FOURTH QUARTERLY DATA REPORT FOR THE TERRESTRIAL BASELINE DATA ACCUMULATION PROGRAM RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE PROJECT submitted to RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE PROJECT Denver, Colorado from ECOLOGY CONSULTANTS, INCORPORATED Fort Collins, Colorado September, 1975 QUARTERLY REPORT CONTRIBUTORS Jim N. Baker - Colorado State University. B.S. in Zoology. Responsible for bats, reptiles, and amphibians report sections, small mammal data analysis. Denise Bochen - Colorado State University. B.S. in Zoology. Responsible for invertebrate sample identification and data analysis. Rollin F. Daggett - University of Newfoundland. M.S. in Zoology. Responsible '*' for invertebrate data analysis. Robin Dufford - Rutgers University. B.A. in Botany and Geology. Responsible for the production of maps and figures. Scott E. Ellis - Cornell University. B.A. in Biology and English. Responsible for phytosociological report sections. Collin G. Fallat - University of Nebraska. M.S. in Geography. Responsible for the production of maps and figures. Sylvia D. Hardin - Project Secretary. Responsible for typing and organizing the report. Diane C. Kestrel - Colorado State University. B.S. in Zoology. Responsible for small mammal pitfall trapping report section, small mammal and vegetation data analysis. Bruce E. King - Colorado State University. B.S. in Zoology. Responsible for invertebrate report sections. Craig L. Kling - North Dakota State University. B.A. in Wildlife Biology. Responsible for large mammal and domestic livestock report sections. Terrie L. Kling - Secretary. Responsible for typing and report organization. Patricia L. Kennedy - Colorado College. B.A. in Biology. Responsible for avifauna report sections. David A. Koehler - University of New Mexico. M.S. in Range Ecology. Responsible for grazing exclosure methodology. Robert D. Macgregor - Harvard University. M.A. in Biology. Responsible for report quality control, critical review of report sections. -i- 0 Richard J. McGuire - University of South Florida, M.A. in Zoology. Project Manager. Responsible for threatened and endangered species report sections, critical review of all report sections. Germaine A. Reyes - Colorado State University. B.S. in Zoology. Responsible for small mammal stomach contents and reproductive effort report sections, invertebrate data analysis. Robert Sanz - Colorado State University. B.S. in Zoology. Responsible for mammalian predators, lagomorph census report sections. James B. States - Oregon State University. Ph.D. in Animal Ecology and Ethology. Responsible for critical review of all report sections. Debra Stevens - Secretary. Responsible for typing and report organization. W. Thomas Turner - Colorado State University. M.S. in Zoology. Responsible for small mammal live-trapping report section and all data analysis. Kimery C. Vories - Western State College. M.A. in Botany. Responsible for phytosociological and remote sensing (methodology) report sections. -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACHNOWLEGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS , iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES xxvi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2.3 TERRESTRIAL STUDIES 3 2.3.1 VEGETATION 3 2.3.1.1 INTRODUCTION . . 3 2.3.1.2 METHODS 3 2.3.1.2.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 3 2.3.1.2.2 PLANT COLLECTION 10 2.3.1.3 RESULTS 10 2.3.1.3.1 ASPEN 15 2.3.1.3.2 DOUGLAS FIR 44 2.3.1.3.3 MIXED BRUSH .......... 50 2.3.1.3.4 PINYON-JUNIPER 64 2.3.1.3.5 SAGEBRUSH ' 74 2.3.1.3.6 BALD 76 2.3.1.3.7 SHADSCALE ... 97 2.3.1.3.8 GREASEWOOD . 97 2.3.1.3.9 RABBITBRUSH 107 2.3.1.3.10 RIPARIAN HI 2.3.1.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 118 2.3.1.5 VEGETATION RAW DATA 122 2.3.2 GRAZING EXCLOSURE ; . 123 2.3.2.1 INTRODUCTION .... 123 2.3.2.2 METHODS 123 2.3.2.2.1 EXCLOSURE DESIGN AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES . . 123 2.3.2.2.2 PHOTOPLOTS 130 2.3.2.3 RESULTS . 132 2.3.3 SMALL MAMMALS 133 2.3.3.1 INTRODUCTION 133 2.3.3.2 METHODS 133 2.3.3.2.1 Live trapping . 133 2-3.3.2.2 collection of animals for laboratory analysis 133 2-3.3.2.3 laboratory analysis of reproductive effort . 133 I'l'l'l't LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF STOMACH CONTENTS ... 135 2-3.3.2.5 COLLECTION OF VOUCHER SPECIMENS 135 2-3-3.2.6 PITFALL TRAPPING ; 135 2-3.3.2.7 NIGHT SPOTLIGHT CENSUS 135 -111- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 2.3.3.2.8 BAT INVESTIGATIONS 139 2.3.3.3 RESULTS 139 2.3.3.3.1 LIVE TRAPPING 139 2.3.3.3.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT. 255 2.3.3.3.3 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF STOMACH CONTENTS . . 257 2.3.3.3.4 COLLECTION OF VOUCHER SPECIMENS 264 2.3.3.3.5 PITFALL TRAPPING 264 2.3.3.3.6 NIGHT SPOTLIGHT CENSUS . . . . 264 2.3.3.3.7 BAT INVESTIGATIONS 266 2.3.3.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 267 2.3.3.5 SMALL MAMMAL RAW DATA ■ 270 2.3.4 LARGE MAMMALS 271 2.3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 271 2.3.4.2 METHODS 271 2.3.4.2.1 AERIAL SURVEYS 271 2.3.4.3 RESULTS 276 2.3.4.3.1 AERIAL SURVEYS 276 2.3.4.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 276 2.3.4.5 LARGE MAMMALS RAW DATA 279 2.3.5 MAMMALIAN PREDATORS . . . 280 2.3.5.1 INTRODUCTION 280 2.3.5.2 METHODS 280 2.3.5.2.1 LARGE PREDATORS 280 2.3.5.2.2 SMALL PREDATORS 285 2.3.5.3 RESULTS 285 2.3.5.3.1 SCENT-STATION VISITATION TECHNIQUE .... 286 2.3.5.3.2 COYOTE SIREN CENSUS 286 2.3.5.3.3 SMALL PREDATORS 286 2.3.5.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 286 2.3.5.5 MAMMALIAN PREDATOR RAW DATA 290 2.3.6 WINTER TRACK COUNT 291 2.3.6.1 INTRODUCTION 291 2.3.6.2 METHODS 291 2.3.6.3 RESULTS 291 2.3.7 AVIFAUNA 292 2.3.7.1 INTRODUCTION . 292 2.3.7.2 METHODS 292 2.3.7.2.1 GENERAL AVIFAUNA 292 2.3.7.2.2 UPLAND GAMEBIRDS 294 2.3.7.2.3 WATERFOWL 294 2.3.7.2.4 RAPTORS 294 2.3.7.3 RESULTS 300 2.3.7.3.1 GENERAL AVIFAUNA , 300 -1v- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUTED) Page 2.3.7.3.2 UPLAND GAMEBIRDS 324 2.3.7.3.3 WATERFOWL 328 2.3.7.3.4 RAPTORS 329 2.3.7.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 331 2.3.7.5 AVIFAUNA RAW DATA 336 2.3.8 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 337 2.3.8.1 INTRODUCTION 337 2.3.8.2 METHODS 337 2.3.8.3 RESULTS 337 2.3.8.3.1 LINE TRANSECTS 337 2.3.8.3.2 AMPHIBIAN BREEDING SITES 345 2.3.8.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 345 2.3.8.5 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS RAW DATA 347 2.3.9 INVERTEBRATES 348 2.3.9.1 INTRODUCTION 348 2.3.9.2 METHODS 348 2.3.9.2.1 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES 348 2.3.9.2.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES 354 2.3.9.3 RESULTS 355 2.3.9.3.1 DENSITY AND ABUNDANCE 355 2.3.9.3.2 FEEDING HABITS 398 2.3.9.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 415 2.3.9.5 INVERTEBRATES RAW DATA 418 2.3.10 DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK 419 2.3.10.1 INTRODUCTION 419 2.3.10.2 METHODS 419 2.3.10.2.1 AERIAL CENSUSES 419 2.3.10.3 RESULTS 419 2.3.10.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 419 2.3.10.5 DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK RAW DATA 420 2.3.11 REMOTE SENSING 421 2.3.11.1 INTRODUCTION 421 2.3.11.2 METHODS 421 2.3.11.2.1 IMAGERY PROCUREMENT AND INSPECTION .... 421 2.3.11.2.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND VERIFICATION ... 421 2.3.11.3 RESULTS 423 2.3.12 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES . 424 2.3.12.1 INTRODUCTION 424 2.3.12.2 METHODS 424 -v- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED). Page 2.3.12.2.1 GENERAL INVESTIGATIONS 424 2.3.12.2.2 GREATER SANDHILL CRANE SURVEYS 424 2.3.12.3 RESULTS 429 2.3.12.3.1 GENERAL INVESTIGATIONS 429 2.3.12.3.2 GREATER SANDHILL CRANE SURVEYS 429 2.3.12.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 431 LITERATURE CITED 432 RAW DATA COPIES 2.3.1 VEGETATION 2.3.3 SMALL MAMMALS 2.3.4 LARGE MAMMALS 2.3.5 MAMMALIAN PREDATORS 2.3.7 AVIFAUNA 2.3.8 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 2.3.9 INVERTEBRATES 2.3.10 DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK SUMMARY REPORT -vl- LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.3-1 Numberical distribution of sampling transects (100 m x 6 m) in the major vegetation types on and adjacent to Tract C-a for RBOSP 4 Table 2.3-2 Species of plants observed to date in the vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSP 16 Table 2.3-3 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the aspen type for RBOSP .39 Table 2.3-4 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the aspen type for RBOSP . . 42 Table 2.3-5 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the aspen type for RBOSP 45 Table 2.3-6 Number of individuals/ha by diameter class (cm) of tree species recorded on vegetation transects for RBOSP 46 Table 2.3-7 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the Douglas fir type for RBOSP 47 Table 2.3-8 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the Douglas fir type for RBOSP 51 Table 2.3-9 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the Douglas fir type for RBOSP 53 Table 2.3-10 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the mixed brush type for RBOSP 55 Table 2.3-11 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the mixed brush type for RBOSP 61 Table 2.3-12 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the mixed brush type for RBOSP 63 Table 2.3-13 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the pinyon-juniper type for RBOSP 65 Table 2.3-14 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the pinyon-juniper type for RBOSP 71 -vii- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-15 Table 2.3-16 Table 2.3-17 Table 2.3-18 Table 2.3-19 Table 2.3-20 Table 2.3-21 • Table 2.3-22 Table 2.3-23 Table 2.3-24 Table 2.3-25 Table 2.3-26 Table 2.3-27 Table 2.3-28 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the pinyon-juniper type for RBOSP 75 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the sagebrush type for RBOSP 77 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the sagebrush type for RBOSP . 85 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the sagebrush type for RBOSP 87 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the bald type for RBOSP 89 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the bald type for RBOSP 94 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the bald type for RBOSP . 96 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the shadscale type for RBOSP 98 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the shadscale type for RBOSP 100 Species encountered in the mature tree stratum in the shadscale type for RBOSP 102 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the greasewood type for RBOSP 104 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the greasewood type for RBOSP 106 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the rabbi tbrush type for RBOSP 108 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the rabbi tbrush type for RBOSP 110 -viii- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table 2.3-38 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 2, sagebrush, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP Page Table 2.3-29 Species encountered in the herbaceous stratum in the riparian type for RBOSP 112 Table 2.3-30 Species encountered in the shrub-tree seedling stratum in the riparian type for RBOSP 116 Table 2.3-31 Approximate number of individuals of the three most common species being collected for laboratory analysis of reproductive effort and stomach contents within major vegetation types during each sampling period for RBOSP 134 Table 2.3-32 Site descriptions for small mammal, avifauna, and invertebrate sampling locations for RBOSP ^2 Table 2.3-33 Species of mammals encountered to date in the vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSP I44 Table 2.3-34 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 1, bottomland meadow, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP . .. 146 Table 2.3-35 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 1, bottomland meadow, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP I47 Table 2.3-36 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 1, bottomland meadow, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 148 Table 2.3-37 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 1, bottomland meadow, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 149 150 Table 2.3-39 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 2, sagebrush, .„ and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP . . Table 2.3-40 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 2, sagebrush, 1R9 and sample* period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP .... lbd -1x- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table 2.3-42 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 3, rabbitbrush and sample period 1 , October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP Table 2.3-43 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 3, rabbitbrush and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP Table 2.3-44 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 3, rabbitbrush and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP . . Table 2.3-45 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 3, rabbitbrush and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP . . Table 2.3-46 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 4, pinyon-juniper/ mixed brush, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP Table 2.3-47 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 4, pinyon-juniper/ mixed brush, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP Page Table 2.3-41 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 2, sagebrush, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP .... 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 Table 2.3-48 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 4, pinyon-juniper/ mixed brush, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 160 Table 2.3-49 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 4, pinyon-juniper/ mixed brush, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 161 Table 2.3-50 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 5, mixed brush, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP 162 Table 2.3-51 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 5, mixed brush, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP . . 163 Table 2.3-52 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 5, mixed brush, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP .... 164 -x- LIST OF TABLES .(CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-53 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 5, mixed brush, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP .... 165 Table 2.3-54. Small mammal trapping summary for grid 6, pinyon-juniper/ sagebrush, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP . . 166 Table 2.3-55 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 6, pinyon-juniper/ sagebrush, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP . . 167 Table 2.3-56 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 6, pinyon-juniper/ sagebrush, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 168 Table 2.3-57 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 6, pinyon-juniper/ sagebrush, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 169 Table 2.3-58 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 7, upland meadow, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP . . 170 Table 2.3-59 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 7, upland meadow, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP . . 171 Table 2.3-60 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 7, upland meadow, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP ... 172 Table 2.3-61 Small mammal trapping summary for grid 7, upland meadow, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP .... 173 Table 2.3-62 Small mammal trapping summary for grid A, greasewood- sagebrush, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP 174 Table 2.3-63 Small mammal trapping summary for grid A, greasewood- sagebrush, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP 175 Table 2.3-64 Small mammal trapping summary for grid A, greasewood- sagebrush, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 176 -x1- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-65 Small mammal trapping summary for grid A, greasewood- sagebrush, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 177 Table 2.3-66 Small mammal trapping summary for grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP . . . 178 Table 2.3-67 Small mammal trapping summary for grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), and sample period 2, December 7-1 2- 1974, for RBOSP 179 Table 2.3-68 Small mammal trapping summary for grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP . . . 180 Table 2.3-69 Small mammal trapping summary for grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 181 Table 2.3-70 Small mammal trapping summary for grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP . 182 Table 2.3-71 Small mammal trapping summary for grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP 183 Table 2.3-72 Small mammal trapping summary for grid C, pinyon-juniper, (north slope), and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP . 184 Table 2.3-73 Small mammal trapping summary for grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 185 Table 2.3-74 Small mammal trapping summary for grid D, sagebrush, and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP . . 186 -x11- Table 2.3-75 Table 2.3-76 Table 2.3-77 Table 2.3-78 Table 2.3-79 Table 2.3-80 Table 2.3-81 Table 2.3-82 Table 2.3-83 Table 2.3-84 Table 2.3-85 Table 2.3-86 Table 2.3-87 Table 2.3-88 LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Small mammal trapping summary for grid D, sagebrush, and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid D, sagebrush, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP . . Small mammal trapping summary for grid D, sagebrush, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP . . Small mammal trapping summary for grid E, mixed brush and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid E, mixed brush and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid E, mixed brush and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP . . Small mammal trapping summary for grid E, mixed brush and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP . . Small mammal trapping summary for grid F, Douglas fir and sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid F, Douglas fir and sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid F, Douglas fir and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid F, Douglas fir and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP Small mammal trapping summary for grid G, aspen, and sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP .... Small mammal trapping summary for grid G, aspen, and sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP . . . . Small mammal trapping summary for all grids during each sampling period for RBOSP Page 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 -xlii- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-89 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid A, greasewood- sagebrush, after each trap night for RBOSP 201 Table 2.3-90 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) at grid A, greasewood- sagebrush, after each trap night for RBOSP 202 Table 2.3-91 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Spermophilus lateralis (golden-mantle grd. sqr.) at grid B, pinyon- juniper (south slope), after each trap night for RBOSP . 203 Table 2.3-92 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), after each trap night for RBOSP .... 204 Table 2.3-93 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias quadrivittatus (Colorado chipmunk) at grid B, pinyon, juniper (south slope), after each trap night for RBOSP . 205 p Table 2.3-94 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) at grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), after each trap night for RBOSP .... 206 Table 2.3-95 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Spermophilus lateralis (golden-mantle grd. sqr.) at grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), after each trap night for RBOSP 207 Table 2.3-96 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), after each trap night for RBOSP 208 Table 2.3-97 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias quadrivittatus (Colorado chipmunk) at grid C, pinyon- juniper (north slope), after each trap night for RBOSP . 209 Table 2.3-98 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) at grid C, pinyon-juniper "(north slope), after each trap night for RBOSP .... 210 Table 2.3-99 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid 0, sagebrush, after each trap night for RBOSP 211 -X3V- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-100 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) at grid D, sagebrush, after each trap night for RBOSP '. 212 Table 2.3-101 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid E, mixed brush, after each trap night for RBOSP 213 Table 2.3-102 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) at grid E, mixed brush, after each trap night for RBOSP 214 Table 2.3-103 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid F, Douglas fir, after each trap night for RBOSP 215 Table 2.3-104 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Clethrionomys gapperi (red-backed vole) at grid F, Douglas fir, after each trap night for RBOSP 216 Table 2.3-105 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Eutamias minimus (least chipmunk) at grid G, aspen, after each trap night for RBOSP . 217 Table 2.3-106 Jolly-Seber population size estimates for Clethrionomys gapperi (red-backed vole) at grid G, aspen, after each trap night for RBOSP 218 Table 2.3-107 Definition of population parameters measured by the Jolly-Seber method and the corresponding notation used in Tables 2.3-89 - 2.3-106 for RBOSP 219 Table 2.3-108 Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (H1), unbiased estimates of H* (E(H')), variance of H' (var (H')), maximum expected value of H' (H^max)), and equitability (J) for all small mammal grids during sample period 1, October 19-24, 1974, for RBOSP • 220 -xv- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-109 Shannon-Wei ner diversity indices (H1), unbiased estimates of H' (E(H')), variance of H' (var (H1)), maximum expected value of H' (H'(max)), and equitability (J) for all small mammal grids during sample period 2, December 7-12, 1974, for RBOSP .... 221 Table 2.3-110 Shannon-Wei ner diversity indices (H1), unbiased estimates of H' (E(H')), variance of H' (var (H')), maximum expected value of H' (H'(max)), and equitability (J) for all small mammal grids during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 222 Table 2.3-111 Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (H'), unbiased estimates of H' (E(H')), variance of H' (var (H1)), maximum expected value of H' (H'(max)), and equitability (J) for all small mammal grids during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 223 Table 2.3-112 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 1, bottomland meadow, during sample Deriod 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP '. 224 Table 2.3-113 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 1, bottomland meadow, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 225 Table 2.3-114 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 2, sagebrush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 226 Table 2.3-115 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 2, sagebrush, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 227 Table 2.3-116 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 3, rabbitbrush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 228 Table 2.3-117 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 3, rabbitbrush, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 229 -xvi- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-118 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 4, pinyon-juniper/mixed brush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 230 Table 2.3-119 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 4, pinyon-juniper/mixed brush, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975 for RBOSP ...... 231 Table 2.3-120 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 5, mixed brush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 232 Table 2.3-121 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 5, mixed brush, during sample Deriod 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP ....." 233 Table 2.3-122 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 6, pinyon-juniper/sagebrush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 234 Table 2.3-123 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 6, pinyon-juniper/sagebrush, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 235 Table 2.3-124 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 7, upland meadow, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 236 Table 2.3-125 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 7, upland meadow, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 237 Table 2.3-126 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid A, greasewood-sagebrush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 238 Table 2.3-127 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid A, greasewood-sagebrush, durinq sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 239 -xv11- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-128 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 240 Table 2.3-129 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid B, pinyon-juniper (south slope), during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 241 Table 2.3-130 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 242 Table 2.3-131 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid C, pinyon-juniper (north slope), during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 243 Table 2.3-132 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid D, sagebrush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP . . 244 Table 2.3-133 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid D, sagebrush, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 245 Table 2.3-134 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid E, mixed brush, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 246 Table 2.3-135 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid E, mixed brush, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 247 Table 2.3-136 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid F, Douglas fir, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 248 Table 2.3-137 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid F, Douglas fir, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 249 -xviii- < LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-138 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid 6, aspen, during sample period 3, May 18-26, 1975, for RBOSP 250 Table 2.3-139 Average weights for adult small mammals captured on grid G, aspen, during sample period 4, July 25-30, 1975, for RBOSP 251 Table 2.3-140 Reproductive status of adult female Peromyscus maniculatus, Eutamias minimus and Microtus longicaudus captured during July 1975 for RBOSP 256 Table 2.3-141 Percent diet composition for Microtus longicaudus captured in aspen (north slope/8400 ft) July 26-29, 1975 for RBOSP 258 Table 2.3-142 Percent diet composition for Peromyscus maniculatus and Eutamias minimus captured in mixed brush (south slope/8200 ft) July 26-29, 1975 for RBOSP 259 Table 2.3-143 Percent diet composition for Peromyscus maniculatus and Eutamias minimus captured in pinyon-juniper (south slope/6700 ft) July 27-30, 1975 for RBOSP 260 Table 2.3-144 Percent diet composition for Peromyscus maniculatus captured in pinyon-juniper (north slope/6900 ft) July 26-29, 1975 for RBOSP . 261 Table 2.3-145 Percent diet composition for Peromyscus maniculatus captured in sagebrush (flat/7200 ft) July 28-31, 1975 for RBOSP 262 Table 2.3-146 Percent diet composition for Peromyscus maniculatus captured in greasewood sagebrush (flat/6200 ft) July 27-30, 1975 for RBOSP 263 Table 2.3-147 Results of the night spotlight censuses conducted on June 22 and 25, 1975 for RBOSP 265 Table 2.3-148 Number of mule deer, elk, and feral horses observed during aerial censuses on June 26 and August 18, 1975 for RBOSP 277 -xix- « » LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-149 Scent station visitation technique results and relative abundance indices as calculated from data collected during 1975 for RBOSP 287 Table 2.3-150 Coyote siren census results and station and group response indices calculated from data collected during 1975 for RBOSP . . 288 Table 2.3-151 Species of birds observed during field investigations to date in the vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSP 301 Table 2.3-152 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 14, aspen, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 308 Table 2.3-153 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 13, Douglas fir, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 309 Table 2.3-154 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 7, upland meadow, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP .... 311 Table 2.3-155 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 5, mixed brush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP ... 312 Table 2.3-156 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 12, mixed brush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 313 -xx- « LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-157 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD) and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 10, pinyon-juniper (north slope), during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 314 Table 2.3-158 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD) and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 9, pinyon-juniper (south slope), during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 316 Table 2.3-159 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 4, pi nyon-juni per/mixed brush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP . 317 Table 2.3-160 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 6, pinyon-juniper/sage- brush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 319 Table 2.3-161 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD) and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 2, sagebrush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 320 Table 2.3-162 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 11, sagebrush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 321 -xxl- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-163 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 8, greasewood-sagebrush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP .... 322 Table 2.3-164 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 3, rabbi tbrush, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 323 Table 2.3-165 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 15, riparian, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 325 Table 2.3-166 Number of individuals and Emlen's coefficient of detectability (CD), basal detectability adjustment (BD), and population density estimate (#/ha) for each bird species observed on transect 1, bottomland meadow, during each sampling period conducted for RBOSP 326 Table 2.3-167 Raptor species encountered on aerial surveys conducted during the summer, 1975 for RBOSP • 330 Table 2.3-168 Opportunistic sightings of raptor species recorded during summer, 1975 for RBOSP 332 Table 2.3-169 Active nests located on or near Tract C-a during summer, 1975 for RBOSP 333 Table 2.3-170 Species of amphibians and reptiles encountered to date in the vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSP 341 Table 2.3-171 Herpetofauna transect results from data collected during June and August, 1975 for RBOSP 342 Table 2.3-172 Invertebrate groups collected and identified to date for RBOSP 356 -xxil- « LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-173 Relative abundance and population density estimates for ground dwelling invertebrates collected by pitfall traps at site 1, greasewood-sagebrush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP . . 358 Table 2.3-174 Relative abundance and population density estimates for ground dwelling invertebrates collected by pitfall traps at site 2, pi nyon- juniper (south slope) during June, 1975 for RBOSP 359 Table 2.3-175 Relative abundance and population density estimates for ground dwell ing invertebrates collected by pitfall traps at site 3, pinyon-juniper (north slope) during June, 1975 for RBOSP . . . . 360 Table 2.3-176 Relative abundance and population density estimates for ground dwelling invertebrates collected by pitfall traps at site 4, sagebrush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP 361 Table 2.3-177 Relative abundance and population density estimates for ground dwelling invertebrates collected by pitfall traps at site 5, mixed brush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP 362 Table 2.3-178 Results of litter d-vac invertebrate sampling at site 1, greasewood-sagebrush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP 365 Table 2.3-179 Results of litter d-vac invertebrate sampling at site 2, pinyon-juniper (south slope), during June, 1975 for RBOSP . . . 366 Table 2.3-180 Results of litter d-vac invertebrate sampling at site 3, pinyon-juniper (north slope), during June, 1975 for RBOSP 367 Table 2.3-181 Results of litter d-vac invertebrate sampling at site 4, sagebrush, during June, 1975, for RBOSP .... 368. Table 2.3-182 Results of litter d-vac invertebrate sampling at site 5, mixed brush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP .... 369 -xxin- I LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-183 Average number of invertebrates collected from litter by the d-vac method at each sampling site during June, 1975 for R30SP . . 370 Table 2.3-184 Results of litter d-vac sampling at each site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 371 Table 2.3-185 Results of trap d-vac invertebrate sampling from rabbi tbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), at site 1, greasewood-sagebrush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP . . . 375 Table 2.3-186 Results of trap d-vac invertebrate sampling from shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), at site 2, pinyon-juniper (south slope), during June, 1975 for RBOSP 375 Table 2.3-187 Results of trap d-vac invertebrate sampling from sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), at site 3, pinyon- juniper (north slope), during June, 1975 for RBOSP . . . 377 Table 2.3-188 Results of trap d-vac invertebrate sampling from sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), at site 4, sagebrush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP 378 Table 2.3-189 Results of trap d-vac invertebrate sampling from serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis), at site 5A, mixed brush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP ... 379 » Table 2.3-190 Results of trap d-vac invertebrate sampling from snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), at site 5B, mixed brush, during June, 1975 for RBOSP 380 Table 2.3-191 Average number of invertebrates collected from selected plant species by the trap d-vac method at each sampling site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 381 Table 2.3-192 Results of trap d-vac sampling of plant species at each site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 382 -xxiv- LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Page Table 2.3-193 Results of ground layer herbacious sweep sampling at each site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 387 Table 2.3-194 Results of beating samples from plant species at sites 1, 2, and 3 during June, 1975 for RBOSP 390 Table 2.3-195 Results of aerial sweep samples from plant species at sites 1, 2, and 3 during June, 1975 for RBOSP .... 392 Table. 2. 3-196 Results of Malaise trap sampling at each site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 395 Table 2.3-197 Feeding types for immatures and adults of all invertebrates collected at each sample site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 399 Table 2.3-198 Percentages of ground dwelling invertebrates within each feeding type collected by pitfall traps at each sampling site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 404 Table 2.3-199 Percentages of invertebrates within each feeding type taken in litter d-vac samples at each site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 405 Table 2.3-200 Percentages of invertebrates within each feeding type taken in trap d-vac samples at each site during June, 1975 for RBOSP 406 Table 2.3-201 Percentages of invertebrates taken within each feeding type in herbaceous sweep samples at all sites during June, 1975 for RBOSP 407 Table 2.3-202 Percentages of invertebrates taken within each feeding type in beating samples from plant species at sites 1, 2, and 3 during June, 1975 for RBOSP 408 Table 2.3-203 Percentages of invertebrates taken within each feeding type in aerial sweep samples from plant species at sites 1, 2, and 3 during June, 1975 for RBOSP . .". 409 Table 2.3-204 Percent invertebrates taken within each feeding type in Malaise trap samples at all sites during June, 1975, for RBOSP 410 -XXV- , Figure 2.3-1. Figure 2.3-2a Figure 2.3-2b Figure 2.3-3 Figure 2.3-4 Figure 2.3-5 Figure 2.3-6 Figure 2.3-7 Figure 2.3-8 Figure 2.3-9 Figure 2.3-10 Figure 2.3-11 Figure 2.3-12 Figure 2.3-13 Figure 2.3-14 Figure 2.3-15 Figure 2.3-16 Figure 2.3-17 LIST OF FIGURES Page Mature tree stratum data sheet used for RBOSP 6 Shrub, tree seedling stratum data sheet used for RBOSP 7 Shrub, tree seedling stratum data sheet (second page) used for RBOSP 8 Herbaceous stratum data sheet used for RBOSP H Location of vegetation sampling sites for RBOSP 12 Design of the grazing exclosure used for RBOSP 124 Data sheet for recording ocular estimates and clipped weights of the grass-forb stratum for RBOSP 127 Data sheet for 0.004 hectare shrub plots for RBOSP . 129 Data sheet for grazing exclosure mature tree stratum for RBOSP 131 Reproductive status data sheet for RBOSP 136 Stomach analysis data sheet for RBOSP. 137 Small mammal sampling locations for RBOSP 138 Mammal night road census data sheet for RBOSP. ™0 Bat mist net sampling sheet for RBOSP 141 Large mammal aerial survey route and pellet plot transect locations for RBOSP 272 Large mammal aerial census report and data summary form for RBOSP 274 Field observation sheet for RBOSP 275 Numbers and approximate locations of feral horses and domestic livestock observed during aerial censuses, June and August, 1975 for RBOSP 278 -xxvl- Figure 2.3-18 Fi Figure 2.3-20 Figure 2.3-21 Figure 2.3-22 Figure 2.3-23 Figure 2.3-24 Fi gure 2.3-19 gure 2.3-25 Figure 2.3-26 Figure 2.3-27 Figure 2.3-28 Figure 2.3-29 Figure 2.3-30 Figure 2.3-31 Figure 2.3-32 Figure 2.3-33 LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Page Mammalian predator sampling locations for RBOSP .... 282 Predator scent-station visitation field data sheet for RBOSP 283 Siren elicited howling response data sheet for RBOSP 284 Emlen strip census field data sheet for RBOSP 293 Qualitative avian record field data sheet for RBOSP . . 295 Avian nesting record field data sheet for RBOSP .... 296 Aerial raptor census report and summary form for RBOSP 298 Aerial raptor survey and owl census route locations for RBOSP 299 Herpetofauna transect field data sheet for RBOSP . . . 338 Amphibian collection field data sheet for RBOSP .... 339 Herpetofauna sampling locations for RBOSP 340 Invertebrate pitfall trap used for RBOSP 349 Malaise trap used for RBOSP 351 Berlese funnel used for RBOSP 353 Locations of the sandhill crane study areas surveyed for RBOSP 426 Locations of the sandhill crane investigations conductec in the 84 Mesa Duck Creek study area for RBOSP 428 -xxvn- • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ecology Consultants, Incorporated has been contracted to perform a Terrestrial Baseline Data Accumulation Program for RBOSP on Tract C-a. Communication of the scope and results of that program will be accomplished in a series of quarterly reports. This fourth report of that series contains details of revised methodology (wherever relevant), summarized results, and preliminary interpretations for those terrestrial programs conducted during the quarter June through August, 1975. In addition this report presents computer summaries of vegetation, small mammal and avifauna data gathered during the period October, 1974 through August 1975. Future quarterly reports will include an update of the developing data base for each subsequent quarter as well as any approved program modifications. Definitive interpretations and a synthesis of program results will be developed in the Second Annual Report. • 2.3-1 INTRODUCTION This report presents and summarizes terrestrial baseline data gathered during the fourth quarter (June through August, 1975) on Oil Shale Tract C-a and its environs. In addition, computer summaries of all vegetation, small mammal and avifauna data gathered from the beginning of the program in October, 1974 through August, 1975 are presented. A detailed description of new field methodology is included for all elements of the revised terrestrial program not included in the previous quarterly report. Only data gathered during the summer quarter are reported for large mammal, herpetofauna, invertebrate and •mammalian predator program elements. In the results sections of this report only data gathered during the reporting quarter are discussed. However, in the summary and conclusions sections for vegetation, small mammals and avi- fauna, preliminary consideration is given to seasonal trends observed through all sampling periods. All raw data reported for the summer quarter are organized in appendices which appear as separate sub-sections under each of the major categories of investigation. 2.3-2 *» 2.3 Terrestrial Studies £ 2.3.1 Vegetation 2.3.1.1 Introduction The objectives of vegetation investigations in the vicinity of Tract C-a are to identify the plant species present (floristics); define the structural and compositional organization of these species in recognizable associations (phytosociology) ; correlate floristics and phytosociology with environmental, biotic and historic usage factors, and map the predominant vegetation types. The emphasis in this progress report will be to present the floristic composition and phytosociology of predominant vegetation types sampled, noting the most important ecological relationships. 2.3.1.2 Methods 2.3.1.2.1 Phytosociological Investigations Aerial photographs and pertinent literature were used to identify the major vegetation types on and adjacent to Tract C-a. A preliminary selection of sampling locations in each type was made from aerial photographs to assure good coverage of the entire area and to insure access along existing roads and trails. Locations having two or more vegetation types in close proximity to each other were favored as a means of increasing sampling efficiency. Each representative of a type thus selected (such as pinyon-juniper) is then surveyed on the ground and the most prevalent variants of the overall type (for example, pinyon-juniper with a sagebrush under- story) are identified. The largest block of homogeneous vegetation of each variant is selected for sampling. A modification of the line-strip technique as described by Woodin and Lindsey (1954), Lindsey (1955), and Potter (1957) is being used during the phytosociological investigations. This method incorporates the attributes of both line-strip and quadrat sampling systems to provide valid and reliable field data for each identified vegetation type. Sixty-two, 100m x 6m transects are established within the major vege- tation types occurring both on the tract and in the surrounding area. These transects are sampled during May, July, and September, 1975 and 1976. Of these 62 transects, 35 are retained as permanent transects in which only the herbaceous stratum is to be sampled again in sub- sequent sampling periods (Table 2.3- 1 ). These provide data on seasonal and annual vegetation changes for the herbaceous stratum. The remaining 27 non- permanent transects are relocated during each sampling period and are used to obtain a better statistical repre- sentation of the tree and shrub strata in each vegetation type, both on and off the tract, than would be possible using only permanent ^ • transects. The herbaceous stratum of the nonpermanent transects is 9 not sampled, except for selected transects in the riparian and bald types. 2.3-3 (/) c rO ■ c o to o Q. >» 4-> C o ■!-> > O «o o> sz o o> to CD c CL ro >> u 1— *— S- r— J- o a» o> Cl to I C C A3 O S- Z r- a. E ° tO^ *• o o o __ "r— d. *- 0) to Q. cD E if 4_J rO to o. o> "~ cn C <+- ai o (o C I (0 wu E +-> s_ (J +-> 0)0)0 O- t/l ro C S- • ro r- O S- (O c o i- O $- <0 4J J- i- o o> ro E"-o z «o I CO • CM o> c c O) o E ••-> S_ O 4-> O) O) U O- to ro C S- • ro r— O S- CO CO CO CO IT) CO m CM o o> to c fO s- to +J o r— r— ^rtOtOCOr— r— CMCM CM CvJ C\J «0" IT) IT> r— i— CM i— CO lO CM r— CM CM i— r- r— r- cn 0) s. ^ J- JC at Q. -C «o c T— t/> c T3 to o o u_ =3 ZJ sz a? O =J +J t— S_ ra to r— o i- c .o 4-» tf» CO i Z3 *^, (O 3: x> ro Z5 to to c S_ *-| U . a> 4-» ■r* oo ■4-> c r— ■o o -Q i/> to •r— L. O) O) cn cu >> O) "O -a ro U3 rO cn Q. 3 X c cn r— to o> J3 a. O) to O •e— •^ ro *0 sz S_ ro • r- > Quantitative and qualitative phytosociological data are gathered and recorded for the tree, shrub, and herbaceous strata in each permanent transect, and for the tree and shrub strata in the non- permanent transects. 2.3.1.2.1.2.1 Tree and Shrub Strata A taut 30m tape defining the center! ine of the transect is used to determine the foliage intercept distance along the line for each of the 100m transects. The first and last numerical units of the tape which are vertically intercepted by foliage of each tree or shrub are recorded in the I. and I2 columns of the data sheets shown in Figures 2.3-1, 2.3-2a and 2.3-2b. The difference between l» and I9 gives the total units of foliage cover by an individual plant. A new data sheet is started for each new transect. Species are listed as they are encountered, leaving enough space between entries to allow recording of intercept data in the I, and I~ columns for each. When the space between entries is filled, with intercept data, a new data sheet is begun. In addition to recording foliage intercept, a count is made of shrubs, seedlings and saplings of each species occurring within approxi- mately 3m (9.84 ft) on either side of the tape measure. The 3m > a. 3-5 LINE-STRIP DATA SHEET MATURE TREE STRATUM Projoct_ Sheet of Vegetation Type_ T R Transect $ Type 1/4 1/4 S Transect Length Aspect (degrees)_ Field Analyst (s)_ Site Description^ Slope (degrees) Elevation (feet) Date QA Check Code 0 4 in each 5 x 20 m q uadrat Species Phenology Code 12 3 4 5 Condition 1 2 3 4 • 5 Intercepts (m) Trunk Diameter (cm) Species h h 11 . h \h 1 h h h of Each Tree • J •oology consultant*, tno. Figure 2.3-1. Mature tree stratum data sheet used for RBOSP. 2.3-6 LINE-STRIP DATA SHEET SHRUB, TREE SEEDLING STRATUM Project Vegetation Type_ T R 1/4 1/4 S Sheet of_ Non-Perraanent Transect 0 Transect Length Aspect (degrees)_ Field Analyst(s)_ Site Description Slope (degrees)^ Elevation (feet) Date QA Check Code C Phenology Code if in each 5 x 20 m quadrat Species 12 3 4 5 Condition 1 2 . • 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ' Intercepts (m) Species h h h ' h *1 ' h h h i *2 ■ • • ■ - ■ ■ i aoology consultants, ln< Figure 2.3- 2a. Shrub, tree seedling stratum data sheet used. for RBOSP. 2.3-7 Vegetation Typc_ > > LINE STRIP DATA SHEET SHRUB, TREE SEEDLING STRATUM Non-Permanent Transect 0 Project_ Sheet of Date Species h h h I ntercept h 3 (m) h h h ■ zi h ! • : i • j ! 1 • ' 1 : I i i ) | i ! 1 • 1 I i ■ i moo fogy consultants, I no. I Figure 2.3-2 b. Shrub, tree seedling stratum data sheet (second page) used for RBOSP. 2.3-8 distance from the tape is measured with a meter stick at the start ' of each transect and is repeatedly measured when distances of indi- vidual shrubs or trees are in doubt. Density values for shrubs and for seedlings and saplings of tree species are determined from this census. Census data are collected and recorded by 20m (65.6 ft) segments of the transect, effectively making a series of 5 quadrats, approximately 20m x 6m (19.7 ft). This series of quadrats serves as the basis for frequency values for the shrub and tree strata. The volumes of all shrub species are calculated for the May-June sampling period. Height, width and length measurements are averaged for each shrub intercepted in the transect to yield the diameter of a hypothetical sphere. The volume for each diameter is then cal- culated and all volumes are summed to produce a total volume for each species within a type. An average (mean) volume is obtained by dividing the total volume by the number of diameters. Volume (m3) per hectare is obtained by multiplying the average (mean) volume of a species by its density per hectare. For mature trees located in each quadrat, the diameters are recorded in centimeters. The enumeration of these recorded entries serves in determination of density in the mature tree class. Trunk dia- meters are recorded for trees over 7.6 cm (3 in). The trunk dia- meters are later converted to basal area values, Size-class dis- , tribution is also derived from the recorded measurements of trunk diameters. Tree trunk diameters are estimated to the nearest centi- meter by using a meter stick. Due to the low branching habits of both pinyon and juniper, measurement is made at a height of 0.5m (1.64 ft) (Barger and Ffolliott, 1972) unless the trunk is forked below that level, in which case it is measured just below fork swell and above basal fluting. Straight-boled Douglas fir and aspen trees are measured at breast height, 1.37m (4.5 ft). For all flowering plants (Angiospermae) a phenology code is recorded to indicate the stage of development for each species observed in a given sampling period: (1) emergent, (2) vegetative, (3) initiation of flowering, (4) flowers fully developed, (5) initiation of fruits, (6) fruits fully developed, (7) dehiscence or dispersal of seeds, (8) death or dormancy of plant. 2.3.1.2.1.2.2 Herbaceous Stratum Herbaceous cover values are estimated within a 0.5 x 1m (1.64 x 3.28 ft) rectangular metal frame quadrat. The long axis of the quadrat is placed parallel to and on the right side of the center- line tape and centered at 10m intervals. 2.3-9 I Each species is identified and listed (Figure 2.3-3 ). Plants not identifiable to the species level are collected at a nearby location and assigned a code number corresponding to the entry on the data sheet. The ground cover of each species is estimated to the nearest 1 percent. When it is estimated that the total cover or a species cover value is less than 1 percent (e.g., one blade of grass) it is recorded by placing a "T" (trace) on the data sheet in the appropriate space. Frequency values are derived from the recorded occurrence of each species in the ten, 0.5m x 1m quadrats sampled along each transect. Density, or the number of individuals of a species occurring in each quadrat, of forb species is recorded in the column headed by "#". Density of grasses or grass-like species is not recorded. 2.3.1.2.2 Plant Collection Plant specimens are collected to serve two objectives. The first is to obtain a voucher collection in the best possible condition of all species encountered in the study area. The second is to collect for laboratory identification any plant not identified to the species level in the field. Plant specimens collected during each vegetation sampling period are field identified, tagged, coded for location and placed in plastic bags. This information in addition to number, date and ^ collector is recorded in a field log book daily. All plant spe- " cimens are then routed to the laboratory where they are identified or verified to the species level. Harrington (1954) is used as the basic authority on plant identification with Weber (1972a), Hitchcock (1971) and Hermann (1970) used to obtain more recent treatments of taxonomically difficult plant groups. Weber (1972b) is utilized as the source of the most up to date nomenclature available. Plummer (1966) is used as the source of common names. 2.3.1.3 Results Ten different vegetation types in 89 separate locations were sampled on or near Tract C-a during late May and early June, and again in late July, 1975. Sixty-two transects were established during the May-June sampling period, of which 35 were designated as permanent (Table 2.3- 1 ). Permanent transect locations are shown in Figure 2.3- 4 . During July, the permanent transects were resampled only for the herbaceous stratum. Shrub and tree strata were sampled on a total of 27 non-permanent transects in the ten vegetation types. A modification of the line-strip technique des- cribed by Wooden and Lindsey (1954), Lindsey (1955), and Potter (1957) was used to collect field data. Permanent and non-permanent transect data were combined for each sampling period to provide a regional view of the phytosociological characteristics common to each vegetation type. 2.3-10 Vegetation Type_ T R Aspect (degrees)_ Field Analyst (s)_ Site Description^ QUADRAT DATA SHEET HERBACEOUS STRATUM Project 1/4 1/4 S Slope (degrees)_ Transect 0 Sheet of Type Quadrat Size Elevation (feet) Date QA Check Quad] rat Numb er l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Species Code 9 • Phenology Code if c i> c J I c 1 c ii C 1." C ji c c_ r. \ i l i i ! i i i — i — i i i • i * • Figure 2.3- 3. Herbaa ?ous stratum d ata S he et u sei i 1 For • R BO ot 5P. iol oflrj r C< 3/«8 uli 5> *, tnc 2.3-11 I — — B CO o Z H O g d < « i HJ-tcrj (/> x a i 9 1 S 5 S I I o £ si w t «> „ 2 S 2 * Q so < * I 5 2 5 3 S| I 3 a. ; :' "^r7 7 -' r ~ - —» .*- v - / r- * v. Wf » .\. J- ,< r .', -w ■ v V ^-l. \ _•!»•-. A?. V S^-y 'Mil -^ -nt — ; , uA — J — => =— . V-t~ » 1- — 7 >■■< < -v ■ — - — ^ ^^ -v- ■ * -i" '^rTorrM^ *i ■ ^72S - - » . _: ' ■--:■ ?tv-- ^v ^r . t';v- ■ Field data collected to date are presented at the vegetation type level in this report. For the annual report, the data will be combined for all sampling periods and analyzed to describe a series of major associations within the designated major vegetation types. Species importance and constancy values from data gathered during field sampling, in conjunction with major association criteria presented in other studies of this region will be used to develop a type and association classification or hierarchy for the study area, and a quantitative description of each major association. To the extent possible, major environmental influences such as topography, moisture gradient, and soils will be discussed in relation to the composition and distribution of the associations identified. A series of tables was prepared to describe basic elements in the structure and composition of the plant communities encountered in the study area during the October 1974, May-June 1975, and July 1975 sampling periods. Tables are organized by vegetation types, life form categories (tree, shrub, herbaceous) within each type, and by sampling period. This system permits rapid comparisons among sampling periods, and among the different strata within a type. The species order in the tables is determined by. the cover values calculated for each species and these are ranked from highest to lowest. If cover values are the same for two species, then their arrangement in the tables is determined by frequency values from highest to lowest. If cover and frequency values are the same, arrangement is determined by density values from highest to lowest. If the above three values are the same or if density values are not available, the arrangement is determined by alphabetical order. The following is a summary of the analytical and synthetic concepts presented in the tables. Each concept is followed by a brief definition. Some concepts are relevant to all strata, others to only one stratum. Concepts used in all strata: 1. Cover - the average percent canopy cover of a species. 2. Frequency - the percentage of quadrats that include a species within the type. 3. Cover in m^/ha - conversion of percent cover values to square meters per hectare. Concepts used in herbaceous stratum only: 1. Density in ^/quadrat - the average number of individuals of a species occurring in each quadrat sampled. This parameter was measured for forb species only. 2.3-13 2. Sociability - density in #/quadrat divided by frequency. Sociability is an index of the tendency for individuals of a species to be aggregated and/or dispersed in their distribution. Concepts used in both herbaceous and shrub strata: 1. Importance value - the sum of cover and frequency values for a species. 2. Constancy - the percentage of occurrence of a species in the transects sampled for a type, multiplied by 100. A measure of the ubiquity of a species among a series of stands of a given vege- tation type. Concepts used only in the shrub stratum: 1. Mean intercept in meters - the average intercept value of a species within a type. 2. Mean volume in m^ - an estimation of the average volume in cubic meters occupied by an individual plant of a species within a type. 3. Volume in m^/ha - an estimation of the total volume of a species per hectare obtained by multiplying the mean volume of a species by its average density per hectare. Concept used in both shrub and tree strata: 1. Density in #/ha - numbers of individual shrubs or trees per hectare. Shrub and tree density figures in the text are derived from density per hectare data in the tables. Shrub density in the text is expressed in number per square meter, or number per hectare x 10"^. Tree density is expressed in number per 10ms or number per hectare x 10"^. Concept used only in tree stratum: 1. Basal area per hectare - the total basal area recorded per species divided by the total area sampled. In the Results section, the major parameters measured for each vege- tation type during the summer quarter are summarized. The Summary section provides comparisons between the summer quarter data and data collected during October 1974 sampling. For the summer quarter data, the Results section summarizes the following for each type; the extent of sampling, number of strata sampled in each vegetation type, number of species in each stratum, total cover for each stratum, dominant species in each stratum and their relative cover, stand density for trees and shrubs, shrub and tree species contributing the greatest density, shrub volume and size 2.3-14 class relationships of tree species. In the herbaceous stratum, | similarities in species occurrence between sampling periods, and relative cover of grasses and forbs are presented to document changes in phenology and composition over time. Percent cover is used as the criterion for identifying dominant species. Importance values, combining cover and frequency values, are also provided in the tables to indicate an alternative way to rank species. Table percentages are rounded to the nearest whole number where presented in the text of the Results section. A species list has been assembled listing all species in four categories by life form (tree, shrub, herbaceous non-grasslike, and grass and grasslike). The species are listed in alphabetical order with the appropriate author citation, family, life form, and common name. Whether the species is introduced or native and whether a voucher specimen has been collected for that species is also indicated. This list is included in Table 2.3-2. 2.3.1.3.1 Aspen During the summer quarter, the aspen type was sampled with 2 perma- nent and 2 non-permanent transects. Shrub and tree strata were measured on all transects. Twenty 0.5 m^ quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 2 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled in June, and again in July. Three strata and 37 species were identified for the aspen type: 2 species in the tree I stratum; 12 species in the shrub stratum; and 27 species in the herbaceous layer. Populus tremuloides and Pseudotsuga menziesii occurred in both the tree and shrub strata. 2.3.1.3.1.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-3) Fourteen species contributed a total cover of 4 percent during the May-June sampling period. This low value reflects the delayed emergence of the vegetation due to the retarded growing season at this high altitude. The dominant species was a sedge Carex geyeri , with a relative cover of 73 percent. Grasses and sedges contributed 85 percent of the total cover. Species encountered were primarily perennials, with very few spring ephemeral s. During July, 25 species contributed a total cover of 42 percent. Dominance was shared by Viola rugulosa, Thermopsis montana, and Osmorhiza depauperata, together contributing a relative cover of 41 percent. Grasses and sedges contributed only 20 percent of the total cover, reflecting the great increase in forb species cover between early June and late July. 2.3.1.3.1.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3-4). Ten species contributed a total cover of 69 percent during the May- | June sampling period, and eight species provided 114 percent cover ™ in the stand sampled in July. Amelanchier aim' folia was the dominant species on the transects sampled during both sampling periods, 2.3-15 Table 2.3-2 Species of plants observed to date In the vicinity of Tract C-a for RBOSP * Abb rev. Species TREES JuosJ/ Pied Poan Potr Psme 2/. ,_Phan,— 4/ Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.)' Little;— (Pinaceae) Utah juniper, (V) 5/ Pinus edulis Enqelm.; (Pinaceae), Phan, pinyon pine Populus anqusti folia James; (Sal icaceae) , Phan, narrowleaf cottonwood, (V) Populus tremuloides Michx.; (Sal icaceae) , Phan, quaking aspen Pseudotsuqa menziesii (Mirbel) Franco; (Pinaceae), Phan, Douglas fir Acgl AMELA Amal Amut Arfr Artr Atca Atco SHRUBS Acer glabrum Torr.; (Aceraceae), Phan, Rocky Mountain maple, (V) Amelanchier sp. Amelanchier alni folia Nutt.; (Rosaceae), Phan, Saskatoon serviceberry, (V) Amelanchier utahensis Koehne; (Rosaceae), Phan, Utah serviceberry, (V) Artemisia friqida Willd.; (Compositae) , Cham, fringed sagebrush, (V) Artemisia tridentata Nutt.; (Compositae), Phan, Cham, big sagebrush, (V) Atrip lex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.; (Chencpodiaceae) Cham, fourwing saltbush, (V) Atriplex conferti fol la (Torr. & Fremont) S. Wats.; (Chenopodiaceae) , Cham, shadscale, (V) Key to footnotes appears at the end of the species list. 2.3-16 • Table 2.3-2. (Continued) I Abbrev. Species SHRUDS (Cont.) Berber is repens; See Mahonia repens Befo Betula fontinalis Sarg.; (Betulaceae) , Phan, water birch (V) Betula occidenta lis; See Betu I a fontina I is Cema Ceanothus martini M.E. Jones; (Rhamnaceae) , Cham, Martin ceanothus, (V) Cemo Cercocarpus montanus Raf.; (Rosaceae), Phan, true mountain mahogany, (V) CHRYS Chrysothamnus sp. Chde Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt.; (Compisitae) , Cham, dwarf rabbi tbrush Chna Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pal I . ) Britt. in Britt. & Brown; ( Compos i tae) , Phan, rubber rabbi tbrush, (V) Chvi Chrysothamnus vicidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.; (Compositae) , Cham, Douglas rabbi tbrush, (V) Cornus stoloni fera; See Swida sericea Epvi Ephedra viridis Covi I le; (Ephedraceae) , Cham, green . ephedra Eula Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moquin; (Chenopodiaceae) , Cham, common winterfat, (V) Gusa Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby; (Compositae), Cham, broom snakeweed Hodu Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller; (Rosaceae), Cham, bush ocean-spray, (V) • Mare Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don; (Berberidaceae) , Cham, creeping barberry, (V) Opfr Opuntia fragi I is (Nutt.) Haw.; (Cactaceae), Succ, brittle pricklypear 2.3-17 Tsble 2.3-2. (Continued) I Abbrev. Species SHRUBS (Cont.) q Opuntia polyacantha Haw.; (Cactaceae), Succ, plains pricklypear Pamy Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.; (Ce lastraceae) , Cham, myrtle pachystima (V) Pu v i m Prunus vi rqiniana va r . me lanocarpa ( A . Ne I s . ) Sa rg . ; (Rosaceae), Phan, black common chokecherry Putr Pursh i a tridentata (Pursh) D.C.; (Rosaceae), Cham, antelope bitterbrush, (V) Quga Quercus qambel ? i Nutt. ; (Fagaceae), Phan, Gambel oak, (V) RIBES Ribes sp. Riau Ribes aureum Pursh; (Saxi f ragaceae) , Cham, golden current, (V) Rice Ribes cereum Doug I.; (Saxi f ragaceae) , Cham, wax current, (V) RI in Ribes inerme Rydb. ; (Saxi f ragaceae) , Cham, whitestem gooseberry, (V) ROSA Rosa sp. Rowo Rosa woods i i Lindl . ; (Rosaceae), Cham, Wood's rose Saex Sal ix exigua Nutt. ; (Sal icaceae) , Cham, willow, (V) Sain Saiix interior Rowlee; (Sal icaceae) , Cham, willow, (V) Saco Sambucus coerulea Raf.; (Capri fol iaceae) , Cham, blueberry elder, (V) Save Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.; (Chenopod iaceae) , Cham, black greasewood, (V) Sosc Sorbus scopulina Greene; (Rosaceae), Cham, Greenes mountain-ash, (V) 2.3-18 Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abbrev. Species SHRUBS (Cont.) Swse Swida sericea (L. ) Holub; (Cornaceae), Cham, redosier dogwood, (V) Syor Symphoricarpos oreophilus A. Gray; (Capri fol iaceae) , Cham, mountain snowberry (V) Teca Tetradymia canescens D.C. ; ( Compos I tae ) , Cham, gray horsebrush, (V) I 2.3-19 Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species HERBACEOUS ( NON-GRASS L I KE) Ada Agur AGOSE Agau Aggl Alte 2 AMBRO Anse • ANGEL Anam Anpi ANTEN Anmi Anpu Anro - Aqba Achi I lea lanulosa Nutt.; (Compositae) Hemi, western yarrow, (N)67 (V) Aqastache urtici folia Kuntze; (Labiatae), Hemi, nettleleaf giant-hyssop, (N) (V) ■ Agoseris sp. Aqoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene; (Compos itae) Hemi, orange agoseris, (N) (V) Aqoseris qlauca (Pursh) Raf.; (Compositae) , Hemi, pale agoseris, (N) (V) A I I ium text? le Nels. &Macbr.; (Liliaceae), Cryp, textile onion, (N) (V) Ambrosia sp. (L.); (Compositae) Ther, -ragweed, (N) Androsace septentriona I is L.; (Primulaceae) , Ther, rock-jasmine, (N) (V) Angel ica sp. Angel ica amp I a A. Nels; (Umbel I i ferae) , Hemi, Angelica, (N) (V) Angel ica pinnata S. Wats; (Umbel I i ferae) , Hemi,- small- leaf angel ica, (N) (V) Antennaria sp. Antennaria microphyl la Rydb.; (Compositae), dioecious, Hemi, pussy toes, (N) (V) Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene; (Compositae), dioecious, Hemi, showy pussytoes, (N) (V) Antennaria rosea Greene; (Compositae), dioecious, Hemi, rose pussytoes (N) (V) Aqul legia barnebyl Munz; (Ranunculaceae) , Hemi, columbine, (Rare — endemic to. Green River shale deposits), (N) (V) 2.3-20 (. Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abbrev. Species Aqca ARAB! Ardi 3 Ardr Arfe 4 Arfes ARENA Area Arfe ARTEM Ardr Arlu Ascr ASTER Asar 6 ASTRA Asch HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASSLIKE) (Cont.) Aqullegia caerulea James; (Ranun culaceae), Hemi,-^ Colorado columbine, (Protected by Colorado State Law) (N) (V) Arab is sp. Arabjs divaricarpa A. Nels.; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi , rockcress, (N) (V) Arabis drummondi A. Gray; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi, Drummond rockcress, (N) (V) Arabis fendleri (Wats.) Greene; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi Fendler rockcress, (N) (V) Arabis fendler var. spatifolia (Rydb.) Rollins; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi, rockcress, (N) (V) Arenaria sp. Arenaria eastwoodiae Rydb.; (Caryophy I laceae) , Hemi, Sandwort, (N) (V) Arenaria fendleri A. Gray; (Caryophy I laceae) , Hemi, Fendler Sandwort, (N) (V) Artemisia sp. Artemisia dracunculus L. ; (Compositae) , Hemi, Tarragon, (N) (V) Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.; (Compositae), Hemi, Louisiana sagebrush, (N) (V) Asclepias cryptoceras S. Wats.; (Asclepidaceae) , Hemi, milkweed, (N) (V) Aster sp. Aster arenosus Blake; (Compositae), Hemi, aster, (N) (V) Astragalus sp. Astragalus chamaeleuce A. Gray; (Legumlnosae) , Hemi, milkvetch, (N) (V) 2.3-21 Table 2.3-2, (Continued) Abb rev. Species Asdi Aslu Aspu Assp 3 Aste 3 Basa BORAG CALOC Canu Cagu Cabu Caeh 3 Call CHAEN Chdo CHENO HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASSLIKE) (Cont.) Astragalus divers! fol i us A. Gray; (Leguminosae) , Hemi , mi Ikvetch, (N)' (V) . Astragalus lutosus M.E. Jones; (Leguminosae), Hemi, mi Ikvetch, (threatened and endangered—endemic to Green River shale deposits), (N) (V) Astragalus purshjl Dougl . ex. Hook; (Leguminosae), Hemi, Pursh locoweed, (N) (V) Astragalus spatulatus She Id.; (Leguminosae), Hemi, tufted mi Ikvetch, (N) (V) Astragalus tenellus Pursh; (Leguminosae), Hemi, loose flower mi Ikvetch, (N) (V) Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.; (Compositae) , Hemi, arrowleaf balsam root., (N) (V) Boraginaceae Calochortus sp. Calochortus nuttallii Torr.; (Li I iaceae) , Cryp, segolily mariposa, (N) (V) Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.; (Li 1 iaceae), Cryp, (N) Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic; (Cruci ferae) , Ther, shepherds-purse, ( I ) Cast i I leja chromosa A. Nels.; (Scropholariaceae) , Hemi, Indian paintbrush, (N) (V) Casti I leja I inariaefol ia Ben thin D.C.; (Scrophulariaceae) , Hemi, Wyoming painted cup (N) (V) Chaenactis sp. Chaenactis douglas'ii (Hook) Hook & Arn.; (Compositae), Hemi, Douglas chaenactis, (N) (V) Chenopodlum sp. 2.3-22 i i Table 2.3-2. (Continued) r Abb rev. Species HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASSLIKE) (Cont.) Chal Chenopodlum album L.; (Chenopodiaceae), Ther, Lambsquarter goosefoot, (I) (V) Chfr 2 Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.; (Chenopodiaceae), Ther, Fremont goosefoot, (N) (V) Chenopodi urn qiqantospermum; See Chenopodium hybridum Chgj Chenopodium hybridum (L.): (Chenopodiaceae), Ther, mapleleaf goosefoot, (origin uncertain), (V) Chle Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. ; (Chenopodiaceae), Ther, slimleaf goosefoot, (N) (V) Chte Chorispora tenella D.C.; (Cruci ferae) , Ther, chorispora, (I) (V) CIRSI Cirsium sp. Ciar 2 Ci rsium arvense (L.) Scop.; (Compositae) , Hemi, Canada thistle, (I) (V) Ci rsi urn lanceolatum; See C? rsi urn vulqare Ciun Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.; (Compositae), Hemi, wavyleaf thistle, (N) (V) Civu Cirsium vulqare (Savi) Tenore; (Compositae), Hemi, bul I thistle, (I) (V) Clco Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) T.& G.; (Ranuncu larceae) , Hemi, (N). Clhl Clematis hirsutissima Pursh; (Ranuncu I aceae) , Hemi, Douglas clematic, (N) (V) Clps Clematis pseudoalpina (Kuntze) A. Nels. in Coult. & Nels; (Ranuncu laceae) , Hemi, (N) (V) Copa 2 Collinsia parvl flora Doug I. in Lindl.; (Scrophulariaceae) , Ther, little flower collinsia, (N) (V): „ - Coll Collomia linearis Nutt.; (Polemoniaceae) , Ther, slenderleaf collomia, (N) (V) 2.3-23 Table 2.3-2, (Continued) Abb rev. Species Copa COMPO Coau CREPI Crac Croc CRUCI CRYPT Crse CYMOP Cyac Cyfe DELPH Dene DESCU Depi Deri ■. HERBACEOUS (NON -GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Comandra umbel lata ssp. pal I ida (A. DC.) Piehl; (Santa laceae) , Hemi, bastard toadflax, (N) (V) Compos itae Corydalis a urea Willd.; (Fumariaceae) , Ther, golden corydal is, (N) (V) Crepis sp. Crepis acuminata Nutt.; (Compositae) , Hemi, tapertip . hawksbeard, (N) (V) Crepis occidental is Nutt.; (Compis itae) , Hemi, western hawksbeard, (N) (V) Cruci ferae Cryptantha sp. Cryptantha sericea (A. Gray) Payson; (Boraginaceae) , Hemi, (N) (V) Cymopferus sp. Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Raf.; (Umbel I ifereae) , Cryp, (N) (V) Cymopterus fendleri A. Gray; (Umbel. I i fereae) , Cryp, Chimaya, (N) (V) Delphini urn sp. Delphinium nelsoni? Greene; (RanUnculaceae) , Hemi, Menzies larkspur, (N) (V) Descurainia sp. Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt; (Cruciferae) , Ther, pinnate tanseymustard, (N) Descurainia richardsonii (Sweet) O.E. Schulz; (Cruciferae), Ther, Richardson tanseymustard, (N) (V) 2.3-24 ( Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abbrev. Species HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Epad Epilobium adenocau Ion Hausskn.; (Onograceae) , Hemi, sticky willowweed, (N) (V) EQUIS Equisetum sp. Eqla Equisetum laeviqatum A. Br.; (Equisetaceae) , Cryp, smooth horsetail, (N) (V) ERIGE Eriqeron sp. Erea Eriqeron eatoni i A. Gray; ( Compos i tae ) , Hemi, Eaton fleabane, (N) (V) Erpu 2 Eriqeron pumilus Nutt.; (Compositae) , Hemi, low fleabane, (N) (V) Ersp Eriqeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC; (Compositae), Hemi, Oregon fleabane ERIOG Erioqonum sp. Era I Eriogonum a latum Torr.; (Polygonaceae) , Hemi, wing eriogonum, (N) (V) Ervi Erioqonum densum Greene; (Polygonaceae), Hemi, broom eriogonum, (N) (V) Erlo Erioqonum lonchophy I I urn T. & G.; (Polygonaceae), Hemi, eriogonum, (N) (V) Erov Erioqonum ova I i folium Nutt. ; (Pol yqonaceae) . Hemi, cushion eriogonum, (N) (V) Emm - Erioqonum umbel latum Nutt.; (Polygonaceae), Hemi, sulfur eriogonum, (N) (V) Erar 6 Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC.; (Polygonaceae), Hemi, plains erysimum, (N) (V) EUPHO Euphorbia sp. Eufe Euphorbia fendleri T. &G.; (Euphorbiaceae) , Hemi, Fendler euphorbia, (N) (V) 2.3-25 ( Table 2.3-2, (Continued) Abb rev. Species Euro FRAGA Frsp Frat Gabo Geri Hafl HAPLO Haac Hanu HEDYS Hebo Heun Hela Hepa HERBACEOUS ( NON-GRASS L 1 KE) (Cor.t.) Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small; (Euphorbiaceae) , Hemi, robust euphorbia, (N) (V) Fraqaria sp. Frasera speciosa Douglas; (Gentianaceae) , Hemi, showy frasera, (N) (V) Friti Maria atroourpurea Nutt. ; (Liliaceae), Cryp, purplespot friti Maria, (N) (V) Gal i urn borea le L. ; (Rubiaceae), Hemi, northern bedstraw, (N) (V) Geranium richardsoni? Fisch. &Trautv.; (Geraniaceae) , Hemi, Richardson geranium, (N) (V) Gi I ia spp.; See Ipomopsi s spp. Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) Johnston; (Boraginaceae) , Hemi, stickseed, (N) (V) Haplopappus sp. Haplopappus acaulis (Nutt.) A. Gray; (Compos itae) , Hemi, stemless goldenweed, (N) (V) Haplopappus nuttallii T. & G.; ( Compos i tae ) , Hemi, goldenweed, (N) (V) Hedysarum sp. Hedysarum boreale Nutt.; (Leguminosae) , Hemi, northern sweetvetch, (N) (V) Helianthella uniflora (Nutt.) T.& G.: (Composi tae) , Hemi, onef lower helianthella, (N) (V) Heracleum lanatum Michx. ; (Umbel I i fereae) Hemi, common cowparsnip, (N.) (V) Heuchera parvi flora Nutt. ex. T. &G.; (Saxi f ragaceae) , Hemi, I itt lei eaf alumroot, (N) (V) 2.3-26 Table 2.3- 2. (Continued) Abb rev, Species Hyfi HYMEN Hyac Ipag Ipco KOCH! Koir LACTU Lase LAPPU La re LEPID Lemo Lepe Lepu Lipo ' HERBACEOUS ( NON-GRASS L I KE) (Cont.) Hymenopappus fill f o I i us Hook.; ( Compos i tae ) , Hemi, fineieaf hymenopappus, (N) (V) Hymenoxys sp. Hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh) Parker; ( Compos i tae), Hemi, stemless hymenoxys, (N) (V) Ipomopsis aqqreqata (Pursh) V. Grant; (Polemoniaceae) , Hemi, skyrocket gilia, (N) (V) Ipomopsis conqesta (Hook.) V. Grant; (Polemoniaceae), Hemi, ba I Ihead gi I ia, (N) (V) Koch i a sp. Koch? a iranica Bornm. ; (Chenopodiaceae) , Ther, summer cypress, ( I ) Koch ? a scoparia; See Koch i a ? ranica Lactuca sp. Lactuca serriola L.; (Compositae) , Ther, prickly lettuce, (I) Lappula sp. Lappula redowski i (Hornem.) Greene; (Boraginaceae) , Ther, annual stickseed, (N) (V) Lepidium sp. Lepidium montanum Nutt. ; (Cruel ferae) , Hemi, pepperweed, (N) (V) Lepidium perforatum L. ; (Cruci ferae) , Ther, clasping pepperweed, ( I ) (V) Leptodacty Ion pungens (Torr.) Rydb.; (Polemoniaceae), Hemi, (N) (V) Llqustlcum porter? C. & R. ; (Umbel 1 1 fereae) , Hemi, Porter ligusticum, (N) (V) 2.3-27 Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species Liki Lile LITHO Liin Liru LOMAT Logr Loju Loor LUPIN Luar Luca Lyju MALVA Mear MENTZ Meal 2 ■ HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Linum kinqi i Wats, in King; (Linaceae), Hemi, flax, (N) (V) Linum lewisi i Pursh; (Linaceae), Hemi, Lewis flax, (N) (V) Lithospermum sp. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. ; (Boraginaceae) , Hemi, gromwell, (N) (V) Lithospermum ruderale Doug I. in Lehm.; (Boraginaceae), Hemi, (N) (V) Lomatium sp. Lomatium gray? C. & R. ; (Umbel I ifereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lomatium jun? peri n urn (M.E. Jones) C. & R.; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lomatium orientale C. & R. ; (Umbel I ifereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lupinus sp. Lupinus argenteus Pursh; ( Leguminosae) , Hemi, silvery lupine, (N) (V) Lupinus caudatus Kel logg; (Leguminosae), Hemi, tail cup lupine, (N) (V) Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don.; Hemi, rush skeletonp lant, (N) (V) Mai va sp. ; (Malvaceae), Hemi, mallow (N) Mentha arvense L.; (Labiateae), Hemi, field mint, (N) (V) Mentzel ia sp. Mentzelia albicaulis Doug I. ex Hook.; (Loasaceae), Ther, whitestem mentzel ia, (N) (V) 2.3-28 Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species Liki LI le LITHO Liln Liru LOMAT Logr Loju Loor LUPIN Luar Luca Lyju MALVA Mear MENTZ Meal 2 • HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Llnum kinqi i Wats, in King; (Linaceae), Hemi, flax, (N) (V) Linum lewisi i Pursh; (Linaceae), Hemi, Lewis flax, (N) (V) LIthospermum sp. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. ; (Boraginaceae) , Hemi, gromwell, (N) (V) LIthospermum ruderale Douql. in Lehm.; (Boraginaceae), Hemi, (N) (V) Lomatium sp. Lomatium grayi C. & R.; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lomatium juniperi nurr, (M.E. Jones) C. & R. ; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lomatium orientale C. & R. ; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lupinus sp. Lupinus arqenteus Pursh; ( Leguminosae) , Hemi, silvery lupine, (N) (V) Lupinus caudatus Kellogg; (Leguminosae), Hemi, tail cup lupine, (N) (V) Lyqodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don.; Hemi, rush skeletonp lant, (N) (V) Mai va sp. ; (Malvaceae), Hemi, mallow (N) Mentha arvense L.; (Labiateae), Hemi, field mint, (N) (V) Mentzel ia sp. Mentzelia albicaulis Doug I. ex Hook.; (Loasaceae), Ther, whitestem mentzel i a, (N) (V) 2.3-28 Table 2.3-2, (Continued) Abbrev. Species Liki Lile LITHO Liin Liru LOMAT Logr Loju Loor LUPIN Luar Luca Lyju MALVA Mear MENTZ Meal 2 •. HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Llnum kinqi i Wats, in King; (Linaceae), Hemi , flax, (N) (V) Linum lewisi i Pursh; (Linaceae), Hemi, Lewis flax, (N) (V) Lithospermum sp. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. ; (Boraginaceae) , Hemi, gromwell, (N) (V) Lithospermum ruderale Doug I. in Lehm.; (Boraginaceae), Hemi, (N) (V) Lomatium sp. Lomatium qrayi C. & R. ; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lomatium juniperinurr, (M.E. Jones) C. & R.; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lomatium orientale C. & R. ; (Umbel I i fereae) , Cryp, desert parsley, (N) (V) Lupinus sp. Lupinus arqenteus Pursh; ( Leguminosae) , Hemi, silvery lupine, (N) (V) Lupinus caudatus Kel logg; (Leguminosae), Hemi, tail cup lupine, (N) (V) Lyqodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don.; Hemi, rush skeletonp lant, (N) (V) Mai va sp. ; (Malvaceae), Hemi, mallow (N) Mentha arvense L.; (Labiateae), Hemi, field mint, (N) (V) Mentzel ia sp. Mentzel ?a albicau I is Doug I. ex Hook.; (Loasaceae), Ther, whitestem mentzel ia, (N) (V) 2.3-28 I Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species Memu MERTE Mecl Mopa MOSS Oeca Oeco Oe.'a OSMOR Osde Oxl a PENST Peca Pefr Peos Pest Phse PHLOX HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASSLIKE) (Cont.) Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray; (Loasaceae), Hemi, desert mentzelia, (N) (V) Mertensia sp. Mertensia ci I iata (James) G. Don; (Boraginaceae) , Hemi, mountain bluebells, (N) (V) Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britton; (Labiateae), Ther, American dragonhead, (N) (V) Moss ... Oenothera caespitosa Nutt.; (Onograceae), Hemi, tufted eveninq-primrose, (N) (V) Oenothera coronopifol ia T. & G. ; (Onograceae), Hemi, evening primrose, lU) (V) Oenothera lavandu laefol ia T. & G. ; (Onograceae), Hemi, lavanderleaf evening-primrose, (N) (V) Osmorhiza sp. Osmorhiza depauperata Phil.; (Umbel I ifereae) , Hemi, sweetroot, (N) (V) Oxytropis lambertii var. biqelovi? A. Gray; (Leguminosae) , Hemi, Lambert crazyweed, (N) (V) Penstemon sp. Penstemon caespitosus Nutt. ex A. Gray; (Scrophulariaceae) , Hemi, mat penstemon, (N) (V) Penstemon fremontii T. & G.; (Scrophulariaceae), Hemi, beardtongue, (N) (V) Penstemon osterhouti? Pennell; ^Scrophulariaceae) , Hemi, beardtongue, (N) (V) Penstemon str ictus Benth. in DC.; (Scrophulariaceae), Hemi, Rocky Mountain penstemon, (N) (V) Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray; (Hydrophy I laceae) , Hemi, silky phacelia, (N) (V) Phlox sp. 2.3-29 Table 2.3- 2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Phho Phlo Phmu Phfl PLANT Posa 3 POTEN Porno Popu Poqu Pyas RANUN Racy Rase 2 RORIP Rona Rucr Phlox hoodif Rich. ;. (Polemoniaceae) , Hemi, Hoods phlox (N) (V) Phlox lonqi folia Nutt. ; (Polemoniaceae), Hemi, longleaf phlox, (N) (V) Phlox multif lora A. Nels.; (Polemoniaceae), Hemi, flowery phlox, (N) (V) Physaria floribunda Rydb.; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi, twinpod, (N) (V) Plantaqo sp. ; (Plantaginaceae) , Ther, plantain, (N) Polygonum sawatchense Small; (Polygonaceae) , Ther, knotweed, (N) (V) Potent? I la sp. Potentilla monspel iens is L.; (Rosaceae), Ther, cinquefoil, (origin uncertain) (V) Potentilla pulcherrima Lehm.; (Rosaceae), Hemi, cinquefoil, (N) (V) Potenti I la quinquifol ia Rydb.; (Rosaceae), Hemi, cinquefoil, (N) (V) Pyrola asari folia Michx.; (Ericaceae), Hemi, alpine pyrola, (N) (V) Ranuncu I us sp. Ranuncul us cymbalaria var. saximontanus Fernald; ( Ranuncu I aceae ) , Hemi, Rocky Mountain buttercup, (N) (V) Ranunculus sceleratus L.; (Ranunculaceae) , Hemi, blister buttercup, (I) (V) Rorlppa sp. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & The I I.; (Cruci ferae), Hemi, watercress, (I) (V) Rumex crispus L.; (Polygonaceae), Hemi, curlydock (N) (V) 2.3-30 « I Table 2.3- 2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species Ruut Saka Scla SENEC Sein Semu 2 SISYM Sial Sili SMI LA Smra Smst SOLID SPHAE Spco Stpf 2 Stco 3 HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE) (Cont.) Rumex utahensis Rech. f.; (Polygonaceae) , Hemi, dock, (N) (V) Sa I so I a ka I i L . ; (Chenopodiaceae) , Ther, Russianthistle, (I) (V) Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh, (Scrophu lariaceae) , Hemi, lance I eat figwort, (N) (V) Senecio sp. Senecio inteqerrimus Nutt. ; (Compositae) , Hemi, lambs- tongue groundsel , (N) (V) Senecio muti lobatus T. &. G. ex A. Gray; ( Compos i tae ) , Hemi, lobeleaf groundsel, (N) (V) Sisymbri urn sp . Sisymbrium altissimum L. ; (Cruci ferae) , Ther, tumble- mustard, (I) (V) Sisymbrium I in i fol i urn Nutt. in T. & G. ; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi, tumblemustard, (N) (V) Smi lacina sp. Smilacina racemosa var. amp lexicau I is (Nutt.) S. Wats.; (Liliaceae), Cryp, Solomon-plume, (N) (V) Smi lacina stel lata (L. ) Desf.; (Liliaceae), Cryp, Solomon- plume, (N) (V) Sol idaqo sp. ; (Compositae) , Hemi, goldenrod, (N) (V) Sphaeralcea sp. Sphaeralcea cocci nea (Pursh) Rydb.; (Malvaceae), Hemi, scarlet globemallow, (N) (V) Stan leva pinnata (Pursh) Britton; (Cruci ferae) , Hemi, desert princesplume, (N) (V) Streptanthus cordatus Nutt. ex T. & G.; (Cruel ferae) , Hemi, heartleaf twistflower, (N) (V) 2.3-31 Table 2.3- 2 (Continued) Abbrev. Species HERBACEOUS (NCN-GRASSLi KE) (Cont.) TARAX Taof Thfe Thmo To in TRIFO Trgy UMBEL Urdig Yaoc Viam Viad Vicar Vinu Vipa 2 Taraxacum sp. Taraxacum officinale Web, in Wiggers; (Compos i tae) , Hemi, common dandelion, (distribution worldwide) (V) Thalictrum fendleri Enqelm. ex A. Grav; (Ranuncu laceae) , Hemi, Fendler meadow rue, (N) (V) Thermopsis montana Nutt. ex T. & G.; (Leguminoseae) , Hemi, mountain thermopsis, (N) (V) Townsendia incana Nutt.; (Compositae) , Hemi, hoary townsendia, (N) (V) Tri fol i urn sp. Tri folium qymnocarpon Nutt.; (Leguminoseae), Hemi, hoi lyleaf clover, (N) (V) Umbel I i ferae Urtica dioica ssp. qraci I is (A.T.) Selander; (Labiateae), Hemi or Ther, big stinging nettle, (N) Valeriana occidental is Heller; (Va lerianaceae) , Hemi, western valerian, (N) (V) Vlcia americana Mueh I . exWilld.; (Leguminoseae), Hemi, American vetch, (N) (V) Viola adunca Smith; (Violaceae), Hemi, Hook violet, (N) (V) Viola canadensis L. vsr. ruqulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchcock; (Violaceae), Hemi, Canada violet, (N) (V) Viola nuttalli? Pursh; (Violaceae), Hemi, Nutta I ! violet, (N) (V) Viola pal lens (Banks) Brainerd; (Violaceae), Hemi, marsh violet, (N) (V) Viola palustris ssp. brevipes; See Viola pal lens 2 •3-32 Table 2. 3- 2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species HERBACEOUS (NON-GRASS LIKE (Cont.) Viola ruqu losa; See Viola canadensis var. ruqu losa Zyveg Zyqadenus venenosus var. qramineus (Rydb.) Walsh ex M.E. Peck; (Liliaceae), Cryp, grassy deathcamas, (N) (V) 2.3-33 i Table 2.3-2, (Continued) Abbrev. Species GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKES AGROP Agde 2 Agre 2 Agsm Agspi Agsp Agsu Agtr Bogr BROMU Brin Brma Brte CAREX Aqropyron sp. Aqropyron cri statunrr; See Aqropyron desertorum Aqropyron desertorum (Risen. ) Schu It. ; (Gramineae) , Hemi, crested wheatgrass, (I) (N) Aqropyron inerme; See Aqropyron spicatum var. inerme Aqropyron repens (L.) Beauv.; (Gramineae), Hemi, quack- . grass, (I) (V) Aqropyron smith? i Rydb.; (Gramineae), B I uestem wheatgrass, (N) (V) Aqropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith var. inerme Heller; (Gramineae), Hemi, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass, (N) (V) Aqropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith var. spicatum; (Gramineae), Hemi, bearded bluebunch wheatgrass, (N) (V) Aqropyron subsecundum (Link). Hitchc; (Gramineae), bearded wheatgrass, (N) (V) Aqropyron trachycaulum (Link) Richt; (Gramineae), Hemi ,. slender wheatgrass, (N) (V) Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.; (Gramineae), Hemi, blue grama, (N) (V) Bromus sp. Bromus i net-mi s Leyss; (Gramineae), Hemi, smooth brome, (I) (V) Bromus marqinatus Nees; (Gramineae), Hemi, big mountain brome, (N) (V) Bromus tectorum L.; (Gramineae), Ther, cheatgrass brome, (I) (V) Carex sp. 2.3-34 Table 2.3- 2. (Continued) Abb rev. Species GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKES (Cont.) Cage Cala 2 Cane 2 Cave 2 El ma ELYMU Elci FESTU Gist HORDE Hobr Hoju JUNCU Juara Jusa Carex qeyeri Boott; (Cyperaceae), Cryp, elk sedge, (N) (V) Carex lanuginosa Michx.; (Cyperaceae), Cryp, wooly sedge, (N) (V) Carex nebraskensis Dewey; (Cyperaceae), Cryp, Nebraska sedge, (N) (V) Carex vernacula L.H. Bailey; (Cyperaceae), Cryp, sedge, . (N) (V) Eleocharis macrostachya Britt.; (Cyperaceae), Cryp, common spike rush, (N) (V) Elymus sp. Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Men*.; (Gramineae), Hemi , great basin wildrye, (N) (V) Festuca sp.; (Gramineae), Hemi, fescue, (N) Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchcock; (Gramineae), Hemi, fowl mannagrass, (N) (V) Hordeum sp. Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski; (Gramineae), Herrii , meadow barley, (N) (V) Hordeum jubatum L.; (Gramineae), Hemi, foxtail barley, (N) (V) Juncus sp. Juncus arcticus ssp. ater (Rydb.) Hulten; (Juncaginaceae) , Cryp, wiregrass, (N) (V) Juncus ba I ticus; See Juncus arcticus spp. ater Juncus saximontanus A. Nels.; (Juncaginaceae), Cryp, Rocky Mountain rush, (N) (V) Koelerla cristata; See Koeleria graci I is 2.3-35 I Table 2.3-2. (Continued) Abbrev. Species GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKES (Cent. ) Kogr Koeleria gracilis Pres.; (Gramineae), Hemi, prairie junegrass Orhy Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker; (Gramineae), Hemi, Indian ricegrass, (N) (V) POA Poa sp. Poag Poa aqassizensis Boivin & D. Loeve; (Gramineae), Hemi, blue grass, (N) (V) Poam Poa amp I a Merr. ; (Gramineae), Hemi, big bluegrass, (N) (V) Poca Poa can by (Scribn.) Piper; (Gramineae), Hemi, Canby bluegrass, (N) (V) Poco Poa compressa L. ; (Gramineae), Hemi, Canada bluegrass, (N) (V) Pofe Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey; (Gramineae), Hemi, mutton bluegrass, (N) (V) Poa interior; See Poa nemora I is var. interior Ponei Poa nemora I is L. var. interior (Rydb.) Butters & Abbe; (Gramineae), Hemi, interior bluegrass, (N) (V) Popr Poa pratensis L. ; (Gramineae), Hemi, Kentucky bluegrass, (I) (V) Posa Poa sandbergii Vasey; (Gramineae), Hemi, Sandberg blue- grass, (N) (V) Poa secunda; See Poa sandberqi i Scac Scfrpus acutus Mueh I . ex Bigelow; (Cyperaceae) , Cryp, tule bulrush, (N) (V) Si tan ion hystrix; See Sitanion lonqifol ? urn SHo Sitanion longi fol ium J .G. Smith; (Gramineae), Hemi, squirreltai I, (N). (V) sPa' Sporobolus atroides (Torr. ) Torr.; (Gramineae), Hemi, alkali sacaton, (N) (V) 2.3-36 Table 2.3-2. (Continued) P Abbrev. Species GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKES (Cont.) STIPA Stipa sp. Stco 2 . Stipa columbiana Mocoun; (Gramineae), Hemi, subalpine needlegrass, (N) (V) Stco Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr.; (Gramineae) , Hemi, needle- and-thread, (N) (V) Trma 3 Trig loch in marit'ima L. ; ( Juncaginaceae) , Cryp, shore podgrass, (N) Tyla Typha latifol ia L. (Typhaceae), Cryp, common cattail, (N) 2.3-37 FOOTNOTES — Abbreviation of genus' and species in a four letter code (Plummer et al . , 1966). 2/ — Author citation, nomenclatural authority cited after each species name and delineated by a semi colon. . 3/ — The family of plants a species belongs to in parenthesis. — Lifeforms of Plants (Raunkiaer, 1934). Phan - Phanerophyte; Perennating bud at least 0.25 m above soil surface. Cham - Chamaephyte; Perennating bud between 0 and 0.25 m above soil surface, Hemi - Hemicryptophyte; Perennating bud in soil surface. Cryp - Cryptophyte; Perennating buds covered by soil or water. Ther - Therophyte; Annual plants, perennating buds contained in seed. Succ - Succulent; Stems enlarged; serve as water storage organ. — (V) - Voucher specimen collected. — Origin or herbaceous species. (N) - Native to the North American Continent. (I) - Introduced from outside the North American Continent. 2.3-38 s JO «J •r- U o to 4-> "0 •t— «a V) 3 C cd- cd ^» CD =tt to o CO or i~ o Of o. c O- IO QJ B 3 ♦J 2 Vt rs o a> u OJ o u c qj *-* O CM O E >> o c ra •M c o o QJ u c (O qj ■M 3 1- ■— O <0 a.> E " C C QJ CJ O 3 i~ cr QJ I- o a. 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CO in o\ en IO a* • • • * • • in r^ r— * IO C\J r^ «*• «* *t ** uy o co IO r- o O ro o lO «d" CM CSJ CSJ OOOOOOOOOOm 00 IT) CO o in O CO o o ^r «3" «* CO i — CO vo in in CO CO CSJ CSJ in en ooooooooooooooo ominmininininminininminin o UJ CO CSJ CO o o CO t— <3" in o o in o o o CO r— CO r— r— i — r— in in in in ooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooo o o o CO i— «3" ir> o o in o o o CO r— CO r— r— I— t— in in in in o CSJ o o o o o o in . o in o o o >- ID o in OO CO t^ ce CO IO IO in cn «a- s: r? co in r- Cn •— >- _i o o o CD o o :=> o o o o o o '■a o in o o o in co in IO in en **• o o IO «* COOOOOOOOOOOOir) CSJCSJi— OOOOOOOOOO CSJ O CO in o in o «3- Lf> O CO r— O CO vo in in co co csj •»- Q. t- i/) QJ >1 K <1J 3 a- C O X CX Oi o u • r— IO L. <_> UJ 3 «o u >l JC o 1 a. o i_ < Q. IO O. IO •f— r— n io r— ♦-> >1 c: +-» cu to T3 •r- •r- > o a> u u o X) 13 cu g u •r- A3 S- 1- O) QJ 0J U JZ r» r— (J ■o k. ,— c OJ 3 O) to dm <+- o .c 10 x: ■i-> c IS tJ Q. >1 i_ <_> »— cm co «* in io •>. . O 00 Cf» r— r— CSJ CO «d- "273^0" 0i o C QJ ? D. O CO c in IO a k. c Cv) IO O. +j 3^ IO c IO a> tn o dm r— O 1= w a> J_ to cr IO >i O -> to IS) cu -O o J- a. cr Dl o JC F e l_ , — 1 r- c V) IO ro o > I— O (_> O CO r— CM CO ^t CO IO > ■ 4-> -O f~ to cx> m 3 • c cr r— * ^ O =*= ITS > O CM O E >» u c 1/1 c o o u c IO <1) U t— o c »- u > i- o a» <_> a. 3 C O o • I CM to » in in in «d- CM r— i — r— CD en o o o o o in o o o o o o o o o in CD in o in o in o o in in o o CD --> CD in o in o in o in CO CM in CM CM i — r— 10 in io 10 <0 i— O CD inCOCM N i- r- r- r- in in in in in o o o o o o o o o o CD O o o o CD O O O O CD CD O CD CD CD CD CD CD O CD CD CD O CD CD CD CD' in O O co in CM CM O o o o O O o O O o o *3- «*- r— • r— •I— a S_ c <.-. »o -3 r> a> c — r— r— .— .— ,— !M CM CM CM 2.3-41 CM «/> a> •r— U «4- O 8 c IO o> •o c •r— M- r— O Q. 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CO O IO t— O CM CO •— in in vo in cm co io s O o> en r- ai o CO f— f— o> CM IO CM 00 ro O r— r^ r*. r-v IO in in o IO •3- CM r— en in *r co *3- CM i— • CM • — r— IO cm in r*. o i— co cn #— cn p-. r— ro cm cn co co cm co r^ cm CM t— i— CM IO in o o vo r— o en co in f— in CM o «3- co co co in *3- vo en IO CO CM CM r— O r— r— O «— O f— O O f— CD CO o o O LO o in o in m o CD o r-^ o CM in CM CM VO CO r— CM (3 O p>» in en in 10 VO VO i— CM o o in O o in o in in r~ o o in CM O in o o CO CT> CO CM VO CM VO CO in CM UD CM o o o O CD O o o IO VO CD O >- or •J S^ ZD CO o «* cn pH r» CM O "^— 1 ^~ i— o> o vo VO o f— r~ r"- r"— in r>» en LU z =d •d >- r>. o r>- CO CD O ro ^«- CX •r- t— •o o 3 IO c •r" O-H E •r- •^ JQ F t. 1- CD l_ •r- cr fi 3 -M in m J- CD «/t l_ »o V. 0J u +-> •r" T3 •r- 3 X) A3 >r. ■r- ^: O > CX IO IO CD o 3 c £■ i/i 3 en ••— ex -c: t— 13 3 O in t- to u. 3 »^ X) o fiMn^mvoseoot 2.3-42 r> n n ■ QJ C E *— N. «) 3(0 01 t— E 2: O *^^ > >< *J •^ *> O CM 0 E •»-> a. OJ c 0 <— n. «o J- E flj Ol -— • 2: 4-> c »— 1 >> O c «o +J V) c 0 0 0 u c E »-« >» 4-> 0 c c m QJ 0 3 s. cr 0) i. O o> CD 0. «/» Ql •r- O QJ O. CO co CO CO i CO CM CVJ co en cmI fo CT> CO o rs n o co co co *3- **- co *3- «— O r-» r^ o o .— r— co CO «3" •— •— co en o co CO CM cr> o o *3- O cn co r- Cft VO W CO ^ T 10 . co o cn co o in cr> cm •— CM .co co co CO CM CM 1— CO *3" CM O r— O O o co r-» CM CO *3- CM CM «3" CM o CM CD o t— O 1— o o ,— co r^ co co co co co cn co co co CO CO o cm 1 — co r^. co co o CM CM r— O O CO «tf o o o O OOO OOO O O O O CD O co co co o o o o O CD o CD O CD O O o CO o CM CO o o o o «3- o j co CO en co co 0 CTl CO CO CD ^3" O CD CO co CM CM CM CM CO CO co O •=3" QJ X) n •*— «3 •^ +J l/l •^ C M QJ C X> CJ ■^ H L- +-> iw co 00 3 •r- 0 H u QJ QJ +-> 3 i_ O «x cr 3 co QJ •r— u QJ Q. CO 00 CJ"» r— «o JCZ •*— Q. r— •O QJ u CJ -Q x: > O c • r— to »o 0 » — C Z* i 0 CJ -3. Cv C a: cc CO] co <£ QJ ■O QJ a. co •— n n * m (o s ^ «/> QJ •r- o QJ O. xn «♦- O 0) O c QJ CO JQ ■0 c •r" Cv- r— O a. E QJ - (^ O XI «3 01 CO <+- 3 O •r- «+- "O QJ 01 +-> xz »o *» r— 3 c CJ •r~ ^— O O *-> QJ O C tr d 4-* >■* ♦ * ?_^-43 providing a relative cover of 33 percent in the May-June transects, and 35 percent in the July transect. The cover value for July in excess of 100 percent indicates that two or more species were pro- viding cover over the same interval on the intercept tape. Shrub stratum density was estimated at 0.89 individuals per m in the May- June stands, and 3.57 individuals per m in the July stand. Highest densities were recorded for Symphoricarpos oreophilus (O.SO^indivi- duals per m ) and Prunus virginiana (0.19~indi viduals per?m ) for the May-June transects. Rosa woods ii (1.17 individuals per m ) and Ribes inerme (0.88 individuals per m ) contributed the highest densities in July. Mean (average) volume data indicate that Quercus gamtjelii (42 m ) , Acer glabrum (28 m ) , and Amelanchier alnifol ia (22 m ) were the largest species encountered in the aspen type during the May- June sampling period. 2.3.1.3.1.3 Mature Tree Stratum (Table 2.3-5) The tree stratum is dominated by one species, Populus tremuloides, providing 37 percent cover in May-June, and 38 percent cover for the July sample. Pseudotsuga menziesii occurred very infrequently in the mature stratum of the aspen stands sampled. Individual^trunks of aspen occurred at densities of 0*58 individuals per 10 m in May- June, and 0.55 individuals per 10 m in the July stand. Aspen trees in the mature class ranged from 7.6 to 48.0 cm dbh, with 40 percent of the trees in the mature class greater than 16 cm dbh. When the mature and tree seedling-sapling classes are combined, 65 percent of all individuals occurred in the tree seedling-sapling class (less than 7.6 cm dbh), indicating substantial vegetative reproduction of aspen clones in the stands sampled (Table 2.3-6). 2.3.1.3.2 Douglas Fir The Douglas fir vegetation type was sampled during the summer quarter with 2 permanent and 2 nonpermanent transects. Shrub and tree strata were measured on all transects. Fourty quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 2 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled in June, and again in July. Three strata, and a total of 40 species, were identified for the Douglas fir type: 1 species in the mature tree stratum, 15 species in the shrub-tree seedling stratum, and 25 species in the herbaceous stratum. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) appeared in both the mature tree and the shrub stratum. 2.3.1.3.2.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-7) Nine species contributed 9 percent total cover in the May-June Quadrats. Dominants were a. sedge (Carex geyeri ) and a low shrub (Pachystima myrsinites) contributing a relative cover of 98 percent. Three species of grasses and grass-like species provided 83 percent of the total cover. 2*3-44 ITJ s- C O) Q. CO m co s- ■»-> co a a> s_ 3 e cu -C -a a> o a) a. CO uv i ro CM a» i— CM «3 E CO •r- n3 CO -C C ■">. a O CM c_> e -M CJ c c a> ai U 3 s_ cr cu a> q_ s- -M c s- cu a> a > s- o a> c_> a. 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X) O O 4-> CD o L. c c «J • * ft K 2.3-49 During the July sampling period, 23 species, consisting primarily of perennial forbs, contributed a total cover of 23 percent. The dominant species was a sedge (Carex geyeri) with a relative cover of 46 percent. Seventy-eight percent of the species encountered in June were again encountered in July. Five species of grasses and sedges provided 48 percent of the total cover. Density and frequency values were low for • . all herbaceous species except Carex geyeri , indicating a dispersed and heterogeneous distribution of species. 2.3.1.3.2.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2,3-8) Nine species contributed 46 percent total cover during May-June, and eleven species provided 43 percent total cover during July. Amelanchier utahensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii , and Symphoricarpos oreophilus shared dominance in the May-June transects, together providing a relative cover of 79 percent. In the July transect, Amelanchier utahensis, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus shared dominance contributing a rela- tive cover of 77 percent. Shrub stratum density was estimated at 0.8 individuals per m for May-June transects, and 1.24 individuals per m for July. Highest densities, were recorded for Symphoricarpos oreophilus (0.37 individuals per m~) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (0.2T individuals per m ) in the May-June transects, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus (0.53 individuals per m ) and Amelanchier utahensis (0.35 individuals per m ) were the most abundant species in the July tran- sect. The high density for Pseudotsuga menziesii in May-June repre- sents a large number of recently germinated seedlings. Mean (average) volume values indicate that Acer glabrum and Amelanchier utahensis are the largest species. 2.3.1.3.2.3 Mature Tree Stratum (Table 2.3-9) • The mature tree stratum is dominated by one species, Pseudotsuga menziesii . Douglas fir contributed 58 percent cover in the stands sampled in May-June and 41 percent cover in the stand sampled in July. Mature trees occurred at a density of 0.40 trees per 10 m for the May-June transects, and 0.44 trees per 10 m for July. Pseudotsuga menziesii in the mature class ranged in size from 7.6 cm to 68.0 cm dbh, with 52 percent of the trees greater than 16 cm dbh (Table 2.3- 5 ). When mature and tree seedling-sapling strata are combined, 78 percent of all Douglas fir individuals were classi- fied as seedlings or saplings (less than 7.6 cm dbh), indicating substantial reproduction in the stands sampled. 2.3.1.3.3 Mixed Brush During the summer quarter, the mixed brush type was sampled with 5 permanent and 8 non-permanent transects. Shrub and tree strata were . measured on all transects. A total of 50, 0.5 m quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 5 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled during May-June, and again in July. 2.3-50 QL to o CO o> a. to *o> 3 o o XT •♦-> E 3 4-> 3 U sz «/> 4) sz o> 3 O u c a» v> 0) u a. E J= 3 ^ r- CO O E >• 01 c E ^ «J 3 CO c — . a» =«»= o u "^. O CM o E +-» Q. a> CO' Q) a> » >> o c **- CO in ID CO in CO o «j- *— m CO r>. «3" CM ID cn * * * « *• in r^ CM in *J- to «* en 13- CM CO CM o in ^*- CO \o CM «* CO > ■l-> (_> e c 3 i- cr 01 o> a. i- 4J u > l- o •1 CO • CM VI at 01 •r" r~ U X> II « o. ►- co I— o o o CO CD t^ f~ r-. CO f>. o o co CD i — ID r— co ■ — inooinf— n o o O r-» r-~ CO CD CO CO o CD O ID ID co CD CO CO CM r— CD in ID cn CD o i — i — ID co CM ID r~« CD CD CD CD ID O O O O ID o CD I — ID ID ID CO O O O CO ID CD O CD ID CO CM ID CM m CO r*^ r^ in cn «a- o in CM o CD in CO cn O •a- co o o o o o cn CO co in ID CM in ID CM ID in CD ID "3- o § in «=r £ O «3- CM CM o o o in sz cx| o -C •r" «J u c; o ro xz f-~ n. V h (s >i »i ml •#— »a i^ +-> in a; fO cu •f— 4-> TD NJ c •r~ •i— c QJ •r- o CJ "O f— f— E »r- ai r3 J- • r- Xl H •r» e ai cr» in (TJ u Z> on •r— - C ^ 00 o to on O •r— ;< 3 3 T3 i: O r-r ^) ai a> •r* JC M ! CO in 3 C ia -l: o y OJ . u QJ cx CO 2.3-51 i"Mn«iaioN0n f(M«*j)«)Na» ^ co C C o o •I co CM •O i x: 3 ^ r- CO o E • >» CO n b co CO r— E s: o •v— ^ >■ >> ■»-> ■r" 10 IS) JC c ^ co =*t o • c «3 co x: > "•»» O CJ t_> E •*J O. CO c o ^— "■» «D i- E CJ CJ <^_" 2: +-> c t—t >> O c «o 4J IS) c 0 CJ 4> u c •0 o> *3 3 i- r— 0 (O cx> E »-H >> +J O c c 01 V- O V (_> 0. • • IS) CJ •»— O ^ r^ r-». CD co CO r~^ co CO r— ,— in r— 10 r— in co CO t — in co O r^ ro eg «=r CO in r— r— CM lO *}- CM 1— 1— 00 CO CO CD r— r- CO CM CO **" CM «d- CM co CM OOO CM CO *3" CO CM en r— CM CM in en co co CO CO CM CM CD CD CD o o o o o en «a- co <3- cm I— r— CD CM CD O CD O CD O CD CM IO CM «* - 1 CD O O O CD O O O O 0 0 => CD CD CD CD CD O CD O CD CD 0 •~3 O O O O CD O O O CD 0 0 O CD CD CM O CM IO CM «=r »a- CM CO co CM CX> £ £ en CO CO CM CO CM O O O O O CD CM CO *!• CM ** CJ 0 O O O O O CO *3- IS) c 3 L. CJ JCZ u c to CJ E IS) 3 r-» tn •r— 3 jC •r— 1/1 IQ cx •r— 0 v> 0 IO OJ 3 ,— 0J OJ i/i i/> C 0 J_ •r- 3 3 ro «5 14- O M •#— OJ •f» C •r- c 0 C t— c IS) 0J r— p O 3 1— O K OJ i/> 3 E t- 3 en 4- It u 4-> O fO 3 0 OJ O 0 rj O •r- ;< u O c Q. -C T) 0 m U1 •O 0 3 , O i i/> 3 •r- x: O 0 • OJ ij \l *— co 0- CD- q; O ZH O- 0 in CO 0 i- c c +-> ■ t 2.3-52 ( Q- co o CO cc s- o (U o. «/l 0) -o O) s- OJ 4-> C 3 o V e Q> 10 0) o O) ex CO CVJ O) JQ = i— CM «3 E A3 CO -M •r- CO O J- «3 QJ SZ > *-*. O CM O E >> +-> <_> c c a a> o 3 o > t- o CL O UD O O • • co CM O O co CM 00 co in ex co CO \— o LU CO lO >- a; co CT> en UJ CQ o in en in i — o co r>» CO i— in en co I— UJ CO CO Li_ o >- a: co in «d- co CO "d- CM CO in O o o o o LU CO or >- a: < co in cr> *d- CO o «d- O O O O o o o «d- o CM CO in «d- co o a> A3 QJ CJ! i- 3 +J to ■»-> in O 3 T3 ^— 3 3 a> a. «/> o o. a. 1/) QJ •r-» O QJ Q. CO QJ •r- C cr 3 -M O -o 3 QJ «/> Q_ to O) M C a> H3 en 3 lO o 3 a CO a. i— CM 2.3-53 Three strata and 76 species were identified for the mixed brush type: 1 species in the tree stratum, 18 species in the shrub-tree seedling stratum, and 58 species in the herbaceous stratum. Pinus edulis was found in both the mature tree and the shrub strata. 2.3.1.3.3.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-10) Forty-four species contributed a total cover of 5 percent during the May-June sampling period. A sedge, Carex geyeri , and grass, Oryzopsis hymenoides shared dominance, providing a relative cover of 51 percent. Nine species of grasses and sedges contributed 67 percent of the total cover. Forty-six species contributed 11 percent total cover during July. A sedge, Carex geyeri , a perennial forb, Eriogonum umbellatum, and a grass, Oryzopsis hymenoides shared dominance, providing a relative cover of 40 percent. Twelve species of grasses and sedges contri- buted 55 percent of the cover. Sociability values are low for all forb species reflecting the low density and low frequency of indi- viduals of this group. Seventy-three percent of the species found during May-June were found again in July. 2.3.1.3.3.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3-11) Twelve species contributed a total cover of 54 percent during the May-June sampling period, and 13 species provided 77 percent cover on stands sampled during July. Amelanchier utahensis was the domi- nant species for the June transects, with a relative cover of 50 percent, and Amelanchier utahensis and Symphoricarpos oreophilus shared dominance on the July transects, together providing a relative cover of 83 percent. Shrub stratum density was estimated at 1.11 individuals per m for May-June transects, and 1.07 individuals per m for the July transects. The highest density was recorded for Artemisia tridentata (0.38 individuals per m ) for the May-June sampling period, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus (0.56 individuals per m ) was the most abundant species in the July transects. The largest species encountered in the mixed brush type, based3on mean (average) volume values were Amelanchier utahensis (236 m ) and Quercus gambelii (136 m ). The large volumes represent large clones of these species that frequently occur on mesic sites. 2.3.1.3.3.3 Mature Tree Stratum (Table 2.3-12) Mature trees are extremely rare in the mixed brush transects sampled. Pinus edulis, contributing less than 1 percent cover and 4 individuals per hectare, was the only species recorded. The presence of young Pseudotsuga menziesii and Populus tremuloides in the shrub stratum indicates that a mature tree stratum may develop in these stands in the future. 2.3-54 i i i a. to o CO a: i~ o «/> 3 i- JO T> OJ X E Ol JC 4-> E •♦-> e O CJ u "3 -O 4- 01 OJ "O 01 V- o> 3 o o. «n JO o o v> >> •MT3 T- «J «/> 3 c cr o» JE > "^ O CM O E >» u c ■M 3 I- I— o E c c a> a> O 3 I- cr O) a) a. s- c i- ai a) o > J- o CJ <_> a. *********************** «=r co m , CO o VO 0> CO CM IT) CO co r— CO ». vo r— o o-» CO CO IT) *3" *3- «* co CM CM CM f— CO CM CM • — i— CO VO VO VO VO ^i" 1 *n • CM M 0 «l •r* »"» u x> Ol •a Q. 1- (/> cc CO- o CM ^r ^J- , «* VO ,— CO CO LT> CM CO VO LT) LT> co in «3- co CO CO i — VO CM CO co co CM co co in co co in CM f— CO CO CM <3" CM CO f— CM VO CM t— CM o o CM r— co vo *3- CO o ^1- in CTi in CO co CD o -a- in CO co CM co CM CO en CO CO CM CM VO O CM in o o r— , CM cn Cft VO CO in ID CO CM in in r— r^ CO CO CO CO VO CO CO M r-» cm in co co in co co CM VD coco»— coovoencocvjincoco i— ocncocoin'^-'a-^rcocMCM ,— 00 , CO VO VO VD VO «3" CM ■ — <— o o o O O o CO CM CM .— O O O -r— en J- V- O) a> >1 JO , ex o V- CJ1 a. -o CO o tl in I- 3 OJ 3 (/) ■M +-> O •r- 1 tr l/T >, VJ A3 'a. c o 1- ai c o i_ >> Q. o s- ■ »- m C OJ •r™ E o ■o 1. io «/> 3 l/\ •r— «o 0) OJ r- 3 j_> T3 o in r— r— 4-> rtJ L. c: o X3 r— ra VJ i C o «+- V- 4-> cr «/t • r- JC S- 4-> V- «/> >i Ci Oj (O O q; rO 3 Q, c • qj •r— O s_ i_ +-> >! JC •1— ■o 00O>r— r— »— r— r— r— »— r— r— i— CMCMCMCM 2.3-55 , 4 JO to v- o to •M-O, t- n CM O E o C o c o o u c $- 1— O ID cx> E C C 1- o a. cocococooocMCMr— . — t— O O C\J CM C\J i— COCOmcOCOLOCOUtCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CM CM f— r— r— CO IT) CO 1 en CM tr) (U at •r" !""• u -O flU «a p. •- 1 t/> CO CM CM t— r- CM r- CM •— t— f— •— i— CO f— «3" r— 00 •— O CO <3" r-^ uo «* r*. f->» t-^ r>v i-^ cr> r^ If) r~~ m r-« r~. r^ r^ r*. vo r^ CO r-^ CO CM r— O t— O f— CO o CO o CO o CO o CO CD CM CM r— i— ,— .— o o o o o o o o o o CM CM Lft CM «— O «3- *3- 3 c to a. a. ro o ro 3: a. in o [= o a. to o QJ ex Q. M fO C71 S- CX Q) IC a* r— 3 2C o i_ X o ** tn uj r>» CM CM CM CM co a> o i— CM CM CO CO 01 at e «o at rO 3 u ro rO at at •r" -C •o QJ CD ro L. ^— -4-> C rO at at O o 3 *-> ro t. **- «♦- l- .a •r— iZ at •r— • •^ 19 •^ • r- «*- p«a a. CJ1 «/» t- o cn •r— I.M m c o a. ro U at • o ca <_) _o t- c at ro o tl O o i_ •r— c c C c at t *tm ••— v. b. ■^ 5 2 3: ex C u c C +J *-> >-, _*: J* -»<5 -*: r— C- 0» •r- 3 -C C c C C t-~ •a: t/t CO O a. ^) ^ :d =3 < CM CO «* If) U5 r-^ CO ct» O CO CO CO CO CO CO co co *1- 2.3-56 s •r- u o t/j >> c o- oj -^ i- «o o> jc: \o CM CM O CM o > *«* o% in co co CM CM O CM ^- o e C O >» u c c o o u c fO QJ ♦-> 3 1- f— o > E >> C C 0) OJ t> n »- cr qj a) a. i~ o> a> o > t- o ai c_> a. ID CM CM COOOCOVOVD<£>«3-^J"CMCMCMCM o O O o O o O o O O O O O O O O O O O o o o O lO 00 «3" VO CO "3- CM CM CM *3" CM «3- U3 CM CM CM CM CM CM «3- «3- CM CM CM CT> CO CM O O CO CM CM i— CM CM O«tO l£> CM cr> in CM co o CO CM CM o CM r- O ID CM CM O* O* O* O O O* O CO o CO CO o o E «0 •^" 3 in ■M •r- r— - 3 «o r— 3 »/» ■ +-> T3 r— ro O •^ ro o 4-> IA a> •r- O ■♦-> >^ •r~ •r— o cr c 4-> x:1 CX if* 1 C rO QJ O c ai •»— *^- 1- ro •r- U l_ °H l/t fsl a> 3 cn QJ «a •r— • r— >i i/> °i C c t- • x: ■y x: a> •r- O o o QJ L. •?— aj c -n 4J F Nl ■ — o f) r— o n< ex 3 U1 u >> CX L. c OJ _£Z >, c , — ro u ro ai QJ o m •!-> L. •f— (U t_> o X «* O. 2ki i; U1 t_> _J CO cn U X3 C 1J o ex »0 F F ■»-> 3 3 (O •r— 4-> u r^ 3 T3 O c o o E r> c o cn o Q. >/1 u ro l/> -"1 t- Q. CL QJ O o (/> t= i- ro O O: t. U. > +J "O •r" «Q «/> 3 c cr cy x: > "v» O CM t-> E o c c o o u c ♦J 3 I- «— O *- o OJ o O- o i CO 0> JQ •r— u a> a. 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O U >i f^ t— CL f— •r- -^ PM« 0) to i n3 o CD _/ o_ f— ^3 CM o n f— cm m ro n n «■*■ co in io cn co f~«. co co co cn co ^3- ^>- n n 3 c cr > ^ O CM O E >> CJ c «o c o o o c a. t- C l- o > i- o a. cr» m co co in co co co co co co + r— O o o CM CO O CM CO O O CO O r— r- CNJ r— U-> CO * r- oo cx> in to r^- o o o o* o in id o c o o o o o CM i— CO o o o CD CO CO CO in o cr» cr> CM r— O CT> «3" *3" *3- CM in id in in oo o o CD CO r— CD in o in CD O CD O ai 3 O I CO CM at JO ai •rm O a> a. to a» y CJl X u o E «/> 3 a> +J •o «o •r- ^~ O r— C 0J aj 1= 1 3 -c| ex, cr o .,- •r— m cn •M (_ (Tl Q) t~ JO o "O (_> C fO ia «/> E 3 3 u -C u s- B o i- >1 ex. o u cn 3 rx Q. ■a o O c cj CL ai t. > 1/1 3 CO -»-> 03 CL "O b. 3 fO 13 o QJ C o OJ •— CMco«sfinior-»cocn o»— cMco^»-inint>»cOo> o CM ^- CM C*J CM 2.3-59 ' ■•o u o >» •r- ^» O CM > o c •o c o (-> 0) u c A3 O •4-» 13 o «o c c OJ CD O 3 J- cr a. j- u. 4-> C I. 0) cu u > t- o Q_ O O CM r- O O o O CM O O CO r- in o cm in o o o r-» cm o r— i— f— r— CO CM o o *3" «— •— o o o o o o o o o .— r— Ot—t— O O O CM CO r- r— O ooooooooooooo o o VO VO CO CO ID CO Vj-CMCMCMCMCMOOOOOOOOO CO o o CM CM O O CM CM O CM o CM O *3- O O CM CM O O CM CM O CM O CM O CM O OOO «a- cm cm o CM o CM O CM O O CM CM O CM ** «d- CM CM CM CO CM CM CMCMCMCMCMO^CMCMCMCMCMCMCM O CD O O O O o o o o CD O O o 00000000 00000000 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o <3- «* CM CM CM CO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CU •r- u at O- vo 0 VO 0 VO CD VO O VO O VO CD «3- O «3" O **• O CM CD CM O CM O CM O CM CD O O O O O CD O CD O O O O O O O CD CD O O CD CO «3- 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O £Z Q. CO c o Cl> cr> t- en 10 0 t n •»— a; t_ l_ OJ cu m x: E 0 T) ^~ -C 3 0 oJ 10 CO CU O V- ai ■a X a. t/i cr c o > S- QJ E -o o n. o c Q) XZ <_) OJ in O cn c o l_ >1 Q. o i- cr to 03 C U l/> i3 o a. x 3 »o •o o t— cu x> 4 r-. iM 00 v CO CO X) CO CO O r- ^3- •* cm co «=r in vo «* ^T *r ** •* CO cu -a i. o o cu u a> ■o cu 3 T3 cu x» o c c o a> Z3 2.3-60 , 4 D- 10 o CO u o a. i- JO X QJ x c ■o « V QJ L. +-> I X) 3 S- J= M «>• u a* ■«-» c 3 O o c qj VI u a. to oj «a E x 3 ^ #— ro o E 5- OJ c E -*• in 3 CO QJ r- E s: o *— >■ >» «J •i— (O to x c -^ OJ =»*= o oj xc > -«>. O CM o E QJ W J- E OJ OJ o c 3 t. f— o J- cr OJ QJ a- s- OJ QJ CD > 1- o QJ <_> Q. to en cvj !-«. ro o o o to CM o CM in in tn to CO CO CM r_ CO CD CM ,_ o ©» ro «— a\ ««■ o o in cm o in o o o ro co cm «— r— CM r- CM CD CD Cn CO' CO i — CD «3" M N (D O r— CO *j- m *r r— «3- cn ^f to !■». CM CM r— CM CM CO to to ro «* ro CO r~ r«» lO CM CD r-^ in *d- to CM r>» CM ^ co cm ro i — i — oo to o\ <* N - tn CM r«» CD to to CM cr» CD r~» CO in O CO o o CD CD CD O CD to in VO CM r^ CM o o O o o O O O o CO ro CO CM en co «3- r-^ «a- CO CM to CM CO to m — o o t/> 3 t- 3 O ^» ^— (A •r— H- 3 l/> x: -r— CO fO •r- •*— KS o. T3 l/l O E lO • r— in ■M o • r- 3 OJ i_ c CO c tJ QJ O u ■4-> «/» M ro QJ •r— > 4-> c c o QJ C +-> TD t/1 r— c o a> C QJ 3 •r* o OJ (/> Q) E to -u» 3 i/> u l- •♦-> L. E C •r— Ul •r— C o fO to QJ (O a. 3 A3 in •r- 3 •r- X •r- • r— XI i_ -o -C C3 f3 CO o o «/) L. to 4-> 03 ! 4-» QJ c •r— O 3 O • f— CI o QJ "O O a. x: o lA U) a. fO TJ in r— QJ o. V- >l i/i u 3 >, »_ 3 <1J 4-> f, 0) l_ i_ l_ C u c •M QJ ,— . ^ L =J X 3 QJ •*— X 3 OJ lO r— < in o (-> O. l_> a. o 'D h- a. < O ^ r^j r— CM ro rf in to r>. co o» t— »— r-» to 3 to $_ 3 O •r- <♦- lO X ■r* •r- O. 4-J +-» CO • TD *— c • r- 3 o •r* OJ QJ c CO o. V- XI X) • r— Z3 U L. 4-> p • f— cn C QJ «o •f— ID X •r- •r— > X u u CO CO c o «^- 3 •r— CO o ro .c f-f U x: r> lO 4 a. ai t- co c >■ QJ 13 4J QJ u 3 s_ i >, u 3 3 1_ jC < to «x CD- o_ O- l_) •— cm co «*• in »o r«H 2.3-61 ., , CI nj e sz 3 *•*. r— CO o e. >• CU c e ^ to 3 CO CU r- E SO •r- rtS co x: c -^ CU =lfc o $- n eu X > *~ OCM O E CL w id l- E DO) >> O c «o ■U to c o o o o cm o o "It * * t * * * + * * * * * * * * O O 00 o o O O I— o o oo CO r— o *x •3- • LO co CO «* r— r- CO r— Or— S tO VD <}• *3" omr^r-^ior-»ocMi — «sf in ID CM «3" r— in c\j in r— CO co o co m in o o in co in in 00 in in «3- CO *3- en o CO CO r^. in co **• id CO r— co C\i o o o o o CO in co CTi «3- o o o o ID co co CM in id co in o CD r— o o o o o o o o o o 0) u c fo cu ♦J 3 CM r^ O «* i- r— cm CVJ o «a CL>- E . >» •M o C c 3 CM in o *3- CM S- cr Q) Q) C\J in o *d- CM n. S- CM CM o> cu o > I- o CU o o. ■o CU 3 c o I ro CVJ 10 «3" r— CO r— r— «a- f— CO r— r— CO cd o o o in o o o in cm o in in in in in in in m r^. r^ CM CM CM CM CM o ^f in cr> r-» *3- cm co cm «— in o in o o cm in r— i— r— in in in ooooooooooooo CDOOCDCDOOOOOOOCD oooinininoinoo CD CD CO CM «— CMinr— i— r— ld in in oo in in o o r— r— o o o CO in in cr. oo o in CO in CO CO in CO o o o o CD CD o CD O O o o CM CO C7» CO CM in CO •- o o o o o O o o CO o 3 C IO t •r— ro h ^1 s, -»J "O O ID 10 V- >1 *-> u CU -C r- CD I- 10 «T3 O t Z> l/l l/) XI 3 3 cu L. ^1 CU 4-> Ci. O 3 •r— c c c •r- •f- 3 J= •f" CO ro •r— Q. IT3 -o O •#— «/t •r— O 4-> •f— «/i cu pM 3 CO CU *o l_> a> 4/1 o C CU i. 4-> o C c cz C fi v. C E CU 3 en CU u 10 •r— ex -o ru cu *-> T3 •r— O. 3 •r— • r- •r— > o ■ x: c x: jC L. CO u (. t/1 «/) o 4J •f— «/> -ij u rO *J cu o • r- 3 2 o 3 o C U O Q. J^ F. 3 u i/> CO r— CO rO O TD CO CI cu C u i cu 3 >1 r— U 3 E 4-> 3 ai to i_ X3 Q. L. a» l_ CU r— •■>, L. U 3 o x: •r— O -C E eu l/l > in id T3 o cu •o 0J i- Q o o •»J eu O V- c c *j t> o u c fl> eu 3 3 r— r— rO «o >• > It 2.3-62 . . Q- CO o CO OC i- o o. to 3 S- -o X a> 4-> E s- CO c o c 0) "^ oc\j O E c c a> a> o rs s- cr a> a> o_ s- c s- u > v. o qj o a. tr> o co \— C_3 UJ c£ I— >- CO en i >- <7> *3" «3" cn 1 CO • CM to a> a> •r- p— a JQ a» rtj a. 1— CO ■D a> CO 3 2.3-63 2.3.1.3.4 Pinyon-Juniper During the summer quarter, the pinyon- juniper type was sampled with 7 permanent and 12 non-permanent transects. Shrub and tree strata were measured on all transects. Seventy, 0.5 m quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 7 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled during May-June and again in late July. Three strata and 61 species were identified for the pinyon- juniper type: 2 species in the tree stratum, 14 species in the shrub stratum, and 47 species in the herbaceous stratum. Pinus edulis and Juniperus osteosperma occurred in both the shrub and the mature tree strata. 2.3.1.3.4.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-13 ) Forty- two species contributed a total cover of 2 percent for the May-June sampling period. Three grass species, Agropyron trachycaulum, Oryzopsis hymenoides, and Poa sandbergii , shared dominance, providing a relative cover of 44 percent. Eleven grasses and sedges contri- buted 72 percent of the total cover. Thirty-nine species contributed a total cover of 6 percent during July. Three grass species, Agroypron trachycaulum, Oryzopsis hymenoides, and Poa sandbergi i , again shared dominance, providing a relative cover of 38 percent. Nine grass species contributed 62 percent of the total cover. Eighty-two percent of the species found in June were found again during the July sampling period. In general, forb species occurred at low densities and frequencies, indicating the highly scattered distribution of this group. Con- stancy values were low for the majority of the species encountered, indicating considerable variation in the species composition over the extent of this type. 2.3.1.3.4.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3- 14) Fourteen species contributed a total cover of 9 percent for the May-June transects, and eleven species provided a total cover of 13 percent for July transects. Artemisia tridentata was the dominant species in the May- June transects, with a relative cover of 52 percent, and Amelanchier utahensis was the dominant species in the July transects, with a relative cover of 40 percent. Shrub stratum density was estimated at 0.33 individuals per m for the May-June transects, and 0.41 individuals per m for the July transects. The highest density was recorded for Artemisia tridentata during both sampling periods (0.17 individuals per m~ in May-June and 0.13 indi- viduals per m 3in July). Mean volume values indicate that Pinus edulis (0.36 m ) and Amelanchier utahensis (0.40 m ) are the largest species occurring in this stratum in the pinyon-juniper type. 2.3-64 ( i rx co o CO OS s- o <0 Q. >> •*J> J- (U cx «/> 3 o a> o «o CU 4> x: +-> T3 u QJ -t-> C O u c a» a> u a> cx H I fO • CM a» x> JO 3 c cr > «^ O CM O E >> o c 1/1 c o cj c 3 1 0 C u o c >1 3 •c~ S- f— Q. O fO CX> 0> E JC •— I >> c c Q) QJ CO UD CO CO "=3" CO CM , — O ro O Cn CO *3" CM CM CM CM CM CM 1 — ■ — Ol Ol CO CO vo vo in ro ocnoococMioor— r- m — in lO CO U"l CO i — CM in CO CO I— •— i— r- ■— co r — co «3- mcncocv.'cnincococor--.i£>ocMi — ^■i-MN^,in(\ikOco CM CM r— <— CM r— V cu cu a. s- c s- 1- o 0) l_> a. «/» QJ u QJ CX CO in CO Ol 10 ro CM CO CM CM CO CD CO cn io CM cn in CM lO in in CO ro a-* co in CO o o CM en CO CM CM CM ^_ CT» ^J" CO CM CM t>» to cn '- — CO O CM CM co in •— CO o lO CO co u> co en co «=r co CM ^j- ro CM CM CM CM i— o CM CM co o cn f— t— o cn o CO o CO o co o ud in o o o «3- o *3- o ro o E • 3 ••— cu IA ^— in ■#~ *> 3 c 3 ai ^B %. v* 3 ra «o X) o •r" (U «3 ■M vt •r— ♦j •r- *— • c >i O u 4-> o •r- f— •r— •T" • o 3 JC c •c-» 4-> i- r— •r— CX JZ cx t^ • JD •f* u QJ i- 3 «a •r— U IA 4-J i/i •r— CX •r— •T— «o E ai C vt • «_> • «o QJ •r- Di 1/1 J- C71 i_ >i «/> •f— • cx ro CX c^ o CX (/l V- l/l O i/i 3 o E CX r— Cu x: • O ^i M E cx O Ci. (11 o o o ■r— > CX CX , I/) ••— cx l_ 4- X X o cu 1/1 CO o -C o l >i i- r— cx ■♦-» QJ •r— QJ c 3 c io i_ +-> « — +-> cu ■t— >1 O cn ° u O QJ o cn •r— xz •f— JC u x: cx < o_ 1 O o O a. m CD UJ a. o r_ ^J ro «* in UD r^ CO cr. o ^_ CM CO w CM CO «* in «o r>» CO O* CM CM CM CM 2.3-65 s •O •r- U O I- «o o> »■>. o» 3 c o J- « OJ -C > "H. O OJ <-> E (J c CU u c E c c 01 CU O 3 I- cr o> Co a. i- 4-> c t. v o> o > t- o co o a. CO CNJ f— ooooooo«— OJ tn r— I «0 IT) <* If) W CO M 03<*. in en c m in VO in r— r- CO CO CO CO co co in CO CO i — r-^ r» r-* r»» i"^ r»» CO CO CO CO CVI OJ en «Cf r— in co o •— OJ f— .— •— o O ,— O r— r— OJ CO o OJ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CsJ •— co CD o ID o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o in >> a. o u en <£ a. a. • c «/t H • ex o 3 ex »/» e «/> C i/i OJ 3 o b. ■4-» C CT T3 Qi «/l •#— o CL *-> c ^1 • r— •r— to cu 3 l- ■M *-» • «/) • • • «S> CL • c • a. CX ex 1/1 a. cu CL • l/l t/> (A • ex «/> CX ex • ^sl "3 V> CL •#— •r— (O u JC «- • r* J_ O r— ^-> c E 1- TJ JO IO CU en CL jc c IO ■M ITJ cn CT. s- r — C 3 — ol j= CU at •r- f0 'i LU ZeZ o a. co ^*- in in r^ co cr> o cvj oj c\j c\j ;\i oj co r_ OJ co «* in in r-. as en O CO ro co ro CO co CO CO CO o- cu «T3 4-> •r- ex Ft (O o CI c c c c cu "^ X .£ "^ ex o o o o «n c zz I— c _^ ±! ^; j<: »» c: c c c #— • :_} => Z3 IO < OJ co «3" in ^a- *»■ ^J- **■ 2.3-66 Xi to L> O m >> ■♦-> "O •i- 10 C Or oj ^. J- IO 0) x: in r— CXl CM i — in > ^v. «3" CO CM CM CM i — O CM o e 3 C O K> >> o c J- o a. t— ■ — O CVi VDin«S-^fCJr-r— f— O o , r^ ,_ CTl f~« , r^ r»- «3- ««*• cn «* r^ «* «* CTi "* «3" cn CO «=f o r~. in r-» CM IX> r^ tr> in i — >— CM r— in r— ' — CM r— • — CM ^f ■ — en cn r^- IO CM CM cr> in in •3- CM r— CVi •— CSJ <— r— r— «3- o co in co r— i — cn in in r-. in «3- r^ CO CO «3- in r-^ r^. r-^ CO «3- en CM CTi CM O o in 00 1^ IO CO CO CO in r-^ en CM CO «3- CO CM r>» in CM CM CO ■n in in — «3- "3- o CM in CM •- f- CO in «a- i • CM M in r— cn cm .— in ■ — r— cDCMr-.inin>^-«3-cM «3-COCMCMCMr— i— r— i— OOOOOOO ■— f— ■— O O O O CD o o o o E « 3 (SI •r* D CO r— io TD r— u •r— tA i o 'r— •»-» XZ t: r— +-> o i Ol •r- (O •»-> jC u •r— J_ tA 0) -o CTl 3 c trt X) O a. e •r— "0 O CL IO Q. i/i C -C l/> • r- A3 >1 Q. l n. CT t_ o x: •M o (T1 <: O o- a. oo NiC 31 4-> c E E IO o «r- 3 3 ♦-> CL IO •r- IO •»• +-» ■♦-> L. "O at F— IO •r- •r- iO c IO o o r— •r- C71 u 3 r^ • !-• IO «♦- |M -C IO o XI cn u c •r~ cu ■♦-> in' c •r— 3 0) IO • cn XJ •r- E L. o to •r- •r- Q. c E E IO • >^ O X) (. L. ' «/) o 3 • (/) M o_ cm ? «n QJ a> r— Q. •f— <*- 10 jr r— >i n E 1/1 c x: E •r— 4-» ■o Q) ^ C n o 1_ E 3 IO 4-> C c CTl c o c IO u o 3 •r- •i— O -, E •i— r— i_ IO *J >4- X cm c cn 3 n. IO 4-> o IO c: n. , IO s- •r— 4-> •r- i/> i_ « — • l; •f— >1 IU ■ c C3 ID s- •r— L. OJ cn IO o V- x: x: o a. o UJ »/) UJ Lu «x co _i t— ex. i_> iO D, C tA C I at c Or-MM«tlftlOS(OChOr-N ^-C\|CO^iniOro.COCr»r— r— r— r-r— r- r— ^-r- t— CM CM CM 2.3-67 o o to >> • c c CU ^ I- ^ O CM O E >> o c «o 4J l/> c o o (J c rO 0J i~ f— O (O Q->. E oooooooooooo ooooooooo CM CM CM *i- > c 01 o c 0> cr. cn vn «D CO co CO eo co CO co eo CO CO co co CO CO CO CO VO o 3 CM CM CM CO CO sj- «a- ^1- <3- «a- «a- *r «3- ** «* *3" «a- «* *T •* "3- CO J- cr cu QJ "3- «3" *3" CM CM CM Q. J- CU 3 O O H I C J- Cl> w o CU (_> • fD «s ex »^- en 3 3 o c J- •r- I— X) u k. s_ i_ Q. r- cu rU 3 QJ e >% >o c u to t/1 .c cu i/i o >> •r* O- (_ cu LT) <_» to «/l ex cu 1/1 QJ l-J ra u". O L. xj C 3 o Q O c; CU ex in Q. QJ V- <_> ex v» CX ex o ex 3 0J .,- O •r- i- ^<: ir> »/> IA i o cu Kl t. o H3 O ex «+- c; r— O 3 u cu «o •r- O O •r- (O c cr J- m o -c > \ O CM O E u c c o (_> 0) o c f0 CO ■•-> 3 1. r- o C 1- o > t- o a> <-> a. 04 o o H I co • CM «l JO a> U a* o. m in cm in co in co t— CM f— CO CD CO oo o o * r- CO CO r— o o CM r- r— CM •— •— CM r-* CO CO in in in O o ,- r- o o * o CD r- f— .— O O O* O* CM O* CD O t— f— co O r^. in CO r— «3- «3- co co co co ^j- co i— C\J CM CSI in in co co co in , — in CO r^ r— in , — O co cn CO CO «3" r--. en «*■ *3" co en en CT> *3" CO r^ CO *3- in r~» CO r^ o <3- cm <* si" r— in CM r— i — «3- CM CM CM • — 00 «=3- en CM in in in CD en co co i— co r— CO r- «3- in 00 in cn CM en CM r»% CD o in in CO !"». en CM ** *3- in CO cn CM cn CM ID CO cn CM cn CM CO s3" in CO CO «3" CM CO CM *3" "=J- in CD co CO CM CO in *3" r^ r- CO p— *3- *3" CM *3" *3- JZZ CM >- r— i— CO CD r-^ in CO i— «=r *i- co CO *3-i — «3-cOi— Ocni^i^-.miDs3-*3-cororo COCOCMCMCMr— OCDOOOOOOOO r- O O O E io 3 E * 3 3 •r— 3 •t— r— »9— r— 10 c CU to i — l/t •p- «o fM E r— E o 3 o , 3 o 3 <+- to cx u +J ai •r- cx, S- r— •^ <0 CO 4-> f0 4-> ■o >, O •i— •f— -t-j o o o •r— u -C i — l*- E •r— •r- pa . CU CX o S- o o •^ CU •p" 4J 3 u o o TD #^- 1- C H- CU ■ > to c 03 o u c C dl (U o XI • r— CU E to i- cn >i o CJ c c +J •r- 00 E -o > 1/1 4-* i- x 1_ -•-> in •#— to fO l*- o •r- C71 e TD ri , cx E 3 c E Kl ■u o ■o •r- re o o O Q. -<-» r— 3 • r— c: o ■' C a? IQ 3 r— o 3 CU c: %m c 1/1 ■»— u j_ -C r- L. (U >, •o d s_ >i n. ij i- o i~ >l J- o o cn CU fM S_ 4-> cx 10 O CU 0) cr o c cx aj X CJ1 o cu O- e M f— • cx, o o r— a. > Ol ■r- i- r— CX >, x: •r-» CL 4-" l_ • r— i_ l; ^-> c •r— ♦-» !_ cn o U a •4-> ui x: i u to aj L. 3 4J *c CX. O 2^ in «* LL- 3; o in UJ UJ to ^£ LU i_) or UJ »cocrt Or-(VI(1 \ o cm u c «o ■M to c o o QJ u c «o a> •4-J 3 f. ,— O ro cx> E c c i~ CT qj a) C i- J- o 0) o •o 3 C o o KN I co CM a> «a m to co in CM o o o in co in r>» cm in r— r— co i— o o o • * T- * o o o o c o o o o o o o co m ^J- CTt *3" «tf- CT> t— CM i— c— CM r— r— r— <3" CM •— r— i— i— #— f-lO^tOr-r-r-O^COi-r-r-r- CO «3" CO I— <3- r>« CM en 10 CM CO CO «3" co «3" CO «3- in cr> in cm oo co CO *3- CO "3- ro «3- w— f— in «3" CM t— r— i— CO ro Oj QJ C7I C o u a o n4 u o en _ in •r— 3 J-> -M c ro o ^— t 3 01 -»-> i_ 1X3 <+- a. m 1- in a. ro c o x: o i- •r~ •r— r- in i— (O T3 jr r— Cl> ui CD U l_ 3 c 3 O 3 cu •o •"-> lr> OO fO QJ *-> .j= o u «/> a> io CO a. c -o in cu o n1 en »— -C -*"i CJ _)] ■•<: tj- in CM CM IO N CO m CM CM CM CM O r— CO CO CM CO co **• in vo r-~ co cr> co co co co co co co v> . QJ *wm M- O a> o c at m x> o o • u ra Q. +J ro cn ■a c •r™ «4- i— o CL E ai ra u (/) c ai 14- m o xi ro a* l/t «4- 3 O «o u a> QJ J3 3 IO "O u f— QJ QJ X> •^" <4- ■o QJ QJ 4-> £ ro 4-> r— 3 c O •»— r— ro ■a U QJ ■o at u XI o (j ■M a> O u c c 4-> ro O O c QJ a* 3 3 r— r— rfl rO > >• * * 2.3-70 o- to o CO « o. i- o Q. c 3 O c I a> c 3 o u *o a> a. to a> - E £ o «— • > >> «J •t— «0 f> -C C ^. a» =»t a > ^ O CM O E 01 «a 1- E Q) > {_> u UJ c CO «3 ■z. g c H- o o in CJ ■4-> m u C c f- «J E c c J- cr oj a; a. s- 4-> c i- ai ai o > i- o 0) <_> o. 1 co • OJ M a* ai r^ u jO m .*> a. t— co CM O r— «* O CO o O «3" in co CT> l/> »— *3" in cm CM «3- in co in in in in r~. CM r*. in r>. in CO o CO r^ o> r— N * CO r-» co cm r— CO in oo co r*. , — in CM o r— CO in m in «d- CM CM r— r— r— »a- O i— o in CM CO in «* co CT» «3" r— «* r— r- in , — CO «^- r^ cn , — r-. t-^ co CO CM ^J- «3- «* r^ CO CM vo r>- o o o o *3- cm in o o o in CM in o oococoococricorococnco ococMcoincMincMCMfOr— ^J- »*• co- CD O O in ro CD *3- cr» in in co in CMOCMCM^j-ininoininr~»cocMinin io m in CO «3- !-■» in CM o «d- o o o in »— CO in in in »3- CM CM ■ — i — • — o o o o CM *r o O O o O O O o O o o o o o CO «3 «rt •r- *-i 3 m ia C c *-> rtJ CJ c: 4-> JZ J« r— 3 QJ c t- (It u •r- 0J f; <; Q. c_) < o >< GJ Q. S_ ■i-> GJ Cl O QJ '_ O o £Z a. f in i— Nn CO in CT> in co co co in in *j- co *f r— t— ■»-> i_ CJ rO •r- •r— J= o • r— c Iz r3 O) r— ■*-• a> 1 O r- r- (M (<) o •2;_'7'i a> to E JC 3 "«-* «— CO o e >■ CU C E ^-> «o 3 en CUr- E > c ~^ cu — >» o c V) c o 0 a> u c re cu ■•-> 3 1- f— o E r- in CVJ U"> CM r— co o en co r- O co O O O O CVJ I : * * * * * -r * * «* .— O «— O O o o o o (\J N N S cm r- co ■ in CM r— c— o o r»» 1— *r CO co ■— ID f— «d- cm CM co CM en CO cm in r— <— co en co en cm r^. r-^ co cm co cr» co co co co in u «o O O 1— •3" CM 0 JC CT> *3" CM r— ^— > »». O CM O E in in co .— 1— o! f»» CM O CM C71 CM r— CO Vf co o in in CM <— r— f— CM «3" in CO in •— *d- CM ID 10 o **• cm 1— CM o o j *3- tj- r— CO O o r^ 10 **■ «tf p~» co «3" C-. O in r~. co kj- f— >> +J u c c fl) cu 0 co r^ CO f~~ O r*». r^. r^. r>» CO u 3 0 co 10 CO IC O 10 10 10 in CO J- cr cu cu «3- in 10 t— CM ^ CM sf in CM r~- 0. j- «d- CM CM CM «3" CM 1 — r— c J- QJ CO o > s- o CU o QJ 3 C o I CO CM CU l/> CU •r- U QJ Q. m in ID N r- fl in in cr> in o o in in 1 — o o in 1-^ in m CO r— in in in r- r— in in «d- co co co 0 0 CD O 0 CD CD Q 0 0 O O O O 0 10 in in 0 in 0 «3- 0 CO in CO in co O en O CM ^f CM in CD in 0 co 0 0 0 0 0 **• *3- O 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 o~> CM CO O CM CO o CM in CM in CM r— f— 1— OO «/> 3 it) C c O a> E XJ *F" «/> 1- 3 ■M 0. 1m <« ro •r— O JC O 10 U V- S- 3 cu a. <_) 3 E X. 4-' o 1/1 >1 u x: «_) x: D- O 01 V- o 1^ o Q_ 1- ai O o- l/l ■r- >> c s_ 3 x: r> <_> s_ CLl **_ c o o x QJ D- l- 4-J o >^ 3 o CU o QJ CX in ** m 10 r>» 00 cr> o r— cm co ^» 3 r-- •^ 10 x: to •r- •♦-> ro l_ a. x: c n? 4-> 0 U1 m cu +-> C 0 *-> X) C O «/> O) 3 •r- QJ L- 0 +j 1. TJ CL i/i U ■•-> LO •?— S- 0 a; L 3 r^ to Q, 3 u v> x: U TJ •r— 3 0 (/> to (O cu V- t. c: •r- •r- l_> 0 a> *o u x: 0 in x: a r— m U1 u 3 0 •r- 0) 4J U L. C t: CZ E L. 3 cu •r- >1 3 < < a. 0 O- in —3 r— cm co «^- in 10 r». 2.3-72 1 s r— CO O E >• ft) C E *-» CUr- e 3T O ^— >■ •r- to IA JC c *-^ ft) =*= 1- -^ O CM <-> E 81 c o- — •O V. E >1 u c 10 *-> (A c o o 4) o c (O 3 i~ f— o E c c ft) QJ i- cr ft> ft) 4J u > J- o CL c o O I 0000 f— 1— CM e— o o o o o o o o 0000 r— .— CM »— 1— t— O O i—OOO WD CO CD O Q. to a. CU u c CU «/> 03 «5 oi •0 c •c— s- r— 0 CL E CU (O 0 w> c CU 4- l/> O -O (O CU V> »♦- 3 0 XJ 3 10 TJ u r~ CD CU -O •r- <4- •O CU a; ■M -C > * * * 2.3-73 2.3.1.3.4.3 Mature Tree Stratum (Table 2.3-15 ) Pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) were the only tree species encountered in this type. Both species contributed 23 percent cover in the May-June transects and 29 percent cover for the July transects. In the June transects, the two species • appear to be co-dominant, with Pinus edulis providing a relative cover of 55 percent. Pinus edulis was the dominant species in the July transects, providing a relative cover of 72 percent** Mature trees occurred at a density of 0.27 individuals per 10 m in the May-June transects, and 0.25 trees per 10m in the July transects. Juniperus osteosperma was the most abundant species in^the May-June transects, with a density of 0.15 individuals per 10m, and Pinus edul i s the most abundant in the July transects, with a density of 0.15 individuals per 10 m , Mature class Juniperus osteosperma ranged in size from 7.6 cm to 103 cm in diameter, measured below branch point (Table 2.3- 6 ). Fifty-one percent of the mature trees possessed diameters greater than 28 cm. When the mature and tree seedling classes are combined, 39 percent of all individuals sampled fall within the seedling- sapling class (less than 7.6 cm diameter). Mature class Pinus edulis ranged in size from 7.6 cm to 68 cm dia- meter, measured below branch point (Table 2.3- 6 ). Fifty-one per- ^ cent of the mature trees possessed diameters greater than 20 cm. The 7.6 to 12.0 cm size class contained the largest number of indi- viduals (31), and accounted for 22 percent of all mature trees. When the mature and tree seedling classes are combined, 68 percent of all trees occur in the seedling-sapling class (less than 7.6 cm diameter). The larger number of individuals in the smallest size class suggests that Pinus edulis is reproducing more successfully than Juniperus osteosperma on the sampled transects. 2.3.1.3.5 Sagebrush During the summer quarter, the sagebrush type was sampled with 7 permanent and 12 non-permanent transects. ?Shrub and tree strata were measured on all transects. Seventy, 0.5 m quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 7 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled in June, and again in July. Three strata and 92 species were identified for the sagebrush type: 2 species in the tree stratum, 16 species in the shrub stratum, and 76 species in the herbaceous stratum. Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus edulis were found in both the shrub and mature tree strata. 2.3-74 GO O CO en t- o > ■!-> t- CU CX •r— C 3 •»-> I C o >> c o. x c E - CO CD CU s- CD T3 CD s- CU +> E 3 O u c CD I/) \ O CVJ O E C C cu cu o ro LO CM CO o CO if) IT) r*. vo LO LO •3- CM CM to CO en o CO 3 cu cu Cu J- C S- cu cu o > s- o cu to O- CO t— o LU to c£ 1— to CM >- < GO *3- en a: LU CO o I— 8 CM LO O CO «* CO r— CO CM CM CO CM en LO CM «3- CM LO O CO «d" CO CO CM CM CO CU U CU Q. co s_ CU Cl| co o CU ■»-> to o to to 3 3 TO S_ CU CU Q. CO •t- 3 C C 3 • 1— •"D Cu to cu •r- L) CU Q. co CO »— o 00 lt> >- or Z3 CO 10 en to r- CM LO r*» CO CO CM CM O 1 — 1 — CM IT) UD CM CM O LO O O to to CM to >- CO LO C7» •-3 >- r^ CO LO «=c CO CM to 2: • • • CM O CM r— f— CM o LO CM r>- o en cm o CO CM en CM O O 10 o o o r^. o CM o CM CO en CM sample the herbaceous stratum on all transects. The 20 permanent * T7 Formerly Upland Meadow 2.3-76 o CD a s- o a. x: IO t- X> o> O) a> 1 ♦J 3 O u c a* v> a> u at ex I CO CM QJ r— jO «0 x> «o •»" o o •r- «0 «/» 3 C Or (0 S- x: a> \ > CM o E o c IO +■> CO c o o a u c co a> •«-> 3 i- «— o ra n.:> e E 3 >» •4-> +J o «c c c S_ CJ CU 4-> U 3 1/) t. cr CJ O* C J- x: oj cu o > ai t- o X a> o +> o_ • * * IO cm o o r^. in **■ CM tr> r>^ iX> «d- cvj in o f>. vo IT) in in «* co CM CM CM CM CM o in *3" CO r— CM ■— r— r— r— «/) cu •r— o cu a. co CM co CM O cr> IX) r^ cn CD co o o. in ** CM co CO CM T— CO CO 1 — o I — >sr sr en co CD co CM CM CM CM CT> CO CT> CM CM CO in co «3- r— CM I— CM O CT> CO 00 CM in in cm in VX> en o in t— r-^ en cri i- o CT> O O CO I — in in CM co CO CO CO ^3" co co cm . co in- r-» en o co in CM in CM io CO CM CO ;— CM t— in i— a\ co IX> CM o o r^ in ^J- CM in !■>. in «=!- CM i — CD vn o r^ m in in in «3- CO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO r— in «3- co i — cr> cx> I— .— I— r- o o i— i— o § ■• «/> r~ v\ 3 3 at »o IO •o O •r" O (A •r" 4-» •r- >l O •t* x: E -C PM c ex •»-> 3 u • r- cu in •^ U A3 U E O) E O • t- i •f— rO «/> 4-» CX ■(-> i- ■»-> x: t • r— O u V) CT no a. •o c CD c E t/i to O C • o *J IB o i: E to Cl- >, to i- >^ V- rx 3 cu io O- 3 X o fc c O r— o. ISI •r— o CO ai ra\ t- O QJ C a> •r— >K O- r— c i. o\ oi &. u cn o ■IJ i- 3 x: QJ (t3 Q- <£ CO «x CM v_ QJ XI c ro IO *°l o Ql IO c o Qi o •»- o 4-> »— O O ♦-> L. CD a> < O Q. XI 4-> 4-» CX: >n •t— •r— CO 3 •r— (V> X \- +-> a: o in X o UJ in r— Nn«U)U)N(OOl m io n « m O e— CM CM CM CM 2.3-77 O o >> • •i- rO m 3 c crr qj -^ CU X > ^> O C\J O E V Z3 O o >> o c 3 S- i— o c c CO CU J- o- Qj at a. s- o > l- o QJ O a. r^r^ioioinu^rr>oococococNjc\jr— t— oooooocn r— I co oi co in«*cMcr>CM«a-cocM«3-ci,*«a-r~<3-«3-«3-«*«»r'd-«3-*J-.^t* * CVJCSJCMr— cm «— . * ■* COCM «3- r-~ O r— CO ^3- rs. r— CO i— f— CTi ^3- VO i— CO o CO ro *3- o CO CO ro «3- CO co CO *3" CO *3" CO co r-. *r i— *3" CO CM CO C\J CO O CM CM «— r— O r-. O CO O CO o in o in o CO o CO o CO o CO o co o CsJ o C\J o o o o o o o o o o o o o o in cr* o CO CO O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r~ o ^z ro qj o T— V- QJ in rO x: 4-> c ro +J O. >, J- <_> • t/) O. i/> «/) 3 E fO o ro cx a. c o t^ TJ ■M c •?— ZJ cr X3 • r- 1- o ro r— M >*- •«- ex. ex ex rO 1- a V) CJ i_-. , — ■«-> o T) l/> ex CQ «=C •—I in a IA E C n 3 •#— ■m -M CJ o ro (J r— U o 4-> CX o in V> ro c o cx o V- cx n e:- s- Cl tx 1/1 o C o Q. U fO ro c U ro o O c c f^ r— >1 ci cx ro in •r- F XJ 3 o c •r- •r— CU r— (.J m o CJ c •*- cr 5 •r- GJ o V. CO 1— 1— a> c «4- •r- •r— E u ro 3 m I. S_ cu o CJ CJ c c: QJ yL *^ CX o o to c c ^: -k: r— c c »— ft NoocnOr»''(vtn«tin COCOCOCOCOvf-'C|-*J-«*«3,«3- 2.3-78- ^ co o en in >s- CM CM CM CM CM O CM r— r— O B 3 C O o to I co CM a> !o fa at c *- i— o «a E c c U O a. cn cn cn co >> u c to «o 1— ■M CJ 10 UJ c to o •z. O «=£ cr to «3- «3- co co co r— >* co co W n cncr>cof~i-n^3- COOCntO^J-CMCMCMCMCMr— i— i — f— r— i — O O O O O O O r— •— o ooooooooooooooo ooooo t/> 0) o Q. to a. to ■si o O-l •*— •f" •c- L. T3 QJ o >1 o oj x: c^ a. (A CJ "O ^f» •r" *»— O JC c 4-» , m -Ci a. o _j «a: o n a o V- A3 r— t- *«- QJ ■f— C -M r- ^~ U 3 E C O 3. !_ .-o CT t- CJ1 f= a OJ o , jQ r> E£ E E 3 •w— -t-J •r— ,,_> ja X3 o F= c O' ::> Or-CMCO^-intOf^COCn O r— CM ro CM CM CM CM 2.3-79 $ JO «o U O lO >» « «/> 3 C Cr CJ ^ U 10 »«. O CM O E o c «o ■«-> (/> c o o 01 u c J- o o o a. •a 3 C o o I CM 0) 03 A3 V\ QJ •»— O 0) a. to CO CO CO CM CM CSJ CM o o o o o o CO «s- «* CM i— r- 00 **■ CM i— CO «3- CM >— CO <3" CM r— CO CO CM CM *J- r^ **- CO co «* CO CO «3- r— IT) ■ — «3- CM i — CM CM i — COCOCOCOCOCOi— Ol^C^^J-r— •— i— i— <* vo «3- ^r co co co tO CO CO ^J- o f— ■ — CM *r «a- «d- <3- CM CM CD CTl V£> to lO r-«. CM CM CO CO CO CMCMCMCOCMCMp— O CM CM CM CO CO O O ro O CM o CM O CM O CM O o o" o o" CD O O O o* o' o* o* o o' o d o o o o o o o CD o o CD o o o o o •r- E •r- E •r- (/) 4-» E3 O •#— i/i r0 co O CL V} • +■> en E ex 3 UJ 3 r— 3 ^£ E 3 QJ CT i/i o 3 Q. •4-> c to Ci. ••-> U C F= (O a. O 3 •r- u 3 QJ +J B iji 3 o £ CL 1- 3 C ^— 3 o 3 10 X "O o o ■f— •f— c X O! o o <_> t-i O a) QJ X rO 3 o F E r— o ■r- QJ f— -4-> n. ro ;o o JZ i — >^ C TJ l/> o S~ E o b O o r— Q. c: o. 10 a» 4-J S- • ^ O- D. 2 r— O 1- •1— .c 0 a> 03 n3 t- •r- o. _J co IE CJ «_J »•) 1— UJ UJ a; a. 00 c_> l/-> 'i a. -< CO c_» ^r in CM CM CM CM CO CM CT> O r— CM CM CO CO CO co «J- in UD t^ CO CTI O r— CM CO **• m ^ O CM c o o u c to 0) 4J 3 S- r- o «o c c J- cr u. c J- a> u > J- o a> <_> a. cu 5 i en c\j CO •I- o CO C ai X3 en >i o. CO CO 3 C_ a> ■>-> ex o Li o_ CO cv o b= o a. QJ a. co c 3 O D_ r— a. co EH en -O co CO CO » CO a\ CO ,_ CM U) in in ;n in in in in CO co CO 2.3-81 - «o •w- o o Irt 3 c cd- «- CO O CM >> o c «o 4-> c o c_> u c ■»-> 3 t- i— O n3 c c O 3 J- cr qj a) a. s- o > l- o O) (_> o. ■o o o vO I ro CM OJ -O ■a o (U a. co cm in cm CM CM • * in * vo in O CM cr> CM o vo CM CO CM CM CO CO o O CO Cfl O O CM r-» cm o o CO CM CO **• cn r>%. CO o o * . © o r- O O o r»» VO t^. *3- r^ O CD ^ *3- co «* r— I — CM «=J- <*■ 1— *3- f— CM "* t— «3- vo ■ — «* r— CM CM Sf CO CO i — o «3" VO CO co ir> co co vo o co f— f— CM r— r— I— r— CM CM CM Cn CO CM O CO VO CO •— i— o o o o VO CO in r^ vo CO ** vo CO CM VO CO VO CO r-^ CD CD *3- co *a- co «3- co *3" r-. - UD VO CO CD CD VO CO r^» en CM o CO o CO CM CO CO in CM r^ CM r— CM CM CM vr> CD r-» «- __ CO CM CM CD CO CM ID •3- "3- 10 r^ cr> vo *3- CM CD en f— in in «* «* «* r- «3" *3- CD «3" VO CO VO — CO CO o to o CO CM VO CM «3" — CM CM O CM CM i— i— •— O O c o Q- •t- ■M •r— c Q. O ■M •^ 4-> o H) 3 id c "3 •r— •r— r— i— ai ■ r- ai b" ■o cn •r- fc: U- ITJ V- J3 1 3 k. i- LTI •»— t C r— o • 1— r— cr F ■o QJ o 3 X) u O o 3 0^ c LT l_ b U F^ IfB 3 1 !-; «o ai pHM C 10 X CI X 3 3 o «r* 0) o o • r— 1 n. 00 <♦- O. a» I. —J o- «-> «* Q_ o UJ vo a. 1— CJl_ I ai 5 o <_> «3 a. QJ CXl R 13 n. o QJ a. fNO^lfllONMCri O r— CM CO rj- to r* CO' at o r> n n CM CM CM CM 2.3-82 to U o to ■r- re c cr oj ^ »- «3 o> J= CD > *-, CM O CM O E o c «J •M l/> c o u CD u c re CL) S_ f— O «C C C CO CO O CO »— CM CM (O fl (M r- in (M r- co co co in cm f— ^r o 10 sf (\J CM i- co o co r-* cm «— «— o" LO o CO «— o" o* CO ■— I— o o* o CM O CM ■— O O* O CO r— CM •— f— r— O O O O O* O* O* VO r— i— o> o> lO lO ID «5f 0) OJ o_ i- o > fc. o 0) <_> a. c o ID I CO CM at JO «/> CD •r- O oj o. m sj- r>^ cn r— in CM cn CM in r— cn CM xt ^ ot en f— f— CM CM CM r— Cn «3" CM r- CO sr Sf r— CT> CM CO «3" CM cn sr CM r— en CM sj- «=»• co n*no f— t- •c— *-» 10 re o o f— o re «»- lO r_ < — *f~ •M C) CD CD O o F re 3 f- r— r— l_ re F i_ V_ i- r— 3 u 3 a|M 3 l_ 3 .,. o XJ lO •r- U *-> u •r— c: O re F re re b U s- Lr (/l re 4-> 3 4- 3 re 3 3 (/I re c r— u en CX i — CTl jc u c •r- rs •'-) c re L- c h o re r— re QJ • r— o ■M ■u re 10 01 CL U1 r— l_ , — ir> 1- i. r: k. C j-j •r— 4-J o re •f— a. i — 3 QJ 0J rj CD re <-L cl to c L. *J •r— f- to CD br s OJ C a) +-> lO re x: O O , CD <~> u 1. a> jit in re o u V. CT 1. CD o >_> «_j <_> a. <_> «-C <_) CM <; CO *z c o CL o E 3 3 re re c o L. cn <: E 3 »— at re r— u •4-> >> OJ 3 re x: re r— CD re t- CL, +j re , — 4-> t c >r— re. CTl 3 CL 3 c o i- CD re CD L. -r— • r— re L. cm CD Oh <4- x: CJ1 CD CL, «*- u cn "O Lr to re o re 3 i to L. *-> o in .c; t_ 0) re i/i CL CD i_> IU CD J— *X »— 4 rf in LO CM CM CM CM to m o CM CM CO t— CM CO co co co st- in in co co co f*»COOr— CMCO«T corocO«j,*l-«J-sf«3- sn *3" LO sr 2.3-83 t & X> o o *n T- «' c o re > ^ O CM O E c c O o u c 4-» 3 i- r- O 10 c u qj c u to J- 3 a> cr ex Ol £. c »- to i- o OJ <_> o I CO CSJ OJ cu o cu n. m r^oooooooooo oo * • f— .— .— r-r-t—r— r-i— i— t— * I- •— r— OOOOOr— OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOO OO OOOOOOO o CM 00 co «a- *a- »d- «a- «3- «d" r— r- i— i— i— CX> CSJ "* **• «* fl CO i— r— r— VO CO t— r— r— I— ^- I— Ol ID iO M CO 00 CO 13- co CO I— CO CO CO CO *3" CO CO CO <3- CVJCVIi — l — r— U-JCVIr— f — r— i— r— i— o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CD o CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o vo •a re c ♦J 3 to XI cu • r— en t- c o o #-" ■ u it- l/l re •r- •f— 1/1 k Q. 10 O t_: * O .e a. a. •— • in r> i/i o c O) c > in C Ol ■a re >, ivj cx OJ Q- O n nj X .,- •^* _^i re i/i u j- r— o C XJ ■a CU s_ s_ •" 3 CL c~M c o >1 o a. to u • CJ m to u to a. M M- O 01 u c to l/l X) id J- o a> j_ X) a> o J- re a. +-> re en -o c •c- <+- t— o a. E CU re o w» c at XJ a> x> i. o «_> cu 4- X) re «f- o QJ u> re o a» xt x> 0J 3 at x> o c re o Ql t^ CO o> TJ- M- «* o in in in CO in in in in in in in co en in in o in 2.3-84 ( to o CO t- o QJ CX 3 J- QJ ui at E 3 ■«-> at 0) k. ■4-» I 3 V £ a> *-> c 3 O o c a» «/1 u ex «n co CM a* re V re E x: 3 ^ •— co O E >• - at C EE ^— ^ re 3 ro a» >— e z: o *—* > >i 4-> •r— «o i/i x: c ^, 81 =*: a ■ | t L. re 01 XZ > ~»>. O CM o fc +J a. 01 c o **—*■* re i- fc 0) QJ N_^ z: +j c »— 1 >i o c Id -M l/l c o t_> 01 u c re a> 4J 13 1. r<- o re CX> E •—1 >i +J o c c QJ Q> U 3 1- CT 01 QJ a. i_ Li_ ■M C J- 01 QJ u > i- O QJ l_> a. (A at •t— u at ex to ************** ************** r». «* w— co co in r>» r^ cd r— r*-. m in cm in CM o CO ot r» o t— CO r- «* r^ O r- o o o o © r- CM O O in o m in «3- CO CM in in C\J CT> f— r— CO «3- cr> in CM *3" o in in CO r^ CM r— i— CM CM o ID CO co co <3- in CO in CO o\ in CTl r~- CO CM CO r— o CO CM CO r— vn r-^ in CO CM CO r— CO r— r— en «* «* CO r— CSJ o •-— r— i— CO in in CO CM «* p— r~ CM CO CO CT> co en CM o co en *3- . CO r— «3- cn co r— ^J" O r- O in r— i — CM CM CO in CO CO in i — co *3- CO *3- CO o o o o oocncor-xCMCMincocMCMcrvcocn O CO CO «3" . — CMCMCO^rCMCVJCOf— «3- in *j- CM CM CO CO "=}- CO r— cniococococMcnincn i— r— CM CM r— i— i— O i— f— o cr, in in CTl ^■coocococriinco o«3-cococococn«^- CM in o o o «d- <— in in CO r— . in in CO i— CO CO in co cm in cm «^- co #— o i— in co ococMincocoincMCMi — >— co in co O CM CO CO r— i— I — CMCM«— . — ■ — -3 t >- in in in CO CO CM in in • co rj- o CO CO CTl in O >n r^ tz CM «*■ <3- 00 CO in in CM CO o CM CO CO cr> o O CM O o «3- CO •3- CM *~ — O o o O o o o o o O o cr> CM o CO «3" o-» cr> cr> CM in <3 3 1- to O 3 ^— «A u> r— <«- •a 3 3 -r- «^- v\ •r-' •4-> in x: 13 it) l/l u E C +j O 0J U ■o 4-> at L. ■»— iA 3 in ^- a; 1/1 o •»-> QJ 4-> IT} QJ »- 3 n c > 3 a. ia ITJ TJ «/> o C ♦-> c I- c o C i- •i— C •«— o a> m 4-> t- OJ (T3 (O i- >i QJ •*— O c; o r— X3 o o •^M • r— QJ Xt ,— e 1/1 13 tn CX o l/l x: in +J x: a. fO CX QJ >. r— >> • r— u >1 o. 3 o i/i •*— S- • r- ♦-> L QJ u I- i_ s_ f: C L j_ c 4-> i. V- xr £ x: ■«-> 03 x: >i ,«r- 3 3 3 QJ +-> <. c_> <_) «u: in <_> in CX UJ o_ •"O h- •TT- , • , • . . # i t O ,_! 3 r— L0 •r- 3 l|- 3 T3 x: i/t l/t •r— +-• •r- (O ex • r— O T3 t3 r— *-> o 1/1 QJ • r— r— o L. QJ 3 I/) U ■i j •r- cr O x: »3 •r— •r— T3 «-> QJ •T3 c > H 4-> I_ T3 i/l 4-> 1- c at •r- o 3 l/l CO QJ CJ ii- l_ Q. 3 3 > ■a c +-> i- U C C •r— o •O QJ tz a i/i s_ o T3 <_> •t— 13 13 at • r— o c o o X3 •r— * — F x: re 1/1 to O .iZ a. Q) CL p— >, >-, o 1/1 •r- 4-> 1- aj u. i- l_ 1_ u S- >, K x: x: IO 3 *-> . T3 OJ 3 C O (J I CM CJ •0 i. > o ■»-> CL CJ C O' IO J- OJ c o o #— o o o ih ■* * * + ♦ + ♦ * * * ■ * * * ♦ O O r— O O o o o o o o o o o O ID «y en 00 ID CM r— CM ID -*3- in LO CO •* r>» ro «a- •o- 00 o in r-. ID r«» oi ID LO <-o ID o LT> C\J #— •3- en «* in CD en r— ID r^. CM IO r— CO •3- «* co co cm t— Ocm CM CO CO in vo vn CO CO CM in in CO CO in CO r^. co CM CM CM co in o ■3- en co ID in r— CO CO CO CO CM CM » o c E u o CJ CJ a. 0J o OJ ex co cocococoinincoco CO CM r— i— co r- o UJ CO CD id in t^ o f— CM CO CO CM CM o r^ o co r-~ ro o r^ f^ o ID o ro \o CO in ID .1 — CO «3- O ID CM r^ co CO CM ID O CO «* i — CM CM incMCMOcnco«**j- r— id en o id o in in ID o ■— CM O O O O ID r^ ID ro ro O CD ID ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro iDlDrooiDcorororo i/i oi n ^f i — cm cm O CD ro CD CM CD CM O o o CD CM o CM CO O O O O o o o o co CO CM in in ID ID ID ro CM co in CO o in o o o CD O «3" CO CM r-. CO CM CM o o o o O en ro «/> IO C -C QJ 4-> U C 00 IO CJ ITS o C -M IO IO H3 >l u CJ IO o IO D-| ■g c 3 O. O O ac -Q 3 i_ w> JC OJ CO •f— u C OJ 3 CX o CO c -ir r— c #—• => o •i— OJ 1/1 c IO OJ o to cr ro OJ 0J ■4-> L. V\ 3 0J *-> ex o c o •r— IO j^ IO to c IO • *J C 0J c •r— o IO IO i- o. 3 3 X) 1/1 io CJ E +J L. q C t. ■ r- o •^ 3 IO E E£ OJ C. r— IO OJ IO u IO IO •r— •M l/l 3 b. •r— •F- x: • JC JZ 3 ■a E 0J l^ u 4-> ■!-» CJ IO c 0J >i o ■r- o o O c •r— 0J TD c jC IO l/> «o .c Q. i/i IO 1/1 OJ CI >T >1 « — t/1 3 C. OJ 4-> E i- l_ 0J t_ c C ■»-» X3 i_ >i -C x: t: 3 3 • r- 0J <. co CJ CJ < o_ "3 Q. h- ex o f- CM CO «* !0 IO r*. co o> o 0J rx CO OJ o ex in OJ u c OJ CO JD «o J. . o • . OJ . J- 3 X3 OJ CJ O *• i- iO Q- +J ♦- l/l o x> CO >*- 3 o •o CJ OJ 0J CO x> 3 iO X3 U r~— OJ 0J -Q •r~ «♦- T3 0J 0J ■M £ iO «J «» 3 C O •r- #— IO TD CJ 0J ID OJ U jQ o CJ *J OJ O u c c *-> IO o CJ c 0J OJ 3 3 r— pa IO iO > •>■ « \ * * 2.3-86 Q- CO O CO cc s- o «o oo c E 3 4-> (O t- ■!-> OO -C CO > V, f- o CVJ o u> E UJ co 4-> >> u c Q) QJ u 3 cr a> E- at s_ a> +j c O o c a> oo ai •r» CJ cu a. co oo at a» a. i- +-> c i- Ot CO o > J- o at o Q. LO CO o c oo CVJ' o o co co od o o KO CO in >- _J "0 io co co co o o o o o o 1 ro • C\J to a» a» ^~ o -Q at •O Q. H CO S- ai Q. CO o at +j 00 CO o •r- c— CO 3 3 •a s_ at at a. CO •r— 3 c C 3 •r— ~* Q_ CO at u at a. CO r— CVJ 2.3-87 quadrats were sampled in May-June and again in July. Two strata and 70 species were identified for the bald type: 10 species in the shrub stratum, 60 species in the herbaceous stratum. 2.3.1.3.6.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-19 ) Forty-three species contributed 9 percent cover in the quadrats * sampled in June. Two species of perennial grasses, Agropyron trachycaulum and Koeleria gracilis shared dominance, providing a relative cover of 29 percent. Eight species of grasses and sedges contributed 40 percent of the total herbaceous cover. During July, 46 species contributed 21 percent cover. Dominant species were two perennial grasses, Agropyron trachycaulum, Koeleria gracilis, and a perennial forb, Astragalus spatulatus, together pro- viding a relative cover of 28 percent. Nine species of grasses and sedges contributed 38 percent of the total cover. Sixty-eight percent of the species encountered in the May-June transects were found again in the July transects. Density and frequency values are low for all forb species, indicating a dispersed and hetero- geneous distribution of this group. 2.3.1.3.6.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3- 20) Seven species contributed a total cover of 1 percent in the May-June transects, and 8 species contributed 1 percent cover in July. Artemi s i a tridentata and Amelanchier utahensis were the dominant species for both sampling periods, together providing a relative cover of 64 percent in May-June, and 59 percent in July- Shrub stratum density was estimated at 0.15 individuals per m for May- June transects, and 0.14 individuals per m for July sites. The most abundant species were Chrysothamnus depressus (0.04 individuals per m ) in May-June, and Tetradymia canescens (0.07 individuals per m in July). Mean volume data indicate that the largest species were Amelanchier utahensis (10. 89 m ) and Pinus §dul is (4.19 m ) . The yery small ^size of Artemisia tridentata (0.01 m ) and Purshia tridentata (0.05 m ) may be related to the severe environmental conditions that exist on these exposed slopes, and heavy browsing by large herbivores. 2:3.1.3.6.3 Mature Tree Stratum (Table 2.3- 21) Mature class trees were not encountered in the bald type during the summer quarter. 2.3-88 J- •♦-> (/> «/> 3 O v> at u i CM at 10 Z x> «o o o tn •r- <0 «/> 3 c cr at -^. at -c > »■>» O CM O E >» u c a. Q. >> u +J u c ■3 re cu f— +J 3 «C i. •— J3 o 0> E c c a) at O 3 J- cr cl> o a. v. o > k o a. a» O CD Q. CO l*» CO CM O-i lO VD N a n in «3- co #— t— in *3- in in o co ai ci co io vo CO CM CO en o o o LO IT) in in CD o O in O in o in o o o o in m in o o o r-» 1-^ r^ r^ o o o CM in r^. in CM in in m in CSJ CM CM in en UD CO CT! r— co in CO •— CO r— in N W ID » r-» CM in CM CM CM CO in CM CM Cn en CO in »3" r>« VO in o CO CM CD CM O CO CD in «3- co — — o O o o o o o O O O o O o o o o O CM E 3 •r— to cu r— •f* 3 J- *• to r— O ^r <-> cu i« •*-> l/l >1 *-> •f— ^™ •r— o •r— JZ *-> Ql U J- u. (O • o o a. X} »o t QJ «J ex • •a C [3 •r— 1- X L. • r- V* >i ex a. O CD t. •a e 1- u a IS) o Oi *-> »a i/i ai CD X o »— o lO c >ii at • r— r — o V- Ul o A3 1- CD s_ 01 >, 3 O -£Z ro cn J- -1-1 c cx CU 1/1 o. VO c u CU *-> •^ a> o >*- cu t_ «/i u CD J ra c: •r— r— C • r- o l/) > .c jv: u x: l- U Q. e: UJ Q. 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TD O o o i- o. fO «3 OJ fc O 3 #— C re O t- en cu o rt> •r- _c; t. o LU l/J -T3 C "O c Q) 4- Cn( c r> Qj c o CU o c CI g: >l o >J a. >-, t. <_> n * 'ji CM CM CM to CM r*s CO CT\ O r— CM CM CM CO CO CM CO co «^- in vo r>. co co co co co CO a\ o r— CM CO 'J- in to «»> co vf *T ^J- *3- «* *3- ** c CU r— o u o l/l 0) 1 — ll- kn CM o CU JO M v»- 3 O CU i/> jO 3 •o o r— OJ OJ x: •r* «f- CU cu 4-> JC t) *-> 3 c o 'r" > * * * 2.3-93 CO O CO or c. o a cx >> cu c CU i JD 3 i_ -C O *-> c 3 O u c .O A3 01 E e c e — > «o 3 co cu.- e E O — CO ro ^ co ro O CM »— t— O E ex cu — - s ■»-» >» c t/1 c o CU u c (O 3 1- — o E >> -»-> U c c cu at ID 3 s- cr QJ CU CX, i- C i- a> cu o > i- o a» o a. 00 o ai a. co CO CO oo o o o n- o LO o\ in i— CD ** o co co ,— IT) «er o . 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JZ • r* o ai f— < «t <-> a. a. »— - CO < CO J= o c ITJ c cu ai 4-1 cu c. u c JZ\ o i/i cu «/> CI -*— 3 o U L. cu IT3 \ •r- c o XJ E T3 x: CU t; 4-» i- 5 >i cu < co 1— r— CM CO TJ- U0 \Q f«s #— OcJ CO «* 2.3-94 ( SZ c -^. o A3 1_ 01 > ~^ O C\J O E Q. CU c (J--— «3 J- E > u c E CU 3 c c o VO CO f--. f— CM f— to «3- *3- n o o *3- CO CTi i— o i-- r-» r-» CO CO CO CO CO i-*. co CO r— >» -M o C e 3 co CO CO CO 1- cr • • • • a> CD CD CO CO CO o. s- «* CVJ 1 — C i_ QJ CU o > i- o o OJ t CO • CM o 01 01 •r— f"» u JO g ■a ex >- to .— CO f— o o o o o m =5 CO C •r- E r— ta 3 .c X) ^-> CU O in CO >l 3 L- C -C • r— O a. u cu n. in co r- CO a> •r- U CU a. V) «♦- o cu o c cu CO .a A3 (. O a> L. 3 ■ -o CU o o • s_ lO Q. •M A3 en -o c •r- «t- ^~ O a. E CU as u co c JC A3 ■*J t— 3 c O •r- r— ■ A3 •o U CD -a 0J v. xa o u +j a> o u c c +J A3 o <-> c at cu 3 3 r^ r~ A3 > * + * 2.3-95 ( < ci- to o CO CC u o CD o. (O (U 3 +-> fO s- 4-> CO CD o o c cu (/> cu •t— o cu Q. to cu s- tO <. JC i— C\) re E to to CO >> 4-* •r- fO CO -C CU =*: Q o s- to to cu -c f— > ^ o O C\J UJ O E CO 4-> O C C CU O 3 s- cr cu cu 4-> QJ CU o > S- o cu o CL >- 13 to LU CO O »— <-> o| vo o o C\J 1 CO • CM CO CU o> •r— r— o JD cu T3 CL h- to E s_ cu Q- (/) o cu 4-> CO o CO 3 S- cu Q. 3 -3 2.3-96 2.3.1.3.7 Shadscale During the summer quarter, the shadscale type was sampled with 2 permanent and 2 non-permanent transects, o^rub and tree strata were measured on all transects. Twenty, 0.5 m quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 2 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled in May-June, and again in July. Three strata and 25 species were identified for the shadscale type: 1 species in the tree stratum, 11 species in the shrub stratum, and 12 species in the herbaceous stratum. 2.3.1.3.7.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-22 ) Nine species contributed 1 percent cover during the May-June sampling period. Two perennial forbs, Eriogonum lonchophyllum and Artemisia frigida were the dominant species, contributing a relative cover of 54 percent. Two grass species provided a relative cover of 11 percent, Nine species contributed 3 percent cover in quadrats sampled in July. Eriogonum lonchophyllum and Haplopappus nuttall ii were the dominant species, contributing a relative cover of 69 percent. Sixty-six percent of the species encountered in June were found again in July. Two grass species contributed a relative cover of 14 percent. All species occurred at low densities and low frequencies. 2.3.1.3.7.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3- 23) Nine species contributed 17 percent cover on the May-June transects, and nine species contributed 7 percent cover on the July transects. Artemi s i a tridentata and Atrip! ex conferti folia were the dominant species for both sampling periods, together providing a relative cover of 88 percent for May-June, and 67 percent for July. Shrub stratum density was 0.55 individuals per m in the May- June transects, and 0.53 individuals per m for July. The most abundant species were Atriplex conferti folia (0.22 individuals per m ) for the May- June transects, and Tetradymia canescens (0.15 individuals per m ) for the July transects. Mean volume values indicate that Sarcobatus vermiculatus (0.70 m ) and Artemisia tridentata (0.17 m ) are the largest species occurring in the shadscale type during the May-June sampling period. 2.3.1.3.7.3 Mature Tree Stratum (Table 2.3-24) One tree species, Juniperus osteosperma, which provided 4.43 percent cover, and occurred at a density of 0.05 individuals per 10 m , was encountered on the May- June transects. 2.3.1.3.8 Greasewood During the summer quarter, the greasewood type was sampled with 2 permanent and 4 non-permanent transects. Shrub and tree strata were 2.3-97 ( ( to o CO oc J- o «♦- o o CO 3 c cr J- «j ^» O CM O E c +-> CO o o IO 0) u o CO c "O ra a> «a ■M 3 x: U i— co O rO CL> CD E JZ ►— i E 3 >, +J 4-> u (O c c i- i- CT QJ O t/> O. l_ r**o>tocft«3-ocr>toco coiolo*3-«3-co.— «— CM f— i— CM CO CO o CM r— co co co lo lo o ■•-> c u QJ CD O > J- o a c_> a. 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CO CO co co o CO co in CO CD co 00 CO CO in co co r— CO in 00 in CM CO in CO CM CO in in co **• r— in co co in CM r— r— co CM CO in co r— r» in CM CM r— *3- O O o COCMr— r— OCDOOO OlOCMlOlOCOCO^CM o o o o o o O o CD o CD CD CD O o CD CD O o o o in o CM o in o in CD CO O CO O O CM in in co CO «3- CO in CO CM »— CD CD CD CD CD CD CO in CM - — o O o O O O in S- a> <+- c o o X cu c CU ul -Ml n CU ■»■> i- l~ CJ > 3 _n o u 1 o re "3 c ai on 01 c >1 10 3 fc.: T3 V- -iZ u CD c O CD CO 3 Q. O CU O CI cu o CD a. in r»NCJ CD o Q. co 0) <-> c CD CO JO «3 o> ■o c •r- <*- r— o Q. E cu fO u i/) c cu M- CO O -Q - 3 o rO O cu CU CO -O 3 fO ■o u i-- cu CD JO •r— «4- ■o cu <1> •l-> SZ r— 3 c u •r- r-" CU o U' c c +-J rO o o c CU CU .3 3 ' r— f— - •a • > t -2.3-101 * i— C\J «J E to «3 o. CO 00 o CO a: • >» u +-> o •r— ro M- CO -C c ^ CJ OJ =*fc O. CO >> ■»-> -^ •o O c >> •r- +-> u c c E 0J O) Z3 U 3 4-> s- cr «0 OJ O) s- Q- S- 4-> u. V) OJ 0) &- +J +-> 0J C S- 5- oj +J 5- O - CO oi co o c_> o o o LO CNJ CO I— C_> LU CO s: <£ Cxi CO >- or CO LO O^ LU CO "3- o o o «3- o o CO «3- **■ CVJ I CO . • CVi CO a> OJ •i— r~ o JO 01 CO O CO 3 S- ai a. c zj '"3 «3 E $- OJ a. co o OJ +-> co O CO 3 V- 0J a. c 13 •"0 2.3-102 ^ 2 measured on all transects. Twenty, 0.5 m quadrats were used to % sample the herbaceous stratum on the 2 permanent transects. Each quadrat was sampled once in June and once again in July. Two strata and 19 species were identified for the greasewood type: 5 species in the shrub stratum, and 14 species in the herbaceous stratum. 2.3.1.3.8.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3- 25) Eleven species contributed 12 percent cover during the May-June sampling period. Two annual forbs, Lappula redowskii , Chenopodium fremonti i , and a perennial grass, Agropyron desertorum were dominant species, together contributing a relative cover of 68 percent. Six grass species contributed 41 percent of the total cover. Six of the 11 species encountered were annuals. Thirteen species contributed 29 percent cover in the quadrats sampled in July. An annual forb, Kochia iranica was the dominant species, with a relative cover of 32 percent. Ninety-one percent of the species encountered in May-June were found again in July. Seven grass species contributed 34 percent of the total cover. Density values were high for three of the annual forb species, Kochia iranica, Chenopodium album, and Chenopodium fremonti i . 2.3.1.3.8.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3- 26) % Five species contributed a total cover of 42 percent for the May-June transects and four species provided 43 percent cover for the July transects. Sarcobatus vermiculatus was the dominant species for both sampling periods, contributing a relative cover of 75 percent for May-June, and 59 percent for July. Shrub stratum density was esti- matedpat 1.0 individuals per m in May-June, and 0.77 individuals per m in July. Highest densities were recorded for Sarcobatus vermiculatus (0.55 individuals per m ) during May-June, and for Chrsothamnus nauseosus (0.40 individuals per m~) in July. Mean volume values indicate that Sarcobatus vermiculatus (0.65 m ) was the largest species encountered in the greasewood type during the May-June sampling period. 2.3.1.3.8.3 Mature Tree Stratum Mature trees were not encountered in the greasewood type during the summer quarter. . ' The greasewood type, by its name, implies that it is strongly domi- nated by Sarcobatus vermiculatus. However, this species is dominant only in scattered small areas within Artemisia tridentata stands usually in bottomland areas and on alluvial slopes. Because of its 2,3-103 «. c to o CO a: u o . ID O. o o OJ V) to x: E 3 •♦-> o QJ O 1. QJ ■o o i- QJ c 3 O o c QJ v> QJ t- U V o. to s XI > ■M "O •«- to «/> 3 c cy QJ ^ I- to OJ X > ~^ r»» VO o vo O CM 00 CO r^ ro O E i— ■ — >> o ID -M C o CO QJ u c ro qj +J 3 V- r— O to a.> E >. -M (_) C c QJ c; (> 3 S- cr OJ GJ o_ i. t- o QJ <_) O. to CM 1 CO • CM M 81 QJ •r" •■» u X) OJ LT> al CTl CM r-» SO- LO I— «d" CT> ^J" ^J" f— CM i— r— CM CO CM r— CO CO CO o o co VO CO VO CO CO CO «=f CO "3" CO «St o CM £Z CM co CM — — f-. — — o in to en o o CO o CO co r-^ co CO co CO o o co o o co vo co co co co o en CM ■— <3- r^» O o vo r*. co CO «=f CM CO CM VD vo o CO o CO CO CO' 1 — vo o o CO o VO VO vo VO vo CO CO CO CO CO •St vo CM CO co o CM vo VO VD 1-^ CO VO CO o VO CO 1 — CO o VO o o CO o CO o — — o o o o o o o VO LO o CO •St in co co CO m o CO CO o co o CO co CO CO o CO in in CO CM CM r- r- o o o o o o r- E 3 E r— E % 3 3 3 to +J l • ^ o 3 •fw E f— JZ x l« v>- -O J>£ o o u rO ■*-> 3 • r- • r- 1/1 L «♦- (VS VJ • f— QJ CTl J_ }J o J- L. •r- E L. c: o o +-> QJ +-» c (/> QJ o /^ •a lO o tx ro c r— vi- OJ QJ Q) c i. c • r— s_ *-> E o *r— o u c (O o 3 h. t- o >r- fO QJ •r— >1 1 (/I ■/— l- r— O- 3 tj ex o o c ro 3 to £ •r- o XT o H T3 I/) u. a ex (_ u 1. >1 ■♦-> >, CI. , — . u, OJ CTl o CTl • r— _c: to ' r_ co _t «* ^ «t UJ in a. _J 1 E +J 3 fO 3 J= 3 c I- ■♦-> ro Q. •»-> ■r* o o ro •r— O o rO • f— E ■M c •r— >l 4-> • r— ^r QJ t. c x: E x: «/» Q. r— O0 i- QJ •f— +-> o VJ •f— 3 QJ o 2 *♦- «/) ex •#— j_ ro • r- QJ r— l+- o QJ E o S_ CTl i- s_ "U E x> rO i/i ♦-> *-> i_ QJ E QJ QJ o •r- o QJ C 3 Q. J- •»— c c c QJ c X3 *r— •r— tD o •f— o 4-J o "O u ■o E! n} o V- ro i- L. T o 3 1 — o. >, L- >.1 to >i Q. . ' 3 o o. 3 □. ZJ fi. U1 3 O "O rx, 1-" o u o c: O E ■ c a. QJ l_ Irt u o t- ^ OJ QJ K XI . en QJ Cn 4- Ol o sz QJ —I u -1, o QJ ex in r»Nn> • 4-> TJ VI 3 c cr cj ^. > -^ O CM o e o c to c O u c ■M 3 I- r- o «o E C C O 3 J- cr QJ QJ a. i- c t- (D O) I- o QJ O QJ 3 C o I oo • CM t/> co oo co o • * CO + f— r— «3- LT> CO CD CM co CO tn iO o o d o f^» o r^ o *3- *3- ro «a- vo cr> vo lo ro CM O CO ro co ro O co O co CM CO VO VO o o to co co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co CM co co co co co to co co co co CO O O co o o Pv. CO CO CO CO CO O CO CO CO CO CO to CO CO CO CO IT) CD O ^J- CO o CM co co co co co co o *3" «3- o co o co O CM r-. co r^ r>- co CO o o o o o o co o> co LO CO CM r~ o o o o o o o en CM -,- E E 4-> 3 3 «a c l_ • r- 4-> E •r* o O r— »a 3 •r* E 4-> o c JO XT QJ 1_ Ct- c <0 r— 4-> (_ CJ • r- • r- • r- o re •r— «♦_ in Ol Q. •r— •^ E CJ c cr c E E ■a o O- >1 Q. >1 »t— u x: c o c: o o ai i_ QJ L. ■M U1 >aj o x: en XT Ol ■f— aj o s < <_> «X oo CJ Ci-| E 3 3 IC U j= cx o 3 a. a. QJ Q. CO r- CM CO ^- LO VO f»» • O r— CM CO 8) W r- r- r- r> QJ T3 L. O u QJ '— to QJ 3 3 •-• ^- BJ 2.3-105 CO o CO cc \- o ex $ ■o o o CJ sz i- «/> a* c Cj Cj «/»■ •o o t. 0> c 3 O u c cx CO VD CM I CO • OJ CJ IT) e -c 3 ^» r— co O E OJ c E — <0 3 „ 0»r- •*»- >■ •»- «o to sz c -v. \ *t co «3- CsJ O CM in CO O E CM r— 4-> CD- CD O' — i- E >> u c CO c o o 01 u c co at j- ■— o >> ■i-> a c c at a> ex. ~ 1 X) 3 ■!-> *- C 1- -c O) oj CO o > s- o 0) at •_> JC 0L CO at •r- U at Ql to o in in to ON r— CO in to to tn «t r- «— O O o CO o CO ** «=T ^— on CD r— ^T CO CM CO CM o *r co f— o o CM o CO in on m f— to to o cm cm on on in i — in evi in f— in CO r— in r«» in o r*» r~» o co r— in o co moo cm *3- ■— in o in , — o CM ^~ cr> in r— r^ ^— r^ cm r— CO «o- o ^f CNJ o in r-^ o CO CO in CM in CO CM r— «* co co co in in in cm «*■ in o O CD o o t— CO in co ON CNJ ^3- o o co in cnj in co in CD CD o o o o ON t-* *J- cvi in t— CO <3" *3" i— in co CNJ r— in cnj i — «* «* CNJ CNJ CNJ r— o o o o o o CO «3- CO «3- ON CNJ in CD CD o o in CNJ CNJ CNJ **• CO to c- <_> UJ co U- o cc co in CJN cd o o in o o in cnj o in t— co co o in CO ON ^J- CNJ i— CD CD o o o o O O CD O CD CD in in o lo CO «* CNJ r— >- cc cj" CNJ r— O CO =) to in i^. ON r~ >- —1 CD o CD ^> CD CD O "D • • O CD CD CD o CD CD CO in «3- CO CO «3- CM o o CD o o ON ud CM CO o o o O o in in o in m T— o CD CM co t^ CM o O ^- o «3- CD CM to in cm CM «— NO CO i_ *3 •r— T3 i — fc o (. LO l»- CJ c ■ t— CXI CJ 4-J CJ QJ it- *-> CZ c in ra o O u u X X 3 GJ at t. f— r— 0) °1 °1 ex. l- i- c t-' Jj 3 •X <: O o CJ r— CM CO «* in CO »««. to 3 t- O 10 LO r-~ 3 3 3 •t— CO •r- C ro 4-> •r— s QJ C v_ > l_ TD OJ QJ • r* CO L)- CO > t. 3 c 3 4-> C o C CO LO t o fc. QJ 3 •f— SI X . -C o 4-> ai ■M at XJ •»-i o t — o Q. o h LO Q. CO to u at >, •r— >1 J- 4-> u t. l_ r— < c_> CO •r- TD ro fO o rO r— " CJ ^~ r— OJ +-> O +-• 3 3 CO fO c>- a. o O 3 +-> ■r- CJ r- •r— «o C +-> U "O 3 L. C C O J3 C ■»-> o LO •r- l_l CO E u ai at 4-» 3 l_ O +-> sz • r- X o O C fO *-> CO at at C -t-> C -O o 'r— r ex O »o O CO E Q. CO CO c o u >, Q> • r- a» u V- 4-> 1- *— ■•- at at <: «C << QJ I r- rx «o ro to >■ > + * * • • t • * * t— CM CO **- « minor importance, the greasewood type will be considered a variant, or association within the sagebrush type, and will be removed from major vegetation type status for classification and mapping purposes in the future. 2.3.1.3.9 Rabbitbrush During the summer quarter, 2 permanent and 4 non-permanent transects were sampled in the rabbitbrush type. Shrub and tree strata were sampled on all transects. Twenty, 0.5 m quadrats were used to sample the herbaceous stratum on the 2 permanent transects. Two strata and 23 species were identified for the rabbitbrush type: 6 species in the shrub stratum, and 17 species in the herbaceous stratum. 2.3.1.3.9.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-27 ) Thirteen species contributed 26 percent total cover during the May-June sampling period. A perennial grass, Elymus cinereus, was the dominant species, providing a relative cover of 79 percent. Thirty-eight percent of the species present in the June quadrats were encountered again in July. Four grass species contributed 97 percent of- the total cover. The very low cover values for forb species indicate their low importance in this type. Nine species contributed 44 percent total cover during July. Elymus cinereus was again the dominant species, with relative cover of 84 percent. 2.3.1.3.9.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3- 28) Six species contributed 31 percent total cover during May-June and 3 species contributed 63 percent total cover in July. Chrysothamnus nauseosus was the dominant species in May-June sampling with relative cover of 89 percent, and Chrysothamnus viscidif Torus was dominant in July with a relative cover of 91 percent. Shrub stratum density was estimated at 1.9 individuals per m in the May-June transects, and 0.59 individuals per m in the July transect. Highest densities 2 were recorded for Chrysothamnus nauseosus (1.12 individuals per m ) in July* Mean volume values indicate that Chrysothamnus nauseosus (0.34 m ) was the largest species encountered in the rabbitbrush type during the May- June sampling period. 2.3.1.3.9.3 Mature Tree Stratum Mature class trees were not encountered "in the rabbitbrush type during summer quarter sampling. Field observations and previous work in this area (Vories, 1972) indicate that high density rabbitbrush stands are the result of rapid invasion by this species into abandoned agricultural or burned sites 2.3-107 to o CO oc X o Q. >» «^- jO (O I. OJ jc c E X «/>' 3 O a> u s J3 -O «/> 3 c cd ^ O CM ********* ********* ********* r-. o lO «3- CO «3- CO CM cr> r^ «s- t— UO 1— r— ro en UO LO en in o CM CO in CO o o «3" co o en CO CM o i— r— r— CM co in o >> ^— u in c »— LU «/> co c ■z. o «=c o oc u c <0 OJ 4-> 3 S- •— O c c ai J- o OJ (_) a. W 1 C*> • CM M a> «0 ex r- CO o o o o o o o o o OOCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM CM O o r— in in cm un I— I — r— r- «d- O" «* CM o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o «^- O ** <3" CM ■ST r— i— r— I— OOOOOOOCDOO oininininininininin in i— 10 id r— i— CO CM •,o o tn in m «3" r— •— in r^ CTi UJ • z • _d •-> o o CD o CD CD o CD o CD i o o CD o CD CD o CD c_> CD >- en <3- CO '3- «3- £ co CD m CD in in in »~ o o o o o O O en in o o co co CO o in en CO CO CD CM to CD in o CD CD o CM *- — — o o o O o o E 3 «— E 3 3 e •a -M •»» 3 o A3 •^ •«-» >i •r— i/> JC «o JC r— e 3 «o -UJ O o o 3 QJ x> 10 • r— «f— •a l^ s_ X ^T" •r— E Q. t_ s_ o 1/1 4-> OJ +-» C •o c ex u •r— ■ X OJ c C c O) ■ U •r- 4-> o o o {= •4-> CL 1 >, >1 •r— t x> r— o o CT cri CD a» 1- lA UJ ^ o_ ^C et -* E UJ CO E «o 3 c JC •r- 3 . c o i/i 4-> > IO 1- •*—' ■o 3 •r— X •r- O r-* 3 4J t; ro l/> +-> r— 3 l« Q. C o b 'w> OJ a> 3 ■»-> • r» •r- o •r— • «o J- «/> u 1/1 ex t- «/> JD •f— ^ 5n c «/> cx 3 c: l- cx CX l- >» QJ 5— o r— rol ra O » ♦J u o en «/> 3 C C OJ X > ■* O CM O E OJ c o o OJ u c fO 4J «/> c o o oj u c «o CJ 4J 3 J- I— O «3 Q-> E c c t- o o o o «a- »- «a- CM ID CM r— CM O O O O O o o o o o O o o o o in CD ID CXl O o r^ CM ID VO CO r— 1 — CM co o co O CD O * in m in * o I/O I— o UJ g r- CM U- o >- a: < in O O O o o o o o o CO ooooooooo Oinininininininin o in co •r— o OJ Q. 10 CM CO en id id i— o in «3" CM i— i— CM in in in oooooooooo oooooooooo in in in in cr> ^- cm o o m «— <— cm in in in N | CO • CM M OJ OJ ■pa r-* if x» 0) .«• Q. H- tn o o o o O CD CD O O O O O in CM o ID o cn O o CD CD CD in CM in o CD O o o CD ID co co ^" «- o o o O o o co «3" A3 C r— oj •r— O o A3 C r- «MW s- •!■- to •r— E £_ • r— o 1) ai CO J= c to > OJ C o r— c »*- 3 4-> Q) 3 o 1_ •«— •^ »♦- a> • • c— OJ (/) •r- a. U -a .«♦- a. l+- l«- ■•-» Q. O l» •r- E OJ •*— 3 1*- o V) 3 it) OJ l/> i/> i- +-> r— E •1— OJ c c Tl «o •r— c E 3 o s U u ■»-» o o X) •r— TD •1 — 3 l_> O- C OJ ro i_ i. U) o rO U TCI (/) QJ 5 a. l/> 4. >> >1 l/> •^ CI V- o CO 3 evi CD, n. 3 E o 3 X «3 1- W c E O o O OJ c; O A3 t. o c -*: im >, rO V- u c +j OJ l/l S_ f0 sz OJ c |M o cr o ■3 i_ JZ CJ 03 r- o a. Z3 < UJ a. ■o c •r- u- r— o Q. E CJ n3 <_) io c OJ <+- io O JO u_ Z3 o «o u OJ OJ io XI 3 ro TD U r— OJ OJ JO «f- -a u 0J 4-> xz ro 4-> t— 3 c U •r™ r^ ro ■o CJ OJ- T3 OJ U. -Q o o ■M OJ O fc. c c 4-> rO o U c OJ OJ 3 3 r^ i— rO X) «o $- o x: ■o Ot at on O) at v. 4-> I X) 3 i- 01 at ai t- a> 4J c 3 O .•a at •0 § x: r— CO o E > 01 C E *— >. «o 3 co at .— E s: o *— 5* >i «J •r- A3 M JZ C ^ Ot =*te Q % i- tO 01 JC > ^ O CM <_> E 4-» Q. 01 c o -— *^ «a t. E oj at *»— ** ZZ. -4-> c H- 1 >» u c fO 4J on c o o 01 o c «o QJ +J 3 $- r— o E >> •M o c c 01 QJ o 3 i- cr 01 CD QL S_ u. 4J c i_ 01 a> o > J- o O) o O. on at •r- U at o. CO I I * * r- O CO in O CM 8 CO * f. * * * * o o o o CM O o o .o o o CO U~> r— CM r>» cn CD CD CD in o o O S N in CD in cr> in **■ UD in r— CO «3- UD co CO m cn en eg CO CO <& in o o in *a- r^ in CM CD r^ r— r—~ r— CM CO co CD CM in CD *1- CD «3- CO CO CM co in UD CO CD ^r in in co * • • • * lO CO in in CO CO CM * * « • • • * * o. o o o en co en o «3- CO c_> co O CD O CD O «3" UD CM lO CO CO *3- o in in o o o o o o o **• o CD o in CD o to in r- cn CD CD o in in in in in r>» cm cm cm r-» cm 10 o cm in «3" CM o CD o o o o O CD O o o o in en co CO o o o o o o o CD in in o CM «3- in in cd r— co «* o io co co o o in en en co CO CO in in CM o CD O CD in o CM — — o O O co o o o o CO O O «3- CO in m i/> 3 3 01 ■M O «o ^— tn «o 3 in 3 4J O c c C •M «o IA E «/1 u at *r- JZ ■r- ♦j X u 4-> E o o. co >l at u • r- u *-> (- u r— J= U rtJ +J ,— ■ L_> < in < < r> N CO * 3 t- on o 3 m «/» »— r— 3 3 o^ •r- V) +J •r— x: O r— •f— o ia U in S- ro c •r- •r— o C at E > ■e> on »^ •p- at • tn o 3 L. > 3 E a. C ••-» C 3 u on E on E at x: 3 •r- , o +-> It > at u >l at ex u ■*-> u t_ XJ i: r— x; . u ^ *— i_> <: CO o Cl co tC on 3 O "O •r— o on on x: i_> E QJ l_ •— cm co «* in in r- CM CO on at •r* U at a. on at CM u co c at on «o s- o at i. 3 o TD o at o o o • CO i_ rtJ Q- cn X) c •r— «^1 p— o o. E at CM L.O •r» ^~ -o on at 3 . QJ ■•-» on x: r— CD 3 on c u 3 ■r- p— T3 (O C •o at u on •o at 3 i. X3 C on o E QJ <_t *-> ru •f— at o x: O L. c ■4_> QJ c o CX 4J 1 . c t. r— at x: r — at 3 o <: 3 »— r— fO • ?» * 2.3-110 *r which were formerly dominated by Artemisia tridentata. Since many rabbitbrush stands are being reinvaded by Artemisia tridentata, it appears that rabbitbrush constitutes a stage in secondary succession in the sagebrush type. Because of this interrelationship between Artemisia and Chrysothamnus , the rabbitbrush type will be removed from major vegetation type status, and will henceforth be considered a variant within the sagebrush type. 2.3.1.3.10 Riparian During the summer quarter, 3 permanent and 4 non-permanent transects were sampled in the riparian vegetation type. Tree and shrub strata were sampled on all transects. The herbaceous stratum was sampled on the three permanent transects, and on 3 out of 4 non-permanent tran- sects. The additional herbaceous sampling in this type will better characterize the relatively0unique herbaceous flora of some riparian sites. A total of 60, 0.5nf quadrats was used to sample 6 permanent and non-permanent transects, of which 30 were resampled in July. Three strata and 59 species were identified in the riparian type: 1 species in the tree stratum (Populus angustifolia - not encountered within any sampling transect), 13 species in the shrub stratum, and 45 species in the herbaceous stratum. 2.3.1.3.10.1 Herbaceous Stratum (Table 2.3-29 ) Twenty-one species contributed 50 percent cover during the May-June sampling period. A perennial grass, Agropyron repens was the dominant species, contributing a relative cover of 73 percent. Seven species of grasses and grasslike plants contributed 84 percent of the total cover. During July, 35 herbaceous species contributed a total cover of 57 percent. Two perennial grasses, Agropyron repens and Agropyron smithii shared dominance, together providing a relative cover of 48 percent. Fifty-two percent of the species found in the May-June transects were encountered again in the July transects. Eighteen species of grasses and grass-like plants contributed 91 percent of the total cover during July. Constancy values were generally low, indicating considerable variation among sampling sites within the riparian type. Most forb species occurred at low densities and low frequencies, except for a few high density patches of annual species such as Kochia iranica and Descurainia pinnata. 2.3.1.3.10.2 Shrub Stratum (Table 2.3- 30) Nine species contributed a total cover of 10 percent for the May-June sampling period, and 12 species contributed a total cover of 31 per- cent for the July transects. Artemisia tridentata was the dominant shrub in the June transects, contributing 30 percent relative cover, 2.3-1H Ol 3 c cr a» »>* IT3 J- ■I > -^ O CVJ O E c c o to OJ •t— u L c (O re a> O. ■M 3 •^ s. .— *- o «a Q-> > •!-> U c c CJ QJ U 3 J- o- a> a> o. i- 0) CJ o > J- o cu o a. to - CO en ON in vO ur> CD co o CX> CO lO CO o o r--. «3- *3" co cvj LDCOI^UDi — CD CVJ r— COCVICVJCVJCVJCVJi— i— o o in in in in in in O in in in in in in in in o in in o in in in in r-- CM r-~ CvJ CvJ CvJ in CvJ CVJ r^ CvJ CVJ cvj CVJ CVJ in CVJ CVJ in CVJ CVJ •3- i— m «3- co r— CO CVJ *3" CVJ I— r— CVJ Cn CVJ uDcococoincocococococo o o o in o in o o O O o in o o o in o o o in o o o in o o o in o in o in o o o in o in CD in o in o in CD in o CO CNJ CVJ CVJ CD O CO r->» o CVJ o CVJ r>» o CVJ in CVJ CVJ r^» in r-» CVJ CVJ r^ CVJ CVJ 00 i- t CO CO O r- t— CO o co o-> 1-^ CO CO UD en CO en CD in o in CD *3- in co CO CVJ CVJ in CVJ o CVJ CO CO ex X 0J u ro «/> 3 •r— ■•-> 3 g U a> ^ u in c r> c_ c o L. CU E 3 r"~ >^ ^ JC s_ o rn (O F »_ +-> o c: e ci o i_ I. X ?-' o o •r- T) 14- 3 V*- 1 — o E 3 TD o o c cu xz <_> 'f- •f— t^ JC 3 4-> OJ • r- S_ £ CJ i/i c r- c u o >1 u Q. o v- fNMvtmioNoocn Or- NM n c cr 0t ■v. 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E a* c a it- «/) CD XS <*- 3 o A3 <_> at a> to X) 3 *r— «♦- "O at at ■M JC «J 4-» <— , 3 C U •r— r^ to T3 u a> ■o a* 1. ■ x» o u 4-> at O u c c 4-> >■ * * * 2.3-117 • and Salix interior and Betula fontinalis shared dominance on transects sampled in July, providing 57 percent relativencover. Shrub stratum density is estimated at 0.39 individuals per m in the May-June transects, and 0.43 individuals per m in the July transects. Highest densities were recorded for Artemisia tridentata (0.12 individuals per m ) and for'Salix interior (0.2gindi viduals per m ) for July transects. A mean volume of 0.02 m was calculated for Chrysothamnus nauseous. Volumes of other species were not recorded because none were crossed by the intercept tape. 2.3.1.3.10.3 Mature Tree Stratum Mature class trees were not encountered within the transects sampled during the summer quarter. A few mature individuals of Populus angustifolia were observed growing below Cottonwood Spring in T1S, R99W, SI 9, SESW% during the July sampling period. The May-June sampling sites were located primarily in spring-fed pastures, and in the beds of intermittent streams. As a consequence, dominant species encountered during sampling are not characteristic of streamside communities that might be expected in the region. In general, however, the species encountered at these sample sites do represent the species composition of sites bordering intermittent streams and moist pasture sites in the study area. The two July transects were placed in hillside and streambottom springs that have been little disturbed by grazing. The composition of these sites generally consists of more mesic species. 2.3.1.4 Summary and Conclusions The summary consists of the flora identified to date in the Tract C-a study area, and a synopsis by vegetative type of the significant phytosociological parameters presented in the tables and discussed in the Results section. Broad comparisons of the data are made among all three sampling periods, and any differences resulting from changes in field sampling methods are noted. The flora identified to date in the Tract C-a study area includes 5 species of trees, 36 species of shrubs and 201 herbaceous species, of which 41 species are classified as grasses and/or grass-likes (Table 2.3- 2 ). Three species included in the flora require special notation. Astragalus lutosus, a milkvetch is on the Smithsonian Institution threatened and endangered plant species list (Smithsonian Institution, 1975) and was located near Cottonwood Spring on Big Duck Creek. Aquilegia barnebyi, a columbine endemic to the Green River formation (Munz, 1949)T was located near Cottonwood Spring on Big Duck Creek. Aquilegia caerulea, Colorado columbine (Harrington, 1964), is the state flower and was located in most of the aspen stands and some of the more mesic mixed brush stands near Cathedral Bluffs. 2.3-118 Aspen (Tables 2,3- 7 , 2.3- 8 and 2.3- 9 )— The aspen type is situated primarily on north facing slopes at high elevations in the study area. The open canopy (33-38 percent total cover), consisting of Populus tremuloides, allows the penetration of light and moisture and permits the development of a dense and diverse shrub stratum (11 species, 62-114 percent cover, 0.61 - 3.5 individuals per m2) . Abundant shrub species include Symphoricarpos oreophilus and Amelanchier alni folia. The herbaceous cover fluctuates greatly over the growing season, ranging from 3 percent cover in the spring to 42 percent cover in the summer. Carex geyeri dominates this stratum in the spring and fall, with several forb species becoming more important during the summer. Douglas Fir (Tables 2.3- 3 , 2.3- 4 and 2.3-5 )— The Douglas fir type occurs in isolated stands on northerly slopes at high elevations in the study area. This type is dominated by one tree species, Pseudotsuga menziesii, which provides a ground co^er of 40-70 percent, and occurs at densities of 0.48 and 0.51 per 10 m . In stands with numerous openings, a diverse and often dense shrub layer develops, with a total cover of 39-40 percent and a density of 0.8 - 1.14 individuals per m . Abundant shrub species include Symphoricarpos oreophilus and Amelanchier utahensis. The herbaceous stratum is strongly dominated by a sedge, Carex geyeri . Herbaceous cover fluctuates from less than 10 percent in the spring to greater than 20 percent in the summer and fall. Carex geyeri dominates the cover in the spring before emergence of forb species, and then shares dominance with a low shrub, Pachystima myrsinites over the rest of the season. Some differences are noted in density between October transects when large shrub species are counted by stems, and summer quarter transects when these species are counted by clones, or patches. Overall density is not greatly different between the two periods since the smaller, more abundant species are counted the same way during all three sampling periods. Mixed Brush (Tables 2.3- 10, 2.3-11 and 2.3-12 )— The mixed brush type consists of a wide range of shrubs and occupies a wide range of habitats. Mixed brush communities range from tall dense Quercus gambelii and Amelanchier utahensis stands at higher elevations to low-growing Artemisia tridentata, Amelanchier utahensis , and Sym- phoricarpos oreophilus stands on upland ridgetops, and to Cercocarpus montanus and Amelanchier utahensis stands on dry slopes. The shrub stratum is usually two-layered with the upper layer dominated by Quercus gambelii , Amelanchier utahensis, Cercocarpus montanus, and Prunus virginiana. The lower layer is dominated by a mixture of Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, and Purshia tridentata. The shrub stratum provides a dense?cover (40-77 percent) , and high density (1.0-1.6 individuals per m ). Herbaceous cover ranges from 5 percent in the spring to 15-20 percent in the summer and fall. Carex geyeri was the dominant species over all sampling periods. 2.3-119 » Some differences are noted in density between October transects when large shrub species are counted by stems, and summer quarter transects when these species are counted by clones, or patches. Overall density is not greatly different between the two periods, however, since the smaller, more abundant shrub species are counted the same way during all three sampling periods. Pinyon-Juniper (Tables 2.3-13 , 2.3-14 and 2.3-15 )— The pinyon- juniper type occupies slopes and ridgetops over much of the central and eastern part of the study area. This type is dominated by two tree species, Pinus edulis and Juniperus osteosperma, which form open, low density stands (20-30 percent total cover, 0.25 - 0.31 individuals per 10 m ). Up to 15 shrub species may occur in this type, with Artemisia tridentata and Amelanchier utahensis frequently the dominant species. All shrub species together provide sparse cover (8-13 percent), and occur at low densities (0.33 - 0.41 indi- viduals per m ). Herbaceous cover is very sparse (2-5 percent), and shows little change from season to season. Dominant species for all three periods are three grasses, Agropyron trachycaulum, Poa sandgergii and Orysopsis hymenoides. Grasses and sedges contribute over 60 percent of the total cover for all sampling periods. Sagebrush (Tables 2.3- 16, 2.3- 17 and 2.3-18 )— The sagebrush type is the most widely distributed plant community on the study area, occurring on deeper soils along stream bottoms, and on upland areas which range from 6000 to 8500 feet in elevation. This type is dominated by one species, Artemisia tridentata, and to a lesser extent by Symphoricarpos oreophilus in sites at higher elevations. A diverse (16 species) shrub stratum provides 30-40 percent cover, and occurs at densities of 1.2 - 1.9 individuals per m . Herbaceous cover is sparse (7-17 percent cover), but is comprised of the largest number of species recorded for any type sampled (more than 60). The dominant species is a grass (Poa sp. ) for all sampling periods. Total cover increased slightly (10 percent) between spring and summer. Grasses and sedges contributed approximately half of the total cover for the summer quarter sampling periods, and approximately 60 percent for October 1974 sampling period. Bald (Tables 2.3-19 and 2.3-20)--The bald type occupies the windswept ridges and slopes at higher elevations near Cathedral Bluffs. Both shrub and herbaceous species are low-growing, giving a very uniform appearance to the type. The few (4-8) shrub species do not form a distinct stratum but are part of the herbaceous stratum, and provide cover of only 1 percent. The herbaceous stratum is diverse (43-46 species), and provides a total cover of 9 percent in the spring and up to 22 percent in the summer and fall. Dominant species are a mixture of grasses, Agropyron trachycaulum, Koeleria gracilis, and forbs, Astragalus spatulatus, Penstemon caespitosus, Hymen oxy's acaulis, and Haplopappus nuttall ii . 2.3-120 Shadscale (Tables 2.3-22 , 2.3-23 and 2.3-24 )— The shadscale type occurs primarily on south facing dry talus sloies along the lower drainages of the study area. The shrub stratum provides low cover (6-17 percent) and densities of 0.53 - 0.84 individuals per m . Dominant species are Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata, and Chrysothamnus sp. Sarcobatus vermiculatus and Atriplex canescens are frequent on some slopes within the type, possibly because of higher soil salinities at these sites. The herbaceous stratum is sparse and unvarying (1-3 percent cover), and consists of a grass Oryzopsis hymenoides, and several perennial forb species. Greasewood (Tables 2.3-25 and 2.3-26 )— The greasewood tyne occupies the alluvial deposits in the lower drainaqes of the study area. It is dominated by Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Artemisia tridentata, and Chrysothamnus nauseosus. The shrub stratum consists of medium sized shrubs with a moderate cover (42-45 percent) and a low ephemeral herbaceous cover (5-29 percent). Nine out of a total of 15 herbaceous species are annuals, and are active only during spring and early summer when soils are moist. Frequently encountered species include Bromus tectorum, Lappula redowskii , and Koch i a iranica. Rabbitbrush (Tables 2.3-27 and 2.3-28 )— The rabbitbrush type is a secondary successional stage which develops on disturbed Artemisia tridentata areas. In many areas dominated by Chrysothamnus sp. the charred stumps of Artemisia tridentata still remain. The rabbitbrush type is characterized by almost pure stands of Chryso- thamnus nauseous or Chrysothamnus yiscidif Torus. The shrub stratum provides high cover [31-63 percent) and high shrub densities (0.59 - 1.92 individuals per m~). The herbaceous stratum varies in cover from 26 percent during the spring, 44 percent during mid-summer, to 10 percent during the fall. This stratum is strongly dominated by a grass Elymus cinereus, and contains few species (13). Riparian (Tables 2.3-29 and 2.3-30 )— The riparian type is restricted to small seeps and springs along the intermittent streams crossing the study area. Sal ix and Populus species, characteristic of stream- side communities in this region, are almost absent. Many springs in the study area have been developed as pastures for livestock, with the result that most shrub species have been removed and replaced by pasture and weedy grass species. The great heterogeneity of the sites sampled (due to varying degrees of disturbance) allows few comparisons among sampling periods. The shrub stratum provided cover ranging from 0 percent in pasture areas to 50 percent in hill- side springs where Salix interior and Betula fontinalis were pre- dominant. Herbaceous stratum cover was greater than 50 percent for all sampling periods, and was dominated by a sedge Carex sp. , and grasses Agropyron repens and Poa pratensis. Little change in cover was observed among sampling periods, reflecting the continually moist growing conditions. 2.3-121 2.3.1.5— VEGETATION RAW DATA 2.3-122 2.3.1.5— VEGETATION RAW DATA / / / IP DATA SHEET © -> CI LINE-STR MATURE TREE STRATUM / ^•'Ctation Type T 25 A h(l^ Tninscct // Project 0 J Sheet 1 of Type_jW r !oo t^J S 1 ^ Aspect ( degrees) jST3__J^ Field Analyst(s) \ -?>ZL /-pe i 1/4 1/4 S M'Wsoo Transect Length 1^° -^ Slope f percent) »,-,( -,/i 1.S1 <&C n,(< <7£i //.£: st 7.51 fW.\ /L31 £* OTVV Trunk Diameter (cm)j I of Each Tree J -~" /^ /Z^ A/z * /7o0 zn .2X.W><"h I J ? --/ ^s J • -<1^> £ It i — r //. ^ {-/C_JA_zl / / //, / eci V, Vegetation Type W ? 5 R_ lo^ ^ S LINE-STRIP METHOD £5/ C* 3 ' 2 , / - // C ? 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OO'O® ' — — ■_, — -J. 3 LINE-STRIP METHOD «3- C ' <2 , 3' S " ' SHRUB, TREE SEEDLING STRATUM ProJ°c £__?___. • Sheet ]__ of£ Vegetation Type S h q r1 c <»». v,f. , _____ Permanent Transect ^ 15 R_ ?^UJ S__g^T 1/4 1/4 SSU Transect Length_ a Aspect (degrees) /yT° Slope (percent) T^T ^ Elevation (feet) kGSQ Field Analyst(s) ^6r;^<> )___ Date 6 /7> /^S Site Description A \.w\;. J ,WA /. I W, s y M <-. >„A \^ \r/f ? ,-> , rV <* r^Tx y? QA Check i UllA t>J -'■V '-\aa/,^ S^^c. ^/7 /v>i\as/?- d # in each 6 x 20 m quadrat Species Code j? Phenology Code 1 2 3 A 5 Condition lAri \ri^WUU. H . o /V ) \*5 a 0 / / 5 /! k "W , c r<^v. r r £ c. v f> /s* X '-- j? ^7 2^ . '%■ 6( Mn«ji v/i <;_«_,*>./ » t^*u 20 2 3 // Ka 2 1 1 1 v 3 J 9 10 1 — . — _ • species b_.__> . \fr [v^»J->M»»S * A __£__ V,-M.->»^!/v nTti ___ ft _________ Intercepts (cm) tovcX,* <_i Ix I2 Dia I1 I. Dia I I2 Dia I I Dia o.^o o.io ___ jk__ ___ ii__ fD.fO 3/ai i__2 _aS LP_ 2. 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Percent of Total * Each Species Species Code # Phenology Code rvU. 100 2 /.«r OU -^.uJwM \^2 3 r r T /Ur.J^A***1 \n***r> f> -.v." .A #>^ Elevation (feet) hff'^O Date //^ f>-'o" OA Check 7g^fo ~Vz-3 Species Code // Phenology Code 1 CWm W**\fcoSoS 2 dv'-f i/;'s^ Vf'Pfrps sTcJyoJi '>.-:'*. vprz.-rj a /iWw r^MV''^ 5 Shytv?. (Qfo;1-/^ ~~ — 7 — r~ rr 6 fywc-Ka &i**/k. 7 H,4 L^ 8/j,foPk/ 6"y^' 9_j^v o^-iaS VCrma. 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S R /rvO w S_ /<7 1/4 1/4 S U'^/^W Quadrat Size_ Aspect (degrees)_ -^ 7 U Slope (percent) 0 ^ Field Analyst (s) /^d~,f*r ><.<-*.•}* fj , I ^,/f/ Elevation (feet) 70 S~Q pate (,/*>/' ,.'-/. „ ,/ L /r/ v^y/-^-,< J eJ ^ J\rrt^-^c ""qa' Check ' 0 /^VrtS^ ^ X ' ■ Quadrat Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Total Percent Cover /v r i Percent of Total * Each Species 4 Species 1 Code // Phenology Code i*7 j/ 1 ' (73 9 13 T .r' ^6 -r T~1 2- / ' - _'- V ! 0 l-v Cy, i $>o 1 -j^ -r r -r T" / t (P7 3 ;.o .^ 1:0 r L-sr /.o 1,0 .S" 1 ! 4/U-... i . 1,0 /.D 0 0 ! ?:.'' . ••.: <.-,,■„, I4H O. T 'T' 1 ?M-,^^rw^ l*fc O /,0 j.r f-0 -S" -r / /.o ho 1 - - l,VWrX„ 10,? P ~J ~T M ibVoJ en l>6 O "t" T r T r~ ///i...--.;... ,0 Ibb a. T^ T T" -r' r (.0 T n cJ " % 77 .3 T"^ ■ Spp^H ?// 9 ■r "-T T T ~H T T , S" Lb )l6 ^ IX^-r- 1 i ^y ,9 1 /,0 -r ./.D r ts.s.i . f'tx;;^ ■'"'WX *n H- T T '7" T" 1 : • :\.- ■ 117 . *> - 3-0 r 8*7 ^ -■•- r ? A-"- '.•'' v. s"3. T ,,s{^7- /.o / nLt T r i" " • 1 - «k — • _: 1 @) « » QUADRAT DATA SHEET HERBACEOUS STRATUM $3,C.l3.2-'t'~' Project [3_ Sheet / of r2„ ( J T2 Vegetation Type_ S R /flpfr/ s 31 Transect // <^ Type /v^a/ f>//?*7 & 1/4 1//, S M£J£L Quadrat Size /00 Aspect (degrees) ^"^o Slope (degrees)^ Field Analyst (s) iA^s ^ //f^^ O Elevation (feet) &44qC Date / Percent of Total * Each Species Species Code # Phenology Code <; T r o ' °v (our, I'-nl^ AT65 —j 6 / 4 1 3 r is- 3 1 T Q 0 n T" /_" -z. -p H /y^vJcAs'j.^.il/.J : 3^2 <~" 5" 1 1 3 3 ? 2 to 'J3 (, 2 ? -> /o r r 3 -? r7 -j . .V- -z*r- ~3 ~Z-~ v3 r" " r a f \ 7- 7? -^ .—-.- v_.. / 3, •7 ,- -£.- -27- -3- 3\j 14 ^ '— — ; J> *" / %L> a 3 z 0 o s J_ o 0 1 _! I Z -i z 1 7" 0 O 6' rOS" O. :-£MMO- io$ — 7 — £ — 2 6 - 3 - 4 — z — o '— c> — O . DL SVp* -^/--J'^ ns~ 3 — '5~~ — JO - •^3 i — D — ■2 - 3 0 — 0 1 A^ 5 - '. 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Vi'^.O 2CV)Wr KSGrv£?&u* %D ^ ' 9 13 3? — 7 1 33 4_ 1 3 £wwo^ *. :. 1 V 3 *7 3 / 1 5 Avi^f?.-^.i^ sT /9-9^ 1 Wdr >ff 7-g? *W2 #7r 57 S^>3 ^•2| Wl (,' 00 8-S-4 8 no 1 V+T /#*r Z££5_ J mi • » QUADRAT DATA SHEET HERBACEOUS STRATUM Projcct_ i 1 91 Vegetation Type BfiLp i $Sl R /^u/ Aspect (degrees) ^~"7# Field Analyst (s)_ o Sheet / of Transect // J '-"' Type ftj~7^ *-r' 1/4 1/4 S j£ J//5AJ Quadrat' Size ' 5~<^ / Slope (degrees) /£~ 'tis Ad 4a &f Elevation (feet) £>^£C Date Site Description ''1 ■:'**._ /?i*4^ 'fSl\ /^<^'*iic Percent of Total * Each Snecies Specie; ^V.V^'frxVJoJ Q0)^ u I b^ruSrV •fil'O'/^ / oU> :U. j — -F-i i-^-t-f — 1 Code // 3! SX sy --', f ^> ' 3 > C V-U^ L'W o -5 ; * k* f\ii\ ' / eA z\ / t /r ^3 a ? 1 ^i. #;/*/ wXft .4 L3J2 7.c £z# 2 3 ^t,a j ftirglrTifg. >tso / '/> fA JC r? 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TREE SEEDLING STRATUM 93.e.^.a./ i x Q> 1 V Station TyPe_j3&LQ- Projeci_ Sheet (__ of f Non-Perraanent Transect //_ _j£__ T ' r qltf S___L& — */* */* S /^UJ AM Transect Length /^\ r (dcgrees)_ J?5*L. . sloPe (degrees) (0 Elevation (feet) "7&&Q^ ! Id Analyst(s)ZS^^S ___ ^_ Date /fl ^V~ ■ ■r/^ v Code // Phenol* Dgy Code // in/ each 6 x 20 m quadrat y 2 3 4 5 Condition ' £0 2 A 5" f . '' -.7 fa/H'JC*^ , 3/ 2- ■ ^ O / 1 ^ , {*>rj£i c2Z ?^> £&h ,2. .' ,.; «/«/'3 ,?-. 2- / \ l — •>Ar/ - 32. zJ s /- ■ - 14 • 3 1 r J? Jy - 1 2. * / 1 1 1 4 ... Intercepts (ra) h /■So *2 h h h h h h 1 1 -£.4;^ Arff ! 1 •1/ 3-ffff *•/£- '3** /4*/& <" ' U— s'-xr J 1 > A J • . — __ • eci » Vegetation Type_ . DollA ( I'fc* 9>> V QUADRAT DATA SH HERBACEOUS STRATUM j ; iu- -' Transect # 5 R^V id Project ffi^ Sheet /__ of J__ Aspect (degrees)^2^2 Field Analyst (s)_ 1j(f5,fr/6 __ 1/4 1/4 S /[AM*/ Quadrat Size "^Al Slope (degrees) <£ Elevation (feet) ^1 QpOO , Date /PQX7J^ SJte Description V\6*&UJ (>r6p p^p/>us n r- t/> -T^f/y c,',>f LOX) \ ) > TTfl 77 ft-e/hX/f ' ei*.fi»\i\ f\ -&3C T> r, j -3 ! L£i roWcfgy ooolony coii3ultsntta, laa. |x V, -station. Type < Q/j // )) QUADRAT DATA SHEET HERBACEOUS STRATUM Transect // Project^ ^ ? (*) Sheet I of f 7^v/rio/'.Av, r D«^j_tk)Lzr^ / ! 3ua drat Number . ] 2 3 4 i 5 6, 7 8 j ■ ■ ■ ■■ - 9 10 'ercent of Total ■ Each Species "/• 1^12 ^'Z ^!^ >!^ # \A ■ /-a # iX ipecies Code // Phenology Code \ i i r '''."* 'PffiPlS*. /cv 7 31/ / T -f- 4 j_ ^ — i 1 Jit 1 1 ■/ '!' J, 2^? $ ;i* ■jjr 7Jz 2. \l. 4 ! III I i i„J.< rf-W 2?2- £ /^U /3;^ ^■1/ ?\7- 2-1, *Sr f- Jii. i i /Ir ■• • '/:V? i Sil&nlkt /S3 < -/ '5 /D 7 // !26 1\1 » J lirVb 3;^ s*A y ;=,! ' )' J J' f* /5S 4 J lz S / i VI dd^ 51/ ■ ^jr>u — / 1 25|7 (n*ir/U\ ///.Cft* 7 1' iW 1 i Ur 2ir 1 sl\ r At 1 • ' ' 2 £ P> // i 1 7 a|i 9h ; !t s-jo. j 3l# Jl. /ir l 1 7 1 / 2. ) r J_ H/ I T i ?-!r3 ! / ? l"? r^5 X i >\r /;7" ^;/ i "T" > i 1 'H77" ! i • til)*1 UaIL / (/>>: _C£h ''--/■ f :' ' 7 / 2_ i ilr i ! 4 1 i LjLc..f': »* ftvWj f. ^7 7 > — i j Jl» ! ^2- p.7 ?-, 2 i 1 t * ^W _ i i //70 2. i IT 'li i 1 ■ / Z | H1 flr'r'i* fifXiVK- o^-'o ^ i 1 1 j 1 I » 2^ 1 ft / /- 7 f' $ "2_ I. 1 ( 1 i I i T L T / / " i i | | I 1 . i J_ • | I J 1 aaainnv iimiaiiltniita. Ino. ■t'^,R/-- :),± 'I ,$:•)/ 'H[ ''-TV- tat ion Type_^ { QUADRAT DATA SHEET HERBACEOUS STRATUM Transect // „ ^ £3 C.2.Q.. {Ot set SK? J Sheet / of Project_ (fJ ,?#/?/ / ££ £.& Date^-1 J*kL2 "T^cffr.Ar.:** 1 • Each Species i Quadrat Number i»l - 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percent of Tota 9^ 79 *lf p te *u 1 . ■** u .^u 7r\ Z 1 3 p e c i e s Code // Phenology Code ) i /<•« -/■/■/■/ 7. O £-•'-/ 4 :V ? !Z 1 ^ 1 1 12 wr,/.-, .-.,c-r'' ■ 0 ? o 2 ll >e < If 1/ !3 i 'z :-6 '10 - 7rr} £ k ; " 1 i 1 h i 1 2- ^ ' !«/ 2. |) 1 1 ISU X 3 1/ j ^!< 1 1 j /r 2 2- 7-\ 2. i/r bit.tr* rsrrJT'bf' 10 3 X * 1/ f U 7 > ^ ','- 3\l J7N > i^7 7!/ i 5 3 ) 1/ J . rl , r, ■lit, ' c2 ^eO- b *W >* r /3'i- // (T Ul3 •3 '3 i i ! ^W 3 ;.^ > ' ' ' a ■■■•• />£" S 1 ^ 1/ j z'; «■•!» 7^ /If j S'-'Z ^ :2 :?; / < v ' '-'< '*£*»•. **0on 7 i i f !r i I / I i '^.v.^' Gfc/** lZ_ I 1 1 i j 3 f | ^W /* 1 „ / Vi*i /.',-/ v// f ? 2 £ i 1 ! i i i i t 1 r/:',:, ,,.,,„■ m 2- 1. i -*-!t ■«{-r "r% z\z ^ - 3 X i 0 7 3 "L~ 1 1 ! ( io\4 z-'/ b!i 1 1 . ". V ' . 10/ .■> j i i / j. 1 1 17. -- fill ./,??,*/,< 0 C-X 7_ j i j If I !1 //? "7" } 0 7 -V & i j >h i \ t'-'> >' • •> fit. O 3_ "2- i 3|) i i ;!/ ^ •! ny 1 Q- / 7 c- **2 . ' f j 1 1 i r i i ' < r r i < /P-7 3 1 | i ik i 1 / I 1 j i | i 1 i 1 i 1 1 ! i 1 i 1 1 1 i i i i i j 1 ! i i i i i i 1 i i j i I 1 i i i i i | 1 ) _ 3L_. 1 ! i 1 1 1 1 i- 1 • 1 I 1 1 1 l i i ft f i » Fa t / » f #• t\ 1 1 • >tf-,*tf o -s a> N _l. ZZ to m x o o IS) s (T> 2.3.2 Grazing Exclosure 2.3.2.1 Introduction The grazing exclosure established on Tract C-a is designed to demon- strate and monitor vegetation responses to the exclusion of particular groups of grazing or browsing herbivores. Various forage species can be expected to respond to protection according to their positions in the hierarchy of consumer preferences. Thus, the most desirable com- ponents of the plant community should react most dramatically to a release from the restraints exercised upon them by herbivores. Both quantitative and qualitative study techniques, plus photoplots, will be utilized to measure these responses. All techniques, how- ever, will focus on the incremental forage production resulting from the degree or quality of protection being afforded. Careful evaluation of data obtained during this study should reveal several important aspects of ecosystem interactions. It may be possible to determine plant species preferences for each class of herbivore. Determination of the relative importance of individual plant species to wildlife and to domestic and feral livestock will facilitate the definition of priorities for reestablishing plant species after disturbance. The protected exclosure will serve as a basis for comparisons to similar communities outside the exclosure, providing a means for improving carrying capacity evaluations and land management decisions in the region. 2.3.2.2 Methods 2.3.2.2.1 Exclosure Design and Sampling Technique An exclosure has been situated on Tract C-a in the southwest quarter. Dominant browse species on the exclosure site are sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata) and bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata); snowberry (Symphori- carpos oreophilus) and serviceberry (Amalanchier utahensis) are faily common in the area. Substantial use by livestock and wildlife was evidenced by browse con- dition and density of fecal groups at the site. The exclosure encom- passes 1.21 ha (3 A) measuring 190.9 m (626 ft) x 63.6 m (208.7 ft) (Figure 2.3-5 ). The exclosure contains three compartments or sections, constructed to prevent access by particular groups of herbivores (National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, 1962). The largest compartment contains 0.61 ha (1.5 A) and is constructed of standard 4-strand barbed wire fence (with a wooden rail as the top strand) on three sides of the compartment. This compartment excludes domestic livestock and wild horses but allows free access to big game • able to leap the fence and small wildlife that can enter through or under the wire. The other one-half of the exclosure is constructed 2.3-123 ':— £ 63.6m (208' 8") -> =: ^r en • o co > — :B * CO c CD to Cl. E o e «d- CO m co . ^llllIIllIIESIIEEIEEEEIBIIISIIIISCSlllillllEllIllllllBllIIIElIi A 0 I I I B fl I I I I I «a- co B LO CO I I I I I I I I I I C\J c CD i- Q. E O o c CD E -M S- > i— c s u CD +j X M- C i— CD 3 CD O CD J- O Q. C •i— s •i— s .c M _c CD «3 -o en -r- S- CD •<- .c C7> -Q .c i- * — * CD «3 +j .c J3 »4- +■> TJ co <+- C CX> O «o i- E c 4-> E en CO r>» o^ •i— • . to «d" C\J CD O 1 s 1 ~ J2 •-T) 1 J2 1 MM co 1 JJJ ■■ C\J 0) i- 3 en 2.3-124 of 2.74 m (9 ft) high woven-wire. The second compartment, located within this half and enclosing 0.4 ha (1 A), excludes big game and livestock, but not smaller mammals. The third compartment, 0.2 ha (0.5 A) in size, with the addition of 0.81 m (3 ft) poultry wire buried to a depth of 25.4 cm (10 in) is designed to prevent entry. by all mammalian herbivores, including lagomorphs and other small mammals. In addition to the three compartments within the exclosure, one study area commensurate in size to the largest exclosure compartment is established outside the exclosure. This comprises the control or "non-treatment" plot subjected to normal foraging pressures. The site is contiguous to the exclosure and permanently marked by metal stakes. A minimum 7.62 m (25 ft) buffer zone between the fence and sampling areas is strictly observed in an attempt to reduce several of the prejudicial factors inherent in exclosure studies. Fences intercept precipitation and accumulate snow drifts, significantly altering soil moisture conditions below and adjacent to them. Site disturbance during fence construction may have long-lasting effects. The fences can affect light conditions, soil conditions, and seed dispersal, and thereby, plant establishment and distribution patterns. Sampling is undertaken once each year near the completion of the growing season in late July or early August. Different sampling techniques are implemented for each of the three principal strata of the plant community. 2.3.2.2.1.1 Grass-Forb Stratum This stratum is sampled by a combined ocular estimate - clipped plot method (adapted from National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, 1962) on a permanent grid. Size of the grid and numbers of samples are commensurate with the size of the exclosure compartment. In the 0.2 ha (0.5 A) compartment, a 15.24 m (50 ft) x 30.48 m (100 ft) grid is established. In the 0.4 ha (1 A) compartment, 30.48 m (100 ft) grids are used. In the 0.61 ha (1.5 A) compartment and on the external (control) plot, grids measure 45.72 m (150 ft) x 30.48 m (100 ft). Permanent grids are centered in each compartment by locating each corner via cross-sightings with a transit and a tape measure. Each corner is then marked with a metal stake. The number of sample plots within each grid is directly proportionate to the compartment (and grid) size. In the 0.2 ha compartment, there are 5000 possible sample points; 10,000 in the 0.4 ha compartment and 15,000 in the 0.61 ha compartment. Sample plot locations are assigned a coordinate number in feet according to column and row. 2.3-125 Prior to actual sampling, one percent of all possible sample points is selected from random number tables. This number of samples should constitute a statistically representative proportion. Thus, there are 50 sample points in the 0.2 ha, 100 in the 0.4 ha, and 150 in the 0.61 ha compartment. Sampling plots are located by the following procedure: A reel-type tape is stretched along the southwestern edge of the grid. Columns are located along this baseline tape. Rows are located by stretching another tape at a right angle to the first, using a transit to main- tain a perpendicular position. This procedure locates the sample points for the observer. A rectangular quadrat frame is then placed at that point. The rectangular quadrat shape was selected because it is widely regarded by quantitative plant ecologists as the most accurate plot shape (Kershaw, 1966; and Grieg-Smith, 1964). "Comparative studies have shown that relatively long plots are more efficient than iso- diametric plots as sampling units, especially when some of the elements of the vegetation are highly aggregated in their occurrence patterns," (Cain and Castro, 1959). The quadrat size [0.15 m (0.5 ft) x 0.59 m (1.92 ft)] was selected because its area, 0.09 sq m (0.96 sq ft) is amenable to conversion to a per acre basis (grams/plot x 100 = lbs forage/acre), or to a per hectare basis (grams/plot x 113 = kg forage/ ha). After a short training period, during which repeated ocular estimates followed by clipping comparisons are made until acceptable repro- ducibility of results is achieved, a trained observer orients the quadrat frame lengthwise along the row tape with its northern-most corner at each sample point, then ocularly estimates the green herbage (grass and forbs only) in grams and records an estimate on a standard field data form (Figure 2.3-6 ). At one randomly selected plot out of each five, the herbage is clipped and weighed with a hand-held spring scale. All plot clippings are recorded and converted to kg/ ha dry weight. When sampling is completed, clipped and ocularly estimated plot weights can be compared to obtain a "correction factor", which, when multiplied by the ocular estimate, yields the "corrected" weight. When, for example, clippings have a mean (or total) weight that is 12 percent higher than ocular estimates,- each plot estimate is "corrected" by multiplying it by 1.12. Corrected estimates of each grid can then be averaged to obtain a green herbage production estimate. A further "correction factor" is applied to convert "green forage weight" figures to "dry forage weight". Bags of clippings are marked - for identification and transported to the ECI laboratory. Clippings are "oven-dried" in a Thelco oven at approximately 70 C for at least 2.3-126 OCULAR ESTIMATE - CLIPPED PLOTS FOR GRASS-FORBS Project Site Date Observer Page c f Ocular Estimate Clipped Weight Ocular Estimate Clipped Ocular Weight Estimate Clipped Ocular Weight Estimate Clipped We i gh t 1 .._ 26 51 76 2 27 52 77 3 28 53 78 4 29 54 79 5 30 55 80 6 31 56 81 7 32 57 82 8 33 58 83 9 3A 59 84 10 .35 60 85 11 36 61 86 12 37 6.2 87 13 38 63 88 14 39 64 89 15 40 65 90 16 41 66 91 17 42 67 92 18 43 68 93 19 44 69 94 . . 20 45 70 95 - 21 46 71 96 22 47 72 97 23 48 73 98 24 49 74 99 25 50 75 100 Figure 2.3-6, Data sheet for recording ocular estimates ocoiogy consultant*, in and clipped weights of the grass-forb stratum for RBOSP. 2.3-127 24 hours. Bag contents are then weighed and these weights compared to the undried weights. A mean of the proportions thus obtained is then applied to all plot estimates to yield "dry weight" forage production. 2.3.2.2.1.2 Shrub Stratum It is necessary to use qualitative rather than quantitative sampling techniques on the shrub stratum. Quantitative measurements of browse production would require herbage removal on shrubs within the exclosure, This. would introduce extreme bias because of the limited number of browse plants occurring within the sample area. Clipping would thus reproduce the impacts the exclosure is designed to negate, such as concentrating growth hormones in clipped areas of the plant, altering growth forms, and causing other negative side-effects. It becomes necessary, therefore, to utilize methods which yield useful relative and qualitative information but cannot provide net production data. The method chosen is to locate a .004 ha (1/100 A) circular plot in the center of each grid. The disadvantages inherent in the shape of the plot are mostly offset by the large size of the plot in proportion to the grid area; a larger percentage of the area is sampled (Cain and Castro, 1959). A stake is driven in the center of the permanent grid and another near the perimeter of the plot to mark a starting point. A full circle is then circumscribed with a 3.6 m (11.8 ft) radius. Every shrub rooted within the plot is recorded on a field data form (Figure 2.3-7 ) to species, maximum height, mean crown diameter, percent of the canopy that is alive, and percent of the plant available to a potential browsing animal . Maximum shrub height is measured with a pocket tape and recorded in centimeters as the greatest distance of live portions of the plant from ground level. Mean diameter is the average of the greatest and least diameters of the shrub and is also measured with a pocket tape placed horizontally at the level of maximum canopy development. Per- cent of the shrub which is alive and percent available as browse are both ocular estimates. 2.3.2.2.1.3 Tree Stratum (Pinyon-Juniper Canopy) The tree canopy need be measured only at the beginning and end of the study period or at infrequent intervals if the study is of long duration. The simplest procedure available is to measure the canopy intercepting a line which traces the perimeter of the established grass-forb grid. Tapes are stretched between corners of each grid and the distances of canopies intercepting those tapes recorded by species. 2.3-128 Project_ Obs'erver(s) > DATA SHEET FOR 0.004 HECTARE SI1RU3 PLOTS Site Date Page of Species Maxlmura Height Mean Crovm Diameter Percent Alive Percent Available Remarks • • - • - i • Figure 2.3-7. Data sheet for 0.004 hectare shrub plots for RBOSP. tootogy consultants, Inc 2.3-129 > The importance of pinyon and juniper as a component of wintering mule deer diets has not been adequately established. Many researchers credit the species with providing large quantities of browse during critical winter periods (Ron Krager, 1974. Personal Communication). The appearance of pinyon and juniper trees in the Piceance Basin seems to support this supposition. Many large trees are browsed to a uniform height (high line level) of about 1.83 m (6 ft). The importance of these species will be reflected in a minor change to the standard line-intercept procedure implemented to measure browsing effects on pinyon and juniper. Canopy intersecting the line that is less than "high-line level" or 1.83 m high (De Vos and Mosby, 1971) will be recorded separately (Figure 2.3-8 ). The proportion of lower canopy can be expected to increase in the protected compartments of the exclosure if those plants are ordinarily browsed heavily by deer. 2.3.2.2.2 Photoplots "Photographic plots provide a visual record of change or lack of change in the vegetation cover. They are useful for illustrative purposes but in themselves do not provide a quantitative measure of the vege- tation. When used in conjunction with quantitative methods, they become valuable records", (National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council , 1962). At the exclosure, up to three individual shrubs of the major browse species (sagebrush and bitterbrush) present are selected for photo- graphic documentation in each sample grid (ideally for a total of 12 individuals/species at the exclosure site). Plants selected are healthy and of medium size. During the first photo-sampling season, shrubs are permanently marked. A white-painted plywood sheet marked with a one-inch grid of black lines and cut in two and hinged to facilitate handling, is used as a backdrop for photographing each shrub (modified from Springfield, 1974). In the first season, photoplots are permanently located by driving rebar stakes at points directly below the camera and at corners of the backdrop sheet. In succeeding years, plots are relocated and rephotographed by use of those reference points. Photographs are taken each year unless comparison of the first two years' photo- graphs indicate that extended sampling intervals would be more efficient. Sampling is timed to correlate with the important pheno- logical stage of the shrubs in mid-summer, at the completion of twig elongation. -3-150- Sheet of GRAZING EXCLOSURF. DATA SHEET MATURE TREE STRATUM Field Analyst_ Exclosute Project Compartment Date (upper) (lower) canopy Species Xl h h I nterccpts (m) h X2 , h l2 • . . Figure 2.3-8. Data sheet for grazing exclosure mature tree stratum for RBOSP. ecology consultants, Ino. > 2.3-131 h 2.3.2.3 Results Samples were collected near the end of the quarter as specified in section 2.3.2.2 and are presently being analyzed. Results will be reported in Progress Report-5. 2.3-132 »