EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

RÉSULTATS

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VOYAGE DU S. Y. BELGICA

EN 1897-1898-1899

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ZOOLOGIE

BRYOZOA

^^g <-o BY

f^^ïï ARTHUR Wra WATERS

g^^ F. L. S, F. G. S.

AN VERS

IMPRIMERIE J.-E. BUSCHMANN

REMPART DE LA PORTE DU RHIN
I9O4

BRYOZOA

EY

ARTHUR Wm WATERS

F. L. S., F. G. S.

\4.

9 V^

R 21

Sorti des presses de J.-E. BUSCHMANN, Anvers
le i5 Février 1904

BRYOZOA

BY

ARTHUR Wra WATERS

F. L. S . F. G. S.

INTRODUCTION

The collections of the Belgian Antarctic Expédition, submitted to me by Dr Emile
Racovitza, were obtained on 16 occasions, but of thèse, three localities were not within the
Antarctic région, being collected from Chili and South America on the way further south,
and a separate list of thèse Subantarctic forms is given.

The farthest south was Latitude 710 35' S., and the Antarctic collections were made
between Longitude 1020 i5' W., and Long. 8i° 45' W., with températures varying between
+0.8 Centigrade and — o.3 Centigrade. The depths are from 435-58o mètres, with the exception
of one fragment of Scrupocellaria funiculata MacG. from 2800 mètres.

The following table of the dates, localities and depths of the dredgings will be found

useful, in making comparisons from the lists and descriptions. The depths and température

are sometimes those of the (') nearest day when observations were made, however further

particulars are given in the lists on pages 12-17.

.. ,-. T „ Température

Number Date Locality Depths at the bottom of the sea

242,93s April 27th. 1S9S. Lat. 70° 4S' S.- Long. gi°54' W. ; 410 mètres; +o°.6 Cent. (Faubert | Tangles I.

272. 282,288 . . . May nth, 1S9S. Lat. 71009' S.- Long. 89° 1 5' W. ; 460 mètres ; +o°.3 Cent. (Chalut1 Dredge I.

309,320 May i2th, 189S. Lat. 71° 14' S.- Long. S90 14' W. ; 460 mètres ; -k>0.3 Cent. Faubert) Tangles II.

322 May 14"1, 189S. Lat. 71° 24' S.- Long. S90 12' W. ; 460 mètres; +o°.3 Cent. 1 Faubert) Tangles III.

332,339,343,345,346,) M lgth rg g Lat_ g, g Lon gSOo2, w +35metres; _0o.3 Cent (Faubert) Tangles IV.

347, 04b, 37J, 1047.)

391,392,924- • • ■ May 27*, 1S9S. Lat. 71° i5' S.- Long. S7°39' W. ; 435 mètres ; -o°.3 Cent, j [p^rt) Tangles V.
42S May 28"1, 1898. Lat. 71019' S- Long. 87037' W. ; 436 mètres ; — o°.2 Cent. (Faubert) Tangles VI

56o to 568, 570, 571,)
573, 5gi. 5g6, 597,> Oct. S"', 1S9S. Lat. 7o°23' S.- Long. 82047' W. ; 480 mètres; +o°.8 Cent. (Faubert) Tangles VII
922, 1012, i25o . .;

608 to 61S 620, 621,/ 0 t lSt, g g Lat_ . g L g g. w 5Sometres. _)_0o.9 Cent. (Faubert) Tangles VIII.

623, 65o, 683, 991 .S ' '

741» 742< 743,744.745,] Nov. 2oth, 1S98. Lat. 70-20' S.- Long. 83o 23' W. ; 45g mètres; +o°.8 Cent. (Faubert) Tangles IX.
752, 753, io32 -S J

798,^799, 8o0' 82°'| Dec. 20th, 189S. Lat. 70° i5' S- Long. 84006' W. ; 56g mètres; +o°.S Cent. (Faubert) Tangles X.

S77 Mar. 14"1, 1S99. Lat. 70" 40' S.- Long. 102° i5' W. ; 2800 metr. ; +o°.5 Cent. (Chalut) Dredge III.

g5i Dec. i8th, r8g7. Baie du Torrent, Ile Londonderry, Chili, — on Gasteropods.

i3g, 140 Jan. 3rd, 1S9S. Porte Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili.

106S No date. Straits of Magellan. — on the carapace of Eurypodius LatreUU.

(1) In the description of species it has not been throught necessary to call attention, each time, to the depths
and température being sometimes approximate.

4595?

EXPEDITION AXTARCTIori: HELGK

The number of species from several of the dredgings is considérable, and one of the
most interesting hauls of Bryozoa, that lias ever been made is the one on October i8th, 1898,
from Tangles (Faubert) Mil when the large total of 55 species was obtained. The largest
number recorded from any Challenger station seems to hâve been 3o.

Besides the gênerai literature of the subject, the chief works to be consulted are :

Alcide d'Orbignv. Vo}rage dans l'Amérique méridionale, vol. V, pt. IV, Zoophytes, 1842.

Ouoy and Gaimard. Zoologie du voyage de -I'Uranie, i825.

Busk, G. Pol)-zoa of Kerguelen Island. [Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, vol. CLXVIII, p. 188.)

Busk, G. Report of the Scientific Results ofthe Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger « Polyzoa » ,

vol. X, pt. XXX, 1884, and vol. XVII, pt. L, 1886.
Waters, A. W. Supplementary Report, id., vol. XXXI, pt. LXXIX, 188g.
Ridley, S. O. Zoological Collections in the Straits of Magellan and on the Coast of Patagonia

(Alert). Polyzoa. (Proc. Zoo/. Soc. London, 1881, p. 44.)
MacGillivray, P. H. Description of New or Little Known Polyzoa. (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vie/.,

1881-1890.)
MacGillivray, P. H. «Polyzoa» in the Prodromus ofthe Zoology of Victoria. Editée! by

F. McCoy, 1878-1890.
MacGillivray, P. H. Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria. (Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. I\ ", i8g5.)
Jullien, J. « Bryozoaires » in Mission scientifique du Cape Hom, vol. VI, i885.
Waters, A. W. Bryozoa from New South YVales &c. (Anu. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. XX,

p. Si, 181, 253, and ser. 6, vol. IV, p. 1, 1887-18S9 ; as well as papers in the

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.)
Hincks, T. South African and other Polyzoa. (Anu. -Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. VII, p. 285,

1891.)
Kirkpatrick, R. « Polyzoa » in Report on the Collections of Xatural History made in the

Antarctic Régions during the Voyage ofthe Southern Cross, published 1902, p. 286.

There are also lists by MacGillivray, Whitelegge and Hamilton, of Bryozoa, from
Australia and Xew Zealand ; further, descriptions of fossil Bryozoa by Maplestone are now
appearing in Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria.

The literature of the Bryozoa, in un the southern hémisphère, is by no means so
extensive as that of the Arctic région, but on the other hand, being, for the greater part,
more récent, the descriptions are fuller and more complète.

This is the first time, that a collection of Bryozoa lias been brought for description
from within the Antarctic circle ; though since I commencée! the stucly of this Belgica collection,
a few, and for the most part poor spécimens, were brought back from the Antarctic by the
Southern Cross Expédition, and thèse hâve been described bv Kirkpatrick (').

The species as given by Kirkpatrick are Porc/la Hyadesi Jullien ; Inrersiu/a nutrix
[ull. ; Schizoporella hyalina L., and var. discreta; Schizoporella Eatoni Busk; Smittia Landsboroeii
Johnst. ; Idmonea organisants d'Orb. ; Lichenopora canaliculata Busk; Alcyonidium flabelliforme

(1) Report on the Collections of Xatural History made in the Antarctic Régions during the Voyage of
the Southern Cross, published 1902, p. 286-289.

BRYOZOA

Kirkpatrick, ail from Cape Adare. The species deseribed by Kirkpatrick are ail from the
depth of a few fathoms only, and nearly ail were previously known species, whereas the
Belgica spécimens are from a moderate depth and a large proportion are new. In considering
the meaning of thèse facts we must only draw gênerai conclusions, as the littoral fauna of
South America is no doubt better known than the fauna from greater depths.

It is considered, that there has been a mistake about the spécimens, to which Busk
refers, as brought back from the Antarctic bv Sir John Ross, otherwise they would be the
first known Antarctic Bryozoa. To thèse spécimens I hâve referred in my paper, on the
« Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land », p. 62 &c. and in this memoir when describing H ornera
antarctica nov.

Most gênera of Bryozoa are widely distributed, and there are many cosmopolitan species,
so that the Bryozoa fauna from any one locality has some considérable similarity with ail
others, but in comparing the Arctic and Antarctic fauna to see to what extent, if any, the
bipolar theory receives support, it is not enough to show, that there are some similar foi"ms,
for this we should certainly expect, but what we want to know is, whether there is more
similarity between the Arctic and Antarctic than between the Arctic and Subantarctic faunas ;
then we can carry on oui" comparisons to Southern Temperate, proceeding to Tropical
régions and thence on to Northern Temperate. In an}- studies of geographical distribution
we must keep in mind the extraordinary mixing of Northern and Australian forms in Japan
showing how différent faunas may occur side by side.

The value of geographical comparisons, however dépends to a large extent upon the
certainty there is in the classification ; and with many gênera or groups we are now in a
position to use them in studying geographical distribution, whereas in others, and more
especially in the Cyclostomata, we had better not attempt much, though there are a few
more highly, differentiated species, such as Idmonea radians Lamk. &c. concerning the détermi-
nation of which we may feel as sure as with any Cheilostomata.

However, geographical lists, unless prepared by specialists, are likely to be somewhat
misleading, and as an example we may quote a paper valuable for many lists of Subantarctic
species of vertebrates and invertebrates, by Dr George Pfeffer ('), in which he gives as
Antarctic 18 Bryozoa, considered to be identical with those found in the Arctic seas. In the
first place he means Subantarctic régions, and only two of those named in his list hâve been
found in Antarctic régions. Then he gives Microporella ciliata Pall. and also Lepralia ciliata
Pall. but thèse are synonyms, and the same is the case with Schizoporella hyalina L. and
Cellepora hyalina L. Eight of the species are Cyclostomata, and there is as yet so much doubt
regarding the classification and détermination of this group, that we cannot be sure as to the
identity of most of the eight. Further Eucratea chelata L. is cosmopolitan, and the same may
be said of Microporella ciliata Pall., Hippothoa (Schizoporella) hyalina L., and Membranipora
membranacea L.; Schizoporella spinifera Johnst. is certainly given by Ridley as from Tom Bay,
S. W. Chili, but he adds « referred with much doubt to this species », and on reading his
description I think we may now décide, that it is not S. spinifera. Fluslra papyracea E. cannot

(i) Pfeffer, G., Die niedere Thierwelt des antarktischen Ufergebietes. (Internat. Polarforsch. Deutsch. Exp.,
vol. II, 1890, p. 471.)

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

be considérée! southern, unless some reliable authority gives particulars as to its being found
in the southern hémisphère; so that a careful examination of the list leaves nothing to support
the position taken up by Pfeffer, when he says on page 471 : « Die wesentliche genetische
Uebereinstimmung der arktischen und antarktischen Zone findet kaum noch irgendwo im
Thierreich eine kraftigere Begrtindung als durch die Bryozoen. »

In my paper on the « Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land (r) » I examined and reduced
the list of 16 species of Bryozoa, from the northern and southern hémisphères (unrecorded
within the tropics) as drawn up by Sir John Murray, from « Busk's Challenger Report »,
but would add that our knowledge is very incomplète as to the tropical Bryozoa, and in consi-
dering the bipolar theory this want is much felt.

Limits of the Antarctic

Though the Arctic and Antarctic faunas are strictly those within the Arctic or Antarctic
circle, yet, this being an artificial division it seemed to me permissible to pass a little
outside the circle in the Arctic régions, so as to include everything within the air isothermal
of o° C, and this does not much increase the area under considération. It is certainly
difficult to décide what should be considered Antarctic, and if the limit of the distribution
of ice, as recommended by Fricker (2), is taken in the south, then the area thus included is
very much larger than that enclosed by the Antarctic circle ; now this limit, which has been
used by various authors, is not an entirely température boundary, but is largelv inrluenced
by currents and other causes.

By taking the isothermal of o° C. in the Antarctic the increase of area is however
not very considérable ; whereas it has been seen that using the limit of the distribution of
ice in the south enlarges the area, thus included, very materially. Now in considering
geographical distribution, although température must be taken into considération it is only
one factor, certainly a very important one, while the question of distance is scarcely less
important, especially as in past âges the température may hâve been, in fact we know that
it has been, relatively entirely différent. Many authors hâve however written of régions, far
beyond the limit of ice drift, as being Antarctic, so that not only Kerguelen Island, in
Lat. 5o° S. (about the équivalent of Lands End and Cherbourg) are spoken of as Antarctic,
but also with localities still lurther north the same mistake has been made ; as for example
the Chatham Islands the équivalent of Genoa. Bv including localities as far away from
the South Pôle as the Chatham Islands, we just about double the distance apart of the
limits of the area, and more than double the superficial area. If the isothermal of o° C.
is chosen, the fauna would be comparable with the Subantarctic faunas of the south of
South America ; the Kerguelens ; the South Australasian ; and other southerly faunas, without
considering them Antarctic.

The lavish use of the terni Antarctic was made when practically no Antarctic fauna
was known, whereas we are learning, that there is a rich Antarctic fauna related closely
to the Subantarctic, but yet differing considerably from it; so that we may find the Antarctic

(1) Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. XXVIII, p. 4.8.

(2) The Antarctic Régions translatée! by A. Sonnenschein, 1900.

BRYOZOA

fauna as distinct as is the Mediterranean. This exaggerated use of the term raises a difficultv,
when we wish to compare the Antarctic fauna, as the narae has already been extensively
emplo}'ed for something quite différent, which we must now speak of as a Subantarctic
fauna.

Classification

Since I commenced the examination of this collection, made by the Belgica, three
important works hâve appeared, of which the first was Calvet's « Bryozoaires Ectoproctes
marins », igoo, giving résumés of our knowledge of the structure of Biyozoa, and adding
some results of the author's own work. Then S. Harmer (') has shown the importance
of the compensation sac, and in G. M. R. Levinsen's « Studies on Bryozoa (2) » the charac-
ters used in classification receive attention, especiall)- the front wall, the ovicells, the rosette
plates and pores; and with the more careful examination of a number of minute characters
we may be sure, that the next few years will see some important modifications in oui-
classification (3). We look to see how Levinsen will carry out his ideas, for he thinks,
that the structural features of the rosette plates and the ovicells are most to be relied upon,
besides which he considers, what he calls the « oral bow » of great classificatory value. He
would make one of the leading characters the pores of the rosette plates, namely the main
divisions would be based on there being one or mari)' pores in the rosette plates ; but although
I was the first to call attention to the value of the rosette plates in classification, I am
not prepared to go as far as Levinsen, until he shows us how he carnes out his ideas.
li the number of pores is such a leading character we should expect, that the rosette plates
oi the distal and latéral walls would be of the same character, whereas we may find one-
pored rosette plates on the one wall, and rosette plates with numerous pores on the other.
For example in Rctepora lata B. we hâve a distal rosette plate with several pores, whereas
the latéral plates hâve only one pore, and there are similar cases in the Flustridae.

As the resuit of many years examination of the opercula (4), and the préparation of
the chitinous appendages of not far short of iooo species I am more and more convinced,
that no character will give as much help in the détermination of the Bryozoa, and in making
the classification more natural. This it will do, by enabling us to see in smaller groups,
where the relationship is close, and thus to form larger groups.

I hâve more than once said that Schizoporella, Lepralia and Ccllcpora require revision,
and hâve no doubt that the studv of the opercula will give much assistance in doing so,
but it is not only the shape that must be examined, but also the muscular attachments,

(i) On the Morphology of the Cheilostomata. {Quart. Journ. Micr. Se, vol. 46, n.s., p. 263-35o, pi. XV-XVIII.)

(2) Vidensk. Medd. fra den Naturh. Forai, i Kjobenhavn, 1902.

(3) A valuable paper « Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark .1 in the Aimais and Magazine of
Natural History, s. 7., vol. XI and XII, by Canon A. M. Norman has appeared too late for me to make use
of it for the présent memoir. It contains many important suggestions as to classification

Julliex and Calvet, Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes de I'Hiroxdelle. (Camp, scientifique du Prince
de Monaco, fasc. XXIII) was received just before the manuscript was sent off.

(4) The Use of the Opercula in the Détermination of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. (Proc. Manchester
Lit. and Phil. Soc, vol. iS, pi. I, 1878.)

EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

and the position in the zoœcium. Whenever possible the oral aperture should be examined
from the inside, and the position of any denticles to which the opercula are attachcd should
be noticed. Some of the présent inconsistencies would hâve been removed if closer attention
had been given to the various characters of the opercula ; but while urging that more study
should be given to thèse chitinous structures, I a m not maintaining that it is a character
upon which the largest groupings can be based.

The genus Lagenipora, as extended by me, will show the value of the opercula, for
hère, throughout the group, the operculum is of nearly the same size and shape, with the
muscular dots in the same position. This genus has throughout similar and characteristic
ovicells, thus showing by the two characters a natural group, and proving the value of the
characters. There are many cases in which the relationship has first been indicated by the
opercula; and in species where other structures vary much in size and with âge, the opercula,
will as a rule, be found quite similar throughout a colony.

Caution is at présent required, lest various authors taking différent characters, should
create such an unwieldy number of gênera, that the study of the Bryozoa is thereby thrown
back for a time.

A work like the présent is not suitable for introducing new ideas of gênerai classification,
and often generic names hâve to be used about which there is much doubt, and where
modifications are expected ; but in employing names now accepted it is believed, that the
species will be readily recognised, however much the gênera may be shufned. The classification
of the Cheilostomata is based upon a more solid foundation than that of the Cyclostomata,
as so many more characters are used, and we hâve no reason to expect the changes to be
universal, although some gênera may be dropped and others modified.

Distribution

The number of gênera now recorded from the Antarctic is greater than from the Arctic ;
and further, many more gênera are known from the southern hémisphère than from the
northern in fact there are but very few northern gênera not represented in the southern
hémisphère, whereas a considérable number from the south are not known north of the
equator. Gcmellaria known in Arctic seas is not found in the Antarctic. Pseudoflustra has a
close ally ; Rhamphostomella has not been found, but we are not sure about this being a satis-
factory genus ; no spécimen of the cosmopolitan Crisia has yet corne from the Antarctic, but
it is common in the Subantarctic and we ma}' expect it to be found.

From the Antarctic, but not known in the Arctic there is Catenicella, Turritigera,
Bifaxaria, Beania (which however occurs in northern seas), Systenopora gen. nov., Cellarinella
gen. nov., Chapcria, Heteropora (').

Having recently worked upon Arctic Bryozoa (2), old friends were looked for, and one
of the most interesting forms is Megapora hyalina nov. most closely related to M. ringens
Bush, onlv known from Shetland and Bergen ; Scmpocellaria antarctica nov. is the represen-

fi) Other gênera known in the southern hémisphère only are Bipora, Calpidium, Calwellia, Claviporella, Didymia,
Dimetopia, Diplacium, Euthyris, Farcimia, Foveolaria, Haswellia ?, Ichthyaria, Inversiula, Lunulites, Petralia, Scknaria,
Thairopora, Thalamoporclla, Urceolipora, Rhabdozoum, Caleschara, Aspidostoma.

(2) Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land. (Litui. Sec. Journ. Zoo!., vol. XXVIII, p. 43-io5).

BRYOZOA

tative of S. ternata var. gracilis ; Smittia antarctica nov. has some points of resemblance to
Pseitdoflustra palmata Sais, of the Arctic, but is quite distinct, so that no species only known
in the Arctic or neighbouring seas has been found in the Antarctic. This however is taking
it for granted, that there is sufficient justification for making a new species of Megapora
hyalina, which was done from small spécimens, and may be open to question. There are
some species common to high northern latitudes and to the Antarctic, but also found in
intervening régions as Micropora coreacea Esper., Hippothoa divancata Lamx., H. distans
MacG., Smittia rcticulata MacG., Idnionea atlantica Forbes, Entalophora proboscidea M. Ed., and
thèse may ail be called cosmopolitan. I hâve dealt elsewhere with the Cyclostomata, and
refer to many of them being closely allied to cosmopolitan species.

When the description of the Antarctic Bryozoa was completed, and nine plates were
drawn, I went to Paris in order to examine the collections of d'Orbigxy, described in the
«Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale», and the récent forms described in the «Paléontologie
Française » ; as well as those of Jullien, relating to the Cape Horn Expédition, as it was
important to make the comparison with the fauna of the southern extremity of South
America and the Falkland Islands as complète as practicable.

The collection of d'Orbigny, both récent and fossil, is in the Paleontological department
of the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in Paris, and is for the greater part in comparative] v
good order, though a portion having been kept ail thèse years in open boxes a few things
in the course of time hâve been changed or removed. It is however évident that d'Orbigxy
has often given descriptions from small and very imperfect spécimens, which we should
now pronounce to be indéterminable.

Julliex's collection in the Zoological department, was brought to the Muséum some
time after his death, and as he had been ill for many years, the collections may not hâve
been left in working order. At any rate, fossils and récent spécimens were mixed together in
great confusion, so that I spent a week in separating them into two or three groups, beforc
I could study the Cape Horn spécimens. Much time is still required to get this enormous
amount of material into order, but as a commencement has been made, it wdl now be
easier for any one to arrange the parts. Besides the slides and spécimens named byJuLLiix
and described in vol. VI of the « Mission scientifique du Cap Horn », there was a drawer
of unnamed material, as well as spirit spécimens in several jars, which presumably Jullien
had never seen. My examination of the encrusting forms has not been exhaustive, nor did
I open ail the jars where I could make the requisite déterminations without doing so. I hâve
however been able to add 3o species to the 56 mentioned by Jullien, and no doubt there
are additions yet to be made.

Certain modifications, as to distribution &c, hâve been necessary in conséquence of
my visit to Paris ; and thèse will be apparent in the text, as well as some additions resulting
from my examination of an important collection from the Bancs des Aiguilles, South Ahïca,
in Jullien's collection. The Eastern Australian Bryozoa hâve now been thoroughly studied
by MacGillivray and others, and a number of South African species hâve been described
in the « Challenger Reports » and scattered papers, but neither the South African nor South
American fauna hâve been thoroughly examined. From South Africa I hâve a manuscript
list of 107 species. I hope shortly to publish some notes on the d'Orbigxy and Cape Horn
collections.

11

R 21

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE EELGE

Species of spécial interest

The Antarctic species of spécial interest may be said to be the following : Catcnicella
frigida nov., as occurring so far south ; F lustra flagellata nov. as having vibracula instead
of avicularia; Microporella trinervis nov. having within the front wall a diverging tube leading
to a round opening on each side of the zoœcium, and it is to be hoped that some of the
Expéditions will bring back better spécimens, so that the structure can be understood ;
Systenopora contracta nov. has a narrow slit-like peristomial aperture (unlike that of other
Cheilostomata), and has an avicularium within the aperture. A Cretaceous fossil appears to
belong to the same genus. Cellepora horneroides nov. with the zoœcia only on one side,
and with the surface so much reminding us of the Cyclostomata is interesting. In the
Retcporœ several species hâve a lepralioid aperture, and this group of Retcpora only known
previously in two species is Avell represented. Beania erccta nov. has avicularia the same
shape as the appendages of B. crotali Busk, and this seems to indicate that B. crotali is
degenerata B. erccta. Thick sections of Retcpora hippocrepis nov. reveal two short tubes arising
from the flesby mass to which the oral glands are attached and this no doubt is an important
structure requiring further studv. Hcteropora claviformis nov. occurs, but in an unsatisfactory
condition for studv, thougb anv possibilité of doubt as to its being Bryozoa is removed.

Alcyonidium is found, and as it has onlv been recorded from the southern hémisphère
in a few cases, there are grounds for believing, that it may hâve been overlooked.

As to which species are common we hâve sometimes to judge not by the large quanti-
fies, but by finding spécimens occurring from various dredgings ; and from the quantities or
the frequency we mav say that common species are Membranipora uniserialis nov., Cellaria
Dennanti MacG.; Micropora brevissima nov.; Crïbrilina projecta nov.; Schizoporella frigida nov.;
Hippothoa divaricata Lamx. ; H . distans MacG. ; Systenopora contracta nov. ; Cellarinella foveolata
nov. ; Snuttia reptans nov. ; S. inclusa nov. ; S. antarctica nov. ; Cellepora horneroides nov. ;
TuiTitigcra stellata Busk ; Retcpora antarctica nov. ; R. hippocrepis nov. ; Hornera antarctica nov. ;
Stomatopora antarctica nov.

Number of Species

In the material submitted to me there were 97 species of Bryozoa, but 11 ot thèse
were collected before the Expédition reached the Antarctic, while 2 occur both from the
Antarctic and Subantarctic material. Of thèse 11 species ail had been previously described,
and do not require further discussion. The remaining 86 species and varieties, collected
within the Antarctic area furnished 29 described and 5j new. As however there is so much
more uncertainty as to the détermination and position of the Cyclostomata, it is better to
consider the Cheilostomata hrst, however mentioning that there is one new Ctenostome. In
the suborder Cheilostomata there are 22 previously described species, and 5o considered to
be new, but figures do not fully express the state of the case, as many are very closely
related to known species, however, even taking this into considération, the number of new
forms is remarkably large.

Of the Cheilostomata 9 are considered to be Australian and Xew Zealand species,
16 South American, 4 Argentine and Chili, 3 South African, 9 already known from the

BRYl iZOA

South Indian Océan, 6 from the South Atlantic, i from the South Pacifie, only 7 are known
from the Northern Hémisphère, ail of which hâve been found fossil ; and of the total
Cheilostomata n hâve been described fossil.

Smittia reticulata MacG. ; Idmonea atlantica Forbes ; Stomatopora incrassata Sm., are also
Arctic species, and are cosmopolitan. The Cyclostomata are dealt with later on.

Jullien described 56 species of Bryozoa from the district of Cape Horn, and it is
surprising what a small proportion of thèse are now found, although the distance from South
America was not very great, but as stated elsewhere, an examination of the Cape Horn
material has increased the number of species known from both localities. Some of the
species described by d'Orbigxy in the « Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale » occur in the
Antarctic, but the proportion is again not very large.

In many cases, where Bryozoa are described, the depth from which they were obtained
is not given, so that it is impossible to give the range fully. However there are five species
only previously known from considérable depths, namely Bugula bicornis Busk from ig5o
fathoms (3i6o mètres); B. reticulata Busk, found at 6oo fath. (970 met.); i325 fath. (2i5o
met.), 1600 fath. (2690 met.), and 2160 fath. (35oo met.) ; Bifaxaria denticulata Busk, from
600 fath. (970 met.) ; Cellaria dubia Busk, from 600 fath. (970 met.) ; Turritigera stellata
Busk, i5o-6oo fath. (240-970 met.). Ail the others hâve been recorded from the littoral or
laminarian zones, though Micropora coreacea Esper, also occurs down to 430 fath. (730 met.);
Hippothoa divaricata Lamx. to 1000 fath. (1620 met.) ; Smittia reticulata MacG. to 3oo fath.
(490 met.); S. crozetensis nom. nov. to 210 fath. (340 met.); Idmonea atlantica Forbes to 1000
met. ; Lichenopora fimbriata B. down to i5o fath. (240 met.).

Before passing to détails I would express my obligations to those who hâve given
me assistance, especially to Mr Kirkpatrick to whom I hâve gone several times, to see the
Challenger and other collections in the British Muséum. For permission to study the
collections in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in Paris my thanks are due to Prof. Perrier,
Prof. Boule, Mons. Gravier and Prof. Joubin, as well as to members of the staff for help
given.

The following lists enumerate the species, first according to the dates on which they
were collected ; and then the second according to our présent ideas of classification, giving
also the distribution.

LIST OF SPECIES OF BRYOZOA COLLECTED (ACCORDING TO THE DATES)

December i8th, 1897. — Fixés sur les Priene canccllata (Lam.), N° 118, Baie du Torrent, Ile
Londonderrv, Canal Français, Magellanes, Chili.

Bavent sia diacre ta Busk.

fanuary 3rd, 1898. — Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili. Xos i3g, 140.

Aetca sp.

Hiantopora monoceros MacG.

Microporella M ainsi i Aud.

Schizoporella Eatoni Busk.

Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.

Lepratia galcata Busk.

Smittia Landsborovii form personata Hincks.

Tnbitlipora organisons d'Orb.

April 27"1, 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) I. Nos 242 and 93S. Lat. 7o°48'S.- Long.
910 54' W. (on the 26"' 410 mètres, +o°.6 C).

Cellaria Dcnnanti MacG.
Retepora protecta nov.
Retepora sp.
Cellcpora horneroides nov.

May n* 1898. — Dredge (Chalut) I. Nos 277, 282, 288. Lat. 710 09' S.- Long. 890 i5' W.
(on the ioth 460 mètres, +o°.3 C).

Cellaria Dcnnanti MacG.
Membranipora uniserialis nov.
Micropora brevissima nov.
Lepralia frigida nov.
Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.
Smittia reptans nov.

— crassatina nov.

— crozetensis nom. nov.
Stomatopora antarctica nov.
Lichenopora octoradiata nov.

May i2th, 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) IL Nos 309, 320, 3igbis. Lat. 71014' S.- Long.
890 14' W. (on the io'h 460 mètres, -fo°.3 C).

Megapora hyalina nov.
Smittia crozetensis nom. nov.

BRYOZOA 13

Bifaxaria denticulata Busk.
Turritigera stellata Busk.
Retepora protccta nov.

— antarctica nov.

— laevigata nov.

— protccta var. crassa nov.

May I4,h, 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) III. X° 322. Lat. 7i°24' S.- Long. 89012' W.
(on the ioth, 460 mètres, +o°.3 C).

Retepora laevigata nov.

May i8th, 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) IV. Nos 332, 33g, 343, 345, 346, 3jtf, 348, 373,
1047. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. (on the 20"', 435 mètres, — o°.3 C).

Scrupocellaria antarctica nov.
Beania erecta nov.
Lepralia frigida nov.
Schizoporclla gelida nov.

— simplex d'Orb.

Snuttia conspicua nov.

— crassatina nov.
Bifaxaria denticulata Busk.

— rustica d'Orb.

Retepora antarctica nov.

— protccta nov.

— frigida nov.
Turritigera stellata Busk.
Orthopora compacta nov.
Osthimosia clavata nov.
Stomatopora incrassata Smitt.
Diastopora solida nov.
Lichenopora octoradiata nov.

May 27th, 1898. — Eel trap (Nasse) I. Nos 3gi, 392. Lat. 71° i5 S.- Long. 870 3g' W. (on the
26"1, 436 mètres, — o".2 C).

Membranipora uniserialis nov.

— incrustons Waters.

Megapora hyalina nov.
Microporella trinervis nov.

Schizoporclla simplex d'Orb.
Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.
Stomatopora antarctica nov.
Diastopora sp.
Lichenopora sp.

i4 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

May 27,h, 1S98. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) V. N° 924. Lat. 710 i5' S.- Long. 87039' W.
(on the 2Ôth, 436 mètres, — o°.2 C).

Scrupocellaria antarctica nov.

May 28th, 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) VI. N° 428. Lat. 71° 19' S.- Long. 870 37' W.
(on the 26"1, 436 mètres, — o°.2 C).

Smittia crozetensis nom. nov.
Smittia reptans nov.
Osthimosia clavata nov.
Orthopora compacta nov.
Rctepora laevigata nov.
Bifaxaria rustica d'Orb.
Schizoporella simplex d'Orb.

October 8,h, 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) VII. Xos 56o, 56i, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567,
568, 570, 571, 573, 5gi, 5g6, 597, 992, 1012, i25o. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82°47'W.
(on the 7,h, 480 mètres, +o°.8 C).

Scrupocellaria antarctica nov.
Bitgitla reticulata Busk.
Beania erecta nov.
Membranipora incrustans Waters.

— imiserialis nov.
Chape ria pat ul osa nov.

— cylindracea var. pivtecta nov.
Cellaria dubia Busk.

■ — lat a nov.
Micropora brevissima nov.
Cribrilina projecta nov.
Microporella proxima nov.

— exigua nov.
Lcpralia frigida nov.
Schizoporella Ridlcyi MacG.

simplex d'Orb.

— hosteensis Jullien.
Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.

— distans MacG.
Cellarinella foveolata nov.
Bifaxaria denticulata Busk.
Smittia marsupium MacG.

— crozetensis nom. nov.

— inclttsa nov.

— praestita nov.

— reptans nov.
Cellepora horneroides nov.

BRYOZOA !5

Turritigera stellata Busk.
Retepora hippocrepis nov.
Stomatopora antarctica nov.

— dichotoma d'Orb.

— major var. nov.

— divergens nov.
Diastopora sp.

Entalophora proboscidea M. Ed.
Hornera antarctica nov.
Lichenopora fnnbriata Busk.

October i8'\ 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) VIII. Nos 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 6i3, 614,
6i5, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 623, 65o, 683, 991. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80048' W.
and Long. 8o° 45' W. ; 5oo ? mètres, +o°.9 C.

Catenicclla frigida nov.
Bugula bicorms Busk.

— rcticulata Busk.

— reticiilata var. spinosa nov.

— tncornis nov.
Brettia longa nov.
Flustra flagellata nov.

M embranipora incrustons Waters.

— irreguloris nov.

Chaperia cervicornis Busk.

— patulosa nov.
Cellaria Dcnnanti MacG.
Micropora coreacea Esper.

— brevissima nov.
Microporella parvipora nov.

■ — proxima nov.

— divaricata Canu.

— exigua nov.
Lepralia frigida nov.
Cychcopora polaris nov.
Schizoporella hosteensis Jull.
Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.
Systenopora contracta nov.
Cellorinella foveolata nov.

nodulata nov.

— dubia nov.

Smittia marsupium MacG. (non Hincks).

— marionensis Busk.

— rcticulata MacG.

— Landsborovii var. personata Hincks.

16 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Smittia conspicua nov.

— tripora nov.

— antarctica nov.

— inclusa nov.

— directa nov.

— gelida nov.

— crozetensis nom. nov.

— dentata nov.

— crassatina nov.

— pileata nov.

— reptans nov.
Escharoides biformata nov.
Cellepora horneroides nov.
Osthimosia signata Busk.

— clavata nov.
Orthopora compacta nov.
Turritigera stellata Busk.
Relepora protecta nov.

— antarctica nov.

— gelida nov.

— hippocrepis nov.
Stomatopora antarctica nov.

— incrassata Smitt.

— divergeas nov.
Idmonea atlantica Forbes.
Filisparsa ? superba jullien.
Entalophora proboscidea M. Ed.
Hornera antarctica nov.
Heteropora claviformis nov.

November 29"', 1898. — Swab or Tangles (Faubert) IX. Xos 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 752, 753,
io32. Lat. 7o°20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. (on the 28"1, 469 mètres, +o°.S C).

Scrupoccllaria antarctica nov.
Membranipora strigosa nov.
Ccllarinella foveolata nov.
Cellepora horneroides nov.
Turritigera stellata Busk.
Retepora lepralioides nov.
Alcyonidutm antarcticum nov.

December 20,,') 1898.— Swab or Tangles (Faubert) X. Nos 79S, 799, 800, 820, 1028. Lat. 7o°i5'S.-
Long. o4°o6'W., 56g mètres, -|-o0.8 C.

Bngula reticiilata, var. spinosa nov.
Micropora brevissima nov.
Microporella proxima nov.

BRYOZOA 17

Schizoporella sp.

Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.

— distans MacG.
Cellarinella foveolata nov.
Smittia crozetensis nom. nov.

— inchisa nov.
Turritigera stellata Busk.
Stomatopora antardica nov.

— ebumea d'Orb.

Horncra antardica nov.

Mardi 14% 1899. — Dredge (Chalut) III. N° 877. Lat. 70°4O' S.- Long. I02°i5'W.; 2800
mètres ; +o°.5 C.

Scrupocellaria funiculata MacG.

No date. — Sur la carapace d'Eiuypodiits Latreilli, Straits of Magellan. N° 1068.

Scrupocellaria fitegensis Busk.
Bicellaria grandis Busk.
Bcania Hyadesi Jullien.

— magellanica Busk.
Cellaria malvinensis Busk.

in

R 21

i8

EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

20
21
22
22
23
23
24
20
27
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
3i
36
37
38
39
39
40
41
43
44
i'i
45
46
47
50
51
51

52
53
53
54

56
57
58
58
59
60
(il
62
62
63

64
65
66
67
67
68
69
70
70

Antarctic Species

CHEILOSTOMATA

Catenicella frigida sp. nov

Bugula bicornis Busk

— reticulata Busk

— reticulata, var. spinosa nov. . .

— tricornis sp. nov

Scrupocellaria funiculata (MacG.) . . .

— antarctica sp. nov. . . .

Bretlia longa nov

Flustra flagellata nov

Beania erecta nov

Membranipora irrcgularis d'Orb

— incruslans Waters. . . .

uniserialis nov

slrigosa nov

Chaperia cervicornîs (Busk)

— patulosa nov

— cylindraeea B., var. protecla nov.
Cellaria Dcnnanli Mari;

— dubia Busk

— tota nov

Megapora ? hyalina nov

\h, reluira coreacect Esper

brevissima nov

Crihrilina projecta nov

Microporella parvipora nov

— exigua nov

pruxiina nov

triiiercis nov

— tlirin-iiitta Canu

Lepralia frigida nov

Schteoporella Ridleyi MacG

simplex d'Orb

— hosteensis Jullien

gelida nov

Cyclicopora polaris nov

Hippothoa divaricata Lainx

— dislans MacG

Systenopora contraria sp. nov

Cellarinella forcolala nov

— noditlata nov

— dubia nov

Bifaxaria denliculata Busk

— rnstica d'Orb

Siniiiia marsupium MacG

— reticulata MacG

— marioiiensis var

— Landsborovii Johnst., var.

personata II.

— crozetensis nom. nov

— antarctica nov

— coiihpicuu nov

— tripora nov

— praestita nov

— inclusa nov

— directa nov

— crassatina nov

— pileata nov

-I-

+

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+

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+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
type

+

+

+

+

+
+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+
+

+

+
+
+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+
+

BRYOZOA

19

71
71
72
7-2
78
73
74
75
76
80
SI
si
82
82
83
8i

85

87
S8
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
'.H
'.il
93
96
97
lis

20
24

28
30
37
12
i2
52
48
C3

53
92
99

Smittia gelida sp. nov

— denlala nov

— reptans nov

Escharoides biformata nov

Cellepora horneroides nov

Osthimosia signala Busk

clavata nov

Orthopora compacta nov

Tmritigera stellata Busk

Retepora antarctica nov

— protecta nov

— protecta, var. crassa nov. . . .

— f rigola nov

— laevigata nov

— lepralioides nov

— gelida nov

— Iiippocrepis nov

CTENOSTOMATA

Alcyonidium antarcticum nov

CYCLOSTOMATA

Slomatopora dichotoma d'Orb

— major var. nov

— ehurnea d'Orb

— incrassata Smilt

— . divergent nov

— antarctica nov

Diastopora solida nov

Diastopora sp

Idnionea atlanlica Forbes

l'ihsparsa superba Jullien

Entalophora proboscidca M, Ed

H ornera antarctica nov

lÀchenopora ftnibriata Busk

— ocloradiata nov

Heteropora elaviforniis uov

Subantarctic Species

/le(e«

Scrupocellaria fuegensis (Busk) ....

Bicellaria grandis Busk

Beania mageltanica (Busk)

— Hyadesi (.Inllien)

Cellaria malvinensis Busk

MicroporeUa Malusii Aud

Biantopora monoceros Busk

Sckizoporella eatom Busk

Lepralia galeata Busk

Smittia Laïuhbororii, var. pcruonata

Hincks.

Hippothoa divaricata Lamx

Tubulipora organisans d'Orb

Barenlsia discreta Busk

+

+

+

+

+

+

I-

+

-I

+

+

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I I 16

1 3 35 57 9 7 1

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+

+

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— Et

— T

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+

15 9 3 9 6 1

III

+

+

+

+

+

+

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+

+
+

+

+

+
+

+

4-

+

+

+

+

+

19-12 5 12 8 I 11 '13

1-

+

+

+

1

+

+

+

+

+

+

_L

T

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
+

-I-

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

Suborder CHEILOSTOMATA
Aetea sp.

When examining other spécimens from i3g, I made a note that there was a small
pièce of Aetea having ovicells as described in Aetea anguina forma recta ('), but as it has not
been found again further particulars cannot be given. There is also, from 986 Tangles VIII,
three or four zoœcia of Aetea on the inside of a Brachiopod shell. It has much the appearance
of A. recta, but détermination is not possible.

Catenicella frigida sp. nov.

(PI. I. figs. la-d)

Zoarium with usually two single zoœcia, followed by a geminate one, but there are
also a few zoœcia attached by short chitinous tubes to the side of other zoœcia. This is
not usual in the Catenicellidae, but occurs in Catenicellopsis pusilla Wilson, and Claviporella
pulchra MacG. Zoœcia elongate, contracting to the base with a broad vitta on each side,
reaching nearly to the base, and a similar short dépression higher up ; along the lower
vittae there is a row of pores (5-8). There is an area, below the oral aperture, with three
large pores (fenestrae) towards the proximal end, and two small ones near the aperture.
The small latéral avicularia are directed outwards, and are situated near the distal end of
the zoœcium, but one of the latéral avicularia is often wanting. The oral aperture has the
lower edge straight, the length being greater than the breadth ; and there is a raised line
above the distal end of the aperture. The secondary zoœcium of the geminate cell is short,
and there is usually only one avicularium. The radicle tube starts on the dorsal surface,
from close to the proximal end (also sometimes there is a radicle on the front), forming firm
bundles. Ovicell unknown.

This is very closelv allied to the Victorian fossil described by MacGillivray as
Catenicella auriculata (2), and possibly more material might show a range including both forms.
The Antarctic spécimens are smaller but relatively longer, while the fossil has a much longer
suboral area, with about ten fenestrae; both belong to the Catenicella ventricosa group, and they
hâve much similarity with C. sacculata Busk (Chall.). The spécimens are very fragmentary,
only consisting of a few zoœcia and although found in four différent bottles, ail are from the
same locality.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 617, 621, Ô23, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o°48'W.; 5oo ? mètres ;
+0.9 C.

(1) Linn. Soc. Journ. Zoo!., vol. XXVI, p. 5, pi. I, figs. 1-4.

(2) MacGillivray, Monogr. of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria. (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. IV, iSg5, p. i5,
pi. II, fig. 5.)

BRYOZOA 21

Bugula bicornis Busk.

(PI. I, figs. ±a-k)
Bugula licorjiis Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, pt. XXX. p. 40. pi. IX, fig. 1.

In the Antarctic spécimens there is a structure not mentioned in the « Challenger
Report », for from the main branches formed of long zoœcia there anse, at the distal end of
the zoœcia, from the dorsal surface of the free terminations, branches formed of much smaller
zoœcia, and as far as I hâve seen, thèse short celled branches never divide or give off
fresh branches. As a rule thèse growths do not exceed six or seven zoœcia, but exceptionally
may reach to twenty. Thèse short zoœcia are only attached to one another by two latéral
rosette plates near the base, while the distal end is free. The long zoœcia hâve about four
latéral rosette plates, and the first short zoœcium is attached at the proximal end, by one
rosette plate to the long zoœcium of the main branch (fig. 4, b. r.).

The finest spécimen, from 608 growing on Rctepora, forms a kind of mat with the
branches growing in ail directions, and reaching to a width of about 5o millimètres.

The radicles are attached to neighbouring branches, as in B. reticulata B., but this
of course cannot be compared with the Connecting tubes of Canda arachnoïdes, &c. A pair
of vermiform bodies arise from the front wall of the zoœcium, and thèse are most distinct
in zoœcia which are otherwise quite empty, or only contain a « brown body », though thev
can be found in zoœcia having an active polypide. Although assuming a différent form
this is undoubtedly the équivalent of the gland-like body to which I hâve frequently referred.
They commence as small almost globular bodies, but ma}- attain to nearly the length of a
zoœcium ; and also in Bugula reticulata, var. Spinoza nov. small globular bodies are seen,
but none of an elongate form hâve been found.

In the latéral branches, with short zoœcia, there seems usually to be only one small
avicularium to a zoœcium, though occasionally there is one large one nearer to the proximal
end, but while there is a différence in size the shape is similar.

Besides the strong muscles, for closing the mandibles, there are a row of muscles
round the proximal edge of the avicularium (see PI. I, fig. 4^). Thèse are similar to the
muscles which I hâve previously figured in the mandible of Bcania mageltanica Busk (')
(PI. II, figs. 14, i5) and in this memoir in PI. Mil, figs. ja, b ; and this is a point of
very great interest, as, apparently, thèse muscles are homologous with those of the compensation
sac of the zoœcia.

There are 23-25 tentacles. Busk says 18-20 but probably thèse figures are not taken
from sections, and but little reliance can be placed upon the counting of tentacles unless
sections are eut.

Bugula avicularis has 14-15 tentacles (H.), 14 (Bexed.), i3-i5 (Calvet) ; B. flabellata
Thomps. has 16 (W.), 14 (H.); B. Murrayana Johnst., 18-21; var. fruticosa Pack., 17; B. plumosa
Pall., ii-i3 tentacles; B. spicata H., 16; B. turbinata Aider, 16; B. purpurotincta Xorm., 14 (Sars),
16-18 (Daly.) ; B. ncntina L., 23 (Calvet); B. calathus Xorm., i5 (Calvet); B. Sabatieri
Calvet 12-14 (Calvet) ; B. reticulata B., 21-22 (W.) ; B. bicornis Busk, 23-25 (W.).

(1) On Bryozoa from Rapallo, &c. [Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. XXVI, pi. II, figs. 14, i5.)

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. — South Indian Océan. Lat. 53° 55' S.- Long. io8° 35' E. ; jg5o fathoms
(3i6o mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 608, 618, 620, 621, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 7o°oo' S.- Long. 8o°48' W.; 5oo ? mètres ;
+0.9 C.

Bugula reticulata Busk.

Bugula reticulata Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp.. vol. X. pt. XXX, p. 40, pi. VIII, ûg. 3.

There are only two or three small fragments, but in thèse, latéral radicles are given
off from the side of the zoœcium, just as in the Challenger spécimens, but the avicularian
pedicel is longer than those figured by Busk. There are two distal rosette plates, and
21 to 22 tentacles.

Habitat. — Crozet Islands 1600 fathoms (25go mètres) ; off the Argentine, 600 fathoms
(960 mètres) ; off Chili, 2160 fathoms (35oo mètres) ; Patagonia, i325 fathoms (2i5o mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 568, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82047' N.; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

N° 621, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' V. ; 5oo?met.; +0.9 C.

Bugula reticulata Busk, Var. spinosa nov.

(PL I, figs. 3a-d)
Type; Bugula reticulata Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X. pt. XXX. p. 40, pi. VIII, fig. 3.

The Antarctic form most nearly resembles the B. reticulata, var. unicornis Busk of the
Challenger ; and to show the connection it seems simplest to call it var. spinosa.

The primary zoœcium of the spécimen from 610 (fig. 3a, b\ has an open area in front,
about half the length of the zoœcium, and both this and the following zoœcium hâve six
spines, but then after several normal zoœcia, with three spines, the tenth zoœcia again has
six. In another spécimen, from the same localitv, the first seven or eight zoœcia, after the
primary, hâve four spines, and then follow normal zoœcia with three. The zoœcia as a
iule hâve two spines on the outer border and one on the inner. The zoœcia are shorter
than those of the Challenger var. unicornis B., while, from the locality already referred to,
there is a small pièce (fig. 3d) with rather longer zoœcia, and in this spécimen the small
pediculated avicularium, just below the area is quite similar to those shown in (figs. 3a, b).
Thèse variations indicate, that there is no sufficient reason for spécifie séparation. The
radicles arise from a bifurcation, but in the younger zoœcia of the spécimen first referred
to, there are a few radicles from near the proximal end, and although elsewhere no radicles
are found growing from the side of the zoœcia, yet there are to many zoœcia small internai
radicle chambers. In previous papers allusion has been made to the fact, that in many
species of Bryozoa thèse chambers are often found when there are no radicles.

In a few zoœcia without polypides there are a pair of small globular bodies, arising
from the distal end of the zoœcium ; no doubt thèse are homologous with the vermiform
bodies in B. bicornis. In a later stage they are further removed from the distal end and

BRYOZOA 23

are unattached except by protoplasmic threads. The genus Bugula seems about equally well
represented in the two hémisphères.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 610, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

N° 798, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W. ; 56g met.; +0.8 C.

Bugula tricornis sp. nov.

PL I, figs. ga-d; PL VIII, fig. 3)

The zoaria are irregular in width, with hère and there three of four zoœcia in séries,
though usually there are onty two. The distal portion of the zoœcium is free.

The zoœcia hâve three spines, the two situated at the corners of the zoœcia often
attaining to a considérable length, while the third, placed lower down on the outer border
and directed inwards, is shorter. Just below the area there is a small pediculate avicularium,
borne on a thin pedicel, and resembling the avicularium of B. reticulata B., to which this
and B. bicornis B. are closely allied and they seem to form a distinct group, in which the
distal rosette plates differ from what generally obtains in Bugula. The avicularia vary much
in size, and across the avicularian below the mandible there are two médian projections
(PI. VIII, fig. 3), which do not meet, but are the équivalents of the cross bar of so many
avicularia ; and a similar structure has been found in Beania magellanica B. The ovicells
are recumbent, broad, widely open with the surface smooth. The radicles start about the
middle of the side of the zoœcium from large projecting chambers. There are two large
latéral rosette plates near the proximal end, and the distal wall has two smaller plates.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 616, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70°oo'S.- Long. 8o° 48' W.; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Scrupocellaria funiculata (MacG.)

(PL VIII, figs. i(7, b)

Menipea funiculata MacGillivray, « Descr. New or Litlle Known Polyzoa », pt. IX. [Traits. Roy. Soc. Vicl.,
vol. XXII, p. — 1 , pi. I. fig. 8; Zool Victoria, décade XVIII, p. 2S5, pi. 177, fig. 6.)

There is a fragment, in a broken condition, from 877, which was almost concealed in
bundles of chitinous radicles ; but it has been possible, after cleaning, to make out that it
is a stout form, in one part multiserial, and there is as a rule one stout spine at the outer
corner, and a somewhat thinner one on each side rather lower down. In one zoœcium,
believed to be from near the base, there are two pairs of stout spinous processes and a
spine lower down on the outer side. The scutum has wavy bubble-like markings and, in
this respect, differs from typical Australian S. funiculata, which has only a central hollow
line. We are reminded of the scutum of Scrupocellaria obtecta Haswell, where however the
markings are in two branches.

There is a small tiïangular avicularium below the area, rather to one side, and there
are latéral avicularia. Above the broken-down ovicells there is a pair of triangular avicularia.
The radicles start from near the base of the zoœcium, as in the typical form, and the only
différences are the markings on the scutum, and that the spines are not regularly three on

24 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

the outside and one inside. It is also closely related to 5. benemunita Busk, as well as to
S. obtccta Haswell; and S. cervicornis Busk, has a somewhat similar scutum, but also has a
vibraculum.

Habitat. — Victoria. If it is the same as benemunita then it occurs also from Kerguelen
and S. America.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 871, Dredge III. Lat. 700 40' S.- Long. io2°l5'W.; 2S00 met.; +0.5 C.

Scrupocellaria fuegensis (Busk)

Menipea fuegensis Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat, p, ai, pi. XIX.

A spécimen from the Straits of Magellan on the carapace of Eurypodius Latrcilli, is the
species described by Busk in the « British Muséum Catalogue », and has the same short
internodes, 4 spines, a latéral avicularium to the lower zoœcium, an acicular curved scutum,
an anterior avicularium below each area, a radicle chamber in the lower zoœcium opposite
the anterior avicularium. Jullien describes and figures as Menipea fuegensis B. (') a form in
which the internodes with female zocecia are very long, sometimes having as many as 20 zoœcia,
but this is not the case in the présent spécimen, in which there are a few ovicells in internodes
about the usual size. In spécimens of S. ternata, var. gracilis from the Kara Sea, and from
the Gulf of St. Lawrence ovicells occur on internodes of the ordinary length. The M . fuegensis
of Jullien however has no anterior avicularium and has not the long spines characteristic
of M. fuegensis Busk; and further the scutum is usually cleft, which is not the case in
Busk's figures nor in the Antarctic species, and it seems that Julliln's form should be
specifically separated. Busk, in his «Challenger Report» (2), describes and figures as Menipea
aculeata a much more attenuated form with three spines, a bi-trifurcate scutum, no latéral
avicularia but an anterior avicularium to each zoœcium. This was found from off South
America and Falkland Island, and apparently from Kerguelen Island ; and Busk considered
that it is the Bicellaria aculeata of d'Orbigny, but that species is figured without any avicularia
or scutum. Unfortunately there does not seem to be any named spécimen of B. aculeata () in
d'Orbigny's collection in Paris, for though there is a tube so marked, I only saw Membranipora
on the leaf of a deciduous tree, and inside the tube the label was «Algers» (Algiers), so that
a change has been made somewhere.

I and others hâve shown that the allied Scrupocellaria ternata Eli. and Sol. of the
Arctic régions exhibits a considérable range of variation in the spines, scutum, and avicularia
and the same may be the case hère ; but we hâve no proof yet that there are not three
distinct species.

Habitat. — Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands (B.). Hamilton mentions it
from Wanganui, New Zealand ; and Harvey from Bass's Straits, but it is not mentioned
by MacGillivray or Whitelegge in their lists of Yictorian and New South Wales Bryozoa.

(1) Mission du Cap Horn, p. 70, pi. XII, figs. 1, 2; pi. VII, figs. 8-10.

(2) Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, pi. XXX, p. 20, pi. IV, fig. 2.

(3) Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, p. 8, pi. II, fgs. 1-4.

BRYOZOA 25

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1068. St. of Magellan. Sur la carapace à'Eurypodius Latreilli.

Scrupocellaria aatarctica sp. nov.

(PI. I, figs. ia-e; PL VIII, figs. la, I

Zoarium large, apparently about 40"™ long, jointcd above the area of the outer zoœcium,
as is the case in S. Smittii Norman ('). The zoœcia hâve a large bordered area, with an
irregularly shaped scutum filling up two thirds of the area. The edge of the scutum is
curved and entire. Anterior triangular avicularia near the médian Une of the zoarium, and
latéral avicularia near the distal end of the area ; a long oral spine more distinctly seen
on the dorsal face of the zoarium than on the anterior.

With the exception of the spécimens from 924 none hâve a spine at the bifurcation,
but in the spécimen mentioned this spine exists in some cases, but not in ail ; in the
spécimen from 924 there is another peculiarity, the considérable amount of calcareous matter
making the spécimen white, which is unusual in Scrupocellaria.

In Scrupocellaria antarctica, the radicle tube starts from a small radicular chamber
near the proximal end of the zoœcium. The raised ovicell is long and large, and has a
thinner area on the front, where the outer of the two walls of the ovicell is wanting; the
inner wall has minute tubercles producing a dotted appearance. There is an internai spinous
process, sometimes bifurcate or lobate, arising from the proximal wall near the rosette plate
(PI. VIII, figs. 2a, b, dt). In no other species of Scrupocellaria, in my collection, has a similar
structure been found. A pair of somewhat similar spines is known in Cellarinella foveolata
nov. and Svsleiwpora contracta nov., as well as the comb-like process in Membranipora tchuelcha
d'Orb. [-), and there is a single comb-like process in Membranipora nitens Hincks.

The dorsal surface is like that of the Arctic 5. ternata, var. gracilis Smitt, a species
corresponding in many particulars with the présent. The articulations are late in forming,
and many branches are without any articulation. I showed in 1882 (3), that in a large
number of articulated species, the calcareous wall is at first continuous, but subsequently
is broken across, and one or more chitinous tubes then form the articulation ; and this was
afterwards confirmed by Lomas.

According to the classifications of Hincks and Bisk this would be Menipea, but Julliex(+)
found a few vibracula upon his Scrupocellaria inarsupiata, and sait! he had also found some
upon the anterior surface of 5. scabra Van Bened. from Greenland &c. and he therefore
considered that Menipea should be merged in Scrupocellaria. Subsequently I proposed (5),
that the genus Menipea should be retained for forms of the M. Buskii MacG. type, and then
the majority of the remaining Menipea belong to Scrupocellaria.

(1) YVaters, Bry. from Franz Josef Land. (Liitii. Soc. Journ., vol. XXVIII, pi. VII, fig. S.)

(2) Waters, On Membraniporidse. (Liini. Soc. Journ. Zoo!., vol. XXVI, pp. 675, 677, pi. XLVIII, figs. 3, 5, 7.)

(3) Waters, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XXXVII, p. 320 ; and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. XX,
p. 89, pi. IV, figs. 6, 7.

(4) Julliex, Drag. du « Travailleur ». [Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, vol. VII, p. 5o8 |n).)

(5) Waters, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. XXVI, p. 2.

IV

R 21

26 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. ■ — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 347, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. ; 435 met, ; — o.3 C.

Nos 56i, 568, 573, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 82^47' W. ; 480 met. ; +o.S C.

N° 924, Tangles V. Lat. 71° i5' S.- Long. 870 3g' W. ; 435 met. ; — 0.2 C.

N° io32, Tangles IX. Lat. 700 02' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. ; 459 met. ; -f-0.8 C.

Brettia longa sp. nov.

(PI. I. figs. 2a, il

The zoœcium is long, commencing as a narrow tube, which expands at the end to
for m the zoœcial chamber. The area occupies the whole of the upper part of the zoœcium
and is oval, with a wall sloping inwards to the oval opesium, and at the upper corner of
the zoœcium on one side there is a short spine. On the dorsal surface there are, near the
distal end, a pair of disks and again be!o\v thèse a smaller pair, besides a pair of small
pores on the front of the zoœcial tube.

The new zoœcia are given off from the dorsal surface of the older ones, and in one
case there is a second tube, apparently the lower part of the second zoœcium ; also in another
there are tubes, which we must conclude are zoœcial tubes growing from the side of the
zoœcium. The walls are more calcareous than in other species of Brettia. It seems closely
allied to Brettia cornigera Bush, brought by the Challenger, from the West Indies, but as
there are only a few more zoœcia of Brettia longa than those figured, it is impossible, from
such fragments, to feel quite certain as to the spécifie position.

Brettia occurs in the Arctic as B. frigida Waters and B. minima Waters.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 621 and 623, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Bicellaria grandis Busk:

(PI. I, figs. 6(7, b)

Bicellaria grandis Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 42, pi. XLIV : MacGillivrav, Zool. Victoria, décade VI, p. 38,
pi. LIX, figs. 2. 3.

This shows some slight variation in the number and position of the spines but there
does not seem to be sufficient reason for separating it from Busk's species. On the digitiform
process there are usually three spines, though often only two and the number may occasionally
be reduced to one. Further back there are two long articulated spines, and there is a short
one from the distal end of the dorsal surface. A new branch arises on the dorsal surface,
on the outer side close to the base of the ordinary zoœcium, corresponding in structure
with the growth of Bugitla bicornis Busk (PI. I, fig. 46). The radicle grows from the distal
end on the dorsal surface, near to the inner short spines, and thèse radicles unité together
forming a thick bunclle. Avicularia and ovicells are unknown.

In Bicellaria the zoœcia are but very slightly attached, there being but one latéral
rosette plate and that near the distal end, while between thèse rosette plates the lower

BRYOZOA

tubular portion of the zoœcia is quite free. Probably this is the most important character
of the genus Bicellaria.

Bicellaria is well représentée! in the southern hémisphère, but only by very few species
in the northern.

Habitat. — Bass's Strait (Busk) ; Victoria (MacG.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N 1068. Straits of Magellan. Sur la carapace d 'Eurypodius Latrcilii.

Flustra flagellata sp. nov.

fPl. II. figs. la, b

Zoarium unilaminate. Zoœcia elongate, contracted below, with a vibracular chamber
at the proximal end of each zoeecium, with very long vibraculae. There are about 6 latéral
rosette plates, and the distal wall has two pores, with sometimes also two or three small
ones between them.

There is only a small fragment, in which there are no polypides, although ail the
muscles remain in the vibracular chamber. In two cases where two zoœcia grow from an
older one, there is a vibraculum at the base of each, and from this fact and the position
of the distal rosette plates, we speak of the vibraculum being at the proximal end of the
zoœcium. This is the only case of F lustra having vibracula, but there does not seem to
be any reason for generic séparation on that account.

Calvet (') in a very important work dealing with the structure of the Ectoproct
Bryozoa says : « Les aviculaires et les vibraculaires ne sont que deux formes d'une même
individualité, ne se distinguant entre elles que par la longueur plus ou moins grande de la
mandibule et le développement plus ou moins réduit du bec. » I certainly cannot go as far
as Calvet, although of course there is much similarity in the two organs with probably a
similar origin. The différence between the two is, in my opinion, quite indépendant of the
length of the setae, and is to be looked for at the base and in the muscular attachment.
The base of a vibraculum is unsymmetrical, and besides, the central articulate portion has
various protubérances to which muscles are attached, thus permitting movement in ail directions,
whereas the base of the avicularium is symmetrical and there is only movement in one
direction.

I figurée! the base of the vibraculum of Cribrilina latimarginata Busk (2) in m}' « Supple-
mentary Challenger Report », and then referred to the différence in structure. Scrupocellaria,
Selenaria, Cupularia, Caberea, &c. hâve true vibracula, whereas the extremely long mandible
of Diporula Hyndmanni, var. ensiformis Hincks has a symmetrical base and is part of an
avicularium. It is true that many avicularia with long mandibles hâve been wrongly called-
vibracula, and further Smitt's figure of the vibraculum of Scrupocellaria scruposa L., which
is incorrect has been reproduced by Hincks and others, and has no doubt led to some
confusion.

(1) Louis Calvet, Contr. à l'hist. nat. des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes marins, 1900, p. 440, etc..

(2) YYaters, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. XXXI, pt. LXXIX, p. 22, pi. I, ùg. 12.

28 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

The vibracula of F. flagellata lias not been prepared out, as there is only one small
spécimen, which is figured as seen in the transparent mount.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? mètres ; +0.9 C.

Beania magellanica (Busk)

(PI. VIII, figs. ya-c)

For svnonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue, to which add

Diachoseris (sic) magellanica Ortmanx. Die japanische Bryozoenfauna lArch. f. Naturgesch., 1890, vol. I, p. 25,

pi. I. fig. 22 .
Beania magellanica Waters, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zoo!., vol. XXVI, p. 16, pi. II, figs. 11-14: Journ. Roy. Micros.

Soc. ser. 2, vol. V, p. 3, pi. XIV, fig. 4 ; Marion Calvkt, Bryoz. marins de la région

de Cette [Trav. Inst. Zool. de l'Univ. de 1. . sér. 2. mém. ir. p. z5 : Bryoz. marins de Corse,

iil.. mém. r2, p. 9.

The four projections on the dorsal end of the zoeecium are small, but are quite
distinct, and although Jullien did not find ihem, in his spécimens from Cape Verde, or
Tierra del Fuego, they seem to be pretty gênerai, and though small in the Cape Horn
spécimens yet they are indicated.

According to Ortmann the Japanese spécimen has the edge of the avicularium dentate,
but this is not the case in an}- from other localities that hâve corne under my observation.

Jullien says 2Ô-3o tentacles ; and in my Naples spécimens 26 seems to be the
average number : in the spécimen brought b_y the Belgian Expédition I find 23 tentacles.
B. quadricorniita H. has 23 tentacles, B. Hyadesi |ull. 20 tentacles.

It is necessary to refer in some détail to the muscles in the avicularia, as Jullien's
figure is not entirely correct in some particulars, and although in my paper on the « Bryozoa
from Rapallo (') » correct figures as far as they go were given, it has been advisable to
give one with more détail, jullien figures, at the lower or proximal part of the avicularium,
thick muscles with isolated fibres, which he calls « muscle en épaulette », but instead of
thèse muscles fastened to the base of the mandible, there is a row of isolated muscles in
a semicircle round the submandibular part of the avicularium (see pi. VIII, fig. jb), and also
«Bryozoa from Rapallo (') », (pi. II, fig. 14). On the upper part they are attached to the
front wall, on which there is a semicircular band rather thicker than the rest of the wall ;
the lower attachments are to the side walls of the avicularium (2).

In my paper, already alluded to, I explained thèse muscles as no doubt contracting
the integument behind the mandible, thus helping in the slow opening of the beak ; and
the interest of thèse muscles is very great, as we seem to hâve an action hère in the avicu-
larium, which must be compared with the muscular contraction in the compensation sac,
shown by Harmer to be common in the Cheilostomata.

(1) Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. XXVI, p. 16, pi. II, figs. 14, r5.

(2) In Bugula there are muscles in the proximal part of the avicularium and they are dealt with on page 21
under Bugula bicomis.

BRYOZOA 29

The « anterior » muscles of Jullien are not readily seen, and where found hâve con-
sisted of only two or three fibres and not a bundle as figured by Jullien. Thèse are referred
to by Harmer ('), as indicating the occurrence of two sets of occlusors.

There is a cross bar to the avicularium, which does quite meet across ; further the
base of the mandible curves upwards, so that there is a vacant space, which may be an opening,
in certain positions, to the avicularium. The two columellae hâve been previously referred
to, and are only known in B. magellancia B., B. bilaminata Mincks, and B. erecta nov.

Jullien (2) enters into a comparatively long discussion of the object of the avicularia,
but it is possible, that through placing it in his explanation of plate 12, instead of in the
text of the work, it has sometimes been overlooked. He considers them only monstrosities (•''),
and their object as entirely unknown. Although not accepting the orthodox explanation,
neither do I agrée with Jullien, and hâve already explained my view, that seeing the polypide
dies down from time to time, and a colony may be left with few or no active polypides it
remains in vigor, through the avicularian organs retaining vitality, and thus keeping the
protoplasmic parenchym in indirect communication with the external surroundings. The
avicularia hâve protoplasmic threads passing to the « peculiar body », and the vitality of the
colonv will, both in times of full and dimished vigor, be increased by the avicularia ; for
the constant snapping of the mandibles often continues, when the polypides are not extending
themselves out of the zoœcia, and as before said, even when there are few or no polypides.
Sections often show the avicularia in unchanged condition, when the zoœcia only contain
histolysed remains of polypides.

The ciliated organ (« peculiar body ») is in Beania magellanica connected with the muscle,
being evidently withdrawn at the same time as the mandible is closed.

There are large oval bodies which hâve been called « eggs » or « egg masses » but it
must be through a mistake that I attributed the name to Julliex. They commence at each
side near the distal end and start near the latéral wall, and as the)* grow they hâve near the
surface a large number of vacuolated cells while the interior consists of slightly granulated
matter. Thèse are attached by protoplasmic threads and would seem to be the équivalent
of the suboral glands.

Habitat. — Adriatic ; Naples; Marseilles ; Rapallo ; Riou and Podesta; St. of Bonifacio ;
Cette ; Corsica (ail Mediterranean) ; Cape Verde Island ; Japan, 100 fathoms ; Mauritius ;
Portland (Victoria) ; Port Jackson (N. S. Wales) ; New Zealand ; Bancs des Aiguilles (South
Africa) (Jullien det.) j5 met. ; Kerguelen; Tristan d'Acunha, 8-12 fathoms ; Tierra del Fuego ;
Falkland Island.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1068. Sur la carapace d'Eurypodius Latreilli. Straits of Magellan.

(1) The Morphology of the Cheilastomata. {Quart. Jouru. Micr. Se, vol. 46, n. s., p. 3ao.)

(2) Julliex, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, p. go.

(3) Yves Delage in his « Vermidiens :> in the « Traite de Zoologie concrète », p. 97, follows Jullien in con-
sidering the avicularia as monstrosities.

3o EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Beania Hydesia (Jullien)

(PL I, %. 7)
Diachoris Hyadesi Jullien. Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. VI, i885, p. 74. pi. VII, fi.gs. 1. 2.

A spécimen, from the Straits of [Magellan, lias one short triangular avicularium on the
dorsal surface, situated on a slightly raised chamber. The position is strange, and no avicu-
laria hâve been described previously, nor could I find any in the spécimens in Jullien's
collection. The zoœcia are so close together, that the tubular connections can frequently
not be followed either on the anterior or dorsal surface. The thick radicle is situated near
the proximal end, and terminâtes in cervicorne attachments, radiating in ail directions. There
are four stout oral spines, and also spines on the border of the zoœcium, usually five on
each side, and thèse are more délicate than the oral spines and acute at the ends. Sections
show 20 tentacles.

From examination of the British Muséum spécimen of B. inermis Bush, it would seem
that the spécimen is in an unsatisfactory and worn condition, but the relationship between
the two species is undoubtedly very close.

Jullien mentions B. inermis B. as well as B. Hyadesi }. from Cape Horn. The B. inermis
B. of the Challenger may be B. Hyadesi.

Habitat. — ■ Baie Orange (Jullien), « sur les frondes de Macrocystis pyrifera ».

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1068. Straits of Magellan. Sur la carapace à'Eurypodius Latreilli.

Beania erecta sp. nov.

(PI. I, figs 8<i-e)

Besicles a spécimen from 1012, in which the chief characters can be deciphered, there
is a small imperfect one from 343.

The zoœcia are erect, as in B. crotali Bush, B. hirtissnna, var. conferta MacG., and
B. fragilis Ridley, in ail of which the connections occur at the base of the zoœcium and the
radicle also grows from the lower part. The oral aperture is large, and on each side, above
the aperture, there is a rudimentary spine. On the side of the zoœcium a large capitate
avicularium is articulated, having a much prolonged mandible, and the mandibles hâve the
double columella characteristic of B. magellanica B., and B. bilaminata Hincks, while the avicu-
larium is broader than that of B. magellanica Busk.

The shape of the appendage of B. crotali B. in a spécimen from Port Phillip Heads
is exactly similar to the mandible of B. erecta, even to the contraction at the distal end, where
the narrow mandible terminâtes, and it seems probable that B. crotali B. is degenerate
B. erecta, having the appendages without mandibles. Upon putting a zoœcium from spirit to
water it quickly became much inflated, and the latéral walls between the attachment of

BRYOZOA 3i

the muscles bulged out, and was very transparent, showing the muscles through the walls
(figs. Sc-d).

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 343, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. ; 435 met. ; — o.3 C.

N° 1012, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82c47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

Membranipora irregularis d'Orbigny, and Smitt (non Hag.)

Membranipora irregularis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, vol. V, pt. 4, p. 17, pi. VIII,
figs. 5-6; Smitt, Floridan Bryozoa, pt. II. p. 8, pi. II, fig. 63; ? Busk, Quart. Journ. M ter. Se, vol. I,
1861, n. s., p. 77, pi. XXXIII, fig. 3.

This species lias the zoœcia about the same size as the larger form of M. incrustons
Waters, but there are no avicularia, and the ovicell is wide, cap-like. From d'Orbigny's
figures it is difficult to be sure what he had before him, but Smitt has since refigured spéci-
mens which he considered were M. irregularis. I did not see anv M. irregularis in the Muséum
d'histoire naturelle in Paris.

In the spécimen from 619, growing on stones, the polypides can be seen.

Habitat. — Aladeira ? (Busk) ; Florida (Smitt) ; Falkland Island (d'Orb.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 619, 683 on stones, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? mètres ;
+0.9 C.

Membranipora incrustans Waters

(PI. II, figs. i5a. h. c)

Membranipora incrustans Waters, On Membraniporidas. [Linn. Soc. Journ. Zoo!., vol. XXVI. p. 6S6. pi. XLVII,

fig- i3.)
Membranipora crassimarginata var. incrustans Busk (pars), Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, pt. XXX, p. 63.
Membranipora Dumerilii (Aud.). Waters, Supp. Rep. Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. XXXI, pt. LXXIX, p. 12.
Membranipora coronata Julliex (non Hincks), Bryozoaires. Mission du Cap Horn, p. 76.

Spécimens from 570 and 596 hâve zoœcia about the same size as those of the Challenger
spécimens, but the avicularium is rather larger and the avicularian chamber is often more
raised. This is larger than M. levata Hincks. A spécimen from 392 is however still larger
than the others having zoœcia about imm long instead of about o.6mm-o.7mm. There are several
species of Membranipora with oval zoœcia and an avicularium at the distal end, and this group
is a difficult one on account of the few characters available.

I saw several spécimens of this in Paris in the material collected by the Cape Horn
Expédition and the short avicularium distinguisb.es it from the M. coronata of Hincks, which
has a vibraculum. Julliex evidëntly intended to make a new genus for Membranipora with
a vibraculum above the zoœcium, but this is not a sufficient reason for a fresh genus, as we
know other gênera having either avicularia or vibracula.

32 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. — Station i35fl. Tristan d'Acunha, 70 fathoms (120 met.) (Challenger). Cape
Horn on seaweeds &c.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 3g2, Eel trap I. Lat. 71° i5' S.- Long. 870 3g' W. ; 436 met. ; — 0.2 C.
X" 570 on stones 5g6 on shell, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. S2°47' W. ; 480 met.;
+0.8 C.

N° 6S3, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; -fo.g C.

Membranipora uniserialis sp. nov.

(pi. 11, fig. 2

Zoarium creeping, uniserial, with new branches arising from the side of a zoœcium.
The zoœcium is somewhat pyriform, expanding in the upper part, and contracted at the
proximal end to a narrow stalk, the flat elliptical area on the front is surrounded by a raised
ridge. Just below the ridge of this area, at the distal end, there are three or four spines
on each side, and in the upper part of this area there is an unsymmetrieal opesial opening,
which is rounded at the distal end and contracts near the middle, while the proximal edge
is diagonal. There are two pore chambers on each side and une distal one. The ovicell is
nearly as broad as the zoœcium with a short keel in the front.

This species is abundant upon some stones brought back by the Expédition, but the
spines are not always présent, nor is the shape ol the opesium always the same, through the
diagonal position is gênerai, being horizontal only in a few zoœcia. I hâve only seen the
one complète ovicell of which I made a sketch at the time, and when preparing the plate
could not meet with the perfect ovicell again, however, there are a few broken down ovicells.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

X" 288, Dredge I. Lat. 7i°og' S.- Long. 8g° i5' W. ; 460 met. ; +o.3 C.

X° 3ga, Eel trap I. Lat. 71" i5' S.- Long. 870 3g' W. ; 435 met. ; — o.3 C.

Nos 570, 5g6, Tangles VIL Lat. 70" 23' S.- Long. 82" 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

Membranipora strigosa sp. nov.

(pi. 11, fig. 4)

The zoœcia are large, oval or nearly round, somewhat irregular. The walls are thin,
sloping outwards, smooth, and the small ovicells hâve an area with minute pores. This is
a very simple for m, without anv avicularia, and in gênerai appearance much resembles the
M. madlenta of Jullien, found off Spain, and which I consider is the same as a Membranipora
from Franz Josef Land.

The spécimen is growing upon a stone, and the polypides are visible, but the material
is not sufficient for sections.

Habitat. — Exped. Antarct. Belge.

N° 745, Tangles IX. Lat. 700 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. ; 45g met. ; +0.8 C.

BRYOZOA 33

Chaperia cervicornis (Busk)

For synonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue and add,

Amphiblestrum cevvkorne Meissner, Liste der von Prof. Semon bei Amboina und Thursday Island gesammelten

Bryozoen. {Jeu. Bail:., vol. VIII, p. — , 1902.)
Memhranipora cervicornis Jullien & Calvet, Bryozoaires provenant de campagnes de l'« Hirondelle », 1903,

p. 126.

There is a single spécimen, which however is not in a good state of préservation.
The spines do not branch as much as in Australian spécimens.

Habitat. — Victoria (MacG.) ; Bass's Straits (H.) ; Torres Strait (Kirkp.) ; Marion
Island (Wat.) ; New South Wales (Wat.) ; Amboina (Semon) ; Bancs des Aiguilles, S. Africa,
Lat. 34°57' S.- Long. ig° 55' E. (.Mus. d'hist. nat. Paris) ; Plage de Praya, Graciosa (Azores),
Lat. 38°o3'25" N.- Long. 3o° l8' W. on seaweed (Jull. & Calv.).

Fossil. M* Gambier (S. Australia) ; and Napier (N. Zealand).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 619, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80048' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Chaperia patulosa sp. nov.

(Pi. 11. fig. 5

This is closely allied to the fossil and récent C. annulus Manz. also called galeata Busk,
but it differs in having an avicularium below the area, and in having the proximal edge
of the wide opesium straight as in .1/. patula Hincks.

The zoarium of 596 encrusts the skeleton of a Gorgonidœ. The zoœcia are wide with the
front raised, the opesia also are wide and nearly straight below, the area is depressed and
granulated. At the distal end of the zoœcium there is a pedunculated avicularium, and on
each side two spines, the lower ones being furcate, while below the area there is sometimes
an avicularium, which may be long and pedunculate, or may spread out laterally, the mandible
is obtusely lanceolate.

The ovicell is erect, broad, with one or two pedunculate avicularia.

It is impossible to give a satisfactory figure of this species, as the spines are frequently
erect, only showing the extremity, so that the figure is to a small extent diagrammatic.

Whether the différences are sufficient to justify a new name is somewhat doubtful,
but whether called a species or a variety, the fact of importance is, that it is closely allied
to the récent and fossil C. annulas, although there are slight différences. It is also allied to
C. cristata Busk, which occurs off Kerguelen and South Africa.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N05 566, 5g6, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82047' w- ; 48o met- ; +°-8 c-
Nos 619, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo?met. ; +0.9 C.

R 21

34 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Chaperia cylindracea Busk, var. protecta nov.

IP1. II. fig. 3)

Type Ehctra cylindracea Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, pt. XXX, p. 78. pi. XXXIII, fig. 2; Waters,
Suppl. Report. Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. XXXI. pt. LXXIX, p. 12, pi. I, figs. i3. 14: pi. III, fig. 23.

This agrées in the main characters with the Challenger spécimens, but it differs in
the shape of what Busk called the « hollow process », which might in the variety be called
a protecting plate with irregular cervicorne growth on each side, and bearing on the front in
the centre an elongate avicularium directed downwards. The spécimen is only small, and
encrusts the stalk of a seaweed.

The avicularium above the oral aperture is similar in this and in the Challenger type,
and on each side of it there is a spine which becomes wider at the extremity ; still lower down
by the border, there is another spine, more or less flattened and curved. The ovicell bears
one or two « hollow processes », similar tu those in front of the opesia, but smaller.

Protecting plates or processes are also known in « Membranipora imbricata » Busk, and in
icAmphiblestrum umbonatum » Busk, and further the so-called « opercular spine » of Membranipora
bellula Hincks, is similarly placed. The structure of the « hollow process » was not quite
correctly appreciated by Busk, and therefore I attempted to make it clearer by figures i3, 14
in my Supplementary Report.

Habitat ; type. — Prince Edward Islands 8o-i5o fathoms (170-240 mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 5gi, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 82" 47' W. ; 480 met. ; -fo.8 C.

CELLARIA. i1 ) Lamouroux

Cellaria is a genus now generally distributed, and has been common through the
Tertiaires, while the family Ccllaridœ is represented in the Cretaceous, though the cretaceous
forms are not articulated, at an}7 rate not in most cases. It is, however, doubtful whether
some as for instance Escharinella elegans d'Orb. should not be placed in the genus Cellaria.

A point of considérable importance is, that we can in the genus find various characters
showing resemblance to Cretaceous fossils allied to the living Onychocella, and which we may
for convenience speak of as the Onychocellidœ.

In the Escharella Argus d'Orb. (2) (also called Escharifora) of which I hâve given a fresh
figure in my paper on the Melicerititidœ (3), we find a pair of superior and inferior teeth just

(1) It has recently been suggested that we should call this genus Cellularia Pallas, but as I hâve said
(Notes on Bryozoa from Rapallo, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. XXVI, p. 3) the rétention of the name Cellularia
has long been most undesirable, as it has been used in such various sensés. Pallas who gave the name included
under it Tubucellaria, Cellaria, Notamia, Bugula, Scrupoccllaria, Eiicratea, Aetea, and other gênera. As Tubuccllaria
opuntioides was the first mentioned, this would be the type ; and the only genus to which according to the laws
of prioritv the name could be applied is Tubuccllaria. This shows how impracticable it is to revert to old gênera
based on characters now known to be valueless.

(2) Pal. fr., vol. V, p. 209, pi. 666, figs. i3-i6.

(3) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. VIII, pi. VI, fig. 7.

BRYOZÛA 35

as in Cellaria, and in a spécimen sent to me as Rhagasostoma elegans d'Orb. (') from Faxoe
there are similar teeth, and the upper teeth \ve must look upon as the équivalent of the lamella
in the Cellepora vaginata of Hagenow, for which Canu has proposed the genus Hagenowilla.
In R. elegans the upper teeth are seen to be the ends of a lamella, the same shape though
smaller and less developed than that in H. vaginata. A shelf is known in many gênera, and
Levixsex (2) has called attention to its importance.

There seems good reason for thinking that the cretaceous Rhagasostoma as given by
Canu are closely allied to Cellaria. The lower lip turns up as in Cellaria and the opening
has been closed by the operculum, though no doubt there has been a covering membrane
as in Cellaria. In Rhagasostoma Argus d'Orb. and its allies there is no cross bar to the avicu-
larium, resembling in this respect avicularia of some Cellaria, as for example C. Dennanti Mac G.
Again in Onychocella angulosa Reuss, there is no distinct bar, in fact sometimes no trace of
any protubérance is seen ; while in others two ridges indicate the bar, and in the cretaceous
fossils of this group, there are numerous cases of onychocellaires without a bar, so that from
analogy we may say the base of the mandible was across the middle of the opening, and
was attached to a membrane covering the proximal end of this vicarious avicularium. Of the
cretaceous fossil Bryozoa a very large proportion are related to Onychocella. In the Melicerititidœ
there are also vicarious avicularia, as shown in my paper already referred to, but Levixsex (')
says- that the avicularia do not quite agrée with those occurring in Cheilostomata. The main
différence according to Canu is that there is no membranous area (submandibular area)
proximal to the mandible, and it is true that there seems to be a différence, but in M . toyana
Waters (see fig. 2, loc. cit.) the submandibular portion is depressed, and no doubt this has
been covered by a membrane connected with the mandible. The lower part of the avicu-
larium of M. semiclausa d'Orb. (fig. 1, loc. cit.) is similar to the lower part of the zoœcium.
While it is of interest to find the submandibular part of the avicularium is calcified it seems
perhaps too much to sa)' that they are of a différent type, and I cannot agrée with Levinsen,
that the slight différences furnish a reason for placing M eliceritites with the Cyclostomata.

Since writing the above I hâve seen in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris, among
the Julliex material, a spécimen from the Bancs des Aiguilles, South Africa, which is closely
allied to, if not identical with the Macropora cribrilifera Maplestone, fossil from Mitchell River,
Victoria, and the large vicarious avicularia are without any submandibular area, thus entirely
corresponding with the avicularia of Melicerititidœ. The vicarious avicularium has the same
position and shape as those of Lepralia claviculata Hincks, but the mandible is spatulate,
and there is no submandibular area or mark. Macropora to my mind is a synonym of
Monoporella, and it seems nearest related to Lepralia, having a straight edge to the proximal
wall of the oral aperture.

Gregory, Canu, and Levinsen would still retain Melicerititidœ under Cyclostomata

(1) The zoœcia at the border are similar to those on the front surface of the zoarium, and therefore I am
not quite sure as to the correctness of the détermination.

(2) Studies on Bryozoa. (Vidensk. 'Medd. fra den Naturh. Foren i Kjôbenhavn, 1902, p. 19.) I hâve referred to
such a shelf and teeth in my paper on Bryozoa from Bairnsdale, as occurring in the fossil Ciihrilina monoceros.
{Quart. Joion. Geol. Soc, vol. XXXVIII, p. 507.)

(3) Loc. cit., p. 29.

36 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

although there are, as I hâve shown avicularia, but even if \ve should not go so far as to place
it under Cheilostomata as now understood, it does not seem that it should remain with
Cvclostomata. The zoœcial chamber becomes much wider near the aperture, and has the
shape of that of several of the Cheilostomata ; the projections indicate a moveable operculum (*)
of the same character as those of Cc/laria, and further the shape of the zoœcia, and the
perforated front walls are similar in Cellaria. The central tubular structure is not known
in anjr living Cheilostoma and the ovicells as figured b}r Gregory do not resemble those of
Cheilostomata. The conclusion to which I am led is, that Cellaria and Onychocclla branched
from a common ancestor before the Cretaceous, and that this common ancestor and the
M elicerititidœ separated at a still earlier period. 1 mav add that if we had found Myriozoum
truncatum, in the chalk, and it allies were unknown, then its position would hâve been as
great a puzzle as is Meliceritites.

Cellaria Dennanti MacG.

(PI. II, figs. ga-f; PI. VIII. fig. Aa
Cellaria Dennanti MacGillivkav, Tert. Polyzoa of Victoria, p. 3i. pi. XXII, fig. 14.

In six of the bottles sent there were spécimens, though mostly in but small pièces ;
one spécimen, however, attains to about 40mm in length, and in no case is there any sign of
articulation. In two colonies there are basai radicle attachments, from the proximal end of
the zoœcia. The zoœcia are rhomboidal, the oral aperture has two denticles on the straight,
proximal margin ; in some parts the distal edge of the zoœcium is rounded and in the oldest
parts is somewhat raised.

The avicularium is rounded at the distal end, is about the same width as the zoœcia,
but longer, the opening is rounded above, and contracts to the two attachment ridges, which
are near the proximal end of the avicularium. The proximal edge of the avicularian opening
is either rounded or forms an obtuse angle ; the mandible, corresponding with the border
of the avicularian chamber, thus extends distally considerably over the avicularian opening.
The mandible, which is straight belovv, with straight sides, and rounded distal end, is among
the larger mandibles of the Cheilostomata, exceeded however by those of Flustra abvssicola
Sars, and M embranipora perfragilis MacG., ail of which are of the same type.

The avicularian chamber as seen in transverse sections is enormous, reaching more
than half way across the zoarium (fig. gé). In a good spécimen (242) the border of the avicu-
larium is considerably raised, but this is not always the case.

The opercula hâve a much raised ridge on each side for the muscular attachments,
and at each side a so-called foramina which fits over the opercular denticle, and in the covering
membrane there is a « trabeculum » on each side of the operculum.

The ovarian opening does not occur in ail the spécimens, and is not very generally
found in any. It is quite at the distal end of the zoœcium and at first is semicircular then
becomes oval or nearly round.

(1) The operculum of Euthyris clathrata Harmer works upon condyles very similar to the projections in
Meliceritites.

BRYOZOA 37

In C. Dennanti the distal end of the operculum is situated deeper than is usual in
Cellaria and rests on a slight shelf. There are 20 tentacles, while in C. clavata from the
Challenger there are i5 ; Calvet gives 14-15 tentacles for Cellaria salicornioides ; i5 for
C. fistulosa ; C. malvinensis B. has 14 tentacles.

Fossil : Cape Otway (Victoria).

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 242, Tangles I. Lat. 70° 48' S.- Long. 910 54' W. ; 410 met. ; +0.6 C.
N° 282, Dredge I. Lat. 71" 09' S.- Long. 8g° i5' W. ; 460 met. ; 4-0. 3 C.
Nos 614, 623, 683, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo?met. ;
+o.g C.

Cellaria dubia (Busk)

(Pi. 11, fig. 12)

Salicornaria dubia. Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, part. XXX, p. 91. pi. XII, fig. 2, and fig. 10 in the text.

There is only a small spécimen (from 1012) in which the ends dichotomize, but without
an}^ completed articulation, though the breaking at the joint is commencing. This is however
a young branch and the branches, as is usual in Cellaria are at first continuous, as I hâve
shown in « Bry. S. W. Victoria », Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXXVII, p. 320 ; and Ann.
Mag. Nal. Hist., ser. 5, vol. XX, p. 92, pi. IV, fig. 6.

The « interior ridges » are very pronounced, and stand out a long way, to an extent
that I hâve seen in no other species, but there are more or less similar prominences or ridges
in C. bicomis var. a Busk, C. ovicellosa Stol., C. divaricata Busk, C. salicoi nioides Lamx. The
ridges are more raised at the growing end of the zoarium.

The operculum is almost semicircular and no teeth are visible in the spirit spécimen,
which is however too small for dissection.

Habitat. — Ofi the Argentine, 600 fathoms (970 met.) (Busk).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1012, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82" 47' W. ; 480 met. ; -f-0.8 C.

Cellaria malvinensis (Busk)

(PI. II, figs. 103, b ; PI. VIII, fig. 5)

Salicornaria malvinensis Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., p. iS. pi. LXIII, figs. 1-2 ; pi. LXV (bis), fig. r.
Cellaria ornata d'Orbigny. Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, p. 9, pi. II, figs. 10-r.r.
For other synonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue.

This corresponds in size and other characters entirely with spécimens from Baie Orange,
sent to me by Jullien, whereas spécimens from Xew Zealand are stouter with longer inter-
nodes, and the front of the zoœcium is less depressed, while the beak of the mandible is much
narrower, so that perhaps they should be separated as varieties. The chitinous tubes at
the joints occur ail round the branch, and arise from the distal end of the zoœcia in the older

38 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

branch, being attached to the proximal end of the zoœcia in the newer branch. The leading
characteristic of C. malvinensis is the situation of the large oral aperture close to the distal
end of the zoœcium.

The Magellan spécimen has 14 tentacles and the calcareous vvall is more solid than
is usual in Cellaria. The spécimen Cellaria ornata 13607 from Patagonia in d'Orbigny's
collection is but small, consisting of about four articulations. The chitinous tubes, of course
are attached to the two nodes and are not free, as figured by d'Orbigny, pi. II, fig. 11.
There are several triangular avicularia, which d'Orbigny does not seem to hâve noticed,
when lie described and figured this spécimen. In the Cape Horn material there is
C. malvinensis of the same size as d'Orbigny's spécimen as well as Cellaria clavata Bush,
and C. variabilis Bush.

MacGillivray (') has named a fossil from Curdies Creek, Victoria, C. contingua, which
had been referred to by me as C. malvinensis, and I think MacGillivray is right, as the
avicularium is not symmetrical, and differs from that of the South American form, but with
regard to the zoœcia being disposed alternately in longitudinal séries, it should be remembered
that the position is not always constant ; for example in C. variabilis B. (from Port Elizabeth,
South Africa), a species closely allied to C. malvinensis there are in some parts of a colony
zoœcia alternate in longitudinal séries, while in other parts they are opposite laterally, and
the same is the case in the small spécimen of C. malvinensis now described.

Habitat. — Falkland Island (Busk) ; Kerguelen 28 fathoms (45 mètres) ; Marion Island
5o-75 fathoms (80-120 mètres) ; Patagonia 45 fathoms (j3 mètres) ; Fiji 1450 fathoms (2450
mètres) (Chall.) ; Baie Orange (Jull.).

Fossil : Australia and New Zealand.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1068. On the carapace of Eurypodius Latreilli. Straits of Magellan.

Cellaria lata sp. nov.

(pi. 11, %. 11

There is onty one small unbranched spécimen. The zoœcia are very wide with interior
ridges, which however are not raised as in C. dubia Busk, except near the oral aperture ;
and above the aperture there is a projection on each side. The oral aperture is wide, crenu-
lated on the distal edge, and has two denticles on the proximal border.

The ovicell is but ver}^ slightly raised, however, in the semitransparent spirit spécimen
it can be distinctly seen, with its semicircular or round aperture just on the zoœcial border.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1012, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

(1) Tert. Polyzoa of Victoria, p. 28, pi. III, fig. 18.

BRYOZOA

39

Megapora hyalina sp. nov.

(PI. II, figs. i3(î, b, and figure 1 in the ti

— Megapora hyalina
nov. Showing the oral
spines, and the small

Zoarium adnate. Zoœcia hyaline, ovate, with enclosed area the border of which is
crenulate. There are on the front of the area two elongate foramina, somewhat irregularly
placed, but far from the oral aperture and not near to the crenulated
border. The oral orifice is straight on the lower edge and the lower
part is raised, so that the proximal part of the operculum, which is
darker and thicker than the rest, is directed upwards, as if it were hinged,
but there is no calcareous bar between the two parts. The sides of the
oral aperture are nearly straight, the complète aperture having much the
same shape as that of Lepralia, as the lower part does not extend late-
rally. There are six oral spines, and also one, two or even three minute
spines on the zoœcium outside the area about half way down. In the
first spécimen received, only the pores ofthe small broken latéral spines
were seen and the description was first drawn up from one small spécimen
on a large stone, on which it was awkwardly placed for examination, but Fig. 1.
since the plates were in the lithographer's hands, another spécimen from
319 has been sent to me, and on this the oral and minute spines were iateral spines.
first found.

This has many characters in common with the northern .17. ringens Busk, in which the
operculum readily séparâtes into two parts (PI. III, fig. l3). In sorae spécimens from Shetland,
kindly given to me by Canon Norman, I am unable to find any vibracula, and there is
no calcareous bar separating the two parts of the operculum as some previous figures seem
to indicate. The frontal surface of thèse spécimens is finely granular. Re-examination of
M. ringens has not shown any foramina or opesiules.

Thèse two species are at any rate closely allied, the main différence being that in
M. ringens the lower darker part ofthe operculum, or opercular appendage, spreads out laterally
(PI. III, fig. i3). There is a relationship with Micropora, and it will be seen, that there is
much in common with Setosclla vulnerata Busk.

M. ringens B. has been found off Shetland and Bergen.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 392, Eel trap I. Lat. 710 i5' S.- Lat. 87" 39' W. ; 436 met. ; —0.2 C.
N° 3i9b,s, Tangles II. Lat. 71° 14' S.- Long. 890 14' W. ; 460 met. ; +o.3 C.
On Errina gracilis Marenzeller, a species mentioned by Marenzeller from Tangles II
though not from 3ig. The Errina is said to hâve been growing on a Gasteropod.

Micropora coreacea Esper.

A few zoœcia on a stone are considered to belong to this species.

Habitat. — N° 619, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. So'^ 48' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

4o EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Micropora brevissima sp. nov.

(PI. II. figs. ya-c

Zoarium incrusting. Zoœcia broadly ovate, with distinct raised margins, but there are
no latéral « knobs », surface minutely granular and punctate, an elongate foramen on each
side a little below the oral aperture ; the oral aperture is very wide and short, directed forwards
rather than upwards. One small triangular avicularium (683) above the orifice has been
found, but they are usually absent, though from Cape Horn they occur frequently. Ovicell
globular, raised, smooth or slightly granular, and the ovicelligerous zoœcia are the same size
as the other zoœcia. There are pore chambers round the zoœcia, about six latéral ones
on each side and one distal. There are two oral spines, only seen however on the terminal
zoœcia.

This differs from M. coriacea Esper, in having the oral aperture very wide and short,
in the absence of « knobs », and of the projection on the ovicell, though a trace of this can
sometimes be seen. The mandibles, as prepared from Cape Horn material, are about double
the size of those of M. coriacea and of the same type although there are minor différences.
It much resembles M. perforata MacG., in shape and other respects, but the operculum is
wider and shorter, perhaps they should be considered varieties.

In M. stcnostoma Busk the ovicelligerous zoœcia are much larger than the others, whereas
in M. coriacca and M. brevissima they are the same size.

The Escharina peruviana d'Orb. is probably M . perforata MacG.

Habitat. — Cape Horn, and apparently from New Zealaml.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 288 on stones, dry, Dredge I. Lat. 710 09' S.- Long. 89" i5' W. ; 460 met. ; -Uo.3 C.
N°s 591, 596, Tangles VII. Lat. 70^ 23' S.- Long. 82^47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.
Nos 61g, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. So" 48' V. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.
N° 820, Tangles X. Lat. 70° i5' S.- Long. 840 06' \Y. ; 56g met. ; +0.8 C.

The geographical distribution of Micropora would seem to be (').
Northern : M . (Cellaria) borealis Busk ; M. coriacea Esp.

Mediterranean : M. coriacea Esp., M. impressa Moll.
N. Atlantic : M. coriacea Esp.

S. Atlantic : M. uncifera B., M. coriacea Esp.

Australasian : M. uncifera B., M. impressa Moll. (A. W". W. coll.).

M. elongata Hincks, M. perforata MacG.
S. Indian Océan : M. coriacea Esp.
N. Pacific : M. borealis B.

S. Pacific : M. perforata Mac G., as peruviana d'Orb.

S. American : M. uncifera B., M. brevissima nov.

Antarctic : M. coriacea Esp., M. brevissima nov.

(1) I hâve given similav geographical lists of Flustra (Jouni. Roy, M ici-. Soc, 1896, p. 286); of Mcmbranipora
(Journ. Liun. Soc. Zool., vol. XXVI, p. 664); of Cribrilina [Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. XXVIII, p. 64). Species
piinted in italics occur from a second région.

BRYOZOA 4i

Cribrilinidse

I cannot at ail follow Jullien when he replaces the family Cribrilinidœ by the Costulidœ,
and think, that instead of considering the ribbed structure of the front as of chief importance
we may hâve to break up the Cribrilinidœ, by placing various species elsewhere, and only
considering the ribbed structure of generic value, or in some cases of perhaps spécifie value,
as already hinted at by Harmer.

A radiate structure of the pores is found in a great number of gênera, then between
the pores we may get tubercles, formed as in various species of Lepralia, when a young growing
zoœcium shows many of the characters of Cribrilina, the surface in the growing edges is first
formed by a smooth calcareous growth, and any ridges or knobs are subséquent ; thèse cannot
however be compared with spines. A better knowledge of the growing stages is much required.
In such species as Pseudqflustra palmata Sars, Cyclicopora polaris sp. nov. and a large number
with a row of pores round the border, the pores are first formed, and then a ridge grows
between each pore.

The ribbed structure seems to be foreshadowed in many cases, and we find the cribrilline
form with Microporellidan structure ; with Gemellipora aperture, as in C. clithridiata Waters ;
and as mentioned by Harmer also in Catenicella.

The choice of the fossil Esharella Arge d'Orb. to be the type, and the only représentative
of the genus Costula, from which the family name is taken, is peculiarly unfortunate, as
according to Canu the fossil is lost, and there is every probability, that the figure and description
given by d'Orbigny were from a worn spécimen. Hincks discusses the Costulidœ in & Critical
Notes on the Polyzoa » (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. V, p. 8g, &c).

Cribrilina projecta sp. nov.

(PI. II, figs. I4<l-rf)

Zoœcia broadly oval, with about 11-14 rows of pores on each side, at the junction of
two or three zoœcia there is a small raised triangular avicularium, which has the appearance
of being at the proximal end of the zoœcium, whereas it is in interzoœcial spaces. The
mandible (fig. a) is narrow and long. The peristome, raised on the distal edge, divides into
prominent processes, and the proximal edge is also sometimes raised. Whether one or two
pores, immediately below the peristome, belong to the surface perforations or are suboral
pores is uncertain, and the ovicells are unknown. There are pore chambers, and the primary
zoœcium has 12 spines.

There are no complète polypides, histolysis having commenced, but sections show brown
bodies and groups of cells that had not lost their vitality, also the avicularian muscles, but
not the gênerai muscular system, while sections eut longitudinally show in the outer membrane,
between the pores, cavities containing granular bodies (figs. 14c, d). The front membrane
ofthe zoœcial chamber, or perhaps we should say the base of the compensation sac, is much
thicker than the other membranes, apparently being somewhat chitinous. This differs from
C. setirostris MacG. in having so many more pores, and in the smaller avicularia not having a

vi R 21

42 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

setiform prolongation, also in having a projecting peristome. It may be the C. cornuta MacG. (')
described fossil from Victoria, but the avicularia do not seem to quite correspond. C. projecta
would, on account of the raised inferior border of the peristome, belong to Reginella of Julliex,
but a genus based upon such an unsatisfactory character, as a slight protubérance on the
inferior border cannot be retained.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 563, 567, 571, 5gi, 5g6, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82°47' W. ; 480 met. ;
+0.8 C.

Pièces from 567, on stalk of seaweed and some on Cellepora horneroides nov.

Hiantopora monoceros (Busk) non Reuss

Leprcdia monoceros Busk, IJrit. Mus. Cat., p. 72. pi. XCIII, figs. 5, 6.
Cribvïlina monoceros Mai Gillivray, Zool. of Victoria, dec. XIX, p. 319, pi. 1S7, fig. 6.
Hiantopora monocei MacGiixivray, Tert. Polyzoa of Victoria, p. 62, pi. VIII, fig. 22.

For other synonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue. This cannot be considered specifically identical with
Forma, larvalii Mac< r.

In a spécimen from i3g there are very long suboral glands near the zoœcial wall, and
the ovaria are situated in various positions, most are near the distal end consisting usuallv
of four ovarian cells. There may be ovaria cluse to the latéral walls at the distal end, formed
of two ovarian cells, and in one case there is an ovarium at the proximal end, consisting of
two cells. In the frontal pores there is a small denticle giving the pore a more or less kidnev-
shape, which is coramon to H. Liversidgei T. Woods and some other species.

Habitat. — Straits of Magellan 10-20 fath. (B.), and 6-10 fat h. (Ridley) ; Tierra del
Fuego ig fath. (B.), and spécimens in British Muséum 3o fath. ; Falkland Island 10 fath. (B.) ;
Cape Horn 40 fath. (B.) ; Baie Orange (Julliex) ; Challenger Stations 3o3, i325 fath.; St. 3i3,
55 fath. ; St. 3i5, 12 fath. ; St. 3o3, 3i3, 3i5 are ail South American ; St. 253, 3i25 fath.
N. Pacific ; and spécimen from Station 320, 600 fath. off Argentine (not mentioned bv Busk)
is probably a variety ; Victoria (Mac G.) New South Wales (W.) ; Xapier, Wanganui, Foveaux
St., Dusky Sound ; New Zealand (Hamiltox).

Fossil : Muddy Creek (Victoria) ; Bairnsdale (Gippsland) ; Xapier and Petané (New
Zealand).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° i3g. Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili.

Microporella Malusii (Aud.)

(PL III, figs. \a-d)

Spécimens from Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Chili, hâve the zoœcia larger and the oral
aperture about one third larger than British and Mediterranean spécimens. There is a line
forming an area within which the stellate pores occur ; in thèse pores the teeth do not join

(1) MacGii.livray, Tert. Polyzoa of Victoria, p. 58, pi. VIII, figs. 10-12.

BRYOZOA 43

in the middle, being irregular in shape, sometimes bifurcate. The area is larger than that
of Lepraha thyreopora (Busk), to which however it is most nearly related, though possibly
Hincks is not correct in uniting Busk's species with M . Malusii Aud. and speaking of it as
a very important variation.

There lias been a tendency to create too many varieties of the common M. Malusii, and
M. ciliata, even where there are considérable différences, which in other cases would hâve
been thought sufficient for spécifie séparation. Hincks considérée! the range was very great,
and we certainly find graduai change ofthe number and position of the pores, showing how
impossible it is to place much reliance on the surface pores for generic division.

On the other hand, Jtjllien and Neviani would make the shape of the suboral pore
of generic value, proposing several new gênera based on the shape ofthe pore. Very closely
related to the Malusii and decorata group there are forms, in which the pore takes quite différent
shapes, and I cannot follow Neviani in ail the divisions he makes.

The Microporella Malusii, var. innbonata MacG. has ovicelligerous cells with apertures
double the width of those of other zoeecia, and in a spécimen sent me as Microporella violant; ,
from Guernsey the ovicelligerous zoeecia are much the largest having three or more médian
pores, while the ordinary zoœcia hâve uniformly two médian pores. This is doubtless the
var. i. of Hincks, and in the Paris Muséum there is a spécimen from Baie de Cadiz,
3o mètres, dredged by the Talisman ; also in the British Muséum there is a similar one named
M. violacea. It would belong to the genus Heckelia of Neviani, and it may be that in M . Malusii,
var. innbonata and this violacea we hâve the commencement of characters now become gênerai
in Adeonella.

Habitat. — M . Malusii seems to be quite cosmopolitan : the variety thyreopora is also
widely distributed, and Malusii has been found fossil in the Tertiaries of Europe and Australia.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos i3g, 140. Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili. Jan. 3rJ, 1898.

Microporella parvipora sp. nov.

(PI. III, fig. 23, 6)

Zoarium adnate. Zoœcia ovate, distinct, near the distal end and border small pores,
which do not seem to be stellate. Oral aperture arched above, straight below, with 6 oral
spines. Médian pore crescentic, placed above the middle of the zoœcium.

This in gênerai appearance much resembles M . Malusii Aud., but differs in having small
zoœcia, and much smaller aperture, also the pores are smaller and not stellate. In the spécimen
drawn 1 could not distinguish any oral spines, but found them in some others.

In the British Muséum there is a Microporella from Tierra del Fuego, which is either
this species or is closely allied to it, though the médian pore appears to be much larger, but
the spécimen being worn the chajacters are not very clear. From New Zealand I hâve a
spécimen with large crescentic pore, with internai denticles, but without stellate pores, and this
no doubt is M. parvipora. In the d'Orbigny collection it occurs from the Falkland Islands,
N° 13676.

44 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N°s 570, 5g6, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82°47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

N° 619, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o°48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Microporella exigua sp. nov.

PI. III. figs. 3rr. h

Zoarium adnate (on stones). Zoœcia oval, ventricose, porcellanous, smooth ; the médian
pore is round and situated about the middle of the zoœcium on a slight élévation; the pores
on the surface are round and do not show any signs of stellate structure, being less numerous
near the border than in M. parvipora nov. ; further there are usually two pores immediatelv
below the aperture ; on the distal border of the aperture there are eight spines. The oral
aperture is relatively longer than in other Microporella'. There is one distal pore chamber,
and apparently three latéral ones. The ovicell is unknown. This species is smaller than
either M. Malusii Aud. or M. parvipora nov., but is closely allied to the later.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 570, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 (.7' W. ; 480 met.; +0.8 C, one
spécimen.

N°s 619, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70°oo/ S.- Long. 80048 W. ; 5oo met.; +0.9 C. ;
only a few zoœcia.

Microporella proxima sp. nov.

pi. u. fig. 16)

Zoarium incrusting. Zoœcia smooth, porcellanous, with small round pores, not stellate,
situated near the border and at the distal end ; also a small round médian pore near to the
oral aperture, and sometimes an umbo below. There are six oral spines at the distal border
of the semicircular aperture, and on a colony from 070 there is an ovicell which is globular,
raised, smooth, with a row of small pores near to the base. Frequently the zoœcia are not
in contact, and then the interspaces are rllled up by an irregular growth with moderate sized
pores in the calcareous wall.

This and M. exigua nov. are closely allied, in some respects resembling the northern
M . impressa Aud. from which however thev are quite distinct. Both Hixcks and I hâve made
a mistake in considering the M . impressa Aud. and M. bimucronata Moll. ('), as varieties. They
both occur in the Mediterranean and off the British coasts, and they can be distinguished
by the pores, for M. impressa has a small round médian pore, and the suriace pores are also
round and plain, whereas in .1/. bimucronata the médian pore has a cruciform opening and
the surface pores are stellate. A most interesting fact, of greater importance is, that the central
zoœcium, namelv the primary, has in neither species a médian pore but instead there is a
sinus in the aperture, and in .1/. impressa the operculum of the primary is as seen in spécimens

(1) See my figure. (Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. III, pi. VIII, figs. 2. 3.)

BRYOZOA 45

from Capri and Guernsey, Hippothoan, being similar to that of H. hyalina L., while in
M. bimucronata from Guernsey the operculum of the central zoœcium is Schiporellidan, like
S. auriculata Hass.

The Antarctic species M. parvipora nov., M. exigua nov., M. proxima nov. hâve some
points in common with M. Malusii Aud., and perhaps with a sufficient séries we shall be able
to fill up the links between .1/. impressa Aud. and M. Malusii Aud. though, according to those
who lay great stress on the shape of the médian pore, they would be placed in différent
gênera. The variation in the position and form of the surface pores is very great in this
group, and should cause us to hesitate before attaching too much classificatory value to thèse
characters.

From Port Phillip Heads, Victoria there is an allied hyaline form, with a transverse
dentate médian pore, and on the front there are small round pores enclosed in an area. This
is the species described by Hincks as a variety of M. diadema MacG. ('), form angustipora, but
the pore is transverse and in other respects it is quite différent from angustipora, so that we
cannot doubt that a mistake has been made. I think it might be called Microporella transversa.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 570, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

Nos 619, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70" 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo?met. ; ^0.9 C.

N° 820, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W. ; 56g met. ; +0.8 C.

Microporella trinervis sp. nov.

(Pi. 11, fi8-. 171

Zoaiïum adnate. Zoœcia oval, distinct, moderately raised with deep dépressions
between the zoœcia. Aperture wide, with the distal end nearly semicircular, and the anterior
straight, the lower peristomial lip is raised, and has a slight ,notch. In the middle of the
front wall there is a large pore usually elongate, but varying considerably in form, so that
in a few cases it might be called semilunar.

Within the calcareous wall there is a tube, which starts from the peristomial lip and
divides close to the médian pore, one branch turning to each side of the zoœcium and ending
with a round opening close to the aperture of the next lower zoœcium. Ovicell not much
raised with a médian ridge. The spécimens are ail dry, and at présent we cannot follow the
significance of the internai tubes, which do not seem to hâve been found in any other Chilo-
stomatous Bryozoa, and probably a new genus will hâve to be made, though it has been
provisionally placed under Microporella. Only two ovicells were found. The internai tubes
can be traced more easily, through having been somewhat stained by the organic matter.
There is a further peculiarity in the zoœcia, being evidently connected in the upper part,
instead of near the basai part, as usual.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 3gi, Eel trap I. Lat. 710 i5' S.- Long. 870 39' W. ; 436 met. ; —0.2 C.

(1) Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. XV, p. 249, pi. VIII, fig. 3a.

46 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Microporella divaricata Canu

PL III. figs. i<i-i
Microporella divaricata Canu, Mém. de la Société Geol. de France, 1903.

Zoarium erect, bilaminate. Zoœcia having the surface only very slightly convex, and

the sides of the zoœcia straight, separated by distinct Unes, while the distal end is curved ;
the entire surface perforated. The oral aperture is fairly large ; about the middle of the front
of the zoœcium there is a large semilunate médian pore, and at the proximal end of many
zoœcia there is an imperforate semicircular dépression, the same character being marked in
the fossil. This I take it, is the commencement of an ovicell, similar dépressions being seen,
in Retepora and other gênera, when the ovicells are forming. There are two latéral rosette
plates, and two distal ones with numerous pores.

Onchoporella selenoides Ortmann (') from Japan is very similar, but is not perforated over
the surface.

Monsieur Canu, after seeing mv drawings, showed me this species fossil from Patagonia,
named by him Ortmanella divaricata, as he proposed to place it in a new genus. From
Patagonia there arc many narrow, bilaminate branching spécimens of this fossil.

Canu considered that the médian pore did not communicate dircctlv with the interior
of the zoœcium in the fossils, and at his request I again examinée! the small Antarctic spécimen,
which had when dredged, no doubt been dead some time, so that the soft parts were not
préservée!. It is mounted in balsam, which is not the most favorable for the examination ;
at any rate I was unable to find any indication of the connection through the médian pore
being abnormal. In conséquence of mv remarks, Canu intended to re-examine his fossils, by
means of sections, but being for a time, incapacitated from work through illness, he very
generouslv placed some of his material at mv disposai for the study of the médian pore.
I made mv study on two fossils, frequently examining the longitudinal and transverse sections,
during the course of préparation.

The most important point was the state of fossilisation, for a calcareous deposit has
taken place in each zoœcium, sometimes to so great an extent as to nearly fill it up, at other
times only forming a thick laver of calcite on the inside of the cell wall. Now when the
outer or shell laver is broken away, this internai cast shows the markings of the surface pores,
but the médian pore is not found as a larger one. This gives the appearance of there being
two layers of shell wall, which is not the case, though it is not very uncommon to find various
species of récent Bryozoa, which flake away as if there were two distinct shell layers.

The filling up of the zoœcial chamber with calcite has made the study more difficult ;
however the sections prepared gave no proof of there being a separate chamber into which the
médian pore opens. Dark deposits, presumably of iron, are seen in the pore tubes, and often
near the inner opening of the médian pore, as well as in other places, but thèse metallic
markings, to my interprétation, indicate that there has been organic matter hère, causing
précipitation. Thèse dark marks near the médian pore are in the calcite deposit. When Canu
is again able to make préparations, he will no doubt check my results, and we shall see if
he finds sufficient reason for placing this species in a new genus.

iii Ortmann, A., Die japanische Bryozoenfauna. (Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1890, p. 28, pi. II, fig. 2.)

BRYOZOA 47

There is one interesting thing, shown in one of the sections, for before fossilisation the
two layers hâve been slightly separated, and the various zoœcial chambers hâve been somewhat
displaced. The individual zoœcia of the fossil now readily separate.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ?met.; -I- 0.9 C.

Fossil : Patagonia (Aquitanian or Burdigalian).

Lepralia frigida sp. nov.

(PI. III, fiffS. g<7. b, & PI. VIII, fig. 9)

Zoarium adnate. Zoœcia ovate or in older growth irregularly hexagonal, surface
porcellanous and granular. In ail but the younger zoœcia, there is near the aperture but
rather below it, a stout process, which has on the inner side a semicircular avicularium,
though from the position it is not always possible to see the opcning and mandible. The
aperture is much depressed, so that the shape of the opercular aperture can only be distinguished
when it is possible to look down the peristome ; the operculum has the distal end rounded,
the sides nearly straight and the proximal edge subtriangular ; there is a thickened ridge
curved at each side and the muscular attachment is verv high up, being close to the distal
end. The ovicell is small, short, distinct, not much raised, very finely granular, with the
zoœcial wall in some cases covering the sides.

A pièce decalcified, in order to prépare out the opercula shows, that the zoœcial
chambers are connected together through long tubes (PI. VIII, fig. g) one to each neigh-
bouring zoœcium, with a communication plate near the one end ; and as there are some
other species connected by long tubes, this structure will hâve to be taken into considération
in classification. The zoœcial chamber as seen from below is nearly round, but as seen
from above it expands to the opercular end.

This is an interesting species in showing resemblances to Lepralia and to Schizoporella
as well as in having the muscular attachment of the operculum so near to the distal end.
The thickened ridges of the operculum suggest Lepralia, but in not having a straight proximal
edge it is like Schizoporella. In the group known as Schizoporella the opercular attachment is,
in species when there is a wide sinus, placed higher than in other cases ; as examples of the
wide sinus are S. biaperta Mich., S. marsupifera Busk, S. laevigata Waters, S. tnmida Hincks,
whereas where there is distinct sinus as in S. Cecilii Aud., S. arcinata H., S. vulgaris Moll,
S. armata Hincks, S. cribrillifera Hincks (') the muscular attachments are placed lower down.

Neviani has given the naine Hippoporina to the Lepralia of Hincks, because the genus
Lepralia had formerly included forms now belonging to various gênera, and perhaps Hincks
would hâve clone better to hâve given the genus a new name, instead of retaining the
name for a subdivision, after the genus had been entirely subdivided. However the Lepralia
of Hincks has been generally adopted, and while it may ultimately be advisable to accept

(1) S. cribrillifera Hincks and perhaps 5. armata H., as well as S. magninca H. may fall into Phonicosia of
Jullien, but the genus made from one spécimen and based on one character cannot be accepted until further
vvork has been given to the group.

48 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Neviani's o-enus, it is perhaps better to adhère to Hincks, until a careful revision of this
and allied gênera has been made, as not ail that are now placed under Lepralia will belong
to Hippoporina.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 288, Dredge I. Lat. 710 09' S.- Long. 8g°i5'W. ; 460 met.; +o.3 C.

N°s 332, 373, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88°02'W. ; 435 met.; —0.3 C.

Nos 5g6, i25o, Tangles VU. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 82047' w- î 48° met.; +0.8 C.

N° 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70" 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met.; -fo.g C.

Lepralia galeata Busk

PI. VIII, figs. lia, b

Lepralia galeata Busk, Brit Mar. Polyzoa, p. 66, pi. XCIV, figs. 1-2; Phil. Traus., vol. CLXVIII, p. 3).

Penna galeata Ridley, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S81, p. 4S.

The spécimen from Porto Torro has on the dorsal surface large radicle processes,
on account of which I provisionally named it radicifera, but there does not seem to bc
sufhcient reason for separating it from galeata. The surface has large pores, the ovicell
being also perforated, though with somewhat smaller pores than those on the front of the
zoœcium. The aperture has a wide sinus and behnv it there is an avicularium with an
oval mandible. The thickened margin of the aperture is continuous with the raised smooth
part upon which the avicularium is situated. The moderately large oral glands are attached
to the diaphragm.

There are 16, 17 tentacles, and there are ova in the ovicells, and ovaria in the zoœcia,
together with testes and spermatozoa.

In the spécimen in the British Muséum collection, described in Busk's « Marine
Polyzoa », the avicularia only occur to a few zoœcia.

This is much like the S. packnoides MacG. which however has not as large pores
and has a triangular mandible. 1 hâve also a spécimen sent to me marked « Singapore
or Philippines » which may be this species, though it has a triangular mandible replaced in
some cases by a much larger one, which sometimes becomes duck-billed shaped. In S. galeata
from Kerguelen, collected by the English Venus Expédition, and now in the British Muséum,
there are only pores round the border and the mandibles are spatulate.

The aperture in S. nirea B. and S. furcata B. is very similar to that of S. galeata.

Habitat. — Kerguelen ; Falkland Islands ; Straits of Magellan ; (Elizabeth Island
0 fathoms, and Sandy Point 7-10 fathoms) (Ridley).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 139. Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili. Jan. 3rJ, 1898.

SCHIZOPORELLA

In my paper on the « Bryozoa from Madeira (') » I mentioned that a revision oi
Schizoporella as now understood was required and indicated certain groups. Regarding the

(1) Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc, 1S99, p. 7.

BRYOZOA 49

« triangula » group, I now consider that it should be separated as a genus, and will
temporarily speak of it as the Gemellipora group of Smitt ('), though I hesitate to use the
generic naine, as it seems possible, that as revision progresses, the species first mentioned
by Smitt, may hâve to remain under Pasythea, while closely allied to others of the group.
The opercula of ail are subtriangular (2) with two small latéral projections, corresponding with
two small latéral teeth in the aperture, the muscular attachment is close to the side of the
operculum (PI. VIII, fig. 25), and in this respect entirely differs from the operculum of such
species as S. Cecilii Aud., S. Ridleyi MacG., &c. The aperture of the ovicelligerous zoœcia
differs in shape from that of the ordinary zoœcia, in most species being wider with a flatter
sinus. In this character it is similar to Hippothoa, and they are nearly allied gênera. In the
Gemellipora group as restricted, the front of the zoœcium, as at présent known, has large pores
and the ovicell is also more or less perforated. The size of the aperture is, within moderate
limits, the same throughout the group.

The species now placed under Gemellipora are G. triangula H., G. lata MacG., G. subim-
mersa MacG., G. ambita Waters, G. arrogata Waters, G. venusta Norm., G. scabra Hincks,
G. cincta, var. H., G. inconspicua Hincks. As this group is not représentée! in the Antarctic,
further discussion is not required.

The next is the S. Ridleyi group, in which immediately below the aperture there is
an avicularian chamber spreading out on both sides. The operculum fits into a wide sinus,
and has muscular dots some distance from the edge of the operculum ; and hère again
throughout the group the aperture is about the same size, and the oral operculum closes
the ovicell (') (PL VIII, fig. 23). The surface of the zoœcium and of the ovicell is usually
smooth.

Jillien based his genus Buffonella on the imperforate front, and said there was only
one species known. Perhaps it might be as well to extend Julliex's diagnosis and retain
the genus Buffonella.

The species examinée! are S. Ridleyi MacG., S. simplex d'Orb., S. rimosa Jull., S. mar-
supifera B., 5. tumida H., S. levata H., S. laevigata Waters, also 5. Edwardsiana d'Orb. This
is a group well représentée! in the southern hémisphère but only known in the northern from
one species.

Hincks when he described the genus Schizoporella did not fix on any species as the
type, but mentioned S. sanguinea Norm., and 5. linearis Hass. as belonging to it. Either
of thèse can be taken as the type, and in both the muscular attachment is close to the
side of the operculum ; the lower edge of the operculum is straight, with a projection in
the middle, fitting into the sinus of the aperture (PI. VIII, fig. 22). The front walls of the
zoœcia and of the ovicells are perforate. This includes S. linearis Hass., 5. sanguinea Norm.,
S. auriculata Hass., &c, and is closely allied to the Gemellipora group, but the ovicelligerous
zoœcia do not differ from the ordinary zoœcia. This group may ultimately remain

(1) Floridan Bryozoa, p. 35.

(2) Cribrilina clithridiata Waters has a similarly shaped aperture with an interior tooth on each side, where
the aperture contracts, and it differs so much from other Cribrilina in this particular, that its position is doubtful
at présent.

(3) 5. biaperta Mich. and S. divisopora Waters hâve similar opercula.

VII R 21

5o EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Schizoporella, a name, which at présent will be more widely used, until various groups are
definitely separated.

The 5. Cecilii Aud. group, containing 5. circinata MacG., and 5. pes anseris Smitt, has
an operculum with a moveable tongue in the middle of the nearly straight proximal edge
(PI. VIII, fig. 24). Phonicosia Jousseamei jullien may belong to this group, but as it was
described from one small dead spécimen, without opercula, we are not sure as to the
structure, and the sinus is wider than in any of the mentioned species.

Another group seems to be formed by S. tuberosa Reuss, S. pçlymorpha Bush,
S. filocincta Waters, S. conservata Waters, ail of which hâve very large opercula with the
muscular attachments some distance from the edge (PI. VI II, fig. 21).

The necessity of a revision is shown by the fact that Busk placed under Lepralia his
L. incisa B. of the Challenger Expédition, and described another species with a similar
aperture as Schizoporella nivea B. and thèse two seem to be the same species or very clôsely allied.

In Lepralia the muscular attachments seem always to be at the side of the operculum,
usually part of a ridge. Lepralia vestita Hincks must be removed from Lepralia to Schizoporella,
on account of the muscular attachments being far from the edge.

Schizoporella Ridleyi MacGillivray

Schizoporella Ridleyi MacGillivray, Traits. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. XIX. p. rai, pi. I, fig. I; Prod. Zoo!. Vict., dec.

XIV, p. 14S, pi. i3S, fig. 6; Tort. Polyzoa Victoria, p. 85. ni. XI. fig. 18; Quelch, Ami. Mag. Nat.

Hist., ser. 5, vol. XIII, p. 2i5 ; Waters, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XLIII, p. 64; Hamilton, Traits.

New Zeàland lus/., vol. XXX. p. 192.
Schizoporella maruspiitm (oi MacG.). Ridley, Pi .'. Soc, 1S81, p l8, pi. VI, fig. 6.

onella rimosa Jullien, Mission du Cap Horn, p. 47, pi. I. fi

There are only a few zocecia, and there is only one small globular ovicell. There
is a distal pore chamber and usually four latéral pore chambers, but this is subject to
variation as is seen in a spécimen sent to me b}* Jullien, as Bujfoiiella rimosa }.

It has been a question whether this is the Escharina simplex d'Orb. described as
punctured, hovvever this was a mistake of d'Orbigny's, as the original spécimen in the
Muséum in Paris is granular. The S. Ridleyi is a smaller species than S. simplex, with
smaller aperture and this last is referred to on page 5r.

This, as already stated, belongs to a group throughout which the opercula are almost
identical, having the muscular attachments some distance from the border, and there is a
tumid avicularium below the aperture, with an internai tubular connection at each side of
the avicularian chamber. The surface of the zoarium and the ovicell is smooth, or nearly
so, in the group, and if Jullien's description of Buffonella were not so limited, the generic
name could hâve been adopted, and this may yet be the best course.

Habitat. — Victoria, New Zealand (Ham.) ; Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan
(Ridley) ; Ile Hoste, Baie Orange (Jull.).

Fossil : New Zealand (Wat.) ; Muddy Creek (MacG.).

Exp. x\ntarct. Belge.

N° 570 on stone, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82° 47' W. ; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

N° 820, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W. ; 56g met.; -0.8 C.

BRYOZOA 5i

Schizoporella simplex (d'Orb.) (non Johnst.)

(PI. III, fig. 6)

Escharina simplex D'Orbigny, Voyage dans L'Amérique méridionale, p. i3, pi. V, figs. 5, 8.
Repioporina simplex D'Orbigny, Pal. fr., Terr. crét.. p. 442.

Zoarium adnate. Zoœcia ovate, surface faintlv granular ; oral aperture with a distinct
narrow sinus, and a little below the aperture there is a chamber, which must probably be
considérée! as a degenerate avicularium. It has a small round opening, but there does not
appear to be any mandible, and from each side of this chamber, there is a tube opening
on the interior of the zoœcium, but visible through the cell wall. As I hâve mentioned,
in previous papers, avicularia are fréquent ly connected with two différent parts of the zoœcium,
so that this chamber may be looked upon as typical avicularian, although the mandible is
wanting and the chamber seems too small to be functional.

The 5. simplex d'Orb. i36/3 from the Falkland Islands has the avicularian chamber
as just described, and the surface is finely granular, not punctured, as stated by d'Orbigny.
Before examining the type I had not recognised the identity, and h ad named the Antarctic
form S. bijuncta nov. but although d'Orbigny's description was not quite correct it is perhaps
better to retain the name he gave.

The Antarctic 5. simplex d'Orb. has the aperture just about twice the width of that
of 5. Ridleyi MacG., but they are in many respects very similar. The smaller S. Ridleyi is
however smooth, whereas simplex is granular.

Habitat. — Falkland Islands (d'Orb.).

Exp. Antaret. Belge.

N° 332, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. ; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

N° 5g6, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W.; 480 met.; -0.8 C.

N° 392, Eel trap I. Lat. 710 i5' S.- Long. 87" 3g' W.; 436 met.; — 0.2 C.

Schizoporella hosteensis (Jullien)

PI. III, figs. ii(7, b, c)

Laccrua hosteensis Jullien, Mission scient, du Cap Horn, p. 4S, pi. I, fig. 2.
Lacema de Carforli Julliex, Ibid., name on plate I, fig. 2.

Spécimens from the Antarctic are in most respects much like Julliex's, but differ in
being slightly granular, whereas Jui.lien's from Cape Horn are smooth. A spécimen sent
to me by the late Dr Jullien cannot however be called hyaline, as described by him ; and
it also has the zoœcia smaller than the mature zoœcia of the Antarctic form, but as can be
seen in fig. n<7, the early zoœcia vary much in size.

In the spécimens from 61g, the zoœcia as a rule, hâve only two oral spines, but in
a few cases there are four ; while from 5g6 there are never less than four. The ovicell of
619 is smooth, and has a row of pores round the border.

In the older zoœcia the pores round the border are often indistinguishable, ancl there
are frequently two larger pores near the aperture. The pore chambers can be seen in the
right hand zoœcium fig. lia. There are 10 spines to the oval primary zoœcium.

EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. — L'ile Hoste, Baie Orange, on seaweeds (Jullien) ; Cape Horn on Aspidostoma
gigantea B., moderately granular.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 5g6, Tangles VII on shell. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W.; 4S0 met.; — 0.8 C.
N° 619, Tangles VIII on stones. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80048' \V. ; 5oo?met. ; +0.9 C.
N° 683, do (one decidedly granular, others slightly so).

Schizoporella Eatoni (Busk)

PL III, fig. 10)

Lepralia eatoni Bcsk, Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XVII, p. 117; Phil. Traits., vol. CLXVIII, p. 191,
pi. X. figs. y, S, 1S79 ; KiRKPATRrcK, Report of the Collections of Natural History made in the Antarctic
Régions during the Voyage of the « Southern Cross », Polvzoa, p. 287.

Schizoporella arachnoïdes MacGilliveay. Trans. Roy Soc. Vict., 1882, vol. XIX, p. 192. pi. I. fig. 4: Prod. Zool.
Vict., dec. XIV, p. 148, pi. i38, fig. S.

There are only a few zoœcia growing on a stalk of seaweed from (140) Chili. In a
spécimen sent as 5. arachnoïdes, from Western Point, Victoria, the pores round the border
can sometimes be distinguished ; and a spécimen from Port Phillip Heads, Victoria, sent
to me as S. insignis Hincks ('), which however I marked insignis var., may be a variety of
S. enfoui. In this last mentioned variety the sinus is wider than is usual in S. eatoni B.,
while the ovicells hâve the characteristic form of the eatoni, and the raised line enclosing
a part of the front occurs as described by Hincks, however this is also the case with varying
degrees of distinetness in S. eatoni. There are a few zoœcia of S. eatoni from Prince Edward
Island, Marion Islands, collected bv the Challenger, but not mentioned in the Reports.

In spécimens of S. eatoni, from Cape Adare, brought back by the Antarctic « Southern
Cross » Expédition there are stout spines, and the pores are divided by the raised line as
in S. insignis Hincks. The primary zoeecium of the Cape Adare spécimens has n spines, and
sections show 14 tentacles.

Habitat. — Kerguelen (B.) ; Victoria (M.-vcG.); Prince Edward Island, Challenger (W.) ;
Cape Adare (Kirkpatrick) 8 fathoms (17 mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° i3g. Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili. Jan. 3rJ, 1898.

Schizoporella gelida sp. nov.

I'I III. figS. 12(7, '.

The spécimen is adnate on stone. The older zoœcia are irregular, but the younger
ones are subovate, the surface is so slightly granular, that with the lower powers it appears
smooth. The oral aperture being situated low down, the true shape is only made out from

(1) S. insignis H. was figured by Desmarest and Lesueur as Cellepora cingulata, PI. IX, fig. 8, in a séries
of 14 unpublished plates, to which I shall refer elsewhere. Pergens {Bull. Soc. Roy. Malacol, de Belgique, vol.
XXII, 1887) has given particulars of thèse plates.

BRYOZOA b3

the operculum, which is nearly round, and has the proximal part thickened and this fits into
a wide sinus ; the muscular attachments are placed high up, not near the edge of the operculum.
The ovicell is depressed having a sunk plain area. The latéral denticles as seen from the
interior are shown in fig. 12b.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 332, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 83° 02' W. ; 435 met. ; — o.3 C.

Cyclicopora polaris sp. nov.

(PI. III, figs. 5<i-/)

This occurs both adnate and bilaminate, from the same locality. The zoœcia in the
bilaminate spécimen are oblong, slightly raised, surface smooth, with a row of pores round
the border, from which there are irregular suture-like Unes and a similar médian Une. In the
adnate spécimen the zoœcia are broader, and may be called subhexagonal to broadly ovate,
and above the oral aperture there are 4 spines.

The oral aperture is wide, nearly round, with a very wide sinus. In some cases there
are two small projections of the calcareous wall over the ends of the sinus. The operculum
has a broad thickened border, reminding us of the opercula of some Membranipora, such as
M. tenuirostris Hincks ('). The distal rosette plates are small and numerous, placed near the
basai wall. The latéral plates are very large, with several pores, and are nearer to the
frontal wall than to the basai. There usually seem to be four latéral plates.

This species recalls the Arctic Pseudoflustra palmata Sars, and in the présent form the
rosette plates more nearlv approach to the Flustra type than they do in the Arctic species.
The entirely separable operculum brings it near to species named Schizoporella.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 991 and 623, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +o.g C.

Hippothoa divaricata Lamx.

(PI. VII, fig. 3)

Hippothoa divaricata Lamx , Expos, méth., p. 82, pi. LXXX, figs. i5, 16.
For sj'nonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue.

This is about twice the size of H. distans MacG., and in the Antarctic spécimens each
zoœcium starts from the previous one without any caudate « prolongation ». There are some
broken clown ovicells, on spécimen 5g6, which are raised at the end of the zoœcia, and both
thèse ovicelligerous zoœcia and the ordinary zoœcia are the same size. The figure is a
restoration as there are no perfect ovicells. The H . dispersa of Hagenow from the chalk is
so similar that perhaps they should be united.

Habitat. — Arctic seas ; British and French seas ; Mediterranean ; Azores ; between
Fayal and Pico (Atlantic) ; Challenger Station i35, Tristan d'Acunha (60-1000 fathoms); Gulf

(1) See, Observations on Membraniporidse. (Linn. Soc. Journ. Zoo!., vol. XXYI, pi. 47, fig. 7.

5 EXPÉDITION" ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

of St. Lawrence ; Hobson's Bay (Australia) ; Victoria ; Tasmania ; New Zealand ; Cape Town
(S. Africa) ; Mazatlan ; Patagonia ; Falkland Islands.

Fossil : Tertiaries of Italy and Sicily ; English Crag.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 277, 288, Dredge I. Lat. 710 09' S.- Long. 890 i5' W. ; 460 met. ; -o.3 C.

N° 392, Eel trap I. Lat. 710 i5' S.- Long. 870 39' W. ; 436 met. ; —0.2 C.

Nos 56i, 570, 596, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 47' \V. ; 4S0 met. ; +0.8 C.

N° 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80" 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

N° 820, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W. ; 56g met. ; +0.8 C.

N° 140. Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili.

Hippothoa distans MacG.

PI. III, fig. 8

Hippothoa disions MacGiluyray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. IX, p. i3o, 186S ; Zoo!. Vict., dec. XIX, ]>. 321,
pi. 187, figs. io-i3 ; Hincks. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. VIII, p. 62 ; op. cit., vol. XI. p. 21.

Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni, Bry. foss. Ital. 4'1 cont. {SiUungsb. Ak. Naturw., vol. LXI, p. 6, pi. I. fig. 5,
1S70 : Supp. alla Fauna dei Bry. Médit. [Sitz. der K. Ak. Wissensck., vol. LXIII, p '3', pi. I, fig. 11
Bri. del Plioc. Ant. di Castrocaro, p. 5, pi I. fig 14 : Sequenza, Le Formaz. Terz. nella Prov. di Reggio
(iî. Accad. dei Lima. an. CCLXXVII, 1S79. pp 197, 294, 327, 367 ; Hinxks. Ann. Nat. Hist . ser. 4.
vol. XX, p. 218; British Marine Polyzoa, p. 293, pi. XLIV, figs. 5-7; Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X^
pt. XXX. p. 4. pi. XXXIII. fig. 7.

Terebripova ramosa d'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, p. 23, pi. X, figs. t6, 17.

This occurs on the same stones as the H. divaricata, which however is twice the size.
There is sometimes a keel and the ovicells hâve an umbo. The outlines of both the polypide
cell, and of the ovicell are distinctly seen through the shell wall, and the ovicelligerous zoœcium
is about the same length as the ordinary zoœcium. The shells to which it is attached are
usually somewhat excavated where the zoœcia grew, but this is not at ail unusual in Bryozoa,
so that there is no reason for the genus Terebripora, however we cannot take d'Orbigxy's name
as he gave practically no description of the zoœcia.

In a spécimen of Hippothoa from Sydney, New South Wales (fig. 8e, f, g), which I
think must be united with H. distans there are two short processes (never exceeding imm)
arising from the side of the zoœcium, below the latéral tubular branches. Thèse processes
hâve a chitinous disk at the end, but I ara unable to state that it is moveable though apparently
this is the case. What their fonction may be it is difficult to say, for while at first considering
they might be the maie cells of Julliex there is nothing to support this, and perhaps the
fonction is similar to that of avicularia in keeping the colony oxygenated when the polypides
are dead.

Hippothoa occurs in the Cenomanian (d'Orb.) and in the Senonian of France, Belgium,
Bohemia &c. ; but in the fossils it is difficult to be sure of the détermination of thèse creeping
species, unless the région of the aperture is well preserved, and therefore we cannot do
more than say that Terebripora capillaris Dollfos, from the Devonian, appears to be Hippothoa.
Some Jurassic fossils described bv Fischer are also probably Hippothoa.

The two Antarctic species and close allies are widely destributed in space and time.

BRYOZOA 55

Habitat. - ■ British, Shetland, French seas, Mediterranean, Cumshewa and Houston
Stewart Channel (Oueen Charlotte Island), Victoria, Bass's Straits, NewZealand, Singapore (H.),
Challenger Station i5i, Heard Island y5 fathoms, Arica (Peru) (d'Orb.), Cape Horn (Muséum,
Paris).

Fossil : Italian Pliocène. The H. desiderata of Novak (') from the Bohemian chalk
may be this species.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 570 on stone, 5g 1 on seaweed stalk, 5g6 on shell and stone, 5gj seaweed, Tangles VII.
Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82" 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

X" 820, Tangles X. Lat. 70" i5' S.- Long. 84006' W. ; 56g met. ; +0.8 C.

SYSTENOPORA

gen. nov.

The spécimens described as Systetwpora contracta, do not seem to belong to any established
genus, and at présent we cannot tell, which of the characters are of the greatest generic
importance, and can only say the characters of the genus are those of the species. The
name is taken trom the narrow contracted aperture, which is quite unusual in Cheilostomata.

There is however a genus Systenostoma of Marsson, and the figure of the cretaceous
5. asperulum Marsson (2) is much like the Antarctic species, which from Marsson's diagnosis
might hâve been placée! under Systenostoma ; but from spécimens kindly sent to me by
Mr Levixsex it is clear that the two things are quite distinct, and the Systenopora of Marssox
is probably only Gemellipora.

On first examination of S. contracta it was thought to belong to the genus Cnciillipora
of MacGillivray, however on receiving spécimens of the Australian fossil, for which I am
indebted to M1" Charles Maplestoxe, it was then seen that they were generically distinct,
and Cnciillipora tetrastoma MacG. was found to be closely allied to Lepralia semilaevis Reuss (')
from the lower Tertiaries of X. Italv, and it was doubtful whether they should be specili-
call}^ separated, but there is perhaps sufficient reason for considering them to be distinct
species. Xow, that I hâve the key in the Australian fossil, I find that there was a vibra-
culum and not an avicularium in Lepralia semilaevis Réuss. A spécimen I collectée! from the
Senonian of Royan, and which I hâve taken to be the Flustrella polymorpha d'Orb. (+) has
a similarly contracted aperture, with an ear-like projection at one side, and should probably
be united with the Antarctic species under Systenopora. The préservation of the spécimen
collected at Royan is however not perfect, and Canu (5) places polymorpha under his subgenus
Rynchotella, but I cannot agrée as to there being an)- relationship between Membranipora
rhynchota Busk, and what I hâve taken to be polymorpha d'Orb., though possibly d'Orbigny
had two species before him when drawing up his description.

(1) Bry. der Bôhmische Kreideform., p. 86, pi. II, figs. 1, 2. (Daik. K. Ahad. Naturw., XXXVII, Abth. II.)

(2) Th. Marsson, Die Bryozoen der weissen Scheibkreide der Insel Rùgen. (Palcont. Abhand. Berlin, vol. IV,
), pi, IX, %. 2.)

(3) Waters, North Italian Brj-ozoa. (Quart. Journ. Gcol. Soc, vol. XLVII, p. 18.)

(4) Pal. franc., vol. V, p. 286, pi. 697, figs. i3-i5.

(5) Revision des Bryoz. du Crétacé fig. par d'Orbigny. (Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. XXVIII, p. 368.)

55 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Systenopora contracta sp. nov.

(PI. V, figs. K7-/;)

The zoœcia do not show external marks of séparation, the surface has large pits, and
the région of the peristomial aperture is raised. The secondary aperture is slit-like in the
direction of the zoarial axis, being formed by a plate, which slopes diagonally inwards on
the one side, and terminâtes with a straight edge ; on the other side there is an ear-like
projection, at the base of which there is a circulai' avicularium, with beaked nearly semi-
circular mandibles. There are two or three other circulai- avicularia situated near the aperture,
and further there is (') within the aperture (but quite invisible until sections hâve been
made) a fairly large avicularium (figs. ik, l) with a triangular mandible, having a central
lucida, and resembling the semicircular mandibles to the external avicularia. This is entirely
under the diagonal plate. The oral aperture is some distance from the slit-like secondary
aperture and is transverse to the zoarial axis (fig. ig); it is nearly round, but slightly flattened
on the top, namely the edge nearest to the zoarial border. There does not secm to be any
chitinous operculum, but a strong bundle ot muscles appears to draw the lining membrane
over the aperture.

The ovicells are entirely concealed, though where the ovicells occur there is over part
of the wall an absence of pits. There are, as a rule, six latéral rosette plates, having
several communication pores; and on the distal walls numerous communication pores extend
over an irregular area, which is really the rosette plate. Above this rosette plate we find
a pair of stout cervicorne processes, irregularly curving over the communication pores, and
growing from each side (figs. ig, h, i). Thèse are probably homologous with the comb-like
process, which I described as occurring in Membranipora tehuelcha (d'Orb.) (2) and in Membranipora
nitens Hincks, though in both cases the comb-like process is some distance from the base
of the zoarium. To thèse I also refer when describing an internai denticle in Scntpocellana
antarctica sp. nov.

There are about 20 tentacles.

The zoarium is grey and the zocecia are loaded with pigments and foreign matter,
which has made the examination difficult. There are no complète polypides in the sections
eut (612), but there are many brown bodies, and also embryos in a growing condition,
as well as testes. The muscles of the compensation sac start from the lower wall as isolated
threads, but on the upper wall several are attached close together.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Ncs 612 (12 pièces), 621 (1 pièce), 623 (1 pièce), 683 (10 pièces), 991 (fragments),
Tangles VIII. Lat. 70" 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo? met.; +0.9 C.

(1) Levinsen, G. M. R., Studies on Bryozoa {Vidensh. Medd. fra d. Naturh. Forai, i Kjobcnhavn, 1902, p. 21),
speaks of an internai avicularium in Flabdlaris roborata (Hincks), but the avicularium in that case is of the Membrani-
pora Flemingii type, and although not readily seen, as it is far within the area, yet it is scarcely internai like that
of S. contracta. Perhaps the avicularium of Schizoporella challengeria Waters should be compared with the internai
avicularium of 5. contracta.

(2) Waters, On Membraniporidae. [Journ. of the Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. XXVI, p. 675.1

BRYOZOA 57

CELLARINELLA gen. nov.

Cellarinella is proposed for some rather problematic species allied to Myriozoum, but
without distinct opercula. In the species known there are rosette plates, and one or two
avicularia below the aperture, having triangular or semicircular mandibles. Besides the
C. foveolata nov., C. nodulata nov., C. dubia nov., the Myriozoum marionensis Busk (') will
hâve to be placée! hère, and the relationship is in certain points vvith Myriozoum, Haswellia
and Tubucellaria, but probably most close with Systenopora gen. nov., and further knowledge
may show Cellarinella tu be superrluous. YVe may however find that a new suborder has
to be made for forms without an operculum, but in which there are a group of strong
muscles drawing a membrane over the oral aperture, which is situated low down some
distance from the peristomial aperture ; Systenopora and Cellarinella would be included, and
probably some other forms, but this requires further elucidation with better spécimens, and
I hope to return to it when opportunity occurs.

Cellarinella foveolata sp. nov.

(PI. V, figs. 2ti-h<

Zoarium cylindrical, branching in various planes, with spreading calcareous base. Some
colonies are as much as 5omm in height. The surface is deeply pitted without zoœcial divisions,
the peristomial aperture is broad, and short (often having the shape of a new moon), with
a raised cap over the distal end, and sometimes, but not often, it is also raised below the
aperture; there is a plate within the proximal edge ofthe peristome directed downwards. In
the older zoœcia the secondary aperture is round, and below the aperture, in some zoeecia, there
is a round avicularium with a semicircular mandible, while in older zoœcia the avicularium
may be within the peristome.

The oral aperture is a considérable distance from the peristomial opening and at right
angles to it, the shape being nearly round with the proximal edge straightened. Xo oper-
culum can be prepared out, nor is any seen in eut sections, only a membranous contraction.
The ovicell is but little raised, and is not always visible on the surface. There are about
four latéral rosette plates, each with about ten communication pores, and there is one distal
plate, over which there is a pair of spinous processes, which are sometimes very slender, in
other cases stouter (frg. 2^). There are about 22 tentacles.

This is very much like a Challenger spécimen from Station 320, mentioned and figured
in my Supplementary Report (2), however the Challenger one is slighter and the pores are more
elongate, and I describe the mandibles as triangular, but a mandible seen sideways or within
the peristome often appears more triangular than is the case.

This and Systenopora contracta nov. differ from Myriozoum as represented by M. truneatum
Pall. in not having thick opercula, and further in the shape of the aperture ; also in having
latéral rosette plates with several communication pores. As I hâve elsewhere shown M.

(1) This is not the .1/. marionensis of Jui.lien ami Calvet, Bryozoaires provenant de campagnes de
l'« Hirondelle », igo3.

(2) Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. XXXI, pt. LXXIX, p. 3g, pi. III, fig. 47.

VIII

R 21

5S EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

truncatum, and Porina gracilis Ed. hâve wide tubes from the surface, and also from zoœcium
to zoœcium, but no distinct rosette plates. Haswellia has many similar characters, but has
a suboral pore, and a thick Schizoporellidan operculum. There seems to be most resemblance
to Tubucellaria, which however is jointed, though this is a character on which we should not
place much importance. The generic name is chosen on account of this resemblance.

In 609 and 611 there are no polypides, but degenerate remains and many buds, also
ovaria in the zoœcia consisting of two or three rather large cells, situated b)r the latéral wall,
about half way between the two extremities. The walls of the compensation sac are visible.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 56o, 5g6, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82° 47' W. ; 4S0 met. ; -fo.8 C.

Nos 60g, 611, 619, 621, 623, 683, 691, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70" 00' S.- Long. 8o°48' W. ;
5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

X" 743, Tangles IX. Lat. 700 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. ; 459 met. ; +0.8 C.

This spécimen is nodulated (see fig. ië) and has a pronounced shelf on the distal end
of the oral aperture.

Nos 799, 1028, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W". ; 569 met. ; +0.8 C.

Cellarinella nodulata sp. nov.

(PI. VIII. figs. 6a-c

The spécimen from 623 was at first thought tu be the nodulated variety of Cellarinella
foveolata nov., but there are important différences.

The zoarium is erect, about 35mm long and about 5mm wide, it is somewhat compressed,
and at irregular intervais contracts, forming nodulations ; it is attached at the base by
chitinous radicles. Similar nodulations sometimes occur in Cellarinella foveolata nov. and
according to Bidexkap in both Myriozoum coarctum Sars and M. subgracile d'Orb.

The zoœcia hâve large pits, distributed over the surface, and the outlines of the
zoœcia are not distinguishable; below the aperture there is a long striated projecting médian
mucro, much like that of Lepralia ocellata Hincks. At one side of the aperture is a trian-
gular avicularium with broad triangular mandible.

Lepralia pachycera Reuss (Olig. Gaas, p. 471, pi. IV, fig. 1) has a similarly shaped
mucro and there are other species with strong mucros, as L. ceratomorpha Rss., L. monoceros Rss.
There are no polypides, but there are buds and the remains of polypides. The muscles
for closing the aperture are similar to those of C. foveolata.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 623, Tangles VIII, Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. So°48' W. ; 5oo met.; +0.9 C.

Cellarinella dubia sp. nov.

PL YIII, figs. i2<7, b, and fig. 2 in text)

Fragments were found in the cotton wool of one of the jars, and probably they were

derived from 623, though this is not quite certain, as the jar also contained 3og and 591.

Zoarium erect, compressed, with the two flatter surfaces slightly curved, and with

BRYOZOA 5g

zoœcia on ail four surfaces, with very large open pores or pits. On the anterior and dorsal

surfaces there are two longitudinal rows of alternate zoœcia while at the sides there is one

row. Spécimens from Cape Horn hâve the zoarium round.

On one or both sides of the aperture there is a raised avicularium, with an obtuse

triangular mandible, and at the base of the avicularium a projection forms a kind of denticle,

contracting the peristome, and giving it the appearance of a Schizoporel-
lidan aperture. Where there is only one avicularium the peristomial aper-
ture is unsymmetrical, as there is no denticle on the one side ; and in the
few cases, where there is no avicularium, both denticles are wanting.

Larger pièces of this species were found in the spirit material from
the Cape Horn Expédition, Dredge 4. Lat. 5o° 25' S.- Long. 670 36' W. ;
140 mètres; -\-5.j Centigrade, and from the zoarial growth it was at first
taken for C. fovcolata nov. In this spécimen, from Cape Horn, che zoarium
is cylindrical, and is attachée! by chitinous radicles. The older zoœcia

Fig. 2. — Ceïïarinella dulia hâve large pores over the surface, while in the younger ones they are more
nov. From Cape Horn, pronouncecl round the borders ; and the slightly raised ovicells hâve radial

lat. 5o°52'S.-lonR. 67°36' .. . . .

w sht-hke pores, indicating îts limits.

B, mandibles. There is a second spécimen from 177 Cape Horn Expédition, between

C, colonv, natural size. l'île Navarin and l'île Hoste, 270 mètres, +7.7 Centigrade. Some spéci-
mens in the British Muséum, collected by Darwin from Tierra ciel Fuego, and two others
from the Straits of Magellan are this species, but the région round the aperture is striated
or finely lined, and there are nearly always two avicularia.

Calcareous sections of the Cape Horn spécimen, from the Paris Muséum, are identical
with those of C. foveolata nov. (PI. Y, fig. 2/).

Habitat. — Off Patagonia, Lat. 5o° 52' S.- Long. 670 36' W. ; 140 met. ; +5.7 C. ;
between the islands Navarin and Hoste 270 met.; +7.7 Cent.; Tierra del Fuego; Straits
of Magellan.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Probably from 623, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80048' W.

Bifaxaria denticulata Busk

[PI. VIII, figs. 14a, b

Bifaxaria denticulata Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, pt. XXX, p 82, pi. XXIV, fig. 3 ; Waters, Zool.
Chall. Exp., Supp. Report, vol. XXXI, pt. LXXIX, p. i5, pi. II, fig. 3i.

As the material is limited to four small spécimens, but few préparations hâve been
made. In those from 563 there were no polypides, while in that from 3og no ova or embryos
were seen, but about 20 tentacles can be counted.

In the Challenger spécimens there are two kinds of mandibles, which were rather a
puzzle, but the explanation is, that there is an internai as well as external avicularium,
and the mandible of this last is. wider (fig. 14a), and has the lucida near to the distal end,
whereas in the internai one the lucida is low down. An internai avicularium has already
been alluded to in Systenopora contracta nov.

There is a long tubular connection from the distal end of one zoœcium to the proximal

60 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

end of the next, and within this tube is a considérable mass of parenchym, often forming
stout strands. At the end it is attached to the rosette plates, and there are also two latéral
connections to the neighbouring zocecia. There is a similar long tubular connection in
Tubucellaria opuntioides Pall., Poriua borealis Bush, a few other species, and in Cellaria generally.
In Porina borealis there are similar stout parenchym strands. There is a small denticle over
the distal rosette plate of B. denticulata. The zoœcia may be said to turn to the front and
to the two sides and not towards the back ; but in eut sections the base of the proximal
ends of the zoœcia are opposite, both laterally and dorsally. This may indicate that it is
derived from forms in which the zocecia were turned in ail directions, but this must remain
problematic. In other species called Bifaxaria bv Busk the zoœcia are only latéral. Bifaxaria
is however only retained provisionallv.

Levinsen (') says that Bifaxaria denticulata B. is nearly related to Porina borealis B.
In conséquence I felt, that it was incumbent on me to see how far the northern Porina
borealis represented the southern Bifaxaria denticulata and M1 Levinsen kindlv sent me some
spirit spécimens of P. borealis, for the purpose. However from a letter I hnd that Levinsen
had not intended to indicate, that the relationship was as close as I had understood him
to mean, and therefore no discussion of their geographical distribution is required.

Whether the}- will ultimately be placed in the same familv, which is ail that Mr Levinsen
expects, cannot be décidée!, until we know more upon what characters the families will
ultimately be based.

In Porina borealis the zoœcia are arranged round an imaginary axis, there is a suboral
pore, the calcareous walls contain but verv little organic matter, there are pore tubes through
this shell wall, and in places thèse pore tubes are replaced by avicularia, which is unusual
in the Bryozoa. Thèse avicularia and those by the aperture hâve semicircular inaudibles.

Habitat. — Challenger Station 320 (South Atlantic, Off the Argentine) 600 fathoms
(973 mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

X" 3og, Tangles II. Lat. 710 14' S.- Long. S90 14' W.; 460 met.; -to.3 C.
N« 33g, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88» 02 W.; 435 met. ; — o.3 C.
N° 565, Tangles VIL Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 82° 47' W. ; 480 met.; +0.8 C.
One spécimen from 3og is attached to Retepora laevigata nov.

Bifaxaria rustica (d'Orbigny)

P). VIII, figs. 19a, b)

Pustulopora rustica D'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, p. 22, pi X, figs. i3-i5.

Zoarium erect, slightly compressed, branching in one plane, zoœcia opening on the
anterior surface onby, attached at the base by chitinous radicles. The peristomial openings
are nearly round and the région of the aperture is somewhat raised ; the oral aperture however
has not been seen. The anterior and dorsal surfaces hâve long pores or pits, suggesting the
genus H oimera ; however sections showing the two or four opposite zoœcia prove at once, that

(1) Levinsen, G. M. R., Studies on Bryozoa. (Vidensk. Medd. fra d. Naturh. Foren. i Kjôbenhavn, 1902, p. 26.)

BRYOZOA 61

it is Chalostomata, and sections of the organic parts hâve a close resemblance to those of
Bifaxaria denticulata Busk (see PI. VIII, fig. 18). On the dorsal surface there are irregular
élévations, no doubt corresponding with the position of the zoœcia.

There are no avicularia in the two small spécimens, nor are there polypides, the zoœcia
being empty, so that but little can be said about the generic position but it is in no way
related to Retepom. It is however closely allied to Reteporella myriozoides Busk ('), though
examination of the British Muséum spécimens shows, that they should be specifically separated
while belonging to the same genus.

Habitat. — Falkland Islands « dans le sable de fond » (d'Orb.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 348, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 8SÙ02' W. ; 435 met. ; — o.3 C.

N° 428, Tangles VI. Lat. 71" 19' S.- Long. 87° 3;' W. ; 436 met. ; — 0.2 C.

SMITTIA

From the Antarctic there are many species with a central lyrula, which at présent
we must place under Smittia, although recognising that, as more characters are studied, this
group of forms with a suboral denticle will hâve to be divided into several divisions, and we
are not yet clear as to the classificatoiy value of the lyrula, which supports the operculum.
The cardellae or latéral denticles are not of as much value, and latéral denticles occur in a
large number of gênera though sometimes they are but small. According to Hixcks the cardinal
character ofthis genus is the elevated secondary orifice, produced and channelled in front.
With this view I cannot agrée, and various authors hâve called attention to the peristomial
characters being unsatisfactory. The lower edge of the operculum is straight, or slightly
curved inwards, the muscular attachments are usually a ridge on the border and as a rule, but
not universally, the operculum is very thin, and is not so easily studied as in most gênera.

Julliex, who attached so much importance to surface structure, accepted this genus,
containing species in which the surface is perforated ail over, others with the pores round
the border, and again others which seem to be imperforate. The characters upon which he
bases the genus and the family are the lyrula and cardella within the aperture. Thèse are
characters interdépendant upon the operculum which closes the oral aperture, and while they
require further study I accept them as of classificatory value. As Jullien considered that
too much value had been attached to the aperture, he does not hère seem quite consistent.

Porella, which is but a section of the Smittidœ, is well represented in the Arctic but not
in the Antarctic.

Smittia marsupium (MacGillivray)

fPl. IV, fig. 4)

Lepralia marsupium MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. IX, p. i36 : Zoo!, of Victoria, dec. IV, p. 22.

pi. XXXV, fig. 4 : BrsK, Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. XXX. p. 147. fig. 44.
Porella marsupium MacGillivray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. XIX. extra page. pi. I, fig. 2 ; ? Hixcks, Ami. Mag.

Xat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. VIII, p. 64 , pi. I, fig. 6 ; Waters, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XXXIX, p. 437 ;

ibid.. vol. XLIII. p. 62 ; MacGillivray, Tert. Polyzoa of Victoria, p. 91. pi. XII, fig. 9.
Aimuhsa austràlis Julliex, Mission du Cap Horn. p. 59, pi. I, fig. 5, and pi. IX, figs. 3-4.

(1) Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X, pt. XXX. p. 127, pi. XXIV, fig. 2.

62 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

This of course belongs to the Smittiadœ, but whether to the group known as Porella,
or to a group distinguished by the inflated avicularian chamber, is somewhat doubtful. Busk
figured the opercula and mandibles, which he curiously thought proved the species to belong
to Lepralia, and not to Porella, whereas in reality the operculum is of the Smittia type.

The surface of the zoœcium and of the ovicell is smooth, or very faintly granular with
the zoœcia much raised, but without any dividing ridges between them. There are four oral
spines and the peristome is a little raised at each side.

In a spécimen collectée! from Cape Adare, by the Borchgrevink Antarctic Expédition,
the peristome is much more raised at the sides, but this I do not find in my spécimen from
Western Port, nor from New Zealand. The Cape Adare spécimen lias an umbo on the ovicell,
but on none do I find radiating lines on the ovicell.

This species passes gradually from quite smooth to granular.

Habitat. — Victoria (MacG.) ; Bass's Straits (H.); New Zealand (\V. and Ham.) ;
South America (B.) ; Cape Horn (Wat.) ; Cape Adare ; Falkland Island 12 fathoms (20 met.).
Fossil : Muddy Creek and Waurn Ponds (\*ictoria) ; New Zealand.
Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 5g6, Tangles VII. Eat. yo° 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.
X° 623 on shells, Tangles VIII. Lat. 7o°oo' S.- Long. 80048' W. ; 5oo?met.; +o.g C.

Smittia reticulata (MacG.)

Smittia reticulata Okt.maxx. Japanische Bry., Arch.f. Naturgtsch., 1S90. vol. I. p. 44. pi. III, fig. 24; Waters,
Ami. Ma:;. Xat. Itist. ser. 6, vol. IV, pi. III, fig. 22; Lkvixsex. Danske Dyr., p. 70, pi. VI, fig. 5-9;
MacGillivray, Tert. Polyzoa Yict., p. 93, pi. XII, figs 20, 21 ; Andersson, Bry. Schwed. Exp. (Zool.
Jahr., vol. XV, p. 544 .

Eor other synonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue.

A spécimen from 99 1 has the avicularia slightly longer than is usual in European
S. reticulata. From 61 3 there is a voung colony (consisting of four zoœcia, starting from a
primary zoœcium bearing 8 spines) which is probably S. reticulata.

Habitat. — Arctic, European seas, Médite rranean, Atlantic, Japan, Victoria, New
Zealand, Patagonia, Mauritius.

Fossil : Pliocène of Europe. Victoria.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 991, Swab. VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80" 48' W. ; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Smittia marionensis (Busk) var.

(PI. VIII, fig. 8)

Lepralia marionensis Busk, Brit. Mus. Car., p. 67, pi. XCVI, figs. 1-2.

Smittia marionensis Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. X. pt. XXX. p. 1.S2. pi. XVIII, fig. 6.

There are some colonies considered to be this species, in which the surface of the
zoœcium is perforated ail over, and the avicularium immediately below the peristome is
sometimes quite small (as figured), in others it is much longer, but also with a relatively long
mandible slightly rounded at the end.

BRYOZOA 63

In the British Muséum spécimens the size of the avicularium is very variable, sometimes
being nearly rounded, at others long and spatulate. It may be necessary to call some of
the forms varieties. The Antarctic forms resemble S. reticulata MacG. in many respects,
but differ in having the surface perforated, and seem to be closely allied to S. oratavcnsis
Busk, and may be related to S. antarctica nov. On a stone from 619 (with Heteropora
claviformis nov.) there are two colonies, one of which has quite small avicularia, whereas the
other has much longer ones, though of the same shape, extending about one third of the
length of the zoœcium.

Manzoni gives it as fossil from Castrocaro, but this must be looked upon as doubtful.

Habitat. — Prince Edward Island 80-1 5o fathoms (130-240 mètres) ; Kerguelen Island
28 fath. (45 mètres), Challenger ; Victoria (MacG.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 619, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. So° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Smittia Landsborovii loi m personata Hincks

Smittia Landsborovii Johnst, form personata Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. S, vol. XIV, p 283, pi. IX, fig. 3 ;

Waters, op. cit., ser. S, vol. XX,, p. ig5, pi. VI, fig. 23.
Smittia Landsborovii Johnst, var. purpurca Hincks, op. cit., vol. VIII, p. 64.
Smittia Jacobcnsis Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp.. vol. X, pt. XXX, p. iS3, pi. XIX, fig. 7.
Smittia monacha Julliex, Mission du Cap Horn, p. 52, pi. II, figs. r-3.

In spécimens from i3g and 140 the « bridge » is very distinct, and the same thing
occurs in Smittia monacha]. in spécimens sent to me by Julliex, as well as in other material
from Cape Horn and there is no doubt that the Cape Horn 5. monacha is the var. personata
of Hincks. At one time I thought this was the same as S. oculata MacG., but although
they are very closely allied, it would be better to separate them, either as species or varieties.
The S. oculata has rather larger surface pores and the avicularium is oval, rather than round.
The peristome shows the same frontal élévation, though not to the same degree as in personata,
and the ovicells of S. oculata may hâve several large pores, while in spécimens sent to me
by Julliex, as monacha, there are sometimes only two pores, but as a rule there are several.
In both there are calcareous neiges above the pores, and the gênerai characters of the two
species are very similar.

We may consider it an open question, whether the forms perforated ail over the
surface should not be considered as specifkally distinct from those with large pores round
the border. Hincks however considers this, and the form porifera, as merely varieties.
Possibly it would hâve been more correct to hâve made varieties of porifera, rather than
of Landsborovii. The bridge as a rule only occurs to ovicelligerous zoœcia.

Habitat. — Bass's Straits (H.), Victoria (H.), Cape Verde Islands 100-200 fath.,
Marion Islands 5o-75 fath. (B.), New South Wales (W.), Cape Horn (Jull. & W.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Porto Torro, Ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili. Jan. 3rJ, 1898. 139 & 140. « Sur une
souche de Macrocystis py ri fera ».

6+

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

N° 683, Swab. VIII. Lat. 70" 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo met.; -f 0.9 C.
The few zoœcia are without ovicells or avicularia.

Smittia crozetensis nom. nov.

PL VIII, fig. iSa, h

Mucronella ventricosa var. multispinata Bcsk, Zool. Challenger. Exp., vol. X, pt. XXX. p. 160, pi. XXII,
fig. 11.

I have shown in a paper on the Madeira Bryozoa ('), that the Lepralia multispinata
Busk, from Madeira, is not the same as the var. multispinata of the Challenger Expédition,
and I am still not at ail sure that this is not Mucronella Peachii var. octodentata of Hincks,
although spécimens from the Mediterranean are very much smaller ; but Hincks (2) considered
that they should be separated. The main différence however seems to be that while Hincks
described octodentata as smooth, this is distinctly granular. For the présent, the fact that the
Antarctic and Kerguelen Island species are the same is indicated by giving a new name,
which however may not be permanent.

The lyrula (denticle) is bifid, or may support projections in various planes. The ovicell is
very small and thrown back.

A spécimen from 683 has the zoœcia about twice as large as those of S. ventricosa,
whereas one from 5g6 has smaller ones than 683, though still materially larger than those
of British S. ventricosa. There are somewhat larger zoœcia in spécimens from 288 and 570
(fig. i5o) and the}' also have a double row of small pores round the border ; also in a spécimen
sent to me by Canon Norman, as a variety of ventricosa, there are two rows of pores round
the border and six oral spines. In thèse spécimens from 288 and 570 the aperture is directed
forwards with a thick border, and the surface is granular.

The ventricosa-Pcachii group are very widely distributed and it is an open question,
whether too many species have not been made. The group is represented fossil in the Tertiaries
under various naines, among others Lepralia Grotriana Reuss, and Lepralia Hornesi Reuss ; and
at présent is widely distributed as .1/. Peachii Johnst., M. ventricosa Hass., M. teres Hincks, &c.

Habitat. — Prince Edward Islands 80-1 5o fathoms (130-240 mètres) ; Crozet Island
210 fathoms (3qo mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 277, 288, Dredge I. Lat. 71° 09' S.- Long. 89° i5' W. ; 460 met. ; 4-0. 3 C.

N° 32o, Tangles IL Lat. 710 14' S.- Long. 890 14' W. ; 460 met. ; +o.3 C.

N° 428, Tangles VI. Lat. 710 19' S.- Long. 87" 37' W. ; 436 met. ; — 0.2 C.

Nos 570, 5g6, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

X"s 619, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70-00' S.- Long. 80048' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

N° 820, Tangles X. Lat. 70° i5' S.- Long. 84°o6' W. ; 56g met. ; +0.8 C.

(1) Bryozoa from Madeira. (Journ. Rov. Micr. Soc, 1899, p. 9.)

(2) Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. IX, p. 327.

BRYOZOA 65

Smittia antarctica sp. nov.

PI. IV. figs. i,i-/;

Zoarium bilaminate, calcification fairly solid, irregularlv foliaceous, with spreading
calcareous base ; attaining at any rate to some inches in size.

Zoœcia elongate, hexagonal, with pores on the surface, except the part below the
aperture, in which however there is sometimes an elongate avicularium, directed dowmvards,
and with a spatulate mandible ; the peristome is much raised and deephT cleft in the proximal
edge, through which a broad lvrula (denticle) can sometimes be distinguished. This denticle,
sometimes has a pore, or opening, in the middle, no doubt caused by growth taking place
from the two sides.

The operculum has the lower edge nearly straight, with a muscular ridge placée!
diagonally in the upper part, near to the border, and also near each lower corner there is
a chitinous thickening. The ridges are more pronounced than is usual in Smittia, and we
seem to approach the Ccllaria type of operculum. In the ovicellular zoœcia the peristome
projects more forwards, the ovicell is somewhat thrown back, and is perforated with very
irregular pores. Some pièces show few, or even no avicularia, whereas in other cases they
are nuraerous.

There are oral glands, and at the tip of each of the 19 tentacles there is an expanded
sac, containing, when stained, a dark mass (fig. 1^). In the tip of my Smittia ophidiana
(perhaps marmorea Hincks), there are somewhat similar bodies, as also in the tips of the
tentacles of Smittia reticulata MacG. from Sydney, and other Smittiœ, but although they
hâve been more generally seen in Smittia it is not confined to this genus. In Retepora (see
page 80) somewhat the same thing occurs and in Cellepora bispinata Busk, from New South
Wales, the tips of the tentacles, in stained préparations are darker, arising partly from
abundant nuclei at the tip. However the lumen in S. antarctica widens into a sac, some-
times dark balls (stained) being seen in this sac. Hakmer ('), in his paper on the Development
of Tubulipora, describes vesicles near the tip of the tentacles of T. plumosa Thomp., but
says, that they are not in the lumen of the tentacle. It would seem, that there is abun-
dant évidence of an excretory process taking place in the tentacle, and Calvet has described
this in more détail in Bugula Sabatieri Calvet (2).

There are about ten latéral rosette plates in the entire latéral wall, and two distal
plates ; in both cases the plates are near the basai wall.

This species, in many respects, resembles the Arctic Smittia palmata var. sinuosa Anders-
son (i), to which I also referred in my paper on the « Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land » (p. 72),
as varying in the form of the peristome from Pseudoflustra palmata Sars. The sinuosa is
however not strongly calcified, and differs from typical P. palmata very considerably, as
there is a distinct oral denticle in sinuosa, whereas none can be discovered in P. palmata ;

(i| Quart. Joum. Micr, Se, vol. XLI. X. S., p. n5, pi. X, figs. 26, 27.

(2) Bryozoaires Ectoproctes, p. 72.

(3) K. A. Andersson, Brvozoen wàhrend der Schwed. Exp. 1S98, 189g, 1900 gesammelt. [Zool. Jahr.

vol. XV, 1902, p. 546, pi. XXX, fig. 5.)

IX

R 21

66 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

also in sinuosa the proximal border of the operculum curves upwards, while in the smaller
operculum of P. palmata it curves dovvnvvards, and the operculum of sinuosa lias a broad
band to the distal border. The différences in there being a denticle in one case, and the
opercula being of quite a différent character are considérable, and would indicate that sinuosa
may fall into Smittia, whereas P. palmata, in spite of various similarities in appearance,
does not apparently bclong to this genus. Smittia antarctica, besides being more strongly
calcified than sinuosa, has larger zoœcia with pores over nearly the whole of the surface,
whereas in palmata and sinuosa they are close to the border.

The relationship of thèse three species is certainly puzzling, but the S. antarctica is
a very distinct species, apparently having some points of resemblance with the Smittia sinuosa
Andersson, which in spite of great similarity of gênerai appearance is found on examination
of the minute characters to differ very considerably from P. palmata.

There is from Cape Horn a bilaminate species nearly allied to S. antarctica in which
the peristome is not cleft, but at the base of the peristome there is a large pore just above
the avicularium, and the shape of the avicularium is the same as that of antarctica. In
some cases, however the front of the zocecium is inflated by an avicularian chamber with
a wide and short mandible, a short arc of a circle forming the distal end of the mandible.
The ovicell has a few large pores. This species will shortlv be described.

Haiutat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N°s 618, 619, 683, ggi, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70^00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met.;
+0.9 C.

Smittia conspicua sp. nov. (')

(PI. IV, fig. 3)

Zoarium adnate, with irregularly ovate to hexagonal zoœcia, which in the older parts
are almost fiât. There is a row of large pores round the border, and the peristome, which
is much raised on each side, has a subtriangular opening, and within it there is a broad
lyrula directed downwards. There are frequently two pores below the aperture. On the
front of the zoœcium, and on a level with the surface, but not close up to the aperture,
there is a broad oval avicularium. Ovicell unknown.

This is like S. Landsborovii Johnst. in most points, but differs in having the avicu-
larium at a distance from the peristome. This is called conspicua from its gênerai resemblance to
Schizoporella inconspicua of Hixcks, but why he gave the name iuconspicua is not clear.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 373, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88û 02' W. ; 435 met. ; — o.3 C.

NÙS 6i5, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80" 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; 4-0.8 C.

(1) This is ver}' similar to the S. cnsifcra, just described by Calvet and Jullien in « Bryozoaires pro-
venant des campagnes de I'Hirondelle », 1903, pp. 102 and 14g, pi. XII, fig. 4, and pi. XVII, fig. 5. The spécimens
from the Azores are however much smaller and havc large granulations whereas the surface of the Antarctic
spécimens are nearly smooth. The S. ensifcra is no doubt the 5. ophidiana Waters from the Mediterranean.

BRYOZOA 67

Smittia tripora sp. nov.

(PL IV, figs. aa-c)

There are several spécimens having much in common with the Smittia (Porella)
marsupium of MacGillivray, but the zocecia are much larger. There is a distinct dividing
ridge, and a row of pores round the border, with a few other pores indicating the com-
mencement of a second row. The avicularian chamber is distinct, inflated, in most spécimens,
with three or more pores round it, and with large avicularian glands in the chamber (fig. 2c).
The operculum is suborbicular, curving inwards on the lower edge, and has a thickened
rim running in on each side reminding us of the operculum of S. praestans Hincks, and
of the operculum of S. obstructa Waters, which however has a complète ridge across. The
ovicell is globular, raised, perforated with numerous pores, and in one case with an indistinct
area.

This is much like the Japanese Porella marsupium var. japonica of Ortmann.

In the spécimen from N° 618 the surface is very fïnely granulated, and there is a double
row of pores round the border.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 618, TanglesVIII. Lat. 7o°oo'S.- Long. 8o°48'W. ; 5oo ? met.; -fo.g C.

Nos 683, ggi, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met.; -fo.g C.

Smittia praestita sp. nov.

(PI. VIII, fig. 10a, b)

Zoarium adnate. Zocecia distinct, hexagonal, raised towards the oral aperture and
the peristome carried up in front into a considérable prolongation, the distal portion of the
peristome is not raised and has four articulated spines ; at one, or occasionally both sides,
high up near to the peristome there is a round avicularium, with a semicircular mandible.
Two rows of large pores occur near to the border of the zocecia, the central portion is
imperforate, fïnely granular. The ovicell is very small, globose, slightly thrown back, extremely
finely granular. About 12 pore chambers round the zoœcium.

There are only two spécimens and the one from N° 570 is entirely without avicularia, and
was at first considered to be 5. praestans Hincks, as sometimes pièces of S. praestans from New
Zealand are found with very few avicularia. There are not the areolar ridges as in S. praestans,
but also in praestans there are often two rows of pores and the structure of the aperture is
quite similar, while the ovicell in the Antarctic species is smaller and is not areolated.
With regard to the avicularia found in spécimens N° 5g6, we know, that the round avicularia
of Schizoporella anricnlata is sometimes replaced by large spatulate ones, so that a similar
change would convert S. praestita into S. praestans.

Besides being so closely allied to S. praestans Hincks it is also allied to the Arctic form
which I hâve called S. Jacksoni Wat. and they belong to the S. coccinea group which occurs
in Australia as well as in the northern seas. Levixsen intends to place 5. coccinea in a new
genus P eristomella , but as he has not yet diagnosed the genus we cannot discuss it. Smittia
praestita is allied to Romancheina Martiali of Julliex, of which spécimens from Cape Horn hâve

6S EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

usually the central portion of the frontal wall without pores, as figured b}- Julliex, howevcr
there is one pièce on Aspidostoma gigantea Busk, in which the whole of the frontal surface
has pores.

From the Banc des Aiguilles, S. Africa, there are spécimens in shape and the position
of the pores entirely corresponding with typical R. Martiali, but instead of the narrow trian-
gular avicularia, within the peristome, there are avicularia with round or spatulate mandibles
high up by the side of the peristome, nearer to the peristome than in S. praestita nov. The
South African species mentioned, approaches very closely to the New South \Yales species
considered by me to be a variety of S. praestans H. ('), though it has a lyrula while none can
be found in the S. African form.

Neither R. Martiali Joli., Cape Horn ; S. pracstita, Antarctic ; 5. praestans H., New
Zealand ; S. Jacksoni Waters, Arctic, hâve a lyrula, though other characters recall 5. coccinea,
and S. pracstita is left provisionally with Smittia. If fn.i.nx had taken other characters for
his genus Romancheina the above might hâve been grouped together though we must wait
until we know what Peristomella includes, and the amount of material available for my study
of thèse species has been too small for décision as to the characters upon which a new genus
should be based.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 570 (without avicularia), Tangles VII. Lat. jo° 2:^' S.- Long. 82°47' W. ; 480 met. ;
+0.8 C.

N° 5g6 (with avicularia), Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82°47' W. ; 480 met. ;
+0.8 C.

Smittia inclusa sp. nov.

PL IV, figs. Sa-J

Zoarium cylindrical, branching dichotomouslv, with usually six zoœcia in cross section,
namely three full sized and three commencing. Zoœcia elongate, distinct, with a row of
fairly large pores surrounding the zoœcia. The peristome is much elevated at the distal
end, and at the proximal end there is a groove, leading down to an opening in the denticle,
through which it passes. There is occasionally an avicularium with a semicircular mandible
at one side just below the peristome. The ovicell is scarcely at ail raised, but the portion
above the aperture is somewhat inflated and is much larger than in the non ovicelligerous
zoœcia.

The zoarium is about 1 millim. in diameter ; the lower zoœcia are often quite closed,
and the divisions of the zoœcia are only indicated bv the row of pores, whereas the younger
zoœcia are very distinct and convex. The most interesting point about this species is the
groove in the peristome and it is probable that the lyrula is formed bv two denticles uniting,
however it is not quite clear that this plate should be comparée! with the lyrula of Smittia,
so that possibly this may hâve to be made the type of a new genus. The groove is similar
to those in Retepora of which I wrote (2) « this pore is frequently the opening of a long
tube, which runs down the peristome to the opercular opening ».

(1) Bry. from New South Wales &c. {Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., s. 6, vol. IV, p. 17, pi. III, figs. 9-11.)
I2) Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. XXY, p. a56.

BRYOZOA 69

The avicularia are rare, and upon some spécimens none are seen, for in looking through
43 colonies only four were found, also very few ovicells occur. The ovicell is subject to
some variation, and the distal projection seen in the ordinary zoœcia is more pronounced
in the ovicelligerous zoœcia, and may turn over the aperture, entirely covering it (fig. 5a (prj).
To show ail the variations an entire plate would not suffice, but using caméra lucida
drawings for the shape and position of the zoœcia and then representing characteristic zoœcia,
with ovicells and apertures in différent positions, it is hoped that the varying conditions
will be understood, though I must add it is not possible to give an absolutely correct view
of the peristomial tube, as seen when looking down it.

There are two distal rosette plates with numerous pores, and the four latéral plates
appear to be very similar, though from the préparations I cannot state the number of pores.
Spécimens 562, 610, 5g6 hâve been examined for polypides, but none hâve as yet been found,
though there are a few buds.

This species is closely allied to Smittia (Vincularia) exarata of Reuss ('), and possibly
it is that species, but in the fossil it is impossible to see the détails of the aperture.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 562, 5g6, 1028, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W. ; 480 met.; +0.8 C.
Xos 610, 611, 621, 623, 65o, 683, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' \Y. ;
5oo ? met. ; —0.9 C.

N° 798, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W. ; 369 met.; +0.8 C.

Smittia directa sp. nov.

PI. IV, fig. ioa-à

Zoarium cylindrical, dichotomising, and branching at short intervais, in différent planes.

The zoœcia are distinctly separaied by thin raised margins, and the sides are nearly
straight. The surface is flat or slightly depressed with numerous fairly large pores, two
of which near the top are larger than the others. The part by the aperture is raised, bot h
in the zoœcium bearing the aperture, and in the one above ; and the peristomial aperture is
nearly round, only sometimes showing a slight groove on the proximal edge. Ovicells

unknown.

It is only in broken spécimens that the lyrula can be seen, as it is directed downwards at
right angles to the axis of the zoœcium (fig. lod). In a few cases there is a pore below
the aperture, as in S. gelida nov. when the peristome meets over a sinus, and I was perplexed as
to whether this might be the basai part of S. gelida, but this cannot be as both the zoarium
and the zoœcia are larger than in the last species, the branching is more fréquent and the
surface is flat or depressed, this is always the case in the lower zoœcia, which are blind,
having no opening.

(1) Vincularia exarata Reuss, « Bryoz. von Crosaro ». (Dciik. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, vol. XXIX, p. 276,
pi. XXXIV. fig. I.) — Smittia exarata Waters, Quart. Journ. Geo!. Soc., vol. XLVII, p. 22, pi. III, fig. 6.

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

This is somewhat like the Lepralia impressa of Reuss (') ; and only differs from my
Smittia anceps (2) from Curdies Creek (S. W. Vict.), in having no oral avicularium, but I
now think a mistake was made in considering the fossil to be the anceps of MacGillivray.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; -f 0.9 C; 3 pièces.

N°ggi, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long, 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met.; +0.9C; 1 pièce.

Smittia crassatina sp. nov.

PI. IV, fig. 9; PI. III, fig. 7)

Zoarium incrusting. Zoœcia very large, not much raised (just under imm in length),
ovate to hexagonal, distinctly divided by a thin ridge, having moderate sized pores on each
side of the ridge ; surface with numerous large pores ending in small pits. The rounded oral
aperture is surrounded by a thick border or peristome, sinuate on the lower edge, so that
on casual examination the species might be taken for SchizoporcIIa, there is however a narrow
médian denticle (lyrula) within the aperture. There are ovicells on spécimen 288, but being
broken clown it is difficult to distinguish the characters, however they are small, much raised
and perhaps there has been an area in front.

N° 277 was drawn as SchizoporcIIa but further cleaning has shown it be S. crassatina with
rather large zoœcia.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 277 and 288, Dredge (Chalut) I. Lat. 7i°og/ S.- Long. Sg° i5' W.; 460 met.; -fo.3 C.

N° 332, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88*02' W. ; 435 met. ; +o.3 C.

Nos 61g, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 oo' S.- Long. 80048' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; -f-o.g C.

N° 741, Tangles IX. Lat. 700 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. ; 469 met. ; +0.8 C.

Smittia pileata sp. nov.

(PI. IV, figs. ya, b)

Zoarium incrusting. Zoœcia oval to oblong, slightly raised, with fairly large pores
over the surface, below the aperture an umbo, which usually projects over the aperture,
but is sometimes free and well below the aperture. The sides of the peristome are often
raised, and within it there is a médium sized lyrula, while above usually as a part of the
next zoœcium there is an élévation forming a cap. The distal margin of the zoœcium runs
in to the aperture as in Lepralia cruenta Norman. Ovicell short, raised, perforated by a
few pores.

This of course, in some zoœcia, would be pronounced typical Mucronella, but we
constantly see the artificialness of that genus.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 61g, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W.; 5oo ? met.; 4-0. g C.

(1) North Italian Bryozoa. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XLVII, p. 19, pi. II, fig. i5.

(2) Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XXXVII, p. 337, pi. XVIII, fig. 94.

BRYOZOA 71

Smittia gelida sp. nov.

(PL IV, fig-s. 6a-c)

Zoarium cylindrical, branched. Zoœcia alternate in linear séries, hexagonal to subovate,
divided by distinct raised margins ; surface perforated, in the younger zoœcia raised, in the
older ones Hat or depressed. Peristome raised except at the proximal edge, where there is a
peristomial sinus, within which the narrow lyrula is seen, situated low down. Sometimes the
peristome meets, forming a central pore. The ovicell is globular, but not always much raised,
with a few large pores on the surlace. The cylindrical branches grow from a part of the
zoarium which is adnate, and has similar zoœcia, though rather wider and more ovate than
those of the erect portion. In the preliminary examination the adnate and erect forms were
separated, as two species, but spécimens showing the erect form growing out of the adnate
one established the identity, which is interesting, as we know of comparativel)r few cases
where growth of an erect form out of an adnate one is proved, although it is suspected in
several.

There are ig tentacles as counted in adnate spécimens. Sections of the adnate portion
show dark bodies in the tips of the tentacles just as in 5. antardica nov., 5. gelida is much
like the fossil from Curdies Creek which I called 5. anceps MacG. ('), but I now consider the
détermination was not correct. The fossil has oral avicularia. A close relationship between
this and S. antardica nov. is évident, but the zoœcial shape is différent, there are no avicularia,
and the lyrula is narrower.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 610, 6i5, 621, Ô23, 65o, 683, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° oo' S.- Long. 8i°48' W. ;
5oo met. ; -f 0.9 C.

Nos 610 and 6i5 only adnate. Nos 683 and ggr both erect and adnate.

Smittia dentata sp. nov.

(PI. IV, 6g. 3)

Zoarium incrusting, with zoœcia ovate to hexagonal, having large pores round the border,
each pore separated by a short ridge, surface smooth or slightly granular. Oral aperture
large, with bidentate lyrula and a cardella at each side. Near the lower corner of the aper-
ture, at each side there is a small, tumid avicularium with semicircular mandible. Ovicell
unknown. In the gênerai form it much resembles the Mucrondla bicuspis Hincks, but differs
in having a row of pores round the border, instead of the few large punctures of the New
Zealand spécimens. The fossil S. biincisa Waters from South Australia and Victoria is very
closely allied to thèse two, and the Mucrondla serratimargo Ortmann, from Japan has a similar
aperture.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 6i5, Tangles MIL Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' \V. ; 5oo ? met. ; 4-0.9 C. — One
pièce only, growing on stone.

(1) Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XXXVII, p. 33/, pi. XVIII, fig. 94.

7, EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Smittia reptans sp. nov.

PI. IV, fig. ii

Zoœcia creeping, younger zoœcia growing from each upper corner ; much raised towards
the oral aperture, which is situated a short distance below the distal end. The peristome
has a proximal groove and is much raised, in a few cases forming a raised tube. The surface
is porcellanous, and in some zoœcia minute pores round the edge can be distinguished, also
a few minute pores spread over the surface. Ovicells unknown.

The narrow lyrula can seldom be distinguished having only been seen in two or three
zoœcia, and if it had not been seen, the species might hâve been mistaken for Schizoporella.
The growth and shape is very similar to that of Hippothoa, though not as much so as the
drawings would suggest, since the zoœcia are about four times the size of H '. divaricata and
instead of being hyaline the walls are thicker and porcellanous. It grows similarly to
Lagenipora Edwardsii Jullien (:), and to Mucronella cothurnica Kirkpatrick from Alauritius (2),
and we hâve uniserial growth in Schizoporella Alderi B., various Beania, Membranipora, Hippothoa
&c. &c.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Bel^e.

N° 288, Dredge I. Lat. 7i°oc/ S.- Long. 89° i5' W. ; 460 met. ; -fo.3 C.

N° 428, Tangles VI. Lat. 71" 19' S.- Long. 870 3f W. ; 436 met. ; — 0.2 C.

N° 5yo, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82" 47' W. ; 480 met. ; +0.8 C.

Nos 619, 683, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70°oo' S.- Long. 80048' W.; 5oo?met.; +0.9 C.

Escharoides biforrnata sp. nov.

PI. VII, fig. 5

Zoarium incrusting. Zoœcia ovate, convex, surface finely granular, having pores scat-
tered over the surface, with the pores more numerous round the border. The secondary
orifice, in the ordinarv zoœcia is rounded on the distal, narrower at the proximal end, and
near the proximal end — sometimes within the secondary orifice — there is an avicularium
with a triangular mandible ; also frequently there is an avicularium at the side of the secondary
aperture. The région of the aperture ofthe ovicelligerous zoœcia projects forward, and the
aperture is very much wider than that ol the ordinary zoœcia. The ovicell is short and
thrown back.

The only spécimen is on a stone, and the condition does not permit of an exami-
nation of the primary orifice, but the characters which are available indicate an affinity with
Escharoides Sarsii Sm. ofthe Arctic, and it is therefore put under the genus, without an opinion
being expressed, that the genus will be permanentlv retained. I do not find where Milne
Edwards has given the generic name though he his credited with it.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 45' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; —0.9 C.

(1) Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, vol. VII, 1882, p. (14) 5l2, pi. XIV", figs. 3o, 3i.

(2) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, s. 6, vol. I, p. Si, pi. IX, fig. 5.

BRYOZOA 73

Cellepora horneroides sp. nov.

(PI. IV, %S. 120-/)

Zoarium cylindrical, growing from a small solid spreading base, branching in the same
plane ; or the branches form more or less cup-like growth, having the zoœcial openings on
the outer surface only, and none on the inner. Zoœcia not separated on the surface, which
has small linear dépressions, and it may be called fibro-reticulate ; also there are pores scat-
tered over the surface, showing a tubular dépression leading to them, besides which there are
a very few semicircular avicularia on the surface of the zoœcia.

The visible, or peristomial aperture, is horse-shoe shaped, contracting towards the
proximal end and just below the aperture, or sometimes within it, there is a small avicularium
with an obtuse triangular mandible. The avicularium forms a triangular tooth projecting
into the aperture, but this tooth is not to be compared with the lyrula of Smittia, being much
above the oral aperture. The nearly round oral aperture is closed by an operculum, having
muscular attachments a distance from the edge, and the sinus of the aperture is Schizoporel-
lidan. Although the peristomial opening has so entirely the appearance of that of Smittia, this
is quite différent from the oral aperture, and in fact the operculum is very similar in size,
shape and characters to that of Cellepora dichotoma var. attenuata Aider. The ovicell is very
slightly raised, and is only distinctly seen when the walls are transparent, as in spirit or
balsam préparations. The zoœcia are connected by several long tubes with their neighbours,
in this particular resembling a large number of Celleporœ. There are 18-20 tentacles, and
in N° 741 there are ovaria attached to the walls of the zoœcia, and embryos in the ovicell.

This is a very interesting species, through having the zoœcia only on the one surface,
which is also the case in a cylindrical form, collected by the Challenger from the West
Indies, and named by me Porina proboscidea, when I compared the surface to that of Filisparsa.

Whether we should for the time being, call this Antarctic form Schizoporella or Cellepora
is somewhat doubtful, for it belongs to a group, which has some représentatives among what
we now call Cellepora or Osthimosia, and some among Schizoporella, and when a revision of
thèse two gênera is made, a genus will hâve to be created, embracing some forms now placed
with Osthimosia, and some now with Schizoporella.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 242, g38, Tangles I. Lat. 700 48' S.- Long. gi° 54' W. ; 410 met.; —0.6 C.
Nos 56i, 567, 570, 571, 5g6, 922, 1012, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82047' W. ;
480 met. ; +0.8 C.

N° 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 7o°oo' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.
N° 741, Tangles IX. Lat. 70° 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. ; 459 met. ; +0.8 C.

Osthimosia signata (Busk)

(PL VIL fig. 4)
Cellepora signata Busk, Zoo] .' Challenger Exp., vol. X. pt. XXX, p. 2o3, pi. XXX, fig. 3 ; pi. XXXVI, ûg. 14.

Zoarium cylindrical ; zoœcia smooth, flask-shaped, ventricose in the lower part, con-
tracted towards the distal end ; peristome raised in a wing-like process, on each side of the

R 21

EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

aperture, continued in the distal part to a rostral process carrying an avicularium with small
triano-ular mandibles. On the front of the zoœcium, below the aperture, there is a small
semicircular avicularian chamber, round which there are large pores irregularly placed, and
a few semicircular avicularia are irregularly situated on the zoœcia. There is also a large
vicarious avicularium with broadly spatulate mandible. Ovicells unknown. Only small frag-
ments were found, so that no dissections hâve been possible. I should not hâve ventured
to place it under 0. signata from Busk's figures, but an examination of the Challenger
spécimens show that both O. signata B. and C. canaliculata B. hâve the winged-like process on
the peristome. The spécimen is however too small to speak with absolute certainty as to its
position. It apparently belongs to the Osthimosia eatonensis group, but the zoœcia are very
much larger, and it is also closely related to Cellepora canaliculata Busk.

Habitat. — Challenger Station, 304 (Patagonia). Lat. 460 53' S.- Long. 75° 11' W. ;
45 fathoms (73 mètres).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 7o°oo' S.- Long. 80048' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Osthimosa clavata sp. nov.

PL VII, figs. m

Zoarium erect, forming thick cylindrical branches, the lower part of which is dark, while
the ends are clear, white, porcellanous ; the extremities are clavate. The zoœcia are globular,
imperforate, smooth, bearing an avicularium on a rostrum at the distal end of the aperture,
and there are a few small round avicularia scattered about, also some vicarious avicularia
with verv short thin spatulate mandibles. The operculum is about o.i2mm wide with the
muscular attachments o.o5mm apart. The ovicells are not very distinct, as the}- are merely a
greater inflation of the distal portion of the zoœcium, however where a view into the ovicell is
obtained, it is seen to be widely open and it cannot be closed by the operculum ; there is a
wide area to some ovicells but not to ail.

The number of tentacles is 18, and there are ova and testes with spermatozoa in the
zoœcia, but no oral glands are found. The ovaria are often much compressed, having one or
two cells with large nuclei.

This is very much like the Osthimosia (Cellepora) eatonensis Busk ('), but the two are
considered to be distinct, for the growth of this Antarctic form is peculiar, and the short
vicarious avicularium differs from the long one of O. eatonensis B. with its thick mandible.

A small spécimen from N° 6i5, which I think is this species, lias the semicircular avicu-
laria more abundant, especially round the aperture. This is a young growth on stone and
is porcellanous.

(1) Osthimosia eatonensis Busk was subsequently described by Jullien as Osthimosia evexa Jull. In Busk's
description of the Challenger O. eatonensis he does not mention the ovicells, but they occur from Station 149 D.
being widely open with a flattened area ; from St. 3i5 they are widely open, imperforate, with a Une but the area is
not very distinct ; from 3o3 (which Sir John Murray thinks ma}- be 3o8) there are similar globose ovicells.

I-iRYOZOA 75

In 0. clavata the muscles are attached to the operculum in a pit, instead of to a projection
as is usually the case.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 343, 1047, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. ; 435 met.; — o.3 C.
N° 428, Tangles VI. Lat. 71° 19' S.- Long. 870 3y' W.; 436 met.; —0.2 C.
N° 6i5, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.09 C.

ORTHOPORA gen. nov.

In the Ortkofiora compacta sp. nov. the lower edge of the oral aperture and of the oper-
culum is straight, and the muscular attachments are close to the distal edge of the operculum.
The ovicell is placed proximally to the oral aperture as in Turritigera stellata, and probably
in a few other species placed now under Cellepora, and on account of the position of the ovicell,
it has seemed necessary to form a new genus, but as only one species is known, much cannot
be said about it, nor can we be sure that it will be permanently retained.

Orthopora compacta sp. nov.

(PI. V, figs. 4«-«)

This is allied to Turritigera, in having the ovicell situated proximally to the oral aperture,
which is the most distinguishing character of T. stellata B., although it was not appreciated
when first described, for the « tumid prominence » referred to by Busk is the ovicell. The
zoarium is erect, branching, cylindrical. The zoœcia are porcellanous, inflated ; and above
the oral aperture there is a long process bearing an avicularium, with a triangular mandible.
The calcareous tube leading from the avicularium is very distinctly seen when the avicularian
process is broken away. In many Cellepora: the avicularian tubes are in the wall of the zoœcia
or peristome, but hère they form a projection into the peristome, and the same structure
is seen in Turritigera stellata B.

The operculum is straight below, and the muscular attachments are quite at the distal
end (fig. 46) so that from the position of the muscular attachments it could be distinguished
from ail other species, with which I am acquainted. There are occasionally on the surface
of the zoœcium one or two small triangular avicularia, also sometimes two similar ones on
the ovicell, and they may occur on the oral avicularian process. There are a few vicarious
avicularia with spatulate mandibles. Sections show a marked peculiarity in the tentacular
sheath, which in most species is quite thin, showing a few nuclei at intervais, as figured by
Calvet, Levinsen, and others but in 0. compacta it is three or four times the usual thickness,
and shows the darkly stained longitudinal muscular band. The parenchym, with nucleated cells
is found on each side of the sheath. The sheath of Cellepora bispinata B. is also very thick.

There are 24 tentacles and no oral glands were found. In Lagenipora granum Hincks
there are 12 tentacles ; in Cellepora pumicosa B. i5-20 ; in C. caminata Waters 16 ; in C. sardonica
Waters i3 ; in C. verruculata Sm. 14 ; in C. incrassata Sm. 17 ; in C. ventricosa Lorenz 21 ; in
Osthimosa evexa Jull. there are 10 (fide Jullien) ; in Lagenipora Costazii Aud. 12 ; in Cellepora
bispinata B. there are 16; in Osthimosia clavata nov. 18; C. horneroides nov. 18-20. The O. compacta
is very similar to Cellepora solida Busk, and at first was thought to be identical, but upon

76 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

an examination of the British Muséum Challenger spécimen, the operculum was found to
hâve a différent shape (see PL V, fig. 5). Busk calls the operculum suborbicular, and figures
it as PI. XXIX, fig. 12a, but nothing of the kind is found in Busk's préparation, whereas there
are several opercula as given in my figure 5. Some mistake lias been made in the « Challenger
Report » which I hâve not fathomed.

From the Cape Horn Expédition, Dredge, N° 32, Lat. 53° i3' S.- Long. 68°3i' W.,
97 met., +6°. 6 C, there are spécimens of Cellepora growing from a very small base, which
gradually becomes wider, making the colony club-shaped. The growth and appearance is so
similar to that of Orthopora compacta, that I h ad no doubt as to its being the same, until I
made préparations, and then the operculum showed, that in the aperture there was a wide
round sinus, further the mandible is characteristic, having a very narrow, elongate lucida. The
lower edge of the aperture frequently appears straight, which is difficult to understand, as
the lower edge of the operculum ahvays has the round projection, but the sinus of the aperture
must be concealed by calcareous growth in front of it. Sections show that there are only i3
to 14 tentacles in the Cellepora under considération, whereas O. compacta has 24. The Cape
Horn spécimen will probably be called C. pctiolata nov.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 343, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. ; 435 met.; — o.3 C.
N° 428, Tangles VI. Lat. 710 19' S.- Long. 870 37' W. ; 436 met.; ■ — 0.2 C.
N° 6i3, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° oo' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Turritigera stellata Busk

(PL V, fig. 3a-c; PI. VIII, fig. i3

Turritigera stellata Busk, Zool. Challenger Exp , vol. X, pt. XXX. p. i3o, pi. XXIV, fig. i ; Waters, op. cit.,
vol. XXXI. pt. LXXIX, p. 22, pi. I, figs. 22. 25.

This is evidently one of the most abundant of the Antarctic species, and while most of
the spécimens are voung and show but slight branching, there are more fully developed
ones, showing that the complète growth is reticulate, which was not the case in the Challenger
spécimens examined.

This species has the peculiarity, pointed out in my «Supplementary Challenger Report»,
of having the ovicell placed proximally to the oral aperture, instead of distally, as in other
Chilostomata, with the exception of Orthopora compacta nov . , and probably two or three species
at présent considered to be Cellepora.

The thin operculum is Schizoporellidan with the muscular attachment some distance from
the border of the operculum. Round the aperture there are avicularia on cylindrical processes,
but the number varies from three to six, and I do not find any regularity as to the time
of appearance or size as mentioned by Busk. The secondary aperture is often closed by a
thin dome-shaped calcareous cover, as mentioned in my «Supplementary Report».

The zoœcial surface has elongate pores, which in alcohol or balsam préparations are
seen to be the ends of tubes which run longitudinally as in Hornera, and there are also raised
avicularia, with triangular mandibles scattered hère and there. The dorsal surface is quite
similar to the anterior and cannot be called rugose.

BRYOZOA 77

To each zoœcium there are several long tubular connections, often about the length
of a zoœcium, and they arise from near the distal endofa zoœcium passing to the proximal
end of the next younger one, though sometimes one of thèse tubes may skip a zoœcium and
join the following one (fig. i3). There are very few connections to the latéral neighbouring
zoœcia. In Tubucellaria, Cellaria &c. there is one long Connecting tube, but a number as in
T. stellata is unusual.

There are 18 tentacles, which are narrow, and the tentacular sheath is normal, whereas
it is very thick in Orthopora compacta nov. which belongs to an allied genus, both having the
ovicells proximal instead of distal. No oral glands were found, though in N° 611 there are
buds as well as complète polypides. In spécimen N° 621 the zoœcial cavity is crowded with
testes and spermatozoa, and sometimes in the same zoarium there are small ovaria.

Habitat. — Challenger Station 320 (off Argentine) 600 fath. (970 met.), and Station 142
(Cape of Good Hope) i5o fath. (240 met.) ; Cape Horn « Entre les missions et le Détroit de
Magellan * (Mus. d'hist. nat. Paris).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 3og (2 spécimens), Tangles II. Lat. 710 14' S.- Long. 8g° 14' \V. ; 460 met.; 4-0. 3 C.

Nos 346 (1 sp.), 1047 (1 sp.), Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W. ; 435 met.;
— 0,3 C.

Nos 564 (2 sp.), 922 (2 sp.), 1012, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W.; 480 met.;
+0.8 C.

Nos 611 (3o sp.), 6i3 (on Orthopora compacta), 619, Tangles YIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long.
8o° 48' W. ; 5oo ? met. ; +0.9 C.

Nos 621 (2 sp.), 683 (28 sp. some on Cellarinella foveolata), Tangles VIII. d° d°.

N° 752 (1 sp.), Tangles IX. Lat. 700 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W. ; 459 met.; 4-0.8 C.

Nos 799 (1 sp.), 800, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 840 06' W. ; 56g met.; +0.8 C.

RETEPORA

The Antarctic Rctcporœ seem to belong to two related groups of this genus, and in gênerai
character there is much to recall the fossils of the Australian Tertiaries. Three species are
related to the R. sinuosa of Kirkpatrick, and it is noticeable that the monilifera group is
unrepresented in this collection, apparently having had but a limited distribution, and as a
rule the distribution of species of Retepora is but limited.

As I hâve previously said ('), although there does not seem to be any one character
found in ail Reteporœ, yet it seems to be a natural group, as in ail, some or other, of the zoœcial
distinctive characters occur, and we may hère mention that there is very generally, and often
on both surfaces, a small elliptical avicularium, with a thin mandible, and this form ofavicu-
larium might be called a Reteporidan avicularium.

In nearly ail Rctcporœ there is on the dorsal surface a thick calcareous layer, which when
incinerated, readily séparâtes from the front or zoœcial layer (see PL VI, fig. 6a) and on the

(1) On Mediterranean and New Zealand Retepora &c. [Linn. Soc. Joimi. Zool., vol. XXV, p. 255.

7S EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

surface of the dorsal layer there are vibices, which are lines without any relation to the zocecia,
not being merely surface lines but extending through the dorsal layer. Fig. 6a taken from
a préparation of R. crassa B. shows this structure which is gênerai. It will be seen, that
the interior of thèse vibical divisions is formed of parallel lines, and from the broken surface
(PI. VI, figs. 6a, b) it would appear as if the neighbouring areas dovetail into one another.

Levinsen (') considers the oral bow, which I hâve previously alluded to as a «shclf»,
is of great classificatory value, and says it occurs in différent families, and is gênerai in
Reteporidœ. The genus is placed by Levinsen in his Camarostega, and the ovicell is hyper-
stomial.

Hincks (2) lias correctly described the base of Retepora, but I cannot agrée with him
in his description of the order of its formation, as of course from one zoeecium grow the zocecia
from which the colony is further developed and in a very early stage, the zoœcia throw
out the expanded crust referred to. A similar mistake has been made concerning the radicles
of other rooted forms, for fresh radicles are being constantlv formed as the colony grows ;
and in the same way the basai part of Retepora increases as strength is required. The attach-
ment of a considérable number of the Chilostomatous Bryozoa is similar, being formed by a
subséquent growth in no way resembling the zoœcia ; but there are some species of Bryozoa,
in which at first the zoarium is adnate, having zocecia like those in the erect portion, which
of course grows from the adnate part, as seen in Smittia gelida nov. Sometimes Retepora throws
out one or more fresh attachments, and when this is to a body near to the zoarium, then the
calcareous growth is similar to that of the base of the Reteporœ generallv. This is seen in
R. hippocrepis nov. (PL VI, fig. 10a).

No gênerai considération of Retepora would be complète without taking into account a
massive bilaminate species without any reticulation, occurring off South Africa and which came
into my hands through Miss Jelly's kindness, after my paper on Retepora (3) was published,
and since then I hâve intended to describe it. Howevcr I now give a figure of one zoœcium,
and the operculum (PI. VI, figs. 8a, b, c, d) hoping sometime to give fuller figures. It will be
seen that it is of the R. fissa type having a fissured raised ovicell, the zoœcia are distinctly
separated, and to each zoœcium there are four or more small raised circular avicularia, with
semicircular mandibles ; below the aperture there is a small labial avicularium, with semicir-
cular mandible ; there is a peristomial slit, and on the surface of the zoœcia there are nume-
rous large pits as well as the avicularia. The operculum is wide below, and becomes narrower
towards the distal end, being similar in shape to the operculum of R. protecta sp. nov.

Busk also refers to a bilaminate form in his «Challenger Report », p. 114, but he says it
belongs to the R. tessellata group, and it does not seem probable that he could hâve considered
the S. African form as having chitinous organs similar to those of R. tessellata. Busk says
that the spécimen is in the Oxford Muséum, though unfortunately he does not state where it
was from. I went to Oxford, for the purpose of seeing this interesting species, but it could
not be found.

A most interesting point in connection with m}' South African species is that R. granulata

(1) Studies on Bryozoa. [Vidensk. Medd. fra d. Naturh. Foren., Kjôbenhavn, 1902, p. 19.)

(2) Hincks, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 38g.

(3) Linn. Soc. Journ. Z00L, vol. XXV, pp. 255-272, pi. 6-7,

BRYOZOA

MacG., from Port Phillip Heads, has exactly similar zoœcia and ovicells ; and also the opercula
are just the same shape. MacGillivray says the young zoœcia of R. granulata hâve a fissure
in the ovicell, which is afterwards closed. The South African form is not in ail parts bila-
minate, but unilaminate parts coalesce, and thus become bilaminate. In the unilaminate
parts there are, on the dorsal surface, vibices and small avicularia, with semicircular mandibles,
as in the Australian R. granulata MacG.

We are not now requiring proof, that for classification we must look principally to the
zoœcial characters, and that zoarial ones, when the)r are used, must be dealt with very
cautiously, though had such a striking case of identity of ail the minute characters, as in the
Australian reticulate R. granulata MacG. and in the bilaminate R. hilaminata Waters (just des-
cribed), been recognised and understood two générations ago, how much more advanced we
should now hâve been.

A point, that has come before me in considering this species is mentioned for what
it is worth. So far as I am able to judge from my own collection, and from what I hâve seen,
there is no part of the world where there are so many massive and solid Bryozoa as South
Africa, and where gênera generally délicate, are found with thick calcareous growth, as examples
may be mentioned, Tennysonia stellata Busk ; large species of Heteropora, solid bilaminate
Steganoporella Bitskii Harmer ; bilaminate Schizoporella bimunita Hincks ; S. porelliformis mss.,
a large bilaminate form ; large Adeona ; Mucronella conforta Busk ; Chaperia capense B. ; Meiu-
branipora elizabethiensis Waters allied to the small M . tubigera Busk ; Chaperia annulus var.
bilaminata Waters. In this respect the Antarctic forms are quite différent, as there are no
very massive species ; however Irom Patagonia there are some ; among others Aspidostoma
gigantea B. attains to a great size and is sometimes reticulate.

The known Rcteporœ from S. America are R. magellensis Busk, and an allied species,
which I propose to call R. spatulifera, and also R. altisulcata Kirkpatrick, ail belonging to the
same group. This group is not apparently represented from the Antarctic. R. cellulosa L. has
been mentioned by Busk and Ridley from South America, but there is every probability,
that they were dealing with another species. Ridley refers to Busk's fig. 7, PI. CXXIII of
the British Muséum Catalogue, but Busk neither in the text, nor in the explanation of the
plates refers to fig. 7 so that we do not know what species it represents, but it may possibly
be R. magellensis Busk.

The spécimen, which I propose to call R. spatulifera instead of forming a net work, is
composed of narrow strap-shaped branches, occasionally anastomosing at varying distances.
In the young zoœcia there is a broad spine at each side of the aperture, but in the older zoœcia
it is more délicate. Except in the zoarial form and in the spines this corresponds in ail
respects with R. magellensis Busk.

Retcpora is not known from the Cretaceous, or any earlier formation, for though the
name has been used for some Paleozoic fossils thèse were in most cases FenestelliJœ. From the
l'>wer Tertiaries, the number of species mentioned is small, and some of thèse cannot be
again recognised, on account of the insufficient description and figures furnished. R. cellulosa
(L.-Smitt) has been given as from.lower Miocène or upper Eocene, but this is very doubtful,
whereas R. elegans Reuss, and R. rubeschi Reuss, from the lower Tertiaries, may be considered
good species.

Some of Michelin's species are not Retepora but Hornera, and none could be recognised

So EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

from the figures and descriptions, as unreliable characters were used. From the Miocène
of N. America it occurs as Phidolophora Gabb. and Horn. In the Pliocène of England, Italy
&c. there are various species of Retepora ; and a number hâve been described from the upper
Tertiaries of Australia by MacGillivray and others. In ail probability the genus has never
before reached so high a stage of developement, it is universally distributed, and is evidentlv
abundant in both polar régions. The distribution of the species of Retepora is as a rule very
limitée!, more so than that of any other large genus.
The number of tentacles are :

R. protecta nov. 12. R. hippocrepis nov. 11. R. Couchii H. 12.

R. frigida nov. 14. R. laevigata nov. i5. R. cellulosa L. 12.

R. antarctica nov. 14-15. R. lepralioides nov. 13-14. R. elongata Sm. i5-i6.

Retepora antarctica sp. nov.

(PI. VI, figs. ia-k)

Zoarium reticulate, forming flat expansions with fairly large meshes. The fenestrae are
about the same width as the branches, which as a rule are about o.6mm wide.

One pièce from N° 620 is nearly flat and measures about /[5mm X 3omm.

Zoœcia rhomboidal, separated on the anterior surface by distinct slightly raised lines,
with the peristome considerably elevated at each side, and usually a sinus to the secondary
triangular aperture. Anterior and posterior surface somewhat granular ; with small elliptical
avicularia on the front of the zoœcia, sometimes depressed, occurring in some pièces generally
to each zoœcium, or even there may be a second avicularium, while in other pièces the avicularia
are only found on a small proportion of the zoœcia. In some spécimens there are a few
avicularia, with broadly triangular mandibles, at one side of the proximal border of the peris-
tome ; and very rarely there is a large raised transverse triangular avicularium, with long
triangular mandibles (fig. ic). There are on some young zoœcia 4 oral spines, and in the
interior of the zoœcium there are two calcareous projections for the attachment of the operculum
(see fig. 1/;). The operculum becomes much wider at the proximal edge. The ovicell has no
slit or other markings, except where the zoœcial dividing lines extend over it ; they often
contain embryos. On the dorsal surface the vibices are irregular and there are a few elliptical
avicularia. The oral glands are well developed, and the number of tentacles is 14-15.

There is a large dark mass in some of the tentacles, but I hâve never found more than
one such tentacle in a zoœcium, and it may occur in the tip, when histolysis has commenced
at the extremity, and near it the remaining cells are few and not distinct, while lower down
they are but slightly changed. In some cases however there is in thèse stained sections a dark
mass about the middle of the tentacle, and close to it ail the cells hâve disappeared, while by
the extremity they are in their usual places. Dark bodies in the tips of Smittia gelida nov. &c.
hâve been already referred to, but the two cases are not quite similar, as in S. gelida the tips,
of practically ail the tentacles, contain thèse bodies, whereas in the présent case there are only
a very limitée! number of such tentacles, and never more than one such to any zoœcium.
Spécimens in différent conditions of growth must be studied, before we can be sure what
spécifie différences there are.

BRYOZOA 81

The opercula and mandibles are of the R. cellulosa type, being somewhat similar to
those of R. Couchii H., but perhaps the nearest relationship is with R. avicularis MacG., and
with the fossil variety R. rimata Waters, from which it differs in the shape of the avicularia.
R. magellensis Bush (collected by the Challenger off the Argentine, and also known from the
Falklands and Cape Horn) also differs in having small semicircular avicularia on the anterior
and dorsal surface, whereas in R. antarctica they are elliptical, further in R. magellensis the
labial semicircular avicularia are constant, and the two species can be distinguished by means
of the ovicells. Btjsk's description of R. magellensis in the « Challenger Report » requires
correction, as in the Challenger spécimens there are distinct vibices and also numerous
semicircular avicularia on the dorsal surface. Unfortunately Busk does not seem to hâve
incinerated, or boiled in caustic any of the Reteporœ, and thus sometimes overlooked vibices
and small avicularia.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 3og, Tangles II. Lat. 71° 14' S.- Long. 89° 14' YV.; 460 met.; +o.3 C.
Nos 345, 1047, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.
X"s 60S, 620, 621, 683, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 80" 48' W. ; 58o met.;
-fo.g C.

Retepora protecta sp. nov.

(PI. VI, figs. la-e)

The zoarium is cup-shaped, with rather small fenestrse about i.omm-i.4mm long, and
about o.8mm wide. There is one nearly flat pièce from 620, about 35mm X 20mm.

The zoœcia are rhomboidal, separated by narrow lines, and but slightly convex ; surface
iaintly pitted with the edges of thèse shallow pits straight, thus forming a kind of net work.
The peristome in front is irregularly notched, and often is raised as a plate, which may even
turn forwards at right angles to the axis of the zoarium. There is a fissure or pore at the side
of this plate, but it is only formed by the junction of the opposite walls of the peristome,
and this will be the labial fissure or pore, which in most species, where it occurs, is médian.
The distal portion of the peristome also sometimes extends beyond the aperture. In young
zoœcia there are 6 spines, but in the older ones there may be one délicate spine on each side,
though as a rule spines are absent. On the front of the zoœcium there is usually one small
elliptical avicularium. The dorsal surface has irregular vibices, and round the edge of the
fenestrœ there are numerous small avicularia. The ovicell is not raised, and frequently it is
not readily distinguished, there is a straight mark on the front, but this does not seem to be
a fissure. There are 12 tentacles, and also suboral glands, and in the spécimens N° 242 there
are ova and testes with abundant spermatozoa.

Except in a baclly preserved dry spécimen, from N° 683 the shape of the zoarium
cannot be recognised, in this however it arises from a broad base, and is cup-shaped. The
meshes are smaller in this spécimen, than in the others, but the identity is established, although
it is badly preserved. There is also a small stout spécimen from N° 3og (PI. VI, fig. 9) which
shows neither reticulation nor anastomoses and which I at first labelled R. porcellana MacG.
It is not in good condition for détail examination, but the opercula and other zoœcial characters
correspond with those of the reticulate R. protecta ; and at présent we may consider it R. protecta
var. crassa.

XI

21

82 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

R. protecta is allied to R. porcellana MacG., but the zoarium of protecta is less solid, with
smaller fenestrœ, and there are no labial avicularia.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 242, Tangles I. Lat. 70048' S.- Long. 91° 54' W.; 410 met.; +0.6 C.

N° 3og, Tangles II. Lat. 710 14' S.- Long. 89° 14' W.; 460 met.; 4-0.3 C. (var. crassa).

N° 33g, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

Nos 620, 683, ggi, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8ou 48' W.; 5oo?met.; 4-0.9 C.

Retepora frigida sp. nov.

PI. VI, figs. 4a-/

Zoarium large, as judged from the fragmentarv spécimens, which are only slightly
curved, thus indicating a large colony ; one flat pièce is 25mm X i5mm. Fenestrse larger than
those of R. protecta sp. nov. being about 2.4™™ to 3.6mm long, and about o.8mm to i.6mm wide.

Zoœcia indistinctly separated, surface smooth, with elliptical avicularia to some of the
zoœcia, and an occasional gigantic, raised avicularium, having a triangular mandible with
elongate beak. The oral aperture, as shown by the operculum, is nearly straight below, and
the distal edge is more than a half circle. The labial pore is to one side, and is formed by
calcareous growth on each side meeting over it ; the plate at the proximal edge of the aperture
is below the surface, and is notched, whereas in R. protecta it is erect ; at each side there is a
jointed spine.

The ovicell is almost concealed, onlv showing as slightly elevated above the aperture,
and is entire, though in one or two cases there is a faint mark, reminding us of the ovicellular
slit of R. celhdosa &c. The dorsal surface is smooth, divided irregularly by vibices, and has
numerous elliptical avicularia. There are about 14 tentacles, the glands are long, and there
are testes with spermatozoa.

The structure is very similar to that of R. protecta nov. in several points, but the fenestrse
are larger, the surface is smooth, and instead of having a raised plate in front of the aperture,
it is well within the aperture, and there are large, raised, triangular avicularia. There is also
considérable similarity to R. laevigata nov., but the opercula are quite différent.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 33g, 345, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

Retepora laevigata sp. nov.

(PL VI, figs. 5a-d

Zoarium cup-shaped, fenestrse large, branches narrow. Zoœcia smooth, indistinct,
without divisional lines, distal end not raised, peristomial aperture with wide sinus within
which are seen the two teeth meeting and forming a pore, on the surface there are scattered
small semicircular avicularia, but often none are to be found upon a branch. There are six
spines in the younger zoœcia, but thev are not found in the older zoœcia. The ovicells are
not raised, and while there is a mark down the front I do not think it is a fissure.

On the dorsal surface there are few and very délicate vibices, on some branches none

BRYOZOA 83

are distinguishable, and there are, hère and there, small semicircular avicularia, also fenestral
avicularia, with thin spatulate mandibles, and a few similar ones near the border of the
fenestrae. Thèse appear to be the elliptical avicularia enlarged. There are i5 tentacles.

The above description is of a spécimen from N° 322, and there is also one from N°428
(dry) which has larger meshes about 3.6mm X 2mm quite corresponding with Busk's figure of
R. gigantea, but it is smooth and has but few of the semicircular avicularia on the anterior
surface, and no labial avicularia. It would be interesting to compare a larger séries of
R. gigantea B. and R. laevigata sp. nov. As to spécimen N° 428 there is considérable uncertainty,
and unfortunately the opercula are wanting.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 3og, 320 (1 pièce each), Tangles II. Lat. 710 14' S.- Long. 8g°i4' W.; 460 met.; -)-o.3 C.

N° 322 (1 pièce), Tangles III. Lat. 710 24' S.- Long. 8g° 12' W., 460 met.; -f o.3 C.

N° 428 (1 pièce), Tangles VI. Lat. 710 19' S.- Long. 87° 37' W., 436 met.; — 0.2 C.

Retepora lepralioides sp. nov.

(PL VI, figs. 3a-d)

Judging from the largest pièce, measuring about 3omm X about iomm which is not very
much curved, the zoarium evidently attains to a considérable size. The fenestrae are large
and usuallv rather wider than the branches, the average length of the fenestrae being about 3mm.

The zoœcia are elongate, smooth, with small elliptical avicularia on the front, and to
a few zoœcia there are large raised beaked avicularia directed forwards, the mandibles are
triangular, elongate at the end. There are also large fenestral avicularia directed towards
the interior of the fenestrae, visible both from the back and the front, and with similar man-
dibles to those of the large avicularia on the zoœcia. The secondary aperture is but little
above the oral aperture, and has a broad sinus, formed by the sides of the peristome being
raised. The oral aperture is nearly straight below, with the sides also nearly straight, and is
longer than broad ; the two oral spines are only seen in some zoœcia.

The ovicell is globular, much raised, fairly open in front, with in some cases a médian
fissure. The anterior zoœcial divisions extend to the front of the ovicells, and in some ovicells,
only thèse divisional lines are seen, while in others the fissure can be distinguished.

Dorsal surface divided by vibices and with numerous small elliptical avicularia.

There are r.3-14 tentacles and long suboral glands, as well as avicularian glands; there
are a few ovaria and testes with spermatozoa.

This has many points of similarity with R. antarctica sp. nov., but the zoœcia are longer,
and there are a number of large avicularia directed forwards, whereas in R. antarctica, the few
large avicularia are turned sideways, and may be replaced by small avicularia within the
aperture. The raised globular ovicell is another distinguishing character, but most important
of ail, is the différence in the shape of the oral aperture and the operculum.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 742, Tangles IX. Lat. 700 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' W.; 469 met.; +0.8 C.

2 pièces in alcohol but the smaller is probably broken off from the larger.

N° io32, do do do only fragments.

S+ EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Retepora gelida sp. nov.

(PL VI, figs. ja-d)

Zoaria with fairly large meshes, having the branches as a rule wider than the fenestrae,
though they vaiy much in width ; there are large fenestral avicularia with triangular mandibles.
The shape of the zoarium is unknown. The zoœcia are rhomboidal, distinct, separated by
raised lines, faintly granular, with a large, scarcely raised, avicularium directed transversely or
downwards, having a thin characteristic mandible which has a small lucida close to the
proximal end. The peristome is not much elevated, and has the border is most cases irregu-
larly serrate or nodulated, and sometimes, but not generallv, the peristome is raised at the
distal end. The operculum is short with the sides straight, the proximal border also straight
and the latéral borders are thick.

The ovicell is subimmersed and has an irregular mark on the front, the wall being
thinner hère, and occasionally on this there is a broad Une with the wall still thinner, but
there does not seem to be a fissure.

The dorsal surface is divided by vibices and there are elliptical avicularia.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

\" 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W.; 5oo?met. ; -f-c.9 C.

Retepora hippocrepis sp. nov.

(PL VI, figs. loa-g and figure in text)

Zoarium very irregularly cup-shaped, with a solid base. The largest spécimen is very
unequal in the axes, the longest axis being about 70™", and the shortest about 20mm, and the
growth cannot be said to be wavy or undulating. The fenestrae are fairly large, averaging
about 2mm X o.6mm and the branches are about as wide as the fenestrae. Fenestral avicularia
occur to nearly ail the fenestrae.

The zoœcia are not always distinctly indicated, but there are raised dividing lines to
most of the younger zoœcia, the shape is elongate, oval, surface smooth ; below the aperture
is a long, stout, solid, calcareous, spinous process, thèse do not usually support an avicularium,
but in one or two cases there is a minute semicircular one directed towards the oral aperture,
and occasionally on the other side of the spine, there may be growing by it and partially
attached to it, a large raised avicularium with triangular mandible. On the surface of the
zoœcium in various positions, there are the tumid avicularian chambers of a small avicula-
rium, with semicircular mandibles, and besides thèse there are a few triangular avicularia,
similar to the fenestral avicularia, usually placed transversely or diagonally directed upwards.

The oral aperture is nearly straight below, and contracted on each side towards the
lower part, while the condyles in the aperture are smaller than those of R. antarctica nov. The
ovicells are globular, much raised and fairly widely open below, never closed by the operculum,
nor does the operculum usually close the ovicells in Retepora ; on the front of the ovicell there
is the mark of a thinner part, either semicircular or more contracted, and often in the middle
is a wide line, which however does not seem to be a fissure. The dorsal surface is divided

nRYOZOA

S5

by vibices and there are numerous elliptical avicularia. The number of tentacles is n and
the oral glands are exceptionally long.

Just under the operculum there is on each
side a short tube, arising from the fleshy mass below
the operculum, to which the oral glands are attached,
and the question now is are thèse the excretory
openings of thèse two glands. The ends of the tubes
become thicker and were at first taken for the base
of spines. Further sections must be prepared and
a re-examination of other sections made, but I may
add, that though able to find thèse tubes in thin
sections they are best seen in thick sections, which

1 distinguish as « cuts » and such are often the most
instructive.

Thèse tubes were only found quite recentlv,
in fact, when I considered the memoir practically
finished, but their occurrence is a most important
fact which must be further studied and cleared up.
In R. hippocrepis I hâve not been able to find any
spines, though in allied gênera there are usuallv

2 or 3, which however are often only found in some
parts of the zoarium. In one section there is a tube which unmistakably looks like the joint
of a spine and I hâve been led by this to ask if there is any relationship to spines. New
in a form of Lepralia Pallasiana, which is the L. Otto-Mulleriana of Moll, there are several
spines and from the fleshy mass under the operculum (to which hère also the oral glands are
attached) there is a small organic protubérance passing to each spine. This suggests that the
oral spines, which hâve received but very little attention, should be carefully examined to see
if they are in any way iunctional.

The R. hippocrepis nov. , R. sinuosa Kirkpatrick, from Victoria, R. gelida nov., and R.
lepralioid.es nov. ail seem to hâve an operculum of the Lepralia type, and thèse will form a
group of Reteporœ to which perhaps R. Novae Zelandiae Waters should be added.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

X"s 568, 1012, Tangles VIL Lat. 70" 23' S.- Long. 820 47' \\\; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

X" 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o°48' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Fig. 3. — Retepora hippocrepis nov.

A. Section of zoœcium x 85, showing the opercu-
lum loi, below which is the fleshy mass, with
a tubular process from each side. To this
fleshy mass the gigantic oral glands [ogl , are
also attached.

B Section X 25o, showing the tubular process tb
below the operculum o .

C. Section of joint of oral spine.

CTENOSTOMATA

Alcyonidium antarcticum sp. nov

PI. VII, figs. ya-h

Zoarium growing over the end of the spine of an echinoderm, forming a single layer.
The surface is smooth, only indistinct!}- showing the zoœcia, and the thin cortex contains
but little extraneous matter. Out of the four spécimens two hâve the zoœcia hexagonal, with
the orifices raised and pouting, whereas the other two hâve the zoœcia narrower and the orifices

S6 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

project but verv slightly. Xo sections hâve been eut of the stouter form with projecting
orifices, but it is présumée!, that there is only one species, and that the différence arises from
growing on a stouter spine, but this is not an absolute certainty ; in both cases the zoeecia
are under imm long.

There are about 24-27 tentacles which is a larger number than in most A Icyonidia, though
A. albidum Aider, has 25, according to Prouho ; A. variegatum Prouho 28 or more (Prouho) ;
A . flustroides Busk 24-27 (Waters) ; A . flabelliforme Kirkpatrick 26-28 (Waters). The number
of tentacles in other species is A. gelatinosum L. i5-iy ; A. hirsutum Flem. i5-iy (Hincks) ;
A. mamillatum Aider 16-18 (Hincks) ; A. mytili Dalyell i5-i8 (Hincks), 19 (Waters) ; A. para-
siticum Flem. i5-i6 (Hincks) ; A. Brucei Calvet 16-18 (C.) ; A. cellarioides Calvet 20 (C).

The ovaria are at the base of the zoeecia, and consist of a large number of small ovarian
cells, of which the largest met with, will be about one quarter the size of those I am figuring
in my « Arctic paper» of A. gelatinosum, and also of another Mediterranean species. No
doubt the nature, size, shape and position of the ovaria will hâve to be used in the classi-
fication of the Alcyonidiidœ.

The zoeecia are smaller than those of A . flustroides B. and about the size of A. gelatino-
sum L. The intertentacular organ is distinctly seen in sections and there are spermatozoa in
the same zoœcia as the ovaria.

A large flabelliform spécimen of Alcyonidiumwa.s brought back bv the Southern Cross
Expédition under the command of Borchgrevink, and has been named A. flabelliforme by
Kirkpatrick. The A. flustroides B. is from S. Africa and Hincks mentions A. gelatinosum,
from Natal, but otherwise the genus is unknown in the southern hémisphère.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 744, io32, Tangles IX. Lat. 70" 20' S.- Long. 83° 23' \\\; 45g met.; +0.8 C.

Suborder CYCLOSTOMATA

Cyclostomata from the Antarctic give us much less assistance in the interesting question
of distribution, than the more highly differentiated Cheilostomata. Stomatopora, Hornera and
Entalophora, or at any rate close allies, hâve lived on since Paleozoic times, being now gene-
rally distributed, while the Antarctic species vary but little from those now living in ail parts
of the world. Lichenopora is at présent universally distributed, and occurs in the Cretaceous
System.

The most interesting species is Hcteropora claviformis nov. which has been called a new
species, although there are some fossils very similar in shape, and there is little else by
which to separate it ; however, this is the first time that sections of the soft parts of any of the
group hâve been eut, and although the préservation is most unfavorable, Ave find a polypide,
similar to that of other C3^clostomata, and the closures are distinctlv shown. Hcteropora is
now known récent from Japan, New Zealand, and the North Pacific ; it was abundant in the
Tertiaries and Cretaceous, and apparently the family was well represented in Paleozoic times,
but it is as yet difficult to bring Paleozoic fossils into line with Cainozoic, and still more so
with récent groups.

BRYOZOA 87

We may say with certainty that there are at least i5 species of Cyclostomata, in the
Antarctic collection, nearly ail of which are indentical with, or closely allied to, widely
distributed species, but as few hâve ovicells, and many are in an unsatisfactory state of préser-
vation, we cannot généralise on the Cyclostomata, and to attempt to give them names, for
future comparison is a most unsatisfactory task.

STOMATOPORA

The genus has been abundant and also widely distributed frorn Jurassic times to the
présent, and is represented in Arctic and Antarctic seas as well as in intervening régions.

According to Ulrich Stomatopora dichotoma « Lamx. » occurs from the Trenton beds
to the présent time, and S. inflata Hall occurs in the Cincinnati group of beds ; also other
monoserial and some multiserial forms occur in the Paleozoic formations.

Gregory and Urlich would separate the monoserial species as Stomatopora from the
multiserial forms, which they consider to be Proboscina, but this is a rétrograde step, which
cannot be accepted by those who are aiming towards a natural classification, unless some fresh
characters supporting the change should be discovered. In this genus we see uniserial forms
become bi-triserial, and further in a large number of gênera both uniserial and multiserial
growth occurs, as for example we may mention Membranipora, with M. pilosa, and M. monostachys
both sometimes uniserial; then M. catenidaria may occur in both conditions; in Smittia there
is in this collection S. reptans nov., in Hippothoa and Beania there are both growths, again in
Alcyonidium there is A. disjunctum Hincks, a uniserial form.

Paleontology is not advanced by classification, in which convenience is the first consi-
dération, for though divisions are sometimes necessary, for arrangement of material, before
satisfactory characters are known, yet we must endeavour to find fresh characters to reveal the
classification nature has made for us.

Stomatopora dichotoma (d'Orb.)

Criserpia dichotoma d'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, p 19, pi. IX. figs. 7-13.
Proboscina dichotoma d'Orbigny, Paléontologie française, p. S47.

This is well figurée! by d'Orbigny and would seem to be the species subsequently
described as S. (A/ccto) dilatons Johnst., and has been thus mentioned by Btjsk, Aluer, Norman,
Lorenz, Sequenza, Waters, but I now consider the name dilatans, should be dropped for
dichotoma, though the ovicell not having yet been described, there will be some uncertainty,
until further spécimens enable us to learn more about the range of variation in the species.
S. repens S. Wood is closely allied, and it may well be that thèse two will hâve to be united.

The zoœcial tubes are about o.i4mm wide, whereas in S. divergens they are about o.ogmm
internai measurement. A spécimen from Cape Horn, which Julliex had labelled T. pedata
Jull. is probably S. dichotoma. The ends of the zoœcia are round, measuring internally o.i4mm.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 5;o, 5gi, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W.; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

88 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Stomatopora major Johnston varietas

(PL VIII, fig. 16

There is, from N° 5yo, a small worn colony, much like the European 5. major Johnst.
At the side of the zoarium there are small parallel tubes, the zoœcia are alternate, and the
zoœcial tube appears to contract at the end, the internai diameter of the end being about
o.i2mm. The zoarium is about twice the width of that of 5. divergeas nov. being a much stouter
species.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 570, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W.; 480 met.; -fo.8 C.

Stomatopora eburnea (d Orbigny)

(PI. IX. figs. 7a-6)
Alecto eburnea d'Orbigny, \"oyage dans L'Amérique méridionale, p. 20, pi. IX, figs. 14-16.

The spécimen from the Antarctic grows on a stone, with the ends of the zoœcial tubes
erect, but the adnate- portion frequently extends at the sides of the zoarium, forming a latéral
crust, and in this respect it differs from d'Orbigny's species, as figured, but d'Orbigny's
spécimen shows much the same structure, and the internai diameter of the zoœcia is about
o.i4mm, while that of the Antarctic spécimen is sometimes as much as o.i7mm. The dots on
the surface, when magnified about 100 times, appear dark, no doubt caused by the contents
of the pore tubes.

This is much like S. granulata M. Ed., in which however the zoœcium has not usually
a long erect end. There is also a uniserial species from N° 288 and N° 683, much larger
than either 5. antartica or S. eburnea, having the internai diameter of the zoœcia near the end
about o.2mm.

Habitat. — Falkland Islands (d'Orb.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 800, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 84° 06' W.; 56g met.; +0.8 C.

Stomatopora ? incrassata Smitt

(PI. IX. figs. S,:, 6)

From N° 348 there is a spécimen with wide branches, creeping on a stone, and at irregular
intervais erect branches grow, having zoœcial openings ail round. One such erect branch
measures about imm in diameter, while the internai diameter of the zoœcia is o.2imm., and in
this spécimen there are but few isolated zoœcial openings on the creeping portion, whereas
in a spécimen from N° 991 they are more common. From small broken pièces it is difficult
to form a judgment as to the perfect colony, but the appearance is that of Entalophora growing
from a common creeping base. This is thought to be the S. incrassata of Smitt, and there
are similar fasciculate growths from Australia and Xew Zealand. One from New Zealand has
smaller erect branches with about three zoœcial tubes in section, much resembling Filifascigera

BRYOZOA Sg

dichotoma d'Orb. (Pal. fr., Crét., p. 685, pi. 744, figs. 1-3), but thèse small spécimens, without
ovicells, cannot be determined with certainty.

Habitat. — Arctic and British.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 348, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88" 02' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

N° ggi, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70° 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Stomatopora divergens sp. nov.

(PI. IX, figs. 6a. b, c)

The zoarium arises from a discoid zoœcium like the majority of the Cyclostomata, then
above this, after one or more zoœcia, two ligulate branches are formed in opposite directions,
and at right angles to the primary zoœcium.

The zoœcia, which are contracted towards the end are alternate, with the ends free, but
do not extend over the base of the zoarium, and there is only one zoœcium to a séries. The
zoarium is about o.6mm wide, and the zoœcia are about o.ogmm at the end. The punctures
are fairly large and distinct on N° 5g6, but less numerous on N° 570.

The ovicells occur as distinct raised subcircular swellings, about the middle line of the
zoarium, and near the centre a short erect, tube projects. In the two ovicells found on N° 570
this tube lias the appearance of being a zoœcial tube, passing through the ovicell, and no
other opening is seen on the ovicell. The pores on the ovicell are much more fréquent than
on the zoœcia. Whether this should be placed with Stomatopora, or Idmonca, may be con-
sidered an open question.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 570, 5g6, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 82° 47' W.; 480 met.; -fo.8 C.

N° 61g, Tangles MIL Lat. 70° oo' S.- Long. 8oû 48' W.; 5oo ? met.; +o.g C.

Stomatopora antarctica sp. nov.

(PI. IX, fig. 10)

Zoarium uniserial, narrow, with branches at right angles, and usually at long intervais,
given off either from about the middle or the upper part of the side of the zoœcium. The
zoœcia are long, and the zoœcial chamber is, in spirit spécimens, visible through the finely
punctured wall, while at the sides there are two or three parallel lines, dividing the basai
portion into narrow tubular spaces. The ends of the zoœcia are erect for a short distance.
Long creeping threads of this Stomatopora are found without branches, and one unbranched
pièce on a stone is 20mm long.

As a rule in Stomatopora the branches are dichotomous, the rectangular growth of this
species being unusual ; but it occurs in a few cases, as for instance in the Cenomanian fossil
Stomatopora (Alecto) lineans d'Orb. ('), which is very similar to the présent form, though in
the fossil the zoœcia are much shorter.

(1) Pal. franc., Crét., p. 838, pi. 629, figs. 5-S.

xii R 21

9o EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 288, Dredge I. Lat. yi°og' S.- Long. 890 i5' W.; 460 met.; +o.3 C.

N° 392, Eel trap I. Lat. 710 i5' S.- Long. 87° 3g' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

N° 5g6, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82° 47' W.; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

N°s 623, 683, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W.; 5oo ?met.; +0.9 C.

N° 820, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 84» 06' W.; 56g met.; +0.8 C.

Diastopora solida sp. nov.

(PI. IX, fig. 11)

From N° 373 there are several dead pièces, separated from the base upon which thev
grew, and seeing that in ail the pièces the zoœcia are parallel without showing any radiating
curvature, it is clear, that the zoarium must grow to a very exceptional size. The zoœcia
hâve very thick walls, and the pores passing through the walls are very distinct, as is well seen
in spirit spécimens. The ends of the zoœcia are broken away, and were but slightly raised,
but near to the aperture the zoœcial tube is about o.i3mm inside measure, which is larger
than obtains in Diastopora generally. The closures are fairly numerous, there being sometimes
two in the same zoœcial tube.

None of the Diastopora obelia group are found in the southern hémisphère. There are,
however, several spécimens of Diastopora from Cape Horn, unmentioned by Jullien, but they
are more délicate, with the zoœcial tube about half the diameter of those of D. solida and
they are either D. concinna MacG. or closely allied. The ovicell is a round inflation with the
ovicellular tube turned towards the centre of the zoarium, and the funnel which occurs in
D. concinna is not found, nor are any tubule closures, but they may hâve been broken off.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 373, Tangles IV. Lat. 71° 18' S.- Long. 88" 02' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

Diastopora sp.

From N° 570 there is a young flabelliform worn colony, in which the tubes do not project,
and it might be the D. sitborbicularis Hincks, which occurs in European seas, and also, accor-
ding to MacGillivray, in Australia. It is not as stout as D. solida, though in many respects
similar, the interior diameter of the zoœcia being about o.8mm.

Idmonea atlantica Forbes

(PL IX, fig. 5)

There are some pièces of Idmonea without ovicells, which seem to belong to /. atlantica,
but where the ovicells are wanting, there is always some uncertainly in the détermination.
The séries of zoœcia are about o.8mm apart, and the external diameter of the zoœcial tube is
about o.i4mm. A spécimen from Cape Horn (Mus. d'hist. nat. Paris) has the zoœcial tubes
about the same size, but the séries are o.5mm-o.6mm apart. A spécimen from 46, Franz Josef

BRYOZOA

9i

Land, has séries about imm apart, whereas I hâve a spécimen from Iceland, so named, and
one from Station 4g of the Challenger, with the séries about o.6mm apart. The small fragment
from N° gg 1 is rather stouter than the others, but I think it is certainly the same species.

Habitat. — It occurs frequently in the Arctic, British, Mediterranean and N. Atlantic
seas, and has also been found in Australia by MacGillivray &c. According to Busk (Chall.
Report) it occurs off the Kerguelen Islands, the Cape of Good Hope, and off Tristan d'Acunha,
in the South Atlantic but some of thèse déterminations were made from poor spécimens ;
Cape Horn as mentioned above.

It has been found fossil in the Australian Tertiaries, in the Pliocène of England, Italy &c.
According to Manzoni it also occurs in the Miocène of Austria, but the /. gracillima of Reuss
from the North Italian Bartonian beds, I now consider should be called /. concava Reuss,
though it has sometimes been placed with /. atlantica.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

Nos 608, 621, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70" oo' S.- Long. 8o048' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Filisparsa superba (J 11 1 lien)

Tervia superba Jullien, Dragages du Travailleur. (Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., vol. Vil. p. 4. pi. XVII, figs. 74, 7S.)
? Proboscina incrassata (pars) Smitt, Krit. Fort, ôfver. Skand. Hafs-Brv , 1S66, p. 402.

From N° 991 there are two small erect spécimens, with the zoœcial openings on the one
face, though on the dorsal surface the zoœcial tubes are equally distinct, and extend for a
great length. The spécimens are too small for the détermination to be quite satisfactory.

Whether the lineated dorsal surface, formed by smaller tubes is a character of generic
importance is uncertain. In Idmonea it is gênerai, also occurring on what I hâve considered
to be Filisparsa irregidaris of Meneghini, as well as on Filisparsa tiibulosa Busk ; and when this
structure is absent, as. in the présent form, there seems to be a closer approach to Tubulipora.

The genus Tervia Jullien seems to be the same as Filisparsa d'Orbigny.

The zoœcial tubes, in the Antarctic spécimens, project free for a considérable distance,
and sometimes the ends are in pairs.

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 70" 00' S.- Long. 8o° 48' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Entalophora proboscidea M. Edwards

iPl. IX. figs. 4u, b)

For synonyms see Miss Jelly's Catalogue : Entalophora raripora.

Entalophora proboscidea Pergens, Révision des Bryozaires du Crétacé, figurés par d'Orbigny (Bull. Soc. Belge

de Géo!., vol. III, 1S89, p. 35ç)i ; Pergens, Nouveaux Bryozoaires Cyclostome du Crétacé. (Bull. Soc. Belge

de Gcol., vol. IV, 1890, p. 27S, pi. XI, fig. 6.
Entalophora virgula (Hag.) Gregory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa, p. 21S, pi. X, figs. 1-4, pi. XI,

figs. 16, iS.
Entalophora raripora Calvet, -Bryozoaires marins de la région de Cette. (Inst. de Zool. de Montpellier et Stat.

zool. de Cette, 1902, p. 82.) Bryozoaires marins des côtes de Corse. [Inst. de Zool. de Montpellier, 1902, p. 41.)

The Antarctic spécimens are thicker than most of the Mediterranean ones, and the
interior diameter of the zoœcia is about o.i6mm-o.i8mm. In one spécimen there is a piriform

g2 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

ovicell, caused apparently by the growth of one zoœcium. Pergens (') describes and figures
the ovicell in a cretaceous spécimen, as sacciforme, and Busk figured one in the « Challenger
Report », as a slight swelling of the zoœcium, perhaps this was an early stage. Gregory
speaking of the ovicells of the fossils says piriform or subconical.

The pore tubes in N° 683 are more or less diagonal, while in older spécimens the pore
tubes are hardly noticeable.

I and others hâve used the spécifie name raripora d'Orb., but as d'Orbigny gave so
many names to this species, according to the beds from which it came, it is perhaps unadvisable
to retain it on that account ; further Gregory has shown that the name virgula was given by
Hagenow in 1840, though it does not seem to hâve been figured then. The insufficient
description makes it perhaps advisable, at présent to use the name proboscidea, so as to avoid
confusion.

Gregory thinks there is a différence between the récent E. proboscidea and the fossil
E. virgula as he says, that « in the living « species » the zoœcia are more numerous in the
proximal parts of the zoarium », but in looking through a large number of spécimens from
Naples this is not found to be a constant, or even a gênerai character, in fact sometimes the
zoœcia are less numerous in the proximal parts. In récent spécimens of this species, there is
a not inconsiderable range of variation, and we must be prepared for the same thing in fossils.

The most important measurement in Entalophora is the interior of the zoœcial tube,
which remains the same for a considérable distance. When the aperture is différent this should
also be measured. In E. proboscidea the diameter of the tube is as a rule about o.i6mm-o.i8mm
and this is the size I hâve found in English and Belgian chalk spécimens, in tertiary, and
in récent spécimens from both hémisphères. By a slip Gregory reverses the measurements
of the zoœcia, and of the aperture, on pages 221 and 222, «Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa».

From Cape Horn there is a small spécimen, which I consider is E. proboscidea, and
from the same locality E. regularis Busk occurs.

Habitat. — Mrditerranean, X. Atlantic, Australia, New Zealand, Kerguelen.
Fossil : European Tertiaries, Cretaceous and lurassic formations; Tertiary of Australia,
and New Zealand.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 1012, Tangles VIL Lat. 700 23' N.- Long. 820 4y' W.; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

Nos 621, 683, 90,1, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 oo' N.- Long. 80" 48' \Y.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

Tubulipora organisans d'Orbigny

Tubulipora organisans d'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, p. 19, pi. IX. figs. i-3 ; Jullien,

Mission scient. Cap Horn, p. S2.
Tubulipora organizans Busk, Zool. Kerguelen iPhil. Trans., CLXVIII, p. 193, PI. X, figs. 20-25) ; Ridlev,

Proceedings of the Zool. Soc, iSSt. p. 5S.

From Nos i3g, 140 there are two or three spécimens, in which the zoarium consists oi
broad strap-like growths, with alternate uniserial rows of much elevated, long zoœcia attached
to one another, while hère and there we get groups of two, three or four zoœcia together, but as

(1) Nouveaux Bryozoaires Cyclostomes du Crétacé. (Bull. Soc. belge de Géol., vol. IV, p. 278, pi. XI, fig. 6.J

BRYOZOA 93

a rule the séries are continuous. The ovicells spread over a great part of the zoarium, but the
ovicellular opening has not yet been found. The figure 1 of d'Orbigxy would suggest, that
there were séries ot zoœcia on each side of a médian Une, though figure 2 shows the zoœcia in
bundles of three. The zoarial growth of Busk's figure 20, shows what he describes as « narrow,
ligulate, dichotomously dividing branches)), — « composed of short irregular séries of tubes»,
and is as Busk says, closely allied to T. serpens L. The denticulation of the primary zocecium,
mentioned by Busk and Jullien, occurs in several other species. The internai measurement
of the end of the zoœcial tube of d'Orbigny's spécimen, and of spécimens from Cape Horn
is o.i4mm.

From spécimens sent to me by Julliex as T. organisons it seemed probable that he had
more than one species before him, when describing the species, and in the Paris collection
there are some spécimens more like T. serpens L. and also a nearly circular disk-like species,
which is probably T.flabellaris Fab. The zoœcia are larger and thicker than in T. organisons,
the ends measure o.igmm, the ovicells are circular, and the oœciostome is wide and funnel-
shaped.

Habitat. — Falkland Islands (d'Orb.) ; Kerguelen (Busk); Straits of Magellan 6 fathoms
(10 met.) (Ridley) ; Baie Orange (on seaweeds &c).
Exp. Antarct. Belge.
Nos 13c, 140. Porto Torro, ile Navarin, Magellanes, Chili. Jan. 3rd, 1898.

Hornera antarctica sp. nov.

(PI. IX, figS. 1(7-/»

Zoarium slender, in one plane, or spreading out horizontally from a short stem, branches
dichotomising, or at right angles. The small latéral branches at right angles to the main
branches, with projecting tubular zoœcia at the ends, occur frequently in the older parts
of the zoarium.

The zoœcia are not enclosed in rhomboidal spaces, but on both the anterior and
dorsal surfaces there are fine sulci, with moderate sized pores in the sulci. The orifices
are exserted, and the latéral ones may often reach a considérable length, in a few cases
the length is equal to the diameter of the zoarium, the interior diameter of the zoœcial
tube is about o.imm.

The ovicells are on the dorsal surface, irregularly ovate, deeply pitted. The dorsal
surface is granular, and sulcate, while along the Une of the sulci there are pores smaller
than those of Arctic H. liehenoides L. There are 8-g tentacles, but in the spécimens decalcified
there were but few complète polypides.

Not many zoaria hâve ovicells, and in those eut it is apparent that most of the
embryos hâve left the ovicells, the « protoplasmic reticulum » having contracted in conse
quence, but there are some full sized ones left, besides the earlier stages in various parts
of the protoplasmic reticulum. I give a fuller description of the embryos of the Arctic
Hornera liehenoides in my fortheoming paper on the Cyclostomata of the Franz-Josef Land,
and as the state of préservation was better in those spécimens I would merely state, that while
the number of embryos in Diastopora intriearia Sm. is considérable, being over one hundred, it

g4 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

is much less in Hornera lichenoides, and is not estimated to exceed ten. Ostroumoff (') says
the larvae of Hornera are the largest of the marine Ectoproct Bryozoa, with which he is
acquainted, measuring o.48mm : in size downwards he sa}Ts, are Hornera, Tubulipora, Frondipora,
Lichenopora, Crisia, which last are only o.7mm.

The H. antarctiea belongs to the Hornera lichenoides group, and at first I named it
H. ranwsa ÀlacG. (2), as it agrées with that species in its slender form, and in the way in which
the branches arise often at right angles, but it differs from that species in not having the zoœcia
enclosed in rhomboidal spaces, and the large « punctations or vacuoles » are wanting. In
H. lichenoides there are a few large pits or « punctations » instead of the moderate sized pores,
and there is a large semilunar pit, placed distally above the zoœcial tube, with iarger pits by
the border of the zoœcium. The ridges passing at each side of the zoœcia, and forming the
rhomboidal spaces, are not very marked in H. lichenoides whereas in H . frondiculata they are very
pronounced, and further there is a large opening some little distance above the projecting
zoœcial tube. In H. frondiculata, the zoœcial tube is wanting on the distal part ; and onlv
projects on the proximal, that is to say a deep notch is eut away on the upper part, whereas in
other mentioned Hornerœ the tube is entire, and we certainly seem to hâve at least three closely
allied but distinct species. Figures of typical H. frondiculata Lamx. from the Mediterranean
and of H. lichenoides L. from Franz Josef Land are given for comparison, as many of the
published figures do not give the characteristic minute structure. The growing ends of Hornera
antarctiea (fig. \ï) hâve a smooth surface with small pores, and then they look like Entalophora,
until subséquent growth forms the pits and rugose structure. The dorsal wall of Hornera is
thick forming what has been called in fossils an epitheca, but it is in no way différent in
structure from the thinner walls, and has similar pore tubes through it.

I cannot agrée with MacGillivray in thinking that H . frondiculata ought possibly to be
referred to H. lichenoides. However, a spécimen from Naples is much like the H. lichenoides,
having similar dorsal ovicells, and at first it was named lichenoides, but 1 propose to separate
it as mediterranea, though it may be the H . serrata of Meneghini, a name however previously
employed by Reuss. It has the zoœcia irregularly placed, the outer zoœcia are much the
longest, the inner ones are not much raised, and the border is entire, the zoarial growth is
similar to that pf H. lichenoides, the diameter of the interior of the zoœcial tube is about o.i2mm,
being somewhat Iarger than in lichenoides or antarctiea, in both of which the tubes are internally
about o.imm.

The Hornera verrucosa Reuss from the Septarienthon is ver}' similar to H. antarctiea.

Hornera occurs, fairly abundantly, in the tertiary beds of Europe and Australia, it occurs
also in the Cretaceous often called Reteporidea &c. It has been recognised that the Paleozoic
Thainniscus closely resembles Hornera, and it is difficult to see upon what grounds such a species
as T. ramulosa Ulrich (•') can be separated from Hornera. According to Ulrich Thainniscus
commences in the Niagara, with one species, followed by two in the lower Helderberg, then
continues through the various Devonian and Carboniferous groups, culminating in the Permian.

(i) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Cyclostomen Seebryozoen, p. 1S0. [MM. Zool. Stat. su Neapel, vol. VII.)

(2) Description of New or Little Known Polyzoa, pt. XII. [Tratts. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1886, p. 3, pi. I, fig. 4.)

(3) Ulrich Paleontology of Illinois «Bryozoa». (Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 610, pi. LXII,
figs. 4-46.)

BRYOZOA g5

In my paper on the Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land (p. 62) référence is made to the
Hornera lichenoides L. said to hâve been dredged by the Erebus and Terror, from Lat. 740 S.-
Long. 1720 E., 33o fathoms on which Cribrilina punctata Hass. was growing, and with which
there was also Escharoidcs Sarsii Sm. The pièce of Hornera lichenoides is quite similar to Arctic
spécimens, and does not resemble spécimens of H. antarctica so that the opinion expressed, that
thèse very characteristic Arctic species were not collected in the Antarctic, but that some mistake
has been made in labelling, seems now much more probable, after an examination of an
Antarctic collection, than it did when written. The évidence seems to justify our saying that
a mistake has certainly been made.

This form occurs from Cape Horn in the material brought back bv the Romanche, but
Julliex does not mention any similar Hornera, so that no doubt he had not seen this material.

Habitat. — Cape Horn (W.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 565, Tangles VII. Lat. 70° 23' S.- Long. 820 47' W.; 480 met.; +0.8 C.

Nos 6i3, 683, 991, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o°48' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

N° 800, Tangles X. Lat. 700 i5' S.- Long. 84006' W.; 56g met.; +0.8 C.

Suborder RECTANGULATA Waters

In 1887 (') I proposed that the Cyclostomata should be divided into two subdivisions, the
Parallclata in which the surface of the zoarium is to a considérable extent, formed of the latéral
walls ofthe zoœcia, as in Crisia, Entalophora, Diastopora, Tubulipora. This is much the same
as the suborder Tubulata of Gregory, except that he recognises the Articulata, while I should
not attach so much importance to articulation, for although Crisia is usually articulated, there
are fossil forms of Crisia unarticulated. The second division was the Rectangulata in which
the zoœcia and cancelli open for the most part at right angles to the axis, or surface of the
zoarium, or subcolony, of which Heteropora and Lickenopora may be taken as types.

Gregory has pointée! out, that this is much the same as the Order Trepostomata of
Ulrich; but the early stages of Lickenopora, and the larva of Lichcnopora show so much simi-
larity with characteristic Cyclostomata, that I should hesitate to place them in separate orders,
at présent. Gregory however makes a suborder Cancellata, which in his Jurassic Catalogue
includes the Discoporellidœ (p. 34) by this is meant the Lichenoporida , and he has previously
spoken of cancelli in Lickenopora (p. 12) so that hère his Cancellata would include most of the
Rectangulata. In the jurassic Catalogue, where he first diagnosed the Cancellata, he says p. 3g
« composed of simple zoœcia separated by cancelli » and goes on to say « for diagnosis see
part III », but there being no Cancellata to catalogue the diagnosis has apparently been omitted;
and the diagnosis in the Cretaceous Catalogue does not at ail correspond with that previously
given, for in this later catalogue (p. 35g) he speaks of « tubular zoœcia with cancellate walls»,
which presumably would mean perforate walls. In the first diagnosis the cancelli were a
zoarial character, as understood by Busk and others, now they are zoœcial ; and Hornera, which
in the jurassic Catalogue was placée! under Tubulata, is now in the Cretaceous Catalogue

(1) Tert. Cyclost. Bryozoa from New Zealand. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XLIII, p. 337).

96 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

placed under Canccllata, and really made the type, whereas before Lichenopora was the type ;
so that both the définition, and the gênera included in the suborder Canccllata hâve been quite
changed. When we are able to form satisfactory suborders, it seems most improbable that
Lichenopora and Horncra will be in the same.

Although unable to explain how this confusion has arisen, and which at first I thought
was due to a slip in writing, it would seem that Gregory has not understood the structure of
what I hâve called the pore tubes, and in speaking of his figure of the section of H ornera (p. 36i),
which is not very satisfactory for elucidating the point in question, he refers to fine canals, and
says they are the « pores intermédiares » of d'Orbigxy, and the « cavités intersquelettiques » of
Pergens, and may be regarded as branched niaculœ. When Gregory first used the name macula
(a term, which had already been differently employed in relation to Bryozoa, and must be
dropped in this sensé) he clearly meant the pore tubes. He says (Cret. Cat., p. 36oi : «the
cancellous character of the walls is due to the présence in them of a séries of maculse » and
further on « they correspond in parts with the « pores d'origelles » of [ullien ».

The pore tubes are closed by a membrane at each end, and the protoplasmic and cellular
contents are indirectly in communication with the sea water at the one end, and with the zoœcial
chamber at the other, where a disk like rosette plate, with one pore, prevents direct contact, but
vital changes are taking place through thèse tubes.

Similar pores are gênerai throughout the Cvclostomata, and the Cheilostomata ; also
shorter pores occur in the interior walls of the Cyclostomata.

We should indeed be glad to see a man of Gregory' s undoubted abilities dévote him-
self entirely to the study of the Bryozoa, but sometimes angel visits stir up ail that has been
done without establishing order, and many cases might be mentioned where classification has
been left in a much more hopeless condition than it was before; already we hâve a sufficient
number of dead classifications, made by those who hâve swooped down on the Bryozoa for a
short visit. However talented our friends are, they must not be too hast}', and it can only be
by devoting themselves to the work for a long time, that they can give us the real help towards
correct classification, which we should like to hâve from them.

Lichenopora flmbriata (Busk)

PI. VIII, fig. 20,1

Discoporetta fimbriaia Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., pt. III, p. 32, pi. XXVII, figs. 1-4.

Lichenopora Jimbriai a Busk, Polj-zoa of Kerguelen Islands. {PMI. Trans, vol. 168, p. 194. (7)); Zool. Chall.

Exp.. vol. XVII. rt. L, p. 26.
Disporella spinulosa Jullien, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, p. 83.

The one young spécimen from N° 5g6 is no doubt the L. fimbriata of Busk, but I am
not at ail sure that it ought to be separated from L. hispida Flem. and at any rate they are
closely allied. It belongs to the L. ciliata group.

Although I hâve examined several spécimens of the L. spinulosa Jullien from Cape Horn,
in no case hâve I seen ovicells, and the détermination of Lichenopora when the ovicells are
unknown is very difficult and often doubtful. There are in the southern hémisphère several
species in which the end of the zoeecium is divided, and in many there are spines on the surface
of the zoœcial tube as L. ciliata B. ; L. canaliculata B. = grignonensis B. = venabulum Jullien;

BRYOZOA

97

L. echinata MacG.; L. fimbriata B. ; L. truicntata Haswell ; L. Wilsoni MacG. In what is
perhaps the commonest species, and should be called L. echinata the ovicell is an inflation of the
central portion, in which there are numerous fairly small perforations, and in the older parts
small ridges formed by minute trabeculse, not distinguishable when but slightly magnified
(see Linn. Soc. Journ. ZooL, vol. XX, pi. XV, fig. 3). This occurs from Victoria and Tristan
d'Acunha. In L. canaliadata the ovicell also covers the central portion, without spreading within
the arms, but a coarse network is formed by large trabeculse similar to those shown in
L. victoriensis (loc. cit., pi. XV, fig. 4) and the walls within the network are perforated b}- pores
(see Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., s. 5, vol. XX, pi. VII, fig. 4). This occurs from Kerguelen, Victoria,
and New South Wales. The basai wall of the ovicell, is in Lichenopora usually formed by
a large network closed by a perîorated layer, as shown at the left hand side of my figure 3,
pi. XV, loc. cit.

Besides the above mentioned Lichenoporœ, common southern species are L. Holdsworihii
Busk, from Victoria, N. S. Wales, S. Africa, Ceylon, Tahiti ; L. neozelandiœ Busk, New
Zealand, Australia; L. californica (d'Orb.-Busk), New Zealand, Australia, California.

The form of ovicell, which I figured (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., s. 5, vol. XX, pi. VII,
fig. 5) is peculiar, and having only seen the one spécimen it is doubtful whether it should
be placed under L. ciliata B.

In the Antarctic spécimen N° 5g6 there is an inflation near the summit of the cône,
which is no doubt the ovicell, and a round opening without a tube is the opening of the oviduct.
There are between the zoœcia a few distant pores smaller than the zoœcial tubes.

Jullikn makes even a new family Galeidœ, for Lichenopora in which the zoœcial tubes are
prolonged « sur une partie seulement de leur orifice », but his description is rather puzzling,
as he then says « soit entière soit découpée », but the zoœcial tube varies so much in différent
parts of the same colony, that we cannot always use the shape of the projecting portion, even
as a generic character, and the family Galeidœ is superfluous.

Habitat. — Off Chili, i3 and 96 fathoms (21 and i55 met.); Tierra del Fuego ; Cape
Horn 40 fath. (65 met.) ; Tasmania (B.) ; Kerguelen (B.) ; Tristan d'Acunha 100-1D0 fath.
(160-245 met.) (B.) ; Victoria (MacG.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 596, Tangles VII. Lat. 700 23' S.- Long. 82°47' W.; 480 met.; 4-0.8 C.

Lichenopora octoradiata sp. nov.

(PI. IX, figs. ga-d)

The zoarium is very solid and much raised, with the base narrower than the disk.
There are a number of biserial rays, formed by a few zoœcia, and in a well developed spéci-
men there are eight main rays, with indications of the commencement of another séries. The
rays do not extend to the border ofthe zoarium, nor are the zoœcia round the border of the
disk elevated, while in the centre ofthe zoarium the openings are round and vary in size.

This has many ofthe characters of Defranceia d'Orb., but with the limited and somewhat
worn spécimens, it is difficult to décide upon the generic position.

xiii R 21

gS EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Habitat. — Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 277, Dredge I. Lat. 7i°09' S.- Long. 890 i5' W.; 460 met.; -fo.3 C.

N° 3y3, Tangles IV. Lat. 710 18' S.- Long. 88° 02' W.; 435 met.; — o.3 C.

Heteropora claviformis sp. nov.

PI. VII, figs. Sfl-i/

The stud-like zoarium grows from a spreading base, then contracts, forming a wide stalk,
which spreads out again, with the upper surface convex.

The zoœcia open both to the upper and to the latéral surfaces with round apertures,
varying in size, and between thèse larger openings there are smaller round ones or cancelli, but
there is no sign of any radial arrangement. On the walls between the zoœcia there are minute
élévations (8b). The internai pores of the zoœcial tubes are usuallv in transverse lines and
deeply sunk, giving the beaded appearance to the wall when broken (8a).

There is only one perfect spécimen and one broken one, so that it has not been possible
to make a complète examination, however a section eut shows the polypides in situ, though
histolysis had commenced, but part of the cellular structure of the tentacles and other organs is
distinguishable. In thèse sections, near the end of the zoœcial tube, there is a membrane
across it, which is what I hâve so often referred to as the « closure ». The parenchym extends
up to this, and also on to its external surface, but above this closure the zoœcial tube is
filled with mud. The closure before préparation has of course been calcareous. The section
being longitudinal the tentacles cannot be counted but there appear to be about twelve.

This in some particulars is like Domopora, and we know too little about Heteropora to
judge how the group may ultimately be divided up. In Domopora stellata Goldf. from Shetland,
a few of the terminal zoœcia are closed bv four or rive calcareous rays, reminding us of the
rays in Actinosoma ('). Busk mentions rays in H . clavata Goldfuss, but thèse should not be
confounded with the closures.

A spécimen, from the Bancs des Aiguilles (S. Africa), Lat. 340 5y' S.- Long. 190 55' E.,
75 met., in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Paris, has the zoarium exactly the same shape, but
smaller, being under 5mm in diameter, whereas the Antarctic spécimen is about 7mm, the zoœcial
walls are thinner giving a more angular shape to the openings, but lower down the zoœcial tube
contracts and becomes round. The zoœcia on the side of the zoarium, that is on the upper part
of the stalk of the zoarium, hâve a longitudinal direction and the zoœcia are indicated externally
by being slightly raised, but on the lower part of the zoarium this is not the case, as the surface
is divided into irregular divisions closed by a punctured wall. In the more robust Antarctic
spécimen the zoœcial tubes are only indicated for short distances, and openings are seen at
intervais on ail parts of the stalk. It seems right to consider the S. African and Antarctic as
the same species, although the greater solidity of the second causes certain différent appearances.

I hâve, in vain, made various efforts to obtain spirit spécimens of Heteropora peltïculata
Waters, or other Heteropora from which I could eut sections, as a better knowledge of the

(1) Young, Geol. Mag., n. s., vol. I, 1874; Waters, Traits. Manch. Gcol. Soc, vol. XIV, pi. I, fig. 1.

BRYOZOA 99

anatomy is much to be desired, but although \ve hâve not yet learnt anything about the ovicells
and sorae other organs, there hâve been no grounds for doubting that the récent Hetcropora were
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. The pores between the tubes, the closures, the rays, the cancelli are
ail so similar to what are constantly found in Lichcnopora that \ve hâve hère the nearest
relationship of any well studied family. Ortmann (') who found H . pelluulata Waters in the
Japan Seas, says he has been doubtful as to Hetcropora being Bryozoa, since Dr Dôderlein
pointed out to him that the thin covering membrane consisted of three-rayed sponge spicules.
I think it is hardly necessary to say that the membrane over the Japan spécimens which I
described was nothing of the kind.

Gregory (Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa, vol. I, p. 404) thinks, that the living
species referred to Hetcropora, probably belong to his suborder Dactylcthrata. Until we know
more about the anatomv it will be impossible to be sure about the position, but without entering
into the validity of the suborders of Gregory, I must emphatically state, that supported by
sections I hâve préparée! of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils, there is no doubt of there
being in ail thèse formations, fossils closely related to the récent Hetcropora, and probably of the
same genus. That there are many fossils similar in form to Hetcropora, which will hâve to be
separated, is of course probable.

Many paleontologists hâve undoubtedly attached too much importance to the spaces
between the zoœcial tubes, for, while they must always be a valuable spécifie character, undue
weight should not be given to them, as there is at présent no reason for considering, that they
contained spécial organs.

Habitat. — Bancs des Aiguilles (S. Africa), Lat. 34°5y' S.- Long. 19° 55' E.; j5 met.

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

N° 619, Tangles VIII. Lat. 700 00' S.- Long. 8o° 4S' W.; 5oo ? met.; +0.9 C.

ENTOPROCTA

Barentsia discreta (Busk)

(PL VII, figs. 6<7-/; PL VIII, figs. 178-1

Ascopodaria discreta Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp., vol. XVII, pt. L, p. 44, pi. X. figs. 6-12.
Pediceïïina australis Jullien (non Ridley), Mission scientifique du Cap Hom, p. i3.

Five spécimens from N° g5i are undoubtedly this species, but there is not the material for
making a sufficient number of sections for study. The polypides are rather larger than those
mentioned by Busk but in Pedicellinidœ the range of variation in size is considérable. The total
lenoth is 3-4mm whereas B. gracilis from Naples and from Lizard Island, off Queensland is
about i-2mm, and the nodosa variety from Naples is about the same size, namely i-2mm. Jullien
says B. australis J. is 3mm long and has 12-14 tentacles, whereas Busk gives 16-20 tentacles.
Some spécimens in Jullien's collection are identical in size with those from N° g5i, the nodules
are quite similar and there does nqt seem any reason for doubt as to both the spécimens brought
by the Belgica, and Jullien's being the discreta of Busk. There are nodules on the pedicels

(1) Die Japanische Bryozoen. {Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1890, p. 66.)

EXPEDITION AXTARCTIOUE BELGE

of some spécimens, and then the pedicel is not continuous in the same plane, which would suggest
injury, but this is not borne out by other nodose species. As some of the pedicels hâve thèse
internodes and others are continuous we hâve hère ample grounds for banishing the genus
Gonypodaria of Ehlers (') as some zoœcia on the same colony would be Barcntsia, and others
Gonypodaria. In the B. gracilis, var. nodosa Lomas (2), in the same way, some stalks are entire
and others ncdulated ; and doubtless other generic names are superfluous.

The structure of the internode is similar to that ofthe « barrel-shaped cylinders », and
figures are given of sections of thèse cylinders, as they differ from published descriptions of
other species. The walls of the pedicel are a firm, thick, dark chitin continuing over the
upper part ofthe barrel, and although the membrane continues down the side of the barrel the
wall is without any chitinous deposit [ex). Within this is a broad contractile layer (cl) folio wed
by a layer of large cells (et) within which is the parenchym tissue.

At the junction ofthe pedicel and the barrel there is on each side a chitinous projection,
which will form the équivalent of the rosette plate, but doubtless also serves for muscular
attachments, and this is no doubt what Ehlers figures on PL II, fig. 22, while similar
contractions also occur in the muscular internodes of B. discreta. This contraction is added
to the drawing of fig. 17c from another section. The same structure is shown by Miss
A. Robertsox (!) in fier figure of Gonypodaria ramosa Robertson.

Pediccllina and Barcntsia hâve been found in the northern seas, Australia and S. America,
but hâve only been mentioned within the tropics by Kirkpatrick who described P. laxa from
Torres Straits. However I hâve had material sent to me, by my nephew Ernest J. H.YVaters
of Sydney, collected by him from Lizard Island off Queensland, in which there are spécimens of
Barcntsia gracilis Sars. In the same material, besides Scrupocellaria cervicomis Busk, Loxosoma
occurred, and I believe it has not been previouslv found within the tropics and possibly not in
the southern hémisphère.

It may be well to call attention to the, fact that the « spirally ringed flexible joint»
uniting the polypides to the pedicel is subject to variation, and there being hère no thick
chitinous walls the contractions cause the rings. In 011e case the junction (fig. 6/) with the
hard chitinous wall ofthe pedicel is very similar to that of Ascopodaria fruticosa Busk (Challenger
Report, pi. IX, fig. 2).

Habitat. — Tristan d'Acunha ioo-i5o fat h. (B.) ; Tizard Bank, China Sea 27 fath.
(Kirkpatrick) ; Ile Hoste, Baie Orange, Cap Horn 26 fath. (40 met.) (Jull.).

Exp. Antarct. Belge.

X" g5i. Fixés sur Prienc cancellata (Lamx.), N° 118. Baie du Torrent, Ile Londonderry,
Canal Français, Magellanes Chili. Dec. i8th, 1897.

Note. — Since the remarks on the number of species (p. 10) were printed there has been
reason for considering that the number of fossils is only 10 as subsequentlv shown on pp. 18, 19.

(1) E. Ehlers, Zur Kenntniss der Pedicellineen. (Abh. d. k. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch. zu Gottingen, vol. XXXVI,
p. 144.)

(2) Proc. Lit. Phil, Soc. Livapool, vol. XL, p. 190, pi. III, fig. 2, 1886.

(3) Proc. California Acad. of Se, vol. II, XT° 4, pi. XVI, figs. i5, 16.

INDEX

Page

Aetea 20

Alcyonidium antarcticum nov 85

Antarcticum (Alcyonidium) 85

Antarctica (Hornera) g3

do (Retepora) 80

do (Scrupocellaria) 25

do (Smittia) 65

do (Stomatopora) 8g

Antarctic Régions (limits) 6

Atlantica (Idmonea) go

Avicularia 27, 55, 56, 5y

Barentsia discreta Busk gg

Bcania erecta nov 3o

do Hyadesi Jullien 3o

do magellanica Busk 28

Bicellaria grandis Busk 24

bicomis (Bugula) 21

Bifaxana denticulata Busk 5g

do rustica d'Orb 60

biformata (Escharoides) 72

Brettia longa 26

brevissima (Micropora) 40

Bugula bicomis Busk 21

do rcticulata Busk 22

do do var. spinosa nov. ... 22

do tricornis nov 23

Cape Horn Expédition g, n

Catenicella frigida nov 20

Cancellata , g5

Cellaria 34

Cellaria Dennanti MacG 36

do dubia Busk 37

do lata nov 38

do malvinensis Busk ...:.. 3y

Cellarinella 57

Cellarinella dubia nov 58

P u,i-:

Cellarinella foveolata nov 57

do nodulata nov 58

Cellepora homeroides nov 73

Chaperia cervicornis B 33

do cylindracea, var. prolecta nov. . . 34

do patulosa nov 33

Classification 7

clavata (Osthimosia) 74

claviformis (Heteropora) g8

compacta (Orthopora) 75

conspicua (Smittia) 66

contracta (Systenopora) 56

coreacea (Micropora) 3g

crassatuia 1 Smittia) 70

Cribrilixid.ï; 41

Cribrilina projecta nov 41

crozetensis (Smittia) 64

Ctenostomata 85

Cylindracea, var. protecta (Chaperia) ... 34

Cyclicopora polaris nov 53

Cyclostomata 86

dennanti (Cellaria) 36

dent ai a (Smittia) 71

denticulata (Bifaxana) 5g

Depths 3. 11

Diastopora solida nov go

Diastopora sp go

dichotoma (Stomatopora) 87

directa (Smittia) 6g

discreta (Barentsia) gg

distans (Hippothoa) 54

Distribution (geographical) 5, 8

divaricata (Hippothoa) 53

divaricata (Microporella) 46

divergeas (Stomatopora) 8g

dubia (Cellaria) 3j

EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Page

dubia (Cellarinella) 58

Eatoni (Schizoporella) 5a

eburnea (Stomatopora) 88

Entoprocta 99

Entalophora proboscidea F 'orbes gi

erecta (Beania) 3o

Escharoides biformata nov 72

exigua (Microporella) 44

Filisparsa superba Jull 91

fimbriata (Lichenopora) 96

flagellata (Flustra) 27

Flustra flagellata nov 27

fovcolata (Cellarinella) 5y

frigida (Catenicella) 20

do (Retepora) 82

do (Lepralia) 47

fuegensis (Scrupocellaria) 24

funiculata (Scrupocellaria) 23

galeata (Lepralia) 48

Geographical Distribution 8

gelida (Retepora) 84

gelida (Schizoporella) 52

gelida (Smittia) 71

Glands 21, 22, 80, 83

grandis (Bicellaria) 24

Heteropora claviformis nov 98

Hiantopora monoceros Busk 42

hippocrepis (Retepora) 84

Hihpothoa distans MacG 54

Hippothoa divaricata Lamx 53

hosteensis (Schizoporella) 5i

Hornera antarctica nov g3

horneroides (Cellepora) 73

Hyadcsi (Beania) 3o

li val ma (Megapora) 3g

Idmonea atlantica Forbes go

inclusa (Smittia) 68

incrassata (Stomatopora) 88

incrustons (Membranipora) 3i

irregularis (Membranipora) 3i

laevigata (Retepora) "! 83

Landsborovii, var. personata (Smittia) ... 63

lata (Cellaria) 38

Page

Lepralia frigida nov 47

do galeata Busk 48

leptalioides (Retepora) 83

Lichenopora fimbriata Busk g6

do octoradiata nov g7

Lists of Species (dates) 12

do (classified) . . . . 12, 17

Literature 4

longa (Brettia) 26

major (Stomatopora) 88

malitsii (Microporella) 42

marsupium (Smittia) 61

magellanica (Beania) 28

malvinensis (Cellaria) 37

marionensis (Smittia) 62

Megapora? hyalina nov 3g

Membranipora incrustans Waters . . . . 3i

do irregularis d: 'Orb 3i

do strigosa nov 32

do uniserialis nov 32

Micropora 40

Micropora brevissima nov 40

do coreacea Esper 3g

Microporella divaricata Canu 46

do exigua nov 44

do Malusii Aud 42

do parvipora nov 43

do proxima nov 44

do trinervis nov 45

monoceros (Hiantopora) 42

nodulata (Cellarinella) 58

Number of Species 10

octoradiata (Lichenopora) g7

Opercula 7, 47, 4g

organisons (Tubulipora) g2

Orthopora 75

Ortkopora compacta nov 75

d'Orbigny's collections 11

Osthimosia clavata nov 74

do signala Busk 73

Parallelata g5

parvipora (Microporella) 43

patulosa (Chaperia) ........ 33

BRYOZOA

io3

Page

pilcata (Smittia) 70

polaris (Cyclicopora) 53

Positions (List of) 3

prœstita (Smittia) 67

proboscidea (Entalophora) 91

projccta (Cribrilina) 41

protecta (Retepora) 81

proxuna (Microporella) 44

Retepora 77

Retepora antarctica 80

do frigida nov 82

do gclida nov 84

do luppocrepis nov 84

do protecta nov 81

do bilaminata nov 78

do laevigata 82

do lepralioides 83

Rectaxgulata 9^

reticulata (Bugula) 22

reticulata var. spinosa (Bugula) .... 22

reticulata (Smittia) 62

reptans (Smittia) 72

Ridleyi (Schizoporella) 5o

rustica (Bifaxaria) 60

Schizoporella 4§

Schizoporella eatoni Busk 52

do gclida nov 52

do hosteensis Jullien 5i

do Ridleyi MacG 5o

do simplex d'Orb 5i

Scrupocellaria antarctica nov 25

do fuegensis Busk 24

do fitmculata MacG 23

signala (Osthimosia) 7^

simplex (Schizoporella) 5i

Smittia 61

Smittia antarctica nov 65

do conspicua nov 66

Page

Smittia crassa/ina 70

do crozetensis nom. nov 64

do dcntata nov 71

do directa nov 69

do gelida nov 71

do inclitsa nov 68

do Landsborovii var. pcrsonata H. . . 63

do marioncnsis B. var 62

do marsupium MacG 61

do prœstita nov 67

do pilcata nov 70

do reptans nov 72

do reticulata MacG 62

do tnpora nov 67

Spécial interest (Species of ) 10

Solida (Diastopora) 90

« Southern Cross » Expédition .... 4

Stellata (Turritigera) 76

Stomatopora 87

Stomatopora antarctica nov 8g

do dichotoma d'Orb 87

do divergens nov 8g

do eburnea 88

do incrassata Smitt 88

do major var 88

strigosa (Membranipora) 32

superba (Filisparsa) gi

Systenopora 55

Systenopora contracta nov 56

Tentacles 37, 65, 75, 80

Température 3

tricornis (Bugula) 23

trinervis (Microporella) 45

tripora (Smittia) 67

Tubulipora organisons d'Orb g2

Turritigera stellata Busk 76

uniserialis (.Membranipora) 32

Vibracula 27

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Fig. îa. Catenicella frigida sp. nov. x 25. From N° 617.
ib. do do Latéral surface, X 25.

Ic- ào do Magnified about three times.

ld- do do X 8. Showing a zoœcium attached by a chitinous tube

to the older zoœcium. From N°Ô23.
2a. Brcttia longa sp. nov. Anterior surface. X 25. From N° 621.
2b. do do Posterior surface. X 25. From N° Ô23.

3a. Bugula reticulata Busk, var. spinosa, nov. X 25. From N° 610.

36. do do do Upper portion of the same zoarium as Fig. 3a.

(v) vermiform body, (bb) brown bod)^, (rp)
rosette plates seen through the front wall.
X 25.
3c. do do Avicularium. y §5.

3d. do do Dorsal surface showing radicle originating at a bifurcation, also

small radicular chambers (a), from which however radicles are
seldom found growing. X 25. From N° 610.
Bugula biconvis Busk. Showing latéral branches with short zoœcia also pair of ver-
miform bodies (v). X 25. From N° 608.
Dorsal surface, showing branch starting by the side of the

long zoœcium. (r) rosette plate. X 25. From N° 608.
Mandible X 85.
Transverse sections of a short vermiform body. X 5oo.

From N° 608.
Vermiform body with parenchym by the side. X 7^0.
Longitudinal section of the walls of the same. X 75o.
Large round avicularium seen from the front. X iS5.
The same seen laterally. X 85.

Section of avicularium. X 85. (pb) « peculiar body ». X 25o.
5a. Scrupocellaria antavdica sp. nov. X 25. From N° 347.
5b, c, d. do do Mandibles (b) of latéral avicularium, (c) of médian

avicularium. X 85. (d) ib. X 25o.
5e do do Ovicell. X 5o.

6a. Bicellaria grandis Busk. Anterior surface, X 25. From N° 1068.
6b. do do Dorsal surface, showing radicles. X 25.

xiv R 21

4<7.

bugula

bicorn

4b.

do

do

Afi.

do

do

j\d. c.

do

do

4/

do

do

4g-

do

do

4/1.

do

do

47.

do

do

4k.

do

do

io6 EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Fig. 7. Beania Hyadesi Jull. Dorsal surface. X 25. From N° 1068.

8a. Beania erecta sp. nov. X 25. From N° 1012.

86. do do Mandible. X 85.

8c. do do Section showing pariétal muscles. X 25.

8d. do do Inflated zoœcium seen from the side. X 25.

8e. do do Dorsal surface. X 25.

ga. Bugula Iricomis sp. nov. Dorsal surface. X 12. From N° 616.

96. do do Anterior surface X 25 (See PI. YIII, fig. 3).

gc, d. do do Avicularia. X 85.

PLATE II

Fig. la. Fltistra flagellata sp. nov. X 12. From X° 991.

16. do do Base of vibraculum. X 25o.

2a. Membranipora uniserialis sp. nov. >;' 25. From X° 570.

3. Chaperia cylindracea Busk, var. protecta, nov. X 25. From X°5gi.

4. Membranipora strigosa sp. nov. X 25. From X° 745.

5. Chaperia patulosa sp. nov. X 25. From X° 5g6.

6. Membranipora irregularis d'Orb. X 25. From X° 619.

ya. Micropora brevissima sp. nov. X 25. From X° 5g6. There were no ovicells to the spéci-
men drawn, so one was added, as seen in another colony.

76. do do Operculum. X 85.

je. do do Mandible. X 85. From Cape Horn.

8. Micropora coreacea Esper. Operculum. X 85. From Hastings.

ga. Cellaria Dennanti MacG. X 25. From X° 683.

96. do do Mandible. X 25. Attention is called to this being magnified

only 25 times, whereas I hâve usually drawn opercula
and mandibles X 85 or 25o. From X° 282.

gc. do do Opercula. X 85.

gd. do do Section of tentacles. X 75o.

ge. do do Section showing the large avicularian chamber, also the

outer membranes united at certain points only, and
between which there has been a calcareous deposit ; the
basai portions of the intermediate zoœcia are shown at
(c). In the lower zoœcium the full number of tentacles is
not shown. X 85.
g/. do do Natural size. From X°6n (see also PI. YIII, fig. 6).

10a. Cellaria Malvinensis Busk. Mandible. X 85. From X° 1068 (see also PI. YIII, fig. 7).

106. do do Operculum X 85.

11. Cellaria lata sp. nov. X 25. From XT° 1012.

12. Cellaria dubia Busk. X 25. From X° 1012.

lia. Megapora hyalina sp. nov. X about 5o. From X° 3g2.
i36. do do X 25.

BRYOZOA

Fig.i4«,è. Cribrilina projecta sp. nov. X 25. (b) mandible. X 85. From N° 56g.

14c. do do Section of zoœcium. (oui) outer membrane, (im) inner

membrane divided in the distal part, (con) connexion
with the neighbouring zoœcium.

140*. do do Outer membrane showing discontinuity, and the spaces

containing cellular structure, also the spinous protu-
bérances X 25o.

i5a. Membranipora inclusions Waters. X 25. From N° 5g6.

i5b. do do var. grandis. X 25. From N° 3g2.

i5r. do do do Avicularium.

16. Microporella proxima sp. nov. X 25. From N° 820. The ovicell is added from spéci-

men 570. Operculum X 85.

17. Microporella trinervis sp. nov. X 25. From X° 3g 1.

PLATE III

Fig. la. Microporella divaricata Canu. X 25. From N° ggi.
ib. do do Operculum X 85.

le. do do X 12.

20, b. Microporella parvipora sp. nov. X 25. (b.) Operculum X 85. From N° 5g6.

3a. Microporella exigita sp. nov. X 25. From N° 570.
3b. do do X 85.

4a. Microporella Malusii Aud. X 5o. From N° i3g.
46. do do X 25.

4c, d. do do frontal pores. X 25o.

5a. Cyclicopora polaris sp. nov. bilaminate form. X 25. From N° ggi.
5b. do do Operculum. X 85.

5c. do do Latéral wall showing rosette plates.

5(/. do do Distal wall showing rosette plates.

5e. do do Adnate form. X 25. From N° ggi.

Sf. do do Operculum. X 85.

6. Schizoporella simplex d'Orb. X 25. From N° 332.

7. Smittia crassatina sp. nov. X 25. From N° 277. (see Plate IV, fig. g.)
8a. Hippothoa distans MacG. X 25. From N° 5g6.

86. do do Ordinary zoœcia. X 5o. From N° 5g6.

Se. do do Ovicelligerous zoœcia. X 5o. From N° 5g7.

Sd, do do Opercula. X 85 and 25o.

Se. do do From Sydney, N. S. Wales. X 25.

8/. do do Ordinary zoœcium. X 5o.

8p-. do do Section showing chambers at the side of the zoœcium, the

parenchym contents of which are connected both the
zoœcium and to the latéral processes. X 85.

qa. Lepraha frigida sp. nov. X 25. From N° i25o.

gb. do do Operculum. X 85.

ioS EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Fig.io. Schizoporella Eatoni Busk. Operculum. X 85. From Cape Adare (« Southern Cross »

Expédition).

lia. Schizoporella hosteeiisis Jullien. X 25. From N° 5g6. Showing the primary zoœcium,

and in the zoœcium on the right the calcification
round the aperture is not complète.

nb. do do X 25. From X° 619.

ne. do do Operculum. X 85.

12a. Schizoporella gelida sp. nov. X 25. From N° 332.

12b. do do Interior, showing condyles (denticles). X 25.

12c. do do Operculum. X 85.

i3. Megapora ringens Busk. Operculum. X 85. From Shetland.

PLATE IV

Fig. la. Smittia antarctica sp. nov. X 25. From X" 683.

Operculum. X 85.
Mandible. X 85.
Natural size.

Transverse section showing rosette plates. X 25-
Longitudinal section. X 12. Showing rosette plates.
Extremity of tentacles. X 5oo. Showing sac containing
darkly stained mass. From N° 618.
ih. do do Section showing aperture (ap) ; tentacular sheath (ts) ;

and gland-like bodies (gl). X 85.
». nov. X 25. From X° 683.
Operculum X 85.

Section showing aperture with operculum ; and below it
the avicularium glands, with the mandible above the
glands. X 85.

3. Smittia conspicua sp. nov. X 25. From N° 683.

4. Smittia marsupium MacG. X 25. From N° 5g6.
5(7. Smittia inclusa sp. nov. X 25. Showing ovicells, and the projections (p) over the

aperture, which in the ovicelligerous zoœcia ifiay be
entirely hidden, as in the lower zoœcium on the right
hand side. From N° 683.
Natural size.
Mandibles. X 85.
Transverse section. X 12.
Longitudinal section. X 12.
Extremity of zoarium. X 12.
nov. X 25. From N° 683.
Natural size.
X 2 5. Tranverse section.

la.

bmittia

autan

ib.

do

do

le.

do

do

id.

do

do

le.

do

do

1/.

do

do

V-

do

do

2a.

Smittia

tripora

2b.

do

do

2C.

do

do

5b.

do

do

5c.

do

do

5d.

do

do

5e.

do

do

5/.

do

do

6a.

Smittia g

'clida

6/3.

do

do

6c.

do

do

BROYZOA

109

Fig. 7a. Smittia pileata sp. nov. X 25. From N° 619.

7b. do do Operculum X 85.

8. Smittia dentata sp. nov. X 25. From N° 6i5.

g. Smittia crassatina sp. nov. X 25. From N° 288 (PI. III, fig. 7).

10a. Smittia dirccta sp. nov. X 12. From N° 683.

100. do do Zoœcium. X 25.

ioc. do do Xatural size.

iod. do do Transverse section of one zoœcium, showing (rp) rosette

plates ; (ly) lyrula. X 25.

11. Smittia repens sp. nov. X 12. From N° 428.

12a. Cellepora horiicroidcs sp. nov. Natural size.

12b. do do Dorsal surface. X 12. From N° 567.

12c. do do Aperture and avicularium. X 85.

12(7. do do Anterior surface. X 25.

12e. do do Operculum. X 85.

12/. do do Mandible. X 25o, and X 85.

PLATE V

Fig. in. Systenopora contracta sp. nov. X 25. From N° 683.

Natural size.

Avicularian mandibles, (c) oral, (d, e) zocecial, (f) inter-
nai. X 85.
Transverse calcareous section. X 12. From N° 621.
Transverse calcareous section of one zoœcium showing
the rosette plate, over which there are the pair of
irregular processes. X 25. From X" 216.
11. do do The processes more magnifiecl.

ik. do do The interior as seen in thick section, prepared in order

to show the interior triangular avicularia by the side

of the aperture. The ovicells are also seen. X 25.

il. do do Section showing the oral aperture with the interior

avicularium (av), the external one (ex), and the
ovicell (0). X 25.
nu. do do Decalcified sections eut through the shorter axis,

showing a reticulate connection between the two
lavers of zoœcia. / 25. From N° 612.
mw do do Longitudinal section showing the latéral wall, with the

latéral rosette plates, ovicell (0), and the processes
(sp) over the distal rosette plates. X 12.
io. do do , Rosette plate. X 85.

!* do do Embryo showing layer of cilia separated from the

surface. X i5o. From N° 612.

ib. do

do

ic, d, c,f. do

do

ig. do

do

ih. do

do

EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Fig. 2(7. Cellarinella foveolata sp. nov. Younger part, x 25. From N° 683.
ib. do do Older part. X 25. From N° 683.

2c. do do Mandible. X 85.

zd. do do Xatural size. From N° 6og.

2e. do do Natural size, nodulated form. From X'0 743.

2/. do do Calcareous section showing the underside of the distal

rosette plate. X 25. From N° 683.
2g. do do Section showing the rosette plate from above, protected

by a pair of spinous processes. X 85.
2h. do do The spinous processes seen in longitudinal section.

X 25 and 85.
3(7. Turritigcra stellata Busk. X 3. From N° 611.

3b. do do (b) Operculum. < 83. (c) Mandible. X 85. (c) do. X 25o.

3d. do do Avicularium from the surface of the zoœcium. X 85.

3e. do do Anterior surface. X 25.

4(7. Orthopora compacta sp. nov. X 12. From X°343. (b) Operculum. X 85. (c) Mandible

from small avicularium on the zoœcium. X 85. (d) Rostral
mandible. X 85. (c) Mandible of vicarious avicularium.
X85.
Xatural size.

Section through a zoœcium showing tentacles, ovaria and
ova, and the wall of the compensating chamber. X 85.
From X° 342.
Ovarium. X 25o.

Wall of the tentacular sheath. X 7^>°-
Cellcpora ? solida Busk. Operculum, from the British Muséum préparation. Chal-
lenger Station X" 160. X 85.

PLATE VI

Refepora antarctica sp. nov. x 25. From X° 608.

do Dorsal surface. X 6. with broken surface (bk), showing

the divisions of the zoœcia.
do Showing large raised avicularium. From X"° 620.

do Tentacles showing dark mass in tip. x5oo. From X" 608.

do Mandible. X 85.

do Operculum. X 85.

do Avicularium. X 85.

do Calcareous section showing the internai (a a) « condyles »

(teeth) near the base of the operculum, also the latéral

rosette plate with « watch-glass » cover. X 85.
do Avicularian chamber, with branches leading to the

proximal end of the zoœcium.
do Zoœcium showing the oral glands (gl) ; and also the

latéral muscles.

4/

do do

4Ar-

do do

4/1.

do do

4».

do do

5. (

Zellepora ? solida

Fig. la.

Retej

ib.

do

ic.

do

id.

do

le.

do

if-

do

ig-

do

ih.

do

îi.

do

ik.

do

BRYOZOA

Fig. 2<7. Rctcpora protecta sp. nov. X 25 From N° 620.

ib. do do Dorsal surface X 6.

ic. do do Operculum. X 85.

là. do do Mandible. X 85.

20. do do Avicularium. X 85.

3a. Retepora leprahoides sp. nov. X 25. From X*" 742.

3b. do do Dorsal surface. X 6.

3c. do do Operculum. X 85.

3d. do do Avicularium. X 85.

4c?. Retepora frigida sp. nov. x 25. From N° 345.

4A. do do Dorsal surface. X 6.

4c. do do Aperture. X about 85.

/[d. do do Operculum. X 85.

\e. do do Mandibles. X 85.

4/. do do Ovicell. X 85.

5(7. Retepora lœvigata sp. nov. X 25. From N° 322.

5b. do do Natural size.

5c. do do Aperture showing the teeth at a lower level. x 85.

5d. do do Operculum X 85.

6(7. Calcareous section of Retepora showing the zoœcial and dorsal layer, with the
Unes of the vibices also visible, (a) suboral pore entering the zoœcial chamber
considerably lower down than the aperture; (ov) ovicell; (av) aviculariam chamber;
(v) vibices. This is typical Retepora, but is practically drawn from R. crassa
Bush. Challenger spécimen. X 25.

6b. The same section, showing a break at the Une of the vibices. X 25o.

7e?. Retepora gelida sp. nov. X 25. From N° 683.

jb. do do Dorsal surface. X 6.

je. do do Operculum X 85.

yd. do do .Mandibles. X 85.

8(7. Retepora bilaminata nov. X 25. From S. Africa.

Sb. do do Aperture. X 85.

8c. do do Operculum X 85.

8d. do do Mandible. X 25o.

g. Retepora projecta, var. crassa nov. Natural size. From N° 3og.

10a. Retepora hippocrepis sp. nov. Natural size. From N° 568.

106. do do Anterior surface. X 25. From N° 568.

ioc. de do Dorsal surface. X 6.

iod. do do Operculum. X 85.

ioe,/,g. do do Mandibles. X 85.

PLATE VII

Fig. la. Osthimosia clavata sp. nov. X 25. From N° 428.

ib. do do Natural size.

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

Fig. ic. Osthimosia clavata sp. nov. Operculum. X 85. From N° 3^3.
\d, e. do do Mandibles. X 85. From N° 343.

if. do do Ovarium. X 25o. From N° 343.

ig. do do Vicarious mandible. X 85. From N° 1047.

2«. Osthimosia evexa Jullien. Mandibles. X 85. From spécimens determined by [ullien

from Cape Horn.
oh. do do Operculum X 85.

3. Hippothoa divaricata Lamx. X 25. From N° 5g6.

4. Cellepora signala Busk. x 25. From N° 991.

5. Escharoidcs biformata sp. nov. X 25. From N° 683.
6a, b, c, d. Barcntsia discreta Busk. X IO- From X" g5i.

6e, f. do do Junction of the polypide with the pedicel. )< 85.

y a. Alcyonidium antarcticum sp. nov. Showing base of the tentacles with intertentacular

organ. X 5oo. From N° 774.
yb. do do Section of zoœcium showing ovaria. X 25o. The

same zoœcium less magnified is seen in fig. yh.
yc. do do with wide zoœcia. X about 3.

yd. do do do X 25.

je. do do with narrower zoœcia. X about 3.

7/. do do Longitudinal section showing ovaria ; tentacular

organ iSx. (ov) ovaria ; (sp) testes and sperma-

tozoa ; (ap) aperture. X 85.
jg. do do Tentacular organ as seen in fig. y/. X 25o.

yh. do do Transverse section. X 85.

8(7. Heteropora claviformis sp. nov. Longitudinal decalcified section. X 85. From N° 619.
8b. do do Surface. X 25.

8c. do do Broken colony. X about 3.

8d. do do Natural size.

PLATE VIII

Fig. i<7. Scrupocellaria funiculata MacG. X 25. From N° 877.
16. do di> Scutum. )< 85.

2<7. Scrupocellaria antarctica nov. Xs5. From N° 347. Showing the denticle (dt) within the

zoœcium near its base and close to the rosette plate
(see PI. I, figs. 5a-e).
2b. do do X 85.

3. Bugula tricornis Busk. Mandible seen from above X 100. Showing the équivalent of

the cross bar. From N° 616.
4a. Cellaria Dennanti MacG. X 25. From N° 242. Showing ovicellar and mandibular

openings (see PL II, figs. ga-f).
5. Cellaria malvincusis Busk. X 85. From New Zealand.
on. Cellarinella nodulata sp. nov. X 25. From N° 623.
6b. do do Natural size.

6c. do do Mandibles. X 85.

BRYOZOA n3

Fig. ja. Beania magellanica Busk. X i5o. From N° 1068. Section of avicularium showing the

pariétal muscles.
jb. do do X i5o. Seen from thc front, (a) Cross bar.

je. do do Section of base of mandible. X 25o.

8. Smittia marionensis Busk var. X 25. From N° 683.

9. Lepralia frigida sp. nov. From N° 288. Décalcifiée!, showing the Connecting tubes

from zoœcium to zoœcium.

10a. Smittia praestita sp. nov. X 25. From N° 5g6.
10b. do do Mandible. X 25o. From N° 5g6.

11a. Lepralia galeata Busk. Operculum. X 85. From N° i3g.
11b. do do Mandible. X 25o.

12a. Cellarinella dubia sp. nov. X 5. Probably from N° 623.
12b. do do X 25.

i3. Turritigera stellata Busk. Decalcified showing Connecting tubes from zoœcium to

zoœcium.

14(7. Bifaxaria denticulata Busk. Mandible. X 85.

14e. do do Mandible. X 85. From Stat. 320 Challenger Exp.

l5a. Smittia crozetensis nom. nov. X 25. From N° 683, large form.
i5b. do do X 25. From N° 5g6, small form.

16. Stomatopora major Johnst. X IO- From N° 570.

ija. Barentsia disercta Busk. X 5oo. FromN°75i. Tangential section of the basai barrel-

shaped cylinders, showing an external wall (ex.), con-
tracticle layer (et.), large celled layer (cl.) (see PI. VI,
figs. ta-/).

ijb. do do Junction of pedicel with the polypide. X 85.

17c. do do X 25o. Section through the middle of the barrel-shaped

cylinder and the lower part of the pedicel, showing the chitinous wall, the
contractile layer, the large celled layer, and the protoplasmic contents, also
the contractions at the base ot the pedicel.

18. Bifaxaria denticulata Busk. X 85. Section showing four zoœcia, and the pore tubes (pt.)

also the commencements of new zoœcia (zc).

iga. Bifaxaria rustica d'Orb. X 25. From N° 428.
îgb. do do X 2.

20. Lichenopora fimbriata Busk. X 85. From N° 5g5.

21. Schizoporella polymorpha Busk. Operculum. X 85. Simon's Bay, South Africa,

Challenger.

22. Schizoporella linearis Hass. Operculum. X 85. Naples.

23. Schizoporella (Buffonella) rimosa Jull. Operculum. X 85. Cape Horn.

24. Schizoporella Cecilii Aud. Operculum. X 85. Naples.

25. Schizoporella arrogata Waters. Operculum. X 85. Naples.

ig. la. h

Tornera

antarrtica

ib.

do

do

ic.

do

do

id.

do

do

ÏC.

do

do

!/•

do

do

*g> !>■

do

do

11.

do

do

„4 EXPÉDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE

PL4TE IX

Hornera antarctica sp. nov. Anterior surface. X 12. From N° 683.

Dorsal surface. X 12. From N° 683.
Anterior surface. X 25. From N° 683.
Dorsal surface showing ovicell. X 25. From N° 6i3.
Anterior surface showing short branches. From N° 6i3,

but a différent colon)r to the last.
X 2. Same spécimen as Fig. le. (ov) ovicells.
Natural size. From N° 61 3.

Growing end before any of the pits are formed. X 25.
From N° 61 3.
ik. do do Transverse section showing stem with zocecial chambers

eut across, and aîso the ovicellular chamber, from which apparentlv mar,y
embryos hâve been ejected, leaving the tissue lining the wall of the ovicell
contracted, but the embryo (fig. 1/) is in the middle of the particular tissue
and there are others at a, b, c. From N° 61 3.

2. Hornera lichenoides Linn. < 25. From Franz-Josef Land, Lat. 77" 55' N. - Long.

53° 16' E.

3. Hornera frondiculata Lamx. X 25. From Naples.
4a. Entalophora proboscidea M. Ed. X 12. From N° 683.
4b. do do X 12. From N° 621.
5. Idmonea atlantica Forbes. X 12. From N° 608.

6a. Stomatopora divergens sp. nov. X 25. From N° 5g6.

6b. do do Showing two ovicells (ov). X 10. From X" 570.

6c. do do Ovicell. X 25.

ya. Stomatopora eburnea d'Orb. X 4- From N° 800.

yb. do do X 25.

8a. Stomatopora? incrassata Smitt. • 4. From X° 348.

8b. do do X 12. From N° 348.

ga. Lichenopora octoradiata sp. nov. x îo. From N° 277.

gb, c. do do Another colon}7. Natural size.
gd. do do Latéral view. X 3.

ioa. Stomatopora antarctica sp. nov. X i5. From N° 820.

106. do do Another colony. Natural size.

11. Diastopora solida sp. nov. X 25. From N° 373.

>n ion

HRYOZOA. PL.].

\

Ai

.

*.'/

'//,■

ION ANTARCTIi

.

i

rm\w

■

mx

u

s ...

. m

BRYOZOA. Pi ..II.

7/,

.9/.

If

V

/ I

%

!)a

\

.'/,/

1.1a

II

70*5

/.', ir

S

m

r

i 'i a

1-1,1

15 b

1(1

fr

**

//

|
I

EXPED IT I 0 N A N TA RCTIQU E BELGE

11,

11

! f

rx

■ > a

BRYOZOA. PL. III.

r,i,

7,

-

m

8 b

9 a

■C^

10

Via

//<

%$■>

11b

,

m

Hr

•

\

12b

12a

[■■ y

<*%'

■

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE.

WRYOXOA. PL. IV

A \V Wa1 r;

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE.

liKYO/OA. I

la

* è

■ . .

1b

II

m *

l

i? ;•'/-'•

'/',

...

.;:

■ ' • • " -

■

w:/'; : ••• - <§ . ..

/»

y//

'///

7;

*

W\

■

*

r

e

«

il

h*

i '

-

KXl'l' i)[T!i>\ AN IAK( TIQUE B! :

1,1

II,

URYOZOA i

p

U

B

<^*

'■>.■

m

p,

--■r

'//y

i>«!

Si

r-

, ^

~

#

70 e

f

r,h

■ï'

'/ f

V

'#P 7„

■ »''.. ...• ■*,

7^/

<«s?

■

#0

,?,/

/^/ 70 e

10 r

10 a

10 a

101

'A

)

'EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BELGE.

BRYOZOA. PL.Vn.

'"*

»•».•.•;%

»

** ,

//,

t

/,/

«■

fs

*

-~ ."

■■■' : "<

» i

;.""""v- '

6V

*

-

i

.S7,

EXPEDITION AN fARCTIQUE BELGE.

OZOA. I

/

*

*

.

IIIIIHMIlilill

,

n,

*T*

m

»2C<»

•€>,

V''

' ' fi

/ )

II///

PO

f, \\V

- .'

EXPEDITION ANTARCTIQUE BEEGE.

HRYOZOA. I

•

/il 0

_

Ik ■

S

a ® 0 e a *

-

<Sa.

<•;/,

■

9d

71,

iSVS

'-i. p

•s

• a • « • • • , '

* * • * '« * ♦

,

5c

//

©

i

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*ARAIGNEES ET FAUCHEURS, p' E. Simon

«MYRIAPODES, par C. v. Attems )

•*COLLEMBOLES, par V. Willem S

.ORTHOPTERES, par Brunner von Wattenwyl.

HÉMIPTÈRES, par E. Bergroth.

PÉDICULIDES, par V. Willem.

DIPTÈRES, par J. C Jacobs.

COLÉOPTÈRES, par Schoutedex, E. Rousseau, A. Grou-
velle, E. Olivier, A. Lameere, Boileau, E. Brenske,
Bourgeois et Fairmaire.

HYMÉNOPTÈRES, par C. Emery, Tosquinet, E. André et
J. Vaciial.

SOLÉNOCONQUES, par L. Plate.

«GASTROPODES ET LAMELLIBRANCHES, \

par P. Pelseneer ; Frs 25,oo

«CÉPHALOPODES, par L. Joubin )

TUNICIERS, par E. Van Beneden.

POISSONS ET REPTILES, par L. Dollo.

BILE DES OISEAUX ANTARCTIQUES, par P. Portier.

OISEAUX [Biologie), par E. G. Racovitza.

OISEAUX [Systématique), par Howard Saunders.

*CÉTACÉS, par E. G. Racovitza Frs 24.00

EMBRYOGÉNIE DES PINNIPÈDES, par E. Van Beneden.

ORGANOGÉNIE DES PINNIPÈDES, par Brachet et
Leboucq.

ENCÉPHALE DES PINNIPÈDES, par Brachet.

PINNIPÈDES (Biologie), par E. G. Racovitza.

♦PINNIPÈDES (Systématique), par

E. Barrett-Hamilton .... Frs 4,00

BACTÉRIES DE L'INTESTIN DES ANIMAUX ANT-
ARCTIQUES, par J. Cantacuzène.

LA BIOGÉOGRAPHIE DE L'ANTARCTIDE, par E. G.
Racovitza.

VOLUME X.

ANTHROPOLOGIE.

MEDICAL REPORT, par F. A. Cook.

REPORT UPON THE ONAS, par F. A. Cook.

A YAHGAN GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY, par F. A. Cook.

REMARQUES. — Par la suite, plusieurs autres mémoires s'ajouteront à cette liste.
Il ne sera éventuellement mis en vente que cinquante collections complètes des mémoires. Ceux-ci
pourront être acquis, séparément, aux prix indiqués sur la présente couverture :

à BRUXELLES, chez Oscar SCHEPENS & Cie, rue Treurenberg, 16,
à PARIS, chez LE SOUDIER, 174-176, Boulevard Saint-Germain,

à- BERLIN, chez FRIEDLÀNDER, 11, Karlstrasse, N. W. 6,

à LONDRES, chez DULAU & C°, 37, Soho Square, W".
à NEW-YORK, chez PUTNAM's Sons, 27 W, 23d street.

Ces prix seront réduits de 20 % pour les personnes qui souscriront à la série complète des mémoires
chez l'un des libraires désignés ci-dessus. Toutefois, lorsque la publication sera terminée, les prix indiqués
sur cette liste seront majorés de 40 %, pour les mémoires vendus séparément, et de 20 %, pour les
mémoires vendus par série complète.