> eh. stetetemiertanrsen pate e adghshctinha ng nd ab NP ae rbete Fir eRe Aiietedd db-Ay gh acu Oa lig a | naa g r ¥ - ; b am Mis Z ( i 5th ql i Ms Thar hi el (= 4a = E: Private Library of Ernst Mayr brary Percy E. Raymond, Muse: im of Eee Zooey Harvard Universay ide > ie ‘ ; : is 5 i 9 F A 1 ’ i ‘ of Ay : , . = 7 < - : E an = ’ y _ ; ~- ' : ' i i s ‘ , i | . I i GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA G. M. Dawson, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALH ONTOLOGY VOLUME IV Aan A REVISION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS The Madreporaria Perforata and the Alcyonaria BY LAWRENCE M. LAMBE, F. G.8. Assistant Palceontologist Ou T AW A. PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY Wis) 8) 8) fe $2 4. No. S72 mk: adh ee) PITRE LE AAR A Arcs GRAAL (CORE Bil E / ‘ 1 a) iy POR Ate Mec 2 wee NCL 5, PACA hai sl gt HAW TY AND Mobo ke cob WP ae Rie h ee ih AT ae: ’ i Pn Meat ie , f , p ; aad ff Mb ceoiiat ih ecw ek kya tT M ani Waa } \ f ; ; ; Za sti te CEE ENA SA nase ie aN ith Z 2. Corals, as is well known, form a large proportion of the fossils found in the Paleozoic rocks of Canada. Unfortunately, however, the classification and nomenclature of these corals have long been in a state of some con- fusion. Witha view to remedying this, Mr. Lambe has, at Mr. Whiteaves’s suggestion, undertaken a revision of the genera and species. The present report on the Madreporaria Perforata and the Alcyo- naria, with five plates, forms the first part of the fourth volume of ‘“ Contri- butions to Canadian Paleontology”. | A second part, now in course of preparation and to be illustrated by thirteen plates, is intended to conclude the revision of this class so far as present material permits. GEORGE M. DAWSON. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT. Ortawa, October, 1899. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAONTOLOGY. VOLUME IV. Parr f. A REVISION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF CANADIAN PALMHOZOIC CORALS. The Madreporaria Perforata, and the Alcyonaria, BY LAWRENCE M. LAMBE. The following pages consist of a revision of the genera and species of Canadian Paleozoic corals, with as complete a description as possible of their structural characteristics. The classification of the corals in the first volume of Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Paleontology has been for the most part adhered to and, in most cases, original descriptions of the genera and species, as the writer understands them, have been prepared. As far as the material available will permit, the various genera of the Madreporaria Perforata are taken up in order and later those of the Alcyonaria. At a future time it is hoped to complete a revision of the Actinozoa by a similar treatment of the remaining sections of the Zoantharia. It is attempted to show that some forms hitherto considered of little value as regards the determination of the age of the deposits in which they occur, on account of their wide range in geological time, are capable of indicating definite horizons through the possession of distine- tive structural peculiarities. The advances made in paleontology of recent years and the new light thrown on some doubtful points of struc- tural detail, through the medium of additional and sometimes better preserved material, have either necessitated the removal of some species to different genera or have strengthened others in the positions already assigned to them. All the fossils mentioned in the following pages with few exceptions are in the collection of the Geological Survey Department at Ottawa and are the result of many years collecting in all parts of the Dominion by officers of the Survey. 1 R—4 i) CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. The writer takes this opportunity of expressing his thanks to Mr. Whiteaves for critical suggestions made during the progress of this report, and to Professor H. Alleyne Nicholson for the loan of a number of types of Canadian species of fossil corals described in the two “‘ Reports upon the Paleontology of Ontario” and in his “ Palzeozoic Tabulate Corals.” ACTINOZOA. ZOANTHARIA. 1. Madreporaria Perforata. FAVOSITID 2. Genus Favosires, Lamarck, 1816. (Hist. des An. sans. Vert., vol. IT., p. 204.) Calamopora, Goldfuss. 1826. Petrefacta Germanie, vol. I., p. 77. Emmonsia, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 246. Astrocerium, Hall. 1851. Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 120. Corallum of variable shape, massive or branching, composed of con- tiguous, prismatic, polygonal corallites, that are placed in communication with each other by circular mural pores ; walls thin and bearing on their inner surface spiniform septa or squamule ; tabule numerous, complete, horizontal; basal attachment small; lower surface covered by an epitheca. In this genus the corallum may be discoidal, hemispherical, spherical, lobate, digitate or clavate, with numerous modifications, and also ramose. The corallites are in close contact with each other, without a complete amalgamation of the walls, and are either polygonal, subpolygonal or cir- cular ; they emerge at right angles to the surface and in the ramose forms diverge outward from an imaginary central axis ; they are either equal or subequal, or are distinctly of two sizes, in which latter case the larger ones are subangular or circular, and the smaller ones polygonal. Septa are represented by tubercles or spines, arranged in vertical rows or irregularly distributed, or by horizontal, tongue-shaped processes (squamule) also occurring in rows. The mural pores are placed in the sides of the corallites, or close to or in the angles; in the former case they occur in one, two or three definite vertical rows or are disposed without order. Longitudinal striations sometimes occur on the inner surface of the walls, one to each space between the rows of pores. Although the walls of the corallites are typically thin, a decided thicken- ing is at times observable. Opercula are present, in some species, closing tamac. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 3 the calyces. The tabule are frequently crenulated, or have more or less well defined depressions at the margin. As has been already pointed out by Rominger,* all Cambro-Silurian or Silurian species of this genus have spiniform septa whilst those of the Devonian have squamule. FavostrEs GoTHLANDICA, Lamarck. Plate I., fig. 1. oT Gothlandica, Lamarck. 1816. Hist. des An. sans Vert., vol. I1., p. 206. a Goldfuss. 1829. Petrefacta Germanie, pl. XXVI., figs. 3a, 3e. Favosites favosa, Goldfuss. 1829. Ibid, pl. XX VI, figs. 2a—e. Favosites Gothlandica, Lonsdale. 1839. Murch, Sil. Sys., p. 682, pl. 15 bis, figs. 3, 3a and 4. eg a Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzoz., p. 232; and 1855, Brit. Foss. Corals, E 256, pl. LX., figs. 1, 1a. a e McCoy. 1855. Brit. Paleoz. Foss., p. 20. i ee Billings. 1863. Geology of Cuaar p. 305, fig. 302; and 1866, Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 32. is sf Nicholson. 1875. Paleon. of Ont., p. 51. Favosites favosa, Nicholson. 1875. Ibid, p. 52. Favosites Gothlandica, Nicholson. 1875. Paleon. of Ohio, vol.-IT., p. 224. Favosites favosa, Nicholson. 1875. Ibid, p. 229. Favosites favosus, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 20, pl. IV., figs. 1—4 and pl. V., fig. 2 Corallum growing in subhemispherical, discoid or irregularly shaped massive expansions generally with a more or less convex upper surface ; basal portion covered by a concentrically wrinkled and finely striated epitheca. Corallites prismatic, generally rather equal in the same speci- men, varying in different individuals from about 2 or even less to 5 mm. wide. Pores circular, surrounded by a slightly raised rim, in one, two or three rows in the sides of the corallites ; averaging from about -25 to 33 mm. in diameter. Tabule complete, flat, at times concave or convex, and varying considerably, even in the same specimen, in their distances apart from each other ; they frequently exhibit concentric lines of growth. Marginal depressions or crenulations are often developed in the tabulz and in some specimens are very noticeable, extending for some distance toward the centre of the tabule; in the same specimen these erenulations may be well marked in some of the tabule and altogether wanting or but slightly formed in others. Short, close set, sharply pointed septal spines project inward, with frequently a slight upward inclination, from the walls of the corallites ; sometimes they are arranged apparently without order, at other times in more or less definite longitudinal rows. * Ecological Survey of Michigan, Fossil Corals, p. 19. 1876. 17) a 4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALZONTOLOGY. fF. Gothlandica occurs at numerous localities in the Niagara, Guelph and Lower Helderberg formations, in divisions 2, 3 and 4 of the Anti- costi group and in rocks of supposed Hudson River age at Stony Mountain, Manitoba. The specimens in the collection are from the following localities—in the Niagara from Thorold, Ont., EH. Billings ; Rockwood, Ont., R. Bell, 1861; Owen Sound, Ont., J. Townsend, 1874; Grand Manitoulin and Cockburn Islands, Lake Huron, R. Bell, 1866 ; Drum- mond Island, Lake Huron ; at the north end of Lake Temiscaming, Que., R. Bell, 1877 and A. E. Barlow, 1883, 1884: in the Guelph from Galt, Ont., R. Bell, 1861: in the Lower Helderberg from |’Anse au Gascon, Baie des Chaleurs, R. Bell, 1862 ; Anse a la Vieille and l’Anse a la Barbe, Baie des Chaleurs: in divisions 2, 3 and 4 of the Anticosti group from various localities, J. Richardson, 1856 and Professor John Macoun, 1883. The specimens from Stony Mountain were collected by T. C. Weston in 1884. Two small specimens were also collected on the east side of Mans- field Island, Hudson Bay by R. Bell in 1884 from rocks that have been doubtfully referred to the Niagara. A number of specimens were obtained by A. P. Low at Limestone Rapids on the Fawn branch of the Severn River in 1886 in rocks which are supposed to be ‘not older than the Galena and may be as new as the Niagara.” * In 1894 specimens were obtained at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, by J. B. Tyrrell, in rocks that have been referred to as of Cambro-Silurian age. In addition to the above localities /. Gothlandica was collected in rocks of Silurian age at Davis Point, Lake Manitoba, by J. B. Tyrrell, 1888, and at the west side of Cedar Lake, at Cross Lake Rapids and at. Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan River near its mouth by J. B. Tyrrell, 1880; also at a slightly lower geological horizon, a few miles south of Long Point (station 1030), Lake Winnipeg by D. B. Dowling, 1891. FAVOSITES ASPERA, d’Orbigny. Plate I., fig. 2. Favosites alveolaris, Lonsdale. 1839. Murch. Sil. Sys., p. 681, pl. 15 bis, figs. 1, 1a., 16 and 2, 2a. Favosites ‘aspera, @Orbigny. 1850. Prodr. de Paléont., vol. I., p. 49. " " Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz.,. p. 234. " " Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1855. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 257, pl. LX., figs. 3, 3a. " " McCoy. 1855. Brit. Paleoz. Foss., p. 20. * Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report, 1886, new series, p. 18 of Mr. Low’s. report. tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 5 Favosites prolificus, Billings. 1865. Canadian Naturalist, 2nd series, vol. IL., p. 429; and 1866, Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 6. Favosites (?) capax, Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 6. Favosites Niayarensis, Rominger (non Hall). 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals. p. A ols Mion sates als Fuvosites aspera, Lebedeff. 1892. Obersilurische fauna des Timan, p. 8. pl. L., figs. 1, Or, Oy Os Favosiies prolificus, Whiteaves. 1895. Paleeoz. Foss., vol. III., pt. I1., p. 113. Corallum massive, attaining to a considerable size, subhemispherical or broadly expanding and agreeing in general external form with /avosites Gothiandica, Lamarck ; upper surface generally convex, under surface as a rule rather flat, protected by an epitheca. Corallites prismatic, with an average width of nearly 2 mm., generally rather equal in the same speci- men. Tabule complete, horizontal, often concavely or convexly bent, rather close together, generally from -5 to 1 mm. apart but frequently more distant and showing a considerable variation even in the same speci- men. Small marginal pits or depressions in the tabule are sometimes deve- loped in this species, but as a rule they are small and inconspicuous. Pores of moderate size, placed in or close to the angles of the corallites, in some specimens very numerous and about °75 mm. apart, sometimes encircled by a raised border. Occasionally pores are seen in the sides of the coral- lites, but this seems to be exceptional. Septal spines sharply pointed, as arule short but capable, as is evinced by some specimens, of a much greater degree of development and becoming moderately long. In this species the septal spines are not so numerous as in the preceding and occur more generally in longitudinal rows. The corallites of some specimens are very much below the average width of nearly 2 mm. being less than 1 mm., whilst in other specimens they are very unequal and vary in diameter from about ‘5 to 2 mm. This species occurs in the Hudson River formation in Anticosti and at Stony Mountain, Manitoba, as well as at Stonewall, Manitoba, near the latter place ; it is also found in the four divisions of the Anticosti group. Specimens of a Favosites have also been collected at Hast Selkirk and Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba, that are doubtfully referred to this species ; they do not show the pores although otherwise the structure is well preserved. The rocks at these localities have been assigned by Mr. Whiteaves to the Galena-Trenton so that if through the medium of other specimens from these places the pores are found to be situated at the angles of the corallites, the downward extension of the range of Favosites aspera will be considerable. The largest specimen in the museum is from Stony Mountain and was collected by R. W. Ells in 1875; itis 10 inches broad, 24 inches in 6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALZONTOLOGY. maximum thickness or height and is a portion only of the entire corallum. Specimens of Favosites aspera were collected in the Silurian (Niagara) near the mouth of the Saskatchewan River at Roche Rouge by J. B. Tyrrell in 1890, and a little lower down the river at Grand Rapids by D. B. Dowling in 1891; also in the Cambro-Silurian at a locality (station 1030) a few miles south of Long Point, Lake Winnipeg, by D. B. Dowling in 1891. Favosites Hisinceri, Milne-Edwards and Haime. Favosites Hisingeri, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzoz., p. 240, pl. XVIL., figs. 2, 2a, 2b. Astrocerium venustum, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 120, pl. 34, figs. la—j. Astrocerium parasiticum, Hall. 1852. Ibid, p. 122, pl. 34, figs. 2a—z. Astrocerium pyriforme, Hall. 1852. Ibid, p. 123, pl. 34 A, figs. la—e. Favosites Hisingeri, Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1855. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 259, pl. 61, figs. 1, la, 10. Calamopora venusta, Rominger. 1862. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd series, vol. mm. in width. Pores of moderate size, about ‘25 mm. in diameter, occurring generally in one row, though sometimes in two rows in the sides of the corallites. A slightly raised margin is seen round many of the pores but this is evidently not a constant character as very frequently the edges of the pores are quite plain or even slightly depressed when weathering would not account for the change. Tabule complete, hori- zontal, at times slightly concave or convex ; frequently exhibiting margi- nal depressions. Squamule few in number, rather small, narrow and rather short, extending only a short distance into the corallites. Inner surface of corallites faintly striated longitudinally. This species is distinguishable from other Devonian Favosites principally by the size of the corallites whose sides have most frequently only one row of pores and by the fewness and small size of the squamule as well as the large number of well developed tabule. Found in the “ Middle Devonian*” of Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba. Western shore of Dawson Bay, Lake Winnipegosis, J. W. Spencer, 1874, one specimen (loose) and at Whiteaves Point, Professor J. Macoun, Lampe. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. ng 1875, one specimen (a portion of a large mass 1 foot in diameter) ; at a number of localities at the southern end of Dawson Bay, and also at St. 125 on the east side of Lake Winnipegosis, J. B. Tyrrell, 1889; and at Monroe Point, Lake Manitoba, J. B. Tyrrell and J. F. Whiteaves, 1888. These specimens are preserved in the dolomitic limestone of this region. Mr. E. Billings and Professor Nicholson have expressed the opinion that Favosites Gothlandica is common to the Silurian and Devonian forma- tions of Canada. It was on the strength of these determinations that Mr. Whiteaves identified the Manitoba specimens of /’. Alpenensis with F. Gothlandica. Dr. Rominger however, has shown that the Silurian species may be distinguished by their spiniform septa and the Devonian forms by their squamule. Favosites Bruurnesil, Rominger., - Favosites Billingsti, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 28. Favosites Gothlandica, Nicholson. 1879. (not #. Gothlandica, Lamarck. 1816.) Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 46, but quoted on p. 56, from Arkona, Ont., as var. Billingsii, Rominger. Favosites Gothlandica, var. Billingsit, Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. I1., p. 121. Corallum growing in broadly expanding discs, of varying convexity above, with a small central base of attachment ; under surface rather flat with irregular concentric ridges and covered by an epitheca marked by minute concentric lines. Corallites prismatic, unequal, with an average width of about 2°5 mm.; in some specimens a few dispersed corallites occur that are noticeably larger than the others and attain a maximum diameter of about 4 mm. Pores generally in one sometimes in two rows in the sides of the corallites ; about 33 mm. in diameter and surrounded by a raised margin. Tabulz complete, horizontal, numerous, in distance apart varying from less than 1 mm. to 2 or 3 mm. and frequently exhibit- ing a varying number of marginal depressions. Squamule present in small numbers only. Where the exterior of a corallite is exposed in a fractured surface it is seen to be delicately striated in a transverse direction. The largest specimen seen by the author is 10 inches in diameter and 3 inches high but Dr. Rominger in his original description of the species records a diameter of 3 feet. Abundant in the Hamilton formation of Ontario. ‘* Contr. to Can. Palezon., vol. I., pt. IV., p. 258, 25 20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PAL ONTOLOGY. FAVOSITES DIGITATA, Rominger. Favosites digitatus, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 38, pl. XV., fig. 4. Pachypera cervicornis, Whiteaves (pars). 1891. Contr. to Can. Palzon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 206. " " Whiteaves. 1892. Cont. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. [V., p. 273. Corallum consisting of cylindrical or slightly flattened, irregularly branching stems varying in diameter from about 7 to 20 mm., or even more, and apparently seldom attaining to any great size. The terminal ends of the branches are sometimes slightly attenuated, at other times they are thickened and end abruptly. Corallites prismatic, not very thin walled. Calyces rather at right angles to the surface, somewhat unequal in size measuring from slightly over 2°5 to 1 mm. in diameter in the same individual ; they radiate outward toward the surface in the manner usual in branching forms of this genus. Tabule horizontal, complete, appar- ently not numerous. Squamule well developed and abundant on the inner surfaces of the corallites. Pores of moderate size, in some speci- mens rather distant and irregularly disposed, in others inclined to form single rows. Favosites digitata occurs in the Hamilton formation of Ontario, in the middle Devonian of Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba and the Devonian of the Mackenzie River basin ; its nearest ally seems to be /. cervicornis, Milne-Edwards and Haime, of the Corniferous formation in Canada, from which it is distinguished by its much less robust and more straggling form of growth, by having fewer pores that apparently do not occur in regular rows, and by further slight differences in structure that are noticeable when specimens of the two species are compared side by side. Devonian.—Thedford, Ont. ; Lake Manitoba, Pentamerus Point, Big Sandy Point and east side of Narrows, J. B. Tyrrell, 1888; Lake Winnipegosis, Dawson Bay, J. B. Tyrrell, 1889 ; Hay River, forty miles above its mouth, R. G. McConnell, 1887 (one specimen), the “‘ Ramparts ” Mackenzie River, R. G. McConnell, 1888 (three fragments), Vermilion Falls, Peace River, R. G. McConnell, 1889 (one specimen). Genus ALVEOLITES, Lamarck, 1801. (Syst. des An. sans Vert., p. 375.) Corallum in the form of hemispherical or discoidal masses or irregularly shaped expansions of varying thickness, composed of more or less flattened, intimately united, thin walled corallites opening most frequently obliquely to the surface and connected by mural pores placed generally in the ues. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 21 lateral angles ; tabule complete, transverse or somewhat oblique ; septa occurring as spines or longitudinal ridges, seldom in the form of squamulz ; attached centrally below and with a basal epitheca. In the genus Alveolites there is no expansion of the corallites at the calyces nor is there any thickening of the walls near the surface. The calyces are typically subtriangular and oblique to the surface, although in some species this obliquity is less apparent, as is also the compression of the corallites. The pores and tabule, septal spines or squamule are as a general rule not so numerous as in Favosites whilst the development of longitudinal ridges forms one of the features which distinguish this genus from /favosites and suggests its near relationship to Cladopora. ALVEOLITES LapecHel, Milne-Edwards and Haime. Alveolites Labechei, Milne-Kdwards and Haime. 1851. Polpy. Foss. des Terr. Palseoz., p. 257. " " Milne-EKdwards and Haime. 1855. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 262, pl. LX1., figs. 6, 6a, 60. " " Billings, 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 33. In division 3 of the Anticosti group at South Point, Anticosti, and in division 4 at South-west Point and at the Jumpers, Anticosti, is found in abundance an Alveolite which was identified by the late Mr. Billings with this species. An A/veolite similar in structure to the Anticosti one is found at Fossil Hill, Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron and at Skunk Island off the south-western end of Manitoulin Island, also a little further west at Point Detour and at Owen Sound, Ont. A small specimen which pro- bably also belongs to this species was found at l’Anse au Gascon, Baie des Chaleurs, in rocks that have been assigned to the Lower Helderberg forma- tion. The specimens from Skunk Island, Manitoulin Island, Point Detour and Owen Sound are from the Niagara formation, and those from Anticosti from the probable equivalent of that formation on the island. A specimen that is thought to belong to this species was collected on the north-east side of Lake Winnipegosis (Station 227, No. 198) by J. B. Tyrrell, in 1889 (Silurian). The corallum of the Canadian representatives of this species takes the form of a low spreading mass, attached centrally at the base, with a some- what convex upper surface, and a flat concentrically wrinkled lower sur- face with a thin epithecal covering ; a specimen from South-west Point, Anticosti, has a breadth of about 8 inches with a thickness of nearly 2 inches at the centre. Other specimens, some of them from Mani- toulin Island and vicinity, depart from this form of growth and have a less symmetrical shape ; they are frequently much thicker without a cor- 22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAZONTOLOGY. responding increase in breadth. The corallites are compressed and diverge from one or more basal points outward with calyces oblique to the upper surface ; they are thin walled throughout their length and vary in breadth from ‘5 to 1 mm., with a height of about -25 mm. Pores of moderate size placed at the angular edges of the corallites. Tabule numerous, directly transverse, about ‘5 mm. apart. In some of the Lake Huron specimens a longitudinal ridge is present on the lower side of the calyces, and two or three rows of septal spines can be seen projecting from the inner surface of the upper wall of the corallites. Of this species Milne-Edwards and Haime remark that it very closely resembles A. suborbicularis, Lamarck, of the Devonian formation, a species that has not as yet been recognized in Canada. ALVEOLITES NIAGARENSIS,* Rominger. Alveolites Niagarensis, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 39, pl. XVI., figs. 1 and 2, but not A. Miagarensis, Nicholson, 1875. ‘‘Convex hemispherical masses of concentrically laminated structure, covered by an epithecal crust on the lower concave side, or undose, discoid expansions composed of superimposed layers of prostrate tubes, diverging with a slight spiral twist from a central vertex, several of which are sometimes observed on an expansion. The compressed tubes are always more convex on the upper sides, with a corres- ponding concavity of the lower sides, which rest on the convexities of the subjacent tubes. The compression is sometimes only moderate, and the outside of the oblique orifices is formed by a projecting arched lip ; in other specimens the compression is stronger, the orifices become narrow, lanceo- late, or fissure-like, with an appressed subplane lip on the outer side. The orifices of the majority of specimens are surrounded by a cycle of denticules, corresponding to longitudinal rows of spinules along the inner surface of the tube walls. The rows are rarely fully twelve in number, and some of them are always more strongly developed than others. In some specimens no denticulation of the orifices can be observed, and the tube channels are found to be almost smooth ; this is not the case in all cases owing to the want of development of the crests or spinules ; these seem often to have been obliterated by imperfect preservation in the process of petrification.” *TIn 1889 Mr. S. A. Miller in his ‘‘ North American Geology and Paleontology ” proposed the name A. wndosus for this species. As Nicholson had already, in 1875, in the ““Paleeontology of Ontario” described a dendroid coral from the Niagara limestone at Rockwood, Ont., under the name Alveolites Niagarensis, and as this coral is not an Alveolites but most probably a Cladopora, the specific name of Rominger’s coral is here retained. tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 23 “ Diaphragms somewhat distant and oblique. Pores large, marginal, causing a pouch-like dilation of the tube wall at the spot where situated. Diameter of tubes in the wider transverse direction varies in different specimens, from a half to one millimeter, which difference in size greatly alters their aspect. The degree of compression of the tubes, their more erect or more prostrate position in various specimens also cause numerous variations in their appearance, but no tangible line between one and another of the forms exists.” ‘It occurs in great abundance in the Niagara group of Drummond Island, at Point Detour, and in other localities.” (Rominger.) With this species are identified specimens collected by R. Bell, at the north end of Lake Temiscaming, Que., in 1887, by J. B. Tyrrell, in 1890, at Grand Rapids, Roche Rouge, Cross Lake Rapids and Chemahawin, all on the Saskatchewan River, in the district of Saskatchewan, by D. B. Dowling, at Grand Rapids, in 1881, and by A. E. Barlow, on the Isle of Mann (Burnt Island) Lake Temiscaming, Que., in 1893. At these localities the rocks are of Niagara age. The large prominent pores mentioned by Rominger are well shown, especially in the specimens from Cross Lake Rapids, where the rock is a light yellow dolomitic limestone, and the coral is preserved so that the corallites are free of matrix and show the tabule and septal spines ; in the examples from Lake Temiscaming the structure is best seen in sections. Another specimen was collected at Limestone Rapids, on the Fawn branch of the Severn River, by A. P. Low, in 1886.* The corallites in these particular specimens are irregularly polygonal, scarcely any compression is noticeable and they emerge rather at right angles than obliquely to the surface. A near approach to Favosites is thus seen to occur in a species which shows a considerable variation in structural details on which depend its generic affinities. ALVEOLITES GoutpFuss!, Billings. Alveolites Goldfussi, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 255, fig. 5. " " Nicholson. 1874. Paleeon. of Ont., p. 56. " u Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur., Mich., p. 42, pl. X VIL, fig. 2. " " Hall. 1876. Illus. Dev. Foss., pl. XIV., figs. 5—9. " u Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. II., p. 121. Corallum forming discoidal masses with an undose upper surface ; attached by the centre of the basal surface, which is approximately horizontal, uneven and covered by a thin, minutely and concentrically striated epitheca ; sometimes measuring as much as 9 inches across, with See foot-note p. 4. 24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. a thickness of 2 or 3 inches. The corallites, as seen in vertical sections radiate upward and outward from the basal nucleus with a spiral twist and emerge obliquely to the surface; they are thin walled throughout their length, subpolygonal in transverse section, about 1°5 mm. wide and ‘9 mm. high, generally with a broadly arched convex upper wall, one or two somewhat concave lower walls and two short, straight, side walls, with modifications of these. The obliquity of the corallites to the surface and their compression are subject to much variation, those that are most oblibue showing the greatest amount of compression. The coral- lites undergo no change at the surface, they end abruptly without expand- ingand without any thickening of their walls, the calyces beingsubpolygonal and of the same shape and size as the corallites in the interior of the corallum. Mural pores of moderate size, occurring in the sides of the walis of the corallites, not numerous. Tabule complete, placed at irregular intervals. The inside surfaces of the walls of the corallites, as shown by natural exposure through weathering and by means of sections, are studded with numerous small squamule arranged in: longitudinal rows, those of one row alternating with those of the next, in the manner so usual in cer- tain species of Devonian Favosites. On the basal surface of the corallum the thinness of the epitheca permits of the shape of the corallites, which here radiate outward almost horizontally from the centre, being clearly seen. Of not infrequent occurrence in the Hamilton formation of Ontario, and also found in the Corniferous limestone, as is evinced by a specimen in the collection from Cayuga, Ont., collected by J. DeCew. ALVEOLITES squamosa, Billings. Alveolites squamosus, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 257. u " Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., p. 41, pl. XVI., figs. 3 and 4. Corallum in the form of irregularly shaped expansions, attached by the centre of the base, sometimes 5 or 6 inches in diameter and about 1 inch thick. Often a much greater thickness is attained by the growth of additional layers of coral, one above the other. Upper surface irregular, generally more or less convex, lower surface flat, pro- tected by a thin, somewhat concentrically wrinkled epitheca, in which the lateral outlines of the corallites radiating outward can be seen. Corallites thin walled, compressed, very oblique to the surface, from ‘5 to 1 mm. broad and about ‘25 mm. high ; in transverse section they are broadly arched above, and concave on either side of the centre below. The interior of the corallites is studded with numerous sharply pointed tanas. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 25 septal spines, and near the calyces a longitudinal ridge is present on the lower wall, whilst in some specimens indications of two longitudinal ridges can be seen occupying the inner surface of the upper wall. Pores numerous and placed at the angular sides of the corallites. Tabule complete. Found in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. ALVEOLITES VALLORUM, Meek. ? Alveolites suborbicularis, Lamarck. 1816. Hist. des An. sans. vert., vol. II., p. 186. ? Calamopora spongites, var. tuberosa, Goldfuss. 1829. Petrefacta Germanie, p. 80, pl. XXVITI, figs. la—e (cet. exclusis). Alveolites vallorum, Meek. 1868. Trans. Chicago Acad. of Sciences. vol. I., p. 86, pl. XI., figs. 9, 9a. ? Alveolites suborbicularis, Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 126, pl. VI., figs: 2, 2a—b. Alveolites vallorwm, Whiteaves. 1891. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 207 ; and 1892, ibid, vol. I., pt. IV., p. 274. Corallum forming irregular expansions of considerable thickness with a small basal attachment, upper surface generally uneven of variable shape, under surface provided with an epithecal covering, somewhat flat, at times showing rough concentric wrinkles marking successive stages of growth, reaching a breadth of 5 or 6 inches with a thickness of about 1} inch. Corallites moderately thin walled throughout their length, flattened, wider than high, with a broadly arched upper wall and generally doubly concave on the lower side, reaching the surface at a somewhat oblique, but rather variable angle ; average size ‘75 mm. wide and ‘0 mm. high. Pores of fair size, about -2 mm. in diameter and ‘5 mm. apart, occurring in single rows near the two angular sides of the corallites. Tabule numerous, complete, from about eight to fourteen in a space of 5 mm. Numerous small spiniform septa project from the inner surfaces of the walls of the corallites; these are only seen in very well preserved specimens, either in polished sections or when the corallites are free from matrix. A strong longitudinal ridge is present on the lower surface of the calyces and extends apparently for a short distance only into the interior of the corallites. At times the corallites appear to radiate from a number of centres, with a consequent result that the coral- lites in these specimens are rather unequal in size, and their obliquity to the surface is variable. This species was described by Meek from specimens collected by Robert Kennicott at the ‘‘ Ramparts” on the Mackenzie River, forty miles above old Fort Good Hope. Through the kindness of the author- ities of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, the writer has been 26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. enabled to examine Meek’s type specimens and to compare them with specimens in the Survey collection, from the Hay, Mackenzie, Peace and Moose rivers, and Lake Winnipegosis, that had been referred by Mr. Whiteaves to Meek’s species. Alveolites vallorum bears a striking resemblance to A. suborbicularis,, Lamarck, as figured by Goldfuss in the Petrefacta Germanie, pl. XXVIII, figs. la—e. The resemblance in structural details between the two species is also seen in a description given by Nicholson of some specimens of A. suborbicularis collected by him in the Eifel ; this author- ity is inclined to separate a form with numerous spiniform septa and a. pedunculate base from one with an incrusting habit in which septa were: not seen. From Goldfuss’s figures it would appear that the corallum is very variable in shape and would include both forms. As regards the septa, they can be recognized only under favourable circumstances in well preserved specimens. The retention of Meek’s species for the reception of the Canadian specimens is, however, thought advisable until it can be ascertained by direct comparison what the true relationship of A. vallorwm: to A. suborbicularis really is. This species is represented in the collection by specimens from Devonian rocks at the following localities: junction of the Red and Peace rivers, A. R. C. Selwyn and J. Macoun, 1875; between the Long Portage of the Missinaibi branch of the Moose River and Moose Factory, R. Bell, 1877; Hay River, forty miles above its mouth, R. G. McConnell, 1887 and 1888 ; Mackenzie River at the ‘‘ Ramparts” and at: ‘Rock by the river’s side,” R. G. McConnell, 1888; Peace River at Vermilion Falls, R G. McConnell, 1889; Lake Winnipegosis, J. B. Tyrrell, 1889, on the Red Deer River, at several localities in Dawson Bay, on Manitou Island, on a small island off Weston Point, and on Snake Island. Genus Ca@nitEs, Eichwald. 1829. (Zool. Spec. t. I., p. 179.) Limaria, Steininger, 1831. Mem. Soc. Géol. de France,, t. I., p. 339. Corallum dendroid or forming thin expansions with a basal epitheca,, composed of flattened or subpolygonal corallites that reach the surface by an abrupt bend and terminate in narrow slit-like calyces almost at right, angles to the surface ; walis of the corallites thin except at the surface where they are suddenly thickened; mural pores irregularly dispersed ;. tabule complete, transverse, rather distant ; three longitudinal ridges are sometimes present in the outer ends of the corallites. Lames. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. TG Cenites appears to be most nearly related to Cladopora, from which it. is distinguished by the shape of the calyces and by the sudden, not gradual, thickening of the walls of the corallites at the surface. The corallites are at first prostrate, when the corallum has the form of a thin expansion, but when it is dendroid they are almost upright in the centre of the branch or stem. The calyces are transversely elongated and may be straight or curved. C@NITES JUNIPERINA, Hichwald. Cenites juniperinus, Kichwald. 1829. Zoolog. speciale, t. I., p. 197. Lnimaria clathrata, Lonsdale. 1839. Murch. Sil. Sys., p. 692, pl. 16 bis, figs. 7, Ta, 7 6. Cenites juniperinus, Milne-Edwardsand Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzoz., p. 301. Limaria ramulosa, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. IL, p. 142, pl. XXXIX..,, figs. 4a—d. Cenites juniperinus, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1855. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 276, pl. LXV., figs. 4, 4a. Alveolites repens, Billings. 1863. Rep. of Progress, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 323. Alveolites Niagarensis, Nicholson and Hinde. 1874. Canadian Journal, new series,, vol. XIV., p. 152 and 1875, Paleon. of Ont., p. 56, fig. 27. Limaria ramulosa, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 43. Cenites juniperinus, Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 184, pl. VL, figs. 5, 5 6.. “Corallum dendroid, of cylindrical dichotomously-dividing branches, the diameter of which is generally about two lines. Corallites nearly vertical in the centre of the branches, with thin walls, and about one- sixth of a line in diameter ; gradually diverging in their upward course: till they reach a point from one-quarter to half a line from the surface,. when they suddenly bend outwards, their walls being now greatly thickened, and the visceral chamber reduced to a mere slit. Calices. fissure-like and elongated in the direction of the transverse diameter of the branches, their long diameter about one-third of a line; the lower margin adorned with two prominent teeth, while the upper margin carries. a single tooth corresponding in position to the notch between the lower teeth. Tabule not very numerous, but well developed and complete. Mural pores moderately numerous, circular, not excessively large,, irregularly distributed.” (Nicholson.) A number of fragments, from | to 2 inches long, of a dendroid: coral with cylindrical branches, about 4 mm. thick, from the Niagara. formation at Thorold, Ont., are referred to this species. In longitudinal sections the structure is seen to be similar to that described by Nicholson ;, the thickening of the walls of the corallites when they bend abruptly outward near the surface, and the mural pores and tabule are clearly seen.. Transverse sections show that a prominent longitudinal ridge occupies the- 28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. inner sides of the corallites near the surface, and in one corallite this ridge is opposite to two ridges in the outer wall. Niagara formation.—Thorold, Ont., collected by E. Billings. Ca@niTEs LuNATA, Nicholson and Hinde. Cenites lunata, Nicholson and Hinde. 1873. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. XIV., p. 151, figs. 2a, 0b, c. " » Nicholson. 1875. Palzeeon. of Ont., p. 55, figs. 25a, b, c. “Corallum forming a thin crust, apparently about two-thirds of a line in thickness. Calyces strongly curved, crescentic or lunate, their form being due to the projection into their cavity of a single strong rounded tooth developed from the concave lip. Calyces about one-fourth of a line in their long diameter, and one-eighth of a line across; eight in the space of two lines. Corallites perpendicular to the surface, appearing as if embedded in a dense ceenenchyma, though this is most probably due simply to the great thickening of their walls.” (Nicholson and Hinde.) Niagara formation.—Owen Sound, Ont., J. Townsend, 1874; north end of Lake Temiscaming, Que., R. Bell, 1887; and the “Jumpers” Anticosti. Ca@nites Sretwynt, Nicholson. (Sp.) (Plate I., figs. 4, 4a.) Alveolites Selwynii, Nicholson. 1874. Geological Magazine, new series, vol. I., p. 15, fig. 3; 1874, Paleeon. of Ont., p. 56, fig. 15, plate VIL, fig. 4. Corallum in the form of a thinly incrusting expansion about 2 mm. thick with a thin basal epitheca. Corallites flattened throughout their length, prostrate and by a sudden upward bend debouching at right angles, or with only a slight obliquity to the surface ; average breadth slightly over 1 mm., average height -°25 mm. Walls of the corallites thin, except at the surface, where they are greatly thickened, causing the calyces to have the form of narrow slits. Calyces more or less curved, sometimes straight, about 2 mm. long and :25 mm. wide with thick rounded margins and a broad not very distinct lip on the concave side of the opening ; a depressed line surrounding the calyces defines the outer limits of the corallites. Tabule complete, distant. Mural pores of medium size, placed about 1 mm. apart in the narrow edges, but also occurring irregularly in the broad sides of the corallites. The epitheca is finely striated in a direction at right angles to the length of the corallites. The calyces are sometimes quite straight, but it is usual to find them either evenly curved backward or else bending backward at either end ; they are about 1 mm. in advance of each other and overlap laterally. a ee tamee. | CAANDIAN PALZ0OZOIC CORALS. 29: Cenites Selwyni bears a close resemblance to the Silurian C. linearis, Milne-Edwards and Haime*, but its calyces are about twice as broad and are more generally curved than straight. Rare in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario ; the specimen described by Nicholson, the only one that he had seen, was collected at Port Colborne; the single specimen representing the species in the collection of the Geolo- gicol Survey was obtained by Mr. 8. W. Howard, at Hagersville, Ont., and presented to the museum in 1890. Genus Ciapopora, Hall. 1852. (Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 137.) Corallum ramose, sometimes reticulated, flabellate or palmate, or forming laminar expansions, composed of closely united, subpolygonal corallites with expanded calyces that are oblique to the surface and margined below by a lip ; walls of the corallites at first thin but becoming gradually thicker as the surface is approached ; pores not numerous, dispersed ; tabule com- plete, transverse ; three denticulated ridges developed near the calyces ;. squamule sometimes present ; opercula closing the calyces present in some species ; epitheca rarely developed. This genus is distinguished from Favosites and Alveolites principally by the gradual thickening of the walls of the corallites near the surface, and by the expansion‘of the calyces, which are bordered below by a more or less prominent lip. The corallites are at first subpolygonal and sometimes: slightly compressed, later becoming more nearly circular as the walls thicken ; in the ramose or fan-shaped forms they diverge from an inner axial line or plane and end in circular, oval, reniform, sometimes almost lunate calyces more or less oblique to the surface. The longitudinal ridges apparently do not extend far into the corallites and end where the calycular expansion takes place. The walls of the corallites are distinct and do not completely coalesce. CLADOPORA MULTIPORA, Hall. Cladopora multipora, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 145, pl. XX XIX. figs. 1 a—g. Favosites? multipora, Nicholson. 1875. Paleeon. of Ontario, p. 53. “Frond ramose or reticulate; branches short, terete, in the reticula- tions cylindrical; cells numerous, closely arranged, penetrating to the axis in a slightly oblique direction; openings upon the surface sub- angular or circular, sometimes apparently tranverse ; reticulations irregu- Brit. Fossil Corals, pl. LXV. fig. 3. 30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. lar, and the dichotomous branches often extending beyond and terminat- ing in terete forms. Cells 48 or 60 in the space of an inch longitudi- nally.” (Hall). This species is represented in the survey collection by specimens from Lake Temiscaming, Que., collected by Sir William Logan, in 1845, and Dr. Robert Bell, in 1887. From an examination of the Canadian specimens it is seen that the ccorallum is formed of a number of upright stems, with an average diameter of 3°5 mm., growing closely together in an irregular manner and frequently branching and anastomosing so as to form an obscurely reticulated mass. The corallites are almost vertical, or only slightly inclined outward in the central part of the stems or branches, but near their distal ends they bend rather abruptly outward so that the calyces are almost at right angles to the surface. The walls of the corallites become stouter as they approach the surface, where the maximum thick- ness is attained. The calyces are rather irregularly disposed, not arranged in definite rows, somewhat angular, wider than high, their distance apart vertically being about equal to their width; from ‘3 to ‘5 mm. wide and about half as high. Tabule and septa have not been recognized, but comparatively large mural pores are seen to be present. Milne-Edwards and Haime, in their British Fossil Corals, p. 263, make Cladopora multipora, Hall synonymous with their species Alveolites ? seriatoporoides. This opinion, the writer is not fully prepared to follow, and prefers, for the present at least, to refer the Canadian specimens te Hall’s species. Locality.—Lake Temiscaming, Que. ; Niagara formation. CLADOPORA CRASSA, Rominger. (Sp.) Limaria crassa, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 44, pl. X VIII., fig. 1. i Coral thinly incrusting, from 2 to 4 mm. thick, but at times apparently thicker, due to the growth of one layer over the other, com- posed of thin walled and sometimes slightly compressed, prostrate coral- lites that bend upward to the surface with thickened walls and end in moderately oblique, transversely subelliptical calyces with a not very prominent lip on the upper edge. Calyces about ‘75 mm. in width and slightly less from back to front, and separated from each other by an average distance, due to the thickened walls at the surface, of ‘5 mm. Sometimes by the growth of a layer on the basal surface of another, a comparatively thick expansion is formed having calyces opening on either LAMBE. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 31 sides. Mural pores of average size, irregularly dispersed. Tabule com- plete, apparently numerous. Rominger mentions the presence in his specimens”, in the interior of the corallites, of three ‘‘crests” such as are found in Cladopora cryptodens, Billings, one on the inner side of the wall near the mouth, the other two opposite on the outer wall. The epitheca covering the lower surface and mentioned by Rominger in his description of the species is not preserved in the Canadian specimens. This species is very like the Devonian form Cladopora turgida, Romin- ger in general appearance and structure, and apparently differs only from it in its less robust growth and in its usually incrusting habit. Niagara formation.—North end of Lake Temiscaming, Que. R. Bell, 1887; Isle of Mann (Burnt Island) Lake Temiscaming, A. E. Barlow, 1893. CLADOPORA CRYPTODENS, Billings. (Sp.) (Plate I., figs. 5, 5a.) Alveolites cryptodens, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 115, fig. 16. Favosites polymorpha (pars), Billings. 1859. Ibid, p. 111, fig. 11. Striatopora formosa, Billings. 1860, Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 254. Cladopora magna, Hall and Whitfield. 1873. Twenty-third Report, N.Y. State Museum of Nat. Hist., p. 230, pl. 10. figs. 3 and 4. Cladopora cryptodens, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 49, pl. XX., figs. 1 and 2. Pachypora or Alveolites (cfr. A. cryptodens, Bill.), Whiteaves. 1892. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. 1V., p. 273. Corallum ramose, rather straggling in its growth, consisting of slender stems, circular in transverse section, sometimes as much as 15 mm. in diameter, that branch or bifurcate at rather distant intervals. Corallites radiating upward and outward, and issuing obliquely to the surface in slightly expanded somewhat circular calyces margined below by a sharp prominent well defined lip. Walls of the corallites moderately thin at first, but becoming thicker as the surface is approached, where the maxi- mum thickness is attained. Corallites circular or rounded polygonal in section, gradually increasing in size until an average diameter of 1:5 mm. is attained at the surface. Tabule, as seen in longitudinal section, complete, about’ ‘5 mm. apart. Squamule small, occurring on the sides of the walls of the corallites. Pores rather irregular in distribution, of moderate size. Three longitudinal ridges are present in the interior of the corallites ; beginning near the mouth they appear to extend a short dis- tance inward and are apparently denticulated at the edge; one of these *From the Niagara limestone of Poimt Detour, Drummond Island, Lake Huron, &c. By CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. ridges occupies the side nearest the axis of the stem or branch and is opposed by the remaining two on the side toward the exterior. A certain amount of variation is noticeable in different specimens, and in parts of the same specimen, in the obliquity of the calyces to the surface; in the lower parts of the corallum especially, the corallites are apt to emerge more nearly at right angles to the surface. That this species is at times reticulated, is borne out by a specimen presumably belonging to this species, in which frequent coalescence of the branches is observable. In some specimens many of the calyces are closed by opercula. In only a few of the specimens are the longitudinal ridges apparent, the corallites being as a rule either filled with matrix or quite empty with smooth sides. The tabule and squamule are seen in longitudinal sections, whilst the pores are preserved in most of the specimens. The wearing or weathering of the surface, with the destruction of the lips of the calyces, brings to light the subcircular or polygonal outlines of the individual corallites, a feature not seen when the surface is entire. In a specimen of C’. cryptodens, in which the tooth-like ridges are pre_ served near the mouths of the corallites, striations are seen on the wails of the calyces, as in Striatopora formosa. These two species are strikingly similar in outward form and the discovery in the formerofacharacter which was relied on for their specific as well as generic separation, can scarcely leave any doubt as to their being conspecific. The calicular striations are not seen except in weathered specimens and may represent septal ridges or groovesonly partially developed, or possibly are the result of the unequal weathering of the wall substance of the corallites. The specimen of C. cryptodens referred to was obtained in the Corniferous limestone at Rama’s Farm, Port Colborne, Ont., by E. Billings in 1857. This species occurs in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario and in the Devonian formation on the Red Deer River, Lake Winnipegosis ; it has also been collected from Devonian rocks at the Long Portage, Missinaibi River, and on the Albany River. CLapopora LABIOSA, Billings. (Sp.) Alveolites labiosa, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new zeries, vol. IV., p. 104, figs. 14 and 15. Cladopora probifica, Hall and Whitfield. 1873. Twenty-third Report N.Y. State Museum of Nat. Hist., p. 230, pl. 10, fig. 2. Alveolites labiosa, Nicholson. 1874. Paleon. of Ont., p. 53, fig. 12. Alveolites Billingsi, Nicholson. 1874. Ibid, p. 55, fig. 14c. Cladopora labiosa, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 51, pl. XXI., fig. 2. tamac. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 33 Corallum ramose, reticulate or subpalmate ; branches or subdivisions circular or oval in transverse section, varying in thickness from 3 to about 8 mm. ; calyces oblique to the surface, slightly expanded, with the outer edge produced into a strong projecting lip, subcircular sometimes slightly broader than high, from about ‘3 to ‘5 mm. across; when the surface is abraded the openings appear triangular and higher than broad owing to the loss of the lip. The calyces are sometimes about their own diameter apart, often closer. Corallites rounded polygonal or subcircular, their walls thickening gradually toward their distal ends. Mural pores small, few in number, irregularly placed. What appear to be tabule have been observed in some specimens. Rominger mentions (op. cit.) haying seen longitudinal ridges in the interior of the corallites of this species, as in Cladopora cryptodens, Billings, but they have not been detected in the specimens that have come under the writer’s notice. This species differs from Cladopora eryptodens, Billings, to which it is most nearly allied, principally in the more slender form of the corallum and in its more delicate structure. Occurs in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario ; a loose specimen was collected by R. Bell, in 1886, on the Albany River which flows in the latter part of its course through a large Devonian area. Crapopora FiscHer!, Billings. (Sp.) Alveolites Fischeri, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 256, fig. 6. u " Nicholson. 1874. Paleon. of Ont., p. 57. Cladopora Fischeri, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 47, pl. XIX., figs. 1 and 4. Pachypora Fischert, Nicholson and Etheridge, jun. 1877. Jour. Linn. Soc., vol. XIII., p- 362, pl. XX., figs. 18—20. " " Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 91, fig. 16. " " Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. II., p. 121. Corallum in the form of irregularly palmate or flabellate, thin expan- sions, arising from a short, stout, stalk-like base and attaining to a con- siderable size ; sometimes as much as 4 inches high, seldom more than 6 mm. thick and at times expanding above to a breadth of about 3 inches. Corallites irregularly polygonal, having an average diameter of about °5 mm. but varying considerably in size, with moderately thin walls that exhibit a gradual thickening toward the calyces. The corallites bend outward and upward, as in other species of this genus having a palmate or flabellate corallum, from a central axial plane and issue obliquely to the surface on both sides of the expansion. Calyces, with an average breadth of about °75 mm., circular, transversely oval, semicircular or reni- form, with the lower edge produced so as to form a sharp-edged lip ; 3 34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALMONTOLOGY. distance apart variable, depending on the amount of thickening of the walls of the corallites at the surface, but generally less than their width, In parts of the corallum, possibly where the regularity of growth has been disturbed, the calyces are nearly or quite at right angles to the surface and irregular in shape, with rounded outlines and without alip. Often on one side of the expansion, as in Cladopora turgida, Rominger, the out- lines of the calyces are less sharply defined and more depressed than on the other, the difference in the two sides resulting possibly from the corallum not growing quite erect, the side on which the more sharply defined calyces are being probably uppermost. The calyces are frequently closed by opercula. Mural pores of moderate size, about 1 mm. apart vertically, and not occurring in regular rows. Tabule complete, few in number. This species is apparently nearly related to Cladopora turgida, Rominger, from which it can be readily distinguished by the comparative thinness of its corallum and more delicate form of growth generally, and by the smaller size of its calyces, which have thinner walls and are consequently much closer together. Abundant in the Hamilton formation of Ontario, and found occasion- ally in the Corniferous limestone of the same province. CLADOPORA FRONDOSA, Nicholson. (Sp.) Alveolites frondosa, Nicholson. 1874. Geological Magazine, new series, vol. I., p. 15, pl. II., fig. 2; 1874, Paleeon. of Ont., p. 57, fig. 16. Cladopora Canadensis, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 48, pl. XG XG oo: Pachypora frondosa, Nicholson and Etheridge, jun., 1877. Jour. Linn. Soc., vol. XIII., p. 362. " " Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 94, fig. 17. " " Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. II., p. 121. Corallum irregularly palmate with a stout massive base, spreading above into a thin lobate expansion ; three or four or probably more inches in height, somewhat less in breadth, from 1 to about 5 mm. thick in the upper portion, and sometimes attaining a diameter of as much as 23 mm. near’ the base. Corallites subpolygonal or circular, -3 mm. in average diameter, beginning with moderately thin walls that become gradually thickened as they fproceed outward from the central axial plane to the surface on both sides, where their greatest thickness, which is often con- siderable, especially in the basal portion of the corallum, is reached. Caly- ces small, lunate or crescentic, about ‘6 or ‘7 mm. in breadth, provided below with a sharp lip that is more or less prominent and often depressed below the general level ; generally about their own breadth apart, or even Lames. | CANADIAN PALOZOIC CORALS. 35 less, but often more widely separated, especially near the base. Lips of the calyces more or less indented at the centre. As in C. Fischer, Billings, and C. turgida, Rominger, the outlines of the calyces are more rounded off or less sharply defined on one side of the corallum than on the other, and on this side also faint polygons, surrounding the valyces, are sometimes seen marking the limits of contiguous corallites at the surface. Abundant in the Hamilton formation of Ontario. Mural pores rather small, few in number. Tabule not observed, but they are mentioned by Nicholson as being present in specimens examined by him. This species is distinguished from C. Fischert mainly by the smaller size of the corallites and the decidedly crescentic shape of the calyces ; it appears to form a link connecting this genus with Cenites, Eichwald, in which the walls of the corallites are very much thickened at {the surface, and the calyces have the form of curved or linear fissures. CLADOPORA TURGIDA, Rominger. Cladopora turgida, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Surv. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 48, pl. XIX., fig. 2. Corallum in the form of flabellate expansions with rounded edges, attaining a height of over 5 inches with a thickness of about 10 mm., and of varying breadth. Corallites diverging upward and outward from an imaginary inner axial plane, which is often nearer one side of the expansion than the other, and issuing obliquely to the surface on both sides and on the edges of the corallum ; calyces generally slightly over 1 mm. in maximum width, circular or transversely oval, with a slightly thickened lip forming the lower boundary, and generally less than their width apart. The corallites, owing to the excentricity of the axial plane from which they ascend, are often longer on one side of the expansion than on the other, the Jonger corallites having more prominent and less oblique calyces than the shorter ones. Corallites almost circular and greatly thickened as the surface is approached. Mural pores, distant, ‘rather small. What appear to be tabule are seen in a few specimens at distant intervals. The calyces, especially in the lower portions of the corallum, are frequently closed by opercula. Occurs in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. A fragment of a specimen of this species was collected by R. Kennicott at the ‘‘ Ram- parts,’ Mackenzie River, and is the property of the United States National Museum at Washington. 3 36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAONTOLOGY. CLADOPORA LICHENOIDES, Rominger. Cladopora lichenoides, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Surv. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 46, pl. XVIL., figs. 1 and 4. Corallum spreading horizontally in rather thin laminar expansions, from 2 or 3 mm. to over 10 mm. in thickness, with an epitheca on the lower side; frequently the expansions occur one above the other in an approximately parallel sequence, one tier connected with the one imme- diately below it at one or more points, but otherwise distinct and separated by varying distances. Corallites averaging 1 mm. in diameter, at first prostrate and asa rule slightly flattened, then bending upward and becoming more nearly circular in transverse section, and finally emerging at a slightly oblique angle to the surface. Walls of the coral- lites thin below, but gradually thickened as the surface is approached, in some specimens considerably more than in others. Calyces rather variable in shape, irregularly subpolygonal or oval, 1 mm. in average width, three or four occurring in a space of 5 mm.; they are without a definite lip except when their obliquity to the surface becomes pro- nounced. Tabule complete, distant. Squamule, as shown in one speci- men, occurring on the inside of the walls of the corallites. Mural pores of moderate size, not abundant. This species in having corallites that are more or less flattened when prostrate near the base of the expansion shows a certain likeness to Alveolites, which, however, disappears when the walls of the corallites become thick ; it is readily distinguished from other species of Cladopora by its general form of growth. Found in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. Crapopora Ramer, Billings. (Sp.) Alveolites Remeri, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 255. " " Nicholson. 1874. Paleon. of Ont., p. 54. Cladopora Rameri, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 50, pl. XX., fig. 3. Alveolites Rameri, Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. I1., p. 121. " " (pars) Whiteaves. 1891. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 207 (specimen collected by R. G. McConnell). This species was defined by Mr. Billings in the following short des- cription—“ Stems from two to three lines in diameter, usually cylindrical, but sometimes sub-palmate, branching. Cells transversely oval, about half a line wide and one-fourth of a line in length; in general distant from each other from half a line to two-thirds of a line in the longitudinal direction of the stem, and half that distance in the transverse direction.” LAMBE ] CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 37 The branches or stems are generaliy found in a fragmentary condition, in pieces an inch or two in length. An examination of the type and other specimens in the collection of the Geological Survey tends to show that the only difference between this species and C’, /ischert, Billings, is found in the shape of the corallum, which in the former is ramose with cylindrical or subpalmate branches, and in the latter irregularly palmate or flabellate. What has already been said about the general structure of C. Fischert, as regards the form and size of the corallites and calyces, the disposition of the mural pores and other details, applies equally to C. Remeri, the only differences being those incidental to the change in the form of the corallum. Although in the latter species the cylindrical stems become at times suppalmate, no specimens of either species have apparently been seen that would justify the opinion that the two forms passed the one into the other ; in the meantime therefore the writer is inclined to regard C. Remeri as worthy of specific distinction. Found in the Hamilton formation of Ontario, and recognized by Mr. Whiteaves in a specimen collected by R. G. McConnell, in 1875, from the upper Devonian of the Peace River, in the district of Athabasca. Genus MicueErinia, De Koninck. 1842. (An. foss. des terr. Carb. de la Belgique, p. 29.) Corallum in lenticular, hemispherical or subcylindrical masses, attached by the centre of the base and provided with an epitheca ; corallites thin walled, in contact or contiguous only at intervals, polygonal when touching, circular when apart, unequal in size, often large, their inner surfaces longitudinally striated by numerous impressed lines with septal spines on the interspaces; mural pores irregularly distributed or in vertical rows, also, when the corallites are in contact only at intervals, in single or double horizontal rows; tabule convex or flat, with small secondary tabule or cysts. MICHELINIA CONVEXA, d’Orbigny. Michelinia convexa, d’Orbigny. 1850. Prodr. de Paléont., t. I. p. 107. " " Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p- 251, pl. 16, fig. 1. " " Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. [V., p. 112, fig. 13. " " Nicholson, 1874. Paleon. of Ontario, p. 63. " " Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 72, pl. XXVL., figs. 1 and 2. 33 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. Corallum when young of a disk-like form with a convex upper surface and almost flat below, becoming later of a more hemispherical shape and passing with age into a roughly upright cylindrical mass without much lateral expansion ; attaining a height of 10 or 11 inches with a breadth of 4 or 5. The point of attachment of the corallum is at the centre of the base which is covered by a strong, concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Corallites large, polygonal, thin walled, attaining a diameter of 9 or 10 mm., with small ones interspaced among the large ones ; in some specimens the average size of the mature corallites is much less. Tabule strongly convex, numerous, with wnany secondary tabule or cysts resting on the complete tabule, principally nearer the walls of the corallites than at the centre, the whole forming a vesiculose mass filling the interior of the coral- lites. The presence of the secondary tabule on the primary ones gives to the latter a peculiar blistered appearance when seen from above. In corallites of average size about forty parallel, longitudinal strie occur on the inner surface of the walls, which are further decorated on the spaces between the strize by numerous short blunt septal spines. Pores of rather unequal size, edged with a raised rim, generally irregularly distributed though sometimes becoming more numerous and forming regular vertical rows between the longitudinal strie. Occurs in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario at Port Colborne, Cayuga and near Woodstock. MicuHe.inta Ciappi, Milne-Edwards and Haime. (Sp.) Chonostegites Clappt, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 299, pl. XIV., figs. 4, 4a. Michelinia inter mittens, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 113. Haimeophyllum ordinatum, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 139; fig. 29: Michelinia Clappii, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 75, pl. XXVIIL., figs. 3 and 4. Corallum forming large, somewhat hemispherical or lenticular masses, broadly convex above and rather flat or convex below, with subparallel corallites diverging outward and upward from a central basal point ; reaching a breadth of over 1 foot and sometimes about 8 inches high. The corallites are thin walled, constricted at varying intervals, polygonal when in contact, circular and separated by a space from each other where constricted. In some specimens the corallites are large, nearly 8 mm. in average diameter, and slightly but sharply contracted at intervals of from 1 to 4 mm., the average width of the corallites where constricted being a little over 5 mm. ; as seen from above the corallites appear circular. In other specimens the corallites are smaller, averaging tamee. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 39 about 5 mm. in diameter when in contact, and the constrictions are much more pronounced and very variable in their distanceapart, causing the coral- lites to appear as slender cylindrical tubes from 2 to 5 mm. in diameter, with abrupt thin horizontal expansions at intervals of from 1 to over 10 mm. apart ; the spaces separating the cylindrical portions of the corallites are here seen to be frequently much wider than the diameter of the corallites themselves. Between these extremes intermediate gradations occur in the same or in different specimens. The expansions in some specimens occur somewhat in the same plane, forming a floor in which the polygonal outlines of the corallites are seen in juxtaposition. The interior of the corallites is obscurely marked by from about thirty to fifty longitudinal striz. Pores unequal in size, sometimes over ‘5 mm. in diameter, gene- rally in one or two horizontal rows, where the corallites are in contact. Septal spines represented by close set, longitudinal, often interrupted rows of stout sharply pointed tubercles, generally more clearly defined on the contracted parts of the corallites than elsewhere. Tabule numerous, and of the same nature as those of M/. convexa. The exterior surface of the corallites is marked by fine encircling rings of growth and by longi- tudinal lines corresponding to the inner striations. In a part of one specimen in particular the corallites, which are elsewhere normal in structure, approach closely in structure those of M. conveaa in that they are constricted only at rather lengthy intervals, leaving the corallites polygonal and in contact for some distance. Occurs in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario, near Woodstock, and in the townships of Walpole and Cayuga. MICHELINIA FAVOSITOIDEA, Billings. em. (favosoidea). Michelinia favosoidca, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 114. Michelinia favositoidea, Rommger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 73, p. XXVIL., fig. 4. “ Corallum forming large hemispheric or flattened masses ; cells un- equal in size, adult diameter about two lines and a half; diaphragms flat, horizontal, with small vesicular swellings, usually around tke margins of the upper surface; septal strize very obscure, six to eight on each plane side of the cells; pores very small, irregularly distributed, sometimes in rows of five or six across the cell, about one-sixth of a line distant from each other in some places, and sometimes absent in spaces of half a line in width.” (Billings). In the type specimen small, stout, short septal spines occur in abundance on the inner surfaces of the walls of the corallites. Found in the Corniferous limestone at Port Colborne, Ont. 40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAONTOLOGY. Genus SrriatTopora, Hall. 1852. (Paleon. New York, vol. IL, p. 156.) Corallum dichotomously branching, made up of subpolygonal corallites that terminate at the surface in expanded, shallow, radially striated and slightly oblique, unequal calyces that join each other in sharply defined polygonal outlines; walls of the corallites at first thin but gradually thickening toward the surface; pores irregularly distributed ; tabule complete, distant. STRIATOPORA FLEXUOSA, Hall. Striatopora flecuosa, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 156, pl. XL. B, figs. la—e. " " Nicholson. 1875. Paleeon. of Ont., p. 55, fig. 26a. “ Coral composed of bifurcating or irregularly ramose stems ; branches terete ; cells large, angular below, and opening in a circular striated aperture ; strie extending beyond the cell, particularly in an upward direction ; cells arranged in an irregularly alternating series ; calicles labellate or extended on the lower side, and uniting above in angular ridges separating the cells ; apertures very unequal in size. “ This species is readily distinguished by the form and arrangement of its cells, which are of much larger proportionate size than any of the ramose corals of the group. The apertures are round, but open into an angular depression, which is limited on the lower side by the calicle, but extends upwards to unequal distances depending upon the arrangement of the cells. The strie which are visible’ in the circular cell extend beyond into its angular space, and are very distinct in well preserved specimens.” (Hall.) The specimens on which Professor Hall’s description was based were collected in the shale of the Niagara formation at Lockport, N.Y. In the museum of the Geological Survey is a specimen of this species, apparently identified by the late Mr. Billings, from the Niagara for- mation, Sydenham Road, county of Grey, Ont. ; collected by R. Bell, in 1861. The principal point of difference between S. flexuosa and S. Linneana, Billings, is that the calyces of the former are larger and not so crowded together as those of the latter. SrriatoporA Linneana, Billings. Striatopora Linneana, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 253, figs " " Nicholson. 1874. Paleon. of Ont., p. 59. Striatopora Linneana, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur., Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 59, pl. X XIITI., figs. 5, 6. Striatopora Linneana, Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 100, pl. V., figs. 2—2d. Striatopora Linneana, Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. 'to Can. Palzon., vol. I., pt. II., p. 121. umes. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 4] Corallum dendroid, composed of stems, from 5 to over 10 mm. thick, that branch generally dichotomously, at varying intervals. Corallites subpolygonal, at first thin walled and nearly vertical in the centre of the stems, then, curving gracefully outward with gradually thickening walls, they emerge at the surface, inclined slightly upward, and expand into wide, shallow calyces which join each other in sharp, thin edged, poly- gonal outlines. About twelve, sharply defined, longitudinal grooves pass outward from the interior of the corallites over the faces of the calyces, at the bottom of which they are most clearly marked. Calyces unequal in size, with numerous small ones intercalated between the larger ones ; width varying in the large ones from about 1:5 to slightly over 2 mm. Mural pores of moderate size, irregularly distributed, not very numerous, occurring in the faces of the expanded calyces as well asin the inner parts of the corallites. Tabule complete, transverse, distant. Devonian.—Hamilton formation; township of Bosanquet, county of Lambton, Ont., at Thedford (Widder) and Bartlett’s Mills. Genus Tracuypora, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. (Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzeoz., p. 305.) Corallum ramose, consisting of cylindrical stems composed of short coral- lites diverging from an imaginary central axis in an alternating manner and opening on the surface in generally four.rows of oval, very slightly oblique, distant calyces; walls of corallites thickening rapidly ; mural pores small ; tabulee directly transverse, few in number ; septa apparently obsolete ; edges of calyces obscurely striated in a radial direction ; surface between the calyces delicately sculptured by irregular, longitudinal, im- pressed lines. TRACHYPORA ELEGANTULA, Billings. Trachypora clegantula, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 254, figs. 2, 3, 4. Dendropora elegantula, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p.63, pl. XXIIL, fig. 2. Trachypora elegantula, Hall. 1876. Illus. Dey. Foss., pl. XX XIII., figs. 1—8. " " Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 108, pl. V., figs. 4—4e. " " Whiteaves. 1889. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. I1., p. 121. Corallum upright, ramose, with branches proceeding from the stems at somewhat obtuse angles, and also branching dichotomously ; stems 5 mm. in thickness and under, circular in section, sometimes flattened on four: sides so as to be almost square in section. Oval calyces, with slightly raised margins, open on the surface in four or five longitudinal rows ; sometimes one or two calyces occur separately between the rows. The raised margin of the calyces is frequently not continued across their 42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. upper ends, or is not as well defined there as at the sidesand below. The calyces average 1°5 mm. in height or length and 1 mm. in width, those of a row being at a distance from each other about equal to their length, and the rows themselves are at varying distances apart proportionate to the thickness of the stems or branches. ‘The size of the calyces is about the same in large as in small stems. The surface between the calyces is deli- cately sculptured longitudinally by interrupted, generally wavy strie. In longitudinal sections, short, slightly curved corallites are seen to pass upward and outward from an imaginary axial line to the surface, the calyces pointing slightly upward. The coraliites on opposite sides of the axial line are at the same height and alternate with those of the other rows ; this alternation is seen in longitudinal sections and is continued in the arrangement of the calyces at the surface. In the centre of the stems the corallites are small, about ‘5 mm. or less in width, subpolygonal, with thin walls, which rapidly grow thicker toward the surface. After the walls become thick all trace of the boundaries of contiguous corallites, as far as can be learned by transverse and longitudinal sections, is lost ; and no indications of them are seen on the surface. Mura! pores, small, few in number, confined apparently to those parts of the corallites where the walls are not excessively thickened. Tabule few in number, complete, directly transverse. It is noticed that when the stems are flattened on four sides the rows of calyces occur on the angles. No septa or striz are seen, in longitudinal or transverse sections, in the interior of the corallites, but near the edges of the calyces obscure striations are observed passing out over the raised margins in a radial direction. Devonian.—Hamilton formation ; not uncommon at Thedford, Ont. Genus Cataracts, Billings. 1865. (Canadian Naturalist, new series, vol. IT., p. 425.) Corallum massive, composed of rather equal, polygonal, subpolygonal or circular corallites either in contact and polygonal or distant and cir- cular; walls of corallites of moderate thickness, amalgamated when in juxtaposition ; pores so numerous as to reduce the walls to a mere lattice-_ work, forming regular longitudinal and horizontal rows; spiniferous septal ridges about twenty in number, between the longitudinal rows of pores and passing out over the slightly exsert edges of the calyces ; tabule complete, horizontal, often with secondary tabule; spaces between corallites crossed by irregular horizontal diaphragms. use. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 43: CaLapacta CANADENSIS, Billings. Plate I., figs. 6, 6a and 7. Calapecia Canadensis, Billings. 1865. Canadian Naturalist, new series, vol. IT., p. 426. Calapecia Huronensis, Billings. 1865. Ibid, p. 426. Calapecia Anticostiensis, Billings. 1865. Ibid, p. 426; and 1866, Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 32, figs. 15a, 15b. Colummopora cribriformis, Nicholson. 1874. Geological Magazine, new series, vol. I., p. 253, figs. la—e. " " Nicholson. 1875. Palzon. of Ont., p. 25; and 1875, Geol. Survey of Ohio, vol. II., pt. IL, p. 187, pl. XXII., figs.. 8, 8a, 8b. Houghtonia Huronica, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 17, pl. i11.,, figs. 3 and 4. Columnopora cribriformis, Nicholson. 1879. Palzoz. Tab. Corals, p. 164, pl. VIL., figs. 2, 2a—d. " " Whiteaves, 1880. Rep. of Progress for 1878-79, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 48 C. " " Whiteaves, 1881. Rep. of Progress for 1879-80, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 57 C. Corallum forming hemispherical, subspherical or somewhat turbinate,. at times irregularly rounded, masses of polygonal, subpolygonal or circular corallites diverging from a basal beginning or point of attachment ; reach- ing a height of nearly 6 inches with a breadth of about 4 inches. Corallites usually nearly equal in size in the same specimen and varying in diameter in different specimens from 2 to4 mm. ; either in contact and polygonal, or circular and separated from each other by a space of varying width. In the same specimen circular and polygonal corallites with intermediate gradations, sometimes occur, or they may be all circular or all polygonal, the circular corallites being at times nearly their own diameter apart but more frequently about half that distance and often almost in contact. Walls of the corallites of moderate thickness, about -25 mm. through, apparently completely amalgamated when the walls are in contact, per- forated by large pores placed close together and forming regular hori- zontal and longitudinal rows. Pores circular, oval or quadrangular and so numerous as to reduce the walls to a mere reticulation of upright bars and horizontal rings the former of which are generally somewhat the stronger of the two and appear in the inside of the corallites as longitu- dinal ridges. Spiniform septa stout at the base, sharply pointed, about -3mm. long and inclined slightly upward, occurring in from about. eighteen to twenty-two longitudinal rows, a spine springing from each intersection of the mural ridges with the transverse rings. Tabule com- plete, horizontal, sometimes slightly concave or convex, often somewhat irregular from the introduction of secondary tabule ; from four to six in a space of 2mm. When the corallites are not in contact the interven- 44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. ing spaces are crossed by horizontal diaphragms somewhat stouter than, but at about the same distance apart as, the tabule and showing the same irregularities of growth. The longitudinal ridges appear on the - outer surface of the walls, in the spaces between the corallites, as coste ; they pass over the edges of the calyces and connect with correspond- ing ridges in contiguous corallites. The costal ridges at the surface, when the corallites are separate, extend radially but a very short distance, - about ‘5 mm. beyond the confines of the calyces, leaving the surface of the corallum between tne corallites smooth ; this intercalicular surface is at times marked by obscure, contiguous, polygonal outlines surrounding individual corallites, but no trace of this demarcation is seen in transverse or longitudinal sections. The edges of the calyces are but slightly elevated above the intercalicular surface and in worn specimens appear as smooth raised rings. No definite traces of a basal epitheca have been detected. Calapecia Canadensis occurs in the Birdseye and Black River, and Hudson River formations. Inthe former it is found in the Ottawa district and in the latter on the islands at the north end of Lake Huron, on Snake Island, Lake St. John, Que., and on the Island of Anticosti; it is also found in the Galena-Trenton limestone of the Lake Winnipeg district and of the region to the north. Specimens have been collected at the follow- ing localities and have been available for study and comparison. In the Birdseye and Black River, near Ottawa, Ont., E. Billings, at Hull (Ottawa), Que., J. Stewart, 1886; Paquette’s Rapids, Ottawa River, T. C. Weston, 1872 and 1881, hiil south of Clear Lake (loose), county of Ren- frew, township of Sebastopol, R. W. Ells and L. M. Lambe, 1896, near Point Blue, Lake St, John, Que, A. R. C. Selwyn and J. Richardson, 1870. Inthe Hudson River, north side of Drummond Island, Lake Huron; A. Murray, 1847, Cape Smith and Rabbit Island, Lake Huron, KR. Bell, 1859, Wreck Point, Anticosti, J. Richardson, 1856, west side of Gamache {or Ellis) Bay, Anticosti, T. C. Weston, 1865, Snake Island, Lake St. John, J. Richardson, 1857. Inthe Galena-Trenton, Lower Fort Garry, R. Bell, 1880, T. C. Weston and A. McCharles, 1884, Hast Selkirk, Manitoba, T. C. Weston, and A McCharles, 1884; Big Grindstone Point and Deer Island, Lake Winnipeg, J. B. Tyrrell, 1889, first limestone exposure south of Long Point, Lake Winnipeg, D. B. Dowling, 1891, junction of the Churchill Rivers (drift), R. Bell, 1879, Markham Lake, Telzoa River, lat. 62° 44’, long. 103°, J. B. Tyrrell, 1893, Herb (Wekusko) Lake, Dis- trict of Saskatchewan, J. B. Tyrrell, 1896, also Fort Churchil!, Hudson Bay (Cambro-Silurian), J. B. Tyrrell, 1894. The large number of specimens of this genus obtained of late years, and now in the collection of the survey, have convinced the writer that C. Canadensis and C. Huronensis cannot be retained as distinct species tamee. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 45: and also that between C. Canadensis and C. Anticostiensis intermediate- forms exist connecting these two species. In the specimens from Hast Selkirk, Manitoba, particularly, a gradual transition can be traced from those specimens, structurally identical with either C. Canadensis or C. Huronensis, in which the corallites are in contact and polygonal, to those, indistinguishable from C. Anticostiensis, in which the corallites are even, perhaps slightly farther apart than in the type specimen of that species. On the evidence of these specimens the writer has been forced to regard C. Canadensis, C. Huronensis and C. Anticostiensis as belonging to the: same species, no constant structural or other difference having been. found that would justify their being kept separate. Genus Syrineouites, Hinde. 1879. ‘Geological Magazine, decade ITI., vol. VI., p. 244.) Corallum broadly expanding, composed of upright, contiguous polygonal corallites, with walls perforated by two or three longitudinal rows of pores ;. tabule funnel-shaped, invaginated and open below so as to form a con- tinuous tube occupying the centre of each corallite ; septa represented by numerous tubercles or short spines irregularly disposed on the inner sur-- face of the walls of the corallites ; calyces equal, polygonal, of moderate depth. SyrincoLitEs Huronensis, Hinde. Suringolites Huronensis, Hinde. 1879. Geological Magazine, decade II., vol. VI.,. p. 246, figs. A, B, C, D. " " Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz., Tab. Corals, p. 179, fig. 27. Corallum growing in broad, thick expansions, and according to the author of the species, with a basal epitheca ; the only specimen in the collection has a maximum breadth of over 4 inches with a thickness of about 1 inch, it is slightly convex above and flat below. Corallites. upright, polygonal, generally with five, six or seven sides, in close con- tact, thin walled, with an average diameter of 2°5 mm. and placed in communication with each other by mural pores. Tabulze funnel-shaped,. sloping backward toward the centre, where they become tubular, and remaining open below, each tabula connects with the preceding one so as. to form a continuous tube, nearly 1 mm. wide, occupying the centre of ‘the corallite; from eight to ten tabule occur in a space of 5 mm. Pores rather small, in two or three rows in the sides of the corallites. Septa small, spiniform, present in large numbers, apparently without definite order, on the inner surface of the walls of the corallites; spines similar to these in size and shape and equally abundant occur on the upper surface of the tabule and extend into the tube. Calyces rather: 46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. equal in size, regularly polygonal, moderately deep, separated from each other by thin, sometimes slightly wavy edges. Occurs in the Niagara formation near Manitouaning, Grand Mani- toulin Island, Lake Huron; the single specimen in the museum of the survey was collected by G. Jennings Hinde. Dr. Clemens Schliiter* regards Syringolites as congeneric with Remerist, Milne-Edwards and Haime, a genus founded for the reception of the species Calamopora infundibuliferat, Goldfuss, from the Devonian of the Hifel. It may be stated, however, that Dr. G. Jennings Hinde{] had the opportunity of making a close study of the specimens upon which Goldfuss and Milne-Edwards and Haime based their descriptions before making the Canadian coral the type of a new genus. Genus RomincertiA, Nicholson. 1879. (Paleeoz. Tab. Corals, p. 114.) Quenstedtia, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 70 (Non Quenstedtia), Morris and Lycett, 1854. “ Corallum lax, spreading, attached basally, and free throughout the greater part of its extent. Corallites cylindrical, annulated, multiplying by lateral gemmation, and typically producing new tubes in umbellate whorls or verticils, which are placed at short intervals. Where their walls are in contact, their visceral chambers are placed in communication by means of mural pores. Tabule complete, remote, apparently not distinctly infundibuliform. Septa represented by vertical rows of spinules.” (Nicholson.) ROMINGERIA UMBELLIFERA, Billings, (Sp.) Aulopora umbellifera, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 119. " " Nicholson. 1874. Pale. of Ontario, p. 43, pl. VI., fig. 4. Quenstedtia wmbellifera, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 70, pl. XXXIIL., fig. 3. § Aulopora wmbellifera, Whiteaves. 1877. Rep. of Progress, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1875-76, p. 317. Romingeria umbellifera, Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz Tab. Corals, p. 116, fig. 19. * Anthozoen des rheinischen Mittel-Devon, von Dr. Clemens Schliiter, p. 99, 1889. + Monographie des Polypiers Fossiles des Terrains Paleozoiqnes par MM. Milne- Edwards et Jules Haime, p. 253. 1851. + Petrefacta Germanize, von August Goldfuss, pt. I., p. 78, pl. XX VIL, figs. 1a, 10. 1826-33. J Op. cit., p. 245. § The fact that the name Quenstedtia was preoccupied was pointed out, in 1877, by Mr. Whiteaves (op. cit.), who purposely retained the generic name used by Billings for this species in order to allow Dr. Rominger to substitute another one. uamee. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 47 In the original description of this species Billings remarks: ‘“ The parent stems are about one line in diameter, and remain single and straight for the distance of one quarter, or half an inch, when they give off branches in all directions, sometimes ten or twelve at once. These are at first oblique or somewhat parallel with the main tube, and are con- nected laterally ; they then radiate like the spokes of a wheel, at right angles to the parent corallites, each soon giving birth to a similar circlet of new tubes.” Dr. Rominger points out that the parent stem after having given forth a circle of branchlets grows on in a straight line and again produces a similar circle at a higher level ; he also mentions that within the group of young corallites the main stem is generally inflated. In one of the type specimens in this museum a few small circular open- ings between contiguous branchlets, and between them and the parent stem are plainly seen; these appear to be structural, and are evidently the same as the pores mentioned by Rominger in his description of the species. The tabule are irregular in disposition, from 1 to several lines apart ; they appear to be generally convex or obliquely transverse. The exterior of the tubes is annulated by striz of equal strength, about eight occurring in a space of 1 line. No septal spines have been observed. This species was first consigned provisionally to the genus Aulopora, by Billings, who stated, however, that it possibly should constitute a new genus. Later this idea was carried out by Rominger, who proposed Quenstedtia as the name of a genus for the reception of this species as the type. Unfortunately this name was preoccupied, and Nicholson substi- tuted the name Romingeria in its stead, in honour as he says ‘‘of one who has so largely contributed to the elucidation of the fossil corals of North America.” Dewonian.—Corniferous limestone of Ontario; also from rock of the same age at, Long Portage, Missinaibi River. Genus FietcHeriA, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. (Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzeoz. p. 300.) “ Corallum composed of cylindrical tubes which multiply by calycinal gemmation, and which are not united laterally, either by connecting tubes as in Syringopora, nor by mural expansions as in Thecostegites ; walls strong and furnished with a complete epitheca ; calyces circular or sub. circular, with thin edges ; septa rudimentary ; tabulz complete, horizon- tal, well developed.” (Milne-Edwards and Haime.) 48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. Fiercueria incerta, Billings. (Sp.) Plate I, figs. 8, 8a and 9. Columnaria incerta, Billings. 1859. Canadian Naturalist, vol. IV., p. 428, figs. Land 2. Corallum in the form of irregularly shaped, somewhat hemispherical masses composed of long, cylindrical corallites that proceed upward and outward, subparallel to each other, from a basal centre. Corallites from ‘75 to 1-5 mm. in diameter, up to a distance of slightly over 1 mm. apart ; although usually circular in transverse section they may become sub- circular when in partial contact or polygonal when crowded together, the walls of individual corallites always remaining distinct from those of con-_ tiguous ones. Tabule numerous, flat or slightly convex or concave, from ‘5 to 4 or 5 mm. apart. Septa, apparently spiniform, very minute. The corallites have a complete epitheca faintly marked transversely by lines of growth. Locality and formation.—Mingan Islands, Island of Montreal and near the city of Ottawa. Chazy limestone. Collectors.—Sir W. E. Logan, J. Richardson and E. Billings. One specimen from St. Charles Island, Mingan Islands, collected by J. Rich- ardson, in 1860, is fully 4 inches in height. In transverse sections of the tubes the writer has seen what appear to be very small spiniform septa. He has had difficulty in satisfying him- self as to whether the increase in growth of the corallum is due to lateral or calicinal gemmation, but the combination of characters is thought to be more in accord with those of /letcheria than with those of any other genus. Dr. Nicholson* is of the opinion that Vermipora, Hall (stated by Rom- inger to have mural pores) is most nearly allied to, if not an actual synonym of Mletcheria. Genus Nyctopora, Nicholson. 1879. (Paleeoz. Tab. Corals, p. 182.) ‘“‘Corallum composite, massive, of polygonal corallites, which radiate from the base of the spheroidal corallum, to open on its upper surface, and are in complete contact throughout their entire length. Walls of the corallites thin, and so completely amalgamated that no trace whatever of the original lines of division between the tubes can be detected. Mural pores numerous, small, in more than one series, occupying the sulci between the septa. Septa in the form of marginal vertical ridges, which extend * Paleozoic Tabulate Corals, p. 70. tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 49 along the whole length of the tubes, from ten to fifteen in number in each corallite, not divisible into an alternating series of longer and shorter lamellz. Tabulz numerous, complete, horizontal.” (Nicholson.) The specimens from the typical locality referred to below and about whose specific identity with Nicholson’s coral there can scarcely be any doubt, disagree with the generic characters as quoted above in the size, arrangement and number of the septa. In these specimens the septa are distinctly of two sizes, and are sixteen in number, eight very short septa alternating with eight longer ones. It is probable that in the type speci- mens the septa were not so clearly defined as in those examined by the writer. Nycropora Binuinesit, Nicholson. Plate IT., figs. 1, la. Columnaria Goldfussi, Nicholson. 1875. Paleon. of Ontario, p. 9. But’not C. Gold- fusst, Billings. 1857. Nyctopora Billingsii, Nicholson. 1879. Paleoz. Tab. Corals, p. 184, pl. [X., figs. 3, 3a—c. Two specimens from Peterborough, Ont., are identified with this species; one is depressed hemispherical and measures 24 inches across and 1 inch high, the other is somewhat pyriform in shape and is 2$ inches high and 12 inch broad. Their structure is as follows:—Corallites polygonal, from 1 to 1:25 mm. in diameter, in close contact and without apparently a thorough coalescence of the walls, which are generally of moderate thickness. Septa short, lamellar, sixteen in number, eight primary ones alternating with eight secondary ones; the primary septa, as seen in transverse sections, project about °25 mm. beyond the walls of the coral- lites toward the centre, and are twice the size of the secondary septa. Tabule flat, from two to seven or eight in a space of 2 nm. Trenton formation.—Collected by Mr. Roger, Peterborough, Ont. The writer has not been able to detect the presence of mural pores in the above two specimens from the typical locality. SYRINGOPORID i. Genus Syrincopora, Goldfuss, 1826. (Petrefacta Germaniz, t. I., p. 75.) Harmodites, Fisher. 1828. Notice sur les Tubipores fossiles, p. 19. Corallum fasciculate, more or less compact, or lax and spreading, com- posed of long, cylindrical, generally upright, subparallel, straight or 50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. flexuous corallites that increase by lateral budding and are placed in communication with each other by hollow, cylindrical, horizontal tubes ; septa represented by longitudinal rows of small sharply pointed spines ; tabule irregularly funnel-shaped, invaginated, generally incomplete, often in the form of cystose plates inclined upward irom near the centre of the corallites to the sides, typically leaving a central space; corallites at the base prostrate and either contiguous and forming a leaf-like expansion, or openly reticulated ; epitheca with annular growth lines. The distance apart of the corallites and their thickness vary consider- ably in different species. The hollow connecting processes are obsolete and replaced by a single circular opening when the corallites by flexure or geniculation are brought into contact with each other. The tabule are typically somewhat funnel-shaped and form a more or Jess continuous tube-like space in the centre of the corallites, or they may consist of a variable number of plates resting on each other and curving obliquely upward toward the wall, but so arranged as to leave a central space; the number of cystose plates necessary to complete the circumference of a corallite is very variable. On account of their smallness the spiniform septa are seldom preserved. SYRINGOPORA VERTICILLATA, Goldfuss. Syringopora verticillata, Goldfuss. 1826. Petrefacta Germaniez, vol. I., p. 76, pl. XXV., figs. 6a, 6b. " " Billings. 1858. Rep. of Progress for 1857, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 170. " " Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 79, pl. XXX., figs. 1 and 2. Billings describes this species as ‘‘forming large masses, corallites nearly straight, about two lines in diameter, and from two to three lines distant ; connecting tubes three or four lines distant, verticillating, or three or four radiating from the tube at the same level in different direc- tions, like the spokes of a wheel.” Thespecimen from which this descrip- tion was taken was collected at the head of Lake Temiscaming, Que. (Niagara) by Sir Wm. E. Logan in 1845. The original specimens referred to by Goldfuss are from Drummond Island (Niagara), Lake Huron. In 1887 additional material was obtained by Dr. R. Bell at the north end of lake Temiscaming, Que., and in 1893 and 1894 Mr. A. E. Barlow collected specimens on the Isle of Mann (Burnt Island) at the north end of the lake. In these specimens it is seen that the corallites in some individuals are so close together as to be nearly in contact, in which case the connecting bars are almost obsolete ; in others the corallites tamae. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 51 are not so crowded, or are comparatively distant from each other, as in Goldfuss’s figure. A favourite place for the commencement of the growth of the corallum, as is evinced by the Lake Temiscaming examples, was the rounded upper surface of hemispherically shaped masses of [avosites. Formation.—Niagara. SYRINGOPORA BIFURCATA, Lonsdale. Syringopora bifurcata, Lonsdale. 1839. Murch. Sil. Sys., p. 685, pl. 15 bis. figs. 11, lla, 115. Growing in masses composed of upright, slightly geniculated corallites averaging 14 line in diameter and at times nearly as much as 3 lines apart. The geniculations of the corallites are on an average about 5 lines apart, and on account of these changes in the direction of their growth, the corallites are frequently brought almost into contact with each other. Connecting bars or tubes, stout, short, occurring at the geni- culations or where the corallites are close together, or if the corallites are comparatively strait and parallel to each other, about 3 or 4 lines apart. The outer surface of the corallites is roughened by moderately strong but irregular annulations. In other respects this species presents nothing unusual in its structure. Niagara formation.—Cape Wingfield, Lake Huron. A. Murray. 1861; Isle of Mann (Burnt Island), Lake Temiscaming, Que. Dames und Kayser, vol. III.) p. 72, pl. III. (XV.) figs. 1, la. Cyathophyllum arcticum, Whiteaves, 1891. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. III., p.199. Represented in the collection by two well preserved specimens that show the general form of the corallum ; collected by R. G. McConnell in 1888 at the “‘ Ramparts” on the Mackenzie River ; Devonian (Cuboides zone). These two specimens may be described as follows :—corallum made up of intimately connected, polygonal, generally hexagonal tubes that diverge from a single basal corallite, the increase being apparently only by interstitial gemmation, and form small masses, convex above and obtusely pointed below ; larger specimen 8 cent. in breadth and 5 cent. in height. Calyces on the upper convex surface. Lower surface covered by a protecting epitheca striated by roughly concentric lines of growth. Coraliites unequal in size, varying in diameter from about 9 to 16 mm. in the larger specimen and from 5 or 6 to 10 mm. in the other. In trans- 154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALM ONTOLOGY. verse sections the line of division between the walls of adjacent corallites is well shown. Calyces moderately deep, their depth being about equal to or somewhat more than half their diameter, flat at the botttom, their sides steep with well defined septa of two sizes, the larger of which reach the middle of the bottom; marginal junction of contiguous calyces sharply angular. Septa from thirty to fifty in number, alternately long and short, the longer extending to the centre, the others less than half that length, carinated on their sides. Tabule about one-half the width of the diameter of the corallite, flat or concave, irregular, inclined to become vesiculous, bounded exteriorly by a narrow zone of rather small, outwardly ascending, curved dissepiments between the septa. In describing C. arcticum, from the Mackenzie River basin, Meek notices the resemblance of his specimens to C. quadrigenunum, Goldfuss. In the figures of C. quadrigeminum in the Petrefacta Germaniz two sizes of septa are clearly shown as well as both interstitial and calycinal gemmation. Genus CrEepipoPpHYLLUM, Nicholson and Thompson. 1876. Crepidophyllum, Nicholson and Thompson. 1876. Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. IDG, jos We), Corallum aggregate, formed of cylindrical corallites that grow upward close together or touching each other, or else connected by periodic ex- pansions constituting a series of horizontal floors. Increase by marginal calicinal gemmation. Epitheca complete. Septa well developed, strongly carinated, the inner ends of the primaries combining to form a narrow axial tube which is sometimes open longitudinally on the side of the septal fossette. Tabulze confined to the central tubular area. Vesicular zone broad, surrounding the tabulate area. Type species.—C. (Diphyphyllum) Archiaci, Billings. Range.—Devonian. CREPIDOPHYLLUM ARCHIACT, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XIII, figs. 1, la. ® Diphyphyllum Archiaci, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 260, fig. 8. Heliophyllum sub-cespitosum, Nicholson. 1874. Geological Magazine, new series, vol. L., p. 58, pl. LV., fig. 9; and Palewon. of Ont., p. 27, fig. 5. Diphyphyllum Archiaci, Nicholson. 1875. Palon. of Ont., p. 74, fig. 41. He ef Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 125, pl. XLVII., upper row and right half of lower row. tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 155 Corallum aggregate, made up of cylindrical stems that proceed upward from an initial, basal corallite and by lateral calicular gemmation form large explanate masses somewhat flat above and irregularly convex below ; the largest specimen seen measuring 23 cent. across and nearly 10 cent. high at the centre. Corallites touching each other or separ- ated by spaces generally less than their half diameters, usually somewhat flexuous, with not very pronounced annular constrictions and growth- swellings at unequal intervals, furnished with a complete epitheca exhib- iting fine transverse lines and longitudinal septal furrows ; varying in diameter from 5 to 20 mm., with an average diameter of about 15 mm. The young corallites rapidly reach a mature size ; they appear to proceed from expansions or outgrowths of the side of the parent stem that repre- sent lateral extensions of former calyces. Septa about fifty-two in num- ber in average sized corallites, of two sizes, alternating with each other, the larger of which by the union of their inner edges forming a wall that encloses a narrow axial tabulate area as in C'repidophyllum colligatum, whilst the shorter are only two-thirds as long. Their sides bear arched carine that curve upward and inward from the outer wali and appear on the free edges of the septa in the calyx as small transverse teeth. Tabu- late area, cylindrical, varying in diameter from a little less than 2 to 4 mm , with frequently a gap in the inner wall indicating the position of the septal fosette. Tabulze flat, horizontal, about six occurring in a space of 5mm. Interseptal spaces, as far inward as the inner edges of the sec- ondary septa, filled with outwardly ascending rows of small vesicles. Calyces shallow, fiat at the centre where the upper end of the inner wall is visible, their sides at first rapidly ascending, then spreading horizon- tally at the margin. Locality and formations. Abundant in the Hamilton formation of Ontario, less common in the Corniferous limestone of the same province. CREPIDOPHYLLUM COLLIGATUM, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XIII., figs. 2, 2a, 20. EI aD colligatum,' Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV, p. 126. 3 Nicholson. 1874. Paleeon. of Ont., p. 28, pl, V., figs. 3, 3a. Diphyphyllum colligatum, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Gomis: Top IAS. joule OGM VIN Ae 3. Corallum compound, made up of straight, subparallel, cylindrical coral- lites that radiate from a single initial corallite and by rapid gemmation form large explanate masses that attain a breadth of over 30 cent. and a height or thickness of about 23 cent. the upper surface being slightly convex and the basal surface rather flat. Corallites periodically and ab- 156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. ruptly expanded at corresponding levels, the expansions, generally concave- ly curved below and flat above, meeting in polygonal outlines and forming a succession of continuous level floors one above the other, representing a repetition of calicular extensions, between which the cylindrical unex- panded parts are separated from each other by spaces generally less in width than, although sometimes equal to or exceeding, the half diameters of the cylindrical parts. The distance apart of the horizontal floors is moderately constant in the same individual, but variable in different specimens; in une specimen as many as sixteen occur in a space of 5 cent., in another only three or four are observed in the same distance, the average number being eight or ten in 5 cent. Average breadth of cylindrical parts of corallites about 9 mm., that of the expansions about 12 mm., the difference, however, between the unexpanded and the expanded parts is often much greater in some specimens, the latter reaching. a breadth at times of over 2:5 cent. with a breadth in the former of about 10 mm. The whole of the exposed surface of the corallites is covered by a strong epitheca marked by fine annular sculpture lines, about 12 in a space of 2 mm., as well as by occasional slight but distinct growth swellings or constrictions and longitudinal, narrow septal furrows. The thin edges of the expansions of adjacent corallites not entirely coalescent but separated from each other by a thin wall which is evidently the upward extension of the epitheca. Calyces circular, rather shallow with horizontally expand- ed margins slightly raised above the surrounding floor, flat at the bottom where the inner wall with its enclosed upper tabulum appears. Septa from about fifty to sixty in number, of two alternating sizes, the longer not passing to the centre of the visceral chamber but by the union of their inner edges forming a wall that encloses the central tubular area, 3 or 4 mm. in width, holding horizontal tabule of which there are nine or ten in a space of 5 mm.; the shorter septa fall short of the inner wall. The septa extend outward through the expansions but are not conflu- ent with those of contiguous corallites ; throughout they are decorated on their side faces by close-set, obliquely and inwardly ascending carine, from about six to ten in the space of 2 mm., that appear on their free edges in the cup as minute transverse bars or denticulations. Small dis- sepiments curving convexly upward and outward occupy the interseptal spaces between the inner ends of the secondary septa and the outer wall. Pore-like openings, similar to those observed in the different species of Phillipsastra, are here also found in the dissepiments. Increase by lateral calicular gemmation, the buds appearing as if springing from the floor be- tween the corallites. Locality and formation.—Abundant in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. tamBe. | CANADIAN PALMOZOIC CORALS. 157 Genus DipHypHytiuMm, Lonsdale. 1845. Diphyphullum, Lonsdale. 1845. Murchison’s Geology of Russia in Europe, vol. L., . 622. Eridophyllum, nceelnae mas and Haime. 1850. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. lxxi. Diplophyllum, Hall, 1852. Paleeon. New York, vol. II., p. 115. Corallum aggregate, composed of upright, subparallel, cylindrical cor- allites with intervals between them, usually equal to or less than their diameters and generally united by lateral, thorn-like, mural outgrowths. Increase by lateral budding. Epitheca complete. Septa lamellar, straight, their sides generally carinated, of two orders alternating, the primaries seldom reaching the centre. Dissepiments small, regular, arching con- vexly upward and outward against the wall in the interseptal loculli, usually in a single but sometimes in a double series. Tabule numerous, broad, stretching across the visceral chamber inside the dissepimental zone, generally slightly deflected at the edge. No columella. No inner wall. Type species.—D. concinnum, Lonsdale. Range,.—Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. This genus differs from that of Cyathophyllum principally in its man- ner of gemmation, in having lateral strengthening processes, in the greater development of the tabule, and in having the dissepiments in one or two series only. From Crepidophyllum it is distinguished primarily by the absence of an inner wali and in having proportionately larger tabulee and a smaller dissepimental area. The thorn-like spurs thrown out horizontally so as to reach or clasp adjacent corallites do not connect the visceral chamber of one corallite with that of another, as in the genus Syringopora, but serve as external supports to the corallites to strengthen the growth of the corallum. In transverse sections of the corallites the cut edges of the regular and equal sized dissepiments, when occurring in a single séries, have the ap- pearance of a second wall placed a short distance within the wall proper. A second mural investment, however, such as is found in Crepidophyllum, does not in reality exist. DipHyPHYLLUM RUGOSsUM, Milne-Edwards and Haime. (Sp.) Eridophyllum? rugoswm, Milne-Hdwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 425, pl. 10, figs. 4, 4a, 4b. Diphyphyllum rugosum, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 121, pl. XLV., fie. 2. Two specimens from the Niagara formation of Ontario are doubtfully referred to this species. Their corallites are larger (averaging about 8 158 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. mm. in thickness) than those figured by Milne-Edwards and Haime, with which they agree, however, in their manner of increase, viz. gemmation from the sides or from the connecting processes. According to Dr. Rom- inger the increase is by prolific calycinal budding, a feature not shown by the Ontario specimens, which, nevertheless, correspond in other particu- lars with Rominger’s description and figure of specimens from the Niag- ara group of Indiana and Kentucky. Localitves.—One specimen from Cabot’s Head, Georgian Bay, collected by A. Murray: another from the county of Grey, township of St. Vin- cent, lot 28, concession 9, collected by A. S. Cochrane in 1885. Niagara group. DIPHYPHYLLUM Ca&spPiTosuM, Hall. (Sp.) Plate XIIL., figs. 3, 3a, 3b. Diplophyllum cespitosum, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 116, pl. 32, figs. la—r. Cyathophyllum pelagicum, Billings. 1862. Paloeoz. Foss., vol. I., p. 108. oe i Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 34. Diphyphyllum cespitosum, Nicholson. 1875. Paleon. of Ont., p. 59. Sy a0 Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XIT., p. 240. “* Corallum aggregate, composed of upright, slender, flexuous, cylindri- cal corallites, increasing by lateral gemmation and forming large colonies. Corallites varying in diameter from about 5 to 8 mm., frequently touch- ing each other, covered by an epitheca marked annularly by fine growth lines and longitudinally by faint septal strie. Septa of two sizes alter- nating with each other, the primaries almost reaching the centre, the secondaries about half the length of the primaries, averaging in number, according to the size of the corallite, from about forty to fifty in all. Dissepiments arching upward, between the septa, against the outside wall, generally in a single series, their cut edges,as seen in trans- verse section, assuming the appearance of an inner wall situate less than 1 mm. from the wall proper. Tabule large, numerous, stretching across the visceral chamber so as to reach the dissepimental. zone on either side, flat or slightly concave at the centre, deflected downward near the peri- phery, about ten occurring in a space of 5 mm. “ Locality.—Becscie River Bay, Anticosti, division II., Anticosti group, collected by J. Richardson in 1856; according to Billings the colonies measure from 6 to 15 inches in diameter. ‘“‘Professor Nicholson mentions this species as occurring abundantly and in large masses in the Niagara limestone of Thorold, Ont. (op. cit. p. 59).” (Lambe, 1899.) Laver. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 159 DiPHYPHYLLUM MULTICAULE, Hall. (Sp.) Plate XII1I., figs. 4, 4a, 4b, 4e. Syringopora ? multicaulis, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. II, p. 119, pl. 33, figs. 3a-g. Eridophyllum Vennori, Billings, 1865. Canadian Naturalist, new series, vol. II., p. 481. Diphyphyllum multicaule, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 121, pl. 45., figs. 3 and 4. " " Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 241. “¢Corallum composed of upright, subparallel, cylindrical corallites, from about 2°5 to 5 mm., in thickness, that increase by lateral budding and form colonies sometimes over 12 cent. high and exceeding 10 cent. across. Corallites slender, flexuous, separated from each other by spaces equal to or less than their own diameters, connected at irregular and frequent intervals by horizontal acanthiform outgrowths or lateral spurs that are to all appearances not solid but show traces of vesicular structure within. Septa numbering from about thirty-two to thirty-eight in average sized corallites, alternately long and short, the longer passing to the centre, the shorter reaching about half way. Curved dissepiments in the outer part of the interseptal spaces in a single or sometimes apparently in a double series. Tabul close-set, about twenty in a space of 5 mm., de- flected downward at their margins, difficult to make out in the silicified specimens examined. Epitheca well developed, showing faint annular markings and longitudinal septal lines. “The corallites of this species are more slender than those of the pre- ceding, and the septa are less numerous’. (Lambe, 1899.) Localities.—Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, Alexander Murray, 1847; half a mile north-west of Portage Bay, Lake Manitou, Grand Manitoulin Island, R. Bell and H. G. Vennor, 1865 (type of Hridophyl- lum Vennori, Clinton formation) ; Fossil Hill, Grand Manitoulin Island, J. Townsend, 1883 ; one and a half mile south-east of South Bay, Grand Manitoulin Island, R. Bell, 1891. Niagara group. DipHYPHYLLUM VERNEUILANUM, Milne-Edwards and Haime. (Sp.) Plate XIII, figs. 5, 5a, 5b. Hridophyllum Verneuilanum, Milne-EKdwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des. Terr. Paleoz., p. 424, pl. 8., figs. 6, 6a. " " Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 131, fig. 26. " " Nicholson. 1874. Palzeon, of Ont., p. 35, figs. 7a, 6, c. 0 " Nicholson. 1875. Geol. Surv. of Ohio, part IT., p. 239. Corallum composed of an aggregation of large, upright, flexuous, often much geniculated corallites, that increase by lateral gemmation and are 160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAEONTOLOGY. connected and held together by numerous strong, robust, lateral out growths. Corallites seldom much more than their thickness apart, varying in diameter from about 7 to 14 mm., often exhibiting strongly marked an- nular swellings and constrictions at irregular intervals, frequently coming in contact and growing together without the intervention of connecting processes. Outer surface consisting of an epithecal covering with, as in other species of the genus, faint transverse growth lines and regular longitudinal linear depressions indicating the position of the septa. Sep- ta strongly carinated, numbering from about forty-five to sixty, of two alternating lengths, the primaries reaching little more than half-way to the centre, the secondaries about two-thirds the length of the primaries. Tabulze broad, flat, directly transverse, about six to ten in a space of 5 mm. Vesicles in two or three, generally two rows in the interseptal spaces between the tabule and the wall. According to Billings the coralla reach a width of from 2 to 3 feet. D. Vernewilanum has larger and more robust corallites than the other species of Diphyphyllum referred to here as occurring in the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Canada. Locality and formation.—Common in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. DipHYPHYLLUM sTRICTUM, Milne-Edwards and Haime. (Sp.) Eridophyllum strictwm, Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 424, pl.. 8, fig. 7. " " Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. [V., p. 183. " " Nicholson. 1875. Geol. Sury. of Ohio, pt. II., p. 238 and Palezon. of Ont., p. 74. A specimen from the Corniferous formation collected by A. Murray and referred by Mr. Billings in 1859 to this species may be described as follows :—Corallites subparallel, slightly flexuous, separated from each other by spaces on an average rather less than half their diameters in width, from about 4 to 12 mm. thick, with numerous alternating sharp annular swellings and constrictions, and developing rather feeble con- necting processes. Increase by lateral gemmation, the young corallites springing from the upper surface of the connecting processes and growing upward parallel to the parent corallites, frequently for some distance with little increase in size. Septa, with arched carinz on their sides, about fifty in number in adult corallites, of almost equal length, reaching half way tothe centre where thev abut against the tabule. Dissepiments small, regular, entirely filling the interseptal spaces. Tabulz flat or con- cave, often turned up at their margins, from four to ten occurring in a space of 5 mm. Epitheca showing fine transverse growth lines and longi- tudinal septal markings. Both in transverse and longitudinal sections mse | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 161 of the corallites, the sharp division between the septal area and the enclosed tabulate area is noticeable, especially in transverse sections, where the cut edges of the innermost dissepiments often assume the appearance of an inner wall, which, however, is apparently not present. The single specimen in the collection has corallites in which the vesicu- lar area is rather larger than is usual in Diphyphyllum, a development suggestive of an approach to Cyathophyllum, to which genus, however this coral cannot properly be referred, on account of its mode of growth and increase ; it shows affinities to both the genera Diphyphyllum and Crepidophyllum, but is precluded from the latter by the apparent absence of an inner wall. Additional material would doubtless throw light on the inner structure of this coral and determine its generic and specific affinities with more certainty. Locality ana formation.—The fragment from near Woodstock, Ontario, referred to by H. Billings ; Corniferous limestone. DIPHYPHYLLUM SimcoEnss, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XIITI., figs. 6, 6a, 66. Eridophyllum Simcoense, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, newseries, vol. IV., p. 132,. fig. 27. Diphyphyllum stramineum, Billings. 1859. Ibid, p. 135. " " Nicholson. 1874. Palzon. of Ont., p. 33, pl. V., fig. 6. Eridophyllum Simcoense, Nicholson. 1874. Ibid, p. 34, pl. VI., fig. 5. Diphyphyllum Simcoense, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 122, pl. XLVL., figs. 3 and 4. Ampleaxus or Diphyphyllum, Whiteaves. 1892. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I.,"pt. IV., p. 270, pl. XXXV., figs. 2, 2a. Diphyphyllum Simcoense, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 242. * Corallum bushy, composed of flexuous, cylindrical corallites radiating upward from a small basal beginning and rapidly increasing by lateral budding so as to form colonies at times 25 cent. high and equally broad. Corallites varying in diameter from 3 to 6 or 7 mm. frequently roughened by annular swellings of growth and constrictions, covered by an epitheca showing minor growth markings and longitudinal septal furrows. There is a marked variation in different colonies in the number of horizontal spurs connecting the corallites: in some specimens they are numerous, from about 2 to 4 mm. apart vertically, springing outward from all sides of the corallites, in others they occur at less frequent intervals, whilst in some they appear to be almost absent. Septa short, bearing arched carine on their sides, divisable into two sizes, primaries and secondaries, numbering in all from about thirty to forty, the primaries seldom reaching half-way to the centre of the visceral chamber, the secondaries very short, Ti——15) 162 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. projecting but little inside of the single row of curved dissepiments in the interseptal spaces. In transverse sections of the corallites the dissepi- ments have the appearance of an inner wall about ‘5 mm. distant from the wall proper, as in the Silurian species D. cespitosum, Hall. 'Tabulee well developed, flat, horizontal, bent slightly down at their edges; from ten to fifteen in a space of 5 mm. “This species is somewhat similar, in its internal structure, to D. cespitosum, Hall, from which it differs principally in having shorter and less numerous septa. “The coral from the Devonian (American Stringocephalus zone) of Dawson Bay and vicinity, Lake Winnipegosis, described by Dr. Whit- eaves (op. cit. pp. 270 and 271), and referred to by him as bearing ‘a remarkably close resemblance in size, shape and internal structure’ to ‘the Diphyphyllum straminium of Billings,’ is here referred to D. Simcoense, with which the writer considers D. stramineum to be con- specific, a view already expressed by Dr. Rominger in his excellent work on fossil corals.” (luambe, 1899.) Locality and formation.—Abundant in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. DIPHYPHYLLUM ARUNDINACEUM, Billings. Plate XIV., figs. 1, la, 15. Diphyphytlum arundinaceum, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., . 134. " " Migholen! 1874. Paleon. of Ont., p. 32, pl. VI., fig. 1. Diphyphyllum—(?) compare D. arundinaceum and D. stramineum, Billings. Whiteaves. 1877. Rep. of Progress for 1875-76, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 102. Found in large colonies of long, flexuous, cylindrical corallites, that vary in diameter from 6 to 10 mm. and are separated from each other by spaces equal to or less than their diameters. Of the mode of increase and of the size attained by the coralla, Mr. Billings, in his original deseription of the species, says :—‘‘ The young corallites sometimes spring from the side of the parent, with a slender base, and curving upwards immediately, become parallel with those of the whole group. In large colonies frequent instances may be seen where, instead of this lateral budding, a bifurcation takes place, both branches being of the same size. In large groups, owing to the numerous additions of young, the corallites diverge slightly, as if radiating from a point. The colonies are from six inches to several feet in diameter, and large blocks of stone are of frequent occurrence, which are penetrated at right angles to the stratification by the closely crowded stems.” Corallites free from sudden constrictions, provided with a well- — tame. | CANADIAN PALZOZOIC CORALS. 163 developed epitheca, with slight annular growth lines and strongly marked septal furrows. Lateral connecting spurs short, distant, developed only when the corallites by their flexions are brought almost into contact with each other. Septa well developed, numbering from about forty to sixty, carinated on their sides, alternately long and short, the longer not quite reaching the centre of the visceral chamber, the shorter about half the length of the primaries. Vesicles small, formed by regular curved dissepiments in two rows, occupying the interseptal spaces near the wall. Tabule broad, flat or concave at the centre, deflected downward near the margin, from about five to eight in a space of 5 mm. Localities and formation.—Corniferous limestone of Ontario ; also a loose specimen from Peace River, B.C., between Fossil Point and the Cafion of the Mountain of Rocks, collected by Professor John Macoun in 1875 (Devonian). Genus AcERVULARIA, Schweigger. 1820. Acervularia, Schweigger. 1820. Handb. der Naturg., p. 418. ‘‘Corallum, composite, fasciculate or more often massive ; increasing by calicular gemmation. Corallites with two distinct walls as in Awlo- phyllum. Septa well developed between the two walls but much less so in the central area. No columella. Tabule little developed.” (Milne- Edwards and Haime: Polypiers Fossiles). Type species. A. Remeri, Milne-Edwards and Haime. Range.—Silurian and Devonian. This genus differs from Phillipsastrea and Pachyphyllum principally in having the limits of individual corallites defined by distinct walls, whilst the inner mural investment distinguishes it from the composite forms of Cyathophyllum. ACERVULARIA GRACILIS, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XIV., figs. 2, 2a. Strombodes gracilis, Billings. 1865. Paleoz. Foss. vol. I., p. 118, fig. 94. Acervularia gracilis, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 211. ‘“‘ Original description.—‘ Corallum in large masses, consisting of cells from 2 to 3 lines in diameter, most of them pentagonal. Cup about 1 line in depth, with an irregularly rounded central style 4 line in height, and one-third or one-half the whole width of the corallite. There appear to be 30 or 40 septal striz on the inner side of the cup.’ L—)} 164 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PAL ONTOLOGY. “The figure on p. 113 of the above quoted work represents about one- fourth of the surface of the only specimen of this species in the collection. The specimen is silicified and not preserved as well as might be desired, but by a careful examination of natural longitudinal and transverse sec- tions, the structure can be made out with sufficient clearness to give the following data :—Corallum astreiform, made up of polygonal corallites, from 3 to 7 mm. in diameter, with deep calyces that join each other in sharp-edged outlines and that have steep sloping sides and a rounded boss, roughly 2 mm. in breadth at the bottom. Each corallite is contained within its own walls from which spring lamellar vertical septa, whose free edges are moderately conspicuous in the calyces. Septa, numbering from about thirty to forty, alternately long and short, the former con-. tinued to the centre, where they are twisted, the latter about one-half, or slightly more than one-half, the length of the former. Dissepiments convex, arching evenly upward and outward, and filling the interseptal loculi in a circumferential area whose breadth is equal to the length of the secondary septa, or about one-fourth the diameter of the corallite. Within the outer area is a zone of dissepiments or vesicles that rise up- ward toward the centre and, in combination with the proximal ends of the primary septa, form a subvesicular mass that appears at the bottom of the calyx as a rounded projection. “‘ The presence of continuous vertical septa, such as the above, in cor- allites that are enclosed by definite walls, makes clear the necessity of removing the species represented by this specimen from the genus Ar- achnophyllum (Strombodes) ; although some details of structure are ob- scured by crystallization, yet sufficient characters are preserved to sug- gest affinities to Acervularia to which genus this species is for the present assigned.” (Lambe, 1899.) Locality.—Manitouaning, Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, col- lected by A. Murray, 1847. Niagara group. ACERVULARIA Davipsoni1, Milne-Edwards and Haime. Plate XIV, fig. 3. Acervularia Davidsoni, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 418, pl. [X., figs. 4, 4a, 40. Acervularia Davidsoni?, Hall. 1858. Rep. Geol. Surv. of Iowa, vol. I., pt. II., p. 476, pl. I., figs 8a. 8b. Acervularia Davidsoni, Nicholson. 1875. Geol. Surv. of Ohio, vol. IT., pt. IT., p. 240. Original description.—“ Polypier astréiforme, 4 surface subplane, som- mets des polypiérites en polygones un peu inégaux et un peu irréguliers, dont les cétes sont un peu en zigzag. Murailles intérieures peu distinctes au tavee. | CANADIAN PALAHOZOIC CORALS. 165 dehors, et indiquées par un bourrelet circulaire peu prononcé qui circon- scrit un calice un peu profond et dont le diamétre fait 4 peu pres la moitié de la grande diagonale des polygones. Une quarantaine de rayons cloi- sonnaires, minces, droits, qui commencent a la muraille épithécale, et dont la moitié seulement traverse la muraille intérieure et atteint jusque prés du centre en présentant un petit lobe paliforme. Dans une coupe hori- zontale ou dans un état de fossilisation que nous avons représenté dans la fig. 4, la muraille intérieure est bien prononcée. Les traverses sont serrées dans l’aire comprise entre les deux murailles. Grande diagonale des polygones, 10 a 12 millimétres ; diamétre des calices, 4 ou 5. “Devonien. Mrance: Ferques. Htats-Unis: Jeffersonville, Ohio Falls.” (Milne-Edwards and Haime.) A specimen of an astreeiform coral, bearing the name of this species, in the collection of the Geological Survey, was collected by A. Murray in 1866, in the Corniferous formation near Woodstock, Onario. In the form and structure of the corallites this specimen agrees with the above description : the septa number from forty-four to forty-eight, are thin throughout their length, carinated on their sides and alternately long and short, the longer reaching the centre, with their ends twisted together, the shorter a little more than half the length of the long ones. A pseudo inner-wall, seen in horizontal sections, and a well marked feature in the calyces, is formed by the sudden stoppage of the interseptal dissepiments near the proximal ends of the shorter septa. The small circular openings in the dissepiments between the septa noticed in speci- mens of Phillipsastrea Billingsi, Calvin, and P. Verneuili, Milne- Edwards and Haime, are also seen in this specimen; they tend to strengthen the belief in the close relationship of the genera Phillipsastreea and Acervularia. Genus PHILLIPsasTR#A, d’Orbigny. 1849. Phillipsastrea, d’Orbigny. 1849. Note sur des Polypiers fossiles, p. 2. Corallum composite, with an epitheca covering the basal surface. In- crease by marginal calycinal gemmation. Corallites confluent, not bound- ed by a definite wall. Calyces horizontally expanded at the margin, with a central pit surrounded by an exsert rim. Tabule often forming a narrow axial area. Septa confluent with those of neighbouring corallites, sometimes carinated, of two sizes, the primaries reaching the centre of the visceral chamber. Dissepiments filling the interseptal spaces. A pseudo- inner wall is suggested by the sudden stoppage of the secondary septa, 166 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. and sometimes by a thickening of the innermost dissepiments and the septa in a cycle surrounding the tabule. Type species.—P. Hennahi, dOrbigny. Range.—Devonian and Carboniferous. PHILLIPSASTRHA VERNEUILI, Milne-Kdwards and Haime. Plate XIV., fig. 4. Phillipsastrea Verneuili, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr, Paleeoz., p. 447, pl. 10, fig. 5. " " Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV,, p. 127, - fig. 24, Phillipsastrea afinis, Billings. 1874. Pleoz. Foss., vol. II., pt. L., p. 11. Phillipsastrea Verneuili, Nicholson. 1875. Paleon. of Ont., p. 78. " " Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 127, pl. XXXVIL., fig. 2. " " Whiteaves. 1879. Rep. of Progress for 1877-78, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 5c. 7 " Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XIT., p. 250. ‘“Corallum forming large discoidal masses over 30 cent. broad and 8 cent. thick or high, upper surface flat, lower surface irregular, strongly marked by concentric foldings or wrinkles of growth and covered by an epitheca. Septa numbering from about thirty to forty-six. Corallites varying in diameter from 10 to 16 mm. Central pit of the calices from 3 to 5 mm. in diameter. In no particular dves this species differ from P. Billingsi, except in the smaller size of its corallites and in a diminution in the number of the septa. In transverse sections and in weathered specimens it is observed that a single row of pore-openings occurs be- tween each pair of septa, the pores piercing the dissepiments where they rest on each other, the distance apart of the pores in a single row thus depending on the size of the dissepiments. This pore structure, which appears not to have been noticed previously in species of this genus, and which is well shown in some specimens of P. illingsi, in the collection, is apparently somewhat analagous to that which is seen in some species of the genus Arachnophyllum. “ Localities. —Corniferous formation of Ontario; Indian. Cove, Gaspé, in the Gaspé limestone, No. 8* (Oriskany formation), collected by R. Bell in 1862 ; also three loose specimens from the Devonian area south of Hudson Bay, collected by R. Bell in 1877, at Long Portage, Missinaibi River to Moose Factory. Of the Long Portage specimens one has coral- lites of average size, but the other two have corallites and calicinal pits that are considerably larger than those of specimens usually assigned to * See reference on p. 124 to the age of the Gaspé limestone, No. 8. LamBe. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 167 this species and approach in size those of the smaller forms of P. Billingsi. Measurements taken from the two last mentioned specimens give the fol- lowing results :—Diameter of calyces from 17 to 20 mm., diameter of central pits 6 to 7 mm. In all three specimens the septa number from about forty to forty-four, and the pore-openings can be detected in natural transverse sections. “Dr. Whiteaves records* the occurrence of this species in the Hamil- ton formation on the authority of Mr. Schuchert, who collected a good specimen of it at Bartlett’s Mills in 1895.” (Lambe, 1899.) PHILLIPSASTREA VERRILLI, Meek. (Sp.) Plate XIV., figs. 5, 5a, 55 and 6. Smithia Verrilli, Meek. 1868. Trans. Chicago Acad. of Sciences, vol. I., p. 83, pl. XI., figs. 7, 7a, 7b. Phillipsastrea Hennahi, Whiteaves. 1891. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 204. Corallum compound, forming irregular, depressed subhemispherical masses, commonly convex above and obtusely pointed below, but some- what varied in shape and subspherical when young; composed of con- fluent corallites, from 5 to 10 mm. in diameter, that terminate above in calyces that have a central pit. surrounded by a raised circular rim, averaging about 3 mm. in width and 1 or 2 mm. high, outside of which is a flat sunken margin striated by radiating septal ridges of equal size. Increase by marginal calicinal gemmation. Covered below by a concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Surface of attachment small. Septa generally confluent with those of neighbouring corallites, carinated on their sides, thickened near the centre of the corallite so as to form a pseudowall that appears at the surface as the raised rim surrounding the central pit, numbering from twenty to nearly forty, of two alternating sizes, the secondaries scarcely projecting past the inner wall beyond which the primaries are attenuated and continued to the centre, where they are generally twisted. Tabule usually well developed, flat, filling the area inside the inner wall and cut into by the primary septa, twelve or four- teen occurring in a space of 5mm. Dissepiments rather small, convex, occupying the interseptal spaces in the marginal area and arching slightly upward toward the tabule. The raised mural rings of the surface show in well preserved specimens a considerable variation in their amount of protrusion, but in worn specimens the general appearance of the surface resembles that of the type specimen as figured (op. cit.) The septal ridges, although of equal size in the marginal area, become slightly * Geol. Surv. Canada, Contr. Canad. Paleont., vol. I., pt. V., p. 365. 168 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. differentiated in passing over the mural rings and conspicuously so in descending into the pit, at the bottom of which the primaries only pass to the centre. Circular pore-openings in the dissepiments at their junction with each other, such as are found in other species of the genus, have been recognized in specimens of this species also. Localities and formations. —Corniferous limestone of Ontario. Also at the following localities in Athabasca and Mackenzie districts from the Devonian (Cuboides zone)—Peace River, near Vermilion Falls, Professor J, Macoun, 1875; Peace River, seven miles below the mouth of Red River, Mr. W. Ogilvie, 1875; Hay River, forty miles above its mouth, R. G. McConnell, 1887 ; Peace River, Vermilion Falls, R. G. McConnell, 1889. The largest specimen, one from the Vermilion Falls, measures 17 ~ cent. across and is between 8 and 9 cent. high at the centre. Meek’s type specimen is from the Anderson River, Mackenzie District, lat. 67° N., long. 126° W. (Devonian). Also one specimen from the Devonian of Moose River, Ont., R. Bell, 1595. This species seems to pass by insensible gradations into more robust forms that are with difficulty distinguishable from P. Vernewili, Milne- Edwards and Haime, described originally from the Devonian of Wiscon- sin. It also shows a close affinity to P. Woodmani, White, from the Devonian of lowa, which is distinguished from it, however, principally by having much more exsert circular rims surrounding the pits, by an eleva- tion of the tabule, near the centre, over which the primary septa do not pass, and by an absence of carinz on the septa. PHILLIPSASTRHA VERRILLI, var. exiguum. (Var. nov.) Plate XIV., fig. 7. Phillipsastrea Verrillii, Whiteaves. 1891. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 205. What is considered a variety of the preceding species is represented by a few specimens from the Devonian (Cuboides zone) of Hay River and Vermilion Falls. The coralla reach a fair size and have corallites from about 5 to 7 mm. in breadth, but the central pits average only about 1:5 mm. in diameter, and the septa vary in number from sixteen to twenty. The largest specimen, which is slightly convex above and obtusely pointed below, measures over 11 cent. in breadth and is 5 cent. high. Localities.—Hay River, forty miles above its mouth, Mackenzie District, R. G. McConnell, 1887, and Vermilion Falls, Peace River, Athabasca District, R. G. McConnell, 1889. SF tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 169 PHILLIPSASTRHA BiLuinesi, Calvin. Phillipsastrea gigas, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 128; incorrectly identified with Arachnophyllum (Astrea ?) gigas, Owen. " 1» Nicholson. 1875. Paleon. of Ont., p. 77. Phillipsastrea gigas (?), Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 128, pl. XXXVIL, fig. 4. Phillipsastrea billingsi, Calvin. 1893. American Geologist, vol. XII., p. 111, pl. VI., figs. 1 and 2. Phillipsastrea Billingsi, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 249. “Corallum composite, large, discoidal, more or less convex above, rather flat below, formed of slightly divergent, confluent, polygonal coral- lites, from about 2 to over 4 cent. in diameter, that increase by marginal calicinal gemmation from a central basal beginning ; attaining a breadth of over 40 cent. and a height of nearly 12 cent. Basal surface covered by a concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Corallites not bounded by a wall, their septa meeting and becoming confluent with those of neighbouring corallites ; opening on the upper surface in calyces having a broadly con- vex, exsert, reflexed circular rim surrounding a deep, steep-sided pit measuring from about 8 to 10 mm. in diameter, and 4 or 5mm. deep. Septa well developed, numbering from about forty to sixty, of two alterna- ting sizes, the larger reaching the centre and becoming somewhat twisted, or falling short of it, the smaJler not extending beyond the sides of the central pit ; they are decorated on their sides by arched carine curving upward and inward and appearing on their free edges in the central pit and reflexed calicinal margins as small transverse denticulations. Tabule, forming a narrow axial area, at times well developed, flat at the centre, turned down at the edge, the primary septa passing over them to the centre as carine, at other times, interfered with by the septal ends which cut into them and destroy their horizontal continuity, giving them more the character of dissepiments than of tabule. Dissepiments filling the interseptal spaces and curving upward and outward in regular order, those in the peripheral region being generally larger than those nearer the centre; they are pierced at their junction with each other by oval or circular pore-openings forming a uniserial row midway between the septa.” (Lambe, 1899.) Locality and formation.—Corniferous limestone of Ontario. Genus PacHyPHYLLUM, Milne-Edwardsand Haime. 1850. Pachyphyllum, Milne-Hdwards and Haime. 1850. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. xviii. “Qorallum astreiform ; septa numerous, well developed, reaching the centre and passing over the wall. Calyces marked by strongly developed exothecal tissue. Devonian” (Zittel: Traité de Paléontologie). 170 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. P. Bouchardi, Milne-Edwards and Haime. Range.— Devonian. Type species. The chief point of difference between this genus and Phillipsastrea is that in the latter the distal ends of the septa of individual corallites con- nect with those of adjacent corallites, whilst in the former the union of the corallites is effected wholly or for the most part by peripheral vesicu- lar tissue without the aid of the septa. Pachyphyllum is regarded by some well known authorities as a good genus but it is also ranked as a subgenus of Phillipsastrwa, and again the separation of the two genera has been looked upon with entire disfavour as being artificial and inappropriate. PACHYPHYLLUM DEVONIENSE, Milne-Edwards and Haime. Plate XIV, figs. 8, 8a. Pachyphyllum Devoniense, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 397. a ae Milne-Edwards and Haime. 18538. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 234. fol, JEIOL. satersh, (5), be), Phillipsastrea (Pachyphyllum) Devoniensis, Frech. 1885. ‘Korallen-fauna des Oberdevons in Deutschland, p. 67, taf. VI., figs. 2, 2a. Pachyphyllum Devoniense, Whiteaves. 1891. Contr. to Can. Palon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 205. The single specimen referred to this species was collected by Professor Macoun in 1875, on the Peace River, between the mouth of Red River and Vermilion Falls. The specimen in question is slightly worn and the finer surface mark- ings consequently lost, but transverse and longitudinal sections have been made that show the structural details of the interior excellently ; it may be described as follows :—Corallum compound, irregular in shape, somewhat subhemispherical, roughly convex above and flat below, 10 cent. in greatest breadth and about 6 cent. high, made up of confluent cor- allites that diverge from a central basal point of attachment. Corallites from about 8 to 12mm. broad, with no demarcation of their outer boun- daries, their centres at the surface projecting 4 or 5mm. above the sur- rounding margins and forming strongly exsert rings enclosing sunken pits averaging 7 mm. in diameter. In transverse and longitudinal sec- tions the corallites are seen to be made up of an axial area of irregular tabule surrounded by a cycle of septa that is in turn enclosed within a peripheral zone of vesicular tissue confluent with the like tissue of adja- cent corallites. Septa thick, with smooth sides, numbering from about thirty-six to forty-two, of two orders, primaries and secondaries, the for- LAMBE. | CANADIAN PALZHOZOIC CORALS. 171 mer converging to the centre where they generally meet and are fre- quently twisted, the secondaries about one-quarter the length of the primaries ; both sizes of septa start inward at an equal distance from the centre, the primaries becoming suddenly thin and continuing so for the inner half of their length. Outer zones of neighbouring corallites by their union forming a continuous vesicular tissue surrounding and separating the septal cycles. The convex plates forming the vesicles incline slightly upward toward the septa, continue for some distance inward and down- ward as dissepiments in the interseptal loculi and becoming larger and flatter at the centre of the visceral chamber form an axial area of irregu- lar tabulee. Locality.—Peace River, Athabasca District, Prof. J. Macoun, 1875 ; Devonian (Culoides zone). Genus BLorHROPHYLLUM, Billings. Blothrophyllum, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. [V., p. 129. Generic characters—‘‘Corallum, simple, turbinate or cylindrical. Internal structure, consisting of a central area occupied by flat, transverse diaphragms, an intermediate area with strong radiating septa, and an outer area in which there is a set of imperfect diaphragms project- ing upwards, and bearing on their upper surfaces rudimentary radiating septa. A thin complete epitheca and a septal fossette. Generic name from Greek PiwApds.” (Billings). Type species.—B. decorticatum, Billings. Range.— Devonian. BLOTHROPHYLLUM DECORTICATUM, Billings. Plate XV., figs. 1, la. Blothrophyllum decorticatum, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 1380, fig. 25. " " Nicholson. 1874. Paleeon. of Ont., p. '19, pl. IV., fig. 3. " " Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 112, pl. XLI. Corallum simple, conico-cylindrical, long and flexuous, pointed and conical at the base, cylindrical above, strongly annulated at short and rather regular intervals by growth markings representing the rims of former calyces, reaching a thickness of over 7 cent., one specimen having a diameter of between 4 and 5 cent. anda length of over 40 cent. although imperfect at both ends. Calyx of moderate depth, with broad 1le( CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PAL ONTOLOGY. margins, from the circumference of which the thin-edged septa converge leaving a broad, flat, smooth surface, the central part of the uppermost tabu- lum, exposed at the bottom, although occasionally the septa are continued as carinations to the centre. A deep septal fossette occurs in the side of the bottom of the cup. Internal structure consisting of a combined tabulate and septate area. in breath equal to about one-half the diameter of the corallum, with a peripheral vesicular zone surrounding it. Septa, numbering from about one hundred to over one hundred and seventy in individuals of different degrees of slenderness, of two orders, alternately long and short, continuous vertically within the psendowall formed by the innermost plates of the vesicular area, the primaries cutting through the down-turned edges of the tabule for some distance, but leaving the. broad, flat or concave central portion untouched; in the vesicular area their vertical continuity is broken and they pass outward as sharp carinations on the calicular margins, their differentiation in size being still well marked. Tabule broad, flat, undulating or slightly concave at the centre, bending downward when they meet the septa and passing between them to the inner limit of the vesicular zone. The blister-like plates of the outer area, large, directed upward and outward, supporting the periodic calicular margins formed in the growth of the corallum. Hpitheca thin, complete, with longitudinal striations corresponding to the number and position of the septa, and with fine transverse growth lines ; in most specimens its decortication, to a greater or less extent, exposes the large vesicles within, or as is frequently the case, the removal of the outer area by weathering lays bare the surface of the more compact core- like septo-tabulate inner zone. As in Acrophyllum Oneidaense, small spinous processes occur on the surface near the basal extremity. Localities and formation.—Corniferous limestone of Ontario ; loose spec- imens have also been collected by Mr. George Barnston on the Albany River near Old Fort Henley and on the Moose River (Devonian). Genus LonspaLeiA, McCoy, 1849. Lonsdalcia, McCoy. 1849. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., second series, vol. III., p. 10. “ Corallum fasciculate or astreiform. Besides the external wall, there is a second, accessory, internal one. Columella thick, formed of rolled lamelle. Peripheral part of the corallites, included between the two walls, filled with vesicular endotheca ; septa well developed, reaching to the vicinity of the columella but not extending to the outer wall. Carboniferous.” (Zittel: Traité de Paléontologie.) Type species.—L. duplicatus, Martin, sp. Range.—Carboniferous. _ tame, | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 173 LonspALeIA Picréense, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XIV., figs. 9, 9a. Lithostrotion Pictoense, Billings. 1868. Dawson’s Acadian Geology, second edition, p. 285, fig. 83. Lonsdaleia Pictoense, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 248. ‘“‘Corallum compound, fasciculate, composed of long, upright, flexuous, cylindrical corallites that increase freely by lateral calicinal gemmation and are separated from each other by spaces of variable width, though frequently in contact.. Corallites attaining a breadth of about 10 mm., the young ones beginning with a diameter of between 2 and 3 mm. Epitheca complete. Internal structure consisting of a circumferential vesicular zone, in breadth equal to about one-fifth the diameter of the corallite, defined within by a stout inner wall that encloses a tabulate area, at the centre of which is a comparatively large columella about 1 mm. in thickness. From the inner wall converge short, strong, well defined septa that are occasionally extended outward into the vesicular zone and more rarely reach the outer wall. The septa, about twenty in number, extend only about half-way across the space between the inner wall and the columella ; alternating with them are observed occasionally rudimentary septa which are also indicated in the outer wall in those exceptional instances when the primary septa traverse the peripheral vesicular area. Tabule moderately regular, about twelve in a space of 5 mm., inclined slightly upward at their junction with the inner wall and rising suddenly and inosculating with each other near the centre so as to form the columella. Vesicles of the outer area long and narrow, formed by curved plates rather unequal in size, that are directed obliquely up, ward and outward, and fill the space between the two walls. ‘“‘ Represented in the collection by a small fragment, roughly 4 cent. broad and over 2 cent. high, embedded in compact limestone that hides the exact characters of the surface of the corallites. ““ Locality —Hast River, Pictou, Nova Scotia, collected by Sir J. William | Dawson ; Lower Carboniferous.” (Lambe, 1899.) Genus CiislopHYLLUM, Dana. 1846. Clisiophyllum, Dana. 1846. Am, Jour., Sci., and Arts, 2nd series, vol. ep Sie ‘“Corallum simple, turbinate or subcylindrical. Septa numerous, well developed. In the centre of the calyx is a conical or tent-shaped projec- tion over which pass the prolongations of the first order of septa in straight or spiral lines. Within are three concentric zones: the central 174 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. zone formed of a system of vertical or twisted lamelle and of vesicular tabulz ; the median zone formed of large vesicles made up of horizontal plates ; the peripheral zone filled with a very fine vesicular tissue. Sil- urian to Carboniferous.” (Zittel: Traité de Paléontologie.) CLisIopHYLLUM Briiuinesi1, Dawson. (Sp.) Plate XIV., figs. 10, 10a. Cyathophyllum Billingsi, Dawson. 1868. Acadian Geology, second addition, p. 287, fig. 84d. Clisiophyllum Billingsi, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 247. “Corallum simple, turbinate, evenly curved, annulated by distinct ridges of growth, terminating above in a shallow calyx; nearly 5 cent. long as measured on the convex curve, 18 mm. broad near the top. Ep- itheca complete, thin, with very fine, close-set, transverse growth lines and longitudinal septa striz. Internally a narrow peripheral, vesicular area, in breadth equal to about one-fifth the maximum diameter of the corallum and made up of small convex plates arching upward and outward, sur- rounds a broad inner zone of vesicles that are directed upward and in- ward and fill the interseptal spaces, the centre being occupied by a columella that appears at the bottom of the calyx as a thin, laterally compressed projection. Septa about seventy-two in number, of two sizes alternating with each other, the primaries well developed, a few of them passing to the centre, the remainder almost reaching the centre, the secondaries very short. In the calyx the secondaries appear only at the periphery but the primaries are conspicuous as sharp-edged lamelle con- verging toward the centre. On the surface where the epitheca has been removed by weathering the outer edges of the two orders of septa are exposed as longitudinal ribs of equal strength with the horizontal edges of the vesicular plates filling the spaces between them. “ Locality.—Lower Stewiacke, county of Colchester, Nova Scotia, col- lected by Mr. C. F. Hartt; Lower Carboniferous. One specimen, the property of the Peter Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal.” (Lambe, 1899. Genus AcRopHYLLUM, Thomson and Nicholson. Acrophyllum, Thomson and Nicholson. 1876. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. XVII., p. 455. Generic characters.—“ Corallum simple, turbinate, or cylindro-conical. Epitheca thin, with numerous encircling strie and annulations of growth. Central area occupied by strong tabule, which are not vesicular, and are save. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 175 very strongly elevated centrally, and at the same time more or less twisted with a spiral bending, so as to give rise to a central funnel-shaped and obliquely contorted eminence. This eminence is formed solely by the elevation of the successive tabule ; and no vertical plates take part in its formation as is the case in Clisiophyllum The septa are well developed, lamellar, usually prolonged over the upper surfaces of the tabule in the form of strize which extend nearly to the centre. External area traversed by the septa, which are united by comparatively remote angular dissepi- ments. No columella. A well-marked septal fossette.” (Thomson and Nicholson.) Type species.—A. (Clisiophyllum) Oneidéense, Billings. Range.— Devonian. ACROPHYLLUM ONEIDAENSE, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XVI., figs 1 and 2. Clisiophyllum Oneidaense, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. iV., p. 128. " " Nicholson. 1874. Paleeon. of Ont., p. 20, pl. IV, figs. 4 and 5. Acrophyllum Oneidaense, Thomson and Nicholson. 1876. Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist. fourth series, vol. X VII., p. 455. Clisiophyllum Oneidaense, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 109, pl. XL, upper row. Corallum simple, conico-cylindrical, pointed below and generally curved for a short distance above the base, at first turbinate then becom- ing cylindrical and often somewhat flexuous or bent, attaining a length of over 36 cent. and a thickness of about 6 cent. ; one specimen measures 6 cent. in diameter not more than 8 cent. above the base. Annulated by numerous strong and decided wrinkles of growth and provided with an epitheca marked by minor transverse lines of growth and longitudinal septal furrows corresponding to the primary and secondary septa beneath. The surface for a distance of 5 or 6 cent. from the base is often decorated by numerous transverse rows of spinous outgrowths up to 2 or 3 mm. in length. Calyx deep, with a sharp rim and steep sides, in which the free edges of the septa appear as thin lamelle surrounding a prominent, conical, twisted boss that rises abruptly from the bottom ; from about one-third to nearly one-half the diameter of the coral in depth. A nar- row fossette is present in the bottom of the cup. Septa numbering from about one hundred in slender specimens, to over one hundred and ninety in large individuals, of two orders, primaries and secondaries, alternating, the latter so small as to be almost obsolete, the former strong, cutting the edges of the tabule, a variable number passing over the tabule as carina, some reaching, others falling short of the apex of the central boss and all partaking of the twist of that prominence. Tabule well developed, form- 176 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PAL ONTOLOGY. ing an inner zone, in breadth about five-sevenths of the entire diameter, turned down at the edges and raised centrally, in the form of a large cone that appears as the striking projection in the bottom of the cup. This conical boss is from 1 to over 1°5 cent. in height, and is twisted in a direction contrary to that of the hands of a watch when viewed from above ; the carinal septa that reach the apex stand out as sharp ridges, giving the cone a rugose appearance. Surrounding the broad tabulate zone is a narrow vesicular area made up of rather large, convex dissepi- ments filling the intersepted spaces and curving upward and outward. Mr. James Thomson and Professor Nicholson included in the genus Acrophyllum, the two species A. Oneidaense, Billings, and A. pluriradiale, Nicholson, although the latter species is stated in the original description | (Paleont. of Ontario, 1874, p. 21) to differ from the former, principally in the absence of an external vesicular area, a structural difference that would searcely allow of their being classed in the same genus. The col- lection of corals from the Corniferous formation of Ontario in the posses- sion of the Geological Survey at the present time comprises no specimens that agree with the description of A. pluriradiale, Nicholson. Localities and formation.—Abundant in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. It has been collected also (loose) in the Devonian area south of James Bay by George Barnston on the Moose River, and on the Albany River near Old Fort Henley ; by R. Bell at the Grand Rapids of the Mattagami River, and on the Moose River, in 1895 ; at Long Portage, Missinaibi River to Moose Factory, by R. Bell, in 1877. Genus Lirnosrrorion, Fleming. 1828. Lithostrotion, Fleming. 1828. British Animals, p. 508. “Ccrallum fasciculate or astreiform, composed of cylindrical, slender corallites, with an epitheca. Columella styliform, compressed laterally ; septa well developed, sometimes reaching the columella. Central part of the corallite crossed by irregular tabulee, peripheral part occupied by a vesicular endotheca. Carboniferous.” (Zittel : Traité de Paléontologie.) Type species.— L. basaltiforme, Fleming. LirHostrotion Macount, Lambe. Plate XIV., figs. 11, lla, 110. Favosites--(?), Whiteaves. 1877. Rep. of Progress for 1875-76. Geol. Survey of Can- ada, p. 98. Lithostrotion Macounti, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 220. “Corallum astreiform, composed of long, upright, slightly flexuous, closely packed, distinct, prismatic corallites that have five, six or seven tamec. | CANADIAN PALEOZOIC CORALS. Me r/ sides and average about 3 mm. in breadth, forming masses evidently of considerable size ; represented by two fragments, the largest of which is 8 cent. high and 6 cent. broad. The corallites are somewhat irregularly marked by decided transverse, often slightly oblique, growth ridges, and are covered by an epitheca regularly striated longitudinally by septal fur- rows. Calyces not observed. Septa from eighteen to twenty-two in number, alternately long and short, the former passing to the centre and producing a slender columella, the latter extending only a short distance inward from the wall. Frequently a primary septum instead of passing to the centre joins the one next to it at a short distance from that point. A narrow peripheral area formed of small upwardly and outwardly arching plates in one or two cycles surrounds a broad tabulate inner zone. Tabulee flat or slightly raised at the centre, where they are crossed by the columella, about fifteen occurring in a space of 5 mm. “This species resembles Lithostrotion (Stylaxis) irregularis, McCoy,* from the Carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire, but the corallites are smaller, the septa are less numerous and there are fewer rows of vesicles.” (Lambe, 1899.) i Locality.—Fossil Point, Peace River, British Columbia, two fragments probably belonging to one specimen, collected by Professor J. Macoun in 1875 ; Lower Carboniferous. CHONOPHYLLID Ai. Genus OmpHyma, Rafinesque and Clifford. 1820. Omphyma, Rafinesque and Clifford. 1820. Ann. des Sci. Phys. de Bruxelles. vol. 5. p. 234. ? Farner Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1850. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. lxix. “Single conical polyp cells of cyathophylloid structure, composed of invaginated calycinal cups, the bottoms of which have the form of spacious diaphragms, either smooth or crested by the radial lamelle uniting in the centre. The ascending side walls of the cups are encircled by linear, crest-like plications, which connect into uninterrupted vertical lamine, within this intermediate area. At the peripheral cup margins the plica- tions become tent-shaped, embracing one another in their superposition, but not always combining with their edges into uninterrupted vertical leaves. The interlamellar interstices are traversed by transverse plates, and divided into cellulose spaces, but the dissepiments are not independent vesiculose leaflets ; they make part of the tent-shaped folds of the invagi- nated series of cell cups, and represent the rounded, outwardly directed flexion of the plicated cup walls, while the inwardly turned folds are * Brit. Paleoz. Fossils, 1855, p. 101, pl. 3a, fig. 5. L—6 178 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. sharply crested. Root like, cylindrical excrescences from the side walls of the polyparia, by which they are attached to other bodies, are a peculiarity of the different species of Omphyma, which, however, are not exclusively so to them, but are also noticed in other forms of the cyatho- phylloid family. As another distinctive character of Omphyma, the development of four septal fovee is mentioned by Milne-Edwards, but they are generally not all equally distinct, while very frequently only one of them is obvious, the others being almost obsolete. The genus Ptychophyllum, described by Milne-Edwards as being organized like Chonophyllum, differing from it in the twisted converging ends of the radial lamelle, forming a central false columella, is likewise in close structural relationship with Omphyma, and in the special case of Ptycho- phyllum Stokes, I found its affinity with Omphyma verrucosa so great that I altered the name of the first from Piychophyllwm to Omphyma.” (Rominger). Type species.—O. (Madrepora) turbinata, Fougt. Range.—Silurian. The genus Ptychophyllum was founded in 1850, by Milne-Edwards and Haime, with P. Stokesi, from the Niagara of Drummond Island, Lake Huron, as the type species (not P. patellatuwm, Schloth., sp. as stated by Zittel, in his Traité de Paléontologie, vol. 1, p. 232, French translation). If, as Dr. Rominger asserts, P. Stokes: is really an Omphyma (and he has described it as such) then Ptychophyllum must be regarded as synonymous with Omphyma. Dr. Rominger in describing O, verrucosa and O. Stokesi, from Drummond Island, the typical locality of both species, remarks that “it is sometimes difficult to draw a line of distinction between specimens of these two species.” The genus Streptelasma, Hail, 1847, is classed by Dr. Lindstrom in his ‘“‘TIndex* to the generic names of palzozoic Corals” as a synonym of Ptychophyllum, Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1850, although why, if they are synonymous genera, Ptychophyllum created three years later than Streptelasma, should be retained in preference to Hall’s genus is not clear to the writer. However, the Zaphrentoid genus Streptelasma has no affinity whatever with the Cyathophylloid genus Ptychophyllum. OmPHYMA VERRUCOSA, Rafinesque and Clifford. Omphyma verrucosa, Rafinesque and Clifford. 1820. Ann. des Sci. Phys. de Bruxelles, vol. 5., p. 125. ? Coral, Stokes. 1824. Trans. Geol. Soc., second series, vol. I., pl. XXIX., fig. 1 (on the right). * Bihang till k. sy. vet.-akad. handl., band 8, No. 9. tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 179 Omphyma verrucosa, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzoz., p. 403. Zaphrentis Bigsbyi, Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 92. Omphyma verrucosa, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 117, pl. XLIV., lower row. The description given by Milne-Edwards and Haime is as follows : “Cette espece est allongée, cylindro-turbinée, souvent courbée ; les bour- relets d’accroissement sont tres-prononcés ; ses prolongements radiciformes espacés, mais quelquefois situés tres-pres du calice. Sa hauteur est d’en- viron 6 ou 7 centimétres ; le diameétre du calice est de 3 ou 4. “Silurien. Amérique du Nord: Ie de Drummond sur le lac Huron. ** Ooll. Stokes.” With this species are identified two exfoliated specimens from the Niagara of Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, collected by Mr. J. Townsend in 1883. The specimen described by Mr. Billings under the name Zaphrentis Bigsbyi is from rocks of the same age on the east side of Cockburn Island, two miles north of McLeod’s Harbour, collected by R. Bell in 1866. Rominger’s specific description is as follows :— “Conical polyparia, attaining in larger specimens the length of one decimeter by a calyx diameter of from seven to eight centimeters. Sur- face of the silicified specimens generally exfoliated; if perfect, it is covered by an epithecal wall with annular wrinkles of growth, and longi- tudinally striate by septal furrows. From the sides of the conical walls numerous cylindrical, root-like prolongations grow out, serving for attach- ment of the coral to other bodies: these appendices were not distributed equally over the surface, but seemed to form only on those sides where a chance for attachment was offered by close proximity of an object. Calyces spacious, with steeply ascending sides and a gently expanded margin ; bottom broad, convex, with depressed circumference, flat or somewhat concave in the centre, which may be almost smooth, or the lamelle may extend over it as carinations, becoming twisted in the centre. On the ascending sides of the calyx the lamelle have the form of acute linear lamine alternating in size, a smaller and a larger one near the bot- tom of the calyx always united into pairs. In the marginal portions of the calyces, the two plates forming the linear crests diverge at the base, and open into a tent-shape. The four septal foveze are scarcely ever distinct —two of them, or it may be only one, being plainly developed. “The centre of the polyparia is, in vertical sections, seen regularly intersected by large transverse plates, and the continuity of the vertical crests is interrupted. Number of lamelle in calyces of six or seven centi- meters diameter from one hundred to one hundred and ten. Associated L—6} 180 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. with the elongated type form already described are shorter conical speci- mens, with broad, expanded calyx margins, and generally with a very prominent bottom, covered by twisted radial crests, seeming to be a mere variety of the former kind. ‘Occurs in the Niagara group of Drummond’s Island.” OmpHymMA EripHy Le, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XV. figs. 2, 2a, 20. ? Omphyma subturbinata, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1855. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 288, pl. LX VITI. figs. 1, la-c. Cyathophyllum Eriphyle, Billings. 1862. Paleeoz. Foss. vol. I, p. 111. Omphyma Hriphyle, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 248. “Corallum simple, large, cylindro-turbinate. Outer surface marked transversely with shallow constrictions alternating with low growth- swellings, 5 or 6 mm. broad, representing successive calicular margins. Kpitheca thin, with numerous transverse growth lines and longitudinal depressed linear markings 2 or 3 mm. apart. Internal structure, as viewed in longitudinal and transverse sections, composed of a central tabulate area, about one-third the diameter of the corallite, surrounded by a broad vesicular zone. Tabule flat, close set, moderately regular, sometimes anastomosing, about twelve in a space of 1 cent. Vesicles unequal in size, from 1 or 2 mm. to over 1 cent. in length, made up of arched plates curving upward and outward. The tabuleareat intervals continued obliquely outward over the vesicles so as to form in reality a succession of invaginated cups flat at the bottom with dilated convex sides. Septa discontinuous vertically, formed by the infolding of the sides of the cups, broad and angular at the periphery, becoming lamellar within, not encroaching on the tabulate area, numbering about eighty, and apparently of equal length. Calyx moderately deep. Length from 10 to 25 vent., diameter from 5 to 6°5 cent.” (Lambe, 1899.) Locality.—L’ Anse a la Vieille, Baie des Chaleurs, collected by Sir W. E. Logan in 1843; Silurian. Genus ARACHNOPHYLLUM, Dana, 1846. Arachnophyllum, Dana. 1846. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd series, vol I., p. 186. Astrwophyllum, Nicholson and Hinde. 1874. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. XIV. p. 152. ? Vesicularia, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 134. Corallum comp site, with a basal epithecal covering. Corallites up- right, confluent, each consisting of a series of invaginated calyces whose ee) taupe. | CANADIAN PALMOZOIC CORALS. 181 expanded margins uniting with those of adjacent corallites form a suc- cession of continuoas floors, supported by coarse vesicular structure. Calyces shallow, impressed centrally with a small pit that is at times surrounded by an elevated rim; their marginal boundaries more or less distinct and polygonal in outline, sometimes scarcely defined. Septa lamellar and continuous vertically in the neighbourhood of the central pit, outwardly developing into superficial radial foldings of the calycinal margins. Tabulz generally inconspicuous, forming a narrow axial area at the centre of the visceral chamber. Dissepiments occupying the interseptal loculi in a zone surrounding the tabule; in the peripheral area they develop into blister-like plates that form the supporting vesicular tissue continuous from one corallite into the next. Septa radii at times poriferous. Type species.—A. (Acervularia) Baltica, Lonsdale. Range.—Silurian. ARACHNOPHYLLUM PENTAGONUM, Goldfuss. (Sp.) Plate XV., figs. 3, 3a. Strombodes pentagonus, Goldfuss. 1826. Petrefacta Germanic, vol. I., p. 62, pl. XXI., figs. 2a, b. " " Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzeoz., p. 430. " " Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 130, pl. XLVIIL., figs. 1 and 2. on " Whitfield. 1882. Geol. of Wisconsin, vol. IV., p. 275, pl. XV., fig. 5. Corallum compound, explanate, discoidal, slightly convex above, with a flat or undulating lower surface roughened by irregular coarse wrinkles of growth, and with a small central base of attachment; attaining a diameter of over 13 cent. and a thichness of 3 or 4 cent. Epitheca covering the basal surface, marked by fine concentric growth lines. Poly- paria upright, very slightly di "ergent, confluent, opening above in shallow calyces, impressed at the centre with a small pit, and meeting in obtusely elevated polygonal outlines. Calyces from about 1 to over 2 cent. in width, radially marked by fine, obtusely angular septal ridges that con- nect with those of adjacent calyces. Central pit from about 2°5 to 6 mm. wide, or averaging about one-fourth the diameter of the calyces. Septa numbering from thirty to forty at the margin of thecentral pit, within which they are lamellar and continuous vertically ; of these half reach the centre of the visceral chamber, whilst the remainder stop short of the centre, frequently all or some of the septa coalesce in sets of twos near the bot- tom of the pit, each pair continuing to the centre as a single septum. 182 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAMONTOLOGY. On emerging from the central pit the septa become augmented in num- ber, many of them bifurcating or trifurcating, and continue outward as superficial radial foldings of the calycinal margins. A double. row of minute pore-openings occurs in each septal ridge, one row on either side of the central line, the openings in either row generally alternating with those of the other. In vertical sections each corallite is seen to be com- posed of a series of invaginated calyces whose margins, uniting with those of adjacent calyces at the same level, form a succession of superposed continuous floors. In the interseptal spaces in the vicinity of the central pit occur small arched dissepiments rising obliquely outward ; these con- tinued outward, in the area to which the septa do not extend as vertical lamellee, become larger and more unequal in size, forming vesicular tissue, on which the successive calycinal floors rest. Small inconspicuous, hori- zontal tabule occupy the centre of the visceral chamber. Increase by intercalicular gemmation. Locality.—Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, collected by R. Bell and H. G. Vennor, in 1865, and by J. Townsend, in 1882 and 1883 ; Niagara formation. This species cannot be distinguished from 4A. strzatwm, d’Orbigny, according to Rominger, who (on page 131, op. cit.) says “it is impossible to draw a dividing line between them; all gradations of sizes, from the large to the small forms, can be found associated in the same localities, and in structure not the least difference exists between them.” ARACHNOPHYLLUM MAMILLARE, Dale Owen. (Sp.) Plate XV., fig. 4, Astrea mamillaris, Dale Owen. 1844. Rep. Geol. Explor. Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois, p. 70, pl. XIV., fig. 3. Strombodes mamillatus, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 132, pl. XLVUL,, fig. 4. To this species is assigned a specimen collected at Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, by J. Townsend, in 1883 ; it agrees in the size and shape of its calyces with the figure of the type specimen (op. cit., pl. xiv- fig. 3) and with Rominger’s description and figure of specimens from the Niagara rocks of Point Detour, Lake Huron. The Grand Manitoulin Island specimen may be described as follows :— Corallum discoidal, somewhat convex above, flat below, measuring 15 cent. across and 4 cent. high at the centre. Basal surface wrinkled, covered by an epitheca showing concentric growth lines, and with a small central point of attachment. Corallites slightly divergent, opening on tamec. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 183 the surface in radially septate calyces with narrow, sunken confluent mar- gins and broad cone-shaped central prominences enclosing deeply exca- vated pits that are from | to nearly 2 cent. apart and vary in width from 5to7mm. The septa average thirty-six in number, are alternately long and short in the pits, half passing to the centre, the others terminating in the vertical pit sides; the differentiation in the size of the septa is apparent at times on the outer descending slopes of the central projections but is lost on the sunken marginal floors where the septal ridges attain a maximum breadth of nearly 1 mm. The presence of septal pore-openings has not been detected. Other structural details as described in former species. From A. difflwens this species differs principally in its much more robust growth, in the greater size of the calycina] pits, and in the propor- tionately larger mammiform cones. Formation.—Niagara. ARACHNOPHYLLUM DIFFLUENS, Milne-Edwards and Haime. (Sp.) Plate XIV., fig. 12. Strombodes diffiwens, Milne-Hdwards and Haime. 185]. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Palzoz., p. 4381. sf a Milne-Hdwards and Haime. 1855. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 294, pl. LXXL., figs. 2, 2a. oF ue Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 34. Strombodes pigmeus, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals. p. 131, pl. XLVIIL., fig. 3. Arachnophyllum difiuens, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XIT., p. 244. “‘Corallum forming laminar or discoidal expansions, composed of confluent corallites whose calyces open on the surface with scarcely any line of demar- cation between them ; reaching a breadth of 9 cent. and a thickness of between 2 and 3 cent. Calyces, varying in width from 8 to 12 mm., flat or shallowly concave in the marginal area, with a circular, elevated rim surrounding a central pit 3 or 4 mm. in diameter from which radiate the septa as narrow convex ribs having a maximum breadth of about ‘5 mm. The elevated rims surrounding the pits stand, in some specimens, much more prominently above the surrounding, sunken, calycinal extensions than in others, whilst at times they develop into salient, conical projec- tions with the pit forming an excavation at the top. Lateral junction of contiguous calyces sometimes very slightly raised, more often seen as a plane surface in which no dividing line is apparent. Septa averaging thirty in number as in other species of the genus, lamellar and continuous vertically in the vicinity of the central pit, converted on the flat calicinal margin into surface ribs that join those of neighbouring calyces ; of two 184 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAEONTOLOGY. orders, alternating with each other within the pit, the primaries reaching the centre or leaving a narrow, circular, smooth spot at the centre, the secondaries not continued beyond the sides of the pit. As in A. pentagon- wm, Goldfuss, a cvalescence of the inner septal ends in sets of twos, and their continuance as single septa is often observed. Double rows of pore- openings are present in the septal ridges. The dissepimental and vesicu-— lar structure is similar to that of A. pentagonwm, only proportionately smaller. Small flat tabule occur in the centre of the visceral chamber.” (Lambe, 1899.) Localities.—Five miles west of Chicotte River, Anticosti, J. Richard- son, 1856, division IV., Anticosti group. Owen Sound, Ont., J. Townsend, 1874 to 1883; north end of Lake Temiscaming, Que., R. Bell, 1887: - Niagara formation. ARACHNOPHYLLUM EXIMIUM, Billings. (Sp.) Plate XVI., figs. 3, 3a and 4. Strombodes eximius, Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 93. Arachnophyllum eximium, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 245. ‘Original description.—‘ Corallum composite, apparently forming large depressed hemispherical colonies. Corallites from 9 to 15 lines across, the calice slightly concave in the outer half of the width, the central depression 3 or 4 lines wide. There are about fifty septo-costal radii in a corallite 14 lines across. This species differs from Strombodes pentagonus and Strombodes striatus (both of which occur in the same beds) in having much coarser radii.’ “ Additional specimens were collected by J. Townsend on Grand Manitoulin Island in 1883 ; one specimen in particular shows the structure admirably. “Further details as to the growth of the corallum are here appended: — Corallum composite, explanate, discoidal, sometimes over 13 cent. broad and 3 cent. thick, upper surface flat or slightly convex. Corallites upright, confluent, varying in breadth from 2 to 3cent., with shallowly concave calyces whose boundaries are poorly defined and only slightly elevated. Calyces with a well marked, rather deep and comparatively broad central pit, averaging nearly 1 cent. in width, having steep, at times almost _ vertical sides and a flat bottom. Tabuize, forming a well defined axial area, flat or slightly convex, turned down at their edges, as broad as the pit is wide, about sixteen in a space of 5 mm. Septa numbering from forty to about fifty-two, lamellar and uninterrupted in a narrow area surrounding the tabule, of two orders, the primaries reaching the centre tame. | CANADIAN PALMOZOIC CORALS. 185 of the tabulz as carinz, the secondaries not infringing on the tabule ; beyond the confines of the central pit their vertical continuity is interrupted and they radiate outward as gradually broadening, flatly convex ribs, reaching a maximum breadth of 2 mm. at the edge of the calycinal extension where they meet the septal ribs of adjacent calyces. Pore- openings in the septal ribs have not been recognized in specimens belonging to this species. The vesicular structure supporting the calycinal floors, developed at intervals in the upward growth of the colony, is composed of blister-like plates that are proportionately rather smaller and less convex than in other species of the genus, also the radially folded caly- cinal floors appear to be developed with greater frequency and are consequently closer together than in A. pentagonuwm, Goldfuss, from which this species differs in many essential points. Between the lamellar septa arched dissepiments curve downward to meet the tabule.” (Lambe, 1899.) Locality.—West Point, Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, R. Bell, 1866, and Grand Manitoulin Island, J. Townsend, 1883; Niagara formation. Genus CHonopHYLLUM, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1850. Chonophyllum, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1850. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. lxix. Corallum simple, short and broadly expanded or by the superaddition of successive calycinal expansions becoming conico-cylindrical. Calyx steep-sided with expanded horizontal or reflexed margins. Central area irregularly tabulate with a convex calicular surface. Peripheral area broad, vesicular. Septa sometimes reaching the centre, thin and con- tinuous vertically in a cycle surrounding the tabule where they are of two sizes, but in the peripheral expansion developing into superficiai and equal, rounded ribs that unite laterally so as to form a laminar surface- covering to the supporting vesicles. Type species.—C. (Cyathophyllum plicatum) perfoliatum, Goldfuss. Upper Silurian (Niagara) of the Island of Gotland, Sweden. Range.—Silurian, Devonian. CHONOPHYLLUM CANADENSE, Billings. (Sp.) Plate X VII, figs, 1, la, 1b, le, 2, 3, 3a, 3b and 4. Ptychophyllum Canadense, Billings. 1862. Palaeoz. Foss., vol I., p. 107. OS ae Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 34. Chonophyllum Canadense, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 222. “Corallum large, circular, much broader than high, expanding laterally from a small, obtusely pointed base into a broad, thin, frill-like, horizontal 186 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. extension, above whose upper surface rises abruptly a central calicular area about one-fourth the breadth of the corallum ; attaining a breadth of over 19 cent. and a thickness at the centre of about 4 cent. Height of the central part enclosing the calyx, above the level of the surrounding surface, in large individuals, from about 1:5 to 2 cents. Calyx * about twice as wide as high, with a diameter of about one-tenth the breadth of the corallum, flat at the bottom and with very steep sides. Septa, in the visceral chamber, lamellar, of two orders, primaries and secondaries, alternating, the former meeting at the centre with a slight amount of twisting, the latter not quite half the length of the former ; ascending the sides of the calyx as sharp-edged lamelle they pass down and over the extracalicular surface as gradually broadening, flatly convex, radiat- - ing ridges having a maximum breadth near the periphery of 7 mm, ; they number in different individuals from about seventy-four to eighty-four. Well developed flat or concave tabule, turned down at their edges and as broad as one-half the width of the calyx, are seen in a radial section, beneath the bottom of the cup. The whole of the upper surface is marked by fine, raised, interrupted and concentric, ripple-like growth lines, generally less than 1 mm. apart, those of one septal ridge sometimes con- tinuous with, at other times alternating with those of adjacent ridges ; the basal surface presents a similar appearence except that here the septal radii are concave instead of being convex. The structure of the walls of the calyx and of the extended frill-like margin appears to be very dense. In radial sections the gradual growth of the corallum outward is indi- cated by parallel lines approximately at right angles to, and joining the ripple-like markings on, the upper and lower surfaces. In vertical tan- gential sections the septa are seen to be made up of superimposed convex layers resembling the septal structure of C. Magnificum, Billings, but denser. “ Locality.__South-west Point, Anticosti, division IV. of the Anticosti group, collected by J. Richardson, 1856.” (Lambe, 1899.) CHonopHyLiuM Bex, Billings. Plate XVI., figs. 5 and 6. Chonophyllum Belli, Billings. 1865. Canadian Naturalist, new series, vol. IT., p. 481. Corallum at first short and broader than high, with a deep calyx having broadly expanded generally reflexed margins, with age increasing in height and assuming a subcylindrical form by the superaddition of successive invaginated calycinal expansions; type specimen 7 cent. in height, slightly over 3 cent. in average breadth, pointed at the base. ‘ * Originally described as the basal centre ‘‘ excavated into a cup-like cavity.” amas. | CANADIAN PALOZOIC CORALS. 187 Calyx with rapidly expanding horizontal or reflexed margins surrounding a steep-sided central pit at the bottom of which is a rounded boss show- ing the convergence of the inner ends of the septa; depth nearly one half its width, Septa as seen in the calyx, radiating outward with little or no incipient twisting, sharp-edged at first and when ascending the steep sides of the central pit but developing on the expanded margin into low convex ridges about 1 mm. broad at the periphery where they are of nearly equal size although elsewhere they show a differentiation into alter- nating primaries and secondaries most noticeable on the side of the pit. The rapidly increasing area of the calyx outside the pit necessitates the addition of new septal ribs which are supplied by intercalation or by the bifureation or trifurcation of the old ones. An inner axial area, showing in the bottom of the calyx of the tppe specimen as a rounded projection, is formed by the presence of narrow tabule, turned down at the edges, over which the septa pass, either meeting at a point or not continued quite so far, so as to leave a small, smooth, central space, 3 or 4 mm. in diameter. Outside the tabulate area is a broad zone of arched plates, of unequal but rather large size, that fill the spaces between and support the periodic calycinal expansions. Strength- ening acanthiform growths developed, from the under, concave surface of the arched plates are noticed in many places. Septa, in the type specimen, numbering about ninety, thin, apparently carinated on their side faces, of two alternating sizes, the larger passing almost to the centre, the shorter not encroaching on the tabule, their vertical continuity interfered with by the vesicles as the periphery is approached ; represented on the calycinal margins by the low septal ridges. Locality.x—Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, collected in 1865 by R. Bell and H, 8. Vennor ; Clinton formation. CHONOPHYLLUM NYMPHALE, Billings. (Sp.) Plate X VIIT., figs. 1, la. Cyathophyllum nymphale, Billings. 1862. Paleeoz. Foss., vol. I., p. 111. Chonophyilum nymphale, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 251. “Corallum simple, short, broadly expanded, concave on the lower surface, convex above; dimensions of the type and only specimen known, height at centre 4 cent., breadth about 9 cent. Basal surface apparently provided with an epitheca. Calyx shallow, convex at the centre, with broadly expanding reflexed margins exhibiting about eighty low, rounded septal ribs that increase in breadth outwardly. In a radial section a central area, about 1 cent., in breadth, is disclosed ; it D 18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAZONTOLOGY. is made up of small slightly convex plates arching upward and inward so as to form an axial vesiculo-tabulate mass whose surface appears in the calyx as a rounded protuberance. Surrounding the central area is a broad vesicular zone in which can be detected the gradual growth upward of the corallum by the superposition of vesicular layers, 2 or 3 mm. in thickness, each layer terminating above in a thin covering of flexuous, continuous laminz representing the position of the surface of previous calyces. The convex plates composing the vesicular layers are small, generallay 1 mm. or less in length. The septa, starting at the confines of the central vesicular area, radiate outward as their vertical laminz and disappear in the pripheral region; they are represented on the calicular surface by the gradually broadening superficial convex ribs, that are connected with each other laterally. In tangential sections at the margin of the calicular expansions the cut edges of the septal ribs, here about 3 mm. in breadth, appear as horizontal continuous parallel wavy lines. What appear to be septal carine or possibly structures analogous to the supporting processes of the septal amine as developed in some species of the genus are seen in the radial section of the corallum.” (Lambe, 1899.) Locality.—Anse a la Vieille, Baie des Chaleurs, one specimen collected by Sir W. H. Logan in 1843; Silurian. CHONOPHYLLUM MAGNIFICUM. Billings. Chonophyllum magnificum, Billings. 1860. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. V., p. 264, pl. L. " " Rominger. .1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 115, pl. XLIIL., upper row. " " Sherzer. 1892. A revision and monograph of the genus Chonophyllum ; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, p. 267, pl. 8, figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5, Corallum short and broadly expanding, or cyiindro-turbinate, with gradations between these extreme forms, obtusely pointed and slightly curved at the base, terminating above in a widely spreading calyx whose centre is deeply excavated so as to form a pit, from about one third to nearly one-half the entire diameter in width, from which the septa radiate outward to the periphery ; the type specimen is between 16 to 17 cent. broad, about 8 cent. high, and has one hundred and thirty-two septa in the marginal area, other specimens in the collection are of smaller size, a specimen of the cylindro-turbinate form has a maximum height of 16 cent. with a breadth of about 10°5 cent. Septa lamellar on the sides of the pit, bifurcating when about half way up and gradually changing on the expanded margin into low, convex ridges, from about 3 to 5 mm. broad, in the type specimen, near the periphery where they are seen in — tamee. | CANADIAN PALAOZOIC CORALS. 189 vertical tangential sections to be made up of a series of thin, separate, superimposed convex layers, of which from about eighteen to between thirty and forty occur in a space of 5 mm. and between which are num- erous small granules or short supporting pillars. The broad septal layers as they converge become gradually more compressed laterally until they form, by the bending down of their sides on each other, comparatively thin, double, lamellar plates. The septa that pass down into the pit from above do not apparently extend inward to the centre, but stop at the bottom of the steep sides where they meet and alternate with an equal number of septa that reach the centre and are there slightly twisted ; how far the latter septa extend outward has not been ascertained, but they do not appear on the sides of the central pit. Small, convex, dissepiments arching upward and outward occur in the very narrow interseptal spaces; toward the centre of the visceral chamber they be- come larger and more irregular in disposition. Of the septal layers W. H. Sherzer in his monograph of the genus Chonophyllim where an accurate and detailed description is given of the complicated structure of C. magnificum, says: “ Along the medial plane of each septum these layers are approximately horizontal for a short distance, curve gradually downward toward the sides, and finally are sharply deflected, fusing with one another along their edges to form the side faces of the septum. Occasionally a layer, or a series of layers, unites directly with those just beneath before reaching the side, and thus takes no part, for some distance at least, in the actual formation of the septal faces. When the septum has become too narrow, an upper layer may send down its edges upon each side completely enwrapping as many as twelve or fifteen older ones, thus suggesting their method of growth. In general, these layers are not continuous from one septum to its neighbour, but each septum is made up of an independent series. Occasionally they pass completely across for a short distance, arching upward in the interseptal cavity and assisting in the formation of the vesicles.” ‘In radial sections through the septa the cut edges of these layers appear as delicate parallel lines, sloping gently from the edge of the calyx downward toward the centre. Intersected at right angles by the supporting growths they present, in typical forms, a Stromatopora-like _appearance.” Epitheca complete, thin, with concentric growth markings, and with narrow slightly raised lines directed toward the base, indicating the position of the interseptal spaces, between which the surface is gently concave. Localities and formation.—Corniferous limestone of Ontario; Rominger mentions its occurrence at Mackinac Island, in the drift of the lower peninsula of Michigan, at the Falls of the Ohio, at Charleston Landing, Indiana and in other exposures of the Upper Helderberg (Corniferous) group. 190 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. Although this species is retained in the genus to which it was originally assigned by Mr. Billings, the writer is strongly of the opinion that it should form the type of a separate genus as its structure is quite dis- similar in its main features to that of the Silurian corals grouped round the type C. perfoltatum, Goldfuss, sp. CYSTIPHY LLID At. Genus CystipHyLLuM, Lonsdale. 1839. (Ety. kvoris, cavity, pvAdov, leaf.) Cystiphyllum, Lonsdale. 1839. Murch. Sil. Syst., pt. IT., p. 691. Conophyllum, Hall. 1852. Paleeon. New York, vol. II., p. 114. Corallum simple or aggregate. Corallites varying from conical to cylin- drical ; when aggregate, increasing by lateral calicinal budding. Epitheca complete. Notrue tabule nor septa. Inner structure vesicular, com- posed of convex plates curving upward and outward, the central ones more nearly horizontal and generally larger than the others. Septa represented by radial rows of denticulations, or by spinulose or rounded ridges, on the upper surface of the blister-like plates. In one species (C. sulcatum) a distinct fossette, with at times two obscure lateral ones, is present in the calyx, as well as faint septal furrows on the surface showing a pinnate arrangement. Calyx of varying depth, its concave surface formed of the uppermost blister-like plates that in the case of C. suleatum combine to form a continuous laninar floor marked by superfi- cial radiating rounded ridges. Type species.—C. Siluriense, Lonsdale. Range.—Silurian, Devonian. CysTIPHYLLUM NIAGARENSE, Hall. (Sp.) Plate XVI, fig. 7. Conophyllum Niagarense, Hall. 1852. Paleon. New York, vol. II., p. 114, pl. 32, figs. 4a—n. Cystiphyllum Huronense, Billings. 1866. Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 92. Cystiphyllum Niagarense, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 137, pl. XLIX., fig. 3. te ff Sherzer. 1892. A revision and monograph of the genus Chon- ophyllum ; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, p. 266. a ee Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 224: “The type specimen of C. Huronense is from the Niagara rocks of Cockburn Island, Lake Huron, and was collected by Dr. R. Bell, in 1865. Rominger has pointed out that Conophyllum Niagarense, Hall is in umee. | CANADIAN PALMOZOIC CORALS. 191 reality a Cystiphyllum and mentions its occurrence in the Niagara group of Drummond Island, Lake Huron and at Point Detour, as well as in the Niagara of Kentucky, Iowa and Indiana. The specimen from Cockburn Island is preserved in such a way as to show the longitudinal ribbing of the surface, the form, size and direction of the cystose plates within and the radial rows of denticulations on the calicular margins as a root-like extension near the basal extremity ; details of structure such as these, taken with the general form and manner of growth of the corallum, induce the writer to believe that C. Huronense should properly be re- ferred to Hall’s species from the Niagara of the State of New York. ‘“‘ Rominger’s description of this species is comprehensive and accur- ately describes the Canadian specimen: it appears in the following words— ‘ Conical polyp cells attached to other bodies at the base, and by additional root-like prolongations from the sides. Stems elongated, sub- cylindrical, or shorter turbinate, annulated by superficial constrictions with tortuous flexions, or by periodical total interruptions in the growth of a calyx, and the formation of a new cell from within. The calyces are moderately deep, uniformly spreading from an obtusely angustated bottom ; margins erect : their surface is blistered, and is radially striate by spinulose crests, developed in some specimens with more distinctness than in others. The surface of the polyp stems in well preserved con- dition is longitudinally ribbed by septal strie, but it often happens that the outer walls are destroyed, and that the stems are of rough exfoliated aspect, exhibiting the concave side of the blisters composing the cell cups, and the free edges of the single invaginated cups composing the stems.’ ” (Lambe, 1899.) CYsTIPHYLLUM MARITIMUM, Billings. Plate XVIIL, figs. 2, 2a. Cystiphyllum maritimun, Billings. 1863. Paleoz. Foss., vol. I., p 112. Corallum simple, turbinate, slightly curved, 7 cent. high and about 6 cent. broad at the top, annulated somewhat irregularly by a number of constrictions and ridges of growth. EHpitheca complete, showing close-set, fine, transverse lines and also well marked longitudinal ribbing which is accentuated in the underlying structure when the epithecal covering is decorticated. Calyx shallow, about 13 mm. deep, with sides sloping evenly to the centre, radiated by narrow, apparently denticulated or spinulose, septal ribs of which there are seven or eight in a space of 5 mm. ‘The inner structure, revealed by a transverse and a longitudinal section, is dense and composéd of very small convex plates whose general direction is obliquely upward and outward from the centre, those at the 192 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALM ONTOLOGY. centre being comparatively horizontal and frequently larger in size. In a longitudinal section the calycinal spinules are represented by faint, short, linear markings at right angles to the direction of the vesicles. In a transverse section the septal ribs appear as concentric cycles of inward- ly directed short prolongations from the cut edges of the vesicles, the whole having the appearance of indistinct interrupted septa converging from the periphery toward the centre. Locality.—Anse a la Vieille, Baie des Chaleurs : collected by Sir W. E. Logan, in 1843. Silurian. One specimen, apparently distorted by lateral pressure. CYsTIPHYLLUM VESICULOSUM, Goldfuss. (Sp.) Cyathophyllum vesiculosum, Goldfuss. 1826. Petrefacta Germaniz, vol. I., p. 58, pl. XVIL., figs. 5a-e, and pl. X VITI, figs. la-d. Cystiphyllum cylindricum, Hall. 1843. Geol. of New York, pt. IV., p. 209, figs. 1, 2. Non Lonsdale. Cystiphylium vesiculosum, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleeoz., p. 462; and 1853, Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 243, pl. LV1I., figs. 1, la, 1b. ‘ Cystiphyllum Americanwm, Milne-KHdwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Pal- zeoz., p. 464, pl. 13, figs. 4, 4a. Cystiphyllum Senecacnse, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV, p. 137. Oystiphyllum grande ?, Billings. 1859. Ibid, p. 139. Cystiphyllum Americanum, Billings. 1859. Ibid, p. 139. a " Nicholson. 1874. Palezon. of Ont., p. 36, pl. VI., fig. 8; and C. vesiculosum, Nicholson, 1874, ibid, p. 37, fig. 8. Cystiphyllum superbum, Nicholson. 1875. Paleeon. of Ont., p. 73, pl. I., fig. 1. Cystiphyllum Americanum, Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 187, pl. L., upper row and right-hand half of lower row. " " Hall. 1876. Olus. Dev. Foss., pl. XX VIII., figs. 1-7. Cystiphyllum vesiculosum, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 257. “Corallum simple, varying from turbinate to conico-cylindrical, pointed at the base, straight or_curved, flexuous or geniculated, sometimes long and slender, at other times comparatively short and thick. Annulated by growth expansions and constrictions, in some specimens much more pronounced than in others, frequently contracted at, the calicular end. Epitheca complete, thin, showing minor rings of growth, the whole marked by fine transverse lines of which, in well preserved specimens, as many as twenty-four can be counted in a space of 2 mm.; faint longitudinal indications of linear septal markings are also not infrequently developed. Calyx of variable depth, in short, turbinate coralla comparatively shallow, often with broad margins, in more cylindrical forms generally somewhat deeper in proportion to the diameter and with steeper sides. Surface of calyx blistered and often marked radially by interrupted, more or less distinct, superficial septal ridges. Inner structure entirely vesiculose, composed of convex blister-like plates resting on each other and directed LAMBE. } CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 193 obliquely outward and upward to the periphery; at the centre of the visceral chamber the vesicles are more nearly horizontal and as a rule larger than the others. “This species is very variable in shape and size, sometimes in the stout, short forms reaching a diameter of over 10 cent. with a length of about 27 cent., in the slender forms an equal length may be attained with a thickness of only 3 or 4 cent. In his description of CU. Senecéense, Billings mentions a variation in length from three inches to two feet, with a diameter of three-quarters of an inch to an inch and a half. The same authority in referring to the size of C. grande, says, ‘There are fragments of this species in the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada, five inches in diameter ; and one specimen, still lying in the rock, is known which is three feet long.’ “ Examples of twin corallites with a common epitheca are not infre quent. “ Locality.—Abundant in the Corniferous and Hamilton formations of Ontario.” (Lambe, 1899.) CyYsTIPHYLLUM aGGREGATUM, Billings. Plate XVIILI,, fig. 3. Cystiphyllum aggregatum, Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. [V., p. 137, fig. 28. ? Cystiphyllum fruticoswm, Nicholson. 1875. Geological Magazine, new series, vol. IT., p. 32, pl. L., figs. 3, 3a ; and 1875, Paleeon. of Ont., p. 73, pl. I., figs. 3, 3a. _Cystiphyllum aggregatum, Rominger. 1876. (seol. Sur. Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 138. OCystiphyllum ccespitosum, Schliiter. 1882. Sitzungsberichte der niederrhein. Gessell- schaft fiir Natur u. Heilkunde in Bonn; and 1889, Anthozoen des rheinischen Mittel-Devon, band VIII., heft 4, p. 86, pl. VIIL., figs. 18. Oystiphyllum aggregatum, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 225. “Original description.‘ The only specimen of this very distinct species that has come under my observation is in the cabinet of the Canadian Institute. It consists of a mass of cylindrical corallites closely aggregated and in places united by projecting folds of the outer wall, as in the genus Hridophyllum. The individuals are completely enveloped in a thin epitheca which is obliquely wrinkled and filled with small sublenticular cells, one or two lines in width. Diameter of longest corallite in the group, one inch, and of the smallest, five-eighths of an inch.” “Since the above was written a number of very fine specimens of this species, some of them of large size, have been added to the collection of the Geological Survey, therefore it is thought desirable to amplify the L—7 194 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALHONTOLOGY. original description by the following, the result of an examination of the additional material :—Corallum aggregate, forming large masses some- times a foot and a half across and over a foot high, composed of upwardly directed, flexuous, subcylindrical corallites that increase rapidly by lateral calicinal gemmation from a single parent corallite. As a result of their mode of growth from a small basal beginning, the corallites are somewhat divergent, those near the confines of the corallum sometimes growing almost horizontally. Corallites strongly and irregularly annulated, grow- ing close together, frequently touching each other, their coherence being often strengthened at the points of contact by an increased development of the ridges of growth, or from want of space they may be closely pressed against one another for some distance. Mature corallites varying in diameter from 1 or 2 to over 3 cent., the young ones beginning with an. average breadth of about 5 mm. and growing upward beside the old stems with a very slow increase in size. Epitheca thin, complete, showing minor, transverse growth markings. Inner structure vesicular, similar to that of C. vesiculosum from which this species apparently differs only in its aggregate form.” (Lambe, 1899 ) Localities and formation.—Abundant in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario; Rominger mentions its occurrence in large clusters in the Hamilton group of Thunder Bay. CysTIPHYLLUM suLCATUM, Billings. Cystiphyllum sulcatum, Billings. 1858. Rep. of Progress for 1857, Geol. Survey of Canada, oO}, ilffsh, 2 a Billings. 1859. Canadian Journal, new series, vol. IV., p. 186. be o Nicholson. 1874. Palzeon. of Ont., p. 38, pl. VI, fig. 7. os sae Rominger. 1876. Geol. Sur., Mich., Foss. Corals, p. 138, pl. L, lower row, left-hand figures. se we Hall. 1876. MTllus. Dev. Foss., pl. XX XII, figs. 16-20. “ Corallum simple, short, turbinate, much curved, expanding at the rate of between forty and forty-five degrees from the minute sharp curved point upwards ; cup oblique, the lower margin being on the side of the lesser curvature, moderately deep, and nearly regularly concave, the bottom covered with obscure coarse rounded radiating ridges ; a shallow rounded groove or fossette extending from the centre to the higher margin, and in some specimens two others much less distinct, radiating to the sides at right angles to the main groove. Exterior encircled by obscure undulations, and longitudinally striated by the rudimentary radiating septa. The vesicular structure consists of irregular sub-lenticular cells, from half a line to two lines in width; length of the convex side, from one inch and a half to three inches, the usual length appears to be —— a a a ee ee FS le tame. | CANADIAN PALHOZOIC CORALS. 195 about two inches or a little more; width of cup from one inch to one inch and a half ; depth about half an inch.” (Billings). The largest specimen in the collection measures four inches along the convex curve and two inches across the cup from the higher to the lower side, other specimens are of all sizes from three-quarters of an inch in length up. The epitheca is complete and generally well preserved. The continuous laminar floor of the calyx in some specimens shows no trace of the vesicular structure below, in others it is more or less blistered ; its development at intervals as the corallum grew larger can be seen in a number of specimens. Locality and formation.—Abundant in the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. Genus Actinocystis, Lindstrom, 1882. Actinocystis, Lindstrém. 1882. Ofvers. Vet. Ak. Fhandl., XX XIX., No. 3, p. 21. Corallum simple, differing from Cystiphyllum only in the possession of septa that are feebly developed more particularly in the base or toward the centre. Type species.—A. (Cystiphyllum) Grayi, Miine-Edwards and Haime. Range.—Silurian, Devonian. ACTINOCYSTIS VARIABILIS, Whiteaves. Cysteophyllum Americanum, var. arcticum, Meek. 1868. ‘Trans Chicago Acad. of Sciences, p. 80, pl. XI., figs. 6, 6a, 6b. Heliophyllum (like H. Halli), Billings. 1876. Rep. of Progress for 1874-75, Geol. Survey of Canada, p. 68. Cystiphyllum Americanum, var. arcticum, Whiteaves. 1891. Contr. to Can. Paleon., vol. I., pt. III., p. 206. Actinocystis variabilis, Whiteaves. 1892. Ibid, pt. IV., p. 271, pl. XXXV_., figs. 3, 3a. Original description.— Corallum simple strongly curved, varying in shape from broadly turbinate and widely expanding, with the breadth at the summit exceeding the height, to cylindro-conical and somewhat con- tracted at the summit; outer surface apparently almost smooth and marked only with a few transverse wrinkles ; calyx rather deep, conical, narrow at the base; septa about eighty-five in number, extending from the exterior to within a short distance from the centre, but feebly deve- loped, thin, and rarely, if ever, quite straight, their regularity being fre- quently disturbed by anchylosis with the walls of the interseptal vesicles. Internal structure, apart from the septa, essentially the same as that of Cystiphyllum and consisting exclusively of coarse vesicular tissue. The vesicles are very large in the central area and diminish gradually in size L—%7$ 196 CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALAONTOLOGY. toward the periphery. As viewed in longitudinal sections, they appear as lenticular cells which radiate obliquely upward and outward from the centre of the coral.” Localities. —Lake Winnipegosis, at various localities ; collected by J. W. Spencer, 1874: J. B. Tyrrell and D. B. Dowling, 1889 ; Devonian (American Stringocephalus zone). Coilect:«l also by R. G. McConnell in i888 from the Devonian rocks of the Mackenzie River, at the “ Ram- parts”, and by A. P. Low, on the Moose River, Ont., 1896 (Devonian). Genus Cayucma. (Gen. nov.) Corallum simple, conico-cylindrical. Epitheca complete. A broad, vesicular, peripheral area surrounds a central, axial, tabulate area, the two areas being separated from each other by an inner wall. No septa. Type species.—C. venusta, mihi. Range.—Devonian (Corniferous formation. ) CAYUGHA WHITEAVESIANA. (Sp. nov.) Plate X VIIL., figs. 4, 4a, 40. Corallum simple, large, conico-cylindrical. Outer surface strongly ringed by rather regular and sudden constrictions of growth, from about 7 to 14 mm. apart. Epitheca, complete with transverse fine growth lines and obscure broken, longitudinal, depressed, linear markings. The only specimen known is about 18 cent. long and represents the upper part of the corallum which, judging from the slow rate of increase in thickness, may have attained a total length of 60 cent. (or roughly 2 feet); diameter of specimen above about 7 cent., below about 6 cent. Longitudinal and transverse sections reveal a central tubular area about 25 mm. in width, filled with numerous tabule, and separated from a surrounding peripheral vesicular area by a well defined inner wall. Tabule flat or slightly con- cave, generally turned up near the edge, moderately regular in their dis- position. Vesicular area made up of outwardly ascending cystose plates, very unequal in size, resting on each other and enclosing spaces from 2 or 3 mm. to about 2 cent. in length. Septa absent and only indicated in a feeble way by the longitudinal epithecal markings. The specimen is crushed above, so as to obscure the form of the calyx, and the basal part is broken off. Locality and formation.—Cayuga, Ont., collected by J. DeCew ; Cor- niferous limestone. uamee. | CANADIAN PALMOZOIC CORALS. om This coral has structural characters of so peculiar a nature as to pre- clude its being referred to any described genus known to the writer. The combination of well developed tabulz enclosed within a distinct wall surrounded by vesicular tissue, is certainly most curious as well as inter- esting, more particularly when the absence of septa is considered. The name of the new genus founded for the reception of this Corniferous coral, is suggested by the locality from which the specimen was obtained. The absence of septa and the strong development of vesicular tissue suggest affinities to Cystiphyllum, and for the present at least Cayugwa is placed with the Cystiphyllide. eS INDEX TO GENERIC AND SFECIFIC NAMES. PN CHRVUITARTNGM Teron 000 Be Acervularia. Dawid Sonmibe ee Geode cu else rr Call orp cic se svete oe uae acer ANOINOMENALUOIN DS passe ae een hoe ee 4 Acrophyllum. O@nerddense: tae eas hs od hee PNOMINOC VSS © atta ch cutie sek aus Actinocystis. : WEN OUI ae bo ems e e eee PAGH: aH OATES apa el eye thls ee ac Alveolites. Goldfussi....... a Oe Aeron eS Wabechets 2... 1. apa rase ha panies ta INTARRRENEIS cs paced odesoeuee Ces SCUAMMOSAMU oe rl aloa a sendud at AVUKGTETUD ITO nic) eet Ae ma ee Ue JNGNTEAGTOD< USE 32 a eo ee ee IMRIACHINOPEIGGTUM (2.5.5 2). 0. se Arachnophyllum. Ghul WenlSewares cork ahead aio a ate GOMUTINIDITN Saigo Bore deters oe ete mmoerauilllyie\ anes no nneeee cae ee DEMUAGO MIN osc ocaseoobdass on BLOTHROPHYLLUM ........... Blothrophyllum. ClACOAMCANDIN ¢ ob ocsndosecsedead CATARC OLA yas ee Ber cates Calapeecia.* Chinacksosis)) so sdes soaks sede @AININIAIRORIA es erk eta Wie doey od ele Cannapora. FOUOMONTIOTACNIS oo 5520 wocnoes eae (OUNCE selon ae anate: 5 Cayugea. Whiteavesiana......... aise CISTOREMGAUME ee he eee ee Clisiophyllum. lemUbiae Soe aoe eeu ac Hee (CHEOMODIENTLINUST o 5) Gao cncuae ooose Chonophyllum. Ula eee Wamadlenseya ins qe UN cea rs MASONITE WINN 4 oho ndoeoneooboee. 6 nymphale.......... ih CUA ORORAN Ue clos OOEIM EN etc. Cladopora. CRASS Apress ce geet cemtye tien tee GENE GHTOCCEN Soe oumcs Seeds Webee PISCHE RI aes tne len ne! tpl) ITIVE ooccoaboasoe neceoedscor CLWAVAMLI Fae Bee ce o's noses COLUMNARIA ..... Columnaria. AVEO laba el eerste eerie eee nee Me Drcall pee ese inate 5 920 ae ce ae ORS OS TEBFSROISHE) cil ais a eis a eee mel el CRHETD ORE UMO ie eee ee Crepidophyllum. PAUHG MIA C Teach Emeka ations pi. nen ON colligavumieeeeee ee eee : On AMEOBREOAUHOIE oo bo hb aeoneuoaues Cyathophyllum. DALAT De rita tut cnet). ANTUNGTSHENSS soss¢onsce0n0cnc AVAMCOUARTINN 5545 cnocnsdoouabec Athabascencem mane eee nee CLS pILOS UMM ays aes ele lieben GCOTAbIEES tie aie era anne ees coalitumayy seu leyes Nom meptle ists DAW SOM e nn arctan aces wae Nite ceedcs ellipticumeeae eaten ey see Huryone . XU UTI Ae ae Nel ee eta TE EE WIT asl ase tepals caenae coin ae tepra oe WAST OVI ca ccocnnodoasuoucd joeeyoMleNA G55 soooce Bree shunt iPasitheainn sain een nee teen areas HERe Tama aia ile Sere ses mae nani a petraioides........ ceveg Meet & GlwechaveerrorboRwbIN Goa cagsadaac s iuichacd SoniMe eee eee ere DS DENCCT a wenien en teeta n sia. i WEISS OUMANTUNIM, 5 oa Gaacoocsccsc Mnoreldensesccius sepescccmes ve vermiculare, var. preecursor.... Wahlenberoiteeneir ane cee Wiaskasenset ss ea tales ens a VSN ON Es ye at ee arse Spee oes e Cystiphyllum. CUSPARSEMUONT 6500 sonagcosadaoace HOVMHNOOONIN ¢ coacccocosdocdceve INdagaren se) .iny. nia iver sine: Sul canner anne OREN Sone WESIGUIOSHI .656 5a556. c00 cone IDGAEDAPEHAWHON one sousoaadoe eee Diphyphyllum. PHAUIMOUNGAKCSOOO. 5s 5n55nnnons sh ik CHS DIGOSUMN YS ate ie earriee Siemans: MUG CATCH. eee ie ee vests ay aess TAUPROSOLID yg 5c o000sen00 ens ce Simcoense ..... Biel eet ea tapi pee REE ERE UKOYSEADN Ss GAG re Ue ace aS a Favosites. Alpenensis...... Se ie Nie het US DER Ar Hees ua s alere ttle OIG AGTG amma rarer weet ces Ne I eae J BIUDN ORIN alee Home Gago coe te @amadensistyes se eva eaaaeue cone ns GCPWNGOMIS o5,55dn000dseueeus : CLAUS Aa eres ira a Loe Com ge Geta tae Aeon MANES hice were GasSPensis: aren ny elec ae ake Gotllancicaye see eee ll CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY. Favosites—Cont. hemispherieamesncee sence sin Send se Soe tterais eles ote Nag arensisieesce roc cee eer nitellan estes ahh ee b TRKOMOMOTUIS, song poccneooonscas turbinates eee here RUETCHERTAGS (ok Keene ans ane Fletcheria. INCEGGA re INAe ce rote ene EEATEYSITESU 2) Jie by tion eee eee Halysites. Cabenulaniaaee eee eee eer catenularia, var. amplitubulata. catenularia, var. gracilis....... catenularia, var. micropora ...- catenularia, var. nitida..... .. catenularia, var. Quebecensis .. catenularia, var. simplex....... COmpactapmemaa ere coor FLEEEIOMULES i eee meee: Heliolites. INOLGIN Aba Ae Mei eee eee THAKEUIOIY o odo ogebeceoa o008- GOO RMOUEDY Socaccoscecen0ebeoc LITHOSTROTION.... .. Lithostrotion. IMFCOUNT SE chee MONSDAGEVAU EEE eran eenee Lonsdaleia. IPichOenseiz anc ena eee UVTI WAS ee neee ce pekataters sede tate ee ere Lyell. SUTENI Ses AA Gerace eee sate angele NMC CAN ae ee eee Oo oee Geciprens Aes tone, eee re ECXI SUA Eee meine ecu eee neat Super bag : totisiscctes fee cee: GY ORORA atts sheer aes ee arinn Lyopora. Goldtussi skeen mace ee eee ae IVETORISGINUA). es oie eis eee aaa stere Michelinia. Clappii . GONVEKA aL eae eee eee ABER ae Re favositoidea ..... 1 thE SU Ne IMT OROCK CLUS aaa eee ae ere Micrucyclus. GIBCUBI:. 285, Sa. ke aee eee ee INWOTOPORARE so busscchen eam neo Nyctopora. Billing os ieee eerie En ete OMPHVMAN S42 Meh he ee La A es Omphyma. iBriphyleseeersemenae 2 ae VOPLUuCOSai ti moe Leese em re oe IPACHYVPHMETUM sen eee ee eer Pachyphyllum. Devoniense ....... Ps ee ae IPRTRATAU A Sos Hence eee nc Petraia. AWB ssnno ances Joapad ado profundarn h-a2Aba4 sends peeee PY CMa es eee aah a eee IPA VTP SIAS TR A Ales sen sie Ae eee mre Phillipsastrea. Billingsiee se yee esr ae 38 37 39 106 TEIWNSIIOIROIN, 555405 oo cabdes si ae 82 Plasmopora. LOMAS Slee a ae ie i $2 petalitormi sess eee eee 83 PROPARRBA: (0a ee ona eee 89 Protarea. VOCUS GAN aac cet eget e he eean 90 vetusta, var. magna............ 91 IR CNOSTMEUS\- ee eee ee 131 Pycnostylus. elegan ste Ae lah Me Nes ane ce eee 133 Gwelphensisee=) see eee 132 IROMINGERTA eee een 46 Romingeria. ume iferc eae ae eee 46 SHNMITEMMO/NSINUNS Saao baccs caeecec LOT Streptelasma. NANAMHUTN socos00cdsoosaosebds 112 caliculustee te ene eee eee 113 Corniculumyeee eee ene 108 latusculums see nee 114 latusculum, var. trilobatum.... 115 Lolium eee eee ASigh eee 115 TECHUME A yee ire eee eee 117 TODUSUUIMI YT Klee pera te nee 109 PUSticwmaly. ck, vA vee een es 110 selectumid. 3) 2 Oe ee ene 113 STRIATOPOR AMI 2: sie ae ese 40 Striatopora. MEX OSA? E Ue ngerarrerri eee Ss a aN 40 Tinneana....... RPP Ne Seer 8 40 DYLAN DAD ee co cc Me a een a ee a 91 Stylarea. DALViae see cacito Mictecesey nctete eran aoe 91 SAVONCOIMMIS .5¢5s00cc000ce pencne 45 Syringolites. JEGUIROMEMEIE oon ocococccusscoees 45 SMRINCOROR AGN eee ee 49 Syringopora. bifurcata was eee 51 COMPACtA Sansa hee eee 54 Dalmianit 3 cue eee 51 Hisingeni sacra nr eee ee 57 HAMDTAOMMOME, 5 555500.0cecacce oes 53 THAKSIN no ca ooannccesonsance 60 IMEXODIEMN Soba dsbouce deer Oey eae 54 TIO OUTS Ae ee eee a ees Seema 59 perelegans........ Pa HERa Hele aic 56 THENCE; 5 ca0 co0be noone AERA 61 MELICUI AAR Ae Arnie nals cc 61 TEtMOTMISh Aen knee 52 Wella cdsessases coboance 50 TPE TRAD TUM ones coy uae re ee 92 Tetradium. fibratwum Papen ee a ee eee 93 (RRA CHYIPORAGS Aha oe eee ee eee 41 Trachypora. Clegamtulla) sind aaa entuntespenee 41 GAPHREN DIS coos scene ee eee 118 Zaphrentis. TITS! AScrdatys ce bel chee et ee oe 118 cingulosa ..... SR Roce to. 124 pigambeais ci Mid fae 125 INCondrtas2es 2 Goes 123 Minas; 2. ae poste Oa eee: 128 © MITA Wises sateen ee eee 126 OLS Ol ROM CIM Arn Sia.5t-o. akan il) Shumardiy 55-55 eee 121 StokGsiss hy neti werner eee tore 120 ue aaa wi heed Figure 1. Figure la. Figure 2. Figure 2a. wo Figure Figure 3a. Higure 3b. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 5a. Figure 5b. Figure 6. Figure 6a. Figure 6b. Figure 7. Figure 7a. Figure 7b. Figure 8. Figure 8a. Figure 9. Figure 9a. PAVE Velie: COLUMNARIA ALVEOLATA, Goldfuss (page 98). Transverse section of corallites of a specimen from Stewart’s quarry (near Sand Point), lot 18, concession 11, township of McNab, Renfrew county, Ont. ; enlarged two and a half times. Longitudinal section from the same specimen; enlarged two and a half times. CoLtumNARIA Hatul, Nicholson (page 100). — Transverse section of a specimen, from Stewart’s quarry, found associated with C. alveolata ; enlarged two and a half times. Longitudinal section from the same specimen ; similarly eiilarged. CoLUMNARIA RUGOSA, Billings (page 101). Side view of part of the type specimen from ‘‘ Little Discharge,” Lake St John, Que. Longitudinal section of one of the corallites. Transverse section of the same. CoLtumNarrIA caticina, Nicholson (page 102). Transverse section of a specimen from Streetsville, Ont. ; enlarged two and a half times. : PrrRAIA PROFUNDA, Conrad (page 105). Side view of a specimen from La Petite Chaudiére, Ottawa, Ont. Longitudinal section of the same specimen. The calyx of the same, as seen from above. PerTraia pyGmma, Billings (page 106). Side view of a specimen from Heath Point lighthouse, Anticosti. Longitudinal section of the same specimen. Transverse section of the same, above the bottom of the calyx. STREPTELASMA CORNICULUM, Hall (page 108). Side view of a specimen collected by Mr. E. Billings, at Ottawa, Ont. Longitudinal section of the same specimen. Transverse section of another specimen from the same locality. STREPTELASMA SELECTUM, Billings (page 113). Side view of a specimen (one of the types of S. pulchella) from Gamache Bay Anticosti. Longitudinal section of the same. STREPTELASMA LATUSCULUM, Billings (page 114). Side view of type specimen from the “‘ Jumpers,” Anticosti. The drawings reproduced with the original description were made from this spec- imen. Longitudinal section of the same. * All the figures are of natural size, unless otherwise stated. r4] Beas Ben? ty 11aq ‘Sa NV] WT IA AL Td WI) SOM avcl INVOn OL ENO D ‘RURURD JO damiMEe jembhoyoag bh Siar i nts ua cs ieerare Figure 1 Figure 2. Figure 2a. Figure 3. Figure 4, Figure 4a. Figure 40. Figure 4e. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 6a. Figure 6b. Figure 7. Figure 7a. Figure 7b. PLATE VII. STREPTELASMA ROBUSTUM, Whiteaves (page 109). Transverse section of a specimen, from East Selkirk, Man., collected by the writer in 1890. 2 STREPTELASMA RUSTICUM, Billings (page 110). Side view of a specimen from Lake St. John, Que. Longitudinal section of the same specimen. Transverse section of a stouter specimen from the same locality. STREPTELASMA CALICULUS, Hall (page 113). Side view of a specimen from Grimsby, Ont., showing the position of one of the alar septa. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of the same. Another view of the same specimen to show the surface markings indicating the position of the cardinal septum. STREPTELASMA RECTUM, Hall (page 117). Transverse section of a specimen from the Mackenzie River. ZAPHRENTIS AFFINIS, Billings (page 118). Side view of one of the type specimens, from Wreck Point, Anticosti. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of the same. ZAPHRENTIS Minas, Dawson (page 128). Side view of one of the types from West River, Pictou, N.S. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of the same. Geological Survey of Canada. CONTR. TO CAN. PAL., VOL. IV. Peavey ivi Lacy SSS SSS LS SSS SAS SS SS SSS rex Raa es mI LEG IVP VIP EN Cy ye L. M. LAMBE, DELT. PLATE VIII. STREPTELASMA PROLIFICA, Billings (page 115). Figure 1. Longitudinal section of a specimen from the Corniferous limestone of Ontario. Figure la. ‘Transverse section of the same, beneath the bottom of the calyx. ZAPHRENTIS PATENS, Billings (page 119). Figure 2. The type specimen, as seen from above. Figure 2a. Longitudinal section of the same with a restored dotted outline of the base : s, septum ; f, fossette. ZAPHRENTIS SHuMARDI, Milne-Edwards and Haime (page 121). Figure 3. Side view of a specimen from near Owen Sound, Ont. (one of the types of Z. cinctosa). Figure 3a. Transverse section of the same. Figure 4. Longitudinal section of a specimen from Cap Bon Ami, N.B. ZAPHRENTIS CINGULOSA, Billings (page 124). Figure 5. Side view of the type specimen ; reduced one-half. Figure 5a. Longitudinal section of the same. Figure 5b. Transverse section of the same. Geological Survey of Canada. IV. PLATE VIII CONTR. TO CAN. PAL., VOL. SSSoReas., L. M. LAMBE, DELtT. OCA y Atty) , pap , ) 4 . oy Ny rg 6 Twa r Siena i 1 { i ; ‘ + Ps \ \ oe ZAPHRENTIS STOKESI, Milne-Edwards and Haime (page 120). Figure 1. Figure la. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 3a. AMPLEXUS YANDELLI, Milne-Edwards and Haime (page 130). Figure 4. Figure 4a. Figure 40. Figure 5. Figure 5a. Figure 5b. PLATE IX. Side view of a specimen from Lake Temiscaming, Que. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of a smaller specimen from the same locality. ZAPHRENTIS GIGANTEA, Lesueur (page 125). Longitudinal section of a specimen from near Woodstock, Ont. Transverse section of the same. Side view of a specimen from near Woodstock, Ont. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of the same. AMPLEXUS EXILIS, Billings (page 131). Side view of the type specimen; one-half the natural size. Natural longitudinal section of the same ; one-half the natural size. Transverse section of the same; one-half the natural size. cits ohh ee ) Geological Survey ot Canads. CONTR. TO CAN. PAL., VOL. IV. Poy 0 a0 Ee Vy ey ety a VEE Viti ae PLATE IX Paar Bay ss Vay nt eM 44 a) ] TPE arend Nea ariN reas Ik ASTON At i Eto te a \k Figure 1. Figure la. Figure 1b. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 3a. Figure 4. Figure 4a. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 6a. Figure 7. Figure 8. PLATE X. ZAPHRENTIS MIRABILIS, Billings (page 126). Side view of the type specimen ; one-third the natural size. Longitudinal section of the same showing the depth of the calyx. Transverse section of the same. AMPLEXUS CINGULATUS, Billings (page 129). Side view of one of the corallites of a small colony from Anse & la Barbe, Que. Longitudinal section of a corallite from the same specimen. Transverse section of the same corallite. PycnosTtYLus GUELPHENSIS, Whiteaves (page 132). Longitudinal section of a corallite to show the manner of budding ; twice the natural size. Transverse section of the same to show the triangular shape of the new corallites and the disposition of their septa; twice the natural size. CYATHOPHYLLUM ANTICOSTIENSE, Billings (page 134). Side view of a specimen from the Island of Anticosti; one-half the natural size. Longitudinal section of the upper part of another specimen from the same locality, showing the calyx. Transverse section of the same. Tangential section, near the surface, showing the dissepiments and the poorly developed distal ends of the septa; from a specimen from South- west Point, Anticosti. Twice the natural size. Surface of a decorticated specimen (the type of C. solitariwm) from Portage Bay, Lake Manitou, Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. Twice the natural size. - CYATHOPHYLLUM ARTICULATUM, Wahlenberg (page 135). Figure 9. Figure 9a. Figure 9b. A few corallites of a specimen from Lake Temiscaming, Que. Longitudinal section of a corallite. Transverse section of the same. PLATE X ee s ni sfen RU NX SS RS SS Geological Surmep of Canada. CONTR GnONGAN, PAL: VOL [V L. M. LAMBE, DELtT. ¢ Ruta y VIRRS RK aan! 5 " x b ‘ 7 ) y hy Fr tei) ; f oy aus : * s f yan 1 Lh re 4 rs i ga 1 . pithy ' Fi ‘| i Ay, te - ; a : aay ! as ‘ iw ; y (IO - Pe ‘ ‘ ’ tiNay “ha . » i ¥ 4 ' Pineal Figure 1. Figure la. Figure 10. Figure 2. Figure 2a. Figure 20. Figure 3. Figure 3a. Figure 3b. Figure 4. Figure 4a. Figure 4b. Figure 5. Figure 5 Figure 5b. PLATE XI. CYATHOPHYLLUM Euryong, Billings (page 135). Side view of the type specimen from the ‘‘ Jumpers,” Anticosti, Que. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of the same. CYATHOPHYLLUM WAHLENBERGII, Billings (page 136). A few of the corallites of the type specimen from East Point, Anticosti, Que. Longitudinal section of one of the corallites ; twice the natural size. Transverse section of the same; twice the natural size. CYATHOPHYLLUM INTERRUPTUM, Billings (page 137). Side view of the type specimen from Anse ala Barbe, Baie des Chaleurs, Que., one-half the natural size. Longitudinal section of the upper part of the same, showing the calyx. Transverse section of the same. CYATHOPHYLLUM PEnNANTI, Billings (page 138). Some of the corallites of the type specimen from Anse au Gascon, Baie des Chaleurs, Que. Longitudinal section of one of the corallites ; twice the natural size. Transverse section of the same; twice the natural size. CYATHOPHYLLUM THOROLDENSE (page 147). Side view of the type specimen from Thorold, Ont. Longitudinal section of the same. Transverse section of the same. Geological Survep of Canada. CONTR. TO CAN. PAL., VOL. IV. PLATE XI NE XY zy AY) Ry) A cone +) YY) N 44 Oe, Delyeseeet Rar op kl Ne) eS, o, O ras JA a ayh Loess ee 72. EE FF L2 L.M. LAMBE.DELT. re oi heh ay. Ty 4 as PLATE XII. CYATHOPHYLLUM ZENKERI, Billings (page 138). Figure 1. Longitudinal section of the type specimen, from near Port Colborne, Ont., showing the form of the calyx. CYATHOPHYLLUM SPENCERI, Lambe (page 139). Figure 2. A few of the corallites of the type specimen from Dawson Bay, Lake Winni- pegosis. Figure 2a. Longitudinal section of one of the corallites ; twice the natural size. Figure 2b. Transverse section of the same; twice the natural size. CYATHOPHYLLUM CmSPITOsUM, Goldfuss (page 145). Figure 3. IV. ) S PLATE XIV VOL. CONTR, TO CAN. PAL.., A ABECELU'?, a, o iin Whois YY S NS ass fas PYIO ‘Kae m aaa SIR AAG INA a eee! ef (cae RRR: yi i ee 4 kf, Id Pi SL LL eS L.M. LAMBE,DELT: ae is Dp . ¥ ws 4 us vt ” oe i \ or Va ’ wae oes - t i 5 é ee ‘ 4 * D i ‘ v : . oe ye ' nt coe ro pipe a) If ; t : PLATE XV. BLOTHROPHYLLUM DECORTICATUM, Billings (page 171). Figure 1, Longitudinal section of a type specimen from the county of Haldimand, Ont. Figure la. Transverse section of the same. OmpuyMA EripHy ze, Billings (page 180). Figure 2. Type specimen from Anse & la Barbe, Baie des Chaleurs, Que.; reduced one™ half. Figure 2a. Longitudinal section of the same. Figure 2b, Transverse section of the same. ARACHNOPHYLLUM PENTAGONUM, Goldfuss (page 181). Figure 3. ‘Part of the calicular surface of a specimen from Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. Figure 3a. Septal ridges showing the double rows of pore-openings; magnified four times. ARACHNOPHYLLUM MAMILLARE, Dale Owen (page 182). Figure 4. Part of the upper surface of a specimen from Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. Geological Survey of Canada, CON Om CANEPA VOL a IVE PLATE! XV SR NG a SSS SENSIS <> AEB OIA MWA anmadieitehe tay L. M. LAMBE, DELT. Tg MURA de Ae ere! TEAR WN) LOAN Lat ia mat ath AeA [eit j a ir gure reanN ats BE hah a api ealaea tt lis (ie he eet Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 3a. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. PLATE XVI. ACROPHYLLUM ONEIDAENSE, Billings (page 175). Side view of a specimen from the Corniferous formation of Ontario, showing the calyx in perspective and part of the tabulate and vesicular areas in longitudinal section, Transverse section of another specimen. ARACHNOPHYLLUM EXIMIUM, Billings (page 184). Part of the calicular surface of the type specimen from West Point, Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. Longitudinal section of one of the corallites of the same; twice the natural size. Transverse section of a corallite of another specimen from Grand Manitoulin Island ; enlarged two diameters. CHONOPHYLLUM Betti, Billings (page 186). Side view of the type specimen from the east side of the village in the bight of West Bay, Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. The calyx of another specimen, as seen from above; from half a mile north- west of Portage Bay, Lake Manitou, Grand Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. ‘CystTIPHYLLUM NiIAGARENSE, Billings (page 190). Side view of a specimen from Cockburn Island, Lake Huron (type of C. Huronense). eae { Canada. UrweV ov S ogical S PLATE XVI IV CONTR. TO CAN. PAL. VOL L. M. LAMBE, DELt. ee x imam tee te! reel ie v \ \ i, ’ yas J 0 ‘ A ‘ ( t i . Mute ir bye § ast oat Nd Figure 1. Figure la. Figure 16. Figure le. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 3a. Figure 3b. Figure 4. PLATE XVII. CHONOPHYLLUM CANADENSE, Billings (page 185). Type specimen, as seen from above, showing the calyx and the horizontal frill-like extension surrounding it; from South-west Point, Anti- costi. One half the natural size. Side view nf the same; one half the natural size. The raised concentric markings of the upper surface. Diagrammatic section of the type specimen ; one half the natural size. Longitudinal section through the calyx of a young individual from South- west Point, Anticosti. Longitudinal section through the calyx of a larger specimen from the same place Part of the same section, enlarged twice, to show the structure. Transverse section of the specimen, represented in figure 3, through the vis- ceral chamber a little above the base. Vertical tangential section, showing the superimposed layers of two septal ridges, ahout midway between the raised calicular area and the edge of the lateral extension ; from another specimen from South- west Point, Anticosti. Twice the natural size. Geological Survep of CONTR. TO CAN. PAL., VOL. IV. le. a L. M. LAMBE, DEct. t a v Al ¥ vere Ut ee Penn : Pini bs res eG Thy NO os 7 re eA; 4 5 Dir very } eT Ng ‘ One eet 7 ite A eects A 3 ‘ ie ca yt Wari a me Sey y / bey ; aha ie Mr Tbh Nid Mae i ‘ : r i - AT ce WAY 1 a ‘ Ly Pi Ki rane) } } 14 X i i Lab ria i i ane t ay idee 8 Laren ni ‘ Aa ea , is f ) a Mh f vy n ae i fs i 2) ie Pease i y ssl ays Mi cA ay f p i ” Ne ean 2 Lh Yu ah a aa } ma Wht m row 4 age tia Qh ahsata arcane Rak ie Figure 1. Figure 1a. Figure 2. Figure 2a. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 4a. Figure 4b. PLATE XVIII. CHONOPHYLLUM NYMPHALE, Billings (page 187). Side view of the type specimen from Anse a la Vieille, Baie des Chaleurs, Que.; three-fourths the natural size. Longitudinal section of the same. On account of their smallness the vesicles are shown only in places. CysTIPHYLLUM MARITIMUM, Billings (page 191). Side view of the type specimen from Anse 4 la Vieille, Baie des Chaleurs, Que. Longitudinal section of the same. As in figure la the vesicular structure is here also only partially represented. CysTIPHYLLUM AGGREGATUM, Billings (page 193). Side view of a few corallites of a specimen from lot 6, concession 13, town ship of Walpole, Haldimand county, Ont. Cayuga WHITEAVESIANA (page 196). The type specimen from the north half of concession 1, lot 53, Cayuga town- ship, county of Haldimand, Ont. ; one-half the natural size. Longitudinal section of the same ; three-fourths the natural size. Transverse section of the same; similarly reduced. Geological Survep of Canada. CONTR. TO CAN. PAL., VOL. IV. PLATE. XVIII RS SH SS L. M. LAMBE, DELT. [ vAN Same 9, fls) ah ngs Wen) hana a SRR eta) SSD, (aod i neesy = 1 erring SIRF ps ERNST MAYR LIBRARY EP 44 114 274 Serre a peated incor Se ees