. - .. - STAH uiMur I ' 1515 E. ah AVE Rocky Mountain FRONT^Sff%:!^'Bt^i^i^f''^moRiMG ,|,a^J AMD Investigation It- !^ U Cl^l^l^ 1990 Sponsored by: ^ , JiJlB.-- 1S99 Bureau of Land Management JUN l 3 2G1I Montana Dept. Fish^ Wildlife & Parks US Forest Service Williams Exploration Company Sun Exploration Company Li St of Tables . , , j ; List of Figures j,, iNTROOLiCTlON 1 DESCRiPTICN GF THE STUDY fAUA : METHODS Distribution, Home Ranya, rsove:;)ent & Activity P-itterns . . k Food Habits ... , . . . . 6 Den Studi-is 7 Impacts of Oi! & Cas Exploration £ Development Activities , 7 liabitat Studies . , , 7 Black Bear investigations ...... B RESULTS AND DISCUSSION , 8 Trapping and Traci/ith bed construction and some last minute feeding. Differences in activity patterns have been noted for the same bears in the same timeframes, but in different locales. Generally, bears seem to be more crepuscular within more mountainous or isolated terrain. Significant differences in activity patterns may be correlated with dif- ferent habitat and disturbance parameters, sex. and age of bears, and the bears' social position. Activity data from bears in more remote areas would be necessary to make comparisons with activity patterns of bears which occupy the east front foothills areas. Activity Categories Activities of grizzly bears at each radio location were recorded and placed in a general activity category. Figure 13 displays the seasonal activities of grizzly bears. The data represent only known activities from radio locations where bear activities were observed or a site inspec- tion was made. For many locations, activity could not be categorized within our system or was not knwon. If it could not be clearly categorized, it was placed in a general feeding or nonfeeding group. Nine different feeding activities and four different nonfeeding activities were recorded during spring. Grazing on forbs and grasses, feeding on carcasses or carrion, and turning over cow chips and rocks for ants and grubs were the three most frequently observed feeding activities during spring. Bedding and traveling were the two most commonly observed nonfeeding activities. During summer, 12 different feeding activities and 2 different non- feeding activities were recorded. Grazing, digging for roots, digging small mam.mals, tearing logs, and feeding on berries were the more signi- ficant feeding activities. Bedding and traveling were the most frequently observed nonfeeding activities. Ten different feeding and four different nonfeeding activities v;ere recorded for fall. Feeding on carcasses and carrion and digging for pine nuts were commonly observed feeding activities during fall. Non- feeding activities include bedding, traveling and denn i ng/pre-denn i ng activities. 27 SPRING n = ]Qk O bl sa F t i lJ...L,.. i; SUMMER n = 168 .aiwL,iii.lWg8- c 0) C o o FALL n = in _a o 1 M- C I/) — i/i N (D ro 1- s- ai (L3 — E 0) — E c ro fo O cn C 1- ro 0) in c •- — JZ U 4-1 TO C 1) < u o 1_ in — Q. — CT) x: C O "c 2 s- O 3 O CD C 10 0) I— Digging — — — Feed i ng ro c Cl a. ~a a) T) (D CO en c 0) > 1_ Cl CD — c ■ j: — ■U 0) 1- 0) 3 1- O CO dl Q- O Q c c cn c C CO - "a c (U c Nonf eed i ng- Figure 13- Known seasonal activities of grizzly bears, Rocky Mountain east front, 1977-1981 . 28 % Activity i n Forma t i on cor r=i ! a tf'.s weli with known food habits of qr\zz]y bears. The extent of cime bears spend gi-azing is probably greater than the activity data show. Grazing activity is the most difficult to observe, so it may easily be overlooked. Scat analysis data will supplement existing data. Da i 1 y Movements Although instrumented grizzly bears often move long distances in short time intervals, their mean daily movements during the study (1977- 81) were: spring, x = 3.0^1 km, n = ^9 ; summer, x = 2.96 km, n = 52; fall, X = 1.73 km, n - 11 (Figure 14). Spring daily movements of male grizzly bears (x = 3.'-*7 km, n = \k) exceeded those of females (x = 2.88 km, n = 36- Sexual comparisons for summer and fall were not made due to a lack of radio data for male grizzly bears in these seasons. Sizemore (1980) reports mean daily movements for individual bears ranging from approximately 1.9-^+. 8 km for the spring-summer period and ^.0-6.0 km during the summer-fall period. He reported movement patterns varied among sexes, ages and individuals. Generally, the observed mean daily movement from spring to fall in this study was decreasing. This may represent a sample bias. During fall, bears are in more remote areas and access is difficult. Bears monitored on consecutive days were prob- ably at good feed sites or near dens, so they may not have traveled as extensively during monitoring periods. A more complete investigation of seasonal bear movements would be desirable. Food Habits A total of 16^ grizzly bear scats from I98O and approximately 250 grizzly scats from I98I have been analyzed. Data are currently being coded for computer analysis and processing. No data were available at the time of this report. Scat analysis vjith the aid of computer will enable greater manipulation and flexibility in analysis. The coding system devised will allow separate analyses for scats from differing seasons, years, administrative lands, different compon.ents, habitat types or elevations. The possible combinations which can be manipulated quickly will facilitate our understanding of food habits and habitat selection. A complete summary analysis of food habits will be prepared by 1983. Den Studies Twelve grizzly bear dens have been located since 1977 in the study area. Figure 15 shows the relative distribution of these dens throughout the region. Table 7 presents the data acquired from each den or den location. Data from those dens not visited or found on the ground are considered accurate, but may be subject to change if a ground inspection is made. 29 ^4 E c B O s -a E a c Ml Spring Summer Fal 1 1^ Spring males n = 3 Spring females n = 36 Figure 1'4. Spring male and female (and seasonal) mean minimum daily movements of grizzly bears, 1977-81. 30 # 31 t # 0-) "Reported in Scha 1 1 enberger and Jonkel 1980, 1 - Located by air only. 2 - Den area visited but den not located. 3 - Ground inspection. Table 7. Data from 12 gr i zz 1 y bea r dens withir the study area, 1977-81 Den No. Name Locat i on Type Den E 1 eva (m) Aspect S 1 ope Habitat Land Type Type No. Yea rs Used Cond i t i on Bear No. 1 — Hurricane Mtn Unknown 2073 N40 E 60 PIAL/ABLA VI 1 Good 335 2— Hog Gulch Dug 201 2 NhO E 50 ABLA/XETE/ VASC VI 1 Unknown 2S1 Kid Creek Natura 1 cav i ty 2060 N35°W ko PIAL/ABLA VI 1 Good 220 Rival Creek Unknovvn 2256 N26°W 60 PIAL/ABLA VI 1 Good 220 ...r3/ " 5— Rival Creek Dug 201 2 N47 E 52 D 1 A 1 / A D 1 A P 1 AL/AdLA \/ t V 1 3 Good 6^/ Bruce Creek Dug 2012 N335°W 35 ABLA/PIAL/ XL 1 b V 1 1 Caved in Un known Mt Lockhart Dug 2256 N20°E 50 ABLA/PIAL/ \/ A C P 0 n 0 ZUZ 1 1 Unknown 9 9 n Ear Mtn Dug 2073 N20°E ko ABLA/PIAL/ VASC 202 e. bOOu Headqua rters Lr Dug 20/3 N/U t bu Unknown VIII \ unKHown lol/ Lick Creek Dug 2073 N20°E 50 ABLA/XETE/ VASC VI 1 1 1 Unknov/n 223 111/ Rock Creek Dug 213^4 N50°E ho ABLA/XETE/ VASC VI 1 1 Unknown 271 12^/ Slategoat Mtn Dug 213^4 N40°E ABLA/VASC VC 1 Unknown 510 % Nine of twelve dens had north by east r3spects, while two had only slightly north by west aspects, and only one had a strong northwest aspect. Dens were found in five different land types and three different habitat types. These dens ranged in elevation from 2012-2256 m (6600-7'*00 ft) and averaged 2097 m (6880 ft). Slopes ranged between 35-60 percent and averaged 48 percent. Gillespie and Jonkel (1980) reported den sites in the South Fork of the Flathead River were on southwestern to southeastern exposures on steep slopes from 29° to h] . They report dsns in the elevational range from 1768 to 2033 (5800-6670 ft). Servheen (198i) ^ found grizzly dens in the Mission Mountains were on aspects between 45 and 277° with slopes between 23° and 35°. He found dens within the eleva- tional range of 2050 and 2500 m (6724 and 8200 ft). It appears that grizzly bear dens on the east front are on aspects ^ where a consistent snowpack would remain for long periods of time. This is probably related to the strong southwest Chinook winds which develop periodically along the east front. Craighead and Craighead (1972), Vroom et al. (1980), Reynolds et al.(l976); Reynolds and Hechtel (I98O); Gillespie and Jonkel (I98O) ; Servheen (I98I) have discussed the importance of snow depth in the selection of den sites and its importance toward the survival of hibernating bears. All dens were dug except one which was a natural cavity. Three natural cave dens were found in this one area, but only one was recorded as used by a grizzly bear. It was used by a female with three yearling cubs and all denned together. The other cave dens had been used by bears in the past. Two dens in our sample were recorded as being used more than 1 year by the same grizzly bear. Only one den was in such a condi- tion that it was not reusable. Tables 8 and 9 present den entrance and emergence dates recorded during this study. Grizzly bears entered their dens from November 2 until November 23. Movement to den sites occurred from October 6 to November 8. Servheen (I98I) reported that bears in the Mission Mountains moved to dens between October 10 and November 20 and denned between November 2 and November 22. Gillespie and Jonkel (I980) reported den entry between November 2 and November 26 for grizzly bears in the South Fork of the Flathead River. Further discussion of den site selection will be presented in sum- mary papers scheduled to be v^ritten in 1983- Impacts of Oil and Gas Activity During the I98I field season, seven oil and gas exploratory drilling operations were conducted. Five of these wells were drilled within the Blackleaf gas field and were closely associated with bears and bear habitat. Figure 12 displays the relationship of oil/gas exploration to five d i f- erent grizzly bears. The Blackleaf wells were all located in one small area which is important bear habitat; therefore, radio-monitoring efforts were intensified in this area. # Table 8. Dates o£ movements to dens and final entry of dens, 1980 and 1981. bear No. Sex Age Year Movement to Den Site Approximate Den Entry Reproductive Status 257 F 10.5 1980 October 18 November 5 Cubs present 220 F 19.5 1980 October 20 November S Cubs present 223 M 6.5 1980 After October 6 November 23 257 F 11.5 1981 October 13 November 2 No cubs 220 F 20.5 1981 October 22 November 2 No cubs 335 F 3.5 1981 After October 28 November 2 No cubs 273 F 7.5 1981 October 28 November 2 No cubs 333 M 3.5 1981 November 8 Unknown Table 9. Dates of den emergence and movement from den sites. 1980 and 1981. Bear No. Sex Age Year Approximate Den Emergence Movement from Den Site Reproductive Status 220 257 F F 19.5 11.5 1980 1981 April 2 9 -May 13 March 10 -March 28 May 13 March 28 Cubs present Yearling cubs 220 F 20.5 1981 April 18 April 24 present Yearling cubs 223 M 7.5 1981 March 28 March 2 8 -April 15 present # The first exploratory gas well vv'as drilled in the Blackleaf field in August I98O. It vias hypothesized that increased human activity associated with oil and gas exploration might begin to affect bears after but not before, August I98O. A simple comparison of 33 radio locations from five different bears reported in the area during I98O (but before August) and 38 radio loctations from five individual bears recorded after August 1980 was made. Only radio locations within the immediate area of the Blackleaf field were used in the comparison to determine if the dis- tribution of bears v/as similar or had changed between years I98O and I98I (Fig. 16). Table 10 presents the results of measuring the distance to nearest proposed/active well site, perennial water and to roads. On the average, bears in this area were located significantly further from water roads and proposed/active well sites in I98I than during I98O. The largest change in average distance measured was to proposed/active well s i tes . Table 10. Comparative distribution of grizzly bear radio locations from 1 year before and year during exploratory gas well drilling in the Blackleaf area, I98O and I38I. D i stance to (m) 1980 I98I Va 1 ue Mean S.D. Mean S.D. P Perennial water ^37.7 712 3 896. 3 716 .0 0 005 Roads— ^ 678.8 568 8 990 6 685 .5 0 010 Well Site-'' 1380.7 I3I6 k 2h0k 3 16^45 .9 0 005 1 - As mapped on USGS quadrat maps. 2 - Distance from proposed well site March-August 1980 and distance to actual well sites drilled August 1 980-November I98I. Comparisons of individual home ranges of two bears were made. Bear 257 whose spring, summer and fall home range is centered in the Blackleaf Antelope Butte area, was tested for shifts in home range use patterns before and after the August I98O exploration activity in the Blackleaf area. Figure 17 shows the home range of bear 257 determined from 63 radio locations from May 20, 1977 to July 7, 1978 and June ]k, I98O until August 1980. Figure 18 is a comparison of the pre-deve 1 opment home range to bear 257'5 home range determined by radio locations made after August 1980. The calculated modified minimum home range has more than doubled when comparing the two periods. Radio locations reveal that bear 257 did use the area within the gas field, but less frequently and for shorter periods of time. % i I i t # # Figure 16. Comparative analysis of radio location data within the Blackleaf area, before and during oil and gas drilling activities, I98O and I98I . 36 Figure 17. Predeve ] opment home range of grizzly No. 257- 37 % I # 38 # Bear 220, vjhose spring range v;as predominantly within the ?rca of the Blackleaf field, was also examined for shifts in home range before and after exploration activity. Figure 19 depicts the home range of bear 220 from the period Hay 1979 until August I98O. Figure 20 compares the pro- development home range to the home range determined by radio locations following exploration activity. The calculated modified minimum home range did not increase substantially, but distribution of use did change. To test the hypotheses that oil and gas development may have an influence in these home range shifts, a comparison of bear 273's home range from June 9, 1977 until April ]h, 19/8 (Fig. 21) to her I98I home range (Fig. 22) was made. The shift in home range use patterns and centers of activity was less than that depicted in Figure 18 and Figure 20 for bears 257 and 220, respectively. The home range of 273 has not been heavily influenced by drilling or seismic operations. Table 11 presents the magnitude in change of home range size between the pre-development and development time periods for three grizzly bears. Bear 275's modified minimum and minimum home range size increased sub- stantially between time periods. Bear 220's modified minimum and minimum home range size did not change significantly. Both bears displayed un- explained shifts in home range use patterns. Each bear was accompanied by cubs of the year in I98O and yearling cubs during a portion of 1981. Bear 273*5 home range increased substantially between time periods, but activity centers did not shift. An increase in home range size for bear 273 would be expected as she matured from a subadult (3-5 years) in 1377-78 to an adult (7-5 years) in 1981. Table 11. Comparisons of home range before and during the development of the Blackleaf gas field. (km2) D"'i"g 0^ P redevelopment^ Development (km j Cnange in km Bear No. 257 220 273 (control ) Mod i f led Hi n imum 129.5 171 .0 37.3 Mini mum 210.3 567.2 73.0 Mod i f i ed Mini mum 3H.O 172.0 196.0 Mini mum ^5^.0 566.0 33^.1 Mod i f i ed Mini mum +184.5 + 1 .0 +158.7 Mini mum - 1.2 ■f26l . 1 Valid conclusions regarding the impacts of oil and gas activity cannot be drawn at this time. Preliminary evidence suggests that bears may be adjusting home range use patterns in response to oil and gas activity. However, a better understanding of natural shifts in use patterns and the effects of other human activities on grizzly bear home ranges must be evaluated before conclusions can be made. Other factors could influence range use patterns, including annual changes in weather patterns, phenology of vegetation, reproductive status of the bear, and the age and sex of bears. Figure 19, Pre-development home range of grizzly No. 220. 40 # Figure 20. Comparison of bear No. 220's home range after August I98O, with her pre-development home range. 41 % I J Figure 22. Comparison of bear No. 273's predevel opment home range with 1981 home range. 43 % ■J Continued monitoring of bears v;ithin and outside of the influence of oil and gas activity must be conducted to supplement the data base. A summary of existing home range data should be conducted to gain an understanding of natural changes in home range use patterns. Seismic activity was conducted within all six radioed grizzly bear home ranges during I98I. Figures 23, 2k, 25, 26 and 27 show the relation- ship between individual grizzly bear home ranges and seismic exploration. A summary of seismic data as they occurred within the study area is pre- sented in Appendix E. Table 12 presents an informational summary of seismic activity (provided by the US Forest Service). Table 12. Seismic mileage summary by company, I98I. Deep Surface Shot Shot Tail- Company Charges Holes l^oles spread Total Mtn Geophysical for Amoco 11-75 11.75 Consolidated Georex Geophysics 33-8 33-8 Sefel Geophysical for Geodata, RAREIh'^^'- k.O '^•O Sefel Geophysical for Geodata ^+9.5 ^9-5 Sefel Geophysical For Williams Exploration 1.0 1-0 Seis-Port Explorations, Inc. 7.8 7.8 Seiscom Delta 2.25 2.5 6-75 11.5 Seisdata Services, inc. for American Petrofina Co. ^1 li^O 55. k Totals 131.95 33.55 2.5 6.75 17^.75 Surface charges were the most common method of seismic exploration occurring within grizzly bear range. The deep shot hole seismic method would be the second most common method of seismic exploration conducted on grizzly bear habitat. The characteristics of all seismic methods probably result in displacement of bears temporarily from the affected areas. The three major activities with disturbance potential which occurred during seismic exploration include blasting, helicopter transport and vehicle noise on roads and seismic trails. 44 % ■ 45 % 46 Figure 25. Home 1981 . range of bear No. 273 in relation to seismic activities 47 Figure 27. Home range of bear No. 333 in relation to seismic activities 1981. 49 No significant data relating the disturbance potential of seismic exploration to grizzly bears were gathered during I98I. Accurate dates upon which each seismic line was worked are not available, so an examina- tion of the influences of seismic activity on bears was not possible. Habitat Studies Elevat ion Figure 28 displays the monthly means, standard deviations, and ranges of elevations at which radio-collared grizzly bears were located from 1977-81. In general, bears were found at lower elevations during the spring (Apr i 1 -June) . During summer (July and August) the mean and range of elevations used by grizzlies increased. In summer, bears were located on high elevation peaks and alpine slopes. The ripening of berries in September brought the mean elevation below that for July and August. During October and November, elevations at which bears were located increased as bears moved to subalpine fir types to dig pine nuts and to den sites. The elevational movement of individual bears varies a great deal, but generally follows the pattern depicted in Figure 28. Servheen (I98I) reports similar elevational movements for grizzly bears in the Mission Mountains of Montana. Aspect and Slope Table 13 presents monthly means and ranges of aspects and slopes of radio locations from 10 grizzly bears monitored in 1977-81. Mean aspect used by grizzlies shifted from easterly to southeasterly from spring to fall. Mean slope was lowest in May and June. Mean slope for October and November were higher than for all other months. Relationships between bear use and aspect or slope are complicated, and deserve further scrutiny. Table 13- Monthly mean and range radio locations 1977-81 of aspect and s 1 ope from grizzly bear Apri 1 May June July Aug Sept . Oct. Nov X Aspect Degrees Mini mum Maximum 94.5 5 350 81 .3 0 350 89. 1 0 312 112.3 0 340 106 0 325 9 114.4 0 340 119.1 0 340 149 0 360 4 X Slope Percent M i n imum Maximum 17. ^4 1 60 12.9 1 50 12.4 1 60 17.7 1 60 17 1 65 2 12.3 1 60 27.8 1 80 42 5 70 7 No. Locat ions 31 65 106 1 1 1 113 85 68 26 50 Grizzly bears used 55 differenL habitat types between 1977 and 198i. Thirty-five habitat types were used by bears during spring, while 31 and 32 different types were used during summer and fall. Table ]k presents the frequency and relative percent of each habitat type used by grizzly bears during each month and for the season. The five habitat types used most (5 percent or more) were: Popn'I us ti-muloides/SaUx^ Sal.'Lx/Betula, Salix/Carex, Fiaea/ Gmilacena nteUata and Populus tremuloides/Sijmpkovicar'vos alhus in that order. The Potentllla fruticosa/Festuca scahvella type was' the most highly utilized grassland type. Table 15 presents frequency and rel-ative percent of each habitat type used during the summer months and season. During summer the P0TRE/5a;'.-t;r , a 1 p i ne scree, Salix/Betula^ Salix/ grass, and Pseudotsuga menziesii/Spirea heautifolia habitat types were the five most frequently utilized habitat types. Al so, s i gn i f i cant use of the P-icea/SMST and Ahies lasioaarpa/Pinus albiaauHs/Vaaoiniwi scopariwn types were noted. Table 16 presents frequency and relative percent of habitat type used during fall. Haoitat types most important during fall included the ABLA/PiAL/VASC, ?QJ?.L/Salix, PCTRE/SYAL, Satix/Betida , and ABLA/XETE. Table 17 displays the frequency and relative percent of each timbered habitat type series utilized by grizzly bears. The PSME series shows a significant decrease in utilization from spring to fall while the ABLA series shows an increasing trend in utilization for this period. This correlates with annual elevational movements of grizzly bears. Habitat Components Used by Grizzly Bears Differences in seasonal use of habitat components were noted (Fig. ?9, 30 and 31). Grizzly bears used \h different habitat components during spring. Important components used in spring are Populus stands, riparian shrub, and timber components. Limber pine savanna and prairie grasslands were used at a significant rate, as well. During summer, grizzlies were located within 18 different habitat components. Components commonly used included timbered, Populus stand, riparian shrub, and rock/talus/scree/ rubble. The increase in use of rock/talus/scree/rubble correlates with elevational movements of grizzlies to alpine digging areas. Nine different habitat components were used by grizzly bears in the fall. A substantial increase in use of the timber component was observed. Use was prevalent \n Populus stand, riparian shrub, and rock/talus/scree/rubble components, as well, during fall. The increase in use of timber correlates with bears searching pine nuts and moving to den sites. Land Types Used by Grizzly Be a r s Table 18 presents the seasonal bear use of land types on the Lewis and Clark National Forest. The land type classification system was not extrapolated to areas outside of the forest boundaries. Data presented are land types radioed bears selected within the national forest for each season. No radio-collared bears spent a large portion of time during the spring within the national forest. Therefore, data may be biased for this period and must be viewed with caution. Certainly there are bears that 51 Table l^t. Number and relative perce nt of grizz bear rad i o 1 oca t i on 5 in each habitat type for spring, 197 7- 81 . Habitat Type Ap r i 1 May June Spr i ng AGSP/80GR 0/0.0 0/0.0 2/1 .9 2/1.0 FESC/FEID 0/0.0 0/0.0 1 /0 . 9 1/0.5 POFR/FESC 0/0.0 3/^.6 6/5.7 9/4.5 POFR/RESC/DAIN 0/0.0 1/1.5 0/0. C 1/0.5 PIFL/AGSP 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 i/0.5 PIFL/FEID 0/0.0 0/0 . 0 ^/2.8 3/1.5 P!FL/FEiD/FESC 0/0.0 2/3.1 V3.8 6/3.0 PSME series 2/6.5 1/1.5 6/5.7 9/4.5 PSME/5YAL ii/12.9 0/0.0 1/0.9 5/2.5 PSME/SYAL/CARU 0/0.0 3/^.6 0/0.0 3/1.5 PSME/SYAL/SYAL 0/0.0 1/1 -5 0/0.0 1/0.5 PSME/CARU 1/3.2 0/0.0 1/0.9 2/1 .0 PSME/CARU/CARU 1/3.2 1/1-5 0/0.0 2/1,0 PSME/SPBE 0/0.0 k/e.2 0/0.0 4/2.0 PSME/JUCO 0/0.0 0/0.0 2/1 .0 2/1.0 PSME/ARCO 0/0.0 3/^.6 0/0.0 3/1.5 PiCEA/GATR 0/0.0 1/1.5 0/0.0 1/0.5 PICEA/SMST 2/6.5 1/1.5 8/7.5 11/5.4 ABLA series 2/6.5 2/3.1 1/1.0 5/2.5 ABLA/GATR 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 1/0.5 ABLA/ VAC A 1/3.2 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.5 ABLA/LI BO 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 1/0.5 ABLA/LIBO/VASC 0/0.0 0/0.0 2/1 .0 2/1 .0 ABLA/MEFE 0/0 . 0 0/0.0 1/0.9 1/0.5 ABLA/VASC 0/0.0 1/1.5 0/0.0 1/0.5 ABLA/CLPS 0/0.0 2/3.1 2/1 .0 4/2.0 ABLA/PIAL/VASC 2/6 . 5 3/4.6 4/3.8 9/4.5 PICO series 0/0.0 1/1.5 0/0.0 1/0.5 P ICO/Ll BO 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 1/0.5 PiCO/VASC 0/0.0 1/1.5 1/0.9 2/1.0 P0TRE/5aZix 8/25-8 21/32. 3 19/17. 9 48/23.8 POTRE/SYAL 1/3.2 3/4.6 6/5 - 7 10/5.0 2/6.5 6/9.2 6/5.7 14/6.9 Salix/ g rass 0/0.0 1/1.5 6/5.7 7/3.5 Salix/Betuta 3/9.7 1/1.5 l6/]5. I 20/3-9 Detiita/Carex 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 Alpine scree 1/3.2 0/0.0 2/1 .9 3/1.5 Scree 1/3.2 2/3.1 0/0.0 3/1.5 Unknown 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 1/0.5 Tota 1 31 65 106 202 52 Table 15- Number and relative percent of grizzly bear radio locations in each habitat type for summer, 1977" 81 . Habitat Type J u 1 y Au n 1 1 ^ t S umme r FESC/AGSP 1/0.9 0/0,0 1/0.4 FESC/FEID 2/1.8 0/0.0 2/0.9 POFR/FESC 3/2.7 1/0 9 4/1.8 POFR/FEID 3/2.7 1 /O 9 4/1.8 PIFL/FEID 2/1 8 0/0 . 0 2/0.9 PIFL/FEID/FESC 0/0.0 4/1 .8 PSME series 1 /0 . 9 2/1.8 3/1.3 PSME/SYAL 2/1.8 0/0.0 1/0 9 PSME/SYAL/CARU 2/1 .8 0/0.0 2/0 9 PSME/SYAL/SYAL 0/0.0 2/1.8 2/0.9 PSME/SPBE 1/k 5 4/^ S 11/4.9 PSME/JUCO 1/0.9 0/0.0 1/0.9 PICEA/ECIAR 1/0.9 0/0.0 1/0.9 PICEA/SEST/PSME 0/0.0 1 /O . q 1/0.9 PICEA/SMST 3/2 7 7/6 2 10/4.5 ABLA series 4/3 6 7/1 6/2 7 ABLA/GATR 0/0.0 1 /n / M . ^ A /^ ^ D/ 3 • J PIAL/ABLA 0/0.0 3/1 1.5 6/3.3 PICO series 0/0.0 0/0 .0 2/7.7 2/1 . 1 POTRE/Salix 20/23.5 4/5 .9 0/0.0 24/1 3.4 POTRE/SYAL 15/17.6 0/0 .0 0/0.0 15/8,4 1/1.2 0/0 .0 0/0.0 1/0.6 5aZ.-z'a'/gr3ss 1/1.2 0/0 .0 0/0.0 1/0.6 12/Ut. 1 1/1 .5 0/0.0 13/7.3 Alpine scree 2/2 .9 0/0.0 6/3.3 Unknown 0/0.0 1/1 .5 0/0.0 1/0.6 Total 85 68 26 179 54 Table 17. Frequency and relative percent of each timbered habitat type series used by grizzly bears each season, 1977-81. Hab i ta t Series Spring Summer Fal 1 PSME series 31/37.8 21/26. 2 7 / 6.1 ABLA series 25/30.5 35/^*3.8 95/82.6 PICEA series 12/14.6 12/15.0 V 3.5 PIFL 10/12.2 6/ 7.5 1/ 0.9 PiAL 0/0.0 6/ 7.5 6/ 5.2 PICO hi k.3 0/ 0.0 2/ 1.7 55 Table 18. The nuniber and percenL of gri -.2ly bear radio locations in each land type on tne Lewis & Clark National Forest by season, 1977-81. No . Nonwilderness Land Type Spring Summer Fa] 1 IAD Forested-moderately steep slump 0/0.0 0/0.0 2/1 .7 1 0 Fores ted-s teep reef backslopes 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 20B Forested-moderately steep valley 'J 1 s 1 des 1 opes 0/0 . 0 0/0.0 1/0.9 21 A Forested-moderately steep glacial dr i ft 0/0.0 1/1 .0 0/0.0 22 Low forested-moderately steep glacial drift 2/5.9 0/0.0 0/0.0 25 Forested-steep glacially plastered trough walls 1/2.9 5/5.6 3/2.6 25c Same as above 0/0.0 0/0.0 5/4.3 71 Forested-steep interbedded sandstone and shales 2/5.9 18/20. 0 5/4.3 161 Forested & grassland moderately steep mtn foothi 1 1 s 5/14.7 l'+/15. 6 0/0.0 171 Forested & grassland steep glacially scoured slopes 0/0.0 1/1.1 0/0.0 181 Rock lands and scree 1/2.9 k/k.h 4/3.5 182 Rock outcrop and talus 0/0.0 1/1.1 0/0.0 183 Rock outcrop and talus 1/2.9 0/0.0 0/0.0 202 Rockland and scree 7/20.6 13/14. h 20/17-4 Wilderness Land Type ib Grass and forested stream terraces 1/2.9 1/1.1 4/3.5 1 1 Glacial cirque basins 0/0.0 0/0.0 2/1.7 1 1 1 Forested ground moraine 6/17.6 0/0.0 6/5.2 Ilia Forested-steep lateral moraine 0/0.0 0/0.0 1/0.9 Va Forested-h i gh elevation ridges 0/0.0 7/7.7 9/7.8 Vb Forested-smooth residual slopes 0/0.0 0/0.0 8/7.0 \lc Forested-moderately dissected residual slopes 2/5.9 0/0.0 rorebteu 0 grass lana sniootn residual slopes 0/0.0 0/0.0 2/1 .7 VI Peaks and alpine ridges 5/n.7 22/24. k 23/20.0 VI 1 Forested, cool aspect break lands 1/2.9 2/2.2 7/6.1 VI 1 1 Forested, warm aspect break lands 1/2.9 1/1.1 1/0.9 Totals 34 90 115 56 3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1^00 1300 1200 1 100 I I. — — 5 5 1 r- Apr i 1 May June July t 1 ^ I i~ Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Figure 28. Mean + SD and range of elevations at which 10 radio-collared grizzly bears were located in 1977-81, Sun River to Birch Creek, Rocky Mountain East Front. 57 Figure 29. Spring use of habitat components by grizzly bea rs , 1977-81 30 20 a: a. 10 • I If) M CL CD o o c 00 1 f 'I 1 ^ CD XI Ms c in X X 1 0) x: 1_ i/i c: v_ E CD XI X c nj (0 L. -1 U o o E E fO E E E ro fx Q. sz CO O o i_ 4-1 Ln o; or 1- 1— _J _J a. al Figure 30. Summer use of habitat ccjmponents by grizzly bears, 1977-81 59 V i_ — C ro m ro u "e E E (tJ fO s, Q. 0) 0 0 U . — 0 3; q: al h- V~ _J a; Figure 31. Fall use of habitat components by grizzly bears, 1977-81 60 hav'i interior spring ramj.js wi thin river \m1 1 ■■?yi; and such woiiiu scloct somewhat d I fferent land types durinii the sprinq period than bears whos ■■; spring range lies mostly in the foothills and bottoms ouLsIdo the foreht. A total of 14 different nonwi 1 derness land types and 12 different wilderness land types was used by grizzly bears, 1977-81. During spring, bears used seven nonwi 1 derness land types and six wilderness land types. The more frequently used types include the rocklanu and scree (202), thie forested and grassland mountain foothills (I6l), the forested ground moraine (ill) and peaks and alpine ridges (V ! ) . Bears used eight dif- ferent nonwi Iderness land types and five different wilderness land typ-? during summer. Important land types for this season are forested steep slopes underlain with sandstone and shales (70, forested and grassland mountain foothills (l5l), rockland and scree (202), forested high elevation ridges (Va) , and peaks and alpine ridges (Vi). Both rockland and scree (202) and peaks and alpine ridges (Vi) received significant use during the fall. Ihese types are important land types for den sites of grizzly bears . Grizzly bear use of habitat types, habitat components and land types should be compared with relative availability of types and components to present a clearer view of habitat preference. Servheen (1981), Zager (1980), and Aune and Stivers (1981) used a random sampling technique (Marcum and Loftsgaarden I98O) to determine the relative availability of habitat components in studies of grizzly bear habitat preference. We submit that an extensive project be completed to determine availability of components, types, elevations, aspects, slopes and disturbance factors within grizzly bear home ranges on the east front. Such a project is scheduled for completion by I983 and results presented in a complete summary of habitat use and preference for grizzly bears of the east front. Nonvegetat i ve Characteristics and Disturbance Factors of Habitat Nonvegetat i ve characteristics and disturbance factors may also influence the selection of habitat by grizzly bears. Two parameters measured during this study are the distance to water and the distance to roads. Figure 3?- graphically displays the mean monthly distance of radioed grizzly bears to roads and perennial water. On an average, grizzly bears were within .5 km from perennial streams, creeks, or rivers for all months except November, when they moved up to den sites. Bears were found closer to roads during spring and summer than during fall. Spring, and, to a lesser degree, summer, habitat of our radioed grizzlies are more heavily roaded than fall habitat. During the fall our grizzlies ranged within the national forest where roads were less prevalent. Further studies in the relationship of disturbance factors and grizzly bears' distribution and habitat selection are needed. Scha 1 1 enberger and Jonkel (1979) discuss the implication of disturbance factors on grizzly bears of the east front. 6 J Figure 32. Monthly mean distances to water and roads for grizzly bear locations, 1977-81. 62 VeaeLation Sttulio'; 187 activity s i te plots has bcsn rer ordci at radio loca- tions between IS'78 and 1931. Dat.-j from 1978 and 1979 are presented in Schal lenberger and Jonkel (i93o). Data fron these plots ard plots con- ducted during I98O and IjSl ore being coded for analysis by computer. Specific information regarding species ccnipos i t i on , tree stand density, shrub and tree vertical structure, and canopy coverage of species frciii each plot is available. Plots are separated into feeding site and bed site plots or both, /nialysis by computer v-i i 1 1 allcvv fiexibilitv in anaiysi so any combination of parameters can be correlated quickly. The relation- ship of plant comiTiunities between and witiiifi habitat components or habitat types to grizzly bears can be examined. Each plot was evaluated as to the current grazing regime whicn existed at the time the plot was completed. With such data, the iivfluences of grazing on cover and gri/:zly bear foods can be evaluated. Seasonal imiportance of spiicific plants and plant cc.r.- mun 1 1 ies will be more thoroughly analyzed. Data atialysis of vegetation plots is not complete, but is expected to be in rough form by 1983- To facilitate computer analysis of data from, activity plots, a complete plant species list for the east front is being developed. Appendix F presents the preliminary list. Expansion and development of the list is not complete. Eventually, the source (current lite^-ature) in which each species has been reported and the plant collection it is represented In will be included. This list will aid field personnel in plant identification. At the present time, 9 species representing 6 genera of trees, 56 species from 33 genera of shrubs, 7 species within genera of ferns or fern allies, 95 species representing 36 genera of graminolds, and 318 species from 175 genera of forbs have been reported and listed. A total of 485 species of plants representing 175 genera is listed. Population Biology ''2i'_ ■■J"-d Age D ata Table 19 presents age and sex data from the marked population within the study area during 19Sl- Since '977, 1^ individual grizzly bears have been ear tagged and 11 of these have been radio monitored at some time during this period. One of tiiese ]k was relocated to the South Fork of the Flathead River and >■', are known to be dead. During the I98I field season the marked population consisted of nine individual bears and five of the yearling offspring. hi addition, observations indicate that foLir unknown subadults, one subaduit male, tv;o adult females (one with two cubs and one with two yearlings; and one adult male viere present on the study area. Between Deep Creek and Birch Creek at least 26 different grizzlies were identified. Table 20 presents age and sex data from tills population. 65 Table 19. Age and sex data frotv. the marked grizzly bear population, 1531 Male Fema 1 e Unknown Total Adult 2 k 0 6 Subadul t Year 1 i ngs Cubs Total 2 0 0 k 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 3 5 0 14 Table 20. Age and sex data from marked plus observed grizzly bear population, 1981 . Male Female Unknown Total Adult 3 6 0 9 Subadul t 3 1 k 8 Yearl i ngs Cubs Total 0 0 6 0 0 7 7 2 13 7 2 26 Table 21 presents data reported on the population and age structure of individuals observed in the Antelope Butte-Blackleaf area 1979 and 1980 as well as the data from the Deep Creek to Birch Creek area I98O and I98I. Table 21. Age structure reported 1979-81. Adult Subadult Known Yea r 1 i ngs Cubs 0 5 7 2 Total 15 18 27 26 1979=4/ ^ 5 1980 1; 5 6 1980 f; 8 6 1981 9 8 6 2 6 7 "Scha 1 1 enberger and Jonkel (I98O). 1 - Antelope Butte-Bi ackleaf area. 2 - Deep Creek-Birch Creek area. 64 Bear density calculations usi;;;) the narked plus observed population within the study area were develupeci. An attempt was mado to develop o representative range of densities as they may (.^ccur by seasons. Figure 33 depicts the composite home range map of 10 rr.dioed grizzly bears for spring and a composite home range moc' of 3 radioed grizziy bears for the summer and fall period. Using tfiis radioed bear data to ueiineate the area for density ca 1 cn 1 at i ons , v.'e can develop seasonal density values. Taole 22 presents density ca i cu 1 a t i ens based on the marked plus observed populations for 190O and 1981. Table 22. Dens i ty of grizzly bears within the study area , 1980 and 1981 . Spring „ 990.ii(km ) Sum.mer , 1039. 1 (km ) Fa 1 1 1 't9^. 3(km^) 1980 1/36.8 1/38.6 1/56. 5 1981 1/38.] 1/39.9 1/57. 5 A\verage 1/37.5 1/39-^ 1/57. 0 Grizzly bear density within the study area may range between 1 bear per 36.8 km2 (1^4.2 mi-^-} in the spring and 1 bear per 57-5 km2 (22.2 mi2) in the fall. Servheen (I9SO reports a conservative density of 1 grizzly bear per 41.6 km2 {16 mi^) for the Mission Mountains in Montana. Mace and Jonkel (1980) calculate a density of 1 grizzly bear per 25 km^ (9.8 mi^) for grizzlies in tiie South Fork of the Flathead River. In an unhunted population of grizzly bears in Glacier National Park, Martinka (197^*) estimated a density of 1 bear per 22 kn^ (8.48 mi^). Ti;e lower density of bears on the the east front area as compared to the South Fork of the Flathead correlates well with the larger heme ranges of grizzlies on the ■ east front as compared to ho^ne range- size of grizzlies in the South Fork of the Flathead River. Intensive trapping and marking of bears would be needed to further refine density calculations and estimate populations within our study area. indications are that wc may be approaching saturation trapping in the Antelope But te-B 1 ackl eaf area. Observations of unmarked animals during I98I was almost exclusively outside of the Antelope Butte- Blackleaf area and mostly in outlying areas of Ear Mountain to the south and the Dupuyer C reek-V/a II i ng reef area to the north. Density calculations from within the study area may not be extrapolated to all areas of the east front. Certain areas probably have lower densities based on land uses and the poor image of grizzly bears by individual land- owners. We believe that mortality sumps exist along the east front. These places where landowners or local residents are less tolerant of grizzlies 66 probably con to i r. le-^s c:r!/.z1 ius t-hau o-poctc-J , ba--.o.:' or. drtn^i tv c-^jCirMtos. Two areas where surh a probltn! mny exi k t are tha Dcvrp C<-ecik «n:cs ctrid t he Badgar-Two Medicine ^-on. Further t .-apfjing and intensive moni torinq within these areas \,'ould prove or dijjprove this hypoLhesis. Produetion L'aca Production daia are weak \'/irhin the study area. Table 21 indicates that no cubs per four ad'jlts were reported in the Antelope Butte-B! ackl ea p area in 1979, while five cubs per five adults were presenL or. the area in 1980. in the area from Deep Creek to Birch Creek, seven cubs per eig'it adults were observer in ;980 and only two cubs per nine adults were pres- ent in 1981. Two bears, 2.57 and 22.0, have been reported to produce offspring every second year in the study area. Bear 257 was reported with at least one cub in I97S (Schallenberger and Jonkei 197S). 'in I98O she was trapped and marked and later observed with two cubs at her side. In I98I she was accompanied by her two yearling cubs. In I98I, 257 cast off her yearling cubs and bred with radioed male 223. She is expected to bear cubs in 1982. Bear 220 reported with three yearlings at her side in 1979 (Schallenberger and Jonkei I98O) was observed with three cubs of the year in 1980 and three yearling cubs in 1931. She cast them off in August I98I. She was also observed with radioed male 223 this spring, but was probably not bred this year. Mor ta I i ty Known bear mortality In the study area since 1977 has included one adult male poached (271), one subadult male killed by U5FWS depredation control officers (348), one subadult male killed by a hunter, and tvvo sub- adult females transplanted and eventually killed (110, A30) for a total of five grizzly bears. In addition, one adult male (531) was transplanted to the South Fork of the Flathead River and one adult female (510) re- located iiito the Bob Marsiiall Wilderness was shot by a hunter. Suspected illegal mortalities within the area include one or possibly two subadult grizzlies from the Teton River, one subadult female (29i) who has mysteri- ously disappeared with a new, fully functional collar, and one adult male (223) possibly killed on the Blackfoot Indian Reservation. it would be possible then, that between 5 and 11 grizzly bears have been lost from the population within tlie study area siPice 1977. Along the entire cast front, a total of 18 grizzlies has been captured and handled by various agencies and researchers since 1977 (includes bears reported by Schallenberger and Jonkei I98O, US Fish 6 Wildlife Service control officers, and Aune and Stivers I98O, I98I). Seven of these bears wei-e lost to the population by relocation to British Columbia or direct mortality. in addition, two are strongly suspected of being dead. Therefore, from 5 marked population of 18 bears, at least 7 (38.8?) and possibly 9 (50.0?;) were removed from the population since 1977. No information pertaining to natriral mortality within the study area is ava i 1 ab 1 fc . 67 # Black Bear Studies Black bears and grizzly bears are sympatric on the Rocky Mountain East Front. Since they are closely related species, some black bear information was accumulated incidental to the ongoing grizzly bear monitoring program. Distribution and Home Range During the I98I trapping operation, five individual black bears viere captured seven times. All bears were ear tagged and two, adult male 521 and adult female 509, were fitted with radio collars. Physical measurement data of these bears are presented in 1 ab 1 e 23 . The number of monthly radio locat ions is presented in Table Table 23. Black bears captured on the east front , 1901. Date 5/lA/8]>v 5/20/81 5/23/81 5/27/81 6/13/81--- Age 10.5 3.5 est. 3.5 est. 3 5 est 6.5 Weight 59 kg 29 kg 35 kg 30 kg 79 kg 130 lb 63 lb 77 lb 65 lb 175 lb Sex F F F M M Color Black Black Dk Brown C i nnamon Black Ear Tags— ^ Left Red 1 Blue 1 Blue i Red 1 Bl ue Red 0 Blue 0 Blue 0 Red 0 Red I/O Right Red 1 Blue i Blue i Red 1 Red 1 Red 0 Blue 0 Blue 0 Red 0 Red 0 Number 509 546 516 521 509 5^5 546 516 521 Lip tattoo 509 5hS 546 516 521 Black Black Black Black Black Collar color Red tape None None None Bl ack/S i 1 ver Locat i on H Fk Muddy Cr N Fk N Fk Antelope Muddy Cr Bl i ndhorse Muddy Cr Butte Cr Swamp "Denotes a recapture from previous years. 1 - Two tags were placed in each ear until 5/21/80 when only one tag was placed in each ear. 2 - Letters indicate position of wide part of tag in ear (0=out, l=in). Plastic ear tags (P) have the wide part on both sides of ear. 68 Black Boa r #212 Total Sex F A_ge_ 10.5 6.5 ^''^V _ J'lne J Li '! y Alk 7 3 5 2 8 3 7 !> 13 7 Oct Nov . d ,? n den 0 To_taJ 27 Thirty-four ;:1 1 f f jren i: black be?,;-:", have been ear tagged since 1976 (Appendix H) . A total of 24-'^ black bear obse rvat i on;i has been recorded since 1978. Table 25 presents the distribution of black bear observation data by each observacion type. Figure 3h presents the best known distribu- tion of black bears nort'i of the Sun River. Table 25. East front black bear observations by observation type, 197S-81 1 978-79 19SO 198] Total Radio location 9 9 i'S kB Observation 6 20 50 76 Scat 3 2 51 56 Track 1 1 10 12 Other 1 f^ '4 5 Trap 30 10 "7 / hi Total hi 33 170 2h'^ I muin collared black bears home ran yes of two radio n Figures 35 and 36. Table 26 compares the modified minimum ge si^es of each bear. The modified minimum home range Ti^ie mod i f i eu mi are presented a.nd minimum home r size of adult female 509 (1-1.5 km2) was only 59 percent as large as that of adult male 521 (24.6 km--). Aimstrup and Beecham (1976) report adult fe- male black, bears in \6:j\'\0 with minimum home range sizes betv-zeen 16. 6-1 30. 3 km- amd am average size of 48. 9 km2. Minimum home range size of adult males ranged from 109-115 km^ and averaged 112.1 km2 . 69 I 70 # 71 72 Table 7.6. Modified iiiinimu;:! and ininimu-ii lionie range sizes of two black bears , ItSi . Bear Modii'ied Minimum Minimum Number kr? mi^ km2 mi 2" 509 ]'uh 5.6 hS.S 17-6 521 2k. 6 9.5 391.608 151.2 Den Studies A total of seven black bear dens has been located within the study area. Ground inspection of each was accomplished, excluding two dens presently occupied by radioed black bears. Table 27 presents the data from these seven black bear dens. All of the inspected dens were dug. Black bear dens ranged in elevation from 152'(-2073 m for an average of 1725.5 m. Slopes of den sites ranged from 5-50 percent, for an average of 27 percent. Black bear dens viere found in seven different habitat types and six different land types. Food Habits Sixty-five black bear scats were collected in 1981. All scats have been analyzed for food content, and presently are being coded for computer and future competitive analysis. Habitat Use Limited black bear habitat use data were collected in I98I. Tables 28 and 29 present that data by month. Analysis of black bear habitat use will be presented in further reports as data are accumulated. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS General Recommendations Management guidelines developed by the Interagency Wildlife Monitoring and Evaluation Program are presented in Appendix G. These guidelines were developed as a direct result of grizzly bear monitoring con- ducted on the east front. They represent guidelines that, when followed, will mitigate but not eliminate influences of human activities on grizzly bears and grizzly bear habitat. Human activities within grizzly bear range v/ill have effects, however subtle, on grizzly bears. The fact that rapid distributional recession and declines in grizzly bear populations occurred with the development of increased human activity has been vjell documented in Europe and North America (Martinka I98O, US Fish 6 Wildlife Service I98I, Roben 198O, Cowcn 1972 , Mysterud 1 980 , Buchalczyk I98O, Markov I98O, Roth 1976, Elgmork 1978, Grachev 1976, Kaal 1976, Vereschagin 73 Table 27. Data from seven black bear dens, 1978-81. Den No. Locat i on Type of Den E 1 eva- t i on (°) A Q n t" r\ i> iJ c L. L S 1 opc Habitat Type Land Type Recorded Yea rs Used Bear No. Cond i t i on 1 Glenn Cr Dug 1737 N 350W 5 ABLA/LI BO/LI BO I ! i 1 Unkn Old!/ 2 Muddy Cr Dug 1585 N 20E 30 PSME/SYAL I'tO ] Unkn Good-'' 3 Muddy Cr Dug 1625 N 60E 16 PSME/SPBE UO Unkn Old!/ k Moose Cr Dug 1768 N 20E 30 ABLA/VASC Vc Unkn Good— 5 N Fk Sun Dug ]52h N360E 20 PSME/CARU/CARU 1 Unkn^= Good— Wright Cr Unkn 2073 N 80E ho ABLA/PIAL/VASC 25 212 Good-'' 7 Blackleaf Cr Unkn 1768 H 5E 50 ABLA/ARCO 21A 1 509 Good— ~-J ~~ "Subadult Male 1 - Ground inspection. 2 - Located from air. I ff % # Table 28. Ch,5 racte r i 5 t i c No. 509, a lOi ; uf habitats used by mont year old female, I98I . ii by black bear May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Dsn Total No. locations 6 2 k 3 3 1 4 23 E 1 evat i ons M X ft 1618 5310 1722 5650 1771 5S10 1 786 5860 1829 6000 1975 6480 1763 5800 17'^ 5 572 4 Range M ft 1536- 1737 1615- I829 I7A9- 1798 1640- 2012 1701- 1957 1536- 5700 5300- 6000 57'5o"- 5900 5380- 6600 5580- 6420 - - - 504o- 6600 Asoect Degrees 43 he 65 55 25 70 310 40 85 90 40 70 315 40 80 30 40 120 5 X Degree Aspect 90 5h 190 64 142 50 120 5 73 Topography Ridge - - _ _ , _ Upper slope 113 1] Mid slope 2 Lower slope 3 Flat bench Creek bottom ,1/ 7 2 1 4 12 3 Timbered— 62432 Open timber - - - _ ] SiTrub - - _ _ _ Open - - - _ _ 22 1 ^ Slope 14 25 18 18 29 15 70 28 Hob i tat Type PSME series 3 I 2 - - ] PSME/SYAL/SYAL -12 1--' ABLA series ---_]__ ABLA/LIBO - - - _ _ K ABLA/XETE - - - l - _ ABLA/PIAL/VASC - - - _ _ _ ' POTR series - - _ _ ] POJR/Salix POTR/SYAL 3 - - 1 1 - _ Unknovjn ----]__ 75 L Table 28 continued. No. Locations Component Burns Cutting unit Meadows Roads Si deh ill park Snowchutes Ridgetops Shrub field Rock/talus/ scree/rubbl e Ti mbered Limber pine savanna Prai r ie grass land Mtn grassland PopuluB stand Riparian slirub Riparian compl ex AND Type 10 32 35 69 90 May June July Aug . 2 h 3 Sept . Oct. Den Total 3 1 ^ k 17 1 - includes all timber greater tinan 2,0% canopy coverage. 76 No. Locations Elevations M X ft Range Aspect M ft Deg rees X Degree aspect Topography R i dge Upper slope Mid slope Lower slope Fl at/bench Creek bottom Sit" i_l_L^ 1/ Timbered- Open timbered Sh rub Open X % slope Hab i tat type ABLA series ABLA/PiAL/VASC POTR series POTR/i'aJia; Unknown ;s of hab i t A t q 1 I C '■^ U J C u riiOuLn by black bear yea r old male , 1981 June July Aug. Sept . Oct. Den Tota 1 5 3 3 3 4 19 1768 l't99 1704 2032 1930 2072 1819 5800 4920 5590 6667 6333 6800 5967 14/8- 1478- 2012- 1 890- I47S"" 1567 1841 2072 2012 2072 4850- 4850- 6600- 6200- 4850- 5140 60 40 6800 6600 6800 130 90 100 220 30 80 55 50 0010 30 100 80 320 260 - 85 140 - - 130 94 77 180 107 80 106 - - 2 1 3 1 : 3 4 8 - - 5 - 1 - 2 - - - 8 1 5 1 2 3 4 16 2 - 2 - - 1 1 20 5 20 27 26 49 23 1 3 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 6 2 2 1 4 77 Table 29 continued. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Den Tota No. Locations ] 5 3 3 3 ]C) Component Burns Cutting unit Meadows Roads Sidehill park - - - _ . _ Snow chutes _ , _ Ridge tops ---___„ Shrubfields - - 1 1 - - 2 Rock/talus/scree/ rubble Timbered - - ] 2 3 k ]0 Limber pine savanna Prairie grassland Mtn grassland ~ - - _ _ _ _ Populus stand ] 5 1 - _ _ 7 Riparian shrub Riparian complex Land type 10 0 0 ] 35 . . . 79 - I _ 107 _ _ I 1 4 1 1 1 - Includes all timber greater than 30^ canopy coverage. 78 i 197f>, Pearson 1S75, Cur ry-L i ndah 1 1972, Stebler 197?-, Zunino and Herrero 19/1, Guilday I968, Buss 1956 and Storer and Trevis 1955). Recent studies in North America have echoed concerns regarding increasing human access and activities vyithin grizzly bear habitat. The influences of timber harvest, livestock grazing, boneyards and dumps, recreation, sport hunting, road access, mining, subdivision, and hydrocarbon exploitation have been discussed (Craighead 1979, 1980, Craighead and Craighead l9o7, 1971, 1973, 197^1; Knight et al . 1975, 1976, !977, 1978, I98O 1980a, 1931; Chester 1976, Jonkel and Servheen 1977, Jonkel 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980; Harding and Nagy I98O; Scha 1 1 enberger and Jonkel I98O, Knight and Judd 1980, Blanchard 1978, ISBO; Servheen I981, Pearson 1975 , Reynolds and 1-lechtel 1980, Nagy and Russell 1978, Russell et al. 1978, Hamer et al. 1977, Mundy and Flock 1973). Each activity contributes an additive stress to grizzly bear populations. As such, it is essential that responsible land manage- ment agencies and state wildlife departments develop m.anagement programs to document and map each land use as it occurs. A cumulative impacts mapping has been conducted in some areas of Montana and should be implemented on the east front of the Rocky Mountains. This would be especially important on grizzly spring range where at present most of the impacts and activities are occurring. Such a project has vjidespread applicability to all species of wildlife concerned. Disturbance thresholds for management areas need to be determined and areas with overlapping activities identified. Both management and the resources would ultimately benefit from such a documenta- t ion and mapp i ng . The relationship of grizzly bears to all types of human activities as well as oil and gas development must be understood. Monitoring programs should be further directed and focused toward filling important gaps in the data base. A summary of existing data is needed to indicate 'where these gaps exist. A complete review of habitat preference, denning habits, distribution, food habits, movement and home range data should be conducted. Intensive efforts to gather data pertaining to livestock/bear relationships, population estimation, oil and gas development impacts, the role of sport hunting, the effects of animal depredation control programs, and the interaction of black and grizzly bears deserve further Investigation. Field emphasis should be directed toward securing baseline data in the Badger-Two Medicine, Sun River-south, and the remote backcountry areas. Specific Recommendati ons Many of the recommendations belovy overlap or support those presented in Appendix G. (1) Specifically avoid imposing activities on riparian shrub and Populus stands during spring and early summer (April-July 15). Maintain a buffer zone of at least ]/h mile between activities and the edge of these habitat components. It is at the edges of these components where many of the important bear foods occur. % # (2) During the summer and fall period (July 1-Sept. 15) avoid imposing activities near open alpine areas where bears dig for roots. In this open alpine habitat bears are extremely vulnerable. Also important during late summer and fall (August-November) are the subalpine fir and white-bark pine hab i tat ■ types at mid to upper elevations. (3) Avoid important denning areas during the late fall and winter period (October 15-April 15) and known breeding areas during the period from May 15 until July 15- Denning sites are described in the text of this report. Known breeding areas include the upper Muddy Creek, the head of Rinkers Creek and the Ear Mountain area. Oil and Gas Exploration/Development (M Air travel corridors should be established in advance when activities require the use of helicopters. Corridors should be designed to avoid seasonally important habitat components, known breeding areas (May 15-Ju.ly 15), denning areas (Oct. , 15-April 15), and open alpine areas which are known to be important digging sites (July 1-Sept. 15). (5) No seismic or exploratory drilling activities should be conducted within a minimum of 2 miles of den sites during the Oct. 15-April 15 period. (6) Helicopter flights and blasting should be permitted only between 1 hour after sunrise and 1 hour before sunset (April 15-Oct. 15), It is generally during the dusk through dawn hours that grizzly bears are most active. (7) Seismic activities should be spaced by at least an acceptable distance of 8-10 miles and separated by substantial topographic screens. Simultaneous shooting of parallel lines within 8 miles should be avoided. A disturbance-free zone is essential between lines to accommodate dis- placed animals. (8) Seismic permits should include a clause providing for cancellation or temporary cessation of activities, if necessary to prevent grizzly/human conf 1 i cts . (9) Permittees should be required by administering agencies to log their activities each day. The location and line that each crew is working should be recorded. Such a record is necessary to fairly assess impacts on wildlife, and will provide valuable progress records for the management agency. (10) Seismic trails and roads which were created during a seismic operation should not be used for other purposes after the operation has been completed. Seismic roads and trails should be obliterated and revegetated immediately after seismic operations have ceased. (11) Drilling schedules on adjacent sites within important grizzly bear complexes should be staggered to provide a disturbance-free area for displaced bears. 80 (12) Pipeline construction required for the development of a gas or oil field sinould be condensed into the shortest timeframe as possible and subject to timing restrictions when conducted in important grizzly bear habitat components or complexes. Pipelines built through timbered or shrub areas should have several "dog-legs" inserted in them to prevent long straight corridors where vegetative cover has been removed. (13) Field operation centers associated with seismic or oil/gas exploration activities should be placed carefully to avoid seasonally important habitat components, or important bear complexes. Such place- ment of sites is necessary in order to avoid direct or potential conflicts between man and grizzly bears. Livestock/Sear Conflicts Livestock grazing on important spring habitat for grizzly bears should be deferred until after July 1. More research on the relationship and forage competition between livestock and bears should be conducted, and specific recommendations made. (15) Boneyards and livestock dumps are prevalent along the east front and are frequented by grizzly bears. Ranchers and landowners should be encouraged to place carcasses of dead livestock and garbage on remote areas of their land. During calving, dead cows and calves should be hauled a considerable distance from calving grounds to discourage predation of newborn calves. (16) The desirability of sheep grazing allotments on lands administered by government agencies should be evaluated. Serious conflicts between bears and sheep have repeatedly occurred at several locations along the east front and will continue to occur. Sheep are inherently more susceptible to bear predation than cattle. Since 1977, at least five grizzly bears have been known to kill sheep on two separate forest allotments. All five have sub- sequently been killed. 81 LiTERATuRE CITED Amstrup, S. C. and J. Beecham. 1976. Activity patterns of radio- collared black bears in Idaho. J. Wildl. Manage. ^tO (2) : 3^0-348 . Aune, K. and T. Stivers. 1981. Rocky Mountain Front grizzly bear monitoring and investigation. Mont. Dept. Fish, Wildl. & Parks. Helena. 50pp. Blanchard, B. 1978. Grizzly bear distribution in relation to habitat areas and recreational use: Cabin Creek-Hi 1 gard Mountains. M.S. thesis, Mont. St. Univ., Bozeman, 75pp. • 1980. Grizzly bear-timber relationships in the Yellowstone area. 5th Int. Conf. on Bear Res. and Manage, (in press) Buchalczyk, T. I98O. The brown bear in Poland. Pp. 229-232 in C. J. Martinka and K. L. McArthur, eds., Bears - Their Biology and , Management. Bear Biol. Assoc. Conf. Ser. No. 3. Buss, I. 0. 1956. California grizzly-North American moose. 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In Bears - Their Biology and Management. M. R. Pelton, J. W. LerTtfer, and C. E. Folk, eds. lUCN New Ser. No. hO: 327-335. Zager, P. E. I98O. Grizzly bear habitat utilization. Pp. 99-132 j_n Ann. Rept. No. 5- Border Grizzly Project, Univ. of Mont., Missoula. Zunino, F. , and S. Herrero. 1972. The status of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Abruzzo National Park, Italy, 1971. Biol. Conserv. 4:263-272. 88 fl^^ndixA. Excerpted from Kasworm (I98I) and Ihsle (1982) c 1 i ma tol og i ca 1 data. Temperature ( C) Precipitation (cm) Month S tat i on^ Mean Deviation ( C) from Long-term Average Amount Deviation (cm) from Long-term Average Snowf a 1 Oct. 1979 GD 8.9 + 1.8 1 .19 -1 .78 0 BL 8.3 + 1 .8 1 .lA - .03 Nov. 1979 GD -.5 -1.2 .33 -2.72 3.05 BL -.2 + .2 .51 -1.12 Dec. 1979 GD .k +3.2 3.^5 1 .09 30.5 BL -.1 +k.2 2.26 + .86 Jan. 1980 GD -9.0 -3.5 3.23 + .76 42.7 BL -10.6 -3.3 l.kS + .91 Feb. 1980 GD -1.6 + 1 .k 2.08 + .20 45.7 BL -2.9 + 1 .2 2.08 + .56 Mar. I9BO GD -1.1 + .5 1.17 -1.45 13.2 BL -2.5 - .7 2.21 + .53 Apr. 1980 GD 7. -5 5.84 + 1 .96 35.6 BL 7.2 +3.5 5.33 +1.75 May 1980 GD 10.6 +2.0 15.47 +7.32 0 BL 11.3 +2.2 10.26 + 1 .65 June 1980 GD 12.5 + .3 13.13 +2.57 0 BL - - - - III 1 V 1 qRn rn u U 1 A R + . J 1 in - 1 . / 0 BL 18.2 + 1 .2 .61 -2.97 Aug. 1980 GD 13.9 -2.1 2.62 -1 .02 0 BL 13.9 -2.3 3.58 - .13 Sept. 1980 GD 12.6 + 1 .2 3.48 - .43 0 BL 11.7 + .3 2.84 + . 10 # pendix A continued. Month Stat i on^ Mean Temperature (°C) Deviation ( C) from Long-term Average Amount Prec i p i ta t Dev i a 1 1 on Long-term ion (cm) (cm) from Average Snowf ; uct . 1 you GD 0 . Z + 1 . 1 3. 30 + . 33 BL 8.1 + 1 ^ 3.it8 +2.31 7.6 NOV . 1 you bU / . D + 1 .9 1.1/ - i . 00 11.4 CH k.2 .18 - .91 7.6 Dec. lyou GD -3.0 - .2 n Q r 2 . 05 + . 40 Z4 . 1 BL -7.2 -3 1 1 .57 + .15 2.8 Jan . 1 yo i Gu . 1 /i 1 -Z - UD BL . 1 .SA - .71 - r eo . 1 y 0 1 b U I.I + 1 .8 1 . / 3 z/ . y CH .k +3.3 .23 - .66 3.8 na r . i y o i GU +k.Q) Z . 1 1 BL 2.2 +k . 0 5.82 +il.lit - Ap r . 1 yo 1 GD r" Ci 5.9 + 1 .8 . DD -3 . 23 U BL 6.2 +2.5 Trace -3.58 Trace May lyol GD 9 . 3 + .7 . 1 / . /U +y . PP U CH 1 1.6 + .7 8.61 +2.97 0 J une 1 y 0 1 c n bU 1 1 7 - .5 n CH lit. 4 - .h 2.31 -5.97 0 July 1 y o 1 GD 1 D . b + .1 4 . /O X 1 7 n + 1 . ;SU u BL 17.^ + .i» 3.07 - .51 0 Aug. 1981 GD 17.it + 1.5 4. Oil + .i*l 0 BL 18.9 +2.6 5.61 -1 .91 0 Sept. 1981 GD 12.8 + 1.5 1 .2it -2.67 0 BL 13.2 .51 0 a - GD = Gibson Dam, BL = Blackleaf, CH = Choteau % # % * Appendix B. East Front grizzly bear habitat component definitions. Code No. ' BURNS : early serai plant comniunities created or maintained by wildfire. Charred downfall and snags, fire scarred trees, charcoal in the surface horizons, distinctly even-aged stands of Vinua aontorta^ or Larix oasidentalis (primarily west of the continental divide), and extensive Epilobium ca-igusti folium cover are some clues in determining the fire history of the site. A well-developed shrubfield created by catastrophic fire is classified as a "Shrubfield" and cross-referenced to the "Burn" category. CUTTING UNITS-, are disturbed, open, or vigorously timbered sites on which the effects of a tree harvest operation are detectable, regardless of the cutting system used, and regardless of the age of the stand. MEADOWS: are naturally open, level, slightly concave (wet), or convex (dry) sites of any size or shape which may occur from low to relatively high elevations in the northern Rocky Mountains. Meadow sites are at least potentially dominated by particular associations of perennial graminoids and various forbs. Trees and shrubs are notably absent from meadows, but generally border and enclose the meadow. As such, meadows are plant communities of definite florlstic composition that exhibit a uniform physiognomy and grow in relatively uniform habitat conditions within specific elevational ranges. ROADS_: are disturbed, open areas which have been purposefully cleared to permit vehicular traffic. Road is also Inclusive of the term "utility corridor," which refers to routes clesred for man- made transportation (railroad right of way, pipeline, airfield, powerline corridor, or seismo- graph i c I i ne) . 5 SI DEH ! LL PARKS : are timber enclosed naturally open or sparsely timbered sites which occur from mid-montane to high elevations. Sites occur on moderate to steep slopes. Generally, sidenill parks resemble inclined meadows with straight, convex or undulating configurations. Sidc.hili park vegetation Is the result of topo-edaphic and or zootic influences. The vegetation is variable and may be dominated by comb i not i ons of native and introduced nrafptnoids. f % # Sidehill parks are distinguished from meadows by being inclined and sparsely timbered tlirougin out or along the ecotones which separate the pari<.s from adjacent stands of trees. 6 SNOWCHUTES : are concave, very steep, linear, open sites at mid-montane to high elevations where frequent snow movement limits vegetation to forbs, graminoids and shrubs. These sites may be perennially v/et. Snowchutes often constitute the uppermost, ephemeral stream channels of major drainage systems. This component may exhibit a highly variable vegetation gradient along their length and cross sectional dimensions. Characteristic species are given in the appendix. 7 Rl DGETOPg : are drainage divides which are distinguished from adjacent hillslopes by the convex configuration across the apex of the divide. Ridgetops include major and minor mountain range divides. This component may be open, open-timbered, or timbered. Typically, ridgetops are dominated by variable mosaics of vegetation, bare rock and relatively thin mantles of mineral soil, with high moisture infiltration. Since vegetation development is extremely variable, the ridgetops should be cross-referenced to another grizzly bear habitat component. J2 8 SHRUBF I ELDS : are open sites dominated by extensive stands of shrubs occurring from low-montane to high elevations, from moderate to steep slopes. Heavy shifting snov; packs, repeated wildfire, timber harvesting, or topo-edaphic influences are factors responsible for the creation or main- tenance of these serai communities. Repeated disturbance by snov/slides, or intense competition from shrubs, forbs, and graminoids, may preclude successful conifer regeneration on these sites. Individual trees may be found In shrubfields, but are generally confined to microsites v.'here competition from shrubs, forbs, and graminoids is reduced, or where they are sheltered from si i di ng snow. 9 ROCK/TALUS/SCREE/RUBBLE : are flat to steeply sloped sites predominantly covered with rocks of varying size, shape and composition, occurring from lowlands to alpine. This broad component is composed of glacially scoured slabrock, bedrock cliffs, unstable sloughed~off slide areas, and flood scoured rubbled deposited dry river beds. Vegetation development vvithin the rock/ ta 1 us/scree/rubb le component is extremely variable, and thus should be cross-referenced to another grizzly bear habitat component. Ecologically, the vegetation on these sites can be considered as topo-edaphic climaxes. 10 Tl MBER : - plant communities dominated by coniferous trees with a canopy coverage of at least 30 percent. Associated understory species composition and coverage vary from site to site, yet have no bearing on this habitat component classification. Plant species composition and cover- age are recorded on grizzly bear activity forms when grizzly use has been determined. 11 LIMBER PINE SAVANNA: - open timbered Pinus flexilis dominated plant commun i t les wi th a canopy coverage of less than 30 percent. This habitat component forms a foothills transition between the prairie grasslands of the lower elevations and the dense, and wetter, timbered Pseudo t-cuga forests of the upper slopes. Due to the transitional position of the limber pine savanna habitat component, a large diversity of associated shrubs, forbs, and graminoids are found. 12 PRAIRIE GRASSLAND: - open sites dominated by extensive grass cover on varying aspects and slopes, from low elevations up to 6000 feet. Soil and moisture conditions vary from dry sandy soils to moist clays and loams. Meuggier's Stipa oomata/Boutetoua graoit-Ls^ Agvopyro?' opicaticn/ Bouteloua gracilis^ Agropyron spicatvin/Agvopyron smitlriij Agropyron spioatiim/Poa sandoevgii (MONT), and Festuca aoahrella/Agropyvon spicatum habitat types predominantly compose this grizzly bear habitat component. Farmland hay meadows are included in the prairie grassland hab i tat componen t . 13 MOUNTAIN GRASSLAND: - open sites dominated by extensive grass cover on varying aspects and slopes, above 6000 feet in elevation. Soils vary, vHth moisture conditions being more mesic than the lower prairie grassland component. Mueggler's Festuca scahvella /FeDtuca icMMioensis and Festuca idaJmensis /Agropyron spicatum habitat types are readily found in this mountain grassland habitat component within the East front study area. \h POPULUS STANDS: are deciduous forests where Populous tremuto-ides, or Populiis trichocarpa is the dominant tree species with the largest overstory canopy coverage. Populus stands occur from lowlands to mid-montane on soil and moisture conditions ranging from dry sandy soils to moderately wet clays and loams to standing or sIovn; moving v;ater on silted soils. Populus stands are rich in species diversity when occurring on wet sites. Understory shrub species composition range with the moisture gradient f rom i?c>sa acioularisj to Syrnphoricccrpos albv^j to Betula and Salix spp. t t 15 RIPARIAN SHRUB: - perennially wet sites vnth extensive areas winere shrub species occupy the largest portion of the overstory canopy. The riparian shrub component occurs from lowlands to foothills, adjacent tc, or bordering streams and rivers, and meadows, and is characteristic of wet seeps, bogs, glades and marshes. The riparian shrub habitat component displays a very gradual cross sectional moisture gradient. The associated riparian shrub species form extens i ve stands which integrate from the moderately v/et perimeters to the very wet centers vyhere the shrub overstory lessens and standing water often occurs. 16 RIPARIAN COMPLEX: - timbered, open- t i mbe red , or open sites which are hydrologi cal ly active and which occur along permanent rivers and streams, or anywhere distinct channels carry free- flowing water, even if at times the flow is ephemeral. The riparian habitat component is narrow and linear in shape exhibiting a very abrupt cross sectional moisture gradient. The resultant transition from adjacent habitat components through the possible deciduous tree species and riparian shrubs to the associated riparian forbs and gramlnolds, occurs in a short distance. Consequently, this component generally displays an acute "V" shape In cross section. OTHER t t Appendix C. I38I grizzly bear observations, Date Observer's Nanie Occupat i on Location MARIAS RIVER 5/1 Greg Kushnak Agronomist Scoffin Cr NE^ SI 5 T27, R9 10 in ^Ih Tom Selanski Rancher Dupuyer Cr NWi SI9 T27 R 8 5/ly Mike Durrel 1 Rancher B i rch C r NEi S 1^4 T28 R 8 5/21 Mike Durrel 1 Rancher Sheep Cr NWi S 17 T28, R7 5/29 Lewis Young USPS Red Poacher Cr , NESE S23,T29,R12 Observat i on Sight- Age of i ng Track 0 ther Sign Remarks X <1 wk Track on k-^k road, POTR/Salix type, 5120' eleva, 45 aspect, 15^ slope, <100 m to cover 1 subadult Obs Observed 1 yrling near house, Salix/Sedge type, ^770 eleva. 'iS aspect , 1% slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad 1 day Tracks in ditch adjacent to county road; ^380' eleva., 70° aspect, \% slope, < 500m to cover 1 subadult Obs Late evening, subadult observed on bone pile. Willow shrub type, ii200' eleva., 60° aspect, \X slope, <100 m to cover <5 days 1 subadult Tracks on trail; P I CO/POT^/Sa 1 ix type, 52-'iO' eleva., iBo'^aspect, 5% slope, <100 m to cover t Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. (continued) Observat i on 5/20 Del Breeding Rancher 6/1 George Denboer Rancher Date Observer's Name Occupat i on Location MARIAS RIVER 5/29 Lewis Young USPS Badger Cr H i gh tower R i dge Dupuyer Cr SWi S33 T28, R8 Sight- Age of I ng Track Other S i gn Remarks 1 wk 1 Ad Obs Sheep Depre- dat i on 2 bears tried to cabin, bunkhouse but fai led. Left on doors , get in USPS S tack shed muddy foot- 5500' eleva. prints 90 aspect, 5% slope Observed large grizzly travel! west across prairie grassland, AGSP/FEID/PESC type, 500' eleva, 110°aspect, 10% slope, <100 m to cover Bear fed on dead sheep & next night killed a ewe in pasture next to house; AGSP/PEID, ^(510 eleva., S'tO^aspect, 1% slope, <100 m to cover 6/2 Ken Wheeler USFWS 6/5 Ken Wheeler USFWS Dupuyer Cr SENW S5 T27 R8 Dupuyer Cr SESW S5 T27 R8 1 Ad 1 Ad Obs Observed adult dark brown grizzly moving up coulee av;ay from Dupuyer Cr bottom; POTR/ FESC type, ^4560' eleva., 80° aspect, 10% slope, <100 m to cover Obs Large grizzly came out of Dupuyer Cr bottom & travels:' up grass hi llside POT^^/^EID, i»600' eleva., 320 aspect, 15-^ slope, <100 m to cover t • Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations MARIAS RIVER 6/5 McKracken Ra^ci^e^ 6/6 Tom Selanski Ranche r «3 6/13 Keith Aune MDFWP 6/18 Tom Stivers MDFWP 6/18 Keith Aune Paul Suek MDFWP Observat i on Date Observer's Name Occupat ion Locat i on H i gh tower Ridge SWNE S2'4T27R8 Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks S Fk Dupuyer Cr mi S19 T27 R8 Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr SESE S26 T27R9 Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr NEiS34, T27R9 Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr SWNE S26 T27R9 2 Ad Scats 1-2 wks 2 subadults Obs 2 yrigs Scats 3-5 Days Obs 1 ad 1-5 wks Bears have been feeding in dump on dead cows & sheep. Found scats, tracks & hair on fence. FESC/FEID type, i»700'e1eva, 90*^aspect, 2% slope, >500 m to cover 2 yearlings, one light colored, seen in corrals at night beneath yard light. <100 m to v/illow creek bottom, 4820' o eleva., 90 aspect, ]% slope 2 large scats on kxk PSME/ARCO type, 5350' h5 aspect, to cover road , e 1 eva . , ]0% slope, <100 m 2 yearlings of female //220 were spooked from timbered drav/, fleeing up POFR/FESC slope, 57C0' eleva., I60 aspect, 20% slope, <100 m to cover. One bear bl?ck colored, the other dark silvertip Tracks on AxA road at creek crossing, POTR/Sa 1 i x type , 5100' eleva. , slope, <100 m to cover aspect, 5'' t % Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations P^^^s Observer's Name Occupation Location MARIAS RIVER 6/22 Paul Suek MOFWP Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr S26T27R9 6/22 Paul Suek 00 6/22 Keith Aune 6/22 Paul Suek MDFWP MDFWP MDFWP 6/27 Kalispell Search USFS & Rescue, reptd by Frank Horak Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr SV/SW S26 T27R9 Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr SESE 327 T27, R9 Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr SENW 325 T27, R9 Muskrat Cr SEi S25 T28, R12 6/28 Frank Horak USFS Lee C r NEi S27, T29, R12 Observat i on ght- Age of S Track Other Sign Remarks Scats Last 3 pine nut scats in sidehill yr park, PSME/ARCO type, 5500' eleva., 1 aspect, 30^ slope, <100 m to cover Dig/ -9 Last year's scat S dig found Scat mos in timber, PSME/ARCO, 58OO' eleva., 35 aspect, slope, < 1 00 m to cover Scat 1-2 Scat found in aspen stand, mos POTR/PSME/Ribes type, 5350' eleva, 65 aspect, 5% slope, <]00 m to cover Scat ] wk Scat found in PSME timber 5160' eleva., 45°aspect, 10% slope, <100 m to cover Obs Observed one grizzly in vie. of Blue Lake; apprcx. 53-0' eleva., ABLA timber, <]00 m to cover & Obs Sow & cub (both silver-tipped) grazing in small meadow in PICO timber, 5360' eleva. , 7 aspect, 5% slope, <100 m to cover f • 4 Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. Date Observer's Name Occupat i on Location MARIAS RIVER 6/29 Paul Suek 7/6 Tom Selanski MDFWP Ranche r Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr S26T27R9 Middle Fk Dupuyer Cr 7/19 Lewis Young USFS White Rock Cr SEi S9 T29, R12 7/21 Lewis Young 7/26 Karen Horak USFS Teac'ner Mowi tch Bas i n NESW 529 T2itR10 Box Cr NEi S36 T3ORI3 7/28 Lewis Young USFS Red Poacher Cr HEi S23T29R1 2 7/29 Lewis Young USFS N Fk Badger Cr NWirSS T28R12 Observat i on Sight- Age of I ng Track Other S i gn Remarks Scat 7 mos Scat found in PSME timber, 56^10' o eleva., hS aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad Obs Dark adult came out of creek bottom 6 up grass sidehill, 56OO' eleva., 30°aspect, 35% slope, <100 m to cover Scat 1 wk Scat on trail in ABLA/XETE timber, 587O' eleva. , 225° aspect, 10^ slope, <100 m to cover Scat 2-3 Scat found on trail in PiCEA o wks type, 56OO' eleva., 90 aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad Obs Observed large grizzly at 68OO' elev, in PICO timber, 350°a5pect, ^0^ slope, <100 m to cover Scat 2 wks Scat found in P I CO/ABLA/XETE timber 20 yds from creek, 532O' eleva. , 150 aspect, SZ slope, <100 m to cover Ad 1 wk Track in mud on trail, PICO/ XETE/y.A'^C 5790' eleva., HC'' aspect, 5% slope, 1 mo Scat in old burn-shrubf iel d , PIFL/POTR type, 130°aspect, 35% slope, <100 m to cover Obs Sow (black silvertip) & 1 cub (brown) feeding on sidehill grass- land, 562O' eleva, 10^ slope, <500 , 90 aspect, to cover t % # % * Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. Date Observer's Name Qccupat ion Locat ion SUN RIVER 4/18 Lewis Young USPS S Fk Sun NESW 59 T20R10 4/23 George Poorman Retired N Fl< Sun NESW S31 T24R10 o • 5/8 Bert Goodman MDFWP Rose Cr SWNE S27 T21R8 5/15 Gene S Bud Swanson Ranchers Ell< Cr NEi 328 T19R7 5/31 Harvey Nyberg MDFWP Fa i rv i ew C r SWSW S U T20R10 Observat i on Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks 1 subadult <1 day Tracks in snow & mud on road in campground; PICO/POTR type, 528O' eleva., 320°aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover Sow & yrlng 1-2 Sow with cub knocked hole in days door of USES Gates cabin & ate canned fruit, 5330' eleva., 45 aspect, \% slope, <10Q m to cover 2 Ad Obs From house, observed a courting pair wandering up creek. Both silvertipped w. one slightly darker; 4:00 p.m. 4840' eleva. , POTR/FEID type, 180 aspect, 5% slope, <100 m to cover 3 subadults, Obs Three, same-sized dark silver- tipped subadults v;alked across pasture by house, 7:00 p.m. 4500" eleva. , 45 aspect, \% slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad <1 wk Large tracks on trail through • PSME/PIC.0 timber, 5760' eleva., I45°aspect, slope, --JOO to cover t Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. Observat i on Date Observer's Name Occupat i on SUN RIVER 6/2 Cec i 1 Goodman 7/3 Tom Simpson USPS Locat i on Shed Cr SWSW S3^ T21R8 Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Rema rks 2 subadults Obs W Fk South Fk Sun R SENW S17T21R1 1 Two light colored sllvertips in grassy creek bottom, Poa/ Sedge type, aspect, 20* cover 505O' eleva., 105 slope, <100 m to <1 wk A grizzly tore roof off shed at Indian Point Cabin, 5440' eleva., ABLA type, 235^ aspect, }(>% slope, <100 m to cover 7/7 Craig Jourdennai MDFWP Cec i 1 Goodman Eddie Cr SWNW Sk T20R8 Sow & yrlng Obs Sow 6 yearling s i 1 vert i pped , on edge of Aspen/POTR. Fled into conifers 5200' eleva., 50°aspect, 20^ slope, <100 m to cover 7/7 Lyle Arps USES 7/13" Cecil Goodman 17 Bob Wi 1 1 iams 8/9 Keith Aune MDFWP Tra i 1 .bet . Lick Cr S Red Shale Cr SENE SI9 J2kR\ 1 N Fk Wi 1 low Cr NWNW S7T20R8 Moose Cr SWSW S25 T23R1 1 Sow £ 2 yrlngs Obs Sow & cub Obs 2-k viks Sow £ 2 yearlings (silver- tipped observed on edge of e 1 eva . , <100 m PlCO/Picea type, 68OO ' 100 aspect, 50Z slop to cover Sow £ cub i n 6360 ' el eva . , slope, <500 m Poa/Sedge bottom 130 aspect, ]2% to cover Rubbed £ clawed grizzly .^r^arkin tree in ABLA/XETE type, 5200' eleva., 140 aspect, 10% slope, <100 m to cover f Appendix C. 1981 grizzly bear observations. Date Observer's Name Occupat i on Location SUN RIVER 9/28 Bert Goodman MDFWP S Fk Sun SWi S3h T21R10 10/3 Bert Goodman MDFWP Ahorn Cr S31T21R1 1 10/3 Bert Goodman MDFWP Camp Cr Pass S1'4T20R12 10/9 Lewis Young USFS Bailey Cr S22TI8R8 10/28 Wi 1 1 iam Huntley Unkn. C i rcl e Cr NWNW T22R10 Observat i on Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks Subadult? 2 days Medium sized track in mud heading down through PSME/ VASC timber toward river, 652O' eleva., I80°aspect, 30"^ slope, <100 m to cover Subadult? Medium sized track heading north on trail in spruce timbered bog, 5600' eleva., 270°aspect, ]0Z slope, <100 m to cover Ad 1 day Large grizzly tracks heading down trail to north, PIAL type, 7000' eleva., 100 aspect, \5% slope, <100 m to cover Tracks going from creek bottom up to ridge through PlCO/ABLA/Picea, 6^400' eleva., 110 aspect, 30% slope, <100 m to cover Adul t grizzly #510 ki lied by hunter on edge of PSME/ Carex timber while feeding on gut pile, 5010' eleva., 260 aspect, ]0Z slope, <100 m to cover Ad 1-2 hrs 1 Ad Obs t • Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations Date Observer ' s Name Occupa t i on Locat i on SUN RIVER . Jeff Hirsh Beaver Gates Cr /. ~ trapper NWNW S31 11/16- Jeff Hirsh Beaver Gates Cr 30 trapper NE^ S 6 T23R10 Observa t i on Sigfit- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Rema rks 1 Ad Obs Large silvertip grizzly going from POTR/FESC meadov/ into PSME/ABLA timber, 5360' eleva., 110 aspect, 5t slope <100 m to cover 1 subadult Obs Subadult grizzly in POTR/FESC meadcv-; adjacent to trail, 529O' eleva., I40°aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover t # Appendix C. 1981 grizzly bear observations. P^te Observer's Name Occupation Location MIDDLE FORK FLATHEAD RIVER 5/19 Gary Olson MDFWP Cox Cr HEi S26 T27R12 9/15 Jack Salniond Rancher Basin Cr 10/11 Jeff Schlamaus JJJ Dude Pale Cr SWSW SIO T26R12 Observat i on Sight- Age of ' ng Track Other S ign Remarks Sow & 1 cub Obs Observed dark sow with 1 light cub in opening on top of west facing ridge, PICO type, <100 m to cover Sow & 1 cub Obs Grizzly sow 6 1 cub on Basin Cr Adult Male Hunter kill Adult male grizzly killed by hunter about 6OOO ' eleva subalpine scree, 70 aspect, S0% slope, <500 m to cover f Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. Date Observer's Name Occupation Location Observat i on Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks SOUTH FORK FLATHEAD RIVER 9/30 Bert Goodman MDFWP 9/30 Bert Goodman MDFWP F i ct i on Cr SWi SI 6 T19R1 1 Bas i n Cr NWNW SI 4 T19R1 1 SubAd Subadult grizzly track t imbered PICO type, slope, <100 on ridge, 6^00' eleva. 200 aspect, 50% to cover m Found vihere a grizzly had torn open a USES shed, 4960' eleva., 270 aspect, 1% slope, <100 m to cover 10/2 Bert Goodman MDFWP o 10/3 Bert Goodman MDFWP Woodtick Mtn S15T19R12 Camp Cr NESW S27 T20R12 Grizzly track on game trail in PSME timber, 5l60' eleva. 90°aspect, 50^ slope, <100 m to cover Grizzly track crossed trail heading south in PtCO/VASC timber, 5600' eleva. , 180° aspect, 5% slope, <100 m to cove r Appendix C. 198! grizzly bear observations. P^te Observer's Name Occupat ion Location TETON RIVER ^/!7 Keith Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP Antelope Bt SENE S29 T26R8 ^/i6 Tom Stivers Ke i th Aune MDFWP Muddy Cr SESE S24 T26R8 kn-h Tom St I vers Kei th Aune MDFWP Pine Butte NEi S7 T2iiR7 A/25 Bud Olson Ranche r Teton R NEi S 32 T25R8 Tom Stivers Mark Priewert MDFWP Rinkers Cr SWNW S 33 T26R8 5/^-5 Keith Aune Tom St i vers Gary Olson MDFWP N Fk Muddy Cr NESE S18 T26R8 Observa t i on ght- Age of i! Track Other S i gn Remarks 1 Ad ] day Track in mud adjacent to cubb POTR/Sal Ix type, AS'iO' elsva. 90°aspect,2? slope, <100 m to cover Scat <1 wk Scat at cow dump, POTR/FESC prairie grassland, 90°aspect, \% slope, <500- m to cover, A53O' eleva. 6 days Tracks of ,r257 5 young at creek crossing^ ^560' eleva. open site, 150 aspect, IX slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad 1-2 days Tracks on road near corral, Aspen type, ^4580' eleva., 90 aspect, \% slope, <100 m to cover Scat & hair on sprung cubby POTR/Sal ix, A96O' eleva., 90° aspect, 7X slope, <100 m to cover Track crossing creek, & scat in POTR/FESC meadow, 51^0' eleva., 25°aspect, 10?; slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad 2 y r 1 n g Scat 1 day 1 Ad Scat 1 day t Appendix C. I98] grizzly bear observations Date Observer's Name Occupat i on Locat i on TETON RIVER 5/4 Marion & Jim Peeb 1 es Rancher Teton R mUE S35 T25R7 5/2 Ke i th Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP An te 1 ope NEi S 28 T26R8 5/8 ■ Kei th Aune Tom Stivers iiDFWP R i n ke r s C SWNW S33 T26R8 5/1 Keith Aune MDFWP Muddy Cr SESE SIB T26R8 5/5 Seismographers reported to Leo Klotz MDFWP Bl ackTeaf SWNE 310 T26R8 5/6 Keith Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP Muddy Cr NWSE S16 T26R8 5/7 Keith Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP Muddy Cr NWSE S 16 T26 R8 % Observat ion Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks 3 Ad 3 silvertips passed through yard, kkZO' eleva. , 90° aspect, ]% slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad 6 Scats 1 day 220 S y rings broke barrel set y rings at sv^amp, kSkO' eleva., Sa 1 i x , 90°aspect, ]% slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad ] day Bear sprung cubby and left track in mud, '-19OO' eleva., 90°aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover 2 yrlngs Tracks in mud, Sal i x type, 5110 eleva., 90 aspect , 5"^ slope, <100 m to cover 1 Ad Large grizzly walking through aspen/willow, ^47^0' eleva., 90 aspect, ]% slope, <100 m to cover Scat 1 day Scat found at cubby, PIFL/FEID type, 4910' eleva., 90 aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover Scat 1 day Bear sprung snare & lefl: one scat, PIFL/FEID type, 4? 1 0 ' eleva., 90 aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover 9 % # % Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations, 5/10 Kei th Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP Da_te_ Observer's Name Occupat ion Locat ion TETON RIVER Bundhorse Cr SWSW S33 T26R8 5/1 1 Torn B i vens Jacl< Lava 1 i e MDFWP Deep Cr SEi S26 T23R8 5/12. Salmond reptd to B I vens 5/13 Keith Aune Tom Stivers Tom Bivens Jack Lava 1 i e Wayne Gol 1 ehon 5/13 Mark & Kay Pr i ewert Rancher MDFWP MDFWP Rancher Ranchers Deep Cr NENE S2 T23R8 W i 1 1 ov/ C r SWi SIC Muddy Cr NENW S23 T26R8 5/16 Tom Stivers Keith Aune 5/22 Roy Aggee MDFWP Rancher Ear Mtn NENW SI7 T24R8 Dupuyer Cr NEi S33 T28R8 Observat i on Sight- Age of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks 1 Ad Scat 1 day Sprung snare, scats & track 2 yrlngs nearby, POTR/Sal ix type, 5020 eleva. , 90 aspect, 5% slope, <100 m to cover Cal f depredat ion Calf killed in creek bottom adjacent to road, ^t605' eleva. 120 aspect, 2Z slope, <100 m to cover 1 sow & 2 yearlings or 3 s ubadu 1 ts Bears cornered & mauled 2-yr old heifer in corner of pastur- '1820' eleva., <100 m to cover 1 day Bear killed calf & ate entrails in Wi 1 low Cr bottom, 4910' eleva., I80°aspect, 2% slope, <100 m to cover 2 yrlngs Obs 2 yearlings (1 light, 1 chocoi traveled through back yard POTR/Poa type, ^4670' eleva., <100 m to cover 1 subadult 2 days Tracks on hy500 m to cover. 8/16 Frank Plachetka Fire Chief S Fk Teton R SESW S 32 T25R8 2 cubs Obs 2 lone grizzly cubs playing on S Fk Teton R bottom, p.m., v/illov^ type, 5020 1 10'=' aspect, r<; 2 : 30 el . , s lope , < 1 OOm/covt 8/17 Kei th Aune MDFV/P Gene Sherman Pilot Rocky Mt SESW S20 T2/^R9 1 s ubadu 1 t Obs 1 dark silvertip, digging in alpine talus, 86'iO' el . , 320° aspect, 35Z slope, >500 m/cover, 7:00 a.m. 3/17 Lyle C. Arps USES Rierdon Glch SEi- S 3 T2'^R9 1 Ad Obs Light tan grizzly grubbing on open ridge adia; timber, 6200' e t to F 1 FL 295° aspect, 50°:; slope, ''100 m/cove: t Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. TETON RIVER P^te Observer's Name Occupation Location 8/18 Kei th Aune MDFWP McDonald Cr NE^ S 9 T24R7 8/19 Kei th Aune MDFWP Ear Mtn SWSW S 9 T 2kR8 8/21 Greg Smith BLM Chicken Coulee NE i S 7 T25R8 8/24 Keith Aune MDFWP Gene Sherman Pilot Rocky Mtn SWNE S 29 T2AR9 8/26 Keith Aune Gary Olson Gary Hammond 8/26 Tom Stivers Gene Sherman MDFWP Teton R MDFWP SENW S 31 Nature T25R6 Conse rvancy MDFWP Pi lot Rocky Mtn NWNE S 29 T2itR9 Observat i on Sight- Age of ' ng Track Other S i gn Remarks 2 dark (l lighter), came out of willows & traveled across PC-R/ FEID grassland, 7:00 p.m., 'i52C el . , 80° aspect, M slope, . <100 m /cover Track on road at creek cross'n'^ POFR/ FEID type, 5210' el . , 80° aspect, 5Z slope, <100 n-J cove r 2 subadults Obs 1 ad 1 day Obs Golden colored grizzly in POFR/FESC type, 6200' el., 90° aspect, 10^ slope, <500 m/cover 1 1 : 00 a.m. 1 3 yrlngs Obs 3 yearlings, possibly 220's, digging in alpine scree, 6:30 a.m., 8600' el., 100° aspect, 35% slope, >500 m/cover 1 sub- Scat 1-2 days Tracks across freshly plowed adult field, berry scat nearby, POFR/ FEID type, ^^4320' el., 90° aspec slope, <100 m/cover 3 sub- Dig Obs 3 subadults (yearlings), 1 lar- adults er, digging in alpine scree, 878O' el . , 110° aspect, 50% slope, >500 m/cover, 7:00 a.n. t Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations. TETOM RIVER Date Observer's Name Occupat i on 8/26 Tom Stivers Paul Suek MDFWP MDI^P Loca t i on S Fk Teton s 29 8/27 Tom Stivers Paul Suek MDFWP MDRVP Rocky Mtn NWNE S 29 T2^R9 8/28 Tom Stivers Paul Suek MDFWP MDFWP Rocky Mtn NWNE S 29 T2/4R9 9/1 Kei th Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP MDFWP Teton R S36T25R7 9/1 Tom Stivers Keith Aune MDFWP MDFWP Teton R S36T25R7 9/1 Keith Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP MDFWP Teton R S31T25R6 9/1 Keith Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP MDP/v'P Teton R S36T25R7 Observat i on ~ Sight- Age 'of i ng Track Other S i gn Remarks 1 subadult Obs 3 subadul ts Dig Obs 3 subadu 1 ts Dig Obs Scat 1-2 wks Scat < 1 wk Scat < 1 v;k 1 subadult feeding on SHCA berries, Mtn grassland, 6:30 p.m. , eSkO' el . , 110° aspect, 20^ slope, <]00 m/cover 3 subadul ts (yearlings), 1 larger, digging on alpine scree, 6:30-11:00 a.m., 8780^ el . , 110° aspect, 50% s lope, >500 m/cover 3 subadul ts (yearlings), 1 larger, digging on alpine scree, 8:00 a.m., 878O' el., 110° aspect, 50% slope, > 500 m/cover Scat found In willow shrub, A365' el . , 90° aspect, U slope, <100 m/cover Scat found in POTR/Sal ix, 4360 ' el . , 90° aspect, IZ slope, <100 m/cover Scat found in willov/ shrub type, ^320' el., 90° aspect IZ slope, <100 m/cover Scat found in willow shrub type. 4360' el., 30° aspect ]% slope, <100 m/cover t Appendix C. ig8l grizzly bear observations. TETON RIVER Date Observer's Name 9/1 Ke i th Aune Gene Sherman Occupat i on Locat i on MDFWP Pilot N Fk Wi 1 low NWNE S 17 T24R7 9/2 Keith Aune Tom St i vers MDFWP MDFWP W i 1 1 ow C r S17T24R7 9/8 Keith Aune MDFWP Rocky Mtn Gene Sherman Pilot NWNW S 29 9/12 Barry Austin Ca rpen ter Deep Cr NWSW S 28 T23R6 9/28 Tom Stivers Ke i th Aune MDFWP MDFWP Teton R NWSE S23 T25R9 9/29 Keith Aune Tom Stivers MDFWP MDFWP Bruce Cr NWNW S 15 T26R10 Observat ion Sight- Age of i nq Track Other Sign Remarks 2 ad Obs Brownish, s I 1 ve r t i pped , observed in Sal ix/Carex type, 7:00 a.m. , ^4^195' el . , 90" aspect, n slope, <100 m/covsr 3 yrlngs Scat < 1 v;k Obs Scat found in willow shrub type, 4^*95' el., 90° aspect, ^Z slope, <100 m/cover 3 subadults, yearlings, digg! in alpine scree, 7880 ' el., 7 a.m., 100° aspect, 38?; slope, <500 m/cover 1 sow 1 yrlng Obs Scat 1 day Bow hunting & observed sow S yearling in Sal ix/Carex type, 8:00 p.m. , knO' el . , 90° asp ^% slope, <100 m/cover Rose hip scat found on Teton road, POTR type nearby, 5190' el . , 180° aspect, M slope, <100 m/cover Scat 2-'f days Pine nut dig S scats adjacent Dig to trail, ABLA/P 1 AL/VASC typa 7600' el . , 2A0° aspect, 30t slope, < 100 m/cover t Appendix C. I98I grizzly bear observations TETON RIVER I3ate Observer's Name Occupat ion 10/19 Tom Stivers 10/20 Bud Jackson 10/30 Keith Aune 11/1 Lewis Young 11/1 Lewis Young 11/15 Bill Hill MDFV/P Hunt i ng gu i de MDFWP USPS USF; MDFWP Observat i on Locat i on Blackleaf Cr NWi S 10 T26R8 V/ right Cr SEi S 27 T26R10 Blackleaf Cr HWM S 15 T26R9 V/aldron Cr swi s 13 T25R10 V/aldron Cr SEi S 13 T25R10 Teton R NENE S 29 T25R8 Sight- Age of i ng Track Other Sign Remarks 1 ad Day ? 2 grizzly beds in Salix/Betule beds type, present year's beds, specific age not known, 57^5' el . , 90 aspect, U slope, <100 m/cover Obs Blondish, dark legged grizzly, feeding in grassy snowchute, 8000' el . , 80° aspect, 50% slope, <100 m/cover Old spring scat found in ^r<]vs/ scree type, 7200' el., 120° aspect, 70% slope, <500 rr./cover 1 mo Pine nut dig in ABLA/P I AL/VAS C type, 6100' el., 135° aspect, 30% slope, <100 m/cover 1 mo Pine nut dig in ABLA/P 1 AL/VASC type, 7600' el., 135° aspect, hO°^ slope, <]00 m/cover < 1 mo Scat found on sidehill In ABLA timber, 5A0O' el., 135° aspect, 20?^ slope, <100 m/cover Scat ^-5 mos Dig Dig Scat ad t t Appendix D. Bear No. 273 6/16-6/17 Bear No. 333 6/18-6/19 3ear No. 273 6/22-5/23 iear No. 273, 6/30-7/1 A\\V- 1 Bear No. 273, 7/1-7/2 \\\ ^"1 3ear No. 220, 7/8-7/9 (Hours) 0600 0800 1000 1200 1 400 1600 IBOO 2000 2200 2k 0200 0^(00 0600 0 800 '700^720 « 1 — & ' S 8 S S „!_ — — .. 1 g * ^ , « ■ l1 nact i ve Stat i ona ry Stat ID VVW Active Fully Ac t i ve Grizzly bear activity patterns, Rocky Mountain East Front, igSl. I ! t Bear No. 220, 7/9-7/10 Bear No. 257, 7/8-7/9 Bear No. 257, 7/5-7/10 Bear No. 257, 7/21-7/22 Bear No. 257, 8/3-8/^4 ?ear No. 257, 8/!4-8/5 (Hours) t > ! «- . I— JL i— JL. « - > « >„ I nact i ve 0800 1000 1200 1^00 1600 1800 2000 2200 2ii 0200 OAOO 0600 OSOO 1000 12 'J Stationary act i veS^^"'^ Fully active Grizzly bear activity patterns, Rocky Mountain East Front, I98I. t i Bear No. 257, 8/5-8/6 Bear No. 257, 8/6-8/7 Bear No. 273, 8/^-8/5 \ \ \ w .. . '4 ;ar No. 273, 8/5-8/6 Bear No. 273, 8/6-8/7 iear No. 257, 8/1 1-8/12 'Hours ) Inactive 1200 HOG 1600 1800 2000 22O0"^2?0F'620^'oT6tr~^ Sta t i ona ry Act i ve Fully Act i ve Grizzly bear activity patterns, Rocky Mountain East Front, 1981 t Bear No. 257, 8/12-8/13 Bear No. 273, 8/i7-B/]8 Bear No. 273, 8/18-8/19 -- [ — 3ear No. 273, 8/2ii-8/25 WW. Bear No. 257, 8/31-5/1 Bear No. 257, 9/9-9/10 (Hours) 1200 1^00 1600 1800 2000 2200 2ij00 0200 QiiOO OSOO 0800 1000 1200 y| Stationary Act i ve Ful ly Act i ve Grizzly bear activity patterns, Rocky Mountain East Front, 1981 t Appendix E. Seismic cxtivity records (USrS) 19B1 Line No. Descr i pt i on 1 tn Sei scorn Delta - dates unknown 2 #6 Sefel for Geodata - dates unknown 3 #6 Seisconi Delta - dates unknown k itS Safe] for Geodata - dates unknown 5 #3 Mountain Geophysical - not completed 6 §k Sei scorn Delta - dates unknown 7 #k Sefel for Geodata - dates unknown 8 102 Consolidated Georex Geophysical - began approximately 8/5/81 - completion date unknown 9 §h Mountain Geophysical - not completed 10 #12 Seisdata Services inc. Portadrill began 9/12/81, finished 1 ine 9/25/81 . 11 #3 Sefel for Geodata - error in placement on map - began 9/8/81 - finished approximately 10/7/81. 12 #3 Seiscom Delta. Shot line on 8/22 and 8/23/81, 13 #11 Seisdata Services inc. Beginning date unknown. Finished 1 ine 9/17/81 . \k 101 Consolidated Georex Geophysical. Began approximately 7/13/81 - finish dates unknown 15 #10 Seisdata Services inc. On line approximately 9/5-9/25/81. 16 #9 Seisdata Services Inc. On line approximately 8/12-8/26/81. 17 #5 Sefel for V/illians. Dates unknown 18 #8 Seisdata Services Inc. On line approximately 9/5-9/12/81. 19 #2 Seiscom Delta - dates unknown 20 §k Sefel for Williams - dates unknown 21 #3 Sefel for Williams - dates unknown 22 #2 Sefel for Williams - dates unknown 23 #1 Sefel for Williams - began in August. Finish dates unknown 2k ttl Sefel for Geodata - on line 10/21 until approximately 10/31/81. 25 #7 Seisdata Services Inc. On line in June 26 #6 Seisdata Services inc. On line approximately 7/15 & 7/25/81. 27 #5 Seisdata Services Inc. - V/orked on line during August 28 #5 Mountain Geophysical - not completed 29 ' #1 Sefel for Geodata - On line 8/2^1-9/16/81. 30 #4 Seisdata Services Inc. On line 8/1 2-9/'i/8l . 31 #6 Mountain Geophysical - not completed. 32 #3 Seisdata Services Inc. On line 8/17-8/19/81. 33 #7 Mountain Geophysical - not completed 34 #2 Seisdata Services Inc. - on line 8/8-8/15/81. 35 #12 Sefel for Geodata - on line 8/19-9/15/81. 36 #8 Mountain Geophysical - on line 10/8-11/1/81. 37 #1 Seisdata Services Inc. - on line 8/I-8/IO/8I. 126 Appendix F. Species and common names of East Front Rocky Mountain plants. Arranged a 1 piiabe : i ca ! 1 y by life form. Noniencl a ture follows Hitchcock and Cronquist (197'^)- (Carex follov;s Hermann 1970.) Sources v-vliere species were reported in literature include: Harvey (I980), Scha 1 1 enberger and Jonkel (1978, 1979, 1980), Kasworni (1930, Thompson (I98O) and ihsle (I9B1). Plant Mo. Scientific binomial Common name TREES 0010 Abies lasiooarpa Subalpine fir 0020 Jirniperi-ts saoipulorim Rocky Mountain juniper 0030 Picea engehnanii Engelmann spruce OO^tO Pinus alhiaaulis Whitebark pine 0050 Pinus contorta var. lati folia Lodgepole pine 0060 Pinus flexilis Limber pine 0070 Populus tremuloides Quaking aspen 0080 Populus trickoaarpa Black cottonwood 0090 Pseudotsuga manziesii Rocky Mtn. douglas fir 0100 Total Trees TALL SHRUBS 0110 Acer glabrim Roclri >. i n jed . Plant No. Sc i ent i f i c binomial Common nsme 2^160 Centaurea maoulosa Spotted knapweed IklO Cerastiwn arvense Field chickweed 2480 Cerastiii'?: her'y'inLj'umivn Alpine chickweed 2490 Chiniapiiiui ivnbellata Common pr i nee ' s-p i ne 2500 ChenopodruLTi albur. Lambsquarter 2510 Chencpcdiwn ahencpoides Red goosefcot 2520 Chsnopodimi/fremontii/atrovirens Fremont's goosefcot 2530 Chenopodiiim ruhviim Red goosefcot 2li40 Ckvysopsos I'illosa/ folio sa Hairy golden-aster 2550 Ciauta douglasii Douglas' water-hemlock 2 5 ':>0 Cirsiian arvense /hovridum Canadian thistle 2 5 / 0 Cirsiim ccariosum Elk thistle 2'-jb0 Cirsiim urudailatwn Wavy- leaved thistle 2590 Cir-siicn vulgave Bull thistle 2600 Cirsiwn spp 2610 Clematis hirsutissima Douglas' clematis 2620 Claytonia lanaeolata Springbeauty 2630 Claytonia megarhiza Alpine claytonia 2640 Collomia linearis Narrow-leaf collomia 2650 Collinsia parvi flora Small flowered blue-eyed Mary 2660 Comandra njnbellata Bastard toad-flax 2670 Conimitella williantsii William's conimitella 2680 Conringia orientalis Ha re's -ear mustard 2690 Co?ivoIv7aIus ai'-'oensis ■ Small bindweed 27OG Corydalis aursa Golden corydal is 2710 Corypliantha vi.vipara Cushion cactus 2720 Crepis acuininata/ao-uminata Long- leaved hawksbeard 2725 Crepis accidentalis Western hawksbeard 2730 Cruci ferae spp 2740 Cryptantha Bristly cryptantha 2/50 Cryptantha niibigena Sierra cryptantha 2760 Cynoglosszon officinale Common hound ' s- tongue 27/0 Cypriped.iii'v caloeolus Yellow lady's slipper 2780 Deseuriania pinnava Western tansymustard 2790 Deseuriania sophia Fl ixweed 2800 Delphinium hiaolcr Little larkspur 2810 Diplotaxis rrturalis Wall rocket 2820 Disporwn traohijcavpim Rough- fru i ted fairybell 2830 Dodecat dneon con;jugans Slimpod shooting star 2840 Dodeaatheon pulohellwn Few-flowered shooting star 2850 Douglasia montarui Rocky Mountain douglasia 2860 Draba oligosparma/oligosperma Few-seeded draba 2870 Draba reptans Carolina whitlow grass 2875 Epilobiim angustifolium Fireweed 2880 Eplibiwn glanduloswn Common willow-weed 2a90 Splibiwi watsonii/watsonii Watson's willow-weed 2900 Erigeron caespitosus Tufted fleabane 133 Appenciix E continued. Plant No. Sc i en L i f i c b i noni i a 1 Common name 2910 Evigevon compo situs /glabvatus Cut- leaved daisy 2920 Eriaeron ccIvl'o I eucus/ocin'o leujus Buff fleabane 2930 Evigevon speaiosus?/ speciosus Showy fleabane 29^0 Evigei-on spp 2950 Eriogcnwn f lavivn/ flaovrn Ye I 1 ow buckwheat 2960 EviogoniMii n:ancim Imperfect buckwheat 2970 Eriogonwn ovalifo liwi/maaropodimn Cushion buckwheat 2980 Eriogonim umbe I la bum/ stiba Ipinim Sulphur buckwheat 2990 Eriogonvjn spp 3000 Evitvichiwn hoioarclii Howards alpine forget-me-not 3010 Eriti'tehiiim nayiwn Pale alpine forget-me-not 3020 Evodium aiautariwi Stork' s-bl ] 1 3030 Erysitnim aspevum Prairie rocket 30^40 Evythronium grandiflorum Glacier lily 3050 Euphorbia esula Spu rge 3060 Fraqavia vivqiniayia/qlaiica blue leaf strawberry 3070 ■ Frasera speciosa Giant frasera 3080 Fvitillavia pudica Yel iowbel 1 3090 Gait lardia or ista ta Blanket flower gaii lardia 3100 GalliwTi boTeate. Northern bedstraw 3110 Galliim tviflovim Fragrant bedstraw 3120 Gaura coccinea Scarlet gaura 3130 Gentiana af finis Pleated gentian 3l'iO Gsntiana calyaosa Mountain bog gentian 3150 Gentiana d.3tonsa Smaller fringed gentian 3I6O Geraniwn. richardsonii White geranium 3170 Gerani wn v is 00 s issirnuni/v isoosiss imwn Sticky geranium 3180 Gewn alep'picwn Ye 1 1 ow avens 3190 Gewn macrop hy I limi/macvop hy 7- Iwn Large-leaved avens 3200 Gewi triflomm/tTiftovi-an Pra i r i e smoke 32 iO Gtycyrrhisa lepidota/lepi-d.ota Amer i can 1 i cor i ce 3220 Goody era oblongi folia Western rattlesnake-plantain 3230 Grinde lia sguarvosu/guasi-peT'ennis Curly-cup gumweed 3235 Gu tiewezia savothva.e Ma tchb rush 3240 Hnhf^y}nvin dilnzn' White bog orchid 3250 'Rnbipyinvi n hu hp '^'^hovp.n Northern green bog orchid 3260 }-lnbpno'"'i (1 un ola FiC p-7isi s Alaska bog orchid 3270 Haokelia flovibiuida Many-flowered stickseed 3280 Hackelia rniarantka Blue stickseed 3290 tiedysarim alpinum Alpine hedysarum 3300 liedy sai'im horeale/ainevascens Northern hedysarum 3310 Eedy savim sulvhuvescens Ye 1 1 ow hedy sa rum 3320 Helianthus ayi'uus Common sunFlov-jer 3330 He lianthus nutta I Hi/ nuttallii Nutal 1 ' s sunflower 33^0 Ha lianthus rigidus/subvhomhiodeus Showy sunflower 3350 Heraoleum lanatum Cow parsnip 13^ r Appendix E conlirUied. Plant No^ Scientific bii-iornial Common narne 3360 Heuohera cylindrica/glahella Roundleaf Alumroot 3370 Heuahera par'vifolia/dissecta Cominon alurr.root 3375 Emahera spp Aluinroot 3380 Hiera^ium gracile Alpine havjkweed 3390 HiaracbMn spp 3^00 Eyevopayllivn capitation Bailhead waterleaf 3^(10 Hymenopappu3 filif alius /poly aephalus Cut-leaved hymenopappus 3A2O Uymeno^ry t; acautis/acaulis Stem! ess hymenoxys 3^30 Hymenoxys richzrdsonii/richardsonii Ricinardsons hymenoxys 3^40 Iliamiui rivularis/rivularis Streambank globemallow 3'»50 Iris iriosoui'iensis Rocky Mountain iris 3460 Ivecia gordonii Gordons Ivesia 3470 Kelseya uniflor-a Kelseya 3480 Laotuaa pulchella Blue lettuce 3450 Lictuca serriola Prickly lettuce 3500 Lappula vadowskii/vedowskii Western scickseed 3510 Lathyrus ochroleucus Cream-flowered peavine 3515 Lathyrus spp Peavine 3520 Lepidiiim campestve Field pepperweed 3530 Lesqusvella alpina Alpine bladderpod 3540 LiatTUB punctata Blazing-star 3550 Liliiav. philadelphicum Wood lily 3560 Linier. perenne/lewisii Wild blue flax 3570 Linu'v rigidii'u Yellow flax 3580 Lithosppr-y.W7i rudsralc Western gromwell 3590 LoiratiuTi aoua Cous biscuit- root 3600 Lomatiwn disseatiiin/midtifiduni Fern-leaved lomatium 3610 Lomatiwn maai'oaarpvm Large-leaved lomatium 3620 Lomatiim triter; Latum spp platycarpum Mine-leaf lomatium 3630 Lupinus seriaeus/ssvicsus Silky lupine 3640 Lychnis apetala Apet campion 3650 Lys-bnaohia ciliata Fringed loosestrife 3660 Madia spp Tarweed 3670 Medicago lupulina. Black medic 3680 Medicago sativa Alfalfa 3690 Melilotus alba White sweetclover 3700 Melilotus officinalis Yellow sweetclover 3710 Mentha arvcnsis/glohrata Field mint 3720 Msntzelia laavioaulis/laeviaaulis Blazing-star mentzelia 3730 Mevtensia ciliata/ciliata Broadieaf bluebells 3740 Micvosavis cuspidata Toothed microseris 3750 Miaroceris spp 3760 Mimulus guttatus/guttatus Yellow monkeyf lower 3770 Mo^iavda fistulosa/menthae folia Horsemint 3780 Monolepsis yiuttalliana Patata 3790 l4usineo}i divaricatum Leafy musineon 3800 Myviophyllwn spioatum/exalbesaens Spiked water-milfoil 3810 Oenothera caespitcsa/caespitosa Desert evening primrose 3820 Oenothera flava Long-tubed evening primrose 3830 Oenothera strigosa Common evening primrose 135 Appendix E continued. Plant ^2:: Scienti f ic. binomial Common name 3840 Onobrychia vieiaefolia Saintfoin 3350 Opunbia polyca?itha , Prickly pear cactus 3860 Orthocarviis Vii tens Ye 1] ow ' ow ! c 1 ove r 3865 Orthoearpus tenuifoLius TInin-leaved owl clover 3870 Osmovhiza chil.msis Mountain sweet-cicely 3880 Osmovhiza ocaidentalis Western sweet -cicely 3890 Osmorhiza spp 3900 Oxytropis campestris/graoilis Field crazyweed 3910 Oxytropis lagopus Rabbit- foot crazyweed 3920 Oxytropis sericea/spiaata Silky crazyweed 3030 Oxytropis splendens Showy crazyweed 39^0 Oxytropis visoida Sticky crazyweed 3950 Farnassia fimbri^ata/ fimbriate. Fringed grass-of -parnass i 5 3960 Parnassia palustvis Nortinern grass-of-parnass i s 3970 Parony ohia sessili flora W l-i i 1 1 o w wo r t 3980 Pedioulaj'is braoteosa Eracted lousewort 3990 Pediaularis contorta/aontorta White coiled-beak lousewort 4000 Pediaularis groerilandica Elephants head 4010 Pediaularis raoamosa Stickletop lousewort 4020 Pediaularis spp 4030 Penstemcn albertinus Alberta penstemon 4040 Penstsmon oonfertus Yellow penstemon 4050 Penstemon elliptiaus El 1 i pt i c- 1 eavec penstemon 40dO Penstemon eriantkerus/eriantherus Fuzzy-tongue penstemon 4070 Penstemon nitidus/nitidus Shining penstemon 4080 Penstemon proaerus /procerus Smal 1 -flowered penstemon 4090 Penstemon spp 4IOO Peridsridia gairdneri ssp borealis Gai rdner's yampah 4110 Petalosternon candidum White prairie clover 4120 Petalostemcn purpureion Purple prairie clover ^'30 Phaaelia sericea Silky phacel ia ^140 Phaaelia hastata/alpina Virgate phacel ia 4150 Phaaelia linearis Thread 1 eaf phacel i a 4l60 Phlox alyssifolia Alyssum-leaved phlox 4170 Phlox he odii Hood's phlox 4 180 Phy salvia didymocarpa Common twinpod 4190 Plantago major /major Common plantain 4200 Polemionium p'.ilcherrimwn Showy polemonium 4210 Polygonvjv. aahoreum ^ Striated kno tweed 4220 Polygonum ainphibiivn Water smartweed 4230 Polygonwn bistortoides American bistort 4240 Potentilla anserina Common silverweed 1*250 Potentilla arguta/aonvallaria . Glandular cinquefoil 4260 Potentilla diversifolia/diversifolia D i verse- 1 eaved cinquefoil 4270 Pote7'itiTla glandulosa Sticky cinquefoil 4280 Potentilla graailis/glabrata Slender cinquefoil <290 Potentilla hippiana Wooly cinquefoil ^300 Potentilla ovina Sheep cinquefoil 136 Apjjend i X E co!i t. i nued . PI ant ' — — — No. S r 1 p r; r i Fir b i n om I p 1 Common n3m6 431 0 Po hp?!'":"/. 7. Zf7 7"}-:^?-? '"^ :y i.vnv'i (^('f J. Ly u t-- i fc- £> L'L/, Ij' .V ' £- 1> '■'! i-' ly I. -U ' L -■ V. c PrAi rip rInni!*-^foi 1 4320 Po t&ni-iUct vivcilis R i ve r c i nq ue f o i 1 Pn f:i^n hi' 1. ! r ^ n 4340 Pyi'oZci ohl-cvdYit-ko, Wi nter green 4350 I J ^ \j PwoLn. fipcii'iiih'i 0ne~sided wintergreen 4360 Pyvo Let vjvifZo jPlI Wax- f 1 o'.ve red vjintergreen 4370 J. M X v_/ c - ■ E r 4380 1 _J y.J W i?(77^W?'!f ^ Z/'.S' ,-"•''>->-;' '"Tf'Jlfir, ATtOffttTtK-'ni^ili Sharp buttercup 4390 RciYiwic'u Vlis ci'Cp,,ici'ti Lis/ occpi t Iclcbus White-water buttercup 4400 ± ' I 1.1./ l.-l—' Ot t, .--L l_' 0 0 I— ' ■ (•'.J ' 1 t t--^ L.* L. i** L." S'lbalnine buttercuD 441 0 Pr^n-li ;'}-?/''■'/ / J* r» ^77; .■■■v,.-v ; . y yi--} .O" 4420 RoiiiiyiQiiLiif^ tTinoniiyvL'i./iTioc'oyYi'h'h Macoun ' s buttercup 4430 EctTiiinau Tub ovblioTh unchus S t ra i gh tbeak buttercup 4440 Celeryleaved buttercup 4450 4460 Prairie coneflov^er 4470 Rudh&oliici Lcioi'/i.icctci/QjTipZci Tall cone flower 4480 J. L iAJ /£(:>«.■',( '_-X 0 f-' t-t-O C u r 1 V dock 4490 'Rvt'i'D'i n iTin'Y^i iz'^in.i Seaside arr ow grass 45OG Rn 7. ^nl.n lyr / I nyif^pn 1 n'tuY^i U t>Li:'yt//i t^Ltf i-O oC/ L'CX. U'L \- 1 1/ t'Lii^iC- C-L/ i-Li ulAJ : I 4540 C-Lt.L'l.J '1 O ly w ; cr- L't^C L' I'M I 1 Wo rmleaf stonecrop 45SO f)p('hi}v 9nn J»> C- Lt £.'W / 1 J [-.' 4'^f>n Won 1\/ nrniinricipl nw;^r*f' mniin1"^!n biiffprwppd 4580 n P'l'^ Pf'^'j n '1 "'^ n p i'^ 'ly'^': J <^ Ravless mountain buttervveed 4590 fyp'ri Pr*''i n 711 P n n Pi yfi n 1 u p Large^headed butte rweed 4600 kj '.U r Lm^-L^ ^{J ;,'Lvi,t.L'l,^X O t-t C-i-X i.-0 Bal'^i^^m nroundsel 46 1 0 .'^i!^ 77 iP)-'^-' Qi^l J-'lr-l'l jy^i^l .' /t'^ I'pn 1 f~fi .yi '^-j J c t-'t.^/ttsO I'L' O c> W.i-.XL'i'l't-i- C'i'l.t.'/ L' iJ i-!.C--LvitX CStiO ^1"rpprnh;^nix X Ct/ 0<~>1 i Lt Rii1"t"pr'.'jppH nrnfindcLpl 4630 f^:P">^ -rri 7 ,'"1 c: n n LJ t> ' L- i.' J J-/ 4640 lU c- ' ; O t.- O L--X K^/ iL/ ;.t ULS.l 1^ Q / ux , Li/ tM W. L^Lix O Arr nw 1 p p 'F n r n 1 1 n ''i s P ] 4650 r nmmn n hi up — pvpH nrPi*^*^ 4660 O i hijifLUl UiiliL u u i^o a UitiMil TnKl f^rniiQt";^ rH 4670 Oiil i- Lt LlI rtlC-^JilUbCl 4680 ^yyi -7 / /T / 3 '7 XT' /'"' ^ 1 /~f 'h" Dill t- uCLL- Ul t) L'(i, u- btJ. UU, 46*^0 4700 T / U U ^ mrM'^i T' h n n 1 fi n r o ri 0 1 1 1 L i 1 i-^i 1 U C 1 1 1 KJ'Ji 4710 So 7- 1' dccoo (V ? i 5 0 iU vio ti s i s /in 'issoui^i-'^'/isis Missouri golden rod Ul-' i' L-'^JX.-iy ^' iil(A.U U Ul ClU. i'U l^C^ Klnr-t'hf^rn rmlrtf^inmd Liici 11 yuJi'^^— III w 4730 ^I'lff" nnldpnroH 4740 Solidago spp 4750 Sonchus asper Prickly sowthistle 4760 Sphaera loea ooaainea Red g 1 obema 1 1 ow 4770 Sp ira 1 1 1 h e s voman z offiana Lad i es-tresses 47P;o S vj-onys pc. lust-i"i-s/ pt- tosci o vv amp neoge netLie 4790 Streptopus ccnplexif alius/ oha tazatus Large tvj i s ted s tal k 1 37 Appendix E concinuad Plant No- Scient i f i c b i nomi a 1 Common name 4800 Taraxaoim offioinale Common dandelion 4810 Taraxaawn spp 4820 Tlialiatvum ocoidentale Western meadowrue 4830 Thelesvevma suhnudim/marginatim Thelesperma 4840 Thermopsis montana Mountain thermopsis 4850 Thermopsis rhombifolia Round- 1 eaved tl^ermop5is 4860 Thlaspi arvense Field pennycress 4870 Townsendia montana Mountain townsendia 4880 Townsendia parryi Parry's townsendia 4890 Tragopogon duhius Yellow salsify 4895 Trifolium Jzybridtan Ms ike clover 4900 Trifolium pratense Red clover 4910 Trifolium repens White clover 4920 Triglochin maritumum Seas i de Arrow-grass 4930 Trillium ovatuti Western wai