BLM Library «—
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TRACTS Ua-Ub

QUARTERLY REPORT *8
FIELD DATA
VOLUME 2
PART IV

7 60

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IV. BIOLOGY

A. Terrestrial Vertebrates

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i

-.•

LU

•1- ""^

V* ) -^

C.

"-j

|

> O >.) •-■_r,

|

i

S '' '

- i_

v

4 ' O - 'J '

i '.),.>

'Tl ' ' , .'

1

* j

•_"j

u_>'l ••'

<■ >■ <• r .',

c ci

^ l± -. (' ■ r >

-

( ..

ct^f^

■;z o3i )/--»

C? .- ">

£<r &iJ.CLi%l

h

—

rt | a-

^

O

cv

^

■

V

o

o

"* S

1

1

1

B. Terrestrial Invertebrates - Identification
List of Insects

Appendix - August, 1976

HYMENOPTERA

Sphecidae (most determinations by R.M.
Others made at Logan, Utah.

Oxybslus emarginabus Say
Oxybelus parvus Cress on
Oxybelus fossor R. & C.
Oxybelus uniglumis ([..)
Oxybelus packardii Robt.

Belomicrus cladothricis Ckll .
Belomicrus sp #1

Nysson gagates Bradley

Epinysson bellus (Cresson)

Zanysson texanus (Cresson)

Mellinus rufinodus Cresson

Didneis peculiaris W. Fox

Allysson melleus Say

Try poxy Ion sp #1
Trypoxylon sp #2
Trypoxylon sp #3

Plenoculus darisii W. Fox
Plencculus sp #1

Solierella sp #1
Solierella sp #2

Bothy no stethus sp #1

Pisonopsis sp #1
Pisonopsis sp #2

Liris argentata Pal. de Beaurois

Tachytes nevadensis R. Boh art
Tacky tes distinctus Smith
Tachytes ' sayi Banks
Tachytes hesperus Banks
Tachytes ermineus Banks

Tachysphex tarsatus Say
Tachysphex propinquus Viereck
Tachysphex cockerellae Rohwer
Tachysphex alpestris Rohwer
Tachysphex aequalis W. Fox
Tachysphex ashmeadii W. Fox

Bohart, Univ. of California at Davis

Tachysphex sp £1
Tachysphex sp #2
Tachysphex sp #3

Lyroda subita Say

Dienoplus sp #1

Hoplisoides punctifrons Cameron
Bopliso-id.es splendidulus Bradley

Gory tes canaliculatus Packard
Gorytes provancheri Handlirsch

Ochleroptera bipunctata (Say)

Mimes a sp #1
lUmesa sp #2

Pemphredon inomatus Say

Stigmus sp #1

Passaloecus sp #1

Diodontus sp #1
Diodontus sp #2
Diodontus sp #3

Lindenius columbianus (Kohl)
Lindenius sp #1

Ectenmius sonorensis (Cameron
Ectemnius besseyae (Rohwer)
Ectemnius continuus (Fabricius)

Crossoeer^s sp #1
Crossocerus sp #2

Crdbro pallidas W. Fox

Ammoplanops eockerelli (Ashmead)

Pulverro sp #1

Spilomena sp #1
Spilomena sp #2

Diploplectron ferruginewn Ashmead

X

Sphecidae (continued)

Dryudella kohli Cameron
Dryudella rhimps Parker

Astaba nevadica Cresson
Astata bechteli Parker
Astata bakeri Parker
Astata oceidentalis Cresson

Bembix amoena Handlirsch
Bembix americana spinolae Lep.

Bicyrtes ventralis Say
Bicyrtes capnoptera (Handlirsch)

Steniolia elegans J. Parker
Steniolia duplicata Provancher

Stictiella nubilosa Gilaspy
Stictiella plana W. Fox

Stizoides unicincta (Say)

Cerceris echo Mi eke 1
Cerceris rufinoda Cresson
Cerceris conifrons Mi eke 1 •
Cerceris califomicus Cresson
■Cerceris convergens Vier. & Ckll.
Cerceris minax Mickel
Eucerceris canaliculatus (Say)
Eucerceris vittatifrons Cresson

Philanthus gibbosus (Fabricius)
Philanthus miltimaculatus Cameron
Philanthus pacificus Cresson

Podalonia communis (Cresson)
Podalonia mexicana (Sa us sure)
Podalonia sericea Murray
Podalonia valida (Cresson)
Podalonia luetuosa (F. Smith)

Palmodes dimidiatus DeGeer

Chlorion aerarium Patton

Fernaldina lucae (Saussure)

Isodontia elegans (Drury)

Sceliphron caementarium Provancher

Prionyx canadensis (L.)

Sphex ichneurnonius

Ammophi la
Ammophi la
Ammophi la
Ammophila
Ammophila
Ammophila
Ammophila
Ammophila
Ammophi la

unit a Menke
aberti Holdeman
macra Cresson
varipes Cresson
breviceps F. Smith
bleopatra Menke
azteca Cameron
pruinosa Cresson
procera Dahlbom

»

C. Vegetation

Revegetation Studies

THIRD PROGRESS REPORT
January "I, 1976 - June 30, 197G

REVEGETATION STUDIES FOR DISTURBED
AREAS AMD PROCESSED SHALE
DISPOSAL SITES

Submitted by

Utah State University
Agricultural Experiment Station

To
White River Shale Project

f.

,1 3mP0«

, 9

Emphasizing Federal Oil Shale Prototype
Leasing Program Requirements, Utah Tracts Ua, Ub

Prepared Qy: C. M. McKell , Professor of Range Science

Gordon Van Epps, Associate Professor of Range Science
Kent A. Crofts, Research Technician
Steven G. Richardson, Research Technician
Jerry Barker, Research Assistant
Eduardo Alvarez, Graduate Student

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Highlights of Six-Month Report . . . .

A. A bibliography ..........

B. Germination of Atriplex seeds. . .

C. Native shrubs grown in containers.

D. Physiological studies

E. Rehabilitation plantings . . . . .

F. Propagation

G. Research proposals

H, Plans for work ..........

Page

1
1
2
2
2
• 2
3
3
3

II. Introduction

III. Literature Re v i ews

IV. Seed Collections of Native Species

V. Studies on Germination and Seedling Vigor of Atriplex
Species ....

A. Seed collection. ....

B. Seed cleaning. .....

C. Seed sizing. ......

D. Utricle wall thickness .

E. Seed weights as affected by utricle size

7
7
8
9
10
13

VI. Effect of Container Size and Shape on Root Growth of Native

Shrubs. .......................... 20

A. Objectives ................ 20

B. Methods. ............... .... 21

C. Results. ........................ 22

VII. Physiological Studies of Native Plants Grown in Processed

Shale ................. ..... 26

A. Growth of Sarcobatus vermiculatus in fertilized and
unfertilized processed oil shale, raw. oil shale and

desert soil 29

B. Growth of Atriplex cuneata in processed Utah oil shale

and raw Utah oil shale 31

C. Response of Atriplex cuneata, Atriplex er/^-ngc.i'X dnCi
Ceratoides lanata cuttings to ammonium and nitrate
forms of nitrogen in highly alkaline urcccssed oil
shale

32

Table of Contents (cont1)

) Pase_

D. Response of Abvvplex covrugata cuttings to ammonium and
nitrate forms of nitrogen in highly saline processed

oil shale. .... 34

E. Growth of Atriplex cuneata> Atriplex corrugata and
Cevatoid.es lanata in processed Utah and Colorado oil

shale 35

F. Leaf growth and water use of Atriplecc conferti folia in
response to NaCl and ^SO/^. ' 36

G. Growth and water use of Atriplex cco:escens in response

to NaCl and n^SO^ . , . 38

H. Greenhouse performance of selected shrub grass and forbs

in gallon cans filled with Paraho processed shale. . . . 40

IX. Plant Vegetative Propagation Studies .... . . 42

A. Rooting of big sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata)

cuttings ................... 42

B. Rooting of cuneate saltbush {Atriplex cuneata)

I

cuttings . 4

VIII. Rehabilitation Plantings on Disturbed Sites 45

A. Plantings of bare-root seedlings on disturbed sites,

April 25-26, 1976. ........ 45

B. A comparison of fall versus spring seeding, planting of
bare- root seedlings and planting of container-grown

shrubs and grasses . 48

C. Effect of root pruning during nursery propagation of
shrubs . .................. 58

D. Antidesiccant chemicals to aid in survival of bare-root
transplants 58

E. Survival of shrub and grass transplants on Paraho
processed shale. . 64

F. Field observation nursery at Section 6 research site . . 67

X. Soil Surface Stabilizing Materials 70

XI. Research Proposals Prepared. . ..... 71

XII. Publications 72

-'ii,-

Table of Contents (conf)

D XIII. Contacts and Meetings ...

XIV. Research Plans for the Period '1 July to 31 December

73

74

Appendix I . . . .
Introduction. .

75
76

c I u

Third Progress Report

Revegetation Studies for Disturbed Areas
and Processed Shale DisDosal Sites

I. HIGHLIGHTS OF SIX-MONTH REPORT

The tempo of research activity during the past six months lias been
fast. Greenhouse and laboratory studies were developed in answer to
questions raised from field observations in the fall. The availability
of Paraho -processed shale in late October made it possible to develop a
number of exploratory studies in the greenhouse. Plans for a major fi
season promoted us to propagate a large number of plants and prepare them
for spring plants.

A high priority for writing a "state-of-the-art" paper on rehabilitating
processed oil shale using native species with a minimum of cultural treat-
ments required us to defer completion of the literature review of research
relevant to rehabilitating processed oil shale. The report, prepared as
a supporting document to the DDP, is in a sense our literature review
although we still plan to complete the draft that was prepared earlier.

As soon as weather permitted , a major field planting effort took place
in April. Subsequently, other studies have been initiated. Specific areas
of effort are described briefly in the following paragraphs.

A. A bibliography on the propagation and establishment of perennial Atriplex
was prepared by Mr. Kent Crofts as an adjunct to another project of the
Institute for Land Rehabilitation. This bibliography will be useful in
developing methods for using the three saltbush snecies native to the
oil shale area for revcgctating processed oil shale disposal areas.

-2-

fe) B. Germination of Atviplex seeds is conditioned by the hard, thick utricle

that encloses the seed. Seedling vigor appears to be related to seed size
and utricle characteristics. Selection of small buc filled seeds and
thin-walled utricles should increase establishment success with local
species of Atriplex.

C. Native shrubs grown in container*; appear to be conditioned by the size
and configuration of the container itself. During the greenhouse phase of
a study, plant height appeared to be correlated with the volume of the
container. Whether rooting characteristics or individual species are
j changed significnatly by container size and shape will be tested in the

field phase of the study during the next ten months.

^ D. Physiological studies indicate that several native shrub species grew

well on fertilized, raw and processed oil shale with pH values up to 9.
Higher pH's (e.g., 11.7 in one sample) inhibit plant growth. Shadscale
and fourwing saltbush tolerate high salinity levels (osmotic potentials
up to -25 atm) of NaCl and K^SCtw Growth of shadscale is even enhanced
by moderate salinity (-10 atm). Several species respond differently to
different forms of nitrogen fertilizer (nitrate vs. ammonium) in processed
oil shale and the responses are conditioned by the pH and salinity levels
of the processed oil shale.

E. Rehabilitation plantings on disturbed sites have shown that superior
results may be obtained by planting container-grown plants. Not all of the
native species found or, the oil shale tracts are suitable for any disturbed
fe site, Soil texture, salinity, cxrx-otinq weeds and depth of bedrock may

all dictate the choice of species for transplanting. A current study is

-3-

) designed to test the best season and planting methods for use in the

" - area of oil shale in Utah.

F. Propagation of big sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata) by vegetative means
is most effective in the spring when plant materials are still in a
dormant stage. High rates of rooting hormone dre necessary to promote
rooting. Not all plants will root with the same degree of success; careful
selection is necessary.

G. Three research proposals were prepared during the last six-month
period. If funded, these proposals would expand our scope of research on
oil shale in Utah. In addition to the proposals, three reports were
published during the same period.

H. Plans for work in the next six-month period include development of a
small pilot model of a processed shale pile. This study will help to
determine water runoff, percolation, salinity movement and accumulation
in the top three to four feet of a disposal pile. Other field studies"
will investigate soil surface stabilizing materials, root growth of
container-grown plants and survival of plants outplanted in fall and
spring. Laboratory studies will concentrate on plant growth on processed
oil shale in relation to various salts and means to ameliorate the adverse
effects of salinity and low fertility.

-4-

II. INTRODUCTION.

During the past six months a considerable amount of work has been
done in several areas of the research program. As we obtained results
and increased our experience with the multiple problems of revegetating
disturbed sites and processed oil shale, we gain confidence in our ability
to provide rehabilitation recommendations. At the sane time we are gain-
ing new perceptions of some of the unsolved problems, such as the range of
pH and salinity possible in processed shale, how to cone with the variability
in weather on the tracts, how to propagate some native species by seeds or
cuttings, the minimum fertilizer requirements of native plants, and deter-
mining the pattern of salinity movement or accumulation in surface areas
(top three feet) of a processed shale disposal pile. V.'e are currently
working on some of these problems or have proposals fcr studies on them.

By. their very nature, some of the problems involving plant growth
under natural conditions will require adequate time to assess results
before conclusions and recommendations can be formulated. Our research
program is basically two-phased, field research on tracts Ua~Ub and
Section 6, reinforced by greenhouse and laboratory research. Often the
non-field studies are useful to work out details or relationships which
must be tested under field conditions.

In this report we have examples of the mutually supportive nature
of field and laboratory-greenhouse research.

-5-

III. LITERATURE REVIEWS

Previously we reported progress on a literature search of revegetation
techniques, plant propagation, ecology of the salt desert shrub ecosystem
and the physiological responses of native plants grown under stress condi-
tions similar to those expected when grown on processed shale. An extensive
search was conducted and a rough draft was written. However, other priorities
such as preparation of proposals, interfered with the final preparation of
a manuscript suitable for publication. Instead, the draft was used in
writing a "state-of-the-art" paper which accompanied the DDP for tracts Ua
and Ub and in preparing two research proposals. More will be said about
the research proposals in a later section.

A second literature review has been prepared by Mr. Kent Crofts in
relation to an Agricultural Experiment Station project he is pursuing on
the germination of Atriplex species. Three woody Atriplex species are
found on tracts Ua and Ub which would be highly useful in a revegetation
program because of their adaptability to site conditions (especially
salinity) and for their usefulness as game and livestock feed. One of the
problems with the species is their relatively hard seed covering (utricle)
and low germinability and seedling vigor. The bibliography of published
reports on germination and seedling vigor of AtirCplex shrubs, prepared by
Mr. Crofts, is provided as an appendix to this report (Appendix I).

-6-

IV. SEED COLLECTIONS OF NATIVE SPECIES

The seed collections of predominant species found in the vicinity
of tracts Ua and Ub have been subject to threshinci dwi cleaning during
the past six months. Individual plant species required special techniques
and equipment settings to separate seeds from chaff, etc. A record was
made of the methods used and is retained in the project office for future
reference. Most species collected have been prepared and are on deposit
in a metal cabinet in the project office. Lov.r humidity and relatively
uniform temperatures should help to retain the viability of the seeds,

Seeds of species deemed to have a special interest for revegetation
will again be harvested this year to assure an adequate supply. We
have already responded to three requests for seeds from our collection.
Such requests have come from other research workers and are expected to
result in a reciprocal exchange of information.

-7-

V. STUDIES ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOR OF ATKTPLEZ SPECIES

Previous work with seed collection, seed cleaning and propagation of
native saltbushes has shown the need for additional research on the
factors involved in germination and establishment of these highly important
and desirable re vegetation species. Some of the factors involved in
propagation of A. con fevti folio, (shatfscalc), A. cmescens (fourwing
saltbush), A. cun&ata (cuneate saltbush), and A. gard.mvii {Q>d.rti\^er
saltbush) .were studied. These four species are native to the oil shale
region of the Uintah Basin and are considered extremely desirable for
revegetation purposes.

Collections of seeds of the "four saltbushes were begun in the summer
of 1975. A series of experiments sponsored by Experiment Station Project
754 were designed to' test fruit-related characteristics that might influence
seed quality, germination, seedling vigor and ultimate plant survival were
conducted in the laboratory and in the greenhouse at USU in Logan. The
preliminary results of those experiments are reported below. Some statistical
analyses remain to be done.

A. Seed Collection

An important aspect of plant propagation is the collection and proper
handling of high-quality seed. To determine the optimum periods of time
when high-quality seed can be collected to assure the highest possible
certainty of success, seeds of the four saltbushes were collected over an
eight-month time period.

Seed collections were made at the following locations: shadscale and
fourwing saltbush were collected north of the Section 6 study site, cuneate

-8-

saltbush was collected at Watson and gardner saltbush was collected at
Manila. Seeds were collected at various dates of maturity to observe the
effect of time on fruit fill, water soluable inhibitors present in the
utricle and fruit size. The collections were made on the dates listed in
Table 1.

Table 1 , Dates of seed

CO'

fleet i

on

Species

Auq
21

Sept
5

Oct
17

Dec
_J_2

Jan
10

Mar
27

A . confertifo Via ( At CO )

v-

X

X

X

A. cansccens (Atca)

*B

X

X

X

A. cuneata (Atcu)

xB

X

X

X

X

X

A. gardneyii (Atga)

xB

^Collections subtended by an upper case "B" represent bulk collections
made to conduct an extensive series of seedling Vigor studies in the
laboratory at Logan.

B. Seed Cleaning

The seeds were collected in the field in paper sacks and placed in
dry storage at room temperature. In December the seeds were dewinged by
passing the fruits through a hammermill once and then cleaned by passing
them through a clipper seed cleaner. Results of dewinging and cleaning
are presented in Table 2.

-9-

Table 2. Effects of hammermilling through a 3/16" screen and subsequent
cleaning on seed volume and weight.

% volume % of original
Initial Weight after % weight reduction due volume after
Species weight* cleaning* reduction hammer milling cleaning

Atca 3.07 lbs 1.65 lbs 46 65 12

Atco 2.24 lbs 1.06 lbs 53 65 12

Atcu 1.92 lbs 1.60 lbs 17 35 72

Atga 1.37 lbs 1.09 lbs 21 38 81

*Bulk samples

Aside from the added ease in handling of saltbush seeds due to the
reduction in weight and volume, hammermilling was found to separate the
seeds from the fruits of all species evaluated. The possibility, therefore,
exists that repeated hammer milling would result in a greater proportion
of excised seeds and increase the possibility of improving field planting
success by an increase in germination percentage.

C. Seed Sizing

After passing the dewinged fruits and chaff through the clipper
cleaner until the chaff had been blown out, the fruits were sized by
standardized seed screens that were inserted into the clipper cleaner.
The screen sizes used in sizing the fruits and the weight measurements
are reported in Table 3. Since previous studies have reported different
sizes of fruits, an experiment was designed to test the possible relation-
ships that might exist between utricle size, utricle wall thickness, seed
weights, seed germination and ultimately, plant survival.

Fruit size varies considerably between different species of saltbushes,
For example, the utricles of the largest fruits of gardner saltbush and

-10-

Table 3. The effects of fruit sizing on weight distribution of Atriplex.

Weight o:

F frui

ts

% of

bulk weight

passing through

the

passi

ng through the

Species

Seed Screen Size
1 . < #8

seed j

screen

seed screen

Atca

0.30

lbs

22

2. c B >#8

0.41

lbs

31

3. <f- #10>#9

0.31

lbs

23

4. ^#io

0.33

lbs

24

Atcu

1. £ £1/12

0.29

lbs

18

2. -c #7>#1/12

0.26

lbs

16

3. <^£9>#7

0.67

lbs

42

4. r> #9

0.39

lbs

24

Atco

1. < #9

1.40

lbs

34

2. *c #10 ^^9

1.25

lbs

30

3. - fll^flO

1.04

lbs

25

4. ^#11

0.44

lbs

11

Atga

1. <■ #7

0.C4

lbs

26

2. <--#8H7

1.01

lbs

41

3. ^- #9 ^ #8

0.44

lbs

18

4. >-#9

0.37

lbs

15

cuneate saltbush are about the same size as the smallest fruits of shadscale.
It is also evident from the data that an obvious reason why several reported
attempts at scarification have been unsuccessful on certain sizes of utricles

D. Utricle Wall Thickness

Following cleaning, the fruits were analyzed to determine if any
relationship existed between utricle size and thickness of the utricle
wall. Such a possible relationship has been suggested by several researchers
but information on this subject is lacking. To test the possibility of such
a relationship a sample of 50 fruits from each size class were cut in two
by fingernail clippers at a tanget to the axis to the fruit. Thickness of
the utricle wall was measured by ?. Wild microscope with an ocular micrometer

-11-

mounted in the eyepiece. Since the width of the fruitwalls was found to
vary in each fruit, a point representing the average thickness was measured,
Results of the thickness of utricle walls as it varies in relationship to
utricle size are found in Table 4 and in Figure 1.

Table 4. The effect of utricle wall thickness as determined by utricle size

Utricle wall

Species

Screen Size

thickness in mm

At co

1.
2.
3.
4.

*. §9

* #10^f:9

^. fn>#io

0.3325
0.4415

0.5S55
0.5525

Atcu

1.
2.
3.

4.

<L #1/12
^.#7^1/12

>#9

0.4850
0.3565
0.4800
0.5025

Atca

1.
2.
3.

4.

^£8

<^ #10>-#9
>-#10

0.2825
0.3700
0.4150
0.4700

Atga

1.
2.
3.

4.

<-• #9>#8
>£9

0.2575

0.3200
0.4400
0.5475

Although the da'ta have not been statistically analyzed a trend exists
whereby utricle wall thickness increases as the size of the utricle increases
The relationship is very evident for fourwing saltbush and gardner saltbush
and also evident to a lesser degree in shadscale and cuneate saltbush,
Several members of the research team have also observed a trend in Atriplex
germi liability ranging from easiest to hardest; fourwing saltbush (x wide
.3844 mm), gardner saltbush (x width .3388 mm), cuneate saltbush (x width

-12-

o

ro

rs

rO

u

cr>

u

o

+->

-i->

-i->

4->

«=c

<

<=C

■=c

.- «tf-

- CO

to
<u
to

CO

rd

'o

CD
N
•r—

to

OJ

cu
o

CO

- CVJ

I

\

1

(

_ 1 . _

I

ft

IT)

O

O

l.O

o

O

o

C_J
CD

*3

o

CD
LO

O

o

O
CO

c
c

Lj

c

o

o

Cj

o

UiUI UL SSdU)pLl|3. [ [DM OplJ^n

-1 "5-

.4560 mm) and shadscale (x width .4780 mm).

Although several researchers have observed that a relationship
between utricle wall thickness and utricle size exists, evidence now seems
to indicate that fruit sizing in conjunction with scarification might
significantly increase the success obtained in field plantings. Future
work along this line will be continued.

E • Seed Heights as Affected by Utricle Si ze

In numerous species, seedling vigor and plant survival have been
reported to relate directly to the size of the seed. There apDears to
be a dubious value to size the seeds of the four species of saltbush
studied because of the overriding effect of the indurate utricle that
surrounds the seed. As an alternative, a possible relationship between
the size of the utricle and the weight of the seeds was postulated. To
test the possible relationship between these two variables a study was
designed to utilize the bulk lot of seeds previously sized for the studies
on seed cleaning and utricle wall thickness. To effectively excise the
seeds from the indurated fruiting bracts a rub board having a corrugated
vinyl plastic bottom was constructed. A small handful! of fruits was
placed on the rub board and rubbed a couple of times. The excised seeds
were then very easily removed from the chaff by means of a pair of tweezers
and weights of individual seeds were measured on a f'ettler Model H20T
Analytical Balance to a five decimal place accuracy. Two hundred seeds of
each utricle size class were weighed except for shadscale where three
hundred seeds for e^ch size class were weighed. The weights obtained from
each utricle size class are reported in Table 5 and Figure 2.

-14-

Table 5. Utricle size in relation to excised seed weight.

Species

Screen Size

Seed Height in mg

Species Average

Atco

1. <W/9

0.93

1.30

2. ^ #10 ^#9

1.21

3. <i #11>#10

1.52

'

4. >#11

1.55

Atcu

1. c#V12

0.57

.97

2. <£. #7 ^#1/12

0.72

3. c #9>#7

1.17

4. >£9

1.40

Atca

1 . ^ M

1.12

1.62

2. <- £9>#8

1.39

3. -c^lCb- #9

1.88

4. > f\0

2,08

Atga

1 . < #7

1.30

1.82

2. <. £8^£7

1.76

3. C #9>#8

2.10

4. >#9

2.12

It is evident from the four species studied that seed weight increases
as the size of the utricle increases. The practical value of this is in
the possibility of selecting for seedling vigor on the basis of utricle
size. If such a process of selection could be developed it would increase
the chances of field establishment and survival. Such a selection process
has been used for many years with important crop species but relatively
little has been done with native plants.

To determine the relationship between early growth response and
different utricle sizes, an experiment was designed to evaluate germination
and seedling vigor. Eight root observation chambers 120 cm long were
constructed and filled with an inert, coarse washed^ masonry sand to a depth
of 15 cm. Excised seeds that had previously been used to determine seed
weights were examined under a microscope to verify that no breakage had

15-

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-16-

occurred during rubbing. Only those seeds that were structurally intact
were planted. Seeds were planted one-half cm deep and one-half cm apart.
Three replications of 60 seeds for each SDecics were observed daily to
measure the rate of germination. Radicle length was measured after seven
days and again at the conclusion of the 2-week observation period. Shoots
were measured at the end of the study and a determination was made as to
whether or not the plant was still alive.

Germination of excised seeds closely followed a relationship with the
thickness of the utricle wall (Table 6). No trend was evident between
germination percentages and utricle size. For three of the four species
being evaluated, the lowest germination percentage recorded was for the
largest size class, while the highest germination observed for three of the
four was for the smaller utricle sizes. Even though it has been almost a
universally accepted principle that larger seeds give the highest germination
percentages, this dictum does not hold true for the. four saltbush species
studied. Evidence strongly suggests that polymorphic factors not clearly
understood at the present time are partially responsible for differences
in germination percentages relative to greater utricle size.

The results obtained for radicle growth were more clear cut. Two
of the four species showed progressively shorter radicle lengths as the
utricle size increased (Table 7). Maximum radicle length for three of
the four species occurred at those utricle sizes having the thinnest
utricle walls.

-17-

Table 6. Germination percentages of four species of perennial Atriple;
as based on utricle size.

Species Rep I • Ren II

Atca i

95

Atca 2

83

Atca 3

77

Atca 4

57

Atcu -j

72

Atcu 2

68

Atcu 3

82

Atcu 4

62

Atga i

85

Atga 2

92

Atga 3

100

Atga 4

63

Atco -j

65

Atco 2

3

Atco 3

23

Atco 4

15

98
93
68
70

78
68
83
58

97

92

100

63

68
10
18
27

:ep III

Si

ze Class

Spe

cies Ave

72

88

81

100

92

68

71

S7

71

88

79

71

85

74

67

11

40

53

100

94

87

75

86

90

97

87

71

63

65

28

5

6

28

23

12

18

Table 7. Total radicle lengths in mm of four species cf Atriplex over a
tv/o-week observation period.

Species

Rep I

Rep II

Rep III

Size Class

Species Ave.

Atca -j

14.4

11.6

18.7

14.9

11.7

Atca 2

14.3

20.8

7.7

14.3

Atca 3

12.7

8.0

11.8

10.8

Atca 4

4.7

3.4

12.7

6.9

Atcu ]

2.8

5.2

10.8

6.3

5.6

Atcu 22

6.4

7.7

7.4

7.2

Atcu 3

6.1

5.3

5.8

5.7

Atcu 4

2.3

3.3

3.5

3.0

Atga -j

8.7

4.6

14.3

9.2

7.4

Atga 2

8.2

7.3

10.0

8.5

Atga 3
Atga 4

7.1

6.8

5.4

6.4

5.3

5.2

6.3

5.6

Atco -|

2.4

3.4

1.7

2.5

3.3

Atco 2

4.5

3.5

3.7

3.9

Atco 3

3.6

4.8

2.8

3.7

Atco 4

4.7

2.6

1.7

3.0

-18-

Fourwing saltbush and gardner saltbush both responded similarly with
a progressive decrease in total radicle length as seed weight increased.
A similar trend was demonstrated by ctmeate saltbush but not for shadscale.
The four saltbush species averages for radicle length followed the same rank-
ing of fourwing, gardner, cuneate and shadscale based on germin ability of
whole fruits and thickness of the utricle wall.

During the seedling vigor study a considerable number of the emergent
seedlings died as a result of preemsrgence damping -off fungus. To evaluate
the effect of this pathogen on plant survival measurements were taken to
see if any correlation existed between the characteristics of germination
and plant mortality (Table 8).

Species

Rep I

— -j — - ^i
Rep II

Rep III

Size Class

<_ .J 1 i. v.. v.. 1 (J o O .

Species Ave.

Atca i

59.6

32.2

51.2

47.7

64.0

Atca 2

84.0

58.9

20.0

54.3

Atca 3

100.0

82.9

41.5

74.8

Atca 4

94.2

92.9

50.0

79.0

Atcu -j

25.6

31.9

39 . 6

32.4

32.2

Atcu 2

7.3

7.3

7.8

7.5

Atcu 3

67.3

46.0

5.0

39.4

Atcu 4

29.7

60.0

58.3

49.3

Atga -j

29.4

36.2

3.0

22.9

43.3

Atga 2

56.4

69.1

40.0

55.2

Atga 3

51.7

20.0

42.6

38.1

Atga 4

81.6

57.9

30.8

56.8

Atco ]

0.0

9.8

0.0

3.3

8.3

Atco 2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atco 3

24.4

36.4

0.0

19.3

Atco 4

0.0

31.3

0.0

10.4

Although few conclusions can be drawn at this time from the above data
that apply to all four species, a trend exists for plant mortality to increase

.19-

as seed weights, utricle size and utricle wall thickness increases. A
similar trend is less evident with cuneate saltbush and no apparent
trend can be detected for gardner and shadscale saltbush.

Few conclusions can be formulated at this time but selection for
certain seed characteristics in Atriplex have the possibility of influencing
seedling vigor. Many facets of this project have been completed but have
not yet been analyzed. A full and complete summary of this project will
be reported in the next biennial report.

-20-

VI. EFFECT OF CONTAINER SIZE AMD SHAPE ON ROOT GROWTH OF NATIVE SHRUBS

The philosophy behind the use of containerized plants for revecjetation
is to assure plant establishment in an arid environment. At the time of
planting, containerized transplants have a mass of soil around the roots.
The soil mass protects the roots from damage and desiccation during the
planting process. Also, the soil mass contains enough, moisture and
nutrients to help sustain the plant until the roots can explore the new
soil for needed moisture and nutrients.

However, there ^re soma problems with root growth of native shrubs in
containers that have to be overcome to insure successful containerized
plantings. One such problem is the container itself. The configuration
of the container will dictate the growth of the root system to become
malformed or to "ball up". The malformed root system may cause a decrease
in plant growth or even premature death after outpl anting because the roots
cannot expand and explore the soil for needed moisture and nutrients.
Another problem associated with containers is that they may inhibit plants
from growing which have a shallow, lateral root system and spread by
rhizomes. The container may force the roots and rhizomes to grow down in
a concentrated mass so they cannot spread after outpl anting.

Thus a study was designed to determine the optimum container type
for native shrubs with particular rooting habits.

A. Objectives

1. To study the influence of container configuration on producing
a malformed root system.

2. To evaluate the field performance of container-grown olants.

-21-

3. To compare the growth of seedlings and rooted cuttings in

containers during greenhouse propagation and after outpl anting.

B. Methods

The three shrubs used in the study are: greasewood [Sarcobatus
vernriculatus) , which has a deep tap root growth; fourwincj saltbush [Atriplez
canescena) , which has a tap root and lateral root growth; and spreading
rabbi tbrush, {(?nrysotiicihnuslinijoliu$ which has a lateral root system
and reproduces readily by rhizomes.

Four different containers will be used. They are described as
f o 1 1 ows :

- bullet - These containers are a circular; plastic container 15 cm
long with a 2.5 cm diameter. This container allows for air root pruning
at the end.

- deep - This is a tubular container made of thin plastic film rein-
forced with cotton string. Tubes are 43 cm long and 5 cm in diameter.

- milk carton - This is a regular one-quart milk carton. The bottom
is closed so that the roots will be confined. Two holes were punched to
allow for water drainage.

- tubepack - These containers consist of five tubes connected together
in one unit. The containers have vertical grooves on the inside which cause
the roots to grow straight down. The bottom is designed for air root pruning.
Individual containers are 4 cm x 5 cm x 18 cm'.

During January 1976 both seedlings and cuttings of each species were
planted in each container type. Proper greenhouse procedures were followed
to prepare the plants for transplanting. On June 29 and 30 the plants were
then outpl anted in the study site near Bonanza, Utah.

-22-

Figure 3 shows the randomized block design for the experiment. There
are 24 treatments replicated ten times. Four of the replications were
instrumented with soil psychrometers for measurement of moisture. Each
psychrometer was buried 30 cm deep and 15 cm from the plant. Soil moisture
measurements are expected to indicate how fast the foots explore the soil
for moisture. Psychrometer readings will be taken every two weeks during
the summer and fall of 1976 and the spring of 1977.

C. Results

Container iype has a large influence on plant growth prior to outplanting
(Figure 4). Generally the more restrictive containers resulted in shorter
outplanting stock. Rooting characteristics varied according to container
type (Table 9). There was little variation between species in any one
container type. The greatest variation was between container types. It
can be concluded that the container does influence the growth and shape of
the root mass. Whether this is harmful to plant performance in the field
will be determined by results from the field study.

-23-

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Speoies

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-26-

VII. PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF NATIVE PLANTS GROWN IN PROCESSED SHALE.

A number of problems have been identified which require preliminary
study under controlled conditions. These problems are mostly related to
the salinity, the \)\is and the specific chemical nature of processed shale.
Recent availability of processed shale from Utah has stimulated research
to compare plant growth in this medium with growth measurements reported
by researchers in Colorado.

Studies reported in this section include: a comparison of the chemical
properties of soil, processed Colorado and Utah shale and raw shale; growth
of greasewood [Sarcobatus vevmiculatus) and cuneate saltbush {Atriplex
cuneata) in raw and processed shale: fertilization of cuneate saltbush,
mat saltbush {Atriplex cornigata) and winterfat {Ceratoio.es lanata) with
imonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen; a comparison of cuneate saltbush.
t saltbush and winterfat growth in processed shale from Utah and Colorado;
the effect of chloride versus sulfate ions on the leaf growth and water use
of shadscale {Atriplex con ferti folia) \ and a companion study of the same
ions on leaf growth and water use of fourwing saltbush {Atriplex canes cens) .
These studies all seek to clarify salinity relationships involving processed
shale and the growth of some of the most salt-tolerant shrubs found in the
oil shale region. Results from the greenhouse studies will guide the
development of a pilot model of the shale disposal pile with water harvesting
and topsoil trench as activities to be evaluated.

The greenhouse experiments were performed using untreated (except as
indicated in each experiment) Paraho processed oil shale, raw oil shale or
soil in plastic-lined quarter milk cartons or plastic 24-ounce cottage cheese
tubs. The containers had no drain holes so there would be no leaching of

an
ma

-27-

salts from the containers. Water was added by weight, using a heavy-duty
solution balance, so that a predetermined soil moisture level could be
maintained throughout each experiment.

Analyses performed by the USU Soils Lab of the processed oil shale,
soil, and raw oil shale samples used in the greenhouse experiments appear
in Table 10. Two samples of processed Colorado oil shale were used and are
identified as sample #1 or HZ. Both the processed and raw (unprocessed)
Utah oil shale samples (one sample each) were collected from Hell's Hole
Canyon. The raw Utah oil shale was crushed in a ball mill at the U.S.
Bureau of Mines laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the processed
Utah oil shale was retorted at the Paraho facility in Colorado. The
topsoil used in all but one of the greenhouse experiments was collected
from a shadscale {Atviplex con ferii folia) community located partway
between Bonanza, Utah and the federal oil shale lease tracts Ua and lib.
It is called Bonanza soil in the soil analysis reports. In one experiment
a non-saline, sandy loam soil from Cache Valley, Utah was used (no analysis
available).

The pH of the two processed Colorado oil shale samples is 9, while
the pH of the processed Utah oil shale sample is 11.7. The high pH of the
Utah sample is believed to be a result of the processing and not of the
Utah oil shale characteristics per se. The pH of raw (unprocessed) Utah
oil shale is 7.7. Work in Colorado (Schmehl and McCaslin, 1973; Berg, 1973;

Schmehl , W.R. and B.D. McCaslin. 1973. Some properties of spent oil shales
significant to olant growth, np 27-43. In lluinik, R.O. and G. Davis [eds]
Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land, Vol. I. Gordon & Breach,
Mew York.

Berg, l/.A. 1973. Chemical analysis of TOSCO II processed shale and their
interpretations relative to plant growth, pp 115-127. In Bloch, M.B.
and P.D. Kilhurn [eds]. Processed Shale Revegetation Studies, 1965-1973.
Colony Development Operation, Atlantic Richfield Co., Denver, Colorado.

-28-

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-29-

and Striffler, Wymore and Berg, 1974) has shown that the pH of processed
oil shale increases as the processing temperature increases.

The boron content of raw Utah oil shale is high but is apparently reduced
to levels similar to the soils of the region by processing. The nitrate
and available phosphorus contents of processed oil shale appears to be
extremely low, but potassium is in sufficient supply. Iron and zinc are
also adequate.

A . jGrowth . of. Sarcpbatue vermiculatus _( greasewoo d } i n f or til ijed__and
junferitli^ecL. processed oi.]_ shale J_raV/. .(unprocessed) _.m/!__sMleLfinj:!
desert soil .

To test the ability of Savcobatus vermiculatus seedlings to grow in
processed oil shale, one-quart milk cartons lined with polyethylene bags
were filled with 1300g of either soil from a shadscale site (Bonanza soil),
crushed raw (unprocessed) oil shale from Hell's Mole Canyon* processed
Colorado oil shale sample #1 (crushed to pass through a 1/2-inch mesh screen)
or processed Colorado oil shale sample fA (1/2-inch screen) plus 1 gram
v NH4N03(34-0-0) and 1 gram treble super phosphate (0-45-0). One-hundred-

fifty grams of water was then added to each pot. The raw (unprocessed)
oil shale was difficult to wet, so it was necessary to mix the water and
raw oil shale mechanically before adding the mixture to the pots. One-
hundred grams of clean sand was placed on top of the moist soil or shale
and Savcobatus vermicvlatv.s seeds were planted in the sand. The purpose of
the sand was to provide a buffer zone against salinity to insure good seed
germination. Water was added daily to bring the total weight of each Dot
plus growth medium to 1600g (12 percent soil moisture).

Striffler, W.D., I.F. Wymore, and W.A. Berg, 1974. Characteristics of spent
shale which influence water quality, sedimentation, and plant growth
medium, pp 180-227. In Cook, C.W. [coord] Surface Rehabilitation of
land disturbances resulting from oil shale development. Env. Res.
Cen. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. f, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

-30-

Table 11 shows the fresh weights, dry weights and ratio of fresh
to dry weights of leaves of Sarcobatus vermiculatus seedlings harvested
135 days after planting. All data are the means of six replications.

Table 11 . Growth of Sarcobatus vermiculatus (grease-wood) in processed
oil shale, raw (unprocessed) oil shale, and desert soil.

Fresh Height taLifeiGlit Fresh/Dry
Soil 3.603 g 0.478 g 7.482

Processed shale, fertilized 1.729 0.245 6.782

Processed shale 0.071

Raw (unprocessed) shale 0.085

Leaf production on soil was double that on fertilized processed oil
shale and the leaves were more succulent (greater ratio of fresh to dry
weight). Leaf growth of plants in fertilized processed shale was good,
however (over 20 times that of plants in unfertilized processed or
unfertilized raw oil shale). A cursory observation revealed that root
growth was good in both soil and fertilized processed oil shale. A few
extra containers of unfertilized processed oil shale and unfertilized raw
oil shale with stunted seedlings were each fertilized (as above) at the
time the plants of Table 12 were harvested. The growth rate of these .
Sarcobatus vermiculabus seedlings soon increased markedly. It is evident
from this experiment that the addition of fertilizer is necessary for
growth of Sarcobatus vermiculatus and probably other species on processed
oil shale. Further research is needed to determine the actual fertility
levels reouired by salt desert shrub species which are generally adapted to
soils of low fertility.

Table 12. Growth of Atriplex cuneata in highly alkaline processed oil

shale and raw, unprocessed oil shale from Hell's Hole Canyon

Treatment Height

Raw Shale (pH 7.7) 24.3 cm

Processed Shale (pH 11.7) 9.4 cm

B. Growth of AtrLoler. cioxeata in processed Utah oil shale and nm

.unpjY; c.esi^ij_. tkuduo i ].__ s ha]

JJL

Utilizing the Paroho method of extracting kerogen from oil shale

necessitates the removal and stockpiling of the fine raw oil shale

particles. Raw oil shale piles, as well as processed oil shale piles,

must be stabilized by vegetation. The following experiment was designed

to study the growth of Atriplex cuneata on both raw and processed Utah

oil shale. Any differences in growth on the raw or processed oil shale

samples must be due to the processing since both samples were collected

from the same shale outcroppings in Hell's Hole Canyon.

t
Eight 24-ounce cottage cheese cartons were filled with 800g ground

raw Utah oil shale, collected from Hell's Hole Canyon and eight cartons
were filled with 800 g Paraho processed Utah oil shale (also from Hell's
Hole Canyon). Twenty-five ml of a one percent (by weight) Alconox deter-
gent solution was added to each pot to improve the wetability of the shale
(particularly the raw, unprocessed oil shale). Rooted Atriplex cuneata
cuttings in peat pellets were planted directly in the shale (one cutting
per pot) and each pot was fertilized with 0.25g NH4NO3 and 0.25g treble
super phosphate. Water was then added by weight to produce a soil moisture
level of 18 percent which was maintained by daily weighing and watering.

-32-

Initially, growth occurred in both the raw and processed oil shale
treatments, but the Atriplex cimeata plants in the processed oil shale soon
ceased growing and many of the leaf tips and margins became necrotic (brown
or "burned"). After seven weeks the mean height of the plants in raw oil
shale was 2.5 times that of the plants on processed oil shale (Table 13).

Table 13. Height of A.tvipls'x cuneata., Atvlplcx corrugata and Ceratoides
lanata after 30 days in processed Utah and Colorado oil shale.

Processed Processed
Utah shale Colorado shale
(pH 11.7) _(PiL_LI!)

Atriplex cimeata 5.3 cm 13.4 cm

Atriplex corrugata 3.5 cm 8.2 cm

Ceratoides lanata 10.1 cm 17.8 cm

"\

The obvious and most likely reason for poor growth of Atriplex cimeata
on the processed oil shale is the high pH (11.7). It is also possible that
the retorting may have produced other chemical or physical changes in the
shale that are inhibitory to growth. In this and other experiments using
this highly alkaline sample of processed Utah oil shale it was observed that
the shale tended to "set up" (become hard). This may have inhibited root
growth into the shale,

C. Response of Atri.pl.cr. cimeata * Atriplex covru.ao.ta and Ceva.toi-d.e5_ lanata
cuttings to ammonium and nitrate forms. joL nltroQe.n,.;ui highly, .alkaline
( P li J 1 . 7 Lp..r.o co s.s ecLoJ 1 shale.

Past experience and several scientific articles suggest that various

plant species differ in their ability to utilize the ammonium (Nil./;'1") and nitrate

(NO3"") forms of nitrogen. Since little is known about the actual fertility

-33-

needs of salt desert shrub species it was decided that, in addition to testing
the ability of three species to grow on processed Utah oil shale, their
responses to NH4+ and N0-T would also be studied.

Twelve-hundred grams of air-dried processed Utah oil shale screened
with a 1/2-inch mesh screen, was placed in each of 30 one-quart milk cartons
lined with plastic bags. One-hundred grams of water was then added and
10 me each of NaN03 and Nsi-^PO^ were added to it"> other half. Rooted
cuttings of Atriplex cioieata, Atriplex corrugate, and Ceratoides lanata
in peat, pellets were placed on top of the shale, and 100 grams of clean
sand was poured around each peat pellet. Hater was added daily to main-
tain a soil moisture of 13 percent.

After two weeks in the greenhouse all the plants in the ammonium
phosphate treated shale were dead. The plants in the sodium nitrate plus
phosphate treated shale were still alive and healthy. After four weeks,
however, only three Atriplex cuneata plants, two Ceratoides lanata plants
and one Atriplex covrugata plant were still alive fn the nitrate treated
shale. The only difference between the two fertilizer treatments were
the forms of nitrogen (1NH4 vs. NO- ) and the addition of sodium with the
nitrate treatment. Since the processed oil shale is already high in
sodium, it is unlikely that the addition of sodium would have a great
effect on the growth of the above salt-tolerant shrub species. Apparently,
NH^"1" was either toxic or less available for growth than NO3". Toxicity is
a real possibility since at pH 11.7, \l'r\^+ is largely converted to ammonia
(NH3) (DuPleiss and Kroontje, 1964). Ni!3 at concentrations of only 0.15 to

DuPleiss, M.C.F. and !/. Kroontje, 1364. The relationship between pH and
ammonia eouilibria in soil. Soil Sci . Soc. Amer. Proc. 23:751-754.

-34-

0.20 mi Hi moles/ liter have been shown to be toxic to seedlings of several
crop species (Bennett and Ac! a ins , 1970), and NH3 can inhibit uptake of
water by sugar beet roots (Stuart and Haddock, 1958). A pH level of 11.7
is extremely high and is likely responsible for the high plant mortality
in the nitrate treatment. Further research is planned to study in greater
detail the effects of forms of nitrogen fertilize)- and pH on the growth of
several salt desert shrub species in processed oil shale.

D- Response of Atriplex corruaata cuttiricstq amnion i urn anc[ nitrate forms
of ..nitrogen in highly saline processed oil shale.

As a sequel to the previous experiment with a highly alkaline medium,
it was decided that a test of the effects of NhU+ and NO3"* on plant growth
in a highly saline but lower pH sample of processed oil shale should be
performed. The surface layer of an exposed pile of processed Colorado oil
shale (sample £2) having a white salt crust was removed and screened
through a half-inch mesh screen. Eight-hundred grams of the air-dry shale
passing the screen were placed in each of ten 24-ounch cottage cheese cartons
Rooted cuttings of Atriptex corrugata in peat pellets were planted directly
in the processed shale. Five m& (mi 1 licqui valents) of NH4H2PO4 were added
to five pots and 5 me NaNO? and 5 me Nal^PO^. were added to the other five
pots. The pots had no drain holes and water was added daily by weight to
maintain a soil moisture level of 18 percent.

After 20 days in the greenhouse only one of the five cuttings of
Atriptex eorrugata receiving ammonium form of nitrogen was still alive and
it was in very poor condition. AT1 the A. eorrugata cuttings that received

Bennett., A.C. and F. Adams. 1970. Concentration of MM3 (an) required for

incipient NH3 toxicity to seedlings. Soil Sci . Stic. Amor. Proc. 84:259-263,

Stuart lj.'\ and d ' Haddock. Inhibition of v-.*ator uptake in sugar beet

r,i .. m .,--',-,'1 f'j.^nr t~n

reel'., by ammonia. Main, i-hy^ioi. -.o.o'.j ^.j...

-35-

the nitrate form of nitrogen were alive and in fairly good condition. At
pH 9 the ammonium ion (NH/,+) is partially converted to ammonia (NH3) which
may have been toxic to the A. covvugata cuttings. This possible toxicity may
have been enhanced by the high salinity of the salt-encrusted shale used
used in the experiment. The above interpretation is only tentative at
this time, but the results do suggest caution in the use of ammonium salts
or anhydrous ammonia as nitrogen fertilizer on processed oil shale. Further
research is planned to test the response of several plant species to various
application rates of several forms of nitrogen fertilize)- (e.g. urea,
ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate)
in processed oil shale. In addvticn, the pH of several processed oil shale
samples will be reduced with H2SO4 to determine if pH does interact with
the various forms of nitrogen fertilizer. The interaction of various
salinity levels with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers will also be
studied.

E. Growth of Atriplex cwaeata, Atvivlox covvugata and Cevo.toid.es lanaio.
isurcD£.QSSBAjS:l ab and Colorado oil shale .

To compare the growth of three species on processed oil shale samples
with different pH's, cottage cheese cartons were filled with 800 g of quarter-
inch screened, air-dried processed Utah or Colorado oil shale (sample £2).
The highly alkaline (pH 11.7) sample of processed Utah oil shale required
mechanical mixing with water to insure complete wetting, but mixing was not
necessary with the processed Colorado oil shale sample (pH 9,0). Rooted
cuttings of Atvl-plox crmeaba* Atriplex covrugata and Ceratoides lanata (one
cut ting ^nr pot and five pots of each species per treatmont) in peat pellets

-36

were planted directly into the processed shale. Five me (mi Hi equivalents)
of NH4H2PO4 and five me of NaN0<, were applied to each pot. A soil moisture
level of 18 percent was maintained by daily weighting and watering.

After 30 days very little or no growth had occurred in the plants in
the processed Utah oil shale and several of the /.triplex eorrugata and
Ceratoid.es lanata plants were dead or dying. All the plants in the processed
Colorado oil shale were healthy cod had approximately doubled in height
(Table 13).

These results further implicate excessive pH as the probably reason
for poor growth on the processed Utah oil shale. Reduction of the pH of the
processed Utah oil shale sample with sulfuric acid should increase plant
growth unless the processing has led to the formation or liberation of some
toxic substance not found in the raw Utah oil shale or the orocessed
Colorado oil shale samples. The presence of NH4* in the processed Colorado
shale was not detrimental to plant growth in this experiment as in two
previous experiments. Some possible reasons are: 1) the pH was lower than
in the processed Utah shale, 2) the salinity was lower than in the salt-
encrusted shale sample and 3) the presence of NO3" in the shale counteracted
any ill effects of the NH44".

JL Lea f growth and water use of Atrip lex conferti folia j n_ i^esoons e _to

N_a CI and Na^SO^.

To test the salt tolerance of shadscale, eight-hundred grams of desert
soil, collected from a shadscale [Atriplex conferti folia) community near the
Utah Federal oil shale lease tracts, wore placed in each of eighteen 24-ounce
cottage cheese cartons. Rooted cuttings of Atriplex conferti folia were
planted one per pot. Each not './as fertilized with one g f'il/p.!03 and one g
treble [.u^cir phosphate and watered by weight to oroduce and maintain a soil
moisture of 10 percent. NaCl and Na2S04 in solution were. added gradually

r

-37-

over a period of 2 weeks to produce soil osmotic potentials of o, -10, and
020 atmospheres at 10 percent soil moisture. During a one-week poriod,
just prior to the harvest of leaves, the amount of water used (transpired
and evaporated) was determined daily as the weight of water added which
was necessary to bring the pots up to a predetermined weight (i.e. weight •
to give 10 percent soil moisture). The leaves were harvested three weeks
after all the salts had been added.

Table 14 shows the total dry weight of leaves produced over the course
of the experiment and the grams water used per di\y per gram &ry leaf tissue
for a seven-day period. The addition of NaCl and Na2S04 to a level of
-10 atm significantly increased the yield of leaf tissue above that of the
control (no salts added). There was no significant difference in leaf
growth between the -20 atmosphere treatments of NaCl or f^SO,} and the
control. However, the -20 atm mixed salt (-10 atm NaCl plus -10 atm NagSCty)
treatment did significantly reduce leaf growth. The water use efficiencies
(water used per gram dry leaf tissue) followed the same trend as the yield
of leaf tissue.

Table 14. Leaf growth and water use of Atviplex confevlifolia in response
to NaCl and N^SCfy (3 replications per treatment)

-10 atm -10 atm -20 atm -20 atm -20 atm

Control NaCl Na2S04 NaCl Na2>S04 NaCl + NagSCty

Dry weight of leaves
(grams)

4794b .6148a .5538a .4518b .4323 be .3724c

Grams H?0/ day/gram dry

leaf (7 days, 10% 73.6 59.7 52.7 73.0 73.0 81.7

soil moisture)

Means (3 replications) followed by the same loiter are not significantly different at the .05
l^^l using Duncan's multiple rang? test. At 10.0 \' soil moisture 0.2403 me NaCl or
(^P04 were added for coch 100 g soil to produce an osmotic potential ol -1 atm.

-38-

G. Growth and water use of Atr-iplex \caneocens in response to NaCl_and

To test the salt tolerance of Aiviplex canescens , seeds were germinated
in moist sand and transplanted to plastic-lined milk cartons containing 1800g
of nonsaline, sandy loam soil. When the seedlings './ere 10 to 14 cm tall,
NaCl or Na-^SO^ were added gradually over a two-week period to produce soil
osmotic potentials of 0, -10 or -25 aim. Following the sal i nidation period,
the height and water use of each plant was measured daily for 15 days, and
the dry weight of leaves was determined at the conclusion of the experiment .
There were five replications per treatment".

The production of leaf tissue was not reduced by either the -10 atm
NaCl, -10 atm Na2S04 or -25 atm Na^SO^ treatments, but leaf tissue production
was reduced by the -25 atm NaCl treatment and was reduced even further by
the -25 atm mixed salt (-12.5 atm NaCl plus -12.5 atm r^SO;--) treatment
(Table 15). Water consumption over a ten-day period per gram of dry leaf
tissue was reduced in the -25 atm treatments of NaCl and NaoS04 when soil
moisture was maintained at 9.1 percent. Dining a five-day period when
no water was added the water consumption per gram of dry leaf tissue was
significantly less in the -10 atm NaCl treatment than in the control. Water
consumption was further reduced in the -25 atm NaCl treatment and, to a slightly
lesser extent, in the -25 atm Na2S04 treatment. The relative change in height
during the fifteen-day period was greatest in the control, with the -10 atm
treatments of NaCl and Na.2S04 reducing it only slightly. The -25 atm salt
treatments reduced the relative change in height still further, but the K^SOa
treatment was less inhibitory than the NaCl treatment. The -25 atm combined
salt treatment was intermediate between the two single salt treatments.

C libleJi, Growth and water use of Atiiplex car.eccer.s in response to NaCI

^ and Na2% m soil (o.i pGrcent soil IT10lsture)> ' "au

r,-, ~10 atm ~10 atm -25 atm -25 atm -25 a+m

Co^trol_ _NaCl_ jj^ ^^ ^ NaC^^

)ry weight of leaves (grams) 1.5451a 1.5618a 1.5263ab 1.2958b 1.6795:

•fater use (10 days at fielc"

capacity, 9.1% moisture) *174.7sb 170, 8b 163.3b 145. 7C 157. 3

ater use (5 days not

V;aterGd> * B3.8a 73.0b 82.5a G0.4c

6-?-d 6.1a 2.2c 4.1b 2.5c

0.9846c
188.3a
66.4b 84.2s

Change in height, cm
(15-dcy period) : C.2c

elative change in height
ing^ight)1161^72^^ '3767' '^ '3"M°b '1035c '1823c -I552cd

eans (5 replications) in each row followed by the same letter are not significantly different
at the .05 level using Duncan's multiple range

L05C.

c{ s water transpired and evaporated per gram dry leaf tissue

1 n o>n?'n m°"isturc an os|ratic potential of -1 atm was produced for each 0.2187 m* N'aCl
or 0.2431 me Na2S04 added per 100 g soil.

NaCl and Na2S04 are ti_ie two most common salts found in salt desert
ecosystems, and high tolerance to these salts is important to the growth
and reproduction of many salt desert, plant species. The tolerance of
Atriplex ccoicscens to high Na2S04 salinity is of special interest since
the predominant salt in most processed oil shale samples from Colorado and
Utah is Nc^SO/j. In some cases Mg$04 is also high and further research is
planned involving this salt.

Although height growth of Avriplez aanescenz was reduced at all salt
concentrations used, the yield of leaf tissue was not reduced by up to -25
atm Ijr^v;,'. > and water use efficiency was enhanced by salinity.

H . Greenhouse .performance _..o_f_seJ ec tec! shrub flrass and forbs in nail on cans
filled with Paraho processed _sha'Ve_.

A preliminary study of plant performance in gallon cans filled with

Paraho processed shale under propagation greenhouse conditions was run at

Snow: Field Station during the winter end spring of 197G. Those species

which showed the highest and best survival were cuneate saltbush, greasev/ood,

shadscale saltbush, fourwing saltbush end seepweed (Table lf>). Factors

such as drought resistance and nigh temperature tolerance wore not in effect

during the period of the study. However, the study showed that placing

bare-root seedlings in processed shale gives a lower survival rate than using

contai ner--grown transpl ants .

Table 16.

Survival and Growth of Shrubs Transplanted Into Gallon Pots of Paraho
Processed Shale. Averages of three replications.

Species

Cuneate saltbush

Mat saltbush

Greasewood

Big sagebrush

Shadscale saltbush

Fourwing saltbush

Treatment1

A
B
C
D
E

A
B
C
3)

£

B
C
D
E

A
B
C
D
E

B
C

D

E

A

E

C

'D

E

Survival^

Dead Stress

Good

A

67
67

33
67

33

100

100

67

67

100

33
67
33
33
67

%

33

%
67

-

33

33

67

-

33

—

100

67

-

67

100

-

-

33

67

33

67

_

33

67

-

100

33

67

33

67

33
33

67

67
33

33

67

33

100
100
100

67
67
33

Average Height
Dec. 1975 June 30,
1976

cm

2.8
1.8
3.3
2.8

4.5
5,0
3.3
2.7
2.8

22.3
17.7
19.0
19.0
25.5

4.8

6.0
3.8
3.2
4.5

4.7
5.8
3.3
5.0
5.3

3.8
4.2
1.7
2.2
1.5

cm

9.0
21.0

6.8
15.0
12.5

6.5
8.0
5.3
7.0
6.0

12.5
21.3
23.2
24.3
30.3

4.5

4.5
6.3

5.5

7,

.0

17,

.3

15,

.5

7.

,0

5,

,0

20.

,7

36.

.3

53,

0

Siberian salt tree

A
B
C
D
E

67

100

100

33

67

33

33
67

7.5
8.0
6.8
6.3
4.5

6.0

7.5

6.8

Transplanted into shale Dec . 10-30, 1975

Treat r:. tints1

A. Bare root plant in sr-'-r.t shale

B. Bare root plant in c] c:it shale plus fertility added at rate of 100 X per
acre and 100 Po0, ner acre.

C. Container grovr. plant in spent, shale

D. Container grown plant in spent shale plus fertility same as Treatment B.

E. Container grown plant in regular soil.

Survival.2 _ Dead. stress, planes alive but poor growth; Good, plants healthy.

■42-

IX. PLANT VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION STUDIES

Our research continues on propagation problems with native species.
In some species seed germination occurs readily and at a high percentage
while in others hard seed, dormancy, poor seed yield and low germination
cause us to seek propagation of plants by vegetative means, such as rooting
of cuttings. An additional benefit of vegetative propagation is the provision
of planting materials with the identical genetic make v.p as the parent plant.
In some situations there would be a decided advantage to have the same genetic
characteristics in an entire group of plants inhere palatability , tolerance
to salinity and growth habit are critical.

A. Rooting of big sagebrush (Artem'.sia tridentaba) cuttings.

Big sagebrush {Artemisia tridantata) has given variable results in
attempts to root cuttings from mature plants. Recent studies have been
conducted to test for: 1) variability in rooting response among several
plants to concentrations of Indolebutyric Acid (IBA), a root-promoting
hormone and 2) rooting response to IBA treatments at different phenol ogical
stages (dormant vs. post dormant).

The big sagebrush rooting study involved four collection times two
weeks apart starting on the last wee!: of March in 1976. A total of 2,000
cuttings were tested. Variability between plants in rooting ability seems
to be the single, most important factor in solving the problem of vegetative
propagation of big sagebrush. The causes for the high variability found
between seemingly identical plants is unknown at this moment. However, some
plants show a marked ability to respond to high levels of I HA (2.0%) where
others fail to respond at all. Thus, any program to vega to lively propagate
big sagebrush should first identify indi vidua! plants which will root when

tree ted with IBA.

In the testing of rooting response at different periods of growth,
it was observed that plants still dormant show the highest rooting response
to hormones. As the plants progress from the dormant condition in the late
winter and become physiologically active as the now growing season begins,
the rooting response decreases. By the time the active growth period is
reached the ability to respond to hormone treatments is almost completely
lost. This decrease in rooting can he associated with tissue and physiological
changes in the plant stem. All of the nontreatcc cuttings failed to
root, and the response to the high level of IDA (2,0/') was markedly
highen than the response to low IBA level (0.3/1).

B . Rooting of cuneate saltbush {Airiylcx cur.ciata) cutting s .

To provide rooted cuttings of cuneate saltbush for a greenhouse experi-
ment it was necessary to conduct a study of its rooting habits. Cuttings
of four Atriplex cvneata plants were collected near Evacuation Creek en
March 22, 1976. Five cm long sections of the shoots were dipped in rooting
powder container 0.8 percent IDA (indolebutyric acid) and placed in Jiffy
No. 9 peat pellets. The cuttings were kept in a humidity chamber (clear
polyethylene covering a wooden frame) in a greenhouse and were watered
daily. Temperatures ranged from 1°C to 30°C. After 30 days the number of
rooted cuttings was determined (Table 17).

Cuttings of Atriplex corrugata and Grayia brandegei were collected from
Mancos Shale derieved soil at Devils Playground (a few miles west of Bonanza,
Utah) on April 15, 1976. On the same date Grayia cpinosa and Ceratoides lanata
cuttings were collected near the federal oil shale tracts Ua and Ub. The
cuttings were treated as the Abvip'le:-; mmic.to. above except that temperatures

-44-

occasionally exceeded 35° C. The rooting of Ceratoides lanata and Atriplex
corrugate*, cutting? after 30 days is shown in Table 18. Both Grayia
brandegei and Grayia spinosa failed to root and are not shown.

Table 17. Percent rooting of Atriplex oimeata cuttings after 30 days.
(Collected near Evacuation Creek March 22, 1975, and treated
with 0.8 percent IDA).

Number of

1,'n'nber

Percent

Plant

Cuttings

Rooted

Rooted

A

14

10

71.4

B

35

24

63.6

C

21

16

76.2

D

98

35

35.7

TOTAL

168

85

50.6

Table 18. Percent rooting after 30 cays of Ceratoides lanata and

Atriplex corrugata cuttings collected April 16, 1976, and
treated with 0.8 percent IBA.

Species

Ceratoides lanata
Atriplex corrv/jata.

Number of

Number

Percent

cuttings

Rooted

Rooted

119

53

45.4

98

49

50.0

-45-

VIII. REHABILITATION PLANTINGS ON DISTURBED SITES

Two principal studies of disturbed site rehabilitation have been
established. The first study was started in April, 1955 and involved
spring planting of almost 1000 bare-root shrub seedlings on four disturbed
sites. The second study was more complex and involved planting of seeds,
bare-root seedlings and container-grown plants in the fall of 1975 and
in the spring of 1976. in three locations on the oil shale tracts. Both
grasses and shrubs were included.

Additional field plantings include transplanting of container-grown
shrubs and grasses on processed shale containers at. the Section 6 research
site, a study of shrub root-pruning during nursery propagation, an evalu-
ation of antitranspi rants on field-planted shrub seedlings and an observation
nursery.

During the week of June 7-12 all plots and plantings were evaluated
for survival and growth. Results from the first shrub planting in spring
1975 are considered to be near final because plants ha a full range of
seasons to test their survivability. Plantings in the spring of 1975
face a more droughty condition than those in 1975.

A • Planti ngs of bare-root seedlings on disturbed sites , April 25-26, 1976

A summary of survival for nine species indicates a reduction in survival
since the plots were established (Table 19). The greatest mortality occurred
with rubber rabbi tbrush which has only 11 percent of the original number
surviving. Greasewood, cun.eate saltbush, shadscale and spreading rabbit-
brush are 10-30 percent lower than big sagebrush, black sagebrush and four-
wing saltbush. Rabbi tbrush c^:^-v^> to have survival problems as does
spreading rabbi tbrush on very dry sKes.

-46-

Survival of shrub seedlings was considerably influenced by site
conditions, such as soil texture, degree of disturbance, salinity and
competing weeds. Drill site G-8 apoears to have the most adverse condi-
tions for seedling establishment as compared with the other drill sites
(Table 19). The best adapted species for site G-8 are shadscale and
cuneate saltbush. Spreading rabbi tbrush originally looked good but apparently
could not 'withstand the drought and salinity.

Drill hole G-13 has relatively favor-able site conditions ?:nd mast of
the species planted there survived well. This was especially true for
spreading rabbi tbrush > fourwing saltbush, sagebrush and fourwing saltbush.
Grazing use was heavy hero.

Drill hole G-22 had many favorable conditions ur,d all species except
rubber rabbi tbrush looked good. The site is dry like others but one of
the biggest problems was sheep grazing and bedding dwn nearby.

G-5 drill site was a medium harsh drill site in comparison with
other sites. Good adaptation of all species except rubber rabbi tbrush
was recorded.

In summarizing the results from the first transplanting study it
appears that even species that are native to the area must be selected for
transplanting to specific sites. Rooting habit, tolerance to salinity
and drought paletability are particularly critical plant characteristics
for obtaining survival on harsh sites. Further study is needed to better
identify the critical plant and site features that are important in obtaining
planting success with bare -root seedlings.

Preparation of planting materials by growing them in containers prior
to outplanting is a means of further increasing survival. Source of plant
materials does not aoooar to ! •• as critical for survival as for growth

-47-

Table 19. Comparison of Shrub Species Survival at Four Drill Site
Locations and at Three Dates - Spring and Fall, 1975 and
Spring 1976 following one year of field growth.

Plant Species

G-22

G-S

G--13

Ave-,

A.

B.

C.

D.

Greasewood

June 1975
Oct. 1975
June 1976

Big sagebrush

June 1975
Oct. 1975
June 1976

Fourwing salt bush
June 1975
Oct. 1975
June 1976

Black sagebrush
June 1975

Oct.
June

975
1976

E. Rubber rabbi thrush
June 1975
Oct. 1975
June 1976

F.

Winterfat

June

1975

Oct.

1975

June

1976

G.

Cuneate saltbush

June

1975

Oct.

1975

June

1976

H.

Shaclscale

June

1975

Oct.

1975

June

1976

I.

Spreading

rabbi tbrusi

June

1975

Oct.

1975

June

1976

85

93

8

63

90

0

45

63

0

95

98

CO

Do

93

90

40

70

87

15

95

100

80

88

95

65

70

87

25

90

100

80

90

70

77

87

78

35

67

18

5

85

78

65

73

50

47

80
65
35

" 55
55

40

90
2
n

%

70
45
40

1 00

70

90
83
75

85
63
23

53
50
25

98
85
85

%

64
49
37

90
80
60

92
83

64

95
85
73

83
51
11

80
69
49

83
64
29

54
53
33

94
43
42

Average survival in
June 1976 for sites

54

61

19

53

48-

(Table 20). Losses of seedlings appeared to be caused more from rodent
and sheep damage than from environmental stress.

Considerably higher success in fcurwing saltbush seedling survival
has been observed with container- grown planting stock than bare root (Table
21). A comparison of container-grown plants with bare-root transplants
at each of the drill site planting areas indicates a very favorable
planting success with container- grown plants. About half of the losses
of container-grown plants can be attributed to browsing by sheep and
rodents. One of the main advantages of using the container-grown Plants
is the rapid growth obtained because transplant inn shock is minimized and
the plants can better withstand grazing use by sheep and rodents.

B • A comparison of fall versus spring seeding, planting of bare-root

seedlings and planting of container-grown shrubs and g rasses

A study was established in the fall of 1975 to compare fall and spring
planting of shrub: and grass planting stock and seeds. Study plots in three
locations, drill hole G 3, drill hole G-17 and the section 6 research site;
were selected and fenced with one inch wire netting to exclude small mammals
and sheep. Only native shrubs and grasses were included in the study because
of their existing adaptation to the local environment. The study was
designed as a randomized block with three planting sites, nine species of
shrubs, five speices of grasses, two seasons of planting, three types of
planting materials (seeds, bare-root seedlings and container-grown plants),
three cultural treatments after planting (control, liter of water at time of
planting, valor plus fertilizer at time of planting) and four replications.

Initial results of success in establishment was evaluated in June, 1976.
The following evaluation', provide soma indication of the relative effectiveness
of the treatments, planting season and methods cf propagation fur certain
shrubs and grasses.

Table 20^ Comparison of survival and growth of plan!-; ar throe
r observation dates (June 12, 1575, October 21-31, 1975,

«,^^ and June 8-10, .1976). Plant:; ware grown in containers

from cuttings.

Survival

Growth

Plant

Number

June

Oc t .

June

June

Oct.

• June

Source

Sex

Plan i.ed

19 7:

.1975

1 f .' 7 6

1975

1975

1976

%

%

%

cm.

cm.

cm.

Atca UB1

Female

16

94

94

81

14

37

31

Atca U32

Female

14

100

100

86

16

32

25

Atca UB3

Female

14

1C0

100

bo

17

41

30

Atca U36

Male

10

3 00

100

100 •

18

39

42

-' §J2 LJLiLL Survival comparison of bare-root and container grown Fourwing

saltbush transplants at each of the four Drill Sites at the
end of the first growing season and following one year of
field growth.

Survival
Location Barc-Poot Container"

(Drill Site) Oct. June Oct. June

1975 1976 1975 1976

G-5
G-8
G-13

G-22

>':Number of plants that died shown in parenthesis.

%

%

%

%

89(5)*

70(12)

100

92(1)*

65(14)

25(30)

100

92(1)

83(7)

75(10)

100

86(2)

95(2)

87(5)

94(1)

81(3)

-50-

Direct seeding is often considered a natural approach to revegetation

but under arid and semi arid conditions the percent of success may be low.
In June, 1975 the initial count of seedlings present from October, 1975 and
April, 1975 direct seeding of nine shrub species ranged from 0 to 129
(Table 22). As a general rule those species with good success in the fall
were also good in the spring. Survive! through the long, dry summer will
be necessary before any conclusions can be drawn.

Survival of container-grown planting stock was observed to be higher
than that of bare-root planting stock in the first study en disturbed sites.
In the fall-spring study no clear distinction can be drawn until all plants
have gone through a summer and winter season. Table 23 does not show any
trs\i6s over all of the planting sites or post-planting treatments.

There was a higher survival percentage for container-crown plants than
for bare-root plants when averaged over all planting sites and follow up
treatment (Table 24).

Direct seeding of grasses gave higher success than with the shrubs
(Table 25). Russian wildrye (Elymus gvneeus) and crested wheatgrass [Agropyron
cirstatum), two species recommended for seeding range! ands, were three to
four times as high in percent initial establishment as the local Indian
ncegrass {Oryzopsis hymenoides) and needle-and -thread grass (Stipa cornata) .
Bottlebrush squirrel tail {sitanion hystvix) was intermediate between the two
high species and the two low ones.

There has been insufficient time for an evaluation of the establishment
success ior bare-root and container-grown clones of the five grasses included

-51-

"iciOle ?.?. Comparison of Direct Seeding Nino Shrub Species At Three Locations
and At Two Dates - Fall and Spring.

k_/ , * ■.. * . .-. \_- O

Dri
Fall

.11 ii
G-3

c

olc.

pring
No , "

Dri]
G -
Fall
~KoV "

1 Hole
1 7

Spring
"No.

Sect
_Fall_
No.

ion 6
Spring

Tot
Fall

al

Spring

No.

No.

No.

No.

Greasevood

25

17

0

10

1

12

26

39

Fo u rv? i n g s a 1 1 b i ; 3 h

A

53

j

8

1

63

6

129

Shad scale

0

0

0

0

0

/,

0

k

Cuneate salfbush

1

n

0

0

0

1 "

1

3

Win t erf at

27

19

0

12

39

C-

66

40

Greenes rabbitbrush

A

2

0

0

3

0

7

2

Black sagebrush

1

0

0

4

0

5

0

Big sagebrush

7

0

0

0

2

1

9

1

Spreading rabbit-
brush

9

8

k

2

16

1

29

11

Table 23,

•

Comparison in Transplanting at Three Locations, Nina Shrub
Species Using Two Methods, Bare-root and Container Grown Stock,
Three Treatments and at Tv.-o Seasons - Fall and Spring. Averages
From Four Replications.

Drill

Drill

Hole

Hole

Section

Average of

Species

Treatments*

C--3

_JG^17_

_<L_

__3_ Locat ions

u

%

%

Cuneate saltbush

F BR A
F BR B
F BR C

100
75
50

50

100
100

75

50

100

75

75
83

S BR A
S BR B
S BR C

100

100
75

100
100

100

100

100

75

100
100

F CO A
F CO B
F CO C

100
75
50

75

100

50

100
75
75

S CO A
S CO B
S CO C

75
100

100

100
100
.100

100
100
100

92

100
100

Winter! at

F BR A
F BR B
F BR C

50
50
75

75
50

100
50
75

75

50
58

S BR A
S BR B
S BR C

75
75

100

100
100
100

75
75

100

83
83

100

F CO A
F CO B
F CO C

100
100
100

75
75
75

75

100

75

83
92
83

S CO A
S CO B
S CO C

100
100
100

75

100
75

100
100
100

92

100

92

Gre-orues rabbitbrush

F BR A
F BR B
F BR C

75

100

75

50
75

100

75
75
75

67
83

83

S BR A
S BR B
S BR C

75

100
100

100
100
100

50

.100
100

75

100
100

F CO A
F CO 1
F CC C

75

50
100

100
100
100

75
75
50

83
75
83

S CO /.
S CO B
S 00 C

100
3 00
1 00

100
-.1 00
100

.100
100
100

100
100
100

-53-

13 b]sL 23 (conti nu e d )

Comparison in Transplanting at Three Locations, Nino. Shrub
Species Using Two Methods, Bare-root and Container Crown Stoclc,
Three Treatments and at Two Seasons - Fall and Spring. Average
From Four Replications.

Spec i_e s_

.Treatments*

Drill

Hole

G-3

1 1

Dril
Ho!i e
G-17

Black sagebrush

Big sagebrush

F BR A
F BR B
F BR C

S BR A

S BR >J
S BK C

F CO A
F CO B
F CO C

S CO A
S CO B
S CO C

F BR A
F BR B
F BR C

S BR A
S BR B
S BR C

F CO A
F CO B
F CO C

S CO A
S CO B
S CO C

Spreading rabbitbrush F BR A

F BR B
F BR C1

s

BR

A

s

BR

B

s

BR

C

F

CO

A

F

CO

B

F

CO

y..

t;

CO

f

f •
o

CO

i

s

CO

r>

100

100

75

100

100

75

75

100

75

100
100
100

25

100

75

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

75
100
100

100

75

100

100
100
100

100
.1 00
100

100
100
100

100

100

75

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

75

100
75

100
100
100

50
25
75

.100
100
100

Section

Avei'age of

6

3 local" ions

%

%

100

100

100

100

100

92

3 00

100

100

100

100

83

100

92

100

100

100

92

100

100

100

100

100

100

50

58

100

100

100

92

25

75

75

92

50

83

75

92

100

100

100

100

100

100

75

92

100

100

100

83

75

92

75

83'

100

100

100

92

100

100

100

83

100

75

:oo

92

300

100

75

92

100

100

Table 23 (conti nued)

Comparison in Transplanting at Three Local. ion::, Nine Shrub
Species Using Two Method;;, Bare-root and Container Grovm Stock,

•. Three. Treatments end at Two Seasons - Fall and Spring. Averages

|f from four replications.

Drill

Drill

Mole

Hole

Section

Average: of

Species

Treatments*

G- 3

C-3 7

6

3 ho cat ions

A-

"Y~

%

%

Greasewood

F BR A

100

50

75

75

F m K

100

25

25

50

F BK C

ICO

25

50

5S

S BR A

25

100

75

67

S BR B

100

75

100

92

S BR C

100

75

100

92

F CO A

103

75

100

92

F CO B

100

100

100

100

F CO C

75

100

100

92

S CO A

100

50

100

83

S CO B

100

100

100

100

S CO C

100

100

100

100

Fourwing saltbush

F BR A

25

50

0

25

F BR B

50

25

0

• 25

F BR C

0

25

0

8

S BR A

100

100

100

100

S BR B

100

100

100

100

S BR C

100

100

100

100

F CO A

75

75

75

75

F CO B

100

100

75

92

F CO C

25

50

50

42

S CO A

100

100

100

100

S CO B

100

100

100

100

S CO C

100

100

100

100

Shaescale saltbush

F BR A1

50

75

50

58

F BR B

75

100

100

92

F BR C

75

75 .

100

83

S BR A

100

100

100

100

S BR B

100

100

100

100

*

S BR C

3.00

100

2 00

100

F CO A

100

75

.100

92

F CO IS

75

3 00

100

92

F CO C

7r>

75

100

83

S CO A

.100

50

75

75

S CO B

3 00

100

100

100

S CO C

100

10'J

100

100

Table 23 (conti mKtd)

Comparison in Transplanting at Three Locations, Nino Shurb
Species Using IVo Methods, Bare-root and Contain or Grown Stock,
Three Treatments and at Two Seasons -• Fall and Spring. Average:
fe Frora Four Replications.

Treatments* and Seasons

Fall

Spring

BR
CO

■» Bare- root transplanting stock

- Container grovn transplanting stock

A - Control

B = 17.-.;:::. et tiine of pit; u ting

C = tvatei and fertiliser at: tL..e of planting

■56-

JTclb lQ_. 2_4 . Summary of Mine Shrub

bpocies

Usins Tvo Methods of

Planting sfc Two Seasons anci <:t Tnree Locations.
Averages of three treatments and Tour replications.

Fall Spring

Bare-Root Container Barc-'Root Container

Species Stock Stock Stock Stock

7 7 '/ £

S.J /? /3 /O

Greasewood

Fourwii'ij

S .'"!

Ria.Lfour.h

Win t erf at

Greenes Rabbi thrush
Black sagebrush
Big sagebrush
Spreading rabbi thrush
Average Total

61
IS

78
78
61
78
97
83
85
71

95
70
8f:
73
86
80
95
97
83
86

ICO

100

9 A

89

92
94
83
97

94

100

92

97

95

100

100

97

97

97

-57-

Tabla 25. Comparison of Direct Seeding Five Grass Species at Three
Locations and at Two Dates - Fall and Spring.

Species

Indian rice grass

Drill Hole Drill Hole Section
G-3 G-17 6

Fall Spring Fall _ _S pr_i r g _ _il"; * % lTX •!;!!£

% %

25

Z

31

19

Zd

Total

Fall Snr i ng_

27

%

Needle and Thread

grass

19

19

50

Fairway crested

31

75

81

Russian wild rye

grass

19

63

37

1 r1

OT

81

63
100

40

25
87

72

44

71

32

19

81

72

Bottlebrush squirreltail
grass 37

69

75

69

100

69

■58-

in the study (Table 26). Spring plantings looked hotter than fall plant-
ings when evaluated on June 9, 1976, but this trend is expected to reverse
after the long* dry summer.

It appears that direct planting of bare-root clones (divisions of a
bunchgrass) of grass and container-grown (for an advance period) grasses are
nearly equal in survival success (Table ?.7) . So far in this study the
survival success has bee,"! very good and indicate that; fall and spring
planting give good results.

C- Effect of root pruning during nursery pro!>:.-atlon of _sjirubs_.

To test whether root pruning of seedlings during nursery propagation
would promote greater lateral root growth a sir-all study was initiated at
the Snow Field Station. Table 28 shows that no differences in establishment
occurred as a result of the root pruning treatment or follow-up irrigation.
If any advantage to survival in terms of shallow root concentration occurs,
a longer time of observation will be required.

D . Antidesiccant chemicals to aid in survival of bare-root transplants.

Most species of plants loose a high amount of water by transpiration
during the transplanting adjustment period. Excessive moisture loss can
cause death of the transplant. To ameliorate the transplanting stress , anti
desiccants have been developed. To test the effectiveness of three anti-
desiccants on five native shrub species a small study was initiated in
April, 1976. Initial survival success was evaluated on June 10.

The anti desiccants appeared to give a small advantage to plant survival
as compared with the non-treated plants (Table ??■) . Dipping plants after
digging appeared to be 10 percent vir-:. effective than spraying. Further

Table 26. Comparison in Transplanting at Throe Locations, Five Grass

Species Using Two Hethocls of Planting, Bare-root and Container
Grown Stock, Three Treatments and at Two Seasons, Fall and
Spring. Averages from four replications at each location.

Drill

Drill

hole

hole

Secti on

Average of

Species

Treat

rr.ents*

C-3

%

G-I7

6

3 Locations

%

%

%

Indian rice grass

F

BR

A

50

25

0

25

F

BR

L

0

75

0

25

F

ER

C

75

75

0

50

S

LR

A

50

75

75

67

S

BR

.100

100

100

100

S

BR

c

ICO

100

100

100

F

CO

A

J. \

75

75

25

5S

F

CO

■p

75

50

50

58

F

CO

c

75

100

75

83

S

CO

A

75

25

100

67

S

CO

B

100

50

100

83

S

CO

C

75

50

100

75

Needle & thread

F

BR

A

75

75

0

50

grass

F

BR

B

75

75

0

50

F

BR

C

25

100

25

50

-

S

BR

A

25

75

50

50

S

BR

B

75

100

25

67

S

BR

C

100

75

75

83

F

CO

A

50

100

100

83

F

CO

B

75

100

100

92

F

CO

C

75

50

100

75

S

CO

A

100

75

75

83

S

CO

B

100

100

100

100

S

CO

C

100

100

100

100

Fairway wheat grass

F

BR

A

100

100

75

92

F

BR

B1

75

75

50

67

F

BR

C

75

50

50

58

S

BR

A

100

100

100

100

S

BR

B

100

100

100

100

S

BR

C

100

100

100

100

F

CO

A

50

100

100

83

F

CO

B

75

100

100

92

F

CO

(:

75

100

100

92

S

CO

;

50

3 00

100

83

S

CO

B

100

100

75

92

S

CO

c

100

75

75

83

i

T^ble_25_kojvLm^cl)

Comparison in Transplanting at rnree Locations, Jive brass

Species Using Two Methods of Planting, Bare-root and Container

Grovr: Stock, Three Treatments and at Tv.o Seasons, Fail and

Spring. Averages from four replications at each location.

Species

West era wheat gras;

Beardless bluebunch
grass

Drill
Hole

Treatments* G-3

" %

100
100
100

25
100

100

100
100

75
100
100

100
50
75

50

75

100

100
75
75

100
100

100

Prill
Hole
0^17 _

% '

F

BR

A

F

BR

F

BR

C

S

13 TO
.U.i.\

A

S

BR

3">

S

BR

C

F

CO

h

F

CO

3

F

CO

c

S

CO

A

S

CO

JL>

S

CO

c

F

BR

Ax

F

BR

B

F

BR

c

S

BR

A

S

BR

B

S

BR

c

F

CO

A

F

CO

B

F

CO

c

S

CO

A

S

CO

B

s

CO

c

75

100

75

75

100

100

75

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

75

100

100

100

100

75

100

2.5

75

100

100

75

100

50

100

100

75

75

100

75

100

100

75

75

100

75

100

Treatments- and Seasons ,

F = Fall
S = Spring

BR =- Bare-root transplanting stock

CO = Container grown transplanting stock

A - Centre]

B -- Ivater eL tJuie oi plant i rig

C --■ Water eua fertilize* ai t hue of lah-T*.

Section Average of
6 3 Lo c at io n_s

92
83

67
100
100

100
100
100

92
92

100

100
75
58

83
83

92
83
83

92
92
92

Table 27,

Summary of f ive grass species using two ir.ctr.hods of

planting at two seasons and at three locations.

A v er a ge s of 1 1 s r e e t r ca t use n t s a ad f o u r r e p .1 i c a l: :I o : -. s .

Species

r« 1 1

Bare-Root: Contain;
Stock Stock

% ""

Indian rice grass

Keedle avid Thread grass

Fairway wheat giass

Western wheat grass

Beardless bluebunch wheat grass

Averane Total

33
50
72

78
65

66
83
90

100

86
85

Spring
Bare-Root Cor.ta5.ner
_Stock Stock

89

67

3 00

83

85

%
75
94

G5
95

8S

Table. ?jj_. Effect of Pruning Or. Establishment: .And Survival Of Bare-root

Shrub Transplants. Per cent: live plants fro:ri six replications.

i 2

0

Treatments
k b 6

% % %

7

8

rA Z

%

%

Species _

Siberian Salttrec 100 .100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Fourwing seltbush 100 100 103 100 100 100 100 100

Fourwing saltbusb 100 83 100 100 100 100 100 100

Fourwing saltbusb. 100 100 83 100 100 03 100 100

Fourwing saltbush 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Winterfat 100 100 67 83 100 67 67 67

Treatments

Top £p_ot

1. Unpruned Unpruned Control

2. Unpruned Unpruned Watered (1 1, at time of planting)
3„ Pruned Unpruned Control

4. Pruned Unpruned Watered (1 .1. at time of planting)

5. Unpruned Pruned Control

6. Unpruned Pruned Watered (1 1. at time of planting)

7. Pruned Pruned Control

8. Pruned Pruned Watered (1 1. at time of planting)

The roots were pruned by undercutting in the fall of 1975
and lifted April 20, 197-6. Trie vegetative top growth
was pruned April 21, 1976.

Planting date: April 21, 1976.
Observatioii date: June 10, 1976.

^ Table 29. Effect of Anti-ries.iccant Chemicals On Survival Of

Bare-rooted Transplant? When Field Planted. Data are
the average of four replications.

Specj es

Winterfat
J>ig sagebrush
Shad scale saltbus-.b
Siberian salt tree
Fourvii ug sal tbush
Av srane

Trea

Lments

1

2

3

4

%

0/

A

/a

25

25

50

75

100

50

100

50

50

100

75

100

.100

100

100

100

65

JLC0

75

100

100

85

85

Treatments

1. Control

2. Dig plant a spray with Wilt Proof

3. Dig plant & dip in solution of Weather Shield XX

1 to 1 concentration
A. Dig plant and dip in a 1 to 10 solution of
Wilt Proof formula NCF

•64

evaluation at the end of the dry summer period will help to determine if
the initial advantage of the anticiesiccants gives the seedlings any
subsequent help through the summer.

E. Survival of shrub and grass transplants on Paraho processed shale.

To evaluate the performance of container-grown transplants on Paraho-
processod shale, eight soil pits were excavated to 30 cm ewes' lined with
rought sawed lumber, lour pits were 2x2 meters :.v\o fee 'were 1 x 1
meter in size. Half of each pit was filled with i-vwraho-processed shale end
the other- half received 15 en, of Parako processed shale over lain with 15 cm
of soil. Shrub transplants, were planted in the large pits and grass and
forb transplants were planted in the smaller pits in April 1976. An
evaluation of initial survival was made on June 11, 1976.

After two months the survival of saltbush, winterfat and greasewood
transplants was high (Table 30). Sagebrush and rabbi tbrush were lower in
survival and were also showing signs of stress.

The grass and forb transplants also showed an initial high survival
percentage but some were showing stress after two months (Table 31). Seep-
weed (Suaeda nigra) and prostrate summer cypress (ijpcJtia prostrata)
appeared to be highly tolerant to the salinity and high pH of the processed
shale.

Performance and survival of plants grown in processed shale under field
conditions will be observed with particular interest during the next year.
Specieal interest will be given to observations of the shale itself because
two of each four pits contain paraho -processed Utah slide, which was analyzed
to have a higher pll than the oilier processed shale supply used.

Table 30... Effect of Paraho Processed Shale On Perfornance of Container
Grown Shrubs. Surar.ary of four replications'- showing per cent
survival in a stressed -or good growing condition,

Tre

at menta^

Shale

Total

Live

Soi

1 Over

Shale

Total
Live

Specri es

Stress

Cor.. 1

Plant

:k

Stress

Good

Plants

%

%

7.

%

%

Fourwing sail tbush

42

50

92

-

100

100

Cunuat.e saltbush

67

/.:.•

92

-

100

100

Shadscals

50

42

92

-

.100

100

Greasewood

42

33

75

-

100

100

r>lack sagebrush

83

-

83

42

50

92

D o « g .1 a s r ab b i t b r u s h

50

-

50

50

42

92

l.'interfat

58

25

83

17

83

100

Big sagebrush

75

-

75

67

17

83

There were three plants per replication in each growth material or a
total of 12 in shale and 12 in soil over shale.

^Shale consists of 30 era. of paraho processed shale. Soil over shale
consists of . 15 cm. of paraho processed shale overlaid with 15 cm, of
local soil.

Planting date: April 8 thru April 27, 1976.
Observation date for survival : June 3 0, 1976

W .JjllI?-.^].*. Effect of Paraho Processed Shale on Performance of Container
Grown Grass and Porb Species. Summary or four replications"^
shoving par cent of live plants in a stressed or good growing.
condi !" inn.

Treatments

/

Sh a ! e

Total
Live

Species

I n d j a n r i c e g r a ? s

81

Sard dropscsd (P.eps 1 £ 2) 53
Russian wild rye grass
(Reps 3 C 4)

Western wheat grass

Needle and thread grass

Saltgrass

Seepveed

Prostrate summer cypress

13

56
87
44

25

j. j

25
87
25
6
56
81
63

87
100
81
94
100
81
87

Soil Over Shale
Total

Jitrcns_

/a

50
50

13
13
63

Live

Good

Plants
%

50

100

50

100

100

J 00

87

100

81

94

37

100

100

100

100

100

-*-• There \;ere four plants per replication in each growth material or a total

of sixteen.

2. Shale consists of 30 cm, of paraho processed shale. Soil over shale

consists of 15 cm. of paraho processed shale overlaid with 15 cm, of local

soil .

Planting date: April 9 thru April 27, 1976

Plant survival observations: June 10, 1976

-67-

F . Field observation nursery at Section 6 re sea rcii site.

A field nursery and species observation planting was established at
the Section 6 research site. This nursery will he used as a locale to
plant native species from the immediate region and from other similar
climates. The main use of the nursery will be as a comparison with plants
in ongoing studies and as an identification of frequently discussed species
for visitors. Labels with the appropriate scientific names will be pieced
adjacent to the species planted in th2 nursery (Table 32).

•68-

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-70-

X. SOIL SURFACE STABILIZING MATERIALS

Plots treated with six soil surface stabilizing materials were observed
on J ii n ? 10, 1976, approximately one year after initial application. Only
the high rate of the polyvinyl acetate soil seal ?nd the Aerospray 70 were
intact to any degree. Plants of fcurwing saltbush and shaciscale planted
at the bottom end of each plot were in excellent condition, indicating
that surface runoff and the absence of plant coaptation were favorable
for growth. No differential effect or; plant growth due to any of the surface
treatments was evident because of rodent or rabbit grazing on the saltbush
plants.

Three groups of plots were prepared for application of surface materials
in the summer after day temperatures are consistently high. Three materials
will receive special attention: Aerospray 70 and Product 2011, both polyvinyl
acetates; and SBR 4290, a styrene butadiene latex compound. The purpose of
the 1976 tests will be to evaluate runoff produced and the persistence of
materials under field conditions.

-71

XI. RESEARCH PROPOSALS PREPARED

As requested by the tern: of the research contract, additional sourc
of funding and development of research projects has been accomplished.
Three research proposals were prepared in the period January 1 to July 1.
Project titles and names of agencies to whom trie proposals were sent are
as follows:

?f Western Wildlife

A. "A State-of-the-Art Review en Rdvabilitatio:
Habitats" oroposal submitted in response to Request for Prooosal
No. FVJ5-8-132 to Western uy ■.•■-■•' and br.il Use Team> Fish and
Wildlife Service, U.S. DeparUient of Interior.

Date Submit ted: I'arch 26, 19/6

Date Revised a Resubmitted: June 22, 1976

B. "Fertilization Criteria for Native Arid-Region Shrubs Useful for
Revegetating Surface-mined Coal Areas br^ Processed Oil Shale."
Submitted to Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture.

Date Submitted: May 10, 1976.

C. "A Pilot Scale Model of a System for Revegetation of Processed
Oil Shale." Submitted to Energy Research and Development Agency.

Date Submitted: nay 20, 1976
The proposal will be considered as a draft proposal for additional
study and coordination with ERDA research planning.

No contracts or committments have been received on any of the three

proposals at the date of this report. Favorable comments have been received

on two of the proposals. Copies of the proposals are available for inspection

from the Office of the Institute for Land Rehabilitation, Utah State

University.

-72-

XII. PUBLICATIONS

Three publications of results were achieved during the six-month

period, January 1 to June 30, 1976:

Crofts, Kent A. and Gordon Van Ecps. 197G. The usefulness of shadscale
in the reveyatation of disturbed sita.:. in the salt desert shrub
type. Proc. Symposium and 'Workshop, '.-Midland Shrubs, pp 151-152.
Prove, Utah.

ncY.:'\~[ , CM. 197''' Achieving effective i
processed oil shale: A pro-; *r-ni en:pJ:r
an arid environment, Utah /'v.jric

Exnf. Sto

;o;-J a'io:'! of disposed
ri'!'.' pj*cura"i methods in
Land Rehabilitation

Series No. 1 . 17 pp

Van Epps, Gordon and CM. flcKell . 1976. Plant rehabilitation studies
on disturbed soils in the oil shale region of Utah. Proc. 1976
Meetings, Society for Range Management. Omaha, Nebraska

73-

XIII. CONTACTS AND MEETINGS

Those contacts and westings of significance to the project include
the following:

A. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting, Onaha, Nebraska.
February 16-20, 1975. Gordon Van Epos attended and presented a
paper on rehabilitation of disturbed sites. Results wars from
research uritlzr this project.

1). Advisory Conimi ttee for the ti;)\~>sr Colorado Environmental

r ian\: '.ateria is

Center

er, Colorado. April 7-S, 1976

'■;. KcKell attended.

Reviewed progress of the Center and advised on guidelines for
operation of the Canter.

C. Visit to Anvil Points Oil Shale Retorting Facility. April 9, 1976.
C. M. McKell and Rees Madsen made the visit as guests of Ed Piper

-. and Phil Trumbo. A review of the processed oil shale compaction
study was the focus of the visit.

D. Visit to Navajo Mine and surface rehabilitation treatments,
Farmington, Hew Mexico. May 4, 1976. A visit was made by CM.
McKell while in Farmington on business for a Utah State University
project. Review surface contour re-establishment, topsoil coverage,
seedod species, mulching and irrigation treatments.

E. Visit to TOSCO study site near Ouray, Utah. June 17, 1976.

CM. McKell in company with Recs Madsen, Joe Merino (TOSCO), Bob
Ferguson (USFS) and representatives of Union Oil visited the TOSCO
study site to review the progress to date.

-74-

XIV. RESEARCH PLANS FOR THE PERIOD 1 JULY TO 31 DECEMBER

The research program is proceeding on a broad front as 'is necessary
to provide answers to problems rosed by the rehabilitation plan described
in the DDP for Tracts Ua and Ub. In addition to maintaining the present
field studies and observing the results we propose to initiate the following
v/orl' :

A. Set out soil surface stabilizing materials to determine their
performance in water harvesting "longevity under field conditions.

B. Develop a small pilot model of a processed shale pile to determine
surface and subsurface water movement and salinity concentration.
A series of leaching columns will be established at Logan to
provide additional details to the salinity/ moisture pattern of
movement.

Success in receiving a favorable review of the proposal submitted
to ERDA will allow us to proceed on an enlarged scale of study on
the pilot model of a shale disposal pile,

C. Detailed greenhouse and laboratory study of the specific effects

on plant growth of salinity In processed oil shale will be conducted.
Means of amelioration of adverse effects, including addition of
acids or fertilizer elements, will be studied.

D. Development of a handbook describing methods for propagation of
native shrubs and grasses. This line of work has been a consistent
effort during the study and will receive further emphasis as we
wort with various p.ati ire plant species.

E. Complete the ,:s lato-of-the--art'! review of literature relevant to
oil shale revegotntion. This project is in the early draft stage
but has had to be placed aside in order to prepare research proposals
and paper accompanying the DDP.

-75-

appendix i.

Third Progress Report

Revegetation Studies for Disturbed Areas
and Processed Shale- Disposal Sites

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY CF FACTORS AFFECTING

PROPAGATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIVE

PERENNIAL ATRIPLZX OF

WESTERN UNITED STATES

By
Kent A. Crofts!/

1/pnc

Research Technician, Institute for l.und Rehabilitations College of
Natural Resources end Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State
Uni ve rsi ty , Logan , Uta h .

76-

INTRODUCTIGM

Germination and propagation of perennial At±-i.pte:c species has been of
interest to plant scientists for man)' years. These species have many
desirable attributes that place then high on the priority "list for vegetating
disturbed lands useful for livestock and wildlife. Among their most
attract! ce features are their tolerance to salinity and drought and their
relatively Irish protein content.

Methods for obtainim; a consir-tc;

nn

■ -i- . >/->,-jj-» •;- ;•. /-. , . n

soed^. or success in vegetative propagation are not well worked cut: nor is
there a clear understanding of trie various factors that control gerrni nation
or plant growth. In spite of the research attention received by the Ati-ipla:
group, there is much yet to be known and conflicting results to be clarified,

This bibliography, presented in strictly alphabetical -anchor format,
was developed to aid these who wish to know what has already been discoered
and discussed relative to problems of germination and propagation of
perennial Atriplex of the western United States. If this bibliography aids
in furthering research on a valuable group of plants so that they may be
useful to mankind, the effort will have been worthwhile.

Readers are urged to review the list of titles; and if there are
references that should be added, I would be delighted to make such an
addition.

toinui.ionrii.Mi wr iwiuvc rCKEKiUAL AlKlPLtX Ur IHh WESTERN UNITED STATES •■

by"

Kent. A. Crofts

AT don, Tori F. 1970. Fourwing saHbush survival after inundation. USDA
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Res. Note RM-165. 2 pp.

AT don, Earl f". 1970. Growing fourwinn saltbush transplants for field
planting. USDA Tor. Serv. , Rockv Mountain For. and Range Exoer.
Sta. , Res. Note RM-15G. 3 pp.

Aldon, Earl F. 1970. Fourwing Saltbush can be field planted successfully.
USDA For. Ser. . Rocky Mountain For. and Ranee Exoer. Sta., Research
Note RM-173. 2 pp.

Aldon, Earl F. 1972. Critical soil
fourwing saltbush. J, of Ranee

OTSCUi

levels for Field elc

Oil k, I i i *.•

or.{ \ .q-

Aldon, Fay

1 F. 197

!...:.' V' i^LSfl !

west. J. of Soil and

;■.(■: i^r it;.:

IV-P '• r\

28(5):223-225

he seiniand so;

Aldon, Earl F. and H.W. Springfield,
in Hew Mexico: A laboratory

Kh>W

tin coa ! mine soi i s
USDA For, Ser., Rocky Mountain

For. and Range Exper. Sta., Research Note RM-243. 4 pp.

Aldon, Earl F. and H.W. Springfield. 1975. Problems and techniques in
revegetating coal mine spoils in New Mexico, pp 122-132. In
Wali, Mohan K. [ed] Practices and problems of land reclamation in
western North America. University of North Dakota Press. 195 pp.

Aldon, Earl F. and H.W. Springfield. 1975. Using paraffin and polythylene
to harvest water for growing shrubs, pp 251-257. Jri_ Proceedings
of the Water Harvesting Symposium. Phoenix, Arizona, March 26-28, 1974
USDA A- ri cultural Res. Serv'., ARS W-22. 329 pp.

Aldon, Earl F. , H.W. Springfield and David G. Scho'll. 1976. Fertilizer

response of alkali sacaton and fourwing saltbush grown on coal mine

spoil. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. and Range Exper, Sta.,
Research Note RM-30G. 4 pp.

Al-Jiburv, Laika K. 1972. Salt tolerance of some desert shrubs in

relation to their distribution in the southwestern deserts of North
America. Arizona State University, Tenioe. Dissertation. Abstracts
International B 32(10): 5644

Al-Saadi, H. arid H.H. l.'iebe 1973. Survey of the matric water of various
plant groups. Plant and Soil 39(2) :253-261 .

Anderson, Bruce Lee. 1972. Growth response and doer utilization of
fertilized browse, M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State Univ. 51 pp.

Anderson, Wvuzv L. , Rex D. Pieper and Volney W. Howard, dr. 1974. Growth
response and deer utilization of fertilizer! browse. J. Of Wildlife
Manage. 38(3) :5f:5-530.

1953,

Anderson, D. , L.P. Hamilton, H.G. Reynolds and R.P.. Humphrey

Rosrc.oing desert ranges in southern Arizona. Arizona Acric. Exper.
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Andrews ,! Duane She! ton. 1957. Factors affecting revege tat ion of saltdesert
shrublands in Idaho. M.S. Thcsiss University of Idaho, Moscow. 81 pp.

Arizona Interagency Range Technical Sub-cosi-mittee. 1973. Guide to improve-
ment of Arizona rangslands. Arizona Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. A-58. 93 po

Arnold, Joseph F. 1942. Forage consumption and preferences of experimentally
fed Arizona and antelope jackrabbits. Arizona Agric. Exper. Sta.,
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Artz, John L. , J. Boyd Price, Frederick F. Peterson, Marry B. Summarfield,

Richard E. Eckert, Richard L. Post, N'ovman R. Rittor and Stanley H. Skou.
1970. Plantings for wildlancls and erosion control - rangeland forages,

w 1 1 ;

. -I'.-,.- ..i

live food and cover, soi

bi li ;: savior. Nevada

Agri c. Exoer. Sta. , Ci r. No

uo CL\

Askham, Lenard R. and Donald R. Cornelius 1971 Influence of desert
salibush saponin on gernri nation, J. of Ranc-e Manage. Z': :439~/r'/i-2 .

Askham, Lenard R. and Donald R. Cornelius 1971. A preliminary investigation
of water soluable inhibitors us inn the fungus Tricl'or-n aa viric'a.
Agron. J. 64(1) :B2--33.

n -,

all, C.R. 1900. Grasses and forage plants on the Potomac Flats. USDA
Div. of Agrostology. Cir. No. 28 18 pp

Ballon, Adnan Hessen. 1955. Potential of dryland plants of the world for
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Barclay, A.S. and F.R. Carle. 1974. Chemical analyses of seeds. III.
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Beatley, Janice C. 1975. Climates dv,Li vegetation pattern across the
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Beauchamp, Henry, Robert. Lang and Morton May. 1975. Toosoil as a seed
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Bentley, H.L. 1899. Progress of experiments in forage crops and range
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Bentley, M.L. 1902. Experiments in range management in central Texas.
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Berg, W.A. 1975. Revecjetation of land disturbed by surface mining in
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Blauer, A. Clyde, A. Perry Plummer, I • Durant McArlhur, Richard Stevens
and Bruce C. Giunta. 197G. Characteristics and hybridization of

important intermountain shrubs. IT. Chenopod family. USDA For. Serv.
Intermountain For. and Range Expor. Sta., Res. Paper INT-177. 42 pp.

Bleak, A.T., N.C. Frischknecht, A. Perry Plummer and R.F. Eckert, Jr.
1955. Problems In artificial and natural revegetation of the arid
shadscale zone of Utah and Nevada. J. of Range Manage. 18(2) :b9-G5.

Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller 1972. Germination and cmerqcnce of selected

forage species following preplanting seed Iraatmeiits. Crop Sci 12(1) :9-l

Bloch, Man' Belle &nd Paul D. Kilburn. 1973. Processed shale revegstation
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Boyd, Raymond John. 1954. Effects of seed treatments uuon qernri nation of
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Boyd, Raymond John. 1956. Ef 'recto of seed tr-
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O-y

Range i=anage. 9(h) : 170

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arte upon the germination

ii a j i ... I ,' '■ '• i, i -a c l . J . o v

are. Pan' Mexico Aepri

(•'-.,..

Bridges, J.O. 1942. Rec ceding practices for Pan: Mexico ranges
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Brown, E.R. and C.P. Martinson. 1959. Browse planting for bio game.
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Brown, Levi S. 1922. The utility of Yucca and charm' za as range supplements.
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Brown, Lyle Lewis. 1962. Establishment of forage plants on difficult
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Buff urn, B.C. 1893. Grasses and forage plants of Wyoming. Wyoming Agric.
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Buffum, B.C. and W.H. Fairfield. 1900. Forage plants. In_ Tenth Annual
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Burnham, D.R. and D.W. Johnson. 1950. Shrubs for northeastern New Mexico.
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Cable, Dwight R. 1972. Fourwing sa*tbush revegetation trials in southern
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California Division of Forestry. 1968. Annual Report of Forest Fire Research
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Cannon, W.A. 1908. On the electrical resistance of solution of salt plants
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Cassady, J.T. 1937a. Now deep to plant seeds. USDA For. Serv. Southwest
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Cassady, J.T. 1937b. Ch-miza browse on southwestern ranees and ways to
increase it. USDA ^:^y . Serv., Southwest For. and Range Exper. Sta.
Pes. Note No. 23 5 rK~,.

Cassady, J.T. and G.E. Glendem'ng. 1240. Revegetating semidesert range-
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No. 8. 22 pp.

Charles. Robert. 1963. Progress report on establishment of roadside
vegetation for Arizona and other southwestern highways. Dept. of

Horticulture, Univ. of Arizona, Y-e.bruzry 1953, Research Project AFE
809 3, 24 pp.

Chatterton, N. Jerry. 1970. Physiological ecology of Atri pi ex polycarpa:
growth, salt tolerance, ion accumulation, and soil -plant-water
relations. Ph.Pi. Dissertation, Univ. of California, Riverside.
Dissertation Abstracts 3"! : 45 22-U

;■'..!. . J.R. Gocdin and C. !

1974

ili troqen metabolism

n /\un n I ex po iyca<

Siii'i

is affected by substrate nitrogen and NaCl

Agron. J. 63(2) : 271-2 ?£.

Chatterton, N. deny and Cyvuz M. McKell. 19G9. Time of collection and
storage in relation to germination of desert saltbush seed. J. of

lanne Manage. 22:355-356

Chatterton, N. Jerry and Cyrus M. McKell. 1969b. Atri pi ex polycarpa :
I. Germination and growth as affected by sodium chloride in water
cultures. Agron. J. 61:448-450.

Chatterton, N.J., CM. McKell, J.R. Goodin, and F.T. Bingham. 1969.
Atri p 1 ex polycarpa : II. Germination and growth in water cultures
containing high levels of Boron. Agron. J. 61 : 451 -453.

Chatterton, N.J., -CM. McKell, F.T. Bingham and W.J. Clawson. 1970.

Absorption of Na, CI and B by desert saltbush in relation to composition
of nutrient solution culture. Agron. J. 62(3):351-2.

Chatterton, N.J. , CM. McKell and B.R. Strain. 1970. Intraspecific

differences in temperature-induced respiratory acclimation of desert
saltbush. Ecology 51 (2) :545-547.

Clark, S.B., J. Le.tey, Jr., O.R. bunt end A. Wallace. 1974. Root depth
studies with desert holly. California Agriculture 28(8) :16-1 7.

Clark, S.B., J. Letey, Jr., O.R. Lunt and A. Wallace. 1974. Survival of
selected desert shrubs under dry soil conditions. California Agri-
culture 28(8):14-15.

Clary, Raimond F. 1974. An evaluation of shrubs for revegetation in the
Sierra Nevada foothills and coastal rang? of California, pp 39-43.
In Proceedings, Erosion Control Symposium. June 11-12, 1974. Sacra-
men i.e. California. Sharp, W. Curtis and Th-'odore E. Adams [Tech. eds].
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Clausen, Oc:n, David !). Keck and William M. Iliesey, 1940. Exoerimenta"

stir-. •■'.'', on uic nature oj siecv
oil wo-, ■■■, r\ North /''ijvrican pi an
Publication No. 250.

Effect of va

,H

! envi ronments

Carnegie institution of Washington

•5-

Ccle, Frank D. 1964. Establishment of roadside vegetation for Arizona
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Cole, Frank D. 1957. Establishment of roadside vegetation along Arizona
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Collins, G.N. 1901. Spiels of commercial saltbushcs. USDA Div. of Bo tar, v
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Cook, C.W. end CO. Goebel. 19G2. The association ol: plant vigor with

physical stature and chemical content of desert plants. Ecology 43:543-346,

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Proceedings of the 11th International Grassland Congress.

07-11

Cornelius, Donald R. and Lynn 0. Hylton. 1959. Influence of temperature

and leachate on germination of Atriplex polycarpa. Agron. J. 61:209-211.

Coxworth, E.C.M., J.H. Bell and R. Ashford. 1969. Preliminary evaluation
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Cronin, E.H. 1960. Effects of monuron on halogeton and associated sa it-
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Davis, A.M. 1972. Selenium accumulation in a collection of Atriplex species.
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Davis, J.B., P.T. Tueller and A.D. Bruner. 1972. Estimating forage
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Dwyer, Don D. and Harlan C. DeGarmo. 1970. Greenhouse productivity and
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soi l-!:":0"icf

15 pp.

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Carle, F.R. and Quentin Jones. 1962. Analyses of seed samples from
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Early, Wayne 0. and LeMoyne Hogan. 1963. Native- plant notorial for
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r,ce in ti:s White Sands ,

Fe reus on, Robert B. and Stephen B

1 07,

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Kesoarcn wi tn containerized
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Fry, Willi am C. 1959. The response of Atrinlex canescens and Eurotia

Ian at a to subfreezing tcmoeratures . M.S. Thesis, Univ. of New Mexico
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Gamrath, Wayne Gregory. 1972. The relationship of plant morphology and
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On r,n;

Thesis

ctr'icai c^"'';

soive-le son mm: content. M.S

','r .

m h i r-ti

;! i : i:

63 pp

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Logan , 278 pp. ~ **'

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Dissertation Abstracts Intern

I- ion. ''-'•■

nth em desert

:c lev! vers ity, Laramie

B 33^;.

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Glading, Ben, B.W. Endarlin and Henry A. Rjersman. 19-^5. The Kettleman
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Geebel , Carl J. and C.W. Cook. 1960. Effect of Range condition on
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Gomm, F.B. 1974. Forage species for the northern Inte mountain Region.
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Goodman, P.J. and M.M. Caldwell. 1971. Shrub ecotyoes in a salt desert.
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Graves, Walter L. , Burgess L. Kay, end K'illiam A. Williams. 1975.

Seed treatment of'itejevc Desert shrubs. Aqron. J. 67(6) :773-777.

i: Lisle R. 19.':3. The search for r 'fire resistant' plant In southern
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■8-

Griffiths, David. 1301. Range Improvement in Arizona. US DA Bureau of
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Hall, H.M. and H.L. Mason. 1924. Sierra transect and gardens, pp 250-259
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!----r^ i.'r,-. •■.-.:-. r.-P C

GO 3 _

Utah

us. Master o> Science 'ir-c =■!:.. Brigham Vownf.. University, Provo

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6(20):761~}?G.

Agricultural

Herbel, Carlton iL, Gaorga H. Abernathy, Clyde E. Yarbrough and David K.
Gardner. 1973. Rootplov/incj and seeding arid ranqelands in the south-
west. J. of Range Manage. 26(3) .-193-197.

Herbel, Carlton H. , Robert Steger ond Walter L. Gould. 1975. Managing
semi desert ranges of the southwest. New Mexico Anric. Exper. Seal!
Cir. No. 456. 48 pp.

Harvey, Donald F. 1955. Factors which influence the reseeding of certain
browse species in Colo-ado. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas ASM Colleae
109 pp.

Hindawi, Ibrahim Joseph. 1957. The influence of sodium chloride and sodium
sulphate in various concentrations on the anatomy of young roots and
sterns of Atrip lex nuttallf i , watsors. PhVD. Dissertation, Univ. of
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Hodder, R.L. 19.70. Revegetation methods and criteria for bare areas
following highway construction. Montana State Univ., 97 pp.

Hodder, Richard L. and Richard G. Atkinson. 1974. Peabody Coal Company
Big Sir/ Mine Reclamation Research. Montana Agricultural Exper. Sta.
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Hodder, R.L. and B.W. Sinde'iar. 1972. Coal mine reclamation research
located at Decker, Montana. Montana Aciric. Exper. Sta. Res. Rent
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Hodder, Richard L., D.E. Ryerson, Ron Mogen and dames Buchholz. 1970. Coal
imine snoils reclai mtion research project located at Western Energy
Company s Col strip Montana. iVontana Agric. Exper. Stem Res. Rept. Ko. 8.

56 i-M

.0-

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IM r- .' . .-■ • -ft

[ . . ; . *V. ) i i r • ! '■ i (f. .■ 0

Preliminary quids

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I .. -..■> . iVJ L. h J . / . i - D:J .

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i.

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-17

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i •-_*<:•-! en ana . "i!"i!ii;-':;]or.s c; muicnng materials

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0- •■,.•.;• ■. i ■ ..- c j t.-0 ! ! ; ,-;ci ;. : <j.' ■ .. ■ . l--i . ;..£.; • - >. ; CO i!l '.. i aq0:i C V r'.anC:-2

Co ::.'. i .. r.oc . roror »: i

/ I ■ . I

j J! iin;

* I 1 . '.. I ... I I i, 'J . I I ■ ; 1.' . I . I' I U ! <K v l l I. • I . !\

Their Biology arid Utilization. !j;-!'A For. S^r
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300' !! [Sv't? ! Li JOi ."?:"! G Si'i! '.'■;,

b::n. ier.n

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