VIEWS illi* OF I poR Australasia Q DEC 1912. D Why Does Not Feed Herself. THE FOliS OF ISLAAl. THE LIFE BLOOD OF THE BMPIKB. MOTORS AND RAILWAYS. IB QUESTION OF UNIVERSAL SERVICE. lUview of lie views, IjlZjlS. r I "CYCLONE" Gates are GOOD. The Illustration (Fig. 171 in our Catalogue) shows the effective combination of Scroll Work and Mesh which makes "Cyclone" Gates not only strong and lasting, but elegant in design and proptortioD. Get a Catalogue of This and Many Other Gates and Fenoea. "Cyclone" Fence and Gate Co., 459 SWANSTON STREET (Corner Franklin St.), MELBOURNE. New Zealaid: 59 St. Asayh Street, Cferlttohirek. "ft 1 rfEE * ii • Onm Sk»i y«« m% Lanodenn(, « Snun Ljnea Oown, ■o«nrrtiinf (or Ika Cbildraa'i Wcw. fhen a b« oo* PcHccf ^arck -^ Surck wfack wiD cajuc* Good Appearance. Iri COLMAN'S STARCH The Review of Reviews. IMclhourm: " I'linrJt-" THK (iOUD SllII* REFEUh;.\DUM II. Hi'iJHES: " l.'x)k here. Andy. I believe tlUB craft will alao sink : but so long as we don't go down with it. h.imrod if I care." /Headache ■^ \ 2 1 r^vH •^ '^ ^^ >*^ lL^..^>,UJ^Ai^. The Review of Reviews. AUSTRAI.rA they si'ow [Mt'lhountc " Punch." TIIK PKOMISINIJ OROP. "They are coniiiig on Bplendiilly ; ami my anxieties diminish." SHORT-STORY WRITING A course of forty lessons in the history, form, struc- ture, anil writins; of tlie Short*Story, taught by J. Berg Esenwein, Kditor Lippincott's Magazine. Overoiu hundred Home Study Courses under profes- sors iu 1 {ar;>ftrd.Bro7t)n, Cornel Land other i^rrai Aiueri. tan Cotleee^. 250'P&ge Catalogue Free. I'lcase Address ; The Hon\c Correspondence School.Dept.338,Springficlii, Mass "BILUBONG" MILLS— made in Australia - claim y*»ii' investiga- tion. The Patent Speed Kegn lator and Governor, tlie Kenew. able Split Bearings the Ball Bearings, the adequate Lubricating System, tlie Simplicity of Construction, together with the Strength of Structure, conduce to a reliable and durable mill. And the prices are very moderate, as you will admit upon receipt of lists, etc. Send now. We are the Manufacturers and Patentees. JOHN PROPTY. DANKS & SON, LIMITED. 391.399 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE. Pump, Troughlnjt and Windmill Makers. [deaf: Mm DEAFNESS and HEAD NOISES Uc'lievefl b\' usinjif Wil 9nN'(t COMMON SENSE '"'"•^"'^^ EAR DRUMS. Invifiiiile, comfortable. Thousands in use, ^'i\in;,^ perfect satisfaction. Book sent free to the deaf. Write to — WILSON EAR DRUy«\ CO., 160 Premier tuililiiio 229 Collim St.. Mflb. "''Hi "HlYMRIC" UNRIVALl^ED ^ HYE OINTMUNT AND LOTION. ^ (.'uros iJramilation. Uleoration, Bliijlit, Sore ami Inllatned Kyes. lie-storos Eyelaslies. This Universal Ointment and Lotion as a family salvo lias no oqoal, and should bo used without tear or hi-^itation. Tt'stiuionial^ posted. Ointment, l! t> ; T.^i i:.K.\ at 2 6, 4 6, and 6/- (Abro.-id i/- extra). TME 001:^DE:i«^ oil Ce>., WARinriClC, ET^GLAI^D, nrd from all Chemists. I 1. 1. r, \^.r.ts- Mi.^K^. KU'lI.l K .v (Kl'-l'li:. Wlmle^alc Chcmistv, Sa, e I. t k.. ii wll K,.,,d. K.< . The Review of Reviews. SXIiENGTHEN Y^URyiSION by /-(ATORAL MEA(NS. .<>< A COMMON-SENSE REMEDY (OH CYC-STRAIN. If yourcyea have we;(.ki;iied ttiroiigli age. /' 1 \ OTer-work. or iUness. *i<>ii't ai-sume Dial . \ ipe-"taflf»aiidcye Rltuses.orwlKil ;ir«woisr. I 1 tOlDtiiieiits. totioiiM.Mitil niHjrations. arc t)ii-)ieMt J I way- »t ..M;iiiiiNtf rvUff. Tin- iii.isl prt-ti';il ; Dirtli.i.i ifi t'> 8ti<-ugthfii and (ei-.l the wcikiiif.! iKTTc* and musclf^. Mi'dvrn nic.lii-:il B<;iciii t- I'v- •crit«>r. Gllbort Penlv^l hii« ■ut-ousfullv apidir-d tliih pnii'ii'.i- r<> the i^urv of aittgiuitiiiini. H'luifit. ionn and ihi'it sight. i-lcJ •iBht.pti'.OBwell ajirye etr " aiidgi ti<-i it <-yF-wr:ikn«ici Wrilr fo Ur. Per.iv.ila »>«x.k. whi.h cleiirly <-X]>laiiii this Bini|)l« am) HL-iiAihle njfrli'.d..iiidiirl*e8niinht.Uii iltlr fnrnkjt)'>r) <-n tb« aire Mini pphp »:itioii ..f thweyen. Iiii puiiliMh,- at It.. »'Ut one copy wili U. hn FR K K i -n rrccfipt of 3 mhr'-ad 6 luT'gu) ■t:irnpi t- [wy post,tKe. If you d-.-Iiiy t<"> li'MH yiMir eyei will h«aou- i-er- nMni'titlv weakened, no uroid this d.tuKT tSt fr.-.r. h.ir.-igi it,,l,.Ts M\"I-.R1'( Mil , 1 6 exir r: "^ for genuine BRITISM Made CLOTHS. Wholesale, Reiaih Hxport. None but -.ound, trrcprc.ichable cloth*; of Itritish otigin arc stocked: :tnil ihc4cin itnincnic (Quantities — of wL-ight*^, <|tiiilitics, aiiy iradc b'inu u i Id wide. These can be tailored, if deAircd, by well <:^lab)i-thcn tiims in connection. Thr following is « kummary The piic(.< Tarivs with thr w<-i^;hl, the com ol (tir- wool, and the difficulty or ea»c of manufdcdur w Iritk Tw«cds for hard i"ut;li wr.ir. Suit lent;tli, 19 3 (•> 27 6 B Fricxcs (or 1 'Mt coats anr s|HMt afid lounjce wciir. Suit IcuKfh, 15, - to 33 3 I Heavy Tweeds fur cold ilim.ile^. Suit Itngtii. 24/- l'> 29 9 I t MH.'.t FU&aic.s. 2 Shu lenKlh, 17.6 to 28 - Worslads .ii hrni To nitt)* Uimlojalii • fulIoWM that rhoMT «hn iiiiik 11 . hut a vltli to (h<*warrhoiia>< . (lint !• till* |>ri>|irr rnnnnrr ■•• M and th<' liitrtrrily 'if thr I r:i*\ ciiourIi. unil It u«uitlly i'toiiiuta nr«* iii)-«t deflrlrnt Hi Wor.t -1./, U r.M,..<. I.„ * »M:>rt£B.5/0. Kiiey'i Cninhl'ir lnlli.itd niKl Ihxing' Ti>hlt>S from iTIt'ino to £r2 I'tkcs inrliide all ace -*i^rif«, Can ini.-e i-ii.l lo nraiCHl lailvay ^l.iil.'.i in Hf t'.ilte.l KirikMoin. <'j^h i>i 1..ISV I'.ivinriilfl. Crny'e Book on Billiardi pub- lished at 1 - will b« sent post f re* on rttc«ipt of 2d. stumps. I HKK nn tfcetf* o' ^'■if.4fr,| futl i.t -tifd llliitlr.tiad Catalvi'H*. BrtMulflclcl Muia, Acer niton. »k t4i Al>tei«giiif< Street, B.C. C|> XCll. The Review of Reviews- OSTER FOR GENTLEMEN r'ils tlie lug ]) ^rfcctl)- ; all metal parts being protectc'd, it cannot injure the skin. COMFORTABLE, because it lies iiuite (lat. RELIABLE, because it is made of the best material. To be obtained from all principal dealers, or we will send sample pair post free on receipt of 1/- W. B. SCOTT & CO. 164, CLARENCE ST., SYDNEY 'A KNIGHT OF CARTERS A BARGAIN WITHOUT Risn. SAMPLE HANDUERCHIEr FREE. \\'e feel that you lia\ e onlv to see our Benyon Mandkerohietb to want them— ami t lierefore make the follOM'in^^ tuiiqtie offer ; If you will send a postal order for 3s. fo half dozen Ladies' or Gent.'s Fine linen tlemstltched Handkerclilefs. you may use one and return the other five if you decide that you would rather have the inuney than the j^ooda, and we will return the 3s. paid without (juestion. liut we are sure you will he capti- vated hy their snowy whiteness, evenness of texture, softness and durability. Why not .send for a eainple half-dozen to-day? SPECIAL LINE Ladles' Hand-embroidered llemslilched Hatidkerchlefs, with one initial, any letter. 3s. 6d. the half-dozen. Thev will reach you hy return. liensnn Cotton Handkerchiefs at "s. per dozen will he sent on tlie same understandinjr, ITRin? ~^ postcard will brinK our list of Benson's Neglige " XlEilJ, Wear, made in our own tT)-fjienic work-rooms, W. BENSON & CO., Dept 10, Victoria Buiidings, MANCHESTER IDEAL IDEIALI [IDEAL I IDEAL IDEAL (IdeaO Foun^nPen The World'5 Best Fountain Pen and its choicest Christmas Gift. To jjive a Waterman's Ideal is to make a friend for life. Try it ! In 4 Styles— Regular and Self Filling, 12/fi and upwards ; Safety and Pump Filling, 1 5/- and upwards, (>/ Sl.tli.'iit-i, mil/ Ji-..tl!ci< (Vt->y:i'h,>,. L. & C. HARDTMUTH, Ltd.. Koh-i-noor House, London, England. The Review of Heviews. xcin. REGAL BOOTS AND SHOES AMERICA'S BEST. No effort or expense is spared in the manufacture of Regal Boots and Shoes. The best I'pper Leathers in the United States, the best slow tanned Bn>;lish Leather for Soles, the best workmanship, make Ke- jjal boots and shoes an unique conihination of the best of both worlds. Rejial Evening Shoes are delightful to wear They adapt themselves to the foot without losing their shape, and are the acme of comfort. Designed by Trade Experts, the unequalled workmanship and the quality of material make them a wonderful ex- ample of high-class footwear. Sole Distributors : SupDiird in sinqle and double sole. In Btix Calf, tilace Kid. Patent Leather, witl) tngllsh Leather Sules 16 6 Patent Welted Pumps. 16 '6 THE AMERICAN SHOE COMPANY H E. RANDALL, Ltd . Proprietors) Special Regal Depots -91 CHEAPSIDE : 375 STRAND : Head Depot -Xii'i REGENT STREET, LONDON W. LONDON iitiii ' t LONt)ON 1 13 Wc.tbourne Grorc, W. RICHMOND : 13 George Street CHEI.TKNHAM : The Promenade. CROYDON : 28 High Street. MANCHESTER: 2 Dennieate Arcade. LIVERPOOL : 3! Church Street. LEAMINGTON : IS2 The Parade. PLYMOUTH : 49 Georg. Street, ItRISTOL : 62 Park Street. GLASGOW : 55 Buchanan Street. EDINBURGH : 102 Princes Street. DUBLIN: 70 Grafton Street. BELFAST : 19 & 2! Wellington Place. CORK : 45 Patrick Street. The He view of Reviews. Is this Man Gifted with Strange Power ? Prominent People say He Reads Their Lives Like an Open Book Dp You Want to Know about Your Business, Marriage, Changes, Occupations. Friends, Enemies, or what to do to Achieve Success?" Test Readings free to all ** Review of Reviews" Readers who write at once. lAttention of Ihc mystically inclined seem.; to be centred at ]iresent upon the work of Mr. Clay Uurton Vance, who, althoiigli laying claim to no special gift of supernatural powers, atlcnipls to re\'eal the lives rif people through the ■.K-uf'er clue of birth-dates. The undeniable accur.ioy of his delineations leale write ; ; Please read my li'e-- Are my prospeds bright ? " Rena your letter to Mr. Ci.AY BttRTON Vance, Suite 2940, I'alais Royal, I'aris, Kiancc. If you wih you may enclose 6(/. (stamps of your own country) to pay postage, clerical work, &c. Please note thai 2h,/. postage is reipiircd on letters posted to France. Do not ,ii,l,,sr cuins or silver in your letter. REAL SCOTCH TWEEDS can be obtained in any length DIRtCT from the MANUFACTLRERS. Suitings, Dress Goods, and IN THE lATfSf Ov«=i-#-r.at;r.ci'« BEST QDAUJIES DESIGNS v^vercoanngs oniy. (VERY SPECIAL VALUE.) Write for PATTEUN'.S and PANTICULARS po t free fr.itn ROBERTS, SOMERYILLE & COY., QALASHIELS, SCOTLAND. S pet id I Attention to Oycrseas inquiries and Orden.. A Set of Ten Artistic HAND-COLOURED Pictures after GEORGE MORLAND. The Horse Feeder The Farmer's Stable Juvenile Navigators Country Butcher The Travellers The Cottagers The Recruit The Deserter Deserter Caught The Pardon The coniidele set will be sent lo any address on receipt of £2 5s. (abroad 2/6 exlra), or single subjects will be supplied loi 5 each (aliroad 6r/. extra). Kindly mention the "Review oi Kc\le\Ys " u /le// orderin:; any of the abo*e front PONXING &» 00„ Publishers, Corporation Street, Birmingham, England. The Review of Reviews. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA. (Annual Subscription, 8,6.) CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1912. PAQB History of the Moatb (Australasian) zcviii. Hlatory of the Moalh (Eaglish) 389 "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread": The Truth .Vlnmt 'I'lii* ('(luntiy's Kuod ... ... ... 407 Motors and Railways i>olil:iMi8in 437 Italy aud tlie Me(litcrr;nic:ui 437 Th« Emperor Mutsiiliito . . 438 The Preaideiitial Puzzle 440 T)ie GerniMu Swialist Party 440 The KaiMiT 441 PAGI Leadiag ArticUs (Coiitiniied:— Eiiward VII.— Citizen ami Kiiiu' 442 The Bread Crisis in France 443 Who Are the Japanese? 443 Sir Edward C^ooli on the Politit-ai On.^look 444 Poverty-Slriclien I'lster 444 " The Plums for Our Friends " 445 .\n Indian on True Imperialism 446 Blunders of the East 446 Plea for Fire Inquests 446 Claims of Labour and of Women 447 Women C-oiiquerors i>f the Air 448 The Empress-Dowager of Ja.pan 448 The Women of Japan 449 Russian Women anil Freedom 450 Mathematics f'lr Women . , 450 The Solution of the Servant Prohlem 451 The tireyladies .. ,. 451 Wives Who Work with Their Husbands 462 Huge Armies 453 TJnivepsal Trai.nini; in .\uslralia 455 (i'iiniinuril on next pmicl 45/- DRES3 SUIT CASE. V.>r7 Special I'rico. First-class .VrticU 24 in. Solid Leather Suit Case. ll,,i„h i,i„. THOROUGHLY GUARANTEED. ,'".",' BEin £ Tnnn s.RENntio street, .'.^.cKo-nCIU & lUUU, GLASGOW. SCOTUND. N|MC 'il fttt«ntlori U> l-oren;n n.w\ Ool >if <.\ < in. nth Wtil. for xur Calnrticu/ars to the fnrenlor : W. HOMAN. 20. Renfrew St.. GLASGOW, Scotland. Aqtrnts irnnfvft ouerytvhere. Ple.i«) menllon Ihli maqatlna. BY APPOTNTMKNT TO Ills MMKSTY THK KING. Aquascutum:' i LTD. SPORTING TAILORS, OVERCOAT SPECIALISTS Sole Makers of ihe Celebr.ilod AQUASCUTUM ALL-WOOL WATERPROOF COATS. The EIDERSCUTUM LiRlilcsl .in( .1 passage across the iinHiii tains. " ll is an interesting coineidi-nce in.n the peo])|e of Bathiu'st should ha\<' been celebrating their city's jubilee within a few months of the cen- crossing of the Blue MonnUiins. City of the Plains. tenary of the Bathurst might Ix- termed the first-fruits of that crossing. Within the comj)ass of years which repre- sent a jubilee, a city has sprung into existence which has come to be known as the " Pride of the West," and which for beauty of situation and design, chal- lenges comparison with any of the cities of Aus- tralia outside the State capitals. Commercially, Bathurst has hardly fulfilled its earlier promises. With coal and iron at the door, Nature herself .seemed to ha\-e indicated that Bathurst should be the great manufacturing district of the West, but somehow the city, or the people, have missed their npportunhy. Bafliur.st was at one time regarded as in the first running for the Federal Capital. It will always have a historic interest as the scene of the lirst Federal Coiixeiition. The facts relating to the discovery. The Beginning not of Bathur.st, but of the beauti- of Tilings, ful site on which the city subse- quently came to Ix* built, are simple but interesting. When Deputy- Surveyor of Lands George William Evans was directed to make a sur- vey of the track over the Blue Mountains, following on the discoveries of Blaxland, Lawson ami Went- vvorth, he found tlieir furthest camp three miles west of the Valley of Clwydd. He pushed on 98 miles from that point, and discovered Bathurst Plains. This was in 1813. (K>vernor M.acquarie then ordered the road to be made. It was com- menced in July, 1814. and finished in January, 1815. Lieutenant Cox, cliief magistrate at Wind .sor, super\i.seil the work, which was carried forward in stag<-s, to each of wliieh Macquarie gave names — SpringwfxKl, Jamieson Valley, iilackhealh, Cox UiM-]-.' I'ish River, Sidmoutli Valley, Campbell River .Hid H.ithurst — the last after ]x>Td Bathurst, Secretary of State foi the Colonies. In May, 1 81 5, an ollicial party set out from the coast to cross the mountains, and formally open the new road. '["he Ciovernor had in his entourage Mrs. Decemulr, 1912. history ot the (Vlonth. XCIX. Macquarie ; his secrttar\ , Mr. (.'aiiiplK.'ll ; ('aptaiii Antill, ul tin- 73r(l Rcf^iment ; Lieutenant Watts, of tlu: 46th ; Mr. Redfern (.surgeon), Surveyor- General Oxley, Mr. I.ewin. a jiainter and naturalist, and at Bathurst Plains lie was joined by Evans. They arrived at the Plains on May 4, and stayed for a week. .Nhuquarit; fixed the site for the townshi]), and on Sunday, May 7, 1815, the ofticial oiH-ning of the ro;id, and practically the foundation of Hathurst, took place. In the following month the Governor issued "a " Gazette " notice, commanding those who had assisted in making the road to " aj)- pear before him " at Eastern Creek stockyard, .and grants of horned cattle were made to Thomas Hohliy, Richard Lewis, Jol)n T\e. Thomas Gor- man. William Dye, Samuel Freeman, Daniel Eyres, J.imes Kelly, William Martin, Matthew Mucklow, •ind Mrs. Green, widow of Thomas Green. Each was ordered to bring his own branding iron, as the ■ cattle were to come out of the Gmernnient herd. The first grant of land grven in the Bathurst district was to Maurice Charles O'Connell. of the it^t^ Regi- nii-nt — 1000 acres, March 22. 1814. Mi. J. W. Ashworth, a Yorkshireman, is the only surviving memh-r of the first Bafluir.st Munici])al Council. Ht" is 81 \>ars of age. and has known Batluirst .since 184.:. The Commonwealth Governuieiu s The Referenda new Referenda proposals are em- Bllls. iKidied in six bills, the first of which was introduced last wo<-k by Mr. Hughes. It consi.sts of two clauses: — (1) This .A(>lv. Paragraph 20 of the Constitution relates to ' foreign cor|>r)rations and tr.iding cr financial corjwrations, formed within the limits of the Commonwealth," while paragraph 35 limits at pr<-sent the Commonwealth powers in industrial mat- ters to the jiower to make laws with respect to " con- ciliation and arbitration tV)r the prevention and settlement oi imhistrial disputes extending beyond the limits of am 'Hie State." The questions to be ■submitted are materially the same as those embodied in the previous Referenda. ' The mode of referring them to the j^eople has been changed, and specilic sfM'vices have Ixkmi .selected for exemption. In the last Referenda the issues Separate were submitted together. This time Issues. the proposed amendments will be sent to the electors as separate issues. Presumably this may be taken as an in- dication that the Government is anxious to carry some if it cantiot carry all, and that it is not desirous of risking another wholesale defeat. In the proposed amendments this time State railways are not to be aff<>cted by the trade and commerce clauses, though under the industrial clauses control is sought over railway ofiicials, and the control will extend to their right to have their case carried over the heads of the State Go\ernments to the Federal Arbitration Coiut. The monoiwHes clause has been |)riuied to exclude Commonwealth from the right to take over any monoiwly that has Ijeen national- ised bv a State or any public authority within a State, such as a municipal body . This is an im I)ortant concession to thos<- who stand for State rights. Indeed, it is plain that the new amend- ments have l)ecn drawn with the recognition that tlie objections to the absorption of the powers of • the States in matters which ha\e already become ■ an essential object to State authoritv constitute the chief danger in tlif w.iy <>l cirrying the Referenda. Lord Lord Chelmsford's announcement ot his retirement early next vear Chelmsford's , , . . , t-. . /• .. ,„ ., „ ,, . roni he iK)Sition of State Governor Retirement. ^. '. , „. , in New .South Wales came as a great surjjri.se. There is still .some doubt in the public mind as to whether the official ex))lanation for the , retirement was not more dijilomatic than correct. Tlierc is an 'uneasy feeling that it had something to do with the difficultv which arose over the dis|x)sition of the l''e(leral Gov<-rnment House. He that as it may, the regret at tlie ai>jiro.iching d.-parture of Lord ChelmsfortI is universal and sincere. 'I'he Slate has nexer known a more tactful or iK)i)ular Governor. He has niadi- himself the The Revlei^ of Reviews. December, 191: friend ot all and the enemy of none. In pnblic and pri\-ate, Ijoth Lord and I.ady ('heJmsJord have li\ed up to high ideals. A.s a s[5eaker. Lord Chelms- ford has also distingui.shed himself. His public utterances are alway.'S fresh, racy antl practical, and, being a shre«d observer and a close student of human nature, he manages \^■here^■er he goes to extract honey from e\-ery kiml ot flower. His re- pertoire of stories is stupendous, and he eschews chestnuts. Inde-ed, the Sydney papers will be dull- reading for a 'ong time after his departure, for the public have as naturally turned each morning to be regaled with Lord Chelmsford's latest parable or story as to the weather chart. 'i'he missicMi of King W'atriama to ° .Meltonrne has about it all the spice Watriama's r t 1 w-u- m: 4. . .. ot romance. Jacob William Wat- riama is king of the Loyalty Is- lands, that small group lying about 60 miles to the east ot New Caledonia, and about two and a-half days' sail from Kockhanipton. France has held a protectorate over the group ever since her occupa- tion of New Caledonia, and English missionaries, at least, have had nothing to thank the French ("'■overnment for. Now, it seems, the natives desire to come under the Commonwealth flag, and to put their case before the Government was the object of King Watriama's visit to Melbourne. The popula- tion of the five islands forming the group, is about half a million. Principally, the trade is with New Caledonia. Coffee, rice and copra are the staple products, but the pearl-shell industry, gold and nickel mining, count for something. The chief rea- son assigned by the inhabitants in their de.sire to come under CommoiuTOalth jirottKtion is their fear of the Jaj)anese. King W'atriama says there are some 6000 Ja))ane.se already in the group, finding employ- ment, mainly, in the^ nickel mines. " Many of these," he declares, "are soldiers and spies; and if the Commonwealth does not soon take action, the Japanese will take jx>s.session of the group." Wat- riaraa, who apjx-ars to rule by proxy, for, on his own admission, he lives in Sydney, and has not \nx-n to the islands for .som<- time, saw service for lli<; IJriti.sh with the mounted rides, and in the Boer war. Evidently he regards his proposal as one to Ije easily brought alx.)Ut, but nations do not relin quish protectorates to suit anybody but them.selves. 'J'he new Copyright Bill which lias Universal passed the Commonwealth I'arlia- Copyrl(5ht. nieiit brings Au.stralia into line with Oreat Britain, -France, Germany, Italy and most other important counlries. It affords these further advantages that it has simplified the whole law relating to copyright, and abolished what the Attorney-General designated "antitjuated form.ili ties." There is now only one form of copyright, which is practically extended to everything, and it does not cost anytliing; as Mr. Hughes expjes.sed it, the author gets his copyright by the fact that he is an author. At present copyright on an author's works is extended for the author's life and fifty years, instead of the author's life and seven years, or 42 years, whichever might be the longer. At the end of 25 years after the author!s death, however, any person may reproduce, on notice to the holder and the payment of 10 per cent. Power is reserved to the Privy Council to grant the right of publica- tion on terms, but not during an author's lifetime, on the payment of a royalty. An author may not assign his copyright for more than 25 years after his death. After that the copyright passes auto- matically to the family of the author. Public. ition of collections for schools will not be infring87,ooo, and tlie entire deposits in the banks of Australia scarcely excerdod a million and a-quarttr. At the date of the last balance-sheet, the def)osits in Mr. Dibit's own l);ink alone stood at _;^2o, 8.23, 000. He recalls that owning sheep stations arKl sheep in Australia in 1842 was synonymous with ruin. Ten \<-ars later, so great was the change of fortune, that sheej) sent from Xew South Wales to Victoria nett'd from 30s. to 35s. per head, and big fortunes wir.- made bv stock and st.ition owners. Strenuous Politicians. seek to m.iki Politicians, like most people, suffer from the spirit of procrastination. They waste the shining hours in the early part of a se.s.sion, and vainK up tlie lost time when the sand in the hour glass warns them that the days are running out as well as the nights. At present the Common- wealth Parliament is working overtime, and mem- bers are feeling the strain. No Wages Board would sanction sucli a profligate expenditure of energy. Each day the sitting lasts from 10.30 a.m. till nearly midnight. The Government, it is evident, is straining .very nerve to make its calling and election sure. The new year will bring them within sight of a general election, and a heavy jjrogramme of propaganda work will occupy every waking hour of the vacation. Meantime .Ministers are se<^king to i)ile up e\>ry bit of legislation that will enable them to presiople outside the circle of his most intimate trieivls had any ink- ling that Mr. Justice O'Connor was suffering ftom a serious malady. I iie annouiicment of his death, therefore, on NovemU-r \>i. came as a shock. The late judge's name was written larg<' in the pulilic lifeof his nativ<' ;.ite. Whether at the JJar, or in politics, he was recognised ,is fieing con.s<;ii-nlious, level-headed and painstaking He was thorough rather than bril- liant, and eech. Ocloloer 2, — J, C. Meehan, sheaier, The Darling, for calling Coloml Onslow "a coot." Octol^r 8.— W. H. We funnier? The meetings of the National Coun- The_ National cilof Women, .sitting in' Melbourne, of Women. '^^^'^ t)een of practical interest. For •iiirv of atmosphere such gather- ings compare more than favourably with similar gatherings of the sterner sex. Women are new yet to politics and public life generally, but their day of triumph is fast approaching, and their natural tendency to take a common-sense view of things gives a hopeful colouring to the outlook. Lady Denman's interest in the work of the Council is warm and friendly. Her suggestion, that the several State councils should co-operate and w'ork in unison, to bring ui) the same work at the same time, and thus seek to create public opinion on (juestions impor- tant to women all o\er the Commonwealth, is a de- cidedly practical one, and merits consideration. Her idea is that each year .special subjects should be selected for study, and the concurrent work of the councils moulded on those lines. This, in her opinion, would lead to better, practical results than the present promiscuous discussion ot subj«t.s. ^liss Rose Scott's paper on laws re- lating to women and children was Happy Women. characteristic of that ladv, the value of wiio.se laliotn- for the cause of women cannot Ix; over-estimateil. Her name ranks with the late Miss Silence's as a champion of women's rights. Tn her paper, she advocated uut only the alxjlition of restrictive laws concerning women, but the making of effective new laws. She had read in a German paper that " the women of Australia were quite happy." They certainly had the vote, but it was to be hoped that vote was going to be used for jiroper purix)ses, and not lor the liirther building up of class hatred. In the re;dms of politics there was no reason why women should not enter Parliament. Women were legislators in Finland and Colorado, and the manner in which they carried out their duties did not suggest any rea- son for prohibiting women sitting in Australian Par- liaments. In municipal life there should be a move liberal franchise, en.ibling women to exercise a franchise and take a seat on the council Women had the responsibility, of keeping clean and orderly their homes, and should Ix? able to help in the man- December. 1912. history of the Month. cm. agement of cities, .nnd al.so suf;ge.st means of check- ing too frequent extravagance and aimless expendi- ture. The mi-thods of road watering in some muni- cipalities, through divided control by councils, re- minded citizens of a " Gilbert and Sullivan road." One council watered one side of the road, and the other the opjiosite. The pavements, not being in the contracts, were negkxrted. In industrial matters. Miss Scott advocated permission of women practising in law courts, and a seat for women on ]nil>lic boards, the University senate and every hospital. She [)rotested against the bad example .set by the Ciovern- ment in not jiaying equal wages for equal work. Why school teachers and post mistresses \vere not paid equally with men holding similar positions she could not see. The only objwtion rai.sed so far had been that women got married. If they did, they became better citizens, and often did not give up their work bv their change of state. There should be women iiis[)ectors in State schools. V\'omen, t, should have a place on juries, and she would sug- gest a travelling nurse matron l)eing ajjpointed to visit the suburban gaols to deal with the female pri- soners, insttail of leaving them to the care of the constables. On the social aspect of women's rights, she wanted an equal divorcs law for men and women, and equal guardianship of children. " It seems to mc" said Miss Scott, '"if the women at ehx'tion tiiiifs did not serve the men as they do, and siK-nl their time in working for the emancipa- tion of their sex, that they would get what they wanted, and would get the reforms they desired with- out taking j)art in party politics." It i.s a big but alluring .programme. According to the Minister for Home Trusts .Aflairs, Australia is struggling lo Australia. under the accumulated evils of trusts, and in comparison to the population, more sf) than in Uniterl .States. In sup- port of this statement he affirmed that under sominted out, undertakers' trusts had U-en known to exploit the widow and the orphan, .ind the legal trust was .so s-trong that it overran th<' law. He had had bitter ex|>erience of ^ trusts in regard to the rails of the trans-. Australian railway. At present there was a tightening up of the money ni.irket all over the Commonwealth, but he looked to th<> Commonwealth Hank in the near future to he in a position lo fix a maximum rate of interest, above which no one would havt- to pay. Svdney has aflbrded an illustration of another phase of this suhjtK^t in a meeting of master printers, not members of the Master Printers' Association, to pro- test against an alleged attempt on the part of the Association to induce jiajier merchants to charge in- crea.ss.session, and many jn-ople hardly realised that it might be lost as easily as it had been gained, if care was not taken to .safeguard it. Both the Com- monwealth and the Dominion of New Zealand would be forc<-d bv circumstanc<-s to enter the orbit ol world |)olitics, which affected the ICmjnre, and he would like to see the Dominion of New Zealand join forced with the Commonwealth as regard- ever those chains were broken it would be adrift like a derelict upon a sea of storm. The naval policy of the ('ommonvv(-alth would prove one of the strongest ties binding it to the old country, for behind it would be the strong national and Imperial sentiment, that in providing this addition to the Imperial fleet the Commonwealth was not only assisting to secure its own safety, but was also helping the old country to preserve the high roads on the sea, and to safeguard the integrity of the Empire. Preparing for the Worst. The Prime Minister, who followeil the Admiral, showed his keen sense of the danger foreshadowed by Sir George. He accepted the warn- ing that while there was yet time Australia must take thought and prepare for the worst emergency, while keeping the lively hojx; that peace would pre- \'ail here as elsewhere. " The Federal Parlia- ment," said Mr. Fisher, "quite apart from party, believes, that the safety of Australia lies in having a new, up-to-date naval unit, manned and con- trolled by Australians." In making that statement he explained that neither he nor the Ministry altered by one jot or tittle the policy laid down three years ago, that, while their navy was for Australian de- fence, it would always work in hearty co-operation in every water for the defence of the Empire and Australian intere.sts. " Australia's frontier belongs to the navy, and there must be a navy to defend it. The naval defence of Australia is necessarily a matter of time, but Australians will not stand upon the order of their going when there is something doing." Mr. F'isher gave the further gratifying assurance, based on semi-official and private con- versations, that the feeling that New Zealand would co-operate with Au.stralia in the waters of the two (X)untries was growing both in New Zealand and in the Commonwealth. Such co-operation he was satisr fied, would create a force that would be impregnable so far as Australia is concerned. He hoped also that {..\\nada, which had one of its borders on the west near to Australia, would lend its co-operation. KtaiUh'radaisch.\ 11. li l.i^. Turko-Italian Peace Negotiations, Turkey: "I give you my desert^steed with pleasure, and congratulate you on owning it," Italy : " Cursed camel ! " Vlk.\ The Old and Young Turks. Will it be the moon's last quarter ? lUirlin. V.M '/' 5^%^ ^■\ ~rx: .v*-^»- The Mexican Uevolulionaries looking for trouble. American Political Corruption. Senators, Congressmin .md Officials coming lor il lit Standard Oil Cheques. *v ' J- :i''i.^^ .^- : '.* What Great Britain does with each 1000 Acres >gSSK;7- UNCULTIVABLE LAND 430 Acres Representing Mountain, Heath iLForest , Water, Bog and Waste areas, MountainGrazing 'ano and Copse, also land devoted to Residential, Commercial & Industrial purpose^ireserved for Sport &, Recreation permanent pasture" land 310 Acres Including 90 A< of |vieaci6w La laid down for Ha .T CORN ^ CROPS GREEN CROPS Roots Etc. 5 I Acres POTATOES 10 Acres CLOVER and Rotation Grasses 74 Acres ORCHARDS Small FRUIT &HOPS 9 Acres Note The actua/ /proportion of each liem /s s/iown aho^i WHY THE PEOPLE OF THIS COUNTRY ARE FED BY FOREIGNERS. Iticin ne proved Ihafon the above 1,000 (icres quite 600 people couMieasily be Provided with;ample vegetable and animal produce •Lv aLtterust. . f th.. la,^ that abandoned to ■' permanent pasture." This means, therefore, that t.reat Britain * ^i^ ^^^rt i\ fiX) 000 inhabitant/out of her present population of 40,000.000, whereas at present .she only provides f,ir n"o^ or o , n ot^;? vo'rds:uTequir°es over 3 a'cres of ,'oo'd land to feed each inhabitant, with the result that at least 2 out of 1 1 .uuu.wu . or, 1 oi -1 ^^^^ ^ persons have to depend upon foreign produce. [The area " reserved for sporf does not include grome moors or deer forests.'^ No. 274. Vol. XLVI.] [October, 191 2. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS The Progress of the World. Rumours of War and a Treaty of Peace. London, Oct. 2, 1912. No one who had fol- lowed at all closely the trend of Italian policy and thought with regard to the war with Turkey was surprised at the unexpected outbreak of warlike feeling in the Near East. It has always been the intention of the Italian Government to use the lever of the smaller Balkan States as a means to secure peace with Turkey. The theme has been dealt with by Italian editors and cartoonists for quite a long time. It is also true that menace of war in the Balkans renders possible to Turkey a renunciation of territory in Africa. As we pointed out some time ago, the basis by which the spiritual supremacy of the Sultan could be secured was settled ; the only delay has been the necessity for safe- guarding any Turkish Government which made the Peace Treaty. In the Balkan turmoil, however, it will pass unnoticed, and so we will see finis written to another war. But the serious side of the question is whether, when once racial passions and terri- torial ambitions are aroused, they will be easy to control. Both the Balkan States, who see every chance that Turkey will now become strong, and Turkey, who would not be averse to showing by European victories that under normal conditions there would have been no African defeats, may feel strongly tempted to let events move on to war. We do not believe that Factors in the there will bc War, and Case. it is probable that, as a sop to those States which have mobilised their armies and disorganised their national existence, there will be convened some sort of a round-table conference upon reforms. This being so, the military demon- strations of Bulgaria, Servia and Montenegro serve as so much adver- tisement of their right to be present at such a conference. It would be in the Turkish interests to invite them all to meet the Great Powers for one very important reason — they all are firmly convinced that their spheres of interest in Macedonia and Albania are at the same time exclusively theirs, and yet cover the same territory. Bul- garia firmly believes that Macedonia is peopled by Bulgarians, Servia is equally sure that the inhabitants are Servians, while Greece is not at all 390 The Review of Reviews. sure that not only Macedonia but the entire empire of Alexander and Philip should be Greek. Then there are religious differences without number. The Great Powers would soon see the impossibility of reconciling all the views, and would have to admit that, for the moment at any rate, Turkey, supported by disinterested help, must take the question of reforms in hand. To attempt any other solution would be suicidal. Nor is there any doubt that it is recognised by Turkish states- men that reforms must come, and that it is in the best interests of Turkey that they come quickly. But Mace- donia is a hard nut to crack. During the time of Abdul Hamid it was made the happy, or rather unhappy, hunting ground of bands of Bulgarians and Servians and Greeks, all more or less in touch indirectly with the Governments of Sofia, Belgrade and Athens. Now the Macedonian population has an incurable " band habit " which is not conducive to reforms. But with patience and time this will give way to treatment, especially if the case be put into the hands of experienced English administrators. We find it difficult enough to stop cattle-driving in Ireland to be able to appreciate the difficulties Turkey has to contend with in stopping man-driving in Macedonia. It is foolish to attempt The Foes of to Uphold the argument that the desire of the neighbouring Balkan States to intervene, or rather to interfere, at the present moment was because of a pure-souled wish to better things in Macedonia. Reform in European Turkey must be welcomed by these Islam : Interested States. States, but at the same time real reform spells ruin to the most cherished ideals of the Servians and Bulgarians. And that is where the immediate danger lies — when there is every chance of these being gone for ever, the tempta- tion to cast all on a single throw is tremendous. Servia may go to war and " chance it " rather than see her hopes of a sea outlet go for ever. In justice to Servia, we must say that we sympathise with her position, far more than we do with that of Bulgaria. Servia has always had to fight for her existence, and has had her right of independence tested by fire. She began the Crimean War and the Russo- Turkish War. She may begin another war, but it would be a mistake, since it is no longer so easy to count upon European complications. If Bulgaria goes to war, it will be with the hope of European intervention after a few days or weeks. This gambling with interven- tion is not to be encouraged, or else there will never be certainty of peace. Happily the Great The Policeman of Powers have on the the Near East, spot a vcry reliable and adequate policeman in Roumania, whose geographical position, as much as her fixed policy, makes her admirably suited to maintain peace and order. Thanks to the admirable sovereignship and clear-headed policy of King Charles, Roumania is not only in a position to impose her desires, but has also earned an enviable reputation for peaceful and sane ideals. To-do 3- it is no exaggeration to say that Roumania holds the scales of peace and war. No move can be made by Bulgaria against Turkey unless Sofia Q O to .- -' Ix -?. .'iiO ■i* ,^ 9 H a o a a i, <• /in > r^ a: UI -D V I o: - Ui ^ s , o . rfat "'/ ■ iiir .^^ _ •'■ _ / ■w • «1 u t'^ 392 The Review of Reviews. has the fullest assurances that Bukharest will not move. The mobilisation of the Roumanian Army along the northern bank of the Danube, which forms the frontier between Roumania and Bul- garia, would suffice to prevent war between Bulgaria and Turkey. And such action on the part of Roumania would be the direct result of a request by the Great Powers. Austria can bring pressure to bear on Servia, as history has shown time and again, since Austria has never failed to exercise this power to the detriment of Servia' s national development. Thus there should be no difficulty in avoiding war from the North. If there be peace, the credit will largely remain with King Charles. We would also go so far as to say that Italy and her allies would never have ventured on the present dangerous " powder-play " had they not been sure of the policeman. If the situation can be held stationary even for ten days, the crisis is over, since it is im- possible for Bulgaria, at any rate, to maintain her army on a war footing for many days without disastrous results. Thus there is every probability that Turkey, freed from the preoccupation of Tripoli, will be able to turn her attention to reform at home. The pre- sent display of warlike possibilities will serve as a stimulus to more rapid reform. But the essential is that this country shall lose no time in assuring Turkey that we are going to help her, to back her up, and to prove that the Turks who demonstrated before the British Embassy in Constantinople and cried " Vive V Angleterre " were not buoying themselves up with a false reliance on British friendship. It is easy to understand why it is im- possible for any other Great Power, save ourselves and possibly France, to undertake the task of helping Turkey disinterestedly. Russia wishes Constan- tinople and part of Asia Minor, Austria desires the road down to Salonica, Italy longs for the Albanian coast of the Adriatic, while Germany hopes by sup- port of Austria's desire to obtain a Mediterranean or Adriatic seaport. Inevitably therefore these countries must either desire a weak and not a strong Turkey or else be prepared to forgo their ambitions. However much this Islam— the Key couutry may be in British Empire, f^vour of refonus in Turkey, and even if there be much sympathy for their small neighbours who have decided to force the pace, we cannot afford to forget that our interests are vitally bound up with Turkey. The two Mohammedan Powers must stand to- gether— we, at any rate, cannot afford to allow undue coercion and possible disaster to befall the Caliphate. If we were ready, if Constantinople were to pass out of Turkish hands, to constitute ourselves as guardians of the holy cities of Islam, we might be able to decide impartially in a Near Eastern question. As it is, we cannot help our- selves : we must support Turkey. Material interests, again, should urge us to do so, since we have nothing save sentimental bonds with Bulgaria, Servia, and Greece ; they are always bound to be more likely against us in any European coalition than with us. And this not because they par- ticularly desire it, but because we have The Progress of the World. 393 few points of contact, few common interests, with them. How very much the situation should be taken to heart in London may be judged by the following extract from an Indian corre- spondent of the Times, who writes : " r.in-Isl.imism has steadily progressed, until now, under the inBuence of recent events, it has undoubtedly attained to a power, an importance, and a cohesion such as has never previously been the case. . . . The loyal Mohammedan community is greatly disturbed by the course of British policy, not understanding the in- tricacies of European politics. In this frame of mind it has been approached by the emissaries of Pan- Islamism with results which are most unfortunate from our point of view. . . . Those closest in touch with Mohammedan feeling seem unanimous in considering that never before within itheir recollection has that feeling Ix'en so stirred by events outside India, and never has so great a strain been placed on the loyalty of what we have always regarded as perhaps the most loyal community." We must consider whether we can afford to allow Turkey to be beaten, or even to have Turkey victorious, in war, although one or the other results may be pleasing to Austria or to Russia. We have the fact to face that, to quote an eminent authorit}^ " Islam is the key to the British Empire." Nor is the matter made easier for us by a knowledge that, had we openly come out before this with a declaration of the community of interests between the two Mohammedan Empires, there would have l)cen real progress in reform, there would liave been tranquillity in Turkey, and there would have been no war and no menace of further war. Our moral responsibility runs with our material and vital interests in this matter, and a mere st-ntimental tradition perpetuating an ignorant prejudice against religious differences should weigh no longer in the determination of adelinite line of policy. Last month we pub- Univer«nl Service Hshcd aU articlc UpOU by Conient. the duty of citizcuship as shown in Japan. If there is one lesson which is strikingly predominant in that country it is that every citizen feels that he has a duty to perform towards his mother coun- try— a duty imposed upon him by the sense of gratitude which he feels for all the advantages he gains by his citizenship. This is the only basis upon which a nation can remain really great, and present a firm and undivided front against all dangers. Citizenship should imply the duty of service to the coun- try. We would, therefore, urge upon all not to be led away by the idea that universal service necessarily means conscription. In our mind it does not even necessarily mean military train- ing. We prefer a broader and more national view of universal service, and believe that the citizen should he serve his country in any recognised capacity, or should he show that his efforts on behalf of the country are producing, or will produce, good results, is as truly performing his service as is the voluntary soldier or the conscript. Service there must be if citizenship is to be worth anything. With regard to universal militarj' service, this should be based upon a positive realisation by the individual of his love for his coun- try, with the inevitable result that as a good citizen he must desire to be competent and trained in order to be a worthy son of his country in time of attack. We do not think that any system of conscription based upon a Continental model would be satisfactory or what is needed here. No great national change can come by compul- sion. We think it only fair, however, to say tliat we do not believe those opponents of conscription who use as their most important argument that the people of Hiis country would ne\"er 394 The Review of Reviews. accept compulsory service. This is not the case, and if proof were needed it can be found in the way in which the Insurance Act, affecting as it does everybody and inconveniencing the majority, has been received. If we could rely upon the enthusiasm of the masses for physical improvement or for rifle shooting, a solution of the problem would be comparatively easy. This, however, is not so, and yet it is probable that the men themselves would enjoy being more physically fit, and would be interested in marksman- ship for the defence of their country against an invader. What is needed is that What is every man should be Needed. able to shoot, and that he should have the rudiments of discipline. We do not need an enormous military machine such as exists on the Continent. Colonel Seely, M.P., Secretary of State for War, speaking of the Territorial Force, of whom he said there were 263,479 officers and men, or 84 per cent, of the establishment laid down, launched the idea of universal ser- vice by consent as the nobler ideal for home defence. He promised that " if you fulfil the ideal of universal service by consent, the Government, be it this one or the next, will so frame its organisation as to compre- hend you all." This is a distinct step in advance, and Colonel Seely is to be congratulated both on his common sense and on a certain degree of courage. We would recommend to him the re- markable speech of the German Emperor concerning the Swiss Army : " In the Swiss Army extraordinary zeal prevails ; the Swiss soldier gladly makes great exertions for the love of his country, and the Swiss Army is maintained by the love of the whole Swiss people." We may forget our duties of citizenship, but we cannot in this way avoid the respon- sibility. If Mahomet said, " Let each one of you share in the direction of public affairs, and everyone who thus directs is responsible," so must we. In this connection no more inspiring example could be found than the death of the famous Japanese warrior, General Nogi, in order to emphasize and perpetuate the practical patriotism in which he believed. The Dominions con- The Dominions tinuc to demonstrate Nationa7iefence. that to them the Empire is a very real thing by continuing their preparations to supple- ment our naval power by Dreadnoughts, by military contributions, and by local squadrons. At the same time they are pressing on for systems of universal cadet training, and are fully awake to the fact that they think such a course is both necessary and beneficial. But it is as well that this country should realise now, rather than later, that in the near future the Dominions who are training their sons to be efficient in the defence of their country and to be available in case of Empire peril will certainly urge, if they do not demand, that we in the Mother Country shall take some similar steps. It is not that they do not realise that the British Army is excellent — all the Colonial officers, including Colonel Sam Hughes, the Minister of Militia in Canada, were more than enthusiastic The Progress of the World. 395 over what they saw at the recent manoeuvres — but that will not satisfy them indefinitely. To carry out their own convictions and their own behefs, they must work towards the day when every citizen of the Empire should share in the defence of the Empire. We do not say that they will succeed in con- vincing us, but it is no use to shut one's eyes to the fact that, having accepted naval assistance, it is much more difficult not to listen to military advice. And it is men such as Colonel Hughes who will be responsible if the Dominions do succeed. The Panama question wby not a Cana- j^^g added auother, and a dian .Vmbassador . r i ^ -j. •o Washington ? couclusivc, proof that it is practically hopeless for us to derive any benefit from appoint- ing as our Ambassador in Washington one born in the Mother Country. There is a fundamental difference in point of view and in methods of attaining objects between the civilisa- tion of England and the newer and more virile development of America. As it is in the Olympic games, so it is in American diplomacy. The main object is to succeed. To pit a man brought up in the atmosphere of this country, educated along traditional lines, against the ultra-intelligent poli- ticians of Washington, who have proved their supreme qualifications for high offices in the political arena, is to ensure that we will have the worst of all bar- gains. But happily there is ready to hand a more than adequate remedy. Instead of finding our Ambassador at Washington in this country, it would be far Ijctter to send as a representative of the British Empire a prominent Canadian. He would be able to meet the American representative upon his own ground, since he has been brought up in much the same atmosphere, and has the same advantages of newer civilisation and bracing climate. Since the majority of the relations between the United States and the British Empire directly concern Canada, it is only business prudence to entrust the care of these interests to a Canadian. Naturally the Canadian Ambassador would come under the direct control of the British Foreign Office, and would in no sense occupy a difterent position than that now held by Mr. Bryce. The results, however, of the Canadian occupancy would be very different from those to be hoped for to-day. The military man- Aeropianes and ocuvres, in practically Motors at the , „r Manceuvres. ^very couutry of Europe, which took place last month have brought into prominence the value of aeroplanes and dirigible balloons in the direction of keeping generals informed of the move- ments of the enemy. It is to be re- gretted, however, that the newspapers of this country allowed themselves to be unduly carried away by their enthusiasm and give the general public an entirely erroneous idba of the rela- tive value of aeroplanes. The fact that it was possible for an entire army division to remain during two or three days undetected by the aeroplanes of the opposing forces is in itself a proof that tliere are decided limitations to this form of observation. It must also not be forgotten that in many cases in which the aeroplanes secured informa- tion they did so by flying at very low altitudes, often directly over the masses 396^ The Review of Reviews. Photoanipli byl The New Arm of the French Army Aeroplanes at the Army Manoeuvres. I" Topical.' of troops, who in actual warfare could For the first thue light motor vehicles easily have annihilated them. Also were used on a large scale for the Army the airmen were able to carry on their transport. The success was so remark- work without any aerial inter- ference such as would be the case in actual warfare, when the aeroplanes of the con- tending sides would have as a first duty the destruction of the aeroplanes of the enemy. The great advantage of the aeroplane in warfare is that it enables the general to climb a higher hill than actually exists. The value of the dirigible is greater since it can remain more stationary, and can carry a fuller and more complete staff, both for observation and for the send- ing of wireless messages. The science of the air is as yet in its infancy, but already " there can no longer be any doubt as to the value of airships and aeroplanes in locating an enemy on land and obtaining information which could otherwise only be phe IVril i„ the Air : W hat ,n.,y Happen to London, obtained bv force." '^°* '° airship couM ha\^ destroyed Cambridge duriny the Army The Progress of the World. 397 able as to ensure that in the very near future horse transport will practically disappear. This means in itself a tremendous saving in transport, as fodder for the horses must at present always accompany the army. The only drawback is that it may be more difficult to find emergency battery horses to replace those killed in battle. The success of motors at the manoeuvres has still further strengthened the War Office in its Motor-Lorry Subsidy Scheme, which wUl very soon see a very wide de\'elopment. It is an interesting item that the Government has made an arrangement with the principal motor- omnibus companies of London to have a call upon their chassis in time of war or national emergency. At the present moment there are some 2,500 omni- buses running in London, so that the motor reserve of the Army is already available for Army purposes. A striking illustration of the peril of the air from Germany was afforded by the voyage of the Zeppelin dirigible Hansa to Copen- hagen at the moment when a special British fleet was anchored before the city. Mr. Winston Churchill Rcoritanisine procceds on his task of Mai^ilmcn.. making the Navy ever more and more fit. Last montli he issued announcements of the redistribution of the business of the Admiralty Board. The changes seem all in the direction of grouping duties of the same kind in the hands of one responsible official, instead of employing several to dissipate their energies over a variety ot heterogeneous functions. The miscellaneous duties of the Con- troller have been thus allotted, and his office abolished. The First Sea Lord will henceforth concentrate on organisa- tion for war and distribution of the Fleet, and will pass over the care of naval ordnance and torpedoes to the Third Sea Lord, who will generally be relieved of all functions save those of looking after the matiriel and design. The Second Sea Lord will see to the personnel. An additional Civil Lord will be appointed to take charge of contracts and dockyard business. This applica- tion of business methods to our chief line of defence should be all to the good. But the greatest triumph of Mr. Winston Churchill has been in his prompt recog- nition that the men of the British Navy are no longer recruited by the press-gang, and can no longer be treated either as abnormal beings or as naughty children. His revision of the scale of punishments, as well as his determina- tion that promotion from the lower ranks to officers shall be made more and more possible, show clearly that, whatever may be his disadvantages as a pohtician, he is going the right way to make him- self the most popular and the most efficient First Lord of the Admiralty we have ever had. Reforms such as these enormously increase the strength of the British Navy, and it is no exagge- ration to say that they have a value above that of Dreadnoughts. Even the very mild The Cry of the ^ud circumscribcd regu- shipowner. latious with regard to boat accommodation and life-saving appliances issued by the Board of Trade have called forth a protest from the masters of the Board of Trade— the shipowners. They are not apparently abashed by the 398 The Review of Reviews. fact that all their boast of unsinkable ships with respect to the Titanic has been proved hollow by their own action in sending the sister ship, the Olympic, to have a complete second shell fitted, and that their new ship will be built on far more sane lines than was the Titanic. The Shipowners' Parliamentary Committee, whose mem- bers represent upwards of nine-tenths of the British tonnage afloat, have passed resolutions in view of the im- pending debate on Lord Mersey's Inquiry, which will take place as soon as the House meets. They protest in no measured terms against the Life- Saving Apphances rules — " a departure of the most serious character, imposing on passenger ships a hard-and-fast life- boat scale based solely on the numbers carried." They have the effrontery to say that " any departure from the principle adopted unanimously by the Merchant Shipping Advisory Com- mittee, upon which all the shipping interests were fully represented — namely, that ' the stabihty and sea- worthy qualities of the vessel itself must be regarded as of primary importance, and every provision made against possible disaster must be subordinated to that primary consideration ' — will gravely imperil the safety of life at sea." It is perhaps natural, although undoubtedly regrettable, that the shipowners of this country, blind to the necessity of re- establishing the prestige of the British Mercantile Marine in the eyes of the world, should thus lose no time in ranging themselves definitely against the princi- ple of giving every passenger a chance for life. They know well that to advise the handing over of mercantile matters to the Merchant Shipping Advisory Committee, on which, as they truly say, " the shipping interests were fuUy represented," is a modest way of sajdng that the shipowning interests would dominate it. But it is not in the interests of the public that any such bolstering up of a system which has already proved disastrous to this country should be tolerated. The loss of the steamer North Briton has called attention to another result of the domination of the shipowner over the Board of Trade, and recalls the fact that several years ago the Plimsoll load-line was raised in order to enable the shipowner to make a few hundred pounds more in freight. This decision, which was solely made in the interests of the pockets of the ship- owners, has been responsible for many wrecks and hundreds of lost lives. This is so clearly recognised in shipping circles that the mark on the ship's side, which is the permanent monument to Mr. Phmsoll, might well be replaced by a skull and cross-bones — an appropriate monument to those responsible for raising the load-line. It is useless for the Ulster and Home Liberal and Nationalist Rule. Press and statesmen to endeavour to stop Ulster by ridiculing the Covenant which Sir Edward Carson was the first to sign at Belfast on September 28th. There can be no doubt that, however much the elements of theatrical display entered into the proceeding, it was an occasion on which a very great number of our fellow-citizens took a serious step seriously. To ridicule, to make cheap jeers, is not only an endeavour to avoid the realisation of the true results of the The Progress of the World. 399 action of Ulster : it is also a departure from one of the most important sources of this country's past strength. The right of large bodies of our race to hold an opinion, to proclaim it, and if neces- sary to enforce it, has never before been treated with derision. We may or may not agree with the views which such bodies of citizens hold and express, but we cannot afford to ignore, and we should not dare to ridicule, them. It IChidVO polenta "Xcagac anb (LovcnanX. >''.j convinced In our consciences that Jfcme !AuU wfutd be disastrous to tbe mutcrul ffell-bcmg of l^ljttr us well a5 of tt}C vt)ole of "Jrelun^ subversive of our civtl an^ religious freedom, destructive of our citUensl^tp and perilous to the unitf of tlje "tr:ipire. we whose names are under. written men of iClster. loyal subjects of Ifis (Sracious ^Rajestf jAing (Seorje V bumblv relying on the <&od wbcm cur faiticrs In da»i of stress and trial confidently trusted he bereby pledge ourselres in solemn Covenant tl>rou9(Kut this our time of tl^rcatened calamity to stand by one another m defending for Ourselves and our children our cherished position of equal citixen* ship (n tbe Ignited 3\ln3dom and m usln^ alt means which may be found necessary to defeat the present conspiracy to set up a "Jfome ^^ule ^Parliament in "jreland Covenant Ch* above 905 signed by me at Klster "Pay" Suturdo;. 281b September 1912 (3o& Savz th/c "liiit^. is, we confess, somewhat startling to find those organs and persons who are supposed most truly to represent the Nonconformist conscience of this country taking the line which they do about the determination of the Ulster men t(j-(lay. This most compact sur- vival of ("romwcUian action land Crom- welHan thought is now cursed and flouted by those who ought to, and do, regard the advent of Cromwell in British history as the most significant and vital of facts. It would seem a negation of their fundamental ideals. Cromwell es- tablished his colonists with the one obj ect — that of freeing Ireland from the Catho- lics ; Cromwell's followers to-day seem bent upon reversing his policy. We do not say that they are right or wrong, but think it of importance to mention here what must strike them forcibly if they think seriously. We are in favour of Home Rule — more, even, we are con- vinced that Home Rule must come, in one form or another ; but we do not allow our belief to carry us to a point where we are prepared to ignore, or trample on, the opinions of a solid mass of British citizens. To do so would mean to our minds a negation of British principles. We regard the determina- tion of the men of Ulster as in some ways a very cheering sign that even in these days of slipshod national ideas amongst indi\'iduals there exist a con- siderable mass of citizens who not only know what they want or what they don't want, but are prepared to put themselves to considerable inconveni- ence and risk further trouble for what they believe. We rejoice that the spirit of Hampden still remains amongst us. To say that there Common-sense would haVC beCU nO Covenant and no united protest if Sir Edward Carson had not organised the inarticu- late desires of Ulster is of no more value to the discussion than would have been a remark at tlio court of Charles I. of England that there would have been no trouble with Parliament if there had been no Hampden and no Cromwell. All massed expressions of national feeling demand a rallying about Home Rule. 400 The Review of Reviews. point, but that no more proves that the feeling is not there than the use of the cinematograph proves that a demon- stration is theatrical. Had there been cinemas in those days, they, faithful to their mission of illustrating history day by day, would have given us films of Hampden refusing to pay taxes, Cromwell supervising the re- moval of " that bauble," and Charles I. being beheaded. The elements of thea- trical display exist in every decided action, but it is the fault rather of those who witness than of those who take part. For goodness' sake, there- fore, let us get down to facts. And there is one of sufficient prominence to begin with. The Government are convinced now that it will be practic- ally impossible to get farther without some decided concessions to the spirit of Ulster. And this is as it should be ; every body of citizens united by a common ideal have the right to have their ideal taken into serious con- sideration. They have even the right which America exercised of fighting for it and leaving their fellow citizens ; but for the nation to which such a body of men belong to wish to cast them out is incomprehensible. It is more than that : it is a very dangerous object lesson to the Empire. To us, with tens of millions of inhabitants, the possible million of insurgent Protestant opinion in Ireland does not loom so large. To the Dominions, however, without enormous populations, the idea of the wishes of so large a body of citizens not only being ignored but ridiculed is one to disrupt and not to unite the Empire. If the population of Ulster inhabited French What will Result P Canada and were to sign a covenant such as they have done, it would be taken as the most convincing sign of the solidarity of the Empire. We must remember that nowadays we cannot afford to ignore the views and opinions of the British overseas, or allow them to think with William Watson that Ulster is being cast out, when he writes : When in the world was such payment tendered For service rendered? Her faith had been tested, her love had been tried, And all that she begged was with us to abide. She proffered devotion in boundless store, But that is a thing men prize no more, And tossing it back in her face they cried — " Let us open the door, And fling her outside." We believe that the solution is to be found rather in the speech of Mr. Winston Churchill than in the more florid and tub- thumping invective of some other speakers. Whilst his solution may seem rather a reductio ad absurdtwi at first blush, it is really not illogical at all. Different parts of the Empire have different interests predominating ; what more natural than that they should specially deal themselves with their special questions, always co-ordinated to the Imperial control and the Imperial ideal ? It should be no more strange to our minds for Ulster or Lancashire to have separate governing institutions than for the American or the Australian States to do so. In fact, the divergence of interests between Lancashiie and Kent is far more marked. Such a solution would meet all the desires of Ulster, if it is determined that she shall not be allowed to remain an unchanged part of this country. Cromwell put the population there^for that purpose. Can The Progress of the World. 401 we wonder, therefore, that to-day their descendants feel bound to protest against a Home Rule Bill which is framed by a party whose leader declares that by " common enemy " he means " English ascendancy," and that " above all the end and aim of all liis policy and all his action is the freedom of his country"? We respect his point of view — in fact, we believe that Home Rule must come, and should come in the right form ; this without ignoring the fact that Home Rule alone can never be the salvation of Ireland, with or without Ulster. Education and co- operation alone can raise the population ; and a newly constituted local govern- ment must be some time before it can seriously set to work on constructi\-e organisation. And we must not forget that the initial period of government under Home Rule will be in the hands of a party of which Lord Dunraven said recently : For years absolute power over the nomination of Members of Parliament and complete control over the Nationalist party has been exercised by a secret society, restricted to persons of one religious persuasion — Catholicism. I'rotestants fear that an Irish Parliament would be subject to the same secret and irresponsible power. We wonder what this political party would sa\- to the remark of a prominent Canadian anent Home Rule : " Of course, tlioy have a right to it, but they should be at first as we are, and only have a High Commissioner in London to represent them." And yet that is the Empire and logical point of view of the Dominions. To start an Imperial Parliament is one thing ; to allow the youngest part of tlie Empire possessing independent government to have large parliamentary representation at West- minster, while the Dominions have not, is subversive of Imperial ideals and dangerous to Imperial Federation. We therefore welcome the action of Ulster as giving pause sufficient to enable the question to be settled on Imperial hnes and ideals, and not on the recommendations and ideals of a secret caucus. Nor can we say that the re- echo of the words of those who fought and died at Enniskillen 200 years ago does not ring true British and worthy of respect : We stand upon our guard, and do, resolve, by the blessing of God, rather to go out to meet our danger than to await it. And why should it be possible for a passive-resisting clergyman to have " the blessing of God " on his action, but impossible for the men of Ulster to be wished "Godspeed" by their own religious heads without opprobium ? Organised Labour has Sane bccu much to the fore Trade Unionism j • ,1 ,, ,t^. Triumphant, during the month. The Trade L^nion Congress at Newport surpassed its previous records in number of members and constituents ; 500 men represented about two million trade unionists. After the fevered excursions and alarums in the industrial world it was refreshing to find the legitimate representatives of associated Labour conspicuously sane, sober and in the best sense conservative. Wild utterances there were, but the deliberate decisions of the assembly were distinctly reassuring. The reso- lution which committed the Congress to " continued support of independent working-class political action," and which was intended as a collective repudiation of Syndicalism, was carried by a " card " vote of 1,693,000 against 48,000. British trade unionism thus 402 The Review of Reviews. " Secular " Education repudiated. emphatically refused to be confounded with the fantastic theories of French trade unionism. Such voice as Sjm- dicalism found proved largely to express no more than impatience with the action, or inaction, of the Labour Party. Not less significant was the resolve of the Con- gr e s s, by 952,000 to 909,000, to exclude Secular Education from the questions for discussion " at any future Con- gress." Here again appeared the essentially English spirit of deahng with facts as they are rather than of standing stiffly by logical sym- metry. The Labour Party earlier in the year had similarly dropped out of its platform the plank of Secular Educa- tion. Even in the old days the " secularisation" of our schools, demanded by the Congress and the Party, was a very different thing from the la'icisation of the French schools. It was not prompted by a n y animus against religion. It would not even have excluded the Bible from the schools. It was simply adopted as apparen tly the easiest way out of the wranglings of l>h„ti,tii,ll'li )..vl The German the sects. Now, however, facts have shown that the secular is by no means the " short and easy method " it promised to be. Its advocacy was dividing the ranks of Labour and threatening to de\'elop, as in Germany, denominational trade unions. Cathoiic working men began to talk of revolt, but it was the miners — men who are to a large extent Methodists — that took the lead and forced the vote. Labour Labour M.P.'s in haS alSO South Germany. bCCU aC- tive in the international sphere. When in 1909 the naval competition between this country and Germany became sensationally acute twenty Labour Members of the House of Com- mons, accompanied by their wives ar^d friends, went on a non-party pilgrimage of peace to the principal cities of Northern and Central Germany, culminating in Berlin, where they were welcomed under the dome of the Reichstag by the leading statesmen of the Father- land, including the present Reichs - kanzler. riiat tour, which was without a precedent in international history, was the means of eliciting the Crown Prince. The Progress of the World. 403 most friendly reciprocal sentiments, and did materially help to allay the fever of Anglo-German apprehensions. The Labour Members then received invitations to visit South Germany, but were prevented from accepting them by the exigencies of parliamentary and electoral crises until this autumn. Last month thirteen Labour Members, including their Chairman, Secretary, and ex-Chairman, went "on a quest after knowledge and on a crusade for peace " to Munich, capital of the king- dom of Bavaria ; to Stuttgart, capital of the kingdom of Wiirttemberg ; and to Strassburg, capital of German Alsace-Lorraine. In each city they were banqueted at the Rathaus by the civic chiefs, and given a most cordial welcome. Before they had left this country they were assured by the late Baron Marschall von Bieber- stein that he considered their project " very commendable," and hoped that their tour would prove a suc- cess; and from the Foreign Office at Berlin commendatory communications concerning their visit are said to have been issued to the South German Governments. Both in public and in private they were received with overflowing courtesy and friendliness. No pains were spared to show them the municipal, industrial and artis- tic glories of each city they visited. Every win re they were entertained with grateful appreciations of the services rendered by Great Britain to the progress of Germany and of the world. And everywhere they were made to feel that the idea of war between the two nations was regarded as preposterous. The Vital Question. In private conversa- tions the difficulties that have stood in the way of a completer understanding were frankly discussed. No doubt was ever anywhere expressed as to the friendship, real and deep, which prevailed between the two peoples ; but there was less certainty as to how far the Governments con- cerned had succeeded in making their pohcy accord with the feeling of their peoples. The conviction that we are bent on isolating Germany found fre- quent expression, and the question was asked why all our naval preparations were so plainly directed against Ger- many. What seemed most needed was a frank explanation to each people of the other's naval policy. An eminent diplomat, not himself a German, gave it as his opinion that, despite the effervescence which it had first caused in the German Press, ]\Ir. Winston Churchill's speech on the British Fleet as a necessity, and on the German Fleet as a comparative luxury, had done more than anything of late years to make our naval policy intelligible, and therefore no longer a menace, to thought- ful and level-headed men throughout the Fatherland. A few months pre- viously the idea had been put forward by German friends that it would be desirable to invite certain leading Englishmen to go over to some of the chief cities of Germany and to lecture there quite frankly on our naval policy, explaining at once its necessity and its entirely pacific purpose. During the recent tour this idea was welcomed by prominent Germans with whom the Labour Members conversed. Some 404 The Review of Reviews. The Moral of Midlothian. suggested as an inevitable counterpart that leading Germans should be invited similarly to expound to centres of British life the real meaning of the naval policy of Germany. A clear mutual understanding on this question was felt to be of the utmost importance. There must be two parties to co-operation as well as to a quarrel, and the result of re- cent by-elections ought to dispose both Liberals and Labour men to unite in preventing a frustration of their common hopes. The fact of mutual independence has surely been suffi- ciently vindicated. The Midlothian election was a signal warning to both parties of what will ensue from working at cross-purposes during a crisis like the present. Progressives in both parties may argue that 8,402 votes as against 6,021 were cast in support of Home Rule, Welsh Disestablishment, and ex- tension of the franchise. On the other hand, the Unionists have the right to declare that 8,434 votes as against 5,989 were cast against the present Government. The impartial spectator sees that dissension between supporters of Ministerial policy is as much a fact as the votes cast in its favour, and that the net result is the loss of a seat, though by the narrow majority of 32, and the weakening of the Government. Much as they may value Mr. Outhwaite's presence in the House, Liberals may question whether it was quite worth the shock that its sequel has caused to the power and stability of the Ministry. And none have felt more keenly than the Labour Party the bitterness of having to vindicate their position as a Wanted, Justice for negotiable asset in the bargains of parties by giving victories to their worst enemies. Although we have always deprecated the Militant Woman, militant uicthods of one branch of those working in the cause of Women's Suffrage, we feel it is necessary to record in the strongest possible fashion our dis- approval of the treatment which certain women received at Mr. Lloyd George's meeting in Wales. Such treatment is below criticism — it is only worthy of condemnation. We would go further and say that public condemnation of those responsible is not sufficient ; there should be a public punishment. We think it is the duty of the authorities to take steps against any of those directly responsible for the abominable proceedings. Photographs will enable the identification of at least the most prominent offenders. Not to do this Photonraph byi [I'liisttaHons Bureau, Suffragettes mobbed in \\'ales. The Progress of the World. 405 is tantamount to a confession on the part of the Government that they regard agitators for Women's Suffrage as outside the pale of the law, although amenable to the punishments of the law. It is no argument to say that the women went to the meeting in order to make a disturbance, and that therefore they brought their fate upon their own heads. It is no exaggeration to say that the}'' were as much forced to go to the meeting by their con- victions as any martyr was forced to meet his death in the public arena. To assume that those who allowed their baser passions full reign were justified in so doing because of interruptions would lead one logically to the right of any landowner to brutally maltreat a trespasser, and, in fact, anybody to blacken the eyes of a man, woman or child who jostled him in a Tube hft. We do not think that the Government wUl take any action, but not to do so is to lower the moral and judicial standard of the Home Secretary to the level of that of a Welsh mob made drunk by the words of a Welshman whose oratorical magnetism was not, however, sufficient to arrest the passions which he had evoked. There is no question that the cause of the militant section gained enormously. The British Associa- Soiencc and the tion at Dundcc which Makinii of Life, was exceptionally well attended, has created something of a sensation by reason of its President's address. Professor Schafer, discussing the problem of life, and enumerating the elements that went to the fornuition of tlic most rudimentary living organisms, went so far as to say : The combination of these elements into a colloidal compound represents the chemical basis of life, and when the chemist succeeds in building up this com- pouad it will without doubt be found to exhibit the phenomena which we are in the habit of associating with the term " life." Th« above considerations seem to point to the conclusion that the possibility of the pro- duction of life — i.e., of living material — is not so remote as has been generally assumed. After all, this is nothing more than a scientifically enunciated guess that such a thing might happen soon. Even if it did happen soon, and if by the combina- tion of elements of what had hitherto been called non-living matter living matter came to be, we should simply cease to call the constituent elements non-living matter, and consider them as we consider seeds that have not as yet germinated. Matter would then be regarded as potentially ahve, and the combination in the chemist's laboratory would be only equivalent to putting seeds into conditions where they might germinate. Philosophers, both on the idealistic and on the empirical side, have long ago ceased to regard what we call matter as non-living ; they have declared it to be essentially, if only dormantly and potentially, alive. The wonder of life, instead of being eva- porated under these chemic tests, would be simply extended over a larger area of being than ever before. It may seem a far cry The Eucharistic fi"oni Profcssor Schafer Congress. at Dundce to the devout Catholics that met in the Eucharistic Congress at Vienna. But they are nearer than perhaps they think. Once the essential vitality of matter is recognised, however indi- rectly, the old Cartesian absoluteness of distinction between matter and spirit which challenged the Mass falls to the 4o6 The Review of Reviews. ground. And the Universal Life, potentially present in the " non-living matter " of Professor Schafer, may at least be conceived capable of pervading the wafer and wine of the devout sacramentalist. Interpret the fact as we may, no interpretation can be accepted which overlooks the enormous power which the religious experience evoked by the Sacrament of the Mass exerts upon the modern world. The Eucharistic Congress led to two hundred thousand Catholics assembhng in the Austrian capital. The railways were used as for War-mobilization. The largest buildings were placed under requisition for the meetings. The Papal Legate was received with all the pomp and pageantry of the Austrian Court, and was welcomed by the reverent obeisance of hundreds of kneeling thousands in the streets. The vast international concourse has notified once more to the world on a scale of imposing grandeur that the historic Sacrament of the Christian Church remains at the beginning of the twentieth century still invincibly en- throned in the hearts of millions. All those who were A National prcscut this year in Duty. Hyde Park at the time of the Review by the King of the National Reserve, or, as frequently called, the Veteran Reserve, were struck by the excellent appear- ance of the men. In military circles there was much enthusiasm expressed at this acquisition of a trained force for home defence, which would in time of war serve as a last line of defence and as a stiffening for the Territorials. To-day the National Reserve has reached the satisfactory number of close on 150,000 men, all of whom have been trained as soldiers, and many of whom held non-commissioned rank. This work has been accomplished practically with no assistance from the War Office, although with their entire approval. All that the men receive is is. per head. Despite all drawbacks and an ever-present lack of funds, a very complete organisation has been built up, thanks to the enthusiastic devotion of Major-General Sir John Steevens and his assistants. Now, therefore, it is time to set the National Reserve upon a more solid and enduring basis so that it may follow out its legitimate development. While it would be easy to secure adequate funds for this by private or public subscription, we hold that such a method of coping with the difficulty would be a disgrace to the nation. We do not wish men who have served their country, and who are still ready to come to our aid in its defence, to have to go hat in hand to the public. The War Office declares that it has no available funds, although it is only a question of four shillings more per man that is needed. But the pubhc should insist that the money be found by the War Office. If there is no avail- able fund, let the necessary money be taken from the interest which will accrue from the first six months' payment by the public in respect of the Insurance Act. This accrued interest is earmarked for no definite object, and may, therefore, be used for the greater form of national insurance, which is the securing of the country against foreign invasion. "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread." THE TRUTH ABOUT THIS COUNTRY'S FOOD. HOW TO SAVE jT 1 80,000,000 A YEAR. " If the soil of the United Kingdom were cultivated only as it was thirty-five years ago, 24,000,000 people, instead of 17,000,000, could live on home-grown food; and that culture, while giving occupation to an additional 750,000 men, would give nearly 3,000,000 wealthy home customers to the British manufactures. If the cultivatable area of the United Kingdom were cultivated as the soil is cultivated on tjic average in Belgium, the United Kingdom would have food for at least 37,000,000 inhabitants ; and it might export agricultural produce with- out ceasing to manufacture so as freely to supply all the needs of a wealthy population. And tinally, if the population of this country came to be doubled, all that would be required for pro- ducing the food for 80,000,000 inhabitants would be to cultivate the soil as it is cultivated in the best farms of this country, in Lombardy, and in Flanders." — Prince Kropotkin. " The call to the nation at present is to put new life into agriculture and the pastoral industries. " — BisHcip OF Oxford, at Church Congress, Middlesbrough. p«'-'^-««^ HERE exists to-day amongst the ^ British public a profound belief that '* it is quite impossible for this country to feed with produce grown at home the millions of her population. Not only is this believed by the masses, but it h.is so become an obsession that Govern- ment after Government spends money, time, and thought in devising ways and means to safe- guard food coming from outside in time of war. It is a commonly accepted theory that in time of war the greatest and most immediate dange# facing this country is starvation, owing to pos- sible interruption of foreign grain supplies. And yet the whole belief is a fallacy, an astonishing demonstration of crass ignorance and a wilful, if now unconscious, shutting of eyes to obvious :acts. There is no lack of evidence that the soil of Britain, properly treated, can produce enough to feed every man, woman and child of the population, and possibly even export foodstuffs. Imagine what this would mean to us. To-day there is a steady outflow of nearly ;^ 180,000,000 in order to import agricultural produce to feed the population of these islands. Each year, therefore, sees us that much poorer and the agriculturists of other countries richer. .And the money goes in the main to countries where the natur.il advantages for cultivation are far less than they are here. Denmark, France, and Belgium, for instance, arc not blessed with fertile soils above the ordinary, and yet, as someone has put it, " we are employing every year about 150,000 Danish smallholders to pro- duce for us eggs, poultry, butler, and bacon, and we pay for this ;^20,ooo,ooo in hard cash," and so on. The demand creates the supply, and would do so just as surely if we employed 150,000 British smallholders in our own country instead of the same number of Danes in theirs. It seems as if there is an unholy desire in our minds to prefer distant fields rather than those under our own sway, just as millions of pennies are given annually for the " heathen across the seas " by people who rarely think of the poor and starving within our gates. THE PERIL WITHIN OUR G.\TES. We do not pretend in this article to bring for- ward any new discoveries or startling facts which have not yet been known. But we feel it our duty, basing our arguments upon facts and observations of many well-known men and upon the unrelenting statistical tables of change, to call the people's attention to the question of raising their own food within their own lands. It is time to realise fully and finally that " he who owns the inner square of a house is master of the outer," and that in leaving the feeding of our population in alien hands we do far more to reduce the striking value of the British Navy in war time than would be the case were we t(3 lose a naval battle. And the British Navv, vital as it is to this country to protect its shores, is to-day the only guarantee that within a few weeks from the declaration of war there will nr)t he millions of citizens dead of starvation. Truly we have given the ownership of the inner square to the enemy in no small measure, and now we stand in peril by day and by night. It is very well to boast that in steam coal we have an advantage over the world, when we do i^WSlC^: COMPLETELY Vc^ .. 1910 t ONLY 1.809.000 A CRES OF- Wheatfields /n Britain ' /w^^^^H^pCX'tWflC^ THK SHRINKAGE OF BRITISH WHEATFIELDS IN FIFTY YEARS. Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread. 409 not make even one efFort to be able to say that in producing our own food we are able to be not superior, but nearly equal to other and poorer countries. A NATIONAL QUESTION. Agriculture is the nursing mother of the State, and must stand before all other questions in relation to the well-being or otherwise of the people. To neglect it is to build the national edifice upon the sand. To suffer a state of things to continue such as at present obtains is to show to all the world that, whatever may be Britain's brave show, her feet are but as feet of clay. This is a question which cannot be treated as a party or a political one; it is a national question as much as if not more so than even the Navy. There may be differences of opinion as to taxation, as to State assistance, but these differences should not be allowed to form part of political wrangles and competition — they should form the subjects of round-table discus- sions. For the welfare of agriculture is life or death to us all, the rabid Radical and the callous Conservative alike. It is interesting to note that, even in the present parlous state of agricul- ture, there is no other occupation in the United Kingdom in which so many people are engaged as in the work of the land. This it is, of course, which leads from time to time politicians to devise wonderfully-created land policies — to catch votes, not to feed the hungry. The time has passed for all that now ; facts must be looked straight in the face and the nation must make up Its mind. We confess that we do not see how there can be any difference of opinion in the matter. To think otherwise would be tantamount to saying that there existed a real preference for, say, the Danish egg to the British, or that the wheat of Russia was more attractive than that grown in a home county. BRITISH GOODS PREFERRED. That, of course, is nonsense, and we have only to look at the shop-windows to prove that in the minds of the salesmen at least there is nothing more certain than that the British citizen prefers his own produce. This being so, there is no prejudice to be overcome, although we can well believe that a well-grown lettuce will always compete favourably in a British market with a badly grown one, even if the former comes from France and not from Kent. That only shows that efficiency must accompany agricultural revival — in other words, that the new era must be inaugurated after taking thought and deciding upon general lines of advance. The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step; it is for us to see that it be taken in the right direction. Nor will it suffice to confine the study and discussion to scientific methods and chemical conditions alone; there must be a I860 ,1 ,1 Grown 7b°/o mv . - V Imported 1910 •^^^^'%L mM^ Home Grown 28/0 Imported 72/0 ^ •** i H ;y ,;d e pIa^r k A'ith KENSINGTON GARDENS represent about ' ONE SQUARE^MILE On tliii enough FOOD could easily be produced ^^WllTOR 6 0 0 PERSONS ■■■■~i ": ^'1^'.:^^ Under present conditions areas of this size (620 acres) only produce food for some ISO persons instead of 600, "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread." 415 last station a method which is in use in France for the choice of seeds was applied. Already now some French farmers go over their wheat fields before the crop begins, choose the soundest plants which bear iwo or three equally strong stems, adorned with long ears, well stocked with grains, and taKe these ears. Then they crop oil with scissors the top and the bottom of each ear and keep its middle part only, which contains the biggest seeds. With a dozen quarts of such selected grains they obtain ne\t year the required quantity of seeds of a superior quality. The same was done by M. Despr^z. Then each seed was planted separately, eight inches apart in a row, by means of a specially devised tool, similar to the raye'nneur which is used for planting potatoes; and the rows, also eight inches apart, were alternately given to the big and to the smaller seeds. The crop was thus more than doubled by the choice of seeds and by planting them separately eight inches apart. It corresponded in Despr^z's experiments to 600 grains obtained on the average from each grain sown ; and one-tenth or one-eleventh part of an acre was sufiE- cient in each case to grow the eight and a half bushels of wheat which are required on the average for the annual bread food per head of a population which would live chieBy upon bread. Prof. Grandeau, Director of the French Station, Agronomique de I'Est, has also made, since 1886, experiments on Major Hallett's method, and he obtained similar results. " In a proper soil," he wrote, "one single grain of wheat can give as much as fifty stems (and ears), and even more, and thus cover a circle thirteen inches in diameter." More than that, there is full reason to believe that even this method is liable to further im- provement by means of replanting. Cereals in such cases would be treated as vegetables are treated in horticulture. Professional writers sneer at it, although all the rice that is grown in Japan is planted and even replanted. KNOWLEDGE WHICH IS CONDEMNATION. It mav be said that everybody knows these facts. It is quite possible that those who are engaged in agriculture do know them — and largelv ignore them. An instance to hand is the following extract from a letter of one of the most important English seed-growing establish- ments : — " The highest yields obtained from our pedigree stocks of wheats have been seventy-two imperial bushels (nine quarters) per acre of our Essex Conqueror, and seventy bushels per acre of our l-.mperor. " Al this rate the wheat lands of this country could raise 16,000,000 quarters instead of the 7,oon,or)o quarters actually produced. In other words, the home food supply of the nation could be doubled without another acre being put down to wheat. And whoever knows or docs not know what scientific wheat-growing and breed- ing is, we as a nation should insist that the most is made of our land, and that apathy or stupidity on the part of those responsible for agriculture should not force us to be at the mercy of foreign producers. Wide acres do not necessarily mean cheaper production or greater yields. Thus it is not fair to say that the vast prairies of America or the steppes of Russia must compete with us at an advantage. The force of " American competition " is not in the possibllitv of having hundreds of acres of wheat in one block. It lies in the ownership of the land, in a system of culture which is appropriate to the character of the country, in a widely- developed spirit of association, and, finally, in a number of institutions and customs intended to lift the agriculturist and his profession to a high level which is unknown in Europe. WHAT MUST BE DONE. .\s individual consumers, as voters, as eaters of bread, we can do little save insist that this matter be taken earnestly in hand without delay, and that what other nations have done we will also do. Our patriotism, our national pride, should give us no rest until action is taken. The encouragement of agriculture should come under the administration of the Board of .'Agri- culture, except certain of the purely educational institutions, which necessarily should be dealt with by the educational authorities. It is, therefore, not out of place to see how the Department of .Agriculture should be arranged to produce the maximum of result. It deals with agriculture, commerce, industries, fisheries, forestry, mining, patents, trade marks, and geology. It should include the following bureaus : the section of agriculture, of commerce and industries, of forests, of mines, of patents, of fisheries, and of geological studies. The section of agriculture should deal with agriculture, domestic animals, and game. The bureau of geological surveys should deal with topography and analysis of earths, as well as with pure geology. The sec- tion of agriculture shoiilfi be composed of four bureaus. The first should deal with administra- tion, associations and guilds, rcarr.mgements of farms, irrigation, agricultural instruction, and congresses. The second should deal with the im- provement of agricultural products, the destruc- tion of h.irmful insects, breaking up of new ground, and improvement of industries. The third bureau should deal with the improve- ment in the breeding of domestic animals, the choice and inspection of breeding studs, and veterinary and bl.icksmiih affairs. The fourth should deal with the improvement of horses, the inspection of stallions, and supervision of stud farms and stables. In countries where agricul- ture is seriously regarded the Ministry of Agri- culture is by far the most eflRciently organised Department. A CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL STATION. The centre of the whole educational system must be the central experimental station, con- 4i6 The Review of Reviews. trolled by the Government. America was sup- posed to be ahead of the world in this respect, but much surprise has been occasioned in America by the discovery that Japan possesses nearly two hundred experimental institutions, as compared to the fifty-six scattered over the vast area of the United States. But still more im- portant than the mere number is the excellence of the co-operation between the different educa- tional factors. The example of Japan is most valuable. The Imperial Central Agricultural Experimental Station was originated in 1886 in a sort of unofficial manner, graduates from the Tokio Agricultural College carrying out easy and simple experiments with the help of farmers. The results were sufficiently good to impress the farmers with the value of the aid of science in farming, especially in the choice of fertilisers and of seeds. In 1890, when the Government really began its campaign in earnest, the station was taken over entirely, and placed upon a sound basis by 1893. There were attached to it some four acres of land for experi- mental work. In 1893 six branch stations were established about the country, and in 1S96 three more were added. These branch stations devoted their energies to practical experiments with a view both of instructing the farmers and encouraging them to found similar stations in their own districts. Gradually more of such stations were founded, and now nearly all uhe forty-two prefectures have each a station of their own, there being thirty-eight in all. In this country the Central Station would he able to devote itself more to purely experimental work after the decentralisation had been effected, and its work would be divided into eight sections : agriculture, agricultural chemistry, entomology, vegetable pathology, horticulture, stock-breed- ing, and report and general affairs. The result of the investigations carried on at this centre should be put into practice at the local experi- mental stations, and if successful published in the reports. These reports should be most exhaustive and valuable, and cover a very wide range of subjects. The idea of decentralisation can be carried yet another step further, branch stations being transferred to the prefectural authorities of the districts wherein they 'vere situated, and only three branch stations besides the Central Station eventually would remain under the control of the central authorities. One is to be devoted to agricultural work, one to entomology and vegetable pathology, and one to stock-breeding. The main and the branch stations all undertake the following work, viz., inspection of fertilisers, chemical analyses made at the request of the public, super\-ision of experiments entrusted to farmers, information given to inquiries of the public, lectures held at the request of the public, and researches on special agricultural problems. A GRADATION OF EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS. Proceeding in gradually increasing circles of influence from the Central Station come the local agricultural experiment farms maintained by the county aulhoritic's, and chiefly devoted to the What this means I N FOOD FOR CATTLE No less than 8 C OWS Can be FED by this single ACRE ii •tAS'-*' " ■ " "" — I — i^mkjmmm'^ — ■ ,„w — - -'•'ci.iJHBB •^ ■ — ^1 ^ ' 3 Acres Required to teed One COW 1 ];/2_to 2 T-ms_\ of HAYrjrcJ Only 2 AcRts Required to fBed One COW 2 '/2 Ton 9 of HAY raised p»-r ACKE in ENGLAND FLANDERS Less than One ACRE required to feed: COW i On- 6 Tons of H A Y raised per ACRC ui) irrigated land in tl.- VOSCESl ■^ FRANC E: "* By sowing Special Fodder Grasses, (Rye Grass Etc 40 Tons of HAY Per ACRE were Pciiaed ,)t CRAICENTIININY n^ar ^EDINBURGH' •" A airikiiiK illustraiiun ot itossibllllies. How British Pasture does not produce sufficient Hay. Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread." 417 work of practical application and model farming. These would obtain a certain amount of State aid. The local authorities would maintain other experimental stations, and lesser stations also for exf)eriments should be established by towns or villages, or by a body of farmers' sons. Thus we see the whole gradation, from the central authorities to the farmers' sons, all acting together for the improvement of agriculture and the fulfilment of their national duty. Connected with this idea, but not devoted purely to experi- mental work, should be two other branches : agricultural institutes and the delivery of lectures on farming throughout the country. These should be maintained from local funds and sub- ject to the supervision of the Board of Agri- culture. Their object would be to give to farmers' .sons and farming people generally some elementary knowledge on general principles of agriculture, surveying, meteorology, physics, chemistry, natural history, veterinary science, etc. The second and final branch is of great importance also, as these lectures would do an immense amount of good work amongst the farmers, who might otherwise be untouched by the march of scientific learning. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Agricultural societies should be formed by the farmers and landowners in each county and run by members elected by the subscribers, together with experts. These societies should receive State aid and form the link between the Govern- ment and the farmers, with a certain amount of State control. This could be secured by grant- ing Slate aid only to those societies formed according to the special laws. This would also prevent the societies from taking on a fxjlitical basis. There would be fifty-two societies, with subordinate societies in cities or rural districts, and also in towns and villages. The object of these swicties would be to develop agriculture by the following means : — 1. Meetings, congresses, exhibitions, sale of seeds and plants, agricultural museum and handicraft conferences. 2. Reports, lectures, and analyses. 3. Distribution and exchange of seeds, of fertilisers, of agricultural machines and breeding animals. 4. Preventive and destructive measures against pests. 5. Dr.iinagc and irrigation, and the adjust- ment of lanerty, redeemable in annual instalments within a period of not more than fifty years; to make loans on a similar security, redeemable at a fixed term within a period of not more than five years, provided the total amount of such loans does not exceed one-tenth of the total amount redeemable in annual inst.ilments (the amounts of loans made on the security of any immovable property may not exceed two-thirds of the value thereof, as appraised by the bank); to make loans without security to prefectures, districts, cities, towns, and other public bcnlies organised by law; to take up the mort- gage debentures of agricultural and industrial banks , to accept the custody of gold and 4i8 The Review of Reviews. silver bullion and negotiate instruments. The hank would he authorised, when at least one- fourth of its nominal capital is paid up, to issue mortgag-e dehcntures up to an amount not exceeding ten times its paid-up capital, provided the amount of such debentures does not exceed the total amount of outstanding loans redeemable in annual instalments and the debentures of agri- cultural and industrial banks in hand. These debentures to be redeemed at least twice a year by means of drawings in proportion to the total amount of redemption of loans redeemable in annual instalments in the same year, and the debentures of agricultural and industrial banks in hand. LOCAL MORTGAGE BANKS. The work of the Go\ernment mortgage banks should be on a large scale, the lesser sums being advanced by the local mortgage banks, which should be established in each of the administra- tive localities. They should be permitted to make loans only for the following purposes : — (i) Reclamation of land, irrigation, drainage, and improvement of the fertility of the soil ; (2) con- struction and improvement of farm roads ; (3) settlement in newly reclaimed places ; (4) pur- chase of seeds, young plants, manure, and other materials required in agriculture and industry ; (5) purchase of implements and machines, waggons, or beasts for use in farming and manu- facture ; (fi) improvements in farming and manu- facture not included in the foregoing clauses; (7) rearrangement of farm boundaries; (8) under- takings by credit guilds, purchase guilds, and produce guilds of unlimited liability, and organised under the industrial guilds law. LOANS ON IMMOVABLE PROPERTY. Loans should be made on the security of im- movable property redeemable in annual instal- ments within a period of not more than thirty years; there should be power to make loans on a similar security, redeemable in a fixed term within a period of not more than five years, provided the total amount of such loans docs not exceed one-fifth of the total amount of loans redeemable in annual instalments (loans made on the security of any immovable property may not exceed two-thirds of the value thereof, as appraised by the bank); to make loans on the same conditions without sccuritv to cities, towns, villages, and other public bodies organised by law; to make loans without security, redeemable in a fixed term within a period of not more than five years, to more than twenty persons combined with joint liability, who are engaged in agriculture or industry, and whose reliability is recognised. Besides, the banks may be entrusted with the receipt and disbursement of the public funds locally. CREDIT GUILDS. Finally, there should be credit guilds, organisations formed by the farmers themselves, regulated by a special law relating to industrial guilds. The idea of these would be to encourage the small farmers and small manufacturers, and when the guilds are organised along prescribed lines they should be entitled to receive loans from the local hypothec banks without security. The guilds should lend funds to the farmers at a low rate of interest and agricultural machines The value of these credit guilds, in helping even the smallest farmers to obtain advances upon easy terms, would be enormous as a means of advanc- ing the rapid development of agriculture. WANTED, A NATIONAL COMMITTEE. But this is mostly theory, and much work must be done and unflagging interest shown if we are to create the necessary machinery to save our agriculture and to feed urselves. The first action after realisation that the present state of things is wrong is to set it right, but before doing so to take all things into considera- tion. Let a national committee be appointed, or rather be formed, which will study the ques- tion from every point of view. On this com- mittee there should be leaders of all political parties — great landowners and smallholders, professors and farmers. It should conduct a soul-searching enquiry into what is the best way to enable this country to feed itself, and in so doing to keep every year some ;^i8o,ooo,ooo of British money in British hands. That we can feed ourselves admits of no discussion ; how best to do it so that the individual and the nation benefit is the question of immediate importance. In our next number we will deal with existing organisations, and outline both what has been done and how the various forces and ideas may be welded into a national organisation. But whether the progress be slow or rapid, we must never allow ourselves to forget that the farmers are working just as truly for the good of the nation as do those who fight her battles or direct her diplomacy. In one of the Japanese Em- peror's poems occurs a line in which he declares the tiller of his field is achieving for his nation cqu.'il glory with the soldier on the battle-field. This is so ; they can make the nation strong or weak, they can sell the inner court to the enemy, they are the key to the future of this country in peace and war. Let the public realise that to continue so that " one year bor- rows another year's food " is against the most elementary ideas of nationalism, and also diametrically opposed to the individual and collective well-being of the British people. Motors and Railways. STRIKING ADMISSIONS BY MANAGERS AND SHAREHOLDERS. " This is a case where the wise man should remember that when one cannot agree with a prophet, one can only listen to him." — Henry Forbes, Secretary, County Donegal Railways. *^HE article which we published in our last number has attracted very great interest, and it seems not unlikely that it may assist in the realisation of the wish expressed in the closing lines and bring about an awaken- ing of the railways to the first clanging of their death-knell and thus secure for them a reprieve. It is unfortunate that as yet it has not been our good fortune to be able to secure an authoritative reply from anyone com- petent to speak for railways. All the general managers of railways in the British Isles have most certainly read the article, but not one has responded to the request for public criticism. We think, however, that it is only fair to them to give as authoritative an opinion upwn the questions which we hold to be the cause of the present incapacity, sometimes bordering on impotence, of the railways. To leave no manner of doubt possible, however, we would reiterate that we have never advanced the opinion that the railways would not be always necessary for long-distance traffic and for the haulage of coals. In pointing out that the feeding of the railway lines would necessarily devolve upon motors using the public roads we were evidently quite justified, since the railway companies are them- selves beginning to use motor traction in many instances. Even the Editor of the Raihvay Times admits as much when he says :• — • " The sober and business view is that motor lorries are already competing and will probably further compete with railways for short- distance goods traffic, but, on the other hand, they will help the railways by the speedy trans- port of goods to and from railway stations. For the latter work the railway companies them- selves nerd to be active, and it seems highh- probable that a large field is open to the companies in this direction." In our opinion transit is the raw matcri.il of infiustry, ,\nd we do not see why the industry and agriculture of this country should be strangled in order to prove that there are a certain number of men not too old at 70. For that is the logical end and object of the absurdly unnecessary numbers of railwav directors. The ;£J'650,ooo paid annually to these directors compares very unfavourably with the ;^2,50o paid to the Secretary of State for the Post . Office. Nor will the salaries of the permanent officials who run that most complex of depart- ments compare with those of general managers of railways. Formerly ;£^3,ooo was considered a good salary for a railway manager, now ;£j5,ooo is considered an ordinary amount. With regard to directors there is no real rule as to numbers in relation to length of line, since we find the Great Eastern Railway, with 1,133 Tiiles of line, needs twelve directors; while the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, with only 454 miles of line, has ten directors. On the same proportion, the Great Western, with its mileage of 2,993, would really need a board of sixty-five directors, instead of nineteen. That the freight rates have no relation to the cost of haulage is proved by the fact that between London and Li\erp()ol there are four lines, each with a different mileage, yet the freight rates are the same. This is, of course, under an arrangement between the companies, without reference to the public interest. Nor must another point be overlooked. This is the bad effects of arrangements between com- panies against the interests of the public. For instance, no train may get down to Portsmouth from London under two hours, although it would be easily possible. Railways abandon rights of running to a certain town on being paid a fixed sum per annum by another company. Mr. L. E. Hennell, the assistant goods manager of the Great Western Railway, when asked before a Royal Commission whether he was in favour of putting up the rates for ordinary goods on boards at statif)ns, so that the farmers could see them, replied th.it he was not, liernuse it " would involve the multiplication of the hundreds of millions of rates already in operation on the British railways." His evi- dence also showed that the rates were frequently higher from a station to a centre when that station had little traffic, even although the district it served was much nearer to the centre. When asked bv Lord ji-rscv on what terms a 420 The Review of Reviews. single farmer could put three tons of hay on a truck to Birmingham, Mr. Hennell replied : " You will understand that I cannot answer that, as I have not read all the 30,000,000 rates my company has got." While this was pro- bably an attempt at smartness on the part of the witness, it would be interesting to know how far out he was from the actual figures. Is it, then, to be wondered at that it does not pay farmers to endeavour to use the railways for marketing produce, and must such a state of things not inevitably drive them to use motors instead of railway trucks? It is no exaggera- tion to say that to-day there is no business in the world which could be carried on with the waste and overloading of higher officials which is placidly accepted in respect of railways. And where are there any prospects of improvement for the unfortunate shareholders? They should take serious steps towards demanding facts and figures and, combining in committees, drive the railways into business methods and reason, and in so doing they will be performing public service, since the interests of the nation are bound up inseparably with the railway con- venience and elficiency of this country. But let no false consideration for the aged figure-heads, no mercy for the unduly comfortable higher functionaries, be allowed to interfere with a cleansing of the .Augean stables. .And the most terrible part of it all is that those who are responsible for railways and who might therefore be expected to know how things are and see that they are altered talk about these things with their tongue in their cheek and with an absolute lack of sense of responsi- bility which is amazing. Thus the Right Hon. Lord .Mlcrton, Chairman of the Great Northern Railway Company, on December 20, 1907, at a meeting of the shareholders to consider pro- posals for a close working agreement between that company and the Great Central Railway Company, said : — " During the past few years there have been, I will say, hundreds of thousands of pounds spent in capital expenditure by the two companies which might have been saved if this agreement had been made so many years ago, such as in reach- ing collieries and in what is called protecting the traffic by making fresh branches, all to be worked over to the ^ame point for the same traffic. All this necessitates engines and trains where ver\- often one would do. Tlie lines are blocked, your lines are crowded, trains are delayed, which lead to all sorts of waste and extravagance, and if it were only for the pur- pose of saving the enormous waste which neces- sarily goes on now, I say it would have been well worth your while to have made this agree- ment with the Great Central many years ago." Why, then, was it not done before? For cheer- ful pointing out of existing evils, without any attempt, or indication of attempt, at doing away with them, we would call attention to the remarks of Sir Alexander Henderson, M.P., Chairman of the Great Central Company, at a meeting of the shareholders to consider the above working agreement on December 20, 1907 :— " To-day the haulage of traffic from one part to another of the great City is one of the largest items of expenditure, and the ever-increasing congestion of their streets makes the problem of economical distribution greater from day to day. A West-End and a central dep6t would relieve the situation as regards merchandise and minerals. The duty clearly imposed on the managers of both lines was to keep what they had, and the consequent running of partially filled passenger trains and scanty loading of goods trains had undoubtedly been one result of the present kind of administration." It was, however, reserved for Sir E. Paget, Chairman of the Midland Railway, to show the hand of the railway manager most clearly when he termed the proposed agreement between the Great Northern and the Great Central Rail- ways " an unholy alliance." And yet he would probably be able to point out numbers of instances where the lack of co-operation meant waste and both negative and positive loss. We do not know what these good gentlemen really think or in what way they imagine they justify the trust placed in them, but we do think that the public has a right to some explanation. Otherwise more and more stcx:k will cease to pay dividends, since it does not seem feasible to further raise the existing freight rates unless a very much more efficient system is assured, and to be able to do this will mean very con- siderable additional expense. Nor must it be forgotten that the railways in this country have a very large subsidy, which foreign railways do not have. We refer to the /Ti, 240, 743 paid in igio by the British Post Office to the railway companies for carrying mails. This in itself represents 3 per cent, on over ;^40,ooo,ooo of railway stock ! On the Continent r.illways almost invariably carry postal matter free, and in addition have to allow their telegraph systems to be used for Government messages. It would seem that but for this special aid many more shareholders would receive nothing in the way of di\idcnd. Bui in any case this Post Office subsidy will ensure payment of directors' fees and the salaries of 120 general managers, so that they arc all riglit. Motors and Railways. 421 WHAT RAILWAY SHAREHOLDERS THINK. The Railway Investment Company, Ltd., is a large trust company, having some ;^3,400,ooo invested in railway stock. The Honourable George Peel, speaking at the general meeting of shareholders of the Railway Investment Com- pany, on March 22, 1906, said, after some general remarks about railway stock deprecia- tion : — " We accordingly turned our attention to the London and Xorth-Wcstern Railway, in which we p>ossess an interest of ;£.375,ooo, the third largest holding. We found that in the ten years prior to 1901 that company had spent a capital sum which required to earn, in order to maintain the former rate of dividend, an increased net revenue of £'411,000. As a matter of fact, not only was this not earned, but there was a net loss of re\i'nue of ;^2 16,000, or a total loss of ;^627,ooo, in igoi, compared with 1891. This loss w-as due, not to a fall in receipts, but to the increased expenditure in handling the traffic and to the increased cost of materials and coal. It is hardly too much to say that from the years 1844 to 1900 the goods traffic of our British railways was handled on expensive, and even extravagant, lines. The Royal Commission of 1867 adverted to that subject in its report, but the year 1900 ended with practically nothing accomplished. " The great companies, having absorbed smaller ones and agreed together on rates, pro- ceeded to invade each other's territory, to snatch traffic that could not pay, to set up rival and adjacent collecting offices, to engage competitive staffs of canvassers, to lavish money on injuring other comp inies without benefiting 'themselves or the public, and generally to engage in a species of competition which was as wasteful as it was useless. " That was the deplorable state of things which we found in 1902. Instead of co-operating to give all f.icilities to the public, it was admitted on all hands that the railways were quarrelling among themselves. In August the Chairman of the London and North-Wcstcrn went so far as publicly to speak of being ' robbed of traffic ' and of being 'robbed right and left.' At the s.ime date the Chairman of the North-Kastern (.Sir George Gibb) h.id to confess that, instead of thinking of the public, they were ' quarrelling over a ton of goods,' while a third chairman admitted tli.it the conduct of the railways was ' ridiculous. ' Sir George Gibb has placed it on record ili.it (a) ton-mile figures cost him the morlest sum of ;{rHoo a year to prepare, a railwav official opposed to us having stated it wrmld cost ;^i 5,000; al.so that (b) his officials, once having used this whole system of scientific statistics, which, I would specially point out, includes far more than the ton-mile, would not now consent to do without it, so invaluable has it proved. I find that in 1899 the earnings of a North- eastern freight train were only Sod. per train- mile. But by the adoption of a better system of statistics that figure of Sod. has been raised to 123d. for 1905, an improvement of 43d. per train-mile, or no less than 55 per cent. To obtain an economy in train mileage of no less than 6,400,000 miles, or 36 per cent., in six years, is a great achievement. But let us look at net earnings. In 19015 the North-Eastern Company secured ;£r99,ooo more gross earnings than in '1904, yet it reduced its actual expenses by ;^i,ooo. The net gain was thus ;^ioo,ooo, and this it did in spite of the fact that it spent ^^56,000 more upon its per- manent way and equipment. If the London and North-Western had made as much progress in efficiency as the North-Eastern between 1899 and 1905, it would have saved for ourselves, the shareholders, the sum of ;,^386,ooo last year. " I. In 1900 our railways appeared to be seriously compromised. We felt compelled to inquire into the adequacy of their administration. " 2. That investigation showed to us evidence of most widespread and regretable waste. In the great departments of handling and collecting traffic we had the clearest proofs of most undue and superfluous expenditure. " 3. Wc further ascertained that the existing system of statistics, whether published or unpub- lished, was quite inadequate for the purposes of economy, and that shareholders, and even managers and Boards, were not duly informed as regards \ilal matters which we enumerated. "4. W^e proposed remedies as regards hand- ling of traflic, also as regards co-operation. Tlicrc was the keenest antagonism. But the first of these remedies is now in process of execu- tion. The second, co-operation, appears to be making some progress. " 5. Yet the fimdamental reform of all still remains to be brought home. \\'ithout adequate figures, intelligently used, we maintain that no business so vast and complex as a railway can be adcqu.itcly and economicallv administered. VYc point to the Norlh-E.istcrn as having adopted this better system and as benefiting accordingly. When those figures are furnished by our railways, then, and then onlv, will it be possible to shareholders to estimate and for Boards to rcgtilate and maintain the progress of efliciency. " This striking indictment gains enormous force, 422 The Review of Reviews. since it comes from one who was speaking for those having the greatest possible direct interest in the railways. They could hardly be accused of painting unnecessarily gloomy pictures, since this would only have caused their stock to sink still further, the very thing they took action to avoid. It would be interesting to hear what has been done since 1906 ! THE EDITOR OF " MOTOR TRACTION." VVe have always recognised the depressing effect which an inefficient or costly system of transport has upon agriculture, and no one will, we think, disagree with the statement that the producer of foodstuffs — i.e., the farmer — finds a difficulty in marketing them, either because of the cost of carriage or through the delay and difficulty in getting them placed on rail and un- loaded when they finally arrive at their destina- tion. It appears to us that this difficulty of getting the producer into more direct and imme- diate touch with the consumer is one that will probably be solved by the co-operative organisa- tion of motor traffic in rural districts. It is when we come to examine the writer's scheme for the linking up of the grower of pro- duce with the markets which exist locally that we find ourselves more in touch with proposals of a practical character, though whilst agreeing that there exists " the natural arteries along which the produce of the countryside should flow towards the centres of consumption," we doubt if the natural arteries — the roads — are yet sufficiently sound for an enormously increased volume of traffic. It is lamentably true that in many quarters it is still believed that traffic exists for the roads and not the roads for the Iraffiic. FACTS re COMPETITION. In support of the statement that " railways cannot hope to compete with organised motor traction locally centralised," the article provides nothing in the shape of a concrete example. Fortunately we are able to rectify this omission. .\ certain manufacturing company consigned five tons of perishable produce daily by an early morning passenger train to a station fifty- five miles distant, for which the rate charged was 20S. per ton, or ;^30 a week. Not being able lo secure frotn the railway authorities any abatement of this rale, the consignors decided to adopt motor traction. A five-ton petrol lorry was purchased, with the result that the same work was done, and for a sum not exceeding ;£'i2 a week for running expenses (but not for interest on capital, depreciation, etc.). MOTORS TO HELP RAILWAYS. In citing an example of the foregoing charac- ter we must not be taken as accepting the state- ment that the motor lorry is going to become a serious rival of the heavy mineral train, and more especially as the miles of Ir.ick and sidings are not likelv to be abandoned, merely because a considerable proportion of stock pays no divi- dend. On the contrary, we contend that the future of motor traction, so far as this country is concerned, will be largely in conjunction with the existing railways, to be employed as feeders not only at the numerous terminal points, but also operating in circles with hundreds of im- portant railway stations as their centres of activity. In this connection we see a new and more prosperous lease of life for the railways, because with their motor wagons they will be able to collect and carry larger quantities of produce to the railhead for conveyance to the many markets that exist at all industrial centres, and thereby enable the farmer to grow more, seeing that he has an outlet for it, whilst his profit is not absorbed by heavy cartage fees. The increased traffic which the railways could create in this fashion for themselves should more than counterbalance the revenue lost by the decreased returns from the handling of im- ported foodstuffs, and at the same time lessen the disparity which at present exists between the relative increases in gross earnings and working expenses. SHORT AND LONO JOURNEYS. Again and again we have advocated the use of the motor lorry for short-distance or locally centralised work, not only for perishable pro- duce, vi'here considerable handling is eliminated and better prices are consequently obtained through the produce reaching the consumer in a better and fresher condition, but also for other traffic where quick delivery and reduced cost of handling are prime necessities. The writer again appears to have forgolten the long dis- tances which must ine\itablv be covered bv the mineral train, where, no matter how effiiciently the motor lorry can be run, it is inconceivable that the modern method of road transport can be substituted for a system which can exist on a freight rate of i'i23d. per ton-mile. The theory as to how far British roads lend themselves to rapid motor concentration in time of war is an interesting subject of study. For the present we can only point out that the War Office authorities, who are very keenly alive to the disadvantages of rail concentration and the importance of the motor vehicle, have not vet been able to leave the railways out of their reckoning. They have, however, a very com- plete scheme for hypolhetlcnl needs, in which the motor lorry figures conspicuously. Motors and Railways. 423 THE EDITOR OF "THE AUTOCAR." Naturally, our bias is in favour of the motor car, but we desire to be fair. There is no ques- tion whatever that the railway services are capable of vast improvement, and it is equally certain that not only can they be fed by motor wagons and vans with the greatest advantage, but that in many cases it Is far more expeditious and cheaper to send the goods by road rather than by rail. On the other hand, we have to bear in mind that the post office contractors, who probably know their business as well as most people, do not find that it pays them to carry mails or parcels by road for distances much in excess of a hundred miles. While it is true they have taken from the railways the more profitable short-distance work, they have taken very good care to leave them the long-distance transport. It appears to us that too much is made of the concentration of the railways upon London. While this concentration is an ad- mitted fact, it should be borne in mind that there is a similar concentration on all the great centres of population which is at least propor- tionate to their demands. While it is not for us to hold a brief for the railway companies, as those responsible for their working are quite capable of defending their own methods, we do not think that they have been quite fairly treated by the critic in the Review of Reviews. There is great need for more expeditious service on the railways, just as there is great need for a much larger number of motor delivery vans and lorries for short-distance work all over the country and particularly for feeding the smaller centres of population with the produce of the surrounding country. Much more could be done in this way if the farmers of the various districts would work together instead of, in the main, working in opposition, but this is a matter which is altogether outside our province. . . . As to the charges made by the railway com- panies, they are often very difficult to follow, and, apparently, too frequently without rhyme or reason, hut here again it must be borne in mind that almost every yard of a railway has been purchased at a ruinous price ; in other words, the nation is reaping that which it has sown. Our forbears made it impossible for the railway companies to acquire land except on unreasonable terms, and this increased the capital charges so greatly that the generations after have had to pay far higher rates than if the railway companies had been able to purchase their land at a reasonable cost and without ex- cessive legal expenses. While the motor car is undoubtedly a rival of the railway, we still think that the best results to the country at large would be obtained by a well-devised system of co-operation between the two. After all, competition is a good spur, and just as the railway companies have been spurred by the competition of the electric railways and trams in connection with suburban services, so will they be spurred by the competition of the motor vehicle, which will, unquestionably, be- come keener and keener. But the motor vehicle is not going to sound the death knell of the rail- ways, though quite likely it may not only revo- lutionise their methods of handling traffic, but also their means of propulsion. It is, perhaps, hardly the time or the place to take up the question of the internal combustion locomotive, but we already have it in a small form for branch line w-ork in the motor coaches, and it is likely to develop on the railways just as it is developing on the seas. Neither main line locomotives nor great liners have yet availed themselves of the internal combustion engine, but unquestionably they will do so. . . . Instead of the heavy and comparatively infre- quent steam trains we want faster, lighter, and much more frequent trains, and to this sort of work the internal combustion engine specially lends itself. Compare the motor car to convey four people, which is a locomotive and carriage combined and which weighs, say, thirty hun- dredweight, with the weight of the railway carriage and railway engine which are necessary to carry the same number from place to place, and ir will be found that practically where the motor requires a hundredweight the railway requires a ton. LORD MONTAGU OF BEAULIEU, Editor of The Car. The article in the Review of Reviews called studied the growth of automobilism can have The Death Knell of British Railways " has a any doubt that the majority of traffic in the great deal of truth in it. For many years I have been pf)inting out in the pages of the Car, and elsewhere, that under present conditions British railways have lillle or nothing to look forward to, excepting a gradual reduction in their net profits. In addition, no one who has future will be road borne and not railway borne. I'Vom investigations which I have made at various times I am convinced that there is hardly any kind of freighl which could not be conveyed more cheaply from the producer to the 424 The Review of Reviews. distributor and consumer by means of motor vehicles than by means of horse vehicles plus railway vehicles, with the consequent double handling and extra expense. The certainty that we shall soon be able to use cheaper fuel and cheaper tyres will also increase the probability that nearly all the goods traffic of the future will be conveyed by means of motor vehicles and not by means of vehicles on rails. The outlook therefore for railways in this country — unless they wake up in time — is very unsatis- factory. PROFESSOR ROBERT W. A. BREWER, Consulting Engineer. I am much obliged to you for giving me an opportunity of expressing an opinion upon the most convincing argument on the above subject appearing in the September number. This shows up in a very pronounced manner the ex- treme inefiiciency of our present methods of transport, particularly for agricultural produce. One cannot fail to have noticed the enormous development in the design and construction of commercial motor vehicles which has taken place, particularly in England, during the past few years, and this development has concur- rently been met by a development in the con- struction of our roads and the perfection of road surfaces. At the present time it must be obvious to all that the Rritish roads are second to none in the world, not only with regard to the method of their construction, but with regard to their surfacing and upkeep. These roads are, of course, still open to improvement, particularly when one gets ofT the main routes, but the Road Board is doing such excellent work that there is no doubt that the development of the secondary roads will follow as soon as sufficient sums are available for the purpose. It is unnecessary for one to point out the enormous advantages to be gained bv the producer in handling his goods bv motor transport instead of through the railways, as not only is this transport much more rapid, but it is far more convenient. There is, how- ever, the question of capital outlay, which is a somewhat important one, and so soon as a commercial vehicle can be produced and sold at even a cheaper rate than it is at present there is no doubt that such vehicles will be sold in very much larger quantities than thev now are for the handling of this produce. Now we come to the question as to whether it is better all round to use self-contained units, propelled by an ordinary petrol engine and running on resilient tyres, or to resort to the older method of steam traction, when a comparatively cumber- some engine drags a number of trailers along the road. To my mind the former method is the only one which can be carried out in an exten- sive manner, as, although the question of fuel is an important one with the internal combustion engine, and one which is attracting a great deal of attention at the moment on account of its cost, yet undoubtedly the time will come when those who are responsible for the maintenance of the roads will cry out against the damage done by the heavier and non-resilient tyred machine. Even at the present time these heavy machines are a considerable source of conges- tion and inconvenience to the road users, and it is only necessary to take a trip along some of the Kentish roads to have this fact brought forcibly before one. However, this method of transport is undoubtedly cheaper than the self- contained steam unit, and on this score it pro- bably appeals to the user as being the most profitable system of transport. However, the fuel question is receiving an enormous amount of attention at the moment, and it is undoubtedly one to which a solution will be found in the near future. The War OHice subsidy will undoubtedly give a stimulus to the purchaser of a commercial vehicle, and it has been a very praisew'orthy step on the part of the authorities. It is only to be hoped that this scheme will meet with the success which it deserves, so that the grower of market produce will have the opportunity of selling his goods at a profitable price, whereas at the present time, in manv instances, this is not the case. SOME FACTS FROM SCOTLAND. By the Editor The Border Standard. The subject is of great imimrtaiue. li: Scotland we have a Farmers' Supply Asso- ciation, and I think there is another organisa- tion working- on the same lines. By co- operative buying the members of these asso- ciations get seeds, feeding stuffs, etc., in large quantities, which means cheaper prices than the farmers could hope to buy at dealing individu- ally. But, so far as I am aware, the other side (if the question — co-operative action in irans- |)orting the produce of the farms — has not been tackled. There is any amount of growling, h()we\cr, .ihout high railway rates, but I don't think the farmers in Scotland have done any- thing but growl and curse the raihvay com- panies. Vou may know that Galashiels is the centre of the Scotch tweed trade. We have only one railway passing through the district — Motors and Railways. 425 the North British — and periodically at South of Scotland Chamber of Commerce there are bitter complaints about high rates charged for carriage of wool and woollen goods. At meetings of that body I have heard it stated that the car- riage rates for goods from Galashiels to London are higher per ton than from Dundee to London, though Galashiels is over ninety miles nearer London. Various experiments have been tried and spoken of to get the better of the N.B. Company — for example, motoring goods to Car- lisle and then putting goods past N.B. Com- pany by giving carriage to English companies. But it has been found that there is a beautiful understanding between the various companies, and competition of such a kind as this gets precious little chance from the companies. Sel- kirk is another tweed-manufacturing town, six miles from Galashiels, and reached by a branch railway. Some time ago motors — just one or two were started — were tried, and, of course, this saved shunting (and unloading goods at Selkirk Station) at both ends and gave delivery right at mill doors, and I know for a fact the thing was beginning to hit the N.B. Company pretty hard, and I believe cutting in prices was resorted to to try and knock the motor people out. I think there arc motors running yet with wool. Such actual cases of delay could be multi- plied almost indefinitely. I he maze ot shunting; and marshalling sidings on the L N.W. Kailwoy syitem at Crewe. WHAT MOTORS HAVE DONE IN THE MANOEUVRES. TiiEKE can be little question that the adequate provision of motor transports was responsible for the speedy termination of the recent manccuvres. Full particulars of the motor equip- ment used by the army are given in Motor Traction, and show the almost universal appli- cation of the motor as an effective auxili.iry In troops on the march. One incident will sulllce as a convincing illustration that the motor is indispens.ible : — A (ircumst.ince was dcscribril by .t rommandcr whom it adertcd. PrcujinK forward with all possible speed it was necessnry that supplies should be well ahead, and, atlhouch iKi unusual delay took place in eettinR the troops along, yet ilir mecliaDical transixut oliircrs were fourlern hours aheaeforc known. That a new and potent factor has tjcen intro- duced into the conduct of future campaigns — as important as the service of the aeropl.ine in lime of war — is generally recognised, and our War Office must have been convinced by its experiments that its transport service is in neeil of immediate revolution, and it is no less than that to be able to discard the slow horse-drawn vehicle with its own heavy forage requirements. The immediate need is the selection of a stand.ird type which will be .available for use in all parts of the l-lmpire, for the present con- fusion of types .'ind makes would involve con- tinual cost, confusion and delay, as the writer in .\fotor Traction points out : — It is perfectly clear that great benefit would accrue if the whole of the mechanical transport of the Kmpire were properly standardised. This means that the military authorities of the Oversea Dominions should consult with our own War Office, with a view to securing that types of vehii Ics suitable for use in all parts of the Kmpire should be selected for subsidy at home, and in rciiirn agreeing that any subsidies they themselves might olTer should .ipply only '" vehicles of similar types. The Life-Blood of the Empire. ■"p^**^ VERY day sees the desire for ^ organised emigration grow more definite and more articulate. The various parts of the Empire, already ' not blind to the value of a systematic migration of settlers from the Mother Country, have now realised that serious work is needed, and at once, to ensure continuous and beneficial arteries of empire in the shape of streams of British subjects going to other parts of the Empire. Only by such a migration can the Dominions be kept truly British, in no other way can the influx of foreign elements be held in check and prevented from gradually exercising a disruptive influence. While the children are being taught what is the Empire and the duties of peopling it, the material ready to hand must be sorted and settled. Naturally, if it is possible to bring about scientific development of the cultivated and cultivatable surface of these islands, the first call for labour will be here and the Dominions must take second place. But there are enough and to spare for the Empire. It is good news that Canada has lost no time in taking the initiative for organising emigration. The Dominion Royal Commission has been entrusted with an inquiry into the matter of migration of population from the Old Country to the Overseas Dominions, and during the autumn will be taking up that subject in the United Kingdom. It is hoped that it will be possible to do something in the way of organis- ing and correlating the various agencies and systems at present in operation. It is with very great pleasure that we are able to record a striking success for one phase of Lord Milner's rdgime in South Africa. By his Land Settlement Board he laid the foundation of a system of settling the land which bids fair to play a very great part in the history of South Africa. To quote the Bloemfontein cor- respondent of the Daily Mail : — The Board was called into being to guide and control the scheme of laud settlement created by Lord Miiner in 1902. It stands justified from every view point ; as an Imperial venture its success is beyond all cavil; as a national asset it is of growing value; as a simple business proposition it has yielded an excellent and increasing percentage. . . . Six hundred first-class yeomen have been absorbed, their brains and muscles are part of our national assets, and the whole business has been done and managed at a 50 per cent, profit to the State. The scheme has proved the possibility in South Africa not only of actual settlement but of closer settlement, and when that lesson has been assimilated our history will take a new turn. But in the meantime Lord Miiner has come to his own. The Union Government have carried a Bill through Parliament granting to each settler a freehold of his farm, the Administration taking in return a bond over all outstandings bearing interest at 4 per cent., and the men are thus planted squarely on their legs. There is no further need for Lord Milner's Board, and so it dissolves. There is a great and abiding glory awaiting the British Minister who first has the initiative — for courage is not needed — to clearly pro- claim that the peopling of the Empire is of supreme importance, and that, recognising this, he is going to take steps to thoroughly organise and systematise emigration. Till then this country must remain open to the charge, which should be unbearable, of caring less for the welfare and future of those of her children who leave these shores than do the lands which receive them. It would seem as if the Dominions had a truer grasp upon the great central idea of Empire than we have in this, 'he Imperial Motherlanri. THE VALUE OF THE HUMAN UNIT: By G. J. ADAMS. As a regular reader of the Review of she has peopled her great west to such an Reviews I have read with interest your articles extent that she is forging ahead, and need on emigration, which are excellent from start never look back again, although she could to finish and have come none too soon. I do absorb 500,000 men and women a vear for the not think that there is one of the great Euro- next fifty years and never cry halt. With pean nations that, if she had been situated Australia, however, it is quite different. Sixty as England has been for the last fifty years, years ago it was to Australia that people flocked would not long since have organised and sys- in thousands, and then came to a halt and tematised her emigration to her Colonies, and, in connection with them, both to their benefit and her own. Canada has done her own work so well during the last twenty years, since the Canadian Pacific Railway was built to Vancouver, that discouragement when there should have been encouragement of every kind and assisted passages. WHAT AUSTRALIA SHOULD HAVE DONE. It would have paid New South Wales, \'ic- The Life-Blood of the Empire. 427 toria, Soulh Australia, Western Australia, and Queensland well to have combined, and spent, if necessary, between them one million per annum in getting out from Enj^^land yearly one hundred thousand of the pick of our young men and young women of the labouring classes, and this they could have accomplished by an assisted 1 ^Br ^■»^^^P'^^J^j|ft^J||M^^^^^^^A3^w^^^ijJj|^jP^CJ^jJ ^^''Hflifl Peopling the Empire : Boys from Dr. barnardo's Home en route to Canada. passage rif ;^io offered to each adult, male or female. If they had done this for twenty years it would have cost them twenty millions, and they would cert.iinly h:ive added to their popula- tion four to five millions. If they had done it since 187; — that is, for forty years — it would have cost them forty millions, and they would have added to their population over ten million people — that is, they would now have a popu- lation of over fifteen millions instead of under five millions, a population utterly inadequ.ite to the size of their country, and which makes other nations look on it with envious eyes. Then (jnly think of how that immigration of two millions at a cost of ;£'20,ooo,ooo, or of four millions at a cost of ;£^4o,ooo,ooo, would have added to the nalion.al we:dth. It is un- thinkable. Statesmen are eillier knowingly or unknowingly blind to the fart that a full-grown healihv voung man or woman of sound mind under t\\<-nty-five years (jf age is the best im- portation that any young country can get, espe- cially if the immigrants are English and with some education ; they are the producers of wealth from the day they land, and it is a poor esti- mate to say (apart altogether from the wealth they will help to produce) that each man or woman, from the time they put their foot on the shore, is worth ;^ioo to the community there and then; therefore the 100,000 immi- grants procured yearly at a cost of ;£ri,ooo,ooo are worth when they land _^io,ooo,ooo. GETTING HU.MAN MATERIAL FOR NOTHING. The importers wish and try to get these valuable cargoes for nothing, and they do so because their Mother England does not tell her children what they are worth, and gives them neither advice nor as- sistance. This is all very well to our own Colonies. We need not grudge them what they have made over us, but when we think that a sensible, businesslike, and statesman- like arrangement between the Mother Country and all her Colonies would have induced millions of English, Irish, and Scotch emigrants to go to those Colonies, instead of to the United Stales for the last sixty years, it ought to make us feel that we have managed things very badly indeed. Tlu' lion, (jeorge Foster, .Sir John Taverner, Sir William Hall Jones, and Sir John McCall are doubtless, as you say, experts, but they are very much interested in getting splendid wealth- producing material for their respective countries for nothing. They are importers of human goods, and even think that the Mother Country might assist in sending out the priceless material, not realising, apparently, what it is worth to them to-day. Naturally, at the outset, they could not pay for it, but once a young nation gets her head above water and has plenty of undeveloped land, it will pay her well to get immigrants by the bait of assisted pas- sages, and, after all, it is only a bait — a sprat to catch a mackerel — and yet they stumble over It. THE WRONG WAY TO COLONISE. Another great mistake thai many of the Colonial Governments make is, as .Sir John McCall says, not getting all their available land settled up as fast as settlers come in; they cither deliberately keep it b.ack or it is kept 428 The Review of Reviews. back by their want of a Land Scheme, or they have sold large blocks to syndicates who do not put the land on the market. I know a valley in British Columbia where this has been done, and the people are crying out for more settlers; they have no one to associate with or trade with. Many hands make light work, especially in agriculture, hay-making and har- vest, and settlers help each other to make money, so the large block sale system adopted in British Columbia is a bad one ; it puts money quickly in the hands of a young Government, no doubt, but it would be better to put emigrants quickly on the land. It would not even be so bad if they used the money thus got to bring emigrants on to the land, but they do not. I advocated that years ago, and told them they ought to spend ;^ioo,ooo a year in getting out Englishmen by assisted passages. I don't think there are a quarter of a million people in British Columbia, a country as large as France. Of course, what I have said about Australia and assisted pas- sages applies also to many other of our Colonies or divisions of them. PRIVATE ORGANISATION OR STATE DEPARTMENT .? By MRS. E.MILY CHARRINGTON, East End Emigr.ition Society. I SEE that you advocate an Imperial Board (not merely an Emigrants' Information Office, such as we have had hitherto), but if you wish it to put an end to " touting " agents, there must be country branches to be in touch with applicants who cannot come to London. Alto- gether it would be a very huge and very expen- sive aifair. I am not enamoured of Govern- ment management, as a rule, I am afraid. May I, shortly, tell you the method of pro- cedure that our Society adopts and finds effectual? 1. There is no need to tout, the people come in large num- bers and beg us to send them. 2. Enquiries are made, either by the Charity Organi- sation Society or by other responsible persons, and a form is given to the appli- cants to fill with very search- ing questions as to hcfilth, capabilities, age, how much they can contribute. Refer- ences as to character must be given, marriage certificate, and name of landlord, what debts, etc. A visit is made to the house to see whether the wife is clean and tidy and keeps her children so, and the wants in the way of clothing are ascertained. The papers containing all particulars are then sint to two referees (members of our Committee), who read them carefully and write an epitome of the whole history. Then all go back to the office and come up at our next committee meeting. Ivach case is much discussed .itid, if passed, they go on to the Canadian Ernigr.itinn Office for Mr. Obed Smith to see, and he either .sees the applicants himself or deputes someone to do so. THE SOCIETIES TAKE MORE PAINS. I do not think a Government Board could take half the time or pains taken by charitable societies, such as ours and the Self-Help and Salvation Army — I mention this last although I believe the methods are rather different in some respects, but what the Salvation Army has which gives it such an advantage is a network of agencies and (I think) homes in Canada — if not in all the Colonies — so that I do not think it has Future Empire Mothers : Girls leaving for Canada sent by Dr. Barnardo's Homes. lo depend on the Canadian Government agents for placing the people as we do. Sometimes a good clergyman will do this work for us, but the people are never stranded and helpless unless they refuse the help of the agents m Canada. A very large number of emigrants go to friends alre.idy established there. These friends house them at first and find them suit- able work. Australia's bid for English emi- grants has perhaps made Can.ula rather less The Life-Blood of the Empire. 429 over-exacting. At one time it really seemed that she did not wish for emigrants. No one was to be sent by societies who was not a farm labourer or a servant, and the regulations even prevented girls from taking any but farm ser- vants' places, and also prevented wives from joining their husbands unless the latter were working on farms ! These two last restrictions were relaxed soon after they were made. They were outrageous, made evidently in the interest of the farmers, who seem the most important members of the community. Perhaps also the Trade Unions have something to do with keep- ing out artisans. TJIE EMIGRATION OF CHILDREN. I would also say a word about the children, whose emigration is so much advocated. Great care, of course, must be taken about placing them with kind and moral people, and I think myself that no better means of ensuring their well-being and happiness could be found than the putting of them in the care of Dr. Bar- nardo's workers or the Waifs and Strays Society, both of which have branches in Canada. I have heard a man who had lived there say that often these f)oor little children were worked far too hard for their age. No doubt farmers like to adopt them. They only have to feed, clothe and house them, and then work them like slaves ! In Canada the work goes on and on (except in winter) from 4.30 a.m. 10 8 p.m. It is healthy for adults, but far too much for children, whose education is, I believe, very much neglected in consequence, schools being far away. It seems grievous that English people should not take more interest in these vast possessions that have literally fallen into their hands. The .Americans from the States are swarming by thousands into the country, taking up the best land — land that will hardly want manure for thirty years or more, virgin soil ! They have exhausted their own and know what is good ! Englishmen will not even see how we over here benefit by sending out the people who will grow wheat and other foodstuffs for our consumption. Some day we shall want it even more than now. USE THE EXISTING MACHINERY. Please excuse this. I may not have made my chief point quite clear. It is this. While State aid on a large scale would be very desirable in- deed, yet (in my opinion) the State would do well to use the machinery already to hand — namely, the experienced charitable societies. Paid officials would be very costly, and would not work with half the ardour of volunteers, and it would take them many years to learn all that the societies already know about emigration. Some members of our committee know the Colonies well ; others (like myself) have been to Canada for a longer or shorter period, and are in touch with her, having relations there. We are all enthusiastic in a way that Government officials could not possibly be. I did not men- tion that there are separate societies for helping single women, for whom great safeguards are needed. It is absolutely necessary that they should travel with, and under the care of, women superintendents. Putting them in charge of stewardesses is quite useless, as these do not dare interfere with the conduct of any passengers, for fear of complaints to head- (^iinrtcrs. A inucti rcuJ uijj aiucti reviled ru&tcr. Current History in Caricature. ' Oh wad some Power the giftie gie us To see ourselves as ithers see us." — Burns. Kladiicnuhttsch.] [Berlin Churchill (to John Bull) : " It is no use groaning ; we must not be outdistanced." [The German newspapers, in order to distract the attention of the taxpayer from the ever increasing burden of military and naval taxation, frequently publish cartoons pointing out ■igijo "^irt f-lm W06 ■'•01 l-KlailihiwlatscJiA iBerlm. The British Invasion Manoeuvres. The supposed enemy is given the usual fearsome appearauce. the equally sad case of John Bull. The fact that the British manoeuvre idea for this year supposed an invading army in East Anglia gives the Berlin Kladdcradatsch an oppor- tunity of expressing his opinion that the invading enemy must be Germany.] ilit-rlin. I.usliuc ni..(/L>.l lUiTl.ii. The International Money Market pictorially shown. John Bull (as Nibelung) watching Siegfried forcing himself a sharp sword. Current History in Caricature. 431 D,:r Wall re Jacob.] lStiilt;;ii A Mural PaintinjJ for the Reichstag. A brave man thinks of himself last. [The problem of the disabled soldiers is attracting much attention in Germany, where many veterans of 1871 are in dire need Daily }Icralil.l M. Sazanoff and Sir Edward Grey. Omar Khayyam shows what M. Sazanoff wants, and prefers the cash to the credit, in Persia. " Here with a loaf of bread beneath the bough, A flask of wine, a book of verse, and thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness — And Wilderness is Paradise enow." that he f?^ ^^ -^- -F^^l^.^^ Ilkriin. The Ureadnouiiht I'residrnt'ii Cbnir for the Hungarian Parliament, ,/.« i.putting his nose into Turkish affairs. i\ibclsf>aUer.i IZuridi, The Warlike Rulfinriun. The TurkI; " Let the little man amuse himself, he will do no harm." Current History in Caricature. 433 Courtesy uf iV-iffio/j i Miitiuzinc \ The Mangling of the Middle Class. The middle class is being crushed out of existence between the wealthy and the working classes. The really rich man does nf^it f»'cl 'lirect taxation, and the workman does not pay it. ■$■ rlTia AUSTRALIA |.|y% '!"■ -fV-ini^^ INVITES YCV • r^'- -'^ .L.'-.RC POP, Ai,' n Siiii(/«y Pol*. I iJohaniKiliun: The Kivalf, Australia v. South Africa. Dreary Pick : " Yus, a.'; you s'y, guvnor, thing's mayn't bo any too bright with mc, Imt strike mo pink if 111 ever hadver- tisv '-! call • It regular huopc-rfushoiial." ( Sir Tifo. Kcid, Australian High Comminiiionpr, is advertising Atistralia lar^joly in London, and encouraging immigration, Sir Richard Solomon, the S. African Commissioner, contenting himnelf with playing a more or less ornamental part.] Daily HcraUl.X ILondon. The Father of the Insurance Act: "Yes, my dear Sazonoff, the enslavement of a people need seldom be the bloody and unpopular business you make it. With a little tact such things can always be converted into quite humani- tarian triumphs ! " [The Liberal Press seizes the occasion of M. Sazonoff s visit to comment on the repugnance to the Liberal conscience of Russia's method. The Labour paper, The i aily Herald, has secured a cartoonist whose work is most commendable, and we have pleasure in reproducing two of his cartoons here.] Diiih- lltraUl] ILondon. (" The attitude of certain Labour MemberB (owords the Labour r«nk and file hn« undergone n mnrkrd chnnde since a grateful Liberal (lovcrnmcnt clivutcd thtm lo the afllucnce of S400 per annum.") Miss Liheral Party : " That rough person seems to think ho knows you." Labour Statesman: "Oh, no doubt, m'lady. Before one was a member of the governing classes one could know all sorts of queer people, but now, as you know, m'lady, one bo^ to be careful." 434 The Review of Reviews. VeS, TO BE SURE, I'll be DELICiHTEO TO /^EET H&ra.t Pufich I LMi'lLitJurne. The Undesirable Immigrant. The American Meat Trust is paid to have obtained a footing on Australian shores. Journal-] [Minneapolis. Uncle Sam and Arbitration over the PanamaiQuesiion, What else can he say but delighted ! [The unauimous international protest against the action ot President Taft with reference to Panama and the Canal has inspired the two cartoons on this page.] Minueapnlis Journal. A Crop that will thresh out liiiht. How Amurica looks at the debates of its elected Journal.] [Minneaiiolis An Unexpected and Unwelcome Catch. Current History in Caricature. 435 I,ttxttgf lit,itrt:r The Dear Friends. Kvery manoeuvre exercise is a joy. If it succeeds, a jny for KtattUeriititiisck.] [Berlin. A French Manoeuvre Catastrophe. General Marion was captured with his entire staff by an airship patrol of the enemy. I.c lllrr.\ ll'arin. The Knifier at the Sivisb .Mamriivrcs. " Not bad, this Inndscape, but too ....?" Perfectly : luil a shadow of discipline anywhere, military marching impossible, and the mountains have not formed line. IHIJ ; Vive rEmpcrcur ! 1912 : People of all lands, unite 1 Leading Articles in the Reviews. TURKEY AND ITALY. AFTER THE DELIVERANCE. The Future of Turkey. In the first September number of La Revue General Cherif Pasha writes once more on Turkey and the future of the Ottoman Empire. THE COMMITTEE AND THE ARMY. The article, which is entitled " After the Deliverance," begins by explaining that the war In Tripoli has for some time been relegated to the second place in Turkey owing to the conflict between the Army and the Union and Progress Committee. The coming into power of the Committee is compared to an invasion of bar- barians who have not ceased to treat the Otto- man Empire as a conquered country. The Army, profoundly indignant at the devastating tyranny of the Committee, feels it can no longer tolerate this Internal enemy, which it considers more formidable ' than any external enemy. Destined to defend the country, the Army recog- nises that it must see to it that it is not destroyed in its own land. The Committee has been quite unscrupulous in the use it has made of the officers to suppress a political adversary or to intimidate the people at election times — in a word, to consolidate its own tyranny over the ruins of the regime. With this end in view the Committee encouraged politics in the Army, and now it is reaping what it has sown. A CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE COMMITTEE. For over three years the writer has been carrj-ing on a campaign against the Committee. .'\11 along he has shown what the end of the Committee would be, but he has been treated as a prophet of evil. He has been accused of want of patriotism for saying what he thought when he was in a foreign country. Rut in Turkey could he have spoken out so freely? A shot from a revolver would probably soon have put an end to anything he might have had to say displeasing to' the Committee. He worked with the Committee for six months at Constantinople, and soon discovered they were merely continuing the rdgime of Abdul Hnmid. " Either you change vour line of action or 1 resign," said Cherif Pasha to the Committee. In his letter of resignation he specified certain conditions the acceptance of which alone would make him change his mind : — The Committee was to renounce its occult character and to give up mixinp; itself in the afTairs of State. It was to forbid the Army to concern itself with politics. • t u 1 . Elections were to take place IcKally and with absolute freedom. The Committee was to abandon the project of Turkey- fying the country. ABOVE REPROACH. The writer proceeds to tell of the grotesque ceremony of initiation into the Committee, of the secret sittings and the exclusion of the Press at the general congresses at Salonlca, and of the hostile journalists who were assassinated, and asks who gave the orders for assassination and who were the instruments of the ci-imes? With regard to interference in State affairs, the Com- mittee professes to be above reproach; but we are Informed that it caused the deputies to be nominated from its own party, and that it has agents everywhere, even at the Court. As to permitting the Army to concern itself with poli- tics, the writer says' the Committee is absolutely Incapable of sincerity, and therefore its pro- fessions of having taken action in the inntter are not to be believed. At the recent elections there were all sorts of illegalities practised— fraud, violence, etc. Then the Committee had desired lo shape the Empire in its own image, but the country has revolted in Arabia, Macedonia, Albania, etc. The excessive centralisation which was attempted has provoked nothing but general discontent. PERFECT IN ORGANISATION. Dealing with the administration of the Com- mittee, the writer says It is no better than its policy. In the choice of officials blind submis- sion to the most anti-patriotic orders of the Cominittee has been a foremost qualification. The officials were the servants of the Committee and not the servants of the country, and in their respective spheres they have provoked nothing but hatred among the different races of the Em- pire. Speaking of the present Cabinet, the writer points oiit that its greatest defect is lack of proper understanding among the members. Without cohesion In its composition it must be incoherent in its actions. Unmindful of its origin it has humiliated itself before a Chamber elected by the most unheard-of fraud and vio- lence. The Government which ought to estab- lish order is itself the personification of disorder, but the Committee, whose aim seems to be to spread disorder everywhere, is, notwithstanding Its defeat, the only force perfectly organised. Defeated for the moment by the Military League, the Albanian rising, and the revolt of public opinion, its organisation remains intact. FRIENDSHIP TO BE PRACTISED. What the country needs is a Cabinet more homogeneous than that of Mukhtar Pasha. The people must feel that they are being governed Leading Articles in the Reviews. 437 and that the Government has a programme round which they can rally. In her own in- terests paciiic Europe should view with a kindly eye such Ministerial changes as the writer de- mands. In any case he will continue to fight against the Committee and the hybrid system of government which is complicating a situation already too complex. As a recognised friend of France and England, he does not hesitate to say that these Powers are still very far from doing their utmost to support the efforts of their friends. Worse, they are not even remaining neutral. The writer complains that the Postal Bureaux of these two Powers at Constantinople return his journals and pamphlets with the word " Prohibited " inscribed on them. He has no such complaint to make against the Postal Bureaux of any of the other Powers whom he has always opposed. In reference to the atti- tude of England in particular he cites the case of the National Bank of Turkey, which he founded under the auspices of the Foreign Office with the object of bringing England and Turkey into closer relations. The administrators of this financial institution, he says, have been selected from the most notoriously compromised chiefs of the Union and Progress Committee, and he suggests that England would be wise to abandon at once a patronage which may be- come compromising to her. As he has often repeated, the Franco-Russian Alliance and the Entente of England and France with the Otto- man Empire ought to be practised instead of being limited to vague and sterile formulas. THE FAITH OF COSMOPOLI- TANISM. Mgr. R. Hugh Benson writes in the North A merican Review for September on cosmopoli- tan Catholicism. He thus sums up his paper : — I have allcmpted only to deal with facts that all men accept at the present ; the fact of Cosmopolitanism and of its proW.ibie survival among us as the last and hiRhesI development of civilisation ; the fact that every other stage of civilisation has demanded a rclicion whirli embodies and is thought to sanctify its spirit; and I have argued thence that the last stage of humanity's progress vvill presumably also look for its spiritual partner. And, finally, I have considered the fact that Catholicism, accepted as it is by sages and fools alike, having shown itself indei)endent both of locality and time, and basing itself upon a claim, freely granted by its adherents, to be not only as large as humanity, but larger, is not only ready to accept the rdle of spiritnni Cosmopolitanism, but has l>een ready from its very nature since its inauguration two thousand years ngo. What an enormous instrument, too, might not this Cos- moimlitanism of faith become in the cause of universal peace and in ilie extension of this secular unity of humanity which the Cosmopolitan desires so strongly ! ITALY AND THE MEDITERRANEAN. To the Deutsche Revue for September Signor Tancredi Galimberti, a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, has contributed an article on the position of Italy in the Mediterranean question. THE NEW SITUATION. The war with Turkey in Tripoli, he points out, has created a new situation in the Mediterranean and in it Italy is called upon to play a new rSle. The war has brought out another new fact. England has, so to speak, withdrawn from this sea, which she has hitherto^ controlled. The expiring nineteenth century witnessed a State, already very strong on land, become a great Power at sea. The building of the German fleet, which is ever assuming larger proportions, has transferred the British naval problem from the Mediterranean to the North Sea. Meanwhile the French Naval Minister has advised France to increase her navy, so that it shall equal the com- bined fleets of Austria and Italy. ITALY AND FRANCE. Italy cannot remain isolated and independent in the Mediterranean, but she must remember that in her position the land problem is the more important. Austria and Germany are not repre- sented in the Mediterranean and England is of opinion that so far as her interests are concerned, this sea occupies the second place. Consequently Italy sees herself flanked on one side by France and on the other by a new French Colonial Em- pire in Africa, which from Biserta, a naval harbour of the first rank, menaces her as Carthage once menaced Rome. France, separated from her .African Empire by the Mediterranean, requires a strong navy to enable her to transport without hindr.ince troops to and from .Africa and a defensive strong enough to enable her to hold her own against the combined fleets of Austria and Italy. Her aim in the Mediterranean is unrestricted control, for she seems to realise that no Power can be strong without the command of the sea. Italy more than ever is conscious of her duty to her navy, which has distinguished itself in the war. The occupation of Syrt will of necessity lead to .m increase and the doubling in size of the I'rcnch fleet will make it all the more desirable. ITiere is one more question. How w-ill France be able to man her new fleet? With only 400,000 male births a year, against 1,200,000 in Germany and 580,000 in Italy, the problem is a serious one. y. 438 The Review of Reviews. POTENTATES AND PEOPLES. THE EMPEROR MUTSUHITO. The September number of the Japan Maga- zine gives us several interesting articles on the late Emperor Mutsuhito. SECOND FOUNDER OF THE EMPIRE. By the death of Mutsuhito, the 122nd Emperor of Japan, not only has the world lost one of the greatest monarchs of the modern world, but Japan has lost one of the most illus- trious that ever graced the throne : so writes Dr. J. Ingram Bryan. It is safe to say, he adds, that no Sovereign has laid down the sceptre amid a grief so universal and profound. More than any other, the late Emperor was the living sign and sym- bol of the a c hievements of Japan dur- ing the last half century, and he will ever be looked upon as the s e c o n il founder o f the Empire. Compared with the past, Japan under his rule is as the light com- pared with the dawn. When he ascended the throne in 1867, a youth of sixteen, the country was in the throes of rebirth from expiring feudalism to the life of a modern State. Under his enlightened rule the shackles of feudalism were shaken off and the people became free, and the thirty millions of ignorant and unhappy subjects have become a population of over sixty millions, and the country is ranked amongst the Great Powers of the world. Well, indeed, poems : did he live the spirit of one of his The new Emperor of Japan. Field-Marshal Vamaf'ata. Whether it rain or shine, I have one only care ; The burden of this heart of mine Is how my people fare ! DAILY LIFE OF THE EMPEROR. Another article tells us something about the daily life of the Emperor. Unlike European monarchs, the Imperial person in Japan is accorded a sanctity too profound for public gaze and gossip. It is therefore all the more interest- ing now to get a glimpse of the private life of the Emperor. One of the most remark- able of his characteristics was his extra- ordinary in- dustry. Not only did he take a great interest in the affairs of State, but also in the smaller details of personal life. Practically, he never took a holiday. Duty being his first CO nsideration he naturally found enough of it to occupy most of his time. Every morning he rose at six. After per- forming his ablutions he rested awhile, and then took breakfast at seven. Later the doctor arrived, and having satisfied himself aliout the health of his august patient, the Emperor would don his official uniform, usually that of a Generalissimo of the Imperial Guards. From ten till noon he was to be found in the Imperiiil study, then he retired for luncheon, after which he enjoyed a siesta till two o'clock. From two to half-past Prince Katsura. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 439 five or six he was again busy in his office. Shortly after six he dined with the Empress, and the evening was spent with her and members of the Court, discussing literature, especially poetry. At nine the physician again appeared to look after the Emperor's health, and at half-past ten or eleven the Emperor re- tired for the night. DRESS AND DIET. When the Emperor rose he at once exchanged his night garments for a dressing-gown of pure white silk. He had certain fastidious notions about dress. For instance, he never wore his sleeping garments more than once. Every morning they were passed on to some member or other of the nobility, and were treasured by them as heirlooms. A similar custom was observed in regard to all underwear. Having been worn once, it was invariably given away. For dinner he assumed a frock coat and Occi- dental dress. During the autumn manoeuvres of the navy he wore naval uniform. Twice every year he appeared in the dress of old Japan, on New Year's Day and on January 3rd, when h^ entered the Imperial shrine to worship before the spirits of the four corners of the universe — in other words, the universal God. All the various garments and uniforms were made by expert tailors within the precincts of the palace, and while on duty the tailors were allowed to wear nothing but white. The Emperor's diet, we on perish ! A PURE ASIATIC. Writing in the mid-September number of the Rcvuc dcs Deux Mondcs on the reign of the late Emperor, the Marquis de la Mazeliire remarks that while the Emperor introduced [■European civilisation into J.ipan, he himself remained purely Japanese. Circumstances forced on him the civii-sation of the West. 440 The Review of Reviews. THE PRESIDENTIAL PUZZLE. The editor of the North Avierican Review in his September issue describes the extraordinary possibilities bound up in the current Presidential election. He cites the Constitution to show that if none of the Presidential candidates receive a majority of the whole number of electors in the Electoral College, then the House of Representa- tives shall immediately choose the President by ballot, but the representative from each State shall have only one vote. POSSIBLE DEADLOCK NO. I. As the House is now divided politically, there would be 22 votes for Wilson, the Democratic candidate; 22 votes between Taft and Roosevelt ; with 4 States evenly divided. Wilson would Mr . Woodrow Wilson. have to gain three States in order to obtain the requisite 25, which the writer describes as a practical impossibility. The House would then be unable to elect a President. If, therefore, the House of Representatives fails to elect a President, the Vice-President becomes President. POSSIBLE DEADLOCK NO. 2. But the same trouble occurs with regard to the Vice-President. If no Vice-Presidential candidate obtains a majority of the electors in the Electoral College, then the Senate must select from the two highest numbers on the list a Vico President. The Senate being Republican, would elect Sherman, Taft's nominated Vice-President. But if Roosevelt induced four out of the so-called insurgent Senators, with two new Senators from Colorado and Illinois, to abstain from voting, the Senate would be unable to elect the Vice- President. Then, according to the Law of Suc- cession, in the absence of a President and Vice- President, " the Secretary of State shall act as President until a President is elected." KNOX POSSIBLY ACTING PRESIDENT. In the event, then, of the House of Representa- tives failing to elect a President, and of the Senate failing to elect a Vice-President, Presi- dent Taft's lixed term of office would expire at midnight on March 3rd, and the Secretary of State, Mr. Knox, whose official life is indeter- minate, would become Acting President. Mr. Knox would be obliged to convene Congress in extraordinary session on the 24th of March, and Congress would determine the time of choosing the electors, certainly not later than November of the forthcoming year. In this manner Mr. Roosevelt and his new party would have a second opportunity to win the Presidency within a twelvemonth. THE PROBABLE VICTOR. The editor reckons that if the various States voted for President this year as they voted in 1910 for the House of Representatives, the figures would be: — Wilson 290, Taft 156, Roosevelt 63, divided 22. Necessary, to a choice, 266. He says " the wildest imaginings cannot accord Roosevelt a majority." Taft cannot win : the probabilities are that Wilson will. The two pivolal States are New York and Illinois. He sums up : — Wilson will probably be elected. If he carries New York he cannot be beaten. Neither Taft nor Roosevelt can win. A vote for Taft is a vote for Sherman. A vote for Roosevelt is a vote for Sherman. A vote for Wilson is a vote for Wilson. THE GERMAN SOCIALIST PARTY. In connection with the Social Democratic Congress, held in September at Chemnitz, " the Saxon Manchester," the Sozialistische Monats- hcjle of September 12th has issued a special double number. It contains a collection of very solid-looking articles by well-known writers re- lating to the position and the programme of the Social Democratic party ; two articles deal with Imperialism and the German Colonies, and one only refers to the women's movement — namely, that on Calling and Marriage, by Dr. Hope Bridges Adams Lehmann. In the introductory article, Herr Gustav Noske speaks with satisfaction of the annual report prepared by the leaders of the party. At the last election 4J million votes were cast for the party. The total membership of organised Leading Articles in the Reviews. 441 Socialists of the district associations numbered on June 30ih last 970,112, of whom 130,371 were women. More striking still is the success of the party press, but the women's movement in the party, notwithstanding brilliant progress, is still in its infancy, so to speak. From 37 the number of Socialist Deputies in German State parly was able to spend over a million marks (£:50,ooo). The Kuiscr and the Swiss President, at the Swiss Mancruvres. I'arliaments rose during the year lo 245. Only the other day the Principality of Sihwarlzburg- Rudol.stadt ilected through its Diet a Socialist President, Ikrr Winter. The last General Election raised the number of Socialist members in the Rfichsf.ng fo iin. For ihe F.lfrfinn the THE KAISER. The Chautauquan for September contains a sketch of William II. by Arthur E. Bestor. He says : — The most striking figure in the modern political world is William II. with his frank self-assurance, his strenuous energy, his political genius, his indomitable will, one of that great family of rulers who have made Prussia the strongest Power on the continent of Europe, and have now made Germany one of the great nations of the world. He is commander-in-chief, and he has used every means to bind the army 10 himself. It is said that he knows personally one-half of the .;5,ooo military officers. No one has a greater know- ledge of the German navy, indeed of the navies of the world. But, after all, the real source of his strength is to be found in the belief which the people have in him. Personally he is the embodiment of all the driving forces of German life to-day. He fires the imagination, he sounds the keynote for advance along all lines. It is this ability to make himself the leader of the German nation that enables him to impose his will upon the Empire. He is one of the most versatile of men. It is true that the Emperor has been accused of being a kingly dabbler in everything and master in nothing. Bismarck characterised the Emperor in this language in 1891 : " I pity the young man ; he is like a young fox-hound that barks at everything, that touches every- thing, and that ends by causing complete disorder in the room in which he is, no matter how large it may be." .\othing is too large for his investigation, nothing too small for his attention. Every scientific discovery, every new invention, every change in educational theory, every new development in art or literature receives his attention. He is everywhere seeking new ways of doing things which may become useful for the development of German influence or culture. The Emperor has been described in many different ways, but the characterisa- tion of the late William T. Stead, himself one of the world's great journalists, is unique and interesting. He ills the Kaiser a " latter-day journalist born to the imrple." He certainly has the journalistic craving for novelty and picturesqueness ; he likes to be continually before the public; he has the ability to say striking ihings. The writer describes Willi.ini 11. as distinctly a modern man, who makes use of all the machinery nf modern civilisation. But with all his modern ideas the Emperor is more than any other man of his lime a media?valist in his ideas of the kingship. One would have to go back to Charles I. of England lo find a man who believed so strongly in the divine right of kings. On the naval question the writer observes : — • It is perfectly evident that the only Power against which the new navy i> likely to be used is Great Britain. To this danger Englishmen have recently become thoroughly aroused, for it is not merely that England would lose prestige in an unsuccessful naval war, but thai her whole Imperial policy, and even her very existence, is dependent u|X)n her mastery of the sea. It is sur- prising how many men in Europe testify to their belief that w;ir between the two countries is inevitable and near at hand. The subject is discussed not with bitter- ness, but with a ■■iirl i metier a mot est d'etre Roi. King Alexander was also, by his mHier. ' un Roi.' As you sec, we belonged to the same guild as lalxiurers or pro- fessional men. I cannot be indifTcrcnt to the assassina- tion of a member of my profession, or. if you like, a member of my guild. We should l>c obliged to shut up our businesses if we, the Kings, considered the assassina- tion of Kings as of no conse(|uence at all. 1 regret, but you sec that I cannot do what you wish mc to do." Very characteristic, very miirh to the point, and quite unanswerable. THE KING AS " COMMERCIAL. The catholic nature of the King's sympathy was shown by his untiring efforts in support of charity, education, and social reform, and in private life those privileged to know recognised an individual of more than ordinary capacity. Mr. Legge pens a graceful and lifelike minia- ture : — Did space allow, 1 could cite other examples of the King's adroitness in the field of diplomacy, and of his intimate acquaintance with international affairs, in the control of which, as I have shown, he was something more than the automaton which it has been hinted he was. King FMward's personality was a most fascinating one for those who were enabled to study it closely. Just as, in his kingly capacity, there was no standard of com- parison by which to judge him, so, as a mere mortal, he differed in all respects from other men. The blue eyes, which could be caressing, or, though very seldom, aggressive ; the ruddy cheeks, the trim Henri Quatre beard, the attitude — these were all his own, and made him an object of attraction wherever he chanced to be. . . He was first and foremost a business man. This "fine gentleman" . . . became on his acces- sion to the Throne a Royal merchant, acting as his own commercial traveller, and "booking orders" right and left on his journeys. SIR SIDNEY lee's MEMOIR. It is somewhat of a pity that Mr. Legge should have felt constrained to cross swords with the character sketch of the Dictionary of National Biography, for doubtless the editor thought it due to the public that even royalty should be reduced to a common denominator. This the Biography undoubtedly does, but omits that appreciation of many traits which gives the late King so peculiar a value, and thus manages by the barest statement of truth to create a false impression of a more than noteworthy man. THE king's AI'OTHEOSIS. Mr. Legge may safely leave the Memoir to the curious student and may be congratulated on his restraint. He concludes : — Edward VII. has been glorified, deified by the grateful, sympathetic, and admiring allied nation. His apotheosis came on the 13th of .\pril, amidst the boom- ing of warships' cannon, the flashing of swords, the strains of jubilant music, the fluttering of the friendly flags, and the frenzied hurrahs of the populace on the Mediterranean shore when the veil was drawn, and the Great Figure, " in his habit as he lived," was revealed. He left us only two years and some months ago - but already, in Voltaire's phrase, " On est asscz cruel pour pers^cutcr sa memoirc '. " In a democratic age when ihc monarchy must stand the severest test of public criticism it is no small thing to have reh.ibilitated an olTicc which in his own youth was nearer to its decline than when he bequeathed its inlianced tradition to his successor. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 443 THE BREAD CRISIS IN FRANCE. The Soplemfltr number of Lectures pour Tous publishes an article on the problem of Dear Bread in France. THE CAUSES. While Germany has been suffering from a meat crisis France has been experiencing a wheat crisis. The French, we are lold, eat enormous quantities of bread. No other people, except perhaps the Canadians, consume so much. In the past century there were several years in France resembling those symbolised by the ill-favoured and lean kine of Pharaoh's dream. In 1817, 1847, 1856, and in 1862 there was famine with disorder more or less severe, and in 1868 famine was sore in the land in Algeria. The amount of wheat which France produces varies a good deal, even when the area under wheal cultivation is the same. In 1904, for instance, the yield was 87,400,000 quintals; in 1907 it reached 108,200,000 over the same area. A metric quintal is said to represent 100 kilos., or over 2 cwt. In the present year the wheat crisis is due to various causes. The harvest of 191 1 was not a very bad one (87,000,000 quintals), but the crop was still insutlicient for France's consumption. This insufficiency of wheat grown in France, together with the high price paid for foreign wheat, is given as the chief reason of the recent crisis. One cause of the high price which had to be paid for the wheat imported was a strike in December last on the Argentine railways. This affected the French market, for France had to get her supply elsewhere than from Argentina. The closing of the Dardanelles also deprived France for some time of her supply from Russia. THE RE.MUDV. What is the remedy for such a crisis as that which France has recently passed through? Why cannot more foreign wheat be diverted to the French market? Why must France pay more for it than London pays? The reply is Protection, which F"rance clings to. For the protection of French agriculture a duty of 7 fr. per quintal is levied on all imported wheat. The suppression or the temporary suspension of this duty was demanded and refused. In 1898 such a suspension was granted for three months, and the consequences are stated to have been disas- trous. During the three years which followed not only did the price of bread not go down, but the growers were oliliged to sell their wheat at prices which could not be rcmuner.itive. The Government is therefore f)pposed to suspensictn or reduction of the duty on foreign wheat as a remedy for the crisis. Suppression of the duty, it is argued, is neither a remedy nor a palliative. It is hoped that in a very few years France will be able to grow all the wheat she requires. In less than a century the production has nearly doubled, though the area of land cultivated has not been increased in like pro- portion. The increased production per hectar is remarkable, and is due to improvements in the method of cultivation. Naturally the crops vary in different regions. At the present moment France grows annually 214 kilos per inhabitant, while the consumption per head is 240 kilos. England produces only 35 kilos per head, and has to buy 57,000,000 quintals per annum, or 16,000 tons a day, of wheat from abroad, which explains why she must attach so much importance, not only to her navy, but to her position as mistress of the seas. France is a long way off such a position as this, but all the same, she must endeavour to meet her own requirements in the matter of wheat. For her supplementary supply she now draws largely on her North African colonies. WHO ARE THE JAPANESE.? Mr. Arthur May Knapp asks the question and proceeds to adumbrate an answer in the Atlantic MontJily. The writer suggests that : — Japan has so far merely won her place among the great Powers of the world. Not yet by any means has she surmounted the bar of racial prejudice and thus entered the charmed circle of Western society, to which birth and breeding are the only talismans securing admission. (Jn the score of breeding, indeed, there ought to be no question whatever as to the qualifications of the nation whose age-long training in the courtesies of life has given her preeminence in the practice of what we concede to be the finest flower of civilisation. There remains, there- fore, only the question of birth to consider. Mr. Knapp satisfies himself that the Japanese originated in Western Asia, migrating during the course of centuries eastward through Mon- golia, finally making a permanent settlement in the islands of the rising sun. The article con- tains an interesting comparison between the culture of the Greeks and Japanese, which are both pervaded by like sentiment, and even as Greece represents the highest phase of Western civilisation, so in Jap.in, undisturbed by the dynastic struggles and barbarian incur- sions which swept away the old-time civilisation of the Orient, the Island Nation became the real repository of ancient Asiatic thought and culture. Mks. I'!. Lvrir.LTON, among the stories of Irish servants she recounts in the Ocioiier Nineteenth Century, lells of a little m.iid who appeared after breakf.ist with the startling question : " Will I sthrip, ma'am? " (;\nglicd, " .Shall I clear away? ") 444 The Review of Reviews. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS. SIR EDWARD COOK ON THE POLITICAL OUTLOOK. In the Contemporary Review Sir Edward Cook writes on the pohtical prospect, which he declares to be unprecedented. The fact that the Mouse of Commons has four first-class Bills before it, which at first sight seems extra- ordinary, is, he points out, due to the Parlia- ment Act and the large powers of obstruction left to an unreformed House of Lords. The Government can only make sure of these measures by carrying them now, and by securing unswerving support for each of their Bills and for themselves. BY-ELECTIONS. The by-elections show, in his judgment, that " clearly the Opposition is on the upgrade, and the Ministerialists are on the downgrade." A majority of votes may have been cast in the three-cornered elections for the Government's chief items of policy, but the three-cornered fights show that there, at any rate, centrifugal forces are stronger than centripetal. In the House of Commons there is a " tired feeling," but on important divisions the Government has maintained great majorities. The lack of con- centration on one measure may tell against the Government, but, on the other hand, it deprives the Opposition of some critical force. FEELING IN THE COUNTRY. Home Rule, Welsh Disestablishment, and franchise reform excite neither the old en- thusiasm nor the old animosities. They are taken almost for granted. On the Insurance Act Sir Edward thinks that time is on the side of the Government, when the benefits come home, and because of the power of the accom- plished fact. Sir Edward suggests that Mr. Churchill's utterances may mean that the Oppo- sition might consent to Home Rule if N.-E. Ulster were allowed to remain united to Great F?ritain or granted a separate national consti- tution. Sir Edward thinks that settlement by consent is conceivable but improbable. He concludes by insisting that the present situa- tion requires great cohesion and solidarity among all those forces w^hich claim to be pro- gressive. THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE OPrOSITION. While not blinking the difficulties and dangers on the Liberal side, he points out that the diffi- culties on the side of the Opposition are great also. The party of order is found advocating red ruin and the breaking up of laws. It is embarrassed by the Tariff Reform which in- volves food taxes. It is still in search of a policy, while the Government hold their field : — Klightiness and an impraclicable temper may destroy the Liberal Government. The exercise of common- sense and concentration upon practical purposes will keep it in being until its commission is exhausted. POVERTY-STRICKEN ULSTER! Mr. T. Galloway Rigg is out to break heads in the Westminster Review, and is moved to scorn at the suggestion that Ulster is the home of prosperity : — ■ Wlien in press and on platform all over the country, the assertion is vehemently repeated that Ulster is the only prosperous portion of Ireland; that it is the only manufacturing and industrial district; that in Ireland, outside its borders, the whole country is inactive, de- caying, and poverty stricken ; and that to establish a Parliament in Dublin would be to band over the enter- prising, manufacturing, prosperous, and progressive North, to the incapacity, or worse, of the decaying South and West, it is necessary not once, but many times, to place on record the same facts ; to show from Parliamentary papers and Government returns that the least Irish and least Catholic, and most Conservative part of Ireland — the self-styled Imperial Province — is not the richest portion, either actually or in proportion to population; and that instead of being a manufac- turing province, dotted all over with mills and fac- tories, it is to a greater extent agriculturist than Leinster, and to nearly the same extent as Munster, but unlike Leinster, containing an immense acreage of waste land, as well as land so hopelessly poor and sterile as to be well-nigh incapable of affording subsistence in return for the severest labour. This is good, straightforward slogging, and Mr. Rigg then proceeds to quote the figures of Income-tax assessment in order to justify his indignation at the temerity of platform orators who bv vain repetition have created the universal impression that Ulster is a model province com- pared to which the rest of Ireland is a bankrupt estate. Mr. Rigg says : — So far from enabling Ireland to make a better appear- ance in comparison with any part of Great Britain, it is a positive drag upon it. Ireland, as compared with England or Scotland, may be poor enough, iut it is ■poorer when including Ulster. As for the much vaunted Belfast, Mr. Rigg is at pains to show that it is entirely over-rated, and indignantly asks : — But tvhere is Belfast, that city of preternatural energy, industry, activity, and intelligence — where is it? Alas, for its frothy citizens, and for those who, knowing little or nothing about it, admire it, its fnjsi- tion has to be looked for, not at the top of the list with Dublin, but at the foot of it with Cork ! Of the twenty- one leading cities in the United Kingdom, not one of them lias so low an income-tax assessment in proportion to population. That of London is three times as much, those of the next four cities double as much; even Cork has £\\ 6s. to its /lo us. Belfast, instead of being amongst the wealthiest of our great cities, as so many public writers and orators would fain have us believe, is the poorest of them all. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 445 "THE PLUMS FOR OUR FRIENDS." A MEMBER of Parliament, who is of the same opinion as the late John Bright, that the Public Service is a gigantic system of outdoor relief for the sons of the aristocracy, tells in London how the best Civil Service posts are filled. Open competition is a mere farce. Be- tween 1906 and 1910 there were 473 candidates successful in the Class i examination, and of these 247 had come from Oxford and 142 from Cambridge. The scheme of examination for the Class I has been deliberately framed so as to give an advantage to the candidate from Oxford or Cambridge. Instances are as common as leaves in autumn of men in this select class jumping £'300 to ;i^500 a year at one step after a few years' service. A young man with three years' service, then receiving a salary of £^260, was recently transferred to another office, to a post just made, at ;^500 a year. Immediately after he married the daughter of a highly placed public official. A few other instances may be given to show the way in which fortune favours these young men who enter the Civil Service with the advantage of belonging to the exclusive set. The Treasury is a small department. Out of twenty-six Higher Division clerks serving in that office, no fewer than fifteen have, within the last eight years, had .'special promotion, and in every case the promotion sent up the salary at one step by about ;i£^40o a year. One of these, by no means an exceptional case, is that of a young man of invariably immaculate attire, with the most perfect Oxford manner and indis- pensable monocle, who entered the service about thirteen years ago. Commencing at ;^200 a year, in six years he had reached ;£^320. He was then promoted to a post carrying a salary of ;£.70o rising to ^"900. Later he was advanced to another post, and his present salary is ;6'>'50- I he office of private secretary is in- tended to serve a double purpose. It provides an excuse for giving a few hundreds, or it may be only a modest hundred or so, to some junior Higher Division clerk, and it is a stepping- stone to a rapid promotion to some higher well- paid post. The Prime Minister has one private secret.iry at ^500, one at ;^3oo, and one at ;£'ioo; ihc Chancellor of the Exchequer has one ^\ £300^ one at ;^2oo, one at ;^ioo; the Financial .Secretary one at ;i{;"i5o; the Parlia- mentary Secretary one at ^300, and one at ;^ioo; the Permanent Secretary one at ;;^IS0. These posts are usually held by Higher Division clerks, who are paid their usual salaries, and receive these allowances in addition, though they arc taken away from I heir ordinary duties to serve as private secretaries. A short term as a private secretary is usually rewarded by promotion to a very valuable post. One of the present Chancellor's private secretaries was appointed from that position to a post in India 3' ^5>ooo a year, an increase of over 500 per cent, in his wages. The present Permanent Secretary of a Government Department was private secretary to a former President of the Board of Trade, and from this post he was appointed to the position he holds to-day, the salary of which is ;!<^i,SOO a year. Last month the present President of this Board (Mr. Runci- man) announced that he intended to promote the clerk who was acting as his private secre- tary to the post of Assistant Secretary to the Board, a position carrying a salary of ^800, rising to ;^i,ooo. A former Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue had as private secre- tary a young clerk whom he made a Principal Clerk, with only about five years' service. When this Chairman was appointed High Com- missioner of South .Africa, he made the young man Treasurer of the Province at a salary of j£^2,ooo. This young man had been at Balliol College, which was the college of his patron. After retailing numerous other instances of favouritism, the author of this paper remarks that there is supposed to be a chance for the promotion of the Second Division clerk to the Higher Division, but in practice this chance is very remote. There are over 3,000 Second Division clerks serving in Government offices, and in the last eighteen years there have been seventy-three promotions, and these have been confined to a small number of offices. Good care is taken that the pickings at the top are preserved for the superior caste. AMERICAN COMMENT ON LLOYD GEORGEISM. In the North American Review Mr. Charles Johnston tries to scare the American farmer with the awful results that would follow from the adoption of Socialism. He goes on : — The mention of England brings me inevitably to Ihe plans of Mr. Lloyil George, which have already made such revolutionary progress there. It is not my purpose here to discuss whether these reforms do more good or harm, liut I wish to point out, what is more to the purpose in the present discussion, th.it thev are extremely costly. Note the impaired credit of England, as evidenced by the relentless fall of Consolid.-ited Government Slock, Ihc so called Consols. Ear above par before the South African War; now down in the seventies, and still falling. Note also Ihe increasing difficulty of the struggle to keep up the battleship strength of the nation, in the face of Germany's naval programme. These are signs of the limes, that all may read. Thai Socialistic plans like those of Mr. Lloyd George must of necessity be cosily, in the long run ruinously costly, is almost a logical necessity. 446 The Review of Reviews. AN INDIAN ON TRUE IMPERIALISM. In the Rajput Herald for August Thakur Shri Jessrajsinghji Seesodia, writing on " India's Place in the British Empire," states what he conceives to be the only right conception of the British Empire : — While speaking of or referring to the British Empire, we invariiibly mean the collective group, and not the individual part. By this you attach to every part its proper significance by naturally making it impossible for the whole to live as it is without the part— whether big or small. This is the fundamental creed in Imperial politics which gives Imperialism an additional force and vigour which can never be found in any other. By estimating a tiny land in the remotest corner of the earth as of particular value, you not only dignify that portion of land, but make its inhabitants glow with fervour. Whether co-partnership should be the keynote of the Empire, or a state of inter-dependency must form the basis of Imperial conception, they are mere details of a formula, and not the formula itself. To the parts of the Empire it is unimportant whether they form an equivalent part or otherwise, but it is important that they must form parts of the whole. It is unim- portant whether you give them Home Rule or not, but it is important that you must honestly endeavour to devote the same attention and energy for the develop- ment and progress of one part as you would to any other. Imperial treatment must be the one characteristic, feature of Imperial administration. It is the function of a developed State to develop other States that lag behind it in improvement, not only in the interest of the unimproved, but in its own interest. When one State sets upon this function, as it should, and annexes and conquers territories in execution of this task, that State alone deserves the name of an Imperial State. BLUNDERS OF THE EAST. In the Rajput Herald for August "Asiaticus " finds the origin of the Asiatic revival not in the influence of the West but in its own immanent development : — In Asia the chief generating influence that was the leaven of progress came from within the continent, and not from without. Centuries and ages of meditation and thought, years of hard and arduous struggle, have produced a dynamic force which in its ultimate fury emitted its volcanic power on the continent at large. This force, this dynamo, and this volcano is the awaken- ing of the consciousness of the Asiatic. The writer urges that the over-enthusiastic regenerators of modern Asia do not recognise that Asia moves only on account of the awaken- ing of the average Asiatic. This oversight was the cause of the calamitous failure in Persia : — The failure not only plunged the whole country into disaster, but also made even the remote conception of Persian revival an utter impossibility. Those who started the revolution, those who engineered it, are mighty intellects and really great men who can proudly lake their places with their Western comrades. They were clever, sincere, intellectual, and, alx)ve all, highly patriotic men imbued with zeal and ardour of the highest order, and determined at all hazards to change the deslfny of their land of birth. They were deeply moved by the suffering and sorrow of their countrymen. But they did not realise that they were called on to regenerate the land by the awakened con- sciousness of the average Persian. They con- sidered the people of Persia to be quite below their own level. This tragic failure of the Persian revolution is a great setback to similar movements in Asia. What was lacking was the awakening of the Persian consciousness. It had not behind it the moral acquiescence of every individual on whom it acts. This is the initial blunder which the leaders of new movements in Asia often commit. The writer might have added : and not in .'\sia alone. . PLEA FOR FIRE INQUESTS. Mr. Henry W. Carter contributes to the Empire Review a plea for compulsory fire in- quests. The City of London has had compul- sory fire inquests since 1888, with a notable diminution in the number of fires. The total premium receipts of British insurance offices for a recent year amounted to over 25I millions : — If, without pretending accuracy, one assumes the total premium income represents the collections from an average rate of four shillings per cent., one arrives at the prodigious total of ^12,754,301,500 as the esti- mated insurable value of the property dealt with annually by the fifly-six British offices. The gross amount of property insured against iire in the adminis- trative County of London alone was, by the latest return, estimated at jf 1,094,027,206 ; the total insurance premiums amounting to ;^2,737,3i8. One pauses to think how much this huge total would be increased if, by a moderate reduction of rates, the non-insured and partially insured were included. The advantages from extending the principle of compulsion from the City of London to the whole country are thus enumerated : — Let us suppose ten years have elapsed since the pro- posed law came into force. During that period coroners in all parts of the country would have issued records of tires, segregating risks, causes, and best means of prevention. These records would have been compared, definite conclusions arrived at, and, when necessary, enforced by legislation. It would have been proved that certain methods of manufacture in certain industries were more susceptible to sudden conllagration and con- sequent dangers to life and property than other methods; it would have been agreed that certain old-fashioned precautions must be abandoned ; that certain modes of lighting and heating are free from the objection in- evitable to others, and that electric circuit and defective arrangements can be provided against. Build'ngs, materials, and exits would have been improved — prudence would have been aided by experience, and inevitable carelessness and accidents guarded against, as much as possible. I fully anticipate that long before the expiration of the ten years a system of certificates will be in vogue and granted to occupiers of premises well provided with modern precautions and appliances. Insurance companies would readily make a rcdiiction or concession in rates to the possessors of (hose certificates. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 447 THE WORLD OF WOMAN. CLAIMS OF LABOUR AND OF WOMEN. In the September number of the Crusade Mrs. Sidney Webb writes on the Autumn Campaign of the National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution. In the course of her article she has some interesting remarks on the new demands of Labour as set forth by the recent strikes — demands which she likens to the claims made by woman suffragists and by subject races. THE NEW ISSUE. The manual-working wage-earners, she writes, are demanding better conditions of em- ployment and also a larger share in the control of industry and of their own working lives. The strikes of the past year resemble the tumultuous upheaval of Labour under the Owenite and Chartist leaders of the past century. Though the attempted general strikes of 1833 and 1842 failed at the time, the demands made by the workers for a ten-hours' day for factory opera- tives and an extended franchise had in the end to be gr.inted. Broadly speaking, the Minority Report was a plea for National Elliciency. The new demand of Labour, however, cuts clean across the issue of National Efficiency. Mrs. Webb places it among the same range of issues as the demand for Woman Suffrage, or the claim of a subject race to Parliamentary institutions and local autonomy. In the main the new de- mands amount to this : — A passion.iie revolt against the status of serfdom ; a semi-consLicius striving for the rise in personal dignity and public consideration which comes from personal independence; an insistent demand for participation in the rule which has to be exercised over the common work of production. PARTICIPATION IN CONTROL. But since independence and command over industry cannot, in the modern capitalist State, be exercised by each individual producer, the workers must of necessity be governed by com- mon rules. To these common rules, by whom, soever made, all alike have to render obedience. The qiri-stion therefore is how and by whom the common rules shall be made. Wli.it the wage- earners feel is that failure to participate in the making of these rules amounts to failure to be free. Mrs. Webb realises the difference of plane lietween the aspirations of National Effi- ciency .Tnd the demand for self-government. She explains how vividly this difference was brought before her and Mr. Webl) in India. When they supgcstcf! further finvernment enter- prise as a way of producing the additional income required for education, the Hindoo Nationalists objected. " We do not want to increase the functions of a Government over which we have no control," they declared. Similarly at home there is a corresponding hesitation on the part of woman suffragists to accept legislation from a Parliarrtent elected exclusively by men. .Again, the manual workers might well ask why they should be expected to facilitate the increase of power of an industrial organisation over which they have no control. Ft;LL CONSCIOUSNESS OF CONSENT ESSENTIAL. Speaking of the danger of hasty legislation, Mrs. Webb notes that Compulsory Arbitration has been rejected by the Trade Union Congresses, and she thinks it was wise to do so. If such legislation should be forced through Parliament we may find that those who are primarily con- cerned refuse to work it. .An Act to prevent strikes, if unwisely drafted, might become an Act to promote a general strike. Referring to the Insurance Act, she points out that sickness is, after all, an exceptional incident in the lives of the bulk of the population, and that the question of the ultimate control of the medical service is insignificant compared with that of ■ the control of industry. She writes : — A continued state of friction between the present direc- tors of industry and those who do the manual work; a refusal of the wage-earners to accept the decisions of Courts of Arbitration to which they have never agreed ; and a denial of the employers of all consultation with the Trade I'nions, might easily lead to a state of anarchy which would not only imperil our national wealth, but might also result in a radical alteration in the balance of power between different classes of the community — in political reaction or in revolution. Mr. and Mrs. Webb propose to concentrate their working energy on the problem of how to combine, in the Control of Industry, Nation.il Efficiency with that full "consciousness of consent," which is Democracy. " England's Story in Portrait and Picture " running through the Windsor reaches in the October number the reign of George III. The portraits given .ire of George 111. and his Queen, of Captain Cook, the Earl of Ch.ith.im, William Pitt the younger, Wellington, Nel.son, N.ipoleon. There arc pictures of the Coronation of George III., the Battle of Bunker's Hill, the Signing of the Declaration of Independence, the death of Chatham, the settlement of Sidney, the r.'iising of the British fl.ig .it the Cape of Good Hope, the n.iv.il battles of Camp"rance should therefore see to it that she has a solid cover, and should not hesitate to make any sacrifice to secure it. A MILITARY LEAGUE IN FRANCE. On a declaration of war France could mobilise twenty corps, and, counting that of Algeria, twenty-one. Her African military resources are not yet fully exploited, but the writer says that with her white and black armies the forces which she could bring into the field are quite equal, so far as num- bers go, to the German. But a serious obstacle is the cost of developing the black army. Private initiative in the form of a Military League in France, similar to that of Ger- many, is suggested to meet the expenditure. Finally, the military question is a moral as well as a material one. It is necessary to awaken in the Army and in the people senti- ments of ardour and generous faith which make nations invincible. The writer coun- sels France not to be unduly alarmed at the German increase of effectives. Napoleon won twenty battles when his army was numerically inferior to that of the enemy, but he Illitstratiotis Bureau.] Dreadnought Docked on the New Floating Dock. H.M.S. " Vincent," the 19,250 Battleship, was docked on the New Floating Dock on the Medway,iwhere she will be refitted. The Dock, which cost^over a quarter of a million, is 680 fl. in length. had two things on his side, one at least of which is lacking in France now — the genius of war and soldiers who did not fear death. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 455 UNIVERSAL TRAINING IN AUSTRALIA. The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution publishes, in the shape of a series of notes of lectures delivered at the Special Camp of Instruction, Albury, the complete scheme of Australian national defence. In introducing the lectures the Minister for Defence, Senator G. F. Pearce, said : — Australia, all will admit, is a country worth having. Yet it is the only conlinenl owned by one people, and has never been stained by bloodshed in war. . . . Australians are a. peaceful business people who do not want war; but can we get others to think the same.' There are nations not decadent who have defeated somt of the so-called Great Powers of the world. History teaches that every country that becomes a conqueror grows land-hungry and ambitious, and so Australia must prepare. . . . Having decided this, we must have the best system of defence, the best training it is possible to get. Our army of defence must not be simply the aggregation of an armed mob, but men 6t to stand up against any troops that may come along. As regards the cost of the scheme, this system of national insurance is but a mere bagatelle compared with the loss that would be caused by an aggressive cruiser coming to these shores. And, further, the horrors of war cannot be counted in pounds, shillings, and pence. If we are going to have a defence scheme worth having, we must have the best, and be prepared to pay for it. The average cost per annum per adult soldier in training in organised units, under Senator Pearce's proposals, now being carried out, is £17. The note on the proposed organisation states : — The population of Australia in roii is about 4^ millions, of whom there are, on the basis of the last census, 188,000 males of 14 years and under 18 years, and 295,000 males of 18 years and under 1$ years. Many of these will be found in districts too thinly i>opu- lated to admit of training without excessive expenditure, or living at loo great a distance from the several training places. A large number also will be found medically unfit for training. Upon the hgures at present available, it is estimated that we shall have in training, when the scheme is in full operation, 100,000 Senior Cadets, and ■ ■2,000 Citizen Soldiers. An army ii organiied by considering the numbers avail- able, the length of service laid down by law, and the proportion of the various arms required. The propo.sed organisation for .Australia, varying only a little from that of Ix>rd Kitchener, as found necessary on closer examination of the numbers available, includes 0.5 llatlalions of Infantry, 28 Kcgimenis of Light Horse, 56 Uatleriei of Field Artillery, and a due proportion of Kngineers, Army Service Corps, Army Medical Corps, troops for forts, and other ser vicei. lly far the largest part of any army is Infantry, and the territorial organisation of Australia is there forr based upon ibe Infantry units. "THE DOGS OF WAR." In the London for October, under the above title, Fred T. Jane commences a series of articles which are to tell the plain truth about our Navy. TTie one before us, " In Sight of Mutiny," is sp>ecially disquieting. Speaking of the Spithead gathering in July, he says : — Spread out, the ships might have reached the moon. A bit more spread out — to Mars. But when the great fleet weighed anchor, in every ship there was at least one man — in many ships more than one — who wondered whether when the order came the fleet would refuse duty, and what would happen then? Mr. Jane reiterates with all the force of his long and first-hand study of the subject the urgent need to maintain the " two keels to one " standard. Whatever else may or may not happen, whatever may or may not be, there is one great fact of modern naval warfare, and that is that there can be no " muddling through." Modern naval warfare is too deadly. Disaster cannot be retrieved. It is a physical impossibility to construct a warship inside a certain period. There is a definite limit to the number of men who can be put to work on her. More important still, however, is the fact that nothing on earth can accelerate the time that a gun or an armour-plate, to be efficient, takes to cool. The utmost that can be done is to speed up the men who put things together, and that is the most trivial item of the whole job. The human element hardly enters. The crux of the matter is a chemical one. The next great war will presumably only last well inside a year. The utmost acceleration which human ingenuity can accomplish in producing warships is pro- bably at the outside a i per cent, advance at the best. The laws of physics arc beyond the wildest efforts of human desire. We can only make war with what we have in hand. The question for the man in the street is not the statistical arithmetic of a problem of which he cannot possibly grasp the full technicalities; it is the far simpler question of whether he will slake his existence on the views of those who demonstrate that a modicum will suffice, or on those who demand a fuller suHicicncy. His existence is the stake. There is no place in war for " also ran. " It may interest our readers to know that, like the C.ininc Dcfciirc I,cai,'iic, the Animals' Hospital, Knightsbridgc, continues its humane work for sick anrl stray animals. Motor ambu- lances arc now being used, and arc av.iilablc at any time free of charge to those unable to I)ay, not only for the Ir.insit, but ftjr the treat- ment of their animals. 456 The Review of Reviews. SCIENCE AND EDUCATION SIR OLIVER LODGE ON PROFESSOR SCHAFER. In the Contemporary Review for October Sir Oliver Lodge treats of life and Professor Schafer. He insists that science inevitably pro- ceeds by the method of abstraction. POTENTIALLY LIVING MATTER. The business of a biologist is to study the phenomena exhibited by matter under the in- fluence of life, not to know what matter is or what life is : — A farmer moves a seed into the ground, or an egg into an incubator; and a living thing results, which might not otherwise have appeared. In other words, life of a certain kind has been thereby enabled to interact with a particular portion of matter, and to display itself amid material surroundings. So likewise if life makes use of a certain molecular arrangement called protoplasm, it may be able to make equal use of it by whatever means such compound is prepared ; in which case potentially living matter will become alive. Biologists will not agree with this mode of expression; but I claim that it is the manifestation of life, in association with matter, that is studied by them; it is not life itself. NATURE OF LIFE STILL NOT KNOWN. Sir Oliver Lodge is not in the slightest degree afraid of potentially living matter becoming alive. He says : — Let us assume, for the present, that a positive result in so-called spontaneous generation will some day be attainable, and that a low form of life may come into being under observation ; and let us consider what it will really mean when such a thing happens. All that the experimenter will have done will have been to place certain things together — to submit, for instance, chemical compounds to certain influences. If life results, it will be because of the properties of those materials, and of the laws of interaction of life and matter, just as truly as when a seed is put into the ground, or an egg into an incubator. It will be a step beyond that, truly, but it will be a step not of a wholly dissimilar kind. The nature of life will not be more known than before; any more than the nature of magnetism is known to a child wiio succeeds in evoking it in a piece of steel. Life that has originated previously in ways unknown may now be brought under human observation in a laboratory : — ^ye shall then begin to examine the properties of Hying matter under very favourable conditions; and discoveries may be expected. Rut all that humanity will have done will have been to place materials together and watch the result. WARNING TO THE THEOLOGIANS. Sir Oliver concludes by advising theologians not to base their argument for the direct action of the Deity on the failure to put together materials which will result in living matter : — Antecedent life can certainly prepare a suitable habitat, but perhaps a life-receiving preparation may be produced in other, at present unknown, ways. In an early stage of civilisation it may have been supposed that flame only proceeded from antecedent Same, but the tinder-box and the lucifer-match were invented nevertheless. Theologians have probably learnt by this time that their central tenets should not be founded, even partially, upon nescience, or upon negations of any kind ; lest the placid progress of positive knowledge should once more undermine their position, and another discovery have to be scouted with alarmed and violent anathemas. MARVELS OF TELEPATHY. In the North American Review Mr. John D. Quackenbos, M.D., asks: Is telepathy, or psychic transmission, a fact or a delusion? HUMAN MARCONI RF.CEIVERS. He argues that it is a fact. He says : — • Telepathic conveyance is the only explanation of accurate information given to a friend of the writer's more than forty years ago, by a Chinaman, concerning the loss of one of his ships eight hundred miles away, afterwards verified to the letter as to time, place, and detail. When asked how he knew of the disaster, the Chinese percipient said that when he desired news he went into a certain dark room in Canton and sat down. If there was any important action occurring, it was communicated to his mind by agents stationed at distant points. The twelve-year-old son of Dr. F. N. Brett, lately Professor of Bacteriology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Boston, was gifted with X-ray vision, so that when hypnotised by his father he could " look right into and through the human body," seeing the internal organs as readily as one would see objects through a window. In dozens of instances this boy located tumours, ^reign bodies, bullets in gun-shot wounds, valvular lesions, and so forth. But Leon Brett was always approximated to the patient. It was X-ray vision at short range. X-ray vision at long range was afforded by a woman who, under hypnotism, described a patient five miles away, diagnosing his disease correctly and sometimes better than the surgeon. NEW PHRASES FOR AN OLD FACT. The writer concludes with this forecast : — Are we on the eve of discovering a much more mar- vellous application of psychic force whiih will develop in a man a spiritual consciousness, make him superior to all science as at present interpreted, ellect that adjust- ment with natural law which will banish disease and unlock the door to millennial perfection? Let a selected number of persons be empowered to intercept and utilise for purposes of communication the vibrations radiating from personalities they wish to rommunicate with, and' impressions for uplift and general heiterment might be given without the objective knowUdge or consect. A few thousand well-wishers might in this way bring alxiut a world-wide moral revolution. And, further, the same ill understood psychic force which, when applied by a limited number of specially gifted individuals, has tipped tables and moved pianos, may possibly, when developed, move houses as well, and literally cast the mountain into the sea. An ancient way of describing this anticipated process was " thf prayer of faith." Leading Articles in the Reviews. 457 "OUR GENTLEMEN'S SCHOOLS." Mr. a. C. Benson, in the English Review for October, launches a formidable indictment against the training given in our public schools. He does not speak as an outsider. He taught classics as a public schoolmaster for nearly twenty years; he has taught literature and English for nearly ten at the University. He is not an opponent of classics for the right boys. .AH boys whose profession is going to involve the use of words are bound to have some acquaintance with both Latin and Greek, but these are taught in far too cumbrous and ela- borate a way. "too much gra.mm.ar and idiom." " There is much too much grammar and idiom taught, and composition in these dead languages is for almost all a melancholy waste of time " : — The claim made for Latin and Greek is that a boy- becomes familiar with Greek ideas .ind Roman views of life; but, as a matter of fact, he does neither, because they are only taught incidentally and fortuitously. Just as a boy could get more insight into Jewish thought by reading the Old Testament in English than by writing Hebrew verse, so much of what is now done in Greek and Latin by daily snippets of Sophocles and Livy could be done freely and easily by translations. The catastrophic breakdown of the classics .as a vehicle of general education is due to this : that other subjects have l>een forced in, and that while they have made it impossible for classics to be taught thoroughly, the classics still prevent other subjects from being taught thoroughly; so we get an elementary dilettanteism all along the line. The only cure for this dull congestion is frankly to have more alternatives and higher standards; .and we must provide that classics, if they are to be retained at all, should be taught reasonably and directly, exactly as one would teach any other language, if one wanted a boy to arrive at any mastery of its literature. Culture in England is not valued, bul sus- pected. But Of all absurd dchisions the delusion that culture can be won by the grammatical and philological study of Latin and Greek is the absurdest. run IXDISPENSABI.K MINl.Vlt'.M. Mr. Benson's criticism is by no means lacking in constructive qualities. He says : — The public schools ought to keep in sight a hard and solid cf utilitarian education. They ought to see that every Ixiy who leaves a public school writes a good legible h.nml, can spell satisfactorily, can express himself clearly in ICngllsh, can read French easily and write simple I'rench correctly, can calculate in arithmetic rapidly and accurately, and has a general outline know- ledge of Kuropean hi.*lory, modern geography, and [Kipu- lar science. .V Ixjy who had these accomplishments would be in a position to earn his living, and it would not require anything like all the working hours for the eight or nine years of school life to give him this range of efficicmy. I am not saying that the duly of public schools ends there; but it certainly begins there; and yet the above list of simple requirements is hardly ever attained at all. What is to be deplored is that boys leave (he public schcxjls so entirely ami contentedly ignorant of the conditions and problems of the modern world. The average boy of classical education at school and university has, if he enters a commercial career, to learn French and arithmetic, and actually go back to doing copies. PUBLIC SCHOOLMEN NOT TRAINED TO THINK. In the university there is an almost cynical neglect of the interests of pass men. Mr. Benson's own experience is that men who have been through the public schools come up to the university without the least training in thought. " They cannot arrange a subject, they cannot express themselves in English." They are not wanting in intellectual curiosity. Mr. Benson's conclusion is that the intellectual faculties have often been simply in abeyance at the public schools. The public schools produce an excellent type of character, wholesome and manly, clean-minded, but not prudish, un- affected, straightforward, sincere, with fine self-possession, sense of duty, generous subor- dination; bul there has been a deplorable waste of energies : — Boys speak of their masters with tespcut, of their school with pride, but of their work, constantly and publicly, with contempt and dislike. CHARACTER GOOD, INTELLECT INIKKIOR. On the other side Mr. Benson frankly admits that in the Appointments Board :it Cambridge he finds a rapidly increasing demand on the p.irt of employers for men of the ordin.iry public- school type. These they do not want trained in commercial accomplishments, preferring to teach them those in their own wav. What they want is general intelligence and that unique power of dealing with other people without either pretension or servility which the public school undeniably produces. Mr. Henstin iilso quotes statistics from Oxford lo prove that the public schools and universities do not produce .1 crop of w.-istrels and loafers. Out of 155 men admitted to W'adham College only 22 are de- scribed as " uncertain " or " unsettled " at present, and these are chiefly Colonials who have been lost sight of:-- The Englishman is supremely competent to establish excellent relations with his colleagues and inferiors, and 10 do his work in a trtistworthy and nicrlianical way. Where he fails is in his lai k of orli;iM:iiliii. .if rr.isii, ..f seeing possibilities. It is not lack of char.n ler, liul solely our intellectual inferiority, which has enabled Cier- mans and .Americans lo beat us in world competition.- 45« The Review op Reviews. "A SHAM, A DELUSION, AND A FRAUD." Our System of Education. In the article entitled " In My Study," which Canon Deane has written for the Treasury for ten years now, there are some pertinent remarks about Education in the October number. PONDERING THE PROBLEM IN SOLITUDE. Sitting on the shore of a Highland loch in a remote corner of Scotland, where there is no railway within twenty miles and where letters are delivered in the most fitful fashion, he has pondered over this important question. The casual postman had brought him various Educa- tion Reports, abounding with statistics, tables, estimates. Altogether our Education system cost.; us many millions a year, and the result is, he says, a ghastly failure. The authorities pubHsh reams of figures, conferences discuss what Tommy and Mary shall be taught and how they shall be taught it, and new subjects are constantly being added to the syllabus. The test of education, he goes on to say, is its lasting effect upon those who leave school ; and the true way of discover- ing what our expenditure and organisation have done for Tommy and Mary is to examine them, say, when they are twenty-three. WHAT WE GET FOR OUR MONEY. The theory of any education worthy the name is that it trains character, makes intelligent citizens, and prepares for earning a livelihood. At twenty-three Tommy may be a healthy and excellent young man, or he may be a wastrel. If the latter, the educational system is largely to blame, says Canon Deane ; but if the former, how much of it is due to his early schooling? If he has learnt discipline and esprit de corps, it is probably due as much to the Scouts or membership of some other organisation. He is supposed to be a capable citizen and probably he has a vote. To learn the actual reasons guiding him in using the vote is a bewildering expe- rience. At the age of thirteen he probably had a fair knowledge of English history. At twenty- ihree he has forgotten everything. Finally, his schooling has probably helped him little in the earning of good wages. Lcxsk at the collective product of our huge expenditure— for instance, the crowd pouring through the gates to witness a football match. Are we getting value for our money? The fault of the .system is obvious enough. Just when a boy is beginning to learn he leaves school, whereas he ought to remain till he is nineteen. Instead, Tommy, if he is a rustic, does odd jobs about a farm ; if he lives in a town, he runs errtinds. Mary is generally sent out to do domestic work far beyond her physical strength. The whole system is unsound and bad, and the money spent is almost wasted. Somehow or other the State, if it would train good citizens, ought to make school attendance compulsory to the age of nineteen. It is the business of the State to overcome the economic and other difficulties. INDIAN UNIVERSITIES. The cause of education owes much lo re- ligion, and without the abiding influence of spiritual aspiration education is mostly a matter of dust and bones. The problem is never an easy one for the administrator, and in India there is no more thorny question ih.an what should constitute the ideal university, wherein the modern man may acquire efficiency in the things of this world without closing his heart to the potent influences of the past. The subject is dealt with in the broadest spirit of toleration in East and West, by Rai Bahadur Lala Baij Nath, who writes under the title, " The Influence of Indian Universities in the East." The present condition of things is aptly summarised : — The universities are merely examining bodies, composed of a certain number of educationalists and otlicrs, and concerning themselves chiefly with testing the progress of learning through examinations. Being more or less Government institutions, with their policy of non-inter- ference in religious matters, they cannot be expected to teach the principles of any particular religion. Their text-books both in literature and philosophy may and do provide for the teaching of morality, and in some cases the broad principles of religion also. But beyoud this they cannot go. .\nd the result is that, although the Indian mind has been much broadened by their educa- tion, and the standard of both public and private morality amongst Indians has become as high as that of any other I ivilised people, the religious ideal is not yet what it ought to be. The man of education may be a good and estimable man in both public and private life, but he is not as a rule imbued with any deep feeling of religion. The great majority of our men of education are ignorant of those noble ideals of life which were the heritage of our sages of the past. To correct this a movement has been set on foot to secure the establishment of universities in which the old religious and moral ideals will have their place, but it is exceedingly difficult to put "new wine into old bottles," and all experiments up to the present have, to a large extent, spelled failure. " Above the principal martial geniuses of the world. Nelson stands out as the only one who led entirely by love instead of ruling through fear." So says Capt. M. Kerr, writing on the Spirit of Nelson in the Nineteenth Century. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 459 ABOUT MEN OF LETTERS. THE MISTAKES OF INGERSOLL. » In the Forum for September Mr. E. M. Chap- man writes a very temperate review of Robert G. Ingersoll, theologian. He pronounces Ingersoll too much the creature of a half-century which made more discoveries in the realm of natural science than it could digest. His influence was largely that of a rhetorician rather than of a leader and inspirer of men. He was a half- hearted and inconsistent evolutionist, only partly true to the very philosophy which he professed. He had no passion for the past. He fell a willing victim to the promoters of the remark- able mechanistic boom which prevailed about the middle of the nineteenth century. " He was so sure that physics and chemistry accounted for everything that he seemed prepared to excommunicate from the congregation of intelli- gent men all who did not assent to a physico- chemical theory of the universe, with the men and women in it." He judged the past by its worst rather than by its best. He measured religion by its accidents rather than by its essence. He was totally oblivious to the side of Christian teaching which insists that there is a place in every man's life for reverence and the spirit of teachableness, " an equal call for him to stand upon his feet, a free man, confident in his ability to go forward along paths of service and progress." Ingersoll thus fails to exert lasting influence because he denied the element of purpose in life, and men will not suffer their lives to be put to intellectual confusion in this wav. THE GRIMM CENTENARY. One of the centenaries of the present year is that of the publication of the collection of fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. In the month of May it was just a hundred years since the first appearance of this classic of children's literature. The Deutsche Rundschau for May commemorated the event by a short article, and in the Book Monthly of Seplcmbcr Julia Chesson tells once more the origin of the famous collection. Wc learn how tho brothers travelled about the country, taking down from the lips of peasants and women the talcs which had been . current from generation to gener.ition, with .1 view to making an authentic record of them as a contribution to the history of mythology, the natural poetry of the people. The first 85 stories appeared in 1812; three years later 70 more tales were ready; and in 1837 the edition dedicated to Bettina von Arnim con- tained 168 tales, to which were added nine children's legends of Swiss origin. The tales were not slow to win wide popularity, for they appe:Ued to grown-ups as well as to children. Soon translations of them appeared in various European languages, notably in Danish, I'rench, and English, and to-day the " House- hold Tales " belong not io Germany alone, but to the whole civilised world. ARNOLD BENNETT. The subject of Mr. H. Hamilton Fyfe's inter- view in London is the popular novelist of the Five Towns, who lives at Fontainebleau. .\rnold Bennett, we are informed, has reduced the profession of literature to a scientifically- conducted business. " He studied ' lines ' and ' openings ' exactly like a pushing young com- mercial traveller. He got up early, and sat down to breakfast at eight sharp. He decided what he would do long before he did it. No waiting for ' inspiration.' No dreamy idleness. No false starts. After breakfast, settle down to work ; write so much a day." The interviewer recalls a conversation with the famous author in the days of his apprentice- ship. " In a Soho restaurant, where even the cigarettes we smoked were French, he told me one night what he meant to do. He would in- vent sensation stories — fantasies, he called them — to make money, and also because they amused him. He would compile also a manual for authors. He knew this was wanted. He was constantly asked by literary aspirants for advice through the columns of his paper. His business instinct saw a good opening here. Then, turn and turn about with shilling shockers, he would write novels about the life of the people in the Potteries. Not the work-people who, with magic fingers, make [xits upon the wheel, and bake them, and paint them, and glaze them, and send them forth all over the world, to be eaten off and drunk out of and washed in. No; these he did not know, and his art is, before everything else, an art of close intimacy. The middle class he did know, not only how they lived, but what they thought. He would take the men and women of one dis- trict, a district which most of us think of as grey, monotonous, depressing, and would show that life had its vivid nn^ments, its ecstasies, its humours, there as everywhere else. What Zola did for Paris, Thomas Hardy for Wessex, Trollopc for Barchester, Jane Austen for the comfortable classes — rural England during -the e;irly nineteenth century — .Arnold Bennett re- solvi.'d to do for the Five Towns." 460 The Review of Reviews. ART AND MUSIC. MUSIC AND PAINTING IN ASSOCIATION. The Windsor Magazine for September has an article, by Mr. Austin Chester, on Music in Picture. PICTURES INSPIRED BY MUSIC. According to Pater, all art constantly aspires towards the condition of music, and if that is true, adds Mr. Chester, the painter's art may well be at its highest when it is treating of musical matter. How many beautiful pic- tures would have been lost to the world had there not been close association between music and painting ! Some depend entirely on music for their inspiration — for instance, Terburg's " The Guitar Lesson." Much of the beauty of Lippo Lippi's " Adoration of the Magi " is due to the mounted heralds blowing trumpets. One of Lord Leighton's important pictures is " The Triumph of Music," and his " Orpheus and Eurydice " also owes its inspiration to music. A fine work by Watts is " Hope " — a symbolic figure sitting on a globe with a broken lyre in her hand, from which she strives to get all the music possible out of the one remaining string. In " The Music-Master " Jan Sleen has introduced the harpsichord, an instrument which Sir William Quiller Orchard- son has also used with decorative effect. BIBLICAL SCENES. The alliance between music and painting was probably brought about by the instrumentality of religion, and we can no more, says the writer, exclude religion from art without art's suffering than we can sever painting from music. The three, he finds, are inseparable. In the many pictures of Old Testament scenes artists have rightly introduced the trumpet in processions and at feasts. In her triumphal song Miriam took a timbrel in her hand and the women followed her with timbrels and dances. Mr. William Gale is a painter of " The Song of Miriam," and many artists have given us pictures of David playing before Saul. Another picture inspired by the Bible narrative is Mr. Arthur Hacker's " By the Rivers of Babylon," and the same subject treated by Mr. William Etty. MODERN SUBJECTS. Among modern subjects may " Andante Espressivo," by Mr. Forbes, and " The Violinist," by I'eltie. In Albert Moore's "The Quartette" one of the instruments represented is the viol, ■A modified form of lute, but the performers arc all playing on modern stringed instruments. has been be cited Stanhope Mr. John Harps and organs, ancient and modern, appear in many pictures. Mr. Frank Dicksee's " Harmony," in which an organ figures, is one of the subjects reproduced in the article. .A.mong the pictures of the modern piano may be mentioned " The Moonlight Sonata," by Ernest Oppler, Sir W. Q. Orchardson's " Her Mother's Voice," and many others, not for- getting Whistler's famous picture. Then there are the pictures of Shakespeare's songs, which are to be dealt with in a future article. _ Alto- gether, the subject is a vast one, including as it does representations of all musical instru- ments, ancient and modern, separately or in groups, pictures of fanciful instruments, dancing and singing with musical accompani- ment, pictures of angels, who are mostly repre- sented playing on musical instruments, etc., etc., besides the many pictures in which com- posers and musicians appear. THE BELLA ROBBIA FAMILY. Continuing his interesting study of the art of the Delia Robbia family in the September number of the Architectural Review, Mr. J. Edgcumbe Staley deals with Andrea and Giovanni, nephew and grand-nephew of Luca . Delia Robbia. Andrea Delia Robbia (i 435-1525) was the eldest son of Luca's elder brother Marco. He served a long apprenticeship with his uncle, learning his uncle's methods and not a few of his secrets. His works, says the writer, show how he grafted upon his uncle's simple and devotional manner the attributes of exuberant life and passion. The keynote of his work is human sympathy. Andrea was no mere imitator of his uncle, but constantly struck out .new lines. A distinctive feature of his work is the halo, which Luca used sparingly. His patron saint being St. Francis of Assisi, it was fitting he should display his finest talents in the saint's honour. His best things, therefore, are to be seen upon the Sasso della Verna, the scene of the saint's reception of the stigmata. His masterpiece, " The Crucifixion," is the altarpiece in the Chapel of the Stigmata at La Verna. Of his detached compositions the statue of St. Francis is stated to be the most ■ appealing. The work was executed in Andrea's studio at Florence, and was then carried piece by piece up the mountain fastnesses. Of his seven sons, Giovanni alone remained under the parental roof, and carried on the work of his father. His earliest reliefs were " Nativities." He excelled in plastic portraiture. Two of his brothers also carried on the Della Robbia cull. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 461 A PROUD MUSICAL RECORD. The Monthly Musical Record, in its Sep- tember number, states that it was born in January, 1871, and that the August issue was No. 500. It is a proud record for a paper devoted entirely to music, and it is attributed, in part, to the increasing interest taken by lovers of music in matters concerning the art, and to the fact that the magazine has kept pace with the times. For many years after the magazine was founded there was continued opposition to Wagner's music in England, but Professor Prout, the first editor of the Record, and Pro- fessor Niecks, still a contributor, were among the first to recognise the importance of the new art. Schumann, too, met with mucli opposition, but the Record fought on behalf of this prominent champion of the romantic school. Later on the same thing happened with Brahms, and again the Record espoused the cause of a composer whose fame is now assured. From the beginning the Record has also encouraged British composers and British music. Besides the notices of new works, new books, concerts, etc., the magazine publishes technical and historical articles, and an ex- cellent feature is the foreign correspondence, which chronicles the leading musical events of Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and America. HARROW SCHOOL-SONGS. Of what use is it that every boy who goes to Harrow learns some fifty songs, written in praise of himself and his surroundings? asks " G. E. \V.," who contributes an article on Harrow -School-Songs to the October number of the Arena. AUTHORS AND COMPOSERS. If the school-songs do nothing else they at least, replies the writer, inspire a boy with a pride in his school, and in after life keep alive memories " of the great days in the distance enchantcfl. The Harrow songs, he says, arc unrivalled, both in quality and in quantity. Fic- sidcs her National Anthem, " Forty Years On,' H.irrow has fifty-five other songs of high merit and knou n by heart by every boy long before he leaves sihool. The Harrow Song-Buok con- tains the songs of eleven writers and three com- posers. The first and largest part gives the songs with music by John Farmer, composed between 1862 and 1885; the second those by Eaton Faning between 1885 and iqoi ; and the third the compositions of Dr. Percy Buck since 1901. The.se composers have been the music instructors at Harrow since 1864. The most prolific of the authors has been Mr. Bowen (" f-;. K. B. "), whose contributions number twenty-nine. Other contributors include E. W. Howson, C. J. Maltby, the Rev. James Robert- son, etc. " FORTY YEARS O.N." The last and most famous of the Harrow songs is " Forty Years On," the combined work of Mr. Bowen and John Farmer. Written in 1872, it is now almost a national possession, for it is known in many another school in Britain. The third verse is the Old Boys' verse, and at terminal concerts they sing alone of " the great days in the distance enchanted." The first and the last verses run : — Forty years on, when .ifar and asunder. Parted are those who are singing to-day, When you look back, and forgetfully wonder What you were like in your work and your play ; Then, it may be, there will often come o'er you Glimpses of notes, like the catch of a song — Visions of boyhood shall float them before you, Kchoes of dreamland shall bear them along. Forty years on, growing older and older. Shorter in wind, as in memory long, Feeble of foot, and rheumatic of shoulder, What -will it help you that once yon were strong? God give us bases to guard or beleaguer, Games to play out, whether earnest or fun. Fights for the fearless and goals for the eager. Twenty and thirty and forty years on ! ABUSE OF THE PROGRAMME. The second number of the Music Revic^v (12, Noel Street, Soho), a quarterly edited by .Mr. R. Stuart Welch, opens with an article on " Music and the Progratnme. " The writer, Mr. John Henderson, points out the present tendency towards realism in musical expression. The public dein.mds .1 story, and the composer, working for a living, endeavours to please the public. What does the music represent? What is it about? Such questions are constantly asked, and must, it seems, be as often answered before an audience can appreciate fine music. No musician will despise the help obtained from an analytical explana- tion of the structure of a work, but we ought to rid ourselves of the habit of affixing labels to musical compositions. Beethoven's " Moon- light " Sonata and Tschaikowsky's " Pathetic " Symphony arc cited as instances. Programme writers arc exhorted to have a care lest the music of the future be hampered by their endeavours in the present. Those who educate the public are asked to remember that the greatest music is what we call absolute music. They should use their words rather to teach that such music must be its own explanation, and that to attempt tt) find a hidden plot is to attempt to discover the scent of the rose by tearing away the petals. 462 The Review of Reviews. RHYTHMICAL MUSICAL GYMNASTICS. In the current number of the German Arena, the first part of a new volume, there is a short article on the new Jaqucs-Dalcroze Training School for Rhythmical Gymnastics at Hellerau, near Dresden. There is also an article on the same subject in the Musical Times for Sep- tember. THE DALCROZE SCHOOL. One writer describes the school, with its festival buildings, as the Bayreuth of Dancing, but it is not, and does not profess to be, a school of dancing. Designed by Herr Heinrich Tessinow, with the assistance of Herr Alexander von Salzmann, the painter, the festival hall, in its clear, simple proportions, does not pretend to be anything but an en- closed space. The lighting of the stage and the auditorium has been most ingeniously arranged, producing a result of ideal simplicity. It is an evenly distributed, not directly visible, and absolutely shadeless light, which can be increased and decreased at will. The border between the stage and the audience is occupied by the space for an orchestra of sixty per- formers. There is no stage curtain. INTERESTING RESULTS. Rhythmically regulated movement, says M. Jaques-Dalcroze, is in itself an element of joy. .4t the end of June the school held its first annual festival, and gave interesting demon- strations of rhythmical gymnastics m simple and highly applied forms.. After simple exer- cises, graceful dances, and march-like move- ments, the students proceeded to give inter- pretations of emotions, such as joy, brightness, pain, sadness, etc., but the climax was reached by movements associated with the performance of a Prelude by Bach, a three-part fugue, which was beautifully represented by twelve girls and six youths. Bach's Invention in G minor and the Prelude and Fugue E minor by Men- delssohn were also represented. Magnificent also seems to have been the musical and plastic presentment of the first part of Act II. of Gliick's " Orfeo," with its choruses and dances of the Furies. M. Jaques-Dalcroze, who had himself composed several items, was the recipient of enthusiastic o\'ations ns the im- portance of his idea and work for the musical education of the individual was demonstrated ; for the exercises are intended Inrgelv as a pre- liminary to the study of music, being designed to impart the instinct of time and measure and the sense of rhythm. In connection with the recent Festival an in- teresting handbook was published, describing the buildings and setting forth the aims of the institution. A hostel for students is part of the scheme. M. Emile Jaques-Dalcroze is a well- known Swiss composer, and at the time of his invention of the system he was a professor at the Geneva Conservatoire. It was a great dis- appointment that he did not come to England in the spring, as was anticipated, to giye demon- strations of his interesting method. THE WAR SONG. The October Pall Mall contains a finely illus- trated paper on war-songs and their singers. T. H. Manners-Howe, the author, says the war- song, or battle-hymn, whatever the form of its expression, is essentially sentiment in its most dynamic form, and we should be as foolish to ignore its importance as to refuse to recognise one of the laws of nature. A British general officer has told how, during the Franco-German War, he heard the whole of the German in- fantry, when lying under the fire of the French batteries, burst forth into that most pathetic of war-songs, " Der gute Kamarad." It sus- tained them under the most arduous test to which infantry can be put, and carried them on to eventual success. In spite of the attempt of the Naval and Military Musical Union, the popularising of a better class of song among our fighting men has proved a failure. Tommy and Jack are hymn singers. The author draws a vivid picture of Sunday evening service on a battleship one stormy night : — As the strong voices of the seamen were lifted ic the f.imiliar strains of the old hymn, " Hark, hark, my soul, angelic songs are swelling O'er earth's green fields and ocean's wave-beat shore," it was not the ship's harmonium which proved the real accompaniment. There was a mightier music abroad in the deep diapason of tlie elements, in the roar of the gale, and the backward surge of the great seas as they vainly pounded the steel sides of the warship. And through this Atlantic accompaniment of winds and waves the men sang on, as though stimulated to competing heartiness : " Far, far away, like bells at evening pealing, The voice of Jesus sounds o'er land and sea." As the great ship drove onwards through the gathering shadows of that Sunday evening there were many for whom the familiar poetry of the words in this ctrange and dramatic setting were invested with an unwonted meaning and reality. Mr. Gladstone used to tell how an English lady, a friend of his, chartering a cab for the day in Dublin, said to the driver, " You won't mind if I take you for the day? " " Is it vie mind, me lady? " was his gallant reply. " Sure, I wouldn't mind if ye tuk me for life ! " — Mrs. E. Lyttelton in the Nineteenth Century. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 463 JULES MASSENET. There are two appreciations of Jules Mas- senet, the French operatic compKsser, who died a few weeks ago, in the magazines for September. SPOILT BY SUCCESS. M. Calvocoressi, who writes in the Musical Times, says that the career of Massenet, who was born in 1842, may be described as an almost uninterrupted series of successes. His first ambitious work, however, was an absolute failure. This was an op6ra-comique entitled " Don Cesar de Bazan " {1872). Other failures there were, but they seem to have passed un- perceived under the favour of his radiant triumphs. .Among the more memorable suc- cesses, " .Manon," " Werther," and " Thais " are named. Altogether, Massenet has comfxssed twenty-four operatic works, incidental music for several plays, pianoforte pieces, songs, choral works, oratorios, and some church music. According; to the French critic, the author of this article, Massenet's chief idiosyncrasy was an overwhelming desire to court success. Con- sequently, when he found his music proved effective and became popular, he carefully avoided changing his manner, and finally sank into sheer mannerism. The marvel is that so gifted a musician should have succeeded so well in throwinff away his gifts. Success seems to have spoiled him. The earnest ideals, the thirst for progress, remained unknowr»''to him. He wrote for his time, and his time repaid his labours well. His " Don Quichotte " (1910) was heard at the London Opera House in the spring of the present year. EARLY STRUGGLES. Writing in the Fortniphtly Rrview, Mr. A. Beaumont gives us a picture of Massenet's earlv struggles. As the composer himself said, he beg.in his artistic career with great en- thusiasm, but soon discovered that it was not suflficicnt to have won the Grand Prix de Rome. Success was slow in coming, but in spite of apparent failure he continued to compose, and, as he says, he hnd no more reason to be ashamed of his inspirations than of having played the kettledrum at the Th«'-.'5tre Lyrique in his early days, and of having pl.iyed that very instrument in the orchestra on the night of the first production of Goimod's " Faust." The opera " Manon " (1884) was a tremendous success. It was followed in 18815 by " Le Cid," in which Jean and F.douard de Reszke made their dfhtifs. The most famous vocalists have interpreted his works. Besides the brothers de Reszke, Pauline Viardot, Emma Nevada, Sybil Sanderson, Emma Calv^, Mary Garden, Las- salle. Van Dyck, and many others may be named. Massenet never attended the first per- formance of any of his works. WHISTLER AND HIS ART. A WRITER in the Connoisseur for September draws attention to the exhibition of Whistler's works at the Tate Gallery. SVMPHO.VIES IN WHITE. Any one of the examples of Whistler's art shown would, he says, be a welcome addition to the permanent collection, for Whistler is most inadequately represented in the Gallery. Among the works included in the exhibition is the pic- ture " At the Piano " (1859), which the Athenaum stigmatised as being marked bv "a recklessly bold manner and sketchiness of the wildest and roughest kind." Judged by the standard of to-day, the writer says it is liighlv finished. But it is not Whistler's greatest picture, though no other example, perhaps, suggests so completely the range of his powers. .Another picture is that known as " The Little White Girl " (Symphony in White, No. 2), painted in 1864. .As a merely technical achieve- ment this picture, we are told, can hold its own with any of the permanent works in the Tate Gallery. A third picture, " The Two Little White Girls " (Symphony in White, No. 3), is dated 1867. It is said to be less spontaneous than the picture previously named, but the draperies are described as marvels of soft purity. " THE world's GREATEST MASTERPIECE." The portrait of Miss Alexander (1872) makes up a quartette of pictures which are " the way- marks of the artist's progress." This last picture is considered the most exquisite bloom of Whistler's art. Not only is it perfect in its way, it is the most perfect picture of its kind in the world. Nominally a portrait, actually it is a superb piece of harmonic decora- tion, a patterned arrangement of line and colour, of which Miss .Alexander's figure forms the principal portion. In this sense it is, in the writer's opinion, the world's greatest master- piece. If the picture ever comes into the market, he thinks it should be secured for the nation at almost any cost. Indeed, he goes so far as to say one would rather have it than half-a-dozen canvases for which large sums have been paid. 464 The Review of Reviews. THE MUSIC OF CHINA. An article on the " Chinese and Their Music," by A. Corbett-Smith, appears in the September issue of the Musical Times. In accord with Chinese traditions, the first authentic record of the existence of Chinese music is an account of its destruction. We learn that the Emperor Tsin Chi Hwangti (about 200 B.C.) decreed that Chinese history should begin with his own reign, and that he caused all previous historical and other literature to be destroyed. Thus perished the ancient music of China. Nevertheless the writer thinks it is safe to assert that music, singing, and dancing were in constant demand for ritual and •festival in China from the earliest times. In more modern times, however, the practice of music has fallen into disrepute, and the strenuous efforts which have been made to revive it have met with small measure of success. Yet poetry and music are indissolubly united in the Chinese mind even to-day. Confucius, some 2,500 years ago, made a journey through the Empire, collecting and writing down national songs, and his collection is one of the treasures of Chinese literature. All the ballads are in rhyme. Three stanzas of a poem are quoted, but the writer is unable to trace any music to it. PIONEERS IN " PROGRAMME " MUSIC. At the present lime the practice of music in China is considered rather contemptible than otherwise. It plays an important part in festi- vals and at funerals, but the professional musicians belong to the lowest class of society. The incidental music used in the drama is of particular interest, though it is stated to be more maligned by foreigners than any other form of the art. In the domestic drama an orchestra of flutes, strings, drums, and gongs is usijd ; in martial and historical drama a simi- lar orchestra is used, but without the wood- wind. The character of the music and the changes of tempo, etc., enable the audience to tell what action to expect on the stage. It is thus possible to foresee whether the general and iiis army are going to be victorious or not, or whether the village Romeo will be happily united to the maiden of his choice. Thus the Chinese. it is pointed out, were the pioneers in " pro- gramine " music. Chinese music, as it still exists, remains, like the Chinese mind and oharacler, incomprehensible to the foreigner. The orchestra plays almost entirely in unison, but, as the instruments are not. constructed with exact precision, the result is generally discord- ant in character. The social reform whicli is now spreading in China is at last beginning to extend to music also, and a few months ago the writer was present at a concert given by Chinese lady students, the programme of which was almost entirely Western. Even gramophones and piano-players have found their way into China. PLUMBAGOS. What are plumbagos? In the September issue of the Connoisseur Mr. Weymer Mills explains that they are miniatures in lead pencil, a style of portraiture which, it is now being conceded, had its great masters. The great plumbago period dates from the commencement of the Commonwealth to the accession of Queen Anne, reaching its zenith during the early years of the reign of Charles II. David Loggan and William Faithorne were the first of the seventeenth century plumbago artists. Loggan was to the lead pencil what Van Dyck was to the brush, while Faithorne's portraits, asserts Mr. Mills, are more like shadows of Lely. One of the finest Loggans in existence is a portrait of Cardinal Mazarin, done in 1659. Paton was another great plumbago artist of this period ; Bellamy did Cromwell in 165Q; Thomas Forster's "Duke and Duchess of Marlborough " reposes at the South Ken- sington Museum ; and Bernard Lews (the second) portrayed Bonnie Prince Charlie and Peg Woffington. In Georgian days we find Zincke,. the Richardsons, and others. Many of these artists were also engravers. A portrait of Nathaniel Lee, by Faithorne, is estimated as worth its weight in precious stones. Later portraits include one of Washington Irving, bv Sir Thomas L.-iwrenrc, and one of .Sir Joshua Reynolds, bv himself. 10 TRIUMPHE ! Bliss Carman contributes an inspiriting song, " Triumphalis," to the Atlantic Monthly, from which we quote the first and last stanzas :■ — Soul, art thou sad again, Witli tlic old sadness? Thou shall be glad again With a new gladness, When .April sun and rnin Mount to the teeming hrain With the earlh-madncss. Thou shah grow strong again, Confident, tender, — Battle with wrong again, Be truth's defender, — Of the immortal train Born to attempt, attain, Never surYender ! Leading Articles in the Reviews. 465 SPORT AND HUMOUR. GAME-PLAYING IN CHURCH. Mr. G. R. S. Mead, the editor of The Quest, contributes a notable article on "Ceremonial Game-plaving and Dancing in Medieval Churches." To modern minds, any mi.\ture of realism and religion is undesirable, but our forebears were very human and more imagina- tive than the present sedate generation— hence their adoption of many picturesque observances which, unfortunately, are now things of the past. One of the best known ecclesiastical games 's that of Pelota, which is thus described : — The canon who bad been most recently received stood readv, holding his ball [felotle) in front of his chest, in the nave of-St. Stephen's, about one or two of the clock in the af;ernocn. He then presented it formally to the dean, or to the senior dignitary present, who put what is termed the poke of his amice over his head in order to manipulate the ball with greater ease. When the dean had ceremoniouslv taken over the ball, he supported it, as the canon had done, on his breast with his left arm. And thereupon he immediately caught hold of one of the cani.ns by the hand and began a dunce, which was followed by the dancing of the other canons in a circle or in amither mode. Then the sequence " Praises to the Paschal Victim" was chanted, accompanied by the ortjun, in order to make the singing more regular and more in time with the dance-movement. The organ was within hearing of the actors or executants, as they played tlieir parts at a place in the nave where, prior to i6go, was to be seen a kind of labyrinth, in the form of several interlaced circles, as is still the case in the cathedral of Sens. But the finest part of the proceedings was the 'circulation" of the ball, that is to say the passing of it from the leader of the company to the several players, and repassing of it back by them to the president, who was probably in the middle of the ring clad in all his distinctive vestments and ornaments. Mr. Mead also describes at length the ritual of " The Whipping of .Alleluia, Ihe Pcrcula of Naples," etc., and gives many references and authorities which tend to show that these cases were by no means isolated or due to peculiar or local conditions. Many investigators hold that these ceremonies were in a large measure survivals of old folk customs and adaptations from pre-Christi.in religions, but Mr. Mead thinks that these games " should have their heredity traced to a tradi- tion within the Church, and that, too, from early times." The probabilities are strongly in favour of the former theory, although altered to meet the exigencies of primitive Christian ritual of the English shooting-man, should, by way of repentance, read " The Debt of the Naturalist to the Sportsman " in this month's Baily's Magazine. The writer does not trouble to defend the particular pains and penalties inflicted on the lesser creature, but views the hunter as the presiding genius to whom nature herself is somewhat indebted. Thus fish, rats, and frogs would have a poor time were it not for the kindly interference of the sportsman ; and as for birds, well, these simply couldn't exist without the fostering care of the man with the gun. We gi.ve the author's argument for what it is worth : — There is no doubt that the occurrence of some rare birds in the Midland counties is to be attributed to the hold which foxhunting has on the country. Thercj are fewer gamekeepers and gardeners here than elsewhere, the coverts are kept for the foxes, and in the spring-time while the vixen is laying up her cubs the birds are nesting in undisturbed quiet in the thick hedges and trees of the fox covens. Then where fo.xes are other vermin, stoats, rats, and weasels are kept in check, and these are terrible foes to the nestlings. Altogether the fox is a most useful friend to the naturalist. A really well-managed fox covert is Ihe best of sanctuaries for wild life. The general conclusion we must come to is that sport in general is one of the best allies the naturalist has, and could we imagine an England without sport, we might have a land as birdless and songless as Italy and parts of France are to-day. THE SPORTSMAN AS I'RESERVER. Thr sportsman has been terribly maligned, and many who have repealed the " let's kill something " anecdote, as representing the ideal THE ORIGIN OF BILLIARDS. In Windsor for October, Frederic .Adye de- scribes the evolution and progress of the game of billiards. He says, though probably not so old as chess, billiards is certainly a game of great antiquity. Its derivation is said to be from hal and yard, a stick. It is in no way akin to cricket, but certainly to croquet. An old print of 1710 represents a game of billiards with the ball being driven through arches stand- ing on the bed of the table. Carr and Kent- field appear to have been the earliest claimants of ch.impionship honours. The first-named (lourishid about 1825. Carr achieved his repu- tation by means of the side twist. The magic of this was attributed to the chalk that he used, and he made quite a good thing by grinding up some fine chalk and retailing i| in pill-boxes at js. ftd. a-piece. Kent field lived until 1873, and remained champion imbeaten till his star paled before that of John Roberts, the elder. Kent- fielrl made great use of the spot stroke. His highest all-riitind break was iqh. The improve- ment in .-im.itetir play is said to have been great. Once there was hut one amateur in the entire country credited with a 100 break. Now double 466 The Review of Reviews. that number has more than once been achieved in the amateur championship. Mr. Melbourne Inman, champion of English billiards, contributes liis say on the modern game. He says we have reached such a high state of efficiency at the present time, that to him the future seems to rest with the individual player himself, his precision of striking, and consistency of form, plus the various scoring systems. The first place in scientific billiards, he says, was taken by a French officer, one of the survivors of Napoleon's Grande Arm^e, Capitaine Mingaud. While in captivity in Paris he conceived the idea of dispensing with the mace and using the leather-tipped stick now known as a cue. The father of modern billiards is John Roberts. He lifted the billiard table from amongst unpleasant surroundings and showed it to be the medium of scientific recreation. REMINISCENCES OF A COLONIAL JUDGE. In the September number of the Canadian Magazine Mr. D. W. Prowse gives the remi- niscences of a garrulous old man, of " dear, delightful days of Arcadian simplicity, when port wine was a shilling a bottle, and we had no debt." His has been an unusually varied career. As a young fellow he was a lawyer, estate agent, representative of a great English fire insurance office, and member of the Legis- lature. Later in life his multitude of offices were worthy of Gilbertian comic opera. He was district judge, police magistrate, chairman of Quarter Sessions, chairman of the Board of Health, and inspector, with full control of the police. One morning he found himself admiral of the Bait Squadron and called upon to take command and fight the French fishermen. When nominated for judge in 1865 he had two opponents. Unfortunately for themselves, these individuals were overcome by lavish hospitality, and at the moment when the nominations had to be handed in found themselves on the steamer one hundred miles to leeward of the district. From his rich store of anecdotes regarding wrecking, robbery, and forgery, I select the following, which tells how a cross-hackling judge was forced to laugh by an Irish in- spector's wit. A man had been caught setting (ire to his house. It was a clear case of arson. At the trial the judge cross-examined the in- spector very severely : — " You arrested the prisoner? " "Yes, my lord." " Was he very much frightened? " " Terribly scared, my lord." " You searched the prisoner — what did you find, sir? " " I found, my lord, the ' Key of Heaven ' (a Catholic prayer-book) in one pocket and his insurance policy in the other. He was prepared for both worlds, my lord." MISSIONARIES AS MISCHIEF- MAKERS. The arrest of a number of Christians, charged with conspiring against the life of the Governor- General of Korea, is still " wropt in mystery." The Oriental Review contains an article by Bishop Harris, in which he says the kindest things about everyone concerned, and especially eulogises the paternal toleration of the Japanese Government in all matters of religion, and the missionaries work hand-in-hand with the authorities. He says : — The naming of so many leading missionaries in Korea as being implicated in the conspiracy against the life of the Governor-General is not to be taken in the sense that the Government is seeking to discredit them. After the conclusion of the trial, I am confident that it will appear that the authorities have not for a moment regarded the missionaries as being connected with this scheme of murder, but as pursuing a directly opposite course. To arrest and imprison one's friends is cer- tainly Gilbertian, but we hope with the good Bishop that the incident will end happily for evervone concerned. "BULLS IN THE AIR." Mrs. E. Lvttelton, describing in the Nine- teenth Century the humours of Irish servants, turns in a drove of Irish "bulls." She says : — I believe it is commonly supposed that no Irish man or woman ever opens his mouth without letting fall some pearl of price in the shape of a " bull " or other uncon- scious witticism. This is perhaps a slight exaggeration, but one does now and again come across a genuine speci- men. I once had the good fortune to overhear one myself. Two working men were walking close behind me in Stephen's Green, and one said to the other, " I niver seen sich times ! What wid the cowld, an' what wid wan thing an' another, there's people dyin' now that niver died befower." Bulls are certainly in the very air one breathes in Ireland, and that among all classes. A friend once explained to me how that "my mother was the only one ol my aunts who was ever married." .She conld see nothing amiss with the sen- tence, and was decidedly annoyed at the smiles which greeted it. (liut, after all, ns a " bull " was it any worse than Milton's " fairest of her daughters Eve," or the remark of Thucydides that the Prloi)onnesian War was the greatest of those that had gone before?) My husband was one dav trying to find a place in the electric tramway from Portrush to the golf-course, but was told by the oondurtor, " Sure, there's no seats here barrin' ye'd stand." The Reviews Reviewed. THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. We notice elsewhere Mr. Legge's article on the late King, the first of fifteen papers on very diverse subjects, which makes the Fortnightly excellent reading. Mr. .Arthur A. Baumann writes on " The Opportunity of the Unionists " ; we are glad to find one at least who can clear his own mind of cant. He says straightly : — It is no use deceiving ourselves about the Midlotliian election. Self-deception has been the bane of the Con- servative party. The victory of Major Hope was not certainly a triumph for Tariff Reform. The successful candidate must be accepted as the best witness on the cause of his own success. Major Hope has declared that he did not win on Tariff Reform ; though he does not dwell, naturally, on the fact that he explicitly assured the electors that Tariff Reform was not the issue. Neither was the election an emphatic condemnation of the Home Rule Rill, for the increase in the Unionist vote was very small, a little over 5 per cent. The election was an unmistakable protest against the Insurance Act. " Politicus " is moved to discuss " The Unionist Land Policy " in an entirely p.irtisan spirit, for he must know the value of such state- ments as these : — Striving to l.a.\ the landlords out of their land, merely in order to K-iin votes in the towns, the Liberal politicians are ta.xing the British farmers out of their farms and homes, driving many of them across the ocean, and increasing the general flight from the country. Liberal policy, which during sixty years has done all the injury it could 10 our agriculture, threatens to make its ruin irretrievable. Mr. Perceval Landon contributes an interest- ing survey of the affairs of " Tibet, China, and India," and Mr. Charles Boyd writes encourag- ingly on " The New Day in Rhodesia." In contrast to these affairs of men we arc introduced anew in " The Insects' Homes " to the miniature world discovered by Fabre. The reviewer is Maurice Maeterlinck, who writes charmingly of the heroes, monsters, and intel- lectuals of the insect world. Here is an absorbing picture of Lilliputian nuptials : — • All said, the marriage customs arc dreadful, and, con- trary to wli.it hnppcas in every other world, here it is the female of the pair (hat stands for strength and intelli- gence and also for c;uelty and tyranny, which appear to be thiir inevitable consequence. Almost every wcrlding ends in the violent and immediate death of the husband. Often the bride Ix-gini by eating a certain number of suitors. The archetype of these fantastic unions could be supplied by the Languedocian Scorpions, who, as we know, carry lobster-claws and a long tail sujiplied with a •ting the prick of which is extremely dangerous. They have a prelude to the festival in the shape of a Mnli- mental stroll, claw in claw; then, motionless, with fingers still gripped, they contemplate each other blissfully, interminably ; and day and night pajs over their ccst.isy, while they remain face to face, petrified with admiration. Next, the foreheads come together and touch ; the mouths — if we can give the name of mouth to the monstrous orifice that opens between the claws — are joined in a sort of kiss; after which the union is accomplished, the male is transfixed with a mortal sling and the terrible spouse crunches and gobbles him up with gusto. THE NATIONAL REVIEW. The feature of the month's chronicle is that the editor has arrived at the conclusion that the German Emperor really wants peace, and at Baltic Port has recognised the value of the Triple Entente for the maintenance of the balance of power. The Triple .'\lliance is, indeed, Mr. Maxde recognises, grateful to the Triple Entente for saving them from the fire-eaters at Berlin and their head, the German Crown Prince. This from the National, in place of the usual panic-screech, is quite refreshing. Mr. W. R. Lawson tells the story of the Mar- coni Company from his point of view. The cotnpany, he says, was about to die a natural death, when it secured as managing director in 1909 Mr. Godfrey Isaacs, brother of Sir Rufus Isaacs and now Cabinet Minister. Then the company made an advantageous bargain with the Post Office. Again this year a much more advantageous arrangement has been made for the company with the Postmaster-General. The result has been success for the company at the expense of the taxpayer and the public. .'\ com- mittee of inquiry is proposed, and tlu writer looks forward to its examination of the Ch.in- cellor of the Exchequer, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General — who " h.ive figured more or less in this suspicious episode." Mr. Borden's opportunity, according to " Im- perialist," is to insist as a condition of Canada's helping the British Navy, " without a supple- mentary British programme, no Canadian programme. " Mr. Mauri<:c Low says that there is no hope of the Scnali" ratifying an appeal to The H.igue on the Hay-Paunrefote treaty. He reports that there has been little evidence of rancour tow.irds Great Britain in the American Press. The old days of twisting the lion's tail have gone. Mr. E. B. Mitford adjures Liberalism to renounce its im-Imperial, if not anti-Iinperial, tendency, and to embrace Imperialism, otherwise it will be crushed between the Imperialism it .-ifTccts to despise and the Socialism which it drcafls. Mr. W. J. Courlhnpe declares that the House of Commons has tisiirperl all the attributes of 468 The Review of Reviews. sovereignty, so that the Cabinet and not the monarchy is now the despot and the Ministers composing the Cabinet are irresponsible. But, as the Crown and not the House of Commons is the centre of the Empire, the doctrine of Minis- terial responsibility must receive a new interpretation. Mrs. Frederic Harrison, after repeating some outworn arguments against woman suffrage, suggests that there should be constructed a sort of standing committee of women known for their efficiency as inspectors, examiners, etc., with some dozen other women chosen from outside, to act as a bureau of information to receive complaints and collect evidence and serve as a purely honorary body of a consultative character on questions which concern women and children. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The October number contains a wide range of interest and variety. Mr. Herbert Samuel writes on Federal Govern- ment, and hopes that such elements of federalism as may suit the case will be brought in to correct the present over-centralisation of the govern- ment of the United Kingdom and under- centralisation of the government of the Empire. A FREE ANGLO-AMERICAN CANAL. Of the Panama difficulty Mr. J. Ellis Barker obligingly suggests the solution. Great Britain should guarantee the position of the United States at Panama, and the United States need no longer fear the canal being attacked. The Panama Canal should be freed from dues in the same way in which the Danish Sound dues were abolished. The extension of the Panama tolls should be secured by the payment of a lump sum, capitalising the average income to be derived from the canal. In this Great Britain might take the initiative. THE COMING DISMEMBERMENT OF CHINA. Dr. Dillon prophesies the dismemberment of China within the next twelve, or even six, months. He says : — Inner and Outer Mongolia linve severed their con- nection with rhinn. Tibet has followed their example. Russia finds a document which proves Mongolia's right to secede. Great Britain refuses to recognise the world's "youngest and greatest Republic" unless the Republic formally undertakes to respect the virtual independence of Tibet. St. Petersburg and Tokio accord to the Mon- golian rebels the rights of biJHgerenls. The Tsar's Government sends military instructors to Mongolia and lells China that she may not exercise a vestige of real sovereignty over that rebellious people. And the three " friendly " Powers arc now turning the 1,546,000 square miles of China proper into a v.ast Pale of Seltlemcnl in which 380 millions are to be cooped up henceforth, for- bidden to settle not only abroad but even on the 2,744,000 square miles beyond the Wall which the Republic has just proclaimed " integral parts of China." ARE THE IRISH UNFIT FOR HOME RULE? Mr. S. de Vere, writing from Limerick on the social aspects of Home Rule, declares that the Irishman, individually and collectively, is his own worst enemy. He illustrates this position by himself blackening the Celtic nature for its contempt of law and order, its mistrust of fellow- countrymen, dishonesty and corrupton. Ireland, therefore, is unfit for Home Rule. HOW TO END ANGOLA SLAVERY. Mr. William Cadbury and Mr. E. D. Morel suggest that this country, as guarantor of the Portuguese African domain, should despatch a special commission to Angola and the Islands to investigate the deplorable conditions of the slave traffic prevailing there. If it should be found that Portugal cannot govern her vast depen- dencies in West Africa humanely, we should do everything to forward the transfer by friendly agreement of such territories or parts of them to other Powers \\ho will administer them rightly. - TO HELP THE WOMAN BEHIND THE PURD.\. Captain Charles Rolleston pleads for the extension of the system of lady advocates to pro- tect women behind the purda in India from being wrongfully deprived of their property, and also for the Government encouragement of lady doctors to save them from the brutalities and worse of their present treatment in sickness. OTHER ARTICLES. Rev. A. H. T. Clarke, writing on the conflict of religion and science, calmly announces that the study of the geological record has killed evolution. S. M. Mitra undertakes to prove the presence of Christianity in Hinduism by finding parallels to the Beatitudes and to the Ten Com- mandments in the ancient scriptures of India. Mr. Sydney Brooks shows how the New York- police and magistracy are under the control of the politicians, who have organised in their service the criminals and desperadoes imported from all parts of the world. Mrs. Hall repro- duces the notes of an interview with Napoleon at St. Helena in 1817, in which Captain Hall learned from the illustrious captive that his father, who was at school with him at Brienne, was the first Englishman he ever saw. Mr. C. E. .Stewart reproduces in facsimile a most interesting statement of accounts by a visitor to London in the year 1651. With that as clue the writer gives a ven,- vivid picture of the capital in long-gone times. The Reviews Reviewed. 469 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. The Contemporary for October is a good all- round number. Several articles have been separately noticed. DR. DILLO.V ox FOKEICX AFF.MRS. Dr. Dillon thinks that M. Sazonoff's visit will be largely concerned with the Persian problem, and suggests that Sad-ud-Douleh might be the strong man which both I'owers would find it wise to appoint. He deals faith- fully with the scandal of " the Yankee Panama," and says if the Panama Canal Act remains on the statute book of the United Stales, international covenants with Washing- ton will have lost all binding force. It will shake all faith in arbitration and treaties, and will make one feel that huge armaments are the only trustworthy guarantees of territorial integrity and of peace. Morocco he describes as a heavy drag on France, who mistakenly con- ceived it as another Algiers. To reduce to order tribe after tribe piecemeal will involve a huge army of occupation. Italy, Dr. Dillon thinks, will certainly renew her membership of the Triple Alliance. UNCONsnoi's HUMOUR OF THE ANTI-HOME- RULER. Mr. .Ashton Hilliers describes Ireland on the eve of Home Rule. He does not spare the ludicrous inconsistencies of the Irish opfwncnts to Home Rule. He says: — There you have them — the relics, the leavings of what was once a dominant aristocracy, decrepit now, bank- rupt in statesmanship and brains, ruined by its biKOtry and want of foresight. So loyal, that it is going (so it s.iys) to rise in arms against its king and his laws (such of them as it doesn't like), so divorced from the facts of its environment that it keeps on relating the same old incompatible tarradiddles, assuring you in the same breath that the country is seething with sedition, yet absolutely peaceful; armed to the teeth, yet thinking of nothing save the newly-found prosperity; abhorring the very words " Home Rule," yet awaiting, finger on trigger, the op|>ortunity to shoot; crimeless, yet always, day in, d.iy out, corqmitting ineffective attempts to murder. (»h, mv brothers, wheresoever light and lead- ing may l>e, they are certainly not with you ! Hut let no man say th;it the comic Irishman is extinct. The fact is obvious that with comparatively unim- portant exreptions, Ireland, outside flel/asi and the Protestant districts adjacent, is practically free from crimes of violence. This can be verified by reference to the charges of the Judges on circuit. BAD BUSINESS AT THE POST OFFICF,. .\Ir. G. P. Collins calls attention to what he conceives to be the bad managt^ment of the trading dcp.iriments of the .Slate, notably the telegraph service, which is being worked al .in annual loss of over a million. He reckons that the sum paid by the telephone company as royalties for the right to trade in telephone business should go direct to the Exchequer, and not be entered to the credit of the State tele- phone service. So readjusted, the account shows an annual loss of ;^340,286. Even allow- ing the royalties of the telephone company to be reckoned in the telephone account, the de- partment shows no profit. He presses for an economy in management that will resist the pressure of interests and of the popular desire for cheapness. WHAT THE TARIFF COSTS AMERICA. Mrs. Ashton Jonson wages ruthless war from .'\merican experience against Protection as a panacea for Labour unrest. One manufacturer she quotes as showing that the tariff compelled the American people to pay six millions a year for shoes more than they otherwise would. Further, Protection is being demanded by shoe manufacturers. English samples were shown by them as costing 5s. 6d., impossible of dupli- cation in .'\merica under gs. 6d. Cashmere hose, which in London would cost 3s., could not be bought under 8s. or los. The .American consumer pays just about double what his English cousin does. She quotes Miss Tarbell to show the pernicious effects of the Tariff League, which is perfectly organised to bring the influence of almost unlimited wealth to bear in the support of the protected interests. " .Xothing but a revolution can bring about a reversal of the tariff policy." OTHER ARTICLES. H. A. L. Fisher gives a vivid sketch of Corsica and its Napoleonic reminiscences. He remarks th.it the French Clovernment have put up no tablet to m.irk any of the homes or houses of the great Napoleon, though he is held in adoring memory by the Corsican people. Pro- fessor Sanday thinks that the prosf>ects of Christian reunion in 1912 have been advanced, not merely by the positive negotiations so far approved by the Established Church and the United Fre<; Church of Scotland, but also by the milder temper with which Welsh Disestab- lishment has been discussed. Rev. E. C. E. Owen laments the defectiv<; teaching in the modern side of English public schools. Rev. W. C. Stewart contributes an apprecintinn of Lafcadio Hearn. Mr. Maurice Low quotes in the National a salutary remark from the New ^'l)rk Sun : — " The Monroe Doctrine Is but painicd lighining unless behind it and every application, amplification, amendment and corollary of it stand the .Army and Navy of the Ignited States, the whole power of the United .States, and behind that the sub- stantial majority of American public opinion. 470 The Review of Reviews. THE HIBBERT JOURNAL. The most striking papers in the October number — a native of Fiji's plea for Christian polytheism, and H. V. Arkcll's account of the regeneration of the Catholic Church in France as a result of Disestablishment — have been separately noticed. Mr. F. I. Paradise illustrates the exuberant optimism of the American by acclaiming Mr. Roosevelt's new departure as the unrolling of the splendour of God, and as the initiation of a new era of industrial and social justice achieved through the genuine rule of the people. He sees signs of the coming renaissance of religious faith on a national scale. Mr. A. J. F. Blair pleads for the higher Socialism, which would, without violent changes, so transform the social atmosphere and awaken the social conscience that a mil- lionaire will come to feel as much ashamed of himself as a man who has been warned off the Turf. " When it becomes as disreputable to be a millionaire as to be known to have ro'bbed a bank, the main attraction of immense wealth will have disappeared." Mr. L. P. Jacks shows that under democracy the area of authority is being steadily expanded, and asks whether the people are being trained for the corresponding habit of obedience. The Hon. Bertrand Russell finds the essence of religion in the quality of infinity, and wishes to preserve three elements in Christianity — namely, worship, acquiescence, and love, but declares that it is not necessary that the object of worship should exist as long as one wishes it to exist ! Mr. Edwin Bevan, writing on the Gnostic Redeemer, says that no real parallel has been foimd to the belief of the Divine One " taking upon Himself for love of man the form of a servant." Mr. J. W. Scott impeaches the doctrine of Bergson as destructive of the notion of per- sonality, and so leading to pessimism. Professor Lobstein endeavours to estimate the worth of Tyrrell to the Protestant con- sciousness. Mr. T. R. Glover rec.-dls the dtemon environ- ment of the primitive Christians, and observes that it was broken down not by philosophy and science but by the ideas and personality of Jesus of Nazareth. M. J. Lnnda discusses the future of Judaism in England, and says that the majority of the would-be reformers are indiffercntists. They will probably drift awaV froin Judaism. The others will remain within the orthodox fold and observe just so much of the ancient faith as suits them. THE DUTCH REVIEWS. De Gids contains several contributions con- cerning Anna Louisa Geertruida Bosbooir.- Toussaint, the celebrated authoress, the cen- tenary of whose birth was duly ob.served on September i6. From these contributions, and from another in De Tijdspicgcl, we learn that she was a noble woman who ever worked for the advancement of the Dutch people. Her romances might interest English people ; she has dealt with Leicester and Queen Elizabeth, Lady Margaret Douglas, and others. This review also publishes an article on the report of a Commis- sion enquiring into the matter of the revision of the Dutch Constitution, with a view to certain electoral changes. These include Pro- portional Representation, Manhood Suffrage, and Female Suffrage. " Army and School " is the title of the open- ing contribution to De Tijdspicgcl. It is generally conceded that physical and mental training should go hand in hand ; it is also agreed that the country should be in a position to defend itself from foreign aggression. There- fore some kind of military training would be good from all points of view, for it develops the physique, it teaches the art of national defence, and it inculcates discipline and obedience, also the knowledge how to command. There is a philosophic article on free will, in which the writer contends that the will is free, and gives definitions of terms. In Elsevier, the illustrated article on Venetian glass work is exceedingly interesting ; the text is instructive and the pictures show some excel- lent specimens of the art, including old vases that delight the eye. Filigree work, according to Venetian tradition, was discovered in 1540, and seven years later an edict was promulgated that forbade the glass workers to make the process known to outsiders. Vragen des Tijds also deals with the question of boys doing military exercises in order to prepare them for the time when they, as young men, will take up military duties in earnest, and in order to give them a liking for the same. The article contains much information on the general subject of young men and the .'\rmy, and the writer reminds us that in olden times (notablv in the British Navy) lads of twelve arid thirteen were not infrequently employed on active service. The long school vacations afford splendid opportunities. In another contribution, Anna Polak writes forcibly about the position of women in the labour market and the hostility of certain politicians to any enlargement of the feminine sphere of activity. HI Leading Articles in the Reviews. 471 THE SPANISH REVIEWS. Cervantes occupies so important a place in Spanish literature that one expects to find essays on " Don Quixote" tolerably often in the periodicals. La Lectiira opens with a lec- ture on tJvit chapter of the masterpiece which concerns the meeting with the galley slaves, in the course of which many explanations of words and customs are given. The slaves are chained together, each with a ring round his neck, securely padlocked; that was a common sight, and the writer quotes from an old oHicial docu- ment concerning prisoners as an illustration. Other explanations and references are equ;dly entertaining. The second contribution to this issue will command more attention from the non-Spanish reader; it is an account of a jour- ney to Tihuanacu, in Bolivia, and a description of the ruins to be seen there. The writer tells us how he journeyed to Tihuanacu via Huyana, i'otosi and lllampu, near Lake Titicaca, and he dwells on the glorious landscape. Tihuanacu may be called the tomb of the race of Aymara. There is a church or temple, with two granite figures in the doorway ; the lineaments of these elFigies seem as if moulded rather than produced by incisions. Of the great Palace of Kal.isa- saia there remain some stones and pillars, but one's curiosity is aroused by the huge blocks of lava used in the construction of part of the edifice. How were they brought to this place? Nuestro Tiempo has a long article on the laws relating to the disposal of family pro- perty in various provinces, showing the methods of division among descendants and ascendants. It might form a good subject for discussion in a p<:)litical debating society. There is an appreciation of Henri Poincar(5, the French scientist, and an es.say on " Rousseau and His Influence." According to this essay, the influence of the great Frenchman can be traced in many celebrated men — Kant and Huxley among others. The concluding instalment of the essay on " The Science of Customs " appears in Ciudad df Dios. In how far custom affects one's ideas of right ;md wrong it is difTicult to determine, says the author ; l>efore we can make a science of such a matter we must be able to state definitely what arc the exact factors, just as the astronomer and the naturalist do. A long contribution follows concerning the four cele- brated portraits of Philip II. to be seen in the Escurial, the construction of which was due to that monarch. The writer observes at the outset that h«' dix.'s not propoM- to deal with the portraits not in the Fscuri.il, for the simple reason that he has not .seen them. He con- trives to give some very interesting details of the monarch who sent the Invincible Armada to our shores and of his counterfeit present- ments. The story of Beatrice of Aragon, who became Queen of Hungary, is continued in the current issue of Espai'ia Modeina. From the many incidents here recorded, the following is one of the most striking : In 1475 she wrote to the Pope concerning the crmonisation of a priest named Bonaventura, dead long prior to that date : she urged that this honour should be done because he was so saintly and because a miracle had happened in connection with his mortal remains. His body had long since become dust, except the tongue with which he had preached the Gospel so earnesth' ; th.-it member had remained intact, without the slightest trace of decay. Sr. J. Perez de Guzman deals with the Educati\e Methods of Latin and British Civilisations, showing how the Neo-Latin peoples have differentiated from I he old Romans and how the Anglo-Saxons have improved from the almost savage state of their ancestors and acquired virtues similar to those of the Romans. In the course of his remarks he speaks of lying; among the Latin peoples a falsehood uttered by a lad provokes a smile at his smartness, whereas the result of being found out in a lie would mean a severe castigation for a British boy. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW Tun North American Review for September presents a wide variety of topics and writers. I-'our of the articles have been separately men- tioned. William F.lliot (Iridiths contributes a very glowing panegyric of Mutsuhito the Great, whose character he maintains is revealed in his poetry. Miss Edith Wyatt finds in Mr. \V. D. Howclls a national contribution. " Whatever else he m.iy say, Howells tells the talc of tlie speculative soul of America." Rev. P. .S. Moxom sketches TurgeniclT the man. Mr. .Arthur Benington contributes interesting illustrations, grotesque .and serious, of the way in which Shakespeare and other great writers have been translated. Mr. Charles Johnston warns the American farmer against the true inwardness of Socialism. Mr. John Burrout,'lis indulges in a reverie U|K)n " the phantoms behirul us," the long pro- cession of different forms of life through which life has evolved in'o man. 472 The Review of Reviews. PSYCHICAL REVIEWS. The Theosophist for September docs not con- tain much new matter. Mrs. Besant's lecture on " Investigations into the Super-Physical " is concluded, as also are the articles on " The Coming Christ," by a group of American students. Alba concludes his paper on " Edu- cation and Spiritual Culture," and explains how the religious consciousness should be awakened. He maintains that the first step towards this is by developing a perception of the beautiful and the faculty to conceive beauty under all its forms. Esthetic, ethical, and " religious problems must be linked together that they may by common effort evolve the religious conscious- ness. Educational work should not be carried on in the midst of cities and in the foul atmo- sphere of dusty streets. " The school ought to stand in the wood, amid flowers, having the blue sky over it .... By turning our backs on Nature, we deaden the receptive faculties an our- selves and in our children. " Most interesting is the writer's account of the colour-sound method employed by Mrs. Ownkowsky, the Russian violinist, in teaching children. A. Rangasvami Aiyar tells of the work, progress, and expansion of the Theosophical Society under the title of " The Old Order Changeth." Marguerite Pollard writes on the Bahai move- ment and theosophy. The Theosophical Chronicle for September contains many very good articles. "J. N." shows by copious quotations from the writings of the ancient bards and Druids how the teach- ings of Druidism and theosophy have much in common. In " Thoughts on the Law of Cycles " E. A. Cory explains how in our lives. we are constantly influenced by cycles of feeling and thinking— it is thus our so-called habits are formed. The writer says " that the knowledge of the working of cyclic law, and the law of the formation of habits, as we may call it, would be of infinite help to us in the curing of habits, in the checking of bad habits, and in the making of new habits." Captain Samuel Turner gives some interesting extracts from a semi-official report of an oiiRcial visit to the Leshoo Lama in the year 1775. The Leshoo Lama was at the time eighteen months old, but, although iinnble to speak a word, conducted himself with " astonishing dignity and decorum." Herbert Coryn, M.D. , M.R.C.S. , writes on " Cerebral localisation," which theory-, he says, is finding greater and greater difficulty in maintaining life, and is rapidly giving way to the new conception " lh.it much or all the brain is involved in every func- tion, but that some particular parts arc the connecting places with the outer world." Two articles are of special interest in the Theosophical Path this month, and both deal with the same subject, " Man," and his de- velopment, which must come from within, from himself, from his higher self. " The phe- nomenal universe comes and goes, yet man, the eternal, remains. Stripped of all his accessories .... he stands just what he has made himself, no more and no less. . . . One thing alone, of all those which he fancies he ever has or ever can possess, is his — that indefinable yet com- prehensive thing, his character." " Man feels dimly, at present, that the race is approaching a crisis, that his only hope of safety is to ally himself to the Higher Self — the God within, to boldly re-assume his creative functions, bring order out of chaos, or be swept to destruction." These two quotations are from Gertrude van Pelt's article, " The Upbuilding of Real Life," and " The World Problem," by H. Alexander Fussell. Among other articles are " Wesleyan Minister and the Higher Self," by H. T. Edge;. " Mysteries of Sound," by a Student; and an article on the " Late Emperor of Japan," by Kenneth Morris. The Occult Review contains an account of a curious medical superstition of the Middle A^es, relating to the Powder of Sympathy, which was used as a cure for wounds. The powder was not applied to the wound, but to • any article that might have the blood from the wound upon it. Miss Mabel Collins contributes another chapter of her book, " The Transparent Jewel." Irene E. Toye \Varner writes a most interesting paper on " The Religion of Ancient India." THE FORUM. One or two papers have been separately noticed. Mr. Allen Kline indulges in a historic survey to prove that the rise of a new Party is inevitable. To succeed, it must be based on two conceptions : the Government shall be the ser- vants of the people and be vested with sufficient power to discharge this service. Mr. E. E. Miller describes certain factors in the re-making of country life. Thanks to improved farming, the farmer is going to get more out of his deal- ings with the soil. He will get more out of his dealings with men. He will not rest content with a basis of business that gives less thai 50 per cent, of the consumer's money to the producer. A third factor is the farmer's in- creasing desire for a better standard of living. Mr. Albert Hardy reviews the progress of the moveiTient for cremation. Benjamin de Casseres says of Pierre Loli, as of Lafcadio Hearn, that he pliantomises the universe. He is the Prospero of impressionism. His books are an aromatic hashish. Some Books of the Month. THE " ENTENTE CORDIALE." * Mlle. de Pratz has had the felicity of writing a book which all will agree to praise. P'or once let us start with the outside. The cover is dark red, witli a design in gold copied from a beau- tiful ancient book cover. It is like a I-rench- woman to desire that her inmost thought should have an adequate outside garment. The internal idea is a noble one, and especially grateful to the Review of Reviews, for that which we have been tr}-ing to do for years by means of the Scholars' International Correspondence and the exchange of homes Mile, de Pratz is doing on a wider basis. Whereas English p>eople generally used to decline acquaintance with " foreigners," preferring to fight them, now the desire to be friends is gaining ground. But how can you be friends with people of whom you know only their outward appearance? Mile, de Pratz sets out to show her countrymen and women from the inside. This she is peculiarly qualified to do. A Frenchwoman to the fingertips, with no alien blood, she was educated in England and obtained her diploma in an old-established London college for women. .Ml who read her brilliantly written book will realise her command of English and her knowledge of England. During her years of study here her holidays were always spent in France, and later she became Professor of Literature in a Paris Lyc^e and General Inspec- trice of Public Charities. Add to this the fact that her social position is a high one, and it will be readily seen that her advantages for seeing both English and French points of view are c-xception.il. Mile, de Pratz rightly says that of all countries in the world France is the most difTicult to know, largely owing to a temperament essentially their own. I*'or instance : — The licad of .\ Krcnch f:imily will not aiimil ,in oulsiflct of nny kind into his circle unless he knows everything about that outsider, even if the stranger !« of his own r.ice and nitionalily. Of cour.se, this originated in the strict seclusion from the outside world of the jeune fille which was once so rigorously maintained. Another reason why the French arc so oft<'n misunder- stood by us is that they wear th<'ir vices on the outside, blatantly, flagrantly, whilst we conceal ours, and thus they appear worse than they are. * France from Wilhiu. By Claire dc Pfatz. (Iloildrr .iiicl .StouglUuii. IDS. fid. net.) Then, too, we form our estimate mainly from Parisians, and Paris is the intellect not the heart of France. Comparing France and England, Mlle. de Pratz says : — The essential racial diflerences between the French and English lie in the fact that the French are absorbing and assimilative, while the English are aggressively and wilfully non-adaptable. The French believe that they have much to learn from other nations. The English are inclined to believe that they have nothing to learn from anybody. But as nations, as individuals, always possess the qualities of their defects, this non-adaptability of the Englishman constitutes his very strength, and makes his race the dominant race when brought into conflict with more barbarous peoples. That is why he is so excellent a coloniser among inferior communities. But when in contact with other civilised nations, he can learn nothing from them. He carries his own habits and customs and personal idiosyncrasies wherever he goes, and considers them infallibly superior — because they are English — to the habits, customs, and idiosyncrasies of the inhabitants of the country in which he has decided to live, thus explaining many of the inconvenient mis- understandings which it is her object to clear away. These quotations, however, give very little idea of the gay brightness of style and broad outlook of this desirable book, and tell nothing of the attractive illustrations, verbal and pictorial. Of Frenchwomen Mlle. de Pratz says : — The type of woman who knows little or nothing con- cerning her husband's business affairs and who is content to receive a weekly wage from her husband to cover the household expenses and her own does not exist in France. The French wife is not only her husband's confidante, but is essentially a coworker and partner, sharing all his interests both in business and private affairs. She prefers to work if she has no dowry, rather than to live upon her huSband's generosity. She will not allow him to sui)ix)rt the entire expenses of the household, for she has .a fine spirit, and insists upon her own economical independence, whether it comes from her own private income or whether it be the wage of her own efforts Yet in a I'aris kilrhcn nothing is ever lost or wasted, and everything is subjected to the scrutinising eye of the mistress of the house, who knows to a nicely the resources of her gardemanger. But the book itself must be read, for there is in it not one word that can be neglected; whether she is talking about education and the stress laid on that as beyond mere instrtution ; the chapter on match-making, which M1U-. de Pralz obviously approves of; the inside view of a F'rench Lyct^c, with a delightful story which I have no space to quote ; the Paris -Salon ; or the final chapter on that bane of Paris life — La Concierge. 474 The Review of Reviews. THE GREATEST LIBERTY MAN HAS EVER TAKEN WITH NATURE.* .AiS a boy Mr. Bryce pored over the books of old travellers in the Andes, such as Humboldt, and the accounts of the primitive American people as given in Prescott's " Conquest of Peru," so that when the opportunity of a four months' journey presented itself it was eagerly grasped. One result is a record of the first impressions of a man pre-eminently accurate in essential information, and with a judgment, based upon keen observation and international knowledge, tempered with the tact which belongs to the great Ambassador. The story opens with his railway journey across the isth- mus of Panama and a description of the Canal works, " that greatest liberty man has ever taken with Nature." About half way through he saw the hill of Balboa, from the top of which, he was told, both oceans could be seen if the weather were propitious. In picturesque lan- guage he describes the approach to Colon, the .Atlantic town, and Panama on the Pacific. In no measured fashion Mr. Bryce describes the care the United States Government has taken for the health of the people working in that region, formerly so pestiferous. The houses, he says, .ire each of them surrounded on every floor by a line wire neltiug which, while freely admitting the air, excludes winged insects. All the hospitals have been netted so carefully that no insect can enter to carry out infection from a patient. Every path and every yard is scrupulously clean and neat. Not a puddle of water i^ left where mosquitoes can breed, for every slope and bottom has been carefully drained. Even on the grass slopes that surround the villas at Ancon there are little tile drains laid to carry off the rain. .'\nd his comment is that to have made one of the pt-st-houses of the world as healthy as Boston or London is an achievement of which the .American medical staff, and their country for them, may well be proud. From Panama Mr. Bryce travelled to Peru, which is no longer an Hldorado, for its chief riches have gone either to fire-eating adventurers or have become the portion of a rival government. Contrasting old and later Peru, he says : The break between the old Peru of the Incas and ihe newer Pern was as complete as it was sudden. The on which the authority of the Churches was founded, has resulted in complete tinsettlemcnt in many minds. Professor Kucken thinks he has found Ihe right viltition for their problems. Psychology : A Neiv System. By Arthur Lynch, M.P. (Stephen Swift. 2 vols. los. fid. each net.) In these two imporlnni volumes the author claims to put forward a new system of psychology, based on the study of the fundamental processes of the human mind. Psychology he defines as being concerned with the inward processes of the mind, as distinguished from external things and their external interactions, and, psychology being a science which should be made as exact as conditions permit, he seeks to discover something comparable to a law from which all de- velopments of the subject may be in due order evolved. The enunciation and solution of the basic problem is the task which the author has set himself. Book I. contains the formulation of the fundamental — that is to say, the nonanalysable processes, which Mr. Lynch postulates are twelve in number : (i) immediate presentation, (2) conception of unit, (3) memory, (4) association, (5) agreement, (6) generalisation, (7) feeling of effort, (8) impulse, (g) hedonic sense, (ro) sense of negation, (11) conception of time, (12) con- ception of space. Book II. gives illustrations of the applications of the principles, and Book III. discusses the development of psychology in its historical aspects and in its future possibilities. The author states his positions with force and lucidity, and has sought to lighten, where possible, the austerity of his subject by drawing his illustrations from current positive science rather than from schematic forms. Forces that Help. By Florence Northcroft. (Allenson. is. 6d. net.) .\ pleasant series of talks for men and women, remind- ing the reader of the " little drops of water " idea. We learn, for instance, that Marconi was indebted to a Scotsman for the germ of his discovery; Mcxjdy, to a little unknown praying woman for a great out- pouring of grace. The advice given is charmingly put and of value. Thoughts are Things. By W. W. Atkinson. (Fowler, is. net.) One of those invaluable little manuals, for which praise is superfluous, showing that within ourselves are to be found the most valuable of qualities and possessions. MISCELLANEOUS. The German Emperor and the Peace of the World. By A. H. Fried, with a Preface by Norman Angell. (Hodder and Stough- ton. 6s.) A most useful work on one of the most important topics by the holder of the Nobel Peace Prize. " At the present time," says Mr. Fried, " the Kaiser sup- ports the theory, si vis faifm -para bellum; he is opiHised to war, but is of the opinion that peace can be maintained only by exerting to the full the defensive forces of the State. In a speech delivered at Bremen, in 1005, he said : — ' When I came to the Throne I swore that, after the heroic times of my grandfather, bayonets .and cannon would, so far as lay in my |viwer, be put aside, but th it these bayonets would be held sharp and these cannons ready, so that when cultivating our garden and extending our beautiful house, we should not be disturbed by envy and jealousy from outside.' " Many times has the F.mperor s(>oken of a '" Peace Alliance" .as possible among civilised r.accs ; more than that, he has shown himself to be an advocate of the organisation of European Slates for the advance, mcnl of peace, no one nation being in a position of superiority, but each bound together by common interests and common actions. To this desire Mr. Angell .and Mr. Fried bear witness, and their testimony should help lo a belter mutual understanding. 402 IHE KEVIEW OF KEVIEWS. Secret Diplomacy. By George Eller. (Stephen Swift. 3s. 6d. net.) The story of diplomacy from 1870 onward, with various reflections concerning the same, the conclusion being that the diplomatic negotiations of a democratic State should be honest, straightforward, dignified, equitable and human. Ihe Economic Outlook. By Edwin Cannnn. (Fisher Unwin. 55. net.) Mr. Cannan thinks that the outlook is neither alarming nor dismal, that life will become more international, and that if we make up our minds to face the new ideas with stout hearts, cool heads, and unfailing good temper, even industrial disputes will be things of the past. A book which deserves careful consideration. What Germany Wants. By W. N. Willis. (Stanley Paul. 2S. net.) A Cassandra call to " stop the German blight." Mr. Willis is in deadly earnest, but sees only the fact that Germany is determined to have colonies, without being able to say how that can or ought to be prevented. Secret Memoirs of the Regency. By Charles Pinot Duclos. (Greening. 5s. net.) There is no need to describe this book, which has been translated from the French by Monsieur Jules Meras. Naturally it is more or less gossip about the Court life of the time, which was not generally of an elevating order. Living Pleasures. By C. H. Betts. (James Clarke and Co. 2S. 6d. net.) A series of essays on the value of friendship, the beauty of love, the delights of Nature study, the companionship of books, etc.. etc. The last chapter is on the consolation of Christianity. History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages. By Hartmann Grisar, S.J. (Kegan Paul. 15s. net.) The third volume of this instructive book continues the account of the monastic life of the fifth century, giving interesting details of Roman ecclesiastical law, with notable lules as to celibacy and fasting; and of church monuments and decorations. The fine illustra- tions are taken from some present-day photographs and various ancient sources. English and Welsh Cathedrals. By T. D. Atkinson. (Methuen. los. 6d. net.) A treasure for travellers and a bontje bouche for those who can never hope to see the beautiful buildings which with their traditions and surroundings are amongst our national treas\ires. Each cathedral is illustrated by a ground plan and a photograph, or by one of the beautiful water-colour drawings of Mr. Walter Dexter. Heroes of Science. By Ch. R. Gibson. (Seeley Service. 5s.) As we have no personal details of many of the ancient scientists, Mr. Gibson has simply mentioned them shortly. In telling of Archimedes he gives in a foot- note an explanation why the bath overflow gave him the clue to the solution of the problem Alexander had given him. This illustrates the careful way in whirli the heroes are treated. Amusing anecdotes are sown thickly in a book which is elevating as well as useful. The Romance of Submarine Engineering. By Thomas Corbin. (Seeley Service, ss.) Tells how the work is done; just what the tools are like; with word pictures of the men who make the romance a practical aff?.ir. There is no dullness in these three hundred cr more pages, and the illustra- tions supply the information words cannot give. From a Pedagogue's Sketch Book. By F. R. G. Duckworth. (Fisher Unwin. 5s. net.) An entertaining series of short sketches about boys, their parents, the authorities, and others, which seem to be taken literally from the sketch book of the peda- gogue in question. An Introduction to the Science of Peace. By Annie Besant. (Theosophist Office, is.) Gives the gist of a book by Bhagavan Das in which Mrs. Besant tries to interest her readers. She tells us that the inner intellectual and spiritual peace is the only real and abiding cure for the prevailing condition of unrest. Hon) to Play Golf. By Harry Vardon. (Methuen. 5s. net.) A summary by the famous golf ch.impion of all the advances made in the Royal game during the last seven or eight years. The information and advice given make the volume indispensable to the neophyte, whilst the style renders it pleasant reading for the uninitiated. Photography of To-day. By H. Chapman Jones. (Seeley Service. 5s. net.) From beginning to end science and practice are described in the most fascinating fashion, from the opening chapter, which deals with the nature of light, to the last, which tells of the various applications of photography. Even a neophyte will be interested, for facts which only the advanced photographer knows are described so lucidly that the beginner can grasp the idea and the advanced will' find something to learn, and will enjoy having their own knowledge so interestingly expounded. My Own Times. By Lady Dorothy Neviil. (Methuen. 15s. net.) Lady Dorothy Nevill's delightful " I remember " and her piquant, kindly sarcasm are too well known to need praise here. She does not deplore change or disparage the present, but rather believes that there has been real progress during her lifetime At the same time, she does not ignore present-day evils, but gives wise advice as to how to improve the shining hour. " The keynote to success," she says, "is character. From the same materials one man builds palaces, another hovels ; one warehouses, another villas. Bricks and mortar are mortar and bricks, until the architect can make them something else." The homilies are very scarce, however; the anecdotes so many, of such various people, celebrated, infamous, or average, that space forbids my enumeration of even a few. Butterflies and Moths at Home and Abroad. By H. Rowland Brown, M.A. (Fisher Unwin. 7s. 6d. net.) A magnificent gift book for the beginner in butterfly lore, supposing him to have some knowledge of the terms used ; technicalities are dispensed with as much as possible, but some special words must be used, of course. Every care has been taken to simplify the explanations, and the plates are very fine. A^^ INSURANCE NOTES. THE The report and balance-sheet of the Colonial Miairil Firo Insur-inoe Co. Ltd. for the year ended 3Utli Sep- tember last shows that tl)e business of the company has ai;ain increjiseil, the premium income tor the ye'ir totalling i;-J<>(),2ti(). as against £2o'2,072 in tlie previous year. Inteie.si on investments, fees, etc., amounted to £13.081. Kv-insurances and returns amounted to £59,566, and k»ses touilIe per cent, for the half-vear en next year. The directors are to be com- mended in seitinu apart large additions to the gene- 'rai reserve tnnil. and the re-insu nance reserve fund, instead of increa.sing the dividend, which the profits would have permitted. The report and balance-sheet were adopti-d at the annual meeting of the company, held at 60 Market-street, Melboujiie, on 2(lth Novem- ber. The nineiild lik^ to add that the wat^-r suppiv was very gocwl." The insiiranie companies conrcrnefl in the fire are; — Guaranv. £.">(K); .Atlas Assurance Company. £750; .N'orth British and Mercantile. £000: Victoria Fire Insuran«'e Company, £6(K); Commercial Union .Assurance Company. £650; New Zcilaml In- surance (lompnnv. £450; Northern .Assurance Com- pany, £500. COLONIAL MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED. INSURANCE FIRE ACCIDENT- EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY - FIDELITY GUARANTEE ■ PLATE-GLASS BREAKAGE MARINE • BURGLARY LIVE STOCK OFFICES : MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street. SYDNEY— 74 Pitt Street. ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street. BRISBANE— Creek Street. PERTH— Barrack Street. IIOBART— Collins Street. LONDON— 77 Cornhill, E.G. WALTER TUCKER, (ieneral Manager. THE EQUITY TRlSTtCS, tXECUTOHS. AND AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED- RESERVE IIABIIUY. £100,000; GUARANTEE FIXD, £10.000. ItO.MtO OK DIHKCTOH.S IaUn.hiI l''.iiiniri(;. Hiiii., L'hairmuu; \V H Irvine, B»ci . KC. .M.P,; Donald Mackinnon, Ksq . .M,I.,A.; R. (1. VCutcheon. Esq,. M,I..A.; Stewart McArtluir. Knq.. K,0, Registered Office; No. .S.i Queen Street, ,Melbourne. 'Plus CoMipMiiy i» c'iii|Hiwuic(l l>y siiiy-Kil .Vrt .>t P.irliament to perforni .ill ehiascB of Iriielee Iiii8in08». JOF.l, FOX. Manager. (' T MMCri.N', .\89istant Manager. WE FIT TRUSSES FOR ROPTURE. SILK ELASTIC STOCKINGS, CRUTCHES. BELTS, ' SHOULDER BRACES, ENEMAS, BATTERIES., •- BESr QUALITY ~ MODERATE PRICES, DENVER BROTHERS CORNER SWANSTON » LONSDALE STS. ■/" MELBOURNE.,Vie ,> '^irii 11' THE INFORMATION AGENCY ALl^ .iv ., Ll.l.AiaSt. Hul ,sl, I.,: i 1. . ..1,1,^ INl-i'KMAilUN jud tt.ii)«;ic(iiii! Akciuv Hii^intHH on brlt;iii ii Llirnts at hntiic and ahioad III touch will) Kxprr(<( In .ill ilepnrlniciiln oi know trilf:c and cdmirrrcf. When In (lanbl where tn apply I'or any rcipitied 'aclp, wrilce, or article, write til n». CHKISTMA'^ PRKSKNTS i dlfttirclion, home flicnd^ •trlri led wit'i t;nlr .ind AddrcM : The Sccrelartat, 24-26 Hart Street. London. W.C. INDEX TO VOL. XLI. Of ^*The Review of Reviews for Australasia/^ BOOKS OF THE MONTH — " A New OonscieiMre ami mi Ancient Evil ": Miss Jan« Aildams. 671. " Memoirs of Madame Steinlieil," 535. Some Books of the Moutb," 230, 473, 541. " The Committee of Imperial De- fence " : Viscount Esher, 355. "The Mairleii Tribute of Modern Baliylon '■ : VV. T. Stead, 99. CARICATURES OF THE MONTH— 497, 621. 25. 157, 284, 430. HISTORY OF THE MONTH — (Australasian and English) AU.STRAl.ASIAN— Aborigines, xxxvi. Admiral's Warning, The, ciii Anglican, Autonomy, Ixxi. Baby Bonus, xii., Ixviii. Beginning of Things, The, xcviii. Beef Trust, xxxiv. Booth, Death of William. 1. Bulletin of Demography, Ixx. Charitable Bequests. Iv. Charity /\dministration, Ivi. Chinn. Mr. H., xxx. Choice of Professions, Ixxxv. City of the Plains, xcviii. Counter- Lunches, ixix. Cricket Championship, Ivi. Defence, Hi., Ixxii.. lx.vxviii. Eighty Not Out. c. Evangelical Reunion. Ixxxv. Fair Itenta' Court, Ixxi. Federal Bank, Ixxxiv. Federal Parliament. Opening of, x. Federal Politics, xxx., Ixxxiii. Fisher, .\ir.. on a Six-Ilours' Day, xiv. Gambling Laws, iiv. Governor-tleneral's Eviction, Ixxii.. Ixxxii. Happy Women, cii. Herald. Mr. T. |{., Ixxxiii. High Cnnimissioner. The, Ixxxviii. Hop Poom Hooey Case, xxxi.. Hi. Jlousing Problem, liii, Jllegal Ekx-tion Practices, Iiv. tiicidcnces of Taxation, Ixxxvi, Irvine. .Vlr. W. H., xi. Iinmigraliou Restriction Legislation, xvi. .ludkiris. Mr. W. H.. Ivi. King W.atriama's Jyoyalty. c. Labour. The Ooal of, Ixxxiii. Late .Mr. .Justice O'Oonnnr. The, ci. League of Bird-Ixtvers, Ixxxv. Liber.il Programme, 'I'lie, xi. IXK-al OpiioM. Attempts to Wreck. Iiv. Ix)rd Chelmsford's Retirement, xcix Mauger. .\lr. Hamuei. xxxi. More Tea. Less Whisky, Ixx. Mount Lyell Disaster, Ixxxvi Naah Case. The, xiv. National Council of Women, cii Naval Motto, A. Ixxxvii. New Zealand and Australia. - xxxvi. New Zealand and the Prohibition Vote, Iv. New Zealand Politics, xxxiii. N.S.W. Presbyterian Assembly and In- dustrial Problems. Ixix. Parliament Red Roll. A. cii. Pathfinders. The. xcviii. Preparing for the Worst, civ Prosperity and Its Perils, li History of the Month — Australasian— {Continued). Queensland and .Strikes, xxxvi. Kasli I'jxpeudilui-e. xii. Referenda Bills, The, xcix. Scieutists. An Invasion of, Ixvii. .Separate Issues, xoix. .South, Mr. William, Ixxxv. Slum Abolition, xxxv. .South, Mr. William. 85. .States' Parliaments, xxxi. Stead. Mr. H.. Ixvii. Strenuou.s Politicians, ci. Speaker's Vagaries, A, ci. Tasmaniao Covernm;/nt, xiv. Trusts in Australia, ciii. Totilisator, The, xxxiii. Transcontinental Railway Ixx. Universal Copyright, c. Werriwia Election, xii. Young Women's Ohrislian Association xxxiv. ENG LISH— Aeroplanes and Motors at the Mili- tary Manoeuvres, 395 Alexandra the Beloved, 4. .Americ4in Designs on Canada 471 Asquith. Mr., in Ireland, 138 Anglo-German Relations, 263.' Asciuith's Responsibility, Mr 142 .\ustralian Census, 6. Aviation, Progress of, 463, 207 Balfour, Mr.. 601. Biebei'stein, Baron Marschall Non 10 British Advice, Value of, 146 Britons, and the Smith Pole 472 Bryan. Mr.. 14. Budget. The. 462. By-Elections. 22, 268. Campanile. The New, 468. (Janada, 3, 4. Canalisation of Germany. 264. (;entenary of 'he Steamship. 266. < li millers of Commerce Cong.'sj 24 i;hihlrcn :is " Entente Cordialers.'" 597 t-iinas Republic and Failure. 470 Churchill, Mr. Winston. 592. 12 136 Consols. 133. Crete Again. 469. Dcline of Parliament, 'I he, 140 )iiiiiiii8hing Life Gist in War, 276 Doiiiiiuons and National Defence, 395 Dual .Monarchy, The, 470 Electoral Results, 140. Entente, or Alliance with Prance, 595 Rucharistic Congress. 405. Fleet Reorganisation of the, 463. Floods, The, 271. France in Morocco. 469 Prance, The New. 596. P''<'nf:'' Tribute to British Monar.lis 464. German Army, Increase in the, 597 German Colonies in the Congo, 264 Geiinan Warahiiig. 463. Great Britain as World Power, 466 Has the Glory Departed? 591. He 1 ton. Sir J. Henniker, 24. Hypothetical Rebels and the Crown. Imperial Credit for Imperial Needs. 133, 135. Iiiaiir.ince Act and ihe Public. 2r,c, Inl.ern.itioiial AfT.iirs, 144, Irish Pinaiice, 460. Irish Home Rule. 459. 606, 398 Islam The Key |<, the British Em- pire, 393. .laiiieson. Sir Starr. Retirement of, .Justice for Militant Women, 404 [..ibour M.P.'s in Germany. 402. 403 Labour Unrest. 602. 603. Liberal and Labour Split 139 Liberal Finance, 23. History of the Mouth (En./lish).— Con- i tinued. ■^■ Liberal Whip, Retirement of the, 268. i London Lal)our 'iVoubles. 17 i Maiecka. iiliss. 59i!. 1 Manhood Sutlrage, 21. i " Memorial to VV. T. Stead." 605. Mediterranean and Austria. The. 143. j Mediterranean, The Situation in the. ' 466, 594. ■ ' Military Ethics and National Duty. 464. I Midlothian Election. Moral of the, 404 ', Monarch Among the Miners. The, 138! ' Monroe Doctrine, The New, 13, 146 ; National Reserve, The. 406 ?• Naval Affairs. 11. 12. 397 ; Naval Pay. 15, 137. '' Navy Not a Party Question, The, 263 ' "New Anarchy, The," 19. •: Panama Canal. 261. j Panama Tolls, 145. ' Peril in the Air, The. 7, 8, 10. ^ Perils of the Deep, 273. i Peru and Congo, 147. -: Playing at Soldiers, 265- - Regnant Journalism. 275. ' Roosevelt. Mr.. The Defeat of. 13 ] Roosevelt's Victorious Revolt 60. 1 Rouuiania. The Policeman of the Near ' East, 390. 4 Royji' Commission of Imperial Trade, i Russia's Foreign Policy, 465 i Salvation Army, the Future of the, : Sane Trade Unionism Triumphant, "! Science and the Making- gf Life 405 ' Scottish Reunion, 62. ' j '•Secular" Education Repudiated, 402. ' South ,\fricaii Affairs. 471. ; " Ste.id Hostels." 270. j Submarines. 266. ; Suffragettes. The, 141. i Sugar Convention, 276. ' T.aft V. Roosevelt, 470. " Titanic." The, 458. Turkey, Again a New Regime in, 44. '. IHirkish War. 467. 598. ' Unionist Leaders and Belfast Terror- I ism. 142. j " Uniay at Earl's Court. 193 B idcni'owell. Sir Robert, xvi Barnes. Miss. xxxv. njebcrslein. Baron Mas<-h:ill von 11 Hoolh. The Late General, li.. 314 Hooth. William Bramwell. li Hoys from Dr. Barnado's Home en Route to Canada. 427 Burning .if Bristol Before the Reform Act. 142. Campanile. The New. 469 Congress of Sokols in Prague. 185 Oonees. 33. Grown Prince of Japan, 176. Curie. Mr. J. H.. 542. Dardanelles. The (mail). 640. Index. 485 Illustrations and Fortratts.— Continued. Dreadoought. Docked on New Floats ing IKxjk. 454. Kmperor of Jxpan, The Late, 173, 165. limperor. of J;ip;ui, The New, 175, 438. KiiKland's Summer, 1912, 272. Fe«. The Walls of. 69. Pijiun Ciirls, jl. Fijian Scenes, ixiviii. French .\rmy .\eroplane«, 396. French Holiday Crowd, 331. Oale. Mr.. C. F.. 673. German Crown Princ*. 402. Girls from Dr. Barnado'8 Homes leav- ing for Canada, 428. G-Towth of the German Navy (Dia- gram), 15. Heatou, .sir J. Heouiker. 24. U.M.8. " llibernia " Hoisting on Board the First N.ival Hydroplane. 630. Uya«inthe, Mask of Pure. 654. Hydroplane Flying at Monte Carlo, 463. Ice on Allan Liner " Corsican " .\ft«r Striking an Iceberg, 273. Irish Itepresentation Pictorially Shown. 22. Italian Operations in .iEgean Sea (map», 467. Judkins. The Late Mr. W. H., Ixii- Kaiser and the Swiss President at the Swiss .Mantt'uvres, 441. Katsura. Prinni. Mr., and Meml>er8 of Mar- coni 0>mpany, 23. McCarthy. The I-ale Mr. Justin. 459. Mediterranean Fleet loaving Malta Harbour, 31. Mililmay. Mr. P. St. John, 545. Much-Hc.id and Mueh-Keviled Poster. A. 429. New Zetland Ministry, Some Member's of the. xxxii. Norwich Streets. August, 1912. 272. Oilftelds of World and British Coaling Slationa fmapl. 155. Panorama of the Projected New Capi- tal of Australia, 6. Peaceful Picketing. 163. Peril in the Air. 7. 9. 138. 396. Rednioiiil, Mr. .Vddressing Home Rule Dciuonstraii'in. 460. Rentoul. Rev. Professor, D.D., Ixxi. " lieveiiffe." The. 652. Sidings at Willosilen Junction, 278. Sidings on the L.NIl. Hallway System at ('rewe. -125. Snelson. .Miss. xxxv. Stailiuni at Athens, 332. 8u>ad. I'he Lite Mr. W. T., 452, 474. 476. 485. 486. 487. 489, 490, 493. 608- SUxid, Mr. W. T.. Ilirthplaoe of. 474. HIeail. Mr. and Mrs. W. T., 477. Sl43iiiheil, Madame. 535. "St. Vincent" Dreadnought Battleship. 454. Strikers' Meetirii; '>ii Tower Hill, 43 Sulim,i.rine Bene it h the Water. 595. Huflragettes .MoMicd in Wules. 404. " Titanii- '■ I,fa\irig Quecnstown, 458. TorjMjdo Destrovcr 'leaking in Oil Fuel. 150. Turkish Mines K\|>lodinR Id the Dar- daticlles. 4^8. Typical Crouri "f Assisted Boy Imnil- graiits, 183. Itnvelling of King Kdward VII > Statue at Onnnos, 465. Vent nor, 330. Vli-Kunetirkii. Krnu Boatrli, 18. Wellington ,\rrh. 658. Wilson. Dr. Woodrow, W.hmIs. Mr. I.itclillcld. 546. Y.imgritu. PlelilM.imhnl. 433. Zeppelin .Virxliip Klving 0\er Kniser's Viicht. r..v INSURANCE NOTES— 552. 674. 106. 234. 361, 483. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS— Aeronautics, Progress in, 526. African Sport. Luxury in, 187. Aircraft, 343. Aircraft, Naval Use of, 61. Air Sewage and Ozone, 79. .\larm of Cholera, An, 187. Alcoholism in France, 513. America's Task in the Philippines, 326. Anglo-American .\rliitration, 523. Anglo-Genuau Naval Rivalry, 63. Anglo-tierman lielations, 646, 201, 320. Are Buddhism and Islamism Combin- ing? 520. Architectural Treatment of Sea Fronts, 330. Are Degrees Democratic.' 663. Are We Going Utterly to the Dogs? 189. Artists on Ladies' Hats. 77. Australia. Industrial Legislation in, 198. Australia, The Peril of, 58. Australia. Universal Training in, 455. Automatic. Brakes Extraordinary, 88. Automatic Ticket Machines, 221. Baghdad. 212. Barnes. Mr. George N.. on Strikes, 198. Bat. The Making of a, 649. Behaism. 87. Bennett. Arnold. 459. Billiards. The Origin of, 465. Blind Leading the Blind, 80. Blunders of the East. 446. Bonaparte, The Coming of, 48. Bread Crisis in France. 443. Britain's Ijost Ueputation, 332. Browning Centenary. 540. Browning's Religions Ideas, 526. Can.ada. The Heal. 510. Canada Under l.aiirier. 510. Can Cnina Be a Republic? 505. Can We A fiord More on N.aval Arma- ments? 194. Oaipe as a Tactical Basis. The, 664. China. Has the Partition of. Began? 326. China in I,eading Strings. 329. China's Predicament. 327. Ohinese^Are niey Our Bkiuals? 214. Cliineseifying Mongolia. 73. Chinese President and Premier, 507. Oliinese Revolt. The, 506, 512. Oliinese Unrest. The Secret of, 213. Churchill. Mr.. Trihuto to, 193. Claims of Labour and of Women. 447. Goal ,Strike and the Royalty Owners, The. 521. Ooal Strike, Uudyard Kipling on the. 88. IVial .Strike. The I/essona of the, 522. (>x-oaimt and Its Ooninierci.al Uses, The, 219. Columbus in Statuary, 223. Concert of lOurope. The, 324. (lonserv.ative Social K<*form. 54. Contract Practice or Fees? 49. Cook. Sir Edward, on llie Political Outlook, 444. (V)B| of lUNOining an Archbishop, The. 217. Oourtnev, I/>rd. on Ilonie Rule, 50. Coward. Dr. Henry. 222. Cox. Mr. Howard, as Editor, 192. Cniikshank's Work. George. 85. Oub.i.. Trouble in. 209. Dardanelles. The 'I'rnlBc of the, 59. Darwin no Monist. 520. " Diivligbt 8a\ing." 188. Death-Traps r>f the Sea. 221. Delia Kobbia F.iiiiilv. The. 460. I)enyn. Jo»<'f. 349. IHckens. ^LlnchcRte^ Originals, 84. Digging tlio Dltch-»nd After. 220 Dismal Views of Democracy, 86. Disr.U'li'H Brother. 662 • IVigs of W.ir. The." 45S. Donkhol>.>rs .111 Meal OomnnniUy, The 340. Don't Penalise ParontitKO, 79. hliir as Kve, The, 332. Kducallon, 458. F, Huge .Vrmies. 453. "; Human Document. \, 515. { Hyacinthe. P6re. 654. . J " India for the Indians." 339. Indian Nation. The. 519. ' Indian on True Imperialism. An, 446. Indian Universities. 458. \ India's Heivules. 214. India. Sir Bannifylde Fuller on, J42. ItKluslrial legislation in Australia^' 198. Ingersoll. T\\e Mistakes of. 459. | Insurance Act. The. 190. ■ Is Man on the Eve of Extinction? SIS., Isolation or " Kntangleinent," 644. Is Taxation the Only Way of ReforjnF 665. Is the Language of Our Bible Tool Antique? 50. | Italy and the Mediterraneiui, 437. \ .lapanese Fou'r's Iteal Troubles, 200. ] Uidv a>lonel8, 77. \ Laughter. 517. 1 Law of the Air. The. 343. i l,egisliitiou bv a Scribe's Mistake. 519 1 U'ttiiiK the Child Teach Itself. 88. l,iMv>in<)tlveii. 655. j I/xlire. Sir Oliver. on Professor Schllfer. 455. 486 Leading Articles in the Reviews — (Con- tinued.) Lioudon Port Strike. 199. •' Love of Pain, The," 331 Luca Dellu Kobbia, 223. Making of a New Engliah Port, The, 664. Making the Dumb to Speak, 81. Malabari, Mr. B. M., 344. Malta for Brythrea, 324. Mammoth Moving Pictures, 347. Married Collaborators, 318, 452. Marvels of Telepathy, 456. Massenet, Jule6, 463. '■ Master Force of the World, The," 653. Masters of the Magazines, 517. Mathematics for Women, 450. Mediterranean Fleet, The, 68 Mediterranean Situation, The' 205 Mediterranean, The Command of the, 641 Mengelberg, Willem, 222. Mercdithiana, 344. Merrie England Once More, A 187. Military Training of Lads, 195. Modern Science and Eternal Truths. "Money-Mad Pishing," 319. Monroe Doctrine. A Candid German on the, 645. Montessori School in America, A 218 Monithly Musical Record," The 461 Moral and Religious Values, 215 Moslem Peril, The, 648. Music and Art in the Magazines, 528, 666, 90. Music and the Programme, 461. Music and Painting in Association, 460. Musical Centenaries. 222. Music of China, The, 464 Music, The Rising Star of, 222. Music. The Secret of, 346. Must We Always Muddle.' 341 Mutsuhito, The Emperor of, 438 National Reserve, The 85 Nations Compared, The, 340 Naval Use of Aircraft. 61. Near East Problem, Tlie, 70. New France and the New Germany. The, 509- New (iarden of Eden. A, 333. New Holy Alliance andi the Old. The. Newman's Character. Cardinal. 515. New Pacifism Under Fire, 194. New Scieni^e. A. 335. New Railroads Needed in Africa and Asia. 342. New Woman of the New East, The 75 NoiTlau, Max.. on Degeneration, 337. Okiima on lerritorial Expansion, 643. Old City thurches. 217. Old 1/iriilriii Revived 69 Olympic Idea, The, 184. pllivier. M., The Overthrow of, 81 The ■^^' 67 '■" ^'^"'"' '"'^'^ '^""' Opera (jiication. The. 346 Origin of Wiiiine, The. 345 Our (reiitlemen's Schools." 457 ■'n'^T'a. 62""" "'"■ ^'"•'"""C''" Pariahs 'of To-day. The. 334 Pans as a Seaport. 514. Pavlova, Miss Anna, 662. Pa«sy. M Frederic 64 Peak Moments of 1,1 fe. The, 51 Picture Galleries in Picture. 347. F ea for Mre Inquests. 446 P f,i,K"'J*"'/h'"' "' Profanity, 515. Plumbagos. 464. "Plums for Our Friends. The" 445 Poet .^nd Workman. 200 Poetry in the Periodicals. 527. Popular Dramas. 348. The Review of Reviews. Leading Articles in the Beviews— (Con- tinued.) Portuguese Slavery, 524. Posing for the Cinematograph Show. 665. Poverty Stricken Ulster 444 Presidential Campaign, The,' 325. Presidential Puzzle, The, 440 Problem of the Average Boy, 'The, 84 Putumayo Indians, The, 334 Pntumayo Problem, The, 334 ^"''afa'' ^''''*'°' "' Journalism. The, Pupil Self-Government in the Elemen- tary Schools, 218. Quadrigas. Ancient and Modern 658. Quest of the Perfect Rose. The, 516 Railophone, The, 221. Real Detective S'port, 186. Real Education— and No Holidays 82 Realism Versus Romance, 511 Becenl Census Returns, 341 Bed Cross Woman of America, The 656. ' Reformed Almanack, A, 336 Reminiscences of a Colonial Judge 466. "Revenge" Revived, The, 652. Revolutions in Latin America, 663. Rhodes Scholars at Oxford, 525 Rhythmical Musical Gymnastics. 462 Roosevelt as Idealist, 325. Rousseau Bicentenary. The 86 Rousseau's 'Vital Contribution 216 Rule of the Fat and the Thin, The 83 Buasian Women and Freedom. 450 Schools Problem in Holland 49 Schumann. Robert and Clara. 3^49 Scientific Eavesdropping, 52. Scientific Organisation of Human Labour. The. 89. Secret of an Indian Woman's Eman- cipation. Tlie, 657. Shakespeare's Ixmdon. 347. 8ha<-kleton, About Sir Ernest. 651 Singing at Work. 514. Slavonic Unitv. 185. Slay World and Beyond. The, 210 "si'g ""■ ^' '^•^ ^"°" ^'^ Compeers, Socialism v. Syndicalism, 338 Solution of the .Servant Problem, 451 Soul s New Refuge. Tlie." 348 Sportsman as Preserver, The 465 Stadium at Athens. The 184' Stevenson, Robert Ixiuis, 518' St. Lawrence River, The 512' Strange Legend of a Russian Tsar, 659 Syndicalism. 338. Tennyson and the Girl 647 ^,™S ^'S^^t Illusion," Up-to-Date." 60. Third Duma, Tbe. 72 329 ;; Titanic " Disaster, The, 650 „ Tiitotiic," Inquiry, The. 55. litanic. The Lessons of the 57 rransmutation of Elements, 221 Trusts no Novelty, 660. Turco-Italian War. 58 Turkey and Italy. 436 lurkey. The Situation in. 547. Iwo Kinds of Patriotism 80 Iwoperiny Tube. The. 343 Pwo Wellington Stories, 85 Typographical Vicar of Bray, A " 82 Uiisinkable Ship, The, 56. Unionist Bid for Home Rule 190 Unionist Prospecla. 324 IJiHted States. The, 208 Universal Standard Map 511 v.','i',!f*?' J""'-'".''"^ '" Australia. 455 Va ueof Christian Missions. 216. Wes for Older Women First, 655. Wallace. Dr. Alfred Russel. 336 War ^Expenditure and Coat of Living. Warning from Japan, A. 328 War Song. Tlie, 462. Leading Articles m the Reviews— (Con- tinued.) War. Tbe Next, 323. Waste of Energy in Illuminaiits, 50. What the Women's Vote Has Done, 196. Whistler and His Art, 463. White Slave TratHc. The. 73. Will to Conquer, The. 73. Winckelreid. A Modern, 37. Wister. Owen. 345. Woman's Mission. 315. Women Conquerors of the Air. 448. Women in Persia, 7ti. Women of Japan. The. 449. Women's Gaol, A, 78. Women's Grievances, Redressing 197 Women's Movement in Germaiiv, 523. Women's Restaurants in Paris, 317. Women's Trade Unions in France, 316. Women's 8..,,"'*. •^hongmes. 673. xjx "''•'""" '^''^'' ^^ "• Nation? The Review of Reviews. 487 S P E e I a L 0 F F E R ^^ To Readers of ** TKe IVevie\v of Revie^vs/* LEATHER WRITING ATTACHE CASES. Warranted Fine Smooth Leather (Nut Colour\ lined leather, fitted with lift-out blotting pad, memoranda and address books, nickel spring ink bottle, pen, pencil, paper knife, and fitted pockets for stationery, and secured with two good spring nickel locks. Size : 14 by 9 by 3^ inches. Ordinary Price - - 50 - SPECIAL O/r/- PR ICE - - ^^f" Orders from the Colonies and Abroad 3 - extra to cover additional packing, carriage and insurance. A VERY USEFUL AND HANDSOME PRESENT. 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Volume III, <'jiiip!i;t;ru' "ii" import ,'\iil \\.,rk, ■aiII -•■■>i, h.- pi, KliHd.iI THE LAST LEGITIMATE ZING OF FRANCE. By Phitft«ur<- affonltd to th« mert lover of bookn. lli- ntrWtt <>f Krrnch rtmieicn. lU'W hcinp l»»»(« ■ rriit'|iiii-i( n lo thiit of "Evorymnn, " wHI ■Mint the ft|>prfciition of the rerlprocil lltcrnrj Intliifnre eirnitxl Rt didc cnt pi ricdi by ourielvrs aiid our ntl^M our* la. tutcAcI) voUimv. ' ~^' '~ —— Inei 40 NEW VOLUMES JUST ADDED TO EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY. Q net S» L'luili Completing 6,(o VoliimoK. ^o. I.iithiM J. M. DENT & SONS Ltd., 112 Aldine House. London. W.C. 488 The Review of Reviews. A Smart Hard-Wearing Overcoat Made to Measure for 24/- We are practical cutters, we know iust how to get style and dis- tinction into yoiir clothes. Beinfl situated at HudJcrslR-ld— the centre of the cloth manufacturinf! district — we can command the pick of the looms, the finest ctoth there is, and are able to supply you at first cost. NEAVY OVERCOATS, Beaver. Melton, or Fleece Cloth, double or single breasted, with deepstormcollarandbelt, made to your.own, measurements, from 24/- to 44/-. Quality, cut, and finish guaranteed ; many styles and patterns to choose from. CLOTH : — If preferred, we supply the cloth only, from 3/- to 8/6 per yd. Your own tailor can make it up. OUR GUARANTEE:- Your money will be instantly re- funded if. on inspection, you are not satisfied. Foreign and Colonial Orders receive Special Attention. PATTERNS: -Send a post-card to-day for free range and self-measure- ment chart. GROVES & LINDLEY, 70 Lion Buildings, HUDDERSFIELD. LADIES WHO APPRECIATE PARIS FASHIONS HATE NEWTON, - 151, 153, - GREAT PORTLAND ST.. LONDON, W. Che Rou$«, par txctllence, tor pro- curins the latest Paris and Uienna model Gowns of etithrainnfl beauty and high-class workman hip at genuine Baraalti Prices. Hv ^cUlM .irr.iliKt:' lit M.i W orili, Doiicct. Ijreoill, litter, StL-iir. (irunwalill, wnd oHht prcnii( ilie respcctivf lionsel in .1 bi*ivilflcriii^ r.Tin;c. i'lir G.irnumts in Srtltle niid lit^s costly I-nrs .Tt imicli reduced i>rices. WHDnmr. GOWNS ANO TRiU S SI Al \ A SPiICIAIJT^. Chic. Quality and Value coiublned. — IT WILL PAY YOU TO CALL - Tw nrflent cases any nmwber of flownt can be altered to ftt in less than i* hours, on our own premises. KATE NEWTON '"-^'" GREAT PORTLAND ST. Mninifcs ...itt //.hmOi/i)!.; Cifciis.) London, W. PESCO ALL WOOL ANU SILK AND WOOL UNDERWEAR made in a Factory devoted exclusively to high-class Woollens, , . The fact that ei'ery garment produced in this factory is absolutely Renuiiie and dependable is good reason why you should never ^o beyond the PBSCO maliC. In the PESCO factory, faked qualities are never made for sal.e of price, cheap wool is never used alongside the good- the highest and best only are attempted and achieved. This means absolute satisfaction with PESCO Underwear foregone conchision. This guarantees to every wearer comfort, protection, durability and the absence of risk in any PESCO purchase. Shrunken Garments are Replaced. Pl-'SCO for LailiL-s, (icntleiiien :ind cliiklren is obtainable in every si/e. every shape and every texture t will j^ivc you pure and gcnii-lVee water. 'I'hink o your clulUren's health. H'rUf/or Cill.uo^ut •• iV" la THE BERKEFELD FILTER CO., Ld. 121 OXFORD StREEt LONDON. W A RCUEDY or LONO HTANDIffa TfUt. " - * . ! * -* ■ •" '' " ' 1 ,: ■■ i"i.; • '' ■' i«'. ' (r-.TT ' - ■' ' MAN Th.r mil r. i-ir.:j,...l ■] N3W IS THE TIME TO HAVE REAL HARRIS SUIT OR COSTUME IT ^ vi.w x'i ^ sT^ LKH A (;i>(.|> I <'i:M OUR HARRIS TWEEDS I f ti; I, \ 1)1 1:-^ \\ I • \ii:\s \\ !■; Wi C-juiu ■Jircct (ruin lllc Home of tin- H.irr.\ liuluj,tr, til S. otLind .'loil arc f;uaraiUi.'t.-un .ind ILintl Loom Woven from i>uri; liumc>iiri wii wot.'!. Prices from 3/ XX per yard Scnti for our " Hook of the Harris" and rance: li.ittpriis, fr«.'r on cr'tucif. T. S. CLARK & aONS, llcii I) )M.nufjnurtri. CARNWATII COTLANO HEIGHT INCREASED II you are under foriy. I can increase your height by from two to three inches within (hr -e tnonths, by means of my special exrr- c\%vs. No aiipjianrcs, no drugs no dieting. SiMid ihrce pennv stamp? for particulars of 111V -vMrni ARTHUR QIRVAN, Sprci-il I t t.i the IiKrrjsr nf Ilri^^St 'f'rpt. H K 17 Stroud Qroon Road* London, N. LEXXERS OOIPIED WHILE WRIXING By UBlnfc youp own Letter Paper, invoices, &o., \vlth the V»U limply interl jour wrilinii pjii,,-! ji, llic hnUirr .tnd wiilc. W'lirrviUH.i. >.j,i .c« iiic by llic act <'f w ptrfact letter .tiul j |*rfecl i,i'py (whi. li rciimiiu iii llie li"vk . llicri.- u int ^iga ufcupyin^, no pctrumlec.l. One Oumploli' N S.t;. 4/200 copvinu 2U 0 Quarto or 400 Or.Uivo [altera 3/9 pout free. 4/400 copyinic ■'00 Qunrlo or BOO Oclmo lolleri. 5/- poit free. N SO 49° The Review of Reviews. H OLLYER PRINTS. From celebrated pictures by BuRNE-JONES, Watts, Rossetti, and the Old Masters; many por- traits of eminent men ; landscapes by Turner, Constable, and COROT, and decorative sculpture by Harry Bates. Illustrated Catalogue, 1/- (foreign stamps accepted). FREDK. HOLLYER, 9 Pembroke Square, London, W. A small colour print of " Hope," by Watts, post free, 11/- JAMES BONSOR S CO., Buccleuch Mills, Hawick, N.B. Sole K«t«ft at ^.^ LADIES' CENTS 6- CHlLDREJft HEALTH WEAK. Combinations, Vests, Spencers, Nightdresses, &c., &.C. Golf Jerseys & Steamer Coats, Norfoll< and otiier Styles, Cycle Knickers, &c., &c. Please ask for "Buccleuch Health Wear." to be had at all leading houses, or particulars direct to — X Dept., BUCCLEUCH MILLS, HAWICK, N.B. "BUCCLEUCH" IB pronounced BuoK'loo. Foreign and Colonial enquiries invited. Charcoal purifies the system and is invaluable for INDIGESTION. Acidity, Hear-burn, Impure Breath, and Diarrhcta. Rci-ox'ii. ■,•'!■ 'I i;i l>.,ri„y^. 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With Luminous Chapters, as above - £3 0 0 \'>'ith Luminous Spots only .. .• 2 12 6 Ed^vard, THE JEWELLERS' AND SILVER. SMITHS COMPANY. B ^' A r !■ O 1 N r MEN I T O H.M. KING GEORGE V. 92 BUCHANAN ST., GLASGOW. The Review of Reviews. 491 NERVE TROUBLES. A sufferer who has expended X200 vainly seekini; a ooro, after using a short conrse of Blindorwar*, WRITES :— ' I took the ' Blinderwart ' kindly pre- - and it did scribed for me by Dr. me a great deal of good. It is the onlv remedy I have ever had that has proved of any real service in my case." *^ Free Booklet { _^*=a*=^.. BLINDERWART 1$ th« purest and most pou'crtul cl ntrvc toods. It Is not a druji or lab- oratory product, but Is the identical nourishment provided by nature her- self lor the sustenance o( the nerue- centres and cells. It .-"ii.himb solely f.{ nuii-poibonoiis nature*niade it" ducts, prepareii with tlie iiio^t scrupulous care and tho hiKilKBt scieutiflc bkill. It cures neurasthenia, and .ill forms of nerve briakdowii, TnSOmnia, win iher acute or chronic . Sclattca, arid neuritis, Rysterla, Cocomotor Htaxy, |..nii other forms 01 I'aral> B.s. CiC Douloureux, NeuralRia and Hcail aclies. Cessentd Power and eneri;.i . and, w■helle^ cr cure is itossilile, an.\ and e\ery disea.'.eof nervoi.s origin. Special advice will be (Itcd free a< to diet, etc., I ud the method most suitable in your case for taking Blinderwart, if particulars are forwarded with application for Free Booklet, All corres- pondence will bt treated as strictly private and confidential. I SEND TO-DAY FOR BOOKLET «nd copiei of Teslinionials. What Bllndcrwa ft has done fr,r othen* it will do for vr.ii To THE BtKLlN CHEMICAL CO. (Dept. R.R.I 63 Baker Street, London, W. PIcaieaend me pur return tree c( Charge "d prepaid v't- book on br. Uotime.vei • Bltld.■ Special Note -We cai ., Sussex, afflicted fifteen years, and attended by ten different doctors, after twelve baths in si.x weeks, permanently cured of Eczema. Mr. K. H.. London. S. ]■"... writes as to a complete cure of ChronIC Catarrh, Indlgrestlon, and Constipation, in his own case, and Dropsy ill his wife's case. Kev. W. W., Salop: Rev. A. W.. Great Yarmouth; Rev. T. E. S. C, Lanes. : Kev. J. W. I)., Walsall ; Kev. O. H.. Moun- tain .\sh : anrl hundreds of others reroiumend the " Century Thermal ' liighly for the cure of Bripht's Disease, Lumbago, Sciatica, Rheumatism, Bronchitis, Gout. Mr. (i. W. S,. of Manchester, afflicted feu years. w.as cured of nervous prostration, headaches, Indigestion, insomnia, and mental exhaustion. Mr, I. W. 1.. of Bury, testifies that it did his wife more good ill five we.lcs than two years' doctoring. Cured her of blood poisoning, and others of lurnbago and influenza. Mr-s. U. I,., of Kciisingioii. after sunerilig for years, .lud beini; .1 total invalid from RheUmatlC Arthritis, sjicnding pounds on doctors' bills and visits to Buxton, was completely Cured after using the "Century Thermal." Iluiidrcds of others testify to inar\elloiis cures. and get our Free Illustrated Book No. sio, and testimonials fro WRITE TO-DAY liundrctls uf McIiRlitcd pcoi)Ic. Mention /Cevirw of Reviews. Uon't tliink j-ou c;m t afford it. Wrilc us and wc will make y.-u such a proposition as to enable you to possess a " Century Thermal " free uf all cost to yourself. AGBNTS yNANTEO. CENTURY THKRMALBATH CABINET, Ltd. {Dept. 510), 205, REGENT ST,, LONDON. W. The Ideal Cabinet FOR BUSY MEN. A '%"_'ll riiiiflif.l Ciirnice of liantlsoine ai'i'earaiirf . . 0/9 Cartl Iiiilcv l>rawpr«, ^i/0 ■'. t-y ^, Iiol.lint; alxnit 1,000 Itecont CaT.l^ 20/- Canl Iiulex Drawers, hizc G !■> 1 lioMiiitf about '2,1)00 HecordCnrdn If/ Cnri'i Index I)rawer8, si/o f by ."•, holdiuB alJODt '2,600 Record Cards 22/- Stiitiiiiifry or Electro Drawer. . .. 16/9 riOl-outSlab 11/3 FiliriR Drawer for 4to I*ocunirnts. holdint; about 1.000 raiwrs . . 27,'9 Filing Drawer for Foolecap I>oi'n. mentfc. holdiuB about 1.000 pHpero *•' Lc^' Base to raise from flivjr . . (Not necessary if standing on talde or »ln'lf.) 7/6 SPECIAL FEATUHES-Tlie Scrtiuiif are — 1)1 Solid 0«k. «cll season. (1 and D.rk bomiij, ^-■illl H.„d,om. Antique Fittin,!.. It i« not necessan- to orilet '>!» •■;»*;^„;'.;;;;VJ ,il,„vo ; Sietion. .r..ol known Duplicator, On list H,M,'s Su, Office, Educational Authotities, &c. FARQUHARSOM BROTHERS F.if tory, Cyro Works— Ortice*. 191 Hope St., Glasgow. M.irli M Mii^li-n.iss TvprwrltiT .nut Pui.lic.ifor Siipplirs. KEMEMbER THIS-GENTLEMEN The "HIGH-SPEED" "EESI" Razor Alic:idv (.iMicil ^11 ovci the world. WILL SHAVE YOll CLOSE and keep ll-' PERFECr EDGE lor all time, or your mOMrv rrtutued a! an: limt. THE ONLY RAZOR MADE OF PERFECT SIEEL Hul Hcnicnbcr. Apain. Your Money Kcturned If Not Salished. I'tiie 10 6. in Sulid Ltatlicr C.i'.i-. — Tivu K.i^ors. 31,-. in Soli. I Oak Cm, , K.Ml Ivi.ry 11,11, .III-. I'U.ST 1 Kht TO ANY C'U N I KV. Ucnulllul I'rriciil. D 0. COOPER, Razor Speclillst, 50 St. Enoch Sg , Glasiow. i; \c.ii'-' I'r.inicil hivicriciic,-. The Review of Reviews. 4M CILTIVATC ARTISTIC TASTE By buying our Masterpiece Art Portfolios. They g^ive much better \alue for the money than most of the prints which adorn ( ?) the walls of many a home. You can Ret them, if you order promptly, for is. 7d. each, post free! The Collotype given away with each portfolio is alone worth double the money. Beautiful Half-Tone Reproductions of Famous Copyright Pictures. The pictures are printed on plate paper, average size 13 x 10 inches. Kive dLslinct sets are oflfered. Farh set is enclosed in a neat portfolio. Each single Portfolio mailed for 18. 6d. (18. 7d. If Stamps sent), or the complete set of 4 Portfolios sent for 6s. Contents of Portfolios. PORTFOLIO No. 2. MurlMo for the Million. Six Pictures by Murillo, illustrative of the parable of the Prodigal Son, together with a pre- sentation plate of Raphael's " Sistine Madonna." PORTFOLIO No. 4. 12 Famous Pictures of Beautiful Women. Head of a (lirl, with Si arf ((Irrii/i-), Thf .-Artist and Her Daughter (Mme. l.ebrun), .Madame ^^ola Raymond I Mme. Lebrun), Portrait of Mrs. Sid- dons (Gainsborough), The Broken Pitcher (Greuzc), Portrait of the Countess of Oxford (Hopner), The Countess of Blessington (Law- rence), Lady Hamilton as Slinstress (Romncy), Portrait of Madame Racamier (David), thf Duchess of Devonshire (Gainsborough), Mrs. Braddyll (Reynolds), The Hon. Mrs. Graham (Gainsborough), and a Collotype reproduition of Ouf" Alexandra (Hughes). REMEMBER. Any single portfolio mailed to Poetai Note, or is. 7d. Stamps. The set of 4 PORTFOLIO No. S. Various Pictures, A Hillside Farm (Linnell), The Youth of Our Lord (Herbert), Ecce Ancilla Domini (Rossetti), Rustic Civility (Collins), Salisbury Cathedral (Constable), Burchell and Sophia in the Hay Field (Mulrcady), James H. Receiving News of the Landing of the Prince of Orange, 1688 (Ward), The Pool of London (Vicat Colo), Recep- tion du Dauphin (Tito Lessi), and presentation plates " Joli Coeur," and " Blue Bower," by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. PORTFOLIO No. 7. Two Fine Collotypes. The Cherub Choir (Sir Joshua Reynolds, PR. A.), Venice (J. M. \\. Turner, R.A.). any address for Is. 6d. In Money Order or Portfolios sent for 6*. The Secretary Ballarat Fine Art Gallery says: — "One of the sets is worth half-aguinea." H THE REVIEW OE REVIEWS EOR AISIRALASIA," TEMPtRANCt & OtNtRAl Lift ASSlRANCt BIIIDING, SWANSTON-ST., WtlBOlRNt. 494 The Review of Reviews. BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. This Handsome Present Is one that will be acceptable to either very young or older children. The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in appearance, and put together strongly. THEY ARE FULL OF NURSERY RHYMES, FAIRY TALES, FABLES, STORIES OF TRAVEL, Etc., Etc. Everyone who buys the Books is delighted with them. Numbers of people repeat orders for friends. 7ou Could not Buy a Better CHRISTMAS GIFT FOB 70Un CHZLB. ©nly J/(y CONTENTS: VOL. I.— ^sop's Fables. VOL IL— Baron Munchausen and Sinbad the Sailor. VOL. III. — Tho Adventures of Reynard the Fox and The Adventures of Old Brer Rab- bit. VOL. IV.— Twice One are Two. VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress. VOL. VL — Nursery Rhymea and Nursery Tales. VOL. VII.— The Christmas Stocking and Han» Andersen's Fairy Stories. VOL. yill.— Gulliver's Travels. 1.— Among the Little People of Lilliput. 2. — Among the Giants. VOL. IX.— The Dglv Duckling, Eyes and No Eyes, and The Three Giants. rr Write, enclosing Ys. 6d. (o^ from New Zealand, 8s. 6d.) The Manager THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS." TEMPtRANCE & GENERAL LIEE ASSLRANCE BlILDINO, Swanston St., Meib., AND IT WILL BE SENT TO YOU, POST FREE. All New Zealand Orders .should be sent to the " Vanguard" Office, 100 Willis Street, Wellingtoa. Itte'nw of I}f views, 1 1 12 . H. How the Japanese Always Remain Slender. NO ONE NEED REMAIN FAT NOW. Traveller and Scientist Discovers Long-sought Secret. Reduced His own Weight 100 Pounds Without a Single Drug, after all Advertised Remedies had Failed Absolutely. How to Reduce Fat One Pound a Day and then Always Remain SLIM. No Drugs, Medicines, Starvation Diet, Exerolslng, or Apparatus used. Finds Simple Home Treatment Worke Wonders. Arrangements Now Made to Have all Stout Readers of this Magazine Receive a Free Copy or Dr. Turner's Wonderful Book, " How I Reduced My Weight 100 Pounds." In an InWrview iiocorded uiK>n lii» return from a long triip. Dr. F. M. Turnor. the phyBician, scientiHt and traveller. widely known terfectly proportioned form of Dr. Tumor t-^>-d;iy the same man who only a few montliN previously they knew as a semi-invalid, so enormously fai that he could h.xrdly walk. When questioned conceminK his health ami the remark- able change in his appearance. Dr. Turner said: — " My disi-overy <-ame about durintc my trip, and in this way: When seekine data for some literary work, I founil ;t reference to the m;inner in which the .T.ipaneso were s.aid to e.'iffily overcome an.v tenderwy to take on supcr'- fluous flesh. It was easily apparent from observation that the Japs, are <'omp:ir;iliveIy he;irty eaters, iind that their diet consists larirelv of ri<>«, the most starchy, and. there- fore, the most fat/-forniinK of all grains. I had often won- dered why. in spite of these f:icl». the nalivcs of .Japan. iKjth men and women, alw:tys present such a slender, trim, n«a.t a-ppearance .although corsets are rare in that <»>untr>'. the women there have beautiful figures that any Knglish woman might well envy, and the Jap.inese men have strength .and |H>wer8 of enduraru^ that are prover- hial. .Vfter diligent inquiry about the cause of tliis. I l)e- cume more than ever i-^nwuweA that they were U8in|: there in Japan methoda .>f fat reduc-iion and fat prevention far in :ulvauce of :Lnythiii« known to medical s<'ienoo in this i-'juntry. \m the finding of such a method was a matter of life or death to me at that time, I consulted numerous authorities, and set at>out asking' questions of those who would Ik* likely t'> know anything at>out it. I am glud lo sav that my uiKttring edorls wore fin;illy rewarded by the discovery of a now mc:ina of fat reduction that I iletermlned to give a short trial irnmedi:itely. I w:i» fairlv • liirtled to behold tJie wonderful change It made in my appearance, and the improvement in my health that was notloMible from the very first. My fat began u> vanish at the rale of one p'>iind a day. sometimes more. I knew I had at last disco\ered Ih© s©<-rct that had been vainly sought for ye:irs. and I continued the treatment until \ had lost more than 100 |>oiinds In weight. I t>ecame stronger with every pound I lost, and sn reg.iinwl all my old-time tlgoiir "f ho nnd tha : the reduction was permanent, nor has my fat shown the slighiest tendency to return since then." Dr. Turner then went on to explain the ti^atment he discovered, .and while any one must :idmit that it is a highly logical method and undoubtedly eflective to a won- derful degree, yet it is so simple that even a child can underst:ind it and obt.ain moat satisfactory results. Surely, in view of all these proven facts, no stout person need :iny longer feel that he or she must remain fat now. Lack of sp.ace prevents a full description of the entire meth.id here, but Dr. Turner h.as described it in a handsomelv bound and extremely interesting little booklet, entitled ■ How I Redui-ed My Weight 100 Pounds," and by special arr.angement with the doctor we are able to announce that these v:iliiablo t>ooklets, while they last, are to be dis- triliiited absolutel.y free to Reiieir ot Rciictr.' readers who .ire sufficient ly interested to send two penny stamps for postage and packing. The books are sent in plain wrapping. :ind we :ire told liiat there are only about 1000 of the last edition left. When these are gone the doctor may not liivve any more printed, .is ho says the extensive business and professional interests will deni.ind all his time from now on. and also ho may depart on another long trip at any time, so will probably h:ive no time to give the matter personal atten- tion again for several months at least. He. therefore, wi' not promise us to send the Ixioks to any readers who do not write him immediately. The doctor's present address is P. .M. Turner, c/o The Dr. Turner Oo (Dept 771 B). 2M (Jroat Porthuid Street, I»ndon, W., and any requests sent there during the next few d:iys will be given prompt atten- tion. Wo urgently advise all Rsiicic o/ Kcntiiv stout rojidors u> obt«,in this woiwierful book, and begin reducing weight iiiimediaU-ly. as such a chanoe us this may never perseiit itMilf again. This oBer is made for the special benetit of Kciicu ul K.'iicii J readers, and in order to prove that you are entitled t..) receive one of the books entirely free of cost l>e sure to sond the f.illowing coupon, or write and iiiciiti..ii Vo 771 B FREE BOOK COUPON. P. M. Turner Portlanri SIrrcI, CO The London, rir. Tiirne w. Cn. (Dept. 77 B). in G r»t Enclovd fiini 4tn enlltled as a (wo penny ■(xmpi lo hrlp pay for poitat:** ref hook on driii;tr«« uelf;h( rr