2.4.5 Benthos 2.4.5.1 Objectives No change in objectives has occurred since Progress Report 3. See section 2.4.5.1 of Progress Report 3 for specific objectives. 2.4.5.2 Methods The methods reported in section 2.4.5.2 of Progress Reports 2 and 3 remain unchanged, with the exception that the D-frame net was utilized during the May - June 1975 sampling of the White River. See section 2.4.5.2 of Progress Reports 2 and 3 for specific methods used in benthos sampling and analysis. 2.4.5.3 Results Appendix C-12-1 lists the 118 benthic taxa observed in samples taken during April 1975 and Appendix C-13-1 lists the 92 taxa found during the May - June sampling. Appendices C-12-2 and C-13-2 present the quantitative benthos data from April and May - June 1975. At the headwater stations during both sampling periods, the most abundant taxa included Chironomidae, Amphipoda, Mematoda, Oligochaeta, Baetidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tipulidae, and Simul i idae. At tract stations, Ceratopogonidae. Nematoda, Baetidae, Plecoptera, and Oligochaeta were most abundant. In Yellow Creek, Oligochaeta, Ceratopogonidae, Acari , Chironomidae, Nematoda, and Simul i idae were present in greatest abundance. In the White River the most abundant taxa during both sampling periods be- longed to the Chironomidae, Ephemerel 1 idae, Tricorythidae, Oligochaeta, Plecoptera, and Simul iidae. 2.4-19 2.4.5 - Benthos Data 2.4-20 APPENDIX C-ll-1 DENSITIES OF DRIFT MACRO INVERTEBRATES OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975 2. 4. S. 171 CC r— ZD C Q _J O >— > 4-> Q OCT ^ UJ O- C >< ITJ a: .— UJ - Q. oo oo o r— CO UJ o r O >— ' N Q r— OOD E 1 uj i— o C_) HOI I. 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O (O o cu a> B i- 3 =3 -M E O -C o 4-> u o Q. o S- u QJ CU . — -t-J i — i— Q. o o ■<- S- -r- E a. a. cu u u uuw t— O CLr- i_ (O CT> -C C C_J O Q UJQ.H E -t-> 0) r— s_ 2: o 4-> •r— c\j (T3 TD 4-> D ra c ra s- s- o "O ai ra S- j- t— O E "O ra Q. S_ CD ro O) o Q.O-I--U ra O CD -M +-> rO +-> JD re O C T- •!- S- S_ -M Q. CD ■o -o aE s_ P Or-r- 1) (U aO CD flS-33+JEOr ■o x: Q. (J CU r— -t-> S_-^EQ-Q.CUUO o u o CD r— r— a. CU -C T- •>- -r- _C OJ'r- ■M o s_ to O O •r— o cj co i— Q a..— s- s CT -C C O <_> Q UQ.I- 4J A3 C ra i- s- o -o CD (O s- S- i— o E -a rO Q. QJ o a. o •r— H IB O^ 4~> ro +-> -a rO o c •i- S- J- Q. o 1 f— CD CU O fO o r- -»-> s_ •.- E CL CL QJ U O u O OJ , — i — CL a» .c •I- -r- _rc •.- 4-> o S- oo o o • f— O C_> Q UJ J— E • !— -t-> i — i QJ 1— J- Z o «=t 2.4.5.190 OO CD (X. •r- CD > as J- r— O E -o ra as. rt3 CD o Q. O -i- ■D 13 O (!) 4-> 03 +-> X> ra O C -r- •r- S_ i_ -t-J d) •o o a> ai rt3 S- =3 =3 4J E C ■o -C Q. u a» i— 4-> S- -r- E aaai u o o O CD .— .— CL turT- •i- -r- .C CD 4-> o i- Ul o O T- UUIO f— Q CXi— (O CT sz C <_> O Q LU Q. E • r— -t-J i— < ai r-> i_ z: O < 2.4.5.191 C -M O •>- «3 r— -t-> Q. CO 01 u CO •r— E O) r0 cd -0 (O •.- a> > ra C CO s_ s- 0 -a CD -M (O -t-> -Q 03 O C •r- i_ 5- -M Q. o> -0 fl ae i. +-> O r r— a; qj cl 0 ro fO 0 +-> O CD CD (O S_ => 3 +■> E O sz •o -C a. U S_ -i- E Q. Q. d) U U o 0 0 CD r— r— Q. ai x: •r- •,- _CI CU ■!- +-> 0 i_ l/> O O •1— 0 0 LT, 1— Q Cur— i. i en x: C <_) O Q UJCLr- -t-> O) r— s- 2: O < 2.4.5.192 APPENDIX C-ll-3 DENSITIES OF DRIFT MACROINVERTEBRATES OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES JULY - AUGUST 1975 2.4.5.193 APPENDIX C-ll-3 DENSITIES 9F DRIFT MACROINVERTEBRATES OBSERVED DURING KBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, JULY - AUGUST 1975 (Organisms/m^; data obtained from zooplankton collections Station Replicate Nematoda 400 Oligochaeta 20 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 810 480 Simuliidae 90 380 Tipulidae 20 Diptera Larvae (misc) 60 10 Ephemeroptera 230 60 Plecoptera 20 Trichoptera 10 3 A 2,000 550 20 570 20 30 20 Stations 6, 10-12 and 16 were dry at time of sampling. 2.4.5.194 APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Continued) Station Replicate 4 5 Nematoda Oligochaeta 90 110 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola 50 Diptera Ceratopogonidae 10 Chironomidae 570 550 Simuliidae 200 10 Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera 20 50 Plecoptera Trichoptera 20 30 2.4.5.195 Nematoda Oligochaeta Arthropocla Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Simuliidae Tipulidae Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Continued) Station Replicate 7 8 A 9 400 10 60 200 20 580 30 80 10 220 10 10 10 760 10 10 20 2.4.5.196 APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Continued^ Station Replicate 13 A 14 15 Oligochaeta 70 200 2,230 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera 10 Collembola 20 Diptera Ceratopogonidae 10 20 Chironomidae 780 530 1,070 Simuliidae 10 40 10 Diptera Larvae (misc) 10 30 Ephemeroptera 10 30 20 Plecoptera Trichoptera 10 20 2.4.5.197 APPENDIX C-ll-3 Cor it'll nued) 1 Station Replicate 17 A 18 A 200 400 50 60 Nematoda Oligochaeta Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera 10 Collembola 2,600 Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 50 70 Simuliidae Diptera Larvae (raise) Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera 10 2.4.5.193 APPENDIX C-ll-3 Nematoda Oligochaeta Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Simuliidae Diptera Larvae I Ephemeroptera Hemiptera Notonectidae Plecoptera Trichoptera -3 (Continued) Station Replicate 19 A 20 A 200 60 21 A misc) 120 60 30 120 40 50 60 40 10 10 20 2,4.5.199 Nematoda Oligochaeta Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Simuliidae Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera Hemiptera Notonectidae Plecoptera Trichoptera APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Cont inued) Station Replicate 22 A 23 A 24 A 200 600 30 20 140 80 10 10 10 10 no 20 10 10 20 20 2.4.5.200 APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Continued' Station Replicate ~25 26 27 A Nematoda 1,200 600 Oligochaeta Arthropoda Insecta 40 20 Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 140 no Simuliidae 10 Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera 40 50 Plecoptera 10 Trichoptera 10 10 2.4.5.201 APPENDIX C-ll-3 Nematoda Oligochaeta (Continued) Station Replicate 28 29 A A 30 A 800 400 800 60 40 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera 20 Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Rhagionidae Simuliidae Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera 20 10 10 30 10 10 130 10 50 10 40 2.4.5.202 APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Continued' Station Replicate Nematoda 200 400 400 Oligochaeta 90 10 20 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 50 40 70 Simuliidae 10 10 Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera 10 10 Plecoptera Trichoptera 10 10 2.4.5.203 APPENDIX C-ll-3 (Continued) Station Repl icate 35 A A Nematoda 600 2,800 Oligochaeta 20 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 80 10 Simuliidae 10 Diptera Larvae (misc) Ephemeroptera 10 Plecoptera Trichootera 70 2.4.5.204 APPENDIX C-12-1. MACROINVERTEBRATE TAXA OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975 2.4.5.205 APPENDIX C-12-1 MACROINVERTEBRATE TAXA OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, APRIL 1975 Platyhelminthes Tubellaria Tricladia Nematoda Mollusca Gastropoda Lymnea Lamarck Physa Draparnaud Annelida Oligochaeta Aeolostomatidae Enchytraeidae Haplotaxidae Haplotaxis Lumbricul idae Naididae Nais behingi Nais elinguis Nais sp. Pristina Tubificidae Ilyodrilus tempi etoni Limnodri 1 us claparedeianus Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Limnodri 1 us spiral is Limnodrilus udekemianus Limnodrilus sp. 1 Tubifex tubifex Unidentified Tubificidae sp. 1 Immature Tubificidae with capilliform chaetae Immature Tubificidae without capilliform chaetae Rhyacodril inae Rhyacodrilinae sp. Hirundinea Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus) Arthropoda Crustacea Ostracoda Amphipoda Hyallela azteca (Saussure) Insecta Collembola Ephemeroptera Baetidae 2.4.5.206 APPENDIX C-12-1 (Continued Baetis Leach Callibaetis Eaton Ephemerell idae Ephemerella Walsh Heptageniidae Epeorus Eaton Rhithrogena Eaton Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia Tricorythidae Tricorythodes Ulmer Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma Charpentier Gomphidae Plecoptera Capniidae Capnia Pictet Isoperlidae Isoperla Banks Perlodidae Isogenoides Klapalek Coleoptera Dytiscidae Deronectes Sharp Derovatellus Sharp Oerodytes Seidlitz Elmidae Dubiraphia Sanderson Microcylloepus Zaitzevia Champion Trichoptera Brachycentridae Brachycentrus pupae Curtis Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche Pictet Hydroptilidae Hydroptila Dalman Limnephilidae Grammotaulius Kolenati Hesperophylax Banks Limnephilus Leach Lepiodoptera Pyralidae Diptera Diptera pupae Diptera larvae (unidentified) Ceratopodonidae Culicidap 2.4.5.207 APPENDIX C-12-1 Chironomidae Tanypodinae Conchapelopia Psectrotanypus Podonominae Boreochlus Diamesinae Diamesinae sp. 1 Diamesa Monodiamesa Odontomesa Pottastia Pseudodiamesa Orthocladiinae Orthocladiinae sp. 2 Orthocladiinae sp. 3 Chaetocladius Corynoneura Cricotopus Cricotopus (Cricotopus) Cricotopus (Cricotopus) trifascia Cricotopus (Isocladius) Diplocladius Eukieferiella Orthocladius Paracladius Parakiefferiella Parametriocnemus Paraphaenocl adTUs Pseudosmittia Smittia Thienemanniella Chironominae Chironomus Cryptochironomus Harnischfa" Microtendipes Para chironomus Paracladopelma Paratendipes Phaenopsectra (Phaenopsectra) Polypedilium (tripodura grp) Pseudochironomus Stichtochironomus Cladotanytarsus Micropsectra Rheotanytarsus Dolichopodidae Hydrophorus Fallen 2.4.5.200 Eiripiciidea Clinocera Me i gen Hemerodromia Meigen Muscidae Limnophora aqui frons Stein Limnophora discreta Stein Psychiodidae Percoma Walker Telmatascopus Eaton Rhagionidae Atherix variegata Wal ker Simuliidae Arachnoidea Acari Stratiomyidae Euparyphus Gerstaecker Stratiomys Geoffrey Tabanidae Chrysops Meigen Tabanus Linnaeus Tipulidae Dicranota Zetterstedt Hexatoma Latreille Holorusia Loew Limnophila Macquart Ormosia Rondani Pedecia Latreille Arachnoidea Acari 2.4.5.209 APPENDIX C-12-2 DENSITIES OF BENTHOS (MACROINVERTEBRATES) OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975 2.4.5.210 en r^ 0 Of Q cc LU ID a: > r^. cc cr> UJ 1— LU oo V-l CO _J a. 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T w> a. n l-l o «r t~ i. -3 jj 2.4.5.313 ■3 I a. I n I a. I *"> t a. I n I vi I • h- I a. I vi I a. I .-> I >/■» I ~3 \ -•» t v-i I u I a I ~ l r> I — I I r-t I i.i I ._i I v-» I .j I .7" I ;» I — I iu I HI I O I (_( I (_J I — I o u. I «: ii.lu. «. D I »r a. I «- <_il«i ;•-!«.- ^ I <. o I — I >• _ | -t.I-> u I > -,-l=» luI> ■< I > ^r I -> (v ujt- I nt ►- I a. -r I * u. I ci _ilii- •=* I & ►_!<,• _ilo- < <«*!«: r:l^ — r- I I n_ i a. I n I a. VI -J X 2.4.5.314 o 3 CM T * Q uj a. i ex. I o I < I ai I a I 3 1 n I a. I •^ I a. I x I /i I n I w. i ~ i ?: I < i ^ I o I •--> I »-i r> i 7-1 UJ I u^l I Ct. I Q. I 3-1 rr. I .«. I Oj — I jj — > I uJ < I ilj JJT I > ? I > — I :> •>- \ •> «. «_) t <>• II, I * I"! I « V I * ir j I *t •- I ^ aji"i - I -3 I «r c >• I u l _i l u l O «? <* I — I o I x I — (-. vj I i-l a. I rt I 2.4.5.315 T Q. 2.4.5.316 c — Q- _ 2= r 2.4.5.317 4-> 2 o_ — 2.4.5.318 CO Q. t- O- — •a: t T a. o t 2.4.53.319 4-> — o «■-< - - ^ on .2 O o c J -I <_» o 2.4.5.320 (J ^ Q- — a. 1 a. 1 a. 1 a. 1 •» | ■SI 1 (1.1 Vt 1 V> | a. 1 v> 1 *t 1 V) | UJ 1 <* 1 /l 1 _j i «t 1 vi I »■ 1 n i ^ 1 Ol _ll l^>l ^ 1 iul _ll V«l 'll Ujl ti 1 UJ 1 31 «— 1 1J- I u> 1 Wl l_j 1 u-Iuj «; u. 1 « or 1 •; CS 1 •€. ol-i o 1 »* C. 1 •-: ►— 1 *j u. 1 »i ■* 1 3 — -.: 1 •* a. i '*. o i «t o 1 -J *»■ •— I «t _j 1 <: < I 't .: 1 3 1 oi I « 1 >- — 1 2.4.5.321 . T3 m 2.4. 5. 322 APPENDIX C-13-1 MACROINVERTEBRATE TAXA OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES MAY - JUNE 1975 2.4. t>. 323 APPENDIX C-13-1 MACROINVERTEBRATE TAXA OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, MAY - JUNE 1975 Nematoda Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Physidae Physa Draparnaud Lymnaeidae Lymnaea Lamarck Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus Charpentier Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellida Glossiphoniidae Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus) Oligochaeta Enchytraeidae Haplotaxidae Haplotaxis Lumbricul idae Naididae Chaetogaster diastrophus Nais sp. Tubificidae Ilyodrilus templetoni Limnodrilus claparedeianus Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Limnodrilus udekemianus Limnodrilus sp. Rhyacodril inae Tufificidae sp. Immature Tubificidae with capilliform chaetae Immature Tubificidae without capilliform chaetae Arthropoda Arachnoidea Acari Crustacea Amphipoda Talitridae Hyallela azteca (Saussure) Insecta Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Epeorus Eaton Rhithrogena Eaton 2.4.5.324 APPENDIX C-13-1 (Continued; Baetidae Baetis Leach Callibaetis Eaton Ephemerell idae Ephemerel la Walsh Collembola Odonata Zygoptera Coenagrionidae Argia Rambur Argia sedula (Hagen) Amphiagron abbreviatum (Selys) Anisoptera Gomphidae Plecoptera Systellognatha Perlodidae Isoperla Banks Coleoptera Dytiscidae Agabus Leach Deronectes Sharp Hydaticus Leach Hydroporus Clairville Rhantus Dejean Elmidae Dubiraphia Sanderson Hydrophil idae Trichoptera Glossosomatidae Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche Pictet Hydroptil idae Hydroptila Dalman Lepidoptera Pyralidae Hemiptera Corixidae Diptera Tipulidae Holorusia Loew Limnophila Macquart Ormosia Rondani Pedicia Latirelle Tipulidae (unidentified) Psychodidae Ceratopogonidae Culicoides L< tirelie Chironcmidae Tanypodinae Larsia 2.4.5.325 APPENDIX C-13-1 (Continued) Labrundina Pentaneurini Thienemannimyia grp. Diamesinae Diamesa Odontomesa Pseudodiamesa c.f. pertinax Diamesinae sp. Orthocladiinae Chaetocladius Corynoneura Cricotopus Cricotopus (Cricotopus) Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus Cricotopus (Isocladius) Eukiefferiella Gymnometriocnemus terrestris grp. Krenosmittia Metriocnemus Qrthocladius Parametriocnemus Paraphaenocladius Pseudosmittia Thienemanniella Orthocladiinae sp. Chironominae Chironomini Cryptochironomus Microtendipes Paratendipes Phaenopsectra (phaenopsectra' Polypedilum tripodura grp. Tanytarsini Micropsectra Rheotanytarsus Dixidae Dixa Dolichopodidae Hydrophorus agalama Simuliidae Stratiomyidae Euparyphus Gerstaecker Strati omys Geoffroy Rhagionidae Atherix variegata Walker Empididae CI inocera Meigen Hemerodromia Meigen Anthomyiidae Limnophora aeguifrons Stein Limnophora discreta Stein Limnophora sp. 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O I. '». 0J UJ — O O fcF ft c: u 'j cu oj CX-r- -r- .C -C. a. a g * ■-o\ a U 0-1 j o I ^ n-Ti c:j '- t i aj o o o|a. a. — -!— < — !o. ;; = 5 a» cl 11 1/1 T3 ly <-' u 2.4.5.421 oi; «i, -fj V5 (M O r--j O c/1 ■r- 3 fO '- '— i.) u u O) cu ■u u •r- 0J >, JC .C f° u u CL ^"1 ?" O ».> 1/1 rx D fO • 1 -T : >> -» 3; rc <-> -C -r- rj U r— 1 — ri >*"- ■<— C J 1/1 t/1 4-> LI CX CX a O (. 1 O O 0 l/l a> '- <- 1/1 a -a T3 O '•: ~-> >» O ~-T. 111 X O «* 2.4.5.422 APPENDIX C-14-1 MACROINVERTEBRATE TAXA OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES JULY - AUGUST 1975 2.5.4.423 APPENDIX C-14-1 MACROINVERTEBRATE TAXA OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, JULY - AUGUST 1975 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydridae Hydra Nematoda Mollusca Gastropoda Physidae Physa Lymnaeidae Lymnaea Lamarck Planorbidae Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellida Glossiphoniidae Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus) Oligochaeta Arthropoda Arachnoidea Acari Crustacea Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalel la azteca (Saussure) Insecta Collembola Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis Leach Callibaetis Eaton Heptageniidae Rhi throgena Eaton Ephemerel 1 idae Ephemerel la Walsh Tricorythidae Tricorythodes Ulmer Caenidae Caenis 2.4.5.424 APPENDIX C- 1 4-1 (Continued) Odonata Zygoptera Coenagrioniciae Anisoptera Gomphidae Hemiptera Gerridae Gerris Coleoptera Dytiscidae Agabus Deronectes Sharp Oreodytes Seidlitz Hydrophil idae Elmidae Zaitzevia Champion Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Pictet Hydroptil idae Hydroptila Dalman Limnephilidae Leptoceridae Brachycentridae Lepidoptera Pyralidae Diptera Tipulidae Holorusia Loew Limnophila Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Simul iidae Simul ium arcticum S. argus Will iston S. vittatum Zetterstedt Stratiomyidae Euparyphus Gerstaecker Tabanidae Tabanus Rhag ion idae Atherix variegata Wal ker 2.4.5.425 APPENDIX C-14-1 (Continued) Empididae Muscidae Anthomyiidae Limnophora aequifrons Stein 2.4.5.426 APPENDIX C-14-2 DENSITIES OF BENTHOS (MACROINYERTEBRATES) OBSERVED DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES JULY - AUGUST 1975 2.4.5.427 cc UD rD r--. 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See section 2.4,6.1 of Progress Report 2 for specific objectives. 2.4.6.2 Methods With the exception of analysis for arsenic which consists of a digestion procedure (EPA. 1973) followed by colorimetric analysis according to APHA (1971), no change in methods has occurred since Progress Report 3. See section 2.4.5.2 and 2.4.6.2 of Progress Reports 2 and 3, respectively; for specific methods used for sediment chemistry studies. 2.4.6.3 Results Appendix C-15-1, C-16-1 and C-16-2 present the results of chemical analysis of sediment samples taken during the April and May - June 1975 sampling periods. A summary of selected parameters included in the May - June analyses for the White River and Yellow Creek are presented below. In general, con- centrations of the selected parameters were similar in the two streams during the May - June sampling period. White River Yellow Creek Aluminum (yg/g) 3400 - 10,000 4700 - 10,000 Arsenic (yg/g) 4-6 5-9 Lead (yg/g) 4-6 6-9 Zinc (yg/g) 20 - 58 24-56 2.4-21 2.4.6 - Sediment Chemistry Data 2.4-22 2.4.6 - Sediment Chemistry 2.4-19 APPENDIX C-15-1 RESULTS OF SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975 2.4. G. lb APPENDIX C-15-1 RESULTS OF SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, APRIL 1975 (Results are expressed in ug/g)1 Station Parameter Replicate As 1-A 39 1-B 35 2-A 17 2-B 17 3-A 11 3-B 10 4-A 15 4-B 16 5-A 4 5-B 4 7-A 10 7-B 11 8-A 11 8-B 10 9-A 13 9-B 9 13-A 7 13-B 7 14-A 5 14-B 6 19-A 5 19-B 4 20-A 7 20-B 7 21 -A 6 21 -B 5 22-A , 5 22-B 5 23-A 3 23-B 3 24-A 5 24-B 5 25-A 11 25-B 9 Stations 6, 10-12, and 15-18 were dry at the time of sampling. 2.4.6.19 APPENDIX C-15-1 (Continued) Station Parameter Repl icate As 26-A 7 26-B 6 27-A 3 27-B 3 28-A 6 28-B 6 29-A 5 29-B 5 30-A 7 30-B 3 31 -A 7 31 -B 3 32-A 5 32-B 6 33-A 8 33-B 7 34-A 6 34-B 6 35-A 5 35-B 5 2.4.6.20 APPENDIX C- 16-1 RESULTS OF SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS DURING RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES MAY - JUNE 1975 2.<.6. 21 ™^^^S2^00^ra^^cococ\jco.— cntoro cooo^uiinLnininLn^uii£)coS^nu)S^5 Q -O => to o c cC —I O O OO SS22000°oooooooooooc} oooooooooooooooooooo usroouDr^ coo-^r-'cM'r-V _l 1- uj 2 LO S- CJ o *—> h- to «=£ CO ar- o_ to en o ^. co en cc 3. 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Denver, Cob* ado 2.4-29 2.4.10 Hydrology 2.4.10.1 Objectives The objective of this segment of the aquatic program is to measure the approximate stream velocites at each site at the time of sample collection to assist in characterizing the existing aquatic habitat. 2.4.10.2 Methods Stream velocity is measured at each sampling site with Gurley flowmeters or an equivalent device. 2.4.10.3 Results The approximate stream velocities during the May - June and July - August sampling periods are presented in Appendices C-18-1 and C-18-2. 2.4-30 2.4.10 - Hydrology Data 2.4-31 APPENDIX C-18-1 STREAM FLOW RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES MAY - JUNE 1975 2.4.10.7 APPENDIX C-18-1 STREAM FLOW, RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, MAY - JUNE 1975 (Results are expressed in feet per second and, where appropriate are given for bank side and point of maximum flow.) Flow Station (ft/sec) s m 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.9 4 1.4 5 1.4 6 3.5;2.0 7 2.5 8 3.2;1 .8 9 1.7 13 1.7 14 0.0 19 1.8 20 1.4 21 2.3 22 0.0 23 2.1;0.2 24 4.4;3.0 25 7.5 26 4.6;3.0 27 1.6:1.2 ?8 3.3;0!8 5.8;3.1 5.3 6.7 3.9;1.5 3.5 3.5 35 4.0:3.1 Stations 10-12 and 15-18 were dry at the time of sampling. 2.4.10. APPENDIX C-18-2 STREAM FLOW RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES JULY - AUGUST 1975 2.4.10.9 APPENDIX C-18-2 STREAM FLOW, RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, JULY - AUGUST 1975 (Results are expressed in feet per second and, where appropriate. are given for bank side and point of maximum flow.)' Flow Station (ft/sec) s m 1 0.4 2 1.3 3 1.3 4 1.5 5 0.4 7 1.5 8 1.7;2.0 9 2.1 13 2.0 14 0.0 15 0.8 17 0.4 18 0.8 19 1.8 20 1.4 21 0.8 22 0.7 23 1.0;2.9 24 2.4;2.2 25 2.8;2.9 26 1.9;2.9 27 0.4;1.2 28 1 .0,1 .3 29 2.1;3.1 30 2.7;3.1 31 2.4;3.1 32 1.7,2.9 33 1.0;2.8 34 1.0;1.7 35 1.7;2.9 Stations 6, 10 - 12, and 16 were dry at the time of sampling 2.4.10.10 2.4.11 Miscellaneous Studies 2.4.11.1 Objectives No change in objectives has occurred since Progress Report 3. See section 2.4.11 of Progress Report 3 for specific objectives. 2.4.11.2 Methods No change in methods has occurred since Progress Report 3. See section 2.4.11 of Progress Report 3 for parameters included in these studies. The frequency of collection of the various parameters included in these inves- tigations and the list of parameters are presented in Table 2.4-3. 2.4.11.3 Results Data from the April and May - June sampling periods are included in Appendices C-19-1, C-19-2, and C-20-1 . 2.4-32 Table 2.4-3. List of Parameters and Sampling Frequency for Water Quality Investigations. Semi -Monthly Semi-Monthly1 Element or Compound Element or Compound Barium Boron Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iron Lithium Magnesium Potassium Selenium Silicon Sodium Sulfate Zinc Ammonia Bicarbonate Carbonate Chloride Color Dissolved solids Kjeldahl nitrogen Nitrate Nitrite Odor Oil and Grease Turbidity Arsenic Cadmium Lead Manganese Mercury Phosphorus Cyanide Sulfide 1Subject to review 2.4-33 Table 2.4-3 (Continued; Quarterly Organics Radioactivity Total organic C • if < 10mg/l no additional analysis Gross Alpha 1 > 4 picocuries/1 analyze for RA 226 • if > 10mg/l then, Dissolved organic Suspended organic Phenols Sulfate Nitrogen C C Gross Beta • if > 100 picocuries/1 analyze for Th 230 and Natural Uranium Chemical oxygen demand Fecal col i form Pesticides Element or Compound Complete Element Scan 2.4-34 2.4.11 - Miscellaneous Studies Data 2.4-35 c 2.4.11 - Miscellaneous Studies 2.4-32 APPENDIX C-19-1 WATER QUALITY DATA. SPECTROGRAPHS ELEMENT SCAN RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975 2.4.11.5 APPENDIX C-19-1 WATER QUALITY DATA. SPECTROGRAPHS ELEMENT SCAN RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES, APRIL 1975 (Data are expressed in yg/1 and are based upon dissolved sol ids. ) Station Parameter Replicate 25 34 Aluminum (Al ) Antimony (Sb) Arsenic (As) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bismuth (Bi) Boron (B) Cadmium (Cd) Calcium (Ca) Chromium (Cr) Cobolt (Co) Copper (Cu) Germanium (Ge) Iron (Fe) Lead (Pb) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) Potassium (K) Silica (Si) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tellurium (Te) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Vanadium (V) Wolfram (W) Zirconium (Zr) ND = Not Detected 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 ND ND ND ND 55.0 53.6 53 54 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 ND ND ND ND 0.008 0.013 0.013 0.013 ND ND ND ND 23 22.6 22.6 22.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.09 192 186 185 187 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.4.11.6 APPENDIX C-19-2 WATER QUALITY DATA RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975 2.4.11.7 APPENDIX C-19-2 WATER QUALITY DATA. RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES APRIL 1975. (Data are expressed in mg/1.) PARAMETER f STATION REPLICATE 25 34 A B A B Lindane Malathion Parathion Toxaphene <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.002 <0.002 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.002 <0.002 2.4.11 APPENDIX C-20-1 WATER QUALITY DATA RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES MAY - JUNE 1975 2.4.11.9 APPENDIX C-20-1 WATER QUALITY DATA. RBOSP AQUATIC BASELINE STUDIES MAY-JUNE 1975. (Data are expressed in mg/1 unless otherwise noted.) STATION PARAMETER REPLICATE 25 3' [ A < B A B Arsenic (As), Diss < 0.03 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 Barium (Ba), Diss < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Boron (B) Diss < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 Cadmium (Cd), Diss < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Chromium (Cr) Total Diss < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 Copper (Cu), Diss < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Cyanide (CN) Total < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Fluoride (F), Diss 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 Iron (Fe), Total Diss 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05 Lead (Pb) Diss < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 Lithium (Li) Diss < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Manganese (Mn), Diss < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Mercury (Hg), Diss (ug/1 ) 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 Phosphorus (P) , Total Diss 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 Selenium (Se) . Diss < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Solvent extract (Oil ) 0.025 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.037 Sulfate (S), Diss 16 16 15 16 Sulfide (S), Diss < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Zinc (Zn), Diss < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Diss = Dissolved 2.4.11.10 Literature Cited Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Sludge - sediment analysis. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region IV, Surveillance & Analysis Branch. Everhart, W. H. and B. E. May. 1973. Effects of chemical variations in acquatic environments. Vol 1: biota and chemistry of Piceance Creek. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Monitoring. Washington, D.C. 117pp. American Public Health Association (APHA). 1971. Standard methods for examination of water and waste-water. 13th ed. APHA, New York. 874 pp. Jessen, R. and R. Lound. 1962. An evaluation of a survey technique for submerged aquatic plants. Game investigational report No. 6. Minnesota Dept. of Conservation. Division of Game and Fish. 10 pp. USGS. 1971. Water resources data for Colorado. Part I. Surface water records. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 409 pp USGS. 1972. Water resources data for Colorado. Part I. Surface water records. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 392 pp, USGS. 1973. Water resources data for Colorado. Part I. Surface water records. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 391 pp, 2.4-36 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS PROGRESS REPORT - 4 Prepared for: The Rio Blanco Oil Shale Project Submitted by: Limnetics, Inc. , Environmental Consultants 9025 E. Kenyon Avenue Denver, Colorado 80237 October 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables i List of Figures ii 2.5 Other Environmental Programs 2.5-1 1. Soils survey and productivity assessment studies.. 2.5-1 2. Archaeological survey 2.5-5 3. Revegetation 2.5-26 5. Trace metals 2.5-36 r LIST OF TABLES Table 2.5.2-1 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis located June through September 1975 on Tract C-a, RBOSP 2.5-15 Table 2.5.2-2 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis for archaeological sites located June through September 1975 in the 1-mile perimeter of Tract C-a, RBOSP 2.5-16 Table 2.5.2-3 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis for archaeological sites located June through September 1975 on 84 Mesa, RBOSP 2.5-18 Table 2.5.2-4 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis for archaeological sites located June through September 1975 off-tract outside Tract C-a periphery and 84 Mesa 2 . 5-20 Table 2.5.3-1 Plant species suitability and recommended sowing rates kb/ha, lbs/acre of viable seed for species utilized in revegetation experi- ments on oil shale Tract C-a, Rio Blanco County, Colorado 2.5-31 Table 2.5.3-2 Plant response parameters measured in initial revegetation studies on oil shale Tract C-a, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, 1976-1978 2.5-34 * 2.5 Other Environmental Programs 2.5.1 Soils survey and productivity assessment studies 2.5.1.1 Objectives The soil studies are designed to fulfill the requirements of the oil shale lease, provide data necessary in the determination of ecosystem relationships and provide information required during revegetation studies. The objectives of the soil survey are to describe and map soil types. Soil types, depths of the various layers of soil, strike and dip of the soil, slopes, vegetation cover and erodibility are described. Consult Progress Report 2, Section 2.5.1.1 for additional objectives of the soils program. 2.5.1.2 Methods Methods employed in the soil studies are described in Section 2.5.1.2 of Progress Report 2. 2.5.1.3 Results Preliminary soil surveying and mapping has been carried out by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). A preliminary soils map has been prepared by the SCS and is currently undergoing further revisions. A general description of the twelve soil types encountered during surveying and mapping by the SCS are discussed below. The aridic haploboroll, loamy-skeletal, mixed, unnamed series consists of moderately deep, well -drained soils that formed in colluvium on foothill sideslopes. These soils have slopes of 12 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipita- tion is about 46 cm (18 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 5 to 6 C (42 F). The typical pedon is channery loam, . •' 12 to 60 percent slopes, SWfc NW% Section 10, TIN, R99W. The Forelle series consists of deep, well-drained soils that formed in calcareous aeolian sediments. Forelle soils are on uplands and terrace slopes and have slopes of 3 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 35 to 46 cm (14 to 18 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 5 to 5 C (42 F). Forelle soils are similar to the Piceance and Yamac soils. Piceance soils have a lithic Contact less than 100 cm (40 inches). Yamac soils do not have an argil lie horizon. Typical pedon of Forelle loam, 3 to 25 percent slopes, about 0.5 km (0.3 mile) east anq1 0.3 km (0.2 mile) south of the northwest corner of Section 30, TIN, R93W. 2.5-1 The Glendive series consists of deep, well-drained soils formed in alluvial materials. Glendive soils are in valley positions and have slopes of 2 to 9 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 35 cm (14 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 6 C {43 F). Glendive soils are near the Hagga, Havre and Hanly soils. Hagga soils are poorly drained; Hanly soils have a sandy control section; and Havre soils are finer textured than the Glendive soils. Typical pedon of Glendive fine sandy loam, 2 to 9 percent slopes, about 90 m (100 yards) south of the Ryan Gulch Road and 15 m (50 feet) east of the fence in the NE^ of HEh Section 12, T2S, R98W. The Hagga series consists of deep, very poorly-drained soils that formed in alluvium derived mainly from calcarious sandstones and shales. Hagga soils are on valley bottoms and have slopes of 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 40 cm (16 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 7 C (45 F). Hagga soils are similar to the Buford and Havre soils. Buford soils have dark surfaces and have very gravelly substrata. Havre soils are well drained to moderately well drained, lacking mottles above a depth of 100 cm (approximately 40 inches). Typical pedon of Hagga loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, 45 m (150 feet) south and 49 m (160 feet) west of northwest corner of Section 5, T3S, R96W 53 m (175 feet) southwest of Stuart Gulch gaging station). The Hanly series consists of deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that have formed in detrital alluvium of calcareous sandstone and shale origin. Hanly soils are on alluvial fans and in narrow valleys with slope gradients of 2 to 9 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 15 cm (6 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is^, about 7 C (45 F). Hanly soils are similar to the Glendive soils with which they are closely associated. Glendive soils differ in being mainly sandy loam at 25 to 100 cm (approximately 10 to 40 inch) depths. Typical pedon of Hanly gravelly loamy fine sand, 2 to 9 percent slopes, 2.4 km (1.5 miles) up Ryan Gulch, 60 m (200 feet) north of road, in the SEh of SE^ Section 31, T1S, R98W. The Havre series consists of deep, well-drained soils that formed in calcareous mixed alluvium. Havre soils are on floodplains and low terraces and have slopes of 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 cm (1G inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 6 to 7 C (44 F). Havre soils are similar to Uffens, Glending, Youngston, Hagga, Hanly and Glendive. Uffens soils are natric and saline in reaction. Glending and Youngston occur in a warmer temperature zone. Glending, Hanly and Glendive have sandier control sections. Hagga soils are poorly drained. Typical pedon of Havre loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, 0.6 km (0.4 mile) sou£h, 60 m (200 feet) east of the NW corner of Section 32, TIN, R94W. 2.5-2 The lithic haploboroll, loamy-skeletal, mixed, unnamed series consists of shallow, well-drained soils that formed in sand- stone residuum on upland slopes and ridge tops. These soils have slopes of 5 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 46 cm (18 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 5 to 6 C (42 F). The typical pedon is very channery loam, 5 to 50 percent slopes, NE^ NWfc Section 22, TIN, R99W. The Piceance series consists of moderately deep, well-drained soils that formed in residuum from sandstone and modified with aeolian material. Piceance soils are on upland slopes and ridges and have slopes of 5 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 35 to 46 cm (14 to 18 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 6C (43 F). Piceance soils are similar to Forelle, Yamac and Kinnear. Forelle, Yamac and Kinnear soils are deep and do not have bedrock above 100 cm (approximately 40 inches). Kinnear soils occur in a warmer temperature zone. Typical pedon of Piceance fine sandy loam, 5 to 25 percent, NE?s of NE*a Section 33, T2S, R99W. The Redcreek series consists of shallow, well-drained soils that formed in sandy material weathered from underlying calcareous sandstone. Redcreek soils are on mountain sideslopes and ridges and have slopes of 5 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 cm (16 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 6 to 7 C (44 F). Redcreek soils are similar to the Rentsac soils. Rentsac soils are skeletal and are on fractured sandstone, while Redcreek soils are non-skeletal and are on massive sandstone. Typical pedon of Redcreek sandy loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes, about 275 m (900 feet) N of SVAs corner, Section 18, Township 3 South, R96W. The Rentsac series consists of shallow, well-drained soils formed in residuum from sandstone. Rentsac soils are on foothills (upland entrenched terrace) and have slopes which are 5 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 40 cm (approximately 16 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 6 to 7 C (44 F). Rentsac soils are similar to the Redcreek soils. Redcreek soil is non-skeletal, while Rentsac is skeletal. Typical pedon of Rentsac very channery sandy loam, 5 to 50 percent slopes, under chained pinyon- juniper area, NE*a Sw^, Section 27, Township 1 North, R98W. Rock outcrop-Torriorthents, 12 to 90 percent slopes (RT) occurs mainly on southerly aspects in the Piceance Basin on strongly sloping to extremely steep terrace breaks of the many drainage- ways of this area. Rock outcrop occurs as horizontal sandstone cliffs or dike-like outcrops and as platy siltstone outcrops 1n 50 to 65 percent of the mapping unit. The remainder of the mapping unit is comprised of Torriorthents, most of which are very shallow and shallow, and a small percentage of moderately 2.5-3 deep and deep Torriorthents in the colluvial and alluvial material. The vegetation is characterisitcally very sparse - few scattered pinyons, junipers and shrubs. These soils have a severe limitation for sanitary facilities and local roads due to shallowness of the soil. These soils are a poor source of material for roadfill and topsoil due to thin layer, small stones and problems of area reclamation. The Yamac series consists of deep, well -drained soils that formed in alluvium and aeolian materials. Yamac soils are on rolling uplands and ridges and have slopes of 5 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 cm (14 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 6 to 7 C (44 F). Yamac soils are similar to the Forelle and Piceance soils. Forelle soils have an argillic horizon not found in the Yamac. Piceance soils overlie bedrock at 50 to 100 cm (approximately 20 to 40 inch) depths. Typical pedon of Yamac loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, SW^ of Section 2, T2S, R99W. The SCS is processing soils for trace element and mechanical analysis. The selection of a soils contractor is currently being made and the initiation of the program will be started immediately upon contract award. This program will include collection and analysis of soil samples associated with major vegetation types. Trace metal concentrations will be determined and soil/ plant relationships will be interpreted. 2.5-4 2.5.2 Archaeological survey 2.5.2.1 Objectives The archaeological survey was designed to locate archaeological or historical material on Tract C-a, a mile-wide perimeter around the tract and 84 Mesa. The survey was then extended downstream on several drainages, particularly Yellow Creek, to obtain more information on off-tract sites. The survey was designed to obtain information on the extent of occupation, cultural affiliations, time depth represented and native exploitation of the region. Material found during this study was compared with that described from other areas, particularly the Douglas Creek drainage. Comparison of artifacts found on Tract C-a was also made with collections held by local individuals, many of whom have been collecting artifacts from the area for many years. The pro- cedure prevented inadvertent omission of scarce or commonly sought after items such as projectile points (arrowheads). The past existence of trade relationships between local inhabitants and those from areas outside the basin was explored. Evidence that trade had been conducted was revealed by the presence of pottery that had not been locally made and the presence of imported toolstone. These artifacts suggested a widespread contact with areas outside the Piceance Basin. 2.5.2.2 Methods Two types of ground surface surveys were employed during the investigations. No excavations were done. Both surveys involved systematic walk-overs of the area and collection of artifacts. The following data were recorded for each located collection: field number and distinctive features of the site (such as terrain or structures). Each find was labeled and kept separate from others. In rough or broken ground, areas that could have been occupied such as benches adjacent to drainages, areas near springs or streams and upland areas that might have been used for hunting or gathering camps were intensively searched. Areas that have produced artifacts in the past were also carefully searched. In relatively featureless terrain such as 84 Mesa and the alluvial valley floors, team members were spaced a short distance and the area was systematically traversed with team members searching for artifacts. When artifacts were found, the team then concentrated on that area and collected as much material as could be located. The 2.5-5 search was continued until no more artifacts or chips were found. After early surveys had progressed sufficiently, information gathered in the field was processed. Types of artifacts obtained and the locations of sites were itemized and mapped, and the emerging pattern of site locations was used to direct the investigation into areas in which the probability of finding additional sites was greatest. This technique prompted surveying down into the more productive lower drainages rather than moving up the drainages toward the less productive Cathedral Bluffs. While the high uplands were probably utilized to some extent, the majority of camp locations were on lower ground. Material recovered in the field was processed in the base station laboratory. Artifacts were washed, labeled with field numbers, identified and recorded. Both site locations and non-productive areas were plotted at the end of each field day. The initial survey followed the priority system delineated in Figure 2.5.2-1. After this area had been cleared for the presence or absence of sites, the survey was expanded to the areas shown in Figures 2.5.2-2,3 and 4. In addition to surveys and collections on site, several private collections and museums in Meeker and Dinosaur National Monument were inspected to provide additional background on the archaeological history of the area. A number of caves and overhangs which offered protection and were probable wintering areas for people who utilized the Piceance Basin are found in the Douglas Creek area. One of the most distinctive features of shelters in the Douglas Creek drainage is the amount of rock art. It includes pictographs painted on the walls and petroglyphs which are not painted but are pecked into the rock face. These include depictions of humans, various animals and designs. A similar area with three caves north of Rangely was also inspected. 2.5.2.3 Results A total of 196 locations produced material that was transported into the area, or modified, by man. These ranged from a single flake of tool stone to concentrations of tools, broken or discarded pieces and wastage associated with the manufacture of tools. The material used for chipped tools included chalcedony, jasper, petrified wood, obsidian and quartzite. These materials are fine grained and were worked by flaking. During tool produc- tion, small chips were often discarded if they were too small to serve as secondary tools. This wastage is usually a good indication that an area was once occupied. The color and texture of small tools or flakes found in the study area were quite different from the local shales and sandstones. Since the local stone cannot be worked to produce functional small tools, it is likely that tool stone was imported by the inhabitants. There 2.5-6 f.-.^ }k\^nM^: 4 A' WmM a \&\ pi h^M^m'^&- lillig m>g3&j£sf& & ; ^ ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES for THE RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE PROJECT L TRACT C-a f% LIMNET9CS, INC. ^^ Denver. Colorado B indicates priority for performance and reporting requirements ^| 84 Mesa spent shale disposal site one mile perimeter of Tract COMPLETED AS OF JUNK 30. 1975 Figure 2.5.2-1 /<^fc>',,tf ■\\* ->,--■■ -f >- FS=?F - 5 ^S^^Mv^;/ v \ » ' *m ■mmm M. I~JJ >\'M V-. w~^t mm %.■ a»if •JSsftSrJ as art ;t).« I m 'MM. m m 2L iUi Figure 2.5.2-2 Expanded Archaeological Survey Area. Dots represent areas surveyed. • Figure 2.5.2-3 Expanded Archaeological Survey. Dots represent areas surveyed. c Figure 2.5.2-4 Expanded Survey Area. Dots represent areas surveyed. was some use of local stone for larger tools such as choppers and grinding stones. Suitable toolstone supplies are present in the main White River drainage, west into Utah, and in southwestern Wyoming. No quarry sources for toolstone were found during the survey. Tools used for grinding various vegetal products were also found in the area. The lower element of these tools, the grinding slab, was usually an oval or irregular slab of local sandstone characterized by a depression that had been formed through long use. The handstone, or moveable element, was fashioned from a thin, oval stream cobble. These were of a size that could conveniently be held in one hand. Evidence from this historic period indicates that these tools were used to grind various types of seeds, to hull pinyon nuts, and even in some instances to grind dried meat. Cooking techniques during this period included preparation of liquid or mush foods. Another use of these tools was to grind pigments that could have been used for body painting, decora- tion of portable objects or painting of pictographs. The sites that were found in the survey are classed as open sites. Open sites are located in areas in which there is no physical protection other than variations in the terrain. Few caves or overhangs were found, and those investigated did not appear to have been occupied. Camping in the open, which would suggest good weather, was common. Open sites, however, usually yield few artifacts because organic decay, insect or bacterial action and oxidation quickly destroy all but the most durable artifacts. Those found are lithic or stone artifacts. The samples collected during the survey consisted almost entirely of items made from stone. In prehistoric times, tools were often made of many other materials such as wood, bone, antler, horn and plant products that produced fibers or other- useful elements. No artifacts made from these perishable materials were found. Linworked bone is scattered through the area, but this is probably a result of hunting activity and winter kills. A few pieces of broken pottery were found that may have been imported from the Mesa Verde region or from the west, in Utah, and the northwest, in Dinosaur National Monument. Several classes of artifacts were collected, including pro- jectile points. These are good diagnostic artifacts, as their shapes and chipping design are regionally and temporally distinctive. Most points in the collection exhibit additional modification for attaching to a weapon shaft, including notching or definite base design to hold the sinew used to tie the point on. Broken points (probably discarded at camp sites and replaced with whole new points) are also part of the collection. Careful workmanship and chipping on all edges and both sides of the point are common to the tools in the collection Good grade (glassy) toolstone was used. 2.5-11 Two types of projectiles were found (Figure 2.5.2-5). The larger projectiles are classified as dart points used for attachment to a short, spear-like shaft. These weapons were usually thrown from a spear thrower, a weapon approximately 2 inches wide and 18 inches long. The other type of projectile points are much smaller and are classified as arrow points. These would indicate use of the bow and arrow. Use of the bow succeeded use of the spear thrower, although there may have been an overlap in their use. Knives are defined as processing tools that were chipped on both sides to produce a wedge-shaped cutting edge. These were probably primarily used for cutting meat, working hides and for cutting other materials. Two types of knives were made. One was a finished tool with distinct shapes and dimensions. These were fabricated by chipping both the edges and the faces. The other type of knife was merely a flake which was used until it dulled, then discarded. These flakes have extremely sharp edges, much more so than a chipped knife, but the edges are extremely fragile and not very durable. Although knives could have been used to scrape objects, the wear partem is similar to that produced on steel knives. Drawings of knives found orr Tract C-a are shown in Figure 2.5.2-5 and 6. Scrapers were used to remove unwanted material from hides and other materials. The edge of a scraper differs from that of a knife in that it was chipped away from the edge, giving it an angular surface. Finished scrapers have one flat side and a rounded or convex upper surface. Chips or flakes were sometimes used as scrapers for a particular task and then discarded. Most of the scrapers found in the survey (Figure 2.5.2-6) were too small to have been attached to a handle and were probably held in the fingers. Flakes, while indicative of occupation, are usually not good diagnostic artifacts unless they were used secondarily as tools such as knives or scrapers. Unfortunately, they do not aid in temporal or cultural identification, but their abundance and distribution are good indicators of the amount of occupation at a given site. Metates (grinding slabs) and manos (handstones) were used for grinding food to a meal or powder. Drills and punches are similar tools to ones in our culture, except that they were made of stone. Cores are the remnants of toolstone from which flakes have been removed. They are not usually tools in them- selves. Hammerstones are more or less spherical pieces of tough stone that were used to fabricate or process other materials. Hammerstones were used to shape manos and metates. Choppers are large chipped-edge tools that were used to chop or part various materials. They could have been used in butchering coarse fabrication, or working any non-stone material. The initial list of tool types and site locations is shown in Tables 2.5.2-1 through 2.5.2-4 for Tract C-a, the 1-mile perimeter, 84 Mesa and off-tract sites. 2.5-12 Figure 2.5.2-5 Projectile points and a knife from Tract C-a, RBOSP. Upper right Archaic projectile point remainder Fremont Lower right, knife. 2.5-13 Figure 2.5.2-6 Knives and scrapers from Tract C-a RBOSP Upper row knives, lower row scrapers. 2.5-14 Table 2.5.2-1 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis located June through September 1975 on Tract C-a, RBOSP. i- 01 ■i 3 Q. Z _C c o 01 to ■o CO a; Q. a> s- c o> +-> c M- 0> 5 c o •f— •c— S- (O si O to a; o c a 4-> Li- t— QC C/O Q_ ^ u-> u_ o 4. T2S, R99W S3 , m\ If* 3 Metate 5- 'TIS, R99W S34, sw^ NE1^ If 6 T1S, R99W S33, se?* m\ If If 7 : T2S, R99W S4 , mk NE^ If 2 12 8 T1S, R99W S34, Mh SW% Punch 9 T1S, R99W S33, m\ SWi 3 14 T2S, R99W S4 , NE?a SEV 1 15" T1S, R99W S34, SE% SW1* 7 Tool fragment 16 T1S, R99W S34, SW^ SUk 1 2 29 " -T2S, R99W S4 , NE^ SE^ Tool fragment 33 : T1S, R99W S33, SEU SW1* If 34. T1S, R99W S33, SW% NE% If 37 T2S, R99W S10, Wh SUk If 38 T2S, R99W S9 , NWfc SW% 1 39 T2S, R99W S10, SW1* SW*$ 2 40 T2S, R99W S10, NW1* NE1* 1 1 41 T2S, R99W S3 , SEV SE*a 1 2f 6 2 Drill 42 T2S, R99W S3 , SW^ SEJs Metate 43, T2S, R99W S9 , NE1^ ■ NW*s Mano fragment 2 tool fragments 45 T1S, R99W S33, NEJj SE% 1 If 12 51 T2S, R99W S10, SEJ4 SE?3 1 54: T2S, R99W S3 , m\ SW^ 3 Core * Identifiable fragmentary tool 2.5-15 Table 2.5.2-2 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis for archaeological sites located June through September 1975 in the 1-mile perimeter of Tract C-a, RBOSP. 0> E 3 Z Q. JZ c o Crt ■o t/i OJ 4-> S- c en -J3 c *4- o C u .»-> iZ ' . _h- CC U~i D. i^ IS) u_ o 10 'TIS, R99W S29, Mk SW% 1 11 T1S, R99W S29, SW1* SW% 1 1 12 ' T1S, R99W S29, SW1* SEh 1 4 13 T1S, R99W S29, NW^ SW% If* 1 Drill 20 T2S, R99W S14, mh NW% 2 4f 1 51 21 T2S, R99W S15, SUh NE% 1 13 25 T1S, R99W S27, SW?4 SE^ 2f 1 6 28 . T2S, R99W Sll, sw% S^ih 1 30 T2S, R99W S17, SE1^ SE?* If 2 20 32 - • T1S, R99W S27, NE^ SVik If 16 35. T2S, R99W Sll, SVfti NE*s 2 36 T2S, R99W Sll, Hlh SEs If 3f 20 Hammerstone frag- ment 44 T2S, R99W S17, SUh NW% 1 1 47 T1S, R99W S35, NE% mh If 22 50 T2S, R99W S16, NE^ NE% 2 52 T2S, R99W S15, SW% NEh 1 5 53 T2S, R99W S6 , SW% UEh 1 Tool stone 55'- T2S, R99W S15-, SW% NBs 2f 5 Mano fragment 56 T2S, R99W S6 , SW* SE** 1 If 3f Mano, fossils 64 T2S, R99W S14, mh SEh 2f 3f 65- T2S, R99W S14, mh mh 1 2f If 110 Hammerstone Mano fragment 66- T2S, R99W S14, Hlh m% 2f 35 67 T2S, R99W Sll, SW?i SEh 11 70 T2S, R99W Sll, SWh SUh Tool stone 71 T2S, R99W Sll, m\ NWU 9 72 T2S, R99W S2 , WVi SWJa 1 81 T2S, R99W S2 , WEh HEh 1 • - 2f 2 Chopper 82 T1S, R99W S35, SW% SW*s 2 Mano fragment 83 •T1S, R99W S35, SUk SW?4 Mano 84 T1S, R99W S35, HEk SE% 2f 2f 24 3 Mano fragments v Hammerstone 2.5-16 Table 2.5.2-2 (Continued) J- -Q E 3 Q. Z jz c o T3 -4-> 0) 2 c O o fO <1> u. 1— Od t/1 94 ' 'TIS, R99W S29, NW% SW% 95 'tis, R99W S28, SWJj NE% 97 T1S, R99W S30, NE*a NWJ* 103 T1S, R99W S30, SE% SE>* 104 T1S, R99W S31, SE^ NW% 4f 2 If 13 If 2 Tool stone 3 1 * .Identifiable fragmentary tool 2.5-17 Table 2.5.2-3 Field site number, site location and initial material culture analysis for archaeological sites located June through September 1975 on 84 Mesa, RBOSP. -i 3 Q. Z -C c o cu to ■o U) c 4- 05 J*. u. 1— en U~> ca- i»i I/O Li_ O 3 T1S, R99W S36, im Site lf* If 5 i7 'TIS, R98W S18, SE^a Site If 3f 6 18 .T1S, R98W S18, SE% Site 1 2f If If 67 21 T1S, R99W S25, SE?a H£h 1 If 3 Mano, Metate 22 T1S, R98W S18, SEH Site 9 23 T1S, R98W S30, NW* NE1* 3 1 8f 2f 215 Hammerstone, drill , 3 choppers 24" 'TIS, R99W S25, Nlte SE1* If 147 3 Mano fragments 26 - T1S, R98W S20, Nlte SUh 1 2f 2f 1 1 27T T1S, R98W S30, S£h NE?4 2f 54 Potsherds, scrapers, knives, blades 31 'TIS, R98W S30, SRs Nlte 2 1 46 T1S, R98W S8 , SW^ SW* If 20 1 historic knife, hammerstone, 5 Mano fragments, chopper, drill 48. T1S, R98W S19, Site mh 1 2 49 " T1S, R98W S19", Nlte SE% If 3 57 T1S, R98W S19, NE% SE^ 74 58 T1S, R98W S20, SWJ4 Nlte 3 1 potsherd 59 .T1S, R98W S20, SEh Nlte Mano fragment 60' T1S, R98W S19, NEU SEh Mano fragment 61 T1S, R98W S19, NE»s SE1* Mano 62" T1S, R98W S19, SE* SE?a If 2 63 T1S, R98W S20, NE1^ Nlte 2 68 T1S, R98W S8 , Site SE!4 If 12 69 T1S, R98W S17, NEJ4 NW1^ 1 73 T1S, R98W S18, HEh SEk If 1 Anvil , Mano 74 T1S, R98W S18, HEh sv* 2 Mano fragments 75 * T1S, R98W S18, HEh SEk 3 76 T1S, R98W S17, mh Slte If 77 •T1S, R98W S18, NE1,; SE*s Tool stone 80 T1S, R99W S13, Site SE?a If 2f 1 30 Mano fragment 85 •' r T1S, R99W S13, Site SEi4 2f 5f 96 86 T1S, R99W S13, NE?4 SE?4 If 3f 1 2f 72 Hammerstone frag- ment, 2 Mano fragments 2.5-18 Table 2.5.2-3 (Continued) a. a) j- C en +J c «+- (T3 .*: a> 0) 5 c O •r- •i— S_ A3 .c o -M c M- iZ • 1— cc i/> Q. ^ t/i u_ o 19 T25, R99W S13, SWi HVih 2f* 1 If If 18 Mano, hammerstone 78 " T1S, R98W S21, HVh HVih If If 5 Mano fragment 79 T1S, R98W S16, SE% SVih If 89 T2S, R100W S13, SEh HEh If 96 T1S, R98W S9 , SE*a SWk Mano fragment 98- T1S, R98W S5 , SE?a SE% 1 Mano 99 . T1S, R98W S9 , HVh nvth Mano fragment 100 T1S, R99W S21, SE^ SVih 5 Mano fragment 101 T1S, R99W S21, NW% SE% 1 102 T1S, R99W S21, nvh If 129 T1S, R98W S32, NW% NE% 4f If If 92 130 T1S, R98W S9 , NE% SE% 2 Mano fragments 131 T1S, R98W S9 , SE?4 SEk 1 Mano fragment 132 T1S, R98W S9 , SE^ SE% If 14 133 T1S, R98W S10, SVih SVih Mano fragment 134 T1S, R98W S9 , SE^ svih 5 135 T1S, R98W S21, NE^ svih 1 136 T1S, R98W S22, mh HVih 1 137 T1S, R98W S32, HEk mh If Mano fragment 138 T1S, R98W S31, SW?4 SVih If 2 Mano fragment 139 T1S, R98W S10, SVih SE^ If 51 140 T1S, R99W S9 , nvth HEh 2f 4f 2 If 95 Drill , 5 tool frag- ments, Mano, 4 Mano fragments, tool stone 141 T1S, R99W S9 , mh HEh If If 1 7 2 Mano fragments 142 T1S, R99W S10, mk HVih 1 3 potsherds, core, hammerstone, Mano, 10 Mano fragments 144- T1S, R99W S10, HEh HVih 2f 2f 28 Mano fragment 145 T1S, R99W S10, mh SVh If If 3f 15 147 •T1S, R98W S10, SUi HEh If 1 4f 23 148~ T1S, R98W Sll, HVth HWs 3f 2f 3f 52 149 T2S, R98W S4 , SVih svih 1 3 1 potsherd 2.5-20 Table 2.5.2-4 (Continued) E 3 a. Z JC c o CD en •o (/) a> ■*-> C 4- £ (U 'a! 2 c O •r— •i— S- u. 1— OC ■o 1/1 01 +■> uZ h- OtL I/O a. 2x£ IS) u. o 178 T2S, R98W S6 , NE1^ NBs If 1 179 T1S, R98W S32, SW^s If 3 Tool fragment 180 T1S, R98W S31, SE?a If 2 Tool fragment 181 T1S, R98W S32, VAh NE% If 11 Tool fragment 182' T1S, R98W S31, SE1* SE% 38 Tool fragment 183 T2S, R99W S14, NEij SW1^ Tool fragment 184 T2S, R99W S23, NE^s SW% 1 Tool fragment 185 T2S, R98W S19, Mh SW*4 1 1 Tool fragment 166 T1S, R98W SI , SW1* NE% Zf* If 3f 36 Hammerstone, Mano fragment, 4 tool fragments 187 T1S, R98W S36, SE^ 1 Hammerstone, Mano 188 TIN, R98W S25, NE^ If 1 10 Mano, Mano fragment 5 tool fragments 189 T2S, R98W S3 , NW»s If If 1 45 2 tool fragments 190 T2S, R98W S4 , SE*s NE% If 5 41 3 Mano fragments, 3 tool fragments 191 T2S, R98W S4 , NW% NE% 1 If 8 Mano, 2 Mano frag- p. ments, 2 tool frag- ments 192 TIN, R98W S23, mh NWij 1 1 193 TIN, R98W S23, m\ NW!* If 1 14 Tool fragment, Mano fragment 1*4' TIN, R98W S13, \h 3f 2 3 3 tool fragments, 2 hammerstone frag- ments, 3 tool fragments 195 T1S, R98W S34, NE% SE1^ 1 196 TIN, R98W S31, NWJj NE^ 1 If 2f 10 Mano, Mano fragment • - 3 tool fragments * Identifiable fragmentary tool 2.5-22 Sites yielding a concentration of tool wastage and artifacts were called lithic scatters. These represent some permanence of occupany, at least long enough to produce, lose or discard the materials found. These areas may have been used inten- sively during a short period of time or may represent a camp that was repeatedly used over a period of years. No sites appeared to have been year-round camps, but merely gathering places for utilization of a particular resource. The aboriginal occupation of Tract C-a and the surrounding Piceance Basin was probably seasonal. The Basin was probably not used during the winter and spring because of inclement weather in the winter and poor hunting possibilities in the spring. The combination of hunting tools, meat and skin processing tools, and tools used for the preparation of vegetal materials would suggest that the area was occupied from summer through fall. Scarcity of food probably precludes the presence of large groups of people. The types of tools would suggest two patterns of exploitation that can be interlocked in terms of rime. In the late summer and fall, hunting and gathering could have been practiced simultaneously. Hunting was probably performed by men, and gathering by women and children except during highly successful seasons when processing of game and gathering may have been shared. The area was primarily used as a source of game and vegetal products. Good harvests of pinyon nuts probably drew people into the area in some instances. The term "Piceance" locally translated from the Ute as "land of tall grass" may indicate some utilization of grasses, although most meadow species are not commonly used for food. Agriculture was probably not practiced in the Basin, although it may have been in lowland areas to the north and east along the major drainages. Hunting was a primary concern, but the killing and butchering of deer or elk leaves very little evidence. Once the meat has been stripped from the bones, or the animal butchered, the meat utilized and the bones discarded, the evidence disappears through natural processes. Soil formation and the covering of the bones by alluvial action did not seem to occur. No kill sites were found. Field analysis indicates there were at least four periods of occupation of the area: an Archaic period followed by the Fremont culture, then Ute and finally Anglo. The Archaic or Desert Culture was initially defined in Utah. Similar material has been found in the high valleys and drainages on the Western Slope of Colorado. Similar tools have been found in southern Wyoming and along the Front Range of Colorado. The time depth in Utah can be extended back at least 10,000 years. The social unit seems to have been a family of two or perhaps three generations including husbands and wives and dependent children. Seasonal opportunities dictated the movement of the 2.5-23 •re- group and any resource that produced edible food was exploited. A considerable knowledge of natural history, seasonal patterns of game movements and ripening times of various plants was needed. Material culture was geared to frequent changes in location. Flexible containers of hide or basketry were used instead of ceramics. Other types of equipment were practical and portable. Clothing was minimal and housing only constructed when a subsistence item was plentiful enough to support the group in one place for a period of time. Caves or overhangs were used when they occurred. Exploitation patterns indicate that, in addition to game and plants, fish, insects, waterfowl, rodents and reptiles were eaten. Artifacts from this sample that can be identified with the Archaic are primarily projectile points. Dating of this occupation could extend back several thousand years, but this inference cannot be positively confirmed from surface material. The Fremont Culture, originally defined from Utah and north- western Colorado, continues the Archaic pattern of subsistence. Agriculture and pottery were diffused into the area from the Southwest. Prior to A.D. 400, there was considerable influence from the Four Corners region. Five subdivisions of that pattern have been identified in Utah and two border the northwestern portion of Colorado. One, the Uinta area, is located in north- eastern Utah and the San Rafael, the other, is in eastern central Utah. The time span for these periods is from approxi- mately A.D. 450 to 1400. These groups revealed less puebloan contact. Most artifact material shows a continuation from the Archaic. Projectile points decreased in size and differed in outline, but most tools were not altered. Ornaments and pottery were added and leather footgear and clothing become more common. Clay figurines of men and women have been found in several areas, but not in the Tract C-a area. While agriculture expanded the economic base, hunting and gathering were still most important. Social patterning did not differ significantly from that of the Archaic. The Meeker region is noted for the Ute massacre at Meeker's trading post. The time and extent of the Ute occupation is less well known. The Ute may well be a continuation out of Fremont, with the addition of the horse and items of European manufacture. Several sites were found which had Wickiups or the conical frames for small houses. The shape is tipi-like, with the use of smaller brush and juniper bark as the covering. Some are still standing and show the interlocked main frame elements. Unfortunately, artifacts at these sites were very scarce and do not aid in dating the structures. At one site, a butcher knife was found; however, this could have been lost by Anglos. 2.5-24 Recent historic material is largely that left by deer hunters, Several early ranches, houses and a school are near the study area. There is a historic horse trap on 84 Mesa that has not been in use for some time. The majority of Anglo occupation is in the Ryan Gulch and Yellow Creek areas. 2.5-25 2.5.3 Revegetation 2.5.3.1 Objectives The extraction and processing of oil shale rock from Tract C-a will result in the creation of processed oil shale disposal piles. As an integral part of the rehabilitation plans for lands affected by oil shale processing, these disposal piles are to be reclaimed in such a way as to be compatible with the existing landscape and the biota which inhabit it. Revegeta- tion methods should be available at the onset of shale processing to assure that this compatibility is realized. The overall goal of a revegetation plan for Tract C-a disposal piles is to develop self-sustaining plant (and animal) communities in equilibrium with local climate and substrate conditions, and not wholly unlike the existing vegetation. Although considerable research has been done on methods of revegetating semi-arid lands and processed oil shale, it is not specific enough to meet the objectives set forth above for revegetation of Tract C-a disposal piles. Thus, a series of long-term experiments to fill existing data voids are to be conducted. The initial revegetation program is designed to run from Fall 1975 through Winter 1978. It will involve the application of a number of treatments, such as mulching types", fertilizer -schedules, and a species combination to a number of artificially created substrates in field test plots designed to simulate, to some extent, processed shale disposal piles. Based on the results of these studies, additional experiments will be determined in conjunction with the Area Oil Shale Supervisor. The characteristics of processed oil shale disposal piles, as envisioned at this time, are pertinent to the revegetation program. The design elements of these disposal piles are being developed jointly bfef engineers and ecologists' in an attempt to create substrate^ which are conducive to successful revege- tation. Tract C-a revegetation experiments are discussed in light of the planned disposal pile characteristics and in light of existing knowledge about revegetation of the area and sub- strates incorporating processed oil shale. 2.5.3.2 Methods a. Design of Disposal Piles - As a basis for designing initial revegetation experiments, it was necessary to consider the characteristics of processed oil shale piles to be revegetated and the kinds of information available on revegetation techniques for semi-arid lands and spent oil shale substrates in particular. Preliminary designs call for a typical disposal pile to have the following strata, from top to bottom: 2.5-26 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) cf topsoil ^ 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) of topsoil 30 to 60 cm (-^6 inches) of crushed rock 60 to 100 cm (~2 to 3 feet) of large "overburden" boulders 150 cm (~5 feet) of 95% compacted processed oil shale 0 to several hundred meters (0 to several hundred feet) of 80% compacted processed oil shale 150 cm (~>5 feet) of 95% compacted processed oil shale (The above values represent minimum depths for each strata. ) Slopes will be recontoured to blend with the natural landscape, with slopes of not more than 33% (3:1) where revegetation is planned. Catchment basins will be constructed to collect excess runoff. Topsoil substrate and crushed rock will probably be obtained from the same location as the disposal piles. The configuration and internal characteristics of disposal piles as described above should provide an adequate rooting medium to support plant cover comparable to pre-mining conditions. Topsoils will assure reasonable levels of organic matter and nutrients and provide a residual seed and rhizome source while subsoils should retain moisture for utilization during periods when evaporation normally exceeds precipitation. The overburden and/or quarried rock layers are designed to: 1) reduce mass movement of soils, 2) break capillary migration of dissolved salts from the processed oil shale up into the active rooting zone where excess salts could inhibit plant growth, and 3) inhibit contact of roots with spent oil shale where toxic elements may be incorporated into plant tissues and subsequently ingested by herbivores. Although the precise location of disposal piles resulting from Tract C-a mining has not been determined, preliminary plans suggest that they will be situated in the 84 Mesa area (T1S, R99W, Section 23 and 24), to the northeast of the tract. Soils on the proposed off site disposal area are similar to those found on the revegetation site (SCS, 1975). The vegetation is predominantly sagebrush and pinyon-juniper. b. Selection of Species - A mixture of species which will provide a greater stability and a greater diversity of food and cover for local fauna will be used. c. Location of Test Sites - Location of preferred and alternate test sites are presented in Figure 2.5.3-1. All sites are 2.5-27 /; ^gS^fe LEGEND ■■ TRACT OUTLINE H" 1975 REYEGETATIOH TEST PLOTS 2.5-28 GULF • STANDARD (INDIANA] RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE PROJECT TRACT C-a RIO BLANCO COUNTY, COLORADO 0 3000 1 I 1 I situated on side slopes, between elevations of 216C and 2200 m (7100 and 7200 feet) adjacent tc Wolf Ridge Road in the southeast corner .of the tract (T1S, R99N, Section 10). The first year experiments will utilize two sites on opposing slopes at comparable elevations and steepness to test for the effect of aspect on revegetation success. Trials in the two subsequent years will utilize a single site on the slope having the more extreme drought condi- tions of the two original sites tested. Plot Layout - Sixteen treatments will be applied to a 10 by 10 m (3.28 by 3.28 feet) plot and replicated three times at each site. Each plot will be surrounded by a 3-m (9.84 feet) buffer zone. Treatments will be allocated randomly in each of three complete blocks located adjacent to each other. The total dimensions of a site sample, area will be 55 by 165 m (180.4 by 541.2 feet) or 9,075 m2 (0.91 ha/2.24 acre). Within each 10 by 10 m treatment plot a minimum of three 1 by .5 m (3.28 by 1.64 feet) subplots will be randomly established and marked permanently for subsequent data collection. Test sites will be fenced with four-strand barbed wire to discourage large grazers, primarily wild horses and cows. Raptor perches will be constructed along the periphery of test sites to discourage concentration of small grazers. Seedbed Preparation - Native vegetation will be scraped from the two experimental plot sites prior to substrate mixing and transported to adjacent areas for brush piling. Topsoil [about the upper 15 cm (6 inches) of the soil] and remaining subsoil will be stockpiled separately. The underlying bedrock, consisting of fractured calcareous sandstone, will be removed for a minimum thickness of 46 cm (18 inches), broken up and spread back over the area to simulate overburden. Subsoil and topsoil will then be replaced and graded for sowing. Final grade will approach 3:1. As part of the site preparation process, an appropriate perimeter will be disturbed around each site, thus bringing the total area of disturbance per site to 1.7 ha (4.3 acrea) Materials (topsoil, subsoil, overburden) which are to be stockpiled temporarily (10 days maximum) will be located in the disturbed perimeter. 2.5-29 f. Sowing Methods - All seed will be drilled into the ground prior to mulching using a conventional grassland drill equipped with a single seed box and agitator. Drilling is preferred to broadcast seeding because less seed is required and greater moisture surrounds the seed during the critical stages of germination. Drilling will result in a spacing of 13 to 13 cm H 5 to 7 inches) between planting rows. g. Species and Sowing Rates - A composite mixture of grasses, forbs and woody plants (Table 2.5.3-1) will be sown in preference to pure species stands. This mixture will consist of both introduced and native species. The intro- duced species, especially the wheatgrasses, are quite aggressive and are thus suited to rapid establishment and stabilization of the substrate. In contrast, the less aggressive native species are generally more successful in later stages of plant community development. The suitability of each species as wildlife food and cover, as soil stabilizers and as resistors of drought is presented in Table 2.5.3-1. For purposes of the 1975 test, approximately 18 kg/ha (16 lbs/acre) of seed will be sown, with grasses and non-grasses (forbs and woody plants) in equal 9 kg (8.1 pound) proportions (Table 2.5.3-1). h. Treatments - For the 1975 test, a total of 16 treatments will be applied using all possible combinations of the following variables: Mulch Type and Application (applied to cover approximately 70% of the soil surface) 1. No mulch 2. Hydromulch with wood fiber 3. Straw mulch followed by crimping 4. Straw mulch with netting Fertilizer Application (10-5-5 applied at a rate of 180 kg/ha (160 lbs/acre) 1. No fertilizer 2. Fertilizer at time of sowing (fall) 3. Fertilizer at beginning of first full growing season 4. Fertilizer at time of sowing and at beginning of first full growing season 1. Plant Response Parameters - The following plant response parameters will be measured for each treatment: 2.5-30 o O) t- •— or O 4-> u s- J- Ol- ^ CO Vt I— •— .e (O r- JZ •«- -^ o C7> -* c o s. cu E C J- 5 cl O X 10 CD OJ CO o a> u CO a > &. a> "O c c m •»- >»T3 4J a> T- IM O r~ ••— -o W" (O .0 • r- J- *3 ■(-> o ■M 13 «^- o 3 > CO 0) -M •r-' O. C O to 3 0) o Q. S- O M O *4- o •»■» o e-o c a. 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CO CL 5_ CO CO > O 4-> *i- CO U CO -•-> CO co c CO CO r 3 Q-r CO c o fa . r— 4-J i— C r CO 3 T3 "O o « « «0 "D * cr» co |cn i-t co co I •>•>•>•>&) »> CO |rj- LO JLO I CO ^3" CM CM i— I t-» i— < CO 3 C CO ia C ■>-> OJ c u C5 CO H CU c 00 (0 3 u -^ J- -C -M CO •»- 3 jQ S- XD xi <0 CO CO i— CTI4J OQ Ij c: co ra 3 CDJD x: i— JC T3 (T3 co E co 3 I. C O) jC ••- c t_ ra T- ■M C C 2.5-31 CD 4- CO CO o UlLOUOLf) P^ CD o o o o t-H fO CO or -O T3 r— c o> o .-• r-t .-H CD o » •, * * « t-H cd co|cn CD CD Lf)|LO|«3- «3- tn|cn| i— 1 CO C\J CM ro co 00 fO -C 4- •r- to O •»-> 3 -C O I. QJ3 i- jQ E -C UJ -r- CO X) — ' 4-> fO >, CO a fc. s- 3 V- 4- -O 4- 4- a> co ai .a 2 ■•-> .o s fO E -Q O 3 •i- 3 C CX 3 Oi CO co 3 CO to tO C7 to CD (TJ CO 4- 4- 4- CO O CD fO -M «♦- 4- -C d) .C CD CD CO 4- ■o u 3 2 a» O) • C "O o o > >*— ' - 3 O 4_ 4- O 4- CD CO CO O CO O tx> r^ CO CD O N00WOH ai t-H 1— » CO c 0) 3 f- -3 u CO « CD Q. • a; r— .Q to u c -o o CO c ra rO TD CD CO i— < en .£> >— a> O Q. •!- O 00 •r- •!— +-> rO O) •— <_> -o ■»-> fO r— >>.— -r- ■a C CD 4- flr-^U O CD •r- C O- CD ra ro -M u E >> +->■»-> 4-> 3 CD'r- ■M >> ro ra CO Ol T3 C —I i— r— 4- i— > o •r— » £ (U fl r- -r- 4- C i— CD-a CL'r- 4-> ■M •r- CO J3 •r- o c o ra c l— 0) ■M IZ3COZ *-' 4- -r- 3 co T3 3 =3 CO «-h c\j co ^r en to 2.5-32 1. Number of emerged seedlings per plot, 2. Number of surviving seedlings per plot, 3. Above-ground biomass, 4. Percent cover, and 5. Vigor Table 2.5.3-2 gives the season of measurement for each parameter and the taxa involved. Photographs will be taken from fixed points in at least one replicate of each treatment at the times of data collection. A qualitative measure of alien species success will be obtained from in-situ counts of germination in buffer areas and from germination rates in soil samples collected from buffer areas and placed in the greenhouse. Statistical Analysis - For the dependent variables of number of emerged seedlings, number of surviving seedlings and biomass at a particular site and in a particular year, the following analysis of variance is given: Degrees of Freedom Block 2 Treatment 15 Mulch 3 Fertilizer 3 Mulch x Fertilizer 9 Error A 30 Species 22 Treatment x Species 330 Species x Mulch 66 Species x Fertilizer 66 Species x Fertilizer x Mu' !ch 198 Error B 704 Total 1103 k. Environmental Data - Soils and climatic data will be collected periodically during the study period in order to attempt to establish more closely the causal links between plant response to varying treatments and the soil and climatic factors eliciting these responses. Soil moisture will be measured using standard gravimetric techniques from soil samples collected at 15 cm intervals throughout the soil column. Soil moisture determinations will be made periodically on three samples at each site during the growing season. Soil samples will be collected at each site and pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, available nitrogen, phos- phorus, and potassium, electrical conductivity, percent organic matter and concentrations of zinc and molybdenum will be determined with standard laboratory techniques. 2.5-33 * CO c CO CO OJ •c— CO O) 0) t- T3 4-> a> •r- •r- O OJ 3 •i— O u E c O CO T3 -a a> i— O i- to ■o 0) a> -r- fa O -Cl OJ 0) ■M -O «— 3 +-> C O) (T3 T3 to 4- u c (O a; >r- OJ o a; A3 CO r— > CL CL «— -M "O 4-> 'f- CO JD u u 01 CO 01 >co a) r^ i— i fO co O c -o •I- rtj i. •O O CV i— I- O 3 (-> CO •o * c CO 3 t. O CO CO 5 • CO c c O •!- S- s 5 ^ •>«+! C o o o co o S- s_ 4- c 4- to co CO •i- O (O C0+J -o C C CO CO CO s_ •r- (O C $- S- .— •.- en •r— -C a. cl c c 4- c ■M c CO C t- o o 1— t- 5 4- to 4- to +-> i— CO o O rt3 o n v) is a; s. (V 0J J- 4- .O CO ■a to -o to ia 01 - CO CO T3 c C CO O C 2 U ••- o <1J 3 L. CO o CO « CO •o 4-> s- co -a •r— i- J- -C 4-> c <+_ .c o -»-> 4- to 4- O > ■a i- 01 "O 01 «»— » CO CO CO V) C i > o > .a S. 3 "O en c ■»-> 3 N- O o O «— s- Q. C0 t- 1 0) t- a> -a oj > E CL o 3 -Q 2.5-34 Two samples will be collected at each site during each growing season at 15 cm (6 inch) intervals. Revegetation Trials in Years 2 and 3 - Revegetation experiments inititated in Year 2 (Fall 1976) and Year 3 (Fall 1977) will essentially duplicate those initiated in Year 1, except that a layer of Parahoe processed oil shale approximately 15 cm (6 inches) in thickness will be placed over the bedrock and below the simulated over- burden. Comparison with Year 1 experiments should provide some insights into the effect of processed oil shale in revegetative success, particularly with regard to the influence of salt and heavy metals. Trials 2 and 3 will be conducted on one site (as opposed to two in Trial 1) and will be monitored for a minimum of 3 years as is the case with Trial 1. Additional experiments will be determined in conjunction with the Area Oil Shale Supervisor. They will depend in large on results obtained during the initial revegetation program and on the availability of actual processed oil shale. 2.5-35 2.5.5 Trace metals Soils from two pits sampled by the Soil Conservation Service are currently being analyzed for trace metals. Results are not yet available. 2.5-36