Vol. IV January, 1932 No. 3d. BULLETIN OF The New York State College of Forestry At Syracuse University HUGH p. BAKER. Dean Roosevelt Wild Life Annals VOLUME 3 NUMBER 1 OF THE Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station PARASITES OF THE ONEIDA LAKE FISHES Part 1 . Descriptions of T^ew Genera and T^ew Species CONTENTS OF RECENT ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE BULLETINS (To obtain these publications see announcement on back of title page) Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1. October, 1923. 1. The Control of Blood-sucking Leeches, with an Account of the Leeches of Palisades Interstate Park Dr. J. Percy Moore. 2. Preliminary Report on the Parasitic Worms of Oneida Lake, New York, Dr. Henry S. Pratt. 3. Acanthoccphala from the Fishes of Oneida Lake, New York. Dr. Harley J. Van Cleave. 4. Current Station Notes .The Director and Editor. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2. February, 1924. L The Ecology of the Plankton Algae in the Palisades Interstate Park, Including the Relation of Control Methods to Fish Culture Dr. Gilbert M. Smith. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 3. ]\Iarch, 1924. 1. The Status of Fish Culture in Our Inland Public Waters, and the Role of Investi- gation in the Maintenance of Fish Resources Dr. William C. Kendall. 2. Current Station Notes The Director and Editor. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 4. February, 1925. 1. The Relation of Wild Life to the Public in National and State Parks. Dr. Charles C. Adams. 2. The Big Game Animals of Yellowstone National Park Edmund Heller. 3. The Food of Trout in Yellowstone National Park Dr. Richard A. Muttkowski. 4. Current Station Notes The Director and Editor. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1. February, 1925. 1. The Birds of the Yellowstone National Park Milton P. Skinner. 2. Current Station Notes — The Director and Editor. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 2. March, 1925. L The Muskrat in New York: Its Natural History and Economics. Dr. Charles E. Johnson. 2. Current Station Notes The Director and Editor. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 3. September, 1926. L The Summer Birds of Central New York Marshes Aretas A. Saunders. 2. Additional Notes on the Summer Birds of Allegany State Park. Aretas A. Saunders. 3. Current Station Notes The Director and Editor. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 4. October, 1926. 1. The Economic and Social Importance of Animals in Forestry, with Special Refer- ence to Wild Life Charles C. Adams. 2. The Land — Economic Survey in Michigan R. A. Smith. 3. Current Station Notes Charles C. Adams. Vol. IV January, 1932 No. 3d. BULLETIN OF The New York State College of Forestry At Syracuse University HUGH p. BAKER, Dean Roosevelt Wild Life Annals VOLUME 3 NUMBER 1 OF THE Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station Entered as second-class matter October 18, 1927, at the Post Office at Syracuse, N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912 ANNOUNCEMENT The serial publications of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station consist of the following: 1. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin. 2. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals. The Bulletin is intended to include papers of general and popular interest on the various phases of forest wild life, and the Annals those of a more technical nature or having a less widespread interest. The editions of these publications are limited and do not permit of general free distribution. Exchanges are invited. The subscription price of the Bulletin is $4.00 per volume of four numbers, or $1.00 per single number. The price of the Annals is $5.00 per volume of four numbers, or $1.25 per single number. All communications concerning publications should be addressed to The Director and Editor, Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, Syracuse, New York. Copyright, 1932, by Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station [2] TRUSTEES or THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Ex Officio Dr. Charles W. Flint, Chancellor. - Syracuse University Dr. Frank P. Graves, Commissioner of Education Albany, N. Y. Hon. Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Conservation Commissioner Albany, N. Y. Hon. Herbert H. Lehman, Lieutenant-Governor. Albany, N. Y. Appointed by the Governor Hon. John R. Clancy - Syracuse, N. Y. Hon. Harold D. Cornwall „ _ Glenfield, N. Y. Hon. George W. Driscoll Syracuse, N. Y. Hon. William H. Kelley - Syracuse, N. Y. Hon. Alfred E. Smith New York City Hon. Edward H. O'Hara „ Syracuse, N. Y. Hon. Charles A. Upson Lockport, N. Y. Hon. J. Henry Walters New York City Hon. Edmund H. Lewis Syracuse, N. Y. Officers of the Board Hon. Alfred E. Smith „ President Hon. John R. Clancy - Vice-President HONORARY ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE STATION American ^^If.mbers Mrs. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson New York City Hon. Theodore Roosevelt New York City Mr. Kermit Roosevelt New York City Dr. George Bird Grinnell „ New York City Hon. Gifford Pinchot Milford, Pa. Mr. Chauncey J. Hamlin Buffalo, N. Y. Dr. George Shiras, 3rd Washington, D. C. Dr. Frank M. Chapman _ New York City Dean Henry S. Graves New Haven, Conn. European Member Viscount Grey Fallodon, England |3J ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE STATION STAFF Hugh P. Baker, M.F., D.Oec Dean of the College Charles E. Johnson, A.M., Ph.D Director of the Station WiLFORD A. Dence, B.S Ichthyologist and Ass't Director Miriam S. Mockford Secretary Temporary Appointments * Myron T. Townsend, Ph.D _ Field Naturalist M. W. Smith, M.A Field Naturalist Justus F. Mueller, Ph.D ......Field Naturalist Dayton Stoner, Ph.D Field Ornithologist Charles J. Spiker, A.B., AI.A Field Naturalist LeRoy Stegeman, M.S Field Naturalist H. J. Van Cleave, Ph.D Field Naturalist Including only those who have made field investigations and whose rejiorts are now in preparation. [4] GENERAL CONTENTS PACE 1. Parasites of the Oneida Lake Fishes. Part L Descriptions of New- Genera and New Species. Harley J. Van Cleave and Justus F. Mueller. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Plate 1. Vietosouia parvum. The scale accompanying Fig. 1 applies to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 and has the value of 0.1 mm. Figures 4 to 6 were drawn free-hand. 1 : Dorsal view of an individual without caudal notches. The small tube between the left testis and the ovary is Laurer's canal. 2: Ventral view of specunen showing typical caudal notches and arrangement of all internal organs. 3: Dorsal view showing chiefly the yolk reservoir lying ventral to the ovary. 4: Optical section, chiefly at level of testes but with acetabulum added for purposes of orientation. 5, 6: Excretory bladders of two adult worms, showing variation in arrangement of lateral branches - 15 Plate 2. Plagiocirnis primus in ventral view, showing the chief morphological details characteristic of this species. The scale has the value of 0.1 mm 19 Plate 3. Neochasmus umbelliis., The scales with Figs. 1 and 2 have the value of 0.1 mm. 1 : Entire individual in ventral view. The dispersed vestiges of the eye spots are shown lateral to the pharynx. 2: Anterior extremity, in side view, showing the acetabulum on the ventral floor of the genital atrium, and the gonotyl. The connections of the seminal vesicle and metraterm to the genital atrium are also shown. 3: Detail of male reproductive apparatus, viewed from ventral surface, showing its relation to the genital atrium and to the terminal segment of the uterus. The figure of concentric lines gives an accurate representation of the appearance of the gonotyl in this species 23 Plate 4. Ancyrocefhalus aculcatus. The scale with Fig. 1 has the value of 0.1 mm. That accompanying Fig. 3 has. the value of 0.05 mm. and applies to Figs. 2 to 4. 1 : Entire individual in ventral view. Vitellaria omitted from one side of body, on the other side shown by open stippling. 2: Holdfast organ in ventral view, showing arrangement of the four large hooks and the fourteen marginal booklets characteristic of the genus. The four marginal hooklets with shaded bases are dorsal in location. The form of the clamp uniting the pair of ventral hooks is shown in detail, same magnification as in Fig. 4. 3: Holdfast organ in side view, ventral surface facing left. The ventral pair of large hooks, as shown in this drawing, are distinctly larger than the dorsal pair. 4 : Clamp or dorsal hooks as seen from dorsal surface. 27 Plate 5. Sanguinicola and Apophallus. The scales accompanying Figs. 1 and 3 have the value of 0.2 mm. Fig. 2 drawn free-hand, at greater magnification. 1 : San- guinicola occidentalis. Representation embodying all details available from the study of several specimens. 2 : Detail of spine arrangement along infolded edge of the body. 3: Apophallus amcricanus. Ventral view of comi)resscd holotype - - — - 31 Plate 6. Two new species of the genus A[icro[ihallus. In both figures the scale has the value of 0.1 mm. 1: Microphallus ohstipus, in ventral view, showing all details of internal structure, especially the relation of acetabulum to the genital atrium in the holotype. Specimen immature. 2: Microphallus mcdins, in ventral view. Immature, holotype „ 37 Plate 7. Bunodcra sacciilata. Mature specimens showing growth forms and individual \ariation in size and form. The scale has a value of 0.2 mm. and applies uniformly to all three drawings in this block. 1 : \'entral view o£ a speci- men showing maximum size and maximum development of the uterus. 2: Specimen of intermediate development, bearing twenty eggs. 3: Very young adult indi\ idual, with but six eggs in the uterus 41 [5] PACE Plate 8. Crepidustomiim joliduiii, showing details of morphology and variations in body form and proportions, especially variations in the head region and in the reproductive organs. The scale with each drawing represents 0.2 mm. Figs. 2 and 5 are drawn to the same scale, while Fig. 1^^ of a small individual, is more highly magnified as indicated by the accompanying scales. 1 : Dorsal view of small individual with a single egg in the uterus. 2: Ventral view of a specimen without a prominent neck. 3 : Ventral view of an individual with exaggerated neck region. 4: Dorsal view. Intermediate body form. 5 : Ventral view of specimen taken in mid-winter, showing excessive devel- opment of the cirrus and inflation of the body — 45 Plate 9. Macroderoides flams — details of morphology. The scale, which applies uni- formly to all three figures, has the value of 0.1 mm. 1 : Ventral view of an entire specimen mounted without compression. The lateral vitellaria are indicated by cellular treatment instead of the conventionalized solid black. In this specimen, the posterior loop of the uterus falls short of the extremi- ties of the crura, a condition frequently reversed as in Fig. 3. 2: Detail, showing relationship of vitellaria to the vitelline reservoir and topography of the vitelline lobes. 3 : Lateral view of entire worm, showing especially the large cirrus sac 49 Plate 10. NeascKS oiieidcusis. The scale with Figs. 1 and 2 has the value of 0.2 mm. That with Fig. 3 has the value of 0.05 mm. 1 : Ventral view showing natural proportions of expanded forebody and acorn-shaped hindbody. 2: Lateral view. Holdfast organ everted, with holdfast gland showing beneath its base of attachment. 3 : Detail of oral sucker in side view. 4 : Encysted specimen, showing relative size of the metacercaria and its confining cyst 53 Plate 11. Hedruris tiara. General morphology and details of the head region. The scale for Fig. 1 has the value of 2 mm. Figures 2 and 3, which are at the same magnification, have the value of 0.1 mm. for the accompanying scale. 1 : General habitus of holotype male. 2 : Details of head region of holotype male seen in lateral view, showing arrangement and structure of the lips and position of nerve ring and of excretory pore. 3 : Details of head region of allotype female in three-quarters view, showing relationship of lateral and dorsal lips and chitinous crown at head of the esophagus 57 Plate 12. Hedruris tiara, depicting structures of the caudal region in both sexes. Scales accompanying Figs. 1 and 2 have the value of 0.1 mm. 1 : Tail of male in side view, showing ventral scutes anterior to the cloaca, sensory papillae, posterior loop of the testis, and copulatory apparatus. 2: Diagrammatic representation of \entral surface of tail of male, showing lateral position of penultimate pair of papillae. 3: Lateral view of tail of female, showing the attachment organ. Anus just anterior to attachment organ on ventral surface, and vulva a short distance anterior to anus. Sucker at tip of attach- ment organ showing especially the holdfast hook and associated glands 59 Plate 13. Dacuitoidcs robusta, with figures of Dacnitoides cotylophora for comparison. All scales in this block of figures have the uniform value of 0.1 mm. 1 : Tail of male Dacnitoidcx cotylnpliora in lateral view, showing the length of spicules, position of the \ i.iitr;il sucker, and location of the sensory papil- lae. 2: Diagram of tail of D. cotylophora in ventral view. 3: Head of female D. robusta. in dorsal view, showing division of the esophagus, its connection with the intestine, and the recurrent intestinal cecum. Also showing the apical region of the ovary in its topographical relationships to the epoi)hagus and the pair of cervical papillae or amphids. 4: Tail of male DannI miles ruhusla. in lateral view, showing the relatively short copu- latory spicules (c.f. Fig. 1), and arrangement of the sensory papillae. Note that there is no ve ntral sucker in this species. 5 : Diagram of tail of D. robusta, in ventral \ icw. 6: Tail of female D. robusta, in ventral view, showing two lateral, post-anal, sensory papillae and single terminal papilla 63 '['6] pa(;l Plate 14. Caf^illaria rateiiala. Each scale has the value of 0.1 mm. 1 : Anterior extremity of female, showing character of cephalic region of the esophagus and the reduction of this organ to a capillary tube in the region of the para-csophagc^il cells, three of which are shown. 2: Connection of esophagus with intestine at posterior termination of the para-csophageal chain. Showing also the position of the vulva posterior to this level and the form and size of the eggs. 3: A short segment of the body, showing cytological details of a single para-esophageal cell with its elongate nucleus and peculiar inter- cellular nodes. Esophagus indicated as a narrow tube. 4 : Posterior ex- tremity of female, showing apex of the single ovary and the subtcrminal anus. 5: Posterior extremity of male, with extruded copulatory organ consisting of a protruded spicule partly encased by an everted spiculc-sheath, the basal half of which is micro-spined. The pair of caudal papillae, char- acteristic of this species, are also shown 67 17J Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/rooseveltwildlif03unse_3 PARASITES OF THE ONEIDA LAKE FISHES PART I. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES By Harley J. Van Cleave* and Justus F. Mueller** Field Naturalists, Roosevelt Wild Life Station CONTENTS PAGE Introduction and Acknowledgments 10 Explanation of Illustrations _ 12 List of New Genera and New Species 12 Description of New Trematoda 13 Vietosonia parvum new genus and new species 13 Vietosoma new genus 13 Plagiocirrus primus new genus and new species 17 Plagiocirrus new genus 17 Neochasmus umbellus new genus and new species 21 Neochasmus new genus 21 Neochasminae new subfamily 24 Ancyrocephalus aculeatus new species 25 Sanguinicola occidentalis new species 28 Apophallus americanus new species _ 33 Microphallus obstipus new species - 35 Microphallus mcdius new species ■. 38 Bunodera saccidata new species 39 Crepidostomum solidum new species 43 Macroderoides flavus new species 50 Neascus oneidensis new species „ 54 Descriptions of New Nematoda _ 60 Hedruris tiara new species 60 Dacnitoides robusta new species 61 Capillaria catenata new species 65 Literature Cited 69 * Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. ** Assistant Professor of Forest Zoology, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, New York. 19] 10 Rooscfclt Wild Life Annals INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For three years the writers have been collaborating in a field and laboratory study of the fish parasites of Oneida Lake, New York. This project is a part of the ])resent program of studies on the biology of Oneida Lake being carried on by the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse. In the course of this investigation, about a thousand fish from Oneida Lake have been subjected to post-morten examination to secure data on the parasitic worms living on and in the bodies of fishes. While most of the field work has been conducted during the summer months, one of us (Mueller) has been able to render the observations more comprehensive by securing and examining specimens at other seasons of the year, especially by winter-tishing, through the ice. In this manner, many unusual records of the occurrence of parasites have been secured that could not have been gained from a study restricted to the summer months. Furthermore, the winter collections have yielded information of importance in the interpretation of the biology of the various parasites and their relations to their hosts. It has been one of the chief aims in conducting this survey, to present a comprehensive treatment of the biology and ecology of the parasites of fishes in a single lake. Intensive studies of the parasites of fresh-water fishes have been made in but a few regions of this continent. Facts of geographical distribution are imperfectly known for most of the parasites, though it is a common error in general treatises to assume that the distribution of a given parasite is coextensive with the distribution of its hosts. On this assumption, the literature has been filled with lists of species compiled from all sources and giving wholly erroneous impressions of the host-parasite relationships. It is the expectation that the present study may yield definite information regarding the parasitic fauna of a large and highly diversified aquatic habitat. But the problem is not a simple field project. In a survey of this sort, the field study and collecting mark but the opening of the problem; for prolonged and exacting procedures of technical preparation are required before the specimens are ready for microscopic study. Even then, final identification and recognition of the species rest upon close microscopic observa- tion and minute comparisons. Until a given habitat has been thoroughly surveyed and exact specific identifications of the parasites have been made, there are rela- tively few species of parasitic worms which may be recognized with certainty in the field. Unexpected and wholly unknown species are so often encountered that field identifications closer than to the genus are rarely reliable and militate against the recognition and differentiation of unknown forms. As work on this survey has progressed, the problems have assumed larger and larger proportions. Different habitats within the lake have yielded seemingl}^ incompatible results. Species of lish, the parasites of which have been the object of extended investigations by earlier students, have been found to harbor unusual species in many instances. Beyond these new host records we have discovered a Parasites of Oneida /.akc f'islics 11 number of previously unknown parasites. The list of new species and new j^enera of parasitic worms encountered in this survey has grown so ra])idly that it has seemed worth while to give descriptions of these new forms in advance of the publication of the more general biological results of our studies. Consequently, taxonomic descriptions of fifteen new species have been prepared, which with drawings to illustrate all important points of their anatomy are presented as Part I of this survey. During the progress of the field study, the writers have received the cordial cooperation and assistance of many individuals, only a few of whom can be men- tioned in this preliminary report. The initiative and support of Dr. C. K. Johnson, Director of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, have made the survey possible. Mr. W. A. Dence, Ichthyologist of the Roosevelt Station, has given valued aid in the collecting of hosts and in their identification. Various members of the Conserva- tion Department of the State of New York have shown many courtesies. Mr. Harry Best of that Department has been especially helpful in giving advice on fishing operations and has supplied some uncommon tish for parasitological exam- ination. Of the many local fishermen who have extended personal courtesies, Mr. J. Dawley and Mr. R. Landgraf¥ deserve particular mention. Special thanks are also due to Mr. Fred M. Theisen of Brewerton for assistance in drying and storing of nets, and providing boats. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of Bernice F. Van Cleave, who typed most of the manuscript of this report. 12 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS W ith a few exceptions the illustrations were made with the aid of a camera lucida. The drawings of trematodes are from stained, whole mounts in damar. All of the nematodes were mounted in glycerine jelly. Many of the trematodes were somewhat flattened, hence proportions and relations of parts may be slightly distorted from the conditions in the living animals. In preparing the illustrations, a fairly uniform system of representation has been followed for the various organs. For the trematodes, the suckers and pharynx are conventionally treated with radiating or parallel lines. The vitellaria, in all but a few instances, are shown in solid black. The testes are indicated with short, wavy, broken lines, in open arrangement and are stippled for shading. Accumulations of sperm, such as occur in the seminal receptacle and the seminal vesicle, are shown by closely-set wavy lines. The ovary is usually indicated by an alveolar treatment, suggested by the appearance of the ovarian epithelium. Uterine eggs are cross-hatched, except where they are of extremely small size and are excessively numerous. In the latter instance, the individual eggs are in simple outline. Intestinal crura are variously treated, depending upon the artistic requirements of the drawing. In many of the trematode drawings, the condition of the body spines in different regions of the body is represented by showing the cuticula and the spines in optical section, surrounding the entire body margin. The excretory bladder and its branches, emptying through the median excretory pore at the posterior extremity, is stippled, except in some drawings where sur- rounding structures are stippled and in these the excretory bladder is left unshaded. The fifteen new species herein described represent fourteen different genera, of which three are new to science. For one new genus of trematodes it has been necessary to erect a new subfamily. Twelve of the new species and the three new genera belong to the Trematoda, while the remaining three new species represent previously recognized genera of Nematoda. The descriptions of these new forms follow the same sequence as that of the following list. LIST OF NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES New Species of Flukes or Trematoda 1. Vietosoma parvuni 2. Plagiocirrus primus 3. Neochasmus unibellus 4. Ancyrocephalus acideatiis 5. Sanguinicola occidentalis 6. Apophallus americanus 7. Microphallus obstipus 8. Microphallus medius 9. Biinodera saccidata 10. Crepidostomum solidum 11. Macroderoidcs flavus 12. Neascus oneidensis New Species of Round Worms or Nematoda 13. Ilcdruris tiara 14. Dacnitoides robusta 15. Capillaria (Thominx) catenata Parasifcs of Oneida l.akc /'islws 13 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW TREMATODA Vietosoma parvum New (ienus and New Species Plate 1 ViKTosoMA new genus From three large catfish taken in Fisher's Ray, Oneida Lake, a large number of a minute trematode was secured, the infestations in each of the three fish examined amounting to hundreds. Upon study of this form we are forced to the conclusion that it occupies a rather isolated place in the system of known North American forms, and constitutes a new genus and new species. We have in our collections about two thousand or more of these worms, all from the above mentioned three catfish and for which we erect the genus Vietosoma. Generic diagnosis. — Plagiorchiidae, Reniferinae. Small, thick trematodes of compact organization and of seed- or heart-shaped form; anterior extremity bluntly tapering, posterior end of body broad and in older specimens with a notched or scalloped edge, whence the generic name {vieto = rough). Oral sucker somewhat larger than acetabulum ; pharynx present, with short prepharynx and esophagus. The crura extend into the posterior region of the body. The acetabulum is located just behind the boundary between the first and second thirds of the body. Genital pore on median line at anterior border of acetabulum. Ovary approximately central, dorsal and slightly posterior to the acetabulum. Testes symmetrical and lateral in position, near mid-level of body. Cirrus sac present. Uterine coils passing between testes into caudal region posterior to crura. Laurer's canal present. Receptaculum seminis lacking. Vitellaria fol- licular, extending from pharynx to near the posterior termination of crura. Excretory bladder in young, Y-shaped, with long main stem extending to center of body, thence forking to send a branch on each side between testes and ace- tabulum. Surface of body with evenly distributed spines. Type Species. — Vietosoma parvum. Host." — Ictalurus punciatns. In intestine and stomach. This form occurs in abundance in the stomach and intestine of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in Oneida Lake, the few catfish examined by us show- ing a mass infestation with this worm. The form is microscopic in size, colorless, except for the yellowish eggs which impart a brownish cast to the posterior region of the body. The living worm shows only moderate activity. Specific Description. — Fully grown specimens are about 0.300 to 0.375 mm. long, by 0.240 to 0.270 mm. wide. The dorso-ventral diameter of the body is roughly one-half of the width. The sides of the body slope anteriorly toward the oral sucker, the widest point of the body lying somewhat behind the middle, in the region of the testes. From here backward the sides converge for a short distance to meet the caudal margin. The caudal region is bluntly rounded in younger specimens and has a median notch at the excretory pore. In older specimens, the posterior margin has 14 Rooscz'clt Wild Life Annals Plate 1. J^ictosoma parvuni. The scale accompanying Fig. 1 applies to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 and has the value of 0.1 mm. Figures 4 to 6 were drawn free-hand. Fig. 1 : Dorsal view of an individual without caudal notches. The small tube between the left testis and the ovary is Laurer's canal. Fig. 2: Ventral view of specimen showing typical caudal notches and arrangement of all internal organs. Fig. 3 : Dorsal view showing chiefly the yolk reservoir lying ventral to the ovary. Fig. 4: Optical section, chiefly at level of testes but with acetabulum added for purposes of orientation. Figs. 5, 6: Excretory bladders of two adult worms, showing varia- tion in arrangement of lateral branches. 15 16 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals a number of notches and pseudopodium-like processes which are of irregular form, number, and distribution, but which lie more or less definitely along a straight transverse line. The oral sucker is terminal, with the mouth directed almost forward, but inclined slightly toward the ventral surface. The transverse diameter of the sucker is about 0.080 mm. The pharynx, lying close behind the oral sucker, is well developed and about 0.028 mm. in diameter. The acetabulum is distinctly smaller than the oral sucker and its musculature of much weaker development. It has an ellipsoidal outline with the largest diameter passing transversely and equal to about 0.036 to 0.040 mm. Its aperture is directed ventrad. The intestinal crura diverge from the pharynx on either side toward the widest region of the body and are here recurved, converging again for a short distance, and terminating somewhat short of the caudal tip. Frequently the crura, which are of moderate calibre throughout, show a terminal inflation. The ovary is dorsal, anterior to the middle of the body and highly lobate. It is much flattened dorso-ventrally. The testes are predominantly ovoidal, but occasionally they exhibit slightly lobulate margins. The uterus is sacculate, and its caudal loop is crowded with eggs in mature specimens. The eggs measure about 0.028 mm. long by 0.016 mm. wide. The descending and ascending branches of the uterus, lying between the testes, are in older specimens also frequently distended with eggs. A large pear-shaped cirrus sac is present, occupying a position dorsal to the acetabulum. Its blunt inner end is in close contact with the ventral surface of the ovary, and terminates on a level with the posterior margin of the acetabulum. Laurer's canal is present, opening in the median line just anterior to the middle of the dorsal surface. The vitellaria are composed of numerous follicles, restricted to the lateral margins from the level of the pharynx to behind the testes. A transverse yolk duct and small median yolk reservoir are discernible in some specimens at the level of the anterior margin of the testes. The excretory bladder, which is Y-shaped in younger specimens, acquires a number of accessory branches in older worms. These branches form an angle of forty-five degrees with the main stem and pass backwards along the posterior borders of the testes. Vietosoma parviim exhibits a very definite relationship* with Distomutn squa- mula Rud. figured by Liihe, 1909, page 89. D. squamula is recorded as found encysted in the skin of Rana tcmporaria, and sexually mature in the intestine of the polecat in Europe. It is a larger form than l^ictosoma parviim, being 0.6 mm. long bv 1.45 mm. wide as compared with 0.375 mm. long by 0.270 mm. wide for our species. These measurements also bring out the difiference in proportion between the two forms, D. squamula being broader than long, whereas V. parvuni is longer than broad. Our form is robust, whereas D. squamula is reported to have a leaf-like, thin body. The general plan of arrangement of the internal organs is the same in both species. In fact, D. squamula in its general features * Since this paper went to press, a paper by J. G. Baer has appeared giving detailed evidence showing that Euryhelmis squamula belongs to the Heterophyidae. (Rev. Suisse Zool., Tome 38, No. 13, p. 328.) We are still of the opinion tliat these two worms are closely related, although the possession of a cirrus sac and cirrus in Vietosoma farvum would rule this out of the Heterophyidae. We shall discuss this fully in Part II of this study. Parasites of Oneida Lake /'islies 17 suggests a V. parvum which has been grasped by the lateral margins and pulled out sideways until much wider than long. The size relationship between the two suckers is the same, with the acetabulum smaller than the oral sucker. The only features which would not be produced by such a change in proportions are the more highly developed esophagus in D. squamida, the restriction of the vitellaria to the anterior region, the restriction of the uterus to the space between the testes and acetabulum, and the asymmetrical position of the ovary — before the right testis in D. sqiiamula. Despite these differences, which are sufficient to separate the two forms, the evidences of relationship are striking. The excretory bladder in D. squamula is built upon the same plan, though forming a "T" instead of a "Y," and even the cut appearance of the hind end of the body, with its notched and irregular margin is indicated in Liihe's drawing, although somewhat retracted and incurved anteriorly. Vietosoma likewise shows some points of similarity to Pneumatophilus Odhner, 1910, though the general aspect is not so similar. The size relationship of the suckers is in this case reversed, the acetabulum being the larger. The vitellaria in this form also being restricted to the anterior half of the body. The relative position and arrangement of the other organs, however, is the same. Pneumatophilus is represented by only one species in North America (P. variabilis from the lung of a water snake) and this form is much larger than V. Parvum. The members of the subfamily Reniferinae Pratt, 1902, are supposed to be parasites of snakes. It appears that Vietosoma constitutes an exception, having a fish for its host. Types. — A microscope slide. No. 8573, containing a large number of cotypes is deposited in the United States National Museum. The remainder of the cotypes are located in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, at Syracuse, N. Y. Plagiocirrus primus New Genus and New Species Plate 2 Plagiocirrus new genus On two different occasions, we have encountered an unusual trematode in the digestive tract of the golden shiner from Oneida Lake. In one host, a single worm was found and in another there were two specimens. These trematodes are so distinctive in their anatomy that it is necessary to recognize them as the basis for a new genus to which we have assigned the name Plagiocirrus. Generic diagnosis. — Small Allocreadiinae living in the digestive tract of fresh-water fish. Genital pore sinistral at level of pharynx. Cirrus sac extending back almost to hind border of acetabulum. Acetabulum prominent, larger than oral sucker. Vitellaria lateral, restricted to mid-zone of body just behind acetabu- lum. Testes slightly oblicjue, near posterior extremity. Ovary dextral, midway between testes and acetabulum. Uterus extends from genital pore to posterior tip of body. 18 Rooscirlt Wild Life Annals Plate 2. Plagiocirrus primus in ventral view, showing the chief morphological details characteristic of this species. The scale has the value of 0.1 mm. 19 20 I\oosc2rlt Wild Life Annals Type species. — Plaqiocirrus prinuts. This i^enus stands fairly near to Plagifjporus Stafford, 1904, which has not been recorded since its original description until Sinitsin (1931) ofifered a new characterization on the basis of two additional species which he discovered. From Stafford's orginal description, Plagiocirrus differs in the location of the gonads, in the extent of the vitellaria, and in the location of the uterus. In Plagioporus, the ovary lies close in front of the anterior testis while in Plagiocirrus it lies midway between the testis and the acetabulum. The vitellaria of Plagioporus reach from the esophagus to the posterior end, while in Plagiocirrus they are restricted to the middle cjuarter of the body. Instead of the uterus being limited to the region from the acetabulum to the front testis as in Plagioporus, that of Plagiocirrus reaches to near the posterior e.xtremity. As emended by Sinitsin, the genus Plagioporus has the cirrus sac wholly anterior to the acetabulum, and in this also does Plagiocirrus differ for the cirrus sac extends backward almost the entire length of the acetabulum. Host. — N otcmigonus crysolcucas, in the intestine. Specific description. — The type specimen, upon which this genus was first recognized and upon which the species is founded, is 1.41 mm. long and has a maximum diameter of 0.51 mm. in the region of the acetabulum. The acetabulum (0.26 mm. in diameter) lies wholly within the front half of the body with its opening directed anteriorly. From the acetabulum, the body tapers very slightly in both directions. There is little difference in diameter of the two ends of the body. The oral sucker is smaller than the acetabulum and is followed directly by the large globular pharynx (0.13 mm. in diameter). An esophagus, about the same length as the pharynx, leads to the bifurcation of the intestine, which is close to the anterior margin of the acetabulum. The crura extend almost to the posterior tip of the body. The genital pore is sinistral, a short distance mesiad from the lateral margin of the body. From it, the cirrus sac extends oblicjuely backward across the left crus and the acetabulum, reaching almost to the posterior boundary of the latter. The gonads are located in the posterior half of the body. The testes are con- tiguous, slightly oblique, near the central axis and in the anterior region of the posterior third of the body. The ovary is dextral, about midway between the acetabulum and the anterior testis. A short zone of vitelline follicles is located at the margin of the body on each side from the posterior border of the acetabu- lum to a short distance posterior to the ovary. The metraterm extends from the genital pore to the hind margin of the acetabulum. The egg-filled uterus reaches from the level of the acetabulum to near the posterior tip of the body. The uterine eggs are about 0.040 to 0.055 mm. long by 0.030 to 0.035 mm. wide. This species was not found in any host other than the golden shiner (Notemi- gonus crysolcucas) in Oneida Lake. The holotype specimen was the only mature worm of any kind found in the digestive tract of its host, which was examined on August 16. One other golden shiner has been found to carry a light infestation of Plagiocirrus pritnus. Parasites of Oneida Lake /'islies 21 Types. — The holotyi)e of Plagiocirrns primus is (lcpf)sitc'(l in the United States National Museum, No. 8565. Paratyi)es are in the collection of the Roose- velt Wild Life Station, at Syracuse, N. Y. Neochasmus umbellus New Genus and New Species Plate 3 Neochasmus new genus Many of the fishes of Oneida Lake were found to harbor minute trematodes bearing a single circle of spines surrounding the mouth. In the lield identifications of the living worms, under low magnification, all of these worms were thought to belong to the genus Allacanthochasmus. While a study of stained mounts veri- fied the presence of Allacanthochasmus in the Oneida Lake fauna, it also brought to light the fact that other specimens are present, superficially resembling that genus but differing fundamentally from it in details of morphology. These unusual specimens have served as the basis for recognizing a new species. De- tailed morphological studies have revealed so many significant points of distinction between this new species and Allacanthochasmus varius that a new genus is herein described, under the name Neochasmus. Generic diagnosis. — Small distomes living as adults in the alimentary canal of fishes. Development unknown. Mouth provided with a prominent sucker surrounded by a single, continuous circle of spines, and a fairly con- spicuous thickened dorsal lip, but lacking a posterior funnel-shaped appendage. Pharynx, prepharynx, and esophagus all present and of about equivalent length. Intestinal crura stopping short of the posterior third of body. Acetabulum deeply withdrawn into the genital atrium. Gonotyl rudimentary, appearing as a thickened area of the surface musculature just behind the genital pore. The muscle fibres are arranged concentrically, giving the appearance of a finger print when seen from the surface. This area is continuous with the body surface, but can probably be erected into a teat-like elevation during functional activity. Testes lateral, slightly oblique, just behind middle of body. Ovary anterior to the testes, composed of a transverse band of follicles on the ventral surface of the body, extending across most of the body width. Vitellaria follicular, in middle third of body, chiefly lateral but some follicles distributed across the entire width of the dorsal surface. Uterine loops fill most of post-ovarian region. Small pear-shaped recep- taculum seminis anterior to ovarian band on right side. Seminal receptacle ex- tends as a median, convoluted tube bearing several constrictions, located between the ovary and the acetabulum. Type species. — Neochasmus umbellus new species. The genus Neochasmus has its closest relationship with the forms included in the family Heterophyidae as diagnosed by Witenberg, 1929, page 136. There is a single point wherein Neochasmus falls short of complete agreement with the family characterization cited above and that given by Ransom (1920:258). 22 Roosci'clt Wild Life .binals Plate. 3. Neochas»iits umbdlus. The scales with Figs. 1 and 2 have the value of 0.1 mm. Fig. 1 : Entire individual in ventral view. The dispersed vestiges of of the eye spots are shown lateral to the pharynx. Fig. 2 : Anterior extremity, in side view, showing the acetabulum on the ventral floor of the genital atrium, and the gonotyl. The con- nections of the seminal vesicle and metraterm to the genital atrium are also shown. Fig. 3: Detail of male reproductive apparatus, viewed from ventral surface, showing its relation to the genital atrium and to the terminal segment of the uterus. The figure of concentric lines gives an ac- curate representation of the appearance of the gonotyl in this species. 23 24 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals This is with regard to the shape of the ovary. Both of the previously mentioned authors give the range of ovarian form as including only the conditions of globular and slightly lobed. The follicular, transverse ovarian band of Neochasmus simply extends the limits of variation acknowledged as present in the previously known representatives of the family. Witenberg recognizes five subfamilies of the Heterophyidae and gives a key (1929:139) for their determination. On the basis of the characters chosen for his key, the genus Neochasmus would fall within the subfamily Centrocestinae. In other fundamental characteristics, Neochasmus shows pronounced dififerences from the genera included in the Centrocestinae. The shape of the ovary, the location of the vitellaria, and the position of the testes and their relation to the uterine loops are all points wherein Neochasmus is distinctly dift'erent from Cen- trocestus, Pygidiopsis, Parascocotyle and Ascocotyle — the genera ascribed to the subfamily Centrocestinae. On the basis of the distinctions just enumerated, a new subfamily, the Neo- chasminae, is proposed for the reception of Neochasmus. In ascribing this new subfamily to the family Heterophyidae, a single modification of the family diag- nosis as given by Witenberg (1929:136) must be offered. The words "or a transverse follicular band" should be inserted in his diagnosis so that the con- ditions of the ovary include : "Ovary globular, or slightly lobed, or a transverse follicular band situated in front of the testes, except in Adleria." With this emendation the family Heterophyidae readily receives the subfamily Neochas- minae. Neochasminae new subfamily Diagnosis. — With the characters of the family Heterophyidae, as emended above. Mouth provided with a slight dorsal lip and surrounded by a single com- plete circle of spines. Testes ovoidal, lateral, at a considerable distance from posterior extremity. Ovary a pre-testicular transverse band of follicles. Uterus post-ovarian and chiefly post-testicular. Vitellaria confined to middle third of body, chiefly lateral. Genital ducts opening through a common atrium guarded by an anterior lip. Within the atrium lies the acetabulum. Gonotyl vestigial, pos- terior to genital pore. Receptaculum seminis and seminal vesicle present. Cirrus sac wanting. Intestinal crura extending only slightly posterior to testes. Type genus. — Neochasmus new genus. Host. — Micro pterus sabiioides, in the intestine. Specific description. — Length of cotypes 0.85 mm., diameter at crown of spines 0.13 mm., maximum diameter 0.39 mm. Oral crown of 27 spines, each about 0.021 mm. long. Ovary an irregular series of follicles arranged as a trans- verse band in the mid-region of body in front of testes. Testes lateral, slightly oblique. Uterus post-ovarian filling most of posterior half of body. Vitellaria confined to short zone in middle third of body encroaching toward the mid-line in the region of the ovary. Gonotyl vestigial, posterior to the bifurcation of the intestine, when viewed from the ventral surface appearing as a series of concentric rings. These rings are not superficial markings on the cuticula, but Parasites of Oneida Lake Fishes 25 are iluc to the arrangement of the subdermal muscle fibers of the gonotyl. Super- ticially the concentric rings closely resemble a thumb print. Genital atrium anterior to gonotyl, bearing the acetalmlum on its ventral wall. The atrium opens thnjugh a single aperture guarded by an anterior lip-like modification. Prepharynx short ; esophagus about same length as pharynx ; intestinal rami extend but a short distance posterior to the testes. I'-ggs in uterus of preserved specimen, 0.022 to 0.032 mm. in length by 0.011 to 0.015 mm. in diameter. Types. — Seven cotypes, stained and mounted in damar on one slide, are deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8572. Additional cotypes are in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, at Syracuse, N. Y. Ancyrocephalus aculeatus new species Plate 4 Host. — Stizostedion vxtreum. On gills. The genus Ancyrocephalus has been reported a number of times from the gills of North American fishes (Stafiford 1905, Cooper 1915, MacCallum 1915, Van Cleave 1921, Bangham 1926, Hess 1930), but no one has ever given serious attention to the identification of the species from fresh-water hosts. All of the references to the occurrence of Ancyrocephalus in the American fresh-water fauna have been to undetermined species or have been made under the names of European species. In most of the latter instances the identifications have been tentative and lack of agreement on certain points has been often noted. MacCallum (1915:396) described four species of Ancyrocephalus under the generic name Diplectanum which is now a recognized synonym of Ancyrocephalus. At that time he expressed the belief that members of this genus "are confined to the gills of marine fishes" though Stafford had previously recorded an Ancyro- cephalus from Canadian fresh-water fishes and several species had been recorded from fresh-water hosts of Europe. The synonymy of Ancyrocephalus, Diplec- tanum, and Tetraonchus has been established fully only in recent years (Johnston and Tiegs, 1922 : 94) hence it is not surprising that MacCallum failed to consider records of the occurrence of Ancyrocephalus in fresh-water hosts in making his assertion quoted above. In the course of our survey of the parasites of fishes of Oneida Lake, we have frequently encountered Ancyrocephalus in fair abundance on the gills of Stizostedion vitreum. This material is in excellent condition so that it has seemed worth w'hile to make a careful diagnosis based upon our collections. All four of MacCallum's species differ in fundamental points of structure from the specimens which we have taken from the gills of Stizostedion. A comparison of our speci- mens with the descriptions of species from European fresh-water fishes gives conclusive evidence that we have before us a distinct new species, for which the name Ancyrocephalus acideatus is proposed. Description. — Body usually about 0.85 mm. long though some worms as short as 0.65 mm. and others as long as 0.95 mm. have been observed. Average specimens 0.17 mm. in diameter. Body tapering slightly toward anterior end and 26 Rooscz'cli Wild Life . Intjals Plate 4. Ancyroccphalus aculeatiis. The scale with Fig. 1 has the value of 0.1 mm. That accompanying Fig. 3 has the value of 0.5 mm. and applies to Figs. 2 to 4. Fig. 1 : Entire individual in ventral view. Vitellaria omitted from one side of body, on the other side shown by open stippling. Fig. 2: Holdfast organ in ventral view, showing arrangement of the four large hooks and the fourteen marginal booklets characteristic of the genus. The four marginal booklets with shaded bases are dorsal in location. The form of the clamp uniting the pair of ventral hooks is shown in detail, same magnification as in Fig. 4. Fig. 3: Holdfast organ in side view, ventral surface facing left. The ventral pair of large hooks, as shown in this drawing, are distinctly larger than the dorsal pair. Fig. 4: Clamp of dorsal hooks as seen from dorsal surface. 27 Plate 4 28 Roosci'clt Wild Life .Uinals rather sharply toward posterior end. Caudal extremity bearing a conspicuously expanded holdfast organ with two pairs of large median hooks and fourteen minute hooked spines. There are two faces to the organ of attachment, one directed vcntrad and the other dorsad, each with its pair of strong retractile hooks. The small hooks are arranged symmetrically on the holdfast organ, four on the dorsal surface and ten on the ventral. The attachment organ when expanded is much wider than the part of the body to which it is appended. It is usually somewhat longer than wide, the transverse diameter ranging from 0.082 to 0.137 mm. and in length from 0.088 to 0.120 mm. The points of the large central hooks are so much recurved that total lengths of them are not readily obtainable. The longest arc obtainable from the anterior extremity of the large hooks to the curved portion of the hook ranged from 0.082 to 0.110 mm. The small hooks are about 0.017 mm. long. The clamp holding the members of each pair of large central hooks together has the form of a long narrow transverse plate of complicated design as shown in Plate 4, Figs. 2 and 4. The parts of the holdfast organ are so arranged that points of the hooks may be drawn in from both dorsal and ventral faces. Under this condition the holdfast organ is wedge-shaped in side view and in this form can be readily inserted between gill filaments. Two pairs of cephalic glands open on indistinct papillae along the front mar- gin of the head. The two pairs of eye spots characteristic for the genus are located anterior to the ovoidal pharynx. A ventral mouth opening just anterior to the eye spots, communicates with the pharynx. The intestinal crura pass laterally along the margins of the body where their presence and the presence of other internal organs is badly obscured by the heavy masses of vitellaria which extend backward from the pharynx to near the ends of the crura. The genital organs are axial, in the middle third of the body. In order, from the posterior end of the series, a single ovoidal testis is followed immediately by an ovary of approximately the same size as the testis. From these gonads the genital ducts lead anteriorly. In some individuals, the oviduct bears a single large egg about 0.066 by 0.044 mm. The vas deferens passes dorsad of the ovary and terminates in a chitinized sickle-shaped organ bearing a spherical enlargement at its base. Types. — Cotypes deposited in the United ^States National Museum, No. 8566, and in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, at Syracuse, N. Y. Sanguinicola occidentalis new species Plate 5, Figures 1 and 2 Host. — Stizostedion vitrcum, in heart. Blood flukes of the genus Sanguinicola have been known from European fishes since 1905, though they were first thought to be turbellarians and were later considered as cestodarians. A striking commentary on the prevalence of San- guinicola in some localities is afforded by an instance recorded by Scheuring ('1922:270). In his studies on the life cycle of Sanguinicola inermis, he could Parasites of Oiicida Lake J'ishcs 29 not prove the last step — the entrance of the cercaria into the fish — because of the lack of uninfested carp to serve as a check to his experiment. Under the name Deontacylix, Linton (1910) described a fluke from a marine fish of the Tortugas, which later workers (Stunkard, 1923) believe to have been a blood fluke, though distinct from the genus Sanguinicola. So far as the present writers have been able to ascertain, there has never been a recorded instance of the occurrence of a blood fluke in any fresh-water fish of the North American continent. Consecjuently, the discovery of Sanguinicola in the heart of Stizostcdion vitreum from Oneida Lake seems to be one of particular significance. The speci- mens taken from the heart of this host are clearly distinct from any species previously recognized and are here described as Sanguinicola occidentalis. The species was never found in abundance and our material is not sufficient in quan- tity nor quality to serve as the basis for an exhaustive morphological study. In keeping with other representatives of this genus, the interpretation of the speci- mens presents many difificulties. Scheuring (1922) and Ejsmont (1926) have worked out the life cycle of the European species, S. inermis, in great detail, confirming the earlier studies of Odhner (1911) and the still earlier unpublished researches of Looss which were first recorded by Odhner. These authorities agree that a furcocercous cercaria of the lophocercous type is the larval stage of Sanguinicola and give excellent drawings showing details of the morphology of the cercaria. In 1929, McCoy described a similar cercaria from North America under the name Cercaria brevi- furca. This species was found in Helisoma trivolvis from the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo. Though McCoy (1929:199) indicates that C. brevifurca "is the first lophocercous fork-tailed cercaria to be reported from the fresh waters of North America," it is not clear from the context whether or not he makes definite association of his form with the genus Sanguinicola. He mentions the works of Scheuring and Ejsmont on the life cycle of Sanguinicola but seems primarily concerned with a comparison of his form with the grouping of Sewell and with the failure of the Sanguinicola cercariae to conform to Sewell's diagnosis of his larval group. It seems highly probable that Cercaria brevifurca McCoy is the larva of some representative of the genus Sanguinicola. Until more is known of the extent of the distribution of this genus in North American fishes, there is nothing to be gained from speculations as to the possible relationship between Sanguinicola occidentalis and Cercaria brevifurca. It is highly probable that more than one species of Sanguinicola exists in the fresh-water fishes of this continent. Owing to the minute size of the worms, they might be readily over- looked in routine parasitological examinations. This is all the more probable because of the unusual location within the host. In routine examinations, the heart is very often given but a cursory examination. Description. — Minute, delicate trematodes of the family Porocotylidae, from 1 to 1.33 mm. long, with a greatest transverse diameter of about 0.17 mm. Body slightly tapering at both ends. The posterior extremity provided with a small caudal appendage bearing the genital orifices and separated from the rest of the body by a constriction. For the greater part of the body length the lateral margins 30 Roosevelt Wild Life .Innals Plate 5. Sanguinicola and Apophallus. The scales accompanying Figs. 1 and 3 have the value of 0.2 mm. Fig. 2 drawn free-hand, at greater mag- nification. Fig. 1 : Sanguinicola occidcntalis. Representation embodying all de- tails available from the study of several specimens. Fig. 2 : Detail of spine arrangement along infolded edge of the body. Fig. 3: Apophallus americanus. Ventral view of compressed holo- type. 31 32 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals are reflexed, forming a lateral fold parallel with the edges of the body. The fold is about one-sixth or one-seventh the width of the worm. Minute cuticular spines cover most of the body, but are especially conspicuous on the mesial edge of the rertexed lateral margins where they occur in more or less irregularly massed arrangement, not in a single marginal series. The details of internal organization are not readily interpreted from any single specimen. A study of all of our specimens has resulted in the following concept of the anatomy, built from conjoined bits of information. The digestive system consists of a very slender tube opening at the anterior extremity with no muscular specialization of the mouth region and without pharynx. Posteriorly, the esophagus terminates in four short, sacculate crura, two directed posteriorly and two anteriorly. A massive glandular body, without musculature, surrounds the esophagus immediately anterior to the crura. The ovary is H-shaped, in the posterior half of the body. The testes consist of two parallel median series of testicular follicles extending anteriorly from the cross-bar of the ovary to the region of the crura. Vitellaria are indistinct in most of our specimens but in no instance could they be distinguished anterior to the crura. They are confined to short lateral zones laterad of the testicular follicles, immediately posterior to the crura. Two sinuous ducts, which have been inter- preted as vitelline ducts, can be traced posteriorly a short distance beyond the zone of the vitellaria, but direct connections with the remainder of the ovarian complex could not be made out in our material. Posterior to the ovary, the two vitelline ducts continue posteriad, without coiling, and empty independently into the sac-like structure commonly designated as an ootype by workers on this genus. The heavily-walled oviduct leads from the ovary to the ootype. From the ootype a short tube passes dorsad to the female genital pore. Posteriorly from the testes, the tubular vas deferens leads, without convolutions, to the male genital pore. No distinct specialization of a cirrus has been found at the termination of the vas deferens in our specimens. Four species of Sanguinicola have been described previously. Of these, S. inermis, S. armata, and 5". intermedia are from cyprinoids of Europe while .S". cJiahnersi is from a Nile silurid. Thus S. occidcntalis from an American fish of the family Percidae stands clearly isolated both geographically and biologically from the species previously known. Furthermore, it shows specific morphological points of distinction. S. chalmersi, S. armata, and .S". intermedia are all figured and described as possessing a marginal border of conspicuous spines arranged in an evenly-spaced single series. There is no single marginal row of conspicuous spines in S. occidentalis though the general body spines are more conspicuous than the bristle-like cuticular adornments described and figured for S. inermis. Further- more, the vas deferens of .S". inermis is thrown into several loops or coils while that of S. occidentalis is practically a straight tube. In S. occidentalis, we can find no evidence of the vitelline follicles extending anteriad of the crura as figured for S. inermis by Scheuring (1922), for S. chalmersi by Odhner (1924), and for 5. armata by Ejsmont (1926). In all of the drawings of other species which we have examined, the vitelline duct is figured as unpaired while in 6^. occidentalis we find two vitelline ducts. Parasites of Oneida Lake h'islics 33 Types. — Cotypes of Sanguinicola occidentalis arc deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8568. Other cotypes are located in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, Syracuse, N. Y. Apophallus americanus new species I'latc 5, Kigiire 3 Host. — Stizostcdion vitrcum and Pcrca fiavcsccns. Immature in intestine. The genus Apophallus was established by Lijhe, 1909, to receive the single species A. miililingi reported from the intestine of a gull. Lams ridihundus, by Jagerskiold in 1899 as Distomiim miililingi. In 1920, Ransom described as Apophallus brcvis a worm from Lams dclazvarensis in the United States. This trematode differed morphologically from A. mUhlingi in smaller size, shape of body, and more anterior distribution of the vitelline follicles. Witenberg (1929) restudied cotype specimens of Apophallus brcvis, and concluded that this species belongs to the genus Rossicotrema Skrjabin, 1919, and is synonymous with Liossicotrema donicum Skrjabin, 1919. In a later paper ( 1930) Witenberg concludes that Rossicotrema is synonymous with Tocotrema Looss, and accord- ingly Ransom's form becomes Tocotrema donicum. Szidat, 1924, described a species of Apophallus, A. major, which according to Witenberg differs only in size from A. miililingi, and is therefore synonymous with the latter. E. W. Price (1931) described Apophallus crami, from the intestine of Larus calif ornicus and reviewed the status of this genus. According to his conclusions based on a restudy of identified material, there has been much confusion of Apophallus and its related genera. He states, "It is the opinion of the writer, that all the above-named genera should be reduced to two, namely, Cryptocotyle (syns. Tocotrema and Ciureana) and Apophallus (syns. Rossicotrema and Cotylophal- lus)." He refers "to the second gertus, Apophallus, the following species: A. mUhlingi Jagerskiold), A. donicum (Skrjabin and Lindtrop) (Syns. C. venustus and C. similis) , A. brevis Ransom, and A. crami, new species." If we accept Price's conclusions, there have been described to date two species of Apophallus from North America, A. brevis and A. crami, both from the intestine of gulls. We have taken two specimens of a small immature trematode in the course of our work which we assign to the genus Apophallus. One of these worms came from the intestine of a wall-eyed pike (Stizostedion vitreum) taken in fifty feet of water off Cleveland, on July 15, 1930; the other from a yellow perch taken in Lower South Bay in about fifteen feet of water while fishing through the ice on January 21, 1931. While it would be desirable to have mature specimens of this species before drawing conclusions as to its exact status, we so far in our work have not found the adult, and on the basis of certain differences noted between our species and other existing forms we believe ours to represent a new species. Description. — With the characters of the genus; very similar to A. mUhlingi, but smaller, length 0.9 to 1.02 mm., width in anterior region 0.150 to 0.170 mm., in posterior region 0.2 to 0.21 mm. The body is long and narrow, the sides are nearly parallel, but the posterior half of the body is slightly wider than the anterior. 34 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Fork of intestine at or near middle of body, with acetabulum some distance behind, at about anterior margin of posterior third of body. Oral sucker 0.050 to 0.060 mm. in diameter, pharynx 0.027 to 0.032 mm. No prepharynx observable, esophagus extremely long, crura reaching to caudal tip and with terminal inflation. Acetabulum about equal to oral sucker in size. Testes oblique and close together, posterior testis right and removed about one and one-half to twice its diameter' from the caudal extremity. Ovary right, about midway between posterior testis and acetabulum. Both ovary and testes rounded or globular in outline. Vitellaria follicular, restricted to region behind anterior border of acetabulum, limited to lateral margins, anterior to testes; but evenly distributed across entire width of body behind this level. In one of our specimens the follicles are in transverse rows, as in the related genus Stictodora. The seminal receptacle, if present, is not distended and cannot be seen in our immature material. Details of genital and copulatory apparatus likewise undiscernible in our toto-mounts. Faint indi- cations of the uterine coils are visible between the anterior testis and acetabulum, but no eggs are present. The excretory bladder can be traced as a single narrow vessel passing from the excretory pore, forward between the tips of the crura, and curving between the testes, anterior to which it becomes indistinct. The skin is covered with fine spines which are better developed anteriorly, fading out toward the tail end. Apo phallus americaniis is an immature form from the gut of fish in Oneida Lake which difters from A. mUhlingi in lacking a prepharynx, in oblique position of the testes, and in the more posterior location of the intestinal fork and acetabu- lum. The posterior testis is also somewhat more removed from the caudal end of the body than in muhlingi. Despite these differences, however, there is a very close general resemblance to A. mUhlingi. The differences which we note may be due to immaturity of the form, since in the related genus, Tocotrema, it is known that changes in proportion occur during growth sufficient to account for some of the observed differences in proportion between our form and A. muhlingi. Since A. muhlingi has never been reported from this continent, however, and since we do not know the adult of our form we feel unsafe in inferring identity of the two despite the general similarity. Between A. americaniis, and A. crami and A. brevis there are well marked differences in body shape and distribution of vitellaria. Our form resembles A. crami more closely of the two, but differs in relative size of acetabulum, lack of a prepharynx, a much longer esophagus, and location of anterior limit of vitellaria well in front of the acetabulum. In A. crami the foremost vitellaria are well behind the acetabulum. These differences are sufficient to establish the distinctness of our species. The metacercariae of Apophallus miihlingi in Europe are known to occur encysted in the fins and musculature of cyprinoid fishes. It seems probable that the metacercariae of A. americaniis occur encysted in minnows in Oneida Lake, and that the. transfer is made to the definitive host when the latter eats infected minnows. Very probably aquatic birds and mammals play the role of definitive host to A. americaniis as in A. miihlingi. The worms in our collection in all prob- ability represent transfers from a minnow to a host in which the parasite, while Parasites of Oneida Lake Fishes 35 able to sustain life and grow, is unable to attain maturity. This is the third record of the genus Apophallus in North America. Types. — Holotype deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8563. Paratype in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, at Syracuse, N. Y. Microphallus Ward, 1901 The genus Microphallus was created in 1901, by Ward, for a generic con- cept of which a species described earlier ( 1894) as Distomum opacum was cited as type. The systematic position of this genus has been much discussed. In the original characterization of Microphallus, Ward created a new subfamily, the Microphallinae, to include the type genus and Levinseniella, which he considered as close to the subfamilies Brachycoeliinae and Pleurogenetinae. Later, Nicoll (1923) assigned the Microphallinae to the family Heterophyidae and this position was adopted by Poche (1926), by Stunkard (1929), and by Faust (1929) though Witenberg (1929:137) maintains that the Microphallinae are possessed of char- acters which preclude their inclusion in the Heterophyidae. This discussion of the diversity of opinion as to the relationships of the Microphallinae is given because of the light which it sheds upon the difficulties encountered in any attempt at understanding the anatomy and relationships of the members of the genus Microphallus. The problem of relationships of this subfamily will probably never be settled satisfactorily until more is known of the life cycle, and the early larval stages are available for yielding evidence of phylogenetic relationship. Since Microphallus opacus (Ward, 1894) was described, there has been but one more species added to the genus for North America. H. L. Osborn, in 1919, described Microphallus ovatus from the black bass of Lake Chautauqua, New York. In our survey of the parasites, of Oneida Lake fishes we have found rep- resentatives of both M. opacus and M. ovatus and in addition have discovered two specimens each of which clearly represents an undescribed member of the genus Microphallus. One of these from the rock bass is described as M. obstipus and the other from the perch is given the name M. niedius. Microphallus obstipus new species Plate 6, Figure 1 Host. — Amhloplites rupestris. In intestine. Description. — Body of type specimen bluntly ovoid, 0.476 mm. long with widest diameter at level of testes (0.282 mm.). Acetabulum in center of ventral surface, 0.058 mm. in diameter, about equal to oral sucker. The acetabulum has its opening directed to the left where it opens onto a surface depression of the body, forming a genital sinus. Mouth sub-terminal, directed slightly ventrad. Pharynx well developed, 0.047 mm. long, with prepharynx and esophagus about equivalent to it. Intestinal crura relatively large and of equal length, diverging rapidly and terminating anterior to the acetabulum, fairly close to the lateral margins of the body. 36 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Plate 6. Two new species of the genus Microphallus. In both figures the scale has the value of 0.1 mm. Fig. 1 : Microphallus obstipus, in ventral view, showing all details of internal structure, especially the relation of acetabulum to the genital atrium in the holotype. Specimen immature. Fig. 2: MicropJiallus mcdius, in ventral view. Immature, holotype. 38 Rooscz'clt Wild Life Annals Testes spheroidal, lateral in position, lying immediately posterior to the level of the hind margin of the acetabulum. Ovary dorsal to acetabulum, slightly to the right of the median axis of the body. Vitellaria composed of a relatively small number of follicles distributed along lateral margins of posterior half of the body from region of the acetabulum to a short distance from the posterior extremity. Near the middle of the body the follicles extend transversely anterior to the testes, to near the acetabulum. Genital pore close to the left margin of the acetabulum. Though no eggs are present in the type specimen, the primordium of the uterus may be observed extending from the genital pore posteriorly to near the median line of the body, between the testes. A short copulatory organ lies within the genital pore and communicates by a relatively small duct with an enormously elongated seminal vesicle. This last mentioned organ is tubular in form and extends trans- versely across more than two-thirds of the width of the body, just anterior to the acetabulum. The excretory bladder consists of an enlarged median sac, of rather irregular outline, with two horns, one passing anteriorly along the mesial margin of each testis. The single specimen, on which this description is based, was taken from the intestine of a rock bass (Ambloplitcs riipcstris) from Oneida Lake. In both M. opacus and M. ovatus, the seminal vesicle is rounded or ovoid, lying wholly or chiefly on the left side of the body, in marked contrast to the long transverse, tubular vesicle of M. obstipus. The intestinal crura of M. obstipus are relatively larger than those of M. opacus and lack the asymmetry character- istic of M. ovatus. The pharynx is relatively much larger in 71/. obstipus than in either of the other members of this genus, and the esophagus is relatively much shorter than in either. The vitellaria more closely resemble the lateral vitellaria of M. ovatus that the massed follicles of M. opacus, but dififer from those of M. ovatus in that the glands in M. obstipus leave the lateral masses and continue along the anterior margin of the testes toward the acetabulum. From M. mcdius, which is described later in this same paper, M. obstipus differs in many respects with regard to the relative size of regions of the digestive system, but is most readily distinguishable on the basis of arrangement of the vitellaria. In M. medius, the vitelline follicles are restricted to a transverse band at the anterior margin of the testes, while in M. obstipus they continue along the lateral margin of the posterior half of the body. Type. — The holotype of Microphallus obstipus is deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8575. Microphallus medius new species Plate 6, Figure 2 Host. — Perca fiavescens. In intestine. Description. — A single specimen of Microphallus was taken from the intes- tine of a yellow perch on Aug. 29, 1929. Since this individual represents a previously undescribed form, it is designated as type of a new species, Microphallus medius. Body ovoid, length 0.595 mm. Greatest diameter (0.374 mm.) in region of testes. Acetabulum of type wholly in anterior half Parasites of Oneida Lake Fishes 39 of body, much larger than oral sucker (0.070 mm.: 0.033 mm. in width). Pharynx short (0.019 mm. long by 0.025 mm. wide), i)repharynx very short, esophagus narrow, more than one-third the length of distance from the ])har}'nx to the acetabulum. Crura short, voluminous, diverging rapidly and terminating some distance anterior to the acetabulum. The gonads have the same locations as described for 71/. obstipus ; i.e., testes lateral, ovary dextral, anterior to right testis. Vitellaria form a transverse band of a few large folli- cles overlapping the anterior margins of the testes, but separated in the center of the body by the shell gland. Genital pore at left border of acetabulum. Uterus not distinguishable in the immature type s])ecimen, for no eggs are present. A long tubular seminal vesicle may be traced from the genital pore through a small loop to a conspicuous tubular organ directed transversely across more than two-thirds of the body width, immediately anterior to the acetabulum. Excretory bladder xoluminous, the two large, anteriorly directed arms reaching to near the anterior border of the testes. Of the three species of Microphallus previously described from North America, M. medius has closest resemblance to M. obstipus. From M. obstipus, it differs in relative size and proportion of all parts of the digestive system. The oral sucker is much smaller and the esophagus is much longer and more slender than in M. obstipus. Furthermore, in M. medius the vitelline follicles are confined to a transverse series at the anterior border of the testes, while in M. obstipus the vitellaria are largely lateral in the posterior half of the body. In its distinction from M. ovatus and M. opacus, M. medius agrees with M. obstipus in the excessive development of an elongate, tubular seminal vesicle extending transversely across the body anterior to the acetabulum, while in M. opacus and M. ovatus the corresponding vesicle is globular or pear-shaped. Type. — The holotype of Microphallus medius is deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8574. Bunodera sacculata new species Plate 7 Host. — Perca flavescens. In intestine and ceca. As a concept the genus Bunodera has been recognized since 1845 when Du- jardin applied to it the preoccupied name Crossodera. Bunodera has been the valid name since its proposal by Railliet in 1896. There have been several refer- ences to the occurrence of this genus in North America but only a part of these are valid for in most instances the forms have later been referred to other genera. Thus, Osborn (1903) described as Bunodera cornuta a species which proved to be a Crepidostomum ; and Pratt (1901), named as Bunodera lintoni a form from the sturgeon which Odhner considers identical with Acrolichanus petalosa, though Ward (1918) doubts the synonymy. All of the remaining references to the occur- rence of Bunodera in North America are identifications under the names of European species. Pearse (1924a), without giving description or figures, re- cords the European species B. luciopercae from the perch of the Wisconsin lakes, 40 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Plate 7. Ihiiiodcra sacculata. Mature specimens showing grow th forms and indi- vidual variation in size and form. The scale has a value of 0.2 nmi. and applies uniformly to all three drawings in this block. Fig. 1 : Ventral view of a specimen showing maximum size and maximum development of the uterus. Fig. 2: Specimen of intermediate development, bearing twenty eggs. Fig. 3 : Very young adult individual, with but six eggs in the uterus. 41 Plate 7 42 Roosc7'clt Wild Life .huials while Stafford (1904:489) recorded the same species under its synonym Buno- dcra noditloSHDi from the perch in Canada. The representatives of the genus Kunodera which we have encountered are distinctly different from the figures and careful descriptions of Bunodera lucio- percae given by Liihe (1909) and other students of this genus. In consequence, we are presenting herewith a description of Bunodera saccitlata as a new species. Description. — In this survey of the parasites of Oneida Lake fishes, more than thirty species have been examined for worm parasites, but Bunodera was not encountered in any host other than Pcrca flavesccns ; and even here it occurs in very meagre numbers. The specimens range from 0.5 to slightly more than 2.0 mm. in length. In life as well as in the preserved condition the shape is highly variable. Some individuals are robust and distinctly ovoid, others have the greatest diameter near the middle and taper toward both extremities, while the ones most characteristic of this species have the posterior half of the body broadly sacculate and the front half gradually converging to the diameter of the oral sucker and its appendages. While the differences in body form are to some extent due to plasticity of the body, there is also evidence that it is in part an accompaniment of progressive changes in degree of maturity. The older and larger worms with sacculate posterior extremity have that region filled with a very exten- sive uterus, containing several hundred eggs. The smallest individuals are spindle- shaped and contain but few eggs. The ovoid individuals have a condition of the uterus intermediate between the other two previously described and likewise hold an intermediate number of eggs. Under the most favorable conditions, six broad and blunt papillae may be distinguished at the anterior extremity, surrounding the opening of the oral sucker. Frequently only the four dorsal papillae are clearly discernible. The digestive sys- tem consists of a small spherical pharynx immediately adjacent to the mouth, and a short esophagus from which the intestinal crura branch about midway between the pharynx and the acetabulum. The crura terminate at the posterior level of the hind testis and do not in any instance extend into the posterior quarter of the body. The ovary lies adjacent to the posterior margin of the acetabulum, usually on the left side of the body, but reversals of symmetry frequently occur. In what have been interpreted as young individuals, the oblique testes lie near the median line, but as the body becomes distended with mature eggs, the testes become more widely separated. The anterior testis lies on the right side of the body directly behind the level of the ovary. Liihe (1909:64) has described the location of the testes in B. luciopercae as in the posterior region of the body, removed from the tip by about the diameter of the testis. In B. saccidata, the position of the testes is rather variable, but in no instance have we observed a specimen with the hind testis less than twice its diameter from the posterior tip of the body. In some instances, the hind testis is nearer to the acetabulum than to the tip of the body. Furthermore, Lijhe states that the testes of B. luciopercae are far behind the ovary in the posterior part of the body. In B. saccidata, the anterior testis is frequently on a level with the posterior edge of the ovary. The mature uterus is voluminous, filling the entire posterior half of the body which becomes Parasites of Oneida Lake f'ishes 43 distended with the crowded eggs. The genital pore lies in the median plane, slightly in front of the acetabulum, at about the level of the bifurcation of the intestine. An elongate pyriform or clavate cirrus sac extends slightly behind the posterior margin of the acetabulum or may fall a little short of this level. The yellowish-brown uterine eggs range from 0.066 to 0.085 mm. long by 0.040 to 0.049 mm. in diameter. The scarcity of records of Bunodera from North American perch seems to be correlated with distinct seasonal, ecological, and host limitations of this species. In our survey, we have examined 164 specimens of perch taken at all seasons of the year, but in no instance have we any record of an infestation earlier in the season than August 8. Twelve out of fifteen records of infestation with Bunodera sacculata are from habitats where shallow water and abundant vegetation are found. Few specimens were found in perch from deep water. Attention has already been directed to the fact that no other host was found to harbor even an occasional specimen of Bunodera. Most of the references to the occurrence of Bunodera in North American hosts have been made under the specific name of the European form, B. lucio- percae. B. sacculata differs from B. liiciopercae in the following points: (1) the vitellaria in B. sacculata terminate at the level of the hind testis, while in B. luciopercae they extend to near the tip of the body; (2) the crura of B. sacculata terminate at the hind testis, while in B. luciopercae they extend beyond the poster- ior limit of the uterus (see Liihe, 1909, fig. 55) ; (3) the eggs of B. sacculata are distinctly shorter (0.066 to 0.085 mm.) than those of B. luciopercae (0.100 mm.) ; (4) the testes in B. luciopercae are about the diameter of the testis from the posterior extremity, while in B. sacculata the testes are considerably farther for- ward in the body; (5) the ovary and testes are not far separated in B. sacculata. The specimens which Stafford (1904:489) considered as B. luciopercae (under the synonym B. nodulosa) are .not B. sacculata. In his description, he refers to the vitellaria as extending from the neck to the posterior end. In this, his description agrees with B. luciopercae. In the light of these facts it seems probable that a second species of Bunodera occurs in North America. Whether this is truly the European species, B. luciopercae, or another undescribed species cannot be determined from the literature alone. Types. — Cotypes of Bunodera sacculata are deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8562. Other cotypes are in the collections of the Roose- velt Wild Life Station, Syracuse, N. Y. Crepidostomum solidum new species * Plate 8 Host.- — Perca flavescens. In digestive tract. Five species of the genus Crepidostomum have been recorded from North American fresh-water fishes. Of this list, four (C cornutum, C. illinoisense, C. 'After this paper was already in the hands of the printers, Hopkins' paper "Studies on Crepidostomum II. The Crepidostomum laurtatum of A. R. Cooper" appeared in the Journal of Parasitology, vol. 18: 79-90. In this paper Hopkins describes and gives a clear figure of our Crepidostomum solidum, describing it under the name of Crepidostomum ambloplitis. The material studied by Hopkins consisted of 10 specimens collected by A. R. Cooper at Go Home Bay, Ontario, June 8, 1912. Hopkins also describes and figures in this paper C. cooperi on the basis of ten specimens collected by Cooper, June 15, 1912, from the intestine of Perea flavescens at the above location. We have described and figured the variations of our form C. solidum on the basis of a study of abundant material, and it is our opinion that both C. ambloplitis and C. cooperi are but variants of the same species which we describe as C. solidum. Since C. cooperi is described first in Hopkins' article we regard C. ambloplitis as a synonym, as also our own C. solidum. 44 Roosevelt Wild Life A)iJials Plate 8. Crepidostomum solidum, showing details of morphology and variations in body form and proportions, especially variations in the head region and in the reproductive organs. The scale with each drawing repre- sents 0.2 mm. Figs. 2 and 5 are drawn to the same scale, while Fig. 1, of a small individual, is more highly magnified as indicated by the accompanying scales. Fig. 1 : Dorsal view of small individual with a single egg in the uterus. Fig. 2: Ventral view of a specimen without a prominent neck. Fig. 3: Ventral view of an individual with exaggerated neck region. Fig. 4: Dorsal view. Intermediate body form. Fig. 5 : Ventral view of specimen taken in mid-winter, showing excessive development of the cirrus and inflation of the body. 45 Pl.ATK 8 46 Rooscirlt Wild Life .Uinals z'itcllobum, and C. isostomum) are, so far as known, restricted to the North American continent. The fifth species, frequently mentioned in the hterature, is the supposedly cosmopolitan C. farionis (syn. C. laurcatum) . Under the name of its synonym, Linton (1893), Stafford (1904), and Cooper (1915) have reported C. farionis from the perch, brook trout, and other fishes. Faust (1918) has re- corded the same species from fishes of the western states. In our examinations of perch {Perca flavesccns) from Oneida Lake, we have found specimens of the genus Crepidostomum which cannot be assigned to C. farionis nor to any other previously known species. The chief point of difference between our new species and C. farionis, previously recorded from the perch, lies in the location of the genital pore, but this distinction is supplemented by othei significant morphological differences. Under the name Crepidostomum solidum, this new form is described in the following paragraphs. Description. — Mature worms about 1 mm. long, rarely more than 1.5 mm. The six bluntly rounded oral papillae about equal in size. The lateral papillae are not more elongate than the others, in average specimens about 0.028 mm. long, blunt and but slightly decurved. Oral sucker and acetabulum about equal in transverse diameter. Body widest at region of acetabulum. Extreme width of anterior extremity, across crown of papillae, not as wide as body diameter at acetabulum. Body usually constricted at level of esophagus to form a neck-like region. Posterior extremity usually pointed. A pair of conspicuous eye spots just posterior to the pharynx in many specimens, and usually distinguishable in others. Observations of whole mounts in side view indicate that in the smaller worms the dorso-ventral thickness is almost the exact equivalent of the transverse diameter in all regions of the body but in the larger specimens the thickness is only about three-fourths or two-thirds of the transverse diameter. Oral sucker heavy and long, the lateral walls almost parallel. Pharynx large, longer than wide. The esophagus moderately short, the intestinal crura bifurcating immediately anterior to the acetabulum and extending to near the posterior tip of the body. The vitellaria are arranged as a dense series of follicles reaching from the region of the pharynx to the posterior tip of the body. Posteriorly, the two lateral masses are usually united by a broad transverse area of follicles filling the entire tip behind the testes. Anterior to the acetabulum, the vitellaria of the two sides in many specimens become confluent, filling the region between acetabu- lum and pharynx. The margin of the body is so densely packed with vitellaria, and the genital organs so completely fill the axial zone between the lateral masses of vitellaria, that a compact, solid appearance is imported to the body of the entire worm. This fact is responsible for the selection of the specific name solidum as a designation for this species. The genital pore is median, immediately anterior to the acetabulum and pos- terior to the fork of the intestine, never anterior to it. In some individuals, the reproductive organs are highly variable in relative and absolute size. The size and spatial relations of the testes and of the cirrus sac are especially subject to individual variation. The cirrus sac ordinarily extends posteriorly in a simple or sigmoid curve to a short distance posterior to the acetabulum, but individuals have been observed in which an elongated cylindrical cirrus sac reaches to the Parasites of Oneida Lake Fishes 47 posterior boundary of the hind testis. Intermediate conditions bridge the gap between this extreme and the much shorter club-shaped cirrus sac. There seems to be at least some basis for interi)reting the excessive development of the cirrus sac as a seasonal phenomenon, for almost all of the individuals with excessive development of that organ were collected in the winter months. The testes are subject to considerable variation in size and relation to each other. In most of the specimens of C. solidum which we have studied, the testes are ventral, one immediately behind the other, in broad contact, their width occupy- ing the entire distance between the intestinal crura. A few individuals with smaller, spheroidal testes, not in direct contact, were observed in this species, as were also two instances of monorchism. The ovary is located on the left side of the body at the hind margin of the acetabulum, often overlapping the margin of that organ. A seminal receptacle may f requently be seen in whole mounts lying beside the ovary near the median line, immediately adjacent to the posterior border of the acetabulum. The uterus, which contains a small number of eggs, extends backward from the genital pore to the region of the anterior testis, but never posterior to the testis. From two to eighteen eggs are very commonly present in the uterus of our preserved specimens. The eggs are from 0.064 to 0.083 mm. \ong by 0.042 to 0.050 mm. wide. Crepidostomum solidum differs most from C. isostomum, C. farionis, and C. vitellobum in that the last three species have the genital pore anterior to the fork of the intestine while in C. solidum it is posterior. From C. illinoisense, it is clearly distinguishable because the two dorsal papillae in that species are bifur- cated, while in C. solidum they show no indications of bifurcation. The papillae and general body form furnish distinctive characters for the separation of the new species from C. cornutum. The short, blunt oral lobes of the former stand in sharp contrast to the long, pointed papillae of the latter. The small diameter of the oral extremity is distinctive of C. solidum, as is also the usual presence of a neck-like constriction behind the oral sucker. The general form of the body is so highly characteristic of C. solidum that individuals of this species are recog- nizable at a glance, without necessity of directing attention to more minute criteria. In making a preliminary study of our material, it was possible to separate all members of this species on body form alone before other distinctive characters were taken into consideration. C. solidum shows very definite habitat and seasonal restrictions. The species occurs in greater numbers in late summer and winter, but is entirely wanting in our collections made in early summer. Perch from some localities have never been found to harbor this parasite, while those from other habitats near by, within the same lake, have been infested. C. solidum has been found to be rather defi- nitely restricted to the perch as a normal host. A few individuals have been taken from the intestine of Ameiurus nebidosus of Oneida Lake. Types. — Cotypes of Crepidostomum solidum have been deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8571. A long series of cotypes is deposited in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station at Syracuse, N. Y. 48 Rooscz'clt Wild Life .hi mils Plate 9. M acrodcroidcs flat'us — details of morphology. The scale, which applies uniformly to all three figures, has the value of 0.1 mm. Fig. 1 : Ventral view of an entire specimen mounted without com- pression. The lateral vitellaria are indicated by cellular treatment instead of the conventionalized solid black. In this specimen, the posterior loop of the uterus falls short of the extremities of the crura, a condition frequently reversed as in Fig. 3. Fig. 2 : Detail, showing relationship of vitellaria to the vitelline reser- voir and topography of the vitelline lobes. Fig. 3 : Lateral view of entire wf)rm, showing especially the large cirrus sac. 49 Pl-ATK 9 50 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Macroderoides flavus new species Plate 9 Host. — Esox nigcr, in intestine and rectum. In the course of examining sixty-five specimens of the chain pickerel {Esox nigcr) from representative habitats in Oneida Lake, seven individuals, all from Big Bay at the west end of the lake, were found to harbor in the intestine and the rectum a small trematode which represents a new species of the genus Macro- deroides, and to which we assign the name M acroderoidcs flavus. This trematode varied in abundance in the infested fish from twelve in one specimen to approxi- imately four hundred in another. Pearse (1924) created the genus Macroderoides for a species of trematode which he discovered in the intestine of a short-nosed gar in Lake Pepin, Wiscon- sin. He defines the genus as follows : "Elongated Plagiorchiidae with the two suckers of nearly equal size. The genital opening is at the anterior margin of the acetabulum. A slender prepharynx and a longer esophagus are present. The in- testinal rami arise from the esophagus some distance anterior to the acetabulum. The body is covered with sharp spines which decrease in size posteriorly. The vitelline glands extend from a short distance behind the acetabulum to the posterior testis." Simer (1929) records finding M. spiniferus again from the long-nosed gar, and in studying his material re-examined the type specimen from the collections of the L^nited States National Museum. He says, "It was noted that certain dis- crepancies occur between the original description of this species and the type specimen." In his re-description of the type specimen, the characters on which Pearse established the genus remain intact, so that the above characterization of the genus, quoted from Pearse is still valid. Description. — Macroderoides flavus has the characters of the genus. Speci- mens, on the average, measure about 0.7 mm. in length by 0.150 mm. in greatest width. The body is long and slender, and is divisible into an anterior third hav- ing the form of a narrow cylindrical neck, and a posterior two-thirds of more cor- pulent proportions and rounded in cross section, tapering posteriad to a rather sharp point. The cuticular spines are particularly heavy and closely set in the anterior region of the body, much finer in the middle region, and entirely lacking in the posterior region. The forebody is highly muscular and during life is very mobile, undergoing frequent extension and contraction, and when in the position of maximum extension the neck is often rotated so as to turn the oral sucker through an arc of 180°, toward the right or the left. The post-acetabular region of the body is relatively delicate and immobile, and in living specimens has a striking yellow color, whence the specific name. Measurements on an average specimen give the diameter of the oral sucker as 0.060 mm. ; the diameter of the acetabulum as 0.060 mm. In this respect this species checks absolutely with Pearse's description of the genus : "the two suckers of nearly equal size." The diameter of the pharynx is 0.04 mm. The esophagus is about 0.12 mm. long; the prepharynx is short, about 0.03 mm. long. Parasites of Oneida Lake lushes 51 The acetabulum lies a short distance in front of the middle of the body, with the genital opening at its anterior margin on the me(Han line. The cirrus sac is large and long, passing back over the dorsal surface of the acetabulum, to, or sometimes beyond, the anterior margin of the ovary. Its length is at least one-fifth that of the entire worm. It contains a capacious seminal vesicle which is divided into two parts by a delicate transverse partition, the posterior usually being some- what the longer. The gonads have a triangular arrangement in about the middle of the post- acetabular region. The ovary lies on the right, near the posterior tip of the cirrus sac. The testes lie obliquely behind this sac, with the posterior testis directly be- hind the ovary. The ovary and testes are usually rounded in shape, the ovary approximately spherical, the testes somewhat elongated in an antero-posterior di- rection. The uterus extends from the ovary to near the posterior end of the body, within about 0.03 mm. of the caudal tip, and thence anteriad to the genital pore. The portion anterior to the ovary is rather straight and narrow, containing few eggs. Along the rest of its course it is somewhat more distended and is thrown into a few loose coils. The uterus lies mainly ventral to the gonads, the ovary lying above it and nearer the dorsal surface of the body. The vitellaria consist of a relatively small number of large lobate follicles lying entirely lateral between the level of the acetabulum and the posterior boun- dary of the second testis. The number of vitelline follicles on either side varies from three to four, although their irregularly lobed character indicates a tendency to subdivide into smaller follicles. Viewed from the ventral surface, this charac- teristic creates the appearance of more vitelline follicles than actually occur. The vitelline follicles of each side are provided with short ducts which converge (PI. 9, Fig. 2) toward the dorsal surface and pass into a common transverse vitelline duct which lies just posterior to the ovary. A spherical enlargement of this duct, located near the ovary and just beneath the dorsal surface, forms the vitelline reservoir, which is about one-half the diameter of the ovary. The intestinal crura are narrow and extend well toward the caudal tip of the body. In most cases, the posterior loop of the uterus passes caudad of the termi- nation of the crura, as in the genus Plagiorchis, but frequently this condition is re- versed and the uterine loop lies anterior to their termination. The eggs are about 0.032 mm. long by 0.020 mm. wide, brownish in color, and with faint indications of a terminal cap. Of the seven specimens of Esox which harbored this worm, the earliest record of its occurrence was June 27, in which case only twelve specimens were found. The most heavily infested fish were two taken during December. Three pickerel examined during February still harbored numbers of the worm, but in much less abundance than in the case of the December specimens. While the num- ber of cases is too few to allow definite conclusions, it appears that infestation with this species is coincident with the colder part of the year, dropping off to- ward the end of the winter. When first studied, this worm was thought to be a new species of the genus Plagiorchis. A study of its generic characters, however, showed that it does not belong here but rather in the genus Macroderoides. Macroderoides is rather 52 Roosczrlt Wild Life Annals Plate 10. Ncascus oneidcnsis. The scale with Figs. 1 and 2 has the value of 0.2 mm. That with Fig. 3 has the value of 0.05 mm. Fig. 1 : Ventral view showing natural proportions of expanded fore- body and acorn-shaped hindbody. Fig. 2 : Lateral view. Holdfast organ everted, with holdfast gland showing beneath its base of attachment. Fig. 3: Detail of oral sucker in side view. Fig. 4: Encysted specimen, showing relative size of the metacer- caria and its confining cyst. 53 Pl.ATF. 10 54 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals closely related to a number of genera ; Plagiorchis Liihe, Haplometroides Odhner, and Glossidium Looss. It differs from Plagiorchis in the possession of a long esophagus, from Haplometroides in that the ceca extend to the posterior part of the body, whereas in Haplometroides they stop short of the posterior third. It differs from Glossidium, in that Glossidium has a short esophagus and short seminal vesicle, whereas in Macroderoides the seminal vesicle is conspicuously long. Macroderoides flaz'us dift'ers from its congeneric relative, M. spiniferus, in much smaller size, body divided into two distinct regions, — a slender forebody and shorter hindbody — whereas in M. spiniferus the body is uniformly slender with parallel sides. It also has fewer vitelline follicles, and more compact arrange- ment of the gonads than is true of M. spiniferus. M. spiniferus has been found in the short-nosed gar, the yellow, and the speckled bullhead, while M. fiavus has been found by us only in Esox niger. We can find no point wherein Plesiocreadium of Winfield, 1929, differs from the concept of Macroderoides as delineated by Pearse, 1924, and confirmed by Simer, 1929. We therefore feel that it is necessary to consider Plesiocreadium as a synonym of Macroderoides. In transferring the species P. typicum to the genus Macroderoides, the infelicitous choice of the specific name becomes appar- ent, for M. spiniferus remains the type of Macroderoides. It was against in- stances of this sort that the International Commission handed down a recommen- dation appended to Article 14 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomen- clature, stating that "It is well to avoid the introduction of the names typicus and typus as new names for species or subspecies, since these names are always liable to result in later confusion." We have examined specimens of Macroderoides taken from Aniia calva from the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Comparing these specimens with Winfield's description and figures of Plesiocreadium typicum, no points of difference could be discovered. This adds conclusive evidence to the above assumption of synonymy. M. fiavus differs from M. typicus in size and general form of the body. The prepharynx is much longer in AI. fiavus than in M. typicus. The eggs of M. fiavus are distinctly smaller than those of M. typicus. Types. — Cotypes are in the United States National Museum, No. 8561, and in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, at Syracuse, N. Y. Neascus oneidensis new species Plate 10 Hosts. — Perca flavesccns and Esox lucins. Encysted, recently taken into stomach. On two different occasions we have taken specimens of a holostome from the stomach of fishes from Oneida Lake at Lakeport, which present major differences from any species previously described. This form, which we believe constitutes a new species, was found once in the stomach of a perch and again in the stomach of the great northern pike. In the sharp division of the body into fore and hind parts, the hind part being well developed, the absence of lateral suckers, the well Parasites of Oneida Lake J'islics 55 developed holdfast organ, and expanded leaf-like forebody, the worm exhibits the characters of the genus Neascus. A further point of agreement with other known Neascus forms is the presence of a cyst. We have twelve specimens from the stomach of Esox, and seven from the stomach of the i)erch. This location is abnormal for holostomes, so that we must regard these worms as having been lib- erated in the course of digestion from a minnow or other small fish, eaten by the host examined by us. This interpretation, is further supported by the observation that while most of the worms were free, a number were still enclosed by a delicate cyst wall. The presence of a half digested Fundiilus diaphanns in the stomach of the Esox lucius, and the intimate association of the worms with this food material, suggest that the Fundulus was the previous host of these worms; that first the cysts had been dissolved out of the tissue and then a large number of worms lib- erated from the cysts during digestion in the stomach of the larger fish. Description. — All of our specimens have been stained and mounted in toto so that we have no information concerning the reserve bladder, details of which are visible only in living specimens of Neascus. The total length of the worm is about 1.6 mm. in large specimens. The forebody is about 1.12 mm. long, flat and tongue-like. In the mounted specimens, at least, its margins show no tendency to curve ventrally. Anteriorly, it tapers to a sharp point, with the oral sucker at the apex. The widest part of the forebody lies about midway between the acetabulum and the oral sucker. Towards the posterior part of the forebody the sides are nearly parallel, joining the transverse constriction between fore- and hind- body at a right angle. The hindbody is acorn-shaped, almost as thick as wide and tapering to the posterior end. It is 0.504 mm. long by 0.280 mm. wide as compared with 0.392 mm., the greatest width of the forebody. The oral sucker and acetabulum are small and about equal in size, the acetabulum lying very near the mid-point of the entire body. Apparently a pharynx is lacking. There is a long narrow esophagus which forks to form the crura in the anterior third of the body, but beyond the fork the digestive system cannot be made out in our speci- mens. The holdfast organ is well developed and lies nearer to the waist than to the acetabulum. A holdfast gland is present as a transverse, darkly staining band of cells immediately behind the holdfast organ. The rudiments of the gonads are large and conspicuous, and lie restricted to a median longitudinal band of the hindbody occupying about one-third of its width. On either side of these struc- tures in the hindbody there lie large clear sinuses, probably constituting parts of the reserve bladder system. Immediately behind the genital primordia is a bursa copulatrix, which opens in a subterminal position on the dorsal surface. In some of our specimens this organ is everted. The excretory pore and duct are visible immediately ventral to the copulatory bursa. Seen in side view the worm is long and narrow, and the forebody is usually curved ventrally. The hindbody is noticeably thicker than the forebody, due to the inflation of the reserve bladder. The cuticula is apparently devoid of spines. A side view of Neascus oneidensis bears a certain resemblance to the sagittal reconstruction of Paradiplostomuni pfychocheilus given by Van Haitsma (1930: 153; Fig. 13). P. pfychocheilus is a mature worm found in the intestines of ducks. However, the shapes of the two species seen in ventral view are very 56 RooscvcU Wild Life Annals Plate 11. Hcdruris tiara. General morphology and details of the head region. The scale for Fig. 1 has the value of 2 mm. Figs. 2 and 3, which are at the same magnification, have the value of 0.1 mm. for the accompanying scale. Fig. 1 : General habitus of holotype male. Fig. 2: Details of head region of holotype male seen in lateral view, showing arrangement and structure of the lips and position of nerve ring and of excretory pore. Fig. 3 : Details of head region of allotype female in three-quarters view, showing relationship of lateral and dorsal lips and chitinous crown at head of the esophagus. 57 Plate. 11 58 Roosczrll Wild Life .Innals Plate 12. Hedrnris tiara, depicting structures of the caudal region in both sexes. Scales accompanying Figs. 1 and 2 have the value of 0.1 mm. Fig. 1 : Tail of male in side view, showing ventral scutes anterior to the cloaca, sensory papillae, posterior loop of the testis, and copu- latory apparatus. Fig. 2: Diagrammatic representation of ventral surface of tail of male, showing lateral position of penultimate pair of papillae. Fig. 3 : Lateral view of tail of female, showing the attachment organ. Anus just anterior to attachment organ on ventral surface, and vulva a short distance anterior to anus. Sucker at tip of attach- ment organ showing especially the holdfast hook and associated glands. 59 Plate 12 60 Roosc2'cIt Wild Life .biiials different. Moreover, P. ptychochcilus, although mature, is a much smaller form than A", oneidensis, and has been demonstrated to be the adult of Ncascits ptycliocheilits. This larval species is much smaller and very different in outline and proportions from A', oneidensis. W'c do not know the adult of our form. As previously mentioned, several of our specimens are enclosed in a cyst wall. This consists of a rather thin and delicate membrane, of ovoidal shape and large proportions. In it the larva lies very loosely, surrounded by a large amount of space, and having almost sufficient room to straighten out. Spacious as is this cyst, however, that of ptyclioehcilus is proportionately much larger, with a long diameter of more than twice the length of the enclosed worm. This feature con- stitutes still another point of difiference between the two species. Types. — Cotypes deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8560, and in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station at Syracuse, N. Y. DESCRIPTION OF NEW NEMATODA Hedruris tiara new species Plates 11 and 12 Hosts. — Esox niger and Erimyzon siicetta oblongus, in stomach. The genus Hedruris is made up primarily of species living as parasites in amphibians and reptiles. Baylis has recently (1931) described Hedruris spinigera from a New Zealand trout. In the same paper, he calls attention to the fact that of the nine species belonging to the genus, only two have been recorded from fishes — H. spinigera from New Zealand and H. orestiac from South America. To date, there have been but two species of Hedruris recorded from the North American fauna. Both of these are from amphibian hosts and neither has been recorded from a fish. H. siredonis Baird, according to Chandler (1919), is relatively common in amphibians, and H. brevis Walton has been found in a single instance in the stomach of a newt { Triturus viridescens) taken in North Carolina. Two individuals of Hedruris taken from Oneida Lake fishes constitute the first records of the occurrence of this genus in fresh-water fishes of the North American continent. These two individuals, which seem to belong to the same species, comprise a male from the digestive tract of the chub sucker and a female from the stomach of the chain pickerel. Since these specimens difi^er from the previously described members of the genus they are recognized as type and allo- type of a new species under the name Hedruris tiara. Description. — Holotype male 11.7 mm. long with a diameter of 0.19 mm. varying but little in different regions behind the head. Head 0.099 mm. long and 0.110 mm. wide. Lateral lips about 0.082 mm. long. Esophagus 1.4 mm. long. Excretory pore 0.37 mm. from anterior extremity. Nerve ring anterior to excretory pore at about 0.27 mm. from anterior tip of body. Distance from cloaca to tip of tail about 0.27 mm. The pre-anal ventral surface of the body is covered with conspicuous bosses arranged as 12 or 14 longitudinal rows of sharply incised cuticular elevations diminishing in distinctness both anteriorly and laterally until lost as transverse cuticular folds. Male spicules about 0.204 mm. long. There Parasites of Oneida Lake Fishes 61 appears to be a short gubernaculum lying between the two spicules Init in our specimei: it caimot be made out in clear detail. Caudal extremity of male pro- vided with one pair of prc-anal papillae and nine pairs of post-anal jjapillae of which the penultimate pair are lateral and not in the same linear series as the re- maining papillae. Allotype female 8.650 mm. long, body varying but little in diameter, 0.187 mm. wide. Head 0.099 mm. long and 0.11.^ mm. wide. Mouth armed with four highly ornate lips in form and arrangement characteristic for the genus. Lateral lips about 0.080 mm. long. Esophagus 1.36 mm. long. Nerve ring 0.23 mm. from anterior tip. Post-anal extremity highly modified as an attachment organ, 0.374 mm. long by 0.289 mm. in diameter. At the extreme tip this attachment organ bears a cup-like sucker. An anchor-hook 0.192 mm. long is hinged on the rim of the sucker. Conspicuous gland cells are associated with the base of the claw-like hook. The anus opens ventrally at the union of body proper and the terminal sucker. The genital pore is 1.02 mm. from the posterior extremity or about 0.65 mm. anterior to the anus. Since the female is immature, no uterine eggs are available for description and measurements. Hedruris tiara dififers markedly from the two North American species de- scribed from Amphibia. The male of H. tiara has nine pairs of post-anal papillae wherein it agrees with H. brcvis, though H. sired onis has ten pairs. The male of H. tiara is distinctly larger than the male of H. hrevis, and though the female of H. tiara is immature it is markedly larger than the mature females of H. brevis. Cervical papillae have been described for H. armata and for H. brevis. No cer- vical papillae are found on H. tiara or H. siredonis. A marked point of contrast between the last two species is in the location of the excretory pore. In H. tiara, this pore is a considerable distance posteriad from the nerve ring while for H. siredonis, Chandler (Fig. 3) shows it at the level of the anterior margin of the nerve ring. Types. — The holotype male is deposited in the United States National Mu- seum, No. 8567. The allotype female is in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station. Dacnitoides robusta new species Plate 13 Host. — Ameiurns nebidosus, intestine. The genus Dacnitoides was described in 1916 by Ward and Magath. D. cotylophora, the type, is the only species which has been ascribed to this genus. In the wealth of material of Dacnitoides which we have handled in the survey of fish parasites of Oneida Lake, we have found D. cotylopJwra represented very abundantly in a number of hosts. Some specimens of Dacnitoides which we have taken from Ameiuriis nebidosus differ markedly from D. cotylophora. Since a few individuals of typical D. cotylophora have been found in the same host, it seems evident that the points of difference of the unusual specimens cannot be ex- plained on grounds of individual variation in response to adjustment to an un- 62 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Plate 13. Dacnitoides robusta, with figures of Dacnitoidcs cotylophora for com- parison. All scales in this block of figures have the uniform value of 0.1 mm. Fig. 1 : Tail of male Dacnitoidcs cotylophora in lateral view, show- ing the length of spicules, position of the ventral sucker, and location of the sensory papillae. Fig. 2 : Diagram of tail of D. cotylophora in ventral view. Fig. 3 : Head of female of D. robusta, in dorsal view, showing divi- vision of the esophagus, its connection with the intestine, and the recurrent intestinal cecum. Also showing the apical region of the ovary in its topographical relationships to the esophagus and the pair of cervical papillae or amphids. Fig. 4: Tail of male of Dacnitoides robusta, in lateral view, show- ing the relatively short copulatory spicules (cf. Fig. 1 ), and arrange- ment of the sensory pipillae. Note that there is no ventral sucker in this species. Fig. 5 : Diagram of tail of D. robusta, in ventral view. Fig. 6: Tail of female of D. robusta, in ventral view, showing two lateral, post-anal, sensory papillae and single terminal papilla. 64 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals usual habitat. We are describing these new forms as a new species to which the name Dacnitoidcs rohusta is a])iihed. Description. — Body rot)ust, with a conspicuous cuticular thickening extend- ing from oral region posteriorly beyond the limit of the esophagus. A rather prominent pair of amphids, or cervical papillae, are present in the region of the posterior btnmdary of the esophagus, about 0.68 mm. from the anterior end of the body. Another sensory papilla has been seen about 1.36 mm. from the pos- terior tip of the body. ]\lost of the females are about 5 mm. long by 0.46 to 0.51 mm. in diameter. Males smaller, about 4.25 to 4.5 mm. long with a diameter of about 0.32 mm. Esophagus 0.38 to 0.43 mm. in length and 0.085 to 0.1 mm. in width. An anteriorly directed cecum extends from union of esophagus and in- testine almost to buccal cavity. In the females, the ovarian coils extend anteriorly almost to the anterior extremity of the body, as conspicuous, loose, transversely ar- ranged coils. Vulva a short distance behind the center of the body. Anus located about 0.15 mm. from posterior tip of body. A pair of minute lateral papillae are situated about in the middle of the post-anal region. Tail terminating in a spine about 0.015 mm. long, which apparently has the structure of a sensory papilla. In the male, the tail is highly characteristic for this species, for no pre-anal ventral sucker is present. The caudal papillae of the male are distinctly different in number, arrangement, and relative size from those of D. cotylopJwra. In D. robitsta, there are four pairs of post-anal papillae, while typically six pairs are present in our specimens of D. cotylopliora. In D. robiista the papilla nearest the extremity is ventral, in D. robusta it is dorsal. Just anterior to the anus, the papillae of D. robusta are arranged in a transverse series consisting of a median papilla and three pairs of laterals. The male spicules in D. robusta are much shorter than those of D. cotylopliora. In both species, the spicules when with- drawn into their sheath appear to be tubular, but when exserted they are broad, ribbon-like, and have modified tips appearing somewhat frilled. An accessory structure resembling a gubernaculum is associated with the spicules of D. cotylo- pliora, but seems to be lacking in /). robusta. Dacnitoidcs robusta differs from D. cotylopliora, the type and only other species of the genus, in the following points . The body of D. robusta has a con- spicuously greater diameter than that of D. cotylopliora of the same length. The cuticula of the anterior region of the body is more distinctly thickened than in the type of the genus. The male of D. robusta lacks the pre-anal sucker which is highly developed in D. cotylopliora; the papillae on the tail have an entirely differ- ent arrangement from those characteristic of D. cotylopliora and the male spicules are shorter than in the type species. In D. cotylopliora, the anterior coils of the ovary stop some distance short of the esophageal region, while in D. robusta broad, transversely disposed coils reach to the level of the buccal cavity. D. robusta has not been found in any host other than . Iniciurus ncbulosiis. Types. — Cotypes are deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8570. Cotypes of both sexes are deposited in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life .Station. Parasites of Oneida I-akc Fishes 65 Capillaria (Thominx) catenata new si)ccie.s Plate 14 Hosts. — F.iipomotis (/ihbosiis, Aiiihlo plites rupestris, Slizosledion vilreuiii. In intestine. There seems to have been but a single species of the genus Capillaria recorded from fresh-water fishes of North America, up to the present time. Pearse, in 1924, under the name Capillaria catostomi, described a member of this genus, basing his diagnosis on a single female found in a common sucker from Lake Michigan. Several dozen specimens of Capillaria have been found during our examinations of Oneida Lake fishes and in this collection both sexes are repre- sented by mature specimens. While many species of Capillaria have been de- scribed from birds, amphibians and mammals, on biological grounds it seems high- ly improbable that the form which w^e have taken from fishes could be identical with any of the species from other groups of vertebrates. There is no doubt that it is wholly different from Pearse's species. While members of the genus have been described from North American mammals, all of them are clearly difi^erent from the one occurring in Oneida Lake fish. On these grounds, we are describing the form in question as a new species under the name Capillaria catenata. Since the males of C. catenata have spines on the sheath of the copulatory spicules, this species is assigned to the subgenus Thominx. Description. — Body filiform. Females about 10 to 15 mm. long with a max- imum diameter of about 0.055 mm., tapering to about 0.007 mm. at mouth region. Vulva almost in middle of body immediately behind the termination of the esophagus. Esophagus approximately one-half the entire body length. The anterior region of the body for a distance of about 0.4 mm. contains no para-esophageal cells, but behind this point the esophagus is surrounded by large cylindrical cells occupying the entire diameter of the body. About forty of these cells are present, though the exact number could not be determined because of the indistinct boundaries in the anterior extremity of the body. These cells are so conspicuous that they impart a distinct chain-like aspect to the antei^ior half of the worm, hence the specific name catenata. In some instances distinct body swellings occur at the nodes between cells. Elongate nuclei are clearly visible in many of these cells. The eggs have a length of 0.055 mm. and diameter of from 0.027 to 0.031 mm. Near the vulva they are arranged in a linear series. The observed males are somewhat smaller than the females, ranging from 8 to 14 mm. In a male with protruded spicule this organ is 0.011 mm. in diameter, extends 0.248 mm. beyond the body, and is ensheathed with a spicule sheath for a distance of 0.138 mm. Fine, retrorse spines cover the proximal region of the sheath. The posterior tip of the body bears a globular enlargement from which the spicules are extended. A pair of papillae occur on the dorsal surface of the posterior extremity of the male. In the male, the esophagus extends beyond the middle of the body to about six-tenths the distance from the anterior tip. Capillaria catenata is distinctly different from C. catostomi, the only other species reported from fresh-water fishes of North America. The chief points of 66 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Plate 14. Capillaria catenata. Each scale has the value of 0.1 mm. Fig. 1 : Anterior extremity of female, showing character of cephalic region of the esophagus and the reduction of this organ to a capillary tube in the region of the para-esophageal cells, three of which are shown. Fig. 2 : Connection of esophagus with intestine at posterior termi- nation of the para-esophageal chain. Showing also the position of the vulva posterior to this level and the form and size of the eggs. Fig. 3 : A short segment of the body, showing cytological details of a single para-esophageal cell with its elongate nucleus and peculiar intercellular nodes. Esophagus indicated as a narrow tube. Fig. 4: Posterior extremity of female, showing apex of the single ovary and the subterminal anus. Fig. 5 : Posterior e.xtremity of male, with extruded copulatory organ consisting of a protruded spicule partly encased by an everted spicule-sheath, the basal half of which is micro-spined. The pair of caudal papillae, characteristic of this species, are also shown. 67 Plate 14 68 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals difference are in the number and arrangement of para-esophageal cells, length of body and position of the vulva. I'earse has recorded 187 cells present in the esophagus of C. catostomi, while less than one-fourth that number are present in C. eatcnata. I'urthermore. in his drawing of C. eatostomi, Pearse (1924, Fig. 10) lias figured the ])ara-esophageal cells as wider than long, while in C. catenata most of them are many times longer than wide. Pearse did not see the males of C. eatostomi and has given no additional information al)()ut the females which would make further comparisons possible. There can be no possible confusion of the two species even if size and number of esophageal cells were the only points of contrast available. Types. — lIol()ty])e female and allotype male deposited in the United States National Museum, No. 8569. Paratypes of both sexes in the collections of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station. Parasites of Oneida Lake fishes 69 LITERATURE CITED Banciiam, R. V. 1926. Parasites other than ccstocU's in lilack hass of Oliio. ()hi(j Jour. Sci., Vol. 26, pp. 117-127. Baylis, H. a. 1931. A species of the nematode genus Hedruris occurring in the trout of New Zealand. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, Vol. 7, No. 37, pp. 105-114. Chandi.kr, a. L'. 1919. On a species of Hedruris occurring commonly in the western newt, N otophthalinits torosus. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 5, i)p. 116-122. Cooper, A. R. 1915. Trematodes from marine and fresh-water fishes, including one species of ectopara- sitic turbcllarian. Trans. Royal Society Canada, Ser. Ill, Vol. 9, pp. 181-205. EjSMONT, L. 1926. ^^lorphologische, systematische und entwickelungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Arten des Genus Sanguinicola Plehn. Bull. Acad. Polonaise dcs Sci. et des Lettres, Series B; Sciences Naturelles, 1925, pp. 877-966. Faust, E. C. 1918. Studies on American Stephanophialinac. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, Vol. 37, pp. 183-198. 1929. Human Hclminthology. Lea and Fehigcr, Philadelphia. Hess, W. N. 1930. Control of external fluke jiarasites on f^sh. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 16, pp. 131-136. Hopkins, S. H. 1931. Studies on Crepidostomum. I. Crepidostoiniiin isostouiiiiu, n. sp. Jour. Parasitol. Vol. 17, pp. 145-150. Hughes, R. C. 1927. Studies on the trcmatode family Strigeidae (Holostomidae) No. VI. A new meta- cercaria Neascits ambloplitis sp. nov. representing a new larval group. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, Vol. 46, pp. 248-268. Jagerskiolu, L. a. 1899. Distomum lingua Crcplin, ein Genitalnapftragendes Distomum. Bergens Mus. Aarb. (1898), pp. 1-16. Johnston, T. H., and Tiegs, O. W. 1922. New Gyrodactyloid Trematodes from Australian fishes, together with a reclassifi- cation of the super- family, Gyrodactyloidea. Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, Vol. 47, pp. 83-131.' Linton, E. 1893. On fish entozoa from Yellowstone National Park. Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries (1889-1891), pp. 545-564. 1901. Parasites of fishes of the Woods Hole region. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Vol. 19, pp. 409-492. 1910. Helminth Fauna of the Dry Tortugas. II. Trematodes. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash- ington, No. 133, pp. 11-98. Luke, AI. 1909. Parasitische Plattwiirmcr. I. Trematodes. Die Siisswasserfauna Deutschlands, Heft 17. MacCallum, G. a. 1915. Some new species of ectoparasitic trematodes. Zoologica, Vol. 1, pp. 393-407. New York. iMcCoY, O. R. 1929. Notes on cercariac from Missouri. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 15, pp. 199-208. NiCOLL, W. 1909. Studies on the structure and classification of the digenetic trematodes. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., Vol. 53, pp. 391-487. 70 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals Ol'HNER, T. 1910. Xordostaf rikanische Trcmatodeii. I. Fascioliden. Results Swedish Zool. Exped. to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901. Part 23a, pp. 1-170. 1911. Sangiiinicola M. Plehn — ein digenetischer Trematode : mit cinem Nachtrag iiher alterc Beohachtungen von Prof. A. Looss, Kairo. Zool. Anz., Vol. 38, pp. 33-45. 1924. Remarks on Sanguinicola. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., Vol. 68, pp. 403-411. OSBORN, H. L. 1903. Bunodera cornuta sp. nov. a parasite from the crayfish and certain fishes of Lake Chautauqua, New York. Biol. Bull, Vol. 5, pp. 63-73. 1919. Observations on Microl>halhis ovatus sp. nov. from the crayfish and black bass of Lake Chautauqua, New York. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 5, pp. 123-127. Pearse. a. S. 1924. Observations on parasitic worms from Wisconsin fishes. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, Vol. 21, pp. 147-160. 1924a. The parasites of lake fishes. Ibid, Vol. 21, pp. 161-194. POCHE, F. 1926. Das System der Platodaria. Arch. f. Naturg., Bd., 91, pp. 1-458. Pratt, H. S. 1901. (In Linton, 1901.) 1902. Synopses of North American invertebrates. XIL The Trematodcs. Part II. The Aspidocotylea and the Malacocotylea, or digenetic forms. Amcr. Nat., Vol. 36, pp. 887-910 ; 953-979. Price, E. W. 1931. A new species of Trematode of the family Heterophyidae, with a note on the genus Apophallus and related genera. Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus., Vol. 79, art. 17. Railliet, A. 1896. Quelques rectifications a la nomenclature des parasites. Rec. de Med., vet., Paris, Vol. 73, pp. 157-161. Ransom, B. H. 1920. Synopsis of the trematode family Heterophyidae with descriptions of a new genus and five new species. Proc. U. S. Nat'l. Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 527-573. Scheuring, L. 1922. Der Lebenscyklus von Sanguinicola inermis Plehn. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., Bd. 44, pp. 265-310. Simer, P. H. 1929. Fish trematodes from the lower Tallahatchie River. Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 11, pp. 563-588. SiNITSIN, D. 1931. Studien fiber die Phylogcnie der Trematoden. IV. The life histories of Plagio- porus siliculus and Flagioporus virens with special reference to the origin of the Digenea. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool., Bd. 138, pp. 409-456. Stafford, J. 1900. Some undescribed trematodes. Zool. Jahrb., Bd. 13, pp. 399-414. 1904. Trematodes from Canadian fishes. Zool. Anz., Bd. 27, pp. 481-495. Stunkard, H. W. 1923. Studies on North American blood flukes. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 48, pp. 165-221. 1929. The excretory system of Cryptocotyle (Heterophyidae). Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 15, pp. 259-266. Szidat, L. 1924. Zur Kenntniss der ostpreussischen Trematoden. Widmungsschrift Geb. Prof. Dr. AI. Braun, Konigsberg. Van Cleave, H. J. 1921. Notes on two genera of ectoparasitic trematodes from fresh-water fishes. Jour. Parasitol, Vol. 8, pp. 33-39. 1922. A new genus of trematodes from the white bass. Proc. U. S. Nat'l. Mus., Vol. 61, Art. 9, pp. 1-8. Parasites of Oneida Lake Pishes 71 Van Haitsma, J. P. 1930. Studies on the trematode family Strigcidac (Holostomidac; Nf). XX. I'aradiplo- stomulum ptychocheilus (Faust). Trans. Ainer. Micros. Soc., Vol. 49, pp. 140-153. Walton, A. C. 1930. A new Hedruris from Diemyctylus viridescens. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 17, pp. 49-51. Ward, H. B. 1894. On the parasites of the lake fish. I. Notes on the structure and life history of Disloma opacum, n. sp. Proc. Amer. Micros. Soc, Vol. 15, ])p. 173-182. 1901. Notes on the parasites of the lake fish. III. On the structure of the copulatory organs in Alicrophallus nov. gen. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, Vol. 22, pp. 175-187. Ward, H. B., and Magath, T. B. 1916. Notes on some nematodes from fresh-water fishes. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 3, pp. 57-64. Ward, H. B., and Whipple, G. C. 1918. Fresh-water biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. WiNFIELD, G. F. 1929. Plesiocreadium typicum, a new trematode from Amia calva. Jour. Parasitol., Vol. 16, pp. 81-87. WiTENBERG, G. 1929. Studies on the trematode family Heterophyidae. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., Vol. 33, pp. 131-239. 1930. Corrections to my paper "Studies on the trematode family Heterophyidae." Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, Vol. 5, pp. 412-414. YoRKE, W., and Maplestone, P. A. 1926. The nematode parasites of vertebrates. P. Blakiston's Son and Co., Philadelphia. 72 Roosevelt Wild Life .liiiials THE ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE MEMORIAL As a State Memorial The State of New York is the trustee of this wild Hfe Afemorial to Theodore Roosevelt. The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse is a State institution supported solely by State funds, and the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station is a part of this institution. The Trustees are State officials. A legislati\c mandate instructed them as fol- lows : '"To establish and conduct an experimental station to be known as 'Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station,' in which there shall be maintained records of the results of the experiments and investigations made and research work accomplished ; also a library of works, publications, papers and data having to do with wild life, together with means for practical illustration and demonstration, which library shall, at all reasonable hours, be open to the public." [Laws of New York, chapter 536. Became a law May 10, 1919.] As a General Memorial While this Memorial Station was founded by New York State, its functions are not limited solely to the State. The Trustees are further authorized to cooperate with other agencies, so that the work is by no means limited to the boundaries of the State or by State funds. Provision for this has been made by the law as follows : "To enter into any contract necessary or appropriate for carrying out any of the pur- poses or objects of the College, including such as shall involve cooperation with any person, corporation or association or any department of the government of the State of New York or of the United States in laboratory, experimental, investigative or research work, and the acceptance from such persons, corporation, association, or department of the State or Federal government of gifts or contributions of money, expert service, labor, materials, apparatus, appliances or other property in connection therewith." [Laws of New York, chapter 42, Be- came a law March 7, 1918.] By these laws the Empire State has made provision to conduct forest wild life research upon a comprehensive basis, and on a plan as broad as that approved by Theodore Roosevelt himself. RoosKVKLT Wii.D LiFK BULLETIN, Vol. 4, No. 1. Octobcr, 1926. {Out of print) 1. The Relation of Birds to Woodlots in New York State - Waldo L. McAtcc 2. Current Station Notes (Charles C. Adams RoosEVKLT Wild Lifi-: Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 2. June, 1927. 1. The Predatory and Fur-bearing Animals o£ the Yellowstone National I'ark. Milton r. Skinner 2. Current Station Notes - Charles C. Adams Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 3. July, 1927. 1. A Trout Survey of Allegany State Park in 1922. William C. Kendall and Wilford A. Dence 2. A Preliminary Survey of the Fish Life of Allegany State Park in 1921. Thomas L. Hankinson 3. Current Station Notes - ~ Charles C. Adams Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 4. July, 1927. 1. The Beaver in the Adirondacks : Its Economics and Natural History. Charles E. Johnson Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 1. March, 1928. (Out of print) 1. A Preliminary Wild Life and Forest Survey of Southwestern Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. Victor H. Cahalane 2. A Preliminary Report on the Trout Streams of Southwestern Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. Wilford A. Dencc Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 2. February, 1929. 1. The Fishes of the Cranberry Lake Region W. C. Kendall and W. A. Dence 2. The Story of King's Pond F. A. Lucas 3. Its Fish Cultural Significance _ W. C. Kendall Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 3. September, 1929. 1. The Summer Birds of the Northern Adirondack Mountains ...Aretas A. Saunders 2. The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, N. Y. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., and H. D. Minot (Reprinted : original date of publication, 1877) Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 4. August, 1930. 1. The Biology of the Voles of New York Robert T. Hatt 2. The Relation of Mammals to the Harvard Forest Robert T. Hatt Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin,' Vol. 6, No. 1. March, 1931. 1. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Peterboro Swamp and the Labrador Pond Areas. Charles J. Spiker Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 2 (Double Number). October, 1926. (Out of print) 1. A Study of the Beaver in the Yancey Region of the Yellowstone National Park. Edward R. Warren 2. Notes on the Beaver Colonies in the Longs Peak Region of Estes Park, Colorado. Edward R. Warren Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, Vol. 1, Nos. 3 and 4 (Double Number). April, 1928. 1. The Ecology and Economics of Oneida Lake Fish. Charles C. Adams and T. L. Hankinson Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, Vol. 2, No. 1. January, 1929. 1. The Red Squirrel : Its Life History and Habits, with Special Reference to the Adiron- dacks of New York and the Harvard Forest... R. T. Hatt Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, Vol. 2, No. 2. October, 1929. 1. The Ecology of Trout Streams in Yellowstone National Park Richard A. Muttkowski 2. The Food of Trout Stream Insects in Yellowstone National Park. Richard A. Muttkowski and Gilbert AI. Smith Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, Vol. 2, Nos. 3 and 4 (Double Number). January, 1932. 1. Ornithology of the Oneida Lake Region : With Reference to the Late Spring and Summer Seasons Dayton Stoner