seh Nic ae ht pend ase MUAS9 39 it Hh hi =, Hepes 4 SRSTeL ae ERS Dye} syed ints s phic a . . hy: tees Dea Mae Sh PSS ersasy | SNS T Mates Mili se atte 7 tA Ee Pot eae, Fh, OL ia! ote tet ie t wr 285) Me it igh ie) 4 *£ Ce AL peat a ea + ok aS THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ) CONDUCTED BY CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esq., M.A., F.B.S., F.LS., F.G.8., JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8. &e., WILLIAM -S. DALLAS, F.LS., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L:S. Se44 i Ge aes Oe ae VOL. XIII.—FOURTH SERIES. 7 ae aaa LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO,; KENT AND CO.; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1874. «Omnes res creates sunt divine sapientis et potenti testes, divitis felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapzentia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renoyatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper exstimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.””—Linnavs. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucsner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. Sildetos creat OLE a Oy Omi The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. XIII. (FOURTH SERIES. ] NUMBER LXXIII. P I. Notice of a new Species of Deer from the Norfolk Forest-Bed. By BAQUALT, JOHNSON, Hag. (Plate TF) inci eee e rr eet os Il. On the Affinities of the Genus Stromatopora, with Descrip- tions of two new Species. By H. AttEyNE NicHoxson, M.D., D.Se., M.A., F.R.S.E., Professor of Natural History in University allege gE stOHtO 21) sie fer ase eapal sieve SeRE aed sterasds Umosle «Ma II. On a New Parascyllium from Hobson’s Bay. By FrepERIcK M‘Coy, Professor of Natural Science in the Melbourne University, and Director of the Melbourne National Museum. (Plate II.) .... lic yo BSE cored pai MiBert cto atten nia rine iSong Oa pecan V. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera, chiefly from New Zealand and New Caledonia, together with a Revision of the Genus Hypaulax and a Description of an allied New Genus from Colomina. By FREDERICK BATES), . fois!) 0 c.8 Ps ool veiciets Oe Wolsles VI. The Geographical Relations of the New-Zealand Fauna. By Sapien H.W. ETON, (COM.Z590 fo ods, Jo ow de? ahs oe od VII. On the Development of the Polypes and of their Polypary. By M. H. de LacazE-DUTHIERS......... CM estelesGalanstavine ett « «g VIII. On the Structure of the Skeleton of Euplectella aspergillum. By THomas Hieern, Member of the Liverpool Microscopical Roe Mee es reac Or, ola a Meh ie, Suan ad «2.0 to\ a2 SNM IX. Notes on Pardalina Warwichii, Gray, Felis guigna, Molina, and Felis Geoffroyt, D’Orbigny. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. . X. Notes on the Smaller Spotted Cats of Asia and its Islands. ame ati Es, AA ILAN AS ERE OCC cn he siege: ced sie asp. s'v cinta, Cian wi nse uepe oi vay XI. On the Bladebones of Balena Hectori and Megaptera nove- Remuera, RY Tits d. Bin GAYS By Ee Sri Qo) aci'. siapdle nine «ovens Sei ears New Books :—Mammalia, Recent and Extinct ; an Elementary Trea- tise for the use of the Public Schools of New South Wales, by age 15 7b. 52 56 iv CONTENTS. A. W. Scott, M.A.—Ostéographie des Cétacés, vivants et fossiles, Page par MM. van Beneden et Paul Gervais; livraisons 9 & 10.. 58—60 Proceedings of the Royal Society. p< in. a.tcaaemens petge ys ie al On the Sterile Eggs of Bees, by C. Claus and C. von Siebold ; Note on the Habitat of Psetalia globulosa and Labaria hemispherica, Gray, by Dr. A. B. Meyer; Gigantic Cuttlefishes in Newfound- land ; New Species of Shells, by F. P. Marrat ; The Number of Classes of Vertebrates, and their Mutual Relations, by Prof. Theodore Gill; The Parasitic Mites of Birds, a Contribution to the Knowledge of the Sarcoptide, by E. Ehlers ; Contributions 60 to the Knowledge of the Laboulbeniea, by Dr. J. Peyritsch.. 65—76 NUMBER LXXIV. XII. Descriptions of two new Genera and Species of Polyzoa from the Devonian Rocks. By H. ALtLEynE Nicuotson, M.D., D.Se., M.A., F.R.S.E., Professor of Natural History in University College, Toronto @) B).0,'0 © <0 \6)/8)\0. 0-v\:efe- b. iisl.ct eo! a) 6! 0: 0) 6a. n) 0) o ee) 0) at ale/'s [els fe whole is tee XIII. The Geographical Relations of the New-Zealand Fauna, By Captain-H, W..Eorron CMAs. 2% 0s arta sees omits ebay Bim ate XIV. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera, chiefly from New Zealand and New Caledonia, together with a Re- vision of the Genus Hypaulax, and a Description of an allied new Genus from Colombia. By FrepERICK BATES ..............6: XV. Contributions to the Study of the Entomostraca. By GEORGE STEWARDSON Brapy, C.M.Z.S., and Davin RoBEeRTson, F.G.S.—No. IX. On Ostracoda taken amongst the Scilly Islands, and on the Anatomy of Darwinella Stevensoni. (Plates IV. & V.).. XVI. On the Generic Affinities of the New-England Chitons. By Pair P. CARPENTER, Of Moritreal. .2.059). grat same feuataaiy aes 5 XVII. Descriptions of two new Species of Birds. By Arruur, Viscount WALDEN, P.ZiS4 ERS 3 Rest Oe% a eet pees Ae ee ees XVIII. Notes on Norwegian Hydroida from Deep Water. By the Rev. THomas. Hincks, B.A.; F.RiS2) te. ee ee XIX. On a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon from Northern Queens- land, . .By Joan Gounp, FURS. te. ici tnscs ts eaee oes tales ee XX. Notes on some Fishes obtained at considerable Depths in the North Atlantic. By Dr. AtsERT GUNTHER, F.RS. ............ XXI. On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andtews. . By WiC: MIntOsn, MUD Gc iat tne feet ae XXII. On Deep-water Hydroida from Iceland. By the Rey. Tuomas Hincxs, B.A., F.R.S. (Plates VI., VIL, & VIL) ..... ‘ XXIII. Third Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by Mr. Swinhoe in China. By Dr. ALBERT GtnTuER, F.R.S. .......... XXIV. On the Dwarf Buffalo of Pennant. By Sir VicTor Brookes, Bart., F.Z.S. XXYV. Description of a new Szbia from the Naga Hills, North- ee) Bie, :0, a 0) ee, @ 16) 040\0) ol sung e Oe 0/6 @ eeueln S98 (pLetalwele) 9's 6 ~I “I 85 102 114 119 123 125 137 138 140 146 154 159 CONTENTS. east Frontier, Bengal. By Major H. H. Gopwin-AvsTEn, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c., Deputy Superintendent, Topographical Survey of India XXVI. On the Theory of the Process of Fermentation. By Dr. H. Karsten oon rien wie ote, eleva f Ws» a6 © a) af eo wile) wine) oe a Ase ake wile eo ae 8 ale Procapdimswor te oyal Society... 65 on. sink. oe gol on uy vm ain soaye Observations on the Existence of certain Relations between the Mode of Coloration of Birds and their Geographical Distribution, b M. A. Milne-Edwards; On the Genus Callignathus and on Kogia Flowert of Dr. Gill, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; On the Development of the Phragmostracum of the Cephalopoda, and on the Zoological Relations of the Ammonites to the Spirule, by M. Munier-Chalmas ; On the Endomycici, by the Rey. H.S. Gorham; On the Bermuda Humpbacked Whale of Dudley, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; On some recent Remarks by Mr. Meldola upon Iphiclides Ajax (Papilio Ajax auct.), by Mr. 8. H. Scudder; The Habitat of Labaria hemispherica, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; On the Steppe-Cat of Bokhara (Chaus cau- 1 Page 160 161 Harta), DY OP. Js Ei. GTAY, BOBS. SC. oes ois, vince ee Paces 180—188 NUMBER LXXV. XXVII. On the Structure called Lozoon canadense in the Lauren- tian Limestone of Canada. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &e. (A letter to Professor W. Kina, Se.D., Galway.) 2. 6 vice vessels caae ence ns XXVIII. Observations on Chetetes tumidus, Phillips. By R. ETHERIDGE, Jun., F.G.S. (Plate XI. figs. 1-3.) ............600- XXIX. Mollusca, Vermes, and Coelenterata of the Second German North-Polar Voyage. By Cari Mozivs, (Plate XI. figs. 4-14.) XXX. On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. By W. C. M‘Inrosu XXXI. On a true Carboniferous Nummulite. By Henry B. Brapy, F.L.S., F.G.S. (Plate XII.) XXXII. Notice of some new Species of Fishes from Morocco. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER, F.R.S., Foreign Member of the Sencken- berg Society of Frankfort. (Plates XIII. & XIV.) .............. XXXIII. On the Geodephagous Coleoptera of New Zealand. By H. W. Barss, F.L.S. S10 )8 eee er/e\ era al 6 bes) Cim. Ole. @ es 6 6 shee sar eles a4) a) 0 Oy 0) 0) oye le 6m; 6p) 6),0) 92) p10. e619, 0 New Book :—The Naturalist in Nicaragua, by Thomas Belt, F.G.S. Proceedings of the Royal Society. ......0..sseeecseeeccsseenves Occurrence of Gigantic Cuttlefishes on the Coast of Newfoundland, by A. E. Verrill; Umbellula from Greenland, by Joshua Lindahl ; On the Bos pumilus of Sir Victor Brooke, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; On Felis colocolo, Hamilton Smith, F. Cuvier, and Geoffroy, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; On some Remarkable Egg-sacs on an Annelid from the North Sea, by Prof. Karl Mobius 189 194 GAH SAAAAG UGE DEAN CS 3S TGS hh De ee 255—260 al CONTENTS.- Page NUMBER LXXVI. XXXIV. On the Annelida of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. By W. C. MInrosu. (Plates IX. & X) ..ce eevee eee een 261 XXXV. On the Geodephagous Coleoptera of New Zealand. By BLOW Bares; UECS.4 | fy tn aiee cee cena pic isto race eee ie er 270 XXXVI. Remarks on Mr. H. J. Carter’s Letter to Prof. King on the Structure of the so-called Hozoon canadense. By Witi1am B. Carpenter, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Corresponding Member of the Tnstitute,of Mrance sie agia cetsaa olen oi bode rahi ee epi ee 277 XXXVII. On the Arrangement of Sponges. By Dr, J. E. Gray, FR Siieees ee Deer eaters Aa eae 284. XXXVIII. On a new Species of Arcturus (A. damnoniensis). By the Rev. Toomas R. R. StEBBING, M.A. (Plate XV.).......... 291 XXXIX, Annulata nova vel minus cognita in Expeditione ‘ Por- cupine’ capta. Recensuit E. Enters, M.D..............-.-056. 292 XL. Descriptions of new Species of Scincide in the Collection of the British Museum. By A. W. E. O’SHauGunessy, Assistant in the Zoological Department............sseeeee reece ccc eeenenes 298 XLI. On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. By W. C. Milnrosm 7.26% .<..- aya edehsias sess iotnte. os coupe aie evetetetare 302 XLII. On the Spongozoa of Halisarca Dujardini. By H. J. CARTER, HRS: Qos 05) a5 ia siors oie hay 8 Ste Nays) ietenaue pea een olin Iaetiede he 315 XLIII. On a New-Zealand Whale (Physalus antarcticus, Hutton), with Notes. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. (Plate XVI-A.)...... 316 XLIV. A Revision of the Genera Epicharis, Centris, Eulema, and Euglossa, belonging to the Family Apide, Section Scopulipedes. By Freperick Smiru, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British: MuUgemin 2 )2 cc = -sevatese ote vielots joie leo Parle fele a)onas neta kehetsl aie 318 New Book :—Synopsis of the Acridide of North America, by Cyrus AW iyayaits fel 2d) OTS Bear es eer pocimiernan GICs car eh 2 Be 322 Eozoon canadense, by Prof. Max Schultze ; Notes on the Skulls of two undescribed Species of Sea-lions (Oftaria), by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; The Succession of Life in North America, by Edward D. Cope; On Xenelaphus, Furcifer, and Coassus peruvi- anus of the Peruvian Alps, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.. .824—331 NUMBER LXXVII. XLV. On Duncanella, a new Genus of Paleozoic Corals. By H. ALLEYNE Nicuoxson, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., &c., Professor of Natural History in University College, Toronto .............4-- 333 XLVL. On anew Genus of Carboniferous Polyzoa. By Professor Joun YounG, M.D., and Mr. Jonn Youne, Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow. (Plate XVI. B. figs. 1-6.) .............. 335 XLVI. A Concise Notice of Observations on certain Peculiarities in the Structure and Functions of the Araneidea. By JoHN BLAcK- WALLS BLS, : Fie cinta ele sy 6h MOR vets statins Talal o Cebiva seein tl mne me 340 CONTENTS. vil Page XLVIII. On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. HERDS ESV NV pO. Mr TBP ROSH, ss. o'eiain aie ae sloviprels Wc alae «a's wince» 342 XLIX,. A Revision of the Genera Epicharis, Centris, Eulema, and Euglossa, belonging to the Family Apidae, Section Scopulipedes. By FREDERICK SmiTH, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the Peds ne MCE 04, APL I.. Sree oe soils DAT. Ms BIEN oaks Wek ar late 307 L. Notes on the Small Spotted Eagle of Northern Germany, Aquila maculata (Gm.). By H. E. DREsser, F.Z.8........ 0000s e ee ceeee 373 LI. Description of an apparently new Species of Humming-bird of the Genus Eriocnemis. By D. G. Extiot, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. .. 375 LI. On the Structure called Zozoon canadense in the Laurentian Limestone of Canada. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &c 576 LIII. Latest Observations on Hozoon canadense by Prof. Max PGEUMEAEOL Mrs ght AIO Gare ale Wee ae Os wage a abe te 379 LIV. A List of Butterflies taken on the March to Coomassie by Lieutenant Alwin 8. Bell, of the 2nd West-India Regiment, between Mansu and the River Prah, with Descriptions of new Species. By ER CaaS WET BON Pics: areas oi cecterenctr aia oe Coats x a 6% 5. 0.2, ore eqs aus 380 LY. Additions to the Australian Curculionide. Part VI. By [ET APETISEL Ea EG To (0 od C8) Des 2 cv a a 383 LVI. Remarks on the Subject of “ Hozoon.” By Prof. King, D.Sc., HRIADECEPT MEOW NEW WU Denes iON stalascvchetas ose 8 ole «ete eaoele aa eae Notice of new Equine Mammals from the Tertiary Formation, by Professor O. C. Marsh; The young Asiatic Tapir (Rhinocherus sumatranus), by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; The Habitat of Pelargopsis gigantea, by Dr. Adolf Bernhard Meyer; Contribu- tions towards the Natural History of the Termites, by Dr. Fritz Miller; On Carcinus menas, Pennant; Cetacea of the North Sea and the Baltic; On some Extinct Types of Horned Perisso- dactyles, by Edward D. Cope, of Philadelphia, Penn. ; On new Parasitic Crustacea from the N.W. Coast of America, by W. H. EIEN 5 COASUSUTVOY:, 25 7515) 440, oteiito ix Sf s\sasls ayahace Hg bev ws ceece 397—407 NUMBER LXXVIUI. LVII. On a Land-Nemertean found in the Bermudas. By R. v. WILLEMOoEs-SuuM, Ph.D., Naturalist to the ‘Challenger’ Expedition. RE aap ere RO LES atin. «ci Rane MSS ANS take IK) atid Cage 100. Fig. 6. Paradoxostoma cuneatum, seen from right side. 50 Fig. 7. The same, seen from below. : Fig. 8. Darwinella Stevensoni, mandible and palp: a, mandible ; b, palp; ¢, branchial plate. Fig. 9. The same, first jaw : a, incisive lobes ; b, branchial plate. > x 220. Fig. 10. The same, second jaw: a, maxilla; b, pediform palp ; ce, branchial plate. XVI.—On the Generic Affinities of the New-England Chitons. By Pup P. Carpenter, of Montreal*. Ir has been common, with conchologists even of the “ ad- vanced” school, to call every mollusk with eight valves a Chiton, except the vermiform species, which Lamarck sepa- * Communicated by the Author, having been read at the Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Port- land, August 1873. 120 Mr. P. P. Carpenter on the Generic rated as Chitonellus. The consequence has been that very little is known of most Chitonide except the external cha- racters—the differentiation shown in the soft parts, and even in the shelly valves, having been overlooked. We have been fortunate, during the explorations of the U. S. Fish Commission, in observing four species alive ; another was taken alive at Eastport last year; a sixth has been cap- tured on the southern coast. These are all as yet known to inhabit the American Atlantic seas from Labrador to Florida. A seventh, called Chiton cinereus, is said to have been taken alive by Dr. Pickering, and to be in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences ; but it may prove to belong to one of the other species, or to be a ballast specimen. The six authentic species present well-marked characters, ranging under five genera. It may be premised that the Lamarckian genus Chiton was first divided by the Rey. L. Guilding according to the ex- ternal characters of the West-Indian species. About the same time the Rev. T. Lowe published the peculiarities in the in- sertion-plates of the British species. Both papers appeared in the ‘ Zoological Journal.’ Dr. Gray, however, was the first to present, in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ a full description of the forms of Chitonide, accurately arranged under genera and sections, partly according to the external, but principally according to the internal characters. Mr. Henry Adams, in compiling the ‘Genera’ from H. Cuming’s collection, was not allowed to examine the insertion-plates. He thought he saw, however, a correlation between the internal and external marks, and accordingly redescribed Gray’s genera, with lists of species, according to the surface-diagnosis. Gray, in his ‘Guide,’ unfortunately copied from H. Adams’s lists without examination. Lastly, Chenu, as usual, reproduced the mis- takes of H. Adams, with fresh ones of his own. Having had unusual opportunities of dissecting out the valves of Chitons, I have felt compelled to rectify the pre- viously published lists, and also to propose various new genera. These I communicated to Mr. Binney while his edition of Dr. Gould’s ‘ Invertebrata’ was passing through the press ; but he did not think well to alter the position of every one of our species, as I feel compelled to do. 1. The Chiton apiculatus does not appear in H. Adams or Gray. It is a true Chetopleura, distmguished by the thin hairy girdle, regular valves with sharp teeth, and long series of gills. Ihave not seen it alive. It ranges from Southern Massachusetts to Florida. The genus is for the most part tropical. a Affinities of the New-England Chitons. 121 2. The Chiton ruber is Leptochiton ruber of H. Adams, and is probably Callochiton puniceus, Couth., of the same author. It is the Tonicia rubra of Gray’s ‘ Guide,’ to which he adds as synonyms, in P. Z. 8., marmorea and fulminata; and it also appears in Gray’s ‘Guide’ as Corephium? rubrum. It has not the characters of any one of these four genera, in which our two best authors have placed it. It belongs to Gray’s genus Ischnochiton (= Lepidopleurus, H. Ad., not Risso), section ft, “mantle-scales minute, granular ;” but as the gill-rows are short, instead of surrounding the foot as in the typical species, it is necessary to establish a fresh genus, Trachydermon. The insertion-plates are, as in [schnochiton and Chetopleura, regularly slit and sharp all round. Mr. Emerton first ob- served a great peculiarity in the animal, that there is a can- cellated space between the posterior gill and the caudal extre- mity. Prof. Verrill observed that in different specimens there were either one, two, or three rows of holes on each side. The caudal lobe is generally figured as an anal tube; but in Z. rubrum it is an imperforate muscle, working the posterior part of the girdle. The feces were distinctly seen to escape, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other, as it appeared to me from a slit on each side. 3. The Chiton albus is Leptochiton albus of H. Adams,= sagrinatus, Couth. Itwice captured a live specimen ; but each time it eluded the aftersearch. I do not doubt that this is also a Trachydermon, but cannot vouch for the peculiar cha- racters above quoted. The genus belongs to cold and tempe- rate seas. 4, The British C. marginatus is also a Trachydermon, and not a Leptochiton. It is the C. cinereus of Lowe, Forbes, and Hanley, but not of many other writers. Of the unique American shell so called [ can say nothing. 5. The C. marmoreus, common at Eastport and northwards to Greenland, is Tonicia of H. Adams and Gray, simply be- cause the girdle is smooth. ‘The true southern Tonicie, how- ever, have pectinated insertion-plates and ambient gills, like the typical Chitons; while the northern species so called have sharp plates and short gills. They differ, in fact, from Trachydermon simply in the girdle being destitute of the mi- nute scales. I distinguish the group as Tonicella. 6. The C. mendicarius does not appear in the lists, and is probably unknown in Europe. Fortunately a very few speci- mens were dredged in the ‘ Bluelight,’ one of them smashed but very large. It is known outside by the minute bristles on the girdle; but within it presents the very abnormal characters which had before been observed only in the minute British 122 On the Generic Affinities of the New-England Chitons. C. Hanleyi. This appeared as Leptochiton Hanleyi in Gray’s first paper, but as Acanthopleura Hanleyi in his ‘ Guide,’ p- 183. But in the same book, p. 186, the same species re- appears as HHanleya debilis, the genus (constituted for that species alone) being said to have lateral tufts of spines; in- sertion-plates entire, of terminal valves alike. H. Adams, following this diagnosis externally, described other species which really had these spine-tufts though not the internal characters. However, on examining every specimen of the species in the market, I could not discern a single spine-tuft, though announced by the accurate Lovén. I found, however, excellent internal characters. All the valves were destitute of insertion-plates except the anterior one, which really was ‘entire,’ having one continuous plate, not slit. I did not know whether to believe my own eyes or the testimony of Lovén and Gray, till Prof. Verrill allowed me to open the large, smashed specimen of C. mendicarius. It proved to be a true Hanleva, according to my diagnosis, but not according to Lovén and Gray. I presume that the contraction of the skin in so minute a shell led to the appearance of tufts, and that Dr. Gray supposed that the posterior valve had an entire plate like the anterior. I should be glad of the opinion of the Section whether the genus Hanleia should follow the type against the diagnosis, as here given, or an unreal diagnosis against the type, as followed (in part only) by H. Adams. The animal of this species resembles Leptochiton in haying short posterior gills, and a central anal tube from which the feces were seen to exude. 7. A similar confusion attends the last and most remarkable species, C. Hmersoniz. Several live specimens were dredged by the ‘ Bluelight,’ one of extraordinary size ; and still more have been dredged by Principal Dawson at Murray Bay. For the original species C. vestitus, from Alaska, a genus Amicula was constituted by Gray, characterized by covered valves and re- gular pore-tufts. The elder Sowerby figured the Hmersonii as vestitus in his ‘ Conch. Illustr.’; hence Dr. Gould naturally looked for the pore-tufts, and found them. Having received a fresh specimen from Dr. Stimpson, | could not find them. I wrote to Dr. Gould, who sent me his type specimens, with sketch of regular pore-tufts, as he saw them; but still I could not. He died without clearing the difficulty ; and I presumed there might be two species, one with and one without pores. But after examining both northern and southern suites of spe- cimens, I feel confidence in stating that there are no true pores, but simply a profusion of hair branches, generally very irre- gular, but sometimes, in early stages, more conspicuous at the Viscount Walden on two new Species of Birds. 123 sutures. I propose, therefore, to keep the name Am7cula for the Alaskan pore-bearing species—and to name this (with the Alaskan Pallasiz) Stimpsoniella, in honour of one of the best naturalists born in New England. In this genus, as in Tra- chydermon, the feeces are expelled through slits close to the caudal lobe, one on each side. When at rest, the creature makes a posterior fold in the girdle, corresponding to the wave in the posterior valve. I should be extremely indebted to any gentlemen who would lend me unusual Chitons for examination, previously to the publication of my ‘ Contributions towards a Monograph of the Chitonide’ by the Smithsonian Institute. There is also a great field open for investigation to all those who can examine living Chitons or even dissect alcoholic specimens. It is known that the external characters are not coordinate with the internal ones; it remains to be found out whether either of them correlate with the anatomical characters of dentition, gills, vent, &c., which ought to furnish the best divisions in arranging this difficult group. XVII.—Descriptions of two new Species of Birds. By Arruur, Viscount WALDEN, P.Z.S., F.R.S., &e. Pelargopsis gigantea, n. sp. Head, nape, chin, cheeks, back and sides of the neck, flanks, under tail-coverts, and entire under surface white, washed more or less with dilute fulvous, the concealed parts of the feathers being pure white and their exposed parts being tinged with fulvous; this hue is deepest on the flanks, breast, and on the abdominal and ventral regions, and on the under tail-coverts ; crown nearly pure white ; middle and lower part of the back rich pale glistening turquoise-blue; outer edges of primaries and secondaries, and all the-tertiaries and scapulars, dingy bluish green; middle pair of rectrices above entirely, and lateral pairs on their outer webs, of a purer blue; under wing- coverts and axillaries fulvous, somewhat deeper than that of the flanks; bill coral-red ; feet red. Bill from forehead 3°25 inches, wing 6°62, tail 4°50, tarsus 0°88, middle toe 1°50. Obtained at Salok, Sulu Islands, near Borneo, by Dr. Bernhard Meyer. Scops modestus, n. sp. Suiff loral bristles pure white at base, some tipped with 124 Viscount Walden on two new Species of Birds. fulvous, some with dark brown or black; those of the chin pale fulvous, nearly white; over each eye a distinct broad whitish band, formed by pure white feathers narrowly tipped with yellowish brown, which again in most is narrowly fringed with black, some nearest the eyes also edged throughout their length with yellowish brown ; feathers of the head and nape pale yellowish rusty, each traversed by three or four narrow irregular light brown lines; interscapulars and feathers of the back and rump coloured and marked like the plumage of the head and nape, but the brown transverse bands are broader and fewer ; scapulars the same, but a few more or less pure white, mottled towards the tip with the prevailing tints; ear-coverts and cheeks principally white, with brown and ruddy fulvous markings ; throat-feathers albescent, with one or more narrow brown cross bands; a half-collar below the throat of feathers marked and coloured like those of the nape; breast-feathers tipped with brown, a subterminal band of pale fulvous, then a brown band followed by a much broader pure white band ; abdo- minal feathers white, tipped with an irregular ocellated mark centred with pale rusty fulvous and encircled with brown, then a broad white band with a basal and narrower brown band; in many of the abdominal feathers the ocellated markings are replaced by an irregular cross band of mixed fulvous and brown; under tail-coverts white, with faint subterminal fulvous- brown bands ; tarsus clothed with white feathers, faintly barred with pale brown ; ground-colour of the primaries and secon- daries brown, each quill traversed by three or more pale rufo-fulvous narrow bands more or less complete, the brown intervals towards the apices of the primaries and on their outer webs much freckled with rufo-fulvous ; on the outer web of the second, third, and fourth primaries the pale rufo-fulvous bands change to fulvous white or pure white; under wing- coverts greyish white; median rectrices marked and coloured like the apices of the primaries, lateral with clear rufo-fulvous bands running through, all tipped, like the median shoulder- edge, white. Tarsi feathered to within an eighth of an inch of the base of the toes; fourth and fifth quills equal, third slightly longer than sixth. Wing 4°75 inches, tail 2°37, tarsus 1:0, middle toe with nail 1°12, bill from nostril (in a straight line) 0°65. Two examples of this small plain-coloured Scops Owl were obtained near Port Blair, South Andaman, by Captain R. Wimberley. On Norwegian Hydroida from Deep Water. 125 XVIII.—WNotes on Norwegian Hydroida from Deep Water. By the Rev. Tuomas Hicks, B.A., F.R.S. A PAPER of remarkable interest has just been published by G. Ossian Sars on the deep-water Hydroida of the Norwegian seas*. The investigations of this excellent observer, who worthily carries on the work of his distinguished father, have established the fact that a very varied Hydroid fauna exists in this region at depths varying from 50 fathoms to 300 fathoms. It comprises no less than fifty-eight species, of which sixteen appear to be new to science. From the tables (showing the distribution of the Norwegian Hydroids both vertically and horizontally) which are appended to the descrip- tive portion of the paper it appears that the most productive region lies between 50 and 100 fathoms. In this zone about two thirds of the whole number of species recorded for Norway have occurred (fifty-four out of eighty-four). The littoral region, as might be expected, is barren, yielding only six forms—a striking contrast to the corresponding zone on our own shores, which teems with Hydroid life. The Laminarian is hardly more fruitful, giving eleven, of which two are common to it and the preceding. From 10 to 20 fathoms thirteen species have been obtained, from 20 to 50 (the ‘Coralline region’’) forty-two. Below 100 fathoms the numbers diminish with the increase of depth; from 300 fathoms only five species have been procured (Plumularia gracillima, n. sp., Lilellum serpens, Lafoéina tenuis, Campanularia ver- ticillata, and Perigonimus abyssi,n. sp.). The last of these alone passes the 300-fathom limit, and actually reaches 400. If we except the fragments of a supposed Hydroid, brought up by the dredge of the ‘Porcupine’ from a depth of 2435 fathoms, of which nothing definite is known, the extreme vertical limit of Hydroid distribution would seem to lie between 600 and 700 fathoms, so far as our present knowledge goes. And it must be remarked that below three hundred fathoms a very small number only of forms have been obtained, a few straggling outliers, several of which seem to be much more at home in more moderate depths. In no sense can the Hydroida be considered an abyssal tribe. In the chapter on “ Distribution in Space” in Allman’s ‘Monograph of the Tubularian Hydroids’ he places the maxi- mum of development in the Coralline zone ; but on the Nor- wegian coast it must be assigned to the “‘ deep-water region ” immediately succeeding it, which yields fifty-four species * Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Af G. O. Sars. Med 4 autographiske Plancher. 1873. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 10 ] 126 Rev. T. Hincks on Norwegian against forty-two in the former. And the character of this “deep-water ” fauna is as remarkable as its richness. It in- cludes no less than thirteen of the sixteen undescribed species obtained by Sars, and (probably) three new generic types. It is interesting to note the extended vertical range which these investigations have established for several well-known species. Thus Tubularia indivisa, which is common between tide-marks on the English coast, has been taken up at a depth of 200 fathoms ; Plumularia setacea, a common denizen of our rock-pools, occurs only between 50 and 100 fathoms in the Nor- wegian seas ; Myriothela, which is found near low-water mark, ranges to 100 fathoms ; Podocoryne carnea is obtained on the shore and from 200 fathoms, and Hydractinia echinata at low- water mark and from 100 fathoms. It is also worthy of remark that Sars has obtained from a depth of 400 fathoms a Hydroid which he refers to Perigonimus, an Athecate genus, producing free reproductive zooids. In all previous cases the species dredged from great depths have been such as are pro- pagated by means of fixed sporosacs and not by planoblasts *. Passing to the descriptive portion of the paper, the first point of special interest is the occurrence of a small group of Plumularian Hydroids belonging to the genus Aglaophenia. This form is specially characteristic of warmer latitudes. On our own coasts it is comparatively rare in the north and north- eastern districts; in Shetland it is represented by a single species, A. myriophyllum. Still further north it has only oc- curred in the deep-water region, to which dredging has recently been extended. Near Stavanger, off the island of Hvitingsé, Sars has obtained three supposed new species of this fine genus, in depths varying from 80 to 150 fathoms. An ex- amination of this group of southern strangers, thus encountered in the deep northern waters, discloses some points of interest. They were obtained on a muddy bottom at very considerable depths, and, we may therefore suppose, in one of the warm areas to which our attention has been drawn of late f. The first species described (Aglaophenia radicellata) is * Vide Allman’s ‘ Monogr. Tubularian Hydroids,’ part ii. p. 165. It is true that Sars did not actually observe the planoblast of his Perigonimus abyssi; but he had the opportunity of examining the gonophores, and had no doubt of the Medusan nature of their contents. + This is a mere conjecture, as we have no precise account of the nature of the ground ; but the deep-water region off Hvitingsé appears to possess a rich and peculiar Hydroid fauna which suggests the inference that it enjoys a comparatively high temperature. Allman mentions a new Plu- mularian genus, which was obtained during the cruise of the ‘ Porcupine,’ at a depth of 682 fathoms, in water where the temperature ranged from 30°°5 Fahr. to 29°°8 Fahr. (‘Tubularian Hydroids,’ pt. ii. p. 165). Hydroida from Deep Water. 127 closely allied to the well-known A. myriophyllum of our own coasts, upon which, indeed, it is a very slight variation. In the shape of the calycles and in the minute structure generally the two are almost identical. The differences lie chiefly in size and habit, the points most readily affected by change of ex- ternal conditions. The northern form is dwarfish as compared with our own ; it looks stunted, and wants the elegant plumose appearance so characteristic of the latter. The stem, too, is simple and slender, instead of being composed, as in the normal A. myriophyllum, of several tubes bound together. One other difference between the two exists: in A. radicellata a large number of long and much-branched fibres are given off from the base of the stem, which form a spreading root-like appen- dage; by this the zoophyte fixes itself in the muddy ground, from which it was obtained. This, however, it must be remembered, is only an exaggerated condition of a structure which exists in A. myriophyllum. The latter zoophyte rises from a tuft of tangled fibres, a mere means of attachment when it grows on solid substances, but which, we can readily suppose, might be developed into a root-like organ under other conditions of life. The corbula of A. radicellata seems to resemble that of A. myriophyllum. The similarity of the two forms in minute structure * is really very striking, and the differences between them are just those which a change of locality might most readily produce. The second species described by Sars (A. bicuspis) exhibits more distinctive characteristics ; but its calycles are clearly of the myriophyllum type. It is somewhat larger than the pre- ceding, but does not exceed a couple of inches in height. The stem 1s compound towards the base ; and the pinnulated portion is much larger than in A. radicellata. The calycles in shape and arrangement resemble those of the last-named species and of A. myriophyllum ; but the minute crenulation of the rim is wanting, and the central tooth on the front margin, which in A. radicellata was truncate and slightly sinuated at the top, is here divided down the middle so as to form two acuminate processes, which have suggested the name of the species. But the most remarkable peculiarity of A. bicuspis is found in connexion with the gonosome. The reproductive * Sars seems to consider that the margin of the calycles is more distinctly crenulated in the Norwegian than in the British form; but the difference, if there is any, is of the slightest. Both are crenulated; and the crenations are of precisely the same character. A difference, however, does exist in the character of the anterior tooth, which in A. myriophyllum is pointed, in the northern form truncate and slightly sinuated at the apex. 10* 128 Rev. T. Hincks on Norwegian capsules, instead of being borne, as in A. radicellata, on a certain number of the pinnules which are modified in structure so as to constitute a protective case for them (the corbula), are ranged along one side of the main stem; the usual corbula is absent; but at the base of many of the pinnules a bifid or trifid process is developed, and these processes, ranged in a row on each side close to the stem, bend inwards towards one another and so form a kind of protective co- vering for the gonothece. This structure is unique amongst the known Plumulariide. The processes just described are furnished with many of the sarcothece (or nematophores) so characteristic of the Plumularian family, and closely resemble in structure the elements which compose the corbula. Indeed we may regard them as constituting a kind of corbula, which, however, is developed in the axis of the plume, corresponding with the altered position of the capsules, instead of laterally along the pinnule. A. bicuspis fixes itself upon sponges ; and its fibrous base is merely a flattened disk for attachment. In the third species (A. integra), which is of larger growth, of a graceful plumose shape, and occasionally branched, we have the very same type of calycle ; but the tooth-like processes on the margin have disappeared as well as the crenulation, and the rim is now perfectly plain. The sarcothece are much the same as in the two preceding forms; the capsules are borne on the central stem, as in the last, but all traces of protective appendages are wanting. The gonosome exhibits the character which we find in A. pennatula and kindred species. From this deep-water region, then, near Hvitingsé we have three species of Aglaophenia all referable to the myriophyllum type, which are distinguished by very slight differences in the minute structure of the trophosome, but exhibit three distinct modifications of the gonosome. In the one which comes nearest to A. myriophyllum we find the usual open corbula ; in another, a set of appendages developed near the base of the pinne, constituting a kind of axial corbula; in the third we have the gonothece wholly unprotected, as amongst the Sertulariide, and borne on the main stem. The first of these modifications of the gonosome is characteristic of Kirchenpauer’s subgenus Lytocarpia, and the second, I believe, of Allman’s genus Gonocladium (to be described in the report on the ‘ Porcupine’ dredgings). If the genus Aglaophenia is to be dismembered, and the species composing it are to be distributed into groups distinguished by the character of the gonosome, I should pro- pose the name GYMNANGIUM for those with unprotected gonothece. Sars has also added to the Norwegian list several species of Hydroida from Deep Water. 129 the genus Plumularia, and a very beautiful new generic form (Polyplumaria) allied to the latter. Heteropyxis norvegica, i. sp. Amongst the new Plumulariide we find a form which is referred to the Heteropyxis of Heller. I have given reasons elsewhere * for merging this genus in Plumularia; but I now find that I have misapprehended the characters on which it is based. In his brief generic diagnosis Heller makes no mention of the only peculiarity to which I should be at all disposed to attach any importance; and as I was unacquainted at the time with Meneghini’s description of his Lowenva (which is identical with Heteropyxts), my decision was founded on an imperfect knowledge of the distinctive characters. The real peculiarity of the genus Heteropyxis is the subspiral arrangement of the pinne ; in this it differs from Plumularia and makes an ap- proach to Antennularia. The other characters are insignificant; but it may be convenient to retain the genus for those forms which, without being truly verticillate, have the pinne distri- buted round the stem. The curious point about H. norvegica is that it bears cornucopia-shaped capsules, exactly resembling those of Plumularia cornu-copie (mihi), a species from the Devonshire coast ; the form is remarkable, and it is, as far as I can judge, absolutely identical in both. In H. norvegica, however, the position of the gonothece is peculiar: they are developed in pairs from a distinct process on the lowest joint of the pinna, a little above its point of origin. Diphasia elegans, n. sp., and Sertularia tenera, n. sp. These two new Sertularians were obtained from a bottom of soft mud or ooze, in depths ranging from 150 to 200 fathoms, and, we may therefore presume, in a comparatively warm area. The Diphasia bears a strong general resemblance to D. at- tenuata (mihi). The chief points of difference seem to be the absence of joints on both stem and branches and of the tendril- like prolongations of the latter, the greater distance between the pairs of calycles, and the extraordinary development of the creeping stolon. The latter is the most marked character, and connects itself directly with the nature of the locality in which the species isfound. A luxuriantly developed, much ramified, and sinuous fibre spreads over the muddy sea-bottom, through a great part of its length perfectly free, and only attached here and there to the small fragments of stone or shell sparingly * “ Notes on Prof. Heller’s ‘Catalogue of the Hydroida of the Adriatic’ ’ (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 119). 130 Rey. T. Hincks on Norwegian scattered about in the neighbourhood. From this, at very con- siderable intervals, rise the slender plumose shoots. The Sertularta, which is of a dwarf and meagre habit, is also distinguished by the largely developed stolon, which creeps unattached over the mud. It is interesting to remark the modification of this portion of the structure in conformity with the nature of the base on which the zoophyte grows. One of the Aglaopheniw and two of the Sertularie obtained by Sars from great depths have thus adapted themselves to the peculiar conditions of ooze life. Ophiodes parasitica, G. O. Sars (a. sp.). Perhaps the most interesting of the many interesting forms for a knowledge of which we are indebted to the energetic researches of the Norwegian naturalist, is the remarkable Hydroid which he has named Ophiodes parasitica. In general appearance and structure it closely resembles a Plumularia, and might pass on a slight inspection for a stemless variety of one of the smaller kinds. But, instead of the ordinary sar- cothece characteristic of the Plumularian family, it is furnished with the curious snake-like appendages which distinguish the genus Ophiodes (mihi). Judging from Sars’s description and figures, there is no appreciable difference between these organs as they occur in the Norwegian species and on the British Ophiodes mirabilis. Yn each case they consist of a slender and highly extensile tentaculoid body, protected at the base by a small chitinous cup, and terminated at the free extremity by a globose capitulum filled with thread-cells. In O. para- sitica they are confined to the erect stems, and are not present, as in O. mirabilis, on the creeping stolon also; one of them is generally placed a short distance below the calycle; and sometimes there is another alittle above it. But though there is this remarkable point of agreement between the Norwegian Hydroid and the British, they are plainly not referable to the same genus. The affinities of O. parasitica are with the Plumulariide ; those of O. mirabilis are as clearly with the Haleciide. Probably the two families are closely related ; in the forms now under consideration they seem to make a near approach to one another. Ophiodes mirabilis differs in some important particulars from the ordinary type of Halecium ; and the points im which it thus differs approximate it to such a form as the O. parasitica of Sars. The large polypites, which cannot retract themselves within the calycle, are common to all the Haleciide and to the genus Plumularia; and we now know that organs akin to the sarcothecze are found in both the families. a Hydroida from Deep Water. 131 As a new genus must be constituted for the Norwegian Hydroid, I propose for it the name Ophionema*. It may be defined as follows :— Suborder THECAPHORA. Family Plumulariide. OPHIONEMA, n. gen. Generic character.—Shoots small, simple or slightly branched, jointed, not regularly pinnate or plumose, attached by a creeping stolon; hydrothecz sessile, unilateral, cup-shaped ; tentaculoid organs distributed singly on the shoots, exten- sile, filiform, terminating above in a globular capitulum filled with thread-cells, and protected at the base by a chitinous cup; gonothece of large size, borne singly near the base of the shoots; polypites not retractile within the calycles T. Ophionema parasiticum, G. O. Sars (sp. unic.). Halecium gorgonoide, G. O,. Sars (n. sp.). This is another of the specially interesting forms brought to light by the exploration of the deeper regions of the sea- bottom. In most of its characters it bears a perfect re- emblance to the well-known Halectum; but it differs from Sn being furnished with a peculiar tentaculoid organ, some- what similar to that which occurs on Ophiodes and on the new genus Ophionema, which I have constituted in this paper. ‘These curious appendages are minute offshoots from the ccenosare, which pass outwards through a simple orifice in the polypary, and project beyond it as naked, extensile, tentaculoid processes of a somewhat clavate figure, terminating above in a rounded capitulum filled with thread-cells. They differ from the similar structure which occurs on Ophiodes in the total absence of the chitinous covering at the base, and in the less distinctly capitate form of the free extremity. These appendages are distributed in great numbers over the stem and branches; and one of them is almost always present in the immediate neighbourhood of the calycles. There can be no doubt, I think, that they constitute a cha- racter of generic value, and that the present species must be detached from Halecium. I propose to name the new genus * From équs, a snake, and v7jya, a tentacle. + Lhave included in this diagnosis some family characters. 132 Rey. T. Hincks on Norwegian that must be formed for its reception Hydrodendron ; it may be characterized as follows :— Suborder THECAPHORA. Family Haleciide. Hydrodendron, n. gen. Generic character.—Zoophyte plant-like, much branched, rooted by a creeping stolon; hydrothece biserial, tubular, jointed to a short lateral process from the stem; polypites very large, partially retractile; tentaculoid appendages minute, filiform, naked, terminating above in a subglobose capituluin filled with thread-cells, distributed over the stem and branches, one below each calycle ; gonothecee unknown. Hydrodendron gorgonoide, G. O. Sars (sp. unic.). The polypites of this interesting form are remarkably large, furnished with about twenty-four tentacles, and of a bright yellow colour. The compound stem is thick and rugged and nregularly branched, and when covered with its conspicuous coloured polypites, the species bears, as Sars has remarked, a striking resemblance to a Gorgonda. It is peculiarly tree-like in appearance, and fully entitled to the generic name which I have given it. It has many characteristic features; but of course its principal distinction is to be found in the curious appendages to which I have referred. Lafoéa fruticosa, M. Sars. Amongst the Lafoéide included in Sars’s catalogue of Nor- wegian species is the L. fruticosa, M. Sars, which was de- scribed many years since by his father in his ‘ Zoologisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken.’ This form I have identified with the L. gracillima, Alder*; and in doing so I had the concur- rence of Mr. Alder himself, who believed that his species was identical with the Norwegian, and that his name must yield to the earlier designation conferred by Sars. Mr. G. O. Sars, however, thinks that I have decided wrongly ; he figures what he supposes to be his father’s species, and holds that it is certainly distinct from ZL. gracillima. In this, I have no doubt, he is right; I have as little doubt that his figure does not represent L. fruticosa, but another and very different species. It is, in fact, referable to the form which I have else- where described as Lafoéa grandis. * ‘History of British Hydroid Zoophytes,’ i. p. 202. + Vide a paper in the present Number of the ‘Annals’ on Icelandic Hydroida (infra, p. 148). Hydroida from Deep Water. 133 A reference to M. Sars’s more detailed description of his L. fruticosa, in his paper “ Bemerkninger over fire Norske Hydroider”’ (1862), will show that it is very different from the form which his son has now figured. The latter has a regular, campanulate calycle of considerable breadth; the calycle of the former is described as bearing a general resem- blance to that of L. dumosa, and as being slightly bent, with the convex side of the curve turned upwards, or occasionally reversed. In short, it is represented as being tubular and bent, whereas the hydrotheca in G. O. Sars’s figure is campanulate and straight. 'The only differences which Prof. Sars could detect between his species and Alder’s were that in the latter the ca- lycle was rather more slender than in the northern form, and the pedicle “ loosely twisted” instead of being distinctly ringed. But Alder’s LZ. gracillima has a long, narrow, tubular calycle, totally unlike that which the younger Sars has figured in his paper. I have, however, other and very conclusive evidence that the L. fruticosa is not what the last-named naturalist supposes it to be. Prof. Sars and Mr. Alder corresponded about their species and exchanged specimens; and I have in my possession a bottle sent me by the latter, and labelled by him, containing Norwegian examples of L. fruticosa, which he had received from its discoverer. From these specimens the figures (Plate VI. figs. 8-10) accompanying my paper on Icelandic Hydroids in the present number were drawn (with the camera lucida) ; beside them [ have placed a pair of calycles (Plate VI. figs. 6, 7) from specimens of L. gracillima dredged at Oban. ‘The close similarity between the two is at once apparent; the form may be said to be identical in both; and the only difference between them to which I should be dis- posed to attach the slightest significance is found in the cha- racter of the pedicle. In the British form it is merely twisted into two or three imperfect whorls; in the northern it is com- posed of three or four rings. Sometimes they are almost obsolete (Plate VI. figs. 9, 10) ; but traces of them may always be detected. I confess I cannot regard this trifling variation as a specific distinction, and must therefore continue to rank the L. gracillima of Alder as a synonym of the older L. fru- ticosa of Sars. I may add that, in his account of the latter species, Prof. Sars has remarked on the thinness and delicacy of the mate- rial composing the calycles, and tells us that when dried they collapse and shrivel up. The same holds good of L. gracit- lima; but in the case of Lafoéa grandis (to which | refer G. U. Sars’s figures) the walls of the hydrothecz are of very stout material, and retain their form in dried specimens. 134 Rey. T. Hincks on Norwegian Calycella producta, G. O. Sars (n. sp.). The species described under this name will probably prove to belong to the genus Lovénella (mihi). Its position cannot, of course, be absolutely determined until the history of its reproduction is known; but it closely resembles the L. clausa (Lovén), and is very unlike any known member of the genus Calycella. Its polypite too (so far as the figure affords the means of judging) is of a totally different type from that of Calycella; so that if the characters of its gonosome should separate it from Lovénella, it must still be referred to some other genus. Lovénella is propagated by means of medusiform planoblasts. The present species differs from the British LZ. clausa principally in the comparative shortness of the conical oper- culum, and the absence of all annulation or crenation on the stem, except at the very base. Lafoéina tenuis, M. Sars. This remarkable Hydroid was first described by Prof. M. Sars in 1868*; but we have now a further account of it and an excellent figure from his son. Bearing a curiously close resemblance in its general character to Cuspidella humilis (mihi), it is distinguished from the latter form by the extra- ordinary appendages, allied in structure and function to the sarcothece of the Plumularians, with which it is furnished. These are distributed in great numbers along the creeping stolon, amongst the calycles; they consist of a filiform offshoot from the ectoderm, somewhat enlarged at the upper extremity and invested by a thin chitinous covering. In the capitular portion are lodged a few large thread-cells ; and immediately above it there is a circular orifice in the chitinous envelope, through which the long barbed threads are discharged. These appendages not unfrequently almost equal the calycles in height, and largely exceed them in number. They remind us of the tubular sarcothece of the genus Aglaophenia, though it does not appear that the sar- costyle has the power of emitting amceboid processes. They may be regarded as an intermediate form between the Plumu- larian sarcotheca and the tentaculoid organ of Ophiodes and Ophionema. I have lately ascertained that specimens of a Hydroid from Shetland and from the Northumberland coast, which I formerly referred to Cuspidella humilis, really belong to the present * “ Fortsatte Bidr. til Kundskaben om Dyrelivets Udbredning i Hayets Dybder,” Vid. Selsk. Forh. f. 1868 (Christiania). Hydroida from Deep Water. 135 species, so that Lafoéina tenuis must take its place in our fauna. At the time I noticed the transparent clavate processes associated with the calycles, but supposed them to be some parasitic growth. A question may arise whether Cuspidella humilis is a distinct form at all, or whether it has been founded on ex- amples of Lafoéina. I have been able to settle this point conclusively by a reference to specimens of the former; and Sars, who is intimately acquainted with the latter Hydroid, includes Cuspidella humilis also in his list of Norwegian species, and therefore recognizes them as distinct. I have carefully re-examined the other species of Cusp7- della (C. grandis and C. costata), and find them to be un- doubtedly destitute of the appendages. Gonothyrea hyalina, Hincks. This fine species I have referred provisionally to Gono- thyrea*, having only had the opportunity of examining im- mature gonophores on specimens preserved in spirit. Sars, however, has obtained it at Lofoten with fully developed gonophores exhibiting the characteristic structure of this genus, and has thus definitely settled its systematic position. Acaulis primarius, Stimpson. We have hitherto known this interesting Hydroid im- perfectly, through the description of it given by Stimpson in his ‘ Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan.’ Sars, however, has obtained it in deep water (40-100 fathoms) off the Norwe- gian coast on muddy ground, and has thoroughly investigated its structure. The two most important points which he has determined are the mode of its attachment and the history of its reproduction. Stimpson found his specimen floating in the open sea, and describes Acaulis as permanently free. It appears, however (as Allman had conjectured) that this is an error ; the stalk-like por- tion of the body below the aboral wreath of tentacles is invested by an exceedingly thin hyaline skin, which passes far beyond its free conical extremity in the form of a perfectly transparent sheath, and towards the base is thickly covered with small grains of sand and fragments of mud. By means of this sheath the polypite no doubt roots itself in the sand or ooze, as Corymorpha seems to do by the help of a very similar structure. The reproductive bodies are simple fixed sporosacs, developed in great number immediately above the proximal * History of Brit. Hydr. Zooph. i. 184, pl. xxxv. figs. 2, 2a. 136 On Norwegian Hydroida from Deep Water. tentacles and amongst the capitate arms which thickly cover the whole of the upper portion of the body. Acaulis is closely related to the Tubulariide (through Corymorpha) and the Pennariidx, but seems entitled to stand as the type of a separate family. Myriothela, on the contrary, I should connect more immediately with the Corynide ; and the present species, as Sars has suggested, may be regarded as an intermediate form between it and Corymorpha. Myriothela phrygia, Fabricius. The British species of the genus Myriothela has hitherto been identified with the MW. arctica, M. Sars, and the earlier Lucernarta phrygia of Fabricius ; and the specific name con- ferred by the latter author has taken its place in our nomen- clature. It appears, however, according to Mr. G. O. Sars, that two distinct forms exist, both of which occur in the Norwegian waters, and that the one which has been observed on our coasts differs from that which Fabricius first discovered and Prof. M. Sars afterwards so well described. It becomes necessary, therefore, to revert to the earliest name conferred on the British species, which we owe to Vigurs (1849). It will stand hereafter as MW. Cocksii, while the original species must retain the name of phrygia. It is to be regretted that Sars has not given us a fuller description of the northern form, and indicated more precisely the points in which it differs from the British. He tells us generally that it is distinguished from it by its different mode of attachment, and that its gonophores are borne on more or less branched processes furnished with capitate tentacles, resembling those which are scattered over the body. Syncoryne eximia, Allman. To this species, an inhabitant of the Laminarian zone on our English coasts, Sars refers a Syncoryne taken at Bodé in 80-100 fathoms. Judging, however, from his brief account, his identification seems to me more -than doubtful. He de- scribes his species as having a peculiarly dark brown polypary, which is most obscurely ringed; the polypites have very few tentacles. S. exi’mia, on the contrary, has a transparent, light-coloured polypary, and its polypites are furnished with as many as from twenty to thirty tentacles. The annulation is very distinct so far as it goes, bemg confined, however, to the very base of the principal stems, and to certain portions of the branches. It will be found, I believe, that the Nor- Mr. J. Gould on a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon. 137 wegian deep-water Syncoryne is a different and probably a new species. The following British Hydroids have their range of dis- tribution extended to Norway as the result of the investigations recorded in this paper :-— Plumularia setacea, Ellis. | Calycella syringa, Linn. Antennularia antennina, Linn. Cuspidella humilis, Hincks. Diphasia alata, Hincks. Gonothyrea hyalina, Hincks. tamarisca, Linn. Campanularia Hincksii, Alder. Sertularia Gayi, Lame. Tubularia simplex, Alder. Halecium Beanii, Johnst. Dicoryne conferta, Alder. sessile, Norman. Myriothela Cocks, Vigurs. Calycella fastigiata, Alder. Hydractinia echinata, Fleming. I cannot take leave of this important paper without con- gratulating its able author on his most interesting discoveries, and on the valuable contribution which he has made to the literature of the Hydroida. XIX.—On a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon from Northern Queensland. By Joun GOULD, F.R.S. &e. Tuts little pigeon, which I propose to call Lamprotreron porphy- rostictus, is totally distinct from its ally, the L. superbus, from the same part of Australia. ‘The most conspicuous character of this bird is the purplish-blue spot at the back of the head ; hence its specific appellation porphyrostictus. The throat is grey, and the abdomen crossed with two in- distinct bars of yellowish white ; this latter colour also pervades all the outer edges of the under tail-coverts ; with the excep- tion of the two middle ones, all the tail-feathers are obscurely tipped with greyish white; the secondaries and the larger wing-coverts are edged with yellow; feet bright orange ; tarsi thickly clothed with green feathers ; bill dark. The young of the year, having nearly attained its full size, differs from the adult in the total absence of the purple spot at the back of the head, and in having the lesser and greater wing-coverts fringed with yellow. Total length 7 inches, bill 2, wing 43, tail 22, tarsi 3. The two specimens of this species I possess were obtained at Cape York; and J need scarcely say that before describing this bird I have compared it with all the species in our national collections, brought home by Mr. Wallace from the Papuan group of islands, and I find it quite distinct from each of them. 138 Dr. A. Giinther on Fishes obtained from XX.—WNotes on some Fishes obtained at considerable Depths in the North Atlantic. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER, F.R.S. ProressoR WYVILLE THOMSON, before his departure with the ‘Challenger’ expedition, kindly placed in my hands for examination some fishes which had been obtained at consider- able depths during the cruise of H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine’ in the year 1869. In the first imstance they had been sent for determination to the late Mr. Couch of Polperro, who affixed labels with names to the bottles; but no descriptions of the species were published by him; so that I should have omitted to allude to his nomenclature (which cannot be adopted), if I had not been informed that the fishes were enumerated under those names in one of the ‘ Porcupine’ reports. Small as the collection is, itis of interest in two respects :-— 1. Inasmuch as it offers additional evidence that fishes hitherto known from more southern latitudes occur in the North Atlantic at a moderate depth (of between 80 and 200 fathoms) *. 2. Inasmuch as the fishes from the depth indicated do not yet show the well-known characteristics of deep-sea fishes developed in any degree. Therefore fishes like Plagyodus, Melanocetus, Saccopharynx, Regalecus, Chiasmodus, &c. must inhabit a much deeper horizontal zone (from 300 to 800 fathoms), as, indeed, has been supposed and affirmed for many ears. ‘ The jist bottle is marked “ No. 17. (18.6. 69). 54. 10 N. 10.59 W. 183 fms., muddy sand.” Mr. Couch intended to describe the specimen contained in it as ‘“‘Macrourus linearis.” This fish, which is not in good condition, crabs having eaten holes into various parts of the body, proves to be Gadiculus ar- genteus, described by Guichenot in ‘Explor.Algér., Poiss.’ 1850, p- 101, pl. vi. fig. 2, from specimens obtained at Algiers. Iam not aware that the species has been noticed since ; and therefore it is a point of interest to meet with it again in the North Atlantic. There is nothing whatever to indicate an affinity to Macrourus; indeed Gadiculus proves to be a Gadus slightly modified for living at a greater depth. Even the vomerine teeth, by the alleged absence of which, according to Guichenot, the genus was technically distinguished from Gadus, are present ; but the scales, which are deciduous, and lost in our specimen, are larger than in the allied species of Gadus. The formula of the fin-rays is D. 9 or 10 | 13 | 18. A. 17 | 16. V.6. The specimen is 53 inches long. * See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, xx. p. 289. considerable Depths in the North Atlantic. 139 A second bottle (labelled ‘‘ H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine,’ between Shetland and Faroe, 200 faths. 1869,” and determined by Mr. Couch as “Macrourus, sp. n.”) contains an example, about 10 inches long, of Coryphenoides norvegicus. It agrees very well with Sundevall’s excellent description published in 1840, which I can supplement by giving the number of dorsal rays as about 190, the tail of the specimen being perfect. There are eight or nine series of scales between the first dorsal and lateral line—and not four or five, as stated in the diagnosis of the ‘Catal. Fish.’ iv. p. 396, in accordance with Gaimard’s figure of this species. Another, smaller specimen of the same species was in the third bottle, and stated to be from a depth of 540 fathoms. The writing on the label originally placed on the third bottle has entirely faded and is illegible; but we are informed by a second label in Mr. Couch’s handwriting that the bottle con- tains a “‘Kurtus and Macrourus, both new. 1869. 540 fathoms.” The latter specimen has been noticed above. The former, of course, is widely different from the Indian genus to which Mr. Couch referred it, and is, in fact, Argyropelecus hemigymnus, a species common in the Mediterranean and neighbouring parts of the Atlantic. A small fourth bottle contains only one specimen; it is labelled, in Mr. Couch’s handwriting, ‘‘ Ophidium—eel-like, deep sea—1869. H.M.S. ‘Porcupine.’ 180 faths.” This spe- cimen is the young of Anguilla Kienert, a species hitherto known from the Mediterranean only. The fifth bottle (labelled “ H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’ Between Shetland and Faroe. 180 faths. 1869’’) contains four speci- mens, named by Mr. Couch Macrourus linearis, C., Blennius fasciatus, C., Gobius Jeffreysit, Callionymus sagitta, C., and which I have determined as Motella macrophthalma, Gthr., Blenniops Ascanii, Walbaum, Gobius Jeffreysti, Gthr., Liparis vulgaris, Elem. It was evidently by a slip of the pen that Mr. Couch applied the name ‘“‘Macrourus linearis” again to a very different fish, viz. Motella macrophthalma, a species which, together with Gobius Jeffreysti, was described and figured by me in this Journal, 1867, xx. p. 290. 140 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Invertebrate XXI1.—On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. By W. C. M‘Intosu, M.D. &ec. INTRODUCTION. THE beach at St. Andrews combines smooth sandy flats with tide-worn ridges of rocks which freely communicate with the German Ocean ; and the proximity to rich coralline ground renders the products of its storms peculiarly varied. An unbroken surface of pure sand extends from the estuary of the Tay past that of the Eden to the north-western border of the city. From this point the rocks run eastward in parallel rows—narrow sandy flats intervening between some of the ridges, which, with one exception, are all covered at high water. Lines of rocks having a similar arrangement fringe the Castle and Pier to the east sands; then a coarse sandy and gravelly beach extends in a southerly direction about half a mile, after which the jagged rocky border passes round the eastern coast to the Frith of Forth. The greater part of the sandy bay has a depth of less than 10 fathoms ; for at this point the 20-fathom line bends outwards to the Bell rock. The whole region is thus comparatively shallow, and in contrast with that to the north of Arbroath Road, or with the Frith of Forth and the neighbouring coast on the south. If the fine stretch of sand from the river Eden to the city (usually termed the West Sands in contradistinction to the Kast Sands) which extends to the harbour southward is only en- livened in summer by thousands of bleached heart urchins, broken shells, skeletons of plaice, frogfish, and haddock, or in autumn by the jellies of the medusz, the storms of winter and spring wholly alter the aspect. Immense banks of sea- weeds mingled with black fragments of wood, coal, and muddy matter cover the beach, which in many parts becomes brilliantly phosphorescent at night from the zoophytes and annelids on the blades of the tangles. Amidst this débris are vast numbers of sponges, zoophytes, shells, starfishes, annelids, crabs, and fishes which have been swept from their various habitats. All storms are not equally prolific; they also vary in regard to the abundance of the several groups—a feature probably due to the direction of the wind and the invasion of particular sites. The waste of marine life in such storms does not attract much notice; yet it is extraordinary and so constant that it may be regarded to some extent as a check upon its uninterrupted development. It is, however, to be remembered that even the autumnal ripple in the Outer Hebrides brings Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. 141 countless swarms of Salpe, Velelle, Meduse, and other forms to die on the beach. The tidal rocks, again, which are mostly covered by sea- weeds, present a varied and prolific site for many species. The rock-pools are both frequent and picturesque; and they possess many undisturbed stones, often of large size, the under surfaces of which are most favourable for the growth and shelter of numerous forms—though of course they cannot be compared in this respect with the littoral stones at Herm, which have a profusion of rare crabs, annelids, ormers and other mollusks, polyzoa, hydroids, and the yellow, red, purple, green, and white sponges. The soft sandstone and shale afford an ample field for the perforations of Pholas crispata, Saxicava rugosa, and Leucodore ciliata. ‘The fissures and chinks of the rocks, moreover, as on almost every part of the British shores, give shelter to a large number, especially the annelids, which find in the muddy or sandy crevices a safe retreat for their soft bodies, slender tubes, or muddy tunnels, and opportunities for capturing sufficient food at the free margin of the rock or from the ingoing currents. It is chiefly in such localities that Sipunculus Johnstoni and swarms of Leucodore and Nicomache occur, while Nereds cultrifera, Eulalia, Syllis, and the nemer- teans are also common. Occasionally an Jdotea is met with ; but the general absence of the isopods in these crevices dis- tinguishes them from those in the gneiss of the south and west, as in the Channel Islands and the Outer Hebrides— and especially from the former by the absence of Pilumnus hirtellus, Arca, the Sabellide, the Hunicide and their allies. To these fissures certain boring annelids and Saxicava chiefly retreat when the rocks do not afford a suitable medium for their perforations—though at St. Andrews there is free scope in this respect, from the sandstones and shales so soft as to be pitted deeply by the common limpet to those nearly as dense as granite. The sea-margin at St. Andrews, like other parts of the east coast of Scotland, presents decided differences when contrasted with the northern, southern, and western shores, though many forms are common to all. Thus the laminarian zone at St. Andrews is much less luxuriant than that of the Zetlandic waters with the fine forests of gigantic tangles, amidst which there is a galaxy of animal life. The vegetation of its littoral zone is surpassed by the rich Fuci of the tidal rocks and the trailing masses of Chorda filum on the surtace of the sea immediately beyond low-water mark in the Outer Hebrides. Its marine forms are placed under very different circumstances from those in the quiet voes of West Shetland, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 11 142 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Invertebrate as at Cliff Sound and between the Burras, where the still sea- water is bridged by a single arch of a few feet. ‘To represent the Zostera-fields of the west and south there are but a few Conferve, Ulve, and Porphyre attached to stones on the flat surfaces of the beach. The calcareous rocks of the south, and the multitudes of worm-eaten boulders scattered on many parts of the shore, as in the Isle of Wight, form likewise a boldly marked contrast. Within reach of the modern tide, also, it is interesting to find the remains of oceanic animals long since extinct—to see Actinia mesembryanthemum attached to a mass of encrinite stalks, Litorina rudis in groups on Lingula-shale, and the white coils of Sprrorbis incrusting a nodule containing a fossil fish. Yet these features do not appear much out of place near a city whose pier is to a considerable extent con- structed of the fine old stones and ancient oak which once formed part of the splendid pile of its cathedral. On the whole the zoological features of St. Andrews are northern. Subkingdom PROTOZOA. Class RHIZOPODA. Order Spongiade. The Sponges of St. Andrews are, perhaps, the least-inves- tigated group, partly because a collection carefully made many years ago has been lost. In looking over those obtained since, Dr. Bowerbank has most kindly given his experienced aid in doubtful cases ; and the description of the new species is solely his. The littoral forms are scattered in considerable profusion between tide-marks under ledges and stones, sometimes near high-water mark. Indeed, in the higher pools and tide-runs in the latter region they are often peculiarly luxuriant. The brightly coloured Halisarca, so abundant on the under surfaces ot stones in the Hebrides, and the rarer botryoidal Tethea are unknown at St. Andrews, as are likewise the cup and turnip sponges of the Zetlandic seas. The greater luxuriance of the ubiquitous Halichondria panicea on the stems of the Lami- narie further characterizes the coast of the extreme west ; and the decay of the seaweed often leaves tubes of sponge from a foot to eighteen inches in length. In like manner the greatly increased size of Grantia ciliata, the vast abundance of Hymeniacidon celata, its beautiful arborescent patterns in the tide-worn shells, and its perforations in the limestone rocks are diagnostic of the warmer waters of the southern coast. Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. 143 The classification of Dr. Bowerbank in his valuable work pub- lished by the Ray Society has been that followed in the list. Suborder I. CALCAREA. Grantia compressa, Fabr.; Bowerb. Brit. Spong. ii. p. 17. Abundant on Cynthia grossularia under shelving rocks be- tween tide-marks, and attached to the roots of Fuci and other seaweeds. It occasionally assumes an abnormal form, and has a broad attached surface under stones. Longest, 3 inches. Grantia ciliata, Fabry. ; Bowerb. vol. ii. p. 19. Not unfrequent on laminarian roots cast on the west sands after storms, and growing near low-water mark at the East Rocks. The species somewhat resembles a grain of oat re- moved from its husk, Leucosolenia botryoides, Ellis & Sol. ; Bowerb. vol. ii. p. 28. Abundant on the under surfaces of stones in tidal pools, especially if large and little-disturbed. It frequently accom- panies Grantia compressa. Leuconia nivea, Grant; Bowerb. vol. ii. p. 36. Found abundantly in the deeper tidal pools, under large stones which have been long untouched. It covers spaces several inches square ; and its margin is generally rounded and “finished” like the border of a lichen. Most of the speci- mens have their surfaces elevated into firm ruge, resembling miniature mountain-ranges, some of the crests rising into flattened lobes ? inch in height. There are at least two varieties of this sponge—the first of which, besides the equi- angular triradiate spicula of the skeleton, the minute acerate ones of the interstitial and dermal membranes, and the uni- eurvo-cruciform, has many spined acuate spicula of consider- able dimensions and others of the same size approaching the fusiformi-spinulate character. In the other variety the latter kinds are so little developed, if present, as not to be dis- tinguished from the ordinary minute acerate forms. In both, almost all the latter are distinctly spined. Suborder II. S1iicna. Hymeniacidon ficus, Esper ; Bowerb. vol. i. p. 206. Occasionally from deep water, attached to dead shells. Cla- vate specimens frequently grow from the smaller end of Den- talium entalis. "This species seems to frequent gi ground. 1 144 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Invertebrate Hymeniacidon celata, Grant; Bowerb. vol. i. p. 212. Abundant in shells from deep water, between the layers of which it tunnels its devious tracks. ‘This is one of the main agents in causing the disintegration of dead shells. Halichondria panicea, Pallas; Bowerb. vol. 1. p. 229. Scarcely a stone can be lifted near low-water mark, amongst the rocks, but has a patch of this common sponge. Under the cavernous ledges overhanging rock-pools it spreads its structure over the dark red Cynthia, matting together sea- weeds and corallines, and hanging in pendulous nodules on interwoven stalks of Corallina officinalis and Fuci. Near the Maiden Rock splendid specimens are found incrusting a square foot or two of rock in some of the quiet pools. It also abounds on the backs of crabs, such as Hyas araneus and Inachus dorynchus, covering the former so completely that it can scarcely be recognized except by its legs ; and besides the pro- minent oscula of the sponge, on this complex back are gaps for Balani, shells, and seaweeds. On the carapace of the latter species it forms a thinner coating, but is likewise grouped in little nodules on the legs. A mass as large as a good-sized apple surrounds the stem of Chalina oculata; and it is a com- mon envelopment of various stones, mollusks, seaweeds, and tangle-roots. The usual colours of the sponge are yellow, brown, purple, green, and grey. In the interstices of the masses thrown on shore at the West Sands are to be found mul- titudes of marine animals, besides incorporated shells ; and the fine patches at the East Rocks are favourite feeding-grounds of Doris tuberculata. The forms of the spicula of this species are variable, some being much curved like a stretched bow, a few more or less ineequiacerate vermiculoid, besides, of course, the ordinary diagnostic spicula. The odour emitted on tearing it from the rock is characteristic, but causes no sneezing. Halichondria, n. s.* The following is Dr. Bowerbank’s description :—“ Sponge coating, thin. Surface smooth and even. Oscula more or less elevated, dispersed, margins thin. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane aspiculous. Skeleton very irregular, rete mostly unispiculous, occasionally bi- or trispiculous ; spicula acerate, short and stout. Interstitial membranes aspiculous. “Colour in the dried state light nut-brown. Examined in the living and dried states. “The nearest alliance with the known species of the first * Dr. Bowerbank has courteously named this species H. M‘Intoshii, Bowerb. * Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. 145 section of our British Halichondrie is with H. regularis. The spicula of the two species are as nearly alike in size and pro- portions as possible; but this is their only approximation to each other. In their other characters they differ to a con- siderable extent. The colour of H. regularis in the dried state is milk-white ; that of H. M‘Intoshii is nut-brown. An- other important difference is, that while the skeleton of ZH. regularis is remarkable for its symmetry, that of H. M‘Intoshit is regular to a very considerable degree.” This form is not uncommon on the under surface of stones in tide-runs and somewhat muddy pools not far from high- water mark at the East Rocks. Its greyish brown colour, smooth surface, and prominent, well-defined oscula distinguish it at first sight from its allies. Halichondria incrustans, Esper; Bowerb. vol. i. p. 249. Occasionally found under stones near low-water mark, especially at the East Rocks. It forms a thickish crust; and the spicula very much resemble one of the knobbed walking- sticks which taper from above downwards. Suborder III. Krrarosa. Chalina oculata, Pallas; Bowerb. vol. ii. p. 361. Thrown in great profusion on the West Sands after storms ; and small specimens are also found under the ledges of rocks near low-water mark. ‘The shape of the specimens varies much: some are flattened and much divided into branches of various sizes, either narrow or broad; others have their branches much matted together so as to form a connected and somewhat coarse “ gorgonian”’ appearance, more or less sepa- rated at the tip. In some the branches arise mostly from one side of an unbroken prolongation of the sponge-tissue. One grows on a valve of Mytilus modiolus, and has a mass of Halichondria panicea round a branch at its base. Another envelops the stem and branches of Delesserta sanguinea, the leaves of which appear here and there from the centre of the sponge. Many are attached to small rolled stones. Those from the beach are loaded with sand, spines of the common and purple heart urchins, bristles of the sea-mouse ; and many starfishes seek refuge in their interstices. Chalina limbata, Bowerb.; vol. i. p. 373. Not uncommon on the under surfaces of stones in tidal pools, either coating the surface of the stone or attached to the stems of Corallina officinalis. (To be continued. | 146 Rey. T. Hincks on Deep-water XXII.— On Deep-water Hydroida from Iceland. By the Rev. Tuomas Hrincxs, B.A., F.R.S. [Plates VI., VII., & VIII.] Some years have elapsed since Mr. Busk placed in my hands a bottle containing some northern Hydroida and Polyzoa which had been obtained by Dr. Wallich. The contents have been long since partially examined, and some of the results have been already published ; but no separate report upon them has appeared, and some new forms which they have yielded are still undescribed. JI propose therefore in the present paper to deal with the Hydroid portion. The gathering, though a very small one, is characteristic and interesting. It was taken up from a depth of 100 fathoms off Reikiavig, Iceland, ‘‘ amongst icebergs, grounded and drifting.” ‘The number of species observed is only seventeen; and of these a large proportion belong to the Campanularian group of the Lafoéide. The extreme north seems to be in a special manner the home of the minute forms composing this family. No less than twelve species have been obtained off the coast of Norway by Dr. M. Sars and his son G. Ossian Sars, whose name is so honourably connected with the early history of «deep-sea dredging. ‘To these must be added four more, which I have found amongst the Icelandic dredgings, raising the whole number of Lafoéidee known to inhabit the northern seas to sixteen. The British species number eleven. These Hydroids are mostly inhabitants of deep water; off the coasts of Norway many of them occur at depths of from 50 to 100 fathoms, others at depths of 150, 200, and 300 fathoms respectively. ‘The Icelandic specimens, as I have mentioned, were taken up in 100 fathoms*. A few of the Nor- weglan species occur in shallower water, ranging from 20 to 50 fathoms ; but they constitute a very small proportion of the whole number. Some have a wide bathymetrical range: thus Lafoéa dumosa occurs in the littoral or Laminarian region, and has been dredged in 145 fathoms; and L. gracillima, which I have obtained in great luxuriance at Oban in 15-20 fathoms, has occurred to G. O. Sars off the island of Hvitingsé in 150. F%lellum serpens, the common parasite of some of the larger Sertularians in the “Coralline zone,” ranges, according * During the ‘Porcupine’ expedition a Lafoéa was dredged up from a depth of 545 fathoms. It was obtained from the “cold area” between Shetland and the Faroe Islands, at a point where the temperature of the water varied from 30°°5 Fahy. to 29°°8 Fahr, (vide Allman’s ‘ Tubularian Hydroids,’ part ii. p. 165). Hydroida from Iceland. 147 to the same excellent observer, to the great depth of 300 fathoms. On the whole, the Lafoéide may be regarded as a deep-water group, and as most richly developed in the northern seas, so far as our present knowledge goes. In the Icelandic dredgings they occur in profusion, and most of them attain a remarkable size. In the present paper I shall describe a new species (Lafoéa grandis) which is a veritable giant amongst its pigmy kindred, its calycles being nearly three times as large as those of the well-known L. dumosa. The representatives of Calycella syringa are about twice as large as those which may be met with on our own coasts. Calycella pygmea * as found amongst the icebergs has almost ceased to deserve itsname. I may also mention that Labrador specimens of Lafoéa pocillum are about twice the size of others obtained at Oban. And the larger growth is not confined to the Lafoéide ; a gigantic variety of Sertularella polyzonias is also present, the calycles of which are very nearly three times as ample as those of the normal form, while the whole habit is singularly robust. Sertularella tricuspidata, a distinctly north- ern form and the principal element of the Icelandic dredgings, exhibits the greatest luxuriance and beauty, and bears in amazing profusion the reproductive capsules, which frequently line the branches throughout their whole extent. What may be the cause of this unusual development [ cannot pretend, with my present information, to decide ; but he fact is undoubted. The following is a list of the species ;— Subkingdom CQfLENTERATA. Class HY DROZOA. Order HyDROIDA. Suborder THECARHORA. Family Campanulariide. Campanularia volubilis, Linn. Abundant on Sertularia &c. With capsules. * In my ‘History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes’ I have ranked this species doubtfully amongst the unoperculated forms which constitute the genus Lafoéa. But 1 have ascertained that it is in fact provided with an operculum ; and it must therefore be transferred to the genus Calycella. 148 Rev. T. Hineks on Deep-water Family Lafoéide. Lafoéa grandis, n. sp. Pl. VI. figs. 1, 2. Lafoéa fruticosa, G. O. Sars, Bid. till Kundskaben om Norges Hydroi- der, p. 26, pl. iv. figs. 16-18. Stem erect, compound, much and irregularly branched. Hydrothece large, campanulate, with a plain circular margin, borne on ringed pedicels (about three rings), and somewhat spirally disposed. Gonothece unknown. The calycles of this handsome species are distinguished from those of all the other members of the genus by their size and campanulate form. As I have already mentioned, they are about three times as large as those of L. dumosa, and are raised on a well-developed pedicel with three or four strongly marked annulations. Instead of being tubular, they are of a tall bell-shaped figure, expanding slightly towards the orifice. They occur in pairs, which spring alternately from different aspects of the stem, and assume therefore a somewhat spiral arrangement. Though very abundant, LZ. grandis only occurs in fragments amongst the Icelandic dredgings ; but Sars’s figure* shows that it attains a luxuriant shrubby growth, rising to a height of about an inch and a half. Lafoéa fruticosa,M.Sars. PI1.VI. figs.6-10, and Pl. VIT. fig.16. Campanularia gracilima, Alder. I have given my reasons elsewhere for identifying the L. fruticosa of Sars with Alder’s C.gracillima, notwithstanding the opposite decision of G. O. Sars}. In one of the plates which accompany this paper I have given figures, carefully drawn with the camera lucida, of the Norwegian and the British forms for comparison. Both the variety with a twisted pedicle, described by Alder as CO. gracillima, and the normal L. fruticosa occur amongst the Icelandic dredgings. Calycella syringa, Linn. Abundant on other zoophytes. The calycles about double the size they attain in British examples. The gonothece are borne plentifully on the Ice- landic specimens, and on others which I have received from Labrador. ‘They are comparatively rare on our coasts. Lofoten, from 60-80 fathoms, and more commonly from * Bidrag till Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, pl. iv. fig. 16. + Vide a paper on new Norwegian Hydroida from deep water in the present Number of the ‘Annals’ (supra, p. 182). Hydroida from Iceland. 149 20-30 fathoms. ‘On the stems of Hudendrium capillare, Alder, which is often almost covered with its little transparent calycles and reproductive capsules, as with a fine down” (G. O. Sars). Calycella pygmea, Alder. Pl. VII. fig. 15. On other Hydroids. Calycella obliqua,n.sp. Pl. VI. figs. 4, 5. Stem erect, simple, rooted by a filiform stolon. Hydrothece alternate, elongate, tubular (height more than four times as great as the breadth), gracefully curved, the convex side upper- most, obliquely truncate above, furnished with an internal membranous operculum, and borne on short ringed pedicels. Gonothece unknown. This very distinct and elegant form is at once distinguish- able from all its kindred by its obliquely truncate hydrothece. The wall of the calycle on one side for a short distance below the margin seems to be simply membranous, and to fold inwards slantwise across the tube, so as to form a kind of internal operculum. Several specimens have occurred growing on other zoo- phytes. Calycella quadridentata, n.sp. Pl. VIII. figs. 17-20. Hydrothece cylindrical, usually slightly incurved on one side, the height about three times as great as the breadth, with a quadridentate margin and an operculum composed of four pieces, borne on ringed pedicels of variable length (3-7 rings), which rise at intervals from a creeping stem. Gonothece un- known. This species, which bears a general resemblance to C. sy- ringa, is at once known by the quadridentate rim of the calycles and the quadripartite operculum. The denticles on the margin are well marked; and the operculum is composed of four broad and short segments, corresponding with the spaces between them; whereas in C. syringa it is made up of as many as eight or nine rather narrow and elongate pieces, forming a somewhat elevated cone (PI. VIII. fig. 24). The calycles are of the same general shape in the two species ; but the outline is stiffer and less wavy in C. syringa than in the present form. The pedicel of C. guadridentata 1s rather thicker than that of its ally, and is usually, as far as I have observed, short (3 or 4 rings), though sometimes the number rises as high as seven. 150 Rey. T. Hincks on Deep-water This elegant form is not uncommon amongst the Icelandic dredgings, creeping over other Hydroids. Cuspidella humilis, Hincks. Creeping over the stems of Halecium crenulatum. Lafoéina tenuis, M. Sars. This remarkable Hydroid, first described by the elder Sars, and figured by his son in his recent paper on Norwegian Hydroida, occurs amongst the Icelandic dredgings, creeping over other zoophytes. The species may readily be mistaken for the Cuspidella humilis (mihi), from which it is chiefly di- stinguished by the very remarkable sarcothecee with which it is furnished. In preserved specimens these may be easily over- looked. Filellum serpens, Hassall. Creeping over the stem of other zoophytes. It has a wide distribution on the Norwegian coasts, and occurs at great depths as well as in shallower water. Lofoten, from 300 fathoms (G. O. Sars). Family Haleciide. Halecium muricatum, Ellis and Solander. A few fragments with reproductive capsules. This species has been found off the coast of Labrador. Halecium crenulatum, n.sp. Pl. VIII. figs. 21-23. Stem compound, branched; branches straight, regularly crenulated above each joint. Hydrothece supported on very short lateral processes, single or in pairs, alternate, elongate, expanding gradually towards the margin, which is slightly everted, twisted at the base, bearmg a strongly annulated branchlet given off from the side. Gonothece ovate, shortly stalked, springing singly or in pairs from the lateral process beneath the calycle. » The above diagnosis is of necessity defective; for though many fragments of the species occur amongst the Icelandic dredgings, I have not met with a specimen in a perfect con- dition, nor even with a piece of any considerable size. From an examination of the fragments, | am able to say that in its mature state it possesses a compound stem; but of the habit I can give no account; the portions from which my description is ee are either detached branches or impertectly developec ots. The minute characters, however, are suffi- Hydroida from Iceland. 151 ciently marked, and I have no doubt that the species is distinct from any hitherto described. It makes the nearest approach to H. labrosum, Alder; but its calycles are very different from those of the latter species. They are not annulated towards the base, nor have they the much everted rim so characteristic of H. labrosum. The lower portion, supporting the cup in which the base of the polypite is lodged*, is perfectly plain, or exhibits only a slight twist near the point of origin. The whole hydrotheca is trumpet-shaped, expanding gradually upwards towards the margin, which is but slightly everted. From the lower part, a little beneath the cup, a short, strongly annulated branchlet is given off. Frequently the primary ealycle supports a second, as is commonly the case in this genus, which rises from within it. The stem is very regularly and distinctly crenulated above each joint; and thisgs a marked character, giving a very ele- gant appearance to the species. On the portions which I have had the opportunity of examining there were sometimes short branchlets alternating with the calycles, and exhibiting the same structure as the larger stems. The lateral processes supporting the calycles are very short. The gonothece are ovate, membranous, borne on a short stalk which is not ringed, and are developed on the lateral process. The stems are of a dark horn-colour. Family Sertulariide. Sertularia tenera, G. O. Sars. One or two specimens occur of this interesting form, which has recently been obtained at great depths (150 fathoms) off the coast of Norway by G. O. Sars. Sertularella tricuspidata, Alder. Very abundant and fine. Sertularella polyzonias, Linn. PI. VII. figs. 11, 12. Abundant. The robust habit and gigantic calycles give a very marked character to the northern variety of this common species. So distinctive is its appearance that, while there are no differences entitling it to specific rank, it is worthy of being recorded as S. polyzonias, var. gigantea, Sars mentions a robust variety * The polypites of Halecium are only partially retractile; and little more than the base of the body is contained in the cup-like chamber which forms the upper portion of the hydrotheca. The lower sa is tubular, and in the present case almost eae throughout, whereas in H. labrosum it is strongly annulated near the base. 152 Rey. T. Hincks on Deep-water of this species which he had obtained from Greenland and Massachusetts; it may very probably be identical with the Icelandic form. Packard also tells us that in the Straits of Belle Isle (Labrador), S. polyzonias is found “ very stout and large ” in the deeper water. Sertularella geniculata, n. sp. Pl. VII. figs. 13, 14. Stems slender, decidedly geniculate, simple or slightly branched, jointed and twisted above each calycle; the internodes long, attenuated below, and bent in opposite direc- tions. Hydrothece very distant, ribbed transversely, chiefly on the upper half, rather broad below, and narrowing gradually towards the aperture, which bears four very prominent teeth, is sinuated deeply between them, and is surmounted by a conical quadripartite operculum. Gronothecee unknown. Height (of the largest specimen met with) about 3 inch. This is a critical species. In general character it closely resembles S. tenella, Alder; but, after careful examination, I feel little doubt that it is a distinct form. The stem is zig- zagged ; the internodes, which bend in opposite directions, are so much attenuated below as to have the appearance of distinct pieces jointed together rather than of the segments of a continuous stem. They are longer than those of S. tenella, and rather less decidedly twisted or annulated at the base. The calycles are about half as large again as those of the allied species ; they want the regular barrel-shape of the latter, are not rounded off below, but broad and squarish, and do not taper off so decidedly towards the upper extremity. They want altogether the constriction immediately below the aperture, which, to a greater or less extent, is found in 8S, tenella. The teeth are very large, prominent, and acuminate, and the margin is deeply sinuated between them; while in the last-named species they are comparatively incon- spicuous, and the rim is very slightly depressed between them. The aperture is ‘ conspicuously squared’ in S, tenella, and the operculum rises but little above it; in S. geniculata the operculum is prominently conical. The transverse ribs are much less pronounced, not giving the sharply crenulated appearance to the sides which they do in S. tenella; and they extend generally over a smaller proportion of the calycle. The contour and ‘ set”’ of the hydrothece are very different in the two forms, though it is very difficult to give an exact idea of the difference in a description. ‘The sides are rounded or curved outwards in S. tenella, almost straight in S. geniculata. To sum up, the former species has neat, rounded, barrel- Hydroida from Iceland. 153 shaped, strongly ribbed calycles, narrowed very decidedly towards the somewhat overhanging rim, which bears four short teeth, and is very little depressed between them ; the latter has large,straight-walled,somewhat broad-based calycles, not sharply carinated transversely, narrowing very gradually towards the margin, which bears four very prominent and pointed teeth, and is deeply sinuated between them. The ramification of G. geniculata is peculiar. Branches are given off rarely at right angles to the stem, springing from the base of a calycle; sometimes two branches are developed at opposite points on the same internode. Not un- frequently the internodes comprising a shoot do not all le in the same plane; on the lower portion the calycles face one way and a different way above. Notwithstanding the similarity in some points to S. tenella, I believe the present to be a well-established form, which.may properly be ranked as a species. Amongst the Icelandic dredgings S. geniculata is not un- common. Sertularella tenella, Alder. I have also met with a characteristic specimen of this species. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PuaTteE VI. Fig. 1. Lafoéa grandis, Hincks, magnified. Fig. 2. The same, more highly magnified. Fig. 3. Lafoéa dumosa, Fleming, drawn to the same scale as the pre- ceding, to show the comparative size. Fig. 4. Calycella obliqua, Hincks, highly magnified. Fig. 5. The upper portion of a calycle, to show the structure of the orifice. Figs. 6, 7. Lafoéa fruticosa, M. Sars, var. gracillima, highly magnified. Drawn from Oban specimens. Figs. 8, 9, 10. Lafoéa fruticosa, M. Sars, highly magnified. Drawn from ; Norwegian specimens communicated by Prof. Sars. Prave Vil. Fig. 11. Sertularella polyzonias, Linnzeus, var. gigantea, magnified. Fig. 12. The same, of the ordinary size. Drawn to the same scale for comparison, Figs. 13, 14. Sertularella geniculata, Hincks, magnified. Fig. 15. Calycella pygmea, Alder, highly magnified. Fig. 16. Lafoéa fruticosa, M. Sars, a slender variety from Shetland, highly magnified. Puate VIII. Figs. 17-20. Calycella quadridentata, Hincks, magnified in different degrees. Figs. 21-23. Halecium crenulatum, Hincks, magnified Fig. 24. Calycella syringa, Linn., highly magnified. 154 Dr. A. Gunther on a Collection XXII.— Third Notice of a Collection of Fishes made by Mr. Swinhoe in China. By Dr. ALBert GUNTHER, F.R.S. In the two previous communications on Mr. Swinhoe’s collec- tions of Chinese fishes published in this Journal for 1873 (Sept. pp- 239 -250, and Nov. pp. 877-380) the majority of species enumerated were from Shanghai, and only eleven from the more northern Chefoo. A case just received from this inde- fatigable zoologist contained collections made exclusively in the latter locality, adding much to our knowledge of its fauna. The species of tishes collected by Mr. Swinhoe at Chefoo amount now to forty-seven. 12. Mustelus manazo, Schleg. 13. Triacis semtfasciata, Girard. c 14. Raja porosa, sp. n. Allied to Raja marginata. The anterior part of the snout is abruptly contracted into a narrow thin appendage ; the width of the interorbital space is more than one third of the distance of the eye from the end of the snout. Anterior profile un- dulated. Teeth in fifty-four or fifty-six series in the upper jaw, pointed in the male, flat in the female (as in the majority of the species of Raja). Superciliary margin with a series of spines; rostral process with small stellate asperities; a series of three or four spines in the median line of the back behind the head; tail with three series of spines in the male and with five in the female. The width of the disk is much more than the distance from the end of the snout to the hind margin of the ventral fin. Upper parts brown, with the snout white ; lower parts whitish, tmged with brown. The skin of the lower part of the snout and of the throat is perforated with numerous large pores, white in the centre and surrounded by a black ring. The male is provided with a band of hooks near the angle of the pectoral fin and again on each side of the head, and the anterior margin of the disk is covered with asperities on its upperside in its whole length. The female is smooth on the parts just mentioned, but provided with a broad band of small hooks along the upperside of the posterior margin. Two specimens, male and female, adult, 11 inches broad. 15. Trygon, sp., young. 16. Hapalogenys nigripinnis (Schleg.). 17. Pagrus maor, Rich. of Fishes from North China. 155 18. Chrysophrys Swinhonis, sp. n. Dy. A.2 L. lat. 55. L. transv. 64/15. The height of the body is contained twice and two fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one fifth. Eye rather small, one half of the length of the snout, more than one half of the width of the interorbital space (which is convex), and equal to the height of the sub- orbital. Suborbital not quite twice as long as high. Cheek with seven series of scales. A very slight protuberance above the upper anterior angle of the eye. Molar teeth in four series above, and in three below. Dorsal spines very strong; the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh of nearly equal length, and half as long as the head. The second anal spine very strong, stronger, but not longer, than the dorsal spines. Caudal fin but slightly emarginate. Pectoral fin extending to the anal. Silvery ; a spot at the commencement of the lateral line, the operculum, a broad margin of the vertical fins, and the mem- brane of the ventral fins black. The largest of four specimens is 14 inches long. 19. Pelor japonicum, C.& V. 20. Seriola Lalandii, C. & V. 21. Caranz atropus, Bl. Schn. 22. Echeneis naucrates, L. 23. Sciena Dussumieri, C. & V. 24. Otolithus aureus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 224. D.9|5 A. 2/7. L. lat. 86. The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three fourths. There are nine scales in a trans- verse row between the anterior dorsal spine and the lateral line. Snout obtusely conical, not much longer than the eye, with the upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. Cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary extending beyond the hind margin of the orbit. Eye large, its horizontal diameter being equal to one fifth of the length of the head and to the width ot the interorbital space, which is somewhat convex. Canine teeth of the upper jaw rather small. Dorsal spines rather strong, the fourth being the longest and two fifths of the length of the head. Anal spine very feeble. Silvery, with bronze- 156 Dr. A. Giinther on a Collection colour tinges; hinder and upper part of the axil of the pectoral fins black. One specimen, 224 inches long. 25. Platycephalus japonicus, ‘Tiles. 26. Platycephalus cultellatus, Richardson, Ichth. Chin. p. 217. Dadi Wii13. AWB, alata Go: The length of the head is contained thrice and two fifths in the total length (without caudal) ; the distance between the eyes is more than one half of the length of the snout. The upper surface of the head is quite flat, the ridges being scarcely prominent. Preopercular spines strong, the upper shorter than the lower. Lateral line smooth. Grey; all the upper parts, paired fins, and dorsal rays densely dotted and punctu- lated with brown. Caudal fin with two oblique black bands above, with one below, and one straight band along the middle. One specimen, 15 inches long. A second, smaller specimen was obtained at Shanghai. This species is closely allied to P. instdiator, from which it will be readily distinguished by its much smaller scales. The figure on which Richardson founded this species is very rudely executed, and the ridges are represented in the form of thorns ; however, the coloration shows that the artist has had before him the same species from which my notes are taken. 27. Trigla kumu, Less. 28. Chirus hexagrammus, Pall. 29. Agrammus Schlegelii, Gthr. 30. Gobius hasta, Schleg. 31. Triwnophorichthys trigonocephalus, Gill. This species has the chest scaly. A fresh specimen from Chefoo shows the following coloration: it is dark brown, with an indistinct black longitudinal band along the middle of the side; the lower part of the head, the dorsal fins, and the caudal are punctulated or finely marbled with blackish and white. 32. Tricenophorichthys teniatus, sp. n. D6 42-13. A. 12.” lat. 60. About eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin and the anal. The height of, the body is of Fishes from North China. 157 two ninths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two sevenths. Head broader than high, flat above. The width between the orbits is less than the diameter of the eye, which is one fifth of the length of the head. Snout as long as the eye, obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth horizontal, the upper jaw being slightly longer than the lower; the maxillary extends slightly beyond the anterior margin of the orbit. The entire head and the chest before the ventrals naked. Scales ctenoid. Dorsal fins nearly equally high, lower than the body ; caudal obtusely rounded; the ventrals terminate at a great distance from the vent. Greyish yellow, with two brown longitudinal bands on each side—the upper starting from the superciliary margin and running along the base of the dorsal fins to the upper caudal rays, the lower from the lower part of the eye across the upper portion of the axil and along the middle of the side of the body. Two specimens, the larger of which is 3 inches long. 33. Sphyrena pinguis, sp. 0. Did) |-4a As AO: Tin dat.95. The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one fourth. Eye large, its diameter being two elevenths of the length of the head and one half of the postorbital por- tion. Maxillary terminating at some distance in front of the orbit. Mandible without lobe in front, armed with seven larger teeth on each side, the smaller teeth not included. Interorbital space rather convex, narrower than the orbit. Preoperculum with the angle produced into a rounded lobe. The origin of the first dorsal fin corresponds to the extremity of the pectoral, and is behind the root of the ventral fin. The distance between the first and second dorsals is less than twice the length of the latter. Above greenish, beneath silvery. Fins light-coloured. This species has a remarkably round body. ‘Two specimens, 14 inches long. 34. Mugil sovuy, Basil. 35. Ditrema Temminckii, Blky. 36. Pleuronectes asperrimus, Schleg. 37. Pleuronectes variegatus, Schleg. 38. Synaptura zebra, Bi. 39. Exocetus brachycephalus, Gthr. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 12 158 On a Collection of Fishes from North China. 40. Belone anastomella, C. & V. 41. Saurida tumbil, Bl. 42. Engraulis encrasicholus, L. The common anchovy of Europe. 43. Hngraulis chefuensis, sp. n. Dalssk viAws leet Matt 35: Allied to Engraulis rhinorhynchus. The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one fourth of the total (without caudal). Snout much pointed, and much projecting beyond the lower jaw. Teeth present in both jaws, minute. Maxillary somewhat dilated above the mandibulary joint, taperig behind, not reaching the gill-opening. Gill-rakers fine, closely set, as long as the eye. Origin of the dorsal fin rather nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal fin. Anal fin commencing at a short distance behind the last dorsal rays. Abdomen com- pressed, the spiny scutes extending forwards to the gill- opening. Royal Society. 249 attention. He had commenced his observations in Nicaragua with the advantage of some previous knowledge of the subject, and was therefore prepared to direct his inquiries to many points that required elucidation before the Darwinian explanation of these phenomena can be said to be established. Thus we find recorded his experiments on living insects which are the objects of mimicry by other forms, as to their distastefulness as food to insectivorous animals. Whenever he observes an instance of mimetic resemblance, he reasons out its causes and conditions instead of merely stating it. One of the most striking cases he mentions is that of a green leaf-like locust, which almost alone of all other living things stood its ground amid a destroying host of foraging ants. It stood immovable whilst the ants ran over its legs, and allowed him to pick it up and replace it amongst the ants without making an effort to escape. It might easily have flown away; but it would then only have fallen into as great a danger ; for the numerous birds that accompany the army-ants are ever on the outlook for any insect that may fly up. Another case is that of a Longicorn beetle, belonging to a genus the species of which re- semble various other objects: those members of the genus which live on dead wood are coloured so as to resemble lichen-stained bark ; but one species (Desmiphora fasciculata) resembles a brown hairy caterpillar; and this he found only on leaves. Mr. Belt’s numerous observations on birds, as well as those on the few mammals he met with, are marked by the same originality and suggestiveness. His charming descriptions of the habits and haunts of humming-birds will attract many readers besides ornithologists. The use of the expanded white tail of the Florisuga mellivora in courtship (p. 112), which he fortunately had opportunities of ob- serving, will be a welcome fact to the partisans of the Sexual Selee- tion hypothesis. The volume, besides, contains abundant contribu- tions to the general physical geography of the country (his remarks on the retrocession of the frontier of the virgin forest being especi- ally worthy of attention) and to the ethnology of Nicaragua and neighbouring countries. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ROYAL SOCIETY. June 19, 1873.—William Spottiswoode, M.A., Treasurer and Vice- President, in the Chair. “On the Structure and Development of the Skull in the Pig (Sus scrofa).” By W. K. Parker, F.RS. I haye for some years past determined to concentrate my atten- tion on some one type of Mammalian Skull, so as to be able to present to the Royal Society a paper similar to those which have 250 Royal Society :— already appeared on other Vertebrate Skulls. I was led to work out this MEDIUM TYPE, and not a more generalized form, such as the Guinea-pig (see “‘On the Development of the Frog’s Skull,” Phil. Trans. 1871, p. 203), through the circumstance of an offer from nry friend Mr. Charles Stewart to put some seventy embryos of the Common Pig into my possession. In the present communication 1 have had the invaluable help of advice and oversight from Pro- fessor Huxley; whilst the labour of my hands has been lightened by my son, Mr. T. J. Parker, who prepared for me all the more delicate sections. The embryos ranged in size from two thirds, or less, of an inch in length, with the head only equal in size to a sweet pea, whilst the head of the largest specimen was the size of that of the Common Squirrel. To these I have added young pigs at birth, and have taken as the last stage the skull of a half- grown individual. The most important results of the present investigation may be stated as follows :— 1. In a pig-embryo, in which the length of the body did not exceed two thirds of an inch, and four postoral clefts were present, the cranio-facial skeleton was found to consist of :—(a) the noto- chord, terminating by a rounded end immediately behind the pitui- tary body. (5) On each side of the notochord, but below it, there is a cartila- ginous plate, which in front ends by a rounded extremity on a level with the apex of the notochord, while behind it widens out and ends at the free lower margin of the occipital foramen. These two plates, taken together, constitute the “investing mass” of Rathke. In this stage they send up no prolongations around the occipital foramen; in other words, the rudiment of the basioc- cipital exists, but not of the exoccipital or superoccipital. (c) The large oval auditory capsules lie on each side of the anterior half of the investing mass, with which they are but imper- fectly united: there is no indication of the stapes at this stage. (d) The trabecular or first pair of preoral visceral arches in- close a lyre-shaped pituitary space; they are closely applied to- gether in front of this space, and, coalescing, give rise to an azygous preenasal rostrum. ‘They are distinct from one another and the investing mass. (e) The pterygo-palatine or second pair of visceral arches lie in the maxillo-palatine processes, and are therefore subocular in position. Hach is a sigmoid bar of nascent cartilage, the incurved anterior end of which lies behind the internal nasal aperture, while the posterior extremity is curved outwards about the level of the angle of the mouth. The pterygo-palatine cartilages are perfectly free and distinct from the first preeoral and from the first postoral arch. (f) The mandibular or first pair of postoral visceral arches are stout continuous rods of cartilage which lie in the first visceral arch behind the mouth. The ventral or distal ends of these arches are not yet in contact; the dorsal or proximal end of each is somewhat pointed and sharply incurved, pushing inwards the Mr. W. K. Parker on the Skull of the Pig. 251 membrane which closes the first visceral cleft and is the rudiment of the membrana tympani. (g) The hyoid or second pair of postoral arches are in this stage extremely similar to the first pair, with which they are parallel. They are stout sigmoid rods of cartilage, which are sepa- rated at their distal ends, present an incurved process at their opposite extremities, and are not segmented. (h) The thyro-hyal or third postoral arches, which correspond with the first branchial of the branchiate vertebrata, are repre- sented by two short cartilaginous rods which lie on each side of the larynx. (i) The olfactory sacs are surrounded by a cartilaginous capsule, which has coalesced below with the trabecula of its side; while, within, the mucous membrane lining the capsule presents eleva- tions which indicate the position of the future turbinal outgrowth of the capsule. In this stage the posterior nares are situated at the anterior part of the oral cavity, as in the Amphibia, and the roof of the mouth is formed by the floor of the skull, the palatal plate of the maxille and palatine bones being foreshadowed by mere folds. The outer end of the cleft between the first and second preoral arches is the rudiment of the lachrymal duct, while its inner end is the hinder nasal aperture. The gape of the mouth is the cleft be- tween the second proral and first postoral arch. The auditory passage, representing the Eustachian tube, tympanum, and ex- ternal auditory meatus, is the cleft between the first and second postoral arches. The proximal end of the mandibular arch, there- fore, lies in the front wall, and the hyoid in the hinder wall of the auditory passage. 2. In an embryo pig, an inch in length, (a) the notochord is still visible ; (4) the investing mass, the halves of which are com- pletely confluent, has become thoroughly chondrified, and is con- tinued upwards at each side of the occipital foramen to form an arch over it. *(c) The auditory capsules are still distinct from the investing mass, and a plug on the outer cartilaginous wall of each has be- come marked off as the stapes. (d) The hinder ends of the trabecular arches have coalesced in front of the pituitary body, but they are not yet confluent with the investing mass. (e) The pterygo-palatine rods have increased in size ; they have not become hyaline cartilage, but are beginning to ossify in their centre. (f) In the mandibular arch the proximal end has become some- what bulbous, and is recognizable as the head of the malleus, whilst the incurved process, still more prominent than before, is the manubrium mallet. The rest of the arch is Meckel’s cartilage ; outside this a mass of tissue appears, which is converted into car- tilage, rapidly ossifies, and eventually becomes the ramus of the mandible. 252 Royal Society :— (g) The proximal end of the hyoidean arch, similarly enlarging and articulating with the corresponding part of the mandibular arch, becomes the incus, the incurved process attaching itself to the outer surface of the stapes and becoming the long process of the incus. The incus, thus formed out of the proximal end of the hyoidean arch, becomes separated from the rest of the arch by con- version of part of the arch into fibrous tissue, and by the moving downwards and backwards of the proper hyoid portion of the arch. A nodule of cartilage left in the fibrous connecting band becomes a styliform interhyal cartilage, while the proximal end of the detached arch becomes the stylo-hyal. (h) The thyro-hyals have merely increased in size and density ; they closely embrace the larynx by their upper ends. (¢) The olfactory capsules are well chondrified ; their descending inner edges have coalesced with each other and, below, with the trabecule to form the great median septum: the turbinal out- growths are apparent. In this stage, the alisphenoids and orbito-sphenoids appear as chondrifications of the walls of the skull, quite separate from the investing mass and from the trabecule. The floor of the pituitary space chondrifies independently of the trabecule and investing mass, but serves to unite these four cartila- ginous tracts. 3. In an embryo pig, 14 inch in length, (a, 6, ¢) the primordial cranium is completely constituted as a cartilaginous whole, formed by the coalescence of the investing mass and its exoccipital and superoccipital prolongations, the modified trabeculae, the subpitui- tary cartilage, the auditory capsules, and alisphenoidal and orbito- sphenoidal cartilages, and the olfactory capsules. The notochord is yet to be seen extending in the middle line from the hinder wall of the pituitary fossa (now the “ dorsum selle”) to the posterior edge of the occipital region. (d) The trabecular arches form the sides of the sella turcica, the presphenoid, and the base of the septum between the olfactory capsules ; in front, where they form the azygous “ preenasal,” they are developed backwards as “ recurrent bands,” elongations of their free recurved “ cornua.” (e) The pterygo-palatine arches, still increasing in size, but not chondrifying, are rapidly ossifying; they are half-coiled lamin bounding the posterior nasal passages. (f) The mandibular arch and the rudimental ramus have become solid cartilage, and the latter is ossifying as the dentary; the distal part of each mandibular rod unites with its fellow for some distance. (g) The hyoid arches are each fully segmented as incus, with its *‘ orbicular” head, interhyal, stylo-hyal, and cerato-hyal. (h) The thyro-hyals are merely larger and denser. (7) The olfactory capsules have the turbinal outgrowths all marked out as alinasal, nasal, and upper, middle, and lower tur- binals. - Mr. W. K. Parker on the Skull of the Pig. 253 4. In pigs of larger size the form and proportions of the parts of the cranium become greatly altered, and ossification takes place on an extensive scale, but no new structure is added. 5. It follows from these facts that the mammalian skull, in an early embryonic condition, is strictly comparable with that of an Osseous Fish, a Frog, or a Bird at a like period of development, consisting as it does of (a) A cartilaginous basicranial plate embracing the notochord, and, like it, stopping behind the pituitary body. (6) Paired cartilaginous arches, of which two are preoral, while the rest are postoral. (c) A pair of cartilaginous auditory capsules. (¢) A pair of cartilaginous nasal capusles. Further, that in the Mammal, as in the other Vertebrata the deve- lopment of the skull of which has been examined, the basicranial plate grows up as an arch over the occipital region of the skull, and coalesces with the auditory capsules, laterally, to give rise to the primordial skeleton of the occipital, periotic, and basisphenoidal regions of the skull. The trabecule become fused together, and, uniting with the olfactory capsules, give rise to the presphenoidal and ethmoidal parts of the cranium; and the moieties of the skull thus resulting from the metamorphosis of totally different morphological elements become united and give rise to the pri- mordial cranium. As in the Salmon and Fowl, the second pair of preoral arches give rise to the pterygo-palatine apparatus; in the Frog this arch is late in appearance, and is never distinct from the trabecular and mandibular bars, serving as a conjugational band between them. The mandibular arch, which in the Salmon becomes converted into Meckel’s cartilage, the os articulare, the os quadratum, and the os metapterygoideum, in the Frog into Meckel’s cartilage and the quadrate cartilage (which early becomes confluent with the periotic capsule), in the Bird into Meckel’s cartilage, the os articulare, and the os quadratum (which articulates movably with the periotic cap- sule), in the Pig is metamorphosed into Meckel’s cartilage and the malleus, which is loosely connected with the tegmen tympani, an outgrowth of the periotic capsule. Meckel’s cartilage persists in the Fish and in the Amphibia, but disappears early in the Bird, and still earlierin the Mammal. The permanent ossifications of the mandible are all membrane-bones in Fish, Frog, and Fowl, but in the Mammal (exceptionally) the ramus has a cartilaginous foundation. The hyoidean becomes closely united with the mandibular arch, and then segmented, in the Fish, into the hyo-mandibular, the stylo-hyal, cerato-hyal, and. hypohyal—the hyo-mandibular, or proximal segment, articulating with the outer wall of the periotic, and many of the segments of the arch becoming dislocated. In the Frog, the hyoid also becomes segmented, but only after extensive coalescence with the mandibular arch. The proximal segment becomes the suprastapedial (hyo-mandibular) with its ex- Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 18 254 Royal Society. trastapedial process, and, extending inwards as mediostapedial and interstapedial, articulates with the stapes, developed by segmen- tation from the outer wall of the auditory capsule. The stylo-hyal is dislocated and becomes connected with the auditory capsule below the stapes (opisthotie region). In the Bird, the hyoidean arch remains distinct from the man- dibular. Whilst in its primordial condition it coalesces by its incurved apex with the auditory capsule in front of the promon- tory, before the stapedial plug is segmented. It then chondrifies as three distinct cartilages—an incudal, a stylo-hyal, and, distally, a cerato-hyal. The stapes becomes free from the auditory capsule, but remains united with the cartilaginous part of the incus (medio- stapedial); the ascending part is largely fibrous (suprastapedial), and the part loosely attached to the mandibular arch is the elon- gated extrastapedial. The short stylo-hyal afterwards coalesces with the body of the upper or incudal segment by an after- growth of cartilage (the interhyal tract) ; a long membranous space intervenes between it and the glossal piece (cerato-hyal.) Thus the “columella” of the Bird is formed of one periotic and three hyoidean segments. In the Pig, the hyoidean arch is distinct, but articulates closely with the mandibular; its upper segment (hyo-mandibular) is con- verted into the incus, and becomes connected with the stapes. The stylo-hyal is dislocated and coalesces with the opisthotic region of the auditory capsule. December 18, 1873.—Joseph Dalton Hooker, C.B., President, in the Chair. “On the Nervous System of Actinia.”—Part I. By Professor P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.R.S., &e. After noticing the investigations of previous anatomists in the histology of the chromatophores, the work of Schneider and Rotteken on these supposed organs of special sense is examined and criticised. Agreeing with Rotteken in his description, some further in- formation is given respecting the nature of the bacillary layer and the minute anatomy of the elongated cells called “cones” by that author. ‘The position and nature of the pigment-cells is pointed out, and also the peculiarities of the tissues they environ. It is shown that the large refractile cells, which, according to Rét- teken, are situated between the bacilli and the cones, are not ‘invariably in that position, but that bacilli, cones, and cells are often found separate. They are parts of the ectothelium, and when conjoined enable light to affect the nervous system more readily than when they are separate. Further information is given respecting the fusiform nerve-cells and small fibres noticed by Rotteken in the tissue beneath the cones ; and the discovery of united ganglion-like cells and a diffused plexiform arrangement Miscellaneous. 255 of nerve is asserted. The probability of a continuous plexus round the Actinia and beneath each chromatophore is suggested, and the physiological action of the structures in relation to light is explained. The minute structure of the muscular fibres and their attached fibrous tissue in the base of Actinia is noticed; and the nervous system in that region is asserted to consist of a plexus beneath the endothelium, in which are fusiform cells and fibres like sym- pathetic nerve-fibrils. Moreover, between the muscular layers there is a continuation of this plexus, whose ultimate fibrils pass obliquely over the muscular fibres, and either dip between or are lost on them. The other parts of the Actinia are under the examination of the author, but their details are not sufficiently advanced for publication. The nervous system, so far as it is examined, consists of isolated fusiform cells with small ends (Rétteken), and of fusiform and spherical cells which communicate with each other and with a diffused plexus. The plexus at the base is areolar; and its ultimate fibres are swollen here and there, the whole being of a pale grey colour. MISCELLANEOUS. Occurrence of Gigantic Cuttlefishes on the Coast of Newfoundland. By A. E. VreRRILt. ConsIDERABLE popular interest has been excited by several articles that have recently been published and extensively circulated in the newspapers of Canada and the United States, in regard to the ap- pearance of gigantic “ squids ” on the Newfoundland coast. Having been so fortunate as to obtain, through the kindness of Professor 8. F. Baird, the jaws and other parts of two of these creatures, and, through the courtesy of Dr. J. W. Dawson, photographs of portions of two other specimens, I have thought it worth while to bring together, at this time, the main facts respecting the several speci- mens that have been seen or captured recently, so far as I have been able to collate them, reserving for a future article the full de- scriptions and figures of the jaws and other portions now in my possession. We now have reliable information concerning five different ex- amples of these monsters that have appeared within a short period at Newfoundland. 1. A specimen found floating at the surface, at the Grand Banks, in October 1871, by Captain Campbell, of the schooner ‘ B. D. Haskins,’ of Gloucester, Mass. It was taken on board, and part of it used for bait. Dr. A. 8. Packard has given, in the ‘ American Naturalist,’ 18% 256 Miscellaneous. vol. vii. p. 91, Feb. 1873, all the facts that have been published in regard to this individual. But its jaws have since been sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and are now in my hands to be described and figured. They were thought by Professor Steenstrup, who saw a photograph of them, to belong to his Architeuthis monachus, which inhabits the northern coasts of Europe, but is still very imperfectly known. The horny jaw or beak from this specimen is thick and strong, nearly black; it is acute at the apex, with a decided notch or angle on the inside, about ‘75 of an inch from the point; and beyond the notch is a large prominent angular lobe. The body of the specimen from which this jaw was taken is stated to have measured 15 feet in length and 4 feet 8 inches in circumference. The arms were mutilated ; but the portions remaining were estimated to be 9 or 10 feet long, and 22 inches in circumference, two being shorter than the rest. It was estimated to weigh 2000 pounds. 2. A large individual attacked two men, who were in a small boat, in Conception Bay ; and two of the arms which it threw across the boat were cut off with a hatchet and brought ashore. Full ac- counts of this adventure, written by Mr. M. Harvey, have been published in many of the newspapers*. One of the severed arms, or a part of it, was preserved in the museum at St. John’s; and a pho- tograph of it isnow before me. ‘This fragment represents the distal half of one of the long tentacular arms, with its expanded terminal portion covered with suckers, 24 of which are larger, in two rows, with the border not serrate, but 1-25 inch in diameter; the others are smaller, very numerous, with the edge supported by a serrated calcareous ring. The part of the arm preserved measured 19 feet in length, and 3°5 inches in circumference, but wider, “like an oar,” and 6 inches in circumference, near the end where the suckers are situated ; but its length, when entire, was estimated at 42 feet. The other arm was destroyed, and no description was made; but it was said to have been 6 feet long and 10 inches in diameter ; it was evidently one of the eight shorter sessile arms. The estimate given for the length of the ‘‘ body” of this creature (60 feet) was probably intended for the entire length, including the arms. 3. A specimen was found alive in shallow water, at Coomb’s Cove, and captured. Concerning this one I have seen only news- paper accounts. It isstated that its body measured 10 feet in length and was ‘nearly as large round as a hogshead” (10 to 12 feet) ; its two long arms (of which only one remained) were 42 feet in length and “as large as a man’s wrist ;” its short arms were 6 feet in length, but about 9 inches in diameter, “ very stout and strong ;” the suckers had a serrated edge. The colour was reddish. The loss of one long arm and the correspondence of the other in size to the one amputated from No. 2, justifies a suspicion that this was actually * Also in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ January 1874, with a woodcut of the arm. + Doubtless these long arms are very contractile and changeable in length, like those of the ordinary squids. Miscellaneous. 257 the same individual that attacked the boat. But if not, it was pro- bably one of the same species and of about the same size. 4, A pair of jaws and two of the suckers were recently forwarded to me from the Smithsonian Institution. These were received from Rey. A. Munn, who writes that they were taken from a specimen that came ashore at Bonavista Bay, that it measured 32 feet in length (probably the entire length, including more or less of the arms), and about 6 feet in circumference. This jaw is large and broad, but much thinner than that of No. 1, and without the deep notch and angular lobe seen in that specimen. It probably belongs to the Architeuthis dux of Steenstrup, or at least to the same species as the jaw figured by Dr. Packard. 5. A smaller specimen, captured in December, in Logic Bay, about 3 miles from St. John’s, in herring-nets. Of this I have a description in a letter to Dr. Dawson from the Rev. M. Harvey, who has also ’ published a brief account of it in the ‘ Morning Chronicle’ of St. John’s. The letter is accompanied by two photographs of the specimen—one showing the entire body, somewhat mutilated ante- riorly, the other showing the head with the ten arms attached. The body of this specimen was over 7 feet long, and between 5 and 6 feet in circumference; the caudal fin was 22 inches broad, but short, thick, and emarginate posteriorly on each side, the end of the body being acute; the two long tentacular arms were 24 feet in length, and 25 inches in circumference, except at the broader part near the end, the tips slender and acute; the largest suckers 1-25 inch in diameter, with serrated edges; the eight short arms were each 6 feet long; the two largest were 10 inches in circumference at base, the others were 9,8, and 7 inches. These short arms taper to slender acute tips; and each bears about 100 large, bell- shaped suckers with serrated margins. Each of the long arms bears about 160 suckers on the broad terminal portion, all of which are denticulated ; the largest ones, which form two regular alter- nating rows of twelve each, are about an inch in diameter. There is also an outer row of much smaller suckers, alternating with the large ones, on each margin; the terminal part of these arms is thickly covered with small suckers; and numerous similar small suckers are crowded on that portion of the arms where the enlarge- ment begins, before the commencement of the rows of large suckers. The arrangement of the suckers is nearly the same as on the long arm of No. 2; but in the latter the terminal portion of the arm, be- yond the large suckers, as shown in the photographs, is not so long, tapering, and acute; but this may be due to the different conditions of the two specimens. It is probable that this was a young speci- men of the same species as No. 2. From the facts known at present, it appears probable that all these specimens, and several others that have been reported at va- rious times from the same region, are referable to}two species—one (probably Architeuthis monachus) represented only by the first of those enumerated above, and having a more elongated form of body and stouter jaws; the second (probably A. dux) represented by 258 Miscellaneous. Nos. 2 to 5, above described, having a short, thick, massive body, and broad, but comparatively thin jaws, which are also different in form. Some of the differences in size and proportions, and in the suckers, observed among the four specimens referred to the latter species may be due to sex ; for the sexes differ considerably in these characters in all known cuttlefishes.— American Journal of Science and Arts, Feb. 1874. Umbellula from Greenland. By Josuva Linpant. Mr. Lindahl has written a paper on the two specimens of Umbel- lula taken on the coast of Greenland. It will appear in the next volume of the ‘ Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handlingar’ of Stockholm, illustrated with three quarto plates, each containing several figures. Mr. Lindahl considers the two specimens different from one another and from the Umbellula encrinus of Linneeus figured by Mylius and Ellis. He observes he must confess that the difference may depend upon the difference of age, and as for U. encrinus upon imperfection in the figure and description. At all events, he thinks it better to describe his two specimens as two different and new species in order to call attention to the differences, observing “ that when new investigations of the deep sea have brought together richer materials, as no doubt they will, if I have committed a mistake in this respect it will be easily corrected.” He considers that Umbel- luda and Crinillum form one group, as Dr. Gray has pointed out. He regards them as true Pennatulids, and puts them among the “Zunft” Pennatulide as the fifth family, Umbellule, close to the family Bathyptilee (Kolliker, ‘Die Pennatuliden,’ p. 380). The rachis, or pars polypifera, is about one fortieth of the length of the stem ; polypes not retractile, without calycles, the lateral ones large and the dorsal small; the zooids are crowded in lateral and ventral shields (“‘ Wilste,” Koll.) ; the axis square, with one deep groove on each side; uo spicula in any part of body. On the Bos pumilus of Sir Victor Brooke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. Sir Victor Brooke’s paper in the last number of the ‘Annals’ shows that he does not understand the question between us, and it contains many erroneous statements. I will therefore state the question as - shortly as I can. Sir Victor Brooke states at p. 159 :—‘ Turton, having founded the name Bos pumilus upon Pennant’s ‘ Dwarf,’ it follows that the horns spoken of and figured by Pennant are typical specimens of ‘Bos pumilus.’”” The statement that the fragment of the forehead and horns are typical of Pennant’s “ Dwarf,” and therefore of the B. pumilus of Turton, who never refers to the specimen, is entirely inaccurate, as the following statement will prove. Columna figured a buffalo from Morocco. Pennant and Turton abbreviated his description and called it the dwarf buffalo and Bos ee eee Miscellaneous. 259 pumilus, thus making it the type of their species. The forehead and horns of a young ox were in the Museum of the Royal Society. Pennant thought that they belonged to his dwarf buffalo, but in his second edition said that he now found that they belonged to the Cape ox. Turton, in his account of Bos pumilus, made no reference to these horns, which Sir Victor Brooke says (but I do not think he has proved it) are the horns of a young Bos brachyceros of Western Africa, and proposes to change the name of this ox to Bos pumilus of Turton, established on an animal from Morocco, and not, as Sir Victor Brooke asserts in his paper, on the forehead and horns in the Museum of the Royal Society, the existence of which Turton does not notice. The animal from Morocco he named B. pumilus is supposed to be a young or dwarf variety of the common buffalo, and is certainly not the West-African bush-ox (Bos brachyceros). If Sir Victor Brooke cannot see the mistake he has made, I have done my best to enable him to doso; andit is this non-appreciation of such questions that renders his prolix synonymy in various cases useless and misleading. On Felis colocolo, Hamilton Smith, F. Cuvier, and Geoffroy. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. Major Hamilton Smith made a figure of an animal “ said to have been shot in the interior of Guiana by an officer of Lewenstein’s Riflemen, and by him stuffed and sent to England, but which probably never reached its destination.” It is represented as a white cat, with various-sized longitudinal brown dashes on its neck and body, with slate-coloured legs and feet, and a slender black tail with numerous white rings. Of this drawing an account was published in Griffith’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ in Geoffroy and Cuvier’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Mammi- féres’ (where the animal is said to come from Surinam), and in Jardine’s ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’ iil. p. 256, pl. xxvi., where the legs are erroneously left pale-coloured, though said to be blackish in the description. I have never seen this cat, and I am not aware of its ever haying been seen or of its being in any museum in Europe. It certainly is not the Felis colocolo of Molina, from Chil, figured by Philippi, Wiegmann’s ‘Archiv,’ 1870, p. 41, t. 1. fig. 7, and t. i. figs. 1 & 2. My late friend and teacher, Colonel Hamilton Smith, drew animals most beautifully and with great facility, and made a very large col- lection of sketches and drawings of them and of antiquities and costumes, which he collected from museums that he visited, and books, and even ‘fragments of skins. Unfortunately, instead of drawing the specimen or the figure of the animal which he examined as it was, he had the habit of improving its attitude, and even of making a beautiful drawing from a bad specimen, or from a fragment of a skin, or from a rough sketch, or from a woodcut or other figure which he found in some old book; and he very often did not mark his drawings whence or how they were obtained ; so 260 Miscellaneous. that it was difficult to tell their anthority. He seldom finished or coloured his sketches at the time he made them, but would mark on the parts of the drawing with the colour that they ought to be (as “red,” “white,” “ black”) without indicating the shade. This explains why the figures which are taken from his sketches in the first volume of Jardine’s ‘ Naturalist’s Library ’ (1842) were so erro- neously coloured, and makes the determination of some of his figures doubtful. It was this defect that rendered his beautiful and exten- sive series of sketches of so little value to the zoological student. On some Remarkable Egq-sacs on an Annelid from the North Sea. By Prof. Karu Mostrvs. Several specimens of Scolecolepis cirrata, Sars, were captured in the expedition of the ‘ Pommerania’ on the 6th August, 1872, at a depth of 69 fathoms, to the north-east of Scotland. This worm belongs to the family Spioidei. The body-segments are 2-4 millims. broad and 4 millims. deep; they have on each side a foot composed of a large upper and a smaller lower lamina. On the 28 segments of the fore body linguliform branchiz with long vibratile cilia are placed at the inner border of the upper foot-lamine. The hinder segments have no branchiz. All the segments bear long pointed sete both on the upper andlower foot-plates; on the lower lamin of the hinder segments there arealso uncini; and below and between themsomesmall pouches, having the form of a swallow’s nest, are attached. Many of these pouches contain a round mass of eggs, which often projects far beyond the orifice of the pouch. The eggs protruding from the pouches are held together by a net with quadrangular meshes, formed of cords of extremely fine threads. Before the pouches are filled with eggs this net lies in part like a lining within its pouch, and in part on the skin of the worm between the foot-laminz. As the latter contain many mucus-glands with fine orifices opening externally, we may assume that these glands form the net. The eggs are produced in the body- cavity of the worm, and issue through apertures which traverse the body-wall between the lower foot-lamine ; they then lift the ready prepared net from the skin, and are retained by it upon the body of the worm. The young animals which are developed from the eggs can slip out into the water through the meshes of the net. We know of many Polychzetous Annelids which bear their eggs and young in a sac attached to the ventral surface (e. g. Autolytus prolifer, Miill.), one which carries them on the shorter dorsal fila- ments of its feet (Syllis pulligera, Krohn), and one which conceals them beneath folds of skin, developed on the peduncle of the oper- culum with which it closes its tube (Spzrorbis spirillum, Pagenst.) ; but the peculiar arrangement for the protection of the progeny seen in Scolecolepis cirrata was previously unknown.—WSchriften des naturwiss. Vereins fir Schleswig-Holstein, Band i., February 2, 1874. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [FOURTH SERIES. } No. 76. APRIL 1874. XXXIV.—On the Annelida of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. By W. C. M‘Intosu. Family 1. EupHROSYNID&, #0 Family 6. SIGALIONIDA. [Plates IX. & X.] THE following remarks are due to collections made by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves of Montreal during three dredging-expeditions (1871, 1872*, and 1873) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and I am much indebted to him for his courtesy in forwarding the specimens for examination. No example of the first two families, viz. the Euphrosynide and Amphinomide, occurs. The Aphroditide are represented by several young examples of Aphrodita aculeata, L., which are of a somewhat ferruginous hue, like some Zetlandic spe- eimens. The ventral bristles of these young forms resemble those of A. alta, Kinberg. One or two examples of Letmonice filicornis, Kbg., a species very abundant in certain parts of the British seas, are also present. The Polynoide are more numerous, and the majority of comparatively large size. Lepidonotus squamatus, L., is abundant; and the same may * Vide Ann. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vol. x. p. 341, 1872. Also ‘ Report on a second Deep-sea Dredging,’ &c., by J. F. Whiteaves, Montreal, 14th January, 1873, pp. 22. + Prof. Verrill mentions “ Hermione hystrix (?)’’ from the coast of New Ragland, but notthis form. Americ. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. v. Feb, 1878. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xii. 19 262 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Annelida be said of Nychia cirrosa, Pall. The specimens of the latter have somewhat rougher scales, and a tendency to a longer and more slender tip in the ventral bristles than the British forms. The latter feature is carried to a characteristic degree in Nychia Amondseni, Mgrn., a northern species (not yet discovered in British waters) rather plentiful in the collections. In this form the head differs from that of N. cérrosa chiefly in the smaller size of the eyes, especially the posterior pair. The dorsal cirri are longer; but the dorsal bristles are similar, ex- cept, perhaps, that the contrast between the shortest and the most elongated is better marked. The ventral bristles are much more attenuated at the tips throughout ; and the smooth portion, while little longer in the superior series (though, of course, much more slender), becomes remarkably elongated in the central and lower groups. A specimen of Selenium poly- noés, Kroyer, was attached to the ventral aspect of a foot. Eunoa Girstedi, Mgrn., occurred on Orphan Bank, and is distinguished roughly from the more common L. nodosa, Sars, likewise in the collec- tion, by the brighter brownish coloration in spirit, by the much rougher scales, and the greater length of the dorsal bristles. Malmgren’s figures are much in need of amendment, especially his representation of the dorsal bristles. Lagisca rarispina, Sars, var. occidentalis *. At first sight, and with an imperfect specimen without scales, the form was considered closely allied to Polynoé floc- cosa, Say. ; but further examination of more perfect examples showed the true character of the annelid. ‘The scales are distinguished by the remarkably long, brownish, soft papille posteriorly, and have many parasitic Lowosome and other structures. The cilia on the dorsal cirri are much less nume- rous and shorter than on the species from the ‘ Porcupine’ (Lagisca Jeffreysii) ; and the ventral cirri have a few short papille: the latter are stated by Malmgren to be subglabrous. The dorsal bristles (Pl. IX. fig. 1) are rather long, tapered towards the point, and with somewhat fine rows of spikes. The smooth part at the tip is of moderate length ; but it often seems longer than it really is, since the rows of spikes pass far up; in certain views it is also slightly dilated, so as to give a character to the bristles. The superior ventral bristles * The generic names in this paper are merely provisional, as very con- siderable changes will be necessary throughout the whole series of the Annelida in this respect. of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 263 (Pl. IX. fig. 2) have elongated tips with a trace of a secon- dary process ; and the spiniferous region is long. The smooth tip becomes more boldly marked inferiorly (PI. LX. fig. 3) ; but the secondary process is always a mere rudiment, except, perhaps, in some of the young bristles inferiorly, or in those specially protected (e.g. Pl. LX. fig. 4). The general cha- racters of the form agree with LZ. rarispina; but the bristles differ considerably from Malmgren’s representations. ‘The young forms do not show the cilia on the ventral cirri—an absence which may have been due ocgasionally to position ; but the want of the characteristic elongated processes on the scales of such is peculiar. Malmgrenia Whiteavesii *, n. sp. A single small specimen about } inch long occurred between Anticosti and the Gaspé peninsula in 110 to 221 fathoms. The segments are about twenty in number, and the feet deeply eut; scales absent. The head is apparently eyeless. Antenne, palpi, and cirri smooth and much tapered. The dorsal cirri do not extend beyond the tips of the bristles ; the ventral reach the bases of the latter. The dorsal branch of the foot bears a series of rather slender, elongated, translucent bristles with fine serrations and a characteristic tip (Pl. IX. fig. 5); a few next the body are short and more boldly serrated. ‘The vén- tral form two sets,—a superior and larger group of delicate elongated bristles with tapering tips, minutely bifid at the extremity (Pl. IX. fig. 6); the tips gradually diminish to- wards the inferior border of the series, the whole, however, being bifid. At the ventral edge another, small group of stouter bristles exists, the number being variable, generally from six to eight: the enlarged tips of these are serrated for the lower half; then the smooth tip diminishes to a hooked point (Pl. IX. fig. 7). Antinoé Sarsi, Kinb. This species is not uncommon in the gulf. The scales have cilia on their posterior and outer borders, and small conical spines. The much elongated and tapered dorsal cirri have rather short clavate papilla continued almost to the tip of the organ. The ventral cirrus has shorter cilia of a similar shape. The dorsal bristles are distinctly curved, and have somewhat wide and prominent rows of spines, so that in some positions the more slender forms resemble stems of the common gut- setum. The superior ventral series of bristles have capillary * The genus is a new one lately formed for certain British species. The specific name is explained in the first paragraph of the paper. 19* 264 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Annelida tips of extreme delicacy; a few in the centre of the foot are stouter, while the shorter ventral forms have again a capillary termination. 210 diam. Fig. 4. Inferior ventral bristle. x 210 diam. Fig. 5. Dorsal bristle of Nemidia (?) canadensis. x 350 diam. Fig. 6. Superior ventral bristle. x 350 diam. Fxg. 7. Tip of inferior ventral bristle. x 350 diam. Fig. 8. One of the same seen from behind. x 360 diam. Fig. 9. Dorsal bristle of Nemidia (?) Lawrencit. x 350 diam. Fig. 10. Superior ventral bristle. 350 diam. Fig. 11. One of the lower ventral bristles. x 350 diam. Fig. 12. Ventral bristle of Polynoé gaspéensis. x 350 diam. Fig. 13. Tip of another, with slightly different characters. x 350 diam. Fig. 14. Ventral bristle of Leanira Yhleni(?). x 350 diam. XXXV.—On the Geodephagous Coleoptera of New Zealand. By H. W. Bares, F.L.S. {Concluded from p. 246. ] Family Carabide. Subfamily Awzrsopacrrzinz. 'TRIPLOSARUS, nov. gen. Corpus breviter oblongum, subdepressum. Caput pone oculos haud angustatum, Mandibule edentate, basi late, apice angustate et curvate. Labrum medio leviter emarginatum, angulis rotundatis. Mentuwm medio dente forti, acuto; lobis extus valde rotundatis, apice intus acutis; epilobiis haud conspicuis. Ligula oblonga, apice libera, recte truncata; paraglossis apice sque truncatis, longitudine et latitudine ligule squalibus. Thorax transversim quadratus. Hlytra apice obtuse rotundata, paulo sinuata; striola Coleoptera of New Zealand. 271 scutellaris longa, inter strias primam et secundam posita. Tibie setos ; anticee extus 5-spinose. ¢. Tarsi quatuor anteriores articulis secundo ad quartum dilatatis, pedum anteriorum brevissimi, intermediorum longiores cordati; articulo quarto nullomodo lobato ; palmis ut in Anisodactylo dense breviter setosis, planis ; articulo primo triangulari, subtus nudo. This genus differs from the other Anisodactyline in the form of its head and mandibles, which resemble those of Phor- ticosomus, Cratacanthus, &c.; but the eyes are rather promi- nent; the suture separating the epistome from the forehead is very sharply impressed, and has a short deep frontal foveole near each end. The paraglosse are lateral, and not placed behind the ligula, as in other genera of the group. Triplosarus fulvescens, n. sp. 7’. ochraceo-fulvus, subnitidus, capite thoraceque interdum seneo tinctus; thorace antice rotundato, postice modice angustato, angulis posticis obtusis, basi utrinque fovea lata, indistincte punctulata ; elytris in utroque sexu sericeis ; interstitiis planis, tertio postice unipunctato. Long. 4-43 lin. ¢ 9. ao ore alone Castelnau, Trans. R. Soc. Vict. pt. ii. vol. viii. p. 1945 Castelnau’s description applies to the species as far as it goes, except the size (5 lines). My specimens came from Mr. Henry Edwards (from Auckland?) and Mr. Fereday of Christchurch. Lecanomerus latimanus, n. sp. L. ovatus, piceo-fuscus, modice nitidus; partibus oris, antennis, pedibus, elytrorumque marginibus (postice dilatatis) fulvo- testaceis; thorace transversim quadrato, yix postice angustato, angulis posticis rotundatis, supra basi levi haud foveato ; elytris ovatis, convexis. ¢. Tarsi quatuor anteriores articulis secundo et tertio magnis, max- ime dilatatis ; secundo semicirculari ; tertio paulo breviore, haud angustiore; primo breyiter triangulari; quarto brevissimo, lato, quam tertio paulo angustiore, nullomodo lobato. Long. 23 lin. ¢. The form of this curious insect is that of an Odpterus, the elytra being ovate (much broader than the thorax) and convex ; but the broad patelliform anterior and middle tarsi of the male, with their even, smooth brush-soles, show that it belongs to the Australian genus Lecanomerus (Chaud.). It agrees in all other generic characters with L. ¢nsidiosus ; but the second tarsal joint is shorter and more semicircular, and the fourth is much broader. The elytra in the unique specimen are dark pitchy brown with fulvous lateral margins, not very well 272 Mr. H. W. Bates on the Geodephagous defined, but widening much at the apex; there is no puncture on the third interstice, and there is a short scutellar striole between the first and second striz. The margins of the ventral segments are more or less fulvous. One example, from New Zealand. Obtained from the late Rey. Hamlet Clark’s collection. Hypharpax antarcticus. Harpalus antarcticus, Castelnau, /. e. p. 198. Christchurch (Mr. Fereday). Scarcely belongs to Hypharpax, the hind tibie of the male not being arcuated; in facies and in the long fine bristles on the innerside of the tibie, with a row of shorter spines on the outer side, it resembles that genus. Four joints of the four anterior tarsi of the male are dilated, and smooth, brush-like, beneath. Hypharpax australasie. Harpalus australasie, De}. Sp. Gén. iv. p. 386. Hypharpax australis. Harpalus australis, De}. 1. c. p. 385. Both these species are found in New Zealand, according to Redtenbacher. Although only the female in each case was described by Dejean, I think they belong to the genus Hypharpax. Subfamily Harpsriz. EUTHENARUS, nov. gen. Gen. Tachycello similis. Palpi robusti, glabri; articulo terminali fusiformi, versus apicem attenuato, apice leviter truncato. Antenne robuste; articulo undecimo multo longiore, crasso. Mentum parvum, emarginatione semicirculari, dente mediano pro- minulo acuto. Ligula cornea, oblonga, apice libera bisetosa; para- glossis ipsa duplo latioribus et multo longioribus, apice late rotundatis. ¢. Tarsi quatuor anteriores articulis quatuor valde dilatatis : primo triangulari ; secundo ad quartum brevissimis et latissimis ; quarto bilobo ; omnibus laciniis argenteis longissimis vestitis. . The insects on which this distinct new genus is founded resemble the Bradycelli and small Stenolophi of the northern hemisphere, but are widely different in the clothing of the four dilated palms of the male. This is unlike either the squame arranged in pairs of the true Harpalide, or the even brush of short vertical hairs of the Anisodactyline, but con- Coleoptera of New Zealand. 273 sists of a few very long linear hair-scales set obliquely on the broad palms and forming a broad fringe to the feet. The paraglosse also differ from those of the Harpali in being very broad, not tapering to the apex, but broadly rounded. The frontal foveee of the head form short strize curving to the inner margin of the eye. The thorax is quadrate. The elytra are obtuse at the apex, with a strong sinuation; the scutellar striole is rudimentary between the first and second strie ; the third interstice has one puncture. The males have a hairy fovea in the middle of the first ventral segment, like the Tachycelli. Euthenarus brevicollis, n. sp. E. oblongus, fusco-zeneus ; elytris subcupreis ; antennis basi, palpis apice, genibusque piceo-rufis; thorace postice paululum angustato, angulis posticis obtusis fere rotundatis, fovea utrinque lata sparsim punctulata ; elytris acute striatis, interstitiis planis. Long. 23 im S92 Lake Coleridge; under stones in dry lagoon (C. M. Wake- jfield, Esq.). Immature specimens have testaceous-yellow legs and pale under surface of body ; but the dark brassy colour of the head and thorax and cupreous elytra remain in all the numerous individuals sent. ‘The hind angles of the thorax are distinct in some examples and perfectly rounded off in others; the basal fovex also vary in the amount of punctuation, which is always rather coarse. Euthenarus puncticollis, n. sp. E. oblongus, fusco-piceus seneo tinctus vel cupreo-sneus; antennis basi, palpis basi et apice, pedibus (femoribus interdum exceptis) rufo-piceis ; thorace longiore, postice subsinuatim paulo angustato, angulis posticis fere rectis, fovea basali grosse punctata; elytris apice fortiter sinuatis, subtruncatis. Long. 23 lin. ¢g 9. Apparently distinct from /. brevicollis, although similar in size and coloration. It is decidedly slenderer, with longer thorax, the posterior narrowing of which is slightly incurved and the hind angles more distinct. The general colour is less metallic; and the side rims of the thorax are pale, which is sometimes the case with £. brevicollis. A better distinction is the more transverse and stronger sinuation of the apex of the elytra, the edges external to the sinuation being more flattened out; they are finely and sharply striated in the same manner. Auckland. Several examples from Mr. Lawson and Mr. H. Edwards. 274 Mr. H. W. Bates on the Geodephagous Subfamily Trecninx. Oupterus rotundicollis, White, Voy. Ereb. & Terr., Ins. p. 6. Bay of Islands. Oupterus levicollis, Bates, Entom. Monthly Mag. vol. vii. ESL pale New Zealand ; precise locality unknown. Two other species of this genus are described from the Falkland Islands. It is very easy to confound this genus with Trepopterus, belonging to a quite different subfamily, the resemblance inegeneral form between the two being very great. Subfamily Bemsrpiuw2. Tachys antarcticus, i. sp. T'. oblongo-ovatus, convexus, testaceo-rufus, nitidus, palpis pedibus- que flavo-testaceis ; capite foveis frontalibus magnis, profundis, interspatio elongato, convexo : thorace subcordato, lateribus antice valde rotundatis, post medium sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis productis acutis ; supra antice convexo, postice transversim de- presso, utrinque foveolato, levi: elytris ovatis, humeris rotundatis utrinque striis 3 prope suturam, fortiter impressis, subpunctatis ; interstitio tertio bipunctato. Long. ? lin. Tn form intermediate between 7. hemorrhoidalis, Dj., and T. globulus, Dj. As convex as the latter, but much more slender, the thorax especially being narrower (much narrower than the elytra), more cordiform, and the elytra more ovate and rounded at the shoulders. The antenne are wanting in both my specimens. Auckland ? (H. Edwards, Esq.). Bembidium (Peryphus) maorinum, Bates, Entom. Monthly Mag. iv. p. 56 (1867). Christchurch (Mr. Fereday). Bembidium (Peryphus) charile, Bates, l. c. p. 79. Christchurch (Mr. Fereday). I have not again received either of the above species. They form a distinct section, near Peryphus, distinguished by the setiferous punctures of the fifth as well as the third interstice of the elytra. Jn form they closely resemble the European Coleoptera of New Zealand. 275 B. eques; but the thorax is smaller and still more cordate (similar to that of the Lopha section). The frontal furrows are deep, and reach to the level of the hind margin of the eyes. The fovea of the hind angles of the thorax has no carina exterior to it. The anterior tarsi of the male have only the basal joint dilated, parallelogrammical, as in Peryphus eques. Bembidium rotundicolle, n. sp. B. nilotico similis, cupreo-zneum, nitidum ; antennis basi pedibus- que piceo-rufis; elytris utrinque versus apicem, ipsoque apice flavyo-testaceis ; thorace fortiter rotundato, basi angusta, margini- bus angustis, postice nullomodo explanatis, angulis posticis vix conspicuis, fovea parva juxta angulum levi; elytris punctato- striatis, extus et apice minus impressis, interstitiis paulo convexis, tertio bipunctato. Long. 13-2 lin. ¢. é. Tarsi antici articulis duobus dilatatis, apice obliquis et fortiter intus productis. Differs from the section to which B. niloticum belongs by the very narrow margins to the thorax, not explanated behind, and with obtuse hind angles ; the sides of the thorax are very strongly rounded, but the base is much narrower than the apex ; the apical angles are not at all conspicuous. Lake Coleridge ; under stones in a dry lagoon (C. MZ. Wake- field, Esq.). Subfamily Acrenorrcuinz. | Actenonyx bembidioides, White, 1. c. p. 2 (1846). Sphallax peryphoides, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag. iv. p. 56 (1867). Christchurch (?. W. Fereday, Esq.). White’s description omits all the essential characters of this curious Carabid, and is so vague that there are no means of identifying it without reference to the type. I have seen a specimen so named in the British Museum, which quite agrees with Sphallax peryphoides. ‘The extraordinary form of the ligula, and other characters, necessitate the formation of a new subfamily for the imsect, which will range near the Oda- canthine. Subfamily Scoropryz. Scopodes fossulatus. Dromius (!) fossulatus, Blanch. Voy. Pole Sud, iv. p. 9, t. iii. f. 16. Poticiee Vreie: Redtenb. Reise Novara, Col. p. 21, t. i. f. 9. Blanchard’s description accords exceedingly well with a species apparently common at Auckland, with the exception 276 On the Geodephagous Coleoptera of New Zealand. that no mention is made of the prominent eyes; this omis- sion, however, is supplied to some extent by his figure. Auckland. Both from Mr. H. Edwards and Mr. Lawson. A well-preserved specimen, rather larger than usual, agrees exactly with Redtenbacher’s description. Scopodes elaphroides. Heleotrechus elaphroides, White, l. c. p. 5, t. 1. £. 5. Larger than the preceding (24 lines), and differing besides in being “deep black,” S. fossulatus being silky eneous; the legs are “ yellow, with middle of femora and the tips with a brownish band.” Scopodes aterrimus, ni. sp. S. magis elongatus, gracilior, toto insecto sericeo-niger; thorace angustiore, ab angulo anteriore usque basin recte angustato, supra subtiliter strigoso sed nitido; elytris striis latis paulo undulatis, impunctatis, foveis tribus magnis prope suturam alterisque irregu- laribus versus apicem. Long. 2—2} lin. Distinguished from S. fossulatus and from all the Australian species known to me (nine in number) by the form of the thorax—rather narrow, with slightly prominent antero-lateral angles, and without trace of posterior angle, the lateral margin being rounded off to the base; the surface is rather faintly transversely strigose and shining. Two examples from Mr. H. Edwards (Auckland), and one from Christchurch (Mr. Fereday). Subfamily Coproprrin 2. Agonochila binotata. Lebia binotata, White, /. ¢. p. 2. Gomelina binotata, Blanch. Voy. Pole Sud, iv. p. 12 (1853). Agonochila binotata, Chaud. Bull. Mose. (1848). Coptodera (Agonochila) antipodum, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag. iv. (1867), p- 78. Sarothrocrepis binotata, Redtenb. Reise Novara, Coleop. p. 7. Christchurch. Subfamily Cazzerprvz. Demetrida lineella, White, Zool. Ereb. & Terr., Ins. pe 2et. sie ds Port Nicholson. Demetrida nasuta, White, l. c. p. 2. Auckland (H. Edwards, Esq.). Dr. W. B. Carpenter on Eozoon canadense. 277 Demetrida picea. Demetrida picea, Chaud. Bull. Mose. 1848, i. p. 77; Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. tome xv. p. 195 (1872). Cymindis austrahs, Hombr. & Jacq. Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. t. i. f. 7 (1842 ?). Cymindis Dieffenbachii, White, Dieffenb. New Zeal. vol. ii. p. 278 (1843); Blanch. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iv. (1853). Christchurch (Mr. Fereday). Chaudoir’s name must remain for this species, according to the rule that the first unoccupied name accompanied by a description takes the priority. The figure in the ‘ Voyage au Pole Sud’ was published eleven years before the description, and was erroneously lettered C. australis, not beimg the C. australis of Dejean. Blanchard himself corrected this error in 1853; but long before that date Chaudoir’s excellent description had appeared. White’s name was simply given (without description) to the above-mentioned figure, in place of the erroneous C. australis. Species of doubtful position. Pedalopia nove zelandic, Castelnau, 1. c. p. 154. XXXVI.—Remarks on Mr. H. J. Carter’s Letter to Prof. King on the Structure of the so-called Kozoon canadense. By Wituram B. Carpenter, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Corre- sponding Member of the Institute of France. Tue well-merited reputation which Mr. Carter has gained by his researches on Sponges and Foraminifera will doubtless give to his decided expression of opinion against the Forami- niferal character of the (so-called) Hozoon canadense a very considerable weight with those naturalists who regard the question as still sub judice. Had Mr. Carter (whose additions to our knowledge of the minute structure of certain types of Foraminifera are estimated by no one more highly than by myself) pronounced this opinion after a careful study of what has been written cn javour of the Foraminiferal character of Hozoon, and after an examination of the pieces justificatives therein referred to, I should have respected it, however different from my own, as that of an able investigator who has the fullest right both to form and to publish his judgment, and should not have troubled the scientific public with any further discussion of the ques- tion at issue. Ann. & Mag. N. Hl. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 20 278 Dr. W. B. Carpenter on the But that the readers of Mr. Carter’s letter may form a right estimate of the value of his pronunctamento, they ought to be aware of the following facts :— 1. Mr. Carter, as I learn from himself, has not read any thing that has been written upon the opposite side of the question. 2. Mr. Carter’s ideas of Foraminiferal structure are based, not upon a comprehensive survey of the entire group, but upon that of the small number of types he has himself examined. This is clear from the fact that his definitions (pp. 191, 192) apply only to a certain section of the Vitreous or ‘ perforate” Order, and exclude the Porcellanous and the Arenaceous Orders—the first of them uniformly “ imperforate,” the second generally so. 3. Mr. Carter’s knowledge of Hozoon is avowedly confined to that which he has derived from the examination of the spe- cimens sent to him by Prof. King. If he had asked me to show him the chief results I obtained from a study of the large mass of material put into my hands by Sir Wm. Logan, which occupied nearly my whole time (during slow conva- lescence from a severe illness) for a space of two months, I should have most gladly done so; and I feel sure that I should at any rate have demonstrated to him that there is a great deal more to be said in favour of the Foraminiferal nature of Eozoon than he has at present any idea of. Hence Mr. Carter’s affirmation, that the opinion of those from whom he differs on this question has no other basis than “the wildest conjecture,” and his imputation to them of inca- pacity to distinguish things as different from each other “as the legs of a table are from the legs of a quadruped,” are to be considered simply as specimens of a new method and lan- guage, which, after Prof. Huxley *, I may term Carterese. Whether its general adoption will be good for the progress of Science, may be an open question: I will give an example of its application. Geologists who have worked over the Greensand near Cam- bridge, have met with spherical bodies varying from the size of a marble to that of a small cricket-ball ; which, I learn from Prof. Ramsay, they were accustomed to kick about as inor- ganic concretions, without the smallest idea of their organic origin. ‘The discovery by Prof. Morris, however, of a non- infiltrated specimen, led me to examine the internal structure of these solid balls; and this examination brought me to the knowledge of the entirely new and, in many particulars, ano- * “To call a man an Atheist, in Recordese, simply means that you don’t agree with him.” Structure of Eozoon canadense. 279 malous type of Foraminiferal structure, formed by the cemen- tation of sand-grains in concentric spheres, which I have de- scribed under the name Parkeriva (Phil. Trans. 1869). But as this type does not happen to conform to Mr. Carter’s pre- conception of a Foraminifer, and as he might examine one or more of the silicified balls without finding any indication of organic structure, the principle on which he has acted in re- gard to Hozoon would justify him in asserting that nothing but the “wildest conjecture” could make it out to be Fora- miniferal, for that “its structure does not bear so much resem- blance to that of a foraminiferous test as the legs of a table to those of a quadruped.”’ Now it so happens that every con- clusion I had drawn from the careful study of the best-pre- served specimens of Parkeria has been fully confirmed, and its anomalies explained, by the discovery, in our Deep-sea dredgings, of a living Arenaceous Foraminifer (with the animal in it), whose structure conforms, in all essential par- ticulars, to that of Parkerta. I may fairly, then, apply Mr. Carter’s words to his own method, and say that, “if such be the grounds on which geological inferences are established, the sooner they are abandoned the better for geology, the worse for sensationalism.” Those whose knowledge of Foraminifera ranges over the entire group as at present known, have the most unlimited belief in its “‘ possibilities ;”’ and it has thus come to pass that they accept the Foraminiferal character of the Hozoon, on the basis of the large number of parallelisms which its structure presents to that of existing types, notwithstanding some dif Jerences, which they regard as comparatively non-essential. To say nothing of my collaborateurs, Mr. W. K. Parker, Prof. 1. Rupert Jones, and Mr. H. B. Brady, whose opinions may be thought to have been personally influenced by my own, I may cite the judgment recently given by the late Prof. Max Schultze not long before his lamented death, as that of an entirely unprejudiced and fully competent “ third party,” whose opinion even Mr. Carter is bound to respect, on account not only of his well-known profound mastery of Zoology generally, but of his special knowledge of Foraminifera—his admirable Treatise ‘ Ueber den Organismus der Polythalamien ’ having been referred to in my ‘ Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera’ (1862) as “among the most important of recent contributions to our knowledge of the organizdtion and life-history” of the group. In the spring of last year, Prof. Schultze requested me to send him some specimens of Hozoon, in order that he might form his own judgment of its nature, at the same time stating the general opinion among German 20* 280 Dr. W. B. Carpenter on the geologists to be adverse to its organic character. In response, I forwarded to him two specimens—one a transparent section taken from the same block as that which furnished the section examined by Mr. Carter, the other a decalcified slice. Sub- sequently, at his request, I sent him the largest specimen of Eozoon I could spare en bloc, that he might make preparations for himself. The result of his examination of these specimens was to satisfy him completely of the Foraminiferal character of Eozoon*. This conclusion was formed without any “ verbal arguments ”’ or ‘ prolonged disputations,” but on the basis of Prof. Schultze’s own “actual comparison of specimens”’ of Eozoon with specimens of recent Foraminifera—the former showing the very structures which Mr. Carter could not find in the specimens he examined, and the latter exhibiting those precise parallelisms which the recent types referred to by Mr. Carter do not furnish. I shall now briefly state what these parallelisms are. 1. Large masses of rock occur in the Laurentians of Canada, in which there isa very regular alternation of lamellee of Carbonate of Lime (sometimes replaced by Dolomite) with lamellee of Serpentine or some other Magnesian Silicate, often to the number of fifty or more. For this alternation, such eminent Petrologists as Dr. Sterry Hunt and Mr. Sorby have expressed their inability to account on any known principles of Mineralogical formation; on the other hand, it becomes perfectly intelligible when we view the calcareous lamellz as having been successively formed by the growth of a Foramini- feral shell, and the serpentinous lamelle as having been sub- sequently produced by the replacement of the sarcodic body which occupied its cavities by a deposit of serpentine or some other silicate; for such replacement ¢s going on at the present time, so as to furnish us with internal casts of various Horami- nifera brought up by dredging from the ordinary sea-bottom— these internal casts giving us (when the calcareous shell is dissolved away by dilute acid) the perfect models, not merely of the segments of the sarcodie body, but also of the sarcodic ramifications of the canal-system, and even, in some instances, of the sarcodic threads filling the minute tubuli of the shell- wall. Even so, when the calcareous lamelle of Hozoon * Referying to the sections I had sent him, Prof. Max Schultze said, in a letter dated Aug. 16, 1875, “‘Some points are very difficult to settle ; but the organic structure cannot be doubtful.” And after making his own investigation on the piece I had subsequently sent to him, he said, in a letter dated Noy. 15, 1875, “In the last number of the ‘Comptes Rendus’ of the Association of Wiesbaden, I gave a short extract of my researches on Eozoon, quite accordant with yours.’ A translation of this report will be found in p. 524. Structure of EKozoon canadense. 281 have been dissolved away, we have such a Serpentinous fabric as is represented in fig. 1 ; in which we recognize those general features of conformity to the foraminiferal type which Fig. 1. Structure of Hozoon canadense. were first pointed out by Professor Ehrenberg as exhibited in the Green-sands of various Geological periods, with details which accord most remarkably with those of particular types. 2. Although, in its indefinite zoophytic mode of growth, Eozoon differed from the Nummulites and Orbitoides to which Mr. Carter refers, yet it agrees with Polytrema*, a type which was formerly described as a Millepore, but which I have shown to be a wildly-growing Rotalian. Further, in its im- perfect segmentation, only interrupted occasionally by a com- plete chamber-partition, it agrees with Carpenteriat, another Rotalian ; my description of which, as of the preceding, and my references to them in my account of Hozoon, it is of course only consistent in Mr. Carter to ignore, on his principle of not reading any thing on the other side. 3. The general plan of the Calcareous fabric, as we should see it if we could dissolve out the Serpentine, is shown in fig. 2, which was constructed from sections in my possession by the conscientious and intelligent draughtsman Mr. George West, to whom I was indebted for those admirable constructive representations of various types of recent Koraminifera whose accuracy no one has ever challenged{. ‘This shows the suc- * Introduction to the Study of Foraminifera, p. 255. + Op. cit. p. 186. { A most remarkable proof of this accuracy was afforded by the fact that Mr. G, West’s reconstruction of the complicated canal-system of Polystomella (‘Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera,’ pl. xvi. fiz. 1) was made four years before I obtained the internal cast (fig. 9), which verified it to the minutest particular. 282 Dr. W. B. Carpenter on the cessive stories of chambers (A’ A’, A* A”), the chambers of one story usually opening into one another like apartments en suite, but being occasionally divided by complete septa traversed by passages, as at b 6. Each chamber is enclosed in a chamber-wall, BB, which, when well preserved, alike in sections and in internal casts, exhibits a fine nummuline tubulation, generally perpendicular in its direction, but fre- quently presenting exactly those varieties which I have figured and described in the tubulation of the recent Operculina. I freely admit that there are two anomalies in the arrangement of this tubulated chamber-wall :—first, that it covers the floor, resting on the preformed intermediate skeleton, as well as - forms the ceiling ; and, second, that its tubulation is sometimes horizontal. But looking to the wonderful variability of the Foraminiferal type, and the number of the parallelisms exhi- bited in the calcareous structure here represented to the known Structure of Hozoon canadense. forms of Foraminiferal organization, I ask whether, in the face of the continual discovery of far more strange anomalies (as in the case of Parkeria), these entitle any one to affirm that this structure is a mere pseudomorph. If the accuracy of that representation is questioned or denied, I have simply to say that I can prove it to any one who will examine the _ preparations in my possession. 4, The “intermediate skeleton” (fig. 2, C C) precisely corresponds in its disposition, and in the distribution of the canal-system (E) which traverses its thicker layers, with the intermediate skeleton of Calcarina, another type fully eluci- dated by me, to which Mr. Carter makes no. reference ; and there is this further very curious correspondence—that the Structure of EKozoon canadense. 283 canal-system originates, not directly from the chambers, but, as in Calcarina, trom a set of sinuses outside the tubulated chamber-wall. Now Mr. Carter seems to suppose that Dr. Dawson, and all those who agree with him in this identifi- cation (which Dr. Dawson first made by comparison with specimens of Calcarina he had received trom myself), have been so “ green” as never to have thought of the probability that the so-called canal-system may be nothing else than dendrites of glauconite. This hypothesis has from the first ‘been present to our minds, as Mr. Carter would have seen if he had read the memoirs which he has thought fit to ignore. And, not to mention other reasons, I may state two, which perfectly satisfy Mr. Sorby (the most eminent authority on micro-mineralogy) that they cannot be thus accounted for. First, these dendrites usually pass directly across the cleavage- planes of the calcareous shell, between which, if they were infiltrations, they would be almost certain to spread. Second (and this is, to my mind, still more conclusive), that minuter part of the canalicular system which is only to be discerned in the very transparent calcite by a careful management of the light (and which Mr. Carter has obviously not recognized), is not infiltrated with any foreign mineral at all; but is simply filled up with calcite, disposed in the same crystalline axis with that of the shell itself, as is the case in the consolidated calcareous network of the fossil spines of Echinida, the stems of Crinoidea, and the like. An experience of thirty-five years, extending over a wide range of Micro-paleontological inquiry, has given me, I venture to think, some special apti- tude for recognizing Organic structure when I see it; and I never saw, in any fossil whatever, more distinct evidences of organic structure, than are to be seen in these finer ramifica- tions of the canal-system of Hozoon, which are far more distinct than is the tubulation of any but the best-preserved fossil Nummulites. I do not pretend to affirm that the doctrine of the Forami- niferal nature of Hozoon can be proved in the demonstrative sense. But Ido affirm that the convergence of a number of separate and independent probabilities, all accordant with that hypothesis, while a separate explanation must be invented for each of them on any other hypothesis, gives it that high pro- bability on which we rest in the ordinary affairs of life, in the verdicts of juries, and in the interpretation of Geological phenomena generally. To any one who calls in question the evidentiary facts I have adduced, I simply say ‘Come and see.’”’ I cannot be 284 Dr. J. E. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. expected to trust out of my possession valuable preparations, which, if lost or injured, I might never be able to replace. But I am quite willmg to give time and trouble to enable those who wish to make the “ comparison of the actual speci- mens’ for themselves, to do so, without any ‘ verbal argu- ments ” or “ prolonged disputations.” If the so-called Hozoon be really an Organic structure, whether Foraminiferal or any thing else, it is time that it should be generally acknowledged as such. But if it can be shown to be a Mineral pseudomorph, I quite agree with Mr. Carter that the sooner it is exploded as a sham, the better it will be for Geology. I trust that my scientific career has given suflicient evidence of my having “loved truth better than system,” to justify my assertion that I shall be quite ready to surrender it, if I can be proved to be mistaken (as I have been before now) by the examination of my own specimens, and that I shall even thank any one who will set me right. No one, however, of the many eminent scientific men who have ex- amined and compared these specimens, has as yet pointed out to me any error In my interpretation of the appearances they present; and nearly all of them have expressed their unreserved acceptance of it. XXXVII.—On the Arrangement of Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. I PROPOSED an arrangement of sponges in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soe.’ 1867, p. 502, of which I suggested a modification in the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1868, i. p. 165, and 1872, ix. p. 440, and especially in a paper which I wrote on the division of the , spicules of sponges into types (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1873, xu. p. 203). The continued study of the structure of sponges and of their spicules has induced me to propose an alteration in their arrangement, as a sequel to the last quoted paper, which I believe will make it more natural and facilitate their study. I would divide the Porifera, or sponges, into four orders :— Order I. Arenosponera (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, ix. p- 448, enlarged). The sponges strengthened by particles of sand, fragments of spicules, and other siliceous bodies, which they collect from the sea. Order II. THALAssosponaiA (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, Dr. J. E. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. 285 ix. p. 446). The sponge olive, formed of a fleshy or horny skeleton, and strengthened by regular siliceous spicules which are secreted by it; ovisacs membranaceous, scattered in the substance of the sponge. Order [1]. Poramosponeta (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, ix. p. 461). The sponge green; skeleton’ strengthened by regular siliceous spicules; ovisacs cartilaginous, strengthened by fusiform or birotate siliceous spicules. (See the divisions proposed in the ‘Annals’ above quoted, ». 461.) Gact IV. CaucisponciA. The sponge strengthened by regular calcareous, generally three-rayed, spicules. Order I. ARENOSPONGIA. The sponges of this order, which vary in shape from being discoidal, massive, to dendroidal, are peculiar for collecting together the sand or fragments of spicules, which are abundant at the bottom of the sea, for the purpose of giving strength and consistence to their structure ; and these answer the same purpose as the siliceous or calcareous spicules which are secreted by the other marine and freshwater sponges. The quantity of horny matter covering the sand, and the quantity of sand enclosed by it, are very different in the different species of these sponges. It sometimes forms a thick, fibrous, horny skeleton, with only a single layer of sand in the centre of the fibre; and in some species this sand is only found in the thicker part of the horny skeleton. In other species the sponge seems entirely formed of sand merely kept together by a thin coat of horny matter. In the arrangement I proposed in 1867 I placed the sponges of this group in two families, Dysideidee and Xenospongiade, placing the latter family in a subsection which I called sand sponges (Arenospongiade), and the other family with the Ceratospongia. But more mature consideration has induced me to increase the suborder Arenospongia and put them together ; for it is a very important element in the ceconomy of the animal that one family collects together the ready formed siliceous bodies, and the other secretes the siliceous or cal- careous spicula by which the body of the sponge is strength- ened. This order consists of two families :— 1. Xenospongiade. Sponges discoidal, strengthened with irregularly placed sand and fragments of spicules. 286 Dr. J. E. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. 2. Dysideide. Sponges massive or dendroidal, formed of fibres constituting a more or less thick coat to the more or less abundant sand or fragments of spicules contained in their centre. Dysidea and Halispongia, Bowerbank, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, t. vi. The Xenospongiade are peculiar for having a series of very slender diverging filiform spicules on the circumference, and pencils of similar spicules on the mouth of the oscules on the upper surface of the disk, which appear very different from the spicules of other sponges both in structure and position ; and I am not aware that they have been observed in Dysideide. Some of the calcareous sponges have the oscule similarly fringed or bearded. Order I]. THALASSOSPONGIA. This is a very large and numerous group of sponges, cha- racterized by their secreting the siliceous spicules by which their body is almost universally strengthened ; but the number and form of the spicules very greatly vary in the different kinds. In some, as in the coral-sponges, the body is almost entirely formed of spicules which are united together by a deposit of siliceous matter on their surface, forming the whole into a hard siliceous coralloid body ; in others the sponges merely form a horny skeleton, containing one or more series of spicules in its central line. I am inclined to place the genus Spongia, which is formed entirely of a horny skeleton without any spicules, as an aberrant or abnormal form of this order, though perhaps we may find, when the habit and structure of these bodies are more known, that some species of true sponges (Spongia) are aberrant sand-sponges which do not collect sand, and other species are aberrant spicular sponges that do not secrete spicules. The Thalassospongia may be divided into various suborders according to the spicules which they secrete, and whether they secrete spicules of all, of one, or of two or more of the types of spicules which I described in the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1873, xi. p. 203. The sponges are all provided with more or less abundant simple subcylindrical spicules, which may be regarded as the basis of their skeleton; but some have spicules of one or more of the other types added to them ; and I am inclined to divide them into suborders according to the various types of spicules by which their body is strengthened ; and they often have free Dr. J. E. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. 287 spicules scattered in the sarcode, which are generally of a small size and uniform shape, and are characteristic of each suborder. Thus they are hamate unilateral in the Hamispongia, sex- radiate in the Sexradiatospongia, and stellate multiradiate, in the form of spicular spherules, in the Quingueradiate group. In the division of the marine sponges, like other natural bodies, into suborders or types the characters of the orders given are those of the general mass of species belonging to it ; but there occur genera or families that have most of the characters of the suborder or family but want the essential character of the group—as the genus Spongia, which belongs to the order Thalassospongia, but wants the characteristic siliceous spicules. In the same manner Placospongia has the spherical spicules of the quinqueradiate sponges, but appears to be without the quinqueradiate spicules; and the Chondrillade have the many-rayed spicules of the same suborder, but also want the five-rayed spicules—these groups being what Mr. MacLeay called “ aberrant types.” Suborder I. LEIOSPONGIA. The sponges only strengthened by simple, elongate, sub- cylindrical, fusiform spicules, tapering at each end, or enlarged, club-shaped, or capitate at one or bothends. This suborder is without spicules of the sexradiate or quinqueradiate types, or the free spicules peculiar to each. This suborder contains many species, and requires much study to make out its structure, which I am glad to say Mr. Carter is bestowing upon it. It contains :— 1. The Suberispongia, which are massive, with inosculating areolar cavities terminating in a vent on the surface—as Suberitide and Raphiophoride (‘ Annals,’ l. c. p. 447). 2. The Keratospongia, with a skeleton formed of reticulated horny fibres having one or more series of spicules in the central line—as Chalinide, Phakelliade, Halichondriade, and Polymastide. 3. The Ophistospongia, with a skeleton like the Keratospongia, but with diverging spicules on its outer surface—as Ophistospongiade (‘ Annals,’ /. c. p. 447). Suborder II. Hamisponera (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, ix. p. 448). Sponges with unilateral spicules, which are curved at each end, and either subcylindrical or more or less expanded, in 288 Dr. J. EH. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. addition to the fusiform, clavate, or capitate spicules of the former suborder. This suborder consists of the family Esperiade (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 502, 532), except the genus Carteria, which proves to be a sexradiate sponge. Some genera have only the bihamate spicules ; but in general they have bihamate and contorted spicules. In the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ (7. c.) I divided this sub- order into four families—Esperiade, Desmacidonide, Hama- canthide, and Gelliadee. Suborder III. SexRADIATOSPONGIA. Sponges with spicules of the sexradiate type, m combination with the simple spicules of the Leiospongia. This suborder agrees with the Hexactinellide of Mr. Carter, so well described in the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1873, xi. p. 857, excluding the genus Hyalonema, and adding to it the genus Carteria, which Mr. Carter partly describes and figures under the name of Hyalonema. In the paper in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ for 1867 I formed the order Coralliospongia, and in the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1872, ix. p. 447, I considered “the hexaradiate spicules the essential character of the order” (see p. 449). It has since been found to contain a series of sponges which belong to the quinqueradiate type and are placed separate by Mr. Carter, a correction which I gladly acknowledge and adopt. The radiating spicules which form the skeleton of the body are frequently of large size, and are modified in form accord- ing to the position which they occupy in the body. The lateral rays in perfectly developed spicules are generally equal ; but at other times one or more of the rays are only partially de- veloped. The shaft or central axis is frequently elongate, much longer than the lateral rays; but when the spicules are on the surface of the sponge the outer end of the shaft is more or less imperfectly developed, sometimes reduced to a single tubercle, and the other end of the shaft on the inside of the sponge is frequently much lengthened. The two ends of the shaft are almost always simple ; but the lateral rays, especially of the quinqueradiate type, are frequently forked. The sexradiate spicules which are scattered in the sar- code, and consequently free from each other, are always of a much smaller size than the skeleton-spicules, and of uniform structure, and nearly all of the same size. Mr. Carter has named them rosettes. They differ in the form of their six rays—which are always equal, sometimes simple, ending in a Dr. J. EK. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. 289 crenated disk, and at others are simple, subulate, with a more or less spinulose surface, or each divided at the end into two, three, or more linear branches, which are frequently dilated at the end. In the paper in the ‘Annals’ above referred to I divided the sponges of this suborder according to their external form ; but in the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1872, x. p. 184, I pro- posed to divide them into two groups according to the form of the free spicules; and since then Mr. Carter has shown the importance of the study of the minute free spicules, or rosettes. They may be divided into three sections, as proposed in the ‘Annals,’ 1872, x. p. 134:— . 1. The rosettes with the ends of the six rays divided into two, three, four, five, or many branches. Including Harreadw, Dactylocalycide, Aphrocallistide, Euplectellade, Corbi- tellade, Askonematide, and Crateromorphade (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, x. p. 134), and Rossella, Carter. 2. The rosettes with six rays ending in a radiating circular disk. Carteriade, Pieronemade, and Meyerinade (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, x. p. 134). Mr. Carter figures many of the rosettes of these genera (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1873, xii. t. 13 & 15). 3. The rosettes subcubical, the rays with three lobes at the end. Azide. I gave the name of Axos Cliftont to Bowerbank’s figure (B. 8. fig. 197) of the spicule of this sponge; and when Mr. Clifton gave me a fragment of the sponge I described it (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 272) under the name of Hehino- spongia australis; but at p. 346 of the same volume I showed that Azxos Cliftoni should be adopted. Dr. Bowerbank has since figured the specimen from which the fragment was taken by Mr. Clifton under the name of Dictyocylindrus dentatus (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 321, t. xxix.), without referring to his figure in his work on British sponges. Suborder IIT. QUINQUERADIATOSPONGIA. Sponges with spicules of the quinqueradiate type in com- bination with the simple spicules of Leiospongia, and frequently having multiradiate spicules and spicular spherules in combi- nation with them, either scattered free in the flesh of the sponge or forming an external bark to it. The sponges of this suborder present very numerous com- binations of spicules ; and the five-rayed spicules which form the skeleton of the sponge frequently want the outer end of 290 = Dr. J. E. Gray on the Arrangement of Sponges. the shaft, and the lower end is generally much elongated ; and for this reason they have been called four-rayed, trifurcate, or nail-like spicules. They frequently have free, but more or less abundant, regular-shaped many-rayed spicules, or spicular spherules, scattered in their flesk, which are always of a small size, and more or less regular in their shape. This order consists of the Spherospongia and the family MacAndrewiade of the ‘Annals,’ 1872, ix. p. 456. Section I. Five-rayed or skeleton-spicules often united by siliceous matter; flesh-spicules fusiform, cylindrical, more or less spinose. Lithistide, Carter (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1873, xii. p. 437); MacAndrewiade, Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, ix. p. 456. The sponge formed of superficial sexradiate spicules, which are held together by an amorphous siliceous coat. Mr. Carter gives an arrangement of the species of the various genera of this group, to which the genera Mac- Andrewia and Theonella, Gray, Corallistes and Leiodermttium of Schmidt, and Azorica and Lithospongitis, Carter, are re- ferable. In the ‘Annals’ I placed MacAndrewiade with the Coralloid sponges having sexradiate spicules; but the ex- amination of more spicules has proved that they belong to the quinqueradiate type, with the habit of the coral-sponges. Section II. The skeleton-spicules elongate, free from one another, generally forming the circumference of the sponge, sometimes projecting beyond it. a. The free flesh-spicules many-rayed, stellate, on the outer surface or inner part of the sarcode. Tethyade, Dona- tiade, Theneade, Lophurellade,Casulade. (See Ecio- nemia acervus, and H. densa, Bowerbank, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, t. xxx. figs. 1-14.) b. With spicular spherules forming the outer surface of the sponge. Geodiade. c. The spicular spherules crowded together, and forming the axis and plates on the outer surface of the coral- like sponge, with the sarcode and spicules between the two. Placospongiade. d. Without any many-rayed stellate spicules or spicular spherules. Ancorinade. e. Aberrant family, Chondrillade, with many-rayed stellate flesh-spicules, but without any elongate five-rayed spicules. See Chondrilla australiensis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1873, xu. pl. 1. figs. 14-16. On a new Species of Arcturus. 291 XXXVIJI.—On a new Species of Arcturus (A. damnoniensis). By the Rev. THomas R. R. Srespine, M.A. {Plate XV. ] ARCTURUS DAMNONIENSIS has three conical tubercles on the head—one medio-frontal, with the other two side by side behind it. Hach of the body-segments has a similar elevation—that on the elongated fourth segment, not quite so far back as the centre of its dorsal surface, being the most considerable and conspic- uous. ‘T’o this almost central tubercle the dorsal surface of the segment slopes rather steeply up and then rather steeply down to a second tubercle, truncated at the top and standing over the posterior margin. The tubercles of the other segments are less important in size and more sharply pointed than those of the head and the fourth body-segment, that on the second segment being the most diminutive. Of the pleon or tail three segments are clearly defined :—the first very short ; the second less so, and dorsally raised above both the first and the last, the long terminal piece having also a small dorsal elevation in close proximity to that of the second segment. The terminal piece has also at the base a lobe on each side running out into a sharp angle. Further back the lateral margin is again produced into a similar angle ; between this and the rather obtuse apex there is a slight in- dentation in the margin on either side, the two being connected by a small dorsal furrow. The upper antenne are about as long as the head; they have a large basal joint, followed by three slender almost trans- parent articulations and a short seta, the last articulation being longer than the two which precede it both together. The lower antenne are as long as the body ; four joints are visible and a stiff little-divided flagellum. The first of the four joints is short and thick with a deep external notch; the second is long, clubbed at the distal end; the third is longer again; the fourth is about the same length as the second, but slender and uniform in thickness. All the joints have short outstanding hairs or bristles. The third joint is longer in the male than the female, and in each about corresponds in length with the fourth body-segment. = The female is altogether more strongly tuberculated than the male; and the lateral dilatations over the insertions of the legs are also more pronounced in the female than in the male. The most striking difference, however, between the two sexes is in the fourth body-segment; for this segment in the female, besides carrying the brood-pouch, is dilated at its origin into a large triangular lobe on either side, while in the male there 292 Prof. E. Ehlers on the new or little-known is a decided contraction of the body in the front part of the fourth segment. ‘This difference is very noticeable when the two specimens are viewed from above instead of in profile. The total length of each specimen is about half an inch. The male it fell to my lot to discover in January of this present year, 1874. It was clinging to a small stalk of sea- weed which had been dredged up in the neighbourhood of Babbacombe beach. The following day the meshes of the dredge, which had been plied off Hope’s Nose, at a distance of a mile or more from the site of our previous search, yielded the female. This time Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, my companion on both occasions, was the successful discoverer. The dredging off Babbacombe had given us nothing of interest besides the Arcturus and Crangon trispinosus; that off Hope’s Nose, in water of more than 10 fathoms depth, supplied many scores of specimens of Antedon rosaceus (Comatula), the feather-star, besides several crustaceans of more or less rarity, both stalk- eyed and gessile-eyed—including of the former Hurynome aspera and Pennant’s Hbalia, and of the latter Ampelisca Gai- mardii, Cerapus abditus, Anthura gracilis, Anceus maxillaris, and Idotea linearis. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. Fig. 1. Arcturus damnoniensis, male, enlarged, Fig. 1 a. The same, seen from above, the tail curved over the body and showing the underside. Fig. 2. Arcturus damnoniensis, female, enlarged. Fig. 2 a. The same, seen from above, the tail and part of the body fore- shortened. XXXIX.—Annulata nova vel minus cognita in Eaxpeditione ‘Porcupine’ capta. Recensuit EK. Kuiers, M.D. To the Editors of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. GENTLEMEN, You would greatly oblige me by giving, as soon as possible, a place in your most valuable Journal to the enclosed paper, containing the diagnoses of new or little-known annelids col- lected in the ‘ Porcupine’ expedition, and lately examined by me. I am, Gentlemen, Yours truly, Erlangen, March 11, 1874. EK. Enuers, M.D., P.P.O. Leanira hystricis, n. sp.” Corpus lineare depressum post paulo attenuatum ; segmentis 50-60. f Annelids of the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition. 293 Lobus cephalicus latior quam longior, rotundatus, caecus, tentaculo lobo duplo longiore in articulo hasali e suleo parvo fere centrali lobi cephalici oriente, apicem versus subarticulato gracillimo ; palpis longissimis usque ad segmentum octayum decimum pro- tentis, validis, glabris. Cirri tentaculares in pinna setigera simplici magna sub margine anteriore lobi cephalici antrorsum vergentes utrinque tres: in apice pinnee externus in articulo basali simplex pinna ter longior, internus pinnze longitudine fere eequalis subu- latus ; in parte pinne interna singulus subarticulatus pinna paullo longior. Laminz buccales cirris tentacularibus minoribus longiores. Segmentorum pinnee dimidiam corporis latitudinem equantes, an- tice medizeque ab latere, posticee antrorsum vergentes, ramis fere wqualibus parum sejunctis: superiore simplici papilla terminali setis capillaribus simplicibus et serrulatis, inferiore crassiore bi- labiato papillas 2 terminales setasque compositas gerente ; cirro ventrali ramo inferiore, excepto primo, breviore apicem versus subarticulato ; elytris dorsum haud perfecte tegentibus levibus orbicularibus in segmentorum L., 3.,4., 6... . 25., 26. elytrophoro aramo superiore pinne longe remoto dorsali ; branchiis a segmento 26. conspicue obviis postice versus accrescentibus uncinatis de- orsum ex elytrophori margine vergentibus. Longitudo 19 m.m. ; latitudo cum pinnis 2 m.m. Hab. (1) 56° 9’ lat. bor., 14° 10! long. occid., fundo 664 orgyiarum ; (2) 59° 35! lat. bor., 9°11’ long. occid., fundo 767 orgyiarum ; (8) 51° 22! lat. bor., 12° 26’ long. occid., fundo 808 orgyiarum; (4) 55° 11' lat. bor., 11° 31! long. occid., fundo 1443 orgylarum ° Nephthys pansa, n. sp. Corpus longum, crassum, lateribus in parte postica profunde incisis. Lobus cephalicus latior quam longior, tentaculis anticis 4 minutis. Rami pinnarum spatio ipsis multo majore distantes, labiis posticis minutis, anticis obsoletis; branchia in laminam magnam undu- latam utrinque dilatata; cirro dorsuali ventralique parvo crasso, setis anterioribus brevibus crenatis, posterioribus numerosis lon- gissimis flexuosis subtilissime denticulatis. Proboscis exserta magna crassa, antice labiorum papillis bifidis coronata et ordinibus 22 longitudinalibus papillarum 38-4 antrorsum accrescentium triangularium foliacearum cincta. Hab. 51° 1' lat. bor., 11° 21' long. occid., fundo 126 orgyi- arum. Nephthys Johnstoni (m.). Corpus procerum et in lateribus partis postice sensim attenuate pro- fundius incisum, segmentis 120. Lobus cephalicus longior quam latior; tentacula postica majora quam antica. Rami pinnarum, in parte postica corporis elongatarum, spatio ipsis minore sejuncti ; Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xii. 21 294 Prof. E. Ehlers on the new or little-known superior labio anteriore humili, labio posteriore in laminam superi- orem majorem rotundatam minoremque inferiorem diviso; branchia magna curvata, cirro dorsuali mediocri; inferior labio anteriore obsoleto, posteriore ipso ramo majore ovato-elongato protento, cirro ventrali brevi conico; uterque setis anterioribus brevibus cre- natis, posterioribus numerosis longissimis flexuosis in parte media dilatata denticulatis. Proboscis antice labioram papillis bitidis coronata, ordinibus 22 longitudinalibus papillarum 5-6 filiformium antrorsum valde elongatarum cincta. Longit. 70 m.m.; latit. 4-5 m.m. Hab. prope Belfast, fundo 75 orgyiarum. Verisimiliter eadem species, que acel. Johnston (‘Catalogue of the British non-parasitical Worms,’ p. 172) nomine N. longisetose descripta est. Eulalia imbricata, un. sp. Corpus lineare depressum in postica parte magis quam in antica attenuatum, pallidum, segmentis 70. Lobus cephalicus sub- ovatus, postice productus, cxecus ; tentacula 5, anteriora utrinque 2 fere eequalia subulata, posticum singulum verticale minimum. Cirri tentaculares utrinque 4 elongati; prior segmenti primi, secundus et tertius cum pinna parva setigera segmenti secundi ; quartus cum pinna setigera cirroque ventrali segmenti tertii. Pinne simplices longze setarum compositarum articulo longissimo terminali cuspidato fasciculo flabelliformi ; cirri dorsuales foliacei, parte antica et postica corporis excepta, dorsum imbricatim tegentes brevi-ovati ; cirri ventrales foliacei ovato-lanceolati, pinnam fere eequantes; cirri anales 2 crassi cylindrato-ovati. Long. 13°5 m.m. ; latitudo cum pinnis c. 2 m.m, Hab. 56° 9! lat. bor., 14° 10! long. occid., fundo 664 orgyi- arum. Eteone ceca, n. sp. Lobus cephalicus conicus in basi subannulata parum latior quam longior, margine antico indistincte crenato, subpellucido; tentacula infera subsequalia lobo cephalico dimidium fere latitudinis breviora. Cirri tentaculares in segmento primo utrinque 2, inferior supe- riore paullum longior latitudinem segmenti non equans ; in seg- mento secundo utrinque singulus subulatus, anterioribus dimidium brevior. Segmentorum ceterorum pinne simplices breves, setis cuspidatis; cirri dorsuales a pinna remoti crassi foliacei rotundato- ovati, imbricatim pinnas tegentes ; cirri ventrales foliacei semi- lunares sursum erecti. Proboscis vagina in parte aborali papillas paucas seriatim ferente obducta. Long. 11 m.m.; latitud. cum pinnis 2 m.m. Hab. prope Galway, fundo 15-20 orgyiarum. Annelids of the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition. 295 Syllis brevicollis, n. sp. Corpus lineare antice et postice paullum angustius, dorso convexo ventre plano, segmentis c. 70. Lobus cephalicus latior quam longior, antice attenuatus, fere sexangularis; oculi utrinque 2 appropinquati, anteriores majores magisque distantes quam posteriores ; tentacula 3 longa moniliformia, quorum medium articulis 44 duplo longius lateralibus ; palpi separati validi lebo cephalico longiores. Cirri tentaculares utrinque 2 moniliformes tentaculis breviores; superior longior quam inferior. Pinne sat magne setis compositis articulo terminali parum elongato lineari apice bidentato; cirris dorsualibus longissimis moniliformibus articulis 40-50 ; cirris ventralibus conicis pinna vix longioribus vel zequantibus. Proboscis dente brevi crasso armata in segmentis 12 anticis, ventriculus in Seige 8. Color in spiritu ful- vidus. Longitudo 18 m.m.; latitudo 15 m.m. Hab. 59° 34° lat. bor., 7° 18! long. occid., fundo 650 orgyi- arum. Syllis abyssicola, n. sp. Corpus lineare dorso conyexo. Lobus cepbalicus triangularis latior quam longior, czcus ; tentacula moniliformia, medium articulis 17 parum longius quam lateralia 14-articulata ; palpi distantes validi lobo cephalico longiores. Segmentum I. in dorso vix conspicuum cirris tentacularibus, tentaculis brevioribus ceterum similibus. Pinne magne setis compositis, quarum superiores articulo termi- nali valde elongato lineari, inferiores articulo breviore, nusquam apice bidentato. Cirrus dorsualis moniliformis dimidiam segmenti latitudinem parum superans articulis 9-11; cirrus ventralis anguste lanceolatus pinnam valde superans. Proboscis in seg- mentis 9 papillis 10 cincta, dente conico obtuso; ventriculus in segmentis sequentibus 7. Hab. 56° 14! lat. bor., 11° 37' long. occid., fundo 1380 or- gylarum. Diopatra brevibranchiata, n. sp. Corpus in parte antica subteres, in postica parte depressum. Lobus cephalicus czecus ; tentaculis 5 in articulo basali annulato brevibus subulatis, 2 marginalibus subglobosis; palpis parum prominulis, Segmentum I. breve cirris tentacularibus pedunculatis. Pinne segmentorum 3 sequentium maxim adpressee complanate an- trorsum vergentes cirris tentaculiformibus labiisque incisis ; cetera humiles labiis cirrisque ventralibus evanescentibus, cirro dorsuali in anterioribus subfoliaceo in posticis subulato, in media corporis parte branchiferze ; branchiee cirris longiores pectiniformes parum dentate ; sete pinnarum anteriorum et simplices limbate et com- posite cultriformes, posteriorum capillares simplices et tener scalprate pectinate ; acicule hamate. Hab, 48° 50! lat. bor., 11° 7’ long. occid., fundo 725 orgyi- arum. 21# 296 Prof. E. Ehlers on the new or little-known Diopatra soctalis, n. sp. Corpus in parte antica subteres, in postica valde depressum ; seg- mentis 110, posterioribus brevibus. Lobus cephalicus czcus, tentaculis 5 in articulo basali annulato longissimis levibus filifor- mibus ; marginalibus anticis obtusis, palpis valde prominentibus clavatis. Segmentum buccale magnum, cirris tentacularibus gra- cilibus filiformibus. Pinne segmentorum anteriorum magne, labio et cirris gracilibus elongatis; posteriorum sensim de- crescentes, labiis cirrisque ventralibus evanescentibus ; branchie valde diverse, in omnibus pinnis filiformes simplices, vel in posterioribus solum et filiformes et parum dentate vel omnino nulle. Sete pinnarum anteriorum composite, posteriorum sim- plices limbatze et scalpratz. subtiliter dentate ; acicule bidentate. Longit. 55 m.m. ; latit. 2m.m. Tubus longissimus limo obductus. Hab. (1) 51° 1' lat. bor., 11° 21! long. occid., fundo 426 orgylarum ; (2) 49° 1! lat. bor., 11° 56’ long. occid., fundo 557 orgyiarum ; (3) 59° 34! lat. hor., COP 18! long. oceid., fundo 650 orgyiarum ; (4) 48°50! lat. bor, Lec long. occid., fundo 725 orgyiarum ; (5) 51° 22! lat. bor., 12° 26' long. occid., fundo 808 org eylar ulm. Aricia Kupfferi, a. sp. Corpus antice acuminatum, postice sensim attenuatum, dorso fere plano in segmentis anterioribus nigro maculato. Lobus cephalicus conicus, nudus, segmentum I. nudum. Pinne segmentorum sequentium 14, in ramo superiore cirro filiformi, setis tenuissimis linearibus subtilissime crenatis et simplicibus apice dilatato bi- furcato, in ramo inferiore labio postice majore semilunari crenu- lato, setis seriatim collocatis simplicibus subtiliter crenulatis, paucis validioribus ; pinne posterioris partis corporis in ramo superiore cirro filiformi, setis longissimis sub apicem fortiter cre- natis, ramo inferiore Ralinceosianeccines elongato apice bipartito, setis eadem, que est in ramo superiore, mee cirro ventrali parvo conico, postice prorsus evanescente ; branchize a segmento V. imcipientes foliaceo-lanceolate in dorso a linea mediana remote. Hab. (1) 48° 50! lat. bor,, 11° 7' long. occid., fundo 725 or- gyiarum ; (2) 54° 54! lat. bor., 10° 59! long. occid., fundo 1366 orgylarum. Verisimiliter eadem est species, quee a cel. Kupffer in libro adscripto ‘ Bericht iiber die Expedition zur physikalisch- chemischen und biologischen Untersuchung der Ostsee,’ p. 151, est commemorata, Heterospio longissima, nu. gen. et sp. Corpus animalis e 2 partibus valde diversis constans, quarum ante- lad rior depressa 7 segmentis brevibus branchiferis, posterior teres Annelids of the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition. 297 segmentis paucis perlongissimis nudis constituta. Lobus cephali- cus conicus czecus nudus (?) ; sete in segmentis omnibus, segmento buceali excepto, in 2 fasciculis collocatwe long sericez capillares arcte limbate; branchiz segmentorum anteriorum in articulo basali longissime. Long. animalis, cujus pars postrema corporis deest, 25 m.m. ; longitudo Betray partis 7 segmentis constitute 2 m.m.; sequentium 4 segmentorurfi longissimorum 23 m.m.; latitudo 0-8 m.m. Hab. 51° 1' lat. bor., 11° 21! long. occid., fundo 426 orgyi- arum. Praxilla nigrita, n. sp. Lobus cephalicus brevis conico-acuminatus, non limbatus, cum seg- mento buccali nudo connatus ; segmenta anteriora breviora quam posteriora valde elongata quinquies longiora quam lata, in parte brevi setigera annulata; set superiores simplices limbate, in segmentis posticis apice subito acuminate; sete inferiores in segmentis setigeris anticis 4 seta unica conica valida, in ceteris uncini apice 4 dentati. Longit. 17 m.m.; latit. 0° m.m.; seg- menta postica desunt. Colorin spiritu fulvidus, in parte segmen- torum incrassata nigritus. Tubus crassus limo et arenulis con- fectus. Hab. 59° 34! lat. bor., 7° 18" long. occid., fundo 650 orgyi- arum. Sabellides fulva, n. sp. Corpus in parte anteriore inflatum, in postica valde attenuatum, seg- mentis setigeris 45. Lobus cephalicus cum parte tentaculifera sub labio dorsali segmentorum priorum conditus ; tentacula numerosa versus apicem incrassata levia; palmule nulle. Branchie in articulo basali filiformes subulate, latitudinem corporis plus duplo superantes, utrinque 3 in dorso segmenti tertii et quarti ordinem transversum medio interruptum formantes. Tubercula setigera subconica in segmentis 15 obvyia a segmento quarto incipientia ; sete capillares limbate. Uncinorum ventralium ordinum in segmentis 35 obviorum prior sub pinna setigera quarta in toro parum elevato, dein a pinna undecima in pinnulis longis segmen- torum omnium sequentium ; uncini 5-dentati. Cirri anales nulli. Longit. animalis 42 m.m.; latit. max. 2 m.m. Hab. 49° 1' lat. bor., 11° 56! long. occid., fundo 557 orgyi- arum., Grymea brachiata, n. sp. Corpus cylindratum in parte postica parum depressum ; lobus cepha- licus brevis; tentacula ?; branchiz simplices subulate in seg- mento primo setigero utrinque 4 seriem transversam formantes, in secundo et tertio utrinque 2. Scuta ventralia simplicia latis- 298 Mr. A. W. E. O’Shaughnessy on sima in segmentis I.-XI., in prioribus usque ad dorsum protenta. Pinne fasciculos setarum capillarium gerentes a segmento secundo per totum corpus obyic, in segmentis anterioribus compress in dorso collocatz supino vergentes, deinde subconice in lateribus segmentorum collocatz postice versus spectantes; sete longe, sericeee, limbate ; uncinorum ventralium ordo prior sub pinna setigera quinta, in segméntis sequentibus in pinnula parva ad- pressa; uncini minutissimi 3-dentati uniseriales. Hab. 59° 34! lat. bor., 7° 18! long. occid., fundo 650 orgyi- arum. Erlange, d, I. m. Martii MDCCCLXXIV. XL.—Descriptions of new Species of Scincidee in the Collection of the British Museum. By A. W. E. O'SHAUGHNESSY, Assistant in the Zoological Department. Mocoa lichenigera, n. sp. Body cylindrical; lower eyelid with transparent disk; scales smooth, small, in 41 longitudinal series, those of the inferior surface being exceedingly numerous, considerably over 80 in a longitudinal series, the scales between the chest and chin being smailer than those on the belly; nasals and fronto-nasals not contiguous; internasal almost circular ; frontal widened anteriorly and tapering posteriorly ; fronto- parietals separate; supralabials six, subequal; ear-opening moderate. Somewhat resembling Mocoa Smithit. Colour: above olive or bronzed greenish brown, dotted with dark brown; sides with dark brown variegations, forming a wavy line along the margin of the back on each side, and extending on to the tail; lower surface pale yellowish. Tail rather broad ; scales small, uniform ; limbs moderate, fore and hind ones meeting in the middle of the side. Lord Howe’s Island. Im the collection of the British Museum. Collected by Mr. M‘Gillivray. Mocoa pretiosa, nu. sp. Resembles J. Entrecasteauxii, but differs in the much greater number of scales; in the latter there are 56-59 in a longitudinal ventral series, while in the present there are not less than 80. Fronto-parietals united; scales striated or minutely ridged. Colour: bright brown, with median black new Species of Scincide. 299 stripe and numerous small yellowish ocelli; sides deep brown, with a bright yellowish wavy streak above and below. The British’ Museum has ‘received this species from ‘T'as- mania. Collected by R. Gunn, Esq. Mocoa mustelina, n. sp. Elongate and slender in form ; head small; limbs short and weak. Superficial resemblance to Hinulia ornata in coloration ; but, besides being distinctly a Mocoa, it has much larger and fewer scales: there are 22-24 longitudinal rows as counted round the body, and 52 ina longitudinal ventral series; while in Hinulia ornata these numbers are respectively 30 and 62. Colour: bright yellowish brown above, with small mottlings and wavy lines and variegations along the sides, extending in regular streaks on the tail; lower surface pure white; chin dotted with brown; a pure white oblong spot immediately behind the eye. The British Museum possesses three specimens from New South Wales. Mocoa microlepidota, n. sp. Body somewhat depressed. Scales small, those on the back distinctly three-ridged. Lower eyelid tr ansparent. Nasals and fronto-nasals not contiguous ; internasal broad, saddle- shaped ; fronto-parictal single: - no supranasals ; 38 longi- tudinal series of scales as counted round the body, 83 in a longitudinal ventral series. Dorsal surface closely speckled with black and olive, a marginal olive stripe along upper edge of sides ; sides with a deep band of dark brown, speckled and breaking into the eneous bluish green of the lower surface, which is also very minutely speckled with brown on the chin. Tail with small uniform scales ; when reproduced, a single very broad series inferiorly. In the collection of the British Museum, from Van Diemen’s Land. From the Sydney Museum. Mocoa metallica, n. sp. Lower eyelid transparent; supranasals none. Scales di- stinetly four- or five-keeled, the projections being well defined but not sharp. Body stout, tetragonal; limbs rather short ; ear-opening large. Nasals and fronto-nasals not contiguous ; frontal short, triang ular, of the same size as or smaller than the single fronto- -parietal, which it joms with its truncated point. Supralabials six, the four anterior subequal, that under the eye more prolonged. Scales in 28 longitudinal series, the 300 Mr. A. W. E. O'Shaughnessy on two median dorsal being very broad ; in a longitudinal ventral row there are 60, and these latter are smaller than the dorsal scales. Colours: above bright bronzed green, with a median dark brown stripe and lateral variegations more or less irre- gular; sides dark brown, broken up into irregular variegations ; beneath greenish, dotted on chin. In the British Museum, from Van Diemen’s Land. Col- lected by R. Gunn, Esq. In several other specimens (Dr. Millingen’s collection) the ground-colour is much darker, and may be described as greenish brown, the pattern, however, being the same. Mocoa pseudocarinata, n. sp. Two small black skinks from Tasmania, also from Mr.Gunn’s collection, present curiously ridged, or rather perhaps in- dented scales, three or four indentations being distinct to- wards the margin of all the scales, both dorsal and ventral. Lower eyelid transparent ; no supranasals. Scales rather con- vex, distinct grooves between the series the whole length of the body. Fronto-parietals united in one specimen, in the other apparently separated by an irregular suture. Shining black above, with two narrow light stripes from head along the upper 5 and lower margins of the sides. Scales in 28 longitudinal series, and 62 in ventral series. Mabouya punctatissima, n. sp. Supranasals narrow, oblique, contiguous ; internasal broad, saddle-shaped; fronto-nasals contiguous, broad; fronto-parietals separate ; supralabials seven, the five anterior subequal, that under the eye longer; ear-opening large. Scales moderate, rounded, smooth, equal all over the body; in 42 longitudinal series, 69 in a longitudinal ventral series. Hind legs not quite as long as the side, fore legs reaching to end of muzzle. ‘Tail somewhat longer than head and body. Colour greenish brown, punctulated all over the upper surface with dark brown and occasional white dots; lower parts pale greenish. The British Museum possesses one specimen of this form, which was purchased of M. Parzudaki, who gave the Cape of Good Hope as its locality, which we must consider very doubtful. Euprepes fogoensis, D. & B. Superficially resembling £. Stangerz, but with much smaller new Species of Scincide. 301 scales, there being 56-60 longitudinal series, and 100 in a longitudinal ventral series. Scales two-keeled, uniform in size allover the body. Supranasals contiguous ; fronto-nasals contiguous ; fronto-parietals separate; supralabials six; ear- opening moderate, rounded, with small scales anteriorly. Limbs moderate. Tail somewhat longer than head and body. Colour olive-brown ; two series of strie, consisting of minute ocellations of dark brown intersprinkled with whitish, forming almost two long stripes on each side of the back ; sides brown, similarly variegated and mottled; belly pale ; chin and chest variegated with brown. Cape-Verde Islands. Many specimens, adult and young, from the islands of Fogo and St. Vincent’s in the Cape-Verde group, from the collection of the Rev. R. T. Lowe. By its two-keeled scales this species is allied to Macro- scincus Coctec; but the teeth are not serrated. Diploglossus millepunctatus. Head elongate, flattened, broadening posteriorly ; supra- nasals two pair, large, contiguous; nostrils in nasal shield, above suture between first and second labials, with a curved groove behind them; three large plates between eye and nasal; internasal broad, tapering posteriorly, separating the two long semirhomboidal fronto-nasals. Frontal a broad and long shield meeting by an obtuse point the narrow inter- parietal and separating two fronto-parietals ; large rounded parietal plates. Supraorbitals four, with inner supraoculars ; supralabials ten. Ear of moderate size, open. Scales of body and tail small, rounded, smooth or with strize obso- lete; in about 56 longitudinal series, and 64 in a median dorsal series from shoulder to groin, and 116 scales in a longitudinal ventral series. Colour dark brown, with an infinite number of minute white specks, one, two, or three on every scale. Fore limbs, laid forwards, not reaching tip of snout, hind limbs reaching halfway along sides of body. Length of specimen 9 inches from tip of snout to root of tail. From the north-west coast of America. 302 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the XLI.—On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. By W. C. M‘Inrosu. {Continued from p. 221. } Subkingdom MOLLUSC. Section I. MOLLUSCOIDA. Class I. POLYZOA. The majority of the Polyzoa come from the deep water of the bay; and, indeed, there are comparatively few to be met with between tide-marks that do not also occur in the former. The minute animals of the calcareous masses so characteristic of many of this group, perform none of those alterations on the surface of the earth which the equally tiny coral-polyps daily effect ; yet their workmanship in our northern waters is as regular and beautiful as that fashioned by the latter in the tropical seas. The patterns of the Lepralie, for instance, excite admiration; and though the apparent resemblance in growth, superficial aspect, and position may suggest to some an analogy between them and the lichens of our rocks and trees, yet it is remote and unable to bear close criti- cism. It is true it is difficult to assign an exact function to these organisms; but in some cases the calcareous crust of the Lepralic affords a better hold to many stationary marine animals than the rock itself. Moreover, after heavy-coated forms (like the Balan?) have reared themselves on this basis, it frequently happens that the original crust is loosened from its attachment, and both fall off together. The coating of Lepralie, also, may prevent to some extent the disintegration of soft rocks and stones. By removing a portion of bark with - an adherent Balanus from a submerged thorn-tree, and care- fully detaching the former, a fine network of Lepralia is found lowest, then the calcareous coating of the Balanus; and if the latter has perished, a rough layer of Cellepora pumicosa obliterates all trace of it from without. - The Cheilostomatous Polyzoa are fairly represented ; and several, e. g. Flustra and Gemellaria, occur in vast quantities attached to stones, shells, and corallines on the West Sands after storms. ‘The majority are common to the eastern shores, the west, and the extreme north and south, as shown in the valuable catalogues of Messrs. Alder, Couch, Hincks, and Norman. Many species will doubtless yet be found at St. Molluscoida of St. Andrews. 303 Andrews—though at present they appear to be confined to the other areas, which have been more thoroughly investigated by observers specially skilled in this department. Bicellaria ciliata and Bugula purpurotincta seem to be more common at St. Andrews than in Shetland, the latter form being especially abundant and fine, and apparently taking the place of the BL. plumosa of the southern shores; Menipea ternata and Bugula Murrayana are likewise in considerable profusion and in fine condition; while the southern Flustra chartacea is wholly absent. The species of the Membraniporide, perhaps, are more abundant in Shetland; and the Lepralie are decidedly more numerous there and in the extreme south. Amongst the more conspicuous forms we notice the entire absence of Lepralia Pallasiana, so common in the extreme west and south, and of the characteristic LZ. ernominata and L. figularis of the latter. The Celleporide are abundant, but the species are few. Cellepora avicularis is exceptionally rich, according to Mr. Hincks; and the same high authority in this department states that the sole specimen of Hschara Skene? is fine. The Cyclostomatous forms are not numerous; but all the examples are abundant; and the same may be said of the Ctenostomata. The late Dr. John Reid mentions Vestcularia spinosa as growing near low-water mark ; but I have not been successful in finding it. The Zetlandic Hornera and the rich tufts of Amathia lendigera, so plentiful in the south, are altogether absent. On the whole it would appear that the Hebridean, Zetlandic, and southern waters furnish a richer field for the Polyzoa than our eastern shores, not only as regards the number of species, but the condition and size of the specimens. I need only allude, for instance, to the luxuriance of the branching Celleporidee and Retepore of the Hebrides and Shetland, and the extraordinary beauty and profusion of the Escharidz and Lepraliz, and indeed of the whole group, in the extreme south and in the Channel Islands, both between tide-marks and on the shell-banks around. The arrangement followed is that of Mr. Busk in his accurate and well-known and_ beautifully-illustrated ‘Cata- logue ;’ and I have further derived great assistance from the valuable Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham by the lamented Joshua Alder, and the extensive Zetlandic lists by the Rev. A. M. Norman. I have also to thank Mr. Hincks for his kindness in revising the list and making several additions, and to acknowledge the information derived from his careful and original Catalogue of the southern forms. 304 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Order GYMNOLAMATA. Suborder CHEILOSTOMATA. Family Salicornariade. Genus CELLARIA, Lamarck. Cellaria farciminoides, Ellis & Solander ; Busk, Catal. p. 16, pl. 64. f. 1-3, pl. 65 (bis). f. 5. Attached to the roots of Flustra foliacea and other corallines ; abundant in deep water. Family Cellulariade. Genus Menipea, Lamx. Menipea ternata, Ellis & Solander; Busk, Catal. p. 21, pl. 20. f. 3-5. Fine tufts on Sertularia filicula and other corallines from the deep water of the bay. Genus SCRUPOCELLARIA, Van Beneden. Scrupocellaria scruposa, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 25, pl. 22. £3 &4. C Abundant under stones between tide-marks, and ranging to deep water. In October many are marked with the reddish orange ova; there are also many brownish black specks on these specimens. Genus Canpa, Lamx. Canda reptans, Pallas; Busk, Catal. p. 26, pl. 21. f.3 &4. Found by Dr. John Reid near low-water mark (Anat. and Pathol. Observat. p. 602). Family Scrupariade. Genus Scruparia, Oken. Scruparia chelata, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 29, pl. 17. f. 2. Common on Ceramium rubrum, Sertularia pumila, and other alge and zoophytes between tide-marks. Genus HiprotHoa, Lamx. Hippothoa catenularia, Jameson ; Busk, Catal. p. 29, plLAs.f Lc 2. On stones and shells from deep water; less common than the following species. Molluscoida of St. Andrews. 305 Ihippothoa divaricata, Lamx.; Busk, Catal. p. 30, pl. 18. f.3 & 4. On stones and shells from deep water ; abundant. . Family Gemellariade. Genus GEMELLARIA, Sav. Gemellaria loricata, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 34, pl. 45. f.5 & 6. Abundant in deep water, and thrown on shore in masses after storms. Family Bicellariade. Genus BiceLLARta, De Blainville. Bicellaria ciliata. L.; Busk, Catal. p. 41, pl. 34. Frequent on stones and shells from the coralline ground. Genus BuGcuta, Oken. Bugula flabellata (J. V. Thompson, MS.), Gray ; Busk, Catal. p. 44, pls. 51 & 52. On Flustra foliacea from deep water; rather rare. Bugula avicularia, Pallas; Busk, Catal. p. 45, pl. 53. From the coralline ground, on Flustra truncata; not common. Bugula purpurotincta, Norman, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. n.s. vol. vil. p. 219. Abundant on the same ground, attached to shells. Bugula Murrayana, Bean; Busk, Catal. p. 46, pl. 59. Plentiful on the beach after storms, and at all times from the coralline ground. Family Flustride. Genus Fiustra, L. Flustra foliacea, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 47, pl. 55. f. 4 & 5, pl. 56. f. 5. Very abundant on the sands after storms. Flustra truncata, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 48, pl. 56. f. 1 & 2, Picoo. ft. 1 a, 2. Common in the laminarian and coralline zones. 306 Dr. W. GC. M‘Intosh on the Genus CARBASEA, Gray. Carbasea papyrea, Pallas; Busk, Catal. p. 50, pl. 50. f. 1-3. After storms, and from the fishing-boats ; not abundant. Family Membraniporidz. Genus Mempranipora, De Blainville. Membranipora membranacea, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 56, pl. 68. f.2. Abundant on the fronds of Laminaria digitata and other algee. Membranipora pilosa, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 56, pl. 71. Very common on the stems and fronds of Delesseric, Lam- narie, and other seaweeds between and beyond tide-marks, and on shells and stones from the coralline ground. Membranipora Flemingt’, Busk ; Catal. p. 58, pl. 61. f. 2, pl. 84. f. 4-6, pl. 104. f. 2-4. Common on stones and shells from the coralline ground. Membranipora Lacroixti, Sav.; Busk, Catal. p. 60, pl. 69, pl. 104. f. 1. On the inner surface of a valve of Cyprina islandica from deep water. Membranipora spinifera, Johnst. ; Alder, Catal. Zooph. p. 53, pl. 8. f. 2, 2a. Abundant on the under surface of stones between tide- marks. Membranipora Dumerillit, Aud. ; Alder, Catal. Zooph. p. 56, pl. 8. to. Not uncommon on bivalves from deep water. As Mr. Alder observes, it may occasionally be seen in company with JZ. Flemingii. Membranipora unicornis, Flem.; Alder, Catal. Zooph. p. 56, pl .Ss1.6 On bivalves from deep water; not very common. Membranipora craticula, Alder; Catal. Zooph. p. 54, pl. 8. f. 3. Occasionally in deep water. Molluscoida of St. Andrews. 307 Genus FLUSTRELLA, Gray. Flustrella hispida, Fab.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 363, pl. 6 66. f. 5. Abundant on the stems of Fuci and other seaweeds, and on stones between tide-marks. Genus Lepratta, Johnst. Lepralia Brongniarttii, Aud.; Busk, Catal. p. 65, pl. 81. f. 1-5. Rather plentiful on laminarian roots thrown on shore after storms. Often forms a basis for other growths, and may be seen on their under surface when detached from seaweed or rock. Lepralia reticulata, J. Macgillivray ; Busk, Catal. p. 66, pl. 90. f. 1, pl. 93. f. 1 & 2, pl. 102. f. 1. Not uncommon in the siphons and inside the mouth of Fusus antiquus, and also on Cardium echinatum from deep water. Lepralia concinna, Busk, Catal. p. 67, pl. 99. Very abundant on stones and shells from the coralline ground. A well-marked variety, with perforations round the cells, is not uncommon. Lepralia verrucosa, Esper; Busk, Catal. p. 68, pl. 87. £.3&4, pi 94. £6. Occurs rather abundantly on the roots of Laminaria digitata and on stones near low-water mark. Lepralia unicornis, Johnst.; Brit. Zooph. p. 320, pl. 57. f. 1. A common littoral etal everywhere abundant, and in large patches on the under surface of stones. The colours vary, probably in some cases from the ova. Lepralia spinifera, Johnst. ; Busk, Catal. p. 69, pl. 76. f. 2&3. Very common on the under surface of stones near low- water mark, Lepralia trispinosa, Johnst.; Busk, Catal. p. 70, pl. 85. f. 1 & 2, pl. 98, pl. 102. f. 2. Abundant on stones and shells from the coralline zone. 308 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Lepralia coccinea, Abildgaard ; Busk, Catal. p. 70, pl. 88. On sandstone, shale, and laminarian roots from the Hast Rocks, and on shells from deep water. Also found by Prof. J. Reid. Rare as contrasted with its profusion on our south- ern shores. ; Lepralia linearis, Hassall; Busk, Catal. p. 71, pl. 89. f. 1-3. Common on shells and stones from deep water. Lepralia ciliata, Pallas ; Busk, Catal. p. 73, pl. 74. f. 1 & 2, pl. 77. f.3, 4, 5. Occasionally on the under surface of stones near low-water mark ; more frequently on stones and shells from the coralline ground. Lepralia variolosa, Johnst.; Busk, Catal. p. 75, pl. 74. f. 3, 4, 5, pl. 75. On shells and stones from deep water ; not uncommon. Lepralia nitida, Fab. ; Busk, Catal. p. 76, pl. 76. f. 1. Abundant both between: tide-marks and in deep water, on stones and shells. The spines are in general less developed than in those from the Channel Islands. Lepralia annulata, Fab.; Busk, Catal. p. 76, pl. 77. f. 1. Instead of being partial to the laminarian blades, as on the west coast, this species is not uncommon on the under surface of stones between tide-marks, generally in small patches ; and also occurs on shells and stones from deep water. Some dried specimens are of a pinkish colour. Lepralia Peachti, Johnst.; Busk, Catal. p. 77, pl. 82. f. 4, pl. 97. Common on stones near low-water mark, and on stones and shells from deep water. Lepralia ventricosa, Hassall; Busk, Catal. p. 78, pl. 82.f. 5 & 6, pl. 83.f. 5, pl. 91.£.5.&6. Not uncommon on stones and shells from deep water. Lepralia punctata, Hassall ; Busk, Catal. pl. 90. f.5 & 6, pl. 92. f. 4, pl. 96. f. 3. Everywhere abundant on the under surface of stones in pools and elsewhere near low-water mark, and also on shells and stones from deep water. Molluscoida of St. Andrews. 309 Lepralia Malusti, Aud.; Busk, Catal. p. 83, pl. 103. f. 1-4. Not uncommon on shells and stones from deep water. Lepralia granifera, Jobnst.; Busk, Catal. p. 83, pl. 77. f. 2, pl. 95. f. 6 & 7. Abundant on the under surface of stones near low-water mark in considerable patches. The aspects of the old and new cells differ much. The new cells glisten like those of L. hyalina, have a number of opaque white granules, a D- shaped aperture, and a distinct mucro ; the transverse wrinkles of the cells are also apparent; and in some very new ones the granules are also glistening and hyaline, and show the per- forations. In the old cells the walls are opaque, whitish, or yellowish, the granules still more opaque, perhaps larger, but less defined and beautiful. Lepralia hyalina, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 84, pl. 82. f. 1-3, pl. 95. f. 3-5, pl. 101. f. 1 & 2. Common on laminarian roots and stems, on Delesseria and other alge, and on stones near and beyond low-water mark. Family Celleporida. Genus CELLEPORA, Fab. Section A. Jnecrusting, adnate. Cellepora pumicosa, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 86, pl. 110. f. 4-6. Very abundant on stones, shells, zoophytes, and seaweeds— generally from deep water. Cellepora avicularis, Hincks ; Catal. Zooph. Devon, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. ix. p. 304. Occasionally on zoophytes. Section B. Erect, branching. Cellepora ramulosa, L.; Busk, Catal. p. 87, pl. 109. f. 1-3. Attached to the stems of zoophytes &c. in deep water; common. Cellepora dichotoma, Hincks, Catal. Zooph., Joc. cit. p. 305. On zoophytes ; abundant and fine. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.4. Vol. xiii. 22 310 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Family Escharide. Genus Escnara, Ray. Eschara Skenet, Ellis & Sol. ; Busk, Catal. p. 88, pl. 122. A remarkably beautiful specimen on Cyprina islandica from the coralline ground. Suborder CYCLOSTOMATA, Busk. Family Tubuliporide, Johnst. Genus TuspuLipora, Lamarck. Tubulipora serpens, L.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 275, pl. 47. f. 4-6. On zoophytes and shells from deep water; very abundant and characteristic. Genus ALECTO, Lamx. Alecto granulata, M.-Ed.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 280, pl. 49. f. 1 & 2. On stones and shells from deep water; not rare. Family Diastoporide, Busk. Genus Drastropora, Lamx. Diastopora obelia, Flem.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 277, pl. 47. f. 7& 8. On shells and stones from deep water. Genus PATINELLA, Gray. Patinella patina, Lamarck ; Hincks, Catal. Zooph., loc. cit. p. 468. Abundant on corallines and shells from deep water, especially on Mytilus modiolus. Genus HETEROPORELLA, Busk. Heteroporella hispida, Flem.; Hincks, loc. cit. p. 469. On stones and shells from deep water; rather rare. Family Crisiade. Genus Crista, Lamx. Crista eburnea, L.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 283, pl. 50. f. 3 & 4. On the under surface of stones between tide-marks, often Molluscoida of St. Andrews. 311 with many parasitic hydroids and Confervz, and on zoophytes and seaweeds from deep water. Abundant. Suborder CTENOSTOMATA, Busk. Family Alcyonidiade. Genus ALcyonipium, Lamx. Alcyonidium gelatinosum, Pallas; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p- 358, pl. 68. f. 1-3. On stones and bivalve shells from deep water ; common. Alcyonidium hirsutum, Flem.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 360, pl. 69. f..1 & 2. Abundant on seaweeds near and beyond low-water mark. Alcyonidium parasiticum, Flem.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p- 362, pl. 68. f. 4 & 5. Frequent on the stems of zoophytes from deep water ; very characteristic. Genus ARACHNIDIA, Hincks. Arachnidia hippothooides, Hincks; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. ix. p. 471, pl. 16. f. 2. On Ascidia sordida from deep water; in abundance. Family Vesiculariade. Genus VESICULARIA, J. V. Thompson. Vesicularia spinosa, L.; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 370, pl. 72. f. 1-4. Found near low-water mark by the late Prof. John Reid. Genus BoWERBANKIA, Farre. Bowerbankia imbricata, Adams; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p- 377, pl. 72. f. 5 & 6. Abounds on the under surface of stones, on the stems and branches of littoral zoophytes, and on the tests of Cynthia grossularta under shelving rocks. Also found by Prof. J. Reid. 22* 312 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Order PHYLACTOLEMATA. Suborder PEDICELLINEA. Family Pedicellinide. Genus PEDICELLINA, Sars. Pedicellina echinata, Sars ; Johnst. Brit. Zooph. p. 382, plen7Olt sa: On the branches of Ceramium rubrum and other littoral algee and zoophytes; abundant. Class II. TUNICATA. Comparatively few Ascidians have been procured ; indeed the department is in such a condition at present (as to specific identification) that a much greater amount of time would have been required for their elucidation than was available. The late Mr. Joshua Alder most kindly looked over the collection, and named those requiring identification in his usual con- scientious manner; and it is to be hoped that the work on these forms by him and the late Mr. Hancock (one of the best minute anatomists this country has produced) will soon be published. The most abundant simple form is the Ascédia sordida of Alder and Hancock, which is thrown by storms on the West Sands in large numbers, attached to sea- weeds, sticks, shells, and other objects. A. ¢ntest/nalis is also procured in this manner as well as between tide-marks ; Pelonaia corrugata and Molgula arenosa, A. & H., affect deep water only, and rarely occur during storms. The compound forms are common under stones between tide-marks and in the laminarian region: but much yet remains to be done in this respect at St. Andrews. Though Ascidians on the ex- posed parts of the east coast of Scotland are for the most part rare in the laminarian region and between tide-marks, they are common in still muddy waters on the west coast and in the Hebrides, and in water which cannot but be slightly brackish, as at the head of Loch Portan near Lochmaddy, where they are both abundant and large; they are also numerous and large between tide-marks at Herm and in the rich waters around the Channel Islands, as well as in the Zetlandic voes, Molluscoida of St. Andrews. 313 Family Botryllide. Genus Leprociinum, M. Edwards. Leptoclinum durum, M. Ed.; Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Mollusca, i. p. 17 (as L. aurewm, a misprint). Common under stones in rock-pools between tide-marks. Dull yellowish white, with white specks from stellate cal- careous crystals. Leptoclinum punctatum, Forbes; F. & H. Brit. Moll. 1. p- 18. Not uncommon under stones between tide-marks. / Genus Borry us, Gertner. Botryllus Schlossert, Pallas; F. & H. Brit. Moll. 1. Peto, pe A. ie. 7, pl. DB. 1s, f. Occasionally under stones between tide-marks. The red spot in the centre is not very visible in these specimens. On tearing, a dark brownish digestive system appears. Botryllus polycyclus, Sav.; F. & H. Brit. Moll. i. p. 21. Frequent near low-water mark on the under surface of stones, on Fuci and Corallina officinalis. Genus Botry.uoipes, M. Edwards. Botrylloides Leachii, Sav.; F. & H. Brit. Moll. 1. p. 23. Common in the laminarian region attached to seaweeds. Numerous other species of Botrylloides and a Didemnum are common under stones in the rock-pools. Genus Parascrp1A, Alder. Parascidia Flemingii, Alder, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xi. p. 172. Occasionally on laminarian roots near low water. Mr. Alder was of opinion that the drawing represented a young form of this species. It consisted of Poreaneal animals with a transparent investment. On the summit of each are several long, ovate, reddish orange structures marked with aaa white grains, showing at the free extremity an oral aperture surrounded by eight small papille. 314 On the Molluscoida of St. Andrews. Family Clavelinide. Genus CLAVELINA, Sav. Clavelina lepadiformis, O. F. Miller; F. & H. Brit. Moll. i. p. 26. Occasionally between tide-marks. Family Ascidiade. Genus AscrpiA, Baster. Ascidia intestinalis, L.; F. & H. Brit. Moll. i. p. 31. Abundant on the roots of tangles thrown on the West Sands after storms, and also under stones between tide-marks. Evinces considerable and spasmodic muscular contractions. Ascidia sordida, Ald. & Hane. Very plentiful in the deeper water attached to stones, shells, sticks, and seaweeds. One has placed itself on the anterior end of an empty tube of Pectinaria belgica and quite filled it up. An elongated (club-shaped) variety is not uncommon. Ascidia depressa, Ald. & Hane. Not uncommon on the under surfaces of large stones in tide- pools. In November specimens are often loaded with a pinkish-white creamy fluid, which appears to be made up chiefly of ova. The cellular border of each ovum is faintly greenish by transmitted light. Genus Moieuta, E. Forbes. Molgula arenosa, Ald. & Hanc.; Alder, op. cit. p. 160. Abundant in deep water, and in the stomach of the cod and haddock. Genus CYNTHIA, Sav. Cynthia, n. sp. A nodulated Ascidian like a raspberry or small bramble occurred on the West Sands after a storm. Mr. Alder stated that it was not C. morus, but a species unknown to him. Cynthia grossularia, Van Beneden; F. & H. Brit. Moll. i. p. 40. Very common on the roofs of rocky ledges, between tide- marks, where it becomes incrusted by many parasites. ‘The development of this species is easily observed. On the Spongozoa of Ualisarea Dujardinii. 315 Genus PetonarA, Forbes & Goodsir. Pelonaia corrugata, Forbes & Goodsir; F. & H, Brit. Moll. 1. p. 43, pl. E. f. 4. Frequent in deep water, and occasionally in the stomachs of the cod and haddock. [To be continued. | XLII.—On the Spongozoa of Halisarca Dujardinii. By H. J. Carter, F.R.S. &e. Ty the ‘Annals’ for last year (vol. xii. p. 17) I published a paper on two new species of Gumminee, with special and general observations. I had not then seen Halisarca Dujardinit of our shores, but have since met with it several times, always small, never more than from a quarter to three quarters of an inch in diameter. I have also stated somewhere lately, with reference to the spongozoa, that what I claim is not to have shown that they were ciliated, but that they took in crude food and threw off the undigested portions like Ameba. This I have now also proved to be the case in Halisarca Dujardinit, in the following manner :— Yesterday (March 19th) I went to the rocks here (Budleigh- Salterton), and found a specimen of Halisarca Dujardinii, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, on a bit of dead stick about the size of a tobacco-pipe. The stick was cut off to a convenient length and placed in sea-water; and thus, the following morning, it was brought under an inch compound power, when, seeing the particles of refuse matter actively issuing from the vent, I rubbed up a little indigo also in sea- water and, with a camel-hair brush, dropped it on the speci- men, leaving it there about an hour, until I saw particles of the indigo itself issuing from the vent. The water was then agitated so as to float away the super- incumbent indigo, when it was observed that some of the Hali- sarca had become deeply coloured by it. Now, taking off a portion of the coloured part, and tearing it to pieces with needles on a slide in sea-water, this was covered with a bit of thin glass, and placed under a 4-inch compound power. Thus the spongozoa of the Hulisarca were brought into view. Some were isolated, others still remaining in their 316 Dr. J. E. Gray on a New-Zealand Whale. natural groups. ‘The isolated ones, which contained the indigo, were more or less globular, from 1 to 14 6000th of an inch in diameter; provided with a short, pointed beak supporting a single cilium, about five times the diameter in length, and throwing out and retracting ray-like pseudopodia from their circumference, which was thus ever changing its form. The “groups” consisted of an aggregation of such spongo- zoa charged with the indigo, and altogether formed round or elliptical dark blue masses, with a hollow interior and a cir- cumference not only fringed with cilia, which were motionless, but also with a number of shorter ray-like pseudopodia. The interiors appeared to be in direct communication with the branched system of excretory canals; but how the particles of indigo get from the pores to the canals I am ignorant. Possibly the pores and the canals may also be in direet communication, and cilia not only take the particles of food into the spongozoa, but, by reverse action, bring out the undigested parts by the same course. Thus, however, in Halisarca Dujardinii the same kind of spongozoa exist as probably in all the other sponges, aggre- gated into similar groups, communicating respectively with the excretory system of canals. I need hardly add that Halisarca Dujardinii is void of spicules, as Dujardin and Johnston have described it (‘Annals,’ loc. eit.), and not the spiculiferous sponge described by Dr. Bowerbank under this name. It is, menus the spicules, of the same structure as the Gumminee ; and therefore all these gelatinous sponges may be assumed to possess the same kind of spongozoa (vide ‘Annals,’ loc. cit.). XLUI.—On a New-Zealand Whale (Physalus antarcticus, Hutton), with Notes. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. [Plate XVI.] Pror. F. W. Hutton, keeper of the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand, has sent the skeleton of a whale taken off Otago Head in October, 1873. He has also sent a slight ac- count accompanied by a drawing of the whale, and the measure- ments of it when fresh, as follows :— “Whale dark grey above, shading off gradually into yellowish white below. Baleen yellow with a narrow black margin, Dr. J. E. Gray on a New-Zealand Whale. 317 fi>) Sins Length along curve of back from end of caudal flipper to snout.........-...2+. 16 2} (TU EDIEEL ar 1 SR ee ee Se ee 15 6 From snout fo blowhole ................ ae RRrSERERMOU UUOLGYE! face oh. nyc) 0 ays op oe 2% 510,5 « « 3 0 From end of caudal to dorsal ............ 4 9 Prine peeroral sy oe te See ee ee ess ne 10 0 Anterior margin of dorsal .............. 1 3 Heirht-ch dorsal: (FN HO oe ay Breadth Fa chee ROO RRO Ee aE jean Peckoralnipper, lOnetA=.. es ee eee ee AIRS A BEGAGEB ice). GOO ets: 0 8 Caudal flipper, length :. 2). 2: 5 ...068 0% «3 16 a PECAAG Dog i: air xscape tstve'ehs, aS 4 8 WiGICNit. s . .tysistyay te cubis ares att. te 3a0 4s 27 ewt.” Mr. Hutton has considered this whale to be my Physalus antarcticus, noticed in the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,’ from a quantity of yellowish white baleen sold as New- Zealand whalebone. But the small size of the whale, only 16 feet long, and the baleen being described as yellow with a narrow black margin, makes me think it probable that the animal is the one which yields the long slender whalebone on which I established the pigmy whale (Balena marginata), which, we know, inhabits New-Zealand, because Governor Grey found its skull on the island of Kawau; it was figured by Dr. Hector, and was constituted by me a genus, Neobalena (see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, v. p. 221,-vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2). If this should prove to be the case, it will be a very important discovery ; for it will prove that the genus Neobalena forms a group intermediate between the true whales and the finners (Physalide). The animal, though it has the throat and front part of chest plaited like the finners, has the large head and short body of the whales, the head being one fourth the entire length, and the caudal fin in breadth rather more than one fourth the entire length from end of tail. It is to be regretted that Mr. Hutton did not describe the shape of the baleen—if it was short and broad like that of the finners, or long and slender like that of the Balenide. The baleen on which I established Physalus antarcticus is short and broad, like that of a true Physalus, and evidently belonged to a much larger whale than the one from Otago Head. Neobalena, although it has the whalebone of the true Balenide, has a very peculiar kind of skull and ear-bone ; and I should not be at all astonished to find that it has the plaited 318 Mr. F. Smith on the Genus Epicharis. throat and dorsal fin of a finner, combined with the short body and large head of a true whale (Balenide). The ear-bone is somewhat intermediate in form between the two groups, and fully justifies my opinion that when the entire animal and skeleton are known it may prove to be the type of a new family of whales (Suppl. Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 41). I will describe the skeleton as soon as it arrives ; for there is. no doubt, from the proportion and size of the head and body, it is a new form of whale, if it is not Neobalena. XLIV.—A Revision of the Genera Epicharis, Centris, Eulema, and Kuglossa, belonging to the Family Apidee, Section Sco- pulipedes. By FRepERIcK SMITH, Assistant in the Zoolo- gical Department of the British Museum. Generic Characters of Epicharis, Klug. Head not so wide as the thorax: eyes elongate-ovate ; ocelli three, placed in a slight curve on the vertex: antenne genicu- late; the flagellum filiform, the first joint narrowed to its base: the labial palpi four-jointed, the two basal joints elongate, the first one third longer than the second, both flattened and membranaceous within; the third and fourth minute, attached near the apex of the second joint: the maxillary palpi two- jointed ; the basal joint large, barrel-shaped, with its apex truncate, the second joint pear-shaped and minute : mandibles stout, with three blunt teeth at their apex. Thorax: the anterior and intermediate tibiz with a single spine at their apex ; the posterior tibize with two spines, the inner one pecti- nated: the anterior wings with one inarginal cell, pointed at the base and rounded at its apex, having three submarginal cells, the first and second of nearly equal length, the second narrowed towards the marginal cell, receiving the first recurrent nervure a little beyond the middle ; the third submarginal cell about two thirds of the length of the second submarginal, and receiving the second recurrent nervure near its apex. The characters are drawn from Hpicharis rustica. An asterisk is prefixed to the descriptions of such new species as are in the collection of the British Museum, 1. Epicharis rustica. Epicharis rustica, Latr. Encye. Méth. x. (1825) p. 580; St.-Farg. Hym. ii. p. 170,92 ¢. : Apis rustica, Oliv. Encye. Méth. iii. p. 8, 2 (1792). A. hirtipes, Fab. Ent. Syst. 11. p. 325 (1793). Epicharis dasypus, Klug, Illig. Mag. vi.; Blanch. Hist. Nat. des Ins. iii. p. 405; Schomb. Faun, Flor. Brit, Guiana, p. 591. Hab. Cayenne ; Para; Catagallo; Venezuela. Mr. F. Smith on the Genus Epicharis. 319 2. Epicharis Dejeanit. Epicharis Dejeanii, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. p. 171,92. E. fasciata, St.-Farg. ibid. p. 172, $ (and type in coll. Westw.). Hab. Amazons ; Cayenne. 3. Epicharis fasciata. Epicharis fasciata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. p. 172,92 (nec). Hab. Rio Janeiro. 4, Epicharis analis. Epicharis analis, 8t.-Farg. Hym. ii. p. 173, 2. Hab. ? 5. Epicharis umbraculata. Epicharis umbraculata, Klug, Dlig. Mag. vi. p. 226. Centris umbraculata, Fab. Syst. Piez. p. 355, 2. Epicharis cajenne, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. p. 172, 2 var. Type in coll. Westw. Male: differs in having the basal joint of the antennz white in front, a minute transverse spot above the clypeus, a line on each side of the clypeus, the labrum, and a spot at the base of the mandibles white; the posterior tibiz are also yellowish white: in other respects the male resembles the female. The £. cajenne is certainly a variety of this species; I have compared the type specimens with others, which have the abdomen black and yellow. I have also seen intermediate examples. Hab. Cayenne; Santarem. 6. Epicharis bicolor. Fpicharis bicolor, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins, Apide, ii. p. 368, 3. Hab. Brazil. 7. Epicharis zonata. Epicharis zonata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins, Apide, ii. p. 3869, 3. Hab. Brazil. 8. Epicharis elegans. Epicharis elegans, Smith, Journ. Entom., i, p. 152, Hab, Mexico. The female has the head, thorax, and legs black, the posterior tibiz: and basal joint of the tarsi with a dense brush of fulvous pubescence; the thorax is clothed with black pubescence. The male has the thorax covered with griseous pubescence, tinged with yellow above, and the clypeus, scape of the an- tennz in front, base of the mandibles, base of the tibia, and apex of the posterior femora yellow ; wings subhyaline. 320 Mr. F. Smith on the Genus Epicharis. *9,. Kpicharis maculata. Female. Length 7 lines. Black; the labrum, a spot at the an- terior lateral angles of the clypeus, a line at the inner orbits of the eyes terminating opposite the insertion of the antennz, and a minute spot at the base of the mandibles yellow; the labrum with a narrow rufous margin, and fringed with hairs of the same colour. Thorax: a minute spot on each side of the collar, two on the tegulee, one at the extreme base of the wing, and two on the scutellum yellow ; a yellow spot at the base of the posterior tibiz above; the posterior tibize and tarsi fer- ruginous, and densely clothed with fulvous pubescence ; wings subhyaline, faintly clouded at their apex, the nervures fusco- ferruginous. Abdomen: the basal segment rufo-fuscous, the three following yellow ; the second and third segments have on their apical margins a broad black fascia, which is widest in the middle, narrowing abruptly towards the lateral margins, to which they do not extend ; the apical segments more or less ferruginous. Hab. Mexico (Oajaca). *10. Epicharis scutellata. Female. Length 9 lines. Black ; head shining, the clypeus prominent, a transverse minute pale yellow spot on each side of its anterior margin, a similar spot above it; a line at the inner margin of the eyes, not extending above the insertion of the antenne, and the sides of the labrum yellow ; the tips of the mandibles testaceous. Thorax clothed with short cinereous pubescence; the legs rufo-piceous beneath ; a minute white spot at the base of the anterior and intermediate tibiz outside ; the posterior tibize and basal joint of the tarsi densely clothed with fulvous pubescence; the scutellum naked, flattened, deeply notched behind, and forming two horse-shoe shapes ; wings dark fuscous. Abdomen slightly shining, and having an interrupted yellow fascia at its basal margin; the three following segments with an oblong oblique yellow macula, pointed at its apex within, the first much larger than either of the following, the third sometimes obsolete ; the fourth and fifth segments with their apical margins more or less testa- ceous ; the sixth, as well as the apical margins of the segments beneath, rufo-testaceous and fringed with pale fulvous pu- bescence. Hab. Brazil (Tunantins, Amazon). *11. Epicharis affinis. Female. Length 9 lines. Black; head slightly shining ; the clypeus and labrum strongly punctured. The insect Mr. F. Smith on the Genus Epicharis. 321 otherwise closely resembling Z. scutellata, from which it differs in having the scutellum rounded behind; the legs dark rufo- piceous ; the tibiz have no spots at their apex; the abdomen is black-brown, and the basal segment of the abdomen is im- maculate, the apical segment has no pale pubescence, and the fringe on the segments beneath is dark brown. Hab. Brazil (‘Tunantins, Amazon) ; Bahia. A specimen from Bahia has the lateral macule on the second segment larger, and has a narrow fascia at the basal margin of the third segment. *12. Epicharis conica. Female. Length 9-103 lines. Head and thorax black, the abdomen ferruginous, the flagellum of the antenne obscurely ferruginous beneath. Thorax shining and impunctate, the sides and the metathorax posteriorly clothed with sooty-black pubescence ; all the femora ferruginous beneath ; the posterior tibie and the first joint of the tarsi ferruginous, and clothed exteriorly with dense pale fulvous pubescence ; wings fusco- hyaline. Abdomen conical, ferruginous, the posterior margins of the segments usually more or less fuscous ; palest beneath, and with the apical margins of the segments fringed with bright fulvous pubescence. Male. A little smaller than the female; the labrum, and scape of the antenne white in front; the first jomt of the intermediate tarsi above, the posterior tibia, and first joint of the tarsi fringed above with fulvous pubescence ; the posterior tibie in front pale ferruginous; the tarsi bright yellow in front, and the first joint terminating at its apex in a sharp spine; the claw-joint elongate. Otherwise like the female. Hab. Brazil (Villa Nova, Para). *13. Epicharis albofasciata. Male. Length 53 lines. Black; the labrum, an interrupted transverse line on the clypeus at its apical margin, its sides, and a line on the mandibles yellow; the scape of the antennz in front white, the flagellum fulvous beneath. ‘Thorax: an abbreviated line on each side of the collar, a spot on the tegule (which are testaceous) in front, another behind, and the posterior half of the scutellum yellow ; wings subhyaline ; legs ferruginous, and more or less fuscous above ; the posterior tibie and first joint of the tarsi fringed above with sooty-black pubescence; the claws of the tarsi black. Abdomen black above and rufo-testaceous beneath ; above, the second segment with a narrow white fascia near its basal margin, the fourth 322 Bibliographical Notice. segment with a narrow yellow fascia at its basal margin, usually more or less interrupted in the middle; the fitth segment has a similar fascia; the apical segments are reddish yellow; the fascia on the fourth segment is frequently ob- solete. Hab. Brazil (St. Paulo, Para). [To be continued. | BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. Synopsis of the Acridide of North America. By Cyrus Tomas, Ph.D. Being Part I. of the Fifth Volume of the ‘ Report of the United-States Geological Survey of the Territories, issued by the Department of the Interior. 4to: Washington, 1873. THERE is one particular in which the Government of the United States puts those of European countries to utter shame. This is the liberality shown in America in the promotion of scientific research, both by the central Government and by the Legislatures of the various States. All over the States geological surveyors are hard at work; and the results of their labours are given to the world in a constantly increasing series of valuable yolumes, which are most liberally circulated gratuitously in other countries. With a breadth of view which deserves all praise, the geological surveyors do not confine themselves to mapping the geological formations of various districts, and describing the fossils obtained from them, but they de- vote a good deal of attention to the recent productions of the regions traversed by them; and the results of their investigations are pub- lished from time to time at the public cost, and as an integral part of the work properly belonging to the surveys. Dr. Thomas’s “ Synopsis of the Acridide of North America ” is one of these publications, and it forms the first part of a volume which is to be devoted exclusively to the recent zoology and botany of the United States. After giving a list of works on the Ortho- ptera referred to in his monograph, the author describes, in consider- able detail, the external and internal structure of the insects belong- ing to the family the American species of which form its subject- matter. This introduction, which is illustrated with two outline wood-engravings, furnishes a guide to the terminology of the parts in these insects. With regard to the oviposition of the Acridide, Dr. Thomas states that the destructive migratory species of the West (Caloptenus spretus), like the migratory locusts of Europe, deposits its eggs, to the number of 50 or 100, in a cocoon-like mass, covered with a tough glutinous secretion, but that this method is by no means followed by all other American species. Even the red-legged locust (Caloptenus femur-rubrum) was found by him to lay its eggs loosely in rotten wood. Bibliographical Notice. 323 Dr. Thomas enters at great length into the question of the clas- sification of the Orthoptera, and gives a complete revision of all the more important systems which have been proposed by various authors, from Linnzus downwards. His final result is an adoption of Burmeister’s classification of the families, except that he includes the Forficulide, placed by Burmeister as a distinct tribe. He divides his Acridide into two subfamilies, the Acridine and the Tettiginee, and the former again into seven groups, as shown in the following Table (p. 40) :— I, Anterior margin of the prosternum truncate, not elevated ; claws furnished with pulvilli; pro- notum shorter than the abdomen ............++ Subfam. 1. Acripinz. A. Antennx 6-8-jointed, not longer than the head Group 1. Proscopini. AA. Antennz multiarticulate, longer than the head. a, Head produced in front in the form of a cone or pyramid; face very oblique; an- tenn ensiform, triquetrous. Dp. Wlytra Harrow ............6ecesssesenccsssscees Group 2. Tryxalini. bb. Elytra very broad. ...............0.0seseeseee Group 3. Trigonopterygini. aa. Face suboblique or vertical. b. Antennz filiform, subdepressed, or cla- vate ; joints indistinct. ce. Prosternum unarmed ............:6ceeeees Group 4. Cdipodini. cc. Prosternum spimed).................-..---- Group 5. Aecridini. bb. Antennze acuminate; joints distinct; front more or less advanced between the antenns, in the form of a blunt cone. c.. Joints of antennee flat ............c0ccees.- Group 6. Xiphocerini. ce. Joints of antennz terete..............448 Group 7. Phymatint. II. Anterior margin of the prosternum elevated ; claws without pulvilli; pronotum extending to the tip of the abdomen..,.............csscessessesens Subfam. 2, Terrien. FAS ELOSterNUM UNATMNCH cos. .-.2c0sccesemesesscoscnsor Group 8. Tettigini. Mr. Walker’s Pamphagide are included in the group Xiphocerini. Five of the above groups have representatives in the fauna of the United States, the first, third, and seventh being deficient. In the present work, however, Dr. Thomas works out the genera and species only of four groups, the Tettiginze being described chiefly from the writings of previous entomologists. The author tells us that the number of species of Acrididz (ex- clusive of Tettigine) known to occur in the United States is about 120, belonging to 25 genera. The number described in Fischer’s ‘Orthoptera Europea’ (1853) was 77, belonging to 20 genera. The total number of species (including 20 Tettigine) found in the North-American region (taking in British America, Mexico and Central America, and the West Indies) is 227; these belong to 46 genera, 4 of which are Tettigine. Characters of these, principally compiled from the writings of other authors, are given as a sort of appendix to the body of the ‘‘ Synopsis.’ Of the 120 species in- habiting the United States, 40 have been described as new by the author in this and former memoirs; and he tells us that many of these have been figured by Professor Townend Glover in a lately 324 Miscellaneous. published work, entitled ‘Illustrations of North-American Ento- mology,’ which we have not seen. Of course any special criticism of this work is quite out of the question, unless one were prepared to go through nearly the same amount of labour that the author has bestowed upon it. The genera and species are most carefully characterized, tables are freely intro- duced to facilitate their determination, and the whole book bears the impress of most conscientious work. Here and there we seem to see indications of a desire to draw the line of specific distinction too tightly ; but without a knowledge of the species it is of course impossible to pronounce a decided opinion upon such matters; and we can only welcome Dr. Thomas’s memoir as a most important contribution to our knowledge of American entomology. It 1s illus- trated with a nicely executed plate of outline figures, designed to show the general characters of a few of the genera referred to. MISCELLANEOUS. Eozoon canadense. By Prof. Max Scuvtrze. Tue discovery of the American geologists Sir William Logan and Prof. Dawson with regard to a peculiar fossil in the primeeval lime- stones of the oldest formation of Canada, which they thought must be referred to the Foraminifera, and named Hozoon canadense, has ob- tained a provisional settlement by the investigations of Dr. W. B.Car- penter, of London, whose extensive works upon the Foraminifera are recognized as occupying the first rank. Carpenter considers there is no doubt that the discoidal masses, about a foot in diameter and several inches thick, composed of alternate layers of greenish sili- cates (serpentine or augite) and carbonate of lime (or magnesia), which, caked together into irregular nests, occur in the Laurentian deposits of Canada hitherto regarded as perfectly azoic, represent the remains of a many-chambered Foraminifer of the habit of the Acervuline, M. Schultze. Like the glauconitic filling of more recent Foraminifera, the serpentinous mass of the Hozoon has penetrated into the interior of the chambers, while the intervening calcareous bands represent the original calcareous walls of the chambers. In these, in well-preserved specimens, there is a complex, ramified canal-system, connected with the original cavities of the chambers, and filled, like these, with a silicate which is insoluble in acids. Carpenter compares them to the canals detected in various fossil and recent Foraminifera, which occur arranged in bundles, as, for - example, in Calcarina or Siderolites calcitrapoides from the chalk of Maestricht. The statements of the above-mentioned. English and American observers have been received with much mistrust, especially in Ger- many. In fact there can be no doubt that much of what has been given out as Hozoon shows no kind of organic structure when ex- amined under sufficiently high powers. The author therefore Miscellaneous. 320 thought it important to make a fresh examination of admitted ori- ginal specimens. Such a specimen, transmitted directly by Dawson, was placed at his disposal by Professors Schimper and Benecke, on the occasion of his visiting the museum at Strasburg. From his investigation of this specimen and of some received from Carpenter, the author confirmed, and showed in numerous drawings, the pre- sence of a highly developed canal-system in many of the calcareous bands, especially the broader ones. The form and arrangement of these canals is often beautifully preserved, even though their in- terior is filled with a crystalline silicate. Here and there the struc- ture has the greatest resemblance to that of the dentine of the teeth, which is also traversed by canals. But for many reasons there can be no question of dentine in this case. The application of stronger powers shows that in the finer structure of the canals there is so great an agreement with that of Polytrema among the living Acervuline, that, weighing all the other conditions of struc- ture which come into consideration, there can be no serious doubt as to the foraminiferous nature of Hozoon canadense.—From a report of the Meeting of the Niederrheinische Gesellschaft fur Natur- und Heilkunde at Bonn, July 7, 1873, in the ‘Kélner Zeitung,’ August 14, 1873. Notes on the Skulls of two undescribed Species of Sea-lions (Otaria). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. The British Museum has a series of fourteen skulls of the common sea-lion, from the largest size (16 inches long) to that of the pups, and of both sexes. They are all characterized by their short, broad lower jaws, the space between the under part of the two sides being bowed out, and the lower margin, from the gonyx to the angle of the jaw, being of the,same length as the space between the two jaws at the angle. Phe lower jaws are swollen on the sides and broad infront. The scar of the temporal muscle on the hinder part of the lower jaw is broad, rounded in front. There are specimens in the Museum from various parts of South America, as Peru, Chili, the Falkland Islands, and the Coast of Patagonia. The skulls of the young and of some of the older ones have the sixth upper grinder behind the back edge of the front of the zygo- matic arch; but in the skulls of the aged animals the zygoma is dila- ted, and the tooth comes to be partially or entirely before the hinder edge of the zygoma, sometimes differing on the two sides of the same skull. In the British Museum there are two skulls of adult animals which differ in having the lower jaws straight, not bowed on the side, and elongate, the lower margin from the angle to the gonyx being cousiderably longer than the space between the two sides of the jaw at the angle, and the front of the lower jaw flattened on the sides, and the scar of the temporal muscle is elongate, narrow in front. I propose to name them Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 23 326 Miscellaneous. Otaria minor. The Smaller Sea-lion. Skull of an adult male 113 inches long, and 64 inches wide at the condyles; the nose dilated in front; the palate very deep, wide, broad in front, contracted behind, with the lateral processes rather contracted, the sixth upper grinder behind the edge of the front of the zygomatic arch ; the lower jaw 83 inches long, wide and strong, contracted and flat on the sides in front, and with an elongated scar behind left by the temporal muscle. Hab. Unknown. Received from Mr. E. Cross, 1854. This skull may be the same as Otaria Godeffroyi, Peters, described and figured from a specimen in the museum at Hamburg, which is about the same size; but the lower jaw is not of the same shape as the lower jaw of the skull in the Museum, the scar of the large temporal muscle is broad and rounded at the end, as in the jaws of the common sea-lion, and the sixth upper grinder is before the back edge of the front of the zygoma; so that I am inclined to think that the Hamburg skull belongs to a small species allied to, or is a small variety of, the common sea-lion (Otaria jubata). Otaria pygmea. The Pigmy Sea-lion. The skull of an adult (female) 9} inches long, and 5} broad at the condyles. The palate is very narrow, deep, scarcely wider behind; the sixth upper grinder is behind the hinder edge of the front of the zygomatic arch. The lower jaw is comparatively slender, 63 inches long, compressed and flat in front. Hab. Unknown. The specimen was received from the Zoologi- eal Society in 1858. This skull is partly broken behind, and wants all the grinders and the greater part of the cutting-teeth. The canines are com- paratively small, which makes me think thatit belongs to a female ; indeed I might regard it as the female belonging to the same species as the skull before described, but for the peculiar form and narrow- ness of the palate. The palates of the two sexes of the common sea-lion are of the same form, though they become deep with age and those of the males more contracted behind; so that they give no authority for believing that the palates of the two sexes of an allied species are so different. The Succession of Life in North America. By Epwarp D. Corr, The United States east of the Missouri river and the plains have been free from changes of level for a much longer period than that portion which lies to the west of such an imaginary line. It was alternately dry and submerged during a long period in the infancy of geological time, but became finally so established as to permit of no further descent of level, or, at most, of slight ones only. The last stages of this process of creation were witnessed at the close of the Carboniferous period, when the elevations of land were wide- spread, inclosing tracts of water within bars or in depressions, Miscellaneous. ont These water areas were of course at first salt; but, as they had no communication with the sea and received abundant supplies of pure water from streams and rains, they soon became fresh. They then became the centres of rank vegetation, which either as moss filled them up with its dense growth, or as large trees formed forests on the shores. Later submergences covered all this material with a heavy coating of mud-deposit, which now appears to us in the form of strata of clay and sandstone rock. Thus was produced the coal, which has played so important a part in human progress. So fre- quent were the alternations of level that at one place in Nova Scotia as many as seventy-six beds of coal separate as many strata of other materials, and the whole amount of deposit amounts to fifteen thousand five hundred feet. As the elevating force became more powerful, the amount of dry land increased, until the lifting of the Alleghany Mountains to a height of twenty thousand feet con- cluded the process. Previous to this time vertebrated animals had been inhabitants of water only, so far as the preserved remains have been discovered ; but now air-breathers were introduced, which, instead of fins, possessed limbs adapted for walking on dry land. These creatures were all salamanders, and related to the frogs, beginning life in the water and passing through a metamorphosis before reaching the perfect state. The western regions were during this time occupied by a bound- less ocean, whose western limit has not yet been ascertained ; and such it continued for many ages, while the east was bringing forth plant and animal each afterits kind. The strata deposited in the bottom of the western sea covered each other successively, so that it is only the later chapters of the history that are now revealed to us in the exposed beds of the upper formations. But the history of the east was repeated. Its eastern coast-line rose and fell gradually and islands appeared in the far west, heralding the birth of another continent. Slowly the land areas extended, the western growing from islands to a long narrow continent, honeycombed with lagoons and lakes. The great central sea (now Kansas, Dakota, &c.) contracted and finally lost its connexion with the ocean alto- gether. The water areas, however, were for a long period brackish, and brought forth oysters and other shell-fish of dubious proclivities, capable of living in either salt or fresh water, but thriving in a mixture of both. The land was covered with a rich and dense forest vegetation, and the bog-moss again encroached on the lakes; but the forest was in great contrast to that of the carboniferous period. Instead of huge ferns and tree mosses we have the more highly organized and beautiful forms represented by the existing deciduous trees. Oaks, sassafras, magnolia, and poplar shaded a dense under- growth of shrubs, while palms and some other tropical families di- stinguished the general effect from the familiar one of to-day. But the moss performed its old function of coal-maker. Humblest among plants, its existence has been more important in world- building than that of all the lords of the forest. Its masses died, 23* 328 Miscellaneous. and new layers of the living plant grew upon them, until the descent of the land and encroachment of waters deposited the stone lid upon their treasury of carbon, not to be unsealed until the long future day of human empire. The alternations of land and water were numerous. At one point on the Union Pacifie railroad a section displays one hundred and seventy-three distinct strata, of which thirty-six are either coal or mingled with vegetable matter, while the others are frequently composed almost exclusively of fresh- and brackish-water shells. The elevation, however, exceeded the de- pressions, the brackish estuaries and lagoons were transformed into freshwater lakes, and at length the noble ranges of the Rocky Mountains bounded the horizon in many directions. The salt ocean has not only been the dwelling-place of gill- breathing fishes, but also of many forms of air-breathing vertebrates. These were reptiles, and exhibited a great superiority of structure over the air-breathers that peopled the swamps and land of the coal period. When the land and the fresh waters claimed the great west, the sea saurians perished; for their limbs were not fitted for the changed circumstances, Smaller races held the land, and, with a few monsters that never had been ocean-dwellers, represented the swarming reptilian life of the past. But a new dynasty was to rule the earth; the mammal, with hot blood and active brain, was to use the rich stores of the newer vege- table world ; and life was to be exhibited on a higher platform. The lakes of the west were gradually dried by the cutting of their discharging streams down to the level of their bottoms. This was of course soonest accomplished in lakes of the greatest elevation— for instance, those within the highest range of the mountain-chains. Others continued for a longer period, and others to a comparatively still more recent date, Their deposits contain a faithful record of the life of the surrounding land, doubtless embracing many species that ranged to the Atlantic ocean. We have thus the means of studying the character of five successive periods, which must be to us a mine of interesting inquiry, and a source of evidence as to the nature of that life and the thoughts of its great Author. The names of the beds, with the regions where chiefly found, are the following:—(1) The Lignite series or Upper Cretaceous (Mon- tana, Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado); (2) Eocene Lake (Wyoming, West Colorado); (8) Miocene (Nebraska, Oregon, E. Colorado) ; (4) Pliocene (Nebraska, Idaho, Oregon, E. Colorado); (5) Post- pliocene (caves of the east), The quadrupeds begin in full blast in the Eocene; and none whatever are known from beds of the prece- ding or cretaceous agea—a remarkable circumstance, and not easy to account for, especially as it is the case all over the world, so far as known ; yet there were a few of this high division during a period. that preceded the cretaceous. In Wyoming, therefore, we find life first in the form with which it has pleased Divine power to invest ourselves, but in no case presenting any close resemblance to the human species. The predominant styles were those resembling the tapir, the opossum, the bat, the mole, and the squirrel. There were Miscellaneous. 329 no cloven-footed animals that chew the cud (ruminants), no horses, no elephants, no rhinoceros or hippopotamus, and, it is thought, no true cat- or dog-like flesh-eaters. To take their places were strange creatures that combine the characteristics of these divisions now so widely separated. Thus there were forms between the horse and tapir, between the elephant and tapir, and between the rhinoceros and tapir. There were numerous monkeys which resembled nearly as much the raccoon and the coati. The land carnivora resembled in many ways the seals ; and the division of the opossum and the kangaroo had sundry representatives. A more curious and, to some, unexpected faunal combination, constituting a homogeneous whole, does not exist in any known formation. In the next period (Miocene) a great addition to the living types of animals took place; so that the contrast between this formation and the Eocene is very great. “ Certopora, Goldfuss. “ Polypidom tuberose, composed of numerous thin concentric layers ; pores round, unequally placed. “This genus was intended by Goldfuss to include several fossil forms now referred to Alveolites, Chrysaora, &c. The above definition is of the genus as now restricted.” —M‘Coy, Paleozoic Fossils, p. 194. “ Millepora.— Pores very minute, perpendicular to the surface ; cells without lamella.”—Jbid. p. 195. Phillips places Milepora, along with Fenestella, Glauconome, &ce., among the Polypiaria, along with Favosites and the other true corals. Morris (‘ Catalogue of British Fossils,’ edit. 1854) puts Ce- riopora, Goldfuss, 1826, in the Bryozoa, and gives C. gracilis and C. interporosa under that generic heading, Millepora being among the Zoophytes. Amid this confusion it is apparent that Pictet’s suggestion of Carboniferous Polyzoa. 337 to set aside Certopora has much to commend it; for the con- fusion of Corals and Bryozoa commenced with Goldfuss. His definition, therefore, is not precise enough, though it is obvious that he founded the genus on a coral. M‘Coy’s restricted genus also belongs to the Corals ; while Morris, by his transfer of the name Cerdopora to a Bryozoon, has left the species under consideration without a generic name to which it has a legiti- mate title. This question of nomenclature is one of great difficulty ; as, however, the essential character of the fossil we are about to describe separates it from all other known Carbo- niferous forms, we would suggest Rhabdomeson as the generic name, the axis being central, not lateral as in Allman’s Rhabdopleura. Rhabdomeson gracile (nov. gen.). Millepora gracilis, Phillips, Pal. Foss. Ceriopora gracilis, Morris, Catalogue. The stem is slender, cylindrical, branching, the branches coming off at right angles to the stem and never less than an inch apart, and consists of a hollow axis formed by a thin ealcareous tube, and of a series of cells ranged round the axis, There are 100 cell-apertures in a linear inch; the apertures are oval, with simple outlines, the funnel-shaped depressions at the bottom of which they are placed sloping down from the erests of the dividing ridges. These ridges are tuberculated, a large tubercle, which well-preserved specimens show to be a blunt spine, being placed at the upper and lower angles of each aper- ture. Hence the periphery of a single cell usually presents four such tubercles, while smaller tubercles occur between each larger pair. But the aperture of the cell does not occupy the whole area of the pore-depression ; a thin lamina reduces the orifice, hymen-like, to one fourth of the area of the pit; and this restricted orifice is at the upper end of the depression (Pl. XVI. B. fig. 4). The cells are conical, the inner extremity being in contact with the axis, the cell turning upwards and out- wards so that the plane of its aperture is parallel to the axis, The apex of the curved cone terminates two cells and a half below its orifice. Towards their apices the cells are separated by a very thin common wall, which thickens outwards so that the orifices are separated by a partition whose thickness is one third of the cei of the cell-cavity at its widest part. When the cells have been removed so as to expose the hollow axis, the wall of the latter is seen to be marked by minute round spots, which at first suggested the possibility of a com- munication existing between the cavity of the cell and that of 338 Messrs. Young on a new Genus the axis. But careful examination has satisfied us that not merely is the cylinder imperforate, but the cones do not even abut on it; they run out alongside of it. Both axis and cells are filled sometimes with amorphous calcareous matter or with clay sediments. In the latter case the casts obtained by dis- solving away the skeleton with acid (fig. 3) show a notch on the lower side of their widest part corresponding to the thin lamina already mentioned, while the mass lying beyond the notch is the mass of sediment that filled up the pit or vestibule already described. ‘There is no trace of septa in the cell or in the axis; there are no tubules putting adjacent cells in com- munication ; and there is no sign of avicularia or other external processes. ‘The spines are solid; but the worn ones show something like a central pit. We have not found the free ends of any of the branches; but the equality of all the cells forbids the supposition that they are multiplied by intercalation. The central tubular axis has a thin wall, which is distinct from that of the cells in contact with it (fig. 6). In fact, the line of separation between these calcareous layers is everywhere recognizable, and is prolonged into the tubercle or spine (fig. 6,c). The bounding ridge and tubercle are, in fact, shared by adjacent cells, and the calcareous matter is deposited in lamine, as shown roughly in figs. 4, 5, & 6, whereas the walls of the cells as far as the oral lamella are homogeneous. We have not ascertained what is the condition of the calcareous matter in these layers, our chief object being to show that a central pit in these, as in other similar structures, neither implies a central canal nor an articulated appendage. ach cell has, in short, its own proper wall. ‘The cells are throughout equal or nearly so—the differences seen in fig. 2 being of very rare occurrence, though when they exist the regularity of the quin- cunx is impaired. But the equality is such as to forbid the idea that the cells are intercalated, an important point in the definition of Certopora. Assuming the hydroid character of the Graptolites, Rhabdo- pleura is the only polyzoon hitherto known in which a solid axis is found; and in it the cells terminate the nodes of the axis. The form just described rather resembles a sclerobasic coral in having the axis wholly within the circlet of cells. What may be the true affinities of Rhabdomeson, it would be rash on our part to attempt to determine. The novelty of the type has induced us to publish it at once, reserving the generic definition till we complete our investigations into other species referred erroneously to Ceriopora. We should be glad if collec- tors who may possess forms similar to that here figured would lend us specimens for comparison—and would suggest the of Carboniferous Polyzoa. 339 propriety of a reexamination of Websterta crisioides, Edw. & Haime, the description having some points of resemblance to that of Rhabdomeson. Distribution.—Rhabdomeson (Certopora) gracile is common in all the limestones and shales which yield Polyzoa through- out the west of Scotland. It ranges from the lower to the upper members of the Carboniferous Limestone. In some of the harder shales specimens occur two or three inches in length; while by washing the soft and weathered shales, numerous well preserved fragments are easily obtained. In some localities it is associated with species ot Certopora, viz. C. interporosa, Phill., C. rhombifera, Phill., and C, similis, Phill. ; while in other localities it is the only species met with. The white limestone of Trearne, near Beith, Ayrshire, has yielded numerous natural sections. The stone splits in most cases parallel with the axis of the stem, and shows the central hollow tube, bare of cells for considerable lengths. The tube in these specimens never shows more than a fine layer of minute crystals of calcite lining its interior. Those from other localities have the tube more or less filled with amorphous calcite or clay, or both, If the identification with Phillips’s species is correct, this species descends to the Pilton group. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. B. figs. 1-6. Fig. 1. Rhabdomeson gracile (noy. gen.). Fragment, natural size. This and the other figures, except fig. 4, were drawn with the camera lucida. Fig. 2. Ditto, enlarged, to show character of tubercles. Fig. 3. Ditto, polished and slightly etched with acid, to show the mesial axis, d, and casts of cells: a and ¢ show casts which reach the surface in the plane of section; the notch in the lower surface of each cast shows the position of the oral lamella, the matter | external to the notch being matrix, which fills up the vestibule shown in fig. 2. Opposite 6, a fragment of a cell is seen lying on the axis; and at e the apices of several cells are seen surrounding the axis. Fig. 4. Ditto. Diagram of cell, to show conical form, position of lamella, and shape of vestibule. Fig. 5. Ditto. Transverse section, showing hollow axis and reece | cells cut across at various points, and the angular form cayse by mutual pressure. Fig. 6. Ditto. Two tubercles, greatly enlarged to show structure, as seen by transmitted light; a, cell-aperture ; }, central axis; ¢, c’, tubercles. —— 340 Mr. J. Blackwall on certain Peculiarities in the XLVII.—A Concise Notice of Observations on certain Pecu- liarities in the Structure and Functions of the Araneidea. By Joun Buackwa Lt, F.L.8. Mucu diversity of opinion being entertained by eminent zoo- tomists and physiologists with regard to the structure and function of certain organs common to spiders belonging to several genera, which are situated near the extremity of the inferior surface of the abdomen, immediately before the spin- ning-mammule, I availed myself of recent visits of a friend, Mr. William Statham, to inspect under his excellent binocular microscope the parts in question, carefully prepared for the purpose by himself. When efficiently illuminated and viewed with a magnifying-power of about 125 diameters, they were distinctly perceived to be provided with very numerous and exceedingly delicate spinning-tubes, completely establishing the accuracy of the conclusion at which I had previously arrived by minute investigation, namely that the parts consti- tute an additional or fourth pair of spinners united throughout their entire length*. The spiders submitted to examination were Ciniflo atroz, C. similis, and Ergatis viridissima. Between the proximate extremities of the fourth pair of spinners in the first two spe- cies there is a distinct septum; but in Hrgatis viridisstma, Mithras paradoxus, and some other small spiders provided with the additional spinners no septum is apparent, the entire area formed by their contiguous extremities being amply sup- plied with spinning-tubes. The conjoined spinners composing the fourth pair are moy- able, and, when in action, present their extremities to the calamistra, which in passing over them draw out and card the excessively fine filaments proceeding from the spinning-tubes into the two delicate pale blue bands that enter into the com- position of every flocculus in the complex snares of Cintflo atrox, C. similis, and C. ferox. The small spiders, the proximate extremities of whose addi- tional spinners are without any definite mark of distinction, have the calamistrum (situated upon a ridge on the abdominal side of the upper surface of the metatarsal joint of each poste- _ rior leg) usually composed of a single row of curved movable bristles ; but the calamistrum of the larger species of Cindflo commonly consists of two parallel rows of fine spines. I may here remark that the calamistra are frequently much * Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, vol. xviii. p. 223 et seq. Structure and Functions of the Araneidea. 341 less conspicuous on male than on female spiders, the occasions for their employment being fewer and of minor importance in the former than in the latter sex. The prevalent opinion, that the very remarkable snare of Mithras paradoxus does not afford any evidence in its con- struction of the action of the fourth pair of spinners and the calamistra with which this spider is provided, is probably erro- neous; for I have reason to believe that the transverse lines attached to the four radii in the snare of this species are formed by the agency of the calamistra in passing over the extremities of its spinners ; and this agency is undoubtedly exercised in forming the external convex covering of its cocoon. A species of Mithras which inhabits the United States of North America evidently employs its fourth pair of spinners and calamistra in the fabrication of its cell. Now, as I am disposed to attach much importance to the habits and economy of spiders with reference to their system- atic arrangement, the fact that species provided with calamistra are always found to possess the additional spinners, and that these parts constantly cooperate to produce results affecting their economy in a very obvious manner, has not, [ apprehend, had that consideration bestowed upon it by arachnologists to which it appears to be entitled. The late Mr. Richard Beck communicated to the Microsco- pical Society of London, in the year 1861, some remarks on the formation of the viscid spiral line in the snare of Epeira ,diadema, commonly denominated the garden spider. In this paper, of which I have merely seen an abstract, the following statement occurs :—‘‘ With only a pocket-lens I could distinctly see that the viscid lines, as first drawn from the abdomen, were not dotted. On a careful examination with the microscope, the thread at first appeared only slightly thicker than an un- gummed line ; but after a very short time undulations appeared, and subsequently, at the most regular distances, the viscid matter formed into alternating large and small globules. The whole process is a beautiful illustration of molecular attraction.” Without questioning the accuracy of Mr. Beck’s observa- tions, several difficulties present themselves in connexion with his explanation of this curious subject, that carefully conducted investigation alone can dispel. ‘To some of these difficulties I shall now direct attention. The fine elastic line on which the viscid globules are distri- buted is consolidated; but it is perplexing even to conjecture how this consolidation is effected, since, according to Mr. Beck, the line is surrounded by a viscid fluid as it is drawn from the oes Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the abdomen ; the importance, therefore, of ascertaining by close inspection whether the line and the viscid fluid in which it is enveloped proceed from the same spinning-tube or not will be immediately apparent. It is evident, from the materials of which they are composed possessing such widely different pro- perties, that they cannot be produced by the same organ of secretion. There is a difficulty also in comprehending how a cylindrical body of viscid fluid can be resolved by molecular attraction into a series of large and small globules disposed on the line alternately at minute and most regular distances from one another. Had Mr. Beck been spared to continue his researches, he might perhaps have been enabled, by his well-known skill as a microscopist and by the advantage he possessed in having superior optical instruments at his command, to throw some light on the obscure phenomena here submitted to the consi- deration of arachnologists, which remain as problems yet waiting a solution. XLVIII.—On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of St. Andrews. By W. C. M‘Intosu. [Continued from p. 315. | Section II. MOLLUSCA (PROPER). The Mollusca are chiefly procured by dredging, examina- tion between tide-marks, or the deep-sea lines of the fisher- men, though certain storms sometimes strew the sands with many species in great profusion. Not a few of the rarer forms are found in the stomachs of fishes, such as the cod, haddock, and flounder. The remarks on the class may be arranged in three divisions, founded on the economical value, peculiar habits, and rarity. By far the most important species in the first group is the common mussel (Mytilus edulis), which occurs in vast numbers in the form of mussel-‘ beds”’ on muddy flats, chiefly situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Eden. Attached to stones, sticks, and to each other, these shell-fish luxuriate in abundance of Diatomacez, Infusoria, and other minute forms of animal and vegetable life. From their special value as bait the city derives a considerable annual revenue ; and if the wise protection only lately enforced were supplemented by Mollusca of St. Andrews. 343 skilful mussel-farming, great increase in revenue might be anticipated. Shell-fish, like other animals in civilized parts, cannot survive constant inroads without special restrictions. Multitudes of the young mollusks, moreover, are found in- crusting the poles for the salmon-nets on the West Sands, and the rocks, stones, and tangle-roots elsewhere ; but they do not attain a large size, apparently from overcrowding and the want of congenial food, which the purer water seems incapable of supplying. ‘This species takes the place of the horse-mussel (““yoags’’) of the Zetlandic fishermen, and the worms of those in the Channel Islands. It is seldom eaten by the natives. The edible cockles, again, abound on the sandy flats near the entrance of the Hden into the sea, and are occasionally sold as food, though of late years their scarcity has rendered their appearance less frequent in the market. Periwinkles and limpets are constantly gathered for similar purposes. The only uses to which some of the other mollusks are applied are in the amateur manufacture of ornaments, such as shell pin- cushions from various univalves and bivalves, bracelets from Nassa incrassata and Trochus cinerartus, after the latter has had its nacreous layer exposed by an acid. The rock-boring shell-tish are five in number, though only one exercises any great influence on the disintegration of the rocks—viz. Pholas crispata, which often swarms in the shale and sandstone, and takes the place of the Pholas dactylus of the chalk rocks of the south. Lholas candida occurs too rarely to require special mention in this respect; and the same may be said of Saxicava rugosa. The excavations of Patella vul- gata and Chiton fascicularis in sandstone show that no special boring-organ is necessary for this purpose. The latter species sometimes scoops out considerable cavities in sandstone, in which it reposes. The only wood-borer is Xylophaga dorsalis. In taking, under this head, a general survey of the boring forms, it is found that they belong to at least three invertebrate subkingdoms, viz. the Protozoa, Mollusea, and Annulosa. In the first are boring sponges ; in the second, Bryozoa and various mollusks; in the third, sea-urchins, gephyreans, annelids, and cirripedes. The sponges appear to bore only into calcareous substances, such as shells and limestone. The Bryozoa perforate shells ; the mollusks proper, limestone, sandstone, aluminous shale, gneiss and other rocks, wood, wax, shells, &c.; the annelids tunnel shells and rocks of various kinds; the sea-urchins cal- careous rocks, gneiss, granite, and other rocks ; the gephyreans and cirripedes shells and limestone. Good opportunities are afforded at St. Andrews for studying the boring-action of the 344 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the mollusks and annelids. Pholas crispata and Leucodore ciliata are equally abundant, and must exercise as much influence on the disintegration of the sandstone and shale between tide- marks as the boring sponges amongst the shells in deep water ; while Patella, Chiton, Saxicava, and Dodecaceria are also frequent. The theories which have been promulgated to explain the mode by which these various creatures perforate materials so diverse may be ranged round two great centres, viz. the chemical and the mechanical*, The advocates of the former seem to take for granted that the borings occur chiefly in calcareous substances ; and with propriety, therefore, they make their solvent an acid. It is clear, however, that this agency is unable to account for the abundant perforations in media totally impervious to such action. Moreover no trace of acid is found in many borers; and though present in some, as in Sabella saxicava and Pholas, it is likewise characteristic of other marine animals which do not bore; and it is purely hypothetical at present to bring in the aid of the carbonic dioxide derived from sea-water, for the same reason. The mechanical theory, again, supposes that the animals perforate by means of shells or gritty particles m the case of mollusks, teeth in the sea-urchins, bristles in the annelids, horny processes in certain cirripedes and gephyreans; but we are left in doubt concerning the extensive and wonderful per- forations of the sponges, those of the Bryozoa, and the rest of the cirripedes. If, however, we regard the ‘ macerating ” theory as a modification of this, certain of the difficulties will be overcome. The grains of wood, however, found in the stomachs of Teredo, are interesting in this respect. The whole subject of the boring of marine animals, indeed, is much in want of further elucidation ; and it is hard to believe that the same modus operandi exists in all. In conclusion, the theories may be arranged under the following heads (for all the subkingdoms), after Forbes and Hanley and Gwyn Jeffreys :— I. That in the shell-fish the perforations are made by rotations of the valves, like augers (Bonanni, Adanson, Born, J. E. Gray, Dr. Fleming, Osler, Forbes and Hanley, Cailliaud, Robertson, &c.) ; in the sea-urchins, by the teeth (Cailliaud). This theory is not supported by an examination of the perforations of the sponges, Bryozoa, those of the annelids, * We do not here allude to the boring by jaws or tongue (e. g, in Lim- norta and Trochus). Mollusca of St. Andrews. 345 gephyreans, and cirripedes, nor by a comparison of the shells and tunnels of the mollusks themselves. The epidermis of the latter in each case would likewise suffer. II. That the holes are made by rasping effected by siliceous particles on the foot of the mollusk (Hancock), by grains of silex from the exterior (Bryson), by the foot in some way (Dr. Fischer), and by chitine in the cirripedes (Darwin) and gephyreans and the bristles of the annelids. This explanation is not borne out by the case of the sponges, by that of the Bryozoa, and certain cirripedes ; moreover such siliceous particles are rare in boring mollusks. III. That the excavations are due to ciliary currents, aided by rasping (Garner). The currents may assist, but seem to be insufficient to account for the borings in any group. IV. That the perforations are produced by a chemical solvent : Gray, Osler (for Saxtcava), Drummond, Cailliaud, Mantell, Thorent, Reeve, Bouchard-Chantereaux, Spence Bate, Darwin (for Verruca), E. R. Lankester, and Parfitt. This will not explain the borings in wood, aluminous shale, gneiss, granite, sandstone, and wax. It is interest- ing, however, as my friend Mr. Ray Lankester has spe- cially shown, that shells and calcareous rocks are much affected by burrowing marine animals. V. That the borings are the result of a secreted solvent and rasping action (Thompson and Necker). It seems improbable that the solvent should vary with the nature of the rocks attacked. VI. That the perforations are caused by a macerating or simple solvent action of the foot in mollusks (Sellius, Deshayes, and Gwyn Jeffreys). It is doubtful if this would be supported by the action in the sponges, Bryozoa, annelids, gephyreans, and cirri- pedes. The striz in certain of the tunnels of the shell- fish are also somewhat at variance with this notion. The most interesting species in regard to rarity are Lima subauriculata and L. Loscombii, which come from deep water, the characteristic Lima hians of our southern and western shores being,absent. A worn valve of Jsocardia cor found on the West Sands is purely accidental. TZellina pusilla and Psammobia tellinella are uncommon at St. Andrews. Amongst univalves, Trichotropis borealis, Plewrotoma Trevelyana, 346 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Aplysia punctata, and Philine pruinosa are noteworthy. The smaller univalves, such as Rissow and their allies, are much less numerous in species than on the southern and west- ern shores, the absence of Trochus umbilicatus being especially diagnostic when contrasted with the latter. The Nudibranchs are well represented at all seasons; and the individuals in the majority of the species are numerous. Ommatostrephes and Loligo amongst the cuttles often occur in great profusion on the West Sands after storms. On the whole the species are northern, and stand in strong contrast to the molluscan fauna of the western shores, where Thracia convexa, Tapes decussatus, Pecten varius, var. nivea, Teredo megotara and T. norvegica, Fissurella, Trochus umbili- catus and T. zizyphinus in the littoral zone, and the abund- ance of 7. magus and 7. tumidus in the laminarian, Phasianella, Akera bullata, Elysia, swarms of large and small Rissow, and the pelagic Janthina torm conspicuous features of the marine fauna, just as the hosts of Bulimus acutus do on the sandy fields of Killipheder and other parts of the extreme west. Still more evident is the contrast with the rich southern species that cluster round the Channel Islands—such as the finely developed pectens, oysters, and Anomie, and the appearance of the former between tide-marks (P. varius), besides Mytilus barbatus (which takes the place of the bearded varieties of our Mytilus modiolus) in obscure crevices in the littoral zone, the frequency of Arca tetragona in fissures of the rocks, Galeomma on the under surface of stones in tide-pools at Herm, the boring Gastrochena in shells, and the abundance of Haliotis, Pandora, Venus verrucosa and V. ovata, Mactra glauca, the Psammobie, and the “angel’s wings” (Zima), which when disturbed flit with their brilliant orange fringes so nimbly in the tide-pools. Amongst univalves, again, the large size and abundance of Chiton discrepans, Fissurella, Emarginula, Murex erinaceus, Aplysia punctata, Eulima polita, Trochus lineatus, Cerithium and Certthiopsis, and the predatory and cunning cuttles (Octopus) between tide-marks are noteworthy ; while in the surrounding water are the rare prizes Triton nodifer, T. cutaceus, Cardium papillosum, Argiope decollata, and other forms which, with the foregoing, are thrown in such profusion on the shell-beach at Herm—e. g. Calyptrea chinensis, Trochus ~ Montacuti, and Murex aciculatus. ‘The fine Pinna rudis of South England is also entirely absent at St. Andrews. Neither dowe find the swarms of Trochus helicinus and T. grenlandicus, Trichotropis borealis, and their allies amongst the tangle- roots, as in Shetland, nor the Terebratulw, Lyonsia, Lepeta, Puncturella, Trochus amabilis, the Jeffreysie, Columbella ha- lieet?, Pleurotoma nivalis, P. carinata, Scaphander librarius, Mollusca of St. Andrews. 347 Philine angulata and P. nitida, Rossia papillifera, the Clios, and the half hundred new British forms discovered by Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys in his frequent cruises in the surrounding waters. The great beds, also, of Mytilus modiolus (called “‘yoags ”), which occur in from 3 to 15 fathoms near the shore in many parts of the Zetlandic seas, present an interesting contrast. It is this mussel (esteemed but a coarse bait at St. Andrews) which is extensively employed by the Shetlanders ; and in its collection many rare invertebrates are found amongst the roots of the tangles and stones, which with the mussels form huge muddy masses. The old ten-toothed “dreg” noticed by the accomplished Prof. Edward Forbes is still the chief instrument in procuring the shell-fish, and is much more service- able to the zoologist on such ground than the dredge. In the figure given by the facile pencil of the great naturalist the rope is attached to the eye of the dreg; but in modern times the fishermen more correctly attach it to the head of the instru- ment (after the mannerof the ordinary dredge), and fix the rope at the eye of the dreg by a piece of spun yarn; ¢ so that if the dreg gets entangled { the spun yarn gives way, and the rope pulls the head of the dreg back- wards, and disengages the teeth from the tangles and stones. In trans- verse section the teeth form a trun- cated ellipse round the central iron rod. The nomenclature adopted is that of Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys in his valuable work on the British Mollusca ; and I am specially indebted to him for his great courtesy in frequently aiding me in doubtful cases, and also carefully investigating shell-débris containing minute species, which otherwise might have been overlooked. Class CONCHIFERA. Order LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Fam. 1. Anomiide, Gray. Genus ANomIA, L. Anomia ephippium, L. Jeffreys, Brit. Moll. ii. p. 31, ve pl..20, f.:1; 1 a-Le, Not uncommon in the débris of the fishing-boats. 348 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Anomia patelliformis, L. Op. cit. 11. p.84, v. pl. 20. f. 2,2a—2e. Common in the same region, as well as between tide-marks Fam. 2. Ostreide, Broderip. Genus OstrEA, L. Ostrea edulis, L. Op. cit. i. p. 38, v. pl. 21. Living examples are rare. The “rock” variety with purplish streaks, however, is occasionally found at the East Rocks on the under surface of stones in pools near low water. Fam. 35. Pectinide, Lamarck. Genus 1. PecTEN, Pliny. Pecten pusio, L. Op. cit. 11. p. 51, v. pl. 22. f. 1 & 1a. Common; the living specimens come from the deep water of the bay, chiefly attached to bivalves. Worn valves are abundant in the gravel at the East Rocks. Pecten opercularis, L. Op. cit. 1. p. 59, v. pl. 22.f.3 & 3 a. Frequently brought by the fishing-boats, and thrown on the beach after storms. Pecten tigrinus, O. F. Miiller. Op. cit. i. p. 65, v. pl. 23. f. 2 & 2a. Perfect specimens from the coralline ground and the stomachs of haddocks and flounders; single valves on the beach in gravel and after storms. Pecten similis, Laskey. Op. cit. 11. p. 71, v. pl. 23. f. 5. Frequent in the stomachs of flounders and haddocks; more rarely procured from the coralline ground. Pecten maximus, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 73, v. pl. 24. Occasionally brought up on the deep-sea lines of the fisher- men. Genus 2. Lima, Bruguiére. Lima subauriculata, Mont. Op. cit. i. p. 82, v. pl. 25. f. 3. Not common ; from the deep water of the bay. Mollusca of St. Andrews. 349 Lima Loscombii, G. B. Sowerby. Op. ctt. ii. p. 85, v. pl. 25. f. 4. Single valves occasionally appear in the fishing-boats ; perfect specimens are found in the stomach of the cod. Fam. 5. Mytilide, Fleming. Genus 1. Myriuus, L. Mytilus edulis, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 104, v. pl. 27. f. 1. Forming by their vast numbers a most important mussel- bed at the estuary of the river Eden. Multitudes of the young animals, besides, form a coating to the posts of the salmon- nets, to rocks, stones, and tangle-roots in various places. Mytilus modiolus, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 111, v. pl. 27. f. 2. Frequently thrown ashore after storms, and brought by the fishermen from deep water. Monstrosities and varieties are common ; and there is no shell so prolific in parasitic or com- mensalistic growths; pea-crabs and pearls are common in their interior. Young forms (bearded) occur in chinks of the rocks between tide-marks. Genus 2. Mopronartia, Beck. Modiolaria marmorata, Forbes. Op. cit. ii. p.122, v. pl. 28. f.1. Abundant in the tests of Ascidia sordida, and sometimes found in a free condition on the West Sands after storms. Modiolaria discors, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 126, v. pl. 28. f. 3. Occasionally attached to the roots of Fuci near low water, and to the top-shaped fronds of Himanthalia lorea. Modiolaria nigra, Gray. Op. cit. ii. p. 128, v. pl. 28. f. 4. Fine specimens occur in the deep water of the bay, and also in the stomachs of cod. Genus 3. CRENELLA, Brown. Crenella decussata, Montagu. Op. cit. 11. p. 133, v. pl. 28. f. 6. Not rare in the stomachs of cod and haddocks, though perhaps swallowed in the first instance by other fishes. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xiii. 25 350 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Fam. 6. Arcide, Lowe. Genus 1. Nucuna, Lamarck. Nucula nucleus, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 143, v. pl. 29. f. 2. Common in the bay; brought in by the fishing-boats, and frequent in the stomachs of cod and haddocks. Nucula nitida, G. B. Sowerby. Op. cit. ii. p. 149, v. pl. 29. f£.3 & 3a. Not rare off the East Rocks in sandy gravel between the rocky ridges, and in the stomachs of haddocks and cod. Nucula tenuis, Mont. Op. cit. 11. p. 151, v. pl. 29. f. 4. From deep water and the stomachs of cod and haddocks. Genus 2. Lepa, Schumacher. Leda minuta, Miller. Op. cit. ii. p. 155, v. pl. 29. f. 6. Common in deep water and the stomachs of flounders. Genus 4. PecruncuLus, Lamarck. Pectunculus glycymeris, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 166, v. pl. 30. f. 2. Abundant in the bay ; generally brought in by the fishing- boats. Genus 5. ARCA, L. Arca tetragona, Poli. Op. cit. ii. p. 180, v. pl. 30. f. 6. Instead of the clusters in which it appears in the chinks of the rocks in the Channel Islands, solitary examples only are dredged off the bay in deep water. Fam. 8. Kelliide, Forbes & Hanley. Genus 2. Monracuta, Turton. Montacuta bidentata, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 208, v. pl. 31. f. 8. Abundant in shell-débris on the West Sands. Montacuta ferruginosa, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 210, v. pl. 31. f. 9. Common in the deep water of the bay and in the stomachs of cod, haddocks, and flounders; also in the shell-débris on the West Sands after storms. Mollusca of St. Andrews. 351 Genus 3. Lasma, Leach. Lasea rubra, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 219, v. pl. 82. f. 1. Abundant amongst alge, in crevices under stones in rock- pools, and in the cavities of shells between tide-marks. Genus 4. Keira, Turton. Kellia suborbicularis, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 225, v. pl. 32. f. 2. Common under stones in rock-pools, and in the cavities of old limpet- and other shells. Fam. 9. Lucinidr, D’Orbigny. Genus 2. Luctna, Bruguiére. Lucina borealis, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 242, v. pl. 32. f. 7. Frequently brought in by the fishing-boats, though the majority of the specimens are imperfect (single valves). Genus 3. AXxINUuS, J. Sowerby. . Axinus flexuosus, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 247, v. pl. 33. f. 1. Single valves occasionally from the fishing-boats, and on the West Sands after storms. Fam. 10. Carditide, Gray. Genus Cyamivum, Philippi. Cyamium minutum, Fabricius. Op. cit. 11. p. 260, v. pl. 33. f. 5. Common in shell-débris on the West Sands. Fam. 11. Cardiide, Broderip. Genus CARDIUM, L. Cardium echinatum, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 270, v. pl. 34. f. 2. Very abundant on the West Sands after storms, and in the débris of the fishing-boats. Cardium fasciatum, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 281, v. pl. 35. f. 3. Not uncommon on the West Sands after storms, and in the stomachs of cod, haddocks, and flounders. 25* 352 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Cardium nodosum, Turton. Op. cit. 11. p. 283, v. pl. 35. f. 4. Dead valves occasionally dredged off the East Rocks in 3 to 4 fathoms. Cardium edule, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 286, v. pl. 35. f. 5. Abundant in the muddy sand at the mouth of the river Eden. Cockle-gathering forms the occupation of some of the fisherwomen. Cardium norvegicum, Spengler. Op.cit. ii. p.294, v. pl.35. f.7. Not uncommon ; generally brought by the fishermen from deep water. Fam. 12. Cyprinidae, Geinitz. Genus 2. Cyprina, Lamk. Cyprina islandica, L. Op. cit. 11. p. 804, v. pl. 36. f. 2. _ Common in deep water, and thrown ashore after storms. Some have rows of small adherent pearls. Genus 3. ASTARTE, J. Sowerby. Astarte sulcata, Da Costa. Op. cit. 1. p. 311, v. pl. 37. f. 1 & 2. Frequently brought up by the deep-sea lines of the fisher- men. Semifossil valves of A. Jorealis are also not uncommon. Astarte compressa, Mont. Op. cit, 1. p. 315, v. pl. 37. £.3 & 4. Frequent in deep water. Genus 4. Crrce, Schumacher. Circe minima, Mont. Op. cit. 11. p. 322, v. pl. 37. f. 6. Not uncommon in deep water, and in the stomachs of cod, haddocks, and flounders. Fam. 13. Veneridz, Leach. Genus 1. Venus, L. Venus exoleta, L. Op. cit. il. p. 827, v. pl. 38. f. 1. Abundant in deep water, and on the beach after storms. Venus lincta, Pulteney. Op. cit. ii. p. 330, v. pl. 38. f. 2. Common in deep water, and thrown plentifully on the West Sands after storms. Mollusca of St. Andrews. 353 Venus fasciata, Da Costa. Op. cit. ii. p. 334, v. pl. 38. f. 4. In 3 to 4 fathoms off the East Rocks, and from the deep- sea lines of the fishermen. Dead valves are common amongst the gravel at the East Rocks. Venus casina, L. Op. cit. il. p. 337, v. pl. 38. f. 5. Occasionally procured in a perfect state from the deep-sea lines of the fishermen. Single valves are most abundant. Venus ovata, Pennant. Op. cit. 1. p. 342, v. pl. 39. f. 1. Common in deep water ; generally procured from the fishing- boats. Venus gallina, L. -Op. cit. i. p. 344, v. pl. 39. f. 2 & 3. Abundant on the West Sands after storms, and in a few fathoms water on a sandy bottom all round. Genus 2. Tapes, Miihlfeldt. Tapes virgineus, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 352, v. pl. 39. f. 5. Common in deep water and in the fishing-boats. Tapes pullastra, Mont. Op. cit. i. p. 355, v. pl. 39. f. 6. Abundant between tide-marks amongst the muddy sand, and occasionally in cavities bored by Pholas crispata. Genus 3. Lucrnopsis, Forbes & Hanley. Lucinopsis undata, Pennant. Op. cit. il. p. 363, v. pl. 40. f. 1. Common on the sandy ground, and thrown in vast numbers on the West Sands after storms. Fam. 14. Tellinide, Latreille. Genus 2. TELLINA, L. Tellina crassa, Gmelin. Op. cit. 11. p. 373, v. pl. 40. f. 4. Single valves of good size are not uncommon in the débris of the fishing-boats. Tellina balthica, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 375, v. pl. 40. f. 5. Abundant on the sandy beach at the mouths of the Eden and Tay, and on the West Sands after storms. 354 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Tellina tenuis, Da Costa. Op. cit. ii. p. 379, v. pl. 41. f. 1. Very common on the sandy ground everywhere; and dead valves occur on the West Sands throughout the year. Tellina fabula, Gronovius. Op. cit. ii. p. 382, vapl. 41. f. 2. Only less common than the last species on the same ground. Tellina pusilla, Philippi. Op. cit. ii. p. 388, v. pl. 41. f. 5. Rather frequent in deep water, and in the stomachs of haddocks and flounders. Genus 3. PsAmmostiA, Lamarck. | Psammobia tellinella, Lamk. Op. cit. ii. p. 392, v. pl. 42. f. 1. Worn valves occasionally found amongst the deep-sea lines of the fishermen. Psammobia ferréensis, Chemnitz. Op. cit. u. p. 396, v. p, 187; pl 42sd.3: Abundant and in fine condition on a sandy bottom off the West Sands. Often thrown ashore in large numbers near the estuary of the Eden. Genus 4. Donax, L. Donazx vittatus, Da Costa. Op. cit. i. p. 402, v. pl. 42. f. 5. Very abundant on the West Sands after storms, and on sandy ground in a few fathoms. Fam. 15. Mactride, Fleming. Genus 2. Macrra, L. Mactra solida, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 415, v. pl. 43. f. 2. Abundant on the sandy ground off the West Sands, and thrown in great numbers on the beach after storms. Var. elliptica is common. Mactra subtruncata, Da Costa. Op. cit. ii. p. 419, v. pl. 43. f. 3. Equally common with the last species, and from the same ground, Mactra stultorum, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 422, v. pl. 43. f. 4. Very abundant on the same ground as the. last two species. Var. cénerea is common. a — Mollusca of St. Andrews. 355 Genus 3. LuTrarta, Lamarck. Lutraria elliptica, Lamk. Op. cit. ii. p. 428, v. pl. 44. f. 1. Common on the West Sands after storms, and in muddy sand at the mouth of the river Eden. Genus 4. ScropicuLARIA, Schumacher. Scrobicularia prismatica, Mont. Op. cit. ii. p. 435, v. pl. 45. f. 1. Not rare in deep water; on the West Sands after storms, and in the stomachs of cod and haddocks. Scrobicularia alba, Miiller. Op. cit. 11. p. 438, v. pl. 45. f. 3. Less common than the foregoing, from the same ground, and in the stomachs of the same fishes. Scrobicularia piperata, Bellonius. Op. cit. ii. p. 444, v. pl. 45. f. 5. Common amongst the muddy sand at the mouth of the Tay, and frequently thrown on the West Sands after storms ; also procured from the fishing-boats. Fam. 16. Solenide, Latreille. Genus 3. SOLEN, L. Solen pellucidus, Pennant. Op. cit. ii. p. 14, v. pl. 46. f. 4. Common on the sandy ground, and thrown ashore in large numbers after storms ; occasionally in the stomachs of cod and haddocks. Solen ensis, L. Op. cit. iii. p. 16, v. pl. 47. f. 1. Frequent on the sandy ground, and after storms on the West Sands. Solen siliqua, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 18, v. pl. 47. f. 2. Abundant amongst the sand uncovered by the low tides. The fishermen collect them for bait ; and the children use them as scoops for digging in the sand. — ee a 356 Dr. W. C. M‘Intosh on the Mollusca of St. Andrews. Fam. 18. Anatinide, D’Orbigny. Genus TuractA, Leach. Thracia papyracea, Poli. Op. cit. iii. p. 36, v. pl. 48. f.4 & 4a. Common on the sandy ground off the West Sands, and cast ashore plentifully after storms. Fam. 19. Corbulide, Fleming. Genus 3. CorBULA, Bruguiére. Corbula gibba, Olivi. Op. cit. iii. p. 56, v. pl. 49. f. 6. Off the East Rocks in a few fathoms, and on the beach after storms ; good specimens are also procured from the fishing- boats. Fam. 20. Myide, Fleming. Genus Mya, L. Mya arenaria, L. Op. cit. 11. p. 64, v. pl. 50. f. 1. Frequent in the muddy sand at the mouth of the Eden. Distorted valves are common. Mya truncata, L. Op. cit. 11. p. 66, v. pl. 50. f. 2. Abundant off the mouth of the Eden, and on the beach after storms. Fam. 21. Saxicavide, Swainson. Genus 2. Saxicava, Fleurian de Bellevue. Saxicava rugosa, L. Op. cit. ii. p. 81, v. pl. 51. f. 3 & 4. Common. at low-water mark amongst the rocks in crevices and holes in sandstone and shale, as well as inside empty limpet-shells and Balanz. Often firmly adherent to its cavity by a byssus. Fam. 23. Pholadide, Gray. Genus 1. Puotas, Lister. Pholas candida, L. Op. cit. iii. p. 107, v. pl. 52. f. 2. Rarely found in shale at the Castle Rocks ; commonly met with on the beach after storms, sometimes in a perfect con- dition. = ——————