ee anes sf aes * ere 9 43 tyjemn te Ae eat ite batean Seestees 8 & : if ve any a) ay Lt he O} Heh hy oy “a Na uf ‘ it ihe ent ead a af Diy tia pal 7 , EM, 7 uN ' “ te a \ A e) ) ; eae i Wau ea ties bh Ny i vat MERA le ath ed ik i" y i t We Pp E. bo (f THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH'S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’) CONDUCTED BY PRIDEAUX JOHN SELBY, Esqa., F.L.S., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. Bot. Edinburgh, AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.1S., F.G.S. eee VOL. XIX.—SECOND SERIES. PI OOOO LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; PIPER AND CO.,; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS. LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES AND SMITH, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1857. *‘Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibirelictis semper estimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINNZUS. “‘ Quelque soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rapportent toutes ses opérations.”—BRuCKNER, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 1767. oe © © © © © © © es @ Lhe sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. ALERE r FLAMMAM. CONTENTS OF VOL. XIX. [SECOND SERIES.] NUMBER CIX. I. Notes of an Excursion to the Pyrenees in search of Diatomacez. By WixuiaM Smita, F.L.S., Professor of Natural History, Queen’s Wales: Cork. ( Wiel twO-DIAtES:)\rccc.dasataci secessavaetcoresataceuectores II. On the Development of the Roct-cell and its Nucleus in Chara verticillata (Roxb.). By H. J. Carrer, Esq., Assistant Surgeon Ee.@ Sp bonibayes. (Wathiave late.) ecasoncieap eames untgeavot= onn swerdaocsess 5: ITI. On two species of Echiodermata new to the Fauna of. Great Britain. By L. Barrert, F.G.S. (With a Plate.) IV. Notes on the Permian System of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland. By Ricuarp Howser, Esq. (With a Plate.) ... V. Notes on the genus Quenstedtia. By Joun Lycert, Esq. ... VI. On the Uses of the Sand-canal in the Starfishes. By THomas Wixuiams, M.D., F.L.S., Physician to the Swansea Infirmary ...... VII. Remarks on the Inferior Oolite and Lias in parts of North- amptonshire, compared with the same Formations in Gloucestershire. By the Rev. P. B. Bropir, M.A., F.G.S. ...ccecese. decitas Maen ewanss Wes VIII. Contributions to the knowledge of the Anatomy of Nautilus Pompilius, L., especially with reference to the male animal. By J. Van DER Hoeven, M.D., &c., Professor of Zoology in the Uni- versity of Leyden. (With two Plates.) .-..........cscseseeeseseeeseesenens New Books :—Shells and their Inhabitants: The Genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their Organization, by Henry and Arthur Adams.— Das Gebiss der Schnecken, zur Begriindung einer natiirlichen Classification, untersucht von Dr. F. H. Tros- chel, Professor an der Universitat zu Bonn. — Prodromus Sy- stematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis; Auctore Alphonso de Page 06 58 @Gandollel?, 24: Bas alee eens etamerde Sh ede nets 74—85 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ...-.:.cscseseseseneceeenseeenens 85-—102 iv CONTENTS. Portrait of Dr. Johnston; On the Occurrence of some new species of Pollicipes in the Inferior Oolite and Lias of Gloucestershire, by the Rey. P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S.; Mr. Yarrell’s Collections ; On the Stereognathus Ooliticus from the Stonesfield Slate, by Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.G.S.; Note on Estheria minuta, by T. Rupert Jones, Assist. Sec. G.S.; On the genus Cuma, by C. Spence Bate, F.L.S.; Rare British Birds, by W. P. Cocks; Note on Zootoca vivipara var. nigra, by Dr. J. E. Gray; On a new Turkey, Mele- agris mexicana, by J. Gould, F.R.S.; Description of anew Trogon and a new Odontophorus, by J. Gould, F.R.S.; Meteorological Page Observationsvand: Mable vscscascecssacecocceessacucclienecsreccesees 102—112 NUMBER Cx. IX. Onthe Organization of the Infusoria, especially the Vorticelle. By Dr. C. F. J. LACHMANN. (With a Plate.)..........ssescssceceseesoes X. New British Lichens. By the Rey. W. A. Le1curon, B.A., BBS. 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S.gf 16 ah. Lt 6S.0£ gt.of ¢1.0f SSt+.0€ gSS.of 9 pig oes i cron ier’? 41 Og WULTBOd| (eco, gv | &+ OV) Cz a) 161 LE.0f of.0£ 00,0 6S£.0€ I1v.0£ 5 stusbetag|t¥easreslesseersee!- coe | epg” | sma | $64 |- Sh | Sth) of 1-25 Sz.0£ gt.o£ 08.62 g61.0£ ELo08 “y 10. ficseaie ial fe ta OMA Tog | SAAS emery tate nst fv Ch) 1S 11.0£ $z.0f LL.6z 6L1.0£ ZITZ.O£ *t Lo. rou juyeo| “m | +h} €S | 1S] 6E | 9S 17.08 Lo.of 7g.6z fzz.0f gof.ot +f COC al iat a) "Mss | “M | “MS | 215 | gt EI | afer | teks Lr.08 gr.of £3.62 £1£.0€ 6S£.0€ ‘I ze 5 g Fg S : E swede 86 Se | tu [xem | card Zs "ure $6 oF a 2h “oct eee | 8 | eee d ea pg ag re | ele | F °§ Tuo | >> | -xusmo ‘yommpurs ‘Aoux19 FP “PASI “UOT 8. “Urey “PULA, | “ojo MIIOY,L, Garemoray, eee *KENMUG ‘asuvpy yonpung yo “UOySNO[Q *C “Ady ay? fig pun ‘NOLSOg 70 TRAA “AT AQ SUopUuorT 10au “MOIMSIHY 70 fja1a0g Joinynayzsopy ay) fo uapsngp ay2 yo uosdmoyy, "I Aq apyw suornasasqgg qna260j0.109,2 ee ee = THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SECOND SERIES.] No. 110. FEBRUARY 1857. IX.—On the Organization of the Infusoria, especially the Vorti- celle. By Dr. C. F. J. Lacumann*. [With a Plate. ] In the summer of 1852, when I had the pleasure of working in the laboratory of Professor J. Miiller, he called my attention and that of another of his pupils, M. A. Schneider, to Stein’s memoirs upon the Infusoriat. These memoirs, in conjunction with the older and contempora- neous ones of Focket and Cohn §, appeared to commence a new eera in the theory of the Infusoria; by their means we first ob- tained information regarding their propagation, of which, up to that time, we knew nothing, except fissation and gemmation. Important and interesting as were the facts discovered by the three observers above mentioned, they still only formed the im- perfect commencement of a history of the development of the Infusoria, to the further advancement of which many must con- tribute. Stein’s observations appeared to be far from sufficient to show his supposition of the connexion between the Vorticelle and Acinete as anything more than a rather vague hypothesis. For this reason we endeavoured to test their correctness by our own observations, and if possible either to fill up the deficiencies in Stein’s series of observations, or to prove his supposition to be false. * Translated from Miiller’s Archiv, 1856, p. 340, by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. + Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung der Infusorien ; Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1840, p. 91. Neue Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Entwickelungs- geschichte und des feineren Baues der Infusorien; Siebold und Kolliker’s Zeitschrift, iti. p. 475. (Translated, Annals, new series, vol. ix. p. 471.) Be uneliolige Bericht der Naturforscherversammlung zu Bremen, 1844, wal z § Siebold und Kolliker’s Zeitschrift, iii. p. 277. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. xix. 8 114 Dr.C. F.J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. We soon succeeded in getting Stein’s Acineta of the Duck- weed*, which he regards as the resting-form of Vorticella nebu- lifera. A. Schneider first found a specimen with an embryo already rotating, the escape of which we then expected with im- patience ; but this, like all the other specimens whose birth we observed during the summer, escaped from our sight before be- coming attached and converted into an Acineta or a Vorticella. Once, however, Professor Miller, whilst searching for an Acineta-bud which had escaped from him, found an animal which was exactly like it, swam very slowly, and at last, becoming perfectly stationary, gave forth rays and grew into an Acineta. This observation of course increased our doubts as to the correctness of Stein’s view. It is true we were not certain whether the animal which became an Acineta was truly an Acineta-bud, which, according to Stein’s representations, ought to have become a Vorticella, or whether it was not perhaps a Vorticella already metamorphosed, which had then become con- verted into an Acineta, certainly in a very different manner from that supposed by Stein. In any case, this fact could not but urge us to trace the subject further. In the course of that summer no decisive observation was made. But when I afterwards continued these cbservations in Brunswick, Wirzburg, Gottingen, and Berlin, and paid a close attention to the organization of the families of Infusoria in ques- tion, and also to that of other families, I arrived at the convic- tion that Stein’s view of the conversion of the Vorticelle into Acinete was erroneous: that his description of the Vorticelle, although far better than that of his predecessors, was still very defective: and that all Infusoria are neither polygastric, as Ehrenberg states, nor composed of formless substance, as asserted by Dujardin; but that, as already stated by Meyent, they are animals with a large digestive cavity,—which, however, must not be regarded, as he thought, as the interior of a cell, but the part which Meyen and most of the recent authors regard as the cell-membrane must be looked upon as the parenchyma of the body,—which does not represent the membrane of a cell any more than that of the Polypes,—a view which has been taught for years by Professor J. Miiller in his Lectures on Comparative Anatomy. In the hope that perhaps they may possess some interest, I venture to communicate the principal results of my investigations of the Infusoria. I may therefore be per- mitted to describe the digestive apparatus of the Vorticelle somewhat in detail, and to compare it with that of the other * Die Infusionsthierchen auf ihre Entwickelungsgeschichte untersucht, 1854, p. 59. + Miiller’s Archiv, 1839, p. 74. Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 115 Infusoria, so as by this means, as also by reference to the other systems of organs to be observed in the Infusoria, to support my opinion previously expressed regarding the structure of these animals ; and in the exposition of the portions of the develop- mental history of the Infusoria at present known, to refute the above-mentioned opinion of Stein. Although the Vorticelie were amongst the first Infusoria dis- covered by Leeuwenhoek in 1675*, and from their attachment by means ofa stem, appear to be for the most part more access- ible to observation than many of the other free-swimming In- fusoria, yet their external coarser structure remained very im- perfectly known up to the time of Ehrenberg, as is proved at once by the great changes of place (Jrrfahrten) in the systems of zoologists which had to be made, especially by certain develop- mental forms of them, which are so admirably brought together by Ehrenberg in his great work on the Infusoriat. Before the time of Ehrenberg, authors regarded the Voréi- celle as animals of somewhat the form of a hollow hemisphere or bell fastened by its convex part to a stalk. In front of the supposed opening of the hollow bell (Ehrenberg first showed that this was closed, and that there was only a small opening on the side of the surface closing the orifice of the bell (Stirn) leading into its terior), a vortex was seen to be pro- duced, which drew all small particles suspended in the water to the bell; but nevertheless none of the authors could persuade themselves into the belief that im this case small particles were actually taken up or eaten, even O. I. Miiller asserting{, “ In omnibus meis observationibus ne minimum animalculum vel moleculam unquam devorari—vidi. Pelliculas vegetabiles tan- gere et quasi rodere amant (Vorttcel/e); aquam vero nutritione eorum sufficere facile persuadeor.” With regard to the mode in which this vortex was produced, of course the opinions were for a long time by no means satisfactory. In many, the cilia producing this mevement were not yet found, so that Wrisberg§, and even Agardh || and Wiegmann 4, explained the attraction of the smaller Infusoria towards the bell of the Vorticella by a power of fascination like the celebrated one of the Rattlesnake ; and Bory de Saint Vincent constituted a peculiar genus (Conval- larina) for theseaciliated Vorticelle**. In others, some, but not all, of the cilia surrounding the anterior opening were detected; * Philosophical Transactions, 1676. t+ Die Infusionsthierchen, pp. 275 and 286. ~ Animaleula Infusoria, p. xii. § Observat. Infus. p. 63. || Verhandlungen der K. Leop. Akad. 11. 1. p. 135. 4] Ibid. iii. 2. p. 557. ** Dictionnaire Classique; iv. p. 412. R* 116 Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. but as the magnifying powers employed were not sufficiently strong and defined to show the individual cilia, one or two small constantly moving horns (Hérnchen, Leeuwenhoek) or whip- lashes (Vipperspitzen, Résel*) only were discovered on each side of the orifice of the bell seen in profile, where several moving cilia came behind each other, and thus caused a strong shadow. In some the number of cilia seen increased, so that at last, in many, an entire circlet of cilia surrounding the margin of the bell was discovered. Besides these parts belonging to the nutritive apparatus, two other organs were seen in some Vorticelle (by Réselt in Epi- stylis flavicans, Ehrbg.),—the band-like body imdicated by Ehrenberg as the testicle, and by Von Siebold { as the “ nucleus,” and the contractile space characterized as a seminal vesicle by Ehrenberg ; the latter, however, was observed only as a clear round spot, without any perception of its periodical disappear- ance. The globular masses of swallowed and aggregated parti- cles in the interior of the body were regarded as swallowed monads or “ vesicule interanee,” or as ova. Gleichen§ was not even led to the right conclusion by his feeding the animals with colour, but preferred regarding the red masses of excrement co- loured by the administration of carmine, not as what they were, but as eggs, to which he then attributed a particular attraction for carmine||. [He gave the Infusoria carmine as food, with the view of perhaps seeing the internal parts coloured thereby, as the bones of Pigeons fed with madder become red, but not to ascertain the form of the digestive apparatus by the deposition of a readily recognizable substance, such as the coloured parti- cles, in its interior. Ehrenberg was the first to employ feeding with colour for the latter purpose. } In the stem, even of the species in which this is contractile, no differentiation of parts was yet known. Gleichen{ probably only saw the inner (muscular) filament, and regarded the parti- cular parts of it, which he detected durimg contraction, as eggs, which were laid through the ovipositor (the stem). For the Vorticelle, as for most Infusoria, Ehrenberg** gave the clue to the recognition of their organization by his discovery of * Insektenbelustigungen, iii. p. 602. t Ibid. ii. p. 614. tab. C. t Vergleichende Anatomie. § Abhandlung iiber die Samen- und Infusionsthierchen, p. 140, || A similar explanation is given by Laurent, whose fancy, working in a particular direction, easily overcame his slight power of observation. See his Etudes physiologiques sur les Animaux des Infusions végétaux, comparés aux Organes élémentaires des Végétaux ; Nancy, 1854,—a book filled with the most astonishing errors. q Loe. cit. p. 153. ** Albhandl. der Berl. Akad. 1830-31, and Die Infusionsthierchen, 1838. LT Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 117 the true commencement and termination of their digestive appa- ratus. [| With regard to his opinion of its intermediate portions we shall have to speak further hereafter.] | In showing that the sup- posed open mouth of the bell-shaped body of Vorticella is closed by a disk (Séirn) set with a circlet of cilia, at the edge of which there is a pit containing the mouth and anus, he “only over- looked the projecting seam, which is often even turned back- wards, which surrounds the disk (Stirn) outside the cilia and the pit, and is indicated even by Rosel and O. F. Miller. To this seam Stein* now again calls attention+; he calls it the “‘peristomet,”” and shows that it is separated by a furrow from the disk bearing the cilia, so that this only forms the upper surface of a “bonnet-shaped” process projecting within the peristome, which he calls the “rotatory organ” (Wirbelorgan) ; on this he distinguishes the upper surface bordered by the cir- clet of cilia as the “ disk” (Schezbe), and the lateral walls as the “stem” (Stiel) of the rotatory organ. The Vorticelle can re- tract the rotatory organ deeply into the body, and then form a cap-like cover over it by the sphincter-like contraction of the peristome. Whilst Ehrenberg, im accordance with the idea which he had of the structure of his Polygastrica, supposed he saw an intes- tinal canal proceeding from the mouth, to the sides of which vesicular stomachs were attached, and which, being bent into a loop, led back again to the lateral pit on the margin of the bell ; the alimentary tube, according to Stein, is only an imversion of the external membrane, which hangs down into the soft paren- chyma of the body in the form of a short tube, truncated below. The balls of food formed at the end of the oesophagus penetrate through the parenchyma of the body in curves, sometimes de- scribing more than one circuit, and are again thrown out back- wards through the oesophagus : in Opercularia berberina, Stein § (Epistylis berberiformis, Khrbg.) alone, he saw the balls of excre- ment pass through the lower wall of the throat (Rachen), as he calls the commencement of the cesophagus in the Opercularia, in which it is wider than in most other Vorticelline, and not through the cesophagus, and then thrown out. * Loc. cit. supra, especially in Die Infusionsthierchen auf ihre Ent- wickelungsgeschichte untersucht, 1854, p. 8. + The descriptions and figures of the Vorticelle by Dujardin and Perty are very inexact; but yet Dujardin’s figures indicate the relations of the parts correctly, although, hike all his figures of Infusoria, they are very indistinctly and carelessly executed. { In the figures it is mdicated by aa. § Die Infusionsthierchen auf ihre Entwickelungsgeschichte untersucht, 1854, p. 101. Of Stein’s works I shall only quote this book, which is so rich in interesting observations. 118 Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. If we consider a little more closely the nature of the circlet of cilia which bears their food to the Vorticelle, we find* that it does not form a complete circle, but a spiral linet. This be- gins in the vicinity of the orifice called the mouth by Stein (PI. IX. figs. 1-3 c, d) a little to the right of it upon the ciliary disk (fig. 1-5 6), runs above this orifice towards the left and round the margin of the ciliary disk; but before it again reaches its starting-point, it descends upon the stem of the rotatory organ into the commencement of the digestive apparatus. This commencement of the digestive apparatus (fig. 1 ¢, d, e; fig. 2c,e; fig. 8c, d,e, f, and fig. 4c, e, f) cannot yet be re- garded as the throat, or as a part of the cesophagus (as Stein has done), for the anus opens into it (at e); we will therefore, by the recommendation of Professor J. Miller, distinguish it by the name of vestibulum from the other parts of the alimentary apparatus. Ehrenberg figures this part too shallow, as a lateral pit in which the mouth and anus are placed; whilst Stein only distinguishes it from the true cesophagus in the Opercularie, mn which it is rendered remarkable by its width, but in most of the Vorticelline regards it as the commencement of the cesophagus. The vestibulum continues the spiral line formed by the row of cilia, constituting a bent tube, which contains a portion of this spire of cilia. In accordance with the direction of this spiral, the concavity of the tube is turned towards the right and its con- vexity towards the left: on the convex side the lumen of the tube is still more enlarged, especially m the parts placed furthest inwards where the anus opens (at e). Between the anus and the mouth which leads further inwards into the cesophagus (figs. 3 & 4 e, f) springs a bent bristle (figs. 1-5 e, g), which is generally long enough to project outwards beyond the peristome. This bristle is stiff, and is only displaced a little to one side occasionally, when balls of excrement which are too thick to pass between it and the wall of the vestibulum are thrown out from the anus, but it immediately returns again to its old position. From the mouth a short tube, the wsophagus (figs. 3 & 4e, f, h; fig. 5 4), with a far smaller lumen than the vestibulum, leads to a rather wider fusiform portion (figs. 4 & 5 h,72), which we will call the pharynz. In most Vorticelline (those with a con- * To facilitate the subsequent description, we must distinguish a dorsal and ventral surface and an anterior and posterior part in the bodies of the Vorticelle : we follow in this the mode of indication of Ehrenberg, deno- minating the attached part of the body the posterior, and the disk or rota- tory apparatus the anterior, and characterizing that side of the bell which is nearest to the mouth as the ventral side. + Ehrenberg represents this line as a spiral im some Voriicelle, but generally reversed, whilst Stein describes it as a circle. Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 119 tractile stem, and the species of Kpistylis and Trichodina*) the longitudinal axis of the vestibulum and cesophagus runs tolerably parallel to the plane of the ciliary disk, whilst that of the pharynx has rather the direction of the axis of the body. In these, therefore, the axis of the ciliary spiral, which is con- tinued as far as the pharynx, changes its direction at the com- mencement of the vestibulum : whilst it coincided with the axis of the body outside the vestibulum, it stands almost perpendicular to it within the vestibulum and in the cesophagus. In the very elongated forms of the Ophrydine, Elrbg., which inhabit sheaths (Ophrydium, Vaginicola, Cothurniat), the longitudinal axis of the vestibulum and cesophagus coincides more with that of the body, as also in the genus Opercularia (as circumscribed by Stein) and Lagenophrys, Stein; in the two latter the vestibulum is very wide, whilst in the elongated species it is narrow, but generally possesses a deep excavation for the anus. The portion of the ciliary spiral which is situated outside the vestibulum is not of equal length in all Vorticeline: in many (Vorticella, Carchesium, Zovthamnium, Scyphidia, Trichodinat, * Trichodina pediculus, Ehrbg. and T. mitra, Siebold. The other species of Ehrenberg’s genus—Trichodina grandinella (Halteria grandinella, Duj.), tentaculata and vorax,—are not Vorticelline, and this is also the case with Urocentrum. On the other hand, Dujardin’s genus Scyphidia approaches this group of the Vorticelline; it was founded by him for the sessile, stemless forms, without a carapace. It is true that all the species described by him and Perty as belonging to this genus are to be removed from it, as they have a short stem, and only appear to be particular states of pedunculate Vorticelline, in which the stem has not attained its usual length; but on the other hand two other species must be included in it, both of which attach themselves to the naked parts of small freshwater Mollusca, and never form a stem, but which were often observed by me in process of division, and are easily distinguished from other forms, which are also attached at first, by their posteriorly-truncated form and a pro- jecting pad at the margin of the hinder end. The Se. limacina (Vorti- cella limacina, O. F. Miiller) lives on small species of Planorbis. The body is nearly cylindrical, tapering a little at each end, and annulated; the peristome is narrow and not turned backwards; the ciliary disk is narrow and furnished with a projecting umbilicus in the middle, and the posterior truncated surface is provided with a thick pad-hke margin, Length of the animal ,'5-3'5"".. The second species, Se.physarum, Lachmann, lives on the naked parts of species of Physa. It is longer and more uni- formly cylindrical than the preceding; the peristome is longer and often turned backwards, and the hinder margin is thinner and shorter. + The genus Tintinnus, of which, in company with M. E. Claparéde, I observed many species on the Norwegian coast, is ciliated all round, and differs so greatly in the alimentary apparatus from the Vorticelline, that it is impossible for it to remain in the same family. A species inhabitmg a gelatinous sheath occurs also in the freshwater in the Thiergarten at Berlin. { The most recent describer of Tr. pediculus mentions the existence of a ciliary spiral leading to the mouth: Stein regarded this as a circle.— Miiller’s Archiv, 1855, p. 357. 120 Dr. C.F.J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. some species of Epistylis, &c.) it scareely describes more than one circuit round the disk, whilst in Opercularia articulata and Epistylis flavicans it runs round the disk three times*, and in others the length lies between these two extremes. This por- tion consists of a double row of cilia; those of the outer row are usually somewhat shorter than those of the inner, and inserted upon the ciliary disk nearly in the same line, but at a different angle, as they appear to be far more strongly bent outwards + : in the vestibulum and cesophagus the cilia appear to stand in a single row. The peristome bears no cilia: those represented upon it by Stein belong to the outer series of cilia of the disk, or to that portion of the spiral which descends on the stem of the rotatory organ into the vestibulum. The latter also, perhaps in conjunction with the bristle above mentioned, appear to have been what induced Ehrenberg to suppose the existence of a frilled lower lip in Epistylis nutans, and Stein im all the Opercularie. To see the particulars above described, it is peculiarly advan- tageous to observe animals which have died during expansion ; the outline of one of these is shown in Pl. IX. fig. 2. By the vortex produced in the water by the cilia of the spiral, the small particles swimming in the vicinity are attracted and at last reach the vestibulum ; a portion of them is constantly thrown out again, and another portion is whirled down into the pharynx through the cesophagus. Besides the cilia of the spiral, some stronger cilia (e and f) also stand in the vestibulum in front of the mouth; these do not take part in the regular activity of the others, but only strike forcibly sometimes, apparently to remove from the vestibulum coarse substances which may have got into it, and also the masses of excrement. [These are also figured by Stein in all Vorticelline.| In the fusiform pharynx (A, 2) the nutri- tive matters are aggregated into one morsel, which, when it has attained a certain size, is passed into the interior of the body f. Meyen § calls this fusiform part a stomach, in which I cannot agree with him, as it evidently serves only for the aggregation of the food into morsels, and the digestion only takes place further in the interior of the body; I have therefore preferred for it the * For this reason Stein describes three circles of cilia on the disk of the former. + In the Plate the cilia of the outer series are only indicated at the mar- gin of the figures, but omitted in the remainder of the ciliary spiral in order to prevent the figures from appearing too complicated. t Pouechet (Comptes Rendus, Jan. 15, 1849) speaks of a respiratory organ in the Voréicelle, which, from his description, can only be the pha- rynx. The value of his statements regarding the polygastric structure of the Infusoria is sufficiently clear from this, as he considers the commence- ment of the digestive apparatus as not belonging thereto. § Miiller’s Archiv, 1839, p. 75. Dr. C.F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 121 name of pharynx, which is open to but little objection. This pharynx is not merely a vacuity in the surrounding gelatinous substance, only produced by the water whirled into it, but it has proper walls which preserve its fusiform shape, even when no food is contained in it. The morsel passed from the pharynx into the interior of the body runs nearly to the posterior extremity of the Vorticella, and then turning upwards (fig. 4/) rises on the side of the body opposite to the pharynx. During this portion of its course, it usually still retains the spmdle-shape communicated to it by the pharynx, and only here changes to the globular form, often rather suddenly: this mduced me at first to thik that the morsel was still enclosed in a tube during this part of its course, and this opinion seemed to be supported by the circumstance that before and behind the morsel, two lines are not unfrequently seen (fig. 4:2), which unite at a short distance from it, lke the outlines of a tube which it has dilated. Subsequent observations, how- ever, have again shown me that this opinion is an improbable one, for the circumstances described must also occur, when a fusiform morsel is passed with some force and rapidity through a quiescent or slow-moving tenacious fluid mass: the above- mentioned lines, before and behind the morsel, must be produced by the separation and reunion of the gelatinous mass, even if the morsel is not surrounded by a tube. But the existence of a tube depending from the pharynx appears also to be directly contradicted by the fact, that on the one hand the curves de- scribed by the morsel are sometimes larger and sometimes smaller, and on the other that the morsel acquires the globular form sometimes sooner and sometimes later, according as it is pushed out of the pharynx with greater or less force and rapidity. The masses whirled into the pharynx are not always aggregated into a morsel, but sometimes, under conditions which have not yet been satisfactorily ascertained, all the masses which reach the pharynx are seen to pass quickly through it without staying in it; they then stream through the mass surrounding them in a clear streak, which, like the morsels, describes a curve at the bottom of the bell, and only mix with the mass when their ra- pidity of motion has diminished*. We might easily be inclined to regard the clear, bent streak with the particles flowing in it, as an intestine; and this has probably been done by Ehrenberg, who states that he distinctly saw the bent intestme in some Vort- celline, especially in Epistylis plicatilis, in which I have also been able to study the phenomenon very closely. But in this case, * A roundish morsel, which might be regarded as a full stomach, is then never formed. 122 Dr.C. F.J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. also, there are the same reasons against the supposition of an testinal tube, as in that of the lines appearing before and behind a fusiform mass: here likewise, not only the form, but also the length of the curve varies: whilst at one time it is but short, and soon terminates by the intermixture of the particles contained in it with the surrounding mass, it may immediately afterwards be twice as long or longer*, a variation which appears only to depend upon the force with which the cilia of the rotatory organ act; so that we cannot explain the whole phenomenon otherwise than that the water with the particles contained in it streaming with some rapidity into the mass with which the body is filled, cannot mix with the latter immediately, but only when its rapidity of motion is diminished by friction; just as we see a rapid stream which falls into a sluggish or stagnant pool, or into the sea, still retaining its mdependence for a certain space, so that if it differs in its colour or turbidity from the water of the sea or pool, we may distinguish it from the latter, with which it does not mix for a long time, in the form of a streak, which is often of great length. When the nutritive particles in the body of the Vorticelle have attained the end of the clear streak under a constant dimi- nution of their rapidity, and in the other case, when the morsel has lost its spindle-shape and become globular, they have no longer any separate movement, but now only take part in a cir- culatory motion, in which all the parts in the interior of the body, with the exception of the band-like organ (testicle, according to Ehrenberg ; nucleus of Von Sieboid and most recent authorst), are engaged. This circulation is usually slow (slower than in the green Paramecium Bursaria, Focke), and therefore generally overlooked ; it rarely ceases for a time entirely. The morsel of food performs sometimes more, sometimes fewer circuits with the rotating mass, until at last it arrives in the vicinity of the anus (e), when its circulation ceases, and the anus opens and allows the mass to escape into the vestibulum (fig. 3 e). From this description of the processes of nutrition in the Vorticelline, it may be seen at once that it is impossible to attri- bute to them an intestine with many adherent vesicular stomachs, as Ehrenberg supposes. The existence of the circulation of the entire contents of the body contradicts this supposition. Ehren- berg himself soon saw the insufficiency of the first explanation * It may even make a complete circuit and return nearly to its point of commencement beneath the pharynx. + As we shall hereafter see that the signification of this organ cannot yet be established with certainty, we shall provisionally retain the name of nucleus, but without wishing to attach thereto the idea of a cell-nucleus. Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 123 which he attempted of the movement of the internal parts of the body*, which had then been seen only in a few species of Infu- soria by Focke+, namely, referring them to a displacement of the parenchyma of the body, and perceived that the actual circulations compel the admission of a large cavity, in which the circulating masses are contained. Ehrenberg, however, sup- posed { that this condition of the animals was not to be considered as the normal one, as Meyen had done §, and regarded it only asa transitory pathological state produced by the enlargement of one stomach at the expense of the others. In this case, therefore, the contents of all the previous stomachs would be poured into one; every portion previously contained in a stomach might con- sequently have retained the globular form, which it had acquired im consequence of the shape of the stomach. This supposition appeared to explain the phenomena so long as the rotation could be considered only as a transitory state occurrmg in parti- cular species ||; but if it were correct, the new masses taken in during the rotation could no longer assume the globular form, but must simply mix with the contents of the large stomach. But we see that the formation of the globular morsels takes place even when the rotation of the masses contained in the large cavity of the body is very lively, and we also find that in most Infusoria{ the state of rotation is the ordinary one, and that the quiescent state of the internal masses is only transitory, so that we are compelled to regard the state in which the body includes a large digestive cavity, as the normal condition. In opposition to Ehrenberg’s views, Dujardin, as is well known, developed his theory of sarcode and vacuoles**, according to which the whole body of the Infusoria only consists of formless, moveable animal substance, into which the food is pressed or whirled by cilia, and in which cavities (vacuoles) may be formed in any place, filled with a transparent fluid, which, like the entire mass of which the animal is composed, is denominated sarcode by Dujardin. This opinion now finds but little accept- * Die Infusionsthierchen, p. 262. { Miuller’s Archiv, 1839, p. 81. T Isis, 1836, p. 786. § Ibid. p. 74. || Ehrenberg was the more fixed in this conviction, as he really believed he had directly seen the branched intestine which he ascribed to all his Enterodelous Polygastrica in Trachelius Ovum; we shall have occasion to speak of it further on. 4 In all which possess an open ciliated cesophagus. (See further on.) ** Histoire naturelle des Infusoires. This theory may be regarded as a carrying out of the idea which found the greatest number of adherents in the preceding and the commencement of the present century up to the time of Ehrenberg: according to this, the Infusoria were only vivified mucus. 124 Dr. C.F.J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. ance * in its original meaning, and we may refer to it in common with the modification which it has undergone in Germany, as in both we have to combat the opinion that the mass rotating in the interior of the body of the Infusoria is to be regarded as a part of the parenchyma of the body, whilst we may rather consider it, with Ehrenberg, as chyme, or the contents of a di- gestive cavity. The principal modification which was effected in Dujardin’s opinion, in Germany, is, as is well known, the further develop- ment of the analogy of an Infusorium with an animal or vege- table cell pointed out by Meyen in 1839, and which has been especially adopted by Von Siebold+ and Kolhker}. According to them, the whole body of an Infusorium consists of a cell- membrane and its tenacious fluid contents, both of which are contractile (the contractile space, or the “semial vesicle” of Ehrenberg, was then only a contractile part of the cell-contents) : the cell-nucleus was seen in the body regarded by Ehrenberg as the testicle, and the nucleolus of the cell was found in a corpuscle not unfrequently placed in the nucleus, but in many cases (curiously enough for the cell-theory) lymg close to it. No hesitation was caused by the fact that the cell had an orifice, the mouth, from which a tube hung down as an cesophagus into its interior. The existence of an anal opening was generally denied, and it was supposed that the unserviceable matters were pushed out through any part of the cell-wall; at the utmost it was admitted that a particular portion of the cell-wall was to be regarded as the anal region, which was peculiarly adapted for this purpose. If we may, @ priori, regard the existence of unicellular animals * Perty supports it in his book ‘ Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen ’ by the most superficial and inexact figures. Durmg the past year Perty has published a letter, in which he attacks Ehrenberg in the most savage— one may even say unjustifiable manner, and entirely forgets the great services done by this naturalist to our knowledge of the Infusoria. With- out noticing whether and how far his reproaches are just, the spirit in which they are made is certainly not to be tolerated, and Perty, of all men, has the least cause for making such statements, as by the slight alteration of a few names, a great part of his charges might be turned against himself with equal, if not greater propriety. I shall be excused if, as a proof of this, [ here reprint one of Perty’s strongest expressions with such alterations ; the variations from Perty’s original are shown by the insertion of his expressions in parentheses :—‘ Kstablishment of that ridiculous monster : Phytozoidia (Polygastrica), in which the most incompatible things: Infusoria of a truly animal nature, creatures of doubtful position, and decided plants of various groups (Rhizopoda, Infusoria, Phytozoidia, decided plants of various groups) are thrown together into a monstrous whole.” + Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zoologie, i. p. 270. { Ibid.i. p. 200. The theory of the animal cell in Schleiden and Nageli’s Zeitschrift fir wissenschaftliche Botanik, 1845, &c. Dr. C. F.J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 125 as possible, we can certainly not consider the Infusoria as such, at least not those which are most accessible to observation, namely, the larger forms, especially Ehrenberg’s Enterodela ; the smaller species, which are more difficult to observe, must then be judged by analogy, until we understand better how to observe them. Evenif we do not hesitate on account of the remarkable position of the nucleolus outside the nucleus in many Infusonia, the presence of an oral aperture, or, as we shall hereafter show to be the case in the Acinetine, of many mouths, of an cesophagus, and of a second orifice, the anus* (the existence of which we shall prove), there is still a great deal that can be urged against the cell-theory, for which we are particularly indebted to Cohn’s observations. Cohn showed+ that in the Ciliata, besides the thin skin of the body which bears the cilia, or the cell-membrane according to previous views, two other strata are distinguishable in the body, —the inner rotating layer, and a quiescent “ cortical layer {,” often of considerable thickness, surrounding this ; he considers this cortical layer as the cell-membrane, which is enveloped ex- ternally by a ciliated cuticula, and only regards the internal, fre- quently rotating layer as the cell-contents. The cuticle, which in plants is generally regarded as a hardened cell-secretion, is then said, in those Infusoria which are ciliated all round, to bear small, four-sided prisms, at the apex of each of which there is a cilium; these are generally arranged in spiral series, crossing each other§. The supposed cell-membrane or cortical layer encloses the contractile vesicle and a system of vessels proceeding from this (see further on) ; it also frequently contains chlorophyll-globules, or colourless globules of the same form, which were regarded as eggs by Ehrenberg, but as to the signification of which we have as yet no observations. In many Infusoria, especially the Ophryoglene (in which it lasts long after the decomposition of the animal) and (less persistent) in many species of Paramecium (P. Bursaria, * The idea of the cell would certainly by this means be remarkably modified, and by its too great extension would lose all signification. tT Siebold und KoOlliker’s Zeitschrift, 11. p. 257, v. p. 420, { These are very well seen in Infusoria treated with chromic acid. § In Stentor polymorphus (to which S. Miillert and Roeselii are also to be referred) single long hairs stand between these, similar to the hairs of many Turbellaria (fig. 9); this is also the case im a species of Infusorium allied to the Stentors, which will be hereafter described. The foot-like hooks (wncini) and styles (styli) articulated to the body, occurring in the Oxytrichine and Euplotes (and the Aspidiscine of Ehrenberg) are well known: a portion of the former, those which are trailed along, are split up at the apex into as many as eight parts in various Euplotes (for instance, E. patella); one of the styles in E. patella bears a number of small lateral branches. 126 Dr.C. F.J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. Focke, P. Aurelia, P. caudatum, and Bursaria leucas*), there are fusiform rods in the cortical layer, from which Allman states he has seen urticating filaments projectedt. In the Vorticelle we shall hereafter have to describe in the cortical layer a contractile layer as the continuation of the muscle of the stem. We cannot certainly regard a part so complicated as the mem- brane of a cell; I believe that this “cortical layer” (of Cohn) is rather to be considered as the parenchyma of the body of the Infusoria, whilst the rotating mass only constitutes the contents of a large digestive cavity or stomach, and therefore must be regarded as chyme, and that Cohn’s “ cuticula ” forms the true skin of the Infusoria. The “cortical layer” alone is contractile: in torn Infusoria fragments of it not unfrequently contract, whilst the mternal mass, the chyme, which flows out, never does this. When an Infusorium is sucked out by an Acineta, the cortical layer or parenchyma of the body may often contract for a long time, and the contractile vesicle placed in it may also continue its contrac- tions for hours; nay, I have observed a Stylonychia, which, although a considerable part of its chyme had been sucked out of it by an Acineta, still underwent division, so that one of the gemmules of division swam away from it briskly, and only the other half of the old animal was destroyed. This appears also to a certain extent to prove that the mass sucked out does not represent the true parenchyma of the body, and as it only fills the large cavity of the body in the form of a tenacious fluid mass, and becomes mixed with the nutritive matters, especially when no small masses are formed, it is certainly the most natu- ral course to regard it as chyme. It cannot be urged against this view, that m those Infusoria which contain chlorophyll- corpuscles in the substance of their bodies, we sometimes meet with single corpuscles in the rotating mass, as they may certainly be easily loosened from the parenchyma, and thus get into the chyme-mass. The nucleus, indeed, projects into the chyme- mass; but as a general rule, it appears to be affixed to the parenchyma of the body, as we do not see it rotate with the chyme-mass}: in Opercularia berberina, Stein sometimes saw * See O. Schmidt, 1849, p. 5. + Similar, but much thicker corpuscles, which presented a deceptive re- semblance to the urticating organs of the Campanularie, were found by me and my friend, E Claparede, in an animal living as a parasite upon Cam- panularie, whieh is probably to be referred to the Acinetine, and which we shall take another opportunity of describing. In the oval embryos, ciliated on one side, which were squeezed out of the body of the mother, we were enabled to convince ourselves that these corpuscles were enclosed from two to nine together in a roundish proper vesicle (cell 2). + When it divides, as is usually the case in the development of embryos Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 127 the nucleus moved a little out of its previous position by a mass of food striking against it; but as it soon returned again to its position, this rather speaks for than against its attachment. In different individuals of the same species, the nucleus does not always occupy the same situation,—a circumstance which may probably be explained by fissation, as in the transverse division of an Infusorium, in which the simultaneously divided nucleus lies about in the middle, one portion of the nucleus will be situated in the posterior part of the anterior bud, whilst the other part will occupy the anterior part of the posterior one. In many respects the parenchyma of the body of Infusoria resembles that of the Turbellaria, in others that of the Polypes; they also approach the latter especially by the possession of a large digestive cavity, in which, as in the Actinia, a tube (esophagus), open at the bottom, generally hangs down. Whether the wall of this digestive cavity or stomach be one and the same with the parenchyma of the body, or separate from this, cannot at present be decided in most cases, although the former appears to be the case: in Trrachelius Ovum alone we see a proper sto- mach-wall separated from the rest of the parenchyma by spaces filled with fluid, and thus form an arborescent ramified canal, which however must not be confounded with the nucleus*. The digestive cavity of the Infusoria (certainly at least that of the cilated and some of the flagellated forms) possesses, besides the mouth, a second orifice, the anus. This is certainly denied by most of Ehrenberg’s opponents, but a long and careful ob- servation of an individual will always show that the feces are invariably thrown out at the same part of the body, and in many Infusoria we may frequently recognise the anus in the form of a small pit, on the surface of the animal, even for a considerable time before and after an excretion; (this is often the case in Parame- cium Aurelia, P. Bursaria, Focke, and Stentor). That the feces are not forced through the parenchyma at any point on the surface of the body, is proved especially by the careful observation of (see below), individual fragments of fissation usually separate and rotate with the chyme. When Siebold says (in his Comparative Anatomy, p. 24) that he has often seen an Infusorium rotate round its nucleus, it is not improbable that he has taken a rotating embryo (which, indeed, was not known at that time) for the nucleus. * That this structure, described by Ehrenberg and disputed by others, really exists, was affirmed to me by Dr. Lieberkiihn before I had the op- portunity of investigating it closely myself; when I subsequently obtained this abundantly, I was enabled to convince myself of the correctness of the statement. The animals devoured (Trachelius Ovum is one of the most voracious robbers) are always seen lying in the ramifications of the sto- mach, in the clear spaces between them, except in crushed animals. The clear round spaces in the parenchyma of the body are certainly no stomachs, but contractile spaces. 128 Dr. C.F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. Spirostomum ambiguum, and some new animals which are to be united with the Stentors in one family. In the former, the anus is situated at the hinder end of the animal, and close in front of it is the very large contractile vesicle; when fully expanded this vesicle appears to be surrounded only by a thin membrane, but nevertheless we see balls of excrement, often several at the same time, on different sides of the vesicle, separating the lamin of its apparently simple covering, and forming projections which are often nearly hemispherical both towards the vesicle and the outer surface of the body. If masses of excrement do usually penetrate through the parenchyma of the body, we should expect it to be the case here when the tension of this is so great; we should also expect to see the masses of excrement pass into the contractile space if it were not a vesicle, but only a space in the parenchyma without proper walls. Neither of these things occurs, however; the feecal masses are not deposited from the body until they have reached the anus at the hinder extremity of the body, A similar strong expansion of a thin part of the body by fecal masses, without any rupture, is seen, as already mentioned, in some new Séentorine, which are distinguished from the genus Stentor by their having that part of the paren- chyma of the body which bears the ciliary spiral and the anus (which in all the Stentorine lies on the dorsal surface of the body close under the ciliary spiral (figs. 6, 7 & 8e) and not in a common pit with the mouth) drawn out into a thin process. In one genus, of which I observed two species (one is the Vorti- cella ampulla of O. F. Miller) in company with E. Claparéde on the Norwegian coast, and which I will describe elsewhere, this process is broad and foliaceous, and bears the rows of cilia on the margin, whilst the anus is placed far up on the dorsal surface of a thin plate. In the other genus, Chetospira, Lachmann (figs. 6 & 7), observed by me in fresh water near Berlin, the process is narrow and bacillar; the series of cilia commences at its free extremity, and only forms a spiral when im action by the rolling-up of the lamina ; in this genus also the process bears the anus. In both, feecal masses (as at m in fig. 6) which are thicker than the pro- cess in its extension, pass through it to the anus (e), without breaking through it, notwithstanding the great expansion of its walls. Not unfrequently, several balls of excrement unite into a large mass before the anus, in order to be passed out together. When an excretion takes place, the anus is seen to open (but often closes once more and opens again before the expulsion of the masses is effected), and then the fecal masses are often expelled slowly. [To be continued. | Rev. W. A. Leighton on new British Lichens. 129 X.—New British Lichens. By the Rev. W. A. Leicuron, B.A., F.B.S.E. [With a Plate. ] Opegrapha anomala, Leight. Thallus thin, membranous, smooth, greyish cream- coloured, limited; lirellze excessively prominent and sessile, large, nace oblong, obtuse at the extre- mities, straight or wavy, simple, occasionally tripartite; disk rimeform, more or less expanded; proper margins tumid and connivent; sporidia in asci, eight, large, oblong or elliptical, margined, containing about nine horizontal rows of roundish yellow spores. On holly, Glengariffe, co. Kerry, Ireland! Mr. H. Piggot. Thallus a thin, membranous, scarcely subtartareous film, con- tinuous, smooth and even, very slightly shining, of a pale greyish- creamy colour and aspect, forming an irregular patch of small extent, defined by a wavy watery brown line or margin. Lirelle rather numerous, dispersed without regularity over the thallus, moderately large, though variable in size, stout and short, or linear-oblong, very prominent and sessile, of a clear raven- black and shining or even greasy-looking, cither straight or slightly curved, and occasionally more or less wavy, simple or occasion- ally tripartitely branched, very thick and obtuse at the extremi- ties, of about the same width throughout the entire length. Proper margins conspicuously swollen or rounded, and connivent, either plain, or not unfrequently, especially in the older lirelle, marked with an irregular longitudinal interrupted furrow. Disk in the younger lirelle a mere longitudinal conspicuous chink or furrow, becoming wider and deeper in an older stage. Perithecium thick, carbonaceous, entire, surrounding the base and sides. Paraphyses rather distinct and easily to be distin- guished, though conglutinated. Ascz linear-oblong. Sporidia eight, large, oblong or elliptical, containing about nine hori- zontal rows of rather large subrotund yellow spores. Iodine turns the sporidia of a fuscate colour, slightly tinged with pale blue; on the paraphyses it has no effect. The sporidia are similar to those of Graphis scripta (Leight. Brit. Graph. p. 27. tab. 6. fig. 17 6, and Leight. Lich. Brit. Exsic. 18! 19!) and Graphis pulverulenta (Leight. Brit. Graph. p. 31. tab. 6. fig. 186, and Leight. Lich. Brit. Exsic. 20!); but our plant differs from those lichens in the shape, relative situation, and structure of the lirelle. It bears also at first sight some general external resemblance to Aulacographa elegans (Leight. Brit. Graph. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Brit. Exsic. 68!), but the erumpent lirellz, with their accessory thallodal margin, and the Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. xix. 9 130 Rev. W. A. Leighton on new British Lichens. peculiar structure of the perithecium and sporidia of that plant, at once separate them. Dr. Nylander, in his “ Nouv. Classif. des Lichens,” mem. 2, in tome tii. Mém. Soc. Se. Nat. Cherbourg, gives as chemical distinctions between the genera Graphis and Opegrapha, as arranged by him, the following: viz. Graphis: “spore iodo cerulee infuscate, eodem vero gelatinam hymeneam non colo- rante.”’” Opegrapha: “spore iodo non tincte, gelatina vero hymenea ab eodem czrulee vel plerumque vinose-rubro colorata.”” The present plant is im fact a true Opegrapha with an entire perithecium, and not a Graphis with a dimidiate perithecium ; but as it partakes of Dr. Nylander’s chemical character of Gra- pits, and has at the same time the sporidia similar to those of my G. scripta, I have named it on those accounts Opegrapha anomala. We are indebted to the research of Mr. Horatio Piggot of Chelmsford, Essex, for this interesting addition to our flora. Puarte VIII. fig. 1. Opeg. anomala, nat. size. Fig. 2. Same, magnified. Fig. 3. Vertical section of apothecium. Fig. 4. Ascus and spo- ridia. Fig. 5. Sporidia, highly magnified. Fig. 6. Spermatia. Fig. 26. Seale of magnitude for figs. 5 & 6. Coniocybe citrina, Leight. Thallus leproso-pulverulent, citrine ; apothecia globose, yellowish-brown ; stipes rusty-brown, pulve- rulent, short and stout; sporidia minute, linear-oblong, uni- septate, brown. On the wnder surface of stones in the walls of the turnpike road between Corwen and Bala, North Wales, 4th June, 1856. Thallus pulverulent, of a pale citrine colour, spreading inde- terminately to a considerable extent, of greater or less thickness, either a mere sprinkling of dust, or else massed together in moderate thickness, and then broken up by cracks into irregular areole. Apothecia scattered, singly, or in groups of several together, stipitate. Stipes about 4 of an inch or more high, nearly equal in thickness throughout, rusty-brown and _ pul- verulent, bearing a small cup-shaped portion at the summit, which speedily becomes obliterated by the expansion on all sides of the round pulverulent mass of yellowish-brown sporidia, and the remains of the asci and paraphyses. I could not detect either asci or paraphyses, probably from the mature state of the apothecia. Sporidia minute, linear-oblong, uniseptate, pale brown. The septum is not always to be detected, and then the sporidia appear simple or entire; but I presume the septate condition is the normal one. On the thallus occurred those mmute plano-convex immargi- nate waxy-looking bodies which lichenists have been accustomed to regard as the apothecia of Bzatora lucida, Fries (see Plate VIII. figs. 10 & 11). With all the careful manipulation in dissection Rey. W. A. Leighton on new British Lichens. 131 of which I am master, I have been unable to detect in these bodies either asci or sporidia, both of which however Massalongo describes and figures in his ‘ Ricerche Lich. Crost.’ p. 126. fig. 249. To my eye, a thin vertical section showed a compact gelatinous mass, the outer surface of which was of a somewhat darker yellow, slightly striated (see Plate VIII. fig. 12), and this part became tinged blue with iodine, from which issued, by pressure in the compressorium of the microscope, a few minute linear-pyriform pale yellow bodies endowed with a slight Brownian motion (see Plate VIII. fig. 13). If then these convex masses be regarded as the apothecia of Biatora lucida, Fries, the thallus must belong to it, and Coniocybe citrina be only parasitical. But as I observed the Conzocybe continually recur- ring on the citrine thallus at intervals in considerable abundance during the whole stage from Corwen to Bala, a distance of 12 miles, I incline to regard the thallus as rather belonging to Coniocybe citrina, and the so-called apothecia of Biatora lucida as the spermogonia or receptacles of the supposed male organs of fructification. From all other species of Coniocybe hitherto detected in Europe, Conzocybe citrina differs both in the sporidia and in other particulars. In Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach., and its varie- ties, as exhibited in Scher. Exs. 14! 296! 689!; Nyl. Lich. Paris. 7!; Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. 225!; Heppe, Lich. Europ. 154!; and in my own herbarium from Upsal, Sweden! from Fries fil., and various parts of Britain !, the sporidia are minute, round and yellow (see Plate VIII. fig. 14). In Coniocybe gracilenta, Ach., as in Von Zwackh, Lich. Germ. 21!; Heppe, Lich. Europ. 45!; and “in sylva Gurten, Scher.”! from Dr. Guthnick of Berne, they are similar to those of C. furfuracea, Ach. (see Plate VII. fig. 15). In C. pallida, Fries, as in Scher. Exs. 7! and from Upsal! Fries fil.; and in its varieties, /ewcocephala, Zwackh, 10lLa! 1016!, and Heppe, 155!; and xanthocephala, Zwackh, 102! Heppe, 44! and “circa Bernam, Scher.” from Dr. Guth- nick, the sporidia were much larger, round, with a pale hyaline margin and darker yellow central nucleus (see Plate VIII. fig. 16). C. farinacea, Chev., asin Nyl. Lich. Paris. 6 !, has sporidia similar to C. pallida, Fries (see Plate VIII. fig. 16). In C. hyalinella, Nyl., as in Moug. & Nest]. 1162!, they were minute and pale yellow as in C. furfuracea, Ach., but larger in size (see Plate VIII. fig.17). To C. nigricans, Fries, whether regarded as a distinct species, or according to Nyl. Nouv. Classif. “vix distinguenda a C. subtili, Pers.,” as exhibited in Scher. Exs. 250! Zwackh, 14! and Heppe, 157 !, our plant assimilated m the oblong pale-brown uniseptate sporidia (see Plate VIII. fig. 18), but differed in other respects ; C. nigricans, Fries, having a white thallus, the apo- thecia black, and the stipes much stouter, black, perfectly smooth 9x 132 Rev. W. A. Leighton on new British Lichens. and shining. It should be remarked, that De Notaris (Giorn. Bot. Ital. an. 2. 1. 316) says of C. nigricans, Fries, “ sporidiis ellipticis,’” and Fresenius (in Bayrhoffer Uebersicht, p. 93), “Sporen einfach, zuweilen in der Mitte mit emer verwachsenen Querwand ;” and Scherer (Enum. 174) describes the sporidia as “spore simplices ;” but in Zwackh’s and Scherer’s speci- mens, cited above, I have found them distinctly uniseptate, though with simple or indistinctly septate ones occasionally intermixed. In Heppe, 157! they were chiefly all simple. C. nigricans, Fries, moreover, has its habitat on trees, “ad quercus ;” but C. cztrina occurs only on stones. The only Calicium with stipitate apothecia that I know of, which grows on stones or rocks, is C. corynellum, Ach., which I have in my herbarium from Upsal! Fries fil. ; Fontainebleau ! Nyl. and Zwackh, 141! This, indeed, has a citrine pulverulent thallus, but then the disk of the apothecium is of a deep raven- black, surrounded by a thin prominent margin, and the stipes of a paler but decided black and smooth. The sporidia also are uniseptate and brown, but the extremities of the cells being peculiarly pointed or cuspidate, give them an unmistakeable ap- pearance, altogether different from the plain rounded extremities of those of C. citrina, to say nothing of their difference in size (see Plate VIII. fig. 19). Moreover, C. corynellum, Ach. is a true Calicium with a carbonaceous excipulum, whilst C. citrina has the excipulum pale, and not carbonaceous,—a structure better described by comparison, as in the words of Dr. Nylander (Nouv. Classif. cit. s.) “est genus Coniocybe, quoad apothecia, ad Cali- cium, ut Biatora Fr. ad Lecideam Fr.; vix aliter invicem differunt.” Of this lichen I propose to give examples in the forthcoming 9th fasciculus of my ‘ Lichenes Britannici Exsiccati.’ Piate VIII. fig.7. Coniocybe citrina, Leight., nat. size. Fig.8. Apothecium of C. citrina, highly magnified. Fig. 9. Sporidia of C. citrina, highly magnified. Fig. 10. Supposed apothecia of Biatora lu- cida, Fries, nat. size. Fig. 11. The same, magnified. Fig. 12. Vertical section of supposed apothecium of B. lucida. Fig. 13. Supposed sporidia of B. lucida. Fig. 14. Sporidia of C. fur- furacea, Ach., and its varieties. Fig. 15. Sporidia of C. gra- cilenta, Ach. Fig. 16. Sporidia of C. pallida, Fries, and its varieties; and of C. farinacea, Chev. Fig. 17. Sporidia of C. hyalinella, Nyl. Fig. 18. Sporidia of C. nigricans, Fries. Fig. 19, Sporidia of Calcium corynellum, Ach. Fig. 25. Seale of magnitude of the sporidia only. Sphinctrina septata, Leight. Apothecia parasitic, stipitate, dark brown; stipes short, stout and smooth ; excipulum clavato- pyriform, truncate, incurved at the margm; disk depressed, dark brown; sporidia in asci, eight, very large, elliptical, 3- septate, umber-colour ; cells granular. Sphinctrina septata, Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. 228! (1856). Dr. T. Williams on the so-called “ Water-vascular System.” 188 Parasitic on the thallus of Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach., and on holly. Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire! Mr. W. Mudd. Thallus undistinguishable from that of the matrix, or a mere film on the bark of the holly. Apothecia apparently bursting through the bark, either singly or in groups of two or three to- gether, stipitate, about + of an inch high, of a rich dark-brown colour, more or less polished and shining. Stipes smooth. Ez- cipulum clavato-pyriform, truncate at the summit, and ineurved at the round depressed orifice. Disk minute, dark brown.