of trouble. Now liere will be no possible reason
for the fomiation of such a party. Undoubtedly,
the weakest men of the Cabinet have gone. The
appointment of Mr. Duncan was never regarded
wdth favour, nor was that of Mr. Mills. Mr. Sed-
don, junior, has been elected in his father's stead
for Westland. Needless to say, the vote was an
entirely sympathetic one, and under the circum-
stances possibly nothing else could have been ex-
pected.

The Sydney suggestion that a num-
ber of English editors or their re-
presentatives should visit Australia
in order to remove false impressions
and create new and good ones, has, unfortunately, not

\n Australasian

Educational

Trip,

Photo.'] Mr. R. Fairbalrn. Fremantle. [.Yyiou.

A Eecipient of the Imperial Service Order.

borne fruit. It is hardly to be expvected that busy
Editors would find time to travel to the other side of
the world, but a sight of the countrj- and people
through the eyes of representatives might go far to-
wards removing some prejudices. Never mind. The
onlv thing to do after you fail to get a thing is to
keep on pegging at it till you do get it, and a visit
from English Editors is so desirable a thing that it is
worth pegging away at. Indeed, we would like to
see the late Continental visits repeated to Australasia
to give some of our folk wider sympathies, as well as
to open the eyes of the Euroj>ean Editors.

In Search of

a Feder?!

Capital.

.After much invitation on the part of
the New South Wales Government,
and much baiting of the hook, a
section of Federal members have set
forth in search of a new Federal site. Up to the
time of writing, the trip has not been a success.
The depth of winter is hardly the time to go sight-
seeing, and literal putting of shoulders to actual
wheels to get very material drags out of very real
and very sticky mud, is not likely to put the owners
of the shoulders into love with the site where it hap-
pened It is to be feared that as far as practical
results are concerned, the benefit to New South
Wales will be nil, while the jaunt will cost the State,
which is bearing all the expenses, a pretty penny.

Review of Reviews, 119ji/U.

History of the Month.

223

London, July.

The great event which made last
The Growth ^^^^^^ notable in the history of
Brotherhood, human progress was the visit of
the editors of the leading papers
of Germany to England. It passed off with a success
far greater than any of its promoters ventured to
hope. Here again, as in the case of the visit of the
burgomasters, Mr. Haldane proved a friend in need.
A.l difficulties were overcome; and, when our jour-
nalistic guests left our shores, they looked back upon
eight days of almost ideal enjoyment. " Every-
thing,'' exclaimed one worthy editor, lapsing into
English in the exuberance of his enthusiasm —
" Allcs ist tip-top !" Heaven smiled upon the visit,
for weather more brilliant and delightful never glad-
dened an English midsununer. From the King,
who ordered them to be entertained as Royal guests
at Windsor Castle, down to the audience at the
Plymouth Music Hall, which stood up and cheered
the German National Anthem, they were received
with a wann-hearted welcome which was worthy of
British hospitality. The "results of eight days of
sight-seeing and of festivity- were summed up by the
editor of the Gcrmania in a simple but memorable
phrase : " We came as guests, we depart as friends.''
From first to last not one discordant note was
heard, and a desperate effort made to exaggerate
and misrepresent the significance of three lines tele-
graphed by a London correspondent to the Cologne
Gazette was made the occasion for a felicitous de-
claration by the editor of that paper in favour of an
international entente cordiale, including France. The
German editors' visit has not, of course, established
' the millennium, but it has helped thitherward.

The

The visit of the German editors

International ^^'^^ preceded by a visit of French
Picnic. precepteurs, who were also Royally

received and entertained as honour-
ed guests, more especially by the learned institutions
and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
There seems to be some hope that these ancient
foundations may renew their youth in a somewhat
unexpected way by becoming the banqueting halls
in which the nation will entertain distinguished
guests from other lands. The Lord Mayor of Lon-
don has been visiting the Milan Exhibition and
hobnobbing with the Syndic of Rome. The inde-
fatigable Dr. Lunn's band of municipal students
have last month been entertained with lavish hospi-
tality in Austria and Hungarv. A travelling com-
pany of Engli-sh journalists have been entertained
by the King of Sweden. Paris has again been in-
vaded by friendly visitors, representing Lancashire
Co-operators, who were received by the President,
and the Municipality of Keighley who were enter-
tained at the Hotel de 'Ville. There has been a
friendly descent on Hastings by 800 French in-

vaders, in\ited by the entente cordiale to visit the
scene of England's conquest by French invaders of
another sort, and the cry is " Still they come." It is
natural under these circumstances that the agita-
tion in favour of the Channel Tunnel should be
revived. The arguments in. its favour would be
irresistible if it were not for the liability on the
part of our people to go crazy under the adroitly
applied lash of the alarmist. Hitherto the scare
of impending invasion has always been allayed after
a time by the comforting reflection that sea-sickness
guards the silver streak as loathly dragons used to
defend a castle moat in the romances of chivalry.
B.ut if once there was a ro'adway undersea, t';. >
alarmist would have it all his own way, nor wO-;'d
he be happy until he had built one niew " Dread-
nought '■ for ever)- mile of 'the length of the tunnel.

When it was announced a month

« i^n* •,- ago that the British fleet would
Anglo-Russian ?. „ , ^ ^ r a

Entente. '^isit Cronstadt on September 3rd

everyone was delighted at such an
outward and visible sign of the rapprochement be-
tween the two partners who between them dominate
Asia. But since then the report of the Duma upon
the massacres of the Jews at Bialystok has been
published. This report bluntly declares that the
outrages were ordered, organised, directed, and exe-
cuted by the police authorities, who are of course
under the direct control of the Minister of the Interior
at St. Petersburg. As a result a great many people
are declaring that the naval visit to Cronstadt must
be countermanded. It is admitted that we cannot
interfere in the internal affairs of Russia, but it is
asked why should we make haste to clasp hands till
dripping with blood of massacred innocents. It is
true that the Kaiser had no such scruples, but
when he clasped the Sultan to his breast on the
very morrow of the Armenian massacres, civilised
man evervwhere felt sick and ashamed. But if we
were to countermand the visit of the British fleet
to Cronstadt as an expression of our indignation at
the massacre of the Jews at Bialystok, it would be
so ostentatious a condemnation of the Russian
Government as to provoke the strongest resentment
among the rulers of Russia. To send the Russian
Government to Coventry may be very magnificent,
but it is not very diplomatic. What would we think
and say if the United States sent us to Coventry
for the' floggiJig and hanging of fellaheen in Egypt ?

The state of things in Russia shows
Isit the signs of improvement. If it is

Beginning of ", , , ^ u r ^u

the End? ^^^r the darkest hour before the

dawn, then a.ssuredly the dawn can-
not be far off. For the general disaffection which
has pervaded all classes of the civil population
begins at last to make its appearance in the army.
The mutiny in the guards of the Preobrashensky
Regiment at Peterhof was a potent not to be mis-

224

The Review of Heviews,

SeptemiT t, laoe.

understood. It is not the only regiment of the
Guards that is disaflfected. Military mutinies are
reported from many quarters in the pro\inces. The
artillen,- has long been known to be unreliable, and
now even the ei-er faithful Cossacks are said to be
niumiuring against b^ing used as the scourge of the
peasant. As might be eocpected under such circum-
stances, agrarian disorders are breaking out every-
where. When the soldiers refuse to shoot and the
Cossack to use his nagaika, the simple peasant
naturally concludes that the hour has come for hiro
to possess himself of his landlord's goods. The
readiness of the soldiery to shoot under all circum-
stances has been the bedrock of Russian autocracy.
If this has shifted the game is up, and we are face
to face with the break up of Russia and an attempt
to found a Muscovite Republic.

If so—
What?

It is well never to forget that old
Empires are tough, and that, like
Fuzzy-Wuzzy of the Soudan, the
Russian monarchy is " generally
shamming when he's dead." But if the dynasty
should p)erish, and Russia should be given over to •
the Revolution, certain consequences will follow
which cannot be regarded \vith complacency. In the
first case, the present office-holders, all the armed
and angrv officials whom such a revolution would
threaten with instant starvation, will not perish
without a struggle, and in that struggle the Jews will
suffer as they have ne^er suffered yet since the
Middle Ages. Secondly, Russia will no longer be
able to pay interest on her bonds, and therefore will
be unable to borrow any more money. The stop-
page of the payment of the Russian coupon may
mean a financial panic on every bourse in Europe.
Thirdly, the landlords and nobles in most of the
Russian provinces will be hunted out like wild
beasts. Xo rent will be paid, and over vast districts
civilisation will perish. Fourthly, the triumph of
the Red Republic, the Socialistic Republic at St.
Petersburg and Moscow, might have the same in-
fective consequences as the triumph of the Republic
in Paris had in 1848. A bankrupt Russia bent upon
realising the millermium by a policy of socialistic
confiscation, with the inevitable sequel of a series
of bloody ci\'il wars, would not be a comfortable
neighbour either for the Kaiser or the Emperor-
King. But at present Central Europe seems as
undisturbed as was California on the eve of the
earthquake that destroyed San Francisco.

_. The German Emperor last month

Triple visited his ally the Emperor-King

Alliance. at Vienna, and the two of them

sent a telegram as follows: — "We
two. united, send to our third true ally the expres-
sion of our unchangeable friendship." In replv to
which the King of Italy sent : " The assurance of
mv true and unalterable friendship." This was

probably necessary, on the same principle that
tradesmen advertise that business is still carried on
at the old stand. But the circumstances which led
to the formation of the Triple Alliance have
changed so much that the Alliance is already an
anachronism. If the Russian volcano should burst
into full eruption, it «"ill need stronger bonds than
those of the Triple Alliance to prevent its lava
scorching neighbouring lands. None can say what
effect the triumph of the Revolution might have upor»
the Social Democrats of Germany, how far the pro-
clamation of a Republic in Poland would excite
Posen and Galicia, or to what extent the wholesale
massacre of Jews would inflame the Anti-Semites of
Austria, who have already been demonstrating in
very ugly fashion against the " Judaeo-Maygars." In
Italy the new Cabinet of Signer Giolitti has a nomi-
nal majority of 164 in the Chamber. But Italy
certainly could not be relied upon to render any
effective aid against the Russian Revolution. It is
never well to meet trouble half-way, but it is well,
while hoping for the best, to prepare for the worst,
and that, at present, seems to be just what those
most concerned are not doing.

••niri A ^^^ resolution which the House of

Pensions Commons carried with undivided

Next Year." ^'ote last March in favour of
pensions for all His Majesty's aged
subjects in this country is not to remain the acade-
mic expression of a pious opinion. A representative
meeting of Labour and Liberal members was called
in April, Mr. Thomas Burt presiding, to coivsider
the best way of giving effect to this resolution ; and
with the unanimity which has become characteristic
of the movement it was decided to lose no time in
pressing for Old Age Pensions next year. The
chairman, Mr. George Barnes, and Mr. Chiozza
Money were deputed to wait on the Chancellor of
the Exchequer, and to urge on him the adoption of
this resolve. Last month the result of the inter\'iew
was reported to the deputing members, and was re-
garded by them as highly favourable. It was under-
stood that Mr. Asquith was in entire sympathy with
the adoption of no partial or contributor)- scheme.
The cost of the general scheme which he favoured
he estimated at something like ;^r 5,000.000 a year.
Much depended for its early adoption on the report
of the Committee on the Graduation of the Income
Tax. It is expected that this report will be forth-
coming before the end of the Session, and will
strongly commend as practicable and advisable the
derivation of large additional revenue from the sug-
gested readjustment of taxation. With a united
House of Commons at his back, with new and
epoch-making sources of revenue before him, Mr.
Asquith h.TS a great opportunity. It will not be the
fault of circumstances if his name does not go down
to posterity as the statesman who at one and the
same stroke inaugurated Old Asie Pensions and a

Iteviev of Revimet, 119/06.

History of the Month.

The War-Curse

of

Mankind.

new era of fruitful democratic finance. Mr. John
Burns in March advised the promoters of pensions
to bring to bear on the Government " reasonable,
systematic, well-disciplined pressure." His ndvice
has been taken. Organised Labour has adopted as
its rallying cry for the remainder of 1906 '' Old
Age Pensions next year."

It is to be feared, however, that
the pious aspirations of Mr. As-
quith in England, and M. Clemen-
ceau in France, with regard to Old
Age Pensions, will be doomed to indefinite post-
ponement unless sometfiing definite and effec-
tive can be done to cut down militarj' ex-
penditure. That is the Alpha and Omega of all
social refonn. Hence the demand of M. Jaures
and the French Socialists for an International Con-
ference of the Peoples to demand the simultaneous
reduction of armaments and the establishment of
Free Trade. If the French Socialists summon such
a Conference, it will be hailed with enthusiasm by
«very Liberal and Radical Britork The Old Govern-
ments of the world will find themselves weighed in
the scales and found wanting if they cannot con-
trive to insure their peoples against war at a lower
rate of insurance than the premium which they are
paying to-day in the shape of their army and navy
estimates. Unless a halt is called from below there
•will be no rest of armaments from above. If only
we had accepted the Tsar's stand-still proposition
in 1899, we would have had money enough and to
spare for Old Age Pensions to-day. If the So-^alists
would join forces with us in a new Peace Crusade
we might force the Governments to do something
practical at the Hague next April. But if there is
no international agitation there will be no inter-
national arrest of the continual armaments.

The crowning of the new King of
The Crowning ^^^^_^^, ^^^,. ^^^^^ ,^^j ^^^^^^^

King Haakon. amid great popular rejoicings.
There is now an English Princess
-n the throne of Spain and on the throne of Norway,
ind some wiseacres see in this fact a great exten-
sion of the influence of the British Crown. Tliey
forget that although the Kaiser is the son of a
British Princess, he is not exactly within the sphere
of the influence of the British Sovereign. No one
in his senses can deny that royal alliances play a
•certaini subordinate part in the affairs of nations.
But neither Queen Ena nor Queen Maud will ever
exercise as much direct influence upon Spanish and
'N(»r\vegian politics as is wielded to-day by unknown
and unnamed newspaper <'ditors in Christiania and
Madrid. The significance of the coronation of King
Haakon lies in the evidence it affords of the appear-
ance of the tendency which threatens to dominate the
new cfiitun,- — a tendency to break up artificial com-
binations and to re-establish smaller national king-

Trondhjem Cathedral, Where King Haakon and Queen Maud
were crowned on June 22rd.

Trondhjem. tlie third commercial port in Norway, is the
traditional scene of the Coronation of the Norwegian
Kings. Tlie Catliedral, where the ceremony of June 22nd
took place, was founded in 1093.

doms. It ought to carry with it an extension of the
authoritv of the Hague Tribunal, so that the
growth of the International World State should keep
pace with the decentralisation of nationalities.

The House of Commons has been

Biirin*'"" •^"''•'y -engaged in discussing the

Committee. Education Bill. The Government

by the aid of the Closure has carried
Clause 4, after making the conce.ssion, that there
shall be an appeal to the Board of Education in
cases where the local authorities refused to take
over a voluntary school, and that, if in special
circumstances it should appear expedient, voluntary
schools should continue to receive the Parliamen-
tary grant on their deciding to do without rate aid.
No rent is to be paid for schools which are to have
extended facilities for denominarional education.
An amendment making Clause 4 mandatory on all
local authorities was rejected by a majorib,' of 103.
The clause it.self was carried bv a majority of 170,
a similar majority being recorded against a pro-
posal to allow extended facilities in single .school
areps. The question whether tht- parents of four-

226

Ihe Review of Reviews.

S«i)««m*«r 1, ISOe.

fifths of the children desire denominational edu-
cation is to be decided by ballot, parents having
as nianv votes as they have children, and all who
do not vote are to be reckoned as having voted
against extended facilities. The real struggle will
not begin until the autumn Session, when the Bill
will be sent down from the Lords with amendments
a\-owedly intended to defeat the object of its
authors. The more militant Nonconformists are
alreadv restive at the concessions made by the
Government. But it is doubtful whether they will
carry their opposition so far as to force a system
of purely secular education upon the nation. The
Anglicans, who appear to be determined to fight
regardless of consequences, have adopted the novel
plan of holding a Lancashire indignation meeting
in the Albert Hall, London. A cheap trip to Lon-
don is always popular, and the idea is one worthy
of the political genius that invented the Primrose
League.

Of much more importance than

Moral Instruction the wrangle between denomina-

in Schools. tionalists and their opponents is

the provision which has been
made in the new Code for giving moral instruction
in the schools. Mr. Birrell informs the local
authorities that moral instruction

should form an important part of every elementary school
curriculum The instruction may be either incidental or
Bysbematic. but in citlier oa«e it must include lessons on
such points .is courage, truthfulness, cleanliness of mind,
body and speech, the love of fair-play, gentleness to the
weaker, humanity tD animals, temperance, self-denial, love
of one's country, and respect for beaut.v in nature and in
art. The teaching is to be brought home to the children
by reference to their actual surroundings in town or coun-
try, and teachers are instructed that it should be illus-
trated as vividly as possible by stories, poems, quotations,
proverbs and examples drawn from history and biograph.v.
Discussing tins new requirement, the Board say that it is
important th.Tt the teaching should not develop into a
hum-drum repetition of ancient saws." but shonid be a
forcible and spirited application of the teacher's own mora!
sense.

Good, very good. If these instructions are acted
upon much of the objection to purelv secular in-
struction will disappear.

Tu r- ..^ The active campaign in favour of

The right ,,r ■ c- a ? •. ,

fgj. \\ Oman s burrrage has excited con-

Wsman's Suffrage siderable attention on the subject
this month. Mr. Asquith is be-
lie(-ed to be the strongest opponent of the claims
of women for full enfranchisement, and he has been
made the mark for concerted attack. His meeting
at Northampton was interrupted, and a subsequent
attempt to force an inter('iew at his residence led to
the arrest and subsequent imprisonment of Miss
Billington. The earnest women who are canning
on this campaigr* take their chances of i'.l-usage,
and do not complain if equal rights in the way of
imprisonment are meted out to them by the admin-
istrators of the law. Women ask for no privilege.
They only claim equality of rights at the ballot

box, in the dock, and at the gallows. Those who
condemn the suffragettes should remember that
their protest is justified by the persistent cimning by
which thev have been jockeyed out of every at-
tempt to obtain a full debate and a clear division in
the House of Commons. Let Mr. Asquith or the
Prime Minister or any other responsible Minister —
whether he be for or against woman's suffrage
makes no difference — frankly declare his views and
promise to have the question brought up promptly
for settlement before the House of Commons, and
there will be a speedy end to these tactics of ex-
asperation. Women are in one respect singularly
like men. They like fair play, and thev dislike
being cheated out of a fair stand-up discussion and
a straight out-and-out division. • So long as these
evasive tactics are pursued in the House so long
will the suffragettes be justiiied in their campaign
in the country. If they fail to force the question
to an issue on their preseriit line, they may find it
necessary- to organise a general strike. If all the
mills of Lancashire were laid idle by the refusal of
the mill-girls to work until Parliament had an op-
portunity of pronouncing an opinion on womans
suffrage, even the most cynical would admit that
" something must be done."

Lady Aberdeen presided last month

Progress ^^_^^ ^^^ meeting of the Interna-

the Movement, tional Council of Women at Paris,

where satisfactory progress was re-
ported and fresh vigour infused into what is one of
the most promising international movements of our
time. The claim of the women ' graduates of
Scottish Universities to the franchise has been
he.-rd by the Scottish courts, judgment as to whether
a woman is a person being reserved. Miss Pank-
hurst has taken her degree with honours iii law at
Manchester University, and will now devote her
whole energv to the active prosecution of the cam-
paign in this country. In New Brunswick the Legis-
lature has just passed a law admitting women to
practise law. The Dutch women are taking ad-
vantage of the com:ng revision of the Dutch Consti-
tution in order to demand full civic rights and
equal eligibility for State employment. They claim
that if women are forbidden to work before or after
confinement thev should receive compensation, as
in Denmark, for this confiscation of their right to
earn wages, working power being equivalent to pro-
perty, of which no citizen should be depiived with-
out compensation. By way of meeting the cr)' that
women render no ser\nce to the State similar to the
military ser\'ice exacted from men, the Dutch
women offer to give one or two years of their life
to the community, if it be required, for the pur-
pose of insuring the independence of the country
and the defence of its frontiers. A conference for
the protection of women is shortly to be held in
Vienna. " Austrian women mav not be guardians

Revitw of Eeviewt, 119/06.

History of the Month.

227

<

0

1-

cn

'M

3

0

1

m

Oi

ja

Q.

u»

T

rf

(0

2

bQ

<T

®

UJ

1-

U5

ft

r

CO

•a

H

t4

a

a

q

CU

^.^

111

I

1-

-

rt

a

y-

c«

<

0

3

.-1

►J

Ll.

<

s

-a

a.

T

g

U3

d

hn

1-

OS

3

HI

6fl

0

d

0

m

^

LJ

a

X

328

Ths Review of Reviews,

September I, 190S'.

of their o\vn children, nor may thej- earn anything
without the consent of their husbands, nor have
girls any of the facilities for higher education that
are freely given by the Go\emment to boys." So it
is stated.

jhe Much irritation exists in the

Chinese Question Liberal ranks at the way in which

in the promise made to the House of

South Africa. Commons as to the repatriation of

the Chinese has been rendered null and void bv

passage tiome at once there was a portentots

*™.Ount of rigmarole ending with this extraordinarj'

sentence : — ■

Those who really wish to return home, but who find
themselves unable to do so on account of their insulEcient
possession of money, will now be allowed to send an ap-
plication. The superintendent, then, after thorough inves-
tigation of the applicant's circumstances, will, after the
Government's approval, decide the case, and if it does so
favourably, he will give the whole sum of travelling ex-
pense, according to the contract. If the statement be con-
sidered worthy of belief, then the application will be
granted, after which the applicants still would have to
work in the mines, and the money thna saved would be-
added to the sum of returning faree.

SUreograph Cops/right.} [Underwood and Undencood, London, ;\>ir Tori and Slelbourns.

The International Women's Council in Paris, with Lady Aberdeen enthroned as Presioer.t.

the terms ot the proclamation in which this decision
has been made known to the Chinese. Rightly or
wrongly, the Government promised, and the House
accepted their promise in all good faith, that any
Chinese labourer who was dissatisfied at the condi-
tions of his labour in the mines should be sent
home at our expense. Instead of making this
known to the Chinese in the compounds, a long and
ambiguous proclamation was issued, in which in-
stead of a plain unambiguous promise of a free

The net effect of this is to nullify the Ministerial
promise. It may rwt have been wise to promise to
send the coolies back. But the promise was giveri,
and it ought to have been kept. There is nothing
the House of Commons resents more bitterly than,
being jockeyed. It will go hard with Lord Sel-
bourne if he cannot produce some satisfacton" ex-
planation of how he dared to keep the word of
promise to the ear and 'break it to the hope.

JRevietr of Renews, 119/06.

History of the Month.

229

The Khedive has gone on a visit
Trouble in to Constantinople, Lord Cromer
Egypt- has become a member of the

Order of Merit, but the chief
interest excited in Egyptian affairs has been the
gruesome horror of the punishment inflicted upon
the Egyptian villagers who Icilled Captain Bull and
attacked some other officers who had been invited
to their village to shoot pigeons. The officers who
gave up their guns peaceably when the villagers
complained were then dragged from their carriages
and made the victims of a murderous attack. The
murder appears to have been, unprovoked, and it
was avenged by the hanging of four and the flog-
ging of six others. What grates on the English
imagination was the sandwiching of the flogging
and hanging. To hang two and then flog three
before hanging the other two in the presence of
three awaiting their flogging seems needlessly brutal.
The incident will not be useless if it reniinds us of
•our neglected duty to the f>eople of Egypt. When
we smashed Arabi and suppressed the germ of

■ parliamentary institutions in Egypt we swore before
high heaven that we onlv did it in order to give
"th;? natives genuine parliamentan- government.

■"I'wenty-five years have passed since then, and we

: have done nothing. Is it not time we made ?

': '4)eginning ? If the new member of the Order of
Merit wishes to merit his order, let him re-read

J'"Lcrd Dufferin's despatch and see what can. be done.

The death of Sir Wilfrid Lawson
Sir deprives the House of Commons

Wilfrid lawson. of one of its most respected
members and English public life
of one of its most familiar figures. Sir Wilfrid
Lawson, although capable of turning everythirig in,to
a jest, was one of the most seriously earnest of
politicians. He was a stalwart of the stalwarts in the
war against war. He hated Jingoes worse than he
hated strong drink, against which he warred all his
life long. He was a capital spt-aker with a ringing
voice, and if it had not been for his inveterate love
of a jest and his fanatical hatred of alcohol he
v/ould have held high office in more than one Liberal

•Cabinet. In the very last conversation I had with
him he gloated over the success with which he and

■his emissaries had discomfited the Public Trust Com-
pany in the Channel Islands. He would not hold a
• andle to the devil, he said; nor would he have any

:partnership with strong drink. But although he de-
nounced you as if you were the accredited agent of

■Beelzebub, he always made you feel that he loved
you none the less as a man and a brother. Now that

■he has gone we shall miss him sorely, for no one

combined so well as he the genial jocosity of the

:humorist with the earnest severity of the Radical

JReformer.

Photo.2

The Late Sir Wilfrid Lawson. M.P.

[Lafayette,

... , ,, One of the most extraordmary in-

Cnivalrous Man .„„ ^ ., ■ ^ c j,

gu(j stances of the persistence of a de-

female fducation. lusion in the popular mind is thnt
Englishmen are chivalrous in their
treatment of women. An appeal which has recently
been issued for a paltry j£,2>°°° for the endowment
of one research fellowship at Xownham College af-
fords us an opportune remindi-r of the hollowness
of this imposture. We male creatures revel in the
fattest of endowments. We have scholarships, fel-
lowships, and all the good things of this life. But
for our sisters at Newnham there has hitherto been
maintained with difficulty by annual subscriptions
three research fellowships of £m^o each. Oreatlv
daring, and encouraged by the generous offer of Mrs.
Herringham to contribute one-third of the three
thousand required, the College authorities ventured
to appeal for this trifling sum to aid and encourage
women to follow scholarly and scientific pursuits. In
bygone times women founded colleges for men.
Clare, Pembroke, Queen's, and Sidney were all
endowed by women for men. It will be time to
talk of male chivalry when anything corresponding
to these benefactions are forthcoming from men for
women. With the exception of Mr. Hollaway, what
have our male founders done for the cause of female
education? It is about time our walthy women be-
.stirred themselves in this matter. Men,' like heaven,
help those who help themselves.

The Review of Reviews.

iieptember

Mrs. Herbert Gladstone. Lady Wimborne.

IPhotograph by Thonvson.J [Photograph by Lafayette.^

THREE POPUALR LIBERAL HOSTESSES

Mrs. Asqutth.
\_Photograph by Bereaford.'}

Photo,'}

The German Editors on the Terrace of the House of Commons. London

iSir Beniamiu Stone, M.P

He view vf Reviews, 119/06.

THE COLLINGWOOD 'TOTE."

MELBOURNE'S "DEAREST FOLLY."

Bv

rXhe photographs ot the CoUingwood '-Tote" in this article are quae uuique They were taken during the time the
L - -f . » -f .. ^^^^^ j^g historic raid. See article in July " Review of Reviews, in onjunclion with which this
Copies can be obtained from the office, Equitable Building, Melbourne.— Emitor.]

police "held the fort
article should be read.

" No, there is no thoroughfare here," remarked a
fat, bloated, but rather genial-looking individual, in
reply to the too well-dressed stranger's somewhat in-
genious query, !' Can't I go through the yard ?" The
stranger seemed to get flurried. He was about to blurt
out something, but with an effort he asked for a short
cut to the CoUingwood Town Hall. "First on tin-
right," said the fat man politely, adding with a

If-satisiied twinkle, "But you can't pass through

re. This is not an arcade; this is a row of cot-

_':es."

This is the kind of ansiier usually given to en-
i|uiring strangers who wish- to pass the carefully-
guarded gates of a certain dwelling known to fame
a.s Wren's CoUingwood " Tote." The proprietor and
his satellites betray no anxiety to attract general
business. They don't want too many promiscuous
customers ; they prefer to keep their shop strictly
select. They have no enquiry office. No legends
announce, " Trams stop here for Wren's Tote." They
take it for granted that their clients know that " We
do business while others sleep." They have no con-
ventional lures for the man or woman in the street,
no afternoon tea and cake, no bargains, no winter
gifts ; they don't give away two cups with every
half-pound' of tea purchased, though at a pinch they
might sell tea and lay a " double " on the two Cups ;
and their "shop-walkers" would hardly attract any-
' "dy except, perhaps, the police. Wren's " Tote "
- iiop is guarded as carefully as the strong room of
; bank or tlie meeting place of a Mafia Society.
* * *

"THE SUBURB OP CHAMPIONS."

For miiny years CoUingwood has taken a leading
position in the world of sport. The " Magpies "
Viave reduced football almost to an exact science. Its
cricket team, " La Mascotte," won the junior pen-
nant last year. And in all kinds of sport, from
I'edestrianism and hockey down to such innocent pas-
times as bowls and draughts, " 'Woodites " have up-
held their reputation as the "suburb of champions."
Such sua;ess proves at any rate that there is abun-
dant energy and perseverance among the inhabitants,
qualities, which, if directed into worthy channels,
might make for civic reform and national righteous-
ness. But unfortunately for its people, one of the
deadliest plague spots in Australia exists and thrives
in this sport-loving suburb. At its very heart Wren's

View of the '"Tote," looking towards the back of the yard.
The heavily g:uarded nature of the wall is manifest from
the barbe'l wire barricade. Note the unsuspicious looking'
wood-heap. Each of these doors i^ L'■n^rdp^ by '" bullies "
to keep out any but well-known i ■' li il.itji -

" Tote " Shop has its headquarb-is, tainting the com-
munity, corrupting the youth, luring to destruction
the weak and foolish, and scattering broadcast
among the hard-working, clean-living, energetic
[leopie the seeds of crin-jc, debauchery and miserable
[loverty. "Jack" Wren is the evil genius of Col-
ling wood.

* » »

THE BETTIXG SHOP.

On any race day the CoUingwood trani unloads

at Gold-street a constant stream of so-called

"sports," who make their way to Wren's notorious

betting shop. This shop is only the headquarters

232

The Review of Reviews.

Stptmtber I, ISOS,

Another \-iew. showine how the ' Tote fort isj protecteJ
by high walls.

of the Collingwood Napoleon's gam-
bling operations, which extend into
every section of the city. Every
suburb contains his agents, usuallv
found in hotels and tobacconists's
shops, with whom a foolish public
transacts illegal business almost in
the same way in which it " marks
tickets " in a large number of out-
wardly respectable Chinese shops m
Little Bourke-street. Wren's system
is not unlike that of the Chinese lot-
tery. There are branches every-
where, so that gamblers are afforded
every facility to lose their money,
and almost anybody can do business
with these agents ; but the head-
quarters of the organisation, the
" bank," is kept as secretive as pos-
sible, and open only to " friends. '

Wren's "shop" is usually ap-
proached by the back way, which, for
practical purposes, is the entrance.
Opposite the Baptist Tabernacle.
in Sackville-street, runs a row of
wooden, single-fronted cottages, with

their verandahs stretching out to the pavement.
There are no gardens, and they look as mean and
sordid as possible. A dozen or so of as evil-looking
ruffians as could be found in the city of Melbourne
patrol the avenues of approach, some at the corners
and others at the gates of the cottages. The^trusted
client nods to the " Push " and enters to a wocd-
yard. Here he is confronted by a lo ft. smoke-
blackened fence, surmounted by barbed wire, to
prevent any possibility of adventurous scaling.
There is one gate carefully guarded by a dangerous-
looking Cerberus, who scrutinises all comers, and
blocks out anyone who appears at all suspicious.
But our client is known, so he passes into the
asphalt yard, where he meets his friends and studies
the race card before putting on his money. Round
this inner yard runs a dingy, rambling wooden
building, fronted by a verandah. Beyond this veran-
dah no client passes. He has no means of obtain-
ing entrance to the building itself, for it contains
no front door, or, indeed, any door at all. The offi-
cials enter through a secret passage of their own.
The customer has to wait outside in the yard. When
he has selected his " fancy " he hands his money
through one of the small ticket boxes, behind which
the clerks, completely masked, receive money and
' issue tickets. There are two rooms in this building,
one where the clerks stand between their ticket boxes
and the second, opening into this room by a door.
. which is the " office." the " bank '" and general inner
sanctum of Wren's far-reaching gambling opera-
jtions. In the clerk's room there is an ingenious trap
door, not actually in the floor, but only reaching
about a foot above it, through which the officials

View showing the barriomling through which the betting is done.

Recieic of ttetiew), 119/06.

The GoUin^wood "Tote.

2ii

can easily escape during a raid.
At critical times a couple of
ferocious bulldogs guard the trap-
door. Ever)- department is cap-
ably organised, and by every in-
genious contrivance precaution i.s
taken against raid.

For instance, the police could
raid the place every day, but
under the present circumstances
they would find all the birds had
flown. As soon as they appeared
in the neighbourhood, the " office'
would W given. They would
have to enter in the ordinar\- way.
for all the surrounding cottages
belong to the " Tote " King. But
when they got into the asphalt
yard they could go no further.
There are no doors or windows to
admit them. Before they could
get in they would have to batter
down a lo-foot high wall. As
sixjn as the first blows were
struck — probably long before —
all the clerks and officials in the
building could move out coolly through the trap-
door, down secret passages, through several cot-
tages, and come out of an ordinarily respectable-
looking house into the street. And after the police-
men had forced an entrance they could find nothing
except a few rare-cards and torn tickets. The crowd
cculd even safely remain in the yard and give them
satirical advice.

The " Tote " manipulators owe much of their suc-
cess to the sympathy of certain people in the neigh-
bourhood, much in the same way in which the Dick
Turpins of England, and the " Starlights " and
" Thundertolts," of Australia were able to defy the
law through the good offices of allies and supporters.
Many of these people are past masters in the art of
" bluff." In a certain alleged tea-shop in the neigh-
I'turhood, a betting man who happened, however,
to be a stranger, and was so well dressed that he
naturally aroused suspicion, asked to put on half-a-
sovereign on the "Tote." The tea merchant re^ardt-d
him with an air of injured innocence. " What do
you want ?"' he asked. " I want to put half-a-quid
on the ' Tote.' " "What 'Tote ' ?" "Wren's ' Tote.' "
The shopkeeper reflected a moment, " Wren's 'Tote,' "
he murmured ; " oli, I believe there was once a
'Tote' down this way, somewhere along the street
there." He looked quite uninterested, but added,
for the stranger's benefit, " That was some years
ago." And a stranger might walk all around Col-
lingwood without ever finding out from the innocent
inhabitants that there was such a thing in the world
as a " Tote " shop or such a personage as " Jack "
Wren.

Another anil a closer view of the previous picture.
■■THE PUSH."

Round the cottages in Sackville-street, at every
corner and along all the avenues of approach, slouch
the "Tote" bullies — otherwise scouts — on the look-
out for the enemy. Nowhere else in the city, except
in Bourke-street, on a big race day, from Russell-
place to Swanston-street, which has been called the
" .-Vustralian Bight," could such a formidable and
motlev collection of wasters be seen. Touts, " guns,"
broken-down " bruisers," " lads," spielers, and profes-
sional " chuckers-out " — such people infest this
neighbourhood like noxious weeds. They are the
worst class of loafers. They [lut in all their time
leaning against the fence, smoking, and watching
and waiting to " touch " somebody for the price of a
long beer. The very fat man at the gate attracts
.Tttention. He is bloated and beery-looking, but,
despite his occupation, he possesses that undefinable
something known as quality, and speaks like a
well-educated man. He requires great tact, and
e\en a knowledge of human nature to know at a
glance whom to pass or whom to block. He has to
give the " office " in time of danger, to turn aside
ns gently as possible the prying visitor and to keep
his subordinates in check. He is the lender of the
bull-dogs. At the corner stands a medium-sized
man, who appears to have no interest in life what-
ever. With his long, narrow head, as though
carved out of wood, flattened nose, and dull, lifeless
eyes, he has no more expression than a Maori graven
image. The rest of the " push " are little fellows,
half-starved, miserable- looking weeds; they are
mainly " light-weights," however, quick as cats, and
capable of " walking all over " even big men who

234

I he Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

A possible means of escape m case of a raid.

ha\e not received instruction in the "noble art."
Certainly, the employes don't thrive on tu'-
game. They seem to be sweated workers, though
few people would dare to call Wren a " sweater.''
But this lazy life suits them, and they can always
" touch " the " boss " or his lieutenants and other big
bookmakers in time of need for a couple of bob or
so. On certain occasions a bookmaker walkin-
through the " Australian Bight" has to scatter silver
like a prince before he can escape.
* * *

•■ TOTE ■■ TYPES.

There is no question that the gambling mania has
infected all sections of the community. Wren's
'• Tote " is the poor man's wringer; it squeezes him
Some are beginning to recognise the palpable
that Wren has levied a tax on their ignor-
and folly, and accumulates huge wealth there-
A hard-working man stated : " Wren ain't the
ni;in he's cracked up to be. I know I've paid him
.:! out eight bob a week for two years, and got
m ;hin' for it. 'E don't give me work. Don't tork
1 r tut bein' good to ther poor. 'E ain't our

tii'r-nij. It's us wet's good to 'im ; we keep 'im
afloat and 'e can live like er prince while we 'ave
to graft 'ard for a crust, and are allers hard up.
Wish I'd never touched it. There's nuthin' in it.
Dozens will tell you the same." Yes, a great and
growing number of working men have begun to look

dry.
iart
a nee
bv.

into the simple facts of the case, and
have found that it is their hard-
earned money that swells Wren's
pockets. Mr. Wren is losing caste
among the w'orking men. His philan-
thropy won't wash. Even now many
men whose eyes have been opened
predict the time when the rocket will
come down as a stick. Wren still,
however, has many admirers. Some
betting-demented individuals would
cheerfully elect him Premier of the
State. A besotted " sport,' when in-
ter\-iewed on the subject, believed as
he was a " socialist," that the
" Government should take the busi-
ness o\er, and make Jack Wren
manager." John Wren, Minister of
Gambling, seemed perfectly fit and
proper to him. But when asked how
much Wren would want for his \-alu-
able services, the Socialist thought
hard for a moment. " I never
thought of that," he said ; ' I sup-
pose he would want the dickens of
a lot. " It is only a matter of a
a little time now when the public discovers that Wren
wants such a lot that he will be reckoned far too
great a luxury for a city like Melbourne, and re-
quested to suspend operations. Anyway, even
amongst the habitual "' Tote " patrons John Wren is

lint the popular idol he was a year or two ago.
* * *

HE TOILS NOT.

Wren produces nothing, manufactures nothing,
does no useful work ; he is merely a parasite who
thrives on the monumental folly of the community.
He drains the money from the poor man, hard-
earned money that should go to the proper support
of his wife and children. It is not from the rich,
the wealthy merchants and squatters and profes-
sional men, that Wren extracts gold and silver, but
from the poor, the unfortunate people whom he
keeps poor. He has piled up a huge fortune shil-
kng by shilling, draining the very life-blood of the
|ieople W'ho once looked up to him as their best
friend. Nothing is sadder than the sordid part of
("oUingwood in which the infernal " Tote " shoji has
its headquarters. Crime, folly, ignorance, poverty
and misery, these abound on every side. But mur-
murs of protest rise louder and more persistently
e\ery day against the arch-sweater, even round his
own stronghold. As Abe Lincoln said, " You can
fool some of the people all the time, and you can
fool all the people some of the time ; but you
can't fool all the people all the time."

Review of Reviews, 119/06.

HOW GENERAL BOOTH MAKES EMIGRANTS.

By An Australian.

While on a visit to England recently, people were
asking me, " Why don't you encourage immigration
in Australia ?" My answer was that Australians did
not exiictly approve of the class of immigrants that
would be likely to be sent out by that great immi.
gration agent, General Booth, who was, at the time,
I believe, making negotiations with Mr. Deakin
concerning a tract of broad acres on which he pro-
posed to place some hundreds of the " submerged "
of England. Thinking, however, it might interest
" the man in the street " to know exactly how Gene-
ral Booth first reclaimed the " social crock," and then
turnad him out, a capable, intelligent tiller of the
soil, I determined to go to the Hadleigh Farm
Colony, to see for myself, and to learn, by prac-
tical experience, something of the making of an
immigrant.

In view of probable future ex'ents. it might also
be of interest to Australians to know the way in
which intending colonists are trained at General
Booth's Farm Colony at Hadleigh, in Essex. To
this end, I am recording my impressions of actual
facts and incidents that I saw, during a two months'
course of training — as an intending colonist — at
Hadleigh.

I may say here that I am no novice in the school
of hard manual labour. During a seventeen years'
residence in Australia I have turned my hand to
most things. I have " humped my bluey " in the
back-blocks of New South Wales ; slept with my
boots under my head for a pillow; lumped coal
on the .Melbourne wharves, worked with pick and
shovel, and, in short, have earned my bread literally
• by the sweat of my brow. I mention this in pass-
, ing, in order to show that it was not to be taught
/lotv to work that I went to Hadleigh, but rather
: to learn, if possible, how men ii'ere taught who had
little or no previous experience of farm work, nor
indeed, in some cases, work of any kind. The
" dead-beat," or " social crock," or whatever you
like to call him, is not picked up out of the gutter
by the men in red jerseys and semi -military caps
and packed off straightway to Hadleigh. Oh, no !
He has first to prove to the Salvation Army Officers
that he is earnest in his desire for reformation.
How is this done? By means of the "Elevator."
There are many such institutions in London — testing
places — where paper sorting and other light employ-
ment are offered to the man who last night was
sleeping out on the Thames Embankment — home-
less, friendless and penniless — under the very sha-
dow of the Hotel Cecil, with its glitter and wealth
and luxuries.

" As a man works, so shall he eat," is the motto of
the Salvation Army's social system. The newly-

arrived " casual " at the Elevator is given so much
paper to sort per diem. If he fulfils his allotted
task — not a very severe one, by the way — he is fed
in proportion. If he fail, he is still fed, but not
so well as his more industrious fellow- worker. If,
after the testing time in the Elevator, he is found
to be willing, and deserving of better things, he
is sent down to the Farm Colony at Hadleigh, al-
ways providing he is physically fit. I should, I
think, lay stress on the point that no man is sent
to Canada or elsewhere if he fail to pass the
medical examination held prior to the departure
of the emigrants from England.

There are three stepping-stones in General Booth's
scheme for the making of an emigrant — (ist) the
Elevator, (2nd) the Farm Colony, (3rd) Canada, or
some other colony. At present all — or nearly all —
of the Hadleigh colonists go to Canada.

Having duly applied, and been accepted, as an
intending colonist, I was given a pass, entitling me
to a cheap ticket to Leigh-on-Sea, the nearest station
to the colony, and one bleak, blustering day in
February found myself at Leigh station, looking
for some means of transport to the colony, distant
about two and a-half miles. A man in the familiar
red jersey and peaked cap hailed me, and I climbed
into a serviceable-looking dog-cart, and was soon
being driven through the winding, narrow streets of
one of the quaintest little seaports in south-eastern
England. " ' Leigh-on-mud ' they call this place,"
said my jehu, with a grin; and, looking around me,
I soon saw the reason. The tide was out, and be-
tween us and the sea there was a great gulf of mud
ftxed-"mud, on which lay fishing boats, at all kinds
of angles, mud that lay everywhere, and stuck to
everything. And over the mud wlnstled a sharp east
wind — altogether a dreary and depressing impres-
sion of the place where I was to spend two of the
coldest months of an English winter. We scratched
up a steep hill, past the old cliurch, and along an
almost impassable road, with flat country stretching
away for miles on either hand. " Many colonists on
the Farm now?" said the driver, in answer to my
<|uestion : " 'bout one hundred and forty, I suppose.
Soon l>e losing fortv of 'em — going to Canada." He
pointed with his whip to a huge tract of land where-
in several men were at work with hoes. " That's
part of the market garden," he explained; "we
supply pretty well all Southend." On, past more
broad acres, through the village of Hadleigh, past
the "governor's" hou.se, known locally as "Govern-
ment House " — down a lane, or rather a sea of mud,
with low hedgerows on either hand, and so to the
entrance gates to the colony. Here we stopped be-
fore the Home Office, which I was invited to enter,

236

The Review of Heviews.

September 1, 2906,

in order to go through some necessarj- preliminaries
at the hands of the Adjutant. He opened an enor-
mous volume, containing the histories of many men
v.ho to-day are doing well in Canada or elsewhere,
and began my cfoss-examination : — "Married or
single?' "Where did you sleep last night?" " Ever
been in gaol?" " Not yet," I said. Noting the rather
astonished expression on my face, he hastened to
add, " Sorry, but we have to put these questions.
Our rules, you know." I was then asked whether I
would observe the three main rules laid down for
the law and order of the colony. These were: — To
refrain from any intoxicating drink and the use of
obscene language while on the colony, to obey any
orders given me by the officers, and to attend at
least once every Sunday some place of worship.
It will be noted that the Army officers do not iiisist
upon colonists attending the Sunday services at
their own citadel. In this the colonists are allowed
their choice. There is, however, a Saturday night
social in the citadel, at which everyone has to be
present. I walked out of the office feeling that my
probation as a Hadleigh colonist had begun in
earnest.

The colony itself consists of 3000 acres of land,
a good deal of which is under cultivation. Leaving
the Home Office, one passes along a street, on either
side of which are little " tin " cottages — familiar
enough to Australian eyes. These, I learned, were
for the use of married couples who had separated,
from various reasons, but had become reconciled
through the medium of the Salvation Army agencies.
During my stay at Hadleigh one such reconciliation
actually took place. The husband, who formerly
held a good position in an insinance office, lost
his post through drink, sank lower and lower, until
at last his wife could bear with him no more. He
was taken in hand by the Army, who gave him a
thorough testing for tw-elve months, then, finding him
reliable, employed him in the office for a while, after
which the reconciliation happily took place. Good
luck to the plucky woman who forsook all to help
her husband work out his own salvation in that little
" tin " cottage at Hadleigh. Past the cottages loomed
a fine large building known as the cow shed.
There, warmly housed and well fed, were the dry
stock ; the milch cows were down at the dairj' faxm,
on another part of the colony. Calves lay amongst
the clean straw, or frisked about in roomv pens.
On one side of the building were stalls for the f.irm
horses — two of them being occupied by pedigree
mares. Fowls cackled and scratched about noisily;
the cattle men moved about their work briskly —
altogether a typical English farmyard — and all
under the " stage management of ' W. Booth, car-
man and general contractor,' " as the name-plates
on the farm waggons had it.

Opposite the cow-shed was the little school where
the rather numerous progeny of the Army officers,
paid farm hands and others were being taught by

a schoomiaster in a red jersey, assisted by two cr
three schoolmistresses in " poke bonnets." Nume-
rous stacks, solid and compact, of hay and straw were
in the farmyard, and beyond them Park House, for-
merly an old manor house, but now used for the ac-
commodation of "paying colonists" — viz., men who
were payuig so much per week for their board. A
former West End surgeon was an inmate at the time
of which I write — a gentleman of refinement and
education, who had lost a good practice through
drink, and had ultimately drifted to Hadleigh.
There he keeps sober, and works in the market gar-
den, pruning trees in lieu of limbs. True, he will
never be fit for Canada, but at any rate Hadleigh
is a sanctuary for him, in which he is safe from
the vice that has ruined his prospects.

Within a stone's-throw of the old castle, or
lather the ruins of it — it dates from about 1066, I
believe — are the dormitories, where sleep the "ordi-
nary colonists.'" They also are in grades, the good
conduct man having a better bed than he whose
conduct is not so satisfactor)-.

Personally, I have often slept in far less desir-
able places than the dormitories at Hadleigh. They
are " Hotel Cecil " as compared with the average
" travellers' hut " in the back-blocks. The iron bed
steads are ranged around the sides of the room and
down the centre. A huge stove throws out a rather
superfluous amount of heat from the centre of the
room; Scriptural texts adorn the walls; the blan-
kets are sufficient in number and good enough in
quality to keep one warm ; while in the higher-
grade dormitories one may even attain to the luxury
of sheets !

There is a hospital, happily but rarely needed; a
laundry, reading-room and library, which is well
patronised if one may judge by the rather grimy
state of the books; brick fields, market gardens,
poultry farm, dairy farm, nurseries, piggeries, wag-
gon sheds — in short, a complete township — and a
well-ordered one at that.

The behaviour of the men was excellent; indeed,
during my two months' sojourn at Hadleigh cmly
one man was turned ofiF the place, and that was on
account of hi.*; incurable laziness. I maintain that if
the officers of the " colony " cannot get a man to
work no one else can. The gates of the colony are
open until 10 p.m., the village is within a stone's-
throw, and there are three pubUc-honses open. Yet,
in spite of this. I saw no cases of drunkenness, the
moral suasion employed being, seemingly, sufficient
to keep the colonists sober. If a man offend he is
gi^"en a chance, but woe betide him who offendeth
too often ! For him the punishment is dismissal, and
to be " on the road " in England, especially in the
winter time, is no " cake walk " for even the most
hardened tramp.

" Do the colonists get any wages?" Yes, they do.
When a man first goes to Hadleigh he receives what
is known as a " grant " of 6d. per week. In time.

Heview of Revitwi, J/9/1/6. How General Booth Makes Emigrants.

237

if he prove willing and amenable to discipline,
he has is. This is increased, until he may earn as
much as 5s. per week, or even more. One-third of
the money earned is held by the Officer-in-chajge,
to be used as a contingent fund. This can be drawn
upon by the colonist if he wishes to buy clothes or
any other necessaries. It is also a safeguard against
im'position, as witness the following :— One night
three rain-soaked and wretched tramps shuffled
weaiily to the door of the Home Office and asked
for shelter and food, adding, incidentally, that they
also wanted work on the colony. They were accom-
modated, and the following morning they showed
their dilapidated boots to a too sympathetic officer,
and pathetically asked, " 'Ow can we work in these
'ere things, mister? S'elp me, my feet's froee
a'ready !" Boots were supplied to the footsore
_>nes, who during the following night decamped, to
the sorrow and expense of a too-confiding and trust-
ful Salvationist. They don't take men " off the
roads" now. It will be seen that the colonist is
]iaid in proportion to his ability and industry. The
labourer must prove hmself " worthy of his hire."
The same rule applies to his food — the "bee" is
fjetter fed than the "drone." At the close of the
day's work the men go to the Home Office, where
they are each given three tickets, entitling the holder
to supper, bed, and breakfast the following morn-
ing. The tickets are coloured red and blue. A red
ticket is worth more than a blue one, and its luck)'
possessor is entitled to a "cut off the joint," while
he of the blue has to be content with stew. The
food, though rough and badly cooked, is sufficient
for a man to work upon, and, indeed, the " colo-
nise," fresh from a state of semi-starvation in Lon-
don, soon liegins to feel his strength and self-re-
spect returning, thanks to the Hadleigh food, plus
the Hadleigh air, added to the regular life and the
knowledge that so long as he is willing to work he
will be fed, housed and clothed. " What provision is
made for the wives and families of married men
while the bread-winner is at Hadleigh?" Well, the
Army allows the wife of any " colonist " so much per
week for herself and child or children so long as
the "colonist" behaves himself and works. Fifteen
shillings per week is, I believe, the average allow-
ince, :ind the husband is allowed one day's " leave "
in every month to go home for a day or two to visit
his wife and family — a kindly and humane arrange-
ment much appreciated by the married men.

There is, of course, a small proportion of men
:it Hadleigh, who, on account of physicai or other
reasons, are kept there as long as they like to main-
tain themselves.

They, at any rate, have a home there, which :s
lietter th.in the Thames Embankment, and while
there are quiet, law-abiding, and more or less in-
dustrious citizens, which also is preferable to swell-
ing the already congested ranks of the London un-
employed, whose name is Legion !

Such then are the objects, aims and methods of
the Hadleigh Farm Colony.

THE DAY'S WORK AT HADLEIGH.

I remember once being awakened from my slum
bers by a Gippsland "cockie," with a lantern in his
hand, who told me it was " daylight " ! We didn't
start the day's work quite so early at Hadleigh.
Breakfast at 6.30 a.m., work at 7 o'clock.

It was a bitterly cold, dark morning as I splashed
my way to the Home Office to " report " to the Ad-
jutant, and to be allotted my day's work. This, I
found, was to dig in the " Governor's " garden, and
thither I made my way in mud up to my legging
tops, accompanied by two of my fellow-colonists,
one of whom was shortly afterwards discharged for
chronic laziness. The "lazy one" grumbled and
growled at everything and everybody, then asked
me if 1 had any "'bacca"! I handed him my
pouch, out of which he helped himself liberally,
then inquired, " Which helevator did you come out
of, mate?" I replied that I had not had the
honour of being in any one. After this he regarded
me, I thought, with suspicion.

A biting east wind is a sufficiently good incentive
to a willing man to work, and we set about our
tasks readily enough. Even the " loafer " wielded
his hoe with vigour while the Adjutant was present.
After that, I regret to say, he relaxed his efforts
considerably. " Burning off rubbish," he told me,
" was his favourite ' job,' as a bloke can warm his-

self at the fires this cold weather — see?" I

did see some days afterwards. We were collecting
and burning rubbish in the "Governor's" garden.
The " loafer " had essayed to light a fire, but had
given it up as a bad job. After getting the fire
alight I had gone aw^ay to collect and carry up more
wood, cuttings, etc., and on my return, heavily
laden with more fuel for the flames, my " mate "
(save the mark !) was standing in front of the blaze,
legs apart, pipe in mouth, his hands under his rag-
ged coat-tails, with a look of supreme content on
his unshaven face, for all the w-orld like a " bag-
man " warming himself before the parlour fire of an
English country inn. "This is what I call orl-
right !" he exclaimed, as I threw my load on the
fire. I won't record my answer — it was more forcible
than polite. But it caused me no surprise when,
shortly afterwards, this prince of loafers was ex-
pelled as teing incorrigible. And one " loafer " out
of one hundred and forty men isn't a bad average,
anyhow ! While we were digging in the garden, the
other " colonists " had been allotted different tasks —
some on the farm carting manure, cutting up
" mangels " for the cattle, carting in fodder and straw
from the hay and straw stacks, "mucking out"
stables and cow sheds, feeding the pigs and the
fowls, and so forth. The " nursery " hands were at
work in the glass-houses, which supply large quan-
tities of cut flowers and herbs to the Southend
greengrocers.

238

The Review of Reviews.

SepUmieT 1, 1906.

The brickyard hands were " getting out '' and
wheeling clay, the ploughmen were afield, and away
in the distance, on the river flats, the " sea wallers "
were busy repairing the wall of mud and stones that
stood between the river and the marsh lands of the
" colony.'' For keeping this wall in repair the Army
is paid a considerable sum every year by the Lon-
don and Southend Railway Co., whose line runs
through the flat, low-lying country at the river boun-
dary of the colony. The " farm department " was
under the management of a " converted " farmer,
hailing from the Tweed — or somewhere near it —
and it was a novelty to see a plough being guided
by a man in a red jersey and peaked cap. But he
could " cut a furrow " with any of them, and the way
he handled horses was good to look upon. There
were two or three "overseers" — all paid hands, and
Salvationists. One, I remember, beat the drum in
the Army band; and very capable and decent men
they were. The most capable and experienced of the
colonists are picked as foremen, or gangers, and
they were in charge of and responsible for work
done by the colonists in whatever department they
were assigned to. Our foreman remarked to me at
the close of my first day's work at Hadleigh, " Well,
young feller, if we 'aven't earned aar bit o' corn,
blowed if I know who 'as !" .\n hour is allowed
for dinner, to which the men, with appetites sharp-
ened by keen air and hard work, do ample justice;
and then to work again until 5 o'clock, by which
time it is pretty well dark. The cattle are fed and
bedded down for the night ; tools are put away ; the
men, with mud-caked boots, and in some cases ach-
ing backs, troop to their various dormitories, the
officers go home — to come out later on to take part
in spiritual work. The school is " out " ; the brick
yards are empty, save for the watchmen; the "nur-
series " are silent and deserted. Hadleigh puts on
its coat — the day's work is done !

Of course it must be remembered that many of
these men ha\e never handled a hoe, or an axe, or
a shovel in their lives, and don't know a "mangel
top " from a cabbage. Well, they have to be taught ;
and they usually prove very apt pupils. I was
helping to load manure into the drays one day, and
next to me was a young Londoner, who had been a
tailor's apprentice. Thrown out of work by too
keen competition on the part of his employer, he
at last came to Hadleigh, and exchanged the scis-
sors and tape measure for the hoe and spade. The
manure was wet and sloppy, and, after getting two
or three mouthfuls of it from the ex-tailor's fork,
I ventured to ask him to throw the manure into the
drav instead of feeding me with it. But this sort
of thing is taken good-humouredly, as a rule, by
the " colonists," and by dint of patience and perse-
verance the officers and overseers generally manage
to teach a man how to handle his tools before he
has been on the colony for long.

The Hadleigh " colonist " is not placed in one de-
partment and kept there during the twelve months
that is the average duration of the men's training.
He is shifted about, so that he may have a chance
of learning all they have to teach, thus giving him
an opportunity to become a generally " handy man,"
who would be useful to any farmer, either in Canada
or Australia, for that matter. And it is a significant
fact beyond dispute that the percentage of failures
amongst the hundreds of men annually sent out to
Canada from Hadleigh is so small as to be hardly
worth mentioning.

There was a popular saying amongst the Had-
leigh "colonists." It was simply "stick it!" Often
while we were out working in the fields, in the midst
of a blinding, perishing snow .or sleet storm, one
would hear the cheery words of encouragement
passed from one to the other ; and, indeed, what
better motto could any " colonist " have, whether he
was spreading manure at Hadleigh or " backwoods-
ing " in Canada ? " If a bloke can stick this, he
can stick Canada 1" said a Hadleigh man to me one
day. We were up to our knees in mud, and a bit-
ing east wind was adding to our discomfort. 1 quite
agreed with him. Hadleigh is, without doubt, a
splendid place in which to become physically
hardened.

We only worked until 2 p.m. on Saturday after-
noons at Hadleigh, after which we had dinner, and
were then free to do what we liked or go where we
liked. Most of us used to spend a quiet half -hour in
scraping from boots and leggings the week's accu-
mulation of mud and slush, for which the colony is
noted.

Every man would try to make himself as present-
able as possible for the Saturday night " Social, '
which everyone had to attend. There one could
hear songs, recitations, solos, etc. — not forgetting
selections by the indispensable Army band. And
it was good to hear the chorus of some popular song
rolling through the barrack-like building from the
throats of one hundred and forty lusty men.

Nor must I forget the " coffee and pie " supper
at the conclusion of the social. Each man would be
given a mug full of steaming hot coffee and a meat
pie of generous proportions. At one time a small
charge was made for this, but while I was at Had-
leigh the new " Governor " issued an edict that the
supper was to be free — a new order of things that
the " colonists " appreciated warmly.

Such, then, was the average day's work at Had-
leigh. Of course it varied, according to the weather,
season, etc.

I have written of it as I saw and took part in it
during two months of an English winter.

I have very pleasant recollections of the kindness,
sympathy and patience of the various officers under
whose direction I worked, and also of the many
plucky, persevering and cheerv comrades of my
dailv labours in the fields. Good luck to them !

Itevieie of Reviews, lldjOS.

THE TEMPLE RUINS OF JAVA.

By Senator the Hon. Staniforth Smith.
No. 2.

Few people are awaxe of the size and magnificence

-f the temple ruins of Java, and many, no doubt,

are unaware of the wonderful civilisation that existed

close to the coasts of Australia at a time when our

ancestors Ln WL-stern Europe were still Pagans.

The Javanese belong to the Malay stock. Ac-
cording to their traditions they migrated from the
Red Sea litoral along the southern shores of Asia
\ at a remote period, when Java was connected w'ith
Asia by land. They were nomadic hunters, wander-
ing from place to place, and worshipping the sun,
moon and stars, and other natural phenomena.

In the year 74 a.d., according to Javanese annals,
the invasion of the races from Continental India
took place, and Java was ruled by Hindu dynasties
until the beginning of the 15th century, when the
Arabs conquered the island and con\erted its in-
habitants to the Islamic faitli. It was during the
first eight or ten centuries of our era that Central
\ and East Java were covered with the magnificent
• temples of Buddhist and Brahminic believers, and
during this period a rich literature sprang up, and
arts and sciences flourished. The very existence of
this ancient civilisation was unknomi to Europeans
little more than a century ago. The indifference of
the natives to their ancient temples, after they had
embraced the faith of Islam, caused these ancient
ancestral shrines to be neglected and overgrown
with tropical vegetation, and ultimately forgotten.
It has been stated that these ruins w-ere first dis-
overed during the Governorship of Sir Stamford
Raffles, but the\- were known, to the Dutch long
before the term of British rule (1811-1816). Sir
Stamford Raffles, in his " History of Java," men-
tions that a Dutch engineer, in 1797, when con-
.strurting a fort near Djokjakarta, spoke of the ruins
•f Parambanan, although no proper description had
been published up to that time. Their existence
was probably revealed to the Dutch when they first
invaded these territories of the Sultans of Mataram.
It, how-ever, remained for Sir Stamford Raffles,
with his extraordinary vigour of mind and body, to
have the ruined temples explored and excavated,
the stone inscriptions deciphered, arid the literature
of the Javanese —historic, legendary and poetic —
'ollected and deciphered.

The Javanese were only really great urvder the
direction of their Hindu conquerors, and under the
stimulus of a religious fervour, that in all ages has
ever called for the most sublime conceptions. These
often find expression in the marvellous architec-

tural creations, which enshrine the object of their
adoration, or withii^ which they \TOrship their deity.
But this mental exaltation, this grandeur of con-
ception, which materialises in the construction of
some of the most wonderful temples ever raised by
human hands, was at once the crownit^g glory and
the destruction of the governing race. The Hindu
religion, more than any other, is a religion of rapt
contemplation, of esoteric mysticism and metaphy-
sical speculation. As their intellect was refined
their physical hardihood was softened, and martial
strenuousness cooled under a religion that taught
its votaries to look even upon bodily existence as an
^vil.

While it is true that the Javanese never clung
to their religion with that absorbing devotion evinced
by the Aryans of India, and while it is equally true
that they never entirely abandoned their belief in
the primitive Animism of their ancestors, there is
little doubt that Buddhism combined with other
causes to relax their physical vigour. In the isth
century their hierarchy was swept away by the burn-
ing fanaticism and fury of the Moslem, w^hose creed
was to convert or slay the infidel. Their Literature,
their Art, their Ci\'iIisation and their Religion were
demolished as a tidal wave devastates a beautiful
cit)-. The Mc«lem faith, instead of keeping the
torch of knowledge burning, as was the case in
Baghdad and Cordova during the Dark Ages of
Europe, fell like a dead hand on the mental vitality
of the people.

The Sultans ruled in unrestrained absolutism;
they were at once sensuous and vicious, proud and
corrupt, despotic and feeble. Family quarrels,
Royal-harem intrigues, and the machinations of
worthless favourites, plunged the countn- into con-
tinual strife. The unfortunate peasantn', enfeebled
and defenceless, were ground under the heel of
remorseless tyranny. Their goods w-ere confiscated
and their lives subjected to the caprice of the Sultan
or the Pangeran ; resistance was hopeless, and thev
accepted in dumb misery the cruelties of their task-
masters, and the exactions of a cloud of harpies,
who deprived them of ever\thing bevond a bare
subsistence.

Under this brutalising despotism, learning, poetry
and art vanished, native institutioios decayed, and
the Moslem converts were taught to look upon their
beautiful temples and classic shrines as infidel
abominations, and their statuary as works con-
demned by the Koran, until sorrowing Nature

2^0

The Review of Reviews.

SeptemOet 1, 1S06.

Entrance to Chandi Sewa (-Thousand Temples ')

covered them with a mantle of luxuriant vegetation,
and softened disdainful neglect by oblivion. Litt'e
more than a century of Moslem rule not only de-
stroyed the civilisation of fifteen centuries, but had
even obliterated from the minds of the people all
recollection of the grandeur of their ancestors.
When these national heirlooms were discovered by
the Dutch, the ignorant natives, living in their
squalid huts of bamboo and thatch, gazed upon the
works of their forefathers with amazen)ent. believing
them to be the productions of Demons or Giants.
At the present day, with these mighty temples as
models, and surrounded bv European and Chinese
architecture, their most ambitious attempts at build-
ings are devoid of any artistic conception or architec-
tural capacitv. The visible record of this ancient
civilisation is to be found only in heaps of ruins.
These chiselled stones are the palimpsest of a
Golden Age, dimmed and obliterated by the fana-
ticism and misgovemment of a century\

It is a fact, at least extraordinary, that, while the
temperament of the jjeople of Java is such that they
have readilv adopted, at different periods, three of
the great religions of the Aryan and Semitic races —
Brahmanism, Buddhism, and Moslemism — at the
will of their conquerors, they have steadily refused.

during near'.y three hundred years, to adopt the
religion of their European conquerors. The number
of Javanese Christi.ins is less than 15.0C0, in a
population of thirty millions.

The temple-building period of the great Aryar*
religions did not commence until a comparatively
late period. In the time of Herodotus (fifth cen-
tury B.C.) the Persians had no temples, and Tacitus
(first century a.d.) tells us that the great Germanic
races " would not confine their gods within walls."
Btiddhist Pillars and Topes were first erected in
India in the third century B.C., near'.y two centuries
after the death of Buddha. Their first object was
to commemorate some religious event or to indicate
a spot that had become sacred. Subsequently they
were employed as a repository for certain relics,
or supposed relics, of Buddha. The temple-building
period practically came to an end in the r2th cen-
tury.

The Buddhist temples in Middle Java are, in the
opinion of manv competent critics, unsurpassed,
either in conception or magnificence of design, bv
anvthing either in Egypt or India. Sir Stamford
Raffles, in his ■ History of Java,"' says : — '' The in-
terior of Java contains temples that, as works of
art, dwarf to nothing our wonder and admiration at

Rectew of Reviewt, 119106.

The Temple Ruins of Java.

241

Bas-relief from the Temple of Bore Budur.

the Fyraniids of Egypt. Captain Baker, who vva
the first to thoroughly explore the ruins of Chandi
Sewa, or the " Thousand Temples," said that he had
never in his life seen " such stupendous and finished
specimens of human labour and the science and
taste of ages long since forgot, "owded together 1.
so smai: a compass as on this spot." Altred Russell
Walla,:e, speaking of the temple of Boro Budu
siys — -The amount of human labour and slali
eVpended on the great Pyramid of Egypt sinks into
insignificance whea compared with that required to
complete this sculptured hill-temple in the interior
of Java ' Herr Brumund called Boro Budur the
most remarkable and magnificent monument Bud-
dhism has ever erected," and Ferguson, in his His-
tory of Indian and Eastern Architecture, fi^ds .^n
that edifice the highest development of Buddhist
Art, an epitome of all its arts and ritua , and the
culmination of the Architectural style which
originating at Barat a thousand years before, had
bUun to decay in India at the time the colonists

were erecting this masterpiece of the ages in the
hp-T rt of T ti V ii •

The approach to the temple of Boro Budur is
through the gloom of a stately avenue of lordly
canan trees some mile in length. Rounding a slight
curve' in the avenue, the traveller is spellbound by
a vision that is a fitting climax to the magnificent
approach. Crowning a low rounded hi"' h.3
triumph of man's handiwork remains in deathless
defiance of the pitiless Arab who turned the fickle
inhabitants to a strange god, and vainly endeavoured
to obliterate all trace of their former devotion

Viewing the silent grandeur of this noble, edifice,
one realises that the evolution of the human family
cannot be illustrated by comparing ^'^e generation
with another, or even one century with anothen
Barbarism often triumphs in its guerilla warfare
with civilisation, the resistless fomard movement
of humanitv is like a tide that continually advances
and recedes, vet in those very processes gradually
overcomes the forces that are opposed to it.

242

Jhe Review of Reviews.

SeptemteT i, I90S.

The Temple of Boro Budun.

The teniple of Boro Budur, built in the seventh
centun, is a pyramid of terraces, withj apparently,
no interior chambers or excavations. Its base is
500 feet square, and the dome or cupola 100 feet in
height. The first six terraces ha\e each thirty-six
sides, enclosing galleries or pilgrim paths, between
their walls, covered with beautifully carved cornices,
which support 456 niche-temples, each containing
a life-size Buddha seated on a lotus throne, and
crowned with bell-shaped dagabas. All the walls
are adorned, both inside and out, with beautiful
high-relief sculptures, displaying scenes from the
life of Buddha, consummating a pictorial battle in
stone. These, if stretched out in a single line, would
extend a distance of three miles. Above the first
six terraces are three circular terraces, supporting
respectively 32, 24 and 16 open-work dagabas,
shaped like a lotus-bed, and in size much
larger than those which surmount the niche-
temples. In each of these — 72 in all — is a
V^uddha image ; making in all over 500 statues of
Buddha. The apex of the pyramid is a cupola
or great dagaba. All the terra ceSj as well as this
crowning dome, can be reached by steps ascending
from the centre of each of the four sides of the
.'•mple. Th<=- '='flifire is built of grey trachyte (an

igneous rock), exquisitely fitted together without
cement of any kind. It is notew-orthy that in the
whole structure there is not a sing'te- column or
pillar. Truly has it been said. " They wrought like
Titans and finished like jewellers."

The great dagaba remained sealed until recently,
when it was burst open. It was found to contain
some traces of ashes and an UDfi.nished Buddha
image. From this it appears the temple was also
a mausoleum, and it is extremely improbable that so
vast a shrine would have been built for any ashes
less sacred than those of Buddha. About 250 B.C.
Asoka, one of the most powerful of the Indian
kings, abjured Brahmanism, and made Buddhism
the religion of the State — doing for Buddhism what
Constantine subsequently did for Christianity. Ac-
cording to tradition, he caused the ashes of Buddha
to be disinterred from seven out of the eight places,
where they had been deposited for three centuries,
and these were distributed amongst the belie\ers in
all Buddhist communities. We are therefore war-
ranted in believing that some of these supposed
ashes of Buddha were brought over by devotees to
Java, and enshrined in a Tope or Mausoleum worthy
of the sacred relics thev adored. The name of the

Review of RevieicA, IjQ/uS.

The Temple Ruins of Java,

243

temple is probablv derived from Bara Budha, or
the " Great Buddha."

The view from the summit is magnificent. The
upper portion of the hill is clothed in an exquisitely
wrought mantle of stonework, scarred and seamed
by twelve centuries of conflict with the elements.
Nestling at its feet in loving homage is the rich
green foliage of a tropical clime, as if Nature, re-
versing the usual order, were worshipping this mas-
terpiece of humanity. Beyond, the simple peasant
ploughs his paddy field, or plants his indigo, chil-
dren frolic beneath the giant trees, and smiling
fields complete a landscape framed by huge moun-
tains and smoking craters.

There are ruins of more than 150 temples in the
region lying between Soedakarta and Djokjakarta,
some of which surpass in elaboration of detail and
arti.stic merit even the great temple of Boro Budur.
A little to the north of Parambanan is the Chandi
Sevu (' Thousand Temples "). The group consists
of 240 minor temples built in four quadrilateral lines,
around the central temple. Two huge Temple-
Guards protect each of the four entrances. They
are generally believed to be " Raksy-asas," or de-
mons, although it is contended by some archaeolo-
gists of note that they are images of '" Kala," the god
of Death, keeping guard over the remains of the
departed. Each of the minor temples probably
contains the ashes of some notable person, constitut-
ing a select Necropolis of priests and princes. The
principal temple contains a spacious inner room,
with small chapels on every side, except the eastern,
which provides the entrance. There is hardly any

ornamentation in the iiiner room,, but its western
half is occupied by a raised dais, upon which the
principal image was probably enthroned. Wilful
destruction is nowhere more evident than here ;
hardly an image remains on the pedestals, fragments
of statues ajid mutilated torsos lie around, reproach-
ing the wanton vandalism of a degenerate race.

Further south, at an e!e\'ation of 1000 feet, there
is another group of temples on Gunung Ijo. These
temples are chiefly interesting from the fact that
they seem to be the only purely non-Buddhistic tem-
ples in the district.

Buddhism was completely overthrown in India
during the eighth and ninth centuries, and it is at
least worthy of comment that the two greatest world-
religions, Christianity and Buddhism — whose fol-
lowers comprise nearly one-half of the human race — ■
are not practised in the regions of their birth. The
Hindus of the Mainland were doubtless in constant
intercourse with their fellow-believers in Java, and
it is probable that Hinduism became the prevailing
cult in Java about that date. This was probably
the religion of the last Hindu dynast}' that was ruling
when the Arabs commenced their conquest of the
island. Their seat of government was at Majapahit,
near S'oerabaja, and they ruled not only over Java,
but had established their hegemony over parts of the
Malav Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and other
islands of the Archipelago. It is probable that
during the fourteen centuries of Hindu rule in Java
Buddhism superseded Brahmanism in the third or
fourth century, and was itself overthrown in the
ninth or tenth century, being succeeded by a more
or less unorthodox Hinduism.

Essay Competition for Adults and School Pupils.

TEN GUINEAS in Prizes. See Page 316.

On page 316 we publish details of Essa^ Competition. Our idea is
to stimulate still further the growing desire for universal peace. One
Competition is for adults, the other is for State school pupils, or
Secondary school pupils under the age of 16 years. I most earnestly
request the State school and Secondary school teachers to bring this
Competition under the notice of their pupils. The cultivation of kindly
sentiments between nations is in the air, and no time could be more
appropriate than this for the inculcating of ideas as to what the best kind
of Empire should seek to accomplish. May I appeal to them to do what
they can to induce their pupils to take the matter up ? — EDITOR.

I'emew of Revieiri, 119/06.

MR. I C, WATSON ON ^^ SOCIALISM/'

Mr. J. C. Watson replies as follows through the Australian Press Cuttings Agency to the

G. H. Reid in the July "Review of Reviews": —

iticism of Mr.

Mr. Reid, under cover of a " definition " of So-
sjialism, has attacked the Labour Party's objective,
and implies that the latter is identical with all those
schemes which enthusiasts and dreamers have, at in-
tervals throughout human history, conceived and in
some few instances put into practice. It may,
therefore, be as well for me to add something to
the terse definition already forwarded. The Labour
Party recoijnises that among logical thinkers to-day
there are only two economic schools — Individualists
and Collectivists. The Individualist believes in the
■doctrine of the " survival of the fittest," allowing
the weakest to go to the wail, and objects to any
State interference beyond the maintenance of order
and the protection of property. Ihe Collectivist
(or Socialist) puts in the forefront of his programme
the protection of life, asserts the responsibility of
Society towards its weaker members, and insists
upon State action to any degree necessary to ensure
the well-being of the people. Our Factory Acts,
Anti-Sweating Laws, OH Age Pensions, State Rail-
ways, and Irrigation Works, etc., are all directly
Socialistic, and therefore infractions of the Indi-
A-idualistic ideal. It is late in the day to begin to
argue whether Socialism, as a principle, is good or
bad; all civilised countries have already adopted
large instalments of it. The only real question to
'be considered is the degree to which it is wise to go
in the public interest.

In his recent book, " Socialism and Society," Mr.
M'Donald puts the case clearly : —

" The function of the Socialist theory is to guide.
The seaman in his voyage across the seas steers by
■certain marks, and at certain points alters his course
and follows new marks when the old can lead him
no further. So with Socialism. Its method is not
the architectural and dogmatic one of building
■straight away from bottom to top, but the organic
and experimental one of relieving immediate and
pressing difficulties on a certain plan, and in ac-
cordance with a certain scheme of organisation."

The Labour Party of Australia will, I think, ac-
cept this as a statement of their position. As Canon
Scott Holland writes, reviewing Mr. M'Donalds
book : —

" We stand at a critical moment, when to be with-
out ideas is to b« lost. For we have reached the
point when social construction is inevitable, is ur-
gent. How are we to organise the production and
distribution of wealth'? It is impossible without an
ideal to work for. Action cannot be taken unless
■we have some idea of the direction in which to set
t)ut. and of the goal we propoee to reach. We must,
at least, have a provisional hypothesis if we are to
'da anything at all."

The Labour Party sets up. as its " provisional

hypothesis," that "monopolies should be natioitalised
and the industrial and economic fimctions of the
State extended," luid in its platform puts forward
the actual proposals towards giving effect to its
theory. Mr. Reid tries to alarm the people by stat-
ing that looo millions sterling will be required to
buy out private interests, but surely we may leave
to each generation which decides to nationalise in-
dustries the duty of finding their proportion of
whatever amount is necessary. In my view, all steps
in the direction of nationalising will be gradual, and
the community will test each before proceeding to
the next. There is no doubt but that we could im-
mediately find the money to buy out the Sugar
monopoly or the Coastal Shipping ring and the To-
bacco Combine, without seriously embarrassing our
finances. As to whether it is wise to take one or ail
of these steps, the people must judge.

Modern industrialism, particularly in secondary
products, is steadily and even rapidly passing into
the control of small groups of individuals, who are
the " Anti-Socialists " in the broadest sense, and it
is for Society to say whether it will submit to the
extortion which must inevitably follow dependemre
b)- the community on the will of a few irresponsible
persons. This condition of things has already been
reached in regard to many commodities, and in the
absence of State or Collective ownership, is being
surely intensified.

Mr. Reid takes a short-sighted view in assuming
that people are turning to Socialism because of a
desire to enjoy the " sweet security and permanence
of a State billet." A much more potent factor is the
existence in all civilised countries of grievous misery
and degradation, directly traceable to the competi-
tive system of industrial production, and the mono-
polies which are a natural se:iuence. Humanitarian
feeling on the part of many outside the ranks of
wage-earners is responsible for a large share of the
strength possessed to-day by the Socialist movement.

Mr. Reid speaks of a " Commonwealth of Co-
operatives " as being preferable to a " Co-operative
Commonwealth." The distinction seems a
purely verbal one. Certainly if co-operation
can be extended to cope with the e\ils that
are the outcome of the present industrial svs-
tem, which arrives at monopoly through competitive
methods, no one will be better pleased than the
members of the Labour Party. But trusts and
monopolies are the antithesis of co-operation. They
have already made their appearance in Australia,
and are operating against the public interest. The
Labr-T Party say, " Nationalise them and conduct
them in the interests of the whole community." As
Mr. Reid believes in "killing the tiger while it's
young," what does he propose to do?

R§titw of Revietoa, li9/06.

ARCHBISHOP CLARKE ON GAMBLING.

Laja;c'tc Photo.

Archbishop Clarke, Melbourne,

\^Melbourtie

WTio has taken such a magnificent stand against Gambling
and Brink.

I gladly res[>ond to your request to say something
upon the evils of lietting and gambling in the pages
of your " Review."

I feel it is needless for me to draw any of the sad
pictures of the sorrow and suffering which .come to
countless homes in Australia through this widely-
spread habit. The great task before the Church is
to convince the conscience of large number of pro
fessing Christians of the wrong ]irinciples underlying
the practice. People in every class of society prac-
tise the habit and justify it as adding to the plea-
sure and excitement of life. They are convinced that
in their own cases no possible harm can come to
them. To deprive them of the excitement attending
betting seems to .so many persons a sour and Puri-
tanical view directed against innocent enjo\ment.
Thev are quite willing to acknowledge that manv
people have suffered from the gambling habit, but
they never imagine for a moment that they tliem-
selves could possibly descend to the dejiths of covet-
eousness and jinssion which mark the last stage in the

gambler's life. They are as ready as anyone to con-
demn the vile surroundings of the racecourse and the
repulsive lives of many who live by betting, but
their justification always is that they themselves
could not possibly become such degraded characters
On the other hand, there is the constant defence of
the spirit of gambling and chance which it is con-
tended enters in all speculations and business trans-
actions. Now is it possible for the Church to present
her case against gambling in such a form as shall
appeal to all that is honest and true in human hearts,
and to exhibit the fallacy of these arguments by
which the practice is justified in a thoughtless and
light-hearted compliance with custom ?

In the first place, surely it is evident to all that
the Church's voice will command no respect unless in
her own organisations and work she banishes alto-
gether every portion of the spirit of gambling. The
end does not justify the means, and no matter how
good the object m.ay be, whether to build churches
and schools, or to maintain charitable and religious
work, when the means whereby these objects are at-
tained is wrong, the Church is simply abandoning
her own position and adopting the ways of the world.
The Church of England in Victoria has therefore
said unmistakably that no more raffles or lotteries
can be sanctioned in bazaars or sales of work. We
have done for ever, I hope, with the old plausible
words: " It is all for a good cause," and even if we
suffer for a while from taking this firm stand, I am
convinced that before very long our people will see
the justice of it, and we shall be able to raise the
standard of giving and to place it upon its proper
Christian basis. The art unions, so called, to justify
themselves in the eyes of the law, have been nothing
but gigantic gambling speculations, and no matter
how successful they have been, they can bring no
credit to any portion of the Church which adopts
them. Better far that our churches should be humble
houses of God than costly edifices erected by the
wages of iniquity. This, then, is the position of
the Church of England in Victoria henceforth.

We are further trving, as far as possible, without
wholly condemning honest bazaars and sales of work
to teach our people that the l>est method of giving to
God's service is to do so directlv. and to ask for no
excitement or pleasure in return for the gifts they
dedicate as an offering to God.

On the general subject of gambling, there is only
one position which can be safely maintained — name-
Iv, that gambling is wrong. Ixvause it is ba.sed upon
wrong motives — first, covetousness. and, secondly,
laziness. It is a deliberate attempt to get money
which we ha\'e not earned, for whicli we give no ser-
\-ice in return, and therefore to which w'e have no
right. Honestv must lie at the root of all just trans-

246

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

actions between man and man, and the eighth com-
mandment, " Thou shalt not steal," is wisely inter-
preted in our Church catechism to mean, " To be
true and just in all my dealings." It is an honest
thing to seek to acquire money, for the love of
money, and not money itself, is ^aid to be the root
of all evil. We must acquire it honestly, and use it
honestly with a sense of stewardship in everything
we possess, whether it be great or small.

Starting from these principles we declare betting
and gambling to be in themselves unjust. It is pos-
sible to argue that the legislation of betting so as
to regulate it by machinery would do a\vay with some
of the evils at present attending the system. Whilst
allowing this the Church's answer is, What is morally
wrong, caiuiot be politically expedient or right. No
State can ultimately succeed which bases its legisla-
tion upon principles confessedly wrong. Our great-
est difficulty lies with those persons who indulge in
thoughtless betting, and who justify it by saying, I
never risk more than I can afford to pay. Another
large class of persons say quite honestly, " What
would be the use of going to the races if I could
not bet?" In answer to both of these contentions, I
reply in the words of an old writer, " He that means
to make his games lawful, must not plav for money
but for refreshment," and again, " If a man be will-
ing or indifferent to lose his own money, and not at
all desirous to get another's, to what purpose is it that
he plays for it; if he be not indifferent, then he is
covetous, or he is a fool ; he covets that which is not
his own, or unreasonably ventures that which is. If,
without the money he cannot mind his game, then
the game is no recreation, but the money is all the
sport, and therefore co\'etousness is all the design."
Rid all games in private life, and all sports and races
in public of money, and make them trial of skill,
and then we can all share in them. Some element of
chance may still be present, but it will lead to no
harm. In a pure game of billiards there is no chance
present, and skill, whether conscious or unconscious,
governs every stroke. In a game of whist the shuf-
fling of the cards determines their distribution by
chance, but when the play begins skill determines
the result of the game. The game of bridge has

largely displaced that of whist, simply because it
lends itself more easily to gambling, and this in spite
of the contention that it affords more scope for the
exercise of skill.

I should like to make an appeal to public authori-
ties in Australia to take in hand the organisation
of the public holidays. There is about these days a
contagious enthusiasm which is altogether wholesome
and gcK)d. The wheels of duty and labour are stop-
ped for a few brief hours, and the whole community
of every class is seized with the joyous spirit of re-
laxation and amusement. Many persons have their
ow-n ways of spending such a holiday which are in-
nocent and refreshing, but multitudes ask the ques-
tion, " What has been publicly provided for their
pleasure?" Why should the racecourse be almost the
only place provided for so many people on a public
holiday? My appeal, then, to the public authori-
ties is this : Organise for every public holiday old
English sports — jumping, and a score of other
games which would afford interest and pleasure for
thousands of people Rigidly exclude any form of
betting and offer prizes to be won by skill. In this
way in the great halls of cities, and on cricket
grounds a day of innocent and wholesome games
would bring refreshment to tens of thousands of peo-
ple. I have been told by many persons that they
would be willing to give their services in organising
such gatherings. Hitherto the holiday-maker in
Australia has turned instinctively to the racecourse,
because it offers him the excitement of a pleasurable
holiday, and he has joined in the common betting be-
cause most people do the same. My suggestions,
therefore, are twofold. First, that the Church should
faithfully adhere to her declaration that gambling
is dishonest in principle, that she should teach this
in her schools and from her pulpits, that to enforce
it she should bind everyone by a pledge to abstain
from betting and gambling ; and, secondly, that she
should join with public bodies and public-spirited
men to organise innocent, healthy and amusing
games and sports for public holidays, and join in
teaching the whole community how it is possible to
be both merrv and wise.

r

9 3 3

rce©-

-o>

Eerirw Of Reviews. 119/OS.

The Victorian Government Licensing BilL

By John Vale.

The Government Licensing Bill, which had been
long and anxiously looked for, and frequently fore-
shadowed, has at last made its appearance in
reality, and has been received by reformers with
mingled feelings, in which emotions of gladness
predominate. There is joy at many of the regulat-
ing provisions which it contains, e\en in the hearts
of those who know that, after all, seeking to regu-
late the liquor traffic is as hopeless as the task of
Sisvphus. There is greater Joy at the prospect of
power in the hands of the people to end the traffic
which none can satisfactorily mend. But sorrow
enters the heart at the prospect of the long, weary
waiting proposed before this righteous power may
begin to operate. In spite of natural disajjpoint-
ment, the attitude of the Temperance party towards
the Bill has been most conciliatory. The unanimous
resolution of the Alliance Conference, gratefully
recognising " the honest and statesmanlike effort
that the Government has made to deal with one of
the most difficult social problems of the time," must
have been as soothing oil to the Premier while he
was smarting from the many wounds which the
Worrall incident had left upon him. The charge
frequently levelled against Temperance reformers
that thev demand " all or nothing " never had anv
basis of fact ; but it will be a bold critic who invents
it again in Victoria after the party's magnanimity
towards the Premier and his Licensing Bill.

It is easy to point out

FAULTS OF OMISSION

in the measure. It leaves undone many things
which ought to t)e done. There is no reduction pro-
posed in the inordinately long hours during which
liquor sellers are permitted to ply their mischievous
calling. The boon of shorter hours should be forced
upon ])ublican and wine sellers both for their own
good and for the benefit of the community. If
these people do not want a rest themselves, they
should in any case be compelled to give the public
a rest from their labours. Another omission is the
decree of divorce between the beer barrel and the
ballot box which would be pronounced by closing
liars on election days. Whom the devil of corrup-
tion hath joined it were good to " put asunder." The
proposal of the Bill" to merely prohibit the future
engagement of barmaids under twenty-one, except
the wives and daughters of licensees, seems like
jilaying with a grave problem. The nice things
said concerning the young women who follow the

occupation of decoys for publican and brewer may
be true of many. And those who keep their charac-
ters unsullied amid the environments of the bar are
worthy of all the praise which we can give them.
Probably most of these would be found to be in
sympathy with reform. An ex-barmaid, now mar-
ried, wrote in the Ballarat Evening Echo : — " I have
two little girls, and I would sooner see them lying
in their coffins than earning their living as I did."
The extreme descent in the barmaid's career was de-
picted in the sworn evidence of Charles Hill, the
Melbourne police court missionary, before the Shops
Commission of 1884: — "As soon as a girl gets
rather faded in one house she goes to a house of a
lower grade, and down and down until no publican
will have her." He then traced the final stages
through the dens of iniquity, thence to the Chinese
quarters, then to the hospital, and then — to the
grave. There is no suggestion that this is the usual
career, but Parliament should endeavour to make
it an impossible one by erecting a barrier at the first
stage. I'he Alliance Conference resolved to seek to
amend the Bill by preventing the employment of
barmaids in the future, excepting those at present
engaged in the dangerous avocation. The limit of
riimpromise should not be extended further.

Before dealing with the good points of the Bill,
I will point out some things proposed which

OUGHT NOT TO BE DONE.

The roadside license in mountainous districts is an
excrescence on the present law. It may be granted
by licensing courts at their discretion, and is
often granted in indiscretion. In practice "moun-
tainous" means hilly country, and sometimes
even country in the vicinity of hills. It is proposed
to reduce the interval between these, and other pub-
licans' licenses, from ten to live miles, and to make
them a\-ai!able, at ten-mile intervals, in country
which is not " rising." The Railway Commissioners
have secured the insertion of a provision to enable
ib.em to run bars on dining cars. The Alliance Con-
ferenre wisely determined to oppose both these dan-
gerous innovations. Reformers are willing to ad-
\ance a step-at-a-time, but not to go backward.

1 now come to the more pleasing part of my sub-
ject— the good" points of the Bill. The First Divi-
sion provides

A CLUB FOR BOGUS CLUBS,
and the truncheon of authoritv for clubs which are

248

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

called bona fide. At present the man who cannot,
under the provisions of the law, secure a publican's
license, may induce his possible customers to enrol
themselves as members of a club, and to appoint him
as manager. A nominal subscription is paid by the
alleged members, which may be refunded, or taken
out in drink, when the certificate that the club is
bona fide has been secured. A little false swearing
may be necessary ; but the average club promoter
and his allies do not stick at a trifle like that. In
reply to my question to a club-owner as to how he
had managed to deceive the court the answer came,
without hesitation, " Of course we have to commit
[lerjury.'' That is a mere incident in the business.
Witnesses may display invincible ignorance. When
^Vren's Bourke-street club was started, an attempt
was made to get a certificate to authorise the sale
of liquor, which the Victorian Alliance successfully
opposed. The witnesses for the club stoutly swore
that Wren had nothing to do with it — so far as they
knew. Some wt-re sure that he w.is not in it. What
they did not know was remarkable ! Once the cer-
tificate is granted the club may locally be known as
So-and-so's club. The alleged manager is really the
owner of a liquor business, which may be run all
day, all night, and seven days in the week, without
any kind of restriction or supervision. I have seen
the club owner's name painted on the iron roof of
his premises, in letters which could be read half-
a-mile away. " Clubs ' have been sold by one
"manager" to another. The only men who seem to
!:« decei\ed are the magistrates; and perhaps they
are not so simple as they appear to be. In a series
of twenty-two carefully-drawn sections, taken from
the Acts of New South Wales and New Zealand,
the Bill seeks to bring all clubs under supervision;
to impose an annual fee for the privilege of selling
liquor; to enable opposition to be raised to the
granting of certificates of registration; and to se-
cure the suppression of the clubs which are not bond
fide. Strong opposition to these proposals from the
bogus clubs is inevitable; and these will have as
their allies the institutions which cherish the reputa-
tion of superior resi^ectability. But. surelv. only
those " whose deeds are evil '' need " fear the light."
If the high-toned institutions push their objection
to supervision very far the suspicion may be engen-
dered that in the privacy of the " home " — which
they claim the club to be — practices are permitted
which are not home-like.

_ The Bill contains many valuable regulating pro-
visions for the liquor traffic, by which it is sought
to provide

L.^WS FOR THE LAWLESS.

The scandal of selling liquor to boys who claim to
be over sixteen, but who " look younger," and to
girls in short dresses, and with their hair down, is
at least to be lessened, by raising the age at which

\oung persons may be served for their own con-
sumption on the premises to eighteen. In the case
of girls, at least, public sentiment would support
the raising of the age to twenty-one. Certain
amendments are proposed to deal with Sundav trad-
ing, and with selling liquor during prohibited hours,
including that which is proving effective in New-
South Wales, which makes the guilty buyer amen-
able to punishment as well as the guilty seller. The
chief reason why many publicans break the law is
that certain of their unscrupulous customers say, in
effect, " If you won't serve me on Sunday vou shan't
serve me on week days." Let the tempter, as well
as the tempted, share the risk. The operation of the
New South Wales law has been most encouraging.
In the Legislative Council of the mother State, on
August ist, Mr. Brunker, M.L.C., in reply to a ques-
tion by Mr. Flowers, M.L.C., said that in the metro-
politan d. strict, the number of convictions for drun-
kenness, with disorderly conduct, between 8 a.m.
Sunday .ind 8 a.m. Monday, fell from 601 in the
first six months of 1905 to 139 in the corresponding
period of this }ear, a decrease of nearly 77 per
cent. In view of countless facts such as this, how
stupid appears the saying that "men cannot be made
sober by Act of Parliament." There is no more
silly falsehood, paraded by superior people, and
stalking under the guise of a truism, than this.
Authority to demand entrance to licensed premises
is extended to every member of the police force who
is not below the rank of senior-constable, or who is
in charge of a district. By this latter provision is
meant a constable in charge of a station, and it
would be tetter to say so. Every bar is to be so
constructed that in the hours during which the sale
of liquor is prohibited the inside of the bar shall
be visible from the outside. This brief summary by
no means exhausts the good things under this head-
ing. Those who have had experience of the diffi-
culties in the way of making the present law " a
terror to evil-doers " will welcome the changes pro-
posed.

But the crucial part of the Bill from the refor-
mers' standpoint is that which contains

THE LOCAL OPTION POWERS.

The present Local Option provisions as to polls to
authorise increases up to, and decreases down to, the
statutory number are continued ; and compensation
is to be continued at a gradually diminishing rate
up to the end of 1916. It is proposed, by the im-
position cf increased license fees, to raise from the
liquor trade sufficient monev to enable 700 public-
houses to I>e deprived of their licenses during this
period. Then on January ist. 1917, the new Local
Option powers will come into force. At the first
general election following this date, which might
be at anv time within three years, the electors will
be called upon to vote upon three resolutions — -

P.rrieir of Reritirs, 119/06.

Victorian Government Licensing Bill.

249

namely. A, Continuance ; B, Reduction ; and C,
No-License. The following is the

FORM OF BALLOT PAPER.

Licensing Act, 1906.
LOCAL OPTION VOTE.

I vote that the number of licenses existing
in this electoral district continue.

I vote that the number of licenses existing
in this electoral district be reduced.

I vote that no licenses be granted in this
electoral district.

Indicate your vote by making a cross in the square
opposite llie resolution for which you vote.

The roll used will be the Legislative Assembly
roll. The district will be a Legislative Assembly
electf>rate. Each elector will be able to vote for one
resolution only, but votes for No-License if that be
not carried will be added to the votes for Reduc-
tion. A simple majirity will carry either Continu-
ance or Reduction, but a three-fifths majority of the
votes recorded will be needed to carry No-license,
and a vote of at least 30 per cent, of the electors
on the roll. If No-license be carried in a district,
at the following election Resolution D, meaning
RestoraFion, would be submitted, and to carry that
would require the three-fifths majority, and the 30
per cent. vote. In the event of either Reduction
or No-License being carried licenses would be di-
vided into classes, according to convictions recorded
against their holders. Those on the blackest list
would then have a lease of life of from six to twelve
months ; those next in order of demerit would have
from a year's to two years' grace, • and the balance
would have a period of three vears allowed. In giving
effect to a determination for Reduction, the licensing
court could reduce licenses by one fourth ; but would
only be obliged to cancel two licenses if the existing
number is less than twenty-four ; three if the existing
number is less than thirty -six, and four if the exist-
ing numl^er is thirty-six or more. The adoption of
No-license would mean that three vears after the
date of the vote all licenses of every description, in-
cluding club certificates, would cease to be in force;
and the only legal sale of liqtior would be for medi-
cinal use, by a registered pharmaceutical chemist,
on the prescription of a legally qualified medical
■man, and sold in a vessel bearing the words " intoxi-
■oaring liquor."

Now the bare fact that a Victorian Government has
introdured legislation to repeal compensation, and
to give to the people 1-ocal Option in an absolutely
complete form, has set many hearts vibrating with
joy, and brightened countless f.aces with the light of
hope. 1 cht-erfully render " honour to whom honour
IS due."' and when I critici.se I am not in a rarnins:

mood. But to the average, fair-minded man, whe-
ther he be an ardent reformer or not, it must appear
that

THE HANDICAPS AEE TOO HEAVY.

I cheerfully recognise the fact that when Pariia-
ment is making conditions for a conflict for supre-
macy between the forces which make for righteous-
ness, and the powers of evil, the cause of Right must
be handicapped. It were too much to expect " a
fair field and no favour "' in such a case. But the
weights should not be so heavy as to be crushing.
The proposal to keep us waiting eleven, twelve or
even thirteen years for the first Local Option poll
is calculated to beat down enthusia.im. Still more
crushing in the hour of conflict would be the condi-
tion that if licenses be condetnned by the popular
vote most of them would have another three years
of grace. The Alliance Conference, in its commerid-
able desire to be reasonable, decided, by a majority-
vote, to submit to the condition which requires the
advocates of Xo-license to secure fifty per cent, more
votes than those given for Continuance and Reduc-
tion together. This decision was probably arrived
at under a wrong impression of the New Zealand
view of this obstacle to progress. The majority of
our New Zealand comrades resent it, as we shall in
the years to come, and, in my opinion, it would be
better to let it be said that we. protested from the
beginning. Our cautious friends point out the dan-
ger of re-action from the determination of a bare ma-
jority, but re-action does not follow the honest en-
forcement of No-license. If the law be well en-
forced by the authorities the tendency is to secure
for it an ever-increasing support from the electors.
The world's greatest contrast between License and
No-license was recently afforded by San Francisco,
and there No-license was enforced by no majority,
but bv the will of one man.

This naturally leads to a final word on
THE SUCCESS OF NO-LICENSE.

Statements were made by the Premier, in his
several deliverances upon the measure, which if they
were true would condemn his own proposals, for if
the effect of the abolition of licenses be to increase
drinking and dnmkenness, no Government would
be justified in conferring power upon the people to
call iiato existence greater evils than those which
they now endure. But, as it so often happens, the
facts are just the opposite of what Mr. Bent says.
Take the case of Mildura. I had the honour of sug-
gesting to the founders that Mildura should be run
as a Temperance settlement, and they at once adopt-
ed the proposal. But the legal provisions to make
it such were opposed bv the leaders of our party in
Parliament, on the ground that they would not be
effective; and were carried by the Government of
the day, which thought it knew better than the re-
formers. But in the early days of Mildura, before
the liquor traffic took advantage of the defects of
the law, the settlement really was a Temperance

2.SO

The Review ot Keviews.

September 1, 1906.

one. With what results ? The special Commissioners
of both " Age '' and " Argus " gave glo^ving descrip-
tions of the place where labouring men were invest-
ing their earnings in land, instead of squandering
them in Hquor, and, with a population of 2400,
there was not, in all this period, a solitary case of
drunkenness in the courts. Xo-license has made

Clutha, in Xew Zealand, a bright example of so-
briet)'. Drunkenness and crime have practically dis-
appeared from withirk its boundaries. Local Option
Xorwav is the most sober country in Europe, and
Local Option has helped to make Canada the most
sober country in the Empire.

THE LEAGUE OF PATRIOTS.

From all oven Australasia come letters from readers who are anxious to
help on the cause of Social Reform. These letters are inspiring. But I want
more yet, one in every centre in Australasia. From cities and towns and
remote country districts, and the heart of the bush, has come the reply, " I
am willing to help." Will you also join our "League of Patriots?" This is the
name by which those who in their own centres are going to work together
for the common good will be called. If you will help on the common cause
reader, please send for a copy of "How to Help" to W. H. Judkins, Editor
" Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

In the article on Law and Order in last issue a printer's error occurred. The following line of type
was omitted after the word " lax,"' in seventeenth line, on page 103, " that the law was sufficient to
close the 'tote,'" and the word "not,'' in Hne 22 should have been eliminated.

Review of Reviews, 119/06.

251

ON ANGLO-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP.

BY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Earl Grey more than any Bntish statesman— since the death of Cecil Khodes— is the living embodiment of the
political aims and ideals of The Eeview of Eeviews." Like Mr. Rhodes, he has occasioiuillv diverged from the
ortiit ot sane and sober and Liberal Imiwrialism, but no one has ever grasped so firmly and expressed so eloquently
the great ideas to promote which throughout the world was one of the fundamental objects of this magazine.
When, there'ore. Mr. btea.l reeeiv._-d from Earl Grey the fnU text of tlie splendid di.-^eonrse which he
addressed to the Pilgrims of the United States at a banquet given in his honour at the Waldorf-Astoria in New
lorK. lie leit it a dut.y and a privilege to place so noteworthy an expression of the true faith before " Eeview
01 Keviews readers. It is most opportune, seeing that its publication follows the article in the Jidv '■ Eeview "
expounding the principles ot the active peace policy of tlie British Government, because tlie state of feeling
pii\i'-_ ur®-^' ., ''^ so eloquently defined as already happily existing between the United States and tlie British

Sl^P'r® ™^1™'''^ ,'' '.^, sentiment which it is the aim and objecti ot his kinsman. Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign
Secretary, to establish between the British Empire and all its neighbours in the European Continent.

EARL GRKV ON THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING
RACE.
^ On March 31st

the Pilgrims of the
United States — a
famous historical
American associa-
tion, whose repre-
sentatives were to
visit London on
May 29th — gave a
dinner at the Wal-
dorf-Astoria, New
York, in honour of
Earl Grey, Gover-
nor-General of the
Dominion of
Canada. There were
about four hundred
seated at tables de-
corated with vases
of American beauty,
roses and standards
of American, British
and Canadian flags.
Individual standards
Were at each plate.
Behind the guests'
table were huge American and English flags,
gracefully draped to hide almost the entire end of the
room. The ices were in the form of Uncle Sam,
John Bull, and other figures emblematic of the two
countries. The waiters in procession carried them
round the room while the diner.s cheered.

One of the most interesting features of the dinner
was the announcement that a portrait of Benjamin
Franklin, removed by the British when they evacu-
ated Philadelphia in 1777, was being returned to the
United States. For one hundred and thirty years it
had hung on the walls of Earl Grey's home, where it
was placed by his great-grandfather, who was in
command of the British forces in Philadelphia.

Mr. Jesup, the vice-president, said the Pilgrims
had never had such a distinguished gathering. Mr.
R. C. Ogden led three cheers for the President and
the King.

Earl Grey.

PlioloKiaplicU /or " llu- liivicif 0/ Rr.'iai'S "
by E H. ISilh-

ME. OHOATE'S TOAST.

Mr. Choate propo.sed a toast to Lord Grey, in
the course of which he said : —

We welcome you on public grounds, because you are a
fitting representative of our august sovereign, the King of
England, who since his youth lias been a steadfast friend
of this country. Then, you come before us as the represen-
tative of a great nation, our nearest neighbour. I believe
all the questions between us and Canada should be settled
as soon as possible. She is our rival, and her prosperity
is advancing as fast as our own. We've got a neighbour
here to reckon with such as we never thouglit. She is
likely to become a successful comiietitor. If she goes on
as she has in tlie last five years, she will be able to feed
the mother couiitr.v without any help from us. For the
sake of securing peace and harmony for the future, all
our questions should be settled, for we can never tell how
soon a question of seeming trifling importance will become
a grave problem. I do not> know as we can ever settle the
question of fisheries so long as fish swim, but we can
surely settle the other questions.

EARL GREY'S SPEECH.
Lord Grey began his speech as follows : —

I am aware that this magnificent banquet is the eloquent
expression of your desire to emphasise, aad, it possible, pro-
mote the good relations ;Uready existing between the
United Kingdom, tiie eelt'-goveruing nations ot" the British
Empire and the United States. That same desire also
possesses and completely fills my neart.

I thank Mr. Choate and you for the generous welcome
with which you have received me. but I recognise that the
distinguished compliment you have paid me is not a com-
pliment to me personally, but a compliment which, out of
the fulness of the heart, you are glad to pay Canada,
your nearest neighbour, and the most nowerful of the self-
governing nations which bring strength to the British
Crown— and I also recognise tliat the banquet is also in
some degree an expression of the feelings you entertain
toward liis Majesty, King Edward, whose representative I
have the lionour to be for a term in Canada, and who is
loved and revered and honoured here on this side of the
Atlantic, because he is known as Queen Victoria was known
before him as the true and constant friend of America,
deeply interested in your well-being and prosperity. It
was impossible to witness the entliusiasm which honoured
the toasts to your President and my King without being
affected.

It has been my great sood fortune to make the personal
acquaintance of the President, and I can assure you that
the magnificent traits of character he is constantly dis-
playing are as erreatly admired and appreciated through-
out the British Empire as they are by yon at home.

After indulging in some reminiscences concerning
American diplomatists whom he had known, and
recalling the memory of Sam Ward, who first gave
him " a ticket for the American pantomime/' he re-
ferred as follows to the Franklin portrait, and ex-
plained why he restored it : —

THE FRANKLIN PORTRAnv

Mr. Choate has referred, in a manner that I much ap-
preciate, to mv restoration to you of the picture which
for 130 years has been the most honoured and most in-

25^

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 190^.

teresting possession in my English home. Why do I re-
store the picture? Becans© I love the American people,
because mv sense of equity tells me that there are lusher
laws than "the law of possession, and because I believe that
neither Enzland nor America can fulfil its high mission
to itself or to the world unless we approach the con-
sideration of everv problem affectins our relation to each
other not from the narrow, selfish and provincial stand-
point of what America and England can each of them do
for themselves alone, hut from the higher standpoint of
what we all can do for England. America and the world

THE DESTINY OP CANADA.

Lord Grey continued as follows: —

Coming as I do from Canada, whose lovely, sparkling
winter makes her in more senses than one the brightest
jewel ill the British crown, may I tell you what I know
yon will be glad to hear? We have safely embarked onr
national ship on the ocean of enormous developments, and
in order to enable us to realise as quickly as possible the
magnificent destiny that awaits us we hope you will allow
us to continue to draw largely on your friendly and
powerful assistance.

Mr. Choate chaffed ns tlie other day at Ottawa, with
that kindly humour in which he so pre-eminently excels,
for the modesty which has caused ever.y Canadian, from
the Prime Minister to tlie youngest enfranchised citizen
of the Dominion, to believe that if the nineteenth century
belonged to the United States, the twentieth century be-
longs to Canada. Yes. gentlemen, this is the stimulating
faith of the people whom I represent. Any idea of the
possible annexation of Canada by the United States is
scouted by us as an impossibility as great as you would
regard the annexation of the United States by Canada.

Canada, animated and inspired bv an abounding and all-
pervading national sentiment, which you gentlemen will
respect, because it is a characteristic of yourselves. Dot
only believes in her magnificent destiny, but has also the
audacity to believe that slie has had some considerable part
in the making of the United States.

HER CONTKIBUTION TO THE UNITED STATES.
Gentlemen, if we have this belief, it, is not wholly our
own fault. Our proximit.v to you is one of the advantages
of our position. Your experts and pundits can descend
with ease from your seats of learning and teach the result
of their researches to the listening ears of reverent and
attentive Canada. Recently a distinguished party of your
geological expert.s came to Ottawa, and these American
liistoriaus who study only original records told us that
tlie iron ore which has so largel.y contributed to your
industrial prosperity, the diamonds which are being found
in various parts of the United States, and the soil which
has given fertility to the states of New England and to the
valle.v of the Mississippi all came from Canada. The
wealth which Canada has been slowly but surely accumulat-
ing for millions of years in our Laurentian Mountains was
transported on the stately chariot of a glacial drift from
out of the bountiful lap of our rich Dominion and
generously given by Canada to the people of the United
States.

CANADIANS IN THE UNITED STATES.

And not only has Canada given you her land and iron
ore. she has lent you the even greater assistance of_ a
strong and strenuous people by whose labour and energies
these great assets have been turned to profitable account.

Your last census shows that 2.827,000 of Canadian born
and of Canadian descent have found happiness and a
home in your great Republic. Gentlemen, if a valuator
were to a.ssess the value of the land and of the iron ore
and of the 2,800,000 Canadian men and women given you by
Canada, the amount would reach a figure startling even
to this great city, accustomed though it be to the con-
aideratio'i of colossal and swelling estimates.

But these are not the only evidences of assistance which
it has been the proud privilege of our industrious Cana-
dian beaver to render to your great American eagle.

HEE PIONEERS.
It was the French-Canadian whose pioneer enterprise and
spirited imagination discovered for you the kingdom it is
your privilege to occupy. The French-Canadians were the
founders of Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburg. New Orleans.
Detroit. St. Paul. Milwaukee. They opened the door of your
treasure house and showed you the way to the realisation
of your present wealth and greatness. Let me quote you one
more instance te show that, although Canada and the
United States are ruled by different constitutions, the beat
which proceeds from the one great Anglo-Saxon heart
which is common to us both makes itself felt in all our
veins.

HOW CANADIANS FOUGHT FOR THE UNION.

At a time when the Dominion of Cajaada boasted but half
her present population, before the political and railway
foundation of her future greatness had been laid, so great
was the sympath.y felt in Canada for the bluecoats of tiio
North that forty thousand young Canadians left their
homes and their work and marched to your assistance in
order that they might help you in your hour of struggle
to achieve your national unity.

It is a reflection which will never fail tor all time to stir
the heart of Canada, and. I hope, your hearts as well, that
at a time when the population of Canada was thin and
scanty, she furnished for the cause of liberty and Anglo-
Saxon unity an army greater in number than that of tlie
British troops who. under Wellington's command, won the
b,attle for liberty on the fields of Waterloo.

AMERICAN INFLUENCE ON CANADA.

The facts to which I have referred are sufficient to ex-
plain the undying and heartfelt interest which is felt in
Canada in everything that conduces to the higher life of
the United Stales, and if Canad.a can proudly claim that
she has been privileged to lend a hand to the building up
of the United States, siie is also conscious that there is not
a day on which she does not feel the influence of the ex-
ample, guidance and inspiration of the United States.

During the few months I have been Governor-General of
Canada repeated visits from eminent Americans have
brought distinction to Ottawa and much valued help to
our i>6ople.

Your geologists are not the only branch of American
administration and research which came to Ottawa during
last winter to help the young efforts of "our growing
countr.v.

The chief figure of charm and of interest at our recent
forestry Convention in Ottawa was Gifford Pinchot, who
came from Washington with kind and friendly messages
from the President to assist us in our discussion, and most
grateful we were to him for the sympathy and interest he
expressed in our proceedings, and for the guidance he was
able to draw from his experience, and for the friendly
encouragement he gave us in our work.

And last, but, not least, came the other day the generous,
courtly and appreciative Mr. Choate, who did not conceal
that he felt it an honour, as well as a pleasure, to take
off his hat to our lovely Lady of the Snows.

And now, gentlemen, may I say. the more we see of
Americans the better we shall he pleased?

•• ALL WE WANT.

All we want is to know each other better than we do^
and to help each other as much as we can. If Canada can
at an.v time help the United States in any direction which
will improve the conditions of life for your people, she-
will consider it a blessed privilege to be allowed to render
that assistance, and I feel sure that the people of the
United States will also be only too glad to assist us in our
struggle toward the realisation of higher ideals, and to-
ward the attainment of a national character distinguished
by the fulness with which the principles of fair play, free-
dom and duty shall l>e applied by the people of Canada to
the various occupations of their lives.

Just as Canada is proud to think that 2.800.000 of her
stock is bringing vigour and strength to your Repiiblic, so
I feel sure you will be pleased that an ever-increasing flow
of your people into the Dominion will, by the addition of
the character, exi^erience and energ.v which they will bring
to our country, contribute to its greatness. The more
Americans that come to Canada, the better pleased we
shall be. We are not afraid that they will make less good
and loyal Canadian citizens than they have been good and
loyal American citizens.

HOW CANADA ENTHRONES LIBERTY.

The throne which Canada has built for the Goddess of
Liberty is not less comfortable than that which the charac-
ter of your reople and your political constitution have
built for her in the States. The iieople. through their re-
presentatives, can change their Ministers an.v day they
please during their Parliamentary session. The will of the
people is supreme. Gentlemen, it is because we in Canada
are daily and hourly influenced by your example and by
your ideals: it is because we. like you, are the children of
freedom, that we. like you. are so tenacious of our liber-
ties and rights. Given on both sides of our boundary a
continuation of the present unreserved and ungrudging re-
spect for each other's just and legitimate rights, a heart-
felt and chivalrous desire to promote each other's interests,
and to meet each other's requests in the fullest degree
consistent with the maintenance of our self-respect, and we
shall continue to advance, hand in hand and shoulder to
shoulder along the path of common development and to-
ward the attainment of a common ideal. To those of n9
who believe that in the coming solidarity and unification

Revieir of Reviews. 1/9/06.

On Tln^lO'Tlmerican Friendship.

253

of the Anglo-Saxon race lie the future peace and hope of
the wijrUi the signs of the times are most encouraging.

JOINT TRUSTEES FOR CIVILISATION.

The forces of the world are slowly but steadily drifting in
this direction. Let it be our privilege in our generation to
do nothing to prevent the flow of these currents, which if
uninterrupted will one day course together in the mingled
waters ot one mighty and irresistible river.

The peoples of the United Kingdom, ol the self-governing
nations of tile British Empire and ot the United States are
joint trustees for the protection and expansion of thai
Anglo-Saxon civilisation which carrier in its development
the hope of future peace and the realisation of the highest
ideals attainable on earth. Every year our joint respon-
sibility to mankind and to future ages for the way in
which we now administer our sacred trust grows in fulness
and importance.

There are several questions outstanding between the
Dominion of Canada and the United States which have
been left open too long and which call for settlement.
Both Governments desire to take advantage ot the oppor-
tunity which the present feeling ot amity between the two
countries affords, and I am persuaded that the hearts of
the two iieoples on both sides of the frontier will be glad
when their respective Governments have given effect to
their desires.

THE UNITY OF THE RACE.

Gentlemen, when I look around this masniflcent assem-
bly, and remember that of the one thousand years of Bri-
tain's pride, nine hundred, or nine-tenths, are yours as
uoh as mine, then I realise that no force, however power-

il. can ever deprive us of that feeling of kinship which

ines from our joint possession of this great inheritance.

Vou and I and my fellow-Canadian guests all come from

u same splendid old motiier stock. We speak the same

. njuage, we are passing towVrd a single goal, we are

united in hore. in aspiration and in faith, and if we are

ri>-sharer8 in' nine-tenths of the past, may we not hope

that we may be co-partners in the whole of the long future

that is looming up on our horizon?

THE EXGLISH-SPEAKERS' JITSSION.

It is the proud mission of the Anglo-Saxon race to main-
tain and advance the cause ot civilisation throughout the
world. England thankfully recognises your desire to co-
oi)erat« with her in this beneficial work, and the know-
ledge that the Stars and Stripes and the flag of England
stand in the gateways of the world, as on these walls, their
varying colours draped together, fold within fold, as the
joint emblems of freedom, righteousness and duty, and if
I may quote the language of one of the most eloquent
speakers that ever used our mother tongue, " forming in
heaven's ligjit one arch of peace," may make us all proud,
first, that we have a big duty to perform to the world, and,
secondly, that, so long as we are true to eaeh other and to
ourselves, we shall have the strength, as well as the will,
to accomplish the noble purposes of our joint and splendid
destinv.

THE SECRKTARY OF STATE'S RESPONSE.

Mr. Secretary Root, who proposed the toast of
" The International Comity," referred gracefully to
the return of the Franklin portrait. He said it had

no doubt exercised a potent but subtle influence
upon Lord Grey as it looked down upon him in his
boyhood from his ancestral halls. He then pro-
ceeded as follows: —

Our country is opposed to treaties with other countries,
but the sincere desire to accomplish a purpose is as effec-
tive as if the seal were on a contract. The progress, the
glory of England is that every step ia a gain to every man
who sijeaks the English tongue. 1 am glad to welcome
Earl Gre.v for the people over whom be is Governor in
Canada. I can do it for a genuine likeness for its people.

I think the American people should recognise that a
great change has taken place on the other side of the
border. It has changed the proposed, or assumed, relations
ot the two peoples. In 1812 the British Governor of On-
tario wrote that the majority of his people were more in
favour of the United States than England.

Canada is no longer the outlying country in which a
fringe of royalists live. It has become a great people, in-
creasing in population, in wealth. The stirring of a na-
tional sentiment is felt. We can see that, while they are
still loyal to the British Empire, they are growing up and
are a personality in themselves. In their relation to us
they have become a sister nation. They are no longer the
little remnant on our borders, the.v are a sister nation.
A\'e are not jealous. We bid' them God-speed in doing this
part for civilisation.

The newspapers have said that at this dinner it would be
said all existing relations between the United States and
Canada had been settled. I wish it were so.

This can be said: We are going to try to settle them.
With a sincere and earnest purpose we believe we shall
settle them. The race of seals is rapidly disappearing.
We are going to try to stop the frightful waste involved
in their destruction. The flsb in tlie Great Lakes are being
destroyed because we have not had the international regu-
lations we hope soon to get.

The North-eastern fisheries question has still been talked
ot. We shall try to settle them again. We are going to
try to get rid of all boundary questions. The Alaska boun-
dary could have been settled any time for a number of
years. But Congress was not willing to make an appro-
priation for surveying. The result was a serious contro-
versy, which, I fear, has left some hard feeling, which, I
hoi>e, will disappear soon.

Eighty-nine years ago we agreed to a disarmament along
the Great Lakes. Great cities have grown up there, as
safe as if in the centre of these two countries.

This condition will not continue, except by the doing of
the things necessary to peace. Not governments, but
peoples, to-day preserve peace, do justice. Governments
can register tlie decrees of democracy. The people of each
countr.v that borders on another have the keeping ot peace
in their mind. Nations have souls and duties as well aa
rights. The people who are grasping and arrogant meet
the same fate as people ot like tendencies in a community.
A regard not merely with the President at Washington and
the Governor-General in Canada for feelings and rights is
necessary, hnt also a regard among the people ot this
country and Canada. We must be just, considerate, not
grasping or arrogant. If the people of the United States
and ot Canada will act this way. never will the Canadian
frontier bristle with guns and our proud boasts of liberty
and justioe be set at naught. Never will we have to blush
for our high ideals.

Krriev of Rniews, lIS/OS.

Character Sketch.

MICHAEL DAVITT.

A race of nobles may die out. But they fail not. the kingiiei- breed, The zeal of Nature nerer cools,

A royal line may leave no heir. Who starry diadems attain: Nor is she thwarted of ber ends:

Wise Nature sets no guards about To dungeon, axe. and stake succeed When gapped and dulled her cheaper tools.
Her pewter plate and wooden ware. Heirs of the old heroic strain. Then she a saint and prophet spends.

—LOWELL.

of hunger. And upon the brow of the child in
whose he.irt dwelt the undying Flame, the tears of a
starving outcast mother fell as the waters of Baptism,
which was his consecration to the service of Sorrow.
Rut the fashioning of the instrument of Deliver-
ance and of Doom

When the Irish were evicted, fifty or sixty years
ago, from their miserable cabins on the Mayo hill-
side, the evictors, not content with levelling the
homestead to the ground, must needs set fire to the
wreck. And as the flame leapt up from one of
the smouldering cot-
tages in 1852 it en-
tered into the soul
of a boy of seven,
who had been born
there, and \\ho
stood affrighted by
the side of his par-
ents watching the
fire. That Flame,
becoming incarnate
in him, dwelt among
men for sixtv \ears
and came to be
known as Michael
Davitt, the Father
of the Land League.

The boy fled from
the scene of desola-
tion, and with his
parents crossed the
narrow sea to Lan-
cashire. The great,
stony-hearted step-
mother impassively
received them, like
thousands of others,
and bade them work
or beg or stan-e.
\Vork was scarce in
those years of
dearth, and the
boy's earliest recol-
lection of his life in
England was that of
seeing his mother,
whom he loved and
worshipped as some-
thing divine among
mortals, begging
with tears for a
crust or a copper in
the streets of Man-
chester to keep the
familv from dving

Photograph iyj The Late Michael Davitt.

Vc

was not vet com-
plete. The child be-
came a boy, and be-
fore he was twelve
he went blithely to
work in a cotton
mill to help to earn
his li\-ing. He was
set to work, all un-
knowing the perils
of the mill, in the
midst of unprotected
machinerv. His right
arm was caught in
the whirling wheels,
the bone crushed,
the joint torn from
its socket. The faint-
ing and tortured lad
was carried home.
For a fortnight he
refused to submit to
an amputation which
would mutilate him
tor life, and, accord-
ing to his rhildish
sLiperstition. not only
for this life. At
last, to save him
from death by gan-
g r e n e, he was
c h 1 o r o formed by
force, and when he
woke from the
deathly trance his
arm was gone, his
right arm I

The mutilation
was his Dedication
to the Service of
Labour, for with his
left hand he was
destined to edit the
Labour World and

Eecieii: of Reviews, IjOjOij.

Character Sketch.

^55

propound ill its pages the policy and tlie pro-
gramme which are now eniliodied in the Labour
Party at Westminster.

The adverse fates which forge the destinies of
mortals had done their worst. Michael Davitt, a
stranger in a strange land, with no other inheritance
than the memory of inexpiable wrongs, mutilated
for life as the price of his apprenticeship to Labour,
was among all the human items in busy Lancashire
in the fifties apjiarently the most insignificant. A
penniless Irish boy who had lost his right arm
seemed to count but little in the swirling current of
turbid life in which mill-owners and peers, million-
aires and mayors, M's.P. and editors, countr)' squires
and burly publicans seemed much more important
than he. But to the Eye that could see the future
there was none among them all who was destined to
exercise so great an influence as the black-haired lad
in whose heart dwelt the Flame.

But his apprenticeship was still incomplete.
Famine and pestilence, exile and beggary, the cruel
torture of physical mutilation — was it not enough ?
For most men, yes. But the immortal gods having
need for the most finely-tempered instrument with
which to work their will upon those whose time had
come, were still not content. The steel w-hich had
been smelted in the furnace of life must now be an-
nealed and tempered in the discipline of the gaol.
Davitt in after life once promised to write for me
a paper on " Prison as the Revolutionary Univer-
sity." The design was never carried out. But no
graduate of Oxford or Camliridge owed more to his
Alma Mater than Davitt did to the stern college in
which he matriculated. His method of qualifving
for his university career was characteristic. He had
grown up to manhood in Lancashire. He trudged
the streets as an assistant postman, he set type in
a printing office, he taught — and learned — in a
Wesleva.n school. But these externals did not affect
the inner soul of Davitt, in which blazed unquench-
able the fire of passionate love for his native land.
Hence, when in tlie middle sixties the smouldering
ashes of Irish discontent l>egan to smoke and flame
into Fenianism. the soul of D'avitt res|)onded in-
stantly. He was one of the desperate men told off
to seize Chester Castle. His Odyssey of adventure
began wlien that enterpri.se failed, and he betook
himself to organising armed rebellion in Ireland.
Long ye.irs afterwards I narrowly e.scaped judicial
censure for loudly applauding Michael Davitt, when
before the Pigott Commission he asserted in the
witness-box the sacred right of insurrection, which
is the foundation of every political privilege that
men have ever possessed. The doctrine is sound,
but everything depends upon its application. And
the application made of it by Davitt in 1866-1870
wa-s not very practical, excepting in a sense which
he little anticipated. For its immediate result was
not the liberation of Ireland, but his own incarcera-
tion in a' British dungeon. " Fifteen years' penal

servitude," that was the first attempt made by the
British Government to solve the problem presented
to it by the apparition of Michael Davitt. So the
extinguisher was applied, and during the period
when Mr. Gladstone was attempting to carry out his
remedial policy in Ireland, Michael Davitt was in-
terned in Portland, shut out from all knowledge of
the doings of the outside world. He was put into
a secret place apart in order that he might nurture
his soul and discover wherein his strength lay. The
convict gang is not exactly a school for saints ; but
the world's greatest have emerged from the prison
and the galleys purified and strengthened by the
stern discipline of the gaol. Michael Davitt was not
embittered by his imprisonment. It mellowed him
rather, completing and intensifying his character.
He had time to think in Portland. He was more
often " alone with God " there than is possible to
dwellers in the world of railways, newspapers and
telephones. The convict prison is for the Irish poli-
tician what the monastic retreat is for the pious
Catholic, It introduces him into a brotherhood of
the faithful, and gives him a realising sense of hav-
ing touched Ixvttom.

Last month I spent at Cambridge the last days
of May week. In the midst of the collegiate palaces
which the piety and the munificence of bygon,e gene-
rations have reared on the bosky banks of the Cam
our English youth have ex'erything tO' encourage the
comfortable belief that everything is for the best in
the best of all possible worlds. At the most im
pressionable period of their lives they are immersed
in a world of fairy-like leauty, where the day opens
and closes with the sound of angels' voices, and
where all life is irradiated with the glory and the
splendour that streams through the "storied win-
dows richly dight "' of King's College Chapel, Cen-
turies of civilisation and of culture have dowered
these ancient seats of learning with a soothing
charm and a subtle fascination which imperceptibly
permeate the minds of all who come within their
influence. There is an atmosphere of leisured ease,
an air of luxurious content in these abodes of learn-
ing, in which men read of the Eumenides to pre-
pare for examination, far away from the busy world
where others are meeting the P'uries among the
flread realities of every day.

It would be difficult to conceive a greater contrast
than the L'ni\ersity of Portland Prison where Davitt
giaduatei.l, and the University of Caml/ridge where
the sons rif the wealthy go u|) to complete their edu-
cation. The son of the evicted Irish peasant, who
saw in the luxury and stately life of the landed
clas.=es " his cot's transmuted plunder," and the sons
of the landlords could not be expected to see life
from the sam<' standpoint. The Comfortable and
the I'ncomfortable never do. And Michael Davitt,
from his birth uji, was destined to be one of the
most Uncomfortable of the Uncomfortable.

So f;ir, that is, as his outward circumstances were

2^6

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

concerned. But in the inner soul of hiim, although
there was always the burning Flame, there was also
in a way curious to observe a not less constant
pence. He had a cheery faith in God and a love
for his fellow-men which prevented the Flame from
consuming the joy of life. He was probably, take
him ail in all, a much happier man than most of
those upon whom the world has heaped most lavishly
its material gifts. For he had a saving gift of
humour, a kindly and charitable disposition, and on
the whole active and vigorous health. He had a
beaver-like instinct or passion for industry which
gave him constant joy in his work. He had the
healthiest of appetites for reading, and he enjoyed
his literary diet. He wrote rapidly and he enjoxed
writing. He was full of healthy human instincts
which brought him inio genial relations wdth his
fellow-men. While ever a fighter, he knew as well
as most the fierce rapture of the fray, and being an
optimist by nature, he never doubted but that in
the end the rascals would have the worst of it. And
after all if you constantly feel that the supreme
scoundrel is certain to be worsted in the end, even
a cell in Portland Prison becomes quite support-
able.

Michael Davitt had more than an abstract faith in
the coming of a better and a brighter day. He had
the comforting consolation of knowing that he had
been called of God to assist in bringing about the
coming of better times. No man was less of a
fanatic than Davitt. No man was less priest-rid-
den. But no man could have practised more faith-
fully the precepts of his faith. Davitt was essen-
tially a religious man. He was frequently at war
with the policy of Rome. One of his last manifes-
toes was a vigorous denunciation of the educational
tactics of the Irish hierarchy. But his faith was
far too deeply rooted to be affected by the ipse
dixils of ecclesiastics. Although a sincere Catholic, he
never obtruded his convictions upon anv "heretic."
having, indeed, by nature more sympathy with them
than w-ith their persecutors. He got on well with
all manner of men. Jews, Greek Churchmen, Boers
of the veldt, revolutionaries of all kinds and Eng-
lish Conservatives, Russian bureaucrats and Ameri-
can bosses— Davitt foregathered with them all. In
nothing was this more manifest than in his liking
for the Russians, and his intense disgust, which he
never hesitated to express, at the supercilious and
Pharisaic way in which the Russian Government is
usually criticised in the English press. No mistake
could be greater than to confound him with the ruck
of revolutionary declaimers against the autocracy.
He thought the Russian Government was much more
sympathetic with the peasant than the Government
of Great Britain, and as he had travelled much in
Russia he did not speak without knowledge.

Davitt, sentenced to fifteen years' penal servitude
in 1870, was released on ticket-of-leave in 1878.
He was let out by a Tory Government, just in time

to go to America and secure Irish-American support
for the formation of the Land League. Returning
to Ireland, he summoned a demonstration at Irish-
town on April 28th, 1879, in which the banner the
Land for the People was boldly unfurled. The
birth of the Land league took place within sight
of the place where the Flame had been kindled by
the e\ictor thirty years before, which had ever since
lived and breathed and moved among men in the
person of Michael Davitt. Upon the landlord and
the e\ictor the curse had come home to roost. The
heather was on fire, and in a few months all Ire-
land was in convulsions.

This is not the place to tell the story of the Land
war in Ireland. Suffice it to say that in less than-
three years Michael Davitt was locked up again,
this time by a Liberal Government, and sent back
to finish his term of penal servitude in Portland.
It was too late I The work was done. But Michael
Davitt needed rest, and his post graduate course was
arranged for him with the same forethought as be-
fore. He was liberated before the second year was
out, and his second imprisonment was little more
than a compulsory holiday. He spent his time in
writing " Leaves from My Prison Diary,'' part of
which he threw into the shajDe of lectures to his pet
blackbird, Jo. The following familiar passages
from the preface to his book, and from its closing
chapter, are as characteristic of Davitt as anything
he ever wrote: —

I was remitted to Portland Prison on the 3rd of Feb-
ruary. 1881. Sliortly afterwards, througrh the kindness of
the Governor, a young blackbird came into my possession.
For some months I relieved the tedium of my solitude by
efforts to win the confidence of my companion, with the
happiest results. He would stand upon my breast as I lay
in bed in the morning and awaken me from sleep. He
would percli upon the end of my plate ajad share my por-
ridge- His familiarity was such that on showing him a
small piece of slate-pencil, and then placing it in my
waistcoat pocket, he would immediately abstTract it. He
would i>erch upon the end of my slate as it was adjusted
Ijetween my knees, and watcliing the course of the pencil
as I wrote, woultl make the most amusing efforts to peck
tlie marks from off the slate- He would fetch and carrj" "
as faithfully as any well-trained dog. Towards evening he
would resort to his perch, the post of the iron bedstead,
and there remain, silent and stili, till the dawning of
another day. when his chirrup would again be heard, like
the voice of Nature, before the herald of civilisation, the
clang of the prison bell at five o'clock.

It was a lovely morning in the autumn of 1881, and the
infirmary garden in Portland Prison was aglow with the
bloom of the late summer flowers which the Governor had
kindly permitted me to sow in tlie early portion of tlie
year. The English Channel, which often lulls the weary
Portland prisoner to sleep by the storm-chorus of ita
waves as they dash against the rocks underneath the
walls, lay in unruffled calm- From the headland upon which
the great convict e-stabli.shment stands could be seen the
picturesque shadows which the Dorsetshire cliffs flung out
upon the bosom of the sea. Away beyond the coastrline
appeared harvest-fields and homesteads, melting into the
distance, and ?o sadly sus'gestive of what imprisonment
was not— liberty, home, and friends — conjuring up that
contrast between the manacled and the free which con-
stitutes the keenest mental pain in the punishment of
penal servitude-
It was a day which would fill one's whole being with a
yearning to be liberated — a day of sunshine and warmth
and beauty, and the moment had arrived when my resolu-
tion to give freedom to mv little feathered " chum " coii'd
no longer be selfishly postponed. I opened his door with
a trembling hand, when qnick as a flash of lightning h«
rushed from the cage with a wild scream of delight, and in
a moment was l)eyond the walls of the prison ! The in-

Revieic of Reviews, 1]910G

Character Sketch.

257

Btinct of freedom was too powerful to be resisted, thougrh
I had indulged the fond hojie that he would have re-
mained with me. But he taught me the lesson, which can
never be unlearned by either country, prisoner, or bird,
that. Nature will not be denied, and that Liberty is more
to be desired than fetters of gold.

Davitt was released in May, 1882. He had been
elected Meml>er for Meath when in gaol, but the
election was null and void. Next year he was ar-
rested again, and sent to prison for three months for
.seditious speech, thereby secm-ing leisure in which
to complete his " Prison Diary."

He spoke five days before the Times Parnell
Commission. It was a great speech, worthy of a
great occasion — the Father of the Land League jus-
tifying his offspring before the tribunal of the op-
pressor.

His parliamentary experience was singularly
\aried. He was admirably fitted to be a member.
He was an excellent speaker, with the House of
Commons manner, and in the lobbies and in the
precincts of the House no one was more popular.
But he was never at home at St. Stephen's.

After making many unsuccessful efforts to gain
admission he was at last elected in his absence, and
resigned his seat as a protest against the Boer War.
His first election was in 1882, when he was disquali-
fied by special vote of the House of Commons for
non-expiry of sentence for treason felony. He con-
tested Waterford City unsuccessfully in 1891, be-
came M.P. for North Meath in 1892, only to be
unseated on petition. He wrote me: —

Tlie successful petition in Nortli Meatli leaves me in my
usual 'plight of l)eing punislied witliout the comfort of
having merited my fate. Tlie judges declared that nothing
wliatever was proved against me. They tire not to report
anybody to Mr. Speaker. Therefore am I unsealed, cast
in costs which ai^ell ruin, and doomed to meet about the
■nly misfortune that has not yet overtaken me^bank-
ruptcy.

Bankruptcy it was, and hence, when he was re-
turned unopposed the same year for North-East
(>>rk, he resigned in the following year. In 1895,
when he was travelling in Australia, he was returned
unopposed by East Kerry and South Mayo. He re-
lained his seat in the House till 1899, when he re-
signed and did not return to Westminster. Five
\ ears later, when he was on the eve of starting for
Russia, he wrote me for a,n introduction to Count
Tolstoy. His note is a brief autobiography: —

Mention the facts that you Englisli put me in prison
tliree times for a total period of nine ,^■ears, that I founded
the Land League, was a close ])ersonal friend of Henry
George's, and resigned a seat in tlie House of Commons as
a protest against England's crime in .South Africa-
Michael Davitt no sooner resigned his seat in the
House than he conceived a most kindly and enthu-
siastic desire to force me into it. Over and over
.igain he came to Mowbray House, to impress upon
me that it was little short of a sin against the
country and the cause for me to remain outside the
House of Comm.ons. I used to ask him why, as
practice was better than precept, he should have set
me so bad an example. He replied quite reason-
ably that he was and must be an outsider, whereas
I was an insider, and an insider who, he persisted.

was wickedly sacrificing three-quarters of the influ-
ence he ought to exercise on the nation by refusing
to enter the legislature. When I replied that I had
never been tempted by the ambition to sit in the
House, he waxed still more earnest, and really
amazed me by the strenuousness of his entreaties.
It was \-ery flattering to my vanity to find that so
good a man and so earnest a patriot could think so
highly of my latent potentialities of usefulness if I
entered Parliament, and all the more so because I
knew Davitt at one time had suspected me, entirely
without cause, of weakening on the question of Home
Rule. Writing to me in 1893 he attributed to me
" a general tendency to knife the Home Rule Bill as
soon as it should appear." He wrote: —

Surely Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Morley never engaged in a
greater or holier work than the one in which they aim at
ending once and for ever the international feud between
the Irisli and Englisli races— an aim which wlien once
accomplislied will remove the greatest obstacle tliat bars
the way to your federated Empire. Strange that you from
ultra-Imperialist convictions should be drifting into the
narrow political knownothingism of the Unionists, while I,
ultra-Nationalist and non-Imijerialist, am finding myself
driven into a position wliich is tlie logical and inevitable
outcome of Home Rule for Ireland — in favour of a- Fede-
rated Empire.

Da\'itt was soon convinced that his suspicions
were unjust, a.nd among the many plans we formed,
now, alas ! never to be carried out, was one in which
he and I were to go on a lecturing tour round the
world iiroclaiming the reconciliation of the English
and Irish races on the basis of Home Rule.

The bond between Michael Davitt and myself was
four-fold. First, we belonged to the great brother-
hood of gaol-birds ; secondly, we were both Home
Rule Nationalists, believing in the divine right of
insurrection : thirdly, we were passionate pro- Boers;
and fourthly, we were both good Russians. On the
subject of the Boer War he wrote to me from Pre-
toria, April 8th, 1900: —

I was against this war. as you know, from the begin-
ning. I am a hundred times more against it now alter
mixing with tliese simple, honest, heroic people, who are
making the noblest stand ever made in human hislorj' for
their independence.

When I returned from South .\frica in 1904, he
sent ir.e the following chaffing epistle: —

What a chance you had in South Africa! You might
have raised the standard of insurrection among your own
disloyal Anglo-Saxons, and after the manner of Washington
gone in for the United States of South Africa. You would
have succeeded or failed. If success crowned your efforts
you would be the first President of tlieir Republic. It you
failed you nii'.rht have been hanged iiv your friend and one-
time jiurtil. Milner. In either case %'ou would liavc achieved
undying fame. Whereas here you are liack again in the
dominion.'^ of Mr. Chamberlain a mere item of discontent
among a people morally and politicall.\' mortgaged t.o the
puhlic-hnnse. tlie lietting evil and the Devil.

I am gl.id you are in good health and that you dropped
the naily Paper. It would have sent you to your grave in
a year, and that would have been a tar more inglorious
ending to your career than had you been hanged in Pre-
toria.

Davitt spoke feelingly on the subject of jour-
nalism. He founded and edited the Labour World,
the first number of which appeared on Septemlver
2ist, 1890, and the last on May 30th, 1891. The
Labour World was a pioneer paper. It was the
herald of the Labour Party, whose advent to power

258

The Review of Reviews.

Sei>fember I. 1906.

was the great sensation of the last General Election.
In the first number Mr. Davitt defined the salient
features of the new departure in politics. He
wrote : —

Now what is it tliat we want.' What does the progres-
sive labour movement demand? It.s claim may perhaps be
snmmed up under three heads; iH It asks tor the better
and mofe democratic organisation of iaboiir; '2) It demands
that to the community, not to the landlord, shall accrue
that immense annual increment which is due to general
inditstry and enterprise, and '5) it calls for Tio extension
of State and municipal control and ownership of such
motiopolies as can be managed by public bodies in the
public interest.

He went on in subsequent numbers to elaborate a
scheme for labour representatives similar to that
which has subsequently been adopted. '" If the
working men of Great Britain and Ireland," he
WTote October 19th, 1890, " are to be adequately re-
presented alike in Parliament and local bodies, two
conditions are imperatively necessary — they must
abandon their present jealousies and suspicions, and
they must be prepared to take trouble and to make
sacrifices.'

The last letter which I recei\ed from Davitt was
when he was beginning the electioneering campaign
in England last February, which resulted so trium-
phantlv for Labour, so fatally for him. He was full
of exultation over the realisation of his great idea
— the wcrking alliance between the Irish and Labour
Parties. He had seen it afar off in his early man-
hood, and the last year of his life he saw his ideal
translated into fact. If Davitt had lived he would
certainly have endeavoured to make practical use
of the alliance for the pur])ose of securing the early
concession of Home Rule. He hoped great things
from a pilgrimage of passion to be undertaken
through all parts of the country by a powerful com-
bination company of Irish and Labour Ms, P. de-
manding Home Rule for Ireland. For ever to Ire-
land his heart turned as the needle to the Pole; and
when he was laid to rest at Straide, in Co. Mayo,
his Mother Country ne\^r gathered to her breast a
truer-hearted son.

Yet, although he loved his country, he was always
leaving it. He was an insatiable traveller. T. P.
O'Connor attributes this restlessness as of the Wan-
dering Jew to the recoil from his long imprisonment.
Nine years in a prison cell impelled him to spend
twenty-nine on steaniers and railway trains, racing
against time to the uttermost ends of the earth. It
may be so; but whatever the cause, Davitt seldom
passed a year w ithout a foreign tour. Sometimes he
travelled on political business, at other times he went
as special corresi)ondent. But wherever he went,
he carried with him a bright cheeriness and a ready
sympathv which made liim everywhere a welcome
guest.

And as he was a weariless traveller so he was an
untiring worker. That poor left hand of his seemed
ne\-er at rest. He wrote better with his left hand
than most of us do with our right, and whatever he

wrote bore the impress of his strong character and
his intense connction. His style was admirably
lucid, and although his expressions were sometimes
a little harsh, he often displayed the greatest mode-
ration and restraint.

Notably was this the case in the tragic episode of
Mr. Parnell's downfall. Davitt had been most
cruelly and cynically deceived by Mr. Parnell, who
had traded upon Davitt's open and unsuspecting na-
ture in order to use him as a catspaw to deceive all
his friends and supporters. Parnell's treachery to
Davitt was the culminating proof of the impossi-
liilitv of trusting him. and it weighed more with
most of us than his liaison with the wife of O'Shea.
But on reading over Davitt's utterances on the sub-
ject in the fateful week when Parnell had to choose
whether to betray the cause of Ireland or to bow for
a season to the storm which his weakness had pro-
voked, it is impossible not to be impressed by the
tenderness and affection with which Da\itt spoke.
He loved Parnell well, but he loved Ireland better
still, and he never faltered in his choice. I was
much with him during all that trying time, and it
is difficult to say whether Davitt was more admir-
able for the fine human affection which he displayed
to his former colleague, or for the Spartan self-
sacrificing intrepidity with which he insisted upon
the deliverance of the cause of Home Rule from
the comjiroinising associations of the Divorce Court.

Another subject which brought me into close touch
with Davitt was that of prison reform. At one time
we projected a prison reform association, of which
he was to lie president, while I was tc> have acted
as secretary. An Ex-Gaolbirds" Prison Reform As-
sociation was to have been its title, but it never was
incorporated. Now. however, in the days of pas-
sive resistance, there is a wider field fc>r recruiting
members, and the old project might be revived.
Davitt was ever zealous in the cause of prison re-
form. He knew the subject well, and if he would
but have waived his unconquerable objection to tak-
ing service under the British Government, he w^ould
have been an admirable inspector-general of the
prisons.

But what subject of human interest was there
in the whole world which appealed to him in
vain? — India, Australia, South Africa, the Soudan,
Russia ; he was at home everywhere, and always
the champion of the under dog. He was faithful
even to slaying, nor did he spare his best friends.
I close these brief and most imperfect and inade-
quate reminiscences of the hero and patriot who has
been snatched from our midst by recalling the
fashion in which he handled the British Peace Cru-
saders in 1899. His words are worth reprinting
now when manv good folk in this country seem tn
imagine that the British Government is leading the
world in the cause of peace and disarmament be-
cause of Sir Edward Grey's speech on Mr. Vivian's
motion. Davitt exposed the hollowness of this no-

Reviitr of Revieus, lj9IOti.

Character Sketch.

-5U

tinn .It a, time when it was not by any means so
hollow as it is to-day.

I liad written to Davitt asking him for his sup-
port in the popular agitation in support of the Tsar's
■ Rescript. He replied saying that war against war
when conducte'l liy Englishmen was little better than
an organised hypocrisy. " England is to-day and
has been during the last five years the most war-
provoking of all civilised nations." — .Alas ! she \ye-
came worse than ever in the subsequent five years !
" As for the ruinous expenditure on armaments,''
Davitt went on. " British expenditure even then —
and it has nearly douliled since then — is nearly
sixty i^er cent, more than the average outlay of the
Powers whose armaments you so much deplore."
He then suggested that we should adopt the follow-
ing resolution at all peace meetings to be held in
England : —

"Besolved that this mass meeting of tlie working classes
of extends a Iiearty greeting to tlie Peace proposals

111 tlie Tsar of Dussia, and declares itself in favour of the
humane and enlightened policy of disarmanieni among
the great t'owers which the Emperor's proposals embody;

■ Tliat we call upon Her Majesty's Crovernment to lead
the way in this Crusade against. War and its horrors by
stopping all the hostilities against the lielpiess coloured
races of the continent of Africa now being directed by
Hritish forces;

"That in order to offer to Kuropean natiotis a signal
liroof of British sincerity in tins peaceful War against
brutal War. we hereliy demand a redu<-tion ol tlie annual
extiendittire on tiie Army and Nliv,\' in the coming Budget,
which shall make the outlay on tliese charges in future
correspond with tliat of the avera;;e annual expenditure on
similar charges of Russia. France, Crermauy. Austria-Hun-
gary and Italy;

" .\nd that the balance (£16.000.000) between that average
expenditure i £30.000.000) and the sum i£48. 000.000) voted by
Parliiiment for naval and military purposes he set apa.rt
every .\e;ir for ;i Sti\te fund, out of which to provide Old-
A2:e Pensions for tlie workers of Great Britain ;)1k1 Ireland."
Such a resolution would, in my humble judgment, if
acted upon, prove to Europe that your Crusade for Dis-
;irmaments and Peace was :v sincere ;ind honest move-
ment. It would also receive ;v double welcome from the
working-classes of the three countries, inasmuch as it
would promote the interests of Peace, .and liltewise secure
them in their old age against the i>enalty of poverty and
the social degradation of the workiiouse.

That was Davitt all over.

\V, T. Stead.

I'hotograph bi/2 The Funeral of Mr. Michael Davitt passing through Dublin for Mayo. [C/iawa'/i.n,

Hr. Dnvitt's remains were t.ikeii from Dublin to the cliurchyard of Str.iiiii', Co. May.i, where Ihi-y were inl erred in accordance

with the wish cxja-psi^cd iti his will. Crowds tiirnerl out at all points.

Renew of Rerievs. 119/06.

ESPERANTO.

There is only space to give a resume of Tighe Hop-
kins's splendid article in the TiiJmne of June 6th on
" The Remedy for an International Nuisance.'" He
opens with: '•Till nations can chat familiarly within
each other's gates, till they can pass the time of day
to one another, what to them are the real benefits of
I'entente cordiale?'' "How supremely ridiculous," he
says, ■• that the Englishman cannot ask his way of a
policeman in Paris, order a bit of dinner in Berlin,
or buy a ticket for the theatre in Vienna." " Listen
to a group of Frenchmen. Until the ear has been
opened you will hear them say. ' Peutetre ' a hundred
times running without knowing precisely what it is
that goes on in their mouths. When our ear has
mastered French colloquially spoken, what about the
other European languages? Master them, and then
the corresponding member of the Philological Society
of Siam may despatch an elegant paper in Siamese to
some philological pundit in Bloomsbury. by whom the
same is straightway and inevitably pigeon-holed. Is
there a remedy? Of course! we are absurdly bashful
about putting it forward, that is all. Xo." Mr. Hop-
kins continues, ■ I am not proposing English ; bang
in a moment would go I'entente cordiale upon any hint
of that. Nor am I offering French for our own ac-
ceptance, or for that of tlie world at large. We and
the rest of Europe would see France in the storms of
another Revolution before we gave our acquiescence.
No, we won't liave English, we won't have French,
we won't have German, and Russian can barely be in
the running just now." He concludes by proposing,
in effect if not in actual words, that King Edward
should advise his subjects and persuade the other
royalties to advise theirs to learn Esperanto.

And now, tell it not in Gath — proclaim it not in the
ears of the Professors! But when the representatives
of the French Universities were received at the Foreign
Office. Mr. Lough, M.P., in welcoming them in the
name of the Board of Education, said t!iat, "amongst
his auditors the language bar was happily absent, for
France and England had been neighbours and friends
so long that the speech of the one would be familiar
to the other. When, however, .such interchange of
visits between the learned bodies of other countries,
such as Spain, Italy, etc., became mattere of fre-
quent occurrence, Esperanto would no doubt be
needed."

And, oh, tlie irony of it all! Amongst his auditors
were Englishmen who knew no French, and French-
men who understood barely a word of what he was
saying! For in France languages are not taught in-
discriminately. In the districts bordering on Italy,
Italian is the only modern language taught in the
sc'iools; near Spain, Spanish; in Burgundy, German;
whilst nearer the English Channel Eaglish of course is
studied. Thus a most learned mathematical professor
from Montpelier may never have learned English.

Our readers must turn to the BritisJi Esperantist
for an account of the delightful afternoon spent at
Earl's Court. No language bar intervened. M. Boirac
at tea-time gave a most graceful oration in Esperanto.
Attracted by the ' Vivas," spectators crowded doors
and windows, and it was amusing to hear one tell
the other that the language used was Austrian,

Amongst the new books are the Gospel of St. Mark,
translated fi'om Luther's version, and Macaulay's
"Horatio," translated by Clarence Bicknell,

We give as the passage for translation this week
the conclusioa of M. L. de Beaufront's article in
L'Esperantiste on Esperanto neutrality.

(6) N^EUTRALECO KAJ TOLEREMO.
Chie kaj chiam ni montru al la mondo la belegan
spektaklon prezentitaa duni la Kongreso, che kiu
ceite, por esti afabla al sia najbaro, neniu kou-
gresano demaudis lin nek pri lia religio, nek pri liaj
opiuioj. Sufichis al li scii, ke li estas Esperantisto.
Nu. chiam, niaj grupoj au aliaj kuavenoj estu repro-
dukton do I'interrilata atableco, de la koreco, kiuj
faris la felichon de chiuj en la Kongreso. Ni estu Es-
perantistoj kaj ne sektistoj. char la du aferoj forpelas
necese unu la aliau en "■ Esperantujo " kaj tial ke ni
estas Espeiantistoj, ni havu por la religio kaj la
politiko de la aliaj la tutan respekton kaj la tutan
toleremon, kiujn ni deziras por la niaj. Alie nur
mensogo estus nia neutraleco. l de Beaufbon't.

ESPERANTO NOTE.

In L'Esperantiste for April appears the text of the
■ Projet de Resolution," presented by twelve of the
■Depiites." to the members of the French Cham-
ber of Deputies, inviting the Government to in-
trodnca tho International Language Esperanto into
the educational programmes of the country. The
document sets forth the advantages of the language,
and points out that, '■ In England . . . the Board
of Education . . , has officially authorised , , .
the teaching of Esperanto," in a certain place. It
also comments on its progress in Gennany, Rassia,
The British Possassioiis. Japan, Mexico, Peru, etc. It
proposes finally that " Scholars have the option of
studying English, German, Italian, Spanish, Arabic,
or Esperanto.

Tho •■ Projet" has bee.i referred to the '' Commission
de I'enseignment et des Beaux — Arts."

ESPERANTA KLUBO, JIELBOURN'E.

The monthly meeting of the club was held on Friday,
the .Srd of August, at the usual time and place.

After the conducting of the routi e business, the
members adjourned and spent the remainder of the
evening making themselves acquainted with the Es-
peranto chorus, '' Xia Lando." words and music by
F. G. Rowe. A very enjoyable evening was passed.

The Second Esperanto Co: gress to be held at
Geneva, Switzerland, at the end of the present month
promises to eclipse even the now famous ' First " Con-
gress at Bolougne-sur-Mer. All the Esperanto gazettes
publish full i>articulars as to meeting, excursions,
prices of tickets, etc.

TRANSLATIONS.

As we announced previously we now give a transla-
tion of the Esperanto passages Nos. 1 and 2, which
appeared in our June number.

The translations sent in were uniformly good, and
it is difficult to say which one is really the best, the
difference betweeu them being mainly one of more
or less free or more or less literal rendering. We
have selected for translation No. 1 that of Miss J.H.,
of New Zealand, as on the whole having kept best to
the happy mean; but Mrs. F., also of New Zealand,
is practicallv equal, and in some respects superior.
M. McL. (Grenthonipson), has exactly caught the spirit
of the anecdote, and has rendered it very freely into

Revieic of Reviews, 119/06.

Esperanto.

261

fluent English. We give his rendering of Example
No 2 : —

(1) IN A TRAIN.

(A True Story.)
Extracted from a French Magazine, slightly rewritten.

N.B. — Becaiise of the lack of accents (1) we are
unable at present to print much in Esperanto wholly
according to tlie original work.

In a train, four professors were travelling (2) in the

same compartment, two from the school (3) of V ,

and two from the school of 6 , who knew each

other only tiirough school acquaintance (4). A con-
versation soon took place between the professors of

V . " You probably know," said one of them to

his companion, "that during the la.^t holiday, Mr.

S , professor in the School of G , married the

school director's daughter " (5), " It is said," he con-
tinued, '■ that the new wife is sufficiently ugly (6) to
.serve as a remedy for love-sickness." And the two
professors laughe<l (7) at such a narrative. But soon

one of the professors of G , a humorous man, stood

up and said, '' Esteemed gentlemen (8). I have the

honour to introduce to you Mr. S , who is sitting

before you."

The train entered the station ; the two professors
of V got out, and — entered another compartment.

NOTES TO TRANSLATION NO. 1.

In these notes we give some of the various render-
ings of the text that occur in the translations sent in.
<1) For lack of accented type (A, O, T).

(2) " Found themselves " is good Englishj and would
be quito literal.

(3) One is tempted to translate " College " in con-
nection with professors but the word in the text is
only " lernejo," and not '' lernejego."

(4) " Professorially," " professionally," " as men of
learning," in their scholastic capacities, but not per-
sonally.

By " lerneje " the author seems to mean knew of
each other as being connected with the schools, and
the narrative implies " not personally."

(5) The daughter of the director of that school

(A, C, T). The daughter of the director of the said
college (Mrs. F.).

The word " dirita " should not be overlooked in an
exact translation.

(6) Ugly enough (M. McL., A, C, T), " plain enough "
is probably what an Englishman would have said.

(7) Burst out laughing uproariously. Perhaps burst
out into a loud laugh would be a sufficiently vigorous
translation.

(8) '■ Eateemed gentlemen," though exactly literal, is
not an English mode of address.

(2) AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE (1).

Undoubtedly the need of some international lan-
guage is felt throughout the whole world, but peoples
fail to agree as to the manner in which such a lan-
guage shall be brought about.

Some are of opinion that one of the dead languages
should be used ; others that it should be one of the
li\ang languages.

If, however, a dead language is adopted, is it to
remain as it was spoken in Rome or Athens, or should
an endeavour be made to improve it?

If they try to use the language in its ancient form
we fear that present-day people will find it totally
unsuitable for present-day requirements. But if they
want to improve it that would be practically to in-
vent a new language, and such indeed is Esperanto.

If they propose a living language, which oie should
it be.^ The answer will depend on the nationality
of the proposer. The citizen of the world advocates
the single (2) universal language ; that is Esperanto.

NOTES TO TRANSL.4TI0N NO- -■

(1) As this is a free translation we refrain from any
remarks on the literal translation of phrases. We
would remark, however, that the use of a uniform
style of rendering the Espeiianto impereonal construc-
tion should be adopted throughout the piece. If " oiii
uzadas " is translated by " is adopted," " oni pravus "
should not be " they try."

(2) " Sole " is an adverb modifying " proponus," and
not an adjective (which would require the form
"Solan,") qualifying " lingvon." " Would only propose
the univei-sal language " is the meaning of the text.

Ask youp Newsagent to send you a copy of " The Review of Reviews " every
month if you a.ve not already a regular subscriber. Thus keep yourself in touch
with the best movements here and throughout the whole world.

I |am heartily obliged to the readers who have sent in the names of friends
likely to subscribe, and shall be glad if other readers will perform the same kindly
office for us. — Editor.

Revietc of Beriem, l/»/oa.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

TO MILLIONAIRES: LOOK OUT!

A Froposed Law of Maximum.

One of the most significant signs of the times — a
veritable handwriting on the wall — is the article
" An Apj)eal to our Millionaires," signed " X,'' which
appears in the May number of the North Anicriuiu
Jievieiv.

DANIEL ^VEBSTER'S warning.

The wTiter begins by quoting the warning of
Daniel Webster, that a plutocracy is fatal to a de-
mocracy. Webster wrote : —

"The freest government, it it could exist, would not be
long acceptable it the tendency of the laws was to create
a rapid accumulation of property in a few hands. In the
nature of thingrs. those who have not property and see
their neighbours possessed of much more than they think
them to need cannot be favourable to laws made for the
protection of such property. When this class becomes
prey and plunder, .and is naturally ready at all times tor
violence and revolution. It would seem, then, to be the
part of political wisdom to found government on property,
but to establish such distribution of property, by the laws
which regulate its transmission and alienation, as to in-
terest the great majority of society in the support of the
government."

The exact condition mentioned by Mr. Webster is the con-
dition which confronts the American people to-day.

THE MOTOE-CAB AND THE MHIilONAIRE.

" X,'' says that the motor-car may prove the last

straw that will break the back of the patience of

the people : —

Our millionaires, and especially their idle and degenerate
children, have been flatinting their money in the faces of
the poor as if actually wishing to provoke them to that
insensate rage whicli is akin to madness, and leads " to
murder and the breaking up of laws."

Their huge motor-cars, driven along narrow roads

at lightning speed, are the symbol of their disregard

of all lives and privileges save their own : —

Since New Year's Day these great cars, simply for the
pleasure of their occupants, have killed more people on
the public highways than were killed in the war with
Spain,

The result is a widespread detestation of the
millionaire, which is finding the most emphatic
methods of expressing itself : —

The other day twelve American citizens, presumably also
of the middle class, and sworn jurors in a court of justice,
declared by their verdict that the odious offence of kid-
napping an innocent child was not to be regarded as a
crime if the victim of it was the child of a millionaire.

WHAT MUST BE DONE ?
" X." declares that the issue of what must be
done with the millionaire is likely to be the dominant
question at the next Presidential election. He wams
the millionaires that

they are destined to a very early «nd nawelcome awaken-
ing, when they will find themselves confronted with the
transfer of the Government witli all its great powers for
good and for evil into the hands of men of a ver.v limited
conception of " vested interests," and whose minds will be
iiifl.-imed with a wrath which they will consider rie-hteous
and a hostility whi"h may prove to be implacable. Unless,
therefore, some moral basis for what the majority of
voters believe to b« the present grossly unjust inequality

in the distribution of property in this country i3 Boon
found — a moral basis which will prove acceptable to the
majority of American voters — we may encounter in the
coming presidential election a situation infinitely more
disturbing and iufinitel.v more dangerous than haa ever
before been encountered.

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

The notion of the inviolabiUty of private property
and the impregnable entrenchments of vested in-
terests " X " laughs to scorn. He asks : —

What are the bulwarks of private property in the im-
perial commonwealth of New York, where so much of it
is situated? As to incomes, nobody will have the effron-
tery to deny that, if the majority of the voters choose to
elect a Governor of their own way ot thiukiug and a
majority in both houses of the Legislature, they can readily
enact a progressive taxation of incomes wliiolK will limit
every citi/.en of New Y'ork State to such income as the
majority of the voters consider sufficient for him.

It is. if possible, even less likely that anybody will deny
that, in order to effectually turn every dollar of the pro-
perty of every decedent into the public treasury at his
death, no alHrmative legislation is necessary. It is only
necessary to repeal the statutes now authorising the deecont
of such property to the heirs and legatees of the decedent.
It is perfectly api>arent. therefore, that there is no ultimate
security for a single dollar of private proiierty ia New
Y'ork, and precisely the same statement is true of all other
American States, except such as a majority of the voters
may decide to be just and wise, both to the possesson* of
such property and to the communit.v at large.

A PROPOSED LAW OF THE MAXIMUM.

We have heard much about the law of a minimum
wage. It is now: to have as its correlative a law of
maximum wealtti. "X." says: —

Suppose we shoultU try the harmless experiment ot apply-
ing some practical ethical test whereby the rightfulness of
each man's pcKSsessions could be somewhat fairly, even if
rough l.v jtidged on moral grounds or grounds of " the
general advantage." The American people have decided
that, in Lord Coleridge's words, it is for " the general
advantage " that £10.000 a year, witli allowances, should
be the compensation of the President of the United States.
Why shoxild an.v other citizen either wish or 1^ permitted
to withdraw from the common store a larger annual sum?

It is difficult to see how any real injustice would be
done to any honest member of society, or how undue re-
straint would be put upon any abilit.v or energy of a
beneficent character, if the law encouraged every man to
earn for himself, say. a yearly income of fifty thousand
dollars and to acquire a solid fortune of a million dollars.
Such sums would allow not only an ample but a very
generous provision for everybody dependent upon him while
he lived and after he wa^ dead; and it is difficult to
realise what more the heart of any man could desire, who
recognises that he is part of a Christian society and not
a pirate on the Barbary coast.

WOULD THIS DESTROY INCENTIXT:?
To the question whether such a law of the maxi-
mum would destroy incentive to effort, '' X.'' replies
emphatically in the negative: —

The truth is that no genuine service in any department
of human effort has ever been conferred upon mankind
merely for the sake of money, nor is any jierson who is
desirous of having; " money to burn " capable of rendering
any really valuable service. The two qualities of mind
always have been; and always will be incompatible. The
time, indeed, is perha]>s not distant when everybody pos-
sessing private property will be required to answer' these
two plain questions: "How much have you withdrawn from
the common store?" and " What service did you give in
return for it?"

The appearance of such an article in so staid and
conservative a periodical as the Nortli American
Rcvirw is a portent indeed.

Rei'i^u- of Reviews, ^13/'^.

Leading Articles.

263

THE SECRET OF EMPIRE.

A Ger-Man Tribute to British Worth.
Mr. Gcoffrt-y Drage surveys the progress of Bri-
tish Imperialism in the Fortnightly Review, and
reviews Dr. von Schulze-Gaevernitz's " Britischer
Imperialismus.'' He asks, What are the secrets of
the success of Great Britain ? How have we out-
lived the Empires of Spain and Holland? How did
we overcome France? He finds the answer in the
one word, Character. He says: —

It is true tliat the climate of Great Britain gave her
g:reat advantages as the nursery of men pliysically strong
and enduring: it is true that her geographical position
enabled her to follow the advice of Lord Bacon and apply
her whole strength to the development of her sea-power.
It is true Uiat the fortuna reipublicw gave her simultaneously
a, great statesman in Oliver Cromwell to direct, and a
great admiral in Robert Blake to execute a great foreign
policy. But ii is not to tlie geograpliical position of the
country, nor to the effect of the climate on English physi-
(lue. nor to the possession of constellations of great men,
that Professor vou Schulze-Gaevemitz, with unerring in-
stinct, traces bacli our success in its ultimate analysis.
British character is founded on the freedom of the in-
dividual, on tJie spirit of self-help and self-reliance, but
even more so on tlie idea of duty, on respect for the mar-
riage tie, on the sense of the immeasurable difference be-
tween right and wrong, good and evil, and on the feeling
»if Christian responsibility for. and sympathy with, not
unly the poor and weak at home, but also the subject
races in our coloniejs and dependencies. Religion, says our
.lUthor, is still the backbone, of Anglo-Saxon culture. The
thief danger for England lies not in American trusts or
the great fleets building or to be built by Germany, but in
■he weakening of the mainspring of her prosperity. Al-
ready the Professor fears it is decayins, though tlie works
are running on without any outward sign of the inward
process. For the purposes of the British Empire, even
that! high senise of duty which inspires British soldiers,
-.xilors, and civil servants will, without religion, in the
long run prove useless. Stress is laid on the great work
clone by the religious sects in moulding public policy with
legard to the poor and weak amongst us. as well as in
'he wider issues such as those connecte<l with the abolition
• f slavery, which are tJie peculiar glory of Great Brit.ain.

MUNICIPAL FARMING ; CAN IT PAY ?

Yes, says Mr. Richard Higgs, writing in the
Westminster Review on "The Refomiers' Attitude

Towards Agriculture." State farming for profit, he
reminds us, has been recommended bv a Committee

'f the Board of Agriculture under the late Govem-

:r.ent. He proceeds: —

I unhesitatingly assert that, in spite of the present con-
•ition of agricultuie. municipal, collectivist. or State
'arming can he made to pay, and to pay handsomely.
The Crown and Ecclesiastical Commissioners alread.v own
■ nd manage about 350,o;0 acres of farm land, and possess
I staff of {rained farmers who could well undertake to
-upply a large part of the neeils of the Army and Navy
in agricultural produce.

Agriculture is, beyond all question, the one industry
v.hich would pay better than any other for the intro-
fiuction of collectivist methods on a sound business basis.
.Municiral or State farming must be treated as a business.
.^nd not as a fad. A municipal farm, as I mean it, is not
a penal establishment, a reformatory, a training school.
nT a convalescent home: in certain of its aspects it may
lie distantly allied to these thinu's. but in reality it is
vastly different. It must be etiuitiiied with the best m:--
<binery, the most highly skillerl lubour, the best building
and the most scientific skill Unit nionev can buy. it
must be prepared to meet and to viiiiquiah in the open
market all home or foreign produced goods, and show
that intelligence, organisation, and ;i lining wage are able
To triumph over sweated labour, and to beat it in cheap-
ness of production.

I notice that the writer says " he has proved that
the rural depopulation question is not so difficult of
settlement as generally supposed " : —

Whe,e there is constant work, a decent house, and a
living wage ran be paid and also where reasonable amnse-
ments are pr'^vided for winter evenings, neither men nor
lads show a des.re to leave the land.

He does not, howe\'er, forget that farming must
always be a worrying and hazardous occupation ;
that it requires much capital, if it is to be done with
up-to-date methods; that the turnover is very slow,
usually about once a year, and that agricultural
profit and loss accounts are very difficult to make
out clearlv.

DR. EMIL REICH AND MISS GERTRUDE
KINGSTON ON WOMAN.

In the Grand Magazine Dr. Einil Reich discusses
rather nebulously woman's education and its faulti-
tiess. Miss Gertrude Kingston replies, her paper
being far more clearly stated and thought out, as
well as much more practical. Dr. Reich's state-
ments are, to say the least, questionable. He ob-
jects to teaching girls Latin on the ground that
Ovid, Catullus and Tibullus are improper. So they
are — in parts. But he would teach them Greek,
which he is pleased to consider much easier than
Latin. Then he says, without giving the slightest
notion of how it is to be done : " The whole object
of a girl's education should be to give her the one
thing in which she might not only rival man but
easily excel him — that is, tact.'' Was ever any-
thing more wildly unpractical ? To teach girls
sciences, ethical, sociological or political, is " sense-
le.ss." It depends on the girl's tastes. " In
America it is a common thing to hear a woman
ask a lecturer questions which no man living could
answer." But it is proverbial that a fool can ask
questions which the wisest man cannot answer. If
they had had a little more teaching, they would
know their questions could not be answered. Then
he jumps on actions for breach of promise.

Mi.ss Kingston replies diat the women who bring
these actions are those working for a living, who
have, through heedlessness or crueltv of someone,
lost the power of earning. She also makes the just
i-riticisra that Dr. Reich speaks of women as if they
were all of the class that has time to go to Clar-
idge's in t-he afternoons. Tiie most amazing part of
the recent gibbeting of poor Plato to make a Lon-"
don holiday, and the most humbling, was " the abso-
lute conviction of the jjerfection of English institu-
tions " visible throughout the discussions. Dr.
Reich, as a travelled man of learning. Miss Kingston
thinks, must have marvelled at it. She evidentlv
disagrees with him that girls should not ever learn
T.atin, higher arithmetic, or mathematics. Dr. Reich
has nothing to say for thir^ large cla.ss of women as
delicately nurtured as Claridge butterflie.s, but for
one reason or another thrown on the worhl to earn
a living. .And whoever exhorts the women of ftiit;-
land to take themselves seriously, should t)egin hv
l\] ing fhrm a little more seriously himself.

264

The Review of Reviews.

Septe^nber I, 1906.

CHAMBERLAIN TOWN.

Birmingham and Business; Business and
Birmingham.
In the Fortnightly Review Mr. G. Benyon Harris
writes on Mr. Chamberlain and Birmingham, the
political riddle. The writer remarks t±Lat the men of
Birmingham have long been remarkable, and are
now famous, as the most militant, solid, powerful
and democratic entity this country has ever known.
" That this concrete and puissant body should have
become deflected from the main body of the demo-
cracy of the nation on a question that is of all ques-
tions supremely democratic, is the problem." He
proceeds to discuss it in the light of the character of
the townsmen and their chief. Mr. Harris does not
spare Birmingham. He denies it the title of having
been always the great pioneer of municipal progress.
Its title to municipal distinction, he says, has only
accrued within times which are too recent to be
complimentar)-. It has never justified its motto,
" Forward." The City of Birmingham as a cor-
porate thing was only rescued from derision and
obloquy by the refracted glory derived from un-
official men of Birmingham. For, he says: —

Birmingrham men were all born to business, and to
politics, as the sparks fly upwards. They were cradled in
businesa-like cradles. They were nurtured on methodical
and business principles. They wore business-like clothes.
Everything tliey touched was touched with an eye to busi-
ness. They wooed without sentiment, married tor. lived
to make, and died to leave, money. That was always the
way in Binningham. During their lives they interfered
in nothing but tlieir business, their religion, and tlieir
politics. Indeed, even their religion and their politics
were as much matters of business as were their means
of livelihood. The affairs of their religious denominations
were conducted on strict,ly business lines. The balance-
sheet was as much an article of their religious, as of their
secular, rubric. ... It has always been a peculiarity
of their commercial life that their nearest friends are
never quite sure what their particular busine^es really
consist in. Often, indeed, they themselves are not qtiite
sure. The general impression is that they " have some-
thing to do " with iron, brass, or gold. . . . Iron and
brass are their staple material. Anything that it is
humanl.v possible to make out of that material the men
of Birmingham can and do make: and the kind of thine
the.y make out of it depends entirely upon whether the
demand at the moment is for a tubular bridge or a
trumpet, a toy for the hand of a lady or sheet armour
for a belted cruiser. . . With Birmingham men the
only indication of sterling, abiding talent is the rapid
accumulation of wealth from business. To them there is
only one raison d'etre of talent^to amass wealth quick and
early. The abstract kind of talent which leaves its pos-
sessor in a small house they not only do not understand
but entertain great contempt for. They only look at
material results.

With such a people Disraeli, Gladstone, Rosebery
would have been powerless. Even " John Bright
never took root in Birmingham." So the writer
proceeds : —

The man for them must be a practical man, one of
themselves, possessing all the qualities which they pos-
sessed, but possessing also a talent wliich they them-
selves never had, the talent of lucid, sustained, unadorned
articulation.

Like the tallness of tlie pine upon Norwegian hills, the
political altitude of Mr. Cliamberlain is not due to the
depth, but rather to the congenial nature of the soil in
which the tentacles are fixed. But the unerring instinct
by which in those early times he lured and won the rc-
Inctant confidence of the men of Birmingham, pales into
insignificance before the sagacity by which during thirty
years he has been able to maintain it against the assaults
of enemies.

Mr. Harris in this paper has evidently relieved
much pent-up feeling, and those who have felt like
him will be grateful for this characterisation of the
Midland metropolis, though they may feel that what
it lacks in justice is more than made up in vigour.

FOUR ACRES AND TWELVE PIGS.

A Xew Variant of an Old Cry.
In the Economic Journal Mr. R. Winfrey, M.P.,
describes the small progress of the small holdings
movement. The absence of compulsory powers and
the lack of sympathy on the part of the County
Councils are the reasons he suggests for the slow-
ness of the movement hitherto. Nevertheless, cer-
tain experiments which he describes have been a
success. In nineteen agricultural parishes of Lin-
colnshire, though not 2 per cent, is under small
holding cultivation, yet sufficient has been done to
check rural depopulation, which before the era of
small holdings was proceeding at a great pace.
From what he has seen of five hundred or more of
these small holders, he has no hesitation in saying
that all but a very small percentage greatly increase
their material prosperity. He adduces the balance-
sheet of one who cultivates four acres of arable land.
He says : —

This labourer works regularly for the neighbouring
farmers and manages his small holding in the evenings
and on spare days now and again. As will be seen, he
hires his horse-labour from one of the larger small
holders:^

BALANCE S.HEET ON SMALL HOLDING OF FOUE ACRES.
OUTGOINGS.

Kent (including rates and taxes) £9 0 0

Hired horse labour: —

Ploughing £13 0

Drilling 0 3 9

Harrowing 0 3 0

Drawing potato rows 0 5 0

ilanure carting 0 10 0

Carrying barley 0 8 6

2 13 3

Artificial manure 2 0 0

Seed potatoes 1 17 6

Seed barley 0 12 0

Seed mangolds and carrots 0 2 0

£16 4 9
Balance, being profit 42 17 6

£59 2 3
EETUEN

6 tons 7J cwt. potatoes sold at 503 £15 18 3

6 tons ditto at 60s 18 0 0

4 sacks consumed at 68 14 0

Ditto, sold for seed 5 0 0

Ditto, kept for next year 2 10 0

Ditto chats, eaten by pigs 10 0

Barley sold 6 0 0

Barle.v consumed 6 0 0

Carrots consumed 1 10 0

Mangolds 2 0 0

£59 2 3
Half the barley, all the carrots and mangolds are being
consumed by twelve pigs, and will therefore bring more
profit than the market value charged in the balance-
sheet. The pigs will turn the barley straw into valuable
manure for next year.

Mr. Winfrey urges that the large land-owners of
the country, and especially the public land-owners
such as the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, etc.,
should encourage smaU holdings. They would in-
crease the rental bv twenty-five per cent.

Review of Reviews, ^19/06.

Leading Articles.

265

PSYCHIC LOCOMOTION AT 250 MILES AN HOUR.

In the Occuh Review, Franz Hartmann, M.D., dis-
cusses magical metathesis, or the almost instanta-
neous transfer of living pversons to distant places by
occult means ! The writer, among other instances,
gives one of a friend of his. Dr. Z., a young, strong
and healthy man, but having a peculiar medium-
istic organisation. He was once ■' spirited away "
from Livorno to Florence, a distance of loo kDo-
metres, in about fifteen minutes. This is the story
as written down by Dr. Z. himself : —

I bad already b«en two days at Livorno, when a very
strange thing happened to me. It was after 9 p.m., and
I iiad been to supper, when I distinctly felt an occult meB-
sage coming from our friends at Florence, asking me to
come as soon as possible, because they needed my pre-
sence. ,

Instinctively I took my cloak, and wiuiout even chang-
ing my jacket bestrode my bicycle and went tor the
station, intending to take the first train leaving for Flor-
ence; but as I went on I was forced by an irresistible
impulse to take the road to the right, which leads towards
Pisa, and at tlie same time my bicycle went on with such
a velocity that I became giddy and my legs could not
follow an,v more the ciuick movement of the pedals, so I
had to abandon them. Still the velocity grew to such an
extent that it seemed to me as if I was flying without
touching the t^round. For a moment I saw Pisa and its
lights, then the breath began to fail me owing to the pres-
sure of the air caused by the rapidity of the motion, and
I lost consciousness.

When I regained my senses, I found myself in the par-
lour of our friends M , at Florence, and they expressed

tlieir suri)rise, seeing that I had come so soon, as there
were no trains arriving from Livorno at tliat hour. I
looked at my watch. It was 9.30 p.m. Thus it could not
have taken me more than a quarter of an hour to travel
the lOG kilometers from Livorno to Florence considering
the time necessary to put on my cloak and get my
bicycle.

CYCLING THROUGH CLOSED DOOES.

Dr. Z. then tells how he asked his friends how he
happened to enter the house. They said they heard
a racket and noise as if a bomb had exploded at the
window towards the street, and heard a thump as if a
human body had fallen upon the chair: —

They struck a light and found that the human body was
myself and that I seemed to sleep. While this conversa-
tion took place the doorbell rang violently. It was the
night watciimaii who claimed to have seen somebody, pre-
sumably a robber, enter the house through the window.
Evidently, it wa.s I whom he saw. Our friends told him
th.-it everything was all right and the watchman retired,
apparently not quite satisfied and not fully convinced.

While our friends went to open the door to speak with
the watciiman they found a bicycle in the entrance hall.
Thus it seems th.-it my bicycle was carrietl through the
closed door and I through tlie window, which was also
closed. This happened in March. 1902. I had my full con-
sciousness when I left Livorno until I passed through
Pisa and regained it at the house of our friends at Flor-
ence.

AN EXPL.\XATION.

Psychic locomotion so far in advance of the
movement of even the swiftest motor-car seems as
hard to believe as was the first news of Marconi's
wireless telegraphy. But the writer has his theory
to offer. He says: —

It may be asked: How is it possible that an organised
being can become dissolved, so ae to pass through solid
walls, and be rematerialised again? It seems that for the
purpose of solving this question we should understand
the mystery of matter and force. We should then perhaps
find that we are ourselves an orsr.inisra of forces composed
of vibrations of ether upon so low a scale as to appear
as what we cali ' matter," and that matter and force are
essentially one and the same thini; We know that tho
higher may contiol the lower, tho active tlie passive. Mind
can control the motions of tho body and spirit the emo-
tions of the mind. If our spirituality were fully devel-
oped, there is no reason why we should not be able, by

the power of our spiritual will, to change the vibrations
of which our material body is composed ajid send them
as " organised force," guided by our thought, to any part
of the world. We know that the influence of mind gradual-
ly changes the physical body; perliaps if our mental force
were stronger great changes in our physical constitution
might be produced at will, and certain things which now
are regarded as impossible would be found to be perfectly
natural.

DYING TO LIVE AGAIN.

A Weird Story of an Indian Yogi.
The Hindoo Spiritual Magazine, which is becom-
ing, under the able editorship of Shishir Kumar
Ghose one of the most interesting of all the occult
periodicals, pubUshes in its May number a most
interesting account of Samadhi, which being inter-
preted is : —

A state iuto which a man, who has been able to enter,
can die at hia sweet pleasure, derive all the advantages of
a dead man for the time being, and yet can come hack
to life whenever he wishes.

In support of this extraordinary assertion, the

writer quotes a statement made by Dr. G. D'Ere

Browne, F.R.C.P., who resided thirty years in India.

He declares that he saw at the Hardwar festival a

yogi practise Samadhi. This yogi stood in the

centre of the sacred square, surrounded by a great

multitude, and became cataleptic : —

A group of yogis of the highest order then advanced,
bearing a long narrow earthen trough which had been
standing over a smoiUdering fire. This was filled with
melted wax. Into this each emptied the contents of a little
wliite package which he carried. A group from tlie flttli
order prepared the body for burial. They wrapped it in
many folds of white muslin, and the two ends were closely
fastened and wound with white cord.

Before doing this, however, they worked for some time
on the body. Eyes, nose and mouth were firmly sealed
with some specially prepared kind of wax. They lilted the
body by the cords and gently immersed it in the melted
wax". It was then lifted out and held suspended till the
wax whitened bv cooling and becoming solid. It was then
immersed again and again, eight times in all. a group
Ironi another order were at the same time busied in dig-
ging a grave. There were about twenty of them at work
with spades and shovels, and the work advanced rapidly
till tho hole was six or eight feet deep.

The burial followed. To a repetition of the chant and
the procession around the square, the three old men placed
the body in a rude wooden box which served as the
coffin, and it was lowered into the grave. The earth was
filled in and heaped up in a mound on top.

On the eighth day occurred the resurrection. The
grave, which had never been disturbed, was opened.
The coffin, which had been nailed down with wooden
pegs, was opened by means of wedges. The body
was found as he had last seen it. The wrappings
were unwound, the flakes of wax removed from
eyes, nose, mouth and ears. The other yogis then
walked three times round the square. At the third
round the yogi raised himself slowly to a sitting
posture and looked about him like a man awakened
from a sleep.

The resurrected one then walked sIo^v^y away to
his cave in the mountains, where he was to spend
the rest of his life in solitary meditation. The cere-
mony enabled him finally to interdwell in the two
spheres, spiritual or matorial, at will. His followers
maintained that he could have remained in his
grave a year at least and have come forth alive and
well.

266

The Review of Reviews.

SepUmber 1, 1906.

A SYMPOSIUM ON THE BRITISH CLIMATE.

In the Strand Magazine of July there is a sympo-
sium on the British climate, and we have the
opinions of a number of eminent travellers, practi-
cally all of whom agree that our climate is one of the
best in the world.

The first opinion to be quoted is that of the King,
who said: — "Taken as a whole, the English cli-
mate is the best in the world. " The Prince of Wales
remarked, in India, that the English climate had
been unjustly maligned, whereas " it is one of the
best, if not the best, all-round climate in the world."

Sir Harry Johnston defends the climate of the
southern half of England, and thinks it the best
and healthiest in the world. Moreover, there is an
exquisite une.xpectedness about it. Mr. Harry de
Windt says he had to leave gloomy Paris and live in
brighter London ! Mr. A. G. Hales writes that
England has not a climate of her own, but that she
embraces all others, and Mr. John Foster Eraser,
who has been in forty different countries, savs that it
is we British who are the champion fault-finders
with ourselves — and our climate. Mr. Thomas
Greenwood advises people to dress according to the
weather and not according to the calendar, and so
bring about a wholesome indifference as to the
weather.

THE MIND OF A DOG.

In the July number of the CornJiill Magazine
Professor S. Alexander endeavours to show us the
mind of a dog — how the mind of a dog resembles
that of a child, but how the dog remains a dog while
the child ceases to be a dog.

INVENTION ANB INSTINCT.

What distinguishes the dog from a child is that
though he learns to do things, he does not learn the
reason of them. The Professor, writing of his own
Irish terrier, says : —

His acquired dexterities are tl:e best illustration of the
inventiveness of instinct, while at the same time they in-
dicate where inventive instinct falls short of rational
action. Ho is skilful in getting a walking-sticli through
a narrow opening in a wall, or a railing. An observer,
seeing him nush the stick along with h.s teeth till he
get-s it at the crook and then drawing it through the
hedge, might attribute the act to reflection, and say. what
an observer of Principal Lloyd Morgan's dog said on a
aimilar occasion Clever dog that, sir: he knows where
the hitch do lie."

Now this is precisely what my doe land Mr. Lloyd
Morgans dog also) does not know. When be feels the
hitch he knows how to get rid of it, but he does not under-
stand it.

I put him. in imit-ation of Mr. Morgan's experiment, be-
hind some railings. The dog ran at them, holding the
stick by the middle, and did this more than once. Then,
in tile excitement of his desire to get through and join
me he began to seize the stick at random, and, seizing
it near the crook, he was able to bring it through. 'When
I repeated the exiieriment he was clever enough to seize
the stick, after a very few trials, at the right place, and
I imagine that it is the rate at wliich the lesson is
learned that makes the difference between one dog and
another.

Even now. when he has become expert, be first rtins at
the narrow opening holding the stick bv the middle, and
then when he has failed he skilfully, and without farther
waiting, shifts his teeth to the right nlace. He learnt thus
how to do the action by trying repeate'Uv at rnndom, and
failing, until success crowned his desire, and he remem-

bered the method of success. Compare his action with
the same action as done rationally b.v a man. In a strict
sense tlie dog does not know how to do the action be-
cause he has not analysed it into its means. His meana
are not deliberate me-ins taken to secure an end, but they
are a lucky device struck out by the urgency of desire.
He has learned how it goes, but not tlie go of it.

A DOGS MOEAL EDrCAlTON.

The dog's moral education consisted in the lesson
of obedience or self-control. In reference to it
Professor Alexander writes: —

Counting upon his attachment, I could guide him by-
insistence upon my will, and I used the method of reward
more sparingly than that of punishment. He learned to
beg without the reward of food, but he only learned to
carry aft«r several whippings, more, perhaps, than I should
use with a second dog. In teaching him to give up un-
mistakable habits like uncleanlineas and stealing. I found
that mere dis,jleasure had little effect, and I was com-
I^el.ed to whip him soundly.

IS HUMAN NATURE CRUEL?

But the Professor continues: —

And here I remark, parentlietically, a trait of human
nature. Parents and. teachers sometimes tell their children
that it gives them more pain to whip the child tlian the
child feels, but thoash I disliked having to whip my dog.
when I had bejun whipping him and my blood was' up, I
liked it. Do I betray a latent vein of cruelty in myself,
or discover to my friends a trait in themselves which
they have not suspected.'

In conclusion, we have the dog's view of his
master.

"A GHOST THAT WAS OF USE."

The Occidl Rnriau contains some leaves from the
notebook of a psychical inquirer bv A. Goodrich
Freer. Some of these wer^ supplied to the writer
by Mr. Myers. She quotes one which bears the
note, in Mr. Myers' hand : " Colonel Brown-Ferris
lives near Ely.' The incident was told by Colonel
Brown-Ferris ts Mrs. Edward Roberts in August or
July, 1893. The m-cmoran lum proceeds: —

The immediate cause of the s;ory being told was that
the subject of gh,sts had Ijeen d scussed, and Colonel
Eobets said, "I can't see what good they have ever done,"
aBd Colonel Bronu-Feri is said, "I can tell you of one
that was 01 great use: these are the facts- The thing
hapiiened to me. Some years aso while in India, a young
officer in my regiment died quite suddenly of cholera.
The next day I was in his room with, a seigeant and an-
other offl,;'er. We were there to make a list of all his
property, previous to its being sold. We were sitting one
at each e.id of the table with writing materials, and as
each article was named, put it down on the list. While
wo we.-e so engaged we heard a step on the verandah.
W e looked up, and said to each other. ' If we did not
Tr"°*j"; — "''^^ dead, we should s.iy he was coining in now.'
He did come in, and spoke. And the s. range thing is
that he seemed to think it quite natural that he should
be there and speak, although we knew he was dead He
said, 'I c;innot be at rest. Iwcause there is something I
oujht to tell and to do. Will you write it down.' Bef'ore
1 lett England I was privately married. I did not venture
to tell mv father. I dared not. I was married about four
years ago in —- Church,' giving the name and date

M.v wife lives there now, and I have a boy. I wish this
to be known, and, also, that all the nroper'tv I have here
should be sold and the money sent to her.' I could not
rest till this was done, as no one knows I was married '
Ihis was all, and he was gone Afterwards we said to
each other. Did you write?' We both had written the
directions, and they were word for word the same. We
made enquiries m England; it w;is all true, be had been
married, and at the place and date given. Of course the
raone.v was given to the wife. If he had not come back
to tell us. no one would ever have known anything about

in^'^'ptimben "^i!' '"'" '" ^^^ ^'^ *° ■"« *"• ^■■^' Kobert,

Revieic of Remews, 119100.

Leading Articles,

267

LAYING WASTE PLEASANT PL4CES.

The June number of the Gcuilciiia>i's Magazine
contains an article entitled '" The Laving Waste of
Pleasant Places," our waste-layers being Boards of
Works, Urban and Count\ Councils, Corporations,
etc.

DWELLINGS AND PAEKS.

These bodies, the writer says, do their work with
all the ardour of progressive reformers. We over-
rate the value of public playgrounds, and it is as-
sumed that these breathing-spaces are sufficient for
the needs of millions of people dwelling together
in "great blocks of tall, ugly flats." The ideal city
is the city of low-roofed houses, each with its own
garden at the back, yet in every city the fever of de-
struction is busy pulling down the small houses and
felling the trees to make room for deserts of bricks
and mortar. For instance, beautiful old gardens
have been destroyed not a stone's throw from Grove
End-road in order to build a block of artisans' dwell-
ings in a ad de sac.

THE WRONG REMEDY.

Artisans must be housed; of cours ■. but the writer
thinks there are everywhere to be found streets
which it would be a positive kindn ss to demolish,
and in these congested areas the new buildings with
their asphalt court and common stairway might
arise. In these new rabbit-warrens each room will
have its price as in the old ruins, and the spots of
greener)- would still remain. But the writer goes
further, and doubts whether the conditions of living
are much improved in these new " sanitary " blocks
of dwellings.

A clerk of works who was showing the writer over
a new block, remarked to him that he would be sorrv
to bring up a child in such a place. He said: —

Just faiic.r what it will be wlieii it is nacked full, ami
men stand here after a Ions: day's work looking down
aa we are looking down, and the smell of the refuse comes
up to them like incense on a hot summer night! Only
think of it! It is all very well to say if the people were
clean there would be no smells; they are not clean, and
you cannot make them clean.

And the rooms are small at the beat, and the children
will play here on rainy days with the women lianging
round, and the sun never shines into one half of t.lie
room.s. It you have to put so many human beings in a
certain limit of space at a certain limit of price, it is no
use to trouble about south aspects.

The cry for garden cities is in itself a healthy sign, but
what puzzles me is that anyone should liave ever wished
to destroy such a garden city as this once was to build
such a place as this. I admit the overcrowding under
the old system was terrible, but we are applying the
wrong sort of remedy.

WHO WILL RID US OF THESE TYRANTS ?

Here there can be none of the refining influence of

a little garden or even window-boxes. But there is

little possibility of our getting rid of our tyrants.

The writer says in conclusion : -

To pen,^li8e the cutting down of a single tree for the
next thirty years or so; to forbid the erection of any
building, unless upon ground that has already been used
ror that purpose, would be to enact laws, so wi.se, so
good, so excellent, that we fear no Parliament would ever
be found to pass them; to see that only ill-built and in.
sanitary hou.ses were pulled down, a method so sensible
that no authorities would countenance it.

Y'et the evil is so gieat that it needs a drastic remedy,
but even if one were found, who would dare to apply it?
Only in Utopia would it be possible to hang a certain
number of county councillors, builders, and contractors,
that they might serve aa an object-lesson to others.

THE WAGNERIAN DRAMA.

Under iht:^ titiu of "The Apostasy of a Wag-
nerian," Mr. E. A. Baughan, the interestuig musical
and dramatic critic, has a short article in the
Foriiiigliilv Review for July, on the Wagnerian
Music-Drama.

He says the orchestra in Wagner's hands became
a temptation which Wagner could not withstand —
The oK'l:estra enabled Wagner to discourse at length
upon the dramatic ideas and situations, to point a. moral
here, and to emphasise an emotion there. . . . From
the '■ RiuE;- ■' onwards, the dramati'^ personos no longer carried
the dramii but were borne along by the egotistic comments
of the dramatist.

Moreover, Wagner did not stop to ■ consider the
right proportion between voice and orchestra: —

The orchestra (continues Mr. Baughan) has no real place
in the drama at all. The weaving up of the voice with
the orchestra is directly opposed to drama. It means that
tlie voice will have no independent life of it^s own. If
you attempt to sing one of Wagner's big scenes without
the orchestral comment you will find that the expression
ia absolutely incomplete. Add the orchestra, and you ob-
tain the frenzied excitement which Wagnerians consider
perlect art.

And Wagner did not improve an essentially false con-
ception of the proper position of the voice in music-drama
by writing the bulk of his orchestral music as if it were
an independent symphonic poem, for he thus created a
Procrustean bed on which the expression of the dramatis
persomr liad to be stretched to fit the expression of the
composer himself

The very etYect of bigness, of titanic emotions expressed
by singers and orchestra, is not really artistic- It is an-
other proof of the composer's egotism. . . . Opera must
retrace its steps. It must aim at making its drama con-
dition the style of its music, and the dramatis penona
must no longer be merged in the orchestral background.

PRACTICAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

In the July number of MacnuUaii's Magazine Mr.
A. C. Passmore has a sensible article on Technical
Education, in which, while he agrees that technical
education on a good sound teaching basis is the
special need of the age, he laments the difficulty of
finding teachers and technical committees with the
necessary energy and skill to bring the ideal to a
happy accomplishment. The instructor teaches
his pupils according to the books and courses
mapped out, but, adds the writer: —

Does he ever attempt to teach wherein lies the succesa
of one method or system, or the failure of the other, to
produce a desired result.' Does he ever attempt, Vfhen
teaching the tlieory of a eubject, to apply theory in the
simplest and most practical mannerp

Does he encaurag:e tlie pupils to throw conventional
methods to the winds of heaven .and to think for them-
selves, to constantly study new methods, to derive sug-
gestions from things that come casually under their
vision, and to select those that are best fitted for tlieir
use and adoption?

The whole tendency of modern education, he ex-
plains, is to train the memory, often at the expense
of the power to think, whereas it is only bv observa-
tion and by experiment that facts can be deter-
mined. The present system of technical education
is too narrow and too bookish. Examinations should
test the candidate's ability to apply his knowledge
practically.

268

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906

THE FOUNDER OF THE SWEDISH SYSTEM OF
GYMNASTICS.

Inspired by the successes of the Swedish athletes
at the Olympic Games at Athens, there is an in-
teresting character-sketch by Sally Hogstrom, in
Varia, of Pehr Henrik Ling, the founder of that
system of gymnastics and physical culture which has
gained for Sweden a world-wide reputation. Pehr
Henrik Ling came of a good, tough old farmers'
stock, and could trace his ancestry back to the end
of the fifteenth century. A centur)- or so later the
family had become merged in the learned clerical
class, and then took the name of Ling. Pehr was
born at Ljunga Parsonage, in Smaland, on Novem-
ber 15th, 1776. The youngest of six children, he
was left fatherless at the age of four, and a couple
of years later was motherless also. But shortly
before her death, his mother had given him a good
and wise stepfather in the person of the new vicar
of the parish, to whom, in the dedication of one of
his literary works — for Ling was poet and dramatist
also — he expresses his indebtedness and gratitude.

From his mother he inherited an extreme sensi-
tiveness, from his father a peculiar harshness. Other
characteristics he had, of course ; some self-ac-
quired, others inborn — self-denial, a hasty, restless
temperament, pride, perseverance, and an indomit-
able will. His stepfather wished to make a parson
of him. This was against his will, and the head-
strong youth, not wishing to kill himself by direct
act, but hoping to contract some illness which would
result in his death, went one bitterlv cold night,
ven,- thinly clad, for a long walk. He onlv caught a
cold in the head, and this, it seems, induced his
first reflections on the human bodv and its powers
of endurance. Symptoms of paralysis — the result
of a severe cold — which revealed themselves later on
in his right arm, led his thoughts to curative gym-
nastics and to fencing, in which art he soon became
a master, far excelling his Copenhagen teacher,
Xachtegall. He conquered the incipient paralysis,
and acquired for himself arms of steel with the
flexibility of a spring.

As the originator of his gymnastic svstem he had
the whole medical phalanx against him, as well as
the prejudice of the people, who had so far found
themselves able to live and die without any such
capers. Fanatic, madman, charlatan, acrobat, were
common terms for the man now known and hon-
oured in other lands as well as his own. He laughed
and kept on his way, encouraged bv his own calm
convictions as well as by the fact that he had the
young on his side and was their idol. To the last
he kept a youthful temperament, which endeared
him to them the more.

As poet and dramatist, it mav be said of Ling
that he revealed in his writings a sincere, ardent,
and lofn- purpose which inspired other and abler
pens as well as chisels, and thus brought into being
masterpieces of poetn- and sculpture which other-

wise the world might never have seen. His own
aim, after all, was by word and work to teach his
fellow-creatures how to so perfect the human body
that it should truly serve its mission as the splen-
didly worthy instrument of the soul. And in poetry he
longed to do for the North of the future what
Homer did for the Greece of old. He dreamed of
an epic of Northern nature, myth, saga, and song
which should inspire the future patriot, poet,
painter and sculptor. Before his death, which took
place on Easter Sunday, 1839, he had won honours
and medals and renown, but he was no lover of
such glories, shunning ostentation and praise, and
finding his rew-ard in the success of his work.

ROMAN ART.

In the New York Arcliiiectural Record for June,
Jean Schopfer begins an interesting article on
•■ Roman Art." In the present instalment he com-
pares Greek and Roman Art and Architecture: —

Bomestic architecture scarcely existed for the Greeks,
and it, produced no work deserving of our attention. The
Eoman houses, on the other hand, are of the deepest in-
terest, architecturally and historically. They show ns the
Roman spirit at its best — practical, ingenious, and aiming
at largeness and solidity in architecttire.

But, to have an edifice really representative of the
Eoman spirit, we must not take a private house, for with
the Roman there was one consideration which dominated
all others— namely, public utility. He was a citizen of
Rome first, and a private individual afterwards.

In the Thermse the Romans combined all their
remarkable qualities — a conception of the big and
monumental, with a true notion of what is practical
and a taste for comfort— but they were not refined
artists, and they lacked the delicate taste of the
Greeks.

In Greek architecture the decoration was exe-
cuted before it was put in place. In Roman architec-
ture the building work and the decoration are in-
dependent of each other. The decoration was
placed over the brick casing, and for models the
Romans took the masterpieces left by the Greeks
and stuck them all over their own edifices. The
column in the Greek temple carries the entablature
which bears the whole roof : the Roman column
supports nothing. In Greek art the decoration
fonns an integral part of the building : in the
Roman method it disguises the construction,

SIR W. ANSON ON FEEDING SCHOOL CHILDREN.

In the Econnmic Journal Sir William Anson dis-
cusses the provision of food for school children in
public elementan' schools. He adduces several
reasons wh\- local authorities should not be per-
mitted to provide meals for all, or even for some.
He says : —

It would seera that Tolnntary agencies are able to find
the necessary funds. Of this the report of the committee
on the Medical Inspection and Feeding of Children leaves
little doubt, and if the gratuitous provision of meals is
limited to the case of the children whose parents are in
temporary distress, if those parents who could pay and

Review of Revieips, 119/06.

Leading Articles.

269

would pay were allowed to pay, there should be no doubt
r of the capacity of voluntary effort to meet every need.
For we should never lorget in dealing with this suhjeot
that Uie circumstances which ca.ll for grratuitous provision
of meals are not universal. Not merely are they not uni-
versal: it may almost be true to say that they are limited
to large towns and to certain quarters of large towns.

A BY-WAY TO ELBEEFELD!

Sir William is evidt^ntly sanguine. He anticipates

that this composite arrangement may even result in

introducing an English counterpart to the Elberfeld

system. He says : —

A voluntary society which formed itself into relief com-
mittees or guilds of help, covering the trround of all neces-
aitoiia areas, and conducting the necessary inquiries for
ascertaining the proper recipients of meals, miglit effect
useful results wliich would extend far beyond the mere
process of inquiry. The knowledge which might thus be
acquired by kindly, helpful people of tlie conditions under
which the poor live would create a continuous interest in
tlie welfare of individual families; friendly relations would
spring up which would justify counsel and advice in mat-
ters of domestic economy. Thus, insensibly, the standard
of home life might be raiaeii, and the ill-fed. ill-nurtured
rhild would become a less common feature in our poorer
soliools. Timely help, direct or indirect, might be given
in starting boys and girls in life, and we might get some
approach to the Elberfeld system which prevails in some
'if the great towns of Germany.

On the method of working he says: —

A local authority might be empowered to give their as-
sistance to a voluntary society if the latter furnished satis-
factory evidence of solvency and permanency, if its con-
stitution and general regulations were such as might re-
ceive the formal approval of the authority, and especially
if its executive committee were necessarily representative,
not merely of the subscribers, but of the local authority,
of school managers, and of the guardians. Working
through a committee thus constituted, a society might act
upon information derived from the best sources, the
teachers, the school attendance officers, and the relieving
officer.

WOMAN'S REAL RIGHTS.

The BntleHn'i

Digging His Own Gi-av*.

I. — A Hint from German Women.
Mr. Havelock Ellis contributes to the Fortnightly
Rcvieiu an important article upon "The Awakening
of Women in Germany."

THE RIGHTS OP MOTHERHOOD.

He tells us that the woman's movement in Ger-
many

is not, flrBt and last, a cry for political i-ighte, but for
natural and emotional rit^lits, and for the reasonable regu-
lation of all those social functions which are founded on
the emotions- If we attempt to define in a single sentence
the specific object of this agitation, we may best describe
it as based on the demands of woman the mother, and aa
directed to the end of securing for her the right to control
and regulate the personal and social relations which spring
from her nature as mother or possible mother.

ITS LEADER AND ITS ORGAN.

Of this movement Ellen Key, of Sweden, is the
recognised leader : —

The basis of the movement is significantly indicated by
the title Mutterschutz — the protection of the mother — borne
by ** a journal for the reform of sexual morals," edited by
Dr. Helene Stocker, of Berlin. All the questions that
radiate outwards from the maternal function are here
discussed; the ethica of love, prostit.ution ancient a<nd
modern, the position of illegitimate mothers and illegiti-
mate children, sexual hygiene, the sexual instruction of the
young, etc. MiLtter^chuiz is the organ of the association
foi* the protection of mothers, more especially unmarried
mothers, called the Bund fitr Muttcrschutz.

Ten per cent, of children born in Germany are

illegitimate : —

It is the aim of the Bund fiir Mutterschutz to rehabilitate
the unmarried mother, to secure for her the conditions of
economic independence — whatever social class she may be-
long to — ajid ultimately to eflect a change in the legal
status of illegitimate mother and children alike.

THEIR IDEAL OP BEAUTY.

Mr. Ellis says: —

Ellen Key's views are mainly contained in a book " On
Love and Marriage," and in a later pamphlet on " Love and
Ethics," both of them translated into German. Ellen Key
would probably accept the definition of purity given by
Agnes Harder, another leader in this movement, as " the
psychic impossibility of living in false relationshiiis."

The aim of love, as understood by Ellen Key, is always
ma.rriage and the child, and as soon as the child comes into
question society and the State are concerned. Before mar-
riage love is a matter for the lovers alone, and the espion-
age, ceremony, and routine now permitted or enjoined are
both ridiculous and offensive. " The flower of love belongs
to the lovers and should remain their secret; it is the fruit
of love which brings them into relation to society." The
dominating importance of the child, the parent of tlie r.ace
to be, alone tnakes the immense social importance of
sexual union. It is not ma.rriage which sanctifies genera-
tion. l)ut generation which sanctifies marriage.

Tn their view, according to Mr. Havelock Ellis,
" in love the demand for each sex alike must not
1)6 primarilv for a mere anatomical purity, but for
passion and for sincerity." The phrase "mere
anatomical purity " is striking, but so long as it is
regarded as equally important or equally unimpor-
tant by man and woman alike even this phrase will
not do much harm.

THE CENTRAL POINT OP LIFE.

With Helene Stocker, Elien Key would say that the high-
est human unit is triune; father, mother, and child. Mar-
riage, therefore, instead of being, as it is to-day, the Ia«t
thing to bo thought of in education, becomes the central
point of life.

Mr. Ellis points out that the German women: —

are following an emotiotnil itifiuence which — strangely
enough, it may seem to some — finds more support from the

270

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, ^906.

biological and medical aid© than the Anglo-Saxon move*
ment has aJwaya been able to win- From the time of
Aristophanes downwards, whenever they have demonstrated
before the masculine citadels, women have been roughly
bidden to go home. And now. here in Germany, where of
all countries that advice has been most freely given, women
are adopting new tactics; they have gone home. "Yes, it is
true," they say in effect. " the home ia our sphere. Love
ajid marriage, the bearing and the training of children —
that is our world. And we intend to lay down the laws
of our world."

11.^ — The Disabilities of English Women.

In the same review Lady Gro\e sets forth the
present Disabilities of the Women of England". She
shows that, excepting in Society, women are un-
justly handicapped in almost every department in
life. I ha^•e not room to go over the oft-told tale,
but the following extract will suffice: —

The inequalities at present existing in the laws relating
to divorce, heredity, lunacy, slander and libel, contracts,
litigation, criminal and company laws prove that women
are invariably at a disadvanatge when confronted with any
of the difficulties of life.

They are arbitrarily shut out from spheres of in-
fluence in which thev might do the State much
service : —

This " sphere of usefulness * is no imaginary phrase, as
will be seen from a summary of what the Local Authorities
(Qualification of Women) Bill proposes. It will enable elec-
tors to place directly-elected women on education authori-
ties, and to secure their services in other matters of local
government, such as the housing of the poor, the looking
after public lodging-houses, the management of the female
side of lunatic asylums, the regulation of the employment
of children, provision for the pre\entIon of cruelty to
children, the supervision of industrial schools (containing
children from three years of age), the supervision of mid-
wives and of baby-farms, of homes foi* inebriate women, of
police-courts ajid police-court waiting-rooma (outside the
metropolis), and generally to secure their co-operation in
matters relating to the public health.

Could women ask to be allowed to do anything more
womanly, more sane, more profitable to themselvee and
those they are willing to serve than to fulfil the offices above
enumerated?

That they have done it well is not only not disputed, but
pjeans of praise are raised by all intelligent, honest men
who have worked on public bodies with women.

THE CONGO HORRORS.

Mr. Harold Spender, in the Contemporary, re-
views the report of King Leopold's Commission and
the consequent debate in the Belgian Parliament.
He calls special attention to the report presented
by Professor Cattier, who showed that in 1896
King Leopold set aside from the Congo State a
large area, about ten times the size of Belgium and
two and a-half times the size of England, as the
Doinaine de la Coitronne. The Professor found
that the total revenue of the King's domain
from 1896 to 1905 must have amounted to
^2.800.000 : —

Now, how has the King apent that money? Here. Profes-
sor Cattier made some interesting disc-oreries. He found
out, by a search through official records, that it has been
largely invested in real eat.ate in different parts of Bel-
gium. His inciuiries have been restricted by expense to a
few districts, but even then the results dug out in Brussels
.xnd Ostend cover twenty-one pages in his hook. The pur-
chases include hotels, villas, houses, woods, lands, fields,
gardens and st.-ihles. It almost looks .as if King Leopold
aimed at using the proceeds of the Congo for turning Bel-
gium into his private estate.

Besides these purchases, the proceeds of the Domaine de

la Couronne are being directed to the following objecta: —
(1) construction of the Palace of Laeken at the cost, when
completed, of thirty million francs; (2) construction of the
Arcade of the Cinquantenaire (celebrating fifty year« of
Belgian independence) at Brussels: (3) construction of a
" Coloni.al School" at Terveruen ; (4) a Press Bureau.

"Worse and worse!" The fourth and last is a most im-
portant aJid significant item. It explains much. By an in-
genious arrangement the profits wrung from the tortured
millions of Africa have been used in filling the Belgian
and Continental Press with inspired glorification of the
'* moral and material regeneration " of the Congo.

There is, in addition, a deficit of four millions in
the "estimate" of the Congo State, so altogether
there is a sum unaccounted for of seven millions
sterling. " Massacre in Africa seems to go hand in
hand with robbery in Europe."

HOW TO DEAL WITH THE ANARCHIST.

The writer of " Musings Without Method " in
Blackwood's Magazine has no maudlin sentiment
,a,bout the anarchist, nor is he under any illusions
as to the soundest method of dealing with him.
Indiscreet persons have, tried to encourage him by
declaring his bomb-throwing exploits to be merely
" political crimes." There is no such thing as a
political crime. What is known by that name is
merely an ordinary crime with less than ordinary
justification in its motive: —

If a man is driven by the pangs of hunger to steal a loaf,
or by some motive of personal jealousy or private revenge
to kill his neighbour, he is punished without pity or senti-
ment. If. on the other hand, a weak-brained scoundrel
is persuaded to throw a bomb, which slays a hundred in-
nocent persons, because he pretends to disapprove of king-
ship, his act is instantly dignified with the name of " politi-
cal crime."

The sooner this term is abolished from the
vocabularies of statesmen and judges the better for
the peace and sanity of Europe.

EXCLUDE THE ANARCHIST.

England is largely responsible for this confusion
of words and deeds : —

Cannot you hear the Pecksniff of the State thanking God
for his own enlightenment, and declaring that, so long as
he can keep open house, no man shall suffer for an opinion,
even though the opinion finds expression in dynamite or
a dagger.^

Those whom Russia and Germany. It.aly and France con-
demn as l.aw-bre.a.kers are marked out in London for res-
pectful consideration.

Our neighbours may be pleased to be thus saved
much trouble, but it is not our business to act as
the police of Europe: —

Tliough we do not breed anarchists, we give them a wilt-
ing shelter: and if the anarchists reward our hospitality
by flinging elsewhere the bombs which they make in Lon-
don, we are in a sense accessor.^ to their crimes.

Believing, as do many, that personal vanity is
the ruling motive for anarchists' crime, the writer
would try them in silence and without a name. The
anarchist would be merely X or Z ; he should get
no publicity in the press : he should make no melo-
dramatic speeches in the Courts. Then, thinks
BJachn'ood, he would soon cease to be so fond of
throwing bombs.

Review of Retieics, 219/06,

Leading Articles.

271

AN ACADEMIC CO=OPERATIVE FACTORY.

It is, indeed, "a unique industrial association"
of which Mr. Armitage-Smith tells the tale in the
World's Work and Play. The Carl Zeiss Works
at Jena eniplov moire than 1450 persons, including
twenty scientific investigators and more than eighty
engineers and forenien, in the manufacture of opti-
cal and philosophical instruments, microscopes,
telescopes, photographic lenses, etc., etc., etc.

The work was founded in 1846 by Carl Zeiss, a
mechanical engineer, who tried tO' substitute scien-
tific princi])le for rule-of-thumb methods. In 1866
he induced Ernst Abbe, a teaclier of mathematics
and phys'cs and astronomy in the University of
Jena., to join him. In 1876 Able studied a loan
exhibition of scientific apparatus at South Ken-
sington, and on returning foimded with Dr. Otto
Schott, an expert in glass-makini;, a glass works.
On the death of Zeiss in 1888, Professor Abbe be-
came sole proprietor. Later he renounced his own
rights and constituted a Trust, to which he ceded
the property and administration. The enterprise
was henceforth to be conducted for the benefit of
(i) all workers or partners; (2) the University of
Jena ; (3) the municipality of Jena.

NO VERY HIGH SALARIES.

The scheme took effect in October, 1896. A
trustee is appointed by the State to see that the
statutes which have been confiirmed by the State
are carried out. It is a co-operative concern, with
University and municipality as beneficiaries. Fur-
ther details are given: —

All the officials, scientific, technical, and commercial, have
fixed aalariea: the majority of the employes are paid by
pi«ce-work. but with a minimum wage computed on a time
basis. No official may recei\e a salary more than ten times
the average yearly earnings of the worker of twenty-four
years of age and upwards, and with at least three years"
Bervice: as a result of this rule the highest salary as yet
paid amounts to £90U; the object of this regulation was to
remove causes of discontent arising from strong contrasts
between high and low earnings.

A system of prcjfit -sharing forms part of the scheme of
remxtneration. by which a supplementary payment in pro-
portion to tlie prosperity of the business is made to all the
employf^s with the exception of members of the board of
management. Another provision authorises the payment
of an honurarhun to employes of the firm of any rank if it
can be shown that the association has l>enefitei necuniarily
by their special scientific, technical, or economic activity.
Rewards are alHo ofTered for practical suggestions which
effect improvements in the works.

EIGHT HOURS DAY. PENSIONS, ETC

Other reforms have since been introduced: —

In 1891, by mutual consent, the working day was reduced
to eight hours, after a year's experiment, from which it
was concluded that eiu'ht hours could be nia<ie as produc-
tive as nine, both for the firm and the workers: overtime
is not allowed except in special circumstances, and enforced
short-time does not incur a deduction from wages. All
workmen are entitled t4^ six days" annual holiday, for which
they receive :i standard time-waere.

A sick-fund is also provi(]ed by contributions of the em-
pIov(''« of 3.2 ner cent, of their waues. to which the firm
adds n sum equal to half the amount subscribed. Sick-
pay is given for six months at the rate of three-fourths of
the wa^e. and a further amount is triven for other three
months at a difir-rent rate-
Pensions are provided by a special reserve fund on a
scale depending upon length of service and certain otiier
provisions, tinder this scheme an employ^, invalide<i after
five yeiars* service, can obtain a peitsion equal to 50 per

cent, of his income; after forty yeara" service or at the age
of sixty-five the pension amounts to 75 per cent, of earn-
ings. Suitable provision is also made for widows aod

A UNIVERSIIY FUND OF £100.000.
The University Fund created by the Trust is ap-
plied to the maintenance of scientific and technical
institutions connected with the Uni\ersity : —

Tlie effect is to pla<'e Jena in the first rank of German
universities as regards scientific and technical e<tuipment.
No lef-; than £100.000 has thus been contributed through
the " Stiftung '■ to the university by. this one local indus-
trial association.

There are other provisions of the Trust: —

One of these is a " People's Institute," free to the inhabi-
tants of Jena and the locality, arranged and equipped for
inlellectuai and social purposes in a most complete and
almost lavish manner. It comprises an extensive museum
of physical apparatus, a library which has been described
as " the best, the most modern, and most comfort<ible in the
German Empire." a public reading-room, several lecture-
rooms and a large public hall capable of seating 1400
people, an art gallery, a music-room, and otelie'-f! for
artists and amateur photographers. The institute is main-
tained entirely out of the funds of the " Stiftung," and it
is used without distinction by all chisses — professors, stu-
dents, workmen and labourers of every grade.

The management is almost Republican:^ —

The industrial works are separately controlled under the
statutes by boards of managers, who are selected from
persons engaged in the works, a.nd who receive no special
salary for their services aa managers, and only in their
corporate capacity have any superior position to their
fellows.

Who would expect Oxford to supplement its re-
venues by running a co-operative sixiety ?

WHY GLASGOW IS A MODEL MUNICIPALITY.

Mr. Fredfiic C. Howe, writing in the July
Scribncr. praises the Municipal Government of
Glasgow. The citizen of Glasgow is a good citizen
because it is his city ; it gives him more for his
money than anyone else: —

It is a government of the taspayera. for t-he taxpayers,
by the taxpayers. For only taxpayers vote. I never knew
a city that hated taxes as much as does Glasgow, and talked
so everlastingly about the rates. Any measure involving
tapxation. even for the relief of the poor, and the poor of
Glasgow are terribly poor indeed, has to pass a jealous
scrutiny.

Away back in the sixties, the ratepayers defeated Lord
Provost Blackie. who had promoted the splendid clearance
scheme for the destruction of the city's worst slums. Glas-
gow is a taxpayers' administration. I fancy it was these
same taxpayers who took over the vaHous undertakings
of which the city is so proud. With Scotch thrift, they
hated to see prolits go into private pockets.

The man on the trams is evidently right. He owns the
trams; therefore he is interested in them. He owns the
gas, the water, the electricity aupply and the telephonea.
Therefore he watches them. He loves (JIasgow just as does
the T.ord Provost, the hard-headed alderman, "the man in
the club, the caretaker of the city's sewage works. The
city is his parent- It cares for him. And it is worth
woi'king for. It is so big in its ideals, so big in its achieve-
ments, so big in its kindness and goodness.

The Sunday at Home for July is a very read-
able numl)er. Most noteworthy among its contents
is a very quiet, impaxtial, and searching stimming
up of the character of the Kai.ser, by Oliver ^i.
Norris. A vivid account of what is going on on the
Belgian border is given by the American correspon-
flent, Mr. Frederick Moore, and Carn .n Bames-
T.awrence tells what he snw on the summit of Vesu-
vius before, of course, its recent eruption.

272

The Review of Reviews.

September 1. 1906

THE KING EDWARD VII. SANATORIUM.

Much space in the June number of the Architec-
tural Rcvie-v is devoted to illustrations of this Sana-
torium at Midhurst, Sussex, which was opened by
the King last month, and to an interesting descrip-
tive article about it by the architect, Mr. H. Percy
Adams. The site has been most carefully chosen,
and the model sanatorium, built from the best of
the 180 essays and plans sent in by medical men, is
an advance on anything of the kind in England.
It was the Falkenstein Sanatorium, in Germany,
which is said to have suggested the idea to His
Majesty.

The sanatorium stands at 494 feet above the sea,
with views over the South Downs, in open country-,
with plenty of pine woods and heather-covered

ing is so situated as to have two distinct exits in
case of fire. The wood used seems mostly teak,
and the bedroom furniture is specially designed
with rounded comers inside and out. In the centre
are the hydropathic baths. The bedrooms have a
balcony nine feet wide in front of them, a part for
each patient being screened off. There is a " press-
button " lift of quite a new kind, which patients
themselves can easily work. The floors are all of
waxed teak, and the walls plastered and covered
with a kind of paper used in nearly all foreign
sanatoria, but never before in England.

There is also a chapel, the gift of Sir John
Brickwood, of Portsmouth, built on a plan be-
lieved to be unique in buildings of the kind. It is
open-air, and V-shaped.

Open fires are allowed in sitting-rooms, etc., be-

\By co\irte9y of the " Architectural Revieic."
The King Edward VII. Sanatorium at Midhurst.

moorland. It is needless to go into all that has
been done to insure the most perfect cleanliness,
the most up-to-date sanitation, and the maximum
of non-ahsorbentness — to coin a word. It goes
without saying that no pains have been spared.
The main building is in two distinct parts, one for
the administration and one for the patients, who
are of two classes, one of w'hich pays more and is
more luxurio\isly fed and housed than the other.
In the kitchen I notice that there is a steriliser for
the forks and spoons, and that the sinks are of
German silver, as preferable to porcelain. There
is, of course, a complete ice-making apparatus, and
a milk steriliser. There is a lounge, besides a num-
ber of sitting-rooms, and every room in the build-

cause of their greater cheerfulness, though corri
dors and bedrooms and other parts are heated by
hot water. There is a complete installation of
electric bells, so that a patient can ring for a nurse
from his own room, and, if in bed, use a telephone
attachment to the bell, and thus speak direct to the
nurse.

Many excellent views of the institution appear in
the Architectural Review, one of which we have re-
produced.

Tb.e new Regent's Quadrant is described in the
Nineteenth Century attd After by Sir Aston Webb
as an illustration of improved shop architecture for
London.

Review of Reviews, 1J9/0S,

Leading Articles.

273

THE PRESS AND CHARITABLE FUNDS.

Canon Barnett, writing in the Independent Re-
vieiu, deplores the results of the aspiration of the
Press to administer relief. It is, he thinks, bad
alike for the reliever and the relieved. It is bad
for the relie\er, because subscribing to a Press fund
enables rich people to satisfy their consciences by
a donation, and thus escape " their duty of effort,
of sacrifice, and of personal sympathy. ... It
spoils the public as foolish parents spoil children
by taking away the call to effort."

RESULTS OF PRESS FUNDS.

Canon Barnett evidently thinks untold harm has
been done by many Press funds — though he is
careful to except the Mansion House Fund of
1903-4, and certain others — or, rather, by their inex-
jierienced, injudicious administration. In West
Ham, for instance, in the winter of 1904-5, when
the Borough Council was spending ^28,000 on re-
lief, the Press funds were distributed in addition,
without any inquiry. I cjuote a few of the results
cited by Canon Barnett :—

"A man." ^^ays a Relieving' Officer, "came to me on Fri-
day and hail 38. He went to the Town Hall and got 48.
His daughter got 3a. from the same source; his wife 5s.
from a councillor, and late the same night a goose."
" The puhlic-honsea." says another Oificer, " did far better
^ when tlie relief funds were at worlj."

i " The Relieving OfBcers had to he under police protection
i for four months."

The experience by which the Press administra-
tors of relief learn wisdom is disastrous to the
people. The waste of money is serious enough, but
it is a small matter alongside of the bitter feel-
ing, the suspicion, the loss of self-respect, and
lying which are encouraged when gifts are obtained
by clamour and deceit. " Gifts badly given make
an epidemic of moral disease." Moreover, Press
organisation

disturbs, displaces, and confuses other organisations, while
it is not itself permanent. The Press action leaves, it may
he .^aid, a trail of demoralisation, and does not remain
sufficiently long in existence to clear up its own abuses.

OTHER WE.\K POINTS.

Canon Barnett has other criticisms to make. He
dislikes the newspaper habit of working on people's
feelings by word-pictures of family poverty, which
i.s equally bad for the reader and for those written
about. He summarises the effects of this habit as
(r) increased poverty — poverty coming to be re-
garded as an asset ; (2) degradation of the poor —
teaching them to be content to be pitied and to beg
without shame ; (3) hardening of the common con-
science— the public demanding more and more sen-
sation to move it to benevolence: —

The truth is, that the only gift which deserves the credit
of charity is the personal gift— what a man gives at his
own cost, desiring nothing in return, neither th.anks nor
credit. What a man gives, directed by loving sympathy
with a neighbour he knowa and respects, this is the charity
which is blessed: and its very mist-akes are steps to better

things. A " fund " cannot easily have these qualities of
charity. Its agents do not give at their own cost; its gifts
cannot be in secret: it cannot walk along the path of
friendship; it is bound to investigate. When, therefore,
any " fund " assumes the ways of charity, when it claims
irresponsibility, when it e.\pects gratitude, when it is un-
equal and irregular in its action, it justifies the strange cry
we have lately heard : " Curse your charity."

INDENTURED LABOUR IN TRINIDAD.

In the July Mission Field there is a very inte-
resting account of Trinidad and its people. Only-
containing 2000 square miles of luxuriantly rich
land and a population of 300,000, it seems to have
solved some problems satisfactorily which are at
present the menace of our South African dominions.
The writer, C.J.H., says: —

The white to the coloured population is in the proportion
of one to one hundred and fifty; and yet one feels proud
and thankful to say there is no colour question or diffi-
culty there — side by side white and black sit in the House
of Assembly, on public boards, and in the churches. Two-
thirds of the people are of pure or mixed negro origin — the
descendants of those slaves who were brought in from the
west coast of Africa between the middle of the seventeenth
and the first quarter of the nineteenth centuries: the other
one-third (or nearly 100,000) consists of immigrants from
India, who for some thirty years now ha.ve been ajid still
are pouring into Trinidad as indentured labourers. The
period of indenture lasts for five ye.ars, during which time
the Indian lives within the compound on the estate that he
is indentxired to, and receives one shilling a day for his
labour, in addition to house-rent and free hosi)itaI attend-
ance- So happy are the Indians in Trinidad th.at but very
few of them return to their own native land. Owing to
their thrifty habits they save a substantial sum of money
during their indentttreship, and they set up for themselves
as cane farmers, or cocoa planters, or small shopkeepers.

It is interesting to learn that the area under
cocoa cultivation is now nearly double that of sugar.
Besides these products, and coffee, rice, tobacco,
nibber, balata, orange, pine, banana, cocoanut,
etc., the land is fertile in asphalt. There is a pitch
lake ninety acres in extent, apparently solid vet
really liquid, for the hole that is dug out to-day is
filled up to-morrow by pitch pressed up from the
bottom. When cut out it looks like moist or soft
coal. Sixty thousand tons are exported annually.
The lake is the property of the Trinidad Govern-
ment, and only leased by them to a syndicate. The
Government receives annually from this source

In this same journal the Bishop of Guiana calls
attention to the contrast between indentured labour
in the Transvaal and in Guiana. He savs the
essential difference is that the coolie labourer in the
West Indies is entitled, when his indenture expires,
to become a permanent member of the community
into which he has been introduced. The Creole
East Indian forms an enlightened and thrifty com-
munity, possessing their own lands and houses,
with power and independence daily increasing.

In time, perhaps, we may have a Hindu Seelev
writing the world-wide "Expansion of India." For
Indian colonisation seems to be assuming ever
larger dimensions.

■274

The Review of Reviews.

Se ft ember 1, 1906.

ELECTRICAL MUSIC SUPPLY.

From a pajxT on Music by Electricity, which
Marion Melius contributes to the World's Work, it
seems as though the dream of Bellamy is near ful-
filment. Dr. Thaddeus Cahill is the inventor. His
invention is thus described : —

At a keyboard of hia device a performer lightly presses
down the keys, and at receivers — perhaps many miles dis-
tant— music pours forth, lu pressing the keys the _ per-
former throws upon a wire a vibration, or a set of vibra-
tions, which turn into aerial vibrations, or audible music,
when they reach the diaphragm of a telephone receiver. An
alternatins current generator has been built up for ea«h
note of the musical scale. Each of those generators pro-
duces as many electrical vibrations per second as there are
aerial vibrations per second in that note of the musical
scale for which it stands. From the generators a mass of
wires leads to the keyboards. The keys operate switches
which conduct the desired vibrations from the generators,
much as in a pipe organ the player, by pressing certain
keys, turns the air from the liellows into different pipes
to produce the tone he desires. These vibrations are passed
through several transformers, or tone-mixers, to become still
more complex, and then the interwoven vibrations go forth
on a wire.

In the music-room where the performer sits, there would
be absolute silence if it were not for the receiving horn
pl.aced near him. so that he can judge of the character of
his playing. The vibrations do not turn into sound until
they reach the telephone receiver. Yet the wires all the
time are full of silent music, which could he distinguished
if the ear were constructed to catch electrical vibrations
as it is to catch aerial vibrations.

TO FILL THE VVORLU WITH MUSIC.

It is expected that when Dr. Cahill completes
bis system he may literally fill the world with a
r.etwork of music. The new musical instrument
not only produces the tones of almost all the known
•orchestral instruments, but it creates musical sounds
never heard before. There is none of the rasp and
harshness of the phonograph about it. Its tones
are pure, clear, round and rich. The instrument
responds more sympathetically to the soul of the
musician than any other instrument, with the ex-
ception, perhaps, of the violin. " A Bauer or a
Paderewski at the instrument could delight an audi-
-ence ten miles distant as thoroughly as if the list-
eners were in the concert hall with the musician."
The first commercial installation has been com-
pleted. A second is being prepared for a central
station in New York for distributing music. The
■first weighs more than 200 tons and cost ^^^40,000.
The music has been sent successfully over seventy
miles. Some of the notes have as much as 15 to
19 h.-p. behind them. It is easy to see how this
supply of music will operate: —

Dr- Gahill plans to place the system at first in theatres,
concert halls, restaurants, hotels and department stores,
but later he expects it will come into private use. In small
towns where fine music is rarely heard a connection could
be made from private homes with the central station in a
large city, and the masterpieces of music could be heard
at will. The electrical music will go over its own wires
and not over leased wires. Central stations will probably
be not more than fifty miles apart, in order to feet the best
results. Tliere will probably be operators or performers at
the central station for twenty-four hours, and music will
be on tap all horns of the day or night. An individual
may go to sleep to music or rise to it a^-cording to his
temperament, and a hostess may furnish an orchestra for
^er dinner-party at the turn of a button.

ARE WE UNDER A CIVILISED SAVAGERY?

Mr. Harold Spender, m the Contemporary Re-
vieiv, treats of tire great Congo iniquity with almost
prophetic earnestness. More important even than
his disclosure of the damning facts of King Leo-
pold's inferno are his reflections on the moral trend
of the times. He says: —

Perhaps the most disquieting fact in the present state of
the world is the freciuent triumph of acknowledged wrong.
Roth in the Old World and the New the forces of evil seem
to be more powerful and impudent than they were a score
of years ago. Disclosure does not dismay them; that great
universal judgment of the human race, once armed with
thunderbolts, seems now more frightened of itself than
capable of alarming others; the vast powers of the modern
community, with its highly centralised government and its
gigantic machinery of agitation and publicity, seem easily
defeated and disarmed, or even turned, like captured can-
non, against the common good. We still lock up the
smaller criminals; but the colossus seems beyond our reach.
He sins boldly and defiantly, seated on throne or judg-
ment seat, in the very blaze of noon. He seems safely
guarded by some new stagnancy of the common world-con-
science. AVe look back with scepticism to the days when
Mr. Gladstone with a few bold letters could rouse the whole
of Europe into a fi.a.me of wrath against King Bomba's
•■ Negation of God." Now. .\bdul Hamid still reigns. Tales
of wrong seem to produce less echo in the "' armed camp "
of 1906 than in the peaceful mart of 1850.

But every other instancS of this new malady pales before
the continued survival, after fifteen years of crime, of the
Independent Congo Free State. The security of King Leo-
pTld lies in the very magnitude of his offences. He has
sinned beyond all ordinary credibility: and he has proved
so successful in his large drafts on the bank of intemar
tional 2ood faith that he will not hesitate to go on draw-
ing as long as liis "schemes" are honoured. In the past
we have been taken unawares, but now we know, and our
guilt will he all the greater if we allow ourselves to go on
being deceived.

THE CHIEF PERIL OP THE MODERN WORLD.

--V much-needed note of warning is struck in the
fellow ing paragraph: — ■

For a new thing has appeared in the world. Wliile we
have been dreaming of progress and benevolence, there has
grown up among us a strange product, born of the union
between greed and science, suckled on cynicism, and
schooled in the subtleties of the law. It is nothing less
than a civilised savagery, infinitely more dangerous and
ternble than primitive barbarism, because free from all
passion, and working in an atmosphere of cold and sinister
calculation that admits neither reform nor repentance. It
is fortified by a moneyed command of brain-power in every
country, and armed in its own work with all the machinery
of destruction that science has given to the modern man.
This new savagery is not without its champions. \ certain
vague popular philosophy that has become " procuress t-'.
the Lords of Hell " is ready to justify the " Over-Man."
whether he reigns in Brussels or Chicago. Deception is
among his avowed weapons, and the folly of mankind is his
cliief asset. Here lies the chief peril of the modern world.
Now. King Leoiiold has shown himself the boldest master
in this new school of " State-craft." For the chief senti-
ment on whicli Leopold has traded has been the vague
benevolence of the world. He has built his pyramid of
Congolese skulls on a foundation of specious phrases which
deceived even General Gordon It is not the least quarrel
that humanity has against him that he has trafficked in
high ideals and played the pirate under the guise of the
missionary.

A verv interesting article in the new number of
the Rivisia Musicale Itaiiaim is that on Madame
de Stael and Music, contributed by H. Kling.
Much has been written about Madame de Stael, but
the present article is probably the first to bring out
the musical side of her culture and her enthusiasm
for mu.sic. References to music found in her writ-
ings are quoted at length, but the writer notes as a
curious fact that Madame de Stael seems not to
have included musicians among the men of letters
and others she had always about her.

Renieic of Revietrs, 119106.

Leading Articles,

275

THE CORNEILLE TERCENTENARY.

Pierre Corneille was born at Rouen on June 6th,
1606, and the tercentenary anniversary of his birth
is celebrated in several magazines. An interesting
article on Corneille has been contributed to the
June number of the Deutsche Rundschau by Hein-
rich Morf.

Corneille is best known by his tragi-comedy " The
Cid.' The story is based on GuUem de Castro's
drama " Las Morcedades del Cid" (1612), a sort of
dramatised biography of the Spanish national hero
Rodrigo, from the day of his knightly deed at
Burgos to his marriage eighteen months later with
Chimene or Jimena, daughter of the Count Gor-
niaz, whom he had slain, in a combat. Corneille
cut out the epic parts, and selected for his subject
the conflict between love and duty in the hearts of
the Cid and Chimene, making out of the dramatic
biography of a national hero a drama of young love.
The pjav, when it was performed in January, 1637,
called forth the greatest enthusiasm, and "beau
comme le Cid " became a common expression. The
Academy, however, was very hostile, and a fierce
dispute arose, but the censure of the Academy had
no effect on the popular enthusiasm.

After writing a number of other plays, some of
which did not meet with success, Corneille ceased
to write for the stage for some time, and in 165 1 we
find him busy with a verse translation of the " Imi-
tation of Christ," the paraphrase extending to over
13,000 verses. In 1659 his drama " QEdipe " ap-
peared, and this was followed by ten other dramas
in the next fifteen years. He died in 1684.

Herr Morf compares Corneille with Racine
N'either the scenic nor the psychological art of
Corneille, he says, is striking. He does not belong
fo the great poets. He is at his best in dealing
with the heroism of fiery youth, as in the Cid, and
it is not as a poet who has created abiding pictures
of men and life, but as the poetical rhetorician
of heroism, that he lives in the hearts of his coun-
trymen to-day.

The great poet of French tragedv is Racine. He
began by dramatising the horrors of Theban history
in the manner of Corneille. but gradually he came
to represent real life, and he filled a decade with
uorks of the finest poetry. He was as averse to the
declamatory style of the Seneca heroes as he was
to Corneille's exaggerations. He wrote with the
idea in his mind, " What would Homer and Sopho-
cles say if they could read my verses?" In his
dramas the leading character is almost always a
woman.

The second June number of Za Rei'ue com-
memorates the Corneille tercentary bv a short ar-
ticle, in which Gaston Vincent quotes an unpub-
lished letter and poem which he attributes to
Corneille, while the Mercure de France of June
15th contains an interesting article on Corneille and

Paris. The scenes of several of Corneille's plays
are laid at Paris, and Emile Magne, the writer of
this article, deals with the Palace Royale and the
Palais de Justice.

THE PROBLEM OF AFFORESTATION.

The exclusion of afforestation of waste land from
the reference of the forthcoming Royal Commission
leads Mr. John Nisbet, late of the Indian Forest
Service, to discuss the whole problem afresh in the
Nineteenth Century. He recalls a report of a de-
partmental committee on forestry in 1902, which
declares that " the world is rapidly approaching a
shortage, if not actual dearth, in its supply of coiii-
ferous timber." Germany and the United States,
once sources of supply, are competitors for the tim-
ber now chiefly supplied from Canada, Russia and
Scandina\'ia. In 1882 we paid for imports of wood
_;£i8,3oo,ooo ; in 1903, ^29.300,000; an increase
of over fifty per cent., though the population only
increased nineteen per cent.

HOW LITTLE TIMBER WE CAN GROW.

E^■en if we attempt to pro\ide home-grown lim-
ber, Mr. Nisbet points out serious limitations. Of
the 16.710,788 acres classed as waste land in the
United Kingdom, he reckons that —

the \v.i.8tes and poor pasturage suitable tor planting (with
a fair chance of profit) may probably aggregate something
between 2.100,000 and 3.330,000 acres, the reolaraation and
planting of which would, at an average of about £6 per
acre, denuind a total outlay of froni about thirteen to
twenty million pounds sterling, spread over the next thirty
to fifty years according to the rate of planting. Even sup-
posing, however, that we had now — in addition to our exists
ing 3,029.000 acres classed as woods and plantations, but a
great part of which are mainly ornamental or protective
in character — as many as three million acres of pine and
fir plantations ranging in regular gradation up to forty
years of .age, this would only give an annual fall of 75,000
acres, yielding probably between 300,000,000 and 350.000,000
cubic feet of timber, which is nothing like one-half of the
quantity of coniferous wood annually imported for the
maintenance of our industries. Above and beyond all that
our existing British woodlands now produce for this pur-
pose, file imports of hewn timber merely for pit-wood and
mine-props during 1903 and 1904 averaged two and a third
million loads, or over 93.000,000 cubic feet, valued at
£2,500,000 per annum.

WANTED, A DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

. To provide the requisite departmental machinery,
Mr. Nisbet advises the nation —

(1) To .amend the Board of .Agriculture .-icts of 1899 and
1903, so aa to constitute a Board of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Forestry, with a special Forestry branch under an
As8ist.ant Secretary; and (2) to jibolish the Commission of
Woods. Forests, and Land Revenues of the Crown by in-
corporating it with, and distrilnitiiig its work between, the
Board of Agriculture and the Board of Works and Public
Buildings, which was formed in 1832 to perform certain
duties previously belonging t.o the office of Woods and
Forests.

Legislation would be necessary to acquire land
compulsorily for timber planting ; and for the pro-
vision of funds Mr. .\islx-t roun.sels the format'on
of a " Waste Land Planting Fund " through the issue
of guaranteed 2f per cent, stock, like the Irish Land
Purchase Fund. Prevention of ruin by rabbits and
railway engine sparks and by exorbitant railway rates
would also have to be secured by law.

Mr. Nisbet's careful survey of the problem places
all intere.sted in its solution under obligation.

276

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

HOW TO DISH THE RADICALS.

A Conservative Appeal to the Great
Landlords.

" Sweet are the uses of adversity." The defeat of
the late Government seems to be inducing a readiness
among some of its followers to adopt a more pro-
gressive attitude towards certain social reforms.
Here, for example, in the Nineteenth Century, INIr.
T. E. Kebbel, writing on Conservative organisation
and the agricultural labourers, advocates a policy
which it is known has not been acceptable to most of
the great landowners. He first of all advises party
managers to " fix their attention on the political centre
■'of all rural proselytism, " which is not in the lecture
room or reading room, but in the public-house. The
village Solon with his circle of admirers must, he
urges, be caught and employed.

THE way to capture HODGE.

But how to capture the agricultural labourer ? By
becoming the champion of the agricultural interest
— and making liberal grants of small holdings ! He
says : —

If Conservative reorgajiisation could proceed hand in
hand with a wise agrarian reform, a great work might be
accomplished. It the English aristocracy knew the things
belonging to their peace, they would take up this question
and make it their own while there is yet time. The
Socialist party have their eye upon the land. and. unlees
forestalled by" the timely intervention of the present pro-
prietors, may kindle an agitation which it will be very
difficult to allay. The example of Eussia is not lost upon
them, and unless our great territorial magnates can be be-
forehand with them, and, in boating phrase, " take their
water," they may expect trouble.

TO CIRCUMVENT THE SOCIALIST.

To circumvent the Socialists, he argues, let a
strong " Countrv Party " be formed, and regain the
counties : —

The way to regain the counties is to satisfy the villagers.
And for this purpose a large and well-organised system of
peasant-farming should be inaugurated by the great land-
owners- It must not be the work only of a few individuals;
there must be a combination of the whole body throughout
the kingdom- Every landowner with estates of a certain
magnitude should be able to set aside so many acres to be
let out in small holdings- If he were a pecuniary loser by
the process he would be a gainer of what is far more
valuable in the security which he would purchase for the
rest of his property- Such a system as this, inaugurated
and kept on foot by the whole landed aristocracy, would
bind the peasantry to their natural leaders, checkmate the
agrarian agitator, and insure to the agricultural and landed
interest sufficient weight in the House of Commons.

CO-OPERATIVE I..\NDOW]>rERS-

To this end the writer advocates the formation of
a great Landowners' Association, in which the richer
ones must pay for the poorer, and all together meet
the cost of putting up new farm buildings and home-
steads. The demand for small holdings among the
peasa^ntry is. he savs, on the increase ; and he hopes
that the landowning class will keep the great
agrarian reform in their own hands, " notwithstand-
ing that the Radical Party claims it as their special
watchword." And " the thorough and hearty recon-
ciliation of these ancient friends, the peasantry and
the gentry, would mean the desiccation of other
•social sores."

THE EDUCATION BILL.

Archdeacon Wilson, writing temperately from the
standpoint of a Liberal Churchman in the Indepen-
dent Reviac. deplores the opportunities lost by the
Education Bill. He reminds us that voluntary
schools, though often behindhand in certain ways
through want of funds, achieved some of the best
results in education, and laments that so few reflect
that till the year 1870 all elementary education
was due to the initiative of religious people, wholly
at their cost till comparatively recently, and under
their control.

SECUIiARISM AND CRIME.

He contends that a qualification of knowledge of
the Bible, and an expressed willingness to teach,
have none of the evils of a test of belief. Much of
his argument is based on his statement that

in those nations in which practically nearly the whole of
education has been detached from the religious bodies long
enough to see the eHect on the second, third, and fourth
generations, the Increase of crime, and specially of juvenile
crime, h.aa been bteady and even accelerating, while in Eng-
land alone it has been steadily diminishing.

In support of this statement, he cites the editor of
the French criminal statistics. Any superintendent
of police knows that juvenile, and, after a time,
adult crime come from " the residual areas " — the
population not attached to any religious body ; and
the w-riter's argximent is that the growth of unde-
nominational sch.X)ls means the growth of this area,
and therefore thf growth of crime. His suggestion
is that : —

The well-tested Germ.an principle of denominational
schools, that is, the provision of separate schools for Roman
Catholics. Church of England, and undenomination.-vl, should
be adopted provisionally in all towns large enough to pro-
vide children for each school: and in determining the num-
ber of children necessary for a separate school, it should be
borne in mind that small schools are extraordinarily edu-
cating, and that many teachers are specially suited to such
small schools, mth the opportunities they oiler for intimate
relations with children.

• THE PErVTLEQB OF CONFISCATION."

In the Nineteenth Certtitry Mr. Herbert Paul dis-
cusses the prospects of the Bill, and puts rather pun-
gentlv the Liberal view of the hollowness of the
Church crv, " We want Religion, not Rent." He

The cry of confiscation has heraided one of the most amus-
ing parliamentary dramas that the oldest inhabitant of St.
Stephens can remember. After the Government and the
Liberal party had been denounced for months as sacri-
legious robbers of denominational schools, it suddenly
dawned upon the minds of the intelligent gentlemen who
liave constituted themselves in the House of Commons the
spokesmen of a Church far better represented on the other
side that the local authority might refuse to confiscate
some Voluntarv school more plentifully provided with dog-
m.as than with drains. There was a panic, almost a hub-
bub A tyrannical llinistry, bent upon oppressing and in-
sultin" a Church to which most of its members belong, was
aboutto withhold the privilege of confiscation from Church
schools in defiance of right and justice- The essential ab-
surdity of the situation is not lessened by the fact that no
local body which consisted of sane men would throw away
the money of the ratepayers on building new schools when
there were old schools fit for the purpose.

Review (jf lieviews, IjSjuG.

Leading Articles.

277

THE NATIVE QUESTION IN SOUTH
AFRICA.

Sir Alfred E. Pease, late Administrator of Native
Affairs in the Trans\aal, contriliutes many valuable
pages of temperance wisdom to the Contemforary
Review on the natixe question in the Transvaal. It
is a sad picture that he draws of the- demoralisa-
tion introduced among the Kaffirs by contact with the
while races. The)- gain, he says, little from our
civilisation, and gather much of the worst that it
can give.

We have been accustomed to despise the Portuguese
treatment of natives, yet in a note Sir Alfred states
a fact which is not very flattering to our national
amour propre. 'He says in the Transvaal and in
British Colonies the clear evidence of coloured origin
- places the half-breed in the categor\- of native. In
Portugue.se territorv the opposite principle prevails,
the natives with Portuguese blood are recognised as
Portuguese. He reminds us that the common idea
that we hail ousted the Kaffir from their own lands
is historically incorrect. When the white men first
landed the only natives were Hottentots and bush-
men. The great hordes of Bantus were later in-
vaders than the whites.

RELIGION AND DRESS.

He speaks kindly but disparagingly of the mis-
sionaries. " Christian Kaffir " in the Transvaal is
synonymous with impudent rogue. Mission Kaffir
women, he says, are less virtuous than the kraal girls.
The missionaries in finding themselves disliked by the
whites should not by way of reprisal set the black
against the white. They should not insist on the
natives imitating European attire: —

The man who can serure the adoption ty the natives of
■ a becoming and efleotive dress will do more than all the
missionary societies have done yet to raise them in their
own and the white man's respect.

I,.\BOUR FOR THE MINES.

Sir Alfred suggests that the recruiting of Kaffir
labour for the mines should be taken out of the hands
of a monopolist labour association and entrusted to
the Native Affairs Department. He adds: —

There would, in my opinion, then be no need of Chinese
nor of talk aliout "compelling" the lazy native to work.
I think mii]e managers generali.v would agree that provided
the supply were rctiuhir as well as adequate, native labour
is more efTir-ient. more economical and in every way pre-
ferable to Chinese. No Chinese are employed in any mines
ontside the Rand. In the BarbcTtiin. l.ydenlerg and Zout-
pansberg a?id other goldfields and mining districts no Chi-
nese can be employed under the Ordinance.

A PROGRAMME OF REFORM.

Sir .Alfred summarises the suggcitions that li<-
advances as follows: —

1. Subjects deserving our attention at home, and espe-
ciall.v of missionary societies: The finalijication of mission-
aries: the person.al attitude of niis8ion:irie8 towards the
European community; h.andbooks collaborated with Colo-
nists advising intending settlers in respect of the training
and treatment of nati\es: native dress and person,aI clean-
liness tthe nati\e lubturally delights in bathing and wash-
ing— the close nu;ivters provided for him by Europeans h.ave
made him filthy); the cultivation of such native tastes as
tliose for singing, instrumental music, and decoration; in-

struction in domestic duties and behaviour; the substitu-
tion of some system of supervision over native girls for the
restraining influences of the tribal system.

2. Reforms, more particularly of the Colonial province,
which, in my opinion, are urgent and practicable: Super-
intendence of native education by the State, with State
provision for technical instruction in such subjects as hus-
bandry, gardening, cookery, laundry work, etc.; the crea-
tion of a Nati\e Ijabour Bureau; simplification of the pre-
sent h:vrassing Pass Laws; registration of native marriages
with the ultimate recognition of one marriage only by the
State ; permission to natives to brew Kalhr beer of low
alcoholic strength for domestic use : suppression of witch
doctors as " smellers out," as distinguished from medicine
doctors; individual tenure of land in small holdings; suit-
able accommotlation for natives in urban locations and
private premises: permission to hunt game on specified
lands at specified seasons.

3. Reforms desirable in the near future: Native repre-
sent:ition in :i. Central Native Indaba distinct from any
European Legislature; the substitution of the Dutch law
of division amongst children, with provision for widows, for
the native law of primogeniture.

With this paper should be read again the well-
informed article on the Imperial Control of Native
Races, which Mr. H. W. V. Temper ley contributed
to the Conlemporary for June. In reviewing Mr.
Temperley's proposals, we did not perhaps make
sufficiently clear the excellent and first-hand sources
from which his facts and judgments were drawn.

WHAT MAKES THE SUCCESSFUL LAWYER?

In the Grand Magazine a more than usually in-
teresting symposium is devoted to success in the
law. In the essential qualifications good health
figures prominently. There is difference of opinion
as to how far a certain private income to tide the
briefless over the time of waiting is an advantage.
There is little difference of opinion as to the im-
portance of influence, especially influence with
solicitors, A judge who is nameless, and whio
speaks with remarkable plainness, sSys that he knew
two students, one much the better at examinations
and much more gifted. The less gifted has a large
practice, and knew 120 solicitors the day he was
called. The other can but just scrape along, and
knew one. Given that a man is not utterly incapable,
influence is the great thing. Most authorities agree,
however, that there is a great sifting out of able
men from fools in the legal profession. The plain-
speaking judge thus sums up the qualities most es-
sential to the successful lawyer; power of making
himself believe in his cases — in other words, power
of self-deception, though he does not say so; will-
ingness to work up the facts of a case, which is rare;
and common sense enough neither to overrate nor
underrate the intelligence of judge and jur\-.

In an article on Underground Berlin, contributed
in the June numl^r of VeUiagcn, Dr. Curt Rudolf
gives us a graphic picture of the great technical diffi-
culties wirich have to be contended with in the lav-
ing of pipes and cables -in cities. The streets of Ber-
lin, like those of other great cities, have below the
surface a perfect network of emberlde'l cables and
pipes connected w^ith the supply of gas, water, and
electricity, not to speak of the telephones, under-
ground railways, etc.

278

The Review of Reviews.

Septtmber /, 190'j.

THE JAPAN OF EUROPE :

With King Charles I. as Mikado.

The first position in the new number of the
Foriii/g/iilv Review is given to Mr. Alfred Steads
paper on "King Charles I. of Roumania, ' who
celebrated the fortieth anni\ersar\' of his accession to
the throne on the 20th of last May.

THE MIKADO OF THE NEW JAPAN.

Mr. Alfred Stead's devotion to Japan and its rulers

is so pronounced that it was with some surprise I

find King Charles and his Roumanians exalted to the

same lofty p»edestal where stands the first object of

his fond idolatry. He says: —

King Cliarles of Roumania has only one rival among his
roya! or imperial peers, and that is the present Emperor
of Japan. To these two monarohs alike has been given to
see in forty years incredible changes in their States, amd
in both cases these changes, this i>rogre3s, are due to the
guiding hand of the Chief of State. Koumajiia. may
well be proud to be called the Japan of Europe — now a
term of jjraise and highest honour. She has achieved in
the midst of the incessant jealousy and opposition of
Europe, much that the free Empire of the Far East has
accomplished. But. in all justice, it mixst be recorded that
the progress of Roumania. if less great, is perhaps more
meritorious even than that of Japan. To a small State,
which was hampered at every ttirn by Turkish reaction
and European greed or ignorance, with frontiers marching
with great empires, the opportunities of progress were much
lees facile than in the island Empire of Japan, compara-
tively free from outside influence. King Charles came a
stranger to a strange, vassal country, with only his own
unalterable? determination, his strong sense of duty, and
his Hohenzollern ancestry to back liim up. But he was not
daunted, and recognised to the fitll that saying of the,
Japanese Emperor Ninloku. '■ llie people's happiness is my
happiness, the people's misfortune is my misfortune." " God
sends to men trials in order to enable them to prove their
moral force and their generosity."

HOW HE BEGAN HIS REIGN.

^^'hen he was summoned to the throne he was ad-
vised liv Prince Bismarck to acre|)t the ]iosition and
" face Europe with a faii accompli — a protest onlv re-
mains on paper, a fact cannot be revoked " — advice
which the Iron Chancellor was apt to give to his
friends, and illustrate by his own example- He owed
his nomination largely to the influence of three ladies
Madame de Cornu, the friend and agent of Napoleon
III.. Madame Drouyn de Shuys. and Baronne de
Frnncke. He entered Roumania. near the Bridt;e
of Trajan, with a Swiss passport under the name of
Charles Hettingen. His path w-as full of thorns.
But bv judicious submission to the Sultan on one
side, and resolute insistence on his rights against the
great Powers on the other, he succeeded in holding
his own. In 1870 the sympathies of the Roumanians
■were so strongly in favour of France that the Hohen-
zollern prince was on, the verv brink of abdication.
From this he was saved bv M. Sturdza. who domi-
nated the National Assembly, and averted a grave
crisis.

THE CRUCIAL MOMENT.

When the Russians embarked on their liberating
war in Bulgaria thev at first coldlv refused King
Carl's offer of assistance: —

In a memorandum on May 17th the Russians declared
that " Russi.a has no need of the assistance of the Rou-
manian army. Tlie forces which Russia has put in motion
to attack the Turks are more than sufficient to attain the

high end that the Emperor hae undertaken in beginning
the war."

But iin July 31st the King
received the following appeal by telegram from the Grand
Duke Nicholas. Russian Commander-in-Chief :—" The Turks,
having massed very great numbers at Plevna, are de«troy-
ing us. Please make a junction, demonstration, and, if
possible, the passage of the Danube which you desire. . . .
This demonstration is indispensable, in order to facilitate
my movements." On .\uguet 18th the Grand Duke wrote : —
"'Ihe Roumanian army will maintain its individuality, and
will find itself placed, for all details, under the direct com-
mand of its immediate leaders." Three days later came
a second telegram; — "When can you cross? Do this as
soon as possible." On the 28th the Prince visited the Tear
and tile Grand Duke, and was offered the command of all
the troops, Russian and Roumanian, before Plevna.

After the fall of Ple\na the proclamation of the
Kingdom of Roumania was only a matter of time.
The Prince had repudiated the Sultan's suzerainty
in 1877 ; he assumed the regal title in 1881.

SOME ACHIEVEMENTS OF HIS REIGN.

Mr. .\lf red Stead says : —

The efforts of King Charles have been principaUy devoted
towards internal develoinuent. Railways have increafied
and improved since the State purchased them in 1886, at an
outlay of 237.500,00U francs. Then there were 1407 kilo-
metres; in 1903 these had increased to 5177. In the Do-
brudja. given to Roumania after the war with Turkey, the
King has created a great commercial port at Constantza,
whence the grain and petroleum of Roumania can flood the
market. From here will radiate a Roumanian merchant
marine, which will bear the Roumanian flag to all parte of
the world, .\griculture has been carefully cherished, and
to-day the country is one of the greatest grain-exporting
countries of the world, and the lot of the peasant, formerly
so low. has been impi-oved- .\n educational system has
sprung into being, owing much to the direct support and
inspiration of the Ro.val family. The finances have been
put on a stable footing, and although the uation has al-
ready acquired a sufficiency of debt, the future is not at all
dangerously beset. Thanks to the discovery of extensive
petroleum fields, Roumania has been strengthened and
raised from the position of a country relying solely on the
rain and sun for its prosperity.

This is all very well, but it hardly sufficient to
warrant us in placing King Carl side bv side with the
author of the greatest revolution of our times.

"SOMETHING FOR OUR TAXES."

Sir Oliver Lodge is evidently one of the higher
" sensitives "' who receives impressions vibrating
through most diverse spheres of life. He has quite
accustomed us to consider him a dynamometer in
theologv. Now in the Contemforary he breaks out
as a financier, and expresses in his persuasive fashion
feelings that are crvstallising into more or less con-
scious conviction in the mass of his fellow-country-
men. He entitles his paper " Squandering a Sur-
plus." He indulges in some party reference to the
repeal of the duty on corn and tax on coal. But his
main contention is that the Government surplus is as
n rufe squandered instead of being applied to pur-
poses of positive benefit to the nation. He says : —

It is all nonsense to behave as if we were nationally poor.
k couple of millions per annum, which would amount per-
haps to a farthing in the pound of our aggregate national
earnings, could be expended easily on enlightened objects
each year of peace without conscious effort on the part of
.anybody; and people would feel they were getting some-
thing for their taxes Tbe need for extreme economy is not
really felt so long as there is no waste and so long as some-
thing tangible is obtained by the expenditure.

ALL WE GET NOW.

He remarks on the fact that no one has opposed
the extra million a year involved in the present Edu-

Revit'ir uf Renetrs. 119100.

Leading Articles.

279

cation Bill. Tht-re would be as little opposition to
the much-needed expenditure of two and a-half mil-
?• lions on higher education. He says : —

Besides, the poorest would not grudge a farthing per
quarter pound of tea if they couid feel some pride iu its
expenditure, even if it were unproductive expenditure; if,
for instance, hy aid of a fraction of it. the National Gal-
lery were made the pride and envy of Europe. Still less
: would they grudge it if they could feel that it relieved sOme
burden or contributed to enjoyment. .\nd in selecting tea
as an instance. I select the severest test of all. Why should
we pay taxes and get nothing for them but bare neces-
earies? Are we never to use a- surplus for the good of the
country, for developing its possibilities, for encouraging all
their energies on the part of its citizens? At present, what
the people get. besides necessaries, for the larger part of
their contribution to the national excheriuer. is some plear
sure in the Royal Family and some opportunity for spec-
tacular display in Army and Navy.

THE ETERNAL WANT OF PENCE.
He in\eighs against that eternal want of pence
which vexes public men, and says : —

f The world, a-s managed by man. is a strange spectacle:
\ it is full of earnest eftort and all kinds of human endea-
" vour for the amelioration of society and the good of man-
kind: private people are willing to give not only their
labour, but largely of their means also, to belp on this
cause and that; but in spite of all this admirable effort
the world seems smitten with a mania for just spoiling
every eftort ;it improvement by withholding the financial
condition of success. In the midst of any amount of self-
sacrificing labour for the good of the community, this is
the blight. Every public and beneficent enterprise is ham-
pered by poverty, and is left to the capricious goodwill of
the benevolent.

WHAT MIGHT BE DONE WITH SURPLUSES
He mentions agriculture, and the feeding of the
people : —

Then there is the whole subject of pathology, and the in-
Testigation of obscure diseases. Here, ever since Pasteur,
is territory crying out for exploration ; discoveries must be
lying ready to be picked up almost. Splendidly-trained
young fellows will sacrifice their lives in eager wish to get
at the root of diseases which kill people like flies, but they
are hampered by lack oi means. In trojjical medicine some-
thing hits been begun, largely by private and University
enterprise, but there are many other branches also. I can-
not think that people really prefer to die or see others die
of cancer rather than pay for a proper investigation of it.

I feel sure that some result — meteorological and other —
would result from the electrification of the atmospliere on
a hirge scale. Growing crops might be assisted: rain might
be produced: fog might be dissipated. No one can tell for
certain what would happen until the experiment is tried;
it would be costly, but laboratory exi>eriments sufficiently
justify the attempt, and the result may be one of consider-
able importance in some regions of the British Empire.

I do not touch on housing questions, and the unemployed,
and unfed children, and old age pensions: for all these are
difficult and painful subjects, the treatment of which de-
mands det;iiled knowledge; but niile.ss we apply wisdom
and eTiterprise to public expenditui-e, the nation will have
to immerse itself in wretched problems such as these, which
it ought to have overcome long ago, and it will become de-
cadent.

A rich nation, he savs in clc/sing. In the judicious
administration of its superfluous revenue, could con-
tribute its quota towards elev.iting the standard of
humanity and increasing the spiritual momentum i;f
the world.

A PLEA FOR REGIMENTAL OFFICERS,

By Lord Dougla.s Compton.
The foiinial of the Royal J'nitcd Service Instilii-
iioii publishes a paper by Major Lord Douglas J.
C. Compton of the 9th (Qu<'en's) Roval Lancers
which deserves attention. The Army, he points out,
is suffering from a serious shortage of regimental
officers. LTnder the stress and strain of recent agita-
tion British officers are being compelled to study as

if thc\ were all qualifying for Staff appointments.
As a result the sons of country gentlemen and of
soldiers, and others who have hitherto supplied the
bulk of commissioned officers, are not going into the
Arnn. The pay is too "small, the work is becoming
too hard. Lord Douglas Compton boldly proposes to
recognise facts as they are, and, as he cannot get
more money, to i)ut up with less work. At present
the Army consists of commissioned officers, non-com-
missioned officers, and rank and file. He would sub-
ordinate the first class into staff officers and regimen-
tal officers, and he would exempt the latter from
the grind of studies which could only be useful to
them if they joined the Staff. He thus summarises
his own proposals: — ■

1. Insist only on officers doing the work necessary to
make them thoroughly efficient as regimental officers, but
give every facility for. and encouragement to. all officers to
study the higher 'and all branches of their profession.

2 Enlarge the Staff College, abolish competitive examin^
tion for admission to it. encourage all officers recommended
by the officer commanding their unit to go through the
course, and make no exception to the rule that alter a
term of staft employment an officer must serve a term with
his regiment.

3. Adopt :i system of specialists for all branches of mili-
tary science which it is not necessary for every officer to
know, such as signalling, field engineering, and miUtarJ
sketching, giving any officers who wish opportunities of at-
tending "classes where these subjects are t.a.ught.

4. Insist on the niimlier of officers really reciuired being
present with their corps, and leave it to the officers com-
manding units to grant leave to the surplus as they think fit.

5. .\Miid all interference with the way in which officers
clioose to spend their spare time and money; there are
many easier and more unwholesome ways than playing
polo' driving ix dr;ig, or even giving a ball. The most that
should be done is to insist that ail subscriptions to regi-
mental clubs, entertainments, etc.. he voluntary, with the
exception, of conrse. of those of mess. band, and furniture
funds.

HENRIK IBSEN.

BUhhi'ood's Magazine, in " Musings Withou-t
Method." asserts that " no man of letters in our time
has fought a keener fight and enjoyed a greater
triumph than Henrik Ibsen." And his greatest tri-
umyih is " that he has survived the pitiful indiscre-
tions of the Ibsenites": —

Confident of his own powers, he has endured hostility, in-
ditlerence. and. wh;it is yet harder to bear, the wilful mis-
niulersta riding of enthusiasts.

Rather than dO' uncongenial work, he would run
into debt ox condescend to begging-letter writing !

Tbsen's was the artistic temperament which could
not be thwarted or denied. Many different sections
of o|)inion h.nv tried to enrol hiu- under their ban-
ners, and nothing annoyed him more than to have his
\'ork judged from the political rather than from the
a'sthetic stamlpoint : —

The soci;ilistfi. with whom he had not the smallest sym-
patliy. claimed this sturdy individualist for their own, and
bow bitterly he resented the claim appears again and again
in his letters.

Tho.ugh a severe critic of his own work, he bad no
doubt that it would ultimately triumph: —

"My hook is poetry," said he of the much-abused "Peer
Gynt." "and, if it is not, then it will be. The conception
of poetry in our coiintr.v, in Norway, shall be niade to
conform to the book. There is no stability in the world of
ideas. The Scandinavians are not Greeks." These are
br;ive words. br;ively spoken, and so far as "Peer Gynt" is
concerned, time has entirely justified them.

28o

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

THE FIRST MONTH OF THE DUMA.

In the Independent Reviru: M. Paul Vinogradoff
subjects the first month's working of the Duma to a
severely searching but nowise unkindly criticism. He
admits that " there has hardly ever been in history a
task equal in magnitude and difficulty to that which
has been placed before the first Russian Parlia-
ment " : —

The Sussian revolutiona-ry nioTement is aimed not only
at a complete reversal of a rotten political system, but
also at a renewal of society itself by the most sweeping
reforms of modem times. And, at the same time as the
efforts of popular representation are concentrated in St.
Petersburg in a death struggle with Ministerial bureau-
cracy, all the conquests and acquisitions achieved by Rus-
sia in the course of three hundred years are challenged
by the minor nationalities subdued, but not reconciled, to
Russian rule. And the predominant people itself seems to
have entirely lost all sense of national personality, and all
wish to assert its claims.

A TWO-HEADED, TWO-BEAINED EMPIRE.

Georg Brandes has said that the Russian crest (the
double-headed eagle) reminded him of those double-
headed monsters whose birth is sometimes chronicled
by the newspapers — a comparison apt enough at the
present time, when " the Russian Empire has cer-
tainly two heads and two brains,'' resulting in
paralx sis of the whole system.

THE COMPONENT PARTIES IN THE DUMA.

Though there is hardly any other House of Repre-
sentatives which has recorded so many unanimous
votes as the Duma, and though the most diverse irfin
— men hardly able to understand one ano.her's speech
— imite in any resolution condemning the Go\ern-
ment's policv, yet the Assemblv really consists of
several parties. The Extreme Right (the Reaction-
aries) are absent, though present in the Council of
the Empire. The Octobrists, who condemn revolu-
tionary agitation and advocate moderate reforms
(who seemed once likely to become the ruling party,
to attract the propertied and commercial classes, and
the well-to-do peasants), had only a score of men at
first, and now ha\"e fewer still. As the writer says
such a party, to be effecti\'e, must have some au-
thority. " If it is driven to oppose and condemn
all the acts and officials of the monarchy it wants
to support, it is left with nothing but a shadow to
defend." Moderate and Octobrist must at present
stand by ajid join in the vituperations which are the
order of the day.

The most powerful party in every way are the
150 Constitution Democrats, the " Party of the Peo-
ple's Freedom " as they style themselves. They
are fairly despotic in their way, but on important
occasions can rally various minor groups to their
side. Their programme and that of their allies is
drawn up on Western models; and, though certainly

containing much absolutely essential to a country
wishing to reorganise its institutions on a parlia-
nientarv basis, it is nevertheless doctrinaire, and does
not sufficiently take into account the peculiar condi-
tions of Russia. The Constitutional Democrats, the
writer thinks, will learn by exjierience, but it will
Le dear-bought exj^erience. Moreover, they constant-
Iv hold the Damocles sword of revolt over the head
of the Government.

The Labour group numbers some 100. chiefly pea-
sants, with the few artisans who have got into the
Duma. Their leaders are downright Socialists, and
all are bent on radical agrarian reforms. There re-
main the Autonomists, composed of the representa-
tives of the minor nationalities of the Empire, with a
good many Russians. Here are Poles, Jews, and
Ukraina Russians ; and here, it is expected, will be
found the Caucasian and Siberian deputies. The
political and social creeds of this group seem hardly
less diverse than their racial types. Their one com-
mon ground is the pledge to strive for self-go\ern-
ment for the nationalities of the Empire. There are
also a large number of indei>endents, flitting right or
left according to the moment.

SOME MISTAKES OF POLITICAL YOUTH.

In their dealings with the Amnesty question. M.
Vinogradoff thinks, the Duma acted not wisely.
Thev might have demanded amnesty in such a way
that their demand found acceptance. As it was, con-
sidering that they o\erlooked terrorism and revolu-
tionarv brigandage, and fulminated about the high
moral standard of assassins, he does not wonder that
the Tsar and his advisers are not anxious to accede
to their demands. The Dum.a.'s propositions, in fact,
are far too crude, too radical, ill-thought out, and,
it might be contended, ill-advised, even impossible
for the present. Such is the substance of the writer's
criticisms. The great problem is to pro\ide the
" noble abstractions " of the Address with flesh and
blood, to embody them in working institutions.
Moreover, in any other country, a ^linistry in the
position of the Russian Ministry would either have
resigned their seats, instead of inciting the Assembly
to fury, or t'ne Duma itself would have been dis-
solved. Not so in Russia, where

It is evidently thought possible and useful to have two
violently opposed Governmental centres in the country — a
Ministry without a shadow of moral authority, and a Par-
liament bereft of the means to exert practical authority.

THE WAT OUT.

The writer's suggested way out of the present
deadlock is to hand the Government over to the
Constitutional Democrats, who. with all their fail-
ings, are still the most enlightened group in the
Duma. He does not know how far the destructive
forces would be checked by such a measure, but it is
the only course with any chance of success.

heiieu of Kevteaf, 119106.

Leading Articles.

281

WHAT TO DO WITH THE HOUSE OF
LORDS.

Whom the Peers Represent.
Mr. Frederick Harrison in the Positivist Review
presents a sobering survey of the position of the
Upper House. He bids the nation remember the
strength of the House of Lords. From the first Re-
form Act of 1832 down to the third of 1885, the
Peers were neither strong nor respected —

But the formation of a genuine democratic constituency
by the legislation of 1885 altered all tliis. It wa8 seen that
the Lower House was, or would lie, fallen under the in-
fluence of the Labour masses, and that Labour was being
rapidly colourtd by a more or less indefinite Socialism.
When an eminent Whig aristocrat had gaily declared, " We
are all Socialists now !" the whole of the capitalists and
trading class began to distrust the House of Commons a^
a p.alladium of property, religion, and order; and they
turned to the House of Lords as the last stronghold of our
ancient social institutions and the rights of property, whe-
ther inherited or acciuired in business. For a whole gene-
ration the House of Peers has become the real, but un-
official Legislature of the Empire. Bills are debated in the
Commons: but no measure of Reform, vitally affecting
society or property, could pass unless it be approved by
the Lords.

THE CHAJIPION OF THE CLASSES.

Mr. Harrison derides tYie obsolete cry that the
Peers represent nothing but themselves. He says: —

The exact contrary is the truth. To-day they represent
the preponderant power of all the rich, educated, and
trained classes, the learned professions, the tradesmen, the
owners of property real and personal, the titled orders
down to the catlets of a city knight. And to these they
add the interests of the Clergy, the Universities, official
societies, the Army and Navy, and the miscellaneous classes
whose capital is invested in the Empire, in agriculture,
food, and drink. Of course, they only represent all these
widespread interests in silent, secret, irregular and obscure
ways. They could hardly maintain their cause in any
formal and direct conflict. All that they could do would
be by indirect means, obstr iction, jirncrastination, and
false issues to stave off any fundamental change in any of
the great social institutions, material or moral.

THE LAST nULWAEK OF CAPITALISM.

Mr. Harrison refers to the gain in prestige and
popularity of the Crown during the seventy years of
■ Victoria and Edward, and thinks — though the in-
: ference is somewhat questionnlile — that the Peers as
f a sort of Society bodyguard of the Crown have also
i. gained not a little in popular interest. Mr. Harrison
t is careful to say that he does not accept the claim of
the Lords to be the ultimate power in legislation.
He only deprecates " the ignorant babble of the de-
mocrats who say, Leave the I ords to us. " He ex-
pects that the Lords will defy the Commons on some
definite point whereon consi(!<-rable sections of the
Liberal Party are disheartened and divided : —

*■ They silently represent immense forces of Wealth, Tra-
dition, Experience. Self-interest. .Vll ciuestions and parties
here, as elsewhere, are becoming fused in the great an-
taffonisni of Conservative Capitalism against Democratic
Tiabour. Now the Lords, however olisolete their special
privileges have become, are now the last bulwark of the
former, whilst the Commons are, in only modified degrees.
the representatives of the latter.

Mr. Harrison presents a rather gloomy outlook.
He says : —

By the law of the Constitution, the Ix)rds may claim to
,: reject any Bill that is not plainly desired by the nation.

If led with skill and courage, they may force on a new
Dissolution— possibly even a second. A dissolution is a
cruel tax on the Commons, but only a pleasant holiday to
the Lords. Drained by election expenses and jealousies,
torn asunder by Catholics. Dissenters. Irishmen, Home
Rulers, pro-Boers. pro-Bengalees, Socialists, Trade Unionists,
Imperialist Liberals, disappointed Radicals, and all the
heart-burnings of a huge composite majority, the national
verdict of 1906 might be doubtful in 1907-8-9. There, "like
a cormorant." the Spirit of Evil sits, ever on the watch.
And before the nation knew it. the food of the People might
be taxed to fill the pockets of an organised conspiracy of
capitalists.

A CONSERVATIVE " EEPOEM."

Sir Hertiert Maxwell in the NineteeiiUi Century
calls attention to the new responsibilities flung upon
the House of Ix)rds by the appointment of Standing
Committees to save the time of the House of Com-
mons. The hours at which these Standing Commit-
tees meet will invohe the whole working day of the
mennber of Parliament being absorbed, leaving. Sir
Herbert fears, this important committee work to
members of leisure, therefore of pleasure, to Labour
and Irish Ms. P. This forms a preamble to Sir Her-
bert's main purpose, which is to propose a reform
of the Upper House. He quotes Oliver Cromwell in
favour of a Second Chamber as needful " to pre-
vent tumultary and popular spirits." He regrets that
the history of last century, being mostly written by
Liberals, has not dealt fairly by the House of Lords.
He agrees with the late W. H. Smith that reform
m.-st come from the Conservative Party and from
the Peers themsehes. The reform he advocates he
sums up in three points: (i) Reduce the number of
Peers in Parliament to two-fifths of the number of
the House of Commons, the actual proportion at the
accession of George IIL This would now mean an
Upiser House of 268 Peers. (2) Let these 268 be
elected at each new Parliament by the 600 and more
who are now Peers. (3) Xo more hereditary peer-
ages ; the existing hereditary titles to continue to de-
scend until they expire in the course of nature, only
life peerages to be created henceforth.

As the present Peers are overwhelmingly Conserva
live, the " reform " advocated by Sir Herbert would
presumably result in practically no Liberal Peers
being elected ! A concentrated committee of Tory
Peers is hardly the kind of Second Chamber the
country is likely to approve.

Ill ,1 lecent nuniU-r 1 t i' .isioiial Papers Mr. J.
Cuthliert Hadden, who writes on Woman and Music,
tries to explain why we ha\e had as yet no female
Bach, or Beethoven, or Wagner. He thinks it is
due in a great measure to inadequate training: —

Take the typical illustration of Mendelssohn and hia sister
Fanny. The Mendelssohn biographers are unanimous in
their testimony that the lady had the finer musical organi-
sation, and in her early years offered the greater musical
promise. But what happened? The training of brother and
sister gradually diverged — stopped short, in fact, with the
girl, while the hoy was encouraged and assisted by every
available means.

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

PROFESSOR RAMSAY ON THE EASTERN
QUESTION.

World- renowned as a scholar, archaeologist anil
historian. Professor \V. M. Ramsay this month de-
scends into the arena of modern international politics.
In the Contemporary RroicTv he supplies a suggesti\e
historical study of the war of Moslem and Christian
for the possession of Asia Minor l:)etween a.d. 641
and 1615.

WHY EOME FELL.

He makes a pregnant remark on the secret of the
fall cf the Roman Empire. He savs : —

The great fault of the Roman Empire, the failure to ap-
preciate fclie ueoessity for public education, proved its ruin.
The Christian organisation suffered from the same cause.
Theie seems to have been in the Church less insistence on
the importance of education during the fifth century and
later than there had previously been. In 449. at the Coun-
cil of Constantinople, a bishop who could help to make the
laws of the Universal Church was unable to append his
own signature because he had not learned his letters. Chris-
tianity is the religion of a highly-educated people, and
when the Church lost its grasp of this fundamental prin-
ciple it lost its real vitality.

He finds that Islam deteriorated through its long
welter of war. but that its fatal error was the low
estimate of women, which he suggests mav have
been due in part to the reaction against the cult
of the Mother of God.

THE STRUGGLE FOR ASIA MIXOE.

He concludes his study with the following passage,
which serves as a transition to his other article: —

The stritggle for possession of Asia ilinor has not ended;
it is going on now, but in recent years the weapons with
which it is waged are schools and colleges and railways
Yet there are strong forces that tend to bring in again the
method of war. Pan-Islamism aims determinedly at de-
stroying by massacre and war the growth of civilisation in
Turkey, and through the quarrels of Germany and England
we have be?n drifting steadily towards that end. The
American schools and colleges are the great civilising
agency, because they aim at creating an educated cla.ss
among all nationalities, not converting their pupils to a
foreign and un-Oriental form of religion, but making
Greeks better Orthodox Greeks, Armenians better Gregorians,
Bulg.arians better Bulgarians, Turks better Mohammedans.
For my own part, I feel that a rigbt development of the
great ideas inherent in Mohammedanism is possible, that
it is making 3ome progress, that this is the only useful and
hopeful path, and that the necessary first step in it — the
creation of ideals and .aspirations among the Moslem women
— is being made at the present time.

GERMAN INFLUEXCE A DELUSION.

In the IVorld's Work and Play he writes on the
Bagdad Railway. He tells how he was freed from
a common delusion : —

When, in 1901, I began to make the ,\natolian line the
basis of mj- explorations. I was full of the idea that the
German railway was spreading German enterprise and
trade and men along its course- This belief, derived from
reading, was soon found to be a mistake. Unless yon search
minutely. >-ou will not discover a German along the line.

The B.ame on all the rolling-stock and papers is Chemin
de Fer Ottom.Tu d' Anatolic: and knowledge of French, not
German, is the requirement for station-masters.

There is not much German trade along the line. One
single English firm in Constantinople makes up a tenth of
the entire goods traffic. I heard that a German who came
up the line this year to see this mightv extension of Ger-
man influence, departed full of wrath at the facts which he
discovered. The German railway is not a patriotic, but a
financial enterprise.

Owing to the unfortunate terms on which the rail-
way is held under the Turkish Government, which
result in the lino t>eing starved, the Germans have
become the most hated nation in Turkey. The Ger-
mans are said to be '' locusts eating everything and
leaving nothing." The old affection for England has
revi\ed.

THE SULTANS AMBITIONS.
The Sultan has a rival line in view — the Hedjaz
Railway — vshich is destined to link Arabia and Tur-
kev. Since 1882 there has been a great revival of
Mohammedan feeling, which the Sultan has utilised
bv making himself Caliph. Professor Ramsav has
a high opinion of the .Sultan. He says he exercised
greater influence on history than any other sovereign
of the day. But the necessarv foundation on which
the Caliphate must rest is the possession of the Holy
City of Mecca. The Hedjaz Railway, in conjunction
with the Bagdad Railway, is to connect Constan-
tinople with Arabia and enable him to send troops
to Arabia without using the Suez Canal. It is quite
understood in Tiu-kev that England is fomenting the
Aral) revolt with a view to bringing Arabia under
British rule.

WHAT TO DO ABOUT THE BAGDAD RAILW'AY.

Professor Ramsai s own position is thus stated: —

The plan on which the German Anatolian Railway and
the first stage of the extension to Bagdad have been
wrought out — namely, animosity to England and support
of Pan-Isiamic combinations — is the path of mischief, war,
and incalculable harm, alike to Turkey, to England, and to
Gennany. Since the dangerous frontier incident at Tabah
has been safel.v ended, there is no reason why the new start
shotild not be made along the peaceful road of co-operation.
Each of the three P^)wers has much to gain from the rail-
way enterprise which has forced itself to the front, and
which will in some way be carried out. This railway is
the form under which the never-ending struggle, sometimes
friendly, generally hostile, between Asia and Europe, now
presents itself: and according to the spirit in which this
question is solved will be the future course of events. In
the electric impulse generated in the contact of .\sia and
Eurotje. more than in any other force or cause, the motive
power which drives the world onwards has resided through-
out the course of history.

THE "CHRISTIAN" TEST OF PROGRESS.

This Eastern question has of late been obscured
until the victories of Japan have brought it again to
the front. Professor Ramsay savs of the sequel : —

.4mong us the one trustworthy criterion of civilisation
and influence in the world's councils is the ability to kill
the largest number of men in the shortest lapse of time and
at the greatest distance. That is the supreme European
test o_f civilisation. Tried by that test an .\3iatic Power
has justified its claim to a- place amongst the leading civi-
lised Powers of the world, and elevates along with it by the
right of sheer strength the Asiatic races in gener.al to a
different place in European valuation.

The Turks, who followed the progress of the war
with m.ost lively interest, have drawn the inference
that Asiatic armies were after all superior to Euro-
pean. " The effect," he adds suggestively. " may be
seen in the recent frontier incident at Tabah, which
witii weak handling might ha\e had a serious issue,
for it was the first step in a great plan."

Hfview of Revieics, 119/06.

Leading Articles.

-'83

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN PUBLIC
SCHOOLS.

In the National Rcvieiv Mr. A. C. Benson writes
on thLs subject, which is rarely touched in jieriodica!
literature. Having been seven years as a boy and
nineteen years as an assistant master at Eton, and
believing the system of religious education there to
be very similar to that in force in other public
schools, he confines his remarks to the Eton system.
He begins by saying:^

Before I emliark on my main subject, tbere is nothing
that I woiilii more nnliesitatingly affirm than that, in the
course of the thirty years during which I have been fami-
liar with tlie inner life of Eton, from first to last, the in-
crease ill personal religion, and the growth of religious life
and religious influences among the boys has been extraor-
dinarily marked. Not to travel far for instances, the cele-
brations of Holy Communion are far more frequent, and
infinitely better attended, than was the case when I was a
boy; and this is a very important fact, because there is not
the slightest pressure put upon boys in the matter. . . .
Again, when I was a house-master, it seemed to me that
the number of boys who read the Bible in the evening,
before going to bed. was far larger than I rccolle<"t to have
been the case when I was a boy at school.

SUNDAY AT ETON.

On Sundax e\'ery Eton boy has to answer a set uf
questions on paper, mainly on the Old Testament,
but also concerning the portion of the Greek Testa-
ment then being read in school. There is a system
by which all boys go to their private tutors for a
short period of religious instruction ; and besides
this, there is the Sunday morning sermon, sometimes
preached by a master, sometimes by an outsider, but
often not by the most well -selected people, nor on
the subjects most suitable for hoys, thinks Mr. Ben-
son. With all this, and two full choral services, and
possibly an early celebration, one can well l^elieve
that " the Sundays tended to be overfull at Eton,"
and instead of l>eing days of rest they were, to slow-
Iv working boys, very tiring days, and also a hard
dav for the tuiors."

The lir>use-masters usually prejiare lx)ys for cun-
iirmation, and the great majority are confirmed.
With this system Mr. Benson thinks jiarents, on the
whole, are satisfied, mainly because they themselves
are mostlv moderate .Anglicans, and they feel sure
that the teaching will be sound, simple, and ortho-
dox, not as a rule aggressive or leaning to any sec-
tion of the Church. The tutor of a boy, the writer
says, shoukl Ije able to discuss |)0>ints with him, if he
rai.ses them, as justly and temperately as possil)le.
" But the general object should be to make boys
good Christians rather than good Anglicans. The
instruction they receive should be of a positive and
central kind, and .should avoid as far as possible
controversial asjiects."

THE biFFICUr.TY OF MODERN CRITICISM.

There comes in. of course, the difficulty of know-
ing what line to lake alx>ut the Old Testament, with
svhich, as with the Gospel narrati\es, the wriler

thinks it highly important to familiarise boys as
much as possible: —

And here I can only say th.at it is high time for the
authorities of the Anglican Cliurch to make some definit*
pronouncement as to how the Old Testament is to be read
and studied. If some leading prelate or high ecclesiastic of
unimpeachable orthodoxy would but state in a little book,
frankly and without reserve, what is essential to Christian
faith to hold with regard to the Old Testament, how much
may be looked upon as legendary and unhistorical, and
how. at the same time, even what is legendary and unhis-
torical may be fairly regarded .as an inspired vehicle of
Divine teaching, it would be an immense relief to hundreds
of very earnest schoolmasters-

The result at pre.sent is that the p.ireiits do not
feel competent to discuss Old Testament criticism,
and the masters will not, so that when the boy goes
into the world, and finds much of the Bible regarded
as fabulous, and religion looked on as a feminine
and clerical thing, the whole of his faith goes by the
board.

In questions of Biblical criticism, also>, Mr. Ben-
son insists on the necessity for more direction and
guidance for masters. Many |)arents do not know
now what to think ; they put the responsibility for
religious instruction of their sons on the schoolmaster,
and he dares not take it. A certain amount of
Church history was some years ago added to the
f^ton curriculum, of which the writer does not ap-
prove. It is generally biased, and if not biased,
would be highly unedifying. He would, in prefer-
ence, let boys read the lives of such men as Francis
of Assisi, Father Damien, Weslev, and Bishop
Heber.

"THE FALL OF WOMAN."

.■\ glorious jumble of Scripture, Darwinism, mys-
ticism, and what may be termed Christian erotics
appears under this head, and abo\e the signature of
George Barlow, in the Contemporary Review. That
" there was in heaven " suggests to him the truth
which he holds lies behind Darwin's theories, and he
suggests that sex issues may have iilayed an impor-
tant, or probably a determining, iiart in the angelic

conflict.

•BECAUSE OF THE ANGELS."

Then he quiites the ]iassage in Genesis about the
sons of Gnd taking them wives of the daughters
of men.

He mainlaiits that w-e need the Bilile theory or re-
velation of a fall from the angelic sphere to supple-
ment Darwin's theory of an ascent from the animal
sphere. 'I'liis is Mr. Barlow's account of what has
happened : -

Satan, in striKnm .a woman, has struck right at the
heart of Odd. for. by introducing disorder into the nn-
fallen feminine nature, he ilelivercd a deadly blow at the
purest and teiiderest thing in the whole universe, and
blocked the clianiiel through which the purest and tenderest
Divine life-currents should How oul to the world and to
man. . . - The --riTnes. the wars, the horrors, the agonies,
which have since ensued have been the inevitable sequel,
the planned and purposed se<iuel, of this one stupendous
stroke. . . . The pollution of the soul of woman would,
evidently and cert.iinl.v. bring about results that would
affect the whole condition, material and physical, of our
planet. Such dis'ird^rly inflnoiHCS would be introduced into

284

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 190S.

human life that a state ot aflairs might very well follow
which, later on, would necessitate, for its amelioration, just
such a huge upward effort as Darwin discerned and de-
scribed. . . . One can readily imagine that, if the Creator
of our universe is indeed a dual Being, feminine and mas-
culine in nature, as is clearly indicated in the Bible, and
if the unfallen woman was a direct emanation from the
feminine side of God, and was expressly charged to convey
to the world the glory, the tenderness, the beauty, resideiit
in that side of the Divine — one can easily believe that, if
this is so. any definite deterioration of the soul-structure
of woman, .any pervasion of her being by lower magnetic
currents, would bring about a disaster almost inconceiv-
able in its magnitude.

This is an application of the principle clicrches la
femmc on a colossal scale ! It is next said to supply
the central doctrine of the Christian religion : —

We can infer that the fall of woman may have made the
Incarnation a. necessity, as a sort of Divine counter-stroke.
We are, in fact, brought back in a very curious way,
thiough what may be termed the theology of science, to
something resembling the theology of Milton.

SHELLEY'S INSIGHT.

Shelley's idea of woman, he goes on to say, was
always of the unfallen woman : —

He never saw woman aa she really is. He met the eyes
of the unfallen Eve. and did not realise the significance of
the change that has taken place. He did not understand
that woman, having once allowed a lower magnetism to
possess and dominate her. henceforth operated only partly
as the a<'credited messenger from the Host High— partly
also as the skilful and subtle exponent of dangerous and
destructive forces.

Yet. the mystic proceeds: —

Love, even as the poets conceive it. is a weak and frail
thing compared to the spiritual reality. There is, some-
where in tlie universe, a sex-love, unspeakable in its purity,
inconceivable in its intensity, and a joy of which we can
hardly dare to dream.

VISION OF WOMAN RESTORED.

So he finds the sex problem becomes more easy
to understand. He closes with an enraptured vision
of what is yet to be : —

It is well also to bear in mind that if, as I have been
suggesting, the shock of the Fall of Woman was felt
throughout the whole material universe, that whole uni-
verse, on the other hand, would instantly be thrilled into
diviner life by her redemption and restoration.

There is not a single star throughout the measureless
ree-ions past which the star-r.iys travel; not one smallest
blossom amid the unending multitude of flowers whose scent
each summer fills forest upon forest, meadow after meadow,
hili-side beyond hill-side; not one bluest wavelet among the
innumerable ripples ot lake or river or sea ; there is not
one of these which will not in some way, not merely meta-
phorical but strangely literal, respond to the sceptre of
woman the slave when she becomes woman the queen. No
lily can win its noblest whiteness, no iris its true royal
purple, no rose its most passionate perfume, till woman
herself is restored to her rightful empire. For only with
the eye ot love can we discern the glory of the outward
universe: th.at glory resides not in material things, but in
our loving apprehension ot them. It is the human passion
of love tba*. bestows its passionate beauty upon rose and
lily, its golden splendour upon sun and star, and to create
and sustain that passion of noble love in the heart of
humanity is, and will ever increasingly be, the prerogative
of woman.

Mr.

CAMPING OUT.

Why P.ay Rent or Hotel Bills?
R. T. Mecredy, in Fry^s Magasine for July,

tains that it is cheaper and healthier to live in tents.
He says : —

Take the case of a man of moderate means. If he is a
bachelor, he could rent a tiny plot ot ground tor a few
pouniis a year and erect a small marquee such as mine,
measuring 10 ft. long by 9 ft. wide, by 9 ft. high, which
I purchased for the sum of £5 from Messrs. Saunders and
Son, of Wisbech. This he could use as his sleeping apart-
ment. To this should be added a small wooden room, which
he could use for a combined kitchen and sitting-room, with
a primitive lavatory attached. The whole cost would be
trifling when divided over a term of years, and if he wished
to entertain friends, it would only be necessary to erect
another tent.

In the case ot a married man with a family the idea
could be amplified. Instead of merely existing in a wretched,
over-crowded, stuffy house, he and bis family would have
ample elbow-room, unlimited. i)ure. fresh air. and enjoy
sucli robust health that any trifling hardships that such a
life might entail would make no impression on the sum of
their happiness and contentment.

He asserts in the most positive fashion that there
is no such thing as catching cold even when you
sleep with the tent door wide open in the midst of a
snowstorm. Quoting his own experience, he says
that his wife, who was always susceptible to colds —

p;tssed the winter without catching a severe cold, and per-
sonally I found that I was able to continue wearing my
summer clothes all the winter through without discomfort
or risk- I also found that it increased my iivailable day
by at least one and a half hours, for sleep under canvaa
is so sound and refreshing that the man who retires at 11
p.m. awakes at aboitt 6.30 a.m. so fresh and alert that he
has no inclination to lie longer.

A camping outfit for two cyclists weighs between 10 lbs.
anti 12 lbs. Tliis includes a tent, measuring about 6 ft.
6 in. in length and 5 ft. 9 in. in breadth, and weighing less
than 3 lbs., poles of the lightest bamboo, a gossamer rubber
ground-sheet, an eiderdown quilt, a baby Primus stove, and
an aluminium cooking outfit, consisting ot two good-sized
pots, two pans. cups, plates, spoons, knives and forks, etc.
With a silk tent ot the wigwam type this outfit can be
further reduced by about IJ lbs. With such an outfit the
cyclist is independent of inns, trains, wind, and weather.
He is a genuine gipsy living in comparative comfort at a
cost of from Is. to 2s. per day, according to his taste.

Readers who desire to occupy the Hollybush Tents,
Ha\ ling Island, this summer, are requested to appl\
by letter to Mrs. Stead, 5 Smith Square, West-
minster.

asks this question in all serious earnest. He main-

" MUCK=RAKING " AS A PROFESSION.

Mr. Maurice Low's article on "American Affairs "
in the current yaiional Review contains the follow'ng
passage: —

What with the lite insxirance scandals, the crimes of the
meat packers, the " graft " disclosures affecting the Penn-
sylvania Railway Company, and the predatory methods of
the Standard Oil Company, " muck raking " ceases to be a
term of repro:ich, and becomes a recognised and honoured
profession. For everyone, from the President down, is now
engaged in muck raking, not because it is a pastime to
appeal to the cultivated taste, but because it is necessary.
Mr. Roosevelt has delved deep into the muck ot the Chicago
stock-yards, the Inter-State Commerce Commission has un-
covered the Pennyslvauia Railway's code of ethics: another
Government Commission is writing one ot those extraor-
dinary chapters that constitutes the literature ot the Stan-
dard Oil; an investigation of the Burlington Railroad has
shown the close connection between bribery and railroad
management.

Reriew of Reviews, 119/06.

Leading Articles.

285

MILLIONS WASTED IN CITY CHURCHES.

Such is the title of a most interesting article in
the Sunday Strand. Mr. W. Gordon and Mr. Neil
Lynch call attention to tihe fact that the City of
London, though more richly endowed with churches
tlian any other equal area in the world, has the least
use for them, and even, this diminished use is
growing steadily less year by year. The population
of the city was 37,702 in 1891 ; in 1901 it had sunk
to 26,923.

MANY REDUCTION'S.
A century or so ago there were 100 of these city
churches. Now, however, there are only 54, the
sites having been sold, and the incomes having gone
to increase poor livings. For instance. All Hallows,
Staining, was demolished, and from the proceeds of
the sale of its site three new churches, in Bromley,
Stepney, and Homerton, have been built, each en-
dowed with ;£i5oo from its income. Instead of 121
people, about 25,000 are now ministered to.

MUCH SCOPE FOE MORE.

The writers then proceed to show that there is
plenty of scope still for reduction of city churches.
The cost per head per parishioner in the Rural
Deanery of the East City is £s i6s., and it pro-
vides 2750 seats for 1473 parishioners. In the
West City Deanery things seem even worse. Where-
as in the Rural Deanery of Bethnal Green there is
one church with 12,000 parishioners and only 500
seats. Its incumbent gets ;£20o a year, while the
incumbents of the seventeen city churches get
_;£i2,777 a year. A dozen churches would meet all
requirements of the city at present.

Some time ago the writers visited halt-a-dozcn of these
churches on successive Sundays and the exiierience was as
depressing as it was instructive. In one ctiurch, the rector
ol which has twenty-nine parishionei-s. and draws nearly
£1000 a year, the congregation numbered seven persons,
of whom the majority were members of the clergyman's
own family; in a second church an excellent sermon was
delivered to ten listeners, scattered over a dreary desert
of pews in which 400 people might have found ample elbow-
room; while in the four other churches the congregations
ranged from twelve to Iwenty-ftve. On a recent Sunday
morning the aggregate congregation of ten City churches,
the rectors of which receive £5700 a year, numbered 213
worshippers — an average of a little over twent.v-ooe wor-
shippers in each church.

THE VALUE OF THE CITY CHURCH SITES.

The ground about Lombard-street is valued now
at about _£2, 000,000 an acre, and the site of All
Hallows in that street is said to be worth jQSoo,ooq,
" a sum sufficient to build and endow forty churches,"
and yet the entire population of the parish is not
nearly 300, and average congregation of the church
but 26. The site of St. Michael ?, Cornhill, is said
to be worth ^750,000, with a parish of 162 souls
and an average congregation of 71. St. Michael's
and St. Peter's, Cornhill, together stand on sites
worth nearly a million and a-half. Other city
churches are little less valuable. For scanty attend-
ance, St. Mildred. Bread-street, is first, with a parish
of 71 souls and an average congregation of two.
It has been seriously proposed to demolish 32 city
churches and sell their sites, of an estimated value

of ^3,500,000, which would be used in building
churches in the East End and the suburbs. The
writers even suggest that the sum might be used in
propagating the Gospel by means of Church Army
Van Missions, so strongly commended by the late
Archbishop Benson.

FROM THE OCCULT REVIEWS.

In the Annals of Psychical Science for June Pro-
fessor Carl Lombroso describes his experience in
the investigation of haunted houses.

PHOTOGRA-PHING THE SOUL.

Professor Elmer Gates explains what he is trying
to do in investigating the possibiUty of photograph-
ing the soul. He says: —

Vast new fields of research are being opened up relating
to radiant emanations or streams of ions and other kinds
of particles, travelling at a speed of light, and capable of
making shadow pictures or skiuL'raphs of bodies composed
of atomic matter— such as X-ray pictures. It may be that
radiant matter may l>e found capable of making a skia-
grapli of the soul, if there is one, as I hope.

He adds that " Clear proof that we live again
would more profoundly impress and influence the
world than any other thing whatsoever."

THE IRRESPONSIBILITY OF MEDIUMS.

Madame Ellen Letort, who does not hesitate to
say that Eldred and Craddock are most powerful
materialising mediums, discusses the question how
it is that men possessing such unmistakably genuine
powers should yet be detected in clumsy and vulgar
fraud. She attributes it to their incapacity to resist
suggestions. They are like persons under hypno-
tism : —

The greater their mediumship, the greater the dangers
to which they are exposed. The most powerful ■■ediums
are those who are the most impressionable. But as ediiims
thus become simply instruments for the use of oth, r wills,
terrestrial or estrarterrestrial. they can evidently be used
for evil as well as for good, and they receive impressions
and suggestions which, according to Dr. du Prel. it is
sometimes impossible for them to resist. Is it not also
probable that a very sensitive medium may. in a seance
during which he evidently passes through different states
of impressionability, receive suggestions which he will act
upon outside of the seances, even when he appears to be
in his normal state?

RETRIBUTION AFTER DEATH.

An anonymous writer in the Hindoo Spiritual
Magazine for May, writing on Vasco da Gama, de-
clares that when any man in this life causes serious
mischief to others, his victims in the other world
mete out to him the same injuries he has done to
them. In support of this he quotes from Mr. Buel's
■' Discoveries in Strange Lands " as to the fate of
Vasco da Gama. The famous Portuguese discoverer
treated the Indians of the Malabar Coast with
.savage ferocity : —

One of his favourite pastimes was to maim his victims.
Mr Buel states (and he makes the story clear by a verj-
impressive illustration) that, now and then, fishermen of
the Malabar Coa.?t see a stranee sight at the dead of night.
Thev see a bearded Feringee lEuropean) flying, with shriek
after shriek—all of them piercing and unearthly and heart-
rending—to escape from his numerous pursuers. These are
the shades of the Indians he had maimed. The shade of
Da Gama shows that he too has lieen maimed by his
victims. The picture shows as if Da Gama is trying to
elude bis pursuers, but he is eventually caught and cut to
pieces, and then the vision vanishes. But yet the same
scene is enacted again and again, even now. His sin has
not yet been expiated. The story is told not by the In-
dians, but by EuroiJean eye-witnesses.

Reriew of Revieics, Il9f06.

Current History in Caricature.

" O wad some power the g^iftie pe ns,
To see ourselves as ithers see us." — BURNS.

^^\

JHE YJOHKM I V/M N4D TMe WOMAN 1 KM BMD THE
Wonpjj I'LL ONt DM BE

BuUettnJ

Westminster Gojette.]

The Goveromeat as Seen by a Bishop.

This is an attempt on the part of our artist
realise the point of view of some of the excit
critics of the Government with regard to f
Education Bill.

[" The Liberals came with a mighty majori
a majority which was won under false — ay, baa
issues. Some people said they ought to be co"
teona to these men. What! courteong to bla
guards — courteous to thieves?" — Speech by ]
Gordon. R.C. Bishop of Leeds, May 27th, 1906.]

Mr. Balfour and the Guillotine.

„

" I know it's the only waj* — but they might ha'
given me more time." — F. C. G- iu the West
minster Gazette.

Review of Review!^, IIQ/OG.

Current History In Caricature

-- \"fi

287

The Tribune.'}

'■ When the Can Was Opened."

The official report, of the inquiry commission confirms
many ot the allegations made against the meat-canning
houses.

\\ I

^ ^^^.R

A

Melbourne Punch.}

The Civil Service Under Political Control.

(Mr. Bent takes hack Separate Kepresentation, bnt sur-
rounds the Civil Servant with severe political restrictions.)

EMANCIPATED PUBLIC EMPLOYEE: "By Jove, here's a poli-
tician! All look the other way. Eeraember. it's a hanging
matt«r if you're caught speaking to him."

S.Z. Free Lance}

The Legislative Counril.

The Head SEBVANT; "Begging your pardon, sir, for
disturbing you, but this uuder-servant is getting a bit old,
and I've got no use for him. Won't you give him the
sack, sir? '

N.Z.; "Oh, go away! Don't botljer me! 1 was never
cnnsulted about his appointment. Why should you consult
me about his dismissal? Do what you like. Don't mind
me."

Mrlliintrin' I'linch.}

The Archbishops Differ.

Dr. CLARKE: 'The Ohurch raffle is a pernicious thing.
Let me at it!"

Dr. Carr : " Aisy, now, aisy ! Sure, where's the harm
in our small and pleasant game? There's no encourage-
ment to gambling at all. becaze no one iver wins. Isn't
the man that gets the doll persuaded to put it up again
tor the good of the Church?"

288

The Review of Reviews.

September 2, 1906.

Eikeriki.']

Uacle Edward the European Polypus.

Ij^V. II \- I: ^ II ^ II •& n 8 J' -£ '. •£ ■ K • •.. " S ■' a ' ^ ■ £ -i ^ n 's n £

KladderadatschJ]

New Saints and Old Saints.

[Berlin.

CVienna.

The new saints have not l)een a Bucceea; we must put up Neue Gliichlichter,'] The Tsar In Chains.

e o a ones again. y^ wonder the Tsar grants no amnesty ; he is a political

pri so ner h imself !

■^'""""^ A Cabinet Minister in Russia. [St. Petersburg.

Formerly, the Minister was comfortably settled. Now he is ready to turn out at any moment.

Rtvitw of Reviewi, 119106.

Current History in Caricature.

289

Wayire Jo cob.]

Mechanfcal Loyalty

[Stuttgart.

In spite of ail police precautions, there are yet people
in Berlin who 8it still on the benches of- TJnter den Linden
when the Imperial automobile whizzea past- At last an
end has been put to this disrespectful behaviour. In
future, whenever the Imperial auto, arrives on the horizon,
the police on duty touch a button, and the desired expres-
sion of loyalty t-o the monarch at once appears, in conse-
quence ot an automatic backward movement of the seats.
It will be seen that this has the additional advantage of
raising the festive mood of everyone present to the highest
pitch of Patriotism.

W ettmimter Gazette^

A Fictitious Claim.

The TIN: "You or« my long-lost brother!"
Thb OX: "No, I'm not— I don't know you, and I've no
conneotion with yonl"

io Silhouelu.'\ /^ Merry Party. [Paris.

William op GBBMANT : " Won't you erer play with ma
any more?'

CorniiWon.]

Ttie Escaped Coolie — the Terror of the Rand.
'Solid Cornwall" wants to know what the Liberal
Government is doing to render the Band possible for Cor-
nish miners to work in?

39°

The Review of Reviews.

Septemier 1,1906.

The Tribune.']

Cast Up.

" There are, roughly, 100,000 lives Bacriflced in some form
or another everr year, not to man's inhumanity, hut to
neglect, carelessness, thoughtlessness and ignorance."— 3fr
John Burns at the National Conference on Infantile Mortality.

Minneapolis Journal.]

Wireless Telegraphy.
King: Edward seeks closer connection with America.

Klad(teradutf!ch.'}

Collecting Boxes.

[Berlin.

Kladderadittjch.]

The Anglo-Russian Understanding.
The teat of hreaking them in has succeeded; the English

LncleSamis grateful for every I But he is equally ready to give whale and the Russian bear are now getting on very well

contribution tohelp San Francisco. | of his surplus to Europe 1 together.

Review of Reviews, 119/06.

The Reviews Reviewed.

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Tlie optimism, which is one of the most valuable
endowments of the American temperament, shines
out in Dr. Shaw's survey of events in June. The
sensational disclosures respecting life assurance, rail-
roatl management and the tinned meat trade only
show, he says, that the republic has passed through a
period of enormous increase of wealth which, though
attended with incalculable advantage to the nation,
has been attended by serious abuses; the time has
come tor the correction of these faults; and President
Roosevelt has taken on the task. This cheery view of
affairs is apparently shared by the President, who
" thinks the United States is a country that is mak-
ing tine progress, and has as little to worry about as
any healthy or vigorous man in thus or in any other
country." As to the meat scandals, the President is
in fact fighting the battle of the stock-farmers and
cattle men. Now is the time for model packing-
houses! Put white glazed tiles for damp and rotting
wood ; send every employe to his work through a com-
pulsory shower-bath establisiiment. .So it is quite fea-
sible to " turn harmful notoriety into profitable ad-
vertisement."

There is quite a sheaf of special articles of general
and exceptional interest. Mr. J. E. Sullivan gives
a very vivid sketch, enhanced by the help of the
camera, of American successes at the Olympian
Games. He reports a growing conviction that the

fames must be held, not in other countries, as was
rst attempted, but in Greece. Only there can suffis
cient popular inteicst be excited.

Rural depopulation is a subject of which we hardly
expect to hear in the United States, but Mr. W. S.
Rossiter shows its prevalence not merely in the Old
East but in the middle West. Excluding newly or-
ganised States and States mostly urban, of the re-
maining .JU counties 38.4 decreased between 1900 and
I'JOo. In the same period seventy-seven out of ninety-
nine counties in Iowa decreased. Rural districts in
New S'ork State have gone down because the Near
and Far West undersell their products in New York
City. The proportion of young children in them has
decreased one-tliird in forty years.

Mr. C. F. Speare writes on France as an investor,
who, he says, is now playing tlie ujle of the world's
banker: "England lost her claim to the title when
she went to war in South .Africa." Industrially in-
ferior to Germany, and with a commerce much below
that of Great IJritaiii, France owes her high position
to her domestic thrift. French investors trust their
bankers, but fearing Socialistic encroachments pre-
fer foreign to home investments (other than their own
national del)t). They are developing a taste for
.\merican securities. Thev have onlv recentiv put
i;2,000,00() in New York City Bonds, £10,000,000 in
the Pennsylvanian Railroad, and so on.

The growth of Political Socialism is traced by Mr.
W. D. I'. liliss. Its immediate significance lies, he
says, in what it compels other parties to do. Everj--
where in Europe a political minority. Socialism every-
where sets the pace. " In Great Britain it dominates
municipal policy, and makes of London in .some re-
spects the greatest Socialist city of the world."

THE PALL MALL MAGAZINBt

Mr. George B. Abraham, writing in the Pall Mali
Magazine for July on the Highest Climbs, asks, Can
Mount Everest be climbed?

THE HIGHEST GUMB ON RECORD.

It is the vastness of the Himalayas and the inac-
cessibility of even the bases of the highest peaks (he
writes) which makes their conquest almost impossible.
Mount Everest is 110 miles from Katmandu, the capi-
tal of Nepaul, and this is the nearest civilised place
to its base. Nepaul at present is a prohibited pro-
vince, and therefore it is still impossible to take
barometrical and boiling-point nieasiueiuents of the
supposed loftiest peak on the globe. The most ac-
cessible part and the best starting-place for moun-
taineering is Darjiling; and Kangchenjunga, the
tlii^rd highest mountain, is about forty-five miles dis-
tant. Kabru is the only peak which has yet been
climbed, and even the last fifty feet proved too much.
This is the highest climb yet made, the climber, Mr.
W. W. Graham, making the ascent with two Swiss
guides. The party felt no discomfort from the rarity
of the air.

PLANTS. ASLEEP AND AWAKE.

In the same number there is an interesting article
by Mr. S. Leonard Bastin on the Feeling of Plants.
The writes notes the various plants which open and
close their flowers, and he gives us pictures of several
asleep and awake. The leaves of certain plants are
also affected by changes in the light. The leaves of
clover, for instai:oe, droop together round the stem
in tlie evening. The clirysanthemum, too, dri>ops its
leaves at night. The tobacco plant, on the other
hand, sleeps by day and opens its flowers after sunset.
Wo know how the sensitive plant shrinks at a touch,
and how the tendrils of Virginian creepers prefer the
dark cracks and crevices to the light. Most curious
of all is the behaviour of the instctivorous plants.

PICTURES ON PALETTES.
Mr. Frederic Lees has a little article on Pictures on
Palettes. Some years ago Georges Beugniet had the
happy idea to start a collection of palettes with pic-
tures painted on them by the artists who had used
them, and in order to obtain them he handed to each
artist from whom he bought a picture a new palette
in excliange for the old one, and asked the artist to
make a little sketch on it as a souvenir of their trans-
action. Ths next owner of the collection, Georges
Bernlieim, has added to it considerably, and there
are now about 121 of these interesting palettes.

The Young Mans Maiiazinv (New Zealand) for July
is full of splendid matter, which no young man or
older man can reacl without having his moral fibre
stiffened. \ charming dcsiripticui of Lowell with
some of his choicest lines aie given by Sir Robert
Stout. To commence it means to read every word.
.Sir Robert's comments are in his usual thorough
clear manly style. To-day. when social reforni is so
much in ev'idence. his words are most apt and inspir-
ing.

292

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 190S.

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW.

The July number has in it much that is unusually
interesting

A PARTY IN NEED OF EEFOEM.
Mr. W. G. Howard Gritten pleads for the reform
of the Unionist Party. He frankly admits that Sir
Henry Campbell-Bannemiau has come to stay, and
the Opposition must be " disciplined and purged."
He says : —

Mr. Balfour will nobly have to resigo in favour of gome
leader more consistent, more determined, more energetif
than he; not a. leader who will defend opportunist sugges-
tions with abstract dialectics, but one who shall stand pos-
sessed of conscientious convictions capable of definitive ex-
position. Whether Mr. Chamberlain will be persuaded to
modify his self-denying ordinance or whether the mantle
must fall on other shoulders, is a matter of detail.

Mr. Gritten also asks for imijroved organisation
and better instructed candidates. He has a sorry tale
to tell of some of the defeated : —

One cajididate wa^ forced to confess that he had never
heard of a sinking-fund; another could not define a State-
aided school ; another, and he the former Member, so far
from being aware that the sections of the Trade DiBputes
Bill are completely subversive of the Common Law, blandly
intimated to a questioner that " he could not recall the
name, but had no doubt that, whatever that Bill was. he
had done right in voting against it!" Instances of the like
fatuity could be indefinitely miiltiplied, to say nothing of the
vast mob of those who lacked the most rudimentary know-
ledge of political economy, though venturing to make a
difficult economic question the chief plank in their election
platform.

It is to be feared that the writer has not quite
taken the measure of the Labour men when he says: —

Men grounded in the fundamentals of political philosophy,
constitutional law, and sociology from Plato downwards,
can with ease rebut these Cleons of the factory and dock-
yard. For the rant of the demagogue is based on no foun-
dation of systematised learning.

WORK FOR THE COLONIAL CONFERENCE.

Mr. Geoffrey Drage urges a sensible plea for more
knowledge of Imperial questions from a business point
of view, and common sense practical reforms on non-
controversial and non-party lines. He presses for
common statistical methods throughout the British
Empire, and goes on to say: —

There is no doubt, to my mind, that cheap postal and
telegraphic communications will do more for the unification
of the Empire than any other single reform. A cheap tele-
graphic serWce ensures that iii every morning paper in
our Colonies and dependencies there will be a full account
of the topics which are interesting people at home, and
rice rersd. In the telegraphic service at this moment there
are many anomalies; for instance, a cable to Havana costs
Is. 6d. a word, a cable to Trinidad 58. Id. a word, and a
cable to Demerara 73. a word.

Cheap postal rates for letters mean the maintenance of
regular communication between colonists, however poor, and
their people at home. Cheap postal rates for newspapers
and periodicals mean the introduction, for instance, into
Canada, of English journals and reviews which cannot now
compete with their American rivals. Reviews and periodi-
cals cost one cent per lb. from the United States to Canada,
and eight cents per lb. from Great Britain to Canada, a
rate which is, under the circumst.-inces. almost prohibitive.

He strongly advocates Sir Frederick Pollock's
scheme of an Imperial Advisory Council and Intelli-
gence Department.

THE SECRET OF GERMAN SUCCESS.
Dr. Louis Elkind finds the commercial prosperity of
Germany to be real, and not merely apparent. ' As
causes of her unexampled development he would un-
hesitatingly put patriotism first, next education. The

pains taken to master foreign languages has. he con-
siders, contributed in no small degree to German pros-
perity. German thoroughness is perhaps more than
anything else the cause of the present abounding
prosperity. To-day. he says, Germany is the third
greatest commercial power in the world, pressing
closely upon Great Britain and the L'nited .States.
The figures for 1904 are as follows: —

Uiiited Kingdom
Germany
United States

Imports.

, £481,040.000
, 314,549.000
, 215,814,000

Exports.

£300.818.000
258.625.000
297,031,000

IBSEN'S DEBT TO FRANCE.
Mr. William Archer discusses Ibsen's craftsmanship,
and traces the influence on his early work of the then
dominant school of Eugene Scribe. Excepting his
three dramas in verse, Mr. Archer traces the influence
of Ibsen's close study of some seventy-five French
dramas in all his plays from "Lady Inger " right
down to " A Doll's House." Movement is, he says,
the secret of Ibsen's theatre, as it is of Scribe's, but
the movement is spiritual instead of material. He
goes so far as to say ; —

If I were asked to name the perfect model of the well?
built play of the French school, I should not go either to-
.\ugier or Sardou tor an example, but to Ibsen's " Pillar of
Society." In symmetrical solidity of construction, complex-
ity combined with clearness of mechanism, it seems to me-
incomparable- Yet, at the same time. I should call it by
far the least interesting of all the works of his maturity.

OTHER ARTICLES.
Mr. W. H. Mallock subjects to severe criticism Sir
Oliver Lodge's four positions on Life and IMatter, and
declares that Sir Oliver's theology is not the deliver-
ance of science, but merely the output of a " lay
clergyman." A pathetic interest attaches to a sketch
of "The Turn of the Year" by the late Fiona Mac-
leod. The art of dancing in Japan is prettily de-
scribed by Marcelle A. Hincks. Mr. T. A. Cook con-
trasts English and American rowing, to the disadvan-
tage of the latter, which, he says, is too much subject
to the influence of nerves. There is a gruesome story
by jirs. Belloc Lowndes entitled " According to Mere-
dith," intended to show the tragic possibilities which
lie in the suggestion of ten-year marriage contracts.

THE OCCULT REVIEW.

The Occult lieviciv ought to be welcomed even by
the most obdurate of sceptics on the same ground as
he is glad to include fairy tales in the necessary read-
ing of childhood. It supplies month by month stories.
that revive the wonder of the Arabian Nights, with
the added charm of modernity. The July number
contains a paper on "Magical Metathesis" by Dr.
Franz Hartmaiin, noticed elsewhere, which vies with
the achioveinents of the Arabian djiun. ilore ab-
struse is the paper by Jlr. E. T. Bennett on the magic-
of numbers. The occult lore of William Blake, the
poet, is brought into high relief by Mr. E. J. Ellis.
Mr. Mark Fiske explains the mystery of the clothing
of apparitions. The explanation suggested is that
the ghost first creates in his own mind a concept of
clothes, and next finds that other minds have some
suggestions to perfect the concept. " Clothes are thus-
the result of the combined thoughts of the manufac-
turer, the designer, the tailor and the wearer, and,
possibly, the friends of the wearer. The mental image
thus becomes objectified in some form of matter which
can be recognised by sense perceptions. " One only
wishes that one had the poiver of a ghost thus to
clothe oneself at will without the sequel of a tailor's
bill.

Review of Rtciews, 119/06.

The Reviews Reviewed.

293

PEARSONS MAGAZINE.

lu Pearson's Magazine for July the editor has an
article ou the Curse of the Cigarette, in which he
maintains that cigarette-smoking is undermining the
youth of the nation, stunting the growth of boys,
blunting their muids, and leading to other rices. He
luotes the opinions of eminent men in support of the
theoi-y — Major-General Baden-Powell, Sir William
Broadbent, Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, and many
more. He adds that juvenile smoking is prohibited
•u America, Japan, and in many Colonial possessions.

There is a discussion or symposium on a health
topic, " How I Keep Fit," but most people know how
to keep fit, ciixiumstances or carelessness being the
chief causes of bodily troubles. A strenuous outdoor
life or violent physical exercise may do for some
people, but moderation in all things is much more
likely to keep fit the greater number.

An art article is devoted to the work of M. Francois
Briineiy, a painter of priests. He has painted not
only portraits of eminent prelates, but a number of
other pictures in which priests are included, such as
■ The Tedious Conference," now in the Walker Art
Gallery at Liverpool.

THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.

The Cvnteniporary Review for July is a very good
number. Quoted elsewhere are the papers by Pro-
fessor Kamsay, Sir Alfred Pease, Sir Oliver Lodge,
Harold Spender, and Mr. George Barlow.

FRENCH COMMON SENSE.
Mr. Laurence Jerrold writes on French politics and
the French people. In France, he says, politics is
more of a game than in England. French politicians
and editors by no means represent the sturdy good
sense of the French people. He sums up the situation
by saying : —

Tlie French ha\e always been a level-headed nation, bat
they have never yearned for a quiet life eoearnest.ly as to-
day. Tlie.v look, not coldly, but coolly, on Russia, awaiting
ievelopmeuts, for after the original fever of friendship
that now can be the only businesslike attitude. They threw
over M. Delcasse because he was suspected of adventurous-
Tiess in his policy. They recovered, by an admirable recall
of self-possession, from the three weeks' scare of war with
<;ermaiiy a year ago. After mature and at first cool con-
•sideration, they have finally accepted the entente cordiale,
-which has been the clearest sign in international afTaira of
the French people's common sense policy.

Paul Sabatier discusses religious events in France
ivifh a dash of Protestant acerbity. Tlie victory of
the Bloc was the victory of the principle of solidarity,
which is the essence of French Catholicism. He bears
witness to a deeper inierest, both in France and Italy,
in religion, and jubiiatea over the enlightenment of
+ he younger priests.

THE NATIONAL REVIEW.

THE PANAMA CANAL.
Lady Susan Townley writes a long article describ-
ing the chequered career of the I'anama Canal, with
an interesting description of a visit she and her hus-
band paid to the Tsthmus. and of the aspect of the
country about Panama. The article, which is too
long to quote, and cannot well be summarised, con-
tains the chief arguments for a canal with locks (just
decided upon), as against one at sea-level. One of
"the great troubles in constructinti the Canal will be
the labour supply. Coloured lalimir Lady Townley re-
gards as absolutely necessary on account of the
climate. This labour will come chiefly from Jamaica,
hut also from Martinique and Barbadoes. The
Jamaican negro is lazy, and will only work just as
much as necessary, and with him the writer evidently

thinks the American foreman is going to have an
unenviable task. She therefore suggests Jamaican
foremen for dealing with Jamaican negroe.s. they
bein" already accustomed to e.xact as much work as
possible from them on plantations.

THE PROGRESS OF OCCUf.T RESEARCH.
.Mr. .\. P. Sinnett's article on this subject is one
which everyone should read who wishes to know why
those who will have nothing to do with ordinary
"spiritualists" still regard occultism or "higher
spiritualism " as of .sovereign importance. I make
one extract from it : —

In reality faith plays no part at all in the progress of
occult research. Explanation from above must be found
consonant with the pupil's reason, or he is emphatically
discouraged from accepting it. The qualified pupil must
verify its truth for himself before he is regarded as
entitled to adopt it as an article of belief. Every detail
of occult science hangs together in one stupendous con-
catenation. As .1. philosophy of life, occult tea.ching is the
most coherent and logical system by which human think-
ing has ever been enlightened. But it would be as easy
to embody in one brief review a complete record of all
that has been accumulated as knowledge by the chemist
and the electrician, as to set forth the results of occult
research, even up to the stage of its present achievement.

THE ENGINEERING MAGAZINE.

The paper of most human interest in the July num-
ber is that by Egbert P. Watson on typical factory
systems and their practical results. He distinguishes
three systems — (1) the purely commercial, looking to
immediate results at the lowest possible cost: (2) the
mechanical, seeking the largest turnover that the best
outfit of machinery can produce; (3) a combination
of mechanical perfection, with certain accessions in
the way of moral and physical welfare of all the em-
ployes. He draws an interesting contrast between
types of the first and the third. The first picture is
exceedingly black: the third, which is located in
Waltham, Massachusetts, is a factory which has pro-
vided for the welfare of the workers in a w ay regard-
less of expense. The neighbourhood of the first fac-
tory was a sink of immorality : of the second, most
estimable and praiseworthy. Of Waltham he says: —

The attitude of the operatives towards each other is more
like that of the family in its best estate, than of factory
" h.inds." so-called, where the beatitudes are unknown, and
everyone's hand is against the other. Philanthropy and
business have joined hands with the result that both thrive.

Air. Clarence Heller discusses, from inspections of
the San Fran<isco ruins, the effocts of earthquake and
fire on modern buildings. The steel buildings, he re-
ports, stood the shock admirably. They suffered more
from the fire. ))ut the dynamite used to limit the fire
was the most serious cause of destruction. He em-
phasises the need of painting the columns before coat-
ing with masonry. Castiron posts stood the heat
better than steel.

General H. L. Abbot discusses the rival projects
of a sea level canal and a lock canal at Panama. He
sums up strongly in favour of the latter.

Mr. II. M. Chance suggests that for the Culebra
cut — the carrying the canal through a wall of rock
eight miles long and two hundred feet high — mining
methods should be adopted — the tunnel transportation
system, rather than the ordinary surface methods.

A study of electric railway operating cost and re-
venue, by Mr. H. S. Knowlton, shows the very high
cost of street railway operations in large cities, and
that the rides per capita increase with the population,
as does the traffic density. In Boston taxes amount
to more per car mile than either motive power cost
or maintenance of way. The other papers are mostly
technical.

294

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

MEN AND WOMEN OF INDIA.

Men and JVnmen of India is. I understand, the first
publication of its kind in India. It is a rery fully il-
lustrated monthly record of life and work in India.'
A great many pictures appear of the recent Royal
tour — among the very best I have seen. The portraits
are not only of Governors and their wives, judges and
their ladies, and other prominent Anglo-Indians, but
a large proportion are of prominent natives. A na-
tive lady appears on the cover of one of the numbers.
The most curious picture is of the famous Orissa
twins, .ioined by the side, not as the Siamese twins
were joined. The magazine is published in Bombay,
the annual subscription being Rs. 7.8, or 10.0 post
free ; and the London agents are Messrs. E. J. Reid
and Co.. Basinghall Avenue. E.C.

of Xotre Dame and the Lincoln devil, as representa-
tions in stone, and reproductions of a number of old
prints and pictures, giving various artists' concep-
tions-of Satan — Dore, tietzen' Mayer. J. P. Laurens,
etc.

Mr. R. Weston writes on the peculiarities of French
authors. Moliere is represented reading to his house-
keeper, Delille dictating to his wife, and Paul Ver-
laine at a cafe, with paper, pen and ink, and a glass
of absinthe before him. Lafontaine wrote his fables
in the midst of brilliant society, taking no notice of
the people round him. Racine" could not work if he
caught the smell of apples. BufFon could only write
with valuable lace cuffs on his sleeves. Voltaire had
several desks, on each of which lay open his various
unfinished manuscripts : and Rousseau was always
longing for a wild and lonely life in the forest.

C B. FRY'S MAGAZINE.

The July number is as bright and breezy as usual.
■ The out-of-door man is Lord Desliorough. who is de-
scribed as one of the few men who do all things ex-
cellently well. There is a very interesting account of
the Olympian Games by Mr. A. E. Johnson, illus-
trated with most instructive photographs. He says
that from the onlooker's point of view no finer build-
ing than the vast white marble amphitheatre could
be devised. The stadium seats 60.000 people at the
same time, and to every one a clear view of everything
that happens in the arena is possible. He attributes
the American success in the flat racing to the fact
that they had four men out of the eight contending.
The throwing of the javelin was one of the most
popular events, but it was the ilarathon race which
caused the greatest excitement. The course runs from
Marathon to Athens, about twenty-six miles in length.
It is simply and solely a test of endurance. The blaz-
ing heat of the sun burning in a cloudless sky, the
rough road and the thick dust strewed the track with
the men who fell overpowered. Sherring, the Cana-
dian who won the race, owes his victory to his having
familiarised himself with the track.

As befits the season, there is much chat about lawn
tennis. «ith a special illustrated paper on the Ameri-
can service of lawn tennis by Mr. P. A. Vaile. The
knack of throwing is illustrated in all forms of
athletic contortions by Mr. G. L. Jessop. The art of
diving is encouraged and described by Mr. Charles
L. Hammond, also with a great variety of action
photographs- The charm of living in tents as de-
scribed by Mr. Mecredy is separately noticed. A
dash of history is imparted in a paper by E. T. Lucas
on John Nyren, the man and his book, a great
cricketer who died in 1S37.

THE ENGLISH ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE.

The Enqlish Ilhistrated Magazine for July is a very
good number.

It opens with an interesting article, by Mr. W.
Calvert, on Dartmouth. " the most quaint and pic-
turesque old town in the West." At one time Dart-
mouth rivalled the Cinque Ports in importance, and
Chaucer chose it as the probable residence of his
" Shippemau." An interesting street is the Butter
Walk, containing old houses of the Elizabethan
period. Dartmouth is one of the towns which once
possessed the right of coinage, and specimens of Dart-
mouth halfpennies still exist. A painter of interest-
ing bits and scenes of Dartmouth is Mr. J. L. Wim-
hiish. whose " Return of the Privateers " is reproduc-
ed as one of the illustrations of the article.

Another article, by Mr. George Dennisson, is that
on the Prince of Evil, with illustrations of the demoD

THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY.

The June number of the Atlantic M<mtMy opehs
with an article, by ^ir. Benjamin F. Trueblood, on
the Hague Conferences and the Future of Arbitration.

A PERIODIC COXGEESS OF THE NATIONS.
Arbitration, he wr.tes, is no longer an experiment
but the settled practice of civilised nations when dis-
putes arise betweei them. During the last decade
there have been wars, certainly, but during the same
period there have been almost a hundred settlements
by arbitration. In reference to the next Hague Con
lerence the writer concludes : —

" The greatest service which the governments can
do along this line wiU be the preparation of a treaty
providing for a permanent periodic congress of the
nations. The demand for the inauguration of a world
organisation of some sort has within a few years be-
come very strong. The subject has been taken up by
the Interparliamentary Union, as well as by all the
other leading peace agencies, and the conference will,
in all probability, be compelled by the force of public
ouinion to make it the leading topic of its action, as
the conference of 1899 was obliged in the same way to
give its foremost attention to that of a permanent
international tribunal.

'■ A periodic congress of the nations, even if at first
it had no legislative functions, but only the power of
recommendation, would be of the very greatest value
to civilisation, not only directly, in its discussion of
questions of common interest to the nations, but alsn
in facilitating the work of the PeiTnaneut Court by
the development and better statement of international
law which would inevitably result from its periotlic
deliberations and conclusions.'

HOW OUGHT WEALTH TO BE DISTRIBUTED?

This article is followed bv one on the Distribution
of Wealth, by Mr. T. X. Carver. He suggests that
the old formula, " From every one according to his
abilit.v, to every one according to his needs," should
read " Let every one produce according to his ability,
and consume according to his needs," and adds: —

The iudividaal whose moral development will lead him
to respond to such an appeal can be reashed as effectnally
under the present social system as under an.v other, while
he who will not respond volantarily could not be reached
under any system.

The real work of the social reformer, however, is
thus summed up : —

The reformer who works toward the fuller realisation
of the principle of distribution according to worth, tieefnl-
ness or service will be working in harmony with the laws
of social t>ro?res8. and his labours will, therefore, be
effective. Otherwise, he will be attempting to tarn society
backward, or to shunt it off on a sidetrack

Review of Hetiewl, ijH/OS.

The Reviews Reviewed.

295

THE CENTUKY MAGAZINE.

There is a great deal of fiction in the July issue
of the Century Magazine-

DRY FARMING IN THE WEST.
Mr. John L. Cowan has an article on a method
of producing bountiful crops, without irrigation, in the
semi-arid regions of the West. Arid America, he says,
covers a territory extending north and south for a
distance of 120U miles, and east and west for 1300
miles ; that is to say, a territory embracing four-
teutlis of the total area of the Republic, or one thou-
sand nxilliou acres of land, but in exactly half the
area of the United States the rainfall is insufficient
for the cultivation of ordinal^ crops. Irrigation alone
is not a satisfactory solution of the problem, and the
governmeuta of the States are waking up to the fact
that some scientific soil-culture or dry-farming method
ought to be tried. But it is a continuous process, and
eternal diligence is the price which the farmer must
pay for his crops. The system is thus described: —

After the laud lias been deeply ploughed, the nnder-aoil
packed by the sub-soil packer, and the surface harrowed
and pulverised, a. full year should elapse before the first
crop is planted iu order to obtain the best results. This
season is needed for the collecting and storing of water.
In the winter and early spring heavy snows cover the
ground. When these meit in the spring, instead of drain-
ing off the surface or evaporating, as they have done tor
ages, they sink into the reservoir prepared for their recep-
tion.

As soon as the surface is dry enough the ground is har-
rowed over again and again, to place the soil mulch in
proper condition. This is repeated after each rain until
seeding time arrives. The seed is then drilled in just
deep enough to place it below the soil mulch in the moist,
compacted soil beneath, causing germination in the quickest
possible time.

After planting, the dry farmer continues to harrow over
the ground after each rainfall until the growing crop
is too far advanced to iiermit of this without causing it^
destruction. B.y that time it covers the ground fairly
well, protecting it to some extent from the sun and hot
winds, and making the constant loosening of the soil mulch
less imperative.

No sooner is the crop harvested than preparation begins
for the next seeding.

More ploughing, more harrowing, in other words,
persistent stirring of the soil, must be kept up to at-
tain good results.

THE FARM-EXODUS.
In another article Mr. L. H. Bailey asks, Why do
the Boys leave the Farm? and he puts before his
readers the reasons given by the boys for choosing
other careers than an agricultural one in America, the
cliief one being that farming does not pay. Another
reason is the hard physical labour. Some seek social
and intellectual ideals which farming cannot offer, but
forty per cent, of those to whom the writer addressed
a circular letter desire to leave the farm because it
is not remunerative.

CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL.

In Chambers's Journal for July there are so many
articles that it is impossible to notice more than one
or two. PROTECTION AGAINST MOSQUITOES.

Mr. Goi-don Wilson offers some hints on Protection
against Mosquitoes, and his remedy is so simple that
anyone can easily put it to the tost. He recommends
that couinioii vaseline should ho rubbed lightly over
the parts of tlie bwly likeJy to be exposed to the mos-
quito— face and neck, hands and arms, and feet. As
a preventive and a cure of malarial fever be recom-
mends Warburg's tincture, prefrrably in liquid form,
and as a means for destroying the larvie of the mos-
quito ha lias proved the efiiciency of a solution of
potash permanganate,

THE WALKING PARSON.

The Rev. Arthur Nevile Cooper contributes to the

same number a short article entitled " A Tramp's
Lesson-Book." He is very enthusiaatio about walking
tours, and he himself has walked over the greater part
of Europe. In a week's holiday he walked through a
large part of Belgium, and he walked round Holland
in a fortnight. It took him three weeks to tramp
across Denmark, and a month to do France from
Dieppe to Monte Carlo. In a six weeks' holiday he
walked to Rome, and so has done the grand tour in
a very interesting way. One great advantage of a
tour in a strange land is, he says, that it brings out the
best side of you, and this is true in a walking tour.

THE QUIVER.

The Quiver opens with the descriptive article on
Lord and Lady Aberdeen and their London house.
The magazine is more generally interesting than usual,
and contains, in addition, a paper on the Nurses'
Institution at Mildmay, Stoke Newington, and an-
other on the rather well-worn theme of the giants
used in Belgian processions.

. HOW THE POOR PARE.
The most entertaining paper is by Mr. Hugh B.
Philpott on "How the Poor Fare." He says that
poor children make excellent shoppers ; they early
become keen bargainers, and are more likely to get
round the shopkeeper's heart than the older members
of the family. He also says that the low prices ob-
taining in shops with poor customers is not due to
inferior goods, for in the matter of food the poorest
customers are often the most exacting, and it is a
great mistake to suppose that in back streets there is
no demand for meat, fish, or groceries of the highest
quality. Prices, however, are 25 to 30 per cent, less
than in more aristocratic establishments, a difference
in price mainly due to lower rent, no calling for
orders, no delivei-y of goods, and (as a rule) no_ credit.
The halfpennyworths and farthingsworths sold in small
shops are generally good value for the money. Many
poor families, it "is well known, buy in very sniall
quantities, sometimes even purchasing their_ little
screw of tea for every meal. This Mr. Philpoft does
not think so extravagant as most of us have been
taught to think it. Small quantities tend to abste-
mioasness ; if you have only two teaspoonfuls of tea
in the house, you cannot put three in the pot: —

A working man's wife was asked why she did not pur-
chase a large pot of jam instead of many verv small ones.
She replied that it was much cheaper to buy the small
pots because of the great rapidity with which her husb.and
made the jam disappear when a generous supply appeared
on the table.

LA REVUE.

Jean Ajalbert. who writes the opening article in
La Bevue of June 1st. deplores the ignorance and the
indifference of Prance with regard to her Colonies.

INDO-CHINA IX PERIL.

Afteir the Russo-Japanese War France seemed to
wake up and show some concern about the defences
of her ten-itories in Asia, but the uneasiness lasted
only a few weeks. Yet the occasion was opportune
for a discussion of the position of Indo-China. Before
the war, generals, admirals, and governors had de-
creed that there was nothing to fear : when the war
broke out, it was suddenly apparent that the enemy
had but to choose his time,' and he would meet with no
resistance.

The contingent of land troops is nothmg to count
on; besides, the number is generally reduced by one-
third owing to fever and dysentery. And there is no
fleet. One vessel is at the arsenal and cannot be re-

296

The Review of Reviews.

Septfmber 1, 190S

paired, another has broken down in the Bay of Along,
while those which ought to complete the squadron can-
not take the sea for several years. When they are
ready, it will be difficult to know what to do with
them, there being no naval base for the fleet. The
natives fonu the only serious defensive force of Indo-
China. The native soldiers have been trained accord-
ing to European methods, but France has taken no
pains to secure their loyalty. Tliere will be no lack
of arms when the natives care to fight against France.
In the second June number the writer returns to
the subject, and shows that France has done every-
thing to make a small empire out of a large one.

THE END OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

In an article on " The Birth and Death of the
Triple Alliance " which Alexander Ular has contributed
to the second June number, the writer notes the
radical transformation which has taken place in the
principles which govern the management of affairs
between the Congress of Berlin and the Algeciras Con-
ference, the cradle and the tomb of the Triple AJ-
lianoe. Nothing illustrates so well the gi-eat change
in the character of European politics as the position
of the reporters tweuty-six years ago and to-day. At
the time of the Congress of Berlin the press was
considered the natural enemy of diplomatists, and
Bismarck would turn in his grave if he knew how
his successors and their colleagues treated the news-
paper correspondents at Algeciras.

As to the Alliance itself, the union of Austria and
Germany was a very natural aiTangement between
two German dynasties, and one not likely to cause
disquiet to the rest of Europe, except, perhaps, to
Russia. It was the admission of Italy which gave the
Alliance its formidable character. The conditions
under which the Alliance came into existence are clear
enough. Germany required two instruments — one
directed against Pan-Slavism and the other against
regenerated France. The consequences have been
fatal for everybody, and it is to be hoped that in
future it will not be the immediate interests of the
reigning dynasties but the real interests of the people
which will determine the character of international re-
lations.

THE REVUE DE PARIS.

In the two June numbers of the Revue de Paris
Francois Simiand writes on the condition of the
workers in mines in France.

THE LOT OF THE FRENCH MUfER.

Public indignation, says the writer, is always vented
against insufficient precautions and inhumane econ-
omies which have fatal results, but public feeling takes
on another tone when the victims are the victims of
their labour. The work of civilisation may bring its
risks, but every means should be applied to reduce
those risks. We little know what a mine is like and
what is the life of a miner, and we are surprised to
learn that a considerable proportion of the workers
in mines are not miners at all. Out of 171,600 workers
in the French coal mines in 1904, 11,000 were boys
from thirteen to sixteen years of age. and 9400 from
sixteen to eighteen, and 6100 were women or girls, so
that only 145,100 were men over eighteen.

The miner has had to work hard to have fixed
hours of labor, but his wages seem to be anything
but stable. Every time there is a new settlement as
to wages, he is at the mercy of a power against which,
in his isolation, he can do nothing. But it is not
only with i-eference to his wages and the conditions
of his work that he feels the weight of a distant
anonymous power, in relation to which his personal

desires and legitimate independence as an individual
count absolutely for nothing. The miner population
is more isolated than an.y other. The people are
massed together in great dwellings in artificial cities
close to their work, and it is difficult or impossible
for the miner to have the feeling of being at home at
the end of the day from the interference of his em-
ployer. His house belongs to the company, he burns
the coal of the company, the doctor and the chemist
belong to the oompauy, his children are taught in
the schools of the company before taking up the
work in the mine, and women and girls all serve the
company. Even the church belongs to the company.

THE NOUVELLE REVUE.

Leo Claretie, who writes on the Hungarian crisis
in the first June number of the Noui-elle Bevue, bases
his article on unpublished notes by Count Albert
Apponyi.

IS HUNGARY TO BE HUNGARIAN?

Hungary, writes the Count, has always been con-
sidered an independent kingdom, a sovereign state, a
nation, even though it had contracted a permanent
alliance with the other countries, under the sceptre
of the same dynasty. But Austria has never aban-
doned the idea of founding, with all these countries,
Hungary included, a unified Empire, and it is the
antagonism of these two fundamental ideas which has
produced innumerable convulsions during the past
four centuries. The compromise of 1867 seemed to
have put an end to the dream, but to-day we are
obliged to admit tliat it was a vain illusion. The law
guaranteed unity of command and organisation of the
whole aniiy of the two countries, but the Emperor
has made German the language of command and the
Austrian arms the arms of Hungary, in defiance of
the recognised principle of Hungarian independence
and of the laws which proclaimed the Hungarian lan-
guage the State language of Hungary, and promised
the use of the Hungarian colours and arms in all
State institutions in Hungary.

^Tiat nation in its national military life would
sacrifice its money and its children for anti-national
military institutions? At last a crisis arrived, and
there was a strong opposition for a year and a-half.
1903-4. After upsetting two Ministries, a sort of
compromise was efi'ected, and there was a six months'
truce. But the discontent was not appeased, and the
resignation of M. Tisza was the ending of the first act
of the drama. The last scene of the second act was
the Parliamentary debate in February of the present
year, and the third act has only just began .

THE DUTCH REVIEWS.

The article which takes the premier place in the
current issue of De G-ids is Mr. G. Busken Huet's
essay on " The Swan Knight and His Mother." This
is the story of Lohengrin, made known to most of us
through Wagner's opera of that name. The author
enters into the history of this legend, showing that it
dates back .several centuries ; he gives us many in-
teresting details of the variations of Lohengrin and
Parsifal, as they are to be seen in folk-lore, and he
concludes with a few instances of the curious notions
that prevailed among primitive peoples concerning the
birth of children. In order to prevent the evil spirits
from injuring the child, parents appear to have pre-
tended that the woman had also given birth to some
small animal, evidently with the belief that the dumb
creatures would be selected as the prey and that the
child would thereby escape.

Prof. Kuiper continues, in Onze Eeuw, his chatty
articles on Hellas, Old and New, dealing with Delos

Review of Reviews^ 119/06.

The Reviews Reviewed.

297

and Thera. Among other contributions are two of
historical importance ; one concerning Holland and
Spain, the other dealing with Holland and France.
The story of '' Phillip's William " Ls a curious and
little-known piece of history: William was the eldest
son of William the Silent, and Philip was the famous
Kincr of Spain who gave us so much trouble with his
Armada. William was taken as a prisoner to Spain
and kept there for thirty years; he was well treated
and his education attended to, for he was but thir-
teen when taken from his people ; the idea was to
have him ready to act as the tool of Spain in the
Netherlands when the proper time arrived. Aft.er liLs
release William tried to return and enter into pos-
session of his own. but the Protestants, although
not numerous, were against this Catholic Prince, and
sided with liis brotlier. Then we are told of William's
visit to Rome, of his journeys and efforts to obtain
recognition by bis people, who requested him to stop
awaj', and his death through the ignorance of a sur-
geon. It is a pitiful stoi-y.

Johan, or Jan. de Wit is the .subject of the second
article. This statesman was accused of entering into
secret negotiations with Louis X.TV. to overthrow the
Prince of Orange, and ever since 1672 there has been
a division of opinion about the accuracy of the charge.
Some Dutchmen would like to raise a statue to his
memory, others would burn his effigy as a mark of
contempt. The author cf this article arrives at the
conclusion that De Wit was not false to his country.

Elsevier is a good issue. Tlie opening article on
Dutch Sculpture Ls fresh and interesting. The article
on the magnolia is also worth mention.

The fii-st of the three contributions to Vragen (ks
Tijds is on the vexed question of Paternity. In Hol-
land, inquiry into the paternity of a child born out
of wedlock is not permitted ; it was not always so, as
the writer shows. Should the law be altered? On
the grounds of humanit.y, and for other reasons, yes!
Illegitimate children, where the father is known,
should have the same rights as the legitimate. The
author realises that the inquiry may be fraught with
difl5culty and also with risk, but on the whole the
reasons for permitting it outweigh those for forbidding
it.

THE SCANDINAYUN MAGAZINES.

NylaenJe (No. 11) contains an outspoken article by
Dr. Agnes Mathilde Wergeland, now Professor of His-
tory and French at Wyoming University, on " Wliy
Norsemen Emigrate." One of the reasons would
seem to be that Norwa.y, by very nature of her rugged,
majestic beauty, is too cold, too barren and unyield-
ing to afford to her children more than the barest of
livings — and men cannot live on beauty alone. But

in lier own mind Dr. Wergeland is convinced that the
chief reason is neither this nor that the Norse do not
love their homeland enough, but that they love each
other too little! There under the high heavens spread
over breezy fjeld and fjord, there is such an onpres-
sive spiritual atmosphere of narrow-minded intolerance,
of unloving readine.ss to raise teacup storms, of cavil-
ling, of insolence, private and political, of clerical and
sesthetio arrogance that the Norseman, though scarcely
knowing why, longs to get away from it all and to
breathe a fresher, sweeter air. No wonder the people
emigrate, exclaims Dr. Wergeland.

There is a peculiar hardness and unbendableness in
the Norseman's nature, and the mild virtues of for-
bearance grow but sparsely in his surroundings. That
is perhaps the reason why the Norse emigrant brings
to his new homeland for tlie first four or five years
nothing but an open mouth and a silent tongue-
speechless astonishment! And that is why, to come
home after spending some years abroad, is so often
like coming from open fields into narrow alleys, where
the fancies and prejudices of centuries still lie sleeping
in the gutters.

But Dr. Wergeland, true to her name, is too good
a patriot to liavo written in this fashion without a
definite hope that it would do good. Her object is
to try to exorcise tliat spirit of intolerance which is
a curse to any land, and to rouse a spirit of love, of
youtliful gladness and enthusiasm, and of genial emu-
lation of foreign progressiveness. To the charge that
. Norway is a poor country, she replies that Norway is
rich in opportunities. Let but a spirit of love link
her children together in a patriotic resolve to find
these out and make the most of them, and their re-
ward will not be wanting.

Daiisk Tidskrift has an essay by Adolf Hansen on
" English Influence on Danish Literature in the
Eighteenth Century," which contains much about
Ludvig Holberg, " who, it may be said, taught the
Danes and Norwegians to read." even as it is with
some truth said that the Tathr and the Spectator
taught the English to read.

In Kihujsjaa, Dr. August Koren, junr., describes a
new method (invented by himself) of watering gardens.
Without the illustrations, however, an explanation
would occupy too much space. Briefly, the apparatus
consists of one or more long wooden gutters fixed at
the desired height on either side of the portion to be
watered, which may be of any size. Along these the
water is conveyed by means of hose, and the watering
itself Ls done from broad flat sieves fixed from gutter
to gutter and moving along by means of small wheels.
It IS claimed that this method of irrigation ensures
a gentle, systematic, even watering unattainable by
other means.

<*="!

Review of Reviews^ 1J9/0S.

IN THE DAYS OF THE COMET.

BY H. G. WELLS.
BOOK THE FIRST— THE COMET.

CHAPTER THE SECOND— NETTIE— iConfinued).

STiS'OPSIS: The narrator tells the story of the Great Change. When a young man he was a clerk in a pot-
bank in Claj-ton. He is refused an increase in wages ami gives up his position. His intimate friend ia a socialist,
Parloa4, a man of his own age, who has, besides, a taste for science and is deeply concerned about a comet whose
path is approaching the earth's orbit. Why continue to think about socialism, he argues, when there is a pos-
sibility that the comet will hit tlie earth? Times are bad in England, on account of overproduction and the in-
trusion of American products in the English market. Strikes and lockouts exist throughout the country. The
narrator has been engaged to marry Nettie Stuart, but the engagement has been broken on account of his socialism
and religious doubt. However, he longs to see the girl again, and one Sunday afternoon arrives at her home in
Oheckshill.

IV.

When Nettie and I had been sixteen, we had
been just of aji age and contemporaries altogether.
Now we were a year and three-quarters older, and
she — her metamorphosis was almost complete, and
I was still only at the beginning of a man's long
adolescence.

In an instant she grasped the situation. The
hidden motives of her quick-ripened little mind
flashed out their intuitive scheme of action. She
treated me with that neat perfection of understand-
ing a young woman has for a boy.

" But how did you come ?" she asked.

I told her I had walked.

" Walked !" In an instant she was leading me
towjird the gardens. I must be tired. I must come
home with her at once and sit down. Indeed, it
was near tea-time (the Stuarts had tea at the old-
fashioned hour of live). Everyone would be so sur-
prised to see me. Fancy walking ! Fancy ! But
she supposed a man thought nothing of seventeen
miles. When could I have started !

And all the while, by imperceptible manoeuvres,
keeping me at a distance, w-ithout even the touch of
her hand.

■' But, Nettie 1 I came over to talk to you !"

" My dear boy ! Tea first, if you please ! And
besides — aren't we talking?"

The " dear boy " was a new note, a dissonance,
that sounded oddly to me.

She quickened her pace a little.

■' I wanted to explain " I began.

Whatever I wanted to explain, I had no chance to
do so. I said a few discrepant things, that she an-
swered rather by her intonation than her words.

When we were well past the shrubbery, she
slackened a little in her urgency, and so we came
along the slope under the beeches to the gardens.
She kept her bright, straightforward-looking girlish
eyes on me as we went ; it seemed she did so all
the time, but now- I know, better than I did then,
that every now and then she glanced over me and
behind me towards the shrubbery. And all the
while, behind her quick, breathless, inconsecutive
talk, she was thinking.

Revivw of Reviews, 119/06.

In the Days of the Qomet.

299

Her dress marked the end of her transition.
Can I recall it?

Not, I am afraid, in the terms a woman would
use. But her bright brown hair, which had once
flowed down her back in a jolly pigtail tied with
a bit of scarlet ribbon, was now caught into an
intricacy of pretty curves above her little ear and
cheek and the soft, long lines of her neck; her
white dress had descended to her feet; her slender
waist, which had once been a mere geographical
expression, an imaginary line like the equator, was
now a thing of flexible beauty. A year ago she had
been a pretty girl's face sticking out from a little
unimpoitant frock that was carried upon an ex-
tremely active and efficient pair of brown-stockinged
legs. , Now there was coming a strange new body
that flowed beneath her clothes with a sinuous in-
sistence. Every movement, and particularly the
novel droop of her hand and arm to the unaccus-
tomed skirts she gathered about her, and a grace-
ful, forward inclination that had come to her, called
softly to my eyes. A very fine scarf — I suppose you
would call it a scarf — of green gossamer, that some
new-wakened instinct had told her to fling about her
shoulders, clung now closely to the young undula-
tions of her body and now streamed fluttering out
for a moment in a breath of wind, and like some
shy, independent tentacle with a secret to impart,
came into momentary contact with my ann.

She caught it back and reproved it.

We went through the green gate in the high
garden wall. I held it open for her to pass through ;
for this was one of my restricted stock of stiff polite-
nesses, and then for a second she was near touching
me. So we came to the trim array of flower Lieds
near the head gardener's cottage and the vistas of
" glass " on our left. We walked between the box
edgings and beds of begonias, and into the shadow
of a yew hedge within twenty yards of that very
pond with the goldfish, at whose brim we had
plighted our vows, and so we came to the wistaria-
smothered porch.

The door was wide opened, and 'she walked in
before me. " Guess who has come to see us !" she
cried.

Her father answered indistinctly from the parlour,
and a chair creaked. I judged he was disturbed
in his nap.

" Mother !" she called in her clear, young voice.
" Puss I"

Puss was her sister.

She told them, in a marvelling key, that I had
walked all the way from Clayton, and they gathered
about me and echoed her notes of surprise.

" You'd better sit down, Willie," said her father,
" now you have got here. How's your mother?"

He looked at me curiously as he spoke.

He was dressed in his Sunday clothes, a sort of
brownish tweeds, but the waistcoat was unbuttoned
for greater comfort in his slumbers. He was a

brown-eyed, ruddy man, and J still have in my mind
the bright effect of the red-golden hairs that started
out from his cheek to flow down into his beard.
He was short but strongly built, and fiis beard and
moustache were the biggest things about him. She
had taken all the possibility of beauty he possessed,
his clear skin, his bright hazel-brown eyes, and
wedded them to a certain quickness she got from her
mother. Her mother I remember as a sharp-eyed
woman of great activity ; she always seems to me
now to have been bringing in or taking out meals,
or doing some such service, and to me — for my
mother's sake and my own — she was always welcom-
ing and kind. Puss was a youngster of fourteen,
perhaps, of whom a hard, bright stare and a pale
skin like her mother's are the chief traces on my
memory. All these people were very kind to me
always, and among them there was a common recog-
nition, sometimes very agreeably finding expression,
that I was — clever. They all stood about me as if
they were a little at a loss.

" Sit down !' said her father. ' Give him a chair,
Puss."

We talked a little stiffly ; they were all surprised
by my sudden apparition, dusty, fatigued and white-
faced ; but Nettie did not remain to keep the con-
versation going.

" There !" she cried suddenly, as if she were
vexed. " I declare !" and she darted out of the
room.

" Lord ! what a giri it is !" said Mrs. Stuart. " I
don't know what's come to her."

It was half-an-hour before Nettie came back. It
seemed a long time to me, and yet she had been
running, for when she came in again she was out
of breath. In the meantime, I had thrown out
casually that I had given up my place at Rawdon's.
" I can do better than that," I said.

" I left my book in the dell," she said, panting.
" Is tea ready?" and that was her apology. . . .

We didn't shake down into comfort even with
the coming of the tea-things. Tea at the gardener's
cottage was a serious meal, with a big cake and
little cakes, and preserves and fruit, a fine spread
upon a table. You must imagine me, sullen, awk-
ward and preoccupied, perplexed by the something
that was inexplicably unexpected in Nettie, saying
little and glowering across the cake at her, and all
the eloquence I had been concentrating for the
previous twenty-four hours miserably lost somewhere
in the back of my mind. Nettie's father tried to
set me talking ; he' had a liking for my gift of ready
speech, for his own ideas came with difficulty, i
ho was pleased to hear me pouring out my views.
Indeed, over there I was, I think, even more talka-
tive than with Parioad, though to the world at large
I was a shy young lout. " You ought to write it
out for the newspapers," he used to say. " That's
what vou ought to do. / never heard such non-
sense."

300

The Review of Reviews.

September 1. 1906.

Or : " You've got the gift of the gab, young man.
We ought to ha' made a lawyer of you."

But that afternoon, even in his eyes, I didn't
shine. Failing any other stimulus, he reverted to
my search for a situation, but even that did not
engage me.

V.

For a long time I feared I should have to go
back to Clayton without another word to Nettie.
She seemed insensible to the need I felt for a talk
with her, and I was thinking even of a sudden
demand for that before them all. It was a trans-
parent manoeuvre of her mother's, who had been
watching my face, that sent us out at last together
to do something — I forget now what — in one of the
greenhouses. Whatever that little mission may have
been it was the merest, most barefaced excuse, a
door to shut, or a window to close, and I don't
think it got done.

Nettie hesitated and obeyed. She led the way
through one of the hothouses. It was a low, steamy^
brick-floored alley between staging that bore a close
crowd of pots of fern, and behind big, branching
plants that were spread and nailed overhead so as
to make an impervious cover of leaves ; and in that
close, green privacy she stopped and turned on me
suddenly like a creature at bay.

" Isn't the maidenhair fern lovely ?" she said, and
looked at me with eyes that said, " Now."

" Nettie," I began, " I was a fool to write to vou
as I did."

She startled me by the assent that flashed out
upon her face. But she said nothing, and stood
waiting.

" Nettie," I plunged, " I can't do without you. I
— I love you."

" If you love me," she said trimly, watching tne
white fingers she plunged among the green branches
of a selaginella, " could you write the things you
do to me?"

" I don't mean them," I said. " At least not
al\va\s. "

I thought really they were very good letters, and
that Nettie was stupid to think otherwise, but I was
for the moment clearly aware of the impossibility
of conveying that to her.

" You ^vrote them."

" But then I tramp seventeen miles to say I don't
mean them."

" Yes. But perhaps you do."

I think I was at a loss ; then I said, not verv
clearly. "I don't."

" You think vou — you love me, Willie. But vou
don't."

"I do. Nettie! You know I do."

For answer she shook her head.

I made what I thought was a most heroic plunge.
"Nettie," I said,. "I'd rather have you than — than
my own opinions."

The selaginella still engaged her. " You think
so now,'' she said.

I broke out into protestations.

■■ No," she said shortly. " It's dififerent now.''

■' But why should two letters make so much dif-
ference ?" I said.

'■ It isn't only the letters. But it is different. It's
different— for good."

She halted a little with that sentence seeking
her expression. She looked up abruptly into my
eyes and moved, indeed slightly, but with the in-
timation that she thought our talk might end.

But I did not mean it to end like that.

'For good?' said I. "No! Nettie 1 Nettie!
You don't mean that !"

'■ I do," she said deliberately, still looking at me,
and with all her pose conveying her finality. She
seemed to brace herself for the outbreak that must
follow.

Of course I became wordy. But I did not sub-
merge her. She stood entrenched, firing her con-
tradictions like guns into my scattered, discursive
attack. I remember that our talk took the absurd
form of disputing whether I could be in love with
her or not. And there was I, present in evidence,
in a deepening and widening distress of soul be-
cause she could stand there, defensive, brighter and
prettier than ever and in some inexplicable way cut
off from me and inaccessible.

You know we had never been together before
without enterprises of endearment, without a faintly
guilty, quite delightful excitement.

I pleaded, I argued. I tried to show that even
my harsh and difficult letters came from my desire
to come wholly into contact with her. I made exag-
gerated, fine statements of the longing I felt for her
when I was away, of the shock and misery of finding
her estranged and cool. She looked at me, feeling
the feeling of my speech and impervious to its ideas.
I had no doubt — whatever poverty my words, coolly
written down now. might convey — that I was elo-
quent then. I meant most intensely what T said —
indeed, I was wholly concentrated upon it. I was
set upon conveying to her with absolute sinceritx
my sense of distance, and the greatness of my de-
sire. I toiled toward her painfully and obstinately
through a jungle of words.

Her face changed very slowly — bv such imper-
ceptible degrees as when at dawn light comes into
a clear sky. I could feel that I touched her, that
her hardness was in some manner melting, her de-
termination softening towards hesitations. The
habit of an old familiarity lurked somewhere within
hier. But she would not let me reach her.

" No," she cried abmptly, starring into motion.

She laid a hand on my arm. A wonderful new
friendliness came into her voice. ' It's impossible,
Willie. Everything is different now — everything.
We made a mistake. We two young sillies made a

Review of Reviews, 119/06.

In the Days of the Gomet.

3°i

mistake, and everjthing is different forever. Yes,
yes."

She turned about.

■Nettie!' cried I, and still protesting, pursued
her along the narrow alley between the staging
toward the hothouse door. I pursued her like an
accusation, and she went before me like one who
is guilty and ashamed. So I recall it now.

She would not let me talk to her again.

Yet I could see that my talk to her had altogether
abolished the clear-cut distance of our meeting in
the park. Ever and again I found her hazel eyes
upon me. They expressed something novel — a sur-
prise, as though she realised an unwonted relation-
ship, and a sympathetic pity. And still — something
defensive.

When we got back to the cottage, I fell talking
rather more freely with her father about the
nationalisation of railways, and my spirits and tem-
per had so far mended at the realisation that I
could still produce an effect upon Nettie, that I was
even playful with Puss. Mrs. Stuart judged from
that that things were better with me than they were,
and began to beam mightily.

But Nettie remained thoughtful and said very
little. She was lost in perplexities I could not
fathom, and presently she slipped away from us and
went upstairs.

VI.

I was, of course, too footsore tO' walk back to
Clayton, but I had a shilling and a jjenny in my
pocket for the train between Checkshill and Two
Mile Stone, and that much of the distance I pro-
posed to do in the train. And when I got ready
to go, Nettie amazed me bv waking up to the most
remarkable solicitude for me. 1 must, she said, go
by the road. It was altogether too dark for the
short way to the lodge gates.

I pointed out that it was moonlight. " With the
ccmet thrown in," said old Stuart.

'■ No," she insisted, " you must go by the road."

I still disputed.

She was standing near me. " To please me," she
urged, in a quick undertone, and with a persuasive
look that puzzled me. Even in the moment I asked
myself why should this please her?

I might have agreed had she not followed that
up ^\ ith : " The hollies by the shrubbery are as
dark as pitch. And there are the deerhounds. '

'• I'm not afraid of the dark,' said I. " Nor of
the deerhounds, either."

" But; those dogs ! Supposing one was loose ! '

That was a girl's argument, a girl who still had
to understand that fear is an overt argument only
for her own sex. I thought too of those grizzly, lank
brutes straining at their chains and of the chorus
they could make of a night when they heard belated
footsteps along the edge of the Killing Wood, and
the thought banished my wish to please her. Like
most imaginative natures, I was acutely capable of

dreads and retreats, and constantly occupied with
their suppression and concealment, and to refuse
the short cut when it might appear that I did it on
account of half-a-dozen almost certainly chained
dogs, was impossible.

So I set off in spite of her, feeling valiant and
glad to be so easily brave, but a little sorry that
she should think herself crossed by me.

A thin cloud veiled thje moon, and the way under
the beeches was dark and indistinct. I was not so
preoccupied with my love affairs as to neglect what
I will confess was always my custom at night across
that wild and lonely park. I made myself a club
by fastening a big flint to one end of my twisted
handkerchief and tying the other about my wrist,
and with this in my pocket, went on comforted.

And it chanced that, as I emerged from the
hollies by the corner of the shrubbery, I was startled
to come unexf)ectedly upon a young man in evening
dress smoking a cigar.

I was walking on turf, so that the sound I made
was slight. He stood clear in the moonlight, his
cigar glowed like a blood-red star, and it did not
occur to me at the time that I advanced toward him
almost invisibly in an impenetrable shadow.

" Hello !" he cried, with a sort of amiable chal-
lenge. " I'm here first 1"

I came out into the light. "Who cares if you
are?" said I.

I jumped at once to an interpretation of his
words. I knew that there was an intermittent dis-
pute between the house people and the villager
public about the use of this track, and it is needless
to say where my sympathies fell in that dispute.

•' Eh ?" he cried in surprise.

" Thought I would run away, I suppose," said I,
and came close up to him.

.'Ml my enormous hatred of his class had flared
up at the sight of his costume, at the fancied chal-
lenge of his words. I knew him. He was Edward
Verrall, son of the man who owned not onlv this
great estate, but more than half of Rawdon's pot-
bank, and who had interests and possessions, col-
lieries and rents, all over the district of the Four
Towns. He was a gallant youngster, p>eople said,
and very clever. Young as he was, there was
talk of Parliament for him : he had been a great
success at the university, and he was being sedulously
popularised among us. He took with a light con-
fidence, as a matter of course, advantages that I
would have faced the rack to get, and I firmly be-
lieved myself a better man than he. He was, as
he stood there, a concentrated figure of all that
filled me with bitterness. One day he had stopped
in a motor outside our house, and I remember the
thrill of rage with which I had noted the dutiful
admiration in my mother's eyes as she peered
through her blind at him. " That's young Mr. Ver-
rall," she said. " They say he's very clever."

302

The Review of Reviews.

September 1, 1906.

" They would," I answered. " Damn them and
him!"

But that is by the way.

He was clearly astonished to find himself face
to face with a man. His note changed. " Who the
devil are you?" he asked.

" My retort was the cheap expedient of re-echoing,
" Who the devil are you ?"

■' Well," he said.

" I'm coming along this path if I like," I said.
" See ? It's a public path — just as this used to be
public land. You've stolen the land — ^\ou and
yours, and now you want to steal the right-of-way.
You'll ask us to get off the face of the earth next.
I shan't oblige. See?"

I was shorter and I suppose a couple of years
younger than he, but I had the improvised club in
my pocket gripped ready, and I would have fought
with him very cheerfully. But he fell a step back-
ward as I came towards him.

■' Socialist, I presume ?" he said, alert and quiet
and with the faintest note of badinage.

" One of many."

" We're all socialists nowadays," he remarked
philosophically, " and I haven't the faintest inten-
tion of disputing your right-of-way."

" You'd better not," I said.

" No !"

•' No."

He replaced his cigar, and there was a brief
pause. " Catching a train ?" he threw out.

It seemed absurd not to answer. " Yes," I said,
shortly.

He said it was a pleasant evening for a walk.

I hovered for a moment, and there was my path
before me, and he stood aside. There seemed
nothing to do but to go on. " Good night," said
he, as that intention took effect.

I growled a surly good night.

I felt like a bombshell of swearing that must
presently burst with some violence as I went on my
silent way. He had so completely got the best of
our encounter.

VII.

There comes a memory, an odd intermixture of
two entirelv divergent things, that stands out with
the intensest vividness.

As I went across the last open meadow, following
the short cut to Checkshill station, I perceived I
had two shadows.

The thing jumped into my mind and stopped its
tumid flow for a moment. I remember the intel-
ligent detachment of my sudden interest. I turned
sharplv, and stood looking at the moon and the
great, white comet, that the drift of the clouds had
now rather suddenly unveiled.

The comet was perhaps twenty degrees from the
moon. What a wonderful thing it looked floating
there, a greenish-white apparition in the dark-blue
deeps ! It looked brighter than the moon because

it was smaller, but the shadow it cast, though clearer
cut, was much fainter than the moon's shadow. I
went on noting these facts, watching my two shadows
precede me.

I am totally unable to account for the sequence
of my thoughts on this occasion. But suddenly, as
if I had come on this new fact round a comer,
the comet was out of my mind again, and I was
face to face with an absolutely new idea. I wonder
sometimes if the two shadows I cast, one with a sort
of feminine faintness with regard to the other and
not quite so tall, may not have suggested the word
or the thought of an assignation to my mind. All
I have clear is that with the certitude of intuition
I knew what it was had brought the youth in even-
ing dress outside the shrubbery. Of course ! He
had come to meet Nettie !

Once the mental process was started it took no
time at all. The day which had been full of per-
plexities for me, the mysterious, invisible thing that
had held Nettie and myself apart, the unaccount-
able, strange something in her manner, was revealed
and explained.

I knew now why she had looked guilty at my ap-
pearance, w^hat had brought her out that afternoon,
why she had hurried me in, the nature of the " book "
she had run back to fetch, the reason why she had
wanted me to go back by the highroad, and why
she had pitied me. It was all in the instant clear
to me.

You must imagine me a black, little creature,
suddenly stricken still — for a moment standing rigid
— and then again suddenly becoming active with
an impotent gesture, becoming audible with an
inarticulate cry, with two little shadows mocking my
dismay, and about this figure you must conceive a
great wide space of moonlit grass, rimmed by the
looming suggestion of distant trees — trees very low
and faint and dim, and over it all the domed
serenity of that wonderful, luminous night.

For a little while this realisation stunned my mind.
My thoughts came to a pause, staring at my dis-
covery. Meanwhile my feet and my previous direc-
tion carried me through the warm darkness to Checks-
hill station with its little lights, to the ticket-office
window, and so to the train.

I remember myself, as it were, waking up to the
thing — I was alone in one of the dingy third-class
compartments of that time — and the sudden, nearly
frantic, insurgence of my rage. I stood up with
the cry of an angry animal, and smote my fist with
all mv strength against the panel of wood before
me.

Curiously enough I have completely forgotten my
mood after that for a little while, but I know that
later, for a minute perhaps, I hung for a time out
of the carriage mth the door open, contemplating a
leap from the train. It was to be a dramaric leap,
and then I would go storming back to her, de-
nounce her, overwhelm her ; and I hung, urging

l:ei-iew of Reciewa, 119106.

in the Days of the Gomet.

3°3

myself to do it. I don't remember how it was 1
decided not to do this, at last, but in the end I
didn't.

When the train stopped at the next station, I had
given up all thoughts of going back. I was sitting

CHAPTER THE THIAD-
j I pushed and threaded my way through the by-

standers and went on, and his curious, harsh, flat

in the comer of the carriage with my bruised and
wounded hand pressed under my arm, and still in-
sensible to its pain, trying to think out clearly a
scheme of action — action that should express the
monstrous indignation that possessed me.

-THE REVOLVER.

' That comet is going to hit the earth !"

So said one of the two men who got into the
train and settled down.

" Ah !' said the other man. " They do say it is
made of gas, that comet. We shan't blow up, shall
us?"

What did it matter to me?

I was thinking of re\'enge — revenge against the
primary conditions of my being. I was thinking of
Nettie and her lover. I was firmly resolved he
should not have her — though I had to kill them
both to prevent it. I did not care what else might
happen, if only that end were insured. All my
thwarted passions had turned to rage. I would have
accepted eternal torment that night without a second
thought, to be certain of revenge. A hundred pos-
sibilities of action, a hundred stormy situations, a
whirl of violent schemes, chased one another
through mv shamed, exasperated mind. The sole
prospect I could endure was of some gigantic,
inexorably cruel vindication of my humiliated self.

And Nettie? I loved Nettie still, but now with
the intensest jealousy, with the keen, unmeasuring
hatred of wounded pride and baffled, passionate
desire.

II.

As I came down the hill from Clayton Crest — for
my shilling and a penny only permitted my travel-
ling by train as far as Two-Mile Stone, and thence
I had to walk over the hill — I remember very vividly
a little man with a shrill voice who was preaching
under a gas lamp against a hoarding to a thin crowd
of Sunday evening loafers. He was a short man.
bald, with a little, fair, curly beard and hair and
watery blue eyes, and he was preaching that the
end of the world drew near.

I think that is the first time I heard anyone link
the comet with the end of the world. He had got
that jumbled up with international politics and
prophecies from the Book of Daniel.

I stopped to hear him onlv for a moment or so.
T do not think I should have halted at all but his
crowd blocked my path, and the sight of his queer,
wild expression, the gesture of his upward-pointing
finger, held me.

" There is the end of all your sins and follies,"
he bawled. " There ! There is the star of judgments,
the judgments of the mo.st High God ! It is ap-
pointed unto all men to die — unto all men to die "
— his voice changed to a curious flat chant — " and
after death, the judgment ! The judgment I"

voice pursued me. I went on with the thoughts that
had occupied me before — where I could buy a re-
volver, and how I might master its use — and pro-
bably I should have forgotten all about him had he
not taken a part in the hideous dream that ended
the Uttle sleep I had that night. For the most
part I lay awake thinking of Nettie and her lover.

Then came three strange days — three days that
seem now to have been wholly concentrated upon
one business.

This dominant business was the purchase of my
revolver. I held myself resolutely to the idea that
I must either restore myself by some extraordinary
act of vigour and violence in Nettie's eyes or I
must kill her. I would not let myself fall away
from that. I felt that if I let this matter pass, my
last shred of pride and honour would pass with it,
that for the rest of my life I should never deserve,
the slightest respect or any woman's love. Pride
kept me to my purpose between my gusts of pas-
sion.

Yet it was not easy to buy that revolver.

I had a kind of shyness of the moment when I
should have to face the shopman, and 1 was particu-
larly anxious to have a story ready if he should
see fit to ask questions why I bought such a thing.
1 determined to say I was going to Texas, and I
thought it might prove useful there. Texas, in those
days, had the reputation of a wild, lawless land. As
I knew nothing of calibre or impact, I wanted also
to be able to ask with a steady face at what dis-
tance a man or woman could be killed by the
weapon that might be offered me. I was pretty
cool-headed in relation to such practical aspects of
my affair. I had some little difficulty in finding a
gunsmith. In Clayton there were some rook-rifles
and so forth in a cycle shop, but the only revolvers
these people had impressed me as being too small
and toylike for my purpose. It was in a pawnshop
window in the narrow High-street of Swathinglea
that I found my choice, a reasonably clumsy and
serious-looking implement ticketed, •' As used in the
American army."

I had drawn out my balance from the savings
bank, a matter of two pounds and more, to make
this purchase, and I found it at last a very easy
transaction. The pawnbroker told me where I could
get ammunition, and I went home that night with
bulging pockets, an armed man.

The purchase of my revolver was, I say, the chief
business of those davs. but vou must not think I

304

The Review of Reviews.

Septemttr 1, 190S.

was so intent upon it as to be insensible to the stir-
ring things that were happening in the streets
through which I went seeking the means to effect
my purpose. They were full of raurmurings ; the
whole region of the Four Towns scowled lowering
from its narrow doors. The ordinary, healthy flow
of people going to work, people going about their
business, was chilled and checked. Numbers of men
stood about the streets in knots and groups, as
corpuscles gather and catch in the bloodvessels in
the opening stages of inflammation. . The women
looked haggard and worried. The ironworkers had
refused the proposed reduction of their wages, and
the lockout had begun. They were already at
" play." The Conciliation Board was doing its best
to keep the coal miners and masters from a breach,
but young Lord Redcar, the greatest of our coal
owners and landlord of all Swathinglea and half
Clayton, was taking a fine, upstanding attitude that
made the breach inevitable. He was a handsome
young man, a gallant young man ; his pride revolted
at the idea of being dictated to by a " lot of bally
miners,'' and he meant, he said, to make a figtt for
it. The world had treated him sumptuously from
his earliest years; the shares in the cormnon stock
of five thousand people had gone to pay for his
handsome upbringing, and large, romantic, expen-
sive ambitions filled his generously-nurtured mind.
He had early distinguished himself at Oxford by
his scornful attitude towards democracy. There was
something that appealed to the imagination in his
fine antagonism to the crowd — on the one hand,
was the brilliant young nobleman, picturesquely
alone ; on the other, the ugly, inexpensive multitude,
dressed inelegantly in slop clothes, under-educated,
underfed, envious, base and with a wicked disin-
clination for work and a wicked apperite for the
good things it could so rarely get. For common
imaginative purposes one left out the policeman
from the design, the stalwart policeman protecting
his lordship, and ignored the fact that while Lord
Redcar had his hands immediately and legally on
the workmen's shelter and bread, they could touch
him to the skin only by some violent breach of
the law.

He lived at Lowchester House, five miles or so
beyond Checkshill ; but partly to show how little he
cared for his antagonists, and partly no doubt to
keep himself in touch with the negotiations that
were still going on, he was visible almost ever}' day
in and about the Four Towns, driving that big
motor car of his that could take him six"ty miles an
hour. The English passion for fair play one might
have thought sufficient to rob this bold procedure
of any dangerous possibilities, but he did not go
altogether free from insult, and on one occasion,
at least, an intoxicated Irish woman shook her fist
at him.

A dark, quiet crowd, that was greater each day,
a crowd more than half women, brooded, as a cloud

will sometimes brood permanently upon a mountain
crest, in the market place outside the Clayton town-
hall, where the conference was held. . . .

I considered myself justified in regarding Lord
Redoar's passing automobile with a special animosity
because of the leaks in our roof.

We held our little house on lease ; the owner
was a mean, saving old man named Pettigrew, who
lived in a villa adorned with plaster images of dogs
and goats, at Overcastle, and in spite of our specific
agreement he would do no repairs for us at all.
He rested secure in my mother's timidity. Once,
long ago, she had been behindhand with her rent,
with half of her quarter's rent, and he had ex-
tended the days of grace a month ; her sense that
some day she might need the same mercy again
made her his abject slave. She was afraid even to
ask that he should cause the roof to be mended
for fear he might take offence. But one night the
rain poured in on her bed and gave her a cold,
and stained and soaked her poor old patchwork
counterpane. Then she got me to compose an ex-
cessively polite letter to old Pettigrew, begging him
as a favour to perform his legal obligations. It
was part of the general imbecility of those days
that such one-sided law as existed was a profound
myster}' to the common people, its provisions impos-
sible to ascertain, its machinery impossible to set
in motion. Instead of the clearly written code, the
lucid statements of rules and principles that are now
at the service of everyone, the law was the muddled
secret of the legal profession. Poor people, over-
worked people, had constantly to submit to petty
wrongs because of the intolerable uncertainty not
only of law but of cost, and of the demands upon
time and energy proceedings might take. There
was indeed no justice for anyone too poor to com-
mand a good solicitor's deference and loyalty ; there
was nothing but rough police protection and the
magistrates' grudging or eccentric advice for the
mass of the population. The civil law, in particular,
was a mysterious, upper-class weapon, and I can
imagine no injustice that would have been sufficient
to induce my poor old mother to appeal to it.

All this begins to sound incredible. I can only
assure you that it was so.

But I, when I learnt that old Pettigrew had been
do\yn to tell my mother all about his rheumatism,
to inspect the roof, and to allege that nothing was
needed, gave way to my most frequent emotion in
those days, a burning indignation, and took the mat-
ter into my own hands. I wrote and asked him,
with a withering air of technicality, to have the roof
repaired " as per agreement." and added, " if not
done in one week from now we shall be obliged
to take proceedings." I had not mentioned this high
line of conduct to my mother at first, and so when
old Pettigrew came down in a state of great agita-
tion with my letter in his hand, she was almost
equally agitated.

Review of Review), lIBjuS.

//I the Days of the Gomet.

305

■• How could you write to old Mr. Pettigrew like
that ?" she asked me.

I said that old Pettigrew was a shameful old
rascal, or words to that effect, and I am afraid I
behaved in a very undutiful way to her when she
said that she had settled eventhing with him — she
wouldn't say how, but I could guess well enough —
and that I was to promise her, promise her faith-
fully, to do nothing more in the matter. I wouldn't
promise her.

And — having nothing better to employ me then —
I presently went raging to old Pettigrew in order
to put the whole thing before him in what I con-
sidered a propert light. Old Pettigrew evaded my
illumination ; he saw me coming up his front steps
— I can still see his queer old nose and the crinkled
brow over his eye and the little wisp of grey hair
that showed over the corner of his window-blind-—
and he instructed his servant to put up the chain
when she answered the door, and to tell me he
would not see me. So I had to fall back upon my

pen.

Then it was, as I had no idea what were the
proper " proceedings " to take, the brilliant idea
occurred to me of appealing to Lord Redcar as the
ground landlord, and, as it were, our feudal chief,
and pointing out to him that his security for his
rent was depreciating in old Pettigrew's hands. I
added some general observations on leaseholds, the
taxation of ground rents, and the private owner-
ship of the soil. And Lord Redcar, whose spirit
revolted at democracy, and who cultivated a pert,
humiliating manner with his inferiors to show as
much, earned my distinguished hatred for ever by
causing his secretary to present his compliments to
me, and his request that I would mind my own busi-
ness and leave him to manage his. At which I was
so greatly enraged that I first tore this note into
minute, innumerable pieces, and then dashed it
dramatically all over the floor of my room — from

which, to keep my mother from the job, I after-
ward had to pick it up laboriously on all fours .

I was still meditating a tremendous retort, an
indictment of all Lord Redcar's class, their man-
ners, morals, economic and political crimes, when my
trouble with Nettie arose to swamp all minor trou-
bles. Yet not so completely but that I snarled
aloud when his lordship's motor-car whizzed by me,
as I went about upon my long, meandering quest
for a weapon. And I discovered after a time that
my mother had bruised her knee and was lame.
Fearing to irritate me by bringing the thing before
me again, she had set herself to move her bed out
of the way of the drip without my help, and she had
knocked her knee. All her poor furnishings, I dis-
covered, were cowering now close to the peeling
bedroom walls ; there had come a vast discoloration
of the ceiling and a washtub was in occupation of
the middle of her chamber.

It is necessary that I should set these things before
you, should give the key of inconvenience and un-
easiness in which all things were arranged, should
suggest the breath of trouble that stirred along the
hot, summer streets, the anxiety about the strike,
the rumours and indignations, the gatherings and
meetings, the increasing gravity of the policemen's
faces, the combative headlines of the local papers,
the knots of picketers who scrutinised anyone who
passed near the silent, smokeless forges. But in
my mind, you must understand, such impressions
came and went irregularly ; they made a moving
background, changing undertones to my preoccupa-
tion by that darklv shaping purpose to which a re-
volver was so imperative an essential.

Along the darkling :str©ets, amidst the sullen
crowds, the thought of Nettie, my Nettie, and her
gentleman lover made ever a vivid, inflammatory spot
of purpose in my brain.

(To be continued.)

SOME KINDLY COMMENTS.

'■We have taken 'The Review of Reviews' for some years. For real solid information, and keeping in
touch with the important events daily taking place the world over, we find no other magaame so ralu-

■'i wish again to express my appreciation to ' The Review,' ard to congratulate you on the
reduction in price It is particularly useful to country people who have no opportunity of seeing the
English magazines. I find it all interesting, and read every page, though I was especially attracted by the
articles bv Mr. Meggj' and Professor Nansen. . . , , . , . , ,,

" I agree with most but not all your views, and I like very much the fau-minded way in which you allow
policies witli which vou do not agree, to be advocated, and both sides of a question to be heard.

"I am glad to see you are attacking gambling, as I consider it the most dangerous vice lu Australia, be-

'""you ^areinX'The Review' a magazine , which is a credit to Australia, and I hope you will be able
to increase greatly its circulation and influence."

Review of Reviews, 119/OS.

GO AHEAD, AUSTRALASIA 1

TTie^ise Cknc/ Progress

o/^ fAe

Employees at Ballarat Workshops.

It would be a difficult matter to decide the exact
position in the scale of human progress which should
be assigned to inventive genius, but it is an un-
doubted fact that the ability to create,
to " make," and to find the quickest
and easiest methods of making, should
be placed amongst the first attri-
butes which go to the development
and maintenance of a nation. This ap-
plies more especially to the science of
mechanics, and in reviewing the condi-
tion of the world we find, in the past es
in the present, that those nations lacking
in that quality have inevitably gone to
the wall. Many of these have possessed,
it is true, a creative genius of a very
high order fiom the artistic stand-
point, but where the merit is purelv ar-
tistic, with a consequent ignoring of the
utilitarian aspect, the nation possessing it
has invariably had to give place in the struggle for
precedence to the communities, of hard-handed
iiard-headed toilers who make things for " use."

Mr. H. V. M Kay.

If, again, in the same community, we find two
bodies of men complementary to each other, one
working honestly to produce the primary necessaries
of life, and the other with active brains
and clever fingers making it easier for
the first to produce more and more
abundantly ; if, in fact, we get the far-
mer who will grow the crop, and the
agricultural implement maker who will
supply him with the means of harvesting
it cheaply, quickK . and without waste, we
get the safest combination for the mak-
ing of a strong, self-reliant and virile
^ , nation that it is |)ossible to have. Here.

^ I ■'- in Sunny Australia, we have such a com-
bination. We have a strong, hardy and
willing body of primar\- producers dis-
tributed over our large areas. Sparselv
distriliuted, we must admit, at the pre-
sent time, but that is not the fault of the
land. But it is not in our province to discuss that as-
pect of the question here. In the various centres, we
have groups of men who have not only been fashion-

Eevitic of Heoiews, 119/06.

Go Ahead, Australasia 1

307

ing the tools they were asked to give, but have ever
been endea\'ouring to produce what would
improve the position of the Australian farmer, and
make him able to compete on more than equally ad-
vantageous terms with the worlds growers. The
constant watchfulness and never-tiring activity of a
group of agricultural implement makers have been
second ojily to the agriculturist in the develop-
ment of Australia, and, indeed, they have been an
absolutelv necessary factor in its progress. We could
give many illustrations of our argument, but perhaps
the most striking is that of the Stripper Harvester.
With the modern Harvester of the " Sunshine ''

more modern reaper and binder. These only cut
the grain, but after the sheaves were thoroughly
dried in the stocks it had to await the arrival of
the threshing machine or, in more primitive times,
it was trodden by oxen or beaten with the flail. The
Stripper Harvester is purelv an Australian inven-
tion. To Mr. Ridley, of S.A., belongs the credit
of first devising a machine to strip the heads of
wheat from the straw in the field. This was as far
l)ack as 1843. Some twentv-five years later, the
idea of a complete Harvester — that is, one that
would not only take the grain from the ear, but
separate the chaff as well — was evolved. Mr. Rid-

a.-^ic^^rr,;^:.-^, ■■

Hilf-amile of Sunshine Harvesters leaving Ballarat for the North-East.

pattern, invented by Mr. H. V. McKay, a farmer
starts his machine on his crop of wheat, and takes
the grain from the machine, clean, wholesome and
without chaff, bagged and all ready for the market.
The " Sunshine " Harvester does not take long to do
it either. At Gulnare, S.A., on the farm of Mr. D.
F. Allan, last year 202 bags of grain, sewn up and
ready for market, were taken off one Harvester be-
tween sunrise and sunset, whilst in the Wimmera
district of Victoria it is quite a common thing for
a "Sunshine" machine to harvest 15 acres per da v.
Compare this with the old-time methods of harvest-
ing— the sickle, the scythe, the horse-mower and the

ley, with several other inventors, endeavoured to
materialise the idea, and the South Australian Go-
\ernment offered a premium of _j{^40oo for a suc-
cessful exhibit. Over thirty competitors entered for
the prize ; fourteen brought their machines to the
testing-field, but they all came short of the require-
ments, and the premium was withheld, only a smalt
amount being allotted to the more praiseworthy at-
tempts.

It was during the har\est season of 1884 that the
first successful Stripper Harvester was made by Mr.
McKay. As a boy in his teens on his father's farm
he recognised how unsatisfactory the old method

so8

The Review of Reviews.

Septtndier 1, 1906.

of using the stripper and winnower, worked by men, per Harvester. It was an unsightly contrivance,

showed" itself to be. Instead of accepting what and the neighbours laughed at its appearance, but

generations had come to regard as the inevitable, he it was effective. He started out to prove to the

teX himself to beat the existing conditions, and, ap- world the value of his invention, but it was not all

propriating the old farm smithy as his own for the sunshine, and it is only in recent years that he has

time being, out of old tins, fencing wire, and the begun to reap the harvest of his indomitable pluck,

scrap iron lying about, he constructed the first Strip- energy and perseverance. The first Stripper Har-

liliiH|llS'1,l'>

Heview of Reviewa, 119/06.

Go Tlhead, Tlustralasia !

309

«!<.

V'^r^'^

Sunshine Harvester at Work at Willaura, Vic

vester of tht " Sunshine " type was produced at Bal-
larat in 1894, when Mr. McKay began to manu-
facture on his own account

Since then the demand for the " Sunshine " Har-
vester has increased every year, and Mr. McKay has
had repeatedly to enlarge his works, until at the
present time the Bravbrook works alone cover an
area of from five to six acres.

The result of the introduction of the Harvester
to the farmers of Australia has been to place them
in a position which is enjoyed by the fai"mers of no
other country in the world. The cost of harvesting
their grain has been very much lowered, onh
amounting to about 2s. per acre, not including oil
and sacks. Outside Australia the farmer pays from
I2S. to 18s. per acre for the same work, not includ-
ing l>ags, oil, or wear and tear of machinery.

Looking at it from another standpoint, with the
" Sunshine " Harvester and other up-to-date farm-
ing implements, one man can do, himself, the whole
work of tilling, sowing and harvesting the wheat on
150 to 200 acres. ,

These are obvious advantages to the agricul-
turist, whether he be called Squatter or Settler, but
there are some very decided advantages to the com-
munit), which are perhaps sometimes overlooked.
Mr. McKay's policy is a forward one, and in build-
ing up one of the largest manufacturing concerns in
Australia he has always adopted methods
which would develop the powers of those
associated with him. He recognises that,
in the making of machinerj- of any kind,
perfection \\\\\ never be attained. There
will alwass be room for improvement, not
only in the finished product, but in the
method of turning it out. Thus, although
the harvesting season is necessarily a very
short one, his men are en-.ployed all th»'
year round, from New Year to New Year's
Eve, in the making of Harvesters. In con-
sequence, there are from 650 to 700 men
employed, who take a keen personal in-

interest in the business. They are sure
of work. They are encouraged whilst at
work to look for easier methods and to
offer suggestions. Every employe, from
the heads of departments to the latest
apprentice and the office boy, has his own
work to do, and his own position to
fill. He is imbued with a sense of re-
sponsibility, with a feeling that he is an
integral and necessarj- part of the com-
bination, that he must do his work intel-
ligently and thoroughly ; that in doing it
he must put forth the best that is in him.
This is good for the man. It makes him
an individual. It develops his personality,
and keeps him from becoming a mere
cog in the machinery, and in this con-
nection it is not necessary to enlarge upon
the fact that since the inception of the busi-
ness it has not been necessary to reduce the
wages of any one man. It is good for the firm. The
workmanship is sound throughout. When the
season's orders begin to come in they do not have to
engage a large number of indifferent workmen to help
to fill them. The stocks are already there, made by
their own men, on whom they can rely. It is good
for the country, for it is impossible to estimate the
influence on the life and thought of any nation of
a body of highly-trained, industrious men engaged
in an occupation calling for the constant exercise of
their intelligence, discrimination and ingenuity. Such
a leaven as this in our midst is likely to permeate
the whole community with those qualities of cool
judgment, far-sightedness, resourcefulness, and per-
sonal courage which go to the making of a great nation.
Here we may point out that although the " Sun-
shine " Harvester of ten years ago was a splendid
working tool, not a year has since gone by without
improvements having l)een mide in the method of
production and in the machme itself which have
greatly enhanced its value, both from the stand-
point of reliability and simplicity. It now begins
and finishes the entire work of harvesting, taking
the heads of wheat from the standing crop in the
field, thrashing them thoroughly, and separating the
grain from the chaff and weed seeds, ultimately de-

Sunshine Push Harvester.

3IO

The Review of Reviews.

Septembtr I, 190S.

livering it in bags ready to be taken to the railway

station. The " Sunshine " " C " Harvester has a

width of cut of 6 ft., and is in general use all over

_ .- -- ' - Australia. For

the treatment
of crops e.x-
tending over a
large area, Mr.
M'Kay intro-
duced during
the season of
1905 a ma-
chine with a

Ridley's Stripper. j.u r . r

Width of cut of
II ft. 6 in. This he called the "Sunshine Push"
Har\iester. In this machine side draught has been
neutralised by having the horses to the rear, yoked
to a long shaft projecting from the centre. The
horses push the machine along, and the driver is
seated at the end of the pole, and can with ease
control its operations. The levers for manipulating
the stripper comb and steering the machine are con-
veniently at hand. Another man is needed to attend
to the sacks, eight of which can be carried on the
platform and put off at convenient intervals. This
large machine is built on the same principle as the
ordinary "Sunshine' stripper, every part having
been nearly doubled in size to cope with the in-
creased inflow of grain. At work this season, both
in New South Wales and Victoria, it has proved
itself capable of handling any class of crop and
doing the same excellent work as the smaller har-
vester. It has been " stripping in " as much as 40
acres a day, and its average is said to be 35 acres.
This enormous machine is only another indication
of Mr. McKay's anxiety to keep the Australian far-
mer well in the forefront of present-day require-
ments.

Another feature in Mr. McKay's policy is his de-
termination to, as far as possible, use Australian
products in the manufacture of his goods. Fully
70 per cent, of the material used in the making of
the "Sunshine" Harvester is grown and prepared
in Australia. Locally-made belting, paint, varnish,
malleable iron, steel castings, bolts, tyres, and a
considerable portion of the other iron and steel
parts. New Zealand kauri. Tasmanian blackwood,
and other Australian woods, enter into the construc-
tion of a "Sunshine" Harvester. It is an Austra-
lian invention, made almost entirely of Australian
material, and apart from those directly associated
with its manufacture, a large number of workers in
the complementary trades are sure of constant em-
ployment. Mr. McKay has succeeded, but his suc-
cess, unlike that of many other less scrupulous cao-
tains of industry, has hurt nobody, and has in-
creased the well-being and prosperity of many hun-
dreds of his fellow-countrymen.

The saving to the country in hard cash is shown
in the following table, which covers a period of

twenty years. The low estimate of ten years is set
down as the effective life of a Harvester, and it is
calculated that one Harvester treats annually 200
acres, or 2000 acres during the ten years of its life : —

1

New

Har-

Tota

acreatre treated by each

^Ip

vesters

used.

j-ear's machine t

J date.

S -0.3 .

fi -x 3 -

-/ -= X —

188G

20

X

2000

40.000

£2(. ,000

7

50

10(1.000

50,000

8

100

,,

2OH.IMI0

10(J,0(JO

i)

200

,,

4O(I.IMI0

200,000

) S!IM

300

til JU J MM)

300,000

1

S.-iO

700,000

3511, 0(Xt

■2

350

700,1 MJO

350,000

3

400

800,000

400,000

-i

500

1.000,000

500,000

"1

500

1,000,000

500,000

li

(iOO

10 yrs

in use X 2000 .

1,200.000

600,000

1

KJOO

9yrs.

,, X 1800 .

1.800,000

90(1.000

8

1 100

8yrs.

xltiOO..

. 1,760,000

880,000

i)

1200

7yrs.

,. X1400..

. 1,680,000

84(I,(J00

1900

l.jllO

(jyrs.

xl200.

. 1.800.000

9011,000

1

1500

5yrs.

X 11 100

. 1,500,000

750,000

■2 iciop

failui

e) 500

4yrs,

X 800

400.000

200,000

3

2000

3yvs.

X 600..

. 1,200,000

600,000

4

3500

2vrs.

,, X 400..

, 1,400,0(30

700,000

5

4000

lyr..

„ X 200 .

. SOO.tMX)

400,000

•20

19,670

19,0S0,0(JO £9,540,000

This shows a net gain to the country by using the
" Sunshine " Harvester, when compared with the
best harvesting appliances manufactured abroad, of
/^9, 540, 000 for the twenty years. These figures are
big, but the possibilities are greater still.

In view of these figures, there is no cause for
wonder that such advantages are eagerly sought by
other grain-producing countries, and a large num-
ber of " Sunshine " Harvesters are now annually ex-
ported to South America, Africa, and the continent
of Europe.

A few w ords about the " Sunshine " Harvester
Works will not he amiss. The original works at
Ballarat are in full swing, and we picture at the
head of this article a group of men employed there.
At Bra\ brook there are about 6 acres of ground
co\ered in, with room to spreaid to 20 acres. There
is always in stock 1.500,000 feet of Australian
timber, seasoning and maturing before being used ;
there are innumerable smiths kept employed, besides
wheel builders, comb makers and others. Some idea
of the immensity of the plant may be gathered when
we state that the head of a man standing beside one
of the fl\-wheels would not reach to the top of the
ajfle. and there is a stamping-machine which has a
smiting power of 650 tons. At one blow the latter
cuts out of the solid steel a Harvester tyre, at the
same time punching any number of holes that may
be required for spokes.

Btvitw of Retiiem, 119106.

A WONDERFUL AUSTRALIAN INVENTION.

THE STORY OF STEEL AND IRON ORE CONVERTED BY
THE NEW DIRECT PROCESS.

By E.M.D.

In the realms of commerce there is no more in-
tciesting subject than the History of the Steel and
Iron industry. It is a tale possessing all those ele-
ments of tragedy, heroism, cowardice, knavery and
ever-rapid motives which most appeal to the inbred
lover of sensationalism of our times. Incidentally,
it is the storv of the Progress of the nineteenth
century.

The dramatic development of the steel industry
is comjjrised within forty years. One generation
applauded the discoveries of Bessemer and witnessed
the flotation of the Billion Dollar Steiel Trust of
America. One geiieration laughed at William Kelly,
the inventor, as a crank, and regarded with blase
indifference the steel sky-scrapers of New York. The
genius of Bessemer and Siemens touched the world
like a magic wand, and the lands gave forth iron.
The day of stone and mortar passed away. While
a child grew to manhood iron ships replaced wooden,
steel bridges spanned the widest rivers, steel rails
webbed the face of the habitable globe. Armoured
battleships tilted the balance of power of the na-
tions. Great guns revolutionised the science of war.
While a man grew to middle age the history of the
world entered a new phase. The steel age had
come.

In the little town of Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania,
John Fritz lives to-day — the maji who is the father
of the Steel Mill. In Louisville the white-haired
widow of William Kelly, who foresaw the Bessemer
process, keeps green the memory of her famous and
unfortiuiate husband. The man who rescued the
finances of the industry in the stormy days, the man
who created from a thousand warring elements the
mighty, unified organisation known as " The United
States Steel Corporation," is a hale and hearty old
man. Carnegie, mill bov and multi-millionaire, is
the visible and outward manifestation of a world's
transformation. The Steel Trust is the mountain
thrown up by a terrific upheaval — the earthquake
of the world's greatest industry.

Bessemer's invention sprang from that fer-
tile niother — necessity. The demand for cheap iron
arose, and as it is a vital part of our national and
social development that a demand when earnest and
useful shall be su])i)lied, science answered the world's
call. The old order had served its purpose. The
crude process of treating iron ore by roasting, fus-
ing and con\ierting in an ore furnace was incom-
patible with the progress of the manufacturers.
Through century after century, from the far-off days
of Phoenicia, Bab\lon, Egypt, India and China,

down to the vear 1847, men had been contented to
treat ore by that method. When, in that year, Kelly
declared that " air alone was fuel,'' he tore away
the veil of the ignorance of two thousand years.
Xo wonder his audience of iron masters, born, bred
and trained in the ancient craft, laughed. They
mocked him. They refused to deal with him. They
crushed and ruined him. Broken, yet unconvinced,
he returned to the old methods. But he had sown
the seed of a revolution. Ten years later Henry
Bessemer, the great English inventor, reaped the
harvest. The mar\ellous expansion of the steel in-
dustry began.

New works sprang up, like Jonah's gourd, in a
night. Old-established factories, owned by masters
employing twenty or thirty hands, became huge cor-
porations, where thousands of men toiled day and
night. Steered by Carnegie, the industry weathered
the storm of that great boom. When he handed the
helm to another, the position of the Steel Trust ap-
peared impregnable and unassailable. No loop-
hole, no weakness, escaped the great Ironmaster's
eve. Like Napoleon, this ruler of men had gathered
around him, as his executive staff, the most brilliant
administrators of the business world. In the office
and the laboratory the brightest brains of the age
worked ceaselessly to attain a common end — the es-
tablishment of a perfect system and the best methods.
Only another upheaval such as gave it birth could
shake the Titan. Only in the laboratories, where
such men as Blair, Chenot and Siemens followed up
tb.e germ of a suspicion, was the idea of another
Revolution silentlv maintained. In the forty years
since Bessemer fought his patent actions, the world's
supply of steel and iron had gone forward with
giant strides. In those forty years the world's de-
mand had grown still faster, insatiable, ever hungry,
the markets were clamouring for " Iron — more Iron,
and Cheaper." The factories worked douljle. and
treble shifts. The blast furnaces roared day and
night. Yet the demand grew. As the old system
was inadequate forty years before, and was super-
seded, so the Bessemer process failed to satisfy the
precocious appetite of the giant it begat. Again
the inevitable law of evolution was to be fulfilled.
Science met the world's demand with the " Heskett-
Moore Direct Process " for the treatment of ferru-
ginous ore. The Iron, Steel and Metals Manufac-
turing Company registering the patents of Mr. Hcs-
kett's invention in all the steel-producing countries
of the world, signalised the nevv revolution. To con-
sider what this invention means to the world's com-

312

I he Review ot Reviews.

September 1, 190«.

merce, it is necessary to contemplate figures almost
beyond the grasp of the mind. Iron is to-day the
source of the world's strength. Last year the con-
sumption was 80,000,000 odd tons. Soon it will
exceed 100,000,000 tons. The revenues of the trade
are so vast that they can only be guessed at. The
income of the Steel Trust alone is the revenue of
a nation. The men who control those rivers of
wealth wield a power greater than an Emperor. To
them, and to the world, the patentees of the Hes-
kett-Moore process can say, "We can reduce your
cost of plant by 80 per cent., your cost of produc-
tion by 25 per cent., your cost of labour to a mini-
mum. We can increase the productiveness of your
plant tenfold, for we can make iron or steel in one-
tenth of the time that you can under the old In-
direct Process."

In plain language, this means millions of pounds
saved annually — millions of pounds made annually
by increased output and trade. It means to-day
that which Bessemer 's invention meant yesterday.

It has been demonstrated. On July 26th of this
year, in the works of the " Iron, Steel and Metals
Manufacturing Company," at South Melbourne, a
representative gathering of business men and press-
men witnessed the whole process. They saw crushed
iron ore or iron sand fed into the separator, where
a magnetic current separated metallic particles from
gangue. Into the heating chamber passed only puri-
fied iron oxide. Pure ore passed into the long cham-
ber, where the whole volume was brought to a red
heat. Still red-hot, it passed down hill to the reduc-
ing chamber, where it was played on by gaseous
fuel. Here the change wrought was complete deoxi-
dation, without any taking up of sulphur or other
impurities unavoidable to the blast furnace stage of
the Indirect Process.

Then the iron, reduced from the oxide, travelled
to the melting hearth. There the deoxidising gas
and the particles of iron protected thereby entered
the melting hearth together, the particles falling at
once into the bath of molten metal or slag, pro-
tected during that brief passage by the effective fire
and force woven web of the gases. To summarise
the method — the ore was taken into the first stage
pure; in the second it was reduced by pure gas;
and down it went in another fiery, all-protecting
mantle — unpolluted through any contact — to the
bath of molten metal or slag. The work was finished.
The master regulating his heat, or, if steel is re-
quired, his carbonising methods, may draw it as
puddled ball, or molten for steel, as commercially
pure malleable iron, or as steel of any desired
quality. From two to three hours after the crushed
ore or iron sand was placed in the separators, iron
or steel was drawn through the mouth of the fur-
pace.

This is no theory. In actual work it was demon-
trated that under the Heskett-Moore " Direct " pro-
cess, steel which would take from twenty to twenty-

four hours to make under the " Indirect " system
can be made in from two to three hours.

It is a marvellous invention. Writing to the
syndicate, Mr. Thomas Edison calls it " the greatest
invention of the age," and Australia will do well to
remember that it is her own. We have brought
forth the shearing machine, the stump jumping
plough, and the Universal Harvester. The " Hes-
kett-Moore Direct Process " is to these as the Steel
Trust is to the Harvester Process — the parent of a
large family to one of the young children.

The " Direct Process " offers to Australia a new
future. It offers us expansion in fields of work of
which we have not scratched the surface. It offers
us a means to make use of some of the waste re-
sources of that vast wealth dormant beneath our
feet. It offers work to thousands. It offers to men
with brains and means the opportunity to develop in
our midst a great industry, which will give us a
place amongst the industrial powers of the earth.
No nation is strong, no country is self-supporting
without iron. We have the iron. The " Direct Pro-
cess " gives us the opportunity to make use of it, to
tecome a nation self-supporting and defensive.

The object of the Iron, Steel, and Metals Manu-
facturing Company in Australia is to supply and
cope with local demand. A syndicate formed by
Mr. J. Earle Hermann, of Sydney, has purchased
the patents for the Commonwealth and New Zea-
land. To establish the works on a basis commen-
surate to their objects, Mr. Hermann's syndicate in-
tend to float a company with _;^7 50,000 capital. It
is a big undertaking — the biggest of its kind e\'er
launched in Australia, but it is no greater, in pro-
lx)rtion, than those plans which, successfully carried
out, lead to such wonderful results in America. The
financier is to the inventor that what the building
contractor is to the architect. He fulfils and rea-
lises the years of thought and research. Kelly's in-
dention brought him bankruptcy and ruin ; Besse-
mer's brought him wealth and high honours. The
difference in the two men's li\es is that behind Besse-
mer there stood a great organiser and financier ;
behind Kelly nought but his own confidence and
courage.

The " Direct Process " is an inevitable fact. A
process which can show a saving of fuel amounting
to 8.54 cwt. for every ton of malleable iron pro-
duced, and a saving in flux material of i8i cwt. for
every ton of pure metal produced, cannot be long
held back either by indifference, neglect, or doubt.
The question is whether Australia will seize and
make the utmost use of the invention to which she
has given birth, or whether those advantages shall
be allowed to pass away from her to some other
country.

The future of Mr. Hermann's syndicate, and of
the company, will be well worth watching by all
who hold dear the development and progress of our
country.

Remew of Reviews, 119106.

LEADING BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION, ETC.

The Knowledge of God. H. M. Gwatkin. 2 vola.

(Clark, Edinburgh) net 12/0
Christian Theism and a Spiritual Monism. Ke^. W.

L. Walker ... (Clark, Edinburgh) 9/0

The Freedom of Authority. Dr. J. M. Sterrett.

(Macmillan) net 8/6
Is Religion Undermined? Eev. C. L Drawbridge

(Longman's) net 3/6
In Quest of Light. Goldwin Smith . (Macmillan) net 4/0
Truth and Falsehood in Eeligion. Dr. W. Ralph Inge

(Murray) net 5/0

Synthetica. S. S. Laurie. 2 vols (Longmans) net 21/0

Daniel and Its Critis. Dr. C. H. H. Wright

(Williams and Norgate) 7/6
Bible Side-Lights from the Mound of Gezer. E. A.

Stewart Macalister (Hodder) 5/0

Hebrew Religion. W. E. Addis (Williajne)

The Apcetolic Age. J. H. Ropes (Hodder) net 6/0

The Religion of Nature. E. Kay Robinson ., (Hodder) 3/6

HISTORY, POLITICS, TRAVEL, ETC.

Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race. T. W. Shore

(Stock) net 9/0
Political History of England, 1801-1837. Vol. XI. Hon.

George C. Broderick and J. K. Fotheringham

(Longmans) net 7/6
Under the English Crown. Firmin Roe . . . (Hodder) 6/0
The Enemy at Trafalgar. Edward Eraser (Hodder) net 16/0
Lady de Lancey's Diary at Waterloo. Major B. R.

Ward (Murray) net 6/0

George Douglas, Eighth Duke of Argyll, 1823-1900.

Dowager Duchess of Argyll. 2 vols. (Murray) net 36/0
A Varied Life. Gen. Sir T. E. Gordon . (Murray) net 15/0
The Pageant of London. E. Davey .... (Methuen) net 15/0

Pictorial London (Cassell) 12/0

St. Paul's Cathedral. G. Clinch . . . . (Methuen) net 2/6
Clerkenwell and St. Luke's. G. B. Mitton

(Black) net 1/6

The Thames and Its Story (Cassell) 6/0

Pictureaciue Susse.x. Clare Jerrold . . (Valentine) net 2/6
The Hastings Road. 0. G. Harper (Chapman and Hall) 16/0
King's Lynn. W. A. Dutt. . . (Homeland Association) 2/0

Derby. A. W. Davidson (Bemrose) 5/0

Picturesque Lancashire. D. Cromarty (Valentine) net 2/6
The Scots Churches in England. Kenneth M. Black

(Blackwood) net 5/0
Edinburgh. M. G. Williamson (Methuen) net 4/6

History of the Scottish Highlands and Isles. W. C.

Mackenzie (Gardiner, Paisley) net 5/0

Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville. Ethel Wedgwood

(Murray) net 9/0
Five Fair Sisters at the Court of Louis XIV. H. Noel

Williams (Hutchinson) net 16/0

Felicity in France. Constance B. Maud.

(Heinemann) 6/0
Picturesque Brittany. Mrs. Arthur G. Bell (Dent) net 10/6
The Guilds of Florence. Edgecumbe Stalev

(Methuen) net 16/0
SOCIOLOGY.
National Education and National Life. J. E. G. de

Montmorency (Sonnenschein) 3/0

The Spirit of Our Laws . . (Sweet and Maxwell) net 5/0
Infant Mortality. Dr. G. Newman .. (Methuen) net 7/6
Preservatives in Food .and Food Examination. Dr. J.

C. Thresh , (Churchill) net 14/0

British Canals. Edwin A. Pratt (Murray) net 2/6

The Germ.an Workman. W. H. Dawson (King) net 6/0
Robert Owen. F. Podmore. 2 vols. (Hutchinson) net 24/0
AtJgustus A. TjCigh. W. Austen Leigh

(Smith, Elder) net 3/6
History of Warwick School. A. F. Leach

(Constable) net 10/0

ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY.

The National Gallery: The Early British School

(Newnes) net 3/6
Great Buildings in Gothic Architecture. Edith A. Browne

(Black) net 3/6
English Coloured Rooks. Martin Hardie

(Methuen) net 25/0
English Furniture of the Eiffhteenth Century. R. S.

(Hurst and Blackett) net 10/6
English Seals. .7. Harvey Bloom . (Methuen) net 7/6

Researches in Sinai. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie

(Murray) net 21/0

MUSIC.

Music and Musicians. E. A. Baughan (Lane) net 5/0

Richard Wagner. W. Ashton Ellis. Vol. V. . „ ,„

(Keegan Paul) net 16/0

LITERARY BIOGRAPHY. CRITICISM, ETC.

The Legend of Sir Pereival. Jessie L. Weston

(Nutt) net 12/6
The Shakespeare Symphony. Hjirold Bayley. ^ .„,,

(Chapman) net 12/6
Personal Forces in Modern Literature. Arthur Rickett

(Dent) net 3/6
Browning's "Sordello." David Dufl (Blackwood) net 10/6
Mrs. Browning's Religious Opinions .. (Hodder) net 2/6
Robert Burns. John Macintosh (Gardiner, Paisley) net 2/6
The Trustworthiness of Border Ballads. Lieut.-Col.

Fitzwilliam Elliot (Blackwoiid) net 10/6

Schiller's Dramas and Poems in England. T. Rea

(Unwin) net 3/6

Oscar Wilde. R. H. Sherard (Laurie) net 12/6

Memoirs of My Dead Life. George Moore

(Heinemann) 6/0
From a Cornish Window. A. P. Quiller-Couch

(Arrowamith) 6/0
Sixty Years of Journalism. H. Findlater Bussey

(Arrowsmith) 3/6

POEMS, DRAMAS.

A Throne of Sorrow, 1547-1553. (Drama.) J. G. Halford

(Simpkin. Marshall 2/0

Cranmer. (Dr.ama.) R. Richardson (Stock) net 5/0

Cromwell. (Drama.) F. P. B. Omaston

(Kegan Paul net 5/0
Short Plays for Amateur Acting. Mrs. Barry Pain

(Chapman) net 1/6
Song of the London Man and Other Poems. Alice D.

Mackay (Kegan Paul) net 5/0

My Lady of Dream. (Poems.) Lloyd Mifflin

(Frowde) 3/0
Thoughts for Quiet Moments. (Poems.) Jessie M. Price

(Kegan Paul) net 2/6
The Mystic Pair and Other Poems. Rev. R. J. Walker

(Kegan Paul) net 3/6
NOVELS.

Beach, Rex E. The Spoilers of the North

(Harpers) 6/0

Bindloss, Harold. Beneath Her Station . . . . (White) 6/0

Brebner, P. J. The Crucible of Circumstance (Warne) 6/0
Burmester, Frances G. Clemency Shafto . .

(Smith, Elder) 6/0

Deeping, Warwick. Bess of the Woods . . . (Harpers) 6/0
Fogazzaro, Antonio. The Saint. Translated by M.

Priehaj-d, Agretti (Hodder) 6/0

Gerard. Dorothea. The Compromise . . (Hutchinson) 6/0

Godfrey, Elizabeth. Tlie Bridal of Anstace .... (Lane) 6/0
Grosve'uor, Hon. Mrs. N. The Bands of Orion

(Heinemann) 6/0

Hale, Louise C. A Motor-Car Divorce . . (Duckworth) 6/0

Ilornung, E. W. .Raffles (Nash) 6/0

Marryat, Douglas. Ashes of Power (Pitman) 6/0

Mitford, Bertram. Harley Greenoak's Charge

'Ohatto) 6/0

Neuraan. B. Paul. The Spoils of Victory , (Murr.ay) 6/0

Rowland, H. O. In the Shadow (Heinemann) 6/0

St. Aubyn, Alan. The Red Van (Long) 6/0

Sergeant, Adeline. The Coming of the Randolphs.

(Methuen) 6/0
Tynan, Katharine. The Adventures of Alicia

(White) 6/0
Van Vorst, Marie. The Sin of George Warrener

(Heinemann) 6/0
Warden, Florence, l^aw Not Justice

(Hurst and Blackett) 6/0

White, Fred. M. The Yellow F.ace (White) 6/0

Wyndham, Horace. Audrey the Actress . . (Richards) 6/0

SCIENCE.

George Bentham. B. Daydon Jackson . . (Dent) net 2/6
The Royal Society : or Science in the State and in the

Schools. Sir William Huggins ... (Methuen) net 4/6

My Garden. Eden Phillpotts (Newnes) net 12/6

Animal Heroes. E. Thompson Seton . (Constable) net 6/0
The Butterflies of the British Isles. Richard South

(Warne) net 6/0

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Tlie London Manual for 1906. I!. Don.ald . . (Lloyd) 1/6
Where to Live Round I^ondon. Freenia.n Bunting

(Hoiuela.n(i Association) net 2/6
John's Notable Australian. P. Johns

(Simpkin) net 7/6

314

The Review of Reviews.
INSURANCE NOTES.

Sepltmber 1, 190$

A Fire Insuranoe Bill was introduced into the House
of Representatives on July 27th by Mr. Frazer (W.A.),
and its second reading was set down for August 9th.
Its purpose is to ensure that, in erent of total loss,
the companies shall pay the whole sum on which the
premiums have been received, and, in the event of
partial loss, unless some agreement is arrived at, shall
pay this amount, less the proceeds of a salvage sale.
The companies will be protected against frau3, mis-
representation, or neglect on the part of the clie'it
to comply with any r^aso.iable conditions. The bill
also provides that, after the expiration of 30 days
from a fire, or similar event, the company may be
sue. I without the reference to arbitration at present
provided in the conditions of insurance companies.

The Naval Court at Valparaiso has conjuded an
inquiry into the burning at sea of the barque ''Pit-
cairn Island." from New Zealand to London, the cap-
tain an J crew of which landed on the coast of Chili.
The Court is stiougly of opi lion that the fire origin-
ated by spontaneous combustion amongst the New
Zealand flax shipped from Dunedin.

The Prime Minister recently stated in the House of
Representatives, that the Ministry proposed to legis-
late at aiy early date with respect to those foreign
insurance co^npauies which had recently ceased to
take new business in Australia.

The San Francisco disaster has been productive of
a great lesson to the insuring public. Ii the past
critics have from time to time condemned the ac-
cumulation by the companies of huge funds, being
the surplus in their trading from year to year. The
fact that large suns were able to be put away was
used in many quarters as a:i argument for the re-
duction of pre;nium rates. How inimical to the public
interest the latter course would have been is shown
by the calls on the companies over the San Francisco
disa.^ter. Had the companies reduced rates, and so
have little to put into reserves, the position of the
insured iu San Francisco would have been a serious
one. The British companies, by theiT wise foresight,
are able to meet all their losses, although ou an
enormous scale, and still have ample protection left
for their other policyholders.

A question was asked at the begi-miug of the month
in the House of Representatives as to whether in-
surance of public servants lives under the Public Ser-
vice Act was permitted in American Life Assurance
Companies. Mr. Groom, ou behalf of the Federal
Governme.it, answered in the aflirmative. A proposal
was made in 1901 by the then Prime Minister that
such should be permitted only in mutual societies hav-
ing their head ofiSce in. the Commo.iwealth, but this,
Mr. Groom seated, did not become law, and the Act
appears to enable insurances to be made with any
company provided it is registered, and ca.iTies on
business in the Commonwealth.

A meeting of Australian policyholders in American
life insurance societies was held last month at Broken
Hill Chambers, Queen-street, Melbourne, to consider
what steps should be taken to ascertain their position

SOLE

AGENT3,

THE EQUITY TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND
AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED.

RESERVE LIABILITY. £100.000 ; GIARANTEE FIND, £10.000.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS-Edwarci Fanning Esq , Chairman ; W.
Campbell Guest, Esq.; H B. Higgins, Esq.. KC. M.P.; Donald
Mackinnon. Esq.. M.LA ; B. O. M Cutcheon, Esq M L. A

REGISTERED OFFICE. No. 85 QUEEN ST.. MELBOURNE.

This Company is empowered bysp**'ftl Act of P.irlinnieiit to per-
form all cla-ses of trustee businesii .TOEL FdX. AInnaeer.

SAFES.

HOBBS, HART & CO., LIMITED.

By Special Appointment from Her Late Majesty Qi'een Victoria.
By Warrant from His Majesty King Edward VII.

SAFEMAKERS TO THE BANK OF ENGLAND.

Stroxg KiioMs. DiKiRS .\XD Locks, Etc.

F. J. LAWN & CO.,

51 YORK STREET, SYDNEY.

and conserve their rights. Orer 100 persons were pre-
sent, and Mr. Knox, M.H.R., was voted to the chair.
The cliaiimai emphasised the fact that the meeting
had not been convened in the interests of any cora-
pany. It was not suggested that the companies were
unable to meet their liabilities, but they were justified
in meeting to co isider matters. In Australia there
were 29,967 policyholders in American companies, the
total of theii- policies exclusive of profits being
£11,494.328, and the premiiun £460,713. It was
thought that of the large amount of money that was
going out of the country in the shape of pre.niums,
there should be retained and invested in Australia,
a proportion which could be equal to the present
value of the living policies. A resolution was then
passed that a committee be appointed to co.nniunicate
with the representatives of the several American in-
siuance compa.iies in Australia to consider and ad-
vise as to the best methods of conserving the rights
and interests of policyholders.

The Citizens' Life Insurance Co. has granted an ad-
ditional advantage to its i>olicyholders. Hitherto the
bonuse.s declared by it, iu common witJi other life
companies, did not become payable in the event of
the death, unless such event took place after a certain
period had elapsed from the taking out of the policy.
The company has now decided that bonuses will be-
come jMiyable from the moment it is declared aloig
with the sum assured in event of the death of the
policyholder.

The business of the National Union Society Ltd.
(File and Accident) has been purchased by the London
Lancashire Insurance Co.

The conduct of fire insurance business has been dis-
tinctly improved by the adoption throughout Australia
ot uniform fire policy conditionSj which came into

September 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

315

force on the 1st July. The fact that each oompany's
policy had a different set of conditions was perplexing
to tiao public, especially to large concerns where a
number of policies in different companies were held.
Certain things required to be done by the assured
under one policy were not required under another, and
complications ensued. The conditions of all companies
are now alike, and as a whole they are more liberal
to the insured than those previously in force. In ad-
dition tliey are marshalled under distinct headings,
which give the public greater facility in ascertaining
their exact position.

An interesting table of the losses made by British
fire offices in connection with the San Francisco disas-
ter was published in the New York " Journal of Com-
merce," which it stated was compiled from official
statements made to it by the companies. The list was
as follows, and the figures showed tlie net loss after
deduction of reinsurance: — Atlas. 1.2."0,000 dollars;
Caledonian, 1,193,482 dollars; London Assurance Cor.
poration, 3,750,000 dollais; London Lanca.shire,
2, .500, 000 dollars; Liverpool. London and Globe,
3,500,000 dollars; Northern Assurance Co., 2,000,000
dollars ; Norwich Union, 1,200,000 dollars ; Phoenix,
1,600,000 dollars; Royal, 3,7o0,C00 dollars; Royal Ex-
change, 2,750,000 dollars; Scottish, Union and Na-
tional, 1,000,000 dollars; Sun, 1,200,000 dollars.

The thirty-seventh ordinary general meeting of the
shareholders of the Equity Trustees, Executors and
Agency Conjpany Limited, was held at Melbourne
on August 6th. The balance-sheet showed a credit
balance of £t:658 lis. Id. Of this a dividend at the
rate of 8 per cent, per ani.ura was declared; a divi-
dend of 2 per cent, by way of bonus was paid to share-
holders; 10 per cent, was written off office furniture
account, and a bonus of £172 19s. was paid to the
staff. £1000 was carried to the reserve fund, which
now stands at £12,500, and a balance of £5963 2s. Id.
was carried forward.

It is more than a British tradition that upon the
maintenance of the Mercantile Marine up to a high
standard depend the stability and extension of the
British Empire. For this reason alone the ship " Mel-
ville Island " case is bound to live in the annals of
shipping, especially as all the sailors concerned were
British-born. The story of the vessel's six weeks' stay
at Quoenscliff is full of incidents, interesting not only
in themselves, but also on account of the issues they
decided. It was tlierefure a happy inspiration to pre-
pare and publish an authoritative history of the case.
This has conio to us in an illustrated pamphlet of 40
pages, containing a very interestingly wiittcn narra-
tive of the striking affair, and a lucid record of its
legal points. As a tale of the sea, graphically told,
it is of general interest; while as a gu.de to proce-
dure in maritime disputes, the attractive little book
should prove of great value to all sailors, both masters
and men, and to the shipping world at large. It is
published at sixpence a copy, and is obtai: able from
Messrs. Gordon and Gotch, Melbourne, and all leading
newsagents.

THE UNITED
INSURANCE COMPANY.

ESTABLISHED 1862.

ADELAIDE -
MELBOURNE
BRISBANE -
PERTH - - .
HOBART - -

T. C. Reynolds, Resdt. Secretary
T. Lockwood, Resdt. Secretary
E. Wickham, Resdt. Secretary
J. H. Prowse, Resdt. Secretary
W. A. Tregear, Resdt. Agent.

HEAD OFFICE

THOMAS M. TINLEY,
Manager.

SYDNEY.

B. HAIGH.

Secretary.

THE

CREDIT FONCIER

Lends to Farmers in Victoria
£,50 TO £,2000

At 4U per cent, for 30 Years, with right
to pay off any half-year.

Apply,

INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF SAVINGS BAKKS,

MELBOURNE.

THS

COLONIAL MUTUAL
, . FIRE . .

INSURANCB COMPANY LIMITBD.

FIRE

ACCIDENT ■

EMPLOYER'S
LIABILITY

FIDELITY

GUARANTEE

PLATE-CLASS
BREAKAGE

MARINE

BURGLARY •

Insurance.

OFFICES.

MELBOURNE— 60 Market Strert.

SYDNEY— 78 Pitt Street.

ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street.

BRISBANE Creek Street.

PERTH— Barrack Street.

HOBART— Collins Street.

LONDON— St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, K C.

WM. L. JACK,

Manackk.

3i6 The Review of Reviews. September i. me.

In order to celebrate the important step we are taking
in reducing the price of "The Review of Reviews" from 9d. to
6d., so as to touch a still larger constituency, we have decided
to offer

R Prize of Ten Guineas

FOR ARTICLES ON

"INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION V. WAR."

The prize money will be divided. FOUR GUINEAS will be
paid for the best article the author of which is a pupil in
any oF the State schools of Australasia, or is a pupil in any of
the Secondary schools, and is also under 16 years of age. (This
arrangement will equalise matters, as many pupils of Secondary
schools are much older than that.) SIX GUINEAS will be paid
for the best article the author of which does not come under
the conditions relating to the Four-Guinea Prize.

The article must not be above 3000 words in length
Articles become the property of the Editor. The winning
articles will be published. Manuscripts must be in our hands
by the 31st January next. Only one side of the paper must
be written on, and writing must be very legible. A committee
of prominent gentlemen will adjudicate.

One of the finest text-books in which to seek for current
information upon the subject of the Competition is "The Review
of Reviews for Australasia." Take each issue regularly.

Articles must be signed with a nom de plume, the name
for which it stands being enclosed in a sealed envelope —

THE EDITOR "Review of Reviews,"

Equitable Building, Melbourne.

Review of Eeeiewa, 119/06.

.9

Nine-tenths of the ills which humanity endures, with more or less patience
are unnecessary ills. For instance: —

Rheumatism

Cout

Neuralgia

Lumbago

Sciatica

are readily curable.

Biood Disorders

Anaemia

Indigestion

Biiiousness

Jaundice

Brigiit's Disease

One and all arise fnun tlie failure of the

Crave)

Stone

Bladder Troubles

General Debility

Sick Headachie

KIDNEYS AND LIVER.

to efficiently perform their functions. These important organs, when acting^
healthily, deal with and remove from the system the poisonous matter which
causes the disorders.

The Kidneys filter and extract from the blood about three pints of urine
eveiy day. In this quantity of urine are dissolved about an ounce of urea, ten
to twelve grains in weight of uric acid, together with other animal and mine
ral matter varying from a third of an ounce to nearly an ounce. When the
kidneys are in health, all this solid matter is in solution and is invisible.
Directly the kidneys, through either weakness or disease, become unfit to do
their duty properly, a proportion of this solid matter remains in the blood, be-
comes actively poisonous, and causes us to suffer from uric disorders such as
Rheumatism, Cout, Neuralgia, 'Lumbago, Bacl<ache, Sciatica, Cravel, Stone,
Bladder Troubles, and Bright's Disease. A simple test to make as to the condi-
tion of tlie kidneys is to ])lace some urine, passed the first thing in the morn-
ing, in a covered glass, and let it stand until next morning. If it is then cloudy,
or there is a brick-dust like sediment, or if particles float about in it, or it is
of an unnatural colour, the kidneys are not healthy, and no time must be lost
in adopting remedial measures, or Bright's Disease, Diabetes, or some less
serious but more painful illness will result.

The Liver. — In the liver various substances are actually made from the
blood. Two or three pounds of bile are thus made from the blood every day.
The liver takes sugar from the blood, converts it into another form, and stores
it up so as to be able to again supply it to the blood, gradually, as the latter
requires enrichment. The liver changes uric acid, which is insoluble, into
urea, which is completely soluble, and the liver also deals with blood corpuscles
which have lived their life and are useful no longer. When the liver is inac-
tive or diseased we suffer from Indigestion, Biliousness, Anaemia, Sick Head-
ache, and Blood Disorders.

The health of the liver and of the kidnevs is so closely connected that it
is almost impossible for the kidneys to be affected, and the liver to remain
healthy, or vice versa.

It is nearly thirty years since scientific research directed specially to dis-
eases of the Kidneys and Liver was rewarded by the discovery of the medicine
now known throughout the world as

Warner's Safe Cure.

It w-as realised, at the outset of the investigation, that it was necessary to find
a curative agent which would act equally upon the kidneys and upon the liver,
these organs being so immediately associated in the work of dealing with the
body's waste material, and after many disappointments, the medicine which
possessed the required action in the fullest degree was at length discovered.
Warner's Safe Cure cures all diseases of the kidneys and liver, and, by restor-
ing their activity, these vital organs are enabled to rid the body, through the
natural channels, of the urinary and biliary poisons, the presence of which, in
the system, are the cause of Rheumatism, Gout, Neuralgia, Lumbago, Back-
ache, Sciatica, Blood Disorders, Ansemia, Indigestion, Biliousness. Jaundice,
Sick Headache, Gravel, Stone, Bladder Troubles and General Debility. War-
ner's Safe Cure cures all these disorders simply by removing the cause of the
disorder. This is the reason why cures effected by Warner's Safe Cure are
permanent cures.

Hor mulLiil (i<lvauta^e. when you write To ati ■«1verti«er piravr nr-ntinn the Keview ot Keview*

Renitv) of Revinct, IfilK.

Robur

tea

Please notice the peculiar
paper we wrap our tea in — it
is manufactured expressly for
tea packing— it is very strong
and perfectly damp-proof. Tea
needs to be carefully packed,
you know, otherwise it absorbs
dampness from the air or takes
the smell of anything that may
be near it, and so is spoilt. Our
packing keeps in the goodness
and at the same time keeps
out all odours arising from
other goods that may be stored
near by.

R o bn r is never put up la

lead packets, becaup* there

appears to be jiisi a suspici"on
that tea so packed may not be
too good for one. The leaves
rub against the metal (you
know how your finger will
blacken if you rub it on lead)
— and so the lead may get into
the infusion and down the
drinker's throat — and lead in
some forms is not good for
human beings.

The following extract from
the Government Analyst of
Western Australia's report on
Robur tea hints that to use
lead would be ri.sky. Anil
we never take risks.

I'm the Robur Tea Girl.

Perth, W.A.

" The method of packing (Robu-r) is especially advantageous and ought

** to commend itself, for it preserves the quality and prevents the danger

"of lead-poisouing which might result from the use of that metal."

B. H. WOODWARD, Government Analyst, W.A.

Now might I ask are you using Robur?— if not, you most certainly ought to, for it
is really good tea.

N.B. — The line which seems to suit a lot of people for their general use is the Xo. 2 Grade
— it is wonderfully economical tea — Grocers sell it. '

Miss Irene Dillon — Pitotod by Stewtiri &» Co., Melh.

Printed and published by John Osborne, 508 Albert-Bt., E. Melbourne; Sole Wholesale Distributing
Agents: Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania. Messrs. R,
A. ThompBon fuici Co.; New Zealand and West Australia, Messrs. Gordon and Qotch Pty. Ltd.