SSS SSS Sy oe SS setany ] Class Book Clas a) Le ee) es BS Columbia College Library Madison Av, and 49th St, New York. Beside the main topic this book also treats of Subject No. On page | Subject No. On page } ‘ e % am 7 i-' eee a ON nt ae Ge om oM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE a oe or Arts AND SCIENCES, : : ; e VoL. > a 7 "e a TRJBUTIONS TO AMERICAN BOTANY. IX.) — >» pHE Not ER Ona NortH AMERI 7 can LELIACE. a gNs or some New Srecies or NortH AMERICAN “ ies - - : z ; Coes % 2 , Na) ys ee ra Z fr 33 - -@ te, - [Issuep Jury, 1879.| ; ~ a j , “ F = > 4 ree : < ~ , ~~ j “ : Fac ic a 2 he . ¢ : - © 3 = ¥ rah: z 4 . : 77 < ® oe 43 " Sares i, “ “te > e $2 peas? vat GE < & - ¥ aes wy = Mase ~~ rad —% = Ao al ¢ } CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN BOTANY. IX. J. Revision or THE NortH American LILIACEZ. IJ. DescrieTIons OF somE New Species oF NortH AMERICAN PLANTS. By SERENO WATSON. From THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, IWOr. XL Vie [Issuzp Jury, 1879.| OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 213 KY. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN BOTANY. By SeERENO WATSON. Presented May 14, 1879. ‘ I. Revision of the North American Liliacee. Tue order Liliacee, as outlined by Dr. Gray in the last edition of his Manual (1867), and as now generally understood by botanists, pre- sents such a diversity in its characters and their combinations that it is by no means easy to satisfactorily group the genera according to their affinities, or to arrange them in any seemingly natural sequence or sequences. The difficulty is not much diminished, but rather increased, when the question is confined to the genera of a limited geographical area; hence, in the following attempt at a classification of the fifty genera that are found in North America, their relations to the rest of the order have been in some measure taken into account. If the character of a baccate as distinguished from a capsular fruit be considered a subordinate one (as seems to be necessary), a division of the genera may be made into three series or suborders, which, . notwithstanding exceptions, are on the whole pretty clearly defined. The first and largest of these is prominently distinguished by its scarious floral bracts, persistent nerved perianth, perigynous stamens with introrse anthers, an undivided persistent style, and a loculicidal fruit (if capsular). This includes much the larger portion of the genera which have usually been considered as belonging to the capsu- lar Liliacee, as well as most of the Asparaginee. Both of the other divisions have the stamens hypogynous or nearly so, with more or less extrorse anthers, and the floral bracts are more or less foliaceous or are wanting. Both also always have distinct perianth-segments and unjointed pedicels. But one has a nerveless deciduous perianth, the styles (when present) more or less united, and the fruit a loculi- cidal capsule or a berry; to this belong the Liliee or Tulipee proper, the Uvulariee and the Trillieg, as here defined, and a few other 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY genera. The other division, corresponding nearly to the old order Melanthacee, has distinct styles and a septicidal capsule conjoined with a persistent nerved perianth. The subdivision into tribes is here based upon the characters of the inflorescence, and such others as can be used without separating evi- dently allied genera, to avoid which it is sometimes found necessary to lay little stress either upon the degree of union of the segments of the perianth or upon root-characters. The grade of the tribes is equalized so far as possible by reducing the less positively marked groups to the rank of subtribes, though some isolated genera are still left, which refused to be so degraded. As respects the citation of authorities under the specific descriptions, only the more important synonyms and figures are usually referred to. Much indebtedness is acknowledged to the recent revisions of various portions of the order by Mr. J. G. Baker of Kew, although his conclusions are not in every case adopted. It is a source of regret that his last paper upon the “Colehicacee” has not yet been issued, and that the present article, which has been delayed for some time with the hope of benefiting by it, must be completed without such assistance. SERIES I. Floral bracts present’and more or less scarious. Perianth per- sistent; segments 1-several-nerved. Stamens perigynous; anthers introrse. Style undivided, persistent. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds more or less turgid, ascending, with close black testa. Leaves with approximate longi- tudinal nerves and transverse veinlets. Pedicels often jointed. Exceptions. Style and perianth deciduous in Odontostomum. Style deciduous in Chlorogalum and Hesperaloe; sometimes wanting and capsule sometimes baceate or septicidal in Yucca. Fruit baccate or indehiscent, with light-colored seeds, in Convallariee and Nolinee. Seeds dark brown in Odontostomum ; hori- zontally flattened in Hesperocallis and Yuccee. Supserizs I. Inflorescence umbellate, upon a naked scape arising from a corm or bulb; sessile upon a short rootstock in Leucocrinum. Tripe lI. Allieze. Bracts (usually 2) broad and spathaceous : capsule more or less deeply lobed, the filiform style jointed upon the axis: seeds one to sey- eral in each cell, angular or subovate: perianth cleft nearly to the base; seg- ments l-nerved: pedicels not jointed: bulb rhostly tunicated. 1, Attium. Flowers deep rose-color to white. Capsule subglobose or obovate, deeply lobed and often crested: base of the style en- closed between the lobes and jointed upon the short axis: cells 1—2-ovuled at the base. Filaments usually dilated at base. Bracts 2 to 4. Leaves one to several. Scape from a tunicated bulb (sometimes rhizomatous) or rarely a coated corm. ‘Taste and odor strongly alliaceous. — In our species the sheaths of the OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. oS leaves rarely extend at all above ground, the bracts are never elongated, and the filaments are without cusps or teeth, the bases united into an adnate disk (except in A. tricoccum). 2. NorHoscorpum. Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Cap- sule oblong-obovate, somewhat lobed, obtuse, with the style ob- scurely jointed on the summit; cells several-ovuled. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bracts 2. Leaves several. Bulb tunicated: not alliaceous. Tripe ll. Millez. Bracts several, not spathaceous, distinct: capsule not lobed (or slightly so), acute, and beaked by the mostly stout (at length split- ting) style: seeds few to several in each cell, angular: perianth-segments more or less united or distinct, 1-nerved or rarely closely 2-3-nerved: scape from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm. * Perianth parted to the base or nearly so; segments spreading, closely 2-3-nerved: stamens in one row atthe base; anthers versatile : capsule obovate or subglobose, sessile or nearly so; cells several-seeded. 3. Muitia. Flowers greenish-white. Filaments filiform, naked, adnate at base. Pedicels not jointed. Leaves several. 4, Broomerta. Flowers yellow, on jointed pedicels. Filaments elongated, free, surrounded at base by a somewhat cup-shaped and winged appendage. Leaf solitary. * * Perianth evidently gamophyllous, with the stamens on the throat. + Perianth funnel-form; segments l-nerved (very rarely 2-3-nerved in Brodiea): pedicels jointed (except in Androstephium). ~ 5. Bropi#a. Perianth more or less narrowly funnel-form, not con- tracted at the throat, nor saccate or but very slightly so at base, blue-purple or white or yellow. Stamens 6, in one or two rows with winged or naked filaments, or 3 and alternate with as many staminodia. Capsule ovate to oblong. 6. STROPHOLIRION. Flowers rose-colored, the short broadly turbinate tube 6-saccate, contracted at the throat, about equalling the spreading limb. Stamens 3, alternate with 3 ligulate staminodia ; filaments winged ; anthers basifixed. Capsule nearly sessile, ovate, acuminate. 7. Brevoortia. Perianth-tube broad, 6-saccate at base, deep scarlet, several times longer than the short erect or reflexed yellowish limb. Stamens 3, alternate with 3 broad truncate staminodia; anthers basifixed, nearly sessile. Capsule long-stipitate, ovate, acuminate. 8. ANDROSTEPHIUM. Flowers pale lilac, the cylindrical tube about equalling or shorter than the somewhat spreading limb. Sta- mens 6,in one row; the filaments united to form an erect tubular 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous. Seeds large. + + Perianth salver-form ; segments 3-nerved : pedicels not jointed. 9. Mitxa. Flowers white, greenish outside with stout green midveins, the tube narrowly turbinate. Stamens nearly sessile, in one row, naked: anthers basifixed. Capsule sessile, oblong-obovate. TrrpeE III. Leucocrinez. Acaulescent; flowers on subterranean pedicels in a sessile umbel, with elongated linear bracts, from a short rootstock : peri- anth salver-form, with linear tube and several-nerved segments: stamens in one row near the throat; anthers basifixed: capsule sessile, triangular-obovate ; seeds obovate, angled, several in each cell. 10. Levucocrinum. Flowers white, very fragrant. Filaments fili form; anthers linear. Style slender and elongated, tubular, dilated at the summit. Leaves narrowly linear, surrounded at base by scarious bracts. Floral bracts sheathing the pedicels. Sussertes II. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. TrinE IV. Phalangieze. Flowers mostly small, with distinct segments, on jointed naked pedicels with small bracts, in simple or usually paniculate racemes : stem somewhat leafy or naked, from a tunicated bulb or rootstock or fleshy- fibrous root: anthers versatile. * Capsule obovate or oblong: seeds angled, several in each cell: flowers rather large, racemose on a naked scape from a tunicated bulb. 11. Camassta. Flowers blue (rarely white), slightly gibbous; seg- ments 3—7-nerved, spreading. Base of the style persistent. Seeds black and shining. Raceme open. Leaves linear, flat. * * Capsule oblong; cells several-seeded: seeds angular and somewhat flat- tened: pedicels (usually fascicled) jointed near the middle : root fleshy-fibrous. 12. HesPeERANTHES. Flowers yellow or yellowish ; segments spread- ing from the base, 3—5-nerved in the middle, twice longer than the stamens, at length twisted over the ovary. Filaments muricate, longer than the anthers. Style elongated and very slender, becoming declinate. Leaves narrowly linear and grass-like, sur- rounded at base by the fibrous remnants of older ones. — Anthe- ricum, subgen. Hesperanthes, Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 15. 317. * * * Capsule triangular-obovate, 3-lobed ; cells (2-ovuled) 1-2-seeded : seeds obovate: pedicels (mostly solitary) jointed at the summit: stem from a tuni- cated bulb or rootstock. — Subtribe CHLOROGALEX. 13. ScH@NoLiRION. Flowers yellow or whitish, in loose simple or sparingly panicled racemes, the perianth not scarious nor becom- ing connivent or twisted over the ovary ; segments distinctly OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. PAW ¢ 3—5-nerved, exceeding the stamens. Style short. Capsule de pressed globose, deeply-lobed. Seeds subglobose, shining. Stem naked, scaly and thickened at base, from a thick rootstock. Leaves rather rigid, few-nerved, very narrow, flat. Pedicels slender, exceeding the flowers and bracts. Atlantic States. 14. Hastinesra. Flowers white or greenish, in densely many- flowered sparingly panicled racemes, the perianth lax and scari- ous; segments closely 3- (apparently 1-) nerved, equalling the stamens. Style short. Ovary oblong-ovate, not deeply lobed. Stem naked or sparingly leafy, from a tunicated bulb. Leaves broader and more fleshy. Pedicels stout, much shorter than the flower and bract. California. 15. CHtoroGaLum. Flowers white or pinkish, in loose paniculate racemes; perianth at length twisted over the ovary ; segments distinctly 3-nerved. Style long, deciduous. Seeds blackish, somewhat rugose. Bulbs with membranous or densely fibrous coats. Leaves with undulate margins. California. Trize V. Odontostomez. Flowers small, on solitary bracteolate not jointed pedicels in an open panicle; the stem leafy at base, from a fibrous- coated corm: perianth salver-form, deciduous: stamens on the throat ; anthers subglobose, basifixed, dehiscent at the summit: style deciduous. 16. Opontostomum. Flowers yellowish, the cylindrical 12-nerved tube about equalling the at length reflexed 5-nerved segments. Stamens very short, alternating with as many small linear stami- nodia. Capsule triangular-obovate, 3-lobed; cells (2-ovuled) l-seeded. Seeds obovate, with dark brown testa. California. Trine VI. Convallarieze. Flowers on jointed pedicels in terminal racemes or racemose panicles or in axillary fascicles, upon leafy simple stems (or a naked scape in Convallaria) from creeping rootstocks: perianth 6-cleft or of 4 or 6 distinct 1-nerved small glandless segments: style short, usually some- what persistent ; stigma slightly lobed : fruit a globose berry : seeds 1 to several in each cell, ascending or horizontal, subglobose, with close thin testa. Stem naked below (scarious-sheathed at base) : leaves cordate to lanceolate. * Perianth gamophyllous, campanulate or cylindrical, at length deciduous. 17. Convatiarta. Acaulescent. Flowers white, campanulate, cleft to the middle, on recurved pedicels with small lanceolate bracts, in a simple one-sided raceme upon a slender curved scape. Sta- mens near the base; anthers ovate-oblong, sub-basifixed. Style stout, persistent; stigma triangular: ovules 2 or 3 pairs in each cell. Berries red, usually 6-seeded. Leaves 2 or 3, the long petioles convolute and stem-like. 218 | 18. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY PoLyGonatum, Flowers white or greenish, cylindric, 6-lobed at the summit, on mostly naked pedicels in axillary pedunculate fascicles (sometimes solitary). Stamens on the tube; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Style slender, deciduous; stigma ob- securely 3-lobed. Ovules 1 to3 pairs in each cell. Berry blue or black ; cells 1-2-seeded. Stem erect or curved; leaves sessile or nearly so; bracts caducous, minute. * * Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent. 19. Smrtacina. Flowers white, trimerous, solitary (in our species), 20. with minute scarious bracts, in a racemose panicle or simple ra- ceme on an erect leafy stem. Stamens at the base; filaments subulate; anthers short-oblong, versatile. Style short, thick, per- sistent; stigma 38-lobed. Ovules a pair in each cell. Berry red or blue-black, 1—-3-seeded. Leaves mostly sessile. MatantHemMum. Flowers white, dimerous, solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme upon a low 2—3-leaved stem. Filaments fili- form. Berry red. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate, mostly petiolate. Otherwise as Smilacina. Trise VII. Nolinez. Flowers very small, whitish, polygamo-dicecious, on short jointed solitary or fascicled pedicels, in a simple or compound panicle on a leafy stem from a thick woody caudex or rootstock: perianth campanu- late ; segments l-nerved: anthers ovate-cordate, versatile : stigmas very short, distinct, sessile or on a short style: ovules 6, in pairs at the base of the ovary : fruit dry and thin, indehiscent or bursting irregularly, 1-3-celled, 1-3-seeded : seed subglobose, with thin light-colored testa: leaves numerous, crowded, narrowly linear, elongated, rigid, striate, with rough or armed margins. 21. 22. Norra. Flowers polygamo-diccious in a loosely racemose simple or compound panicle; segments oblong-ovate, usually acutish. Stamens included. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Fruit rounded, deeply triquetrous, thin-membranous, 3-celled, 1-3- seeded, bursting irregularly. Seeds ovate to globose. Leaves unarmed. Naked caudex slender with a dilated base, or very short or wanting. Fertile flowers mostly solitary and on longer pedicels than the staminate. DasyLirion. Flowers dicecious in dense racemes forming a nar- row compound panicle, the tall leafy flowering stem terminating a stout naked cylindrical caudex. Perianth-segments oblongs obovate, obtuse. Stamens exserted. Style short. Fruit trian- gular and 3-winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, coriaceous and indehiscent. Seed obtusely triangular. Leaves usually armed with hooked spines. Staminate flowers nearly sessile. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 219 Trise VIII. Hemerocallidez. Flowers large, on naked jointed pedicels with conspicucus bracts, simply racemose upon a leafy stem from a tunicated bulb (or fleshy-fibrous roots) : perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft: stamens on the throat; anthers versatile : seeds (in our genus) horizontal, flattened, numerous, black. 23. HesperocaLlis. Perianth white, cleft to below the middle; segments several-nerved. Anthers linear. Capsule ovate-oblong, deeply lobed. Raceme few-flowered, the stout pedicels jointed at the summit. Trine IX. Yuccez. Flowers racemose-paniculate upon a stout leafy or leafy-bracteate stem from a stout caudex or thick and often branching rootstock ; segments distinct: anthers versatile, sagittate: seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, horizontal, flattened, black. Leaves numerous and crowded, linear, thick and more or less rigid: pedicels jointed at the summit. . 24. HresperALor. Perianth narrowly cylindric, reddish; segments linear, about 7-nerved. Filaments subulate-filiform, smooth ; anthers linear-oblong. Style filiform, deciduous; stigma small, capitate. Capsule loculicidal, 3-celled. Caudex very short, sending up a slender sparingly bracteate flowering stem: leaves linear, deeply channelled, with filiferous margins: flowers fas- cicled, erect. 25. Yucca. Perianth campanulate, white or whitish; segments ovate-lanceolate, many-nerved. Filaments clavate, often papil- lose; anthers small. Style stout and persistent (or none); the emarginate stigmas more or less connate into a stigmatic tube. Fruit baccate, or capsular and septicidal or loculicidal, incom- pletely 6-celled. Rarely acaulescent, usually with a stout woody caudex, often tall and tree-like: leaves linear-lanceolate, spines- cent at apex: flowers usually solitary and nodding. SERIES II. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Perianth deciduous ; segments distinct, net-veined. Stamens hypogynous, or at the very base; anthers more or less extrorse. Styles united at least at base, deciduous. Fruit loculici- ‘ dally dehiscent or berry-like. Seeds turgid, with thin close brown testa. Flowers mostly large and showy, solitary or racemose or pseud-umbellate. Pedicels not jointed. Leaves with anastomosing veinlets. Exceptions. Perianth persistent in L/oydia and Trillium; segments several- nerved in Lloydia, Clintonia, Medeola, and Scoliopus. Anthers usually introrse in Trillium. Style persistent in Lloydia ; «stigmas sessile and persistent in Calo- chortus, Scoliopus,and Trillium. Capsule mostly septicidal in Calochortus. Seeds flat and horizontal in most Liliee ; crustaceous in Clintonia. Leaves with trans- verse veinlets in Lloydia (1%), Calochortus, Scoliopus, and most Uvulariee. Trise X. Lilieze. Flowers terminal or axillary or subumbellate, upon a more or less leafy stem from a bulb or coated corm, campanulate or funnel- form; segments usually nearly equal and similar, bearing a nectary or gland: capsule many-seeded: seeds horizontal or ascending. 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY x Stem simple, strict, leafy, from a scaly bulb: floral bracts leaf-like: anthers versatile : styles elongated: capsule not triquetrous : seeds flat, horizontal. 26. Litrum. Perianth-segments oblanceolate, more or less spreading or recurved, often dotted or spotted; nectary a linear groove. Anthers distinctly versatile. Style undivided. Bulb-scales lan- ceolate. 27. FritityariA. Perianth-segments broader and concave, often mottled; nectary a shallow pit. Anthers more obscurely versa- tile. Styles united to the middle or throughout. Bulb-scales mostly short, very thick. x * Stem simple, low, lax, from an oblong membranous-coated corm, bearing a pair of dilated leaves, without floral bracts: anthers basifixed: styles elon- gated: capsule triangular or triquetrous: seeds ascending, turgid, brownish. 28. ErytTHronium. Perianth-segments oblanceolate, strongly revo- lute, mostly callous-toothed at base each side of the grooved nectary. Styles usually distinct above. Seeds obovoid, angled, the testa loose and rugose at top. x x * Stem simple, dwarf, from a small tunicated bulb: leaves linear, with- out veinlets: perianth persistent, the equal segments 3-nerved, with a naked obscure gland at base: anthers very small, basifixed: style slender, undivided, persistent : capsule triquetrous: seeds horizontal, flat.— Subtribe LLoypiez. 29. Luoypra. Perianth small, spreading, white with purplish veins and base. Stem slender, leafy, usually 1-flowered ; the bulb upon an oblique rhizome, covered by the persistent scarious bases of the nearly filiform leaves. Arctic or alpine. x * * * Stem usually branched, from a coated corm, sparingly leafy: leaves with transverse veinlets : perianth of unequal segments, the outer smaller, some- what greenish and sepaloid, the inner dilated and mostly with pitted and bearded or crested glands: anthers basifixed: stigmas sessile, distinct, recurved, per- sistent: capsule usually deeply triquetrous, mostly septicidal: seeds ascending, with light-colored spongy testa, rarely flat and horizontal. —Subtribe Caxo- CHORTE. 30. CaLocnortus. Flowers mostly large and showy, broadly cam- panulate. Stem usually lax or flexuous, from a membranous- or rarely fibrous-coated corm. Trize XI. Uvulariez. Flowers terminal or pseud-axillary, solitary or subumbellate, with naked pedicels on leafy branching stems (or in Clintonia on a scape-like peduncle) from a short or creeping rootstock: perianth narrowly campanulate; segments oblanceolate, with a nectariferous groove at the narrow subgibbous base: anthers linear: styles linear, more or less united, stigmatic down the inside: fruit a loculicidal or tardily dehiscent capsule, or berry-like: seeds pendulous: stems scaly-bracted below: leaves dilated, with numerous nerves and transverse veinlets (reticulated in Prosartes). 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 221 Uvurarisa. Flowers few (1 to 3), solitary, terminating the stem or leafy branches, pendulous, yellow; segments acuminate, ob- tusely gibbous and with a callus or ridge each side of the deep nectary. Anther-cells adnate to the prolonged connective. Styles united to the middle. Capsule coriaceous, depressed obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, globose, brown, half covered by a thin white aril. Stem terete, from a short rootstock with fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves perfoliate, smooth on the margin. OaxkesiA. Flowers few, solitary, on short pedicels opposite the leaves, pendulous, yellow; segments obtuse or acutish, carinately gibbous and without callosities. Stamens and styles as in the last. Capsule membranous, elliptical, acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely winged, very tardily dehiscent. Seeds 1 to 3 in each cell, globose, brown, with a very tumid spongy brown rhaphe. Stem acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock. Leaves sessile, clasping, with scabrous margins. Strepropus. Flowers more numerous, apparently axillary, the pedicel often geniculate upon a peduncle (a second or third pedicel and flower sometimes developed), pendulous, greenish- white or purplish; segments acuminate, recurved above. An- thers sagittate, on short deltoid or subulate filaments, acute or setaceously acuminate. Styles united. Fruit a reddish sub- globose slightly 3-lobed berry. Seeds few to many in each cell, oblong, longitudinally striate, light-colored. Leaves clasping. Prosartes. Flowers in fascicles (1—-6-flowered) terminating the branches, white or greenish, suberect or pendulous ; segments acute or acuminate. Anthers on slender filaments, oblong, obtuse, dehiscing laterally. Styles united. Ovules 1 to 3 pairs in each cell. Fruit a somewhat fleshy obtusely lobed reddish berry. Seeds subglobose to oblong, with very thin close light- colored testa. Leaves with reticulated veinlets. Cuintonra. Flowers solitary or umbellate upon a naked scape- like peduncle, white, greenish, or rose-colored, erect or nodding ; segments obtuse or acutish. Anthers on slender filaments, ob- long to linear, dehiscing laterally. Ovary 2-3-celled: styles united ; stigma 2—3-lobed (ovary 2-celled and stigma only slightly 2-lobed in our species). Fruit a thin slightly lobed ovoid blue berry. Seeds smooth, brownish, crustaceous. Root-stock slender, creeping : leaves radical, large, oblanceolate, sheathing, ciliate. 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY Trise XII. Trilliez. Flowers terminal, on solitary or umbellate naked pedicels subtended by a pair or whorl of leaves upon an otherwise naked stem (a second whorl in Medeola), fron: a thick or tuberous rootstock. Perianth spreading, the segments mostly dissimilar in the two series, the outer often herbaceous, without glands. Stigmas sessile or nearly so, linear, channelled, persistent (except in Medeola). Fruit dry or berry-like. Seeds horizontal or ascending. Leaves broadly ovate to oblanceolate, mostly net-veined. x Flowers umbellate; segments dissimilar, all petaloid, several-nerved, deciduous: stamens 3; anthers attached above the base: stigmas persistent: fruit dry, 1-celled with parietal placente, many-seeded. Nearly acaulescent; leaves a radical pair, with numerous parallel nerves and transverse veinlets. — Subtribe ScoLioprx. 36. Scotriopus. Flowers purplish, on slender flexuous pedicels; outer segments lanceolate, inner narrowly linear. Anthers ob- long; filaments short, filiform-subulate. Style short; stigmas recurved. Fruit thin-membranous, bursting irregularly, trique- trous, oblong, acute at each end, placentiferous at the angles. Seeds oblong, striate longitudinally/ with light-colored testa, dark chalaza and crested rhaphe. Rootstock short with numerous fleshy-fibrous roots : whole plant brown-punctate, glabrous. * * Flowers umbellate; segments similar, several-nerved, deciduous: anthers attached above the base: stigmas (8 or 4) sessile, deciduous: fruit a few-seeded berry: stem slender, bearing two distant whorls of 8-nerved net veined leaves. — Subtribe MnDEOLE&. 37. MeproLa. Flowers greenish-white, on recurved pedicels ; seg- ments oblong, obtuse, recurved. Anthers oblong; filaments filiform. Stigmas elongated, divaricate. Berry subglobose, pur- ple. Seeds roundish. Rootstock tuberous with slender rootlets. * * * Flowers solitary; outer segments herbaceous; inner petaloid, net- veined, marcescent: anthers adnate, usually introrse: stigmas sessile, per- sistent: fruit a many-seeded berry: stem with a single whorl of 38-5-nerved net-veined leaves. 38. Trittium. Flowers white to purple, sessile or pedicellate; seg- ments ovate to linear-lanceolate, more or less spreading or recurved, the outer smaller. Anthers linear; filaments linear- subulate. Stigmas linear or subulate, usually recurved above. Fruit reddish, ovate or subglobose, 3-lobed or more often 6-angled or -winged, occasionally 1-celled with parietal placenta. Seeds ovate, scarcely striate, with thick rhaphe. SERIES III. Perianth persistent ; segments distinct, 1-several-nerved. Sta- mens at the base of the perianth ; anthers extrorse, versatile, small, distinctly 2-celled except in Veratree. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Capsule septicidal, triquetrous. Seeds ascending, with loose testa or more or less OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. efor appendaged, ns¢ black. Inflorescence a simple raceme or panicle; pedicels solitary, not jointed, with green or greenish or rarely scarious bracts, or naked. Leaves with transverse veinlets, except in Heioniee. Exceptions. Anthers introrse in Tofieldiee ; filaments adnate in Melanthium. Style none or undivided in Narthecium. Capsule loculicidal in Narthecitum and Xerophyllum. Seeds horizontal in Tofieldia and Pleea. TrizeE XIII. Veratreze. Perianth-segments several-nerved, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Anthers cordate or reniform, dehiscent by a con- tinuous slit and peltate after opening: stigmas terminal: capsule membranous, 3-beaked by the short persistent styles: seeds with thin loose testa, not caudate or appendaged: stem usually leafy, from a tunicated bulb or thick rootstock : leaves not rigid. * Flowers usually polygamous: cells of the usually ovate-oblong capsule not divaricately divergent above, dehiscent to the base: seeds several (4 to many) in each cell, not turgid, oblong to linear, angled, or flattened and margined. + Inflorescence pubescent, racemose-paniculate, usually staminate below: seeds flat, whitish, mostly broadly margined: stems tall and leafy, from a thick rootstock with fleshy-fibrous roots: leaves linear-oblanceolate to sub- orbicular. 39. MxrLantuium. Flowers cream-color or greenish, rotate, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels; segments orbicular to ob- lanceolate, conspicuously biglandular or glandless, the filaments adnate to the narrow claw; perianth free from the ovate-oblong capsule. 40. VreraTruM. Flowers cream-color, greenish, or purple, more or less spreading, usually exceeding the short stouter pedicels; perianth slightly adnate to the ovary ; segments oblanceolate to rhombic-ovate, glandless or rather obscurely glandular. Leaves strongly nerved and more or less plicate, + + Inflorescence glabrous: flowers perfect or polygamous: seeds linear to narrowly oblong, angled or slightly margined, more or less brown: root bulbous (except in one species of Zygadenus) : leaves linear. 41, StenanTHIUM. Flowers white, greenish, or purple, nodding or subsessile in usually paniculate racemes. Perianth adnate to the base of the ovary; segments lanceolate, acuminate, without glands. Seeds 4 in each cell, angled or somewhat flattened. 42. ZyGapENus. Flowers white or greenish, erect, in paniculate or simple racemes. Perianth often adnate at base ; segments oblong- lanceolate to ovate, mostly glandular and usually somewhat narrowed at base. Seeds angled, rarely at all margined. 43, SCH@NOCAULON. Flowers small, mostly green, nearly sessile in a simple many-flowered spike-like raceme (usually sterile 294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY above), upon a naked scape. Perianth free ; segments linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, without glands and nearly nerveless. Stamens long-exserted. Seeds brown, angled. Leaves elongated, dry and grass-like. Bracts very small, ovate, membranous. Bulb-coats becoming black and fibrous. * %* Flowers perfect: capsule short, the 1-2-seeded cells widely divergent above and dehiscent only at the summit: seeds ovate, with a (fleshy ?) reddish- brown coat. Bulbous. 44, AmiantHtum. Glabrous. Flowers white, much shorter than the pedicels, in a dense many-flowered simple raceme on a sparingly leafy stem. Perianth free; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, glandless. Leaves linear, obtuse. Trise XIV. Heloniez. Inflorescence a simple raceme, without bracts, on a leafy stem from a thick tuberous rootstock; glabrous. Flowers perfect or diecious, glandless. Styles linear, stigmatic down the inside, deciduous. Capsule membranous, obovate to oblong, ventrally dehiscent at the summit of the abruptly divergent cells. Seeds numerous, linear, ascending from near the base, appendaged or winged at each end. Leaves oblanceolate, thin; veinlets anastomosing. 45. Hetontas. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, purple or greenish; segments spatulate-oblong, several-nerved, shorter than the slender filaments. Capsule broadly obovate, deeply 3-lobed, the summit much depressed. Seeds narrowly linear with a short white appendage at each end. Stem scaly-bracteate. 46. CHAmMazLirium. Flowers dicecious, in slender elongated racemes, white: segments narrowly linear-spatulate, 1l-nerved, equalling the stamens, which are shorter and abortive in the pistillate flowers. Capsule oblong, slightly depressed and shortly lobed at the sum- mit. Seeds flattened, margined, and winged at each end. Stem very leafy. Tripe XV. Tofieldieze. Flowers perfect, on bracteolate pedicels, in a simple raceme on an equitant-leafy stem from a creeping rootstock. Perianth- segments narrow, without glands. Stamens 9 to 12 in Pleea ; anthers introrse, short, ovate to linear. Styles distinct and persistent, or none ; stigmas ter- minal. Capsule dehiscing to the base, loculicidal in Narthecium. Seeds nu- merous, small, mostly appendaged or caudate, brown. Leaves distichously equitant, much shorter than the stems. 47. Torretp1A. Flowers white or greenish, subtended by very small bracts and involucrate with 3 scarious verticillate and more or less united bractlets; perianth-segments oblong or obovate, 3- nerved, equalling the stamens. Anthers round-cordate, nearly basifixed; filaments narrowly subulate, naked. Styles short. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 295 Capsule ovate to obovate, 3-beaked. Seeds horizontal, unap pendaged or more or less caudate at the outer end. 48. Preea. Flowers few, greenish-white turning brown. Pedicels solitary in the axils of large foliaceous sheathing bracts, bibrac- teolate in the middle. Perianth-segments lanceolate, 1-nerved. Stamens 9 (“6 to 12”), in pairs on the outer sepals, included ; filaments subulate, naked; anthers oblong-linear, sagittate. Styles short. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-beaked. Seeds hori- zontal, linear, attenuate at base, caudate above. 49. NartHectum. Flowers yellowish-green, the solitary pedicels subtended by a lanceolate bract and bearing a small linear bractlet. Perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved. Stamens included; filaments subulate, woolly; anthers linear- oblong. Style none; the slightly lobed stigma sessile upon the attenuated apex of the ovary. Capsule narrowly oblong, mem- branous, attenuate upward, splitting loculicidally into 3 valves. Seeds ascending from near the base of the axis, linear, with a long straight tail at each end. Trine XVI. Xerophylleze. Flowers perfect, on naked pedicels in a sim- ple bracteate raceme, on a very leafy stem from a thick tuberous rootstock. Glands none. Styles linear, stigmatic down the inside, persistent. Capsule ovate, chartaceous, loculicidally dehiscent to the base, and sometimes septicidal. Seeds 2 to 4in each cell, ascending, with loose thin testa, not appendaged or scarcely so. Leaves very narrow, dry, striate and rough-edged. 50. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers white, on long spreading pedicels (erect in fruit), in a subpyramidal many-flowered raceme; seg- ments ovate to oblong, 5—7-nerved. Styles reflexed or recoiled. Seeds oblong, somewhat angled, light-colored. Cauline leaves numerous, setaceous from a broader base. Bracts linear, elongated. In addition to the above, other genera are represented by the fol- lowing species that have become more or less widely naturalized in some sections of the Atlantic States : — ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM, Linn. The Star of Bethlehem; in moist meadows. Muscari Botryoies, Mill. The Grape-Hyacinth ; road-sides and copses. HeMEROCALLIS FULVA, Linn. The Day-Lily ; road-sides. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS, Linn. Garden Asparagus: sea-coast and copses. VOL. XIV. (N. 8. VI.) 15 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY 1. ALLIUM, Linn. § 1. Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a more or less persistent rhizome; coats membranous, without peculiar reticulation: spathe mostly 2-valved : scape terete. * Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate: ovules solitary. 1. A. rricoccum, Ait. Bulb-coats fleshy-membranous, the outer becoming fibrous: scape 4 to 12 inches high: flowers greenish white, on short suberect pedicels ; segments two or three lines long, the outer channelled, the inner flat: stamens short, hypogynous, with nearly distinct subulate filaments: capsule deeply lobed, not crested. — A. triflorum, Raf. New England to Wisconsin, and south to North Carolina and Kentucky. * * Leaves (several) linear: ovules a single pair. + Leaves terete, hollow. 2. A. Scua@noprasum, Linn. Scape stout: umbel subcapitate : flowers rose-color ; segments 4 or 5 lines long, acuminate: stamens in- cluded: capsule not crested. — A. campanuleflorum, Geyer. From Canada (New Brunswick) and the Great Lakes to the Columbia and Peace Rivers and N. Alaska; Europe and N. Asia. + + Leaves flat or channelled. 3. A. cERNUUM, Roth. Outer bulb-coats sometimes finely fibrous : scapes slender, } to 2 feet high: leaves 1 to 4 lines broad: umbel open, nodding: flowers numerous, on very slender pedicels, rose- colored or white; segments 2 or 3 lines long, broad and acutish: stamens and style exserted: capsule crested. — From the Alleghany Mountains to British Columbia, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico and Texas. 4, A. VALIDUM, Watson. Scape very stout, 1 to 2} feet high, from a stout rhizome: leaves 2 to 8 lines broad: umbel often slightly nodding, with 2 to 4 bracts, densely many-flowered ; pedicels short : flowers rose-colored or nearly white; segments 3 or 4 lines long, narrowly acuminate: stamens and style usually slightly exserted : capsule not crested, subglobose. — King’s Rep. 5. 850. Oregon to N. California and N. Nevada. 5. A. BREVISTYLUM, Watson, 1. c. Scape 1 to 14 feet high, from a stout rhizome: leaves 2 to 4 lines wide: spathe 1-valved: umbel erect, few-flowered ; pedicels 6 to 12 lines long: flowers deep rese- color; segments 4 or 5 lines long, narrow, long-acuminate, nearly twice longer than the stamens and style: capsule not crested. — Northwestern Wyoming to S. Utah. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. OOF 6. A. HZMATOCHITON. Bulb-coats deep red: scape a foot high or less: leaves about a line wide: umbel erect or nearly so, few—many- flowered ; pedicels short: flowers 3 or 4 lines long, deep rose-color, especially on the midveins of the ovate-lanceolate acute segments: sta- mens and style included ; filaments very slender: ovary truncate, with very short rounded crests; capsule obovate. — California (San Luis Obispo to Ojai; n. 462, Brewer). § 2. Bulbs globose to ovate, mostly solitary, not rhizomatous; coats fibrous or membranous: leaves narrowly linear, flat or channelled: scape terete or nearly so. * Bulb-coats more or less fibrous: leaves several. -- Capsule not crested: spathe usually 3-valved. 7. A. CANADENSE, Kalm. Bulb-coats somewhat fibrous: scape a foot high or more : umbel mostly bulbiferous (often with 2 or 3 flow- ers): flowers on slender pedicels (6 to 10 lines long), white or pinkish, 3 lines long; segments narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or somewhat exceeding the stamens: filaments slightly broader below. — A. longicaule, Hornem.? From Canada to Florida and Texas. 8. A. MUTABILE, Michx. Like the last: bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous-coated : scape a foot or two high: umbel few—many-flowered, rarely or never bulbiferous: flowers white to rose-color, 2 to 4 lines long ; segments thin and lax in fruit, ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, obtusish or acute, a third longer than the stamens. — A. Mobilense and Drummondii, Regel, Monogr. All. 112 and 121. A. reticulatum, var. y, Watson, King’s Rep. 5. 486. From North Carolina and Florida to Arkansas and New Mexico. 9. A. NutraLtyu. Bulb usually smaller, very fibrous: scape low (4 to 6 inches high): pedicels shorter (4 to 6 lines) and usually rather stouter: perianth-segments usually broader (3 lines long), acute or acu- minate, rose-colored or white, rather rigid in fruit. — A. mutabile, B, Watson. From Kansas and Colorado to Texas, New Mexico and Eastern Arizona (n. 3219, Berland.; n. 528, Lindh.; n. 847, Fendl.; n. 195, Hall & Harbour ; n. 647, Hall; n. 197, 237, Rothrock). +— + Capsule crested: spathe usually 2-valved. 10. A. RETICULATUM, Fraser. Scape 3 to 8 inches high: pedicels usually short (2 to 6 lines long): otherwise closely resembling A. mutabile.— Hook. Fl]. Bor.-Am. 2. 184, t. 195. A. stellatum, var., Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1840. A. angulosum, Pursh. From the Saskatchewan to New Mexico and N. Arizona. 11. A. Geyerr. Taller and stouter (a foot high): pedicels 6 to 12 lines long: flowers rose-colored, 4 lines long, the segments broad, 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY acute or acuminate, strongly nerved and rigid in fruit. — A. reticulatum, var. 8, Watson, King’s Rep. 5. 486. Idaho to Washington Territory and Oregon (n. 226, Geyer; n. 546, Hall & Harbour; n. 3886, Howell; Spalding ; Wyeth). * * Bulb-coats not fibrous; some of the outer membranous coats in most species marked by a more or less distinct peculiar reticulate venation : leaves several (2 to 4), shorter than or about equalling the scape: spathe 2-valved, except in n. 21: stamens and style exserted only in n. 20 and 21. + Ovary not crested or obscurely 3-crested: perianth-segments not serrulate. ++ Scape usually tall (a foot high or more). 12. A. scaposum, Benth. Outer bulb-scales dark, with coarse more or less regular vertically oblong rectilinear reticulation : umbel loose, rather few-flowered: perianth-segments white with red midvein, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Watson, King’s Rep. 5. 487, t. 38, f.10,11. W. Texas to S, Arizona and Mexico. This is probably identical with the older A, Kunthii, Don (Schenoprasum lineare, HBK.) ++ ++ Scape low. 13. A. Dovueiasiu, Hook. Reticulation of bulb-coats not detected : scape 8 or 10 inches high: flowers pale rose-color, 3 or 4 lines long ; segments lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style: ovary not at all crested. — Oregon (“ Blue Mountains, subalpine hill near Kettle Falls,’ Douglas). A very obscure species, not iden- tified in recent collections. The figure and description in Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. refer, with the exception of the scape and the details of the flower, to his var. B, 1. e. to A. Tolmiet, Baker. 14. A. mapiIpum. Bulbs white, bulbiferous at base, without re- ticulation: leaves 2, thick and channelled, 1} to 3 lines broad: scape stout, angled, 4 to 8 inches high: flowers usually many, on pedicels 4 to 6 lines long, white or nearly so, 4 lines long; segments ovate- oblong, acute, a little exceeding the stamens: cells of the ovary with two fleshy ridges at the summit.— Union County, Oregon; W. C. Cusick, n. 8382. In small streams or wet places in high ground. 15, A. Cusick. Reticulation of bulb-coats not detected: leaves 2, flat, somewhat falcate, 3 lines wide: scape 3 or 4 inches high: flowers rather numerous, on pedicels 6 to 8 lines long, nearly white, 4 or 5 lines long; segments lanceolate, broadly acuminate, nearly twice longer than the stamens and style: ovary-cells shortly apicu- late. — Union County, Oregon; W. C. Cusick, n. 179. 16. A. coLiinuM, Dougl. in herb. Known to me only from scanty flowers from Kew Herb. Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 229 4 lines long, twice longer than the slender stamens and style: capsule very obscurely ridged toward the summit. — “ Abundant on the Blue Mountains,” Oregon. 17. A. scitLorpes, Dougl. in herb. An equally obscure species. Perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 3 lines long, a half longer than the stamens: ovary not at all crested. — “ Priest’s Rapids, Columbia River.” ++ Ovary rather obscurely crested: scapes low (4 to 10 inches): perianth- segments (at least the inner ones) serrulate. 18. A. AacumMINATUM, Hook. Outer bulb-coats with a distinct coarse quadrate to hexagonal reticulation: pedicels (12 to 30) 6 to 12 lines long: flowers deep rose-color, 4 to 7 lines long; segments lance- olate, with acuminate recurved tips, rigid in fruit, a third longer than the stamens, the inner ones undulate-serrulate: filaments slightly dilated below. — Fl. Bor.-Am. 2. 184, t. 196; Watson, King’s Rep. 5. 352, t. 37, f. 6. A. Murrayanum, Regel, Gartenfl. 23. 200, t. 770. From Washington Territory to Northern California, Nevada and Utah.