‘ies ¥VALD Nhe ‘ot alin test aise Se ty 1 att) Setaad t 3 Ey Aid LNT Py, AN DLA PORN mer os AT tj Hedati NAG 7. ay both os ; Mur es nn” J THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITI LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTII’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ ) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.B.S., WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. ~ OE VOL. VIII.—SIXTH SERIES. oe a ANN LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD. ; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1891. “ Omnes res create sunt divine sapienti et potentia testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu donitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sstimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linnavs. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 1767. : The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, AUl, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. > oa J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. os 2. eee CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII [SIXTH SERIES.] NUMBER XLII. I. The Devonian Fish-Fauna of Spitzbergen. By A. SMITH Woopwarp,F.L.S., F.G.S., of the British Museum (Natural History). EE fe Soc ola craels © sae ho Als ce cre ws ow kd Seine nas II. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R.N., com- manding.—Series II., No. 1. On the Results of Deep-sea Dredging during the Season 1890-91. By J. Woop-Mason, Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical College of Bengal, and A. A1cocx, M.B., Surgeon I.M.S., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Survey. (Plates VII. & VIIL.).. III. Notes concerning the Anatomy of certain Rotifers. By Puma atadenrine: (Plates [V. &. V.) 2.0... cece ccc cece _ IV. On Chilostomatous Characters in .Melicertitide and other Fossil Bryozoa. By AnTHUR Wm. Waters. (Plate VI.) ...... V. New Scarabeide in the British Museum: a Fifth Contri- Ragone ay Grima ©: WATERHOUSE .........0..eec0eceees VI. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Pyralid@ con- tained in the British-Museum Collection. By W. Warren, M.A., MES aos aoeese joao - poo Sh ot a ONES eo ieis ie VII. Revision of the Noctuid Moths in the Natural-History Museum hitherto referred to Eriopus and Callopistria. By ARTHUR Pepin sh 25.,0rc. (Plate 1X0)... .. 2. ce ec eee VII. Descriptions of Four new Species of Butterflies from South- west Madagascar, captured by Mr. J. T. Last, in the Collection of H. BeceeweE Pay od GROSSMITH: oo. sees c cose nse ess eee IX. On Pherusa fuctcola, Leach. By ALFREDO. WALKER...... Page 16 b4 48 53 61 X. On the Occurrence of Discoglossus in the Lower Miocene of eastotyem by Ge Nv GUUGLENGER 0.6.6.6. ele ees Deleee cess iv CONTENTS, Page XI. Description of a new Genus of Iguanoid Lizards. By G. A. IBDULENGIR occ + apres. 2 aise wis rohan phe oars eset aren ne ele XII. Contributions towards a General History of the Marine Polyzoa, 1880-91.—Appendix. By the Rey. THomas Hincxks, oe: egg Ot 57 = Bana rR irae Pca acre Oe grt = oh Sas wie Se ty 86 New Books:—Geological Survey of Missouri. Bulletin no. 4. A Description of some Lower Carboniferous Crinoids from Missouri. By 8S. A. MiritEer.—Description of some new Genera and Species of Echinodermata from the Coal Measures and Subcarboniferous Rocks of Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. By S. A. Mr_Ler and Wm. F. E. Gurtry.—American Spiders and their Spinning Work. A Natural History of the Orb-weaving Spiders of the United States, with special regard to their Industry and Habits. Vols. I. & I. By Henry C. McCoox, D.D. &ce.—Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung, von Fr. Parren. Parts II. and UL, 1889-90,—Foraminifera and Radiolaria from the Cretaceous of Manitoba. By Josepu B. Tyrrett, M.A., B.Sc., &c., of the Geological Survey of Canada —.< 2. cs coe e na meee nena 94—107 A Test Case for the Law of Priority, by F. Jeffrey Bell; The Food- Stores of the Mole, by Dr. Fr. Dahl, of Kiel; On the Develop- ment of the Chromatophores of Octopod Cephalopoda, by L. DOTEDUEN. oa coast oan in ioe ts co che Fe tee gk ive en oe 108—111 NUMBER XLIV. XIII. The Oviposition and Cocoon-weaving of 9, n. 128 (1866) ; Afr, Butt. ii. p. 127 (1887). Hab, Cape Colony, Kaffraria, Natal, Zululand, Transvaal (Ff. S. Barrett): Mus. G. & 8. Panmure. Mr, 'Trimen (8. Afr. Butt. p. 129) gives a long list of localities for this species. Argiolaus silarus. Tolaus silarus, H. H. Druce, Ent. Month, Mag. xxii. p. 154 (1885). Hab. Momboia, East Central Africa (Zast): Mus. G. & 8S. Delagoa Bay (Irs. Monteiro). This species appears to take the place of A. silas in Kast Africa. The upper crimson spot in hind wing of female is wanting in all the specimens I have seen. It is s the var. A of Mr. Trimen (8S. Afr. Butt. ii. p. 128) and is not allied to 2. tulus, Hew., as stated on p. 154, Ent. Month. Mag. xxii. Argitolaus silanus. Tolaus silanus, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii, p. 137 (1889). Ilab. Mombosa (Last): Mus. H. G. Smith. This species is unknown to me. 144. Mr. H. H. Druce on some African Butterflies Argiolaus Triment. Tolaus Trimeni, Waller. Cifv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. p. 87 (1875); Trimen, S. Afr. Butt. ii. p. 129, pl. vii. fig. 4 (1887). Hab. Transvaal. I have not seen this species. Judging from Mr. Trimen’s figure it is perfectly distinct. Argiolaus lukabas. Tolaus lukabus, H. FH. Druce, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. p. 30 (1890). Hab. Gambia (Sir A. Moloney) : Mus. Druce. The type specimen is the only one I have seen. It is apparently allied to A. Trimenz, but has a row of four dis- tinct black spots on the outer margin of hind wing above, and is without the black and yellow lines on the underside. Argiolaus lekanion, sp. n. g. Allied to A. lukabas, mihi. Upperside purer and rather darker blue ; fore wing with the apex and outer mar- gin more broadly black ; hind wing with the shining patch and the anal told darker and with the blue extending to the outer margin, and without the black spots; lobe orange. Underside as in A. dukabas, but the orange spot on hind wing between the median nervules large and distinct. The patch of hairs on underside of primaries as in A. lukabas. Abdomen black above, white below; legs white; palpi black above, white below. Antenne black. Expanse 13} inch. Hab. Sierra Leone: Mus. Druce. We have two males of this species which do not differ and can at once be separated from the allied species. Argiolaus tulus. Tolaus ‘ulus, Hew. Ill. Diurn. Lep., Supp. p. 9, pl. iv. figs. 41-43 (1869). Tolaus iulus, var., C. Oberthiir, Etudes d’Ent. iii. p. 22 (1878). Hab. Sierra Leone: Muss. G. & S. and Druce. Sher- borough Island: Hew. Coll. Zanzibar ( Oderthiir). We have two males from Sierra Leone which are identical with Hewitson’s type in the British Museum ; but in a female in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection the red on the hind wing is replaced by pale yellow on both surfaces. It is hitherto referred to the Genus Lolaus. 145 the most brilliantly coloured species of the group, and Hewit- son’s figure does not do it justice. It is, [ think, doubtful whether the insect referred to by M. Oberthtir can be placed under this name. Argiolaus Jamesoni, sp. n. Tolaus iulus, Godm, & Saly. in Mrs, Jameson’s Story of Rear Column, p. 442 (1890), 3. Allied to A. culus, Hew. Upperside paler and less brillant blue; primaries distinctly whitish at base of the costa: secondaries, cilia pure white; a dark red spot, below which is a small black one occupying the upper half of the lobe, the lower part being white, with a narrow black line at the margin ; tails pure white, with a narrow black central line. Underside creamy white; primaries with costal mar- gin and apex slightly fulvous ochreous: secondaries with a well-marked orange band, thickening slightly at each nervule, running from the z apex to the anal angle, where it converges into the usual anal reddish-orange patch, and connected with a patch of the same yellow (having a black spot in centre) between the lower median nervules; a narrow broken zigzag line running from near the apex inside the yellow band “and reaching to the inner margin, where it is rather more distinct ; a deep black spot, with a few blue scales under, in the lobe, and on the anal orange patch are a few pale lavender scales, A narrow black marginal line from the apex to the anal angle and down the centre of the tails; cilia white. Head white; thorax greyish; palpi white below, black above, and black-tipped ; legs white ; antenne black, spotted with white beneath. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. Yambuya Camp, Aruwimi River (J. S. Jameson): Mus. G. & S, This is evidently a distinct species from A. culus, Hew., to which it was referred by Messrs. Godman and Salvin in the list of butterflies collected by the late Mr. Jameson (‘ Story of the Rear Column,’ p. 442, 1890). It is a different shade of blue. The specimen has a label attached, ‘“‘ Yambuya Camp, Jameson.’ Argiolaus mesa. Myrina mesa, Hew. Il. D. Lep. p. 27, pl. xi. fig. 45 (1863). Hab. Sierra Leone. I am not certain that this species is correctly placed here. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. viii. 10 146 Mr. H. 4H. Druce on some African Butterflies Hewitson states that the type is a male, but his figure has much the appearance of a female, and a specimen in the Hewitson Collection labelled masa is almost certainly a female, and seems allied to that sex of A. zulus. The speci- men in the British Museum is in very poor condition. Argiolaus alcibiades. Tolaus aleibiades, Kirby, Syn. Cat. p. 409 (1871). Papilio timon, Don. (nec Fabr.), Nat. Rep, ili. t. xevil. (1825). Hab. Sierra Leone: Mus. Druce. Lagos (Sir A. Mo- loney). West Coast: Mus. G. & 8. It is with considerable doubt that I refer the specimens before me to this species. ‘Two females, one labelled West Coast of Africa, in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection, and one lately brought home by Sir Alfred Moloney from Lagos, which undoubtedly represent the same species, agree well with Donovan’s figure on the underside, but on the upperside the blue is much paler, and they have the usual orange spot on the lobe, which is not shown in the figure ; the blue also on the hind wing does not reach below the black spots as shown in the figure. In two males which are undoubtedly referable to the females noted above the lobe only is orange-red, the shiny patches are greenish brown and large, and on the underside the red bands on both wings have almost entirely disappeared, leaving only the faint black line and the prominent orange spots near the anal angle of hind wing. It will be noted that no trace of any shining patch is shown in Donovan’s figure. The hairs attached to underside of inner margin of primaries are black. Argiolaus paneperata, Tolaus paneperata, H. H. Druce, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. y. p. 30 (1890), Hab. Lagos (Str A. Moloney) : Mus. Druce. A distinct species, somewhat like A. si/as, Hew., on the upperside, but very different beneath. The patch of hairs on fore wing below is black in this species, yellow in A. silas. Argiolaus laon. Tolaus laon, Hew. Tl. Diurn. Lep., Supp. p. 28, pl. iv. a. figs. 46, 47 (1878). Hab. Sierra Leone: Mus. Druce. Gold Coast. hitherto referred to the Genus Lolaus. 147 The type specimen (?) is now in Messrs, Godman and Salvin’s collection. do. On the upperside a darker and richer blue, with the borders much blacker and the hind wing without the inner black patch near the anal angle. The shining patch on hind wing is large, black, and with a large buff central spot. On the underside it differs from the female by having the inner marginal area of fore wing black, powdered with white scales, and extending up to the wall of the cell and along the lower median nervule almost to the margin. The hairs on underside of fore wing are deep black. Argiolaus glaucus. Tolaus glaucus, Butl, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 766. Hab. Somali-land. Argiolaus Belli. Tolaus belli, Hew. Ill, Diurn. Lep., Supp. p. 9, pl. iv. figs. 33, 34 (1869). Hab. Sherborough Island (Hew.). W. Africa: Mus, G. & 8. I have not seen the male of this insect. Argiolaus cyteis. Lolaus cyteis, Wew. Ent. Month. Mag. xi. p. 182 (1875). Tolaus cyteis, Hew. Ul. Diurn. Lep., Supp. p. 29, pl. iv. a. figs. 5: (1878). Hab. Fernando Po (Hew.). The female of this species does not seem to have been described. b. 3g green on upperside, ? greyish white. Argiolaus calisto. Anthene calisto, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. Lep. t. xxv. fig. 6, ¢ (1852). Tolaus calisto, Hew. Ill. D. Lep. p. 41 (1865). Hab. Gambia: Mus. Druce. Sierra Leone, Gaboon (/. Carter): Mus. G. & 8. The female, which has not been described, is somewhat larger than the male and is greyish white, with the costa, apex, and outer margin of fore wing and apex of hind wing blackish brown. Hind wing with an ultramedian, somewhat irregular, brown band reaching from the apical patch to the 10* 148 Mr. H. H. Druce on some African Butterflies anal margin above the lobe ; beyond this a less distinct sub- marginal band and a broad, dark brown, marginal band. Lobe reddish orange, with a black spot and an orange spot just above the submedian nervure. Both wings slightly suffused with bluish-grey scales at the base; cilia of fore wing brown, of hind wing pure white. Underside as in the male. Although this species has been described some years, it is not common. c. ¢ blue on upperside, 2 white. Argiolaus menas. Tolaus menas, H. H. Druce, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. p. 29 (1890). Hab. Gambia: Mus. Druce. Gaboon (G@. Carter): Mus. GaGa: The two males in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection from Gaboon are of a somewhat more violaceous blue than the type and have some white scales on the bases of the median nervules of the primaries. d. 3 2 white on upperside. Argiolaus ismenias. Lycena ismenias, Klug, Symb. Phys. p. 40, figs. 1, 2 (1834). Hab, Ambukohl (Klug). Lagos: Mus. Druce. Sir A. Moloney’s collections contained a_ considerable number of this species ; but I have not seen it from any other locality. It is perhaps the most remarkable of the genus, both sexes being alike in coloration. TANUETHEIRA, gen. nov. Allied to Argtolaus, male having five subcostal nervules, female four. Costa of primaries more arched, outer margin rounded. Secondaries with three distinct tails, the third being much longer and broader than in Argiolaus. Lobe scarcely developed and without the usual red spot. Antenne moderately long and slender, much as in Jolaus. Type 2’. timon, Fabr. Tanuethetra timon. Papilio timon, Fabry. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 65 (1787). Tolaus timon, Doubl. & Hew. Gen, D. Lep. p. 481 (1852). hitherto referred to the Genus Tolaus. 149 Myrina timon, Butl. Cat. Fab. p. 184 (1870); Lep. Exot. p. 42, t. xiv. figs. 3, 4 (1870). Tolaus timon, Hew. Ul. Diurn, Lep., Supp. pp. 10, 29, pl. iv. a. fig. 57, d (1878). Hab, Sierra Leone, Old Calabar: Muss. G. & S. and D. There seems to have been a good deal of doubt about the identification of this insect until Mr. Butler procured a drawing of the type, which he figures. Hewitson afterwards figured the male. Tanuetheira prometheus, sp. 0. gd. Allied to 7. timon, Fabr., from which it differs by having a large bronze-brown, shining, discal spot on the fore wing above and by the shining patch on hind wing being larger. ? scarcely distinguishable from that sex of 7’. témon, but with somewhat less black at the anal angle of hind wing above. Eixpanse, ¢ 14 to 2} inches, 9 2 inches. Hab. Sierra Leone: type Mus. Druce. A distinct species, easily recognized by the bronze discal spot on the primaries. We have two males in our own col- lection, and there is one in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s, which do not vary except in size. STUGETA, gen. nov. Allied to Tajuria, Moore, but differs by having three sub- costal nervules only in both sexes in place of four, as in that genus, and by the apex and outer margin of primaries being somewhat more rounded. No secondary sexual characters. Type S. Bowker?, ‘Trimen. Stugeta Bowker?. Tolaus Bowkeri, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. ii. p. 176 (1864) ; Rhop. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 225, pl. iv. fig. 4 (1866); S. Afr. Butt. vol, ii. p. 182 (1887); P. Z. S. 1891, p. 85; Hew. Ill. D. Lep. p. 41 (1865). Hab. Congo (Butler), Momboia (Last): Mus. G. & S. Cape Colony, Kaffraria, Natal (Z’rimen). My. Trimen gives (doc. c?t. p. 134) a list of localities in 8. Africa where this species has been captured. 150 Mr. W. F. Kirby on the Stugeta marmoreus. Aphneus? marmoreus, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 169 (1866). Tolaus marmoreus, Hew. Ill. D. Lep., Supp. p. 11 (1869). Hab. White Nile. The only specimen I have seen is the type in the British Museum. It appears distinct from the preceding. I have not included in the present paper several species which have been either described or placed in the genus Iolaus by various authors, as they do not seem to me to be properly referable to any genera noted here, 7. e. :— Myrina pallene, Wallengr., placed in Jolaus by Mr. Trimen. Iolaus argentarius, Butler, from Madagascar. Tolaus piaggie, Oberthiir, from Abyssinia. Tolaus tajoraca, Walker, from Arabia. XVIL—On the Phasmidex of Madagascar, with the Descrip- tion of a new Genus and Species in the Collection of the British Museum. By W. F. Kirsy, Assistant in Zoolo- gical Department, British Museum (Natural History). WE are constantly being reminded of the incompleteness of our knowledge as regards entomology, and sometimes even in the case of the largest and most conspicuous insects of countries which have frequently been visited by collectors ; but I was hardly prepared to find that practically nothing is yet known of the Phasmide of Madagascar. r The four following species, all belonging to genera peculiar to the island, are literally all which have been described as inhabiting it :— (1) Acrotoptera fallax, Coq. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) i. p.- 495 (1861). Port Leven. (2) Parectatosoma hystrix, Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlviii. p. 117 (1879). Fianarantsoa, Antana- narivo. (3) P. echinus, Wood-Mason, 7. c. p. 118 (1879). Fiana- rantsoa. (4) Orobia nigrolineata, Stal, Svensk. Handl. Bihang, ii. (17) p. 17 (1875). Madagascar. Phasmide: of Madagascar. 151 They are all very spiny (except Ovobia), and all exhibit strong Australian affinities. In our present ignorance of what other species may occur in Madagascar it is useless to add further generalities; but I have much pleasure in appending the description of a fifth species, an exceedingly large and beautiful insect. Genus ENETIA, gen. nov. Female.—Allied to Acrophylla, but with the head and pronotum spined above; wings not longer than broad ; ovi- positor boat-shaped, extending considerably beyond the abdomen. Enetia spinosissima, sp. n. Head and pronotum of nearly equal length; ocelli not visible ; antenne at least 22-jointed (possibly not quite com- plete), scape very broad, second joint rather longer than broad, third longer and slenderer, fourth transverse, fifth and sixth equally long, rather shorter than the third, the remain- der gradually increasing in length. Head green in front, aler behind, with seven white longitudinal lines, the two on each side of the median line each set with three red, black- tipped spines ; there is also a small one on each side of the hinder and slightly bifid extremity of the slender median line. Pronotum pale olive-green, like the back of the head, with some broad suffused whitish streaks and nine rather irregularly placed spines. Pronotum green, above darkest, and whitish behind, and covered all over with red, black- tipped spines. Metanotum varied with greenish and very ale pink above and green below ; under surface very spiny. Abdomen mahogany-brown, the median line beneath bordered with numerous concolorous spines, arranged in pairs; anal styles very short, almost spinose ; oviduct green, boat-shaped, the part extending beyond the abdomen as long as the last two abdominal segments together. Legs green, with rows of small white spots and dots, the spines on the femora mostly yellow, tipped with black, and those on the tibie mostly green. Front legs strongly channelled, femora strongly spined below, and the upper and outer carina serrate- spinose. Front tibia with the outer carina much undulated, but hardly forming distinct laminee. Middle and hind femora and tibie with a double row of strong spines beneath, and the femora with a double row of smaller spines above ; upper carina of middle tibiae waved. ‘Tegmina brown, with yellowish nervures, and a white stripe at the base of the costa, which 152. Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. afterwards diverges from it and ends in a point at two thirds of the length. Costal area of wings rather broad, red, with paler nervures, and a broad, white, subcostal stripe, which soon becomes fainter and gradually disappears. Lower portion of the wing blackish, slightly subhyaline, with black cross-nervures and numerous pale green spots arranged in irregular transverse bands; the marginal band is regular and of a darker green. Length of body 238 millim., head 10, pronotum 11, meso- notum 39, metanotum 13, abdomen 150; projecting part of oviduct 15; tegmina 20; wings 54; fore femur 29, tibia 26; intermediate femur 30, tibia 25; posterior femur 42, tibia 86; antenne 54. Collected by Mr. T. Last at Mourondava, South-west Madagascar. XVIII.— Descriptions of some new Species of Chilopoda. By R. I. Pocock. THE types of the species described in the following paper, from various scattered localities, are preserved in the British Museum of Natural History. Lithobiide. Lithobius (8. 8.) provocator, sp. n. Colour ochraceous or pale castaneous, anteriorly deeper castaneous ; legs paler. Body very robust, nearly parallel-sided, posteriorly atten- uated. Head wider than long, very convex. Mazillary teeth 5+5 or 64-6, conspicuous, (4+ 4in young). Antenne moderately long, sparsely hirsute at the base, thickly hirsute distally, composed of from 42-51 segments (young with 34 segments). Eyes composed of about 19 ocelli, arranged as follows— 1+, 4 or 5, 4 or 5, 4 or 5. Tergites in the posterior half of the body subgranular ; the angles of the ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth moderately pro- duced. Sternites sparsely hirsute, impressed. Legs.—First pair armed beneath as follows :—0, 0, 2, 2,1; anal legs moderately robust and moderately long, claw un- Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. 153 armed, armed beneath as follows—0O, 1, 3, 3,1; coxe of the three posterior pairs armed with a conspicuous lateral spine ; coxal pores in the adult elongate, arranged in a single series as follows—8, 8, 8, 7 or 6 (in the young the pores are rounder and 5, 5, 5, 4). Generative forceps in female with two spurs on each side and a trifid claw. Length up to 29 millim. Four specimens from Bermuda (‘Challenger’). This species is evidently allied to forficatus, but it differs at least in having the three posterior coxe armed with a lateral spine. Lithobius (s. 8.) sydneyensis, sp. n. Colour * ochraceous. Eyes composed of about 10-15 ocelli, arranged in three or four rows approximately as follows—1+5 or 4, 5 or 4, 4 or 3. Antenne moderately long, hairy, composed of 26-28 seg- ments. Maaillary coxe mesially impressed, with 2+2 conspi- cuous teeth, excised in the middle line. Tergites more or less wrinkled, in the posterior half of the body distinctly granular ; angles of the ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth strongly produced. Sternites sparsely hairy, not mesially impressed. Legs hairy and spinous; the first pair armed below as follows—0, 0, 1, 38, 1; anal legs robust, only a little longer than those of the preceding somite, armed beneath as follows —0, 1, 38, 3 or 2, 1; coxa without a lateral spine; upper surface of the patella of the male furnished at its distal end with a nodular projection, which is hollowed out above; coxe of the four last legs furnished (in the adult) with 6, 7, 7, 5 elongate pores, arranged in a single series. Generative forceps of the female with two long spurs on each side and a slender, lightly bifid claw. Length 19 millim. Four specimens (1 ?,3 ¢) from Sydney, presented by Mr. John Brazier. I believe this to be the first species of the genus recorded from Australia. Dr. Newport described one species named argust from New Zealand; but L. sydneyensis is very * Possibly faded from long immersion in spirit. + The type of Z. argus, which is preserved in the Hope Museum at Oxford under the name ze/andicus, shows that the species is referable to Lithobius sensu stricto. More than this I was not able to determine in the hurried examination that I was able to give the specimens. 154. Mr. R. 1. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. distinct from it in the number of its eyes and maxillary teeth. Henicops insignis, sp. n. Colour deep ochraceous, closely mottled with darker patches ; antenne, tarsi of legs, and maxillipedes pale ochraceous. Body yobust, narrower in its anterior half. Head superiorly impressed, frontal plate distinct. Antenne long, pubescent, composed of 46 segments, of which the apical is much longer than the penultimate. Maxillary coxe with a median longitudinal impression ; anterior border produced, deeply excised in the middle line, with two small teeth on each side. Tergites sparsely hairy and sparsely granular, lightly wrinkled, with raised margins, the ninth, eleventh, and thir- teenth with straight posterior borders. Sternites lightly impressed on each side. Legs armed with sete, the tbiw@, except those of the last three pairs, with their external distal margin produced into a strong spine-tipped tooth ; the legs increasing in length from before backwards; the anal legs very long, considerably more than half the length of the body, the tibia and first tarsal segments the longest. Coxal pores conspicuous, round, 4, 4, 4, 4. Generative forceps of the female without basal spurs ; claw simple, obtuse. Length 19 millim. Two specimens (¢ ?) from Juan Fernandez (‘Challenger’). This species differs from chdlensis of Gervais—assuming the figure of the last-named to be trustworthy—in having much longer antenne, these appendages in chilensts being composed of less than 20 segments ; moreover, the anal legs of chilensis are very much shorter and the femur appears to be spined. Henicops emarginatus of Newport, from New Zealand, resembles HH. cnsignis in having the posterior borders of the tergites straight and the angles rounded; but it has only about 26 antennal segments. H. maculatus of Newport (= 7. impressus, Hutton, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 115), found in Tasmania and New Zealand, has from 36-38 antennal segments, 6 (according to Hutton 8) maxillary teeth, the posterior borders of the ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth tergites deeply emarginate, and the anal legs very long, the proximal metatarsal segment being composed of two and the distal of four segments; the coxal Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Speetes of Chilopoda. 155 pores are rounded, arranged in a single series, and 5 or 4 in number. H. insularis of Haase, from Auckland, is very different from all the species here mentioned in having very short anal legs and only a single pore in each of the posterior coxe. Scolopendride. Cryptops atlantis, sp. n. Colour.— Antenne, head, first two and last two somites, and anal legs clear ochraceous; rest of the legs testaceous ; rest of the somites ochraceo-fuscous, Antenne (? 15-jointed).—Basal segments short and beset with bristles, the rest of the segments longer, pubescent, and scarcely hirsute. Head-plate not sulcate, its posterior border overlapped by the first tergite. Maxillary coxe with anterior border slightly thickened and slightly and angularly excavated in the middle line and furnished on each side with about four bristles; femora and claws of normal form. Tergites—The first three wholly without sulci, the fourth obsoletely sulcate posteriorly and laterally, the rest (except the last) with four sulci, two internal complete and longitu- dinal, two external incomplete and oblique ; the oblique sulci almost obsolete on the seventeenth to twentieth tergites ; tergites smooth and shining, very obscurely punctate and hairy, with simple unraised margins. Sternites lightly punctured and hairy, all (except the last) medianly and longitudinally sulcate, the transverse sulcus scarcely perceptible. Anal somite.—Tergite with raised margins, not sulcate, lightly depressed posteriorly ; pleuwre furnished in front and below with many pores, smooth above and behind, with rounded, hirsute, postero-inferior angle; sternite shorter than the pleure, with converging lateral margins, rounded lateral angles, and lightly concave posterior border; /egs— femur smooth above, the sides furnished below with short spiniform hairs, the lower surface thickly beset at the sides with short spiniform hairs, smooth and longitudinally ex- cavated in the middle; patella slightly thicker and slightly _ shorter than the femur and much less spinous, the inferior surface furnished laterally with smaller and fewer spiniform hairs, which are interspersed with many long bristles; tébia much shorter than the patella, lower surface deeply excavated 156 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. anteriorly, swollen, convex, and very hairy posteriorly, its inner surface very flat, its inferior edge being furnished throughout its length with fifteen very minute close-set denticles ; first tarsal segment a little shorter than the tibia and more slender, but closely resembling it in shape; there are, however, fewer hairs on its lower surface and the inferior edge of the inner surface is furnished in front with six much larger denticles; second tarsal segment longer than the first and slender, its inferior surface deeply excavated anteriorly and carinate posteriorly ; claw simple. Legs long and hairy, the twentieth pair longer and stouter than the preceding pairs. Length 21°5 millim. A single specimen from Madeira, collected by my friend and colleague Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. This species is closely allied to the common European Cr. hortensis, but appears to differ in the armature of the anal legs. Thus on the tibial segment the spines are very much smaller than on the first tarsal and are fifteen in number, whereas in hortensis these spines are approximately as large as on the first tarsal and vary in number up to ten. More- over I have never seen a specimen of Aortenszs with anal legs of the shape that this species exhibits; in this particular Cr. atlantis approaches Cr. cultratus of C. Koch. This last, however, may be at once recognized by its sulcate head-plate &e. Cryptops spinipes, sp. n. Colour ochraceous. Body slender, punctured and hairy. Head marked with two very fine anteriorly diverging sulci. Antenne attenuate, hairy throughout, composed of 17 stout segments. The first tergite marked in front with a transverse evenly arched sulcus; not distinctly sulcate longitudinally; over- lapping or overlapped by the head. Mazillary coxe with anterior border angularly excised in the middle and furnished on each side with about five sete. Tergites (except the first three and the last two) marked with the four normal sulci, all (except the last) with unraised margins. Sternites (except the first and the last three) marked with an anterior longitudinal sulcus and a complete transverse sulcus, the posterior limb of the normal cross-shaped mark being very indistinctly defined. Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda, 157 Anal somite.—Tergite and sternite of normal form; the pleure furnished below and in front with a number (about thirty) of larger and smaller pores, posteriorly smooth and armed with stout spiniform hairs. Legs: femur and patella armed beneath (except in the middle) and internally with subserially arranged spines, superior posterior angles slightly produced ; ¢éb¢a much shorter than the patella, armed above and behind with two sharp spines, beneath with a row of about eight short tooth-like spines ; jist tarsal segment armed below with a row of about three tooth-like spines; second tarsal segment carinate in its posterior two thirds. Legs, especially at the posterior end of the body, armed with stout spiniform hairs. Length 24 millim. Two specimens from Sydney, presented by Mr. John Brazier. This species is very closely allied to Cr. sulcata of Haase, but differs in that the longitudinal dorsal sulci are not visible on the first and second tergites, but take their origin from the hinder half of the third. In sulcata, which is also an Australian species, these sulci are complete on the first, second, and third tergites. Cryptops setosus, sp. n. Colour ochraceous. Body robust, thickly and coarsely punctured throughout, and hairy. Head marked throughout by two fine anteriorly diverging sulci. Antenne short, hairy throughout, composed of 17 stout segments. First tergite covered in front by the head, marked ante- riorly by a strong transverse sulcus, not longitudinally sulcate. Mawillary core with lightly convex, mesially excavated, anterior border, furnished on each side with about four sete ; claws long and slender. Tergites (except the first three and the last two) quadri- suleate, the lateral sulci beginning at the second, the uine- teenth tergite with lateral sulci, but with very short median sulci; all the tergites except the last with unraised margins. Sternites marked with a cross-shaped sulcus, the longitu- dinal sulcus, however, being nearly obsolete behind and abbreviated in front. Anal somite.—Tergite and sternite of normal form ; pleure 158 Mr. RB. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. furnished with many (50+) larger and smaller pores, scarcely spinous behind ; legs absent. Legs hairy, spinous beneath, the twentieth pair larger than the nineteenth. Stigmata elongate and ovate, in the anterior half of the body more slit-like than in the posterior half. Length 34 millim. A single specimen from New Zealand, presented by Mr. F. E. Beddard. Closely allied to the preceding species, but much larger, much more hairy, and more coarsely and closely punctured. Cryptops capivare, sp. 0. Colour pale ochraceo-olivaceous ; head ochraceous. Body nearly smooth, obsoletely punctured, and sparsely hairy. Head marked throughout its length by two very fine ante- riorly diverging sulci. Antenne stout, attenuate, pubescent throughout, basally hirsute ; apical segment ovate and not longer than the penul- timate. Mazillary coxe with anterior margin moderately arcuate, angularly excised in the middle, furnished with six sete on each side. Tergites.—The first covering the head behind, entire, the second without sulci, the third faintly bisuleate; from the fourth to the nineteenth quadrisulcate, the twentieth faintly bisulcate ; all except the anal tergite with simple margins. Sternites in the anterior half of the body marked with a cross-shaped sulcus ; posteriorly the posterior bar of the cross disappears, the last three sternites not sulcate. Anal somite—Tergite of normal form; plewre rounded, but not spinous posteriorly, furnished with many (30+) larger and smaller round pores ; sternite wide, nearly quad- rate, parallel-sided, with rounded posterior angles and straight posterior border. Legs: the femur and patella very sparsely spinous below and on the inner surface, the upper surface of each marked throughout its posterior half by a median longi- tudinal groove; ¢/bza not sulcate above, but with its posterior edge biangulate above, sparsely hairy beneath, and furnished with a row of about eleven small denticles ; first tarsal seg- ment biangulate like the tibia, excavated beneath in front, armed with about three denticles; second tarsal segment excavated beneath in front, carinate in its posterior three quarters. Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. 159 Legs armed with hairs and hair-like bristles. Length 24 millim. A single specimen from Rio Capivari (Brazil), collected by Michaelis. Apparently allied to Cr. galathee of Meinert, from Monte Video. In galathew, however, the anal sternite is said to be “ manifesto attenuata,” whereas in Cr. capivare it is nearly square. Moreover, Dr. Meinert makes no mention of the sulci on the head-plate nor of the conspicuous grooves on the femur and patella of the anal legs. Otocryptops punctatus, sp. n. Colour ferrugineo- or ochraceo-olivaceous; head-plate ferrugineous. Body moderately robust, nearly parallel-sided, more atten- uated posteriorly than anteriorly. Head not sulcate, about as wide as long, with convex sides and nearly straight posterior border, strongly punctured, its lateral margin distinctly raised. Antenne composed of 17 segments, whereof the basal two are hirsute, the rest densely pubescent. Mazxillipedes strongly punctured, the coxe with anterior margin very nearly straight, thickened, the femur armed internally with a single tubercle. Tergites strongly punctured, the first marked anteriorly with a strong, arched, transverse groove, from the sixth with raised margins, all of them entirely without trace of longitu- dinal sulci. Sternites strongly punctured, without sulci. Anal somite.—Tergite not sulcate, with parallel sides, the margin distinctly raised and posteriorly spined, the middle of the posterior border convexly produced posteriorly ; pleure furnished with many close-set larger and smaller circular pores, the pores not attaining the superior margin, and leaving a large subquadrate smooth space around the superior poste- rior angle, the posterior border nearly vertical, the process smooth, small, slender, and terminated by a single spine; sternite much narrowed posteriorly, its posterior border con- vex ; legs moderately long and moderately stout, the femur armed with two spiniform teeth, one in the middle of the upper inner edge, the other large, in the anterior half of the middle of the under surface ; tarsi not pubescent, unarmed ; claw spurred. Legs.—lwenty-second pair with tarso-metatarsus unarmed and divided into a longer proximal and a shorter distal por- 160 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. tion ; tarso-metatarsus of the rest undivided and armed with a single spine ; tibia of the twenty-second pair armed with a single inferior spine, tibiz of the rest armed in addition with a single anterior distal spine. Length up to 41 millim. Three specimens from §8.H. Corea. This species is closely related to Ot. rubiginosus of L. Koch, but differs in the entire absence of tergal sulci. Scolopocryptops longiceps, sp. n. Body robust, attenuated posteriorly. Colour ochraceous, anteriorly darker; head, first tergite, and maxillipedes castaneous. Head considerably longer than wide, with posterior angles widely rounded, nearly parallel-sided, coarsely punctured, without trace of sulci. Antenne moderately long, distally pubescent, proximally sparsely hirsute. Mazillipedes coarsely punctured ; coxe with anterior border not at all produced, without teeth, widely and shallowly excavated in the middle, the margin of the excavation black and thickened, a transverse stria crossing the plate a little distance behind the anterior border; femoral tooth large, conical, pointed, and undivided. Tergites.—The first marked before its anterior border by a strong arched sulcus, coarsely and sparsely punctured ; from the third to the twenty-first coarsely but sparsely puuctured and conspicuously bisuleate, from the seventh to the twenty- first with raised margins, the twenty-second without sulci and with the margins raised only anteriorly. Sternites marked with conspicuous but scattered punctures, without sulci. Anal somite—Tergite with sides posteriorly converging, without sulci and with unraised margins, its posterior border convexly produced in the middle, the edge of the produced portion sinuate; pleure furnished with very many close-set larger and smaller pores, the pores above not quite attaining the suture which separates the tergite and pleure ; a smooth quadrate area round the superior posterior angle, the posterior border directed obliquely backwards and downwards, the process tapering to a single point; sternite a little narrowed posteriorly, its posterior angles widely rounded, its pos- terior border shallowly and angularly excised in the middle; legs long, the segments a little dilated distally, sparsely hirsute proximally, slightly pubescent distally, the femur Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. 161 furnished above in its anterior half on the upper inner edye with a large spiniform tooth, the middle of the under surface armed with an enormous spiniform tooth, which is larger than the spiniform process of the pleura; tarsus unarmed, claw not spurred. Legs: twenty-second pair much longer and stronger than the twenty-first, with tarso-metatarsus divided into a longer proximal and a shorter distal segment, unarmed; twenty- first pair with tibia unarmed, tarso-metatarsus entire and armed with a distal spine; in the rest of the legs the tarso- metatarsus is entire, armed with a single spur, and the tibia armed with a single spur, the first and second pair having in addition an anterior tibial spur. Length 60 millim., of anal leg 18°5, width of first tergite 6 millim., of twelfth 5, of twenty-third 2°7, of head 4:3; length of head 5. A single specimen from Brazil. Distinguished from Se. Miersii and mexicans by the form of anterior border of the maxillary coxe &e. Newportia Ernsti, sp. n. Colour testaceous or pale ochraceous; head and maxilli- pedes castaneous. Body slender and nearly parallel-sided, attenuated quite at the posterior end. Head a little longer than wide, its posterior border and posterior angles convex, sparsely and shortly hairy and marked with larger and smaller punctures, its posterior two thirds furnished with two fine, subparallel, anteriorly abbre- viated sulci; a fine transverse sulcus in front of the posterior border. Antenne composed of 17 segments, the basal two or three hirsute, the rest pubescent. ; Mazxillipedes sparsely punctured and hairy; coxe with anterior border but little produced, bilobate, being somewhat deeply but narrowly excavated in the middle line, and bearing on each side a wide, very short, obliquely set plate-like tooth ; femur armed with a small tubercle internally. Tergites.—The first marked anteriorly with a semicircular sulcus and throughout its length with two longitudinal sulci, which slightly converge in front of the transverse sulcus ; the second, third, fourth, and twenty-second bisulcate, from the fifth to the twenty-first quadrisulcate, as in Cryptops ; all punctured, and, except the last, with simple borders. Sternites wider in front than behind, except the first, twenty- Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6, Vol. viii. 11 162 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. second, and twenty-third, marked with three longitudinal sulci, one median posteriorly abbreviated, and on each side one lateral, running from the sides of the anterior border to a point on a level with the joint of the leg; the posterior six also furnished with a fine transverse sulcus, running from side to side immediately behind the terminations of the three longitudinal sulci; that part of each tergite which is con- cealed by the one immediately following it is defined by a deep, transverse, arched groove, the twenty-first marked in its anterior half by a fine transverse sulcus; the posterior sternites thickly punctured and hairy. Anal somite.— Tergite with raised lateral margins and con- vexly produced posterior border, not sulcate ; p/eure, except the superior portion and the process, furnished with many conspicuous, close-set, circular pores, the process smooth, long, slender, and tipped with a simple spine; posterior border hairy, inner edge of the posterior border chitinous and serrate ; sternite densely porous and hairy, wider in front than behind, its posterior border straight; legs long, the femur, patella, and tibia subequal in length, femur thickly hairy without and within, triangular in section, its upper surface posteriorly notched and grooved, its upper inner edge furnished with a row of spinules, its lower surface armed mesially with six large spines, the three anterior of which are smaller and close-set and the three posterior widely separated ; patella somewhat sparsely hairy except below in front, armed beneath with two widely separated spines; tibia sparsely hairy, unarmed ;- tarso-metatarsus longer than the femur, patella, and tibia taken together, the proximal segment about one third the length of the tibia, the antennitorm portion indistinctly articulated to and considerably narrower than the proximal portion, hirsute, the segments exceedingly nume- rous, very minute, and indistinctly defined, divided into two portions by a joint situated in its anterior half. Legs.—The twenty-second pair much larger than the twenty-first, not spined, the tarso-metatarsus distinctly divided, the proximal segment being considerably longer than the distal, the patella, tibia, and tarsus densely hirsute; twenty-first pair of legs also unarmed, tarso-metatarsus undivided and, like the tibia, hirsute; all the rest of the legs with undivided sparsely hirsute tarso-metatarsus, an inferior distal tarsal spur, and an inferior and an anterior distal tibial spur; in the first pair the anterior tibial spur is missing; all the claws bicalcarate. Length 84 millim., of anal leg 14. Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. 163 One specimen from Caraccas, presented by Dr. Ernst; a second ticketed Brazil. Resembling N. mexicana, Sauss., in its indistinctly multi- articulated tarso-metatarsus, but differing at least in the spine- armature of the anal legs. Thus in N. mexicana there is a row of three spines on the lower surface of the tibia and the upper inner edge of the femur is armed with spines which appear to be but little smaller than those along the under surface of this segment. In N. Ernst’, however, the tibia of the anal leg is unarmed and the armature of the upper inner edge of the femur consists of spinules which are very much smaller than the spines on the lower surface. The figure and description of N. mexicana furnish no information with respect to the sulci of the head, tergites, or sternites. In the specimen from Brazil the anal legs are shorter than in the one from Caraccas, and the tarso-metatarsus is a little shorter than the femur, patella, and tibia. Newportia brevipes, sp. n. Colour testaceous or pale ochraceous ; head and maxilli- pedes castaneous. Body moderately robust, attenuated posteriorly. Head with posterior and postero-lateral borders strongly convex, sparsely hairy, and sparsely punctured, marked in its posterior half by two fine anteriorly converging sulci. Antenne thick at the base, the three basal segments hirsute, the rest pubescent. Mazillipedes sparsely punctured and hairy ; anterior border of the coxe not produced, nearly straight, lightly excised in the middle, with a wide, very short, dentiform plate on each side ; femur unarmed. Tergites.—The first marked in its anterior half with a transverse semicircular sulcus, the area defined by the sulcus being a segment of a circle, this portion only very indistinctly marked with longitudinal sulci, the portion posterior to the transverse sulcus furnished with two fine subparallel sulci ; the second and twenty-second bisulcate, the third to the twenty-first quadrisulcate, as in Cryptops; the median area between the two complete sulci longitudinally depressed on each side of the middle line; margins unraised. Sternites trisulcate, the median sulcus anteriorly and poste- riorly abbreviated, the lateral sulci extending from the sides of the anterior border to a point on a level with or slightly beyond the joint of the legs ; a few of the sternites towards the posterior end of the body marked in their posterior half 11* 164 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Chilopoda. by a fine transverse sulcus which runs just behind the poste- rior terminations of the longitudinal sulci ; the covered portion of the sternites defined by a strong, arched, forwardly convex, transverse groove. Anal somite-—Tergite not sulcate, with raised margins, its osterior border slightly and convexly produced in the middle ; pleure thickly covered anteriorly and inferiorly with circular close-set pores, posteriorly and superiorly smooth, the process smooth, slender, and simple, the internal edge of the posterior surface chitinous and subserrate; sternite wide, closely embracing the pleure, narrowed posteriorly, posterior surface concave ; legs somewhat short, hairy, hairs on tarso-meta- tarsus longer and more scattered than on the other segments ; the femur, patella, and tibia subequal in length, the patella being, however, slightly the longest; femur triangular in section, armed beneath with a series of five spines, its upper inner border furnished with a few minute spinules, its upper surface posteriorly notched ; patella furnished below in its anterior half with a single small spine ; tibia unspined ; tarso- metatarsus not so long as the femur and patella taken together, evenly thick throughout and indistinctly multiarticulated throughout, the proximal segment neither thicker nor longer than the others. Legs.—Twenty-second pair absent, twenty-first pair infe- riorly hirsute, unarmed, twentieth pair also hairy; tibia armed distally with an anterior and an inferior spine, and the tarso-metatarsus with an inferior setiform spine ; claws basally spurred, tarso-metatarsus indistinctly divided. Length up to 22°5 millim., of anal leg 6°5. Two specimens from George ‘l'own, Demerara, sent to the British Museum by Mr. J. J. Quelch. Allied to N. mexicana and N. Lrnsti in having the seg- ments of the anal tarso-metatarsus indistinctly defined and very numerous. Krom both it differs in that the proximal segment of the anal tarso-metatarsus is of the same size as, and in all respects similar to, the rest of the series. From meaicana it further differs in having the tibia of the anal leg unarmed and the upper inner edge of the femur at most furnished with a few minute spinules; and from N. Hrnsti it may be recognized by the form of the sulci on the first tergite and head, the area defined by this tergal sulcus being in N. Lrnsti ovately convex and marked by two distinct longitudinal sulci, whereas in N. brevipes it is very indistinetly divided and circularly convex ; in this last species again there is no posterior trans- verse sulcus on the head-plate. Dr. W. A. Herdman on Diazona and Syntethys. 165 XIX.—WNote on Diazona and Syntethys. By W. A. Herp- MAN, D.Sc., Professor of Natural History in University College, Liverpool. Mr. W. GarsranG has lately drawn attention, in his “ Report on the ‘Tunicata of Plymouth ” *, to the interesting point that the Syntethys hebridicus of Forbes and Goodsir has been considered by recent authors, on insufficient evidence, to be the same as Diazona violacea, Savigny, and that therefore it is possible that these two forms may be, if not distinct genera, at least distinct species. The history of the matter is briefly as follows :— Savigny, in 1816, described and figured + Déazona violacea from Mediterranean specimens found at the Balearic Isles, and established the genus Déazona, which he placed, in his ‘ Systeme des Ascidies,’ at the head of the Téthyes composées immediately after the genus Clavelina. Amongst other points he describes and figures the colour as violet, the branchial and atrial apertures as being both distinctly six- rayed, the internal longitudinal bars of the branchial sac as bearing papille, and the meshes as containing each four stigmata. Savigny was quoted and copied by various authors ; but nothing of importance for the present purpose was added until 1851, when Forbes and Goodsir, in their paper ‘On some remarkable Marine Invertebrata new to the British Seas”’ f, described under the name of Syntethys hebridicus some speci- mens dredged in 30 fathoms close to Croulin Island, near Applecross, on the west coast of Scotland. They recognized the affinity of their new genus to Savigny’s Déazona, and placed it between that genus and Clavelina. They point out that their species is of an apple-green hue, that the branchial and atrial apertures are not lobed (although the atrial has six white ocelli), that the ascidiozooids are marked by lines of white pigment, that the branchial sac has thirteen rows of stigmata, hooked fleshy tubercles at the angles of the meshes, and only one of the stigmata in each mesh. Forbes and Goodsir state as the characters distinguishing Syntethys from Diazona (1) the simple apertures and (2) the sessile abdomen ; but, as Garstang has pointed out, the above details of struc- ture of the branchial sac do not agree with those given by Savigny for Diazona. * Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., n. s., vol. ii. no. 1, p. 47 (May 1891). + Mém. pp. 35, 61, 116, pl. ii. fig. 8, and pl. xii.; Syst. p. 174. ¢ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xx. pt. li. p. 307. 166 Dr. W. A. Herdman on Diazona and Syntethys. Alder * in 1863 placed Forbes and Goodsir’s species in the genus Diazona under the name of D. hebridica, and showed that it did not differ from Savigny’s form in colour, since its living apple-green tint changed to violet on preservation in alcohol. He also noted that the apertures cf his specimen from the Channel Islands were obscurely six-lobed, and thus brought the descriptions of the two forms so closely into accord that most subsequent writers have considered them to be the same species of Diazona, and the name hebridica has dropped out of use. Déazona violacea has since been found by Della Valle ¢ and others in the Mediterranean, by Giard } off the south-west coast of Brittany, by Lahille § off the north coast of Britanny and the Mediterranean coast of France, and by Garstang near Plymouth. Lahille has recently (loc. cit. 1890) given a detailed description, and has shown that there may be as many as one hundred rows of stigmata in the branchial sac, that there are twenty-four tentacles, and that no true papille are placed at the angles of the meshes. His figures 136 and 137 show some meshes containing one, two, and three stigmata each. Finally, Garstang (1891), although admitting the generic identity of Diazona and Syntethys, tries to show that Alder’s specimens from Guernsey were probably not identical with Forbes and Goodsir’s species, and that the latter may be distinct from D. violacea. He points out the difference in the branchial sac between his own specimens from Plymouth, which he identifies as D. violacea, and the figures and descrip- tion given by Forbes and Goodsir—the latter showing only thirteen rows of stigmata and only one of the stigmata in each mesh. Upon these and the other characters given by Forbes and Goodsir he redefines the species Déazona hebridica, but concludes by saying that “ the whole matter is so beset with doubts that it is greatly to be desired that specimens should be obtained again from the Hebrides, and their anatomy redescribed ”’ (doc. cit. p. 66). On reading this last sentence I at once remembered that I had in my collection a Hebridean specimen of Diazona dredged off the north coast of Mull in 1885 by the Duke of Argyll, and sent to me for identification through Dr. John Murray. I had examined the specimen in 1885, identified it as D. violacea, made some microscopic * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vol. xi. p. 169. + ‘Contrib. alla Storia naturale delle Ascidie composte del Golfo di Napoli,’ 1877, p. 10; ‘Nuove Contribuzioni,’ 1881; and ‘Sul Ringio- vanimento &e.,’ 1884, { ‘Comptes Rendus,’ ciii. p. 755 (1886). § ‘Recherches sur les Tuniciers,’ &c., 1890, p. 257. Dr. W. A. Herdman on Diazona and Syntethys. 167 specimens of the ascidiozooids, a few drawings and some notes, and then laid it aside with the intention of returning to it again. : : dims te I have now, since reading Mr. Garstang’s interesting remarks, re-examined the specimens of Déazona in my collec- tion, which are :— (1) A colony labelled D. violacea, from the Zoological Station, Naples ; (2) Part of a colony from near Plymouth, kindly sent to me by Mr. Garstang ; and (3) The Hebridean colony, dredged by the Duke of Argyll to the north of Mall; with the result that I believe them all to be the same species, D. violacea. To take up the supposed points of difference: in the first place, I find that many of the ascidiozooids in these preserved specimens have the branchial and atrial apertures so obscurely lobed that from the outside lobes cannot really be said to be present; and this is as much the case in the Naples and Plymouth specimens as in the Hebridean one. But when the test is removed and the siphons of the mantle are examined under the microscope it is found that in all three specimens each aperture is most distinctly six-lobed. In the condition of the apertures, then, my Hebridean colony is exactly like the southern forms, and in colour also the speci- mens (in spirit) are alike. Then in regard to the number of transverse vessels or rows of stigmata in the branchial sac, I find in an ascidiozooid from the Naples colony over sixty rows, in one from the Hebridean specimen I have counted sixty-seven rows, and may have missed a few, and in the Plymouth specimen there are about eighty rows. It is difficult to get the exact number, as the rows are crowded in places; but the above numbers are under rather than over the mark, and they show clearly that the three colonies are practically alike in the extent of the branchial sac. ' ‘The next point is the number of stigmata in each mesh; and here I find very great variations in different parts of the branchial sac * in all three colonies. In the specimen from Plymouth I find most distinctly in some parts of the sac only one stigma in each mesh. ‘There is also a single stigma behind each internal longitudinal bar, so that there are nearly * Lahille (Joc. cit. p. 257) figures, from Mediterranean specimens, meshes containing one, two, and three stigmata each. 168 Dr. W. A. Herdman on Diazona and Syntethys. twice as many stigmata present as are visible on the inner surface. The stigmata behind the bars seem to me smaller in size; but this I am not certain about. In other parts of this same sac I find meshes with two, three, or four stigmata. In the Naples specimen close to the dorsal edge, where the internal longitudinal bars are usually imperfect for as much as eight or nine series of meshes, I find the papilliform con- necting-ducts, which indicate the position of undeveloped bars, placed one stigma apart, so that if meshes were formed there they would contain each one stigma only. In the Hebridean specimen there seem generally two or three stigmata ina mesh, sometimes four or five, some parts of the sac being in this respect exactly like Garstang’s figure (/oc. cit. pl. u. fig. 7). I have not noticed meshes containing one stigma each so distinctly as in the Plymouth specimen, but I have no doubt such might be found by examining a few other ascidiozooids. Finally, the “hooked fleshy tubercles” of Forbes and Goodsir’s description can, as has been suggested before, be quite satisfactorily accounted for by the corrugation of the internal longitudinal bars, the thick prominent connecting- ducts which seem to project on each side where they join the bars, and the imperfect condition of the bars in some parts of the sac. When a branchial sac is first opened and is examined in water under the microscope the appearance of large papille at the angles of the meshes is so distinct that it is difficult to realize, until the specimen has been stained, mounted, and examined with a high power, that only connecting-ducts and more or less irregular bars are present. There is no difficulty in understanding how some of the earlier investigators fell into the error of supposing that they saw large papille. I think, then, that all the supposed peculiarities of Syntethys hebridica can be satisfactorily disposed of. Perhaps the only point in Forbes and Goodsir’s description which still requires explanation is the thirteen rows of stigmata, and I can only suggest that, if there was no mistake about the observation, they may possibly have examined a young ascidiozooid with rather a small branchial sac. Unless the branchial sac is a fairly large one and is well spread out, it is only too easy to miss a great many of the rows of stigmata. It is still, of course, open to any one to say that the Hebridean specimen dredged by the Duke of Argyll is, as I have shown above, Diazona violacea, but is not necessarily Forbes and Goodsir’s Syntethys hebridicus. This is con- ceivable, but is not at all likely, since the specimens are prac- General History of the Marine Polyzoa. 169 tically from the same locality, and since, as I have pointed out, the peculiarities in the description of Syntethys can be easily accounted for on the supposition that Forbes and Good- sir’s specimens were, like the Duke of Argyll’s, the Diazona violacea of Savigny. XX.— Contributions towards a General History of the Marine Polyzoa, 1880-91.— Appendiz. By the Rev. THoMmas Hincks, B.A., F.R.S. [Continued from p, 93.] ‘ Annals,’ November 1880 (p. 28 sep.) Steganoporella Roziert, Audouin. I have taken this species as the type of a new genus, Tha- lamoporella, distinguished from Steganoporella by important differences in the internal structure of the zocecium *. Ibid. (p. 29 sep.). Steganoporella elongata, sp. n. This species must be referred to the genus Micropora. The structure of the Steganoporellide had not been thoroughly investigated when my description of it was published ; later researches have shown that it is not a member of this family, but finds its proper place in the kindred tribe of the Micro- poride. Ibid. (p. 30 sep.). Steganoporella Jervoistt, sp. n. This form belongs to the genus Thalamoporella. The list of the recent species of Steganoporella which I have given (p. 30) is from the cause just mentioned defective. The first of the species which it contains, Hschara impressa, Moll, must be removed from it. Of the rest, Flustra Rozieri, Audouin, Membranipora gothica, Busk (=S. Rozier’, form gothica, mihi), and Steganoporella Smittit, Hincks, belong to the genus Thalamoporella ; Membranipora magnuilabris, Busk, is the only representative of the genus Steganoporella as now defined. * “Critical Notes on the Polyzoa,” ‘Annals’ for Feb. 1887, pp. 163, 164, 170 Rev. T. Hincks’s Contributions towards a The synonymy of Micropora impressa contained in Miss Jelly’s invaluable ‘ Catalogue’ includes Membrantpora Ande- gavensis, of Busk, and in a note at the close of it the author adds the following :—“ Regarding the synonymy of this species it must be remarked that opinions differ. Hincks places the Membranipora Andegavensis of Busk as a synonym of Steganoporella (Thalamoporella) Smittii (B. M. P. 178).” My reason for doing so I have already explained (B. M. P. vol. i. pp. 178, 179). Through Mr. Busk’s kindness I had the opportunity of examining the type-specimen of the Mem- branipora Andegavensis of the ‘Crag Polyzoa.’ So far as my recollection goes, I had been struck by the close resem- blance between the avicularia of the latter and those of Steganoporella Smittt, which I was about to describe, and asked Mr. Busk to allow me to see his specimen. And, in passing, I may remark that the presence of the large and remarkable avicularia, which are clearly shown in Busk’s figure of If. Andegavensis, is in itself conclusive as to the synonymic question. Micrepora impressa, so far as I know, is altogether destitute of these appendages. On examining the type-specimen I found such a general agreement between it and the recent species as to leave no doubt respecting the identity of the two forms. The shape and structure of the avicularium are the same in both; this I was able to deter- mine even with respect to the minute details, as in one or two cases the mandible of the avicularium had been preserved in the fossil specimen. What Mr. Busk’s reasons might be for identifying his species with the Hschara Andegavensis of Michelin I have no means of knowing; but his own figure shows that he was mistaken. Michelin’s species, there can be little doubt, is the Lschara impressa of Moll. Membrani- pora Andegavensis of Busk must therefore be removed from the synonymy of the latter. Manzoni identifies Membranipora calpensis, Busk (which is no doubt Lschara impressa ot Moll), with Michelin’s £. Ande- gavensis, but follows Busk in referring the Crag species to the latter. Probably he merely copied Busk without careful examination of his figure. Ibid. (p. 39 sep.). Microporella jissa, sp. 1. On the whole I am inclined to refer this form to Adeona violacea, Johnston (sp.). The points of difference are the shape of the pore, the oblique direction of the suboral avicu- larium, the presence of zocecia bearing a large lateral avicu- General Ilistory of the Marine Polyzoa. 171 larium of peculiar form and structure, instead of the small central one below the orifice, and the frequent occurrence of a second avicularium similar to the last-named on the lower part of the front wall. ‘The pore, we now know, is liable (as in Microporella decorata) to very considerable variation within the limits of a species. ‘The oblique direction of the suboral avicularium, on which Busk founded his Lepralia plagiopora, is, as I long since pointed out, a character of very small moment. The occurrence of the second small avicularium would hardly merit notice were it not the case that in A. vio- lacea, as commonly met with, there is a remarkable constancy both as to number and character in this appendage. Amongst the large number of British specimens examined I have never met with any diversity of shape, a fact which gives more significance to the presence of the gigantic avicularium, with its elongate beak and scimitar-shaped mandible, than it would otherwise possess. It may be regarded as probably a local adaptive modification of the ordinary suboral form, which is always absent from the cells bearing the large lateral avicularium. So far the latter has only been noticed on specimens from the Indian Ocean. When present it produces a remarkable change in the appearance of the zocecium, which is much widened above, the increase being entirely on the avicularian side and being due to the presence of the large avicularian cell. ‘The long curved beak is also carried up for some distance, causing an extension of the zocecium above. The transformation of the avicularium in some of the cells of a colony (as in Smittia nitida, Verrill, p. 46 sep.) is of not uncommon occurrence ; but I cannot recollect a case in which it so materially affects the aspect of the zocecium. A question arises as to the true specific name of the A. vtolacea, Johnston (sp.). In her ‘Synonymic Catalogue’ Miss Jelly records it as Microporella Heckeli, Reuss, on the ground that Reuss described it in 1847 and Johnston in his second edition, bearing date 1849. ‘This is an error, and I regret to say that I am responsible for it. In the Bibliography at the close of my Hist. Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, through an oversight in correcting the proof, 1849 is given as the date of Johnston’s second edition, which was really published in 1847, the same year as that in which Reuss’s Pol. d. Wiener Tertiirbeck. appeared. Johnston’s preface is dated April 1847, and unless it can be shown that the German author’s book was published earlier in the year, there is no ground whatever for the change. It is not probable that Johnston’s claim will be disputed. 172. ~— Rev. 'T. Hincks’s Contributions towards a Ibid. (p. 31 sep.). Porella rostrata, sp. n. In Miss Jelly’s ‘ Catalogue’ Lepralia papillifera, Mac- Gillivray, is given as a synonym of the above. Neither the description nor the figure in the ‘ Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria’ would lead me to identify the two; but if there is any sufficient ground for regarding them as one and the same species MacGillivray’s name should supplant mine, as it was first published in 1868. Ibid. (p. 32 sep.). Mucronella tubulosa, sp. n. Waters * ranks this species as a synonym of Rhynchopora longtrostris, Hincks ; but the species are entirely distinct. The most significant characters of Rhynchopora are wanting in WM, tubulosa. ‘Annals,’ Feb. 1881 (p. 34 sep.). Membranipora bicolor, sp. n. In the description of this species it should be added that there is commonly a rather prominent nodule on the elon- gate interspace which separates the zocecia in the same line from each other. Ibid. (p. 37 sep.). Membranipora patula, sp. n. Additional Locality. Queen Charlotte Islands, very common. Ibid. (p. 37 sep.). Membranipora spinosa, Quoy and Gaimard. Jullien has formed a new genus for this species (Chaperia), with the following diagnosis :—‘‘ Deux lames calcaires internes, 4 extrémités fixes et servant 4 insertion des fibres musculaires rétractrices de Popercule” t. ‘This genus is made the type of a family group Chaperide. It is hardly possible without an extended comparative study of the opercular mechanism to estimate the precise * ¢ Annals,’ ser. 6, vol. iv. p. 19, “On Australian Bryozoa.” + ‘ Mission du Cap-Horn, Bryozoaires,’ p, 61, pl. y. figs. 8-5, and pl. xv. figs. 4, 5. General History of the Marine Polyzoa. 173 systematic value of this character. But I confess it seems to me unlikely that it has the kind of importance which Dr. Jullien assigns to it. Additional Locality. Cape of Good Hope, common (J. Maurice Chaper). Ibid. (p. 38 sep.). Membranipora permunita, sp. n. This species is ranked as a variety of Cellepora Michau- diana, d’Orb., by Waters *. Miss Jelly, in her ‘ Catalogue,’ reverses this decision on the ground of the important differ- ence in the avicularia, and places the latter amongst the synonyms of the present form. ‘The distinction, however, between the avicularia, though sufficiently striking (they belong to different classes), is by no means the only ground for separating the two forms. The zocecia are also described, not merely in slight particulars, but in general character. It is sufficient to instance the marked difference between the aper- tures of the two species both in form and in the proportion which they bear to the rest of the area. JL. permunita is clearly not a mere variety of M. Michaudiana, but a distinct species; and the latter has therefore no claim to a place in the synonymy. Ibid. (p. 39 sep.). Membranipora (Caleschara) denticulata, MacGillivray. The account which I have given of the structure of the cell in this species is, I believe, strictly correct ; but I cer- tainly do not adhere to my interpretation of it. Caleschara belongs to the family Steganoporellide + (which had not been properly defined when my paper was written), and would tind a place in the genus Onychocella, Jullien, but for the entire * “On Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Aldinga &c., South Australia,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., August 1885, p. 289. + In the definition which I have given of this family (“ Critical Notes,” ‘Annals,’ Feb. 1887, p. 162) the membranous front wall is described as “‘ carrying the orifice and operculum.” But this is not uni- versally true of the forms embraced in it. It is the case in Onychocella, Jullien, and kindred forms, but not in Steganoporella and Thalamoporella. This character must therefore be removed from the family diagnosis. Probably this difference is sufficiently important to warrant a division of the family. Jullien’s group Onychocellide has been formed for species in which the membranous ectocyst carries the orifice. In these forms the true front wall is in all respects similar to that of the Membranipore, and the orifice and operculum are of the primitive Membraniporidan type. 174 Rev. T. Hincks’s Contributions towards a absence of avicularia. As, however, it agrees in the more essential elements of structure with this tribe, the absence of the appendages should hardly separate it from its kindred. In his diagnosis of the family (Onychocellide) Jullien describes the avicularia as ‘ plus ou moins constants.” MacGillivray’s genus Caleschara is hardly tenable, as from the condition of his specimens he has been unable to give in his diagnosis a sufficient indication of the distinctive charac- ters. The “ generic character” is not such as to enable the student to appreciate the peculiarities of the type. Apart from what relates to the habit of growth and other non- essential points, there is nothing but the following clause :— “ Front calcareous, except a small part anteriorly, which is membranous.”’ According to ordinary usage a genus so constituted must give place to one founded on a diagnosis sufficient for identi- fication. Jullien’s Onychocella with a very slight revision and somewhat wider scope would include Membranipora antiqua, Busk, and kindred forms, as well as Caleschara, Busk (in his ‘Challenger’ Report) adopts MacGillivray’s name, and associates it with a new generic character. ‘I'he whole subject requires fresh treatment. Ibid. (p. 41 sep.). Note on Membranipora transversa, Hincks (=M. cincta, flutton). This form seems to be nearly allied to Onychocella and Caleschara. ‘The membranous ectocyst bears the orifice, and below it a calcareous wall passes down trom the elliptical opesia to the base of the cell, dividing it into two chambers*. Ibid. (p. 43 sep.). Vincularia abyssicola, Smitt. The old genus Vincularia was founded on the erect sub- cylindrical habit of growth, and is now superseded fT. ‘The present species is the type of the genus Smittipora, Jullien, but in my judgment should be transferred (as 1 have already stated) to Onychocella, Jullien, revised. * On page 42 (sep.), line 15 from the top, for strong read stony. + Busk indeed has retained the name in the ‘Challenger’ Report, but has connected with it a new definition, He assigns it to a genus “ inter- mediate between Micropora and Steganoporella,” and with a cylindrical or polygonal habit of growth, Such a genus is quite inconsistent with the later views of classification. General History of the Marine Polyzoa. 175 The portion of this paragraph from p. 42, line 8 from the bottom, “I mention this” &ec., to p. 43, line 4 from the top (inclusive), may be cancelled. Ibid. (p. 44 sep.). Diacnorts, Busk. The species of Diachoris must be ranged under the genus Beania, Johnston. There are no generic differences between the two forms. In both the zocecial characters are Bicel- larian; Diachoris, which is usually furnished with articu- lated avicularia, making a nearer approach than Beania to Bugula, from which indeed it is chiefly distinguished by the more complex character of its zoarium *. MacGillivray has already united the two genera under the earlier name Beaniat. ‘Annals,’ July 1881 (p. 49 sep.). Membranipora radicifera, sp. n. This was the first species of Membranipora in which attachment by means of tubular fibres had been observed. Since its discovery the same structural peculiarity has occurred in several forms, and may prove to be far from uncommon. A more systematic study of the radical appen- dages is a desideratum, and would form a very interesting chapter in the history of the Polyzoa. MacGillivray has placed this species in the genus Beania, a decision which I am quite unable to accept (see ‘ Critical Notes,” ‘ Annals,’ ser. 5, vol. xix. p. 158). Ibid. (p. 55 sep.). Steganoporella magnilabris, Busk. In the last line of this paragraph for “ZLepralia” read Membranipora. Ibid. (p. 55 sep.). Cribrilina ferox, MacGillivray. This species has certainly no right to a place in the genus Cribrilina, from which it is separated by the remarkable * Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, vol. i. pp. 65, 66. t Prodr. Zool. Victoria, dec, xii. p. 67. 176 Canon A. M. Norman on structure of its cell-wall and other characters. MacGillivray has constituted the genus //’antopora for its reception. It is one of the forms which is attached by tubular fibres. [To be continued. ] XXI.—On the Molluscan Genera Cyclostoma and Pomatias and the Orinoid Genus Comaster and Family Comatulide. By the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman. IT is not my habit to write for controversy, but for science’s sake, and I do not quite follow Mr. Newton when he says (‘ Annals,’ June 1891, p. 522) that my statement that I thought he had ‘ misapprehended the facts” betrays an “amount of prejudice.” One thing is certain: either he has “misapprehended”’ the facts or I have done so. I merely gave the facts opposing his views in my last notes, hoping that this would suffice for my purpose, and not desiring to point out too closely what I considered to be errors of state- ment. It seems, however, now necessary to notice these. I will therefore examine his arguments in detail. 1. The opening words of his first paper (‘ Annals,’ vol. vii. p- 345) were “ Much confusion has existed since Lamarckian days regarding the Molluscan name of Cyclostoma.” ‘There was much confusion, I grant, 7 Lamarckian days; but it would be difficult to find any genus which has received more universal acceptance for ninety years than Cyclostoma (or Cyclostomus), with its type C. elegans. Confusion is only introduced when Mr. Newton proposes to substitute Pomatias for that time-honoured name. 2. Mr. Newton argues that Lamarck described two different genera which he named Cyclostoma. My reply is, Lamarck (as I showed in the ‘Annals’ for May last) did not describe two different genera named Cyclostoma. His definition in 1799 was intended to cover every species which he or other authors subsequently placed in it ; he gave Turbo scalaris as an example (type, as used in modern times, was not then understood). The subsequent limitations of the genus were as follows :— 1799. Cyclostoma, Lamarck. Cyclostoma scalaris. 1801 *. Cyclostoma, Lamarck (= Lamarck, 1799, partim). Cyclostoma delphinus. * In definition of genus Lamarck here adds the words “ sans cétes lon- gitudinales,” to restrict the genus and exclude Turbo scalaris (= Scalaria). Cyclostoma and Pomatias, Vii 1801. Scalaria, Lamarck (= Cyclostoma, Lamarck, 1799; partim). Scalaria scalaris (= Cyclostoma scalaris; 1799). 1801. Cyclostoma, Draparnaud (= Cyclostoma, Lamarck, 1799, partim). For Nerita elegans and all opercu- lated inland Mollusca (except Valvata). 1803. Cyclostoma, Lamarck. Used by Lamarck in Dra- parnaud’s restricted sense, and similarly by all subsequent writers. 1803. Delphinula, Lamarck ( = Cyclostome, Lamarck, 1799, and 1801 partim). For Turbo delphinus, L., = Cyclostoma delphinus, Lamk. Thus Lamarck in 1801 removed Scalaria out of his com- prehensive genus, and in 1803 he acquiesced in Draparnaud’s more restricted use of the name to inland Mollusca, in which the animal had “ Tentacles oculés 4 la base externe, mufle proboscidiforme.”” In my previous notes (bid. p. 447) I quoted Deshayes (in Lamarck), who explained the whole matter. J may also refer to Lamarck himself as accepting Draparnaud’s restricted genus (‘ Annales du Muséum,’ vol. iv. (1804) p. 108), also to Felix de Roissy in De Montfort’s ‘Hist. Nat. gén. et partic. des Mollusques,’ vol. v. (1805) pp- 290, 295, and 300, and De Montfort, ‘ Conchyliologie systématique,’ vol. il. (1810) pp. 131, 287, and 295. These and subsequent authors to the present time have acquiesced in the restricted use of Cyclostoma, with C. elegans as type. 3. That Draparnaud, 1801, established another genus Cyclostoma. ‘‘ No notice, however, is made by this author to the preoccupation of the generic name in 1799, and we can only infer that Draparnaud was ignorant of its existence.” Js it not a most extraordinary misapprehension that Dra- parnaud founded his Cyclostoma in ignorance of Lamarck’s Cyclostoma? Why, Draparnaud was a brother Frenchman and Lamarck’s conchological friend. It was in consequence of the recommendation of Lamarck, Cuvier, and Lacépéde that Draparnaud’s posthumous work on the Mollusca was published. Authors’ names were not written after genera in those days, and therefore Draparnaud wrote ‘ Cyclostoma,” not ‘ Cyclostoma, Lamarck.” 4. Mr. Newton states that Studer established a genus Pomatias in 1789, and placed two species under it—P. elegans, = Nerita elegans, Miill.,” with reference, and “P. vardegatus, a new species;”” and that Hartmann in 1821, “ apparently Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. viii. y 178 Canon A. M. Norman on ignorant of Studer’s work of 1789, describes another Pomatias, and uses Oyclostoma patulum as the type.” Is not this another misapprekension? Did it not strike Mr. Newton as remarkable that Hartmann should have coined a name identical with that of Studer for the same genus, and is he aware that in the same year, 1821, Hartmann (‘ Neue Alp.’ p. 214) actually named a species P. Studeri? This statement in Mr. Newton’s first paper is surpassed 3 the following sentence in his second paper :—‘‘ He [7. e. Norman] appears to be only anxious to demonstrate that we should follow the opinion most generally received by concho- logists on this subject [¢. e. in retaining Cyclostoma], instead of “thinking it a matter for congratulation that the discovery of the Studerian genus now relieves us from the difficulties that have surrounded Cyclostoma for upwards of ninety years.” This sentence appears to admit of no other interpretation than that, as Studer’s genus Pomatias was according to Mr. Newton unknown to Hartmann, so, according to him, it has remained unknown to conchologists until 1891, when it was discovered by himself! I take down all the works from my library which I remember to contain Pomatias of Studer (as used for P. vartegatus and allies) or of Hartmann, and give the following result of the ways in which this genus is quoted by those writers -— “Pomatias, Studer” (sic): thus used in Adami, Cristofori and Jan, Charpentier, Stabile, Dupuy, Brusina, H. and A. Adams, 8. P. Woodward, Kobelt, Clessin, Westerlund. “Pomatias, Hartmann” (sic): Pini. “Pomatias, Hartmann non Studer”? (sic) : Moquin-Tandon. “Pomatias (Studer 1789), Hartmann 1821” (sic): Paul Tischer. In this last reference Fischer puts the matter in a nutshell. The genus is the genus /omatias of Studer, and he uses it in the restricted sense as employed by Hartmann. As LI stated in my last notes, Hartmann, when e discovered Pomatias, Studer, acted very wisely in leaving the well-established Cyclostoma undisturbed and in apply ing Pomatias to the group for which he wished to find a name, and which included the second species mentioned by Studer. His action, more- over, was tully in accordance with the later Brit. Assoe. rules, and cannot lawfully be altered. Mr. Newton maintains that Cyclostoma, Lamarck, must Cyclostoma and Pomatias. 179 be applied only to the genus which contains “Turbo scalaris;” nor will he be content to write Cyclostoma, Drap., because there was a previous Cyclostoma, Lamarck, though not in use. But he will not accept the only logical conclusion of his own argument, which, if granted to be true, would necessi- tate Cyclostoma superseding Scalaria. So he hunts for something earlier, and finds Sca/a, Klein; but then this is prebinomial, so will not do, and so he catches at a straw, and finds Scala, Humphrey, ‘ Museum Colonnianum,’ 1797, two years antedating Cyclostoma, Lamarck, and which has been used by Mr. Dall. What is the history of this Scala, Hum- phrey ? It seems scarcely to be believed that its authority restsupon the fact that a name, ‘ anonymous and undescribed” (Dall), was inserted in a sale catalogzue—nothing more than a pre-Linnean name applied to a shell for sale; and this is to be enough to give it post-Linnean authority! It may be expected after this that frequent reference will be made ninety years hence to ‘‘ Stevens’s ” sale catalogues, for would there not be Scala, the precedent for their authoritative use *. Lastly, Mr. Newton objects to the last part of Brit. Assoc. Rule 10, which allows the retention of a generic or specific name if no similar prior name is ¢v use; and he refers to the American and French rules, which cannot claim to have been yet accepted generally even in the countries in which they originated, whereas the b. A. rules have the highest autho- rity and the widest usage. ‘That this Rule 10 is generally accepted on the continent has been proved by references in this very discussion, for I showed in my last notes that two of the leading zoologists of the continent, G. O. Sars and Schulze, observed it, and all the conchologists who write Cyclostoma, Drap.—and their name is legion—do the same. Mr. Newton asks whether I am aware that in my recent ‘ Revision of British Mollusca,” 1890, where I ‘‘ place under review some seventy or eighty genera, about a dozen of them are preoccu- pied names}, and whether they remain so in my desire to carry out strictly to the letter my interpretation of the latter portion of Rule 10.” I am always thankful to be put nght when I am wrong; but I am not aware of any thing of the kind, and think that Mr. Newton is here again under a * I cannot acquiesce in Mr. Dall’s conclusions, but a very full state- ment of the case by him will be found in Bull, Soc, Comp. Zool. vol. xviii. (1889) p. 299. ; + One name, Cryptavis, I advisedly retained, though knowing it to be preoccupied and that it could not stand. I was unwilling to give a new generic name to a species which, when better known, will probably tind a resting-place in an existing genus, and therefore for the present thought it best to leave it with Jetlreys’s description and Jetfreys’s name. 12* 180 Canon A. M. Norman on “misapprehension.” But granted, for the sake of argument, that his suggestion is true, he must see that he has put the strongest possible argument into my hands for the retention of the rule as it stands. Here is a rule-of-three sum: If he would supersede the use of twelve out of eighty names of genera because the names, though not in use, had been employed at an earlier date, what slaughter would he make among the, say, fifty thousand generic names contained in * Scudder ”’ ? The laws of priority were drawn up that justice might be done to the earlier author, but were never intended to be applied for the purpose of upsetting groups of genera which, having the sanction of ninety years’ usage, have been employed, and can still be employed, without injustice to an one. ‘ Possession is nine points of the law,” and the undis- puted retention of property for twenty years constitutes a right of possession *., I would call attention to the ‘ common sense’? contained in the suggestive note in this month’s (July) ‘ Annals’ by Prof. Jeffrey Bell, ““ A Test Case for the Law of Priority.” ‘The overstrained pressure of every law becomes its abuse—“‘ Summum jus summa injuria.,”’ Comaster and Comatulide. I must add a few words in reply to Mr. F. A. Bather’s observations (‘ Annals,’ vol. vil. p. 464) on my notes on Cri- noidea. Mr. Bather calls attention to the fact that the name I pro- posed for a genus to contain the doubtful Comatula multi- radiata of Goldfuss, “‘Goldfussia,” is preoccupied. Though not in the ‘ Nomenclators,’ I find this is the case ; but neither Goldfussia of Castelnau or of myself are likely to stand. I only gave a name to take away the opportunity of any one saying that “ Comaster is in use for something else,” however wrongly so in use. I shall reply to Mr. Bather so briefly that it will be neces- sary to refer to what has been in my and his notes written on the subject to understand my meaning. Mr. Bather writes :— (1) The priority of the name Comaster to Actinometra is no new discovery ; but (2) the * This day’s ‘Times’ (July 10) contains a curious case of one Joseph Jacobs, whose cocks and hens cannot, by all the authority of the London County Council, be turned off the “ now greatly improved and beautified ’ Plumpstead Common, because it was proved that these cocks and hens and their papas and mammas had taken their exercise there for the last fifty years. Comaster and Comatulide. 181 diagnosis given by Agassiz was worthless; while (3) Canon Norman has not told us what we are to understand by Comatula multiradiata, Lamarck.” (1) Exactly, that was my argument. If it had been a new discovery no blame would have attached to those who, knowing Comaster to be earlier, use Actinometra. (2) Worthless! It would be interesting to know what old genera are sufficiently described to satisfy Mr. Bather’s requirements, (3) There was no call for me to do so. Carpenter has taken great pains in the matter, and after examination of types considers that Lamarck included two species under Comatula multiradiata; both of these he places in Actino- metra, and makes the earlier-described Comaster, Agassiz (of which this same Comatula multiradiata was the type*), a synonym of the later-described Acténometra—a course con- trary to law and to justice. Mr. Bather’s next statement is :— “ When the time arrives for splitting up the assemblage of genera at present lumped together as Comatulide, the name Antedonidz should certainly be applied to that family in which Antedon is placed. But while such different forms as Thaumatocrinus, Atelecrinus, and Promachocrinus swell the motley crowd, the name Comatulide seems, from its very want of meaning, the best adapted to embrace them.” What does Mr. Bather imply by “ want of meaning”? I must go to school again. Comatulide, I had supposed, meant Comatulide, and was=Comatulide, 7. e. the genus Comatula and its allies; and as Comatula is a synonym of Antedon, therefore Comatulidea = Antedonide= Antedon and its allies. But Mr. Bather puts me right and tells me practically that I must not believe any thing I see in print, and that when Carpenter (‘ Challenger’ Report) gives and fully describes (p. 6) the “ Family Comatulide,” he is doing nothing of the kind, even though the family is headed thus—“ Family Comatulide, d’Orbigny, 1852; emend. P. H. Carpenter, 1888,” and that I must not understand him as meaning what he says, when, after referring to the three older genera of the family, Carpenter writes:—‘'Three new genera have been established by myself for new types of recent Comatule, viz. Atelecrinus, Promachocrinus, and Thaumatocrinus ; and ‘these six are all that could strictly be included { in the family Comatulide until quite recently.” * In the ‘ Annals,’ 1891, vol. vii. p. 387, last line but one from bottom, I see I have made an error:—For “ Group 3, typica” read “Group 7. Fimbriata.” + The italics are mine. 182 Mr. E. W. L. Holt on the XXI1.—Additions to the Invertebrate Fauna of St. Andrews Bay. By Ernest W. L. Hour, Assistant Naturalist to the Royal Dublin Society’s Fishery Survey, and late of the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. [Plate XI. ] Proressor M‘IntTosu, to whom I am indebted for the use of the Marine Laboratory during a stay of eighteen months at St. Andrews, has asked me to furnish a brief record of such forms, new to the local fauna, as came under my observation during that period. They were obtained for the most part by the use of the tow-nets or from the lines of the St. Andrews fishermen, whose kindness in allowing us to over- haul their gear and in bringing to the laboratory specimens which had excited their own curiosity cannot be too highly appreciated. INFUSORIA. On April 1, 1890, a specimen of Caligus rapax brought up in the bottom tow-net was noticed to be beset posteriorly by a number of foreign organisms which on close examination proved to be Acinetid Infusorians apparently belonging to the genus LHemiophrya. Figure 1 (PI. XI.) represents the host and its epizoic parasites as they appeared on the following day. On the day of capture most of the Infusorians were covered in the apical region with gemmules, which had all been liberated when the drawing was made. Hemiophrya is characterized by the possession of tentacles of two orders, of which the suctorial ones appear to be usually very minute. In the specimens before us no suctorial tentacles were discernible, and, judging from Saville Kent’s figures (¢ Manual of Infusoria,’ pl. xvii.), this is occasionally the case with other species of this genus. Sir John Dalyell, in ‘The Powers of the Creator displayed in the Creation’ (vol. i. p. 249, pl. Ixvi. fig. 10), mentions and figures “a minute zoophyte ” from the dorsal region of a Caligus. I think that a glance at his figure leaves no doubt but that he was misled, as I was at first myself, by the resemblance of the form before us to a Hydroid. As our form does not agree exactly with any other species of which I have been able to find a description, I would propose to name it after its first observer. Hemiophrya Dalyelli, sp. n. (Pl. XI. figs. 1-4.) Pedicle or tube hyaline, finely granular, not striated, Invertebrate Fauna of St. Andrews. 183 slightly curved, about six times as long as body; at distal end about half the greatest width of body when fully ex- tended (as in fig. 2), tapering gradually towards the base. Body yellowish brown by transmitted light, subject to considerable variations of shape (see figs. 2, 3, and 4). Pre- hensile tentacles about as long as body, confined to apical region, and showing a spiral structure internally under a high power. Length of tube in largest specimens about 1 millim. Hab, On Caligus rapax. POLYCHATA. Polygordius, sp. The larvee of a species of Polygordius occurred in the surface-nets on August 19 and October 23 and 25, 1890. Several were observed to undergo their final metamorphosis after a few days’ life in the laboratory. Its appearance in these waters is somewhat surprising. NEMERTEA, A Pilidium larva was taken at the surface on October 13, 1890. It measured 71 millim. in greatest length, the height without flagellum being about the same. The flagellum con- sisted of a bunch of fine vibratile filaments, which usually adhered so closely together as to have the appearance of a single tapering appendage. ‘The ventral margins in life showed a beautiful arrangement of reddish-brown pigment at the bases of the cilia. The prostomial disks were a pale yellow colour, and the stomach was filled with a brownish mass interspersed with black dots. Pl. XI. figs. 5 and 6 represent the larva in lateral and anterior views. Professor M‘Intosh informs me that no Nemertean known to undergo a Pilidium stage has been recorded from the adjacent waters. HybrRoIpDA. Euphysa aurata (Forbes), the gonozooid of Corymorpha nana (Hincks), was taken at the surface in the beginning of August 1890. 2a >= ae Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 269 Phylun APPENDICULATA. Branch ARTHROPODA. Class CRUSTACEA. By J. Woop-Mason. Grade MALACOSTRACA. Order SCHIZOPODA. Family Lophogastride. GNATHOPHAUSIA, Willem.-Suhm. 1. Gnathophausia bengalensis, sp. n. @. Closely allied to G. calcarata, Sars, from which it differs in the following points:—The carapace covers the whole of the first and a part of the second abdominal somite ; the antennal, branchiostegal, and _postero-inferior spines appear quite smooth to the naked eye, being only obsoletely or microscopically serrated, the supraorbital spine is readily distinguishable by its shape from the rostral denticles; the upper lateral keels are strongly roof-shaped, and the oblique subdorsal keels more pronounced ; the antennal scale is more broadly emarginate at the apex; the pleural lappets of the last abdominal somite are terminated by two very unequal spines (of which the outer is long and sharp and the inner short and blunt), and are separated from one another poste- riorly in the mid-ventral line by a long and narrow incision. Length, from end of rostrum (extreme tip wanting) to apex of telson, 91 millim.; of carapace, from supraorbital to end of dorsal spine, 37 millim.; of abdomen 46°5 millim.; of telson 17°5 millim. Colour in life deep purple-lake. A single female, with just-commencing brood-pouch, was taken at Station 117, 1748 fathoms. 2. Gnathophausia brevispinis, sp. n. Gnathophausia gracilis, var. brevispinis, W.-M., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii, 1891, p. 188, ¢. 3 2. Differs from the Atlantic G. gracilis, Suhm, in the rostrum being recurved and shorter than the carapace ; in the dorsal crest of the carapace being distinctly foliaceous through- out, and at the base of the rostrum expanded into a subtrian- 270 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on gular plate, terminating apically in a strongish forwardly- inclined spine; in the dorsal spine being shorter and more recurved; in the lower of the two postero-lateral spines being reduced to a minute point; in the dorsal spines of the first abdominal somite being subequal, those of the second sepa- rated by a distinct transverse groove and the hinder of them more detlexed, and those of the third, fourth, and fifth larger and more distinctly arched anteriorly ; in the form of the pleura of the five basal somites, which are expanded at their posterior margin into a thin and rounded foliaceous lobe, having their marginal spines as a consequence closer together. A single immature female (the last pair of incubatory lamelle only 3 millim. long), measuring 92 millim. from end of rostrum (extreme tip wanting) to apex of telson, and coloured in life deep purple-lake, was taken at Station 117, 1748 fathoms. Family Eucopiide. Eucopia, Dana, G. O. Sars. 3. Eucopia australis, Dana, Sars. Eucopia australis, Dana, U. 8. Explor. Exped., Crustacea, pt. i. p. 609, Atlas, pl. xi. fig. 11, a—-m; G. O. Sars, ‘ Challenger’ Schizopoda, 1885, p. 55, pls. ix. and x. Chalaraspis unguiculata, Willemoes-Suhm, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., Zool. ser. 2, vol. i. 1875, p. 37, pl. viii. A soft and somewhat distorted young female with very incompletely developed brood-pouch, non-pigmented eyes, and eye-peduncles, through the walls of which the subjacent ophthalmic tract is plainly visible by transparence, as in Sars’s figure, was obtained at Station 112, 561 fathoms; and a mature, or all but mature, female with integuments of firmer consistence, red-pigmented eyes, and opaque eye- peduncles, at Station 109, 738 fathoms. But whether we have here to do with two distinct species, or only with two different conditions of one and the same species, the material at our disposal is insufficient to enable me to determine. Family Euphausiide. Tuysanopopa, H. M.-Edw. 4, Thysanopoda microphthalma, G. O. Sars. Thysanopoda microphthalma, G. O. Sars, ‘Challenger’ Schizopoda, 1885, p. 116, woodcut, fig. 3, 9. An adult male, without legs, from Station 111, 1644 fathoms, is probably referable to this species, Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 271 Order DECAPODA. Suborder NATANTTA. PEN AIDEA. Family Peneide. Subfamily Pevzrva. No representatives of this group have as yet been found amongst either the infra-littoral or the bathybial fauna. Subfamily Parapen era. Obs. Spence Bate’s Artemisia longinaris belongs here ; it is not in the remotest degree related to the Aristeina. METAPEN US, gen. nov. Allied to Parapeneus, 8. 1. Smith, differing therefrom in having neither tergo-pleural nor cephalothoracico-pleural suture to its carapace, and in the branchial system, which is invariably furnished with an epipodite in the twelfth somite and with a filamentous vestige of an anterior arthrobranchia in the thirteenth. ‘Type Peneus affinis, H. Milne-Edw. The first two of the three following species are referred with some confidence to this genus as little-modified deep-sea representatives of it, the third with some doubt, as it lacks the branchial rudiment. 5. [Metapeneus philippinensis, var. andamanensis, nov. Peneus philippinensis, Sp. Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 261, pl. xxxv. fies. 2,9, 3,¢. Differs from the specimens described and figured by Spence Bate in its much smaller size and in the median part of the annulus ventralis being shorter and devoid of lateral notches. The rostrum is in both sexes almost straight and scarcely ascendant ; in the largest female it extends somewhat beyond, in the other females and in a male barely to, the end of the penultimate joint of the antennulary peduncle. The legs of the first pair are furnished with a spine at the ventral apex of their second and third joints. In the female there is a pair of sternal spines between the second pair of legs similar to, but very much smaller than, those present in J/. veluéinus 272 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on (Dana). The inner flagellum of the antennules is short and but little longer than the outer, and is unmodified at base in the male. The dorsal carina of the abdomen commences in the second somite as a faint and blunt elevation of the ante- rior half of the tergum, and is continuous and distinct from the base of the third to the extremity of the last tergum, at which it ends in a single minute point, being cleft so as to terminate in two points in each of the three penultimate terga. In addition to the median carina the three terminal somites present on each side of the middle line a tolerably distinct blunt subdorsal angulation, hence appearing to be tricarinate. The caudal swimmerets when laid back extend much beyond the apex of the telson, and the outer margin of their exopodites runs out into a spine a good way from the apex of the joint—primitive features which are not noticed in Spence Bate’s description, though the former of them is brought out in the accompanying drawi ings of the typical form. The largest female measures about 63 millim., the only male about 51 millim., in a straight line from the apex of the rostrum to that of the telson. One nearly mature male with four females from north of Port Blair, Andaman Sea, in 112 to 244 fathoms, on 29th Nov., 1888.] Metapenceeus coniger, sp. 1. Differs from the preceding in the following points :—The inner flagellum of its longer antennules is fully twice as long as the outer, and in the male bears at its inner and upper margin near the base a short, stout, and highly indurated spine of a peculiar form, the part from which the spine springs being conically thickened and elevated, with its con- stituent joints firmly ankylosed together. ‘The three terminal abdominal terga are much more strongly angulated sub- dorsally. The annulus ventralis of the female is built pre- cisely upon the same plan as in MM. philippinensis, and represents, there is little doubt, a primitive phase in the evolution of the organ, though at first sight it appears to be so strikingly different ; its posterior moiety is a roughly semicircular concave plate with prominent raised anterior and lateral margins, and it abuts by its deeply bitid anterior margin against the anterior moiety, which has the form of a short and broad band ; its raised anterior border has an outline intermediate between that of a capital T and a capital T, the ends of the cross stroke of which are in the same curved line with the raised lateral margins, and do not nip the sides of Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 273 the grooved downstroke, as in M. philippinensis. It is easy to be seen that the condition of parts manifested by the pre- ceding species has been brought about by the expansion, leaf- like, of the T-shaped ridge in all its parts, whereby the anterior ends of the lateral margins have been thrust inwards and backwards against the expanded anterior margin, so that the latter appears to be “held in position by clamp-like lateral processes.” ‘The legs of the first pair have a spine on the second and third joints below. There is a very minute pair of sternal spines between the second pair of legs in the female; they are, however, much smaller than in the preceding species, and it is hence possible that they may be really absent or so small as to be readily overlooked in the specimens described by Spence Bate, who expressly states that none are present. The branchial formula is :— Somites and Arthrobranchiz. their Podo- —_————. Plenro- appendages. branchiz. Anterior. Posterior. branchie. TL ee SE 1 OP 33 1. 3 aaa 0 1 1 ie ees as inher. 0 (ep.) 1 1 1 = step P41 Eas O (ep.) 1 1 1 = 3+ep 4 SP ae 0 (ep.) 1 1 1 = 3-+ep 201d ee 0 im 1 i =.) 2-4. ROS on 0 0 0 0 = 0 1+sep + 54+7 + 6 + 56 =17+47.4+3ep. The branchiz are voluminous and remarkably laxly con- structed and feathery, with an unusually well-developed terminal plume. ‘The anterior arthrobranchia of the penul- timate somite is represented by a simple filament. The last epipodite (X1I.) is branched. Length, from tip of rostrum to tip of telson, g 77 millim., ? 88 millim.; of carapace, from supra-orbital margin to middle of posterior margin in a straight line, g 18 millim., 2 20°5 millim.; of abdomen, ¢ 45 millim., 9 49 millim. ; of inner flagellum of antennules, ¢ 16°5 millim., 9 17°5 millim.; of outer flagellum of antennules, g 8 millim., s¢ 7°5 millim. Nine males and eleven females from Station 119, 95 fathoms. It had previously been obtained in considerable numbers off the Mahénaddi Delta in 68 fathoms (32 ¢ and 26 ¢), and at Station 96, 98 to 102 fathoms (4 g and 10 @), the colour of which last was noted as transparent grey irregu- larly suffused with pink. 274 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on Both the preceding are remarkable for the membranous condition of the lower part of the branchiostegite in apparent correlation with the voluminous and feathery character of the branchie. 7. Metapeneus rectacutus (Sp. Bate). Peneus rectacutus, Sp. Bate, ‘Chalienger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 266, pl. xxvi. fig. 2 (excl. 22), 9. Two fine females from Station 115, 188 to 229 fathoms. Colour in life red. The carapace and abdomen are perfectly glabrous through- out. ‘The former is armed with three spines, an antennal, an hepatic, and a branchiostegal. From the last-named of these a sharp crest curves boldly upwards and backwards, forming the lower boundary of the anterior end of the cervical groove as far as the level of the hepatic spine, whence it is continued nearly to the posterior end of the carapace as a blunt ridge— the cardio-branchial—which, with the branchiostegal crest, marks out the upper boundary of the subjacent branchial chamber ; similarly, a sharp crest continued straight upwards and backwards from the hepatic spine accentuates the gastro- hepatic groove. The 13- to 14-toothed rostrum is neither quite so stout nor quite so straight as represented by Spence Bate. ‘The exo- podites of the thoracic legs are rudimentary. The all but equal antennulary flagella are about as much shorter than the carapace, measured from the frontal to the middle of the posterior margin in a straight line, as they are longer than the rostrum measured from the same point in the same manner. The telson is strongly trifureate and armed at the sides, in front of the lateral prongs, with three pairs of small movably- articulated spines, which are separated from one another and from the lateral prongs by intervals equal to about twice their own length. The branchial formula is :— Somites and Arthrobranchive. their Podo- r “~ Pleuro- appEnGiess. branchie. Anterior. Posterior, branchie. VLU ies. 1 Cs 1b. Cae 0 1 1 l = 3 x 0 (ep.) 1 1 1 =~ 3+ep. D4 AN 0 (ep.) ] 1 1 = 38+ep. Badeys sts O (ep.) 1 1 1 = S8+ep. PORT» 5: 5 is 0 0 1 a 7S ES 0 0) 0 04.7.0 l4+5ep, + 5 + 6 + 5 =17+3 ep — - i Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 275 The last epipodite (x1t.) is simple and unbranched, and there is no vestige of an anterior arthrobranchia in the thir- teenth somite. Length, from rip of rostrum to tip of telson, 113 to 129 millim. ; length of carapace 25°5 to 29°5 millim.; of rostrum 21°5 to 24 millim. ; of antennulary flagella 23 to 26 millim. The three preceding species, in common with other infra- littoral allies of littoral forms, seem to be in many respects in a more primitive phase of evolution than their littoral allies. Their primitive characters are (1) that the last abdominal segment is elongate, (2) that the caudal swimmeret is more natatory, as evidenced by its being prolonged far beyond the level of the marginal spine of the exopodite, and (3) that the telson is trifurcate and spinulose at the sides. in the first two of these characters they recall many of the true deep-sea Penzide, many of the Schizopoda (e. g. Gnatho- phausia), and the final larval stages of their own kind; while the lateral prongs and spines of their telson are to be inter- preted as the modified vestiges of the larval caudal fork, which, it may be remarked, persists throughout life almost unchanged in at least one Peneid, viz. Sicyonta furcata. Subtamily Sozevocerra. SOLENOCERA, Lucas. 8. Solenocera Heaxtii, W.-M. Solenocera Heatii, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. 1891, p. 188, dQ. Niue males and six females from Station 119, 95 fathoms, including a full-grown pair, which prove that the rostrum of the fully adult female is shorter, broader, and more ascendant than in the juvenile stages, and that that of the male, while retaining the length and breadth it has in youth, is deflexed with the line of the teeth decidedly convex ; length of the large female about 75 millim., of the male about 67 millim. Also a mutilated male from Station 120, 240 to 276 fathoms. This species has a distinct supra-orbital angle, which is not, however, spinose, a post-orbital spine, a small hepatic spine, and a third spine smaller than this on the edge of the gastro-hepatic crest, but no branchiostegal spine. The telson is trifurcate. The common Indian littoral form (? P. crassicornis, M.- 276 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on Edw.) also is without branchiostegal spines, and, moreover, has the telson simple and unarmed. The branchial formula is the same in both species, namely :— Somites and Arthrobrancbiz. their Podo- + — Pleuro- appendages. branchiz. Anterior. Posterior. branchiz. WA oe 1 4. 1 0 = 3 PCOS cu O (ep.) r 1 LD) =e er ities O (ep.) 1 1 1 = 3s+ep. Pe ers O (ep.) 1 1 1 = bora pb. Ree ae 0 (ep.) 1 1 1 = 3+¢ep. A WH ABA aera O (ep.) 1 1 1 = 3+ep. RY Gh 2% 0 0 0 | le ae l+iep. + 6 + 6 + 6 =19+45 ep PARASOLENOCERA, gen. nov. Carapace grooved as in Solenocera, furnished with supra- orbital, postorbital, and hepatic spines ; without post-rostral ridge. Abdomen narrow and elongated, with a conspicuous hump, giving to the body a decided wasp-waisted appear- ance, dorsally carinated from the base of the third tergum to the apex of the last—the carina very distinctly and in- creasingly cristiform from the base of the fourth to the apex of the last, where it ends in a sharp decurved spine. ‘Telson trifurcate, as long as the swimmerets. Flagella of antennules foliaceously expanded, tapering gradually to a very fine seta- ceous point, the inner much the broader and a little the longer, ensheathing the outer. This genus forms a connecting-link between Solenocera on the one hand and Hymenopeneus, Philonicus, and Haliporus on the other. 9. Parasolenocera annectens, sp. n. The strongly ascendant and very slightly upeurved rostram is regularly and rather gradually produced to a very sharp point, which reaches almost to the end of the penultimate joint of the antennulary peduncle. It is armed with a decreasing series of eight excessively acute teeth, the first of which is placed on the gastric region and about as distant from the second as this is from the fourth of the series. The first branchiostegal spine when viewed from the side presents itself as a stout, compressed, acute, triangular pro- Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 277 longation of the anterior end of the inflated outer wall of the efferent branchial channel, or—what comes to the same thing —of the branchiostegal crest, which is not continued to the anterior margin of the carapace. The eyes are large and reniform. A single female from Station 116, 405 fathoms. Colour in life red. Length, from apex of rostrum to apex of telson 66 millim. ; of abdomen 40 millim.; of carapace, from supra-orbital to posterior margin, 16 millim.; of rostrum, from same point, § millim. ; of outer antennulary flagellum 19 millim., of inner 21 millim. HYMENOPEN AUS, 8. I. Smith. 10. Hymenopencus microps, S. I. Smith. Hymenopeneus microps, S. 1. Smith, Ann. Rep. Comm. Fish. 1884, p- 413 (69), pl. x. fig. 1 ; Wood-Mason, Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 188. A female from Station 112, 561 fathoms. HArporus, Sp. Bate. This genus is probably identical with Hymenopencus, Smith. 11. Haliporus equalis, Sp. Bate. Haliporus equalis, Sp. Bate, ‘ Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p, 285, pl. xli. fig. 1. : We do not verify the sexual difference between the male and female in the direction of the rostrum, which is armed with from seven to nine teeth, of which those on the gastric region are constantly two. The propodite of the last pair of legs in the male at all events is more than four times the length of the dactylo- podite, while in the penultimate pair it is only twice as long. The almost level crest of the last abdominal somite ends in a small spine. ‘The trifurcate telson is much shorter than the swimmerets. The outer flagellum of the antennules is at least three times as long as the inner, which are equal in length to the carapace measured from the tip of the rostrum to the middle of the hinder margin. Four males and a female from Station 115, 188 to 220 278 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on fathoms ; and one male and a young one from Station 116, 405 fathoms. Colour in life pink. 12. Haliporus neptunus, Sp. Bate. Haliporus neptunus, Sp. Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 291, pl. xlii. fig. 3. In our specimens the rostrum is sharper and more ascen- dant, and the crests of the last three abdominal terga are spinose at the extremity, the spine in the first two springing from the bottom of the median cleft. The telson, which is trifurcate, reaches about midway between the outer and inner lamelle of the swimmerets when these are laid back. In addition to an extra-ocular plate and antennal, post- antennal, hepatic, and post-branchiostegal spines, there is a true branchiostegal spine. There is a still greater disproportion between the propodite and dactylopodite of the last pair of legs than in the last species. One female from Station 111, 1644 fathoms, and two from Station 117, 1748 fathoms. Colour in life lurid orange. Subfamily Arzrsrxrwa. ARIST&US, Duvernoy. Aristeus, Duvernoy, Ann. des Sc. Nat., Zool. 1841 (ii.), xv. pp. 101 et seq. Hipknwione Sp. Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 299 (ex parte). Rostrum three-toothed; carapace without hepatic spine; antennal scale large; mandibular palp thin and foliaceous, with terminal joint triangular; dorsal carina of last three abdominal terga terminating posteriorly in a spine; postero- lateral angles of abdominal pleura simple and unarmed; legs without exopodites ; dactylopodites of the last two pairs of legs setaceous. The branchial formula of Aristeus virilis, Spence Bate, is as follows :— Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 279 Somites and Arthrobranchiz. their Podo- — HW — Pleuro- appendages. branchise. Anterior. Posterior. branchiz. Vit. pte tT 0 1 0 = 2 | eS 1 1 1 fies Ponts Meet ] 1 ] Tao Dale nds. (3s 1 1 1 Pires oa 1 >‘ 0 (ep.) 1 1 r, = /2--7.-+ep Pat aaa 0 1 1 yr = Q4r. fal Oita 0 0 0 1 ee | 4tepn + 5 + 6 4+ 1457.=16+4+57.+ep. The functional branchiw are sixteen in number, arranged in two series, an outer and an inner. ‘The outer series con- sists of eleven, namely podobranchia VI1l., anterior arthro- branchia Ix., podobr. IX., anterior arthrobr. x., podobr. x., anterior arthrobr. XI., podobr. XI., anterior arthrobr. XIL., anterior arthrobr. XII., posterior arthrobr. xIIL., pleuro- branchia Xry. ; and the inner series of five, namely posterior arthrobr. VIII, posterior arthrobr. 1X., posterior arthrobr. X., posterior arthrobr. XI., and posterior arthrobr. xu. The number of functional branchiz thus corresponds exactly with the description and figures of Duvernoy, while their arrangement differs but slightly therefrom—the difference consisting in posterior arthrobranchia X11. occupying the last place in the iner series instead of the ninth place in the outer series, as in the typical form. There is but one fully developed and functional pleurobranchia, namely that of somite xiv., the remaining five being reduced to minute rudimentary plumes of no functional importance. Type Aristeus antennatus, Duvernoy. 13. Aristeus virilis (Sp. Bate). Hemipeneus virilis, Sp. Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 303, pl. xliv. fig. 4, d. Hemipeneus tomentosus, id. ibid, p. 807, pl. xlix. figs. 2, 3, pl. 1, 2. These two species have been separated by Spence Bate on differences which prove to be sexual. The remarkable structure of the base of the inner flagellum of the antennules (which probably forms an apparatus for holding the female, and recalls the structure of the same part in our Metapeneus coniger) and the thickening of the tissues of the outer apex of the antennal scale (of which the remark- able prolongation of the apex of the same part in Aristeopsis Edwardsiana is only an extension) have been indicated by Mr. Spence Bate. To the above we may add that the rostrum, which in 280 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on females and in the young of both sexes ends in a long styli- form process extending far beyond the peduncles of the antennules, in the adult male is so shortened as to scarcely pass beyond the end of the first joint of these appendages. The only absolute difference which I have been able to detect between our specimens and Duvernoy’s figures and descrip- tions isin the arrangement of the branchial plumes above described. Very many specimens of both sexes from Station 115, 188 to 220 fathoms. Several specimens had been previously obtained in the same part of the Andaman Sea in 271 fathoms. Colour in life red. 14. Aristeus semidentatus (Sp. Bate). Hemipeneus semidentatus, Sp. Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, p. 505, pl. xhixotie: dO. Very many specimens of both sexes from Station 120, 240 to 276 fathoms. Previously obtained in lat. 20° 17’ 30” N., long. 80° 50’ E., in 193 fathoms, and from the Swatch-of- No-ground in 405 to 285 fathoms. This species presents precisely the same sexual characters as the preceding, from which, so far as we have been at present able to make out, it only differs in being quite glabrous and as a rule smaller. 15. Aristeus coruscans, sp. n. Body elongate, slender, glabrous. Rostrum long, extend- ing by nearly one half of its length beyond the peduncles of Aristeus coruscans, 9, 3 nat. size. Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 281 the antennules, its basal toothed portion almost horizontal, its apical portion long, slender, styliform, straight, and ascen- dant: the first tooth arises just at the level of the supraorbital margin, its ridge extending asa sharpish and diminishing dorsal crest nearly to the hinder edge of the carapace; the second arises about the length of an eye-peduncle from the first, and the third about half that distance from the second. A long postorbital crest commences close behind the orbital margin, and extends without interruption to the gastro- hepatic groove, where it ends, to reappear again in the interval between the gastro-hepatic and cervical grooves ; the crest of the antennal spine is short, extending only to the antennal groove; the long crest of the branchiostegal spine runs hori- zontally backwards as far as the curved cardio-branchial ridge and groove, which with it demarcates the upper boun- dary of the subjacent branchial chamber ; below the branchio- stegal crest a ridge of nearly the same strength delimits the indurated superior from the membranous inferior part of the sides of the carapace and anteriorly runs to the anterior margin, while posteriorly it is continuous with the raised rim of the posterior margin on each side. The legs are slender and weak. A fine female from Station 112, 561 fathoms. Colour in life bright orange. The specimen was strongly luminous when first brought on board. 16. Aristeus crassipes, sp. 0. Body pubescent. Rostrum long, extending by fully one half of its length beyond the peduncles of the antennules ; its basal toothed portion slightly descendant, its apical portion, which is excessively slender and styliform, ascends in a faint curve to its excessively fine and sharp point; the first tooth arises well to the rear of the orbital margin, the second about the length of an eye-peduncle from the first, and the third about two-thirds of that distance from the second; the crest of the first extends backwards as a blunt dorsal ridge to about midway between the cervical groove and the hinder margin of the carapace ; a blunt postorbital crest defines the antennal groove superiorly, and an almost equally blunt short crest to the antennal spine limits it below; the crest of the branchio- stegal spine is somewhat stronger and sharper than in the preceding species, but presents similar relations to the cardio- branchial groove, at its junction with which a groove passes off obliquely downwards and backwards towards but not up Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. viii. 19 282 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on to the ridge separating the hard and the soft parts of the sides of the carapace from one another; both gastro-hepatic and cervical grooves are rather more strongly marked than in the preceding species, especially the latter of them, which is ZA I fos Ps GUYZ 7 4 C wy — lige a Aristeus crassipes, 2, natural size. accentuated by a slight thickening of the integument imme- diately behind it on each side of the middle line; neither, however, actually indents the dorsal ridge, though both appear to do so from the lateral aspect, as is seen in the accompanying figure. The thick and robust first three pairs of chelate limbs present the most marked contrast to the thin and filiform last two pairs. A fine female specimen from Station 116, 405 fathoms, Colour in life crimson. An equally fine example of the same sex had previously been obtained in lat. 6° 29’ N., long. 79° 34’ E., in 597 fathoms. ARISTAXOPSIS, gen. nov. Aristeus, Sp. Bate, ‘ Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 309 (non Duvernoy). Rostrum three-toothed ; carapace without hepatic spine; Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 283 antennal scale large ; mandibular palp robust, with terminal joint bifurcate ; dorsal carina of the last four abdominal terga terminating posteriorly in a spine ; postero-lateral angles of second or third to fifth abdominal pleura minutely mucro- nate; legs with or without minute exopodites ; dactylopodites of the last two pairs of legs lanceolate, smooth and convex below, flat or concave and fringed with hairs on both edges above. Branchial formula of Aristeopsi's Edwardsiana (Johnson) :— Somites and Arthrobranchiz. their Podo- — A -—, Pleuro- appendages. branchie. Anterior. Posterior. branchiz. i Re ee 1 0 1 Ui Scans 1 1 1 = 4 X. 1 1 ] 1 = 4 Re Ot.) ] 1 ] 1 = 4 2 ] ] 1 1 = 4 PETG, St 0 (ep.) 1 i 1 = 3-+ep. XIV. 0 0) Q 1 = 1 Step + 5 + 6 + 6 = 22+ep. It differs from Aristeus in having a fully developed (==plume and epipodite) podobranchia x11. and an epipodite XI1I., with a regularly decreasing series of pleurobranchie, the anterior five of which are degenerate as to their pinnules, but not reduced in length, and hence cannot be called rudi- mentary. Type Peneus Edwardsianus, Johnson, P. Z. 8. 1867, p 897, 9 =Aristeus coralinus, A. M.-Edw. in ‘ Challenger ’ acrura, 1888, pl. xxxil. fig. 10, @. [Obs. Funchalia, which is entered by Spence Bate as a synonym of his Ardsteus (= Aristwopsis), has, as Johnson’s description proves, nothing whatever to do with either Ariste- opsis or Aristeus, and probably does not even belong to the Aristeine alliance at all, having, among other things, an unarmed abdomen and the mandibles in the form of “long sickle-shaped shears which cross each other from opposite sides of the mouth.” Now all the Aristeine Penzids without exception have an armed abdomen and mandibles which depart little, if at all, from the normal form.] 17. Aristeopsis Edwardsiana, Johns. Peneus Edwardsianus, Johnson, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 897, 2. Aristeus Edwardsianus, Miers, P. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 308, 309, pl. xvil. fig. 5, mandibular palpus. 19* 284 Messrs. J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock on Aristeus coralinus, A. M.-Edw. in ‘ Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, pl. xxxii- fig, 10, 3, antennal scale. An adult male and an adolescent male with commencing process of the antennal scale, and an adult female, from Station 115, 188 to 220 fathoms. Colour in life deep crimson. Two males and a very fine full-grown female had been taken off Port Blair in 271 fathoms, and a young specimen in the Gulf of Manaar in 597 fathoms. Our specimens of the female agree absolutely with Johnson’s admirable description. Adult males present some remarkable sexual differences ; not only is their rostrum short and porrect, not extending beyond the apex of the antennulary peduncles, but their antennal scale is prolonged at the apex into a slender cylin- drical fleshy process as long as the scale itself. This process, Fig. 8. Aristeopsis Edwardsiana, 3, X 4. which is an extension of the thickening of the tissues seen in Aristeus virilis and others, is longitudinally grooved dor- sally and is of uniform width from near the base to the blunt apex. With growth the rostrum of the female also undergoes considerable reduction in length; but it always exceeds the antennulary peduncle. Indian Deep-sea Dredging. 285 The dorsal ridge of the abdomen commences on the second tergum. The second (Atlantic) or third (Indian) to fifth pleura are minutely mucronate ; in one of our specimens a very minute mucro can be made out on one of the pleura of the second tergum. Aristeopsis Edwardsiana, 2, X 3. 18. Aristwopsis armata (Sp. Bate). Aristeus armatus, Sp. Bate, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) viii. 1881, p- 188; id. ‘Challenger ’ Macrura, 1888, p. 312, pls. xlv., xlvi., dg 9. Aristeus? tridens, 8. I. Smith, Ann. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. 1884, p- 464, 5 Q, (60), pl. x. fig. 1, ¢. A magnificent example of an apparently adult male from Station 117, 1748 fathoms. Yolour in life deep crimson. It measures no less than 270 millim. in length from the tip of the restrum to the tip of the telson. It exhibits a thickening of the tissues of the apex of the antennal scale, but shows no sign of reduction in the length of the rostrum met with in other species. The dorsal ridge of the abdomen commences in the third tergum. ‘The abdominal pleura from the third or fourth to the fifth are minutely mucronate. Mandibles as in 8. I. Smith’s figures. Vhe inner branches of the caudal swimmeret when laid back reach to the end of the telson. 286 On Indian Deep-sea Dredging. ARISTHOMORPHA, gen. nov. Rostrum many-toothed ; an hepatic spine is present ; man- dibular palp robust, with terminal joint subbifurcate ; antennal scale small; postero-lateral angles of abdominal pleura second to fifth simple and unarmed ; dorsal carina of the last four abdominal terga ending in a spine; legs without exopo- dites ; dactylopodites of the last two pairs setaveous; bran- chial formula as in Aristwopsis, according to Spence Bate. Type Aristeus rostridentatus, Sp. Bate. [19. Aristeomorpha rostridentata (Sp. Bate). Aristeus rostridentatus, Sp. Bate, ‘ Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 317, pl. li, 2. A fine female was taken in a previous season off Port Blair in the Andaman Sea, 271 fathoms. | HEMIPEN US, Sp. Bate (p.). 20. Hemipeneus Carpenter’, W.-M. Hemipeneus Carpenteri, W.-M., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. 1s91, p. 189, 2 A female from Station 106, 1091 fathoms. Colour in life transparent orange. It has four spines to the rostrum, the additional spine being developed in front of the normal three. A young specimen from Station 111, 1644 fathoms, colour in lite orange, has the normal number of spines to the rostrum. A female from the Bay of Bengal, 1300 fathoms, has only two teeth to the rostrum, the apical one being apparently absent. Having only four females, and those differing, we are not in a position to attempt the determination of the relation of this species to other forms, and so leave it for the present in Spence Bate’s genus. Subfamily ? Benryesicruina. GENNADAS, Sp. Bate. 21. Gennadas parvus, Sp. Bate. Gennadas parvus, Sp. Bate, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) viii, 188], p. 191; id. ‘ Challenger’ Macrura, 1888, p. 340, pl. lix. Gennadas parvus, Wood-Mason, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 189, dQ. ? Amalopeneus elegans, W.-M., loc. cit. One male from Station 108, 1043 fathoms ; another from Station 109, 738 fathoms; and a third from Station 111, 1644 fathoms ; all of a uniform deep lake-colour, | To be continued. } Dr. A. Giinther on the Fauna of Madagascar. — 287 XXXIIL—Eleventh Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Madagascar *, By Dr. A. GUNTHER, F.RS. [Plate XIV. } Chameleon longicauda, sp. n. (Pl. XIV.) Occiput rather raised in the middle, a distinct crest dividing the crown into two halves. No occipital lobes. The supra- orbital margin continued as a prominent ridge along the canthus rostralis, slightly projecting in front of the snout. Scutes covering the head rather large. Body coarsely tuber- cular, larger tubercles being interspersed among the small ones. A distinct gular row of pointed tubercles passes without interruption into the ventral series. A dorsal crest of short, pointed, conical tubercles. No tarsalspur. Greenish; a rather broad, whitish, black-edged band runs from the tympanic region above the shoulder along the side of the body. An adult male is nearly 15 inches long, the tail measuring 8 inches. Anorontsangana (N.W. Madagascar). Hoplurus sebe (F itz.) occurs in the same locality. A small collection made at Senbendrana contained Rana biporus (Blgr.), Polypedates Crossleyi (Ptrs.), Rhacophorus luteus (Blgr.), Geckolepis maculata (Ptrs.), and what appears to be an undescribed species of Lygodactylus. Lygodactylus miops, sp. n. This species is allied to Lygodactylus madagascariensis, differing by the larger size of its eye. Three small scales between the nasals; two large scales behind the chin-shield. Nostril above the suture between the rostral and first labial. Kye large, two thirds of the length of the snout, the snout being equal in length to the distance between the eye and the ear-opening. Upper labials seven. Skin finely granular. Tail below with imbricate scales, but without a median series of larger and broader scales. A brownish-yellow longitudinal band starts from * 10. “Tenth Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Mada- gascar,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, v. p. 69. 288 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Indian and Malayan the eye and is continued along the side of the back to the root of the tail, where it joins that of the other side; it is broadly edged with brownish black above and below, the edges being interrupted and more indistinct in the posterior half of the length of the body. Throat finely speckled with black ; lower parts of the body uniform whitish. Total length 58 millim., the tail measuring 23 millim. XXXIV.—On new or little-known Indian and Malayan Reptiles and Batrachians. By G. A. BOULENGER. Draco quinquefasciatus, Gray. This beautiful lizard was described in 1827 from a single male specimen from Penang. A second specimen, likewise a male, from the same locality, was recorded by Stoliczka in 1873. The British Museum has now received a female specimen obtained on Mount Dulit, Borneo, by Mr. C. Hose. Aphaniotis acutirostris, Modigliani. A specimen from Western Borneo, presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. Deby, has all the characters of this species, recently distinguished from Peters’s A. fusca. Calotes andamanensis, sp. n. Upper head-scales moderate, subequal, obtusely keeled ; tympanum not quite half the diameter of the orbit. An oblique, curved fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest well developed, composed of erect spines, the longest of which equal the diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest a mere denticulate ridge. Sixty-three scales round the middle of the body; dorsal scales larger than ventrals, very feebly keeled, nearly smooth, the upper pointing upwards, the lower pointing downwards; ventral scales strongly keeled and larger than the gulars. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye; third and fourth fingers equal, as long as the fifth toe. Tail feebly compressed at the base, with slight upper ridge. Green above, with whitish spots on the body; tail with blackish annuli. Reptiles and Batrachians. 289 millim. UMA 6k. ac) AiR ads Salle ds 247 PRECIP Foren 4 5, illai 2) Os. pea.8) Shorr aeons tle De SUMMTERUEIMO MUNG, ce, cssvaiscous-e oo whvecole dlepens 14 ye eg IR a elie Aaees 9 8 abet Ly Tema 64 ‘shove: Ivieell Aes Gs Ae age Ae Re rR oar oe 42 iHichcsil 1hWes) Ade nn Ae ee RRR eS oe 66 Ninill 0) ad eer eG a a ee ae 160 A single specimen, from the Andaman Islands, is preserved in the Copenhagen Museum, and was communicated to me by Prof. Liitken. This Calotes finds its nearest ally in the Ceylonese C. Yiolepis, which differs in its much larger scales and the presence of a pair of spine-like scales on each side of the back of the head. Lygosoma subceruleum, sp. n. Section Keneuxia. Habit lacertiform; the distance be- tween the end of the snout and the fore limb contained once and one fourth in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout rather elongate, obtusely pointed, much depressed. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in the middle of a small nasal; a supranasal, not in contact with its fellow; fronto- nasal a little broader than long, in contact with the rostral ; prefrontals forming a median snture; frontal only a little longer than the interparietal, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; four supraoculars, second largest ; nine supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal, the latter separating the parietals; a pair of nuchals; four labials anterior to the subocular. Ear-opening very small. ‘Twenty-eight scales round the middle of the body, dorsals feebly striated and a little larger than ventrals. Digits moderately elongate, with strong sharp claws, the basal phalanges somewhat depressed, the distal strongly com- pressed ; subdigital lamelle smooth, fourteen under the fourth toe. Bronzy olive above, with small whitish black-edged spots ; a dark streak from the eye to the shouider and a pair ot black streaks on the back of the head and nape; lower parts blue. millim STR BESG EN os crc fas, < ls, =, PS x ag oi Rp Se 120 eure rer tae COS. Lee 15 Wiadthior heads sae... p sete ee eee 8 ECC eg Aeceee © ae) Sena ae Pais ans eed 45 Bo reslambees sts erst cs becdek eden 18 Ein delim * tesa et. 8 eee Rae ee 23 Tail 290 = Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Indian and Malayan A single specimen from Bodanaikanur, Travancore, pre- sented to the British Museum by Mr. H. 8. Ferguson. GONYOPHIS, gen. nov. Maxillary teeth twenty-three, equal; mandibular teeth subequal. Head distinct from neck, elongate; eye mode- rate, with round pupil. Body elongate, a little compressed ; scales feebly keeled, with apical pits, in nineteen rows; ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on each side corresponding to the keel. ‘Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals. A single species—Gonyophis margaritatus (Gonyosoma margaritatum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 578, and Ann. Mus. Genova, ili. 1872, p. 39, pl. v. fig. 3). The type is from Borneo; I have examined a large male specimen from Singapore, which formed part of the Raffles Museum, and is now preserved in the Indian Museum, Cal- cutta. It has 230 ventrals and 115 pairs of subcaudals ; its colour is green above, with black borders to the scales, yellowish beneath, with the shields black-edged ; hinder part of body and tail with bright orange rings. G. margaritatus combines the general characters of Coluber with the ventral scutellation of Dendrophis. Zaments fasciolatus, Gthr. Has been found at Gwalior by Mr. C. Maries. Rana Hosii, sp. n. Vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series extending posteriorly much beyond the level of the hinder edge of the choane. Head slightly longer than broad; snout as long as the diameter of the orbit, subacuminate, feebly prominent ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region oblique and deeply concave ; nostril nearer the end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderately elongate and expanded at the end into large disks, those of the outer fingers as large as the tympanum; first finger not extending beyond second ; toes webbed to the disks ; subarticular tubercles well developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptic, feebly prominent; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The femoro-tibial articulation reaches the axilla, the tibio-tarsal beyond the end of the snout. Upper parts Reptiles and Batrachians. 291 finely granular ; a feebly prominent glandular dorso-lateral fold. Uniform purplish brown above, limbs with very indistinet darker cross bars; loreal and temporal regions rather darker ; upper lip and lower parts white. From snout to vent 95 millim. A single female specimen was obtained by Mr. C. Hose in Borneo, on Mount Dulit. Rana nicobariensis, Stoliczka. Specimens recently obtained by my colleague Mr. R. Kirk- patrick at Salak, Java, and which agree in every point with Rana macularia, var. javanica, of Horst (Notes Leyd. Mus. v., 1883, p. 243), add to our knowledge of the distribution of this frog, whieh was originally described from the Nicobars, but has since been recorded from Sumatra and Nias. Rana glandulosa, Blgr. This Bornean frog has recently been rediscovered at Malacca by Mr. Davison. Ixalus travancoricus, sp. 0. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit; can- thus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region slightly concave; nostril much nearer the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers free ; toes one-third webbed; disks well developed ; metatarsal tubercle flat, very indistinct. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, granular on the belly and under the thighs. Cream-colour above, minutely dotted with black; some larger black dots scattered on the back and on the tibia; a black streak from shoulder to shoulder round the snout, passing through the eyes and the nostrils ; a blackish streak on each side of the anterior half of the back ; a narrow band of pigment along the upper surface of the femur ; belly white, the other parts colourless, From suout to vent 51 millim. ‘This species is described from a single specimen, a gravid female, obtained by Mr. H. 8S. Ferguson at Bodanaikanur, Travancore, at the foot of the hills on the eastern side, in May 1891. 292. Ona Stegosaurian Dinosaur from Lombardy. Txalus signatus, Blgv. This Southern-Indian species also inhabits Ceylon. A specimen from Punduloya, 5000 feet, has been presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. E. Green. Bufo quadriporcatus, Blgr. This toad was described in 1887 from a specimen obtained near Malacca. It has since been recorded by Giinther from Perak and by me from Deli, Sumatra. I can now add Borneo to its habitat, a fine female specimen having been discovered by Mr. Hose on Mount Dulit. XXXV.—On a Stegosaurian Dinosaur from the Trias of Lombardy. By G. A, BOULENGER. I HAVE long been puzzled by a cast of a remarkably well- preserved small Dinosaurian foot found among unclassified material in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, labelled ‘‘ Cast of the foot of fossil Reptile trom the Lias of Esino, in Lombardy. The original at Milan.” The well- known Esino beds of Lombardy do not, however, belong to the Lias, but to the Upper Trias (Keuper). After searching in vain through the bibliography for some notice of the original specimen, I venture to publish this note in order to draw attention to this most interesting Dinosaur, and in the hope that it may result in the rediscovery of the original, whether in the Milan Museum or in some other collection. I at one time entertained the idea that the foot under con- sideration might be referable to the very obscure Tribelesodon of Bassani *, placed with doubt among the Ornithosauria, but which, as the author remarks, is rather Dinosaurian in its dentition. But my friend Mr. Smith Woodward, who has recently examined the original of the latter in the Milan Museum, informs me that the bones are undoubtedly hollow ; and as the Dinosaurian foot from Esino is typically Stego- saurian, it need not be further compared with Zribelesodon. As the figure shows, we have to deal with a plantigrade form with hoof-shaped ungual phalanges, which agrees in general characters with Sce/idosaurus, except that the fitth toe is * Atti Soc. Ital. xxix. 1886, p. 25. Mr. W. L. Distant on new Species of Cicadide. 293 perfectly developed, the digits are more slender, and the distal phalanges broader ; so far as the foot is concerned this reptile may be regarded as a more generalized form of the Scelido- sauride, a view which is in accordance with the older age of the beds whence it was obtained, Scel/dosaurus being from the Lower Lias. The specimen is figured above of the natural size. In addition to the perfect foot it shows the distal extremities of the tibia and fibula, which are both distinct from the proxi- mal tarsals. Three tarsals appear to be present in the second row. ‘The third and fourth metatarsals are equal, the second and fifth are slightly shorter, the first measures nearly two thirds the length of the fifth. Phalanges: 2, 3, 4, 5, 3. Distal phalanx hoof-shaped, as broad as long. The name Lupodosaurus longobardicus is proposed for this fossil. XXXVI.— Description of Two new Species of Cicadide from Central America. By W. L. Distant. Since I wrote a description of the family Cicadide in the Rhynchotal portion of the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’ more specimens have been received, amongst which are the two following undescribed species. The types are in the Godman and Salvin collection. 294 Mr. W. L. Distant on new Species of Cicadide. Fidicina oleacea, sp. n. ¢. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum olivaceous; head with a broad black fascia between the eyes; mesonotum with four dark castaneous obconical spots, the two central ones smallest and darkest. Abdomen above dark castaneous, the tympanal coverings and the fringe to segmental margins dull ochraceous. Body beneath, legs, and opercula pale oliva- ceous, the tarsi pale ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation olivaceous and fuscous; tegmina with the costal membrane olivaceous, the posteostal area fuscous. The opercula are short, barely covering the cavities, their outer margins oblique and slightly sinuate, their apices very broad and moderately convex. The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxe. Long. excl. tegm. 20 millim., exp. tegm. 70 millim. Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (1. H. Smith). Tympanoterpes ruatana, sp. n. 6. Body above dark castaneous; lateral and posterior margins of the pronotum and the mesonotal cruciform eleva- tion olivaceous ; eyes ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula pale greenish ochraceous; abdomen be- neath dark castaneous; anterior tibie and tarsi, apices of the intermediate tibize and the tarsi, the face, and a marginal fascia between face and eyes castaneous, Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation olivaceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale oliva- ceous, the postcostal area fuscous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas slightly infuscated ; wings with the base very narrowly and a claval streak fuscous. The opercula are almost half the length of the abdomen, obliquely and concavely sinuate outwardly, slightly over- lapping at their basal inner margins, and thence obliquely divergent to apices, which are rounded. Rostrum about reaching the posterior coxe. Long. excl. tegm. 38 millim., exp. tegm. 106 millim. Hab. Honduras, Ruatan Island (Gaumer). On the Meduse of St. Andrews Bay. 295 XXXVIL.—Further Note on the Meduse of St. Andrews Bay (August 1890-May 1891)*. By the Rev. J. H. CRAwrorD, F.L.S., Dundee. ANTHOMEDUS. Among the Ctenophore Beroé and Cydippe were common in August, and remained during the autumn and early winter. As these lessened in numbers Lesweurta, absent before, made its appearance. On 21st January there were several Lesueurte and one Beroé. Shortly afterwards all three vanished, and have not yet reappeared. Tiara octona and Margelis ramosa ( Bougainvillia britunnica, Forbes) were fairly numerous during August. A specimen of the former was captured as late as 7th October. Codonium pulchellum (Sarsia pulchella, Forbes) was found only sparingly till towards the close of September, when it was extremely abundant and ripe. After the winter’s absence a single young individual was captured in May. The peduncle protruded considerably beyond the velum, and the stomach was greatly distended with food. Among the more interesting of the Anthomeduse was Euphysa aurata, of which many were brought in during August. This form had the characteristic single abnormally developed tentacle and the three bulbs. In no case were there tentacle rudiments distinguishable from the bulbs. In addition to the scarlet spot on each yellow ocellus, a scarlet ring ran round the umbrellar margin. A single specimen of Codonium gemmiferum (Sarsia gemmi- jera) was captured on 16th August. This was a specially interesting form. The peduncle was much longer than, nearly six times the length of, the umbrella, a condition not mentioned by Forbes. It was beset along its course with spirally arranged buds in different stages of ripeness, and terminated in a bottle-shaped stomach. Hybocodon seemed to be over for the year, as not a single individual appeared in August. It had been plentiful about June, which seems to be its season. Many specimens were preserved in the laboratory, showing that process of budding at the base of the single tentacle from which it gets its name of humpbacked. * Vide ‘ Annals,’ 1890, v. p. 296. 296 On the Medusee of St. Andrews Bay. LEPTOMEDUS. The Leptomeduse were numerous and seem to be the predominant order in the bay, and, indeed, in the North Sea. The chief forms were Thaumantias hemispherica (incon- spicua, Forbes), ocellata, and Laodice cruciata (Thaumantias ptlosella), with marginal cirri and clubs. Both swarmed throughout August, and continued in diminishing numbers till November. The interesting vesiculate form Tima Bairdii, with its characteristic long peduncle, was familiar throughout the autumn and winter, although generally brought in only one at a time. A specimen more than 2 inches in diameter occurred on 21st January ; after that it disappeared. A form evidently allied to Tima, but with shorter peduncle, with more numerous tentacles, and with the reproductive organs only on a portion of the canals, was found in great numbers in August, but not later. This is probably the Irene pellucida of Heckel (Geryonopsis pellucida, Forbes). The ocellate Melicertidium octocostatum (Stomobrachium octocostatum), with its eight canals, was found in August and again (ripe) in January. In each case there was only one individual. TRACHOMEDUS&. The Trachomeduse were unrepresented in August; but Aglantha digitalis (Circe rosea) made its appearance about the end of September, and was numerous and ripe in January. Not the slightest tinge of the colouring from which it gets its name was noticed in any of the specimens. NARCOMEDUS&. One individual of Polyxenia eyanostylis (Polyxenia Alderi, Forbes) was brought in on 18th August. ACRASPED®. The ‘Tesseride were represented by Lucernaria, found plentifully in the seaweed in the rock-pools below the labora- tory, and the Ephyroniz (Discomeduse) by Cyanea and Aurelia, only too common in the sea and along the shore. PLANUL&. There were some fine series of Cyanea planu/a in the laboratory in November. On a new Species of Arborophila. 297 During the last two months (April and May) the bottom- net has yielded a large number of minute forms. Most of these seem to be immature Anthomeduse and Leptomeduse, chiefly the latter. The epyre of Discomedusx have as yet appeared in surprisingly small numbers. St. Andrews Marine Laboratory, lst June, 1891. XXXVIII.—Deseription of a new Species of Arborophila. By W. R. Ocityie Grant (Nat. Hist. Mus.). Tae Natural-History Museum has for many years possessed a specimen of Arborophila which was supposed by Gray to belong to the species A. orientalis (personata) described by Horstield from a single adult specimen obtained by him in the province of Blambangan, Hast Java. ‘The former bird, however, which formed part of the Zoological Society’s collec- tion, is marked “Sumatra,” and was, in all probability, one of those collected by Rafiles in that island. On comparing this specimen with Horsfield’s Javan type, it is at once evident that the two birds represent quite distinct species; and I therefore now propose the name A. swmatrana for the Suma- tran species. On looking up the literature [ tind that Nicholson (‘ Ibis,’ 1883, p. 256) makes the following remarks :—“‘The specimens sent by Mr. Forbes [from Sumatra] differ considerably from the type of Arborophila personata in the British Museum, being much more of a bluish ash-colour on the fore neck and breast, while the back is much more closely barred with black, and the flanks are much more broadly and distinctly barred with black and white. The different plumages of this species have not been thoroughly worked out; but the Sumatran bird may ulti- mately prove to be distinct.” ‘The synonymy should stand as follows :— Arborophila sumatrana, sp. n. Perdix personata, Gray, List of B. pt. v., Gall. p. 59 (1867) [part, Sumatra}. Perdix personata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ti. p. 268. no. 9703 (1870). Arborophila personata, Nicholson, Ibis, 1885, p, 255. Resembles A. orzentalis, but differs in having the lores pale brownish ; no white superciliary stripe; the top of the head golden brown tipped with dark brown ; the back and upper Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. viii. 20 298 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant on Ardeiralla Woodfordi. parts golden brown fringed and strongly barred with black the chest and breast uniform grey, shading into white on the belly ; the side- and flank-feathers with three broad, regular, black, white, and black bands at the extremity; the under tail-coverts white, black towards the base, and the tail-feathers dark brown clouded with golden brown. “ Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet red; wattle round eye scarlet; skin of neck scarlet (below feathers).” [In female.] (//.0. Forbes.) Total length 11:0 inches, wing 5°8, tail 2-2, tarsus 1°8. Forbes’s specimens were obtained in the forest near Hoed- joeng, at the foot of the Besagi Mountains, 3000 feet, and in the forest at the foot of Kaba volcano, 3000 feet. XXXIX.—WNote on Ardeiralla Woodfordi, Grant. By W. R. Oaitvie Grant (Nat. Hist. Mus.). THIS species was originally described in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1888, p. 202, from three specimens (an adult and nearly adult female and a young male) obtained by Mr. C. M. Woodford at Aola, Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands. These specimens were examined by Count Salvadori during his last visit to London; and I observe that the results of his investigations are published in his ‘Aggiunte alla Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molucche,’ parte terza, p. 207 (1891). While not actually adding A. Woodfordi to the synonymy of A. flavicollis, he is evidently of opinion that it is only the female of that species. In the Museum collection there are a very large number of specimens of A. flavicollis of both sexes, many of them care- fully sexed by such collectors as Davison, Oates, and Legge ; so that there is no reason to doubt their accuracy. I have again compared the adult female type of A. Woodfordi with a series of female specimens of A. flavicollis, and cannot imagine how Count Salvadori could think of uniting them, as anything more distinct than the two species before us would be difficult to find ; and I have serious doubts as to whether they should not be placed in distinct genera when one compares the very different tarsiand feet. The following is a comparative table, showing the chief points in which they differ :— On the Dermal Sense- Organs of the Crustacea. 299 kk of the neck, ack, and scapu- W's : mp and upper uil-coverts : ole of the under urface : idle toe and A. Woodfordi, 9 adult. Dark chestnut-rufous. Ashy black, fringed with cinna- mon-rufous, Cinnamon-rufous, becoming more cinnamon and less rufous, be- low the breast. Throat and neck fleeked with small dark shaft-spots. A, flavicollis, 9 adult. Ashy brown, slightly glossed. Ashy brown. Lower part of the cheeks, sides of the throat, and neck cinna- mon. Feathers of the chin, front of throat and neck, and chest dull chestnut, shading into dark grey towards the extremities, and somewhat widely and irregularly mar- ined on one or both webs with white. Breast and underparts blackish grey, edged and fringed with whitish or buff on the belly. od. 2:6, 3°8. I think anyone taking the trouble to compare the above characters and measurements will have no further doubt that A. Woodfordi is a very distinct bird ; the proportion of the middle toe and claw to the tarsus shows this at a glance, for in the Solomon-Island bird the tarsus is much the longer, while in A. flavicollis it is somewhat shorter. Oates, in his ‘ Birds of Burmah,’ ii. p. 255, is no doubt somewhat in error in describing the male and female of A. flavicollis as similar in plumage, for the female never has the slate-grey upper and underparts so conspicuous in the adult male. XL.—A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Dermal Sense- Organs of the Crustacea. By Dr. OrTro vom Ratu *. I HAVE been engaged fora long time upon comparative studies on the dermal sense-organs of Arthropods, and have already published accounts of my investigations on Myriapods and * Translated from the ‘Zoologischer Anzeiger, xiy. Jahrg. no. 365, pp. 195-200, and no, 366, pp. 205-214, June 1891. 20% 300 Dr. O. vom Rath on the Insects * ; the following paper is intended to give the most important of the results which I have obtained from the Crustacea. In addition to studying our indigenous fresh- water Crustacea t and land Isopods, I availed myself of the opportunity afforded by a sojourn at the Zoological Station at Naples to investigate a large number of marine forms belonging to all the orders and families of which I was able to obtain specimens. My object in so doing was, by comparative studies, both to elucidate the morphology of the several sense-organs, as well as to determine as thoroughly as possible, by means of series of sections, the finer structure of the nerve- end apparatus belonging thereto ; for I am of the opinion that an exact knowledge of these relationships is a necessary con- dition for rational physiological experiments, and that many of the interesting attempts which have been made to determine the function of the sense-organs situated on various parts of the body are not conclusive because suflicient regard has not been paid to other sense-organs of a similar kind. In the copious literature of the Crustacea we find, as we are all aware, a large number of valuable statements as to individual sense-organs, which, however, in reference to the nerve-end apparatus are not unfrequently contradictory. The reason for these conflicting interpretations may for the most part be found in the fact that very few authors have examined the sense-organs in question by means of sections, and that in examining even the transparent forms confusion may easily take place between the nuclei of the true percipient sense- cells and those of the epidermis-cells. It would be out of place in this short essay to enter into the literature of the subject, yet I would at least recall the important writings of Leydig, Claus, Weismann, Leuckart, La Valette, Hensen, Sars, Hoek, Rougemont, Wrzésniowsky, Gamroth, Haller, Blanc, and Kraepelin. ‘To Leydig the merit is indisputably due of having first described the most important dermal sense-organs in Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Insects. In the following pages only the most general results of m investigations will be given as briefly as possible: I intend f * O. vom Rath, “Die Sinnesorgane der Antenne und der Unterlippe der Chilognathen,” Archiv f. mikr. Anat. 27 Bd. 1886; “Ueber die Hautsinnesorgane der Insecten,” Zeitschr. f, wiss. Zoologie, 46 Bd. 3 Heft, 1888. ; t+ Among the higher Crustacea I have paid special attention to dstacus flurratilis, and have examined the whole of its dermal sense-organs; as the hardness of the chitin presents great difficulties to the scalpel, I employed for the purposes of dissection as far as possible specimens which had just moulted and were still fairly soft. Dermal Sense-Organs of the Crustacea. 301 shortly to publish a more detailed account, accompanied by figures. Owing to the usually extremely hard chitinous body- covering of the Crustacea, a sensory perception, with the exception of sight, can only be conveyed by means of struc- tures composed of hairs. In many cases such sensory hairs are externally in no way distinguishable from ordinary hairs and are characterized as sense-organs only by the sense-cells ying beneath their base ; in many instances, however, they have peculiar shapes, and have been described as feathered sete *, half-feathered sete, cones, knobs, clubs, plugs, threads, styles, cylinders, tubes (‘¢ Fiederborsten, Halbfiederborsten, Kegel, Kolben, Keulen, Zapfen, Fiiden, Griffel, Cylinder, Schliiuche”), &c. Yet, however different and varied the form of the sensory hairs of the Crustacea, they are never- theless connected together by a continuous series of transitions. The first antenne of the Copepods are of especial interest, since we often find upon them placed close together the greatest variety of sensory hairs with the various intermediate forms. At the spot where any kind of capillary structure, it matters not whether a sensory or an ordinary hair, projects from the cuticle, the latter is pierced by a more or less fine pore-canal. The mode of attachment of the hair is of the greatest func- tional importance; in the majority of cases the capillary structures rest upon a more or less arched, cupola-shaped, chitinous membrane, which rises from the margin of the pore-canal ; this membrane is sometimes soft and thin, so that it gives great mobility to the hair, as is above all charac- teristic of the auditory hairs. The shaft of the hair is gene- rally in two parts, and consists of a stouter chitinized proximal and a paler thin-walled distal portion, the two being distinctly separated from one another by a slight constriction. I. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF DERMAL SENSE-ORGANS ON THE BODIES OF CRUSTACEA. In the whole of the Crustacea belonging to the different classes, orders, and families I have discovered sensory hairs on almost all parts of the body. Both the first as well as the * Feathered sete are, as is well known, widely distributed among the Crustacea and also occur in the aquatic Dipterous larve ; I would, how- ever, incidentally remark that feathered setz are also found in genuine land-animals, e. g. on the anterior portion (so-called tongue) of the hypo- pharynx of Seutiyera, on the palp-shaped appendages of the maxilla of Lithobius, and on the pedipalpi of male spiders, 302 Dr. O. vom Rath on the second pair of antenne and their squame, the whole of the mouth-parts, and all the pairs of limbs are the bearers of numerous sensory hairs; in a similar way I always found sensory hairs at the end of the tail, on the margin of the last abdominal segment ; in rarer instances free sensory hairs are also found on the segments, e. g. in Branchipus. ‘The sensory hairs of the mouth-parts and legs have hardly been noticed at all by authors, and I know of no precise statements in litera- ture with reference either to their arrangement and shape or to the finer histological structure of the nerve-end apparatus ; the sensory hairs of the antenne, on the other hand, have been described by a number of writers. Before passing on to speak of the various sensory hairs, I would remind the reader that the whole of the jointed appen- dages of the Crustacea, with the exception of the first antenne, are reducible to the typical biramose limb, and in the following pages I shall employ the convenient expressions—protopodite (shaft), exopodite (outer branch), and endopodite (inner branch), a. Sense-Organs of the Antenne. The antennule, or first antenna, is the bearer of the most important sensory hairs, since upon it are found both the so-called olfactory tubes (‘‘ Riechschliiuche”’) and also, at least in the Decapods, the auditory organs ; besides these we find on the most widely different regions of this first antenna sensory hairs of various shapes, which are regarded as tactile organs. ‘Tactile hairs, which run to a sharp point and are not feathered, are found distributed with a certain amount of regularity in the immediate neighbourhood of the olfactory tubes, and act to a certain extent as protecting sete. The number and arrangement, as well as the outward form and size, of the olfactory tubes are extremely varied and charac- teristic in the orders and families, and to a large extent even in the different species. In certain cases a number of them are found on the terminal joint only of the first antenna, e. g. in Idothea; frequently they are collected in bundles on several joints, 2. g. in Astacus; but it is not unusual to find a single structure of the kind only on several joints, e.g. in Caprella. It is worthy of note that in the male sex the size and number of these organs is much more considerable than in the female, and it was shown by Weismann* for Leptodora and * Weismann, “ Ueber Bau- und Lebenserscheinungen von Leptodora hyalina,” Zeitschr. fur wiss, Zool, 24 Bd., 1874. Dermal Sense- Organs of the Crustacea. 303 by Claus * for Nebalia and Phronima that it is not until the animal arrives at sexual maturity that they attain their full number. Ina similar way it has long been known that in blind Crustacea the number and size of the olfactory tubes is more considerable than in their allies with full visual power, e. g. in Asellus cavaticus and Gammarus puteanus. ‘The mode of attachment of the olfactory tubes to the cuticle is of such a kind as to exclude any great degree of mobility for the hair, and we can therefore hardly suppose them to be auditory organs. Whether the usually bluntly rounded distal end of the structures we are discussing is closed by a delicate mem- brane, as Claus insists, or is open, as stated by Leydig, is difficult to determine. ‘The hair appeared to me to be closed in many cases and open in others ; moreover, these extremely delicate structures are often damaged at the tip. I would on no account advise treating these organs with liquor potasse, since I have often convinced myself, in the case of Myriapods, Insects, and Crustacea, that after boiling unmistakably closed olfactory cones or tubes in a weak solution of potash a distinct opening became visible, since the delicate closing membrane had simply disappeared. I have, however, been able to determine by a series of experiments that in Crustacea the closing membranes of the olfactory tubes are so thin as to present no obstacle to delicate sensation, while fluids are able to penetrate them very easily, and to come into direct contact with the nerve-end apparatus. Into a saturated aqueous solution of blew de Lyon, or methylene blue, I put a large number of small living Crustacea, e. g. Asellus, Gammarus, and different species of Cladocera, and then fished out speci- mens at different intervals, some after one hour, others later. A stay of three to four days in these dyes does not injure an Asellus in the least; on the contrary, on being washed in fresh water and examined under the microscope these Isopods appear perfectly lively. In the animals upon which I experi- mented the tips of the olfactory tubes had invariably become coloured first; the dye then gradually spread as far as the base of the hair, and after a longer period had elapsed the nerve-end apparatus was also found to have become stained. I made a similar experiment upon larger Crustacea, such as Astacus, by cutting off from the living animal the first antenna at its base and laying it in the solution. Staining at once began to take place at the tips of the olfactory tubes, and then penetrated slowly downwards. As a matter of course, * Claus, “ Ueber den Organismus der Nebaliiden und die systematische Stellung der Leptostraca,” Arbeiten aus d. Zoolog. Institut der Univ. Wien, 1889; “ Der Organismus der Phronimiden,” «zd, 1879, 304 Dr. O. vom Rath on the before commencing my experiments I was careful to ascertain that all the olfactory tubes were intact. With the auditory organ situated in the basal joint of the first antenne of the Decapods I shall deal very shortly, and refer the reader to Hensen’s* detailed description. This author distinguishes otolith-hairs, free hairs in the auditory sac, and free hairs situated upon the surface of the antenne. Characteristic for all auditory hairs is their mode of attach- ment, in that the shaft, which is always feathered, stands upon an extremely delicate cupola- or dome-shaped membrane, in consequence of which the hair is able to swing to and fro with the greatest ease, and can be set in motion by waves of sound. According to Hensen, “the auditory hairs stand upon a pore-canal, the walls of which develop on one side a larger or smaller thickening, the tooth. All hairs exhibit at one portion of their proximal end a peculiar process, the ligula, to which the nerve is attached.” Contrary to Hensen, in examining my extensive material I not unfrequently met with feathered hairs, occupying an intermediate position between typical, freely mobile, auditory hairs, and feathered, stiff, unmistakably tactile hairs, resting upon a strongly chitinized cupola-shaped membrane, so that it was a moot point whether such transitional forms were to be regarded as auditory or tactile hairs. Among tactile hairs, always ending in a sharp point, there are found upon the first antenne unteathered, half-feathered, completely feathered, and toothed sensory hairs. In the first antenna of Nebalia there spring from a four- jointed shaft two branches, of which the one is flagelliform and bears the typical olfactory tubes, while the other is expanded into a squamiform plate, the margin of which is beset with a large number of long, fine, sharply pointed sensory hairs, which are not plumose, but rather finely denti- culate. Incidentally I would just allude to the fact that upon the antenne of certain Amphipods peculiar hairs have been found, the so-called “ calceolt.” These shoe-like appendages, the physiological importance of which is still obscure, are by no means confined, as was formerly supposed, to the flagellum of the lower antenne of the male, but occur, as has been shown by later investigations, in some forms in the female sex also, and, moreover, on both pairs of antenne. The sensory hairs of the second antenna are of far less * Hensen, “Studien iiber das Gehérorgan der Decapoden,” Zeitschr, fiir wiss. Zool, 13 Ld., 1863, Dermal Sense- Organs of the Crustacea. 305 importance than those of the first *. Typical olfactory tubes have been discovered upon the second antennx, which are also designated tactile antenne, only in Nebalia and Diastylis, through the researches of Claus. Tactile hairs, however, occur in abundance upon the second antennz, and may exhibit great differences in number, size, and shape, while here and there they constitute forms which are transitional to the olfactory tubes. ‘To this category also belong the cylinders or clubs of the lower antenne of Gam- marus puteanus (Leydig). Whether the plugs which are found at the tip of the large (second) antennz of the woodlice have the value of a more highly differentiated sense-organ, or whether they likewise are tactile in function, has not been decided. It is also not unusual to find upon the second antenne feathered hairs which are easily movable and stand freely upon the surface, and which, judging by the analogy of their general appearance, might be regarded as auditory. To the sensory hairs of the second antenne likewise belong the feathered hairs standing on the edges of the squame in the higher Malacostraca ; 1 determined the presence of the group ot sense-cells belonging to each of these hairs in the case of Mysis, Siriella, Squilla, Palemon, and Astacus. b. Sense- Organs of the Mouth-parts. As I have found in Myriapods and Insects sense-organs in the buccal cavity and upon the mouth-parts which, according to their position and form, were best interpreted as organs of taste, it was a natural idea to search for such sense-organs in the Crustacea also in the region of the mouth-parts. I was able to determine that in all the species I examined, belonging to the most widely different orders and families, the mouth-parts always bear a large number of sensory hairs of various shapes, generally feathered and pointed at the tip, which I would regard as tactile bristles; I was never able to find hairs, however, which could be compared with the olfactory tubes of the antenne, or which, in consequence of their general appearance, could be interpreted as gustatory or olfactory organs. In the cases where the mandible carries a palp this organ exhibits at the tip a large sensory field beset with many hairs, e. g. in Astacus; in both pairs of maxille of all Crus- tacea sensory hairs are closely packed on the exo- and endopo- dites as well as on the lobes. In the case of Astacus I further * J may remind the reader that the second antenne may be atrophied into a stump, é. g. in Phronima. 306 Dr. O. vom Rath on the found that, in a similar way, the first three thoracic appen- dages also, which are termed maxillipedes or accessory maxille, are richly provided with sensory hairs on the exo- podites, endopodites, and lobes (first maxillipede). Owing to the agreement shown by these discoveries I considered it & priort probable that all the pairs of appendages belonging to thorax and abdomen would have their sensory hairs. ce. Sense-organs of the Thoracic and Abdominal Appendages ( Pleopoda). The presence of sensory hairs upon the whole of the extre- mities I determined successively in the Phyllopoda (Branchi- pus and Apus), Cladocera (Daphnia, Sida, Moina), Copepoda (Diaptomus, Cyclops, Calanus), Amphipoda (Phronima, Hyperia), Isopoda (Anilocra, Cymothoa, Idothea), Schizo- poda (Striella, Mysis),and Decapoda (Astacus and Palemon). In the case of biramose appendages, sense-organs are found upon the exopodite as well as the endopodite. In the Cirri- pedia (e. g. Lepas) I found that the whole of the hairs upon the cirriform limbs were sensory. In the Arthrostraca and Thoracostraca the abdomen consists, as we know, of seven segments, of which the first six usually bear pairs of limbs (pleopoda), while the telson, or seventh segment, is always apodous. Even the telson is provided with sensory hairs. I cannot here enter upon a closer description of the sensory hairs of the several appendages in the different families and species. The auditory organs situated in the endopodite of the last pair of pleopoda, the so-called tail, of the Schizopods Siriella and Mysis are provided with otolithic hairs, possessing the characteristic peculiarities described above in the case of the auditory hairs of the first antenne. In the Schizopods we also find free auditory hairs upon the surface of the tail, d. Free Sense-organs upon the Segments. Under this head I merely make passing allusion to the fact that in.a few rare cases free sensory hairs have also been described as existing upon the somites, and have been held to be tactile in function. Weismann found feathered tactile sete standing in pairs upon the dorsal surface of the fourth abdominal segment of Leptodora, and Claus alludes to similar free tactile bristles upon the somites of Branchipus. | | | Dermal Sense-Organs of the Crustacea, 307 II. HisrotocicaL SrrucTure OF THE NERVE-END APPARATUS OF THE SENSORY HArRS OF CRUSTACEA. The histology of the nerve-end apparatus of the various seusory hairs, whether olfactory tubes or tactile hairs (smooth, half-feathered, completely feathered, or toothed), is essen- tially the same, and corresponds most minutely with what I have previously described for Myriapods and Insects. My interpretation of the finer structure of the nerve-end apparatus of the sensory hairs of Arthropods differs somewhat from the statements of other authors. In the Crustacea, beneath the base of each capilliform struc- ture serving a sensory function, there lies a group of cells which is connected with a nerve; these cells are termed a ganglion by authors; but since they are manifestly the per- cipient epithelial cells, I prefer to term them sense-cells, without, however, intending thereby to insist on a strict physiological distinction between ganglion- and sense-cells. In very rare cases only, e.g. in the whole of the sensory hairs of the cirriform feet of Leas, 1 found beneath the hair only a single bipolar sense-cell, of relatively large size and elongate in form, with a roundish nucleus which considerably exceeded the nuclei of the cells of the hypodermis in size. According to the usually accepted view, the nerve which is connected with the ganglion-cells is supposed to traverse the entire length of the ganglion and then enter the sensory hair. J have been able in a very large number of cases, e. g. in the olfactory tubes of Astacus*, to convince myself with absolute certainty of the fact that the nerve in no way passes through the group of sense-cells, so that the sense-cells are attached to the nerve-fibrils much as the grapes in a bunch ; on the contrary, the nerve splits up beneath the group of sense-cells and gives off a fibril to each cell. In the anterior or distal region of the group of sense-cells I then distinctly saw the way in which the protoplasmic prolongations of the various cells unite into a finely streaked bundle, the terminal cord, which actually enters the hair, while its fibrillate nature can often be distinctly recognized right to the tip of that structure. Strictly speaking therefore the sensory hair does not contain a true nerve, but rather the united prolongations of sensitive epithelial cells ; it follows therefore that we can scarcely speak of a true axis-cylinder or axis-fibre. The * An olfactory tube of Astacus, with the nerve-end apparatus belonging thereto, has already been described and figured by me in my previous publication (Archiv f. mikr, Anat. 27 Bd., 1836). 308 Dr. O. vom Rath on the lumen of the sensory hair, however, is by no means excla- sively occupied by the terminal cord; I observed in many. cases, and with especial distinctness in the olfactory tubes, that the hypodermis-cells send distinct processes into the hair ; the cells which do this are those which form the matrix of the hair. The number of sense-cells belonging to each sensory hair varies very much: in the case of the Decapods J was always able to count a large number of them, but in the Phyllopods and Cladocera only a few. ‘The groups of sense-cells are sometimes rounder, sometimes more elongate or linear in shape. ‘The nuclei of these cells are usually round and possess a corresponding network of chromatin- fibres ; they are readily distinguishable from the more elon- gate and always darker-coloured nuclei of the hypodermis. It is only shortly after ecdysis (as is seen especially clearly in Astacus) that the difference in external appearance between the nuclei of the hypodermis-cells and those of the sense-cells is small. The group of sense-cells often lies a very long way from the hypodermis and the sensory hair, and the terminal cord is then of considerable length*, as, for instance, in the first antenne of the Caridine and Brachyura. Each group of sense-cells is surrounded by a sheath, which consists of flat cells with flattened nuclei, and appears as a continuous prolongation of the neurilemma of the nerves. It can usually be distinctly seen that this sheath also surrounds the terminal cord. I believe that the cells of the sheath do not essentially differ from those of the hypodermis. When the groups of sense-cells are collected in greater numbers near one another, and lie at some little distance from the sensory hairs, we always detect between the terminal cords elongate dark- coloured nuclei, which belong to elongated hypodermis-cells. From these cells it is not always easy to distinguish those of the above-mentioned sheath of the terminal cord. If the sensory hairs, as is often the case, are united into a bundle, or stand close together in larger numbers upon a common sensory field, the groups of sensory cells belonging to the separate hairs may be compressed into a compact mass. Even then, however, the separate elongated groups or bands of sense- cells can be distinguished with tolerable clearness within the apparently single ganglion, and we observe between them the flat nuclei belonging to their sheaths of connective tissue. The terminal cords, too, are approximated to one another, and between them lie flat uuclei, which belong partly to the * In the Insects the group of sense-cells is usually found in the neigh- bourhood of the hair, and is even frequently situated within the hypo- dermis. a Dermal Sense- Organs of the Crustacea. 309 connective-tissue sheaths of the terminal cords, and partly to the intermediate hypodermis-cells, but in no case justify the assumption of the existence of a second anterior ganglion. [ would remind the reader that I have already proved, in con- nexion with the Myriapods and Insects, that in all cases in which authors, e. g. Sazepin, have described two ganglia lying one behind the other, e. g. in the antenne of the Chilo- enatha and the Wasp, in reality only a single group of sense- cells exists. In a similar way I convinced myself in the case of the Crustacea that in those instances in which it was stated by authors that the nerve-end apparatus consisted of two ganglia lying one behind the other (first antenna of the Daphnids and Phyllopods according to Leydig, first antenna of Leptodora according to Weismann), or that one ganglion was divided into two parts connected by nervous matter (large or second antenna of the Woodlice according to Leydig *), in reality only one ganglion, that isa single group of sense-cells, is to be found; and that hypodermis-cells have been mistaken for a second distal ganglion. Moreover we may get the false appearance of two groups of sense-cells lying one behind the other, owing to the fact that tactile hairs also are usually found in the immediate neighbourhood of the olfactory tubes, and that, even in sections, the group of sense-cells belonging to the former are always closer to the hypodermis than those of the latter. We find the most interesting structural con- ditions of the nerve-end apparatus among the H[ntomostraca. I have already remarked that the whole of the sensory hairs of the cirriform feet of Lepas show only a single large sense- cell beneath their base, while hitherto in all other cases I have always found a group of sense-cells beneath the sensory hairf. * Leydig, “ Ueber Amphipoden und Isopoden,” Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 30 Bd. Suppl., 1878; “Artemia salina und Branchipus stagnalis,” ibid. 3 Bd., 1851; ‘Naturgeschichte der Daphniden,’ 1860; ‘“ Geruchs- und GehGrorgane der Krebse und Insecten,” Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys, 1855 ; “ Die Hautsinnesorgane der Arthropoden,” Zool. Anz. 9 Jhg., nos. 222 and 223, 1886. + Among Insects the instances in which only a single sense-cell belongs to a hair are also by far the most unusual, and, in addition to the eases described and figured by me, occur chiefly in the sense-organs of the halteres of Diptera, as has recently been shown by Weinland. In his paper on the balancers (halteres) of Diptera (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 51 Bd., i. Heft) Weinland, among other things, describes the histology of the sense-organs belonging to the halteres, and states that, in connexion with each of these different sense-organs, a bipolar ganglion-cell is always found. Weinland further says:—‘ That several ganglion-cells send out from among them only a single nerve-ending, as has been stated by vom Rath to be the more usual occurrence in Insects, is at any rate not the case in the nerve-end apparatus of the halteres ; Kiinckel’s view is in this 310 Dr. O. vom Rath on the As regards the sense-organs of the Pliyllopods, e. g. Branchi- pus, the views of authors are divided. According to Leydig (loc. cit.) and Spangenberg *, two ganglion-cells, lying one behind the other, belong to each sensory hair; Claus + was able to distinguish only” one ganglion-cell; in connexion with the sensory hairs of Branchipus I always counted from three to four cells, and from four to five beneath those of Apus. With the sensory hairs of both these Phyllopods I shall sub- sequently deal at greater length. Among the Cladocera the number of sense-cells belonging to each sensory hair is also tolerably small. As regards the histological structure of the nerve-end appa- ratus of the auditory organs, this in no way differs from the description which I have given above. I am unable to con- firm the statements of authors (e. g. Hensen, loc. cit.), who ascribe only a single ganglion-cell to each auditory hair ; on the contrary, I always iagead beneath the base of each auditory hair of Astacus, Siriella, and Mysis a distinct group of sense- cells, with terminal cords reaching to the tip of the hair. I would here just mention in passing that behind the groups cf sense-cells in the Crustacea I have never found those peculiar large cells of glandular appearance, such as I have described as companion cells (“‘ Begleitzellen”’) in the case of the sense-organs of Myriapods and many Insects ; nevertheless in the neighbourhood of the Crustacean dermal sense-organs there occur, with a certain degree of regularity, on both pairs of antenne, as well as on the whole of the limbs, irregular groups of typical gland-cells, which are particularly noticeable in the Amphipoda and Isopoda. instance perfectly accurate.” The latter remark is liable to be misunder- stood. I therefore lay stress upon the fact that Kiinckel is certainly in error in holding that in Insects invariably only a single ganglion-cell belongs to all sensory hairs. There are isolated cases, it is true, in which only a single sense-cell is found in connexion with each sensory hair, and : may refer the reader to my statements (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 46 Bd. peas * 416 -419) and figures (figs. 32, 10,16, 32). At that time I had not included the sense-organs of the halteres within the scope of my inyesti- gations ; since then I have convinced myself by means of series of sections that it is actually true that only a single large bipolar ganglion-cell belongs to each sense-organ. - Spangenberg, o, “ Zur Kenntnis yon Branchipus stagnalis,” Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. 25 Bd. Suppl, 1875. + Claus, “ Unter suchungen ber die Organisation uud Entwicklung von By anchipus und Aa temia,” Arbeiten aus d. Zool. Institute d. Uniy. Wi ien, 1885 Dermal Sense-Organs of the Crustacea. afl III. Tue PuysrotocicaL Import oF THE DERMAL SENSE-ORGANS. In discussing the physiological function of the dermal sense-organs of Crustacea we must as far as possible guard against anthropomorphic conceptions. It is advisable to define the sensations by means of their physical or chemical causes. The perception of an image originating in the eye we term sight, the perception of the waves of sound, hearing, while the perception of the different kinds of resistance to pressure and many other mechanical influences we call touch. In the case of aquatic Crustacea it appears to be a matter of choice whether we speak of the perception of chemical substances dissolved in the water as smell or taste. Crustacea possess no sense-organs within the buccal cavity which, by virtue of their position, we could explain as organs of taste, and those sense-organs situated outside the buccal cavity (upon the antenne) which are adapted to the perception of chemical substances dissolved in water may serve equally well for the detection and taste of food-matter as for the perception of any other stimulus depending upon chemical influence. I there- fore see no reason, in the case of Crustacea which live in water, for drawing a distinction between taste and smell. We should exercise the greater caution in wishing to recog- nize in Crustacea the same sensations which are experienced by human beings, since the structure of the sense-organs 1s fundamentally different in the two cases, while even the biolo- gical purposes which the sense-organs serve can only coincide to a limited degree. It is very possible that the Crustacea possess senses entirely unknown to us, as, for instance, a sensation which is affected by the amount of oxygen in the water*. It is perfectly certain that the degree of acuteness as well as the extent of the sensations, that is the limits within which perceptions are possible for the various senses, vary extraordinarily in different animals. ‘The eye of a bird of prey and the clfactory organ of a dog far surpass in acute- ness of perception the respective sense-organs in the human being. It is well known that many Insects perceive rays of light and waves of sound which have no effect upon our owa sense-organs. We will now discuss the question as to how far we may draw conclusions from the morphological structure of the sense-organs as to the physiological functions of the senses. _ * The Crustacea possess sense-organs the function of which is veiled in obscurity, e. g. the frontal organ of the Entomostraca. 312 Dr. O. vom Rath on the The nerve-end apparatus is so similar in structure in the different sense-organs that, as it seems to me, it cannot be made use of for this purpose; we have therefore to consider in the first place the form and mode of attachment of the hairs, as well as their number and position. Those capilli- form structures which do not terminate in a sharp point, and which at their distal, usually paler, and thin-walled end, as is shown by the experiments detailed above, permit the entrance of chemical substances dissolved in water, will at once, with some degree of probability, be explained as olfactory or gustatory organs. Those plumose hairs which rest upon an unusually delicate domed membrane, and which are therefore very easily set swinging, are regarded as auditory organs. Those sensory hairs which in all probability serve neither the olfactory nor auditory function are designated tactile sete. In drawing these distinctions it is by no means main- tained that the functions specified are so sharply delimited from one another, and that possibly the same hair may not serve in several of the above-mentioned capacities at once. Let us now enquire how the various organs are distributed upon the body. The olfactory organs (olfactory tubes) are situated exclu- sively upon the first antenne in all the Crustacea which we have examined, with the exception of Nebalia and Diastylis, in which they occur upon the second antennz also. In my opinion these organs probably serve in the first place to scent out food and the opposite sex; in the case of the aquatic forms they would have the general function of testing the chemical conditions of the water. In exclusively terrestrial Crustacea, e. g. the Woodlice, they would in all probability enable the animal to find out the constitution of the atmo- sphere, and in this sense might be designated olfactory organs. In discussing the olfactory tubes we must also allude to the fact that they are more powerfully developed in the blind Crustacea than in their nearest allies possessing eyes; and the interesting cireumstance that these organs are usually more numerous and larger in the sexually mature male than in the female is also worthy of notice. The theory has often been advanced by authors that the females at the period of maturity of the ova emit a glandular secretion, which is detected by the male by means of his olfactory organs. In the case of the freshwater Copepods, Vosseler * states it as a fact that “the females are discovered and fertilized by the males at night, and even by day, the male must possess other * Julius Vosseler, ‘Die freilebenden Copepoden Wiirttembergs,’ Dis- sertation, Stuttgart, 1886. Dermal Sense-Organs of the Crustacea. 313 means of assistance in addition to his feebly developed eyes, to enable him to distinguish the sexes in pools where the water is often quite turbid.”’ An auditory function on the part of the organs of scent or smell is negatived by the circum- stance that, on the one hand, auditory organs could hardly be of special use to the Crustacea in the search for food and in scenting out the other sex, and, on the other, that the mode of attachment of these capilliform structures is of such a kind that they could not well be set swinging and perceive sound- waves. Into a discussion of the question of the power of hearing in the Crustacea I will not enter here. As regards the higher forms, the Decapods and Schizopods, we have the minute investigations and careful experiments of Hensen (loc. cit.), which prove that these higher Malacostraca at any rate possess a very fine sense of hearing. Moreover, it has recently been rendered very probable by the interesting experiments of Delage* that the auditory organs of the Decapods and Schizopods at the same time serve yet another function, in providing for the orientation of the position of the body and the regulation of the equilibrium. Whether and to what extent the Arthrostraca and Kntomostraca are able to hear, that is to perceive waves of sound, is, according to our present knowledge of the subject, still very uncertain. All the sensory hairs which we are not inclined to regard as olfactory or auditory are termed simply tactile organs. To this category belong certain sensory hairs of the first antenne, and most of those upon the second antenna and its squame ; in addition to these all the sensory hairs of the mouth-parts, legs, and caudal appendages, and, finally, all the free sensory sete upon the somites. Just as the form and arrangement of these sensory hairs, which we call tactile organs, present the greatest variety in the different families and species, while not unfrequently several tactile hairs completely different in shape are found close together upon a certain part of the body in the same animal, so must we make a distinction between the functions of these capilliform structures, and, in addition to coarser and finer tactile sensations, assume the existence of a large number of the most widely different gradations, which our perceptions are certainly unable to appreciate. Zoological Institute of the University of Freiburg i. B., April 1891. * Delage, “Sur une fonction nouvelle des otocystes comme organes d orientation locomotrice,” Archives d. zool. expérim. 1887 (2) t. v. p. 1. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. viii. 21 314 Mr. A. S. Woodward on Pterosaurians and XLI.—Evidence of the Occurrence of Pterosaurians and Plesiosaurians in the Cretaceous of Brazil, discovered by Joseph Mawson, Esq., F.G.S. By A. Smira Woopwarp, EG:S* THREE years ago the writer contributed to the ‘ Annals’ f a series of brief notes on some vertebrate fossils from the Province of Bahia, Brazil, collected and presented to the British Museum by Joseph Mawson, Esq., F.G.S., of the Brazilian Central Railway. To the continued investigations of the same generous donor the Museum is now indebted for three additional series of specimens, partly referable to the types already discovered, and partly adding to the known fauna. All are more or less fragmentary, but the fossils in the latter category are of interest as foreshadowing some of the discoveries that may eventually be expected from the Brazilian Cretaceous formation; and three of the bones capable of ordinal determination extend so considerably the known range of two extinct Reptilian groups, that they seem worthy of being placed on record at once. ‘Two of these bones are examples of the articular end of a large Ptero- saurian quadrate ; the third fossil is a Plesiosaurian propodial bone. Each of the three specimens was met with in the Cretaceous shale on the coast near Bahia, from which Mr. Mawson has already obtained so many other vertebrate remains. I, PTEROSAURIAN QUADRATE. (Fig. 2.) The best example of the Pterosaurian quadrate bone is shown of three halves the natural size from the postero-internal aspect in the accompanying fig. 2, and the drawings above and below (figs. 2a, b) represent the fractured surface and the articular face respectively. ‘The element pertains to the left side and exhibits the large internal facette (f) for the articulation of the hinder pterygoid lamina; while the postero-external margin of the bone is acutely angulated. The ginglymoid articular end displays its characteristic obliquity, and the broken transverse section shows no trace of an internal cavity, The fossil thus described seems to be most nearly paralleled, both in form and size, by a quadrate bone from the Kim- * Read before Section C, British Association, Cardiff, 1891, t+ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [6) vol. ii, (1888) pp. 182-136, Plesiosaurians in the Cretaceous of Brazil. d15 meridge Clay of Dorsetshire provisionally assigned by Mr. Lydekker to Lthamphorhynchus Manseli* “The aan specimen is also of the same character, but evidently pertains to aslightly larger animal. At present, however, the evidence a 2 . 1.—Dorsal aspect of left propodial bone (? humerus) of a Plesio- saurian, two thirds nat. size. la. View of proximal end, with tuberosity (¢). 146, c, Transyerse sections. Fig. 2.—Articular portion of left ESE bone of a Pterosaurian, postero- internal aspect, $ nat. size. 2a. Upper view (fractured surface). 26. Articular end. Both specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of Bahia, Brazil; in the British Museum. is insufficient for the determination either of the genus or species; and for this purpose further discoveries must be awaited. One of the specimens was found between Plataforma and * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvii. (1891) p. 41, pl. v. figs. 3, 4. 21* 316 On Pterosaurians and Plesiosaurians in Brazil. Ttacaranha, and the other was obtained either from this beach or from Pedra Furada Bay (Montserrat). It is interesting to add that in the same formation and localities Mr. Mawson has detected fragments of delicate limb-bones, which he con- siders may also have belonged to a Pterosaurian; and it is hoped that before long an examination of some of these will lead to a more precise determination of the animal. If. PLESIOSAURIAN PropopiuM. (Fig. 1.) The fossil readily recognizable as a Plesiosaurian propodial bone (humerus or femur) has lost the expanded distal extre- mity, but is otherwise well preserved. It isshown of two thirds the natural size, from the dorsal aspect, in fig. 1, and a view of the proximal end, a mesial transverse section, and a distal transverse section are given respectively in figs. la-c. The proximal end is very robust and coarsely rugose, with much greater breadth than thickness, and an only slightly differen- tiated tuberosity (¢). The epiphyses are so firmly anchylosed with the shaft as not to be distinguishable; and the shaft itself is smooth and rounded, exhibiting only one longitudinal angulation in its middle portion on the inner side. The bone thus described may probably be regarded as the left humerus of a typical marine Plesiosaurian; but beyond that suggestion it seems as yet impossible to proceed. As already remarked, the interest of these new fossils from Bahia consists chiefly in their extending the known geogra- phical range of two great extinct orders of reptiles. So far as the writer is aware, the only Mesozoic Reptilian remains hitherto recorded from South America are: (i.) a Plesio- saurian vertebra from the supposed Cretaceous of San Vicente, near Concepcion, Chili*; (ii.) Crocodilian vertebree from Juntas, in the valley of the Copiapo, Argentine Republic t ; (1i1.) numerous parts of a Cretaceous crocodile, Hyposaurus derbianus, from Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil ¢; and (iv.) large Dinosaurian bones from the Cretaceous of Limay and * Plesiosaurus chilensis, Gay, Hist. fis. y polit. Chile, Zool. vol. ii. (1848) p. 183; Cimoliosaurus chilensis, Lydekker, Cat. Foss, Rept. B. M. pt. ii. (1889) p. 222, T a ora Abhandl. naturf. Ges. Halle, vol. vi. p. 122, pl. i. gs. 1-3. fi E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer, Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii, (1886) p. 15; R. Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Rept. B. M. pt. i. (1888) p. 91. Figures of teeth and a vertebral centrum are also given by S. Allport, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xvi. (1860) pls. xvi., xvii. fi | | | | Mr. E, A. Smith on African Mollusca. 317 Neuquen, Patagonia*. Mr. Mawson’s discovery of the Pterodactyl seems to be the first of the kind in the Southern Hemisphere ; that of the Plesiosaur adds another important locality to the known distribution of an order that has an equally wide geographical range in both Hemispheres. XLII.—WNotes on African Mollusca. By Encar A. Surrn. I. Unronrpz oF Soutu AFRICA. AT present ninespecies of this family have been described from the southern extremity of the African continent, namely seven so-called species of the genus Unio and two species of Jutela. Five, if not six, of the forms of Unio really belong, I believe, to one and the same species. They have been separated on account of slight differences of form and sculpture, which, when a large series of specimens is examined, prove to be very unreliable and inconstant. Intermediate forms both in respect of outline and sculpture are met with, showing that the separation of these various forms cannot be maintained. The synonymy is as follows :— 1. Unio caffer, Krauss. 1848. Unio caffer, Krauss, Siidafr. Moll. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 14. 1856. Unio caffer, Kiister, Conch.-Cab. p. 148, pl. xli. figs. 2, 3. 1866. Unio caffer, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. pl. xh. fig. 226. 1850. Unio Verreauxianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. viii. phe “ 1858. Unio Verreauxianus, id. Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. p- 301, pl. xxvii. fig. 16. 1868. Umo Verreauxianus, Sowerby, /. ¢. pl. lxix. fig. 352. 1850. Unio africanus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. viii. . 94. 1858. Unio africanus, id. Journal, vol. iii. p. 300, pl. xxvii. fig. 15. 1865. Unio africanus, Sowerby, 1. ec. pl. xxii. fig. 100 (wrong locality given). 1864. Unio natalensis, Lea, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. vol. xxii. p. 118. 1866. Unio natalensis, id. Journal, vol. vi. p. 59, pl. xx. fig. 57. 1868. Unio natalensis, Sowerby, /. c. pl. Lxxi. fig. 362. 1885. Unio vaalensis, Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. x. p. 480, pl. xi. figs. 1-3. Hab. Rivers of Natal and Cape Colony. This species has the surface ornamented with concentric * F. P. Moreno, “ Le Musée de La Plata” (in ‘ Revista de Museo de la Plata, vol. i., 1890), p. 18. 318 Mr. E. A. Smith on African Mollusca. strie, which are more or less distinct, and frequently it exhibits more or less of wrinkling or corrugation at the upper part of the valves towards the umbones, which are always to some extent eroded. It is well known that in this genus the amount of wrinkling of the surface is very variable, and therefore cannot be regarded as a reliable specific character. In the type figured by Krauss the shell is described as “concentrice ruguloso-striata,” and no special reference 1s made by him to corrugation near the beaks. he apices of his specimens being considerably eroded, it is probable that this feature was for the most part obliterated. The form delineated by Lea under the name of U. Verreauxianus appears to be precisely that of the type, and although “ numerous small undulations at the tip” of the beaks are mentioned by him, no trace of them is discoverable in his figures, and therefore we may assume that they were very insignificant. His U. africanus, from the same locality as Verreaurianus, differs from it merely in having the surface smoother, the transverse strie being finer. In form and the character of the hinge they are quite alike. ee The variety named U. natalensis by Lea, which is the same as U. vaalensis of Chaper, is peculiar on account of having the upper part of the valves much more strongly wrinkled than the type or the variety africanus, but it agrees with them in general form and the character of the hinge. The two obsolete lines radiating backwards from the umbones, referred to by Krauss, exist in all the varieties and specimens examined. The colour of the nacre is as variable as the form and sculpture. It is “ pallide carnea”’ in the type, ‘‘salmonis colore tincta” in Verreauxianus, africana, and natalensis, and ‘teintée en jaune clair” in vaalensis, especially towards the umbones. Finally, there are speci- mens in the National Collection which are olive-brown beneath the beaks, almost white towards the front part of the ventral margin, and beautifully iridescent at the posterior end. The difference in form is very considerable, even in shells belonging to the same variety ; for example, two specimens of the strongly wrinkled form (natalensis) have the following measurements :— Length. Height. Diameter. a. 67 40 23 b.... 693 29 19 From the above figures it is noticeable that specimen a is much broader in proportion than 6. The outline of the two shells is quite different, but the sculpture is the same. Mr. E. A. Smith on African Mollusca. 319 Specimen a is oval, more pointed behind than in front, having the ventral and dorsal margins about equally curved. On the other hand, example 6 is elongate, with the lower margin quite straight along the middle, and, the valves being somewhat pinched or compressed at that part, it has an almost incurved appearance. 2. Unio Verreauri (Charpentier), Kiister. ore aa Charpentier, MSS., Kiister, Conch.-Cab. p, 150, pl. xlin. g. 6. Hab. Soutenthal Valley, Cape of Good Hope. I have not as yet seen a specimen sufficiently like the figure of this species to determine whether it is really distinct or not from JU. caffer, although there is every probability that it will eventually prove to be merely a large broad form of it. It most resembles specimen a of the variety natalensis already described, but differs from it in being a little broader posteriorly and in having the hinge-line straighter and more raised at the hinder end. ‘The fine lines mentioned by Kiister as radiating from the umbones downwards are also traceable more or less in most specimens of all the varieties of U. caffer when regarded in certain lights. 3. Unio kunenensis, Mousson. Unio kunenensis, Mousson, Journ. de Conch, 1887, p. 800, pl. xii. fig. 10. Hab. A tributary of the Kunene or Cunune River, North Ovambo or Ovampo, South-west Africa. This species, although found rather far north, may be classed with the South-African species in contradistinction to those found in the north, west, east, and central parts of the con- tinent. It is quite different from the species already discussed, having the surface for the most part ornamented with angular wrinkling or corrugation. 4, Mutela Wahlberg, Krauss. Tridina Wahlbergi, Krauss, Siidafr. Moll. p. 19, pl. ii. fig. 1. Spatha Wahlbergi, Clessin, Conch.-Cab. ed. 2 (Anodonta &e.), p. 187, 1. Iii. fig. I. Sitka natalensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 113 ; id. Journal, vol. vi. p. 64, pl. xx. fig. 58; Clessin, J. ¢ p. 189, pl. Ixii. figs. 7, 8. Hab. Monkey River, a branch of the Limpopo (Krauss) ; Umpingave River, Natal (Lea) ; Natal (Brit. Mus.). 320 Mr. E. A. Smith on African Mollusca. I cannot discover any good reasons for separating Lea’s Spatha natalensis from this species, and it is remarkable that, in his account of it, he did not refer to Wahlbergi. ‘The form, sculpture, epidermis, and muscular scars are precisely the same; but the interior of Wahlbergi is described as whitish for the most part, but pale flesh-colour towards the middle. On the other hand, the nacre of natalensis is described as purple. ‘This difference of colour, however, is not of any material importance, for it is well known to be a very variable character in Unionide. Il. Dewovrtra. This genus was founded by Gray for the reception of Buccinum retusum of Lamarck and a new species from Senegal, namely D. pulchra. The latter, the type of which, from Gray’s collection, is now in the British Museum, is iden- tical with D. pinguis described by A. Adams some thirteen years later. D. retusa and another species, D. abbreviata, have spiral sculpture only, and in this respect they are peculiar. But this is not sufficient to found a genus upon. If we admit differences of sculpture to be of generic importance, we could make half a dozen or more genera out of Nassa itself. On the other hand, D. pulchra, which, in form and general aspect, agrees with the two species mentioned, differs from them in having the spiral striz crossed by longitudinal lines, thus producing a fine reticulation. It will thus be seen that the character of spiral sulci and ridges is inconstant. In the genus Nassa the form and surface-ornamentation is notably variable, and examples may be selected, e. g. N. glans and NV. thersites, which are far more dissimilar in both respects than the species of Demoulia are from many forms of Nassa. Nassa Cumingii, for instance, has quite the shape of Demoulia, and really differs only in having the transverse ridges beaded instead of smooth. Moreover, D. ringens has very similar granular sculpture ; and if we separate D. abbre- viata and D. retusa on account of their having smooth trans- verse sculpture, then we must remove ringens to another group. Gray * considered that the “ velvety periostracum ” afforded a character which would separate it from Nassa. Difference of epidermis, however, is not a generic character, for how many species of Conus, Pectunculus, and other genera * Ann, Nat. Hist. 1838, vol. i. p. 29. Mr. E. A. Smith on African Mollusca. 321 there are which are clothed with periostraca of entirely diffe- rent kinds. The animal of Demoulia has hitherto been unknown excepting the operculum, described by H. and A. Adams *. However, through the liberality of Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, who has lately presented to the British Museum a specimen of D. retusa containing the animal, I am able to give the following particulars. The sole of the foot (in alcohol) is uniform light brown. The head and body are also light brown, irregularly speckled with black. The foot is short, squarish in front, with a double edge, rounded behind, and apparently without prolon- gations as in Nassa ; but it is possible that, being contracted in spirit, they are not visible, or may have got broken off. The head is compressed; the tentacles are short, acuminate, with the eyes on prominences about halfway up the outer side. The siphonal fold of the mantle is darkish at the end and moderately short. The radulat is Nassoid; the lateral tooth on each side is oblique, bicuspid, the outer cusp being largest, with the acute tip curved inwards and the inner cusp more slender and also slightly incurved. ‘The central tooth is arcuate, as broad or broader than the laterals, and armed with nine slender, acute, subequal denticles. The figure illustrating the dentition of Nassa variabilis in Troschel’s Gebiss d. Schneck. vol. u. pl. vu. fig. 19, affords a very good idea of that of the present species. The laterals, however, of the Nassa have the inner cusp shorter and less slender and the denticles on the central tooth are more unequal in length. The most remarkable character about D. retusa is the want of an operculum. From the above remarks it will be seen that there really exist no good characters to separate Demoulia from Nassa. There is nothing in the formation of the shell which distin- guishes it, and the structure of the animal is exactly the same in both, and the fact that the operculum in one species ( pulchra) is present, and wanting in another (retusa), shows that it is not an essential generic character. This genus was originally described by Gray under the name Demoulia, and there is no valid reason why the spelling of this word should be changed. Gray himself appears to have been the first to make an alteration, and in the ‘ Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1847, p. 140, he * Gen. Moll. vol. i. p. 115, pl. xii. fig. 6 a. + I have to thank my friend Mr. B. b, Woodward for kindly mounting this with his accustomed skill. 322 Mr. E. A. Smith on African Mollusca. rendered it Desmoulea, a spelling copied by A. Adams *, Tryon t, Fischer $, Chenu §, Kobelt ||, &c. At the time, however, he gave no reason for the change, and quoted ““Desmoulea”’ as if it were the original spelling. Agassiz §], Philippi **, Hermannsen{{, and Dunker ff have all hinted that this genus might have some association with the name of M. Charles Desmoulins, and Woodward, in his ‘ Manual’ (p. 112), has rendered it “Desmoulinsia,” regarding it as a synonym of Nassa. However, as Gray is somewhat notorious for the number of “ nonsense names” which he has given to numerous genera, I have no doubt this is a name of that description; moreover, in the same paper he created the genus Drillia, which apparently is also meaningless. Philippi, that most excellent and accurate writer, employs in his ‘ Handbuch der Conchyliologie,’ p. 150, the original term “Demoulia;” and this rendering | certainly think should be maintained, a view also held by Crosse §S. The species which have been referred to this genus are all figured in Tryon’s ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ vol. iv. pl. xvii. figs. 361-370, and in Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ vol. viil., Nassa, pl. xxix. figs. 190-196. They are as follows :— 1. Demoulia pulchra, Gray. Demoulia abbreviata, A. Ad. Demoulia ponderosa, Reeve,=crassa, A. Ad. Hab. Sierra Leone and Senegal. The locality “ Japan ” for crassa has never been confirmed. 2. Demoulia retusa (Lamk.). Hab. Cape Colony. 3. Demoulia Tryon, Crosse. Hab. % This species is united by Tryon with D. retusa, but it appears to me very different in many respects. * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 113; Gen. Moll. vol. i. p. 115. t+ Man. Moll. vol. iv. p. 66. t Man. Conch. p. 654. § Man. de Conch. p. 161. || Illustr. Conchylienbuch. p. 46. 4] Nomencl. Zool. Moll. p. 29. ** Handbuch Conch. p. 150, tt Indicis gen. Malacoz. prim. vol. i. p. 377. tt Index Moll. mar. jap. p. 54. §§ Journ. de Conch. 1871, p. 71. Mr. E. A. Smith on African Mollusca. 323 4. Demoulia abbreviata (Gmelin). Hab. Cape Colony. 5. Demoulia japonica, A. Ad. Hab. Japan. 6. Demoulia ringens, A. Ad. Hab. ——? 7. Demoulia pyramidalis, A. Ad. Hab. Port Elizabeth, South Africa (Marrat and Sowerby). The locality “ Japan” originally assigned to this species still wants confirmation. The first five of the preceding species form a group which may be of equal value with the numerous sections or sub- genera into which the genus Nassa has been divided, and to it the name Demoulia may be assigned, and the last two, being of different form, will fall into other groups. Ill. Neorwavua. Through the energy of Capt. E. Coode Hore the British Museum has obtained two specimens of this ‘Tanganyikan genus preserved in spirit. ‘The animal may be thus described :— Foot short, as broad as long, front margin double-edged, a little wider than behind, of a slaty-grey colour beneath and at the sides, also beneath the operculum when removed. Head, tentacles, neck-lappets, and front margin of the mantle of the same tint. Tentacles short, broad, horizontally com- pressed at the base, tip pointed and apparently not produced much beyond the eyes, situated on slight lateral prominences. Left neck-lappet moderate ; right very large, folded, forming a distinct branchial siphon. ‘The upper margin is reflexed under the right tentacle and produced under the rostrum as far as the mouth, forming as it werea third lappet. Rostrum shortish, blunt. The radula, kindly mounted and examined by my colleague Mr. B. B. Woodward, has the formula 3. 1.3, and is of the same type as that of Viviparus. From the above description it will be seen that the animal 324 Rey. T. R. R. Stebbing on new of Neothauma agrees in general structure with that of Vivi- parus. The tentacles certainly are very short and com- pressed, but that is merely of specific value. The genus Neothauma was proposed on account of the aperture being somewhat effuse anteriorly and of the broad sinus in the outer lip, and at the time it was conjectured that these characters indicated some corresponding anatomical peculiarities. The right neck-lappet certainly is rather large, and doubtless the object of the labral sinus is to accommodate this siphonal structure. Beyond this there appears to be no reason for separating this form generically from Viviparus. There is a species described by Prof. EK. von Martens from China—“Paludina (Melantho) auriculata”—which feebly exhibits both an anterior effusion and a lateral emargination, and some of the specimens also have a peripherial angle like Neothauma (vide Novit. Conch. vol. iv. pl. exxxv. figs. 4-6). “ Paludina angulata, Lea,” a North-American form now placed in the genus Tylotoma, has the aperture prolonged at the base, but the outer lip exhibits only a very slight trace of a median sinus. After careful consideration I now regard the extreme development of a labral sinus in Neothauma merely as a specific character, and not of generic importance. It will therefore pass into the synonymy of the genus Véviparus. XLI1.—Sessile-eyed Crustaceans. By the Rev. T. R. R. Srepprne, M.A. [Plates XV. & XVI] A new Species of Talorchestia. OF this widely distributed genus no European species appears to have been hitherto noticed. The name of the genus refers to its close connexion with the genera Zalitrus and Orchestia, it being in a manner compounded of both, since the males of Talorchestia are Orchestie, while the females are Talitr?. The distinction of the three genera can therefore only be regarded as conventional ; yet it cannot well be relinquished, on account of the large number of species that have to be dealt with. It is attended by the special inconvenience that in this group animals of which only one sex is known cannot have their genus definitely determined. Thus ‘‘Orchestia (Zalitrus) pugettensis,’ Dana, and “ Talorchestia? africana,” Sp. Bate, are still uncertain, both having been described from females only. Sessile-eyed Crustaceans. 325 It may here be mentioned that Yalorchestia diemenensis, Haswell, 1880, a Tasmanian species, ought to be referred to Orchestia, since both the figure and the description show that the first gnathopod in the female is not simple but sub- chelate, that is to say it has the precise character which sepa- rates Orchestia from Valorchestia. The new species, Talorchestia brito, has the head truncate in front, the pereon only moderately widened, the pleon narrow, with the hind corners of the third segment squared. The eyes are large, irregularly rounded, and conspicuously white, with the black pigment more or less discernible beneath. The Male.—The upper antenne scarcely reach the end of the penultimate joint of the peduncle of the lower; the three joimts of the peduncle are nearly equal in length, or the middle joint is slightly the longest; the flagellum of seven joints is less than half the length of the peduncle. In the lower antenne the third joint has a lobed terminal margin ; the fourth joint is not very much shorter than the long fifth joint ; the flagellum has thirty or more stout but short articu- lations. The first gnathopods: The side-plates are narrow, some- what folded, directed forwards. ‘The first free joint is narrow at the neck, with the front margin straight, the hinder convex ; the fourth joint or wrist is not much shorter than the first, distally widened, near the distal end of the hind margin having a pellucid bubble-like process; as this projects among various spines, the impression produced at first sight was that of an actual bubble of water entangled among the spines. ‘The hand is much shorter than the wrist, more spiny, and having a similar but shallower bubble-like process, which, by offering something for the finger to close against, renders it sub- chelate. The finger is short, with a small upright spine on the inner margin and a small rounded projection at the base of the nail. The second gnathopods: The side-plates are large, rhom- boidal, with a slight emargination at the upper part of the hind margin. The long first joint widens abruptly from the narrow neck, its width again diminishing towards the distal end ; the oblong third joint is scarcely so long as the second ; the fourth or wrist is quite insignificant in size and almost coalescent with the hand, which is of great length and breadth, an irregular oval, abruptly narrowed at the insertion of the long, powerful, and distally bent finger. The palm margin is fringed with numerous spines, its edge only micro- scopically crenulate ; the closed finger hugs it closely, except 326 Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing on new proximally, where there is a little gap left, and distally, where the point of the finger overlaps it. The Female.—The upper antenne are smaller than in the male, tle middle joint of the peduncle not longer than either of the other two joints; the flagellum has five joints. In the lower antenne the last joint of the peduncle is considerably longer than the preceding and is more strongly spined than in the male; the flagellum in the specimen examined had twenty-two joints. The first gnathopods differ little from those of the male except in the complete absence of the pellucid processes on the wrist and hand, the latter being simple instead of sub- chelate; as in the male its hind margin is fringed with stout round-headed spines; the subterminal hair in these and many of the other spines on this limb is so thick that it produces the appearance of a cleft head to the spine. The second gnathopods are in strong contrast to those of the male, being almost membranaceous. ‘The first joint is narrow at the neck, thence widening out into an oval plate rather more than twice as long as it is broad ; this serves as a protection for the delicate terminal joints, which, when not in use, are twisted round to lie upon it; the second and third joints are tolerably muscular; the wrist is rather inflated, almost transparent, widest near the distal end; the equally transparent hand is rather longer, with numerous spinules near the hind margin, the distal end rounded, projecting con- siderably beyond the minute triangular finger, which is inserted at the extremity of the straight front margin, and has its inner edge overlapped by a row of spinules on the hand. Both Sexes.—The upper lip has the free margin finely furred, evenly rounded, The mandibles have the cutting-edge divided into five teeth, of which the terminal one is double ; the inner plate has four teeth, in a single series on the left mandible, but on the right distinguished into two that are large and prominent and two that are small and_ insig- nificant; there are five plumose spines on the left and four on the right mandible; the molar tubercle is short and stout. The first maxille have the broad outer plate sur- mounted by nine spines, most of them denticulate ; low down on its convex outer margin is the minute (so-called) palp, two-jointed; the inner plate is narrow, ending in two feathered sete. The maxillipeds, as indeed the other mouth-organs, closely resemble those which have been deseribed for Yalor- chestia tumida, Thomson, in the Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. xii. pt. Vii, 1887. Sessile-eyed Crustaceans. 327 The triturating organs of the stomach are fringed each with thirty spines. The branchial vesicles are narrow and twisted. All the pereopods are strongly spined. ‘The first pair are con- siderably longer than the second and third, and considerably shorter than the fourth and fifth. The side-plates of the first and second are large and rhomboidal, of the third and fourth broad and bilobed, those of the fifth being semioval. In the first and second pairs the first joint is nearly parallel- sided ; in the other three pairs it is oval, most regularly so in the fourth, being in the third much smaller and almost circular and in the fifth rather wider and a little more squared than in the fourth. In the first, fourth, and fifth pairs the finger has the inner margin nearly straight. In the second pair the finger is very short, abruptly narrowed on the inner margin halfway towards the nail; in the third pair it is equally short, rather stouter, with the inner margin less abruptly narrowed and the outer minutely furred. In all the pairs there is a setule near the base of the little nail on the inner margin, and on the outer a pair of microscopic processes of oval form. The pleopods have long membranaceous peduncles, carrying two or three rows of small spines. The two coupling-spines are very short, single-toothed. The rami have fifteen or six- teen joints. The first uropods have the peduncles longer than the shghtly unequal strongly spined rami; the second have shorter peduncles, but slightly longer ihan the rami, of which the inner is a little the shorter. In the third pair the single ramus is much narrower, but not shorter than the peduncle. The telson is broadest near the base, narrowest at the trun- cate end, on either side of which is a small group of spinules, another group being placed near the middle of the convex lateral margins. The length of a good-sized male, not including the antenne, is four fifths of an inch. The colour is a very distinguishing character while the animal is alive. The ground-colour is yellowish white, here and there barred with deeper yellow, bordered along the side- plates and across the head with a beautiful purple, bands of which also sometimes extend across the back of the pleon. The appendages of the pereon and pleon and the telson are for the most part pellucid. The specific name is chosen to mark the discovery of a representative of a genus now for the first time included in the fauna of Great Britain. 328 Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing on new The species was obtained in abundance during the months of July and August of the present year (1891) on Woola- combe and Saunton Sands, in North Devon. It burrows in the sand after the fashion of Talitrus locusta, and occupies a zone of the shore immediately below that in which the Talitré are commonly found. Bright as its colouring is when observed near to the eye, upon the sand it is very easily lost sight of. By the lateral extension of the fourth pereeopods it maintains an upright gait, although there is no dilatation of the middle joints in either the fourth pereopods or the fifth. When pursued its ingenuity in availing itself of the smallest shelter is considerable; its hoppings also are energetic, but they cease sooner than those of the Yaltri, and the capture is consequently rather easier. It swims in an upright position, and when tired turns over, and so sinks gently to the bottom. Ina finger-glass half full of sea-water several speci- mens lived in apparent content for four days. Some Yalitr¢ in similar circumstances did the same. At the end of that time they all sickened from a surfeit of boiled lobster supplied by way of experiment; and from want of time to attend to their possible recovery, euthanasia was administered through the medium of methylated spirit. On another occasion a large male Talorchestia was detected holding a young com- panion in its claw and feeding upon the still quivering little victim. The following table may be useful as explaining the fine distinctions which separate four very closely related genera :— Gu. t,o Gn. 2, ¢. Gard 2: Gn. 2, 9. Talitrus, Latreille.... Simple. Feebly chelate. Simple. Feebly chelate Orchestia, Leach . .. Subchelate. Strongly subchelate. Subchelate. Feebly chelate Talorchestia, Dana .. Subchelate. Strongly subchelate. Simple. Feebly chelate Orchestoidea, Nicolet.. Simple. Strongly subchelate. Simple. Feebly chelate Thus in the male sex Zalorchestia cannot be distinguished from Orchestia, and in the female neither Yalorchestia nor Orchestoidea can be distinguished from Talitrus. A new Species of Leptognathia. Leptognathia Lilljeborgt, sp. n., appears to approach Lepto- gnathia longiremis (Lilljeborg) more nearly than any other species of the genus, but at the same time to be very clearly distinguished from it by the antenne, gnathopods, and uropods. The body is very slender, more than eight times as long as broad, parallel-sided except at the two extremities. The Sessile-eyed Crustaceans. 329 carapace, that is, the head with the first peraon-segment, is nearly twice as long as the greatest breadth ; the front part is narrowed. ‘The first free segment of the pergon is shorter than the rest, the next four being subequal, and the last only a little longer than the first. ‘Che fifth segment of the pleon is rather longer than any of the preceding four. he last segment is rather longer than the fourth and fifth together, aud is obtusely rounded at the slightly narrowed extremity. No eyes are perceptible. The upper antenne (of the female) are shorter than the carapace; the first joint much longer than the next two together, the third a little longer than the second, the fourth quite rudimentary. The lower antenne are much smaller than and implanted considerably behind the upper pair; the antepenultimate joint is much the longest and curved in lateral view. The upper lip is dome-shaped. The mandibles have a finely serrate cutting-edge combined with a couple of teeth, which are stronger on the left than on the right mandible. The latter is shown in the figure interlocked between the two teeth of the left mandible. As they are seen froin below the right mandible is on the left hand, The first maxilla consists of a long narrow lobe, curved at the extremity, where it carries five seta, with a setule on the outer margin a little below the apex; the exopod was not observed, but was doubtless of the usual form. The maxillipeds have four strong sete on the terminal joint and two smaller ones on the inner margin of the long penul- timate joint. ‘The central plate appeared to be undivided, but was not clearly observed. The first gnathopeds have the first free joint massive, larger than any of the others, widest near the base, as wide as long; the second joint is absent or coalesced ; the third is small and iriangular, carrying a single setule ; the wrist is more than once and a half as long as broad; the hand proxi- mally is fully as broad as the wrist, the outer margin very convex, its apex projecting much beyond the base of the finger, and there set with several tubercles ; on the inner side it makes an abrupt bend at a very short distance from the wrist, forming a broad thumb ending i in a nail-like process, and carrying two seta on the inner margin and three or four together with some flattened tubercles on the border facing the tinger. ‘The finger is irregularly tubercled on the outer margin and smooth on the inner, its tip closing within the unguicular process of the hand. The second gnathopods have the first free joint long, slender, and bent; the third, fourth, and fifth joints are sub- Alun. & Mag. ie Hist. Ser. 6. Vo ol. vill. 22 330 On new Sessile-eyed Crustaceans. equal, together longer than the first; the finger is about two thirds as long as the fifth joint, the slender nail being longer than the base. The first and second pereopods have the joints shorter and less slender, the first not curved. The hand has a serrate spine on the inner margin near the finger, the preceding joint having a similar spine on the outer apex and a longer spine on the inner. In the last three pairs of peraopods the first joint is a little more dilated, the hand has serrate margins, and there is a group of serrate spines at the apex both of this and of the preceding joint ; the finger has a minute instead of an elongate nail. The marsupium is composed of eight plates. All five pairs of pleopods are well developed in the female, each of the oval rami carrying about thirteen sete, which did not appear to be plumose. The uropods have the peduncle about twice as long as broad. The inner ramus consists of two long joints, the first a little longer than the peduncle and the second a little longer than the first; the first carries three sete at the apex, the second five or six, and one on the inner margin a little way above the apex. ‘The outer ramus is narrow, equal in length to the peduncle, the first joint having an apical seta on the outer margin, the second, which is slightly shorter, having two sete on the apex. The length of the animal is about one tenth of an inch. Three or four specimens were obtained in August 1890 in the sands at Lee and Woolacombe, North Devon. The species is named in compliment to Professor Lilljeborg, who published an important work on the Tanaide in L864. The species Leptognathia laticaudata, G. O. Sars, was taken in June this year in the Clyde at Kames Bay, while I was dredging in company with Mr. David Robertson, F.L.S. This species is, it seems, new to the fauna of Great Britain. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XV. Talorchestia brito, sp.n. gn. 1, &, first gnathopod of male; gn. 2, ¢, second gnathopod of male; gn. 1, 9, first gnathopod of female ; gn. 2, 9, second gnathopod of female ; prps. 1, 2, 3, 4, last two joints of the first, second, third, aud fourth pereeopods respec- tively; wr. 5, third uropod ; 7, telson. Prats XVI. Leptognathia Liljeborgi, sp.n. Dorsal view of the animal, the natural size indicated by the line above. a. s., upper anteuna, three ter- minal joints; a. 7, lower antenna; /.s., upper lip; m. m., parts Miscellaneous. 331 of the mandibles; m2. 1, part of first maxilla; mzxp., maxilli- peds; ga. 1, first gnathopod, omitting the large basal joint; gn. 1, B, first gnathopod from another specimen, finger and part of hand; gn. 2, second gnathopod; prp. 5, fifth perseopod ; plp. 4, fourth pleopod; ur., uropod ; 7, telson. MISCELLANEOUS. Note on Parmacellus gracilis, Gray. In 1855 (Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. part 1, p. 64) there appeared the description of a slug under the name of Parmacellus yracilis. This species, which was based on a specimen purchased with the label “Parmacella Olivieri,’ in the collection of the British Museum, has never since been recognized. The locality was unknown. Last year, while examining the slugs in the British Museum, I found a specimen of Jbycus fissidens (=sikkimensis) with the label ‘‘Parmacella, 43. 3. 31. 33,” which was entered in the accession- book as “Parmacella Olivieri, purchased at Stevens’.” I described this slug in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1891, p. 106, as Z. sikkim- ensis,=fissidens ; but it never occurred to me at the time that it was the original of Parmacellus gracilis. Having now compared my notes with the original description, it is evident that these are thesame thing. The history of the specimen, with its label, together with the general agreement of the described characters, is con- vineing. ‘he synonymy will accordingly stand :— Ibycus gracilis (Gray, 1855). =I, fissidens (Heyn., 1862). =I. sikkimensis (G.-Aust.). T. D. A. Cockrrett, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica, August 18, 1801. On the Development of Sponges (Spongilla fluviatilis). By M. Yves Detace, 1. Formation of the Ectoderm.—M. Goette, of Strasbourg, in his work on the development of the Freshwater Sponge, states that the larval ectoderm is thrown off, and that the permanent external membrane is formed by the superficial layer of the internal meso- dermic mass. All previous authors, on the contrary, affirm with Ganin that the larval ectoderm is transformed into the permanent one, and recently this view has been re-established by M. Maas, of Berlin, who describes in detail the phenomena of the transformation. I showed last year* that in Esperella, a genus of siliceous marine sponges, there exist among the ciliated cells of the larval ectoderm large non-ciJiated cells, which pass to the surface after the larva becomes fixed, and form the permanent ecto- * «Comptes Rendus,’ séance of March 24, 1890. $32 Miscellaneous. derm, while the ciliated cells lose their cilia and travel into the interior of the body, to take part in the histogeny of the internal organs. In Spongilla there are no strange elements between the ciliated cells ; the processes nevertheless take place asin Esperella, Beneath the ciliated cells there lies a discontinuous layer of large rounded cells, which, after the fixture of the larva, travel to the exterior and form the permanent ectoderm. The only difference between Esper- ella and Sponyilla is that in the latter the true ectoderm is entirely internal, separated from the outside by a continuous layer of ciliated cells, 2. Capture of the Ciliated Cells—What happens to the ciliated cells in the interior? A phenomenon here takes place which is extremely singular and without parallel in the known processes of embryogeny. The central nucleus of the larva is formed in greater part of large cells, easy to recognize owing to their large and perfectly round nucleus, provided with a fine nucleolus, and in consequence of their frequently containing vacuoles and a few coarse granulations, These cells in the free-swimming larva have a regularly rounded outline. After the larva becomes fixed the ciliated cells, having lost their cilia, shrunk, and become round, occupy a peripheral zone immediately underlying the ectoderm, which now comes into exist- ence. The large cells in the interior become amceboid and protrude towards the former ciliated cells large and very active pseudopodia, which capture them one by one. As soon as a cell is captured, the contracting pseudopodium incorporates it, and the large cell regains its rounded outline at this point, while in other directions other pseudopodia arise to continue the chase. These phenomena take place rapidly. Usually the capture is completed in half an hour or an hour, The larva then rests for about twenty-four hours without change. It appears spread out, encircled by a fine extension-membrane, and completely crammed with the large cells, which, now that they are in repose, are perfectly round, and exhibit around their proper nucleus, which lies in the centre, a large number of little nuclei, the origin of which we have just seen. It is these nuclei which were taken by Goette and Maas for vitelline granules. I have always observed, coutrary to the assertions of the latter author, that they stain red in solutions of carmine with an affinity for nuclei, and that Lyons blue respects them so far as to substitute itself for the carmine in the nucleolus belonging to the large cell before staining these supposed vitelline granules. Methylene green also stains them more deeply than the central nucleus. 3. Formation of the Ampulle.—After an interval of from twenty- four to thirty-six hours the captured cells begin to become active. They increase in size, travel gradually towards the periphery of the large cell, and finally emerge from it and become free again. Some arrange themselves as a lining-membrane for the canals, while the rest become grouped in hollow spherical masses and acquire first a flagellum and then a collar for the formation of the ampulla, The Miscellaneous. 333 supposed vibratile ampulla, figured by M. Maas in a larva still having all its peripheral cylindrical cells in place, are nothing but common rounded lacune ; their limiting cells have no cilia and in no way arise from the layer which clothes the cavity of the larva. The pores and the oscula are distinct from their origin, the latter being upon the middle convex portion of the young sponge, while the former, which are much more numerous, are situated at the boundary between the convex body and the peripheral membrane, or upon this membrane itself. In the foregoing paragraphs I have indicated only the general course of the embryogeny. I shall explain shortly how these pheno- mena are complicated by the division of cells and other details. In Aplysilla, which is a fibrous sponge, the formation of the ectoderm and of the ampulle is similar, almost to the details, to that which has just been described tor Spongilla. Just as in Spongilla, the mesodermic amceboid cell is cast off at the periphery and remains in the parenchyma outside the anpulle, while in Lspere/la it remains for a long time in the interior of the ampulla, of the formation of which it has been the centre. These new observations will be understood as modifying in a certain degree the interpretation which I put forward last year on the subject of the formation of the ampulle in this latter type. To conclude: the ectoderm arises at the expense of cells primi- tively internal; the ciliated cells take no part in its formation ; they pass into the interior of the body, are captured by mesodermic amoeboid cells, and later on regain their liberty and take part in the formation of the ampullz and canals. ‘Ihis capture of the ciliated cells is, after all, nothing but a phenomenon of phagocytosis, which is incomplete in that it is temporary. This term is the more applic- able, since a certain number appear to be really digested. It is probable that at the moment when they lose their cilia these cells undergo a temporary diminution of their vitality, and that the amoeboid cells, working on their own account, capture them as they would food-matter, but do not succeed in digesting them. It is very curious to see an incident of this kind becoming a normal phenomenon of the development. There is something in it which recalls the phenomena of histolysis described by Kovalevysky in the Insects, but with this great difference, that here the elements incorporated by the phagocytes are utilized in the subsequent histo- geny directly, and not as simple nutritive matter.— Comptes Ltendus, tome cxiil. no. 5 (3 aout, 1891), pp. 267-269. On the Development of the Blastodermic Layers in Isopod Crustacea (Porcellio seaber). By M. Lovis Route. In a former note I have explained the origin of the blastoderm in the embryos of Porcellio. The germinal disk, containing the nucleus of the oosperm, envelops the nutritive yolk, borrowing therefrom the necessary protoplasm for this extension ; its nucleus divides, by the usual process of karyokinesis, into several segments, which again undergo division; and the whole is thus converted into cells, which rapidly increase in number. On the completion of this aa Miscellaneous. stage the nutritive yolk is surrounded by a simple layer of blasto- dermal elements. The blastoderm then proliferates in several regions and upon the inner surface. One of these regions, which occupies the future median and ventral line of the embryo, extends from the anterior to the posterior extremity of the ovum; a projecting band arises, which advances into the yolk, and rapidly divides into two parallel and adjoining zones. ‘This parallel band will give origin to the nervous centres ; it is interrupted beneath the anterior pole of the body, at a spot where the stomodceumm appears ; divided in this way, its anterior portion constitutes the rudiment of the brain and its posterior section that of the ventral cord. At the moment when the first indications of the nervous centres are seen, the blastodermal elements multiply in two regions situate upon the sides of the embryo, a little behind the cerebral rudiment and on both sides of the median line. Each of these tracts soon exhibits, beneath the blastoderm, a layer of cells which extends in three directions—above, below, and behind. When the extension in the two former directions has arrived at a certain point it stops, and the layer of cells buries itself horizontally, by its upper and lower edges, in the nutritive yolk, upon which it acts like a punch. This new extension ceases when the two edges reach the median line; they then bend inwards, and, continuing to grow, approach one another until they meet and unite. Each layer has thus formed a tube, which occupies the greater portion of the corresponding half of the body of the embryo, and the cavity of which, closing behind, contains the nutritive yolk which it has imprisoned during its development. These two tubes are the rudiment of the organ erroneously termed the Crustacean liver; this organ, bounded by the endoderm of which we have just traced the mode of formation, should be regarded as the enteron of these animals; its functions, moreover, notably in the case of the lower Crustacea, are nutritive rather than glandular. Apart from the liver, the remainder of the alimentary canal is derived from two opposite blastodermic invaginations, one of which is inferior and somewhat ventral, the other superior and slightly dorsal. The two depressions sink into the yolk in order to meet one another; they first touch, then fuse, and the region of their juncture unites with the liver at two points. The anterior or sto- modeal invagination produces the cesophagus and stomach, while the posterior or proctodeal gives rise to the intestine. The mesoderm arises while these different processes are in progress. This layer is produced by the elements of the blasto- derm ; the majority of these divide into segments, the external of which continues to form part of the blastodermal layer, while the internal penetrates into the yolk. The latter divides in its turn into several other cells, and, the same thing happening for the whole of the blastoderm, the aggregate of these elements constitutes the mesoderm. ‘The principal zones of proliferation are situated on the ventral face of the body, at the base of the limbs; they are conse- quently two in number, situated one on each side of the median Miscellaneous. 335 jine. The mesodermic cells are nourished at the expense of the nutritive yolk which surrounds them; they develop in the typical mesenchymatous fashion, and the cavities which arise between them to form the vascular canals are at their commencement little confluent lacunse of irregular outline. None of these cavities can be considered as corresponding, whether in its mode of development or its origin, to the mesodermal zoonites of the Annelids. The blastoderm provides for these different proliferations without losing the appearance of a simple epithelial layer surrounding the nutritive yolk ; it retains this condition after the rudiments of the mesoderm with those of the endoderm have arisen at its expense and separated from it; it then represents the ectoderm.—Comptes Rendus, tome exii. no. 25 (22 juin, 1891), pp. 1460-1462. On the Development of the Mesoderm of Crustacea, and on that of the Organs derived from it. By M. Lovis Route. I have shown in a former note (June 1891) *, on the basis of the embryonic stages of Porcellio scaber, Latr., the process of the forma- tion of the endoderm ; the layer is produced from a pair of rudiments arising from two symmetrical regions of the anterior portion of the blastoderm. ‘The mesoderm also has the same origin, with this difference, however, that the mode of development is much less regular. My observations have been conducted upon Porcellio scaber and Palemon serratus, Fabr. At the moment when the cells of the blasto- derm are multiplying in the median ventral line for the production of the nervous centres, and on the sides of the anterior extremity of the body to give rise to the rudiments of the endoderm, two new zones of proliferation appear, one on either side of the ventral nervous band. The different regions of each zone are not perfectly similar ; some, separated by equal distances, are thicker than others, and raise up the blastoderm which covers them and from which they have arisen ; these elevated spots are the rudiments of the limbs. The blastoderm left at the periphery will become the ectoderm of these appendages , the central mass of cells represents the mesoderm ; the cells of this mass become transformed into muscle-fibres in the way which I have described in a previous note (‘Comptes Rendus,’ January 1891). An analogous multiplication of cells takes place throughout the entire blastoderm, except in those regions which furnish the rudi- ments of the nerve-centres and of the endoderm, only the process is less vigorous ; its effect is to produce the elements which penetrate into the yolk lying beneath the blastoderm, and destroy it little by little by feeding upon the nutritive materials which it contains. These elements correspond to the vitelline cells of authors, as to which opinions have been so numerous and so contradictory ; they all arise from the blastoderm alone, and are destined to form the mesoderm of the body, without there being any differences of deve- lopment between them or ground for distinguishing between a primary and secondary mesoderm. Receiving their proper situation * Vide supra. 33 Miscellaneous. in the body of the embryo, these cells are placed between the blasto- derm and the endoderm; they multiply by karyokinesis, just like those of the limbs. The middle layer is now constituted. The elements arise from the blastoderm, which, after haying provided for their genesis, persists as the ectoderm on the surface of the body. Moreover, its cells are distributed throughout the entire embryo between the blastoderm and endoderm, are immersed in the deutoplasm, which they devour little by little, and are accumulated in large numbers in the rudiments of the feet. The mesoderm will next develop in the mesenchymatous fashion. The mass of cells placed in each budding foot commences by acquiring a central cavity, or sometimes two or three adjoining one another ; the cells which surround this cavity separate from their neighbours and become free in its interior. The whole of the elements of the mass gradually become involved in this process of dissociation ; they increase in length, collect into bands crossing one another in different directions, and. become transformed into muscle-fibres. The result is the production, in the space limited by the ectoderm of the limb, of a plexus of mesodermic elements ; the meshes of this plexus are spaces filled with a liquid containing a few cells which have not undergone transformation, and which become the vascular sinuses of the appendage ; the plasma which fills them and its cells represent the nutritive fluid. The fact that a little central cavity is primitively present in each young appendage has caused many embryogenists to admit the regular metameric division of the ventral mesodermic bands, and that, not only for the Crustacea, but also for the rest of the Arthropoda (excepting Per ipatus, which appears to me to be wrongly included among the Arthropods). There is nothing in this mode of development which is comparable to the partitioning of the coelome of the Annelids and Vertebrates ; the whole process stops at the development in the appendages, while they are still quite small, of clefts which are destined to become blood-lacunze and of which the first arises almost at the centre of the limb. The mesoderm of the body also develops in a similar way; its elements, by devouring the nutritive yolk, occasion the formation of singular spaces, which communicate with one another and develop into blood-lacune; one of the latter, however, surrounding the intestine, becomes isolated from its neighbours and constitutes the peri-intestinal cavity. But before this separation is effected, a group of mesodermie cells, situated above the proctodeeum, elongates and acquires a central cavity, which proceeds to unite with the meso- dermic spaces ; this hollow mass is the rudiment of the heart. To sum up our results. The mesoderm is produced by almost the whole of the blastoderm, without the appearance of enteroceelic rudiments or diverticula; its elements develop by the mesenchy- matous process ; the sole representative of a ceelome is the ensemble of the circulatory apparatus and the perivisceral cavities, which has the value of a pseudoceele ; no portion of it undergoes metameriza- tion such as is met with in the Annelids or Vertebrates—Comprtes Rendus, tome exiii, no, 8 (20 juillet, 1891), pp. 153-155, THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SIXTH SERIES. ] No. 47. NOVEMBER 1891. XLIV.—Some Notes on British Ophiurids. By F. Jerrrey Bett, M.A., Sec. R.M.S. In revising the names and specific diagnoses of the British Ophiurids I have made one or two notes which it may be useful to publish. 1. Ophiothrix fragilis and O. Luetkent. Some time since (Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. (n. s.) i. p. 325) I ventured to say ‘‘ Before long I hope to be able to marshal the evidence regarding the variability of O. pentaphyllum which is in my possession in such a way as to justify the doubts which Sir Wyville Thomson always had as to the distinctness of O. Luetkent.” The passage of a year has not diminished my knowledge of the variability of what I called O. pentaphyllum, because I was at the time using the nomenclature adopted by Mr. Lyman (cf. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 249); but a close examination of several specimens leads me to think that I cannot perform the promise that I made. No absolute specific diagnosis has ever been made of what may appropriately be called Liitken’s Ophiothriz ; Thomson (‘ Depths of the Sea,’ p. 100) regarded it as a variety of O. fragilis, and dedicated it “ doubts and all” to Liitken. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. viii. 23 338 Prof. F. J. Bell on British Ophiurids. In his invaluable critical study of the Ophiotriches ot European waters Lyman (t.c. pp. 240-250) indicates some of the characters of O. Luetkenz, as he does also in his “ key” to the species of Ophiothrix which he gives in his Report on the ‘Challenger’ Ophiurids ; but, as I have already said, no definite specific diagnosis has been drawn. Before going any further it is necessary to interpose a few words as to the name to be given to our common British species. Mr. Lyman was able to distinguish between the northern O. fragilis and the southern O. pentaphyllum ; but, only a little later, he reports ““O. pentaphyllum” from the Faroe Channel. This single little fact will show the great difficulty in discriminating and naming specimens of Ophio- thriz better than any statement of mine. With all respect to Mr. Lyman I must be allowed to say that Dr. Liitken’s views as to the identity of O. fragilis and O. pentaphyllum seem to represent better the facts of the case; and as O. fragilis is the older name, I shall henceforth use it for the common British Ophiothriz. Though varying somewhat in size, O. fragilis is never a large species ; O. Luetkent may be roughly said to be twice as large. In the former the upper surface of the arms is distinctly keeled, each upper arm-plate projects forwards, and its aboral end is knobbed ; these are some of the most charac- teristic marks of O. fragilis, but they seem to be altogether wanting in O. Luetkent. The possession of minute spines by these upper arm-plates in the latter has been noted by Mr. Lyman, and is a very fairly constant character. The spines seem to vary more than he imagined, for there are specimens in which the stunting of the spines is so general that it is difficult to believe it is artificial. It will, perhaps, be most convenient if I attempt first of all to draw up the specific diagnosis of the better-known species and then give one for O. Luetkent. Ophiothrix fragilis, L. A species which exhibits the greatest variations in colour and marking and in the presence or absence of spines from the disk ; of moderate size. Arms very fragile, about eight to twelve times as long as the radius of the disk. The scales on the upper surface of the disk often form projecting spinules, but may be almost completely hidden by elongated delicate spines; the inter- rachial spaces below covered with fine spines. The trian- gular radial shields are of large size and are bare, except for Prof. F. J. Bell on British Ophiurids. 339 a few spines which may be present on the inner side of their base. Hach is separated from its fellow by a few laterally compressed scales on which are spinous granules or short spines. The teeth-papille are exceedingly numerous, and beneath the clump are seven teeth. The arms are rather delicate ; the upper arm-plates have a concave proximal and a strongly convex distal edge; the upper surface is carinate and the distal end of the keel forms a knob. The side arm- plates extend considerably on the proximal part of these plates and carry about seven spines, of which the uppermost is shorter than the next three or four, but not so short as the lowermost two or three. There is one tentacle-scale. The under arm-plates have the distal edge wider than the proximal and often concave outwards. R. 76 (arms broken). 5 55 ”? ”? i) 41 7 28 Ophiothriz Luetkent, Wyv. Th. A stout, well-grown species. Arms about ten times as long as the radius of the disk. ‘The scales on the disk not unlike those of O. fragilis, and, as in it, they may or may not be covered with spines. ‘The interbrachial spaces have the middle third occupied by fine spines, the sides bare. The triangular radial shields differ chiefly from those of O. fragilis in not having the spines or spinous granules confined to one c=) angle. ‘Teeth-papille coarse. Arms broad, flat, strong. The upper arm-plates somewhat variable in form, but always with a few fine spines, hardly at all carinate, with pretty even proximal and distal edges. Spines coarser and rather shorter than in O. fragilis, about seven in number. ‘The lower arm- plates with a concavity outwards, but this is not very obvious in full-grown specimens. One tentacle-scale. Colour white or banded and spotted with red or purplish. The difference in size, the stouter arms and coarser spines, the bare interbrachial spaces, the spines on the radial shields and upper arm-plates, the loss of the keel, are suflicient to justify the distinctness of O. Luetkent, at any rate in the present state of our kuowledge. 2. Lhe Use of the Generic Term Ophiura. Since the commencement of his important work on Ophiurids, Mr. Theodore Lyman has used the name Ophiura tor those 2 340 Prof. F. J. Bell on British Ophiurids, Ophiurids which were called Ophioderma by Miiller and Troschel and which are distinguished by the apparent duplicity of their bursal clefts. This course he justified by citing one of the greatest authorities on Ophiurids—Dr. Liitken—who had declared two years previously that the type of Lamarck’s genus Ophiura was O. longicauda, which is an Ophioderma in the sense of Miiller and Troschel *, I cannot tell whether Mr. Lyman accepted this statement of Dr. Liitken’s without verifying it, or whether he looked upon the second species of an author’s genus as being the type. If he did not verify the assertion he must be blamed ; because if he had the readers of the ‘ Annals’ would not have been burdened with this note. If he regards the second species as the type of a genus he is doing no more than exer- cising the privileges of a free man, and if he does not inter- fere with the liberty of others no one has the least right to complain. But the questions are rather, (1) Was Dr. Liitken right? and (2) Was Ophiura at Mr. Lyman’s disposal ? What Dr. Litken thinks about it we are told in a footnote to p. 87 of vol. vi. (ser. 5) of the Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrifter (1870), where he says :—“ Som bekjendt har Lyman fort Navnet Ophiura tilbage til Ophioderma-Slaegten og omdgbt Forbes’ Ophiura til Ophioglypha. Skjondt jeg maaskee selv har givet Anledning dertil ved hvad jeg (Addit. i, 8. 31) har bemaerket om Anvendelsen af Navnet Ophiura, er jeg dog nu ikke vis paa, at det just var det rette.” Jn 1836 Agassiz f divided the existing species of Lamarck’s genus Ophiura into Ophiura and Ophiocoma, and gave as types of the former “O. texturata, Lam.—0O. lacertosa, Lam. &e.”? In 1839 E. Forbes t gave a definition of Ophiura which would apply to O. texturata, Lamk., but not to O. lacertosa, Lamk., and in 1842 Miiller and Troschel gave the name Ophioderma to the group of which the latter is the type. By 1842, then, the partition of Lamarck’s genus Ophiura as emended by Agassiz was completed, and no spoil was left for Mr. Lyman. It follows therefore that those writers who have continued to use Ophioderma and have not allowed Ophioglypha to displace Ophiura are correct. * See Proc, Boston Soc. N. H. vii. (1861) p. 197. Tt Mém. Soc. Neuchatel, i. p. 192. t Mem. Wern. Soe. viii. p. 125. Prof. F. J. Bell on British Ophiurids. 341 3. What ts the Correct Name for the Common Sand-Star ? This species has been called Ophioglypha ciliata by many. As has just been shown, it must be called Ophiura at any rate, The earliest known Asterdas ciliata is generally stated to be that of Retzius, the date of which is 1783, and not, as sometimes stated, 1805; but there is an earlier A. et/iata— that of O. F. Miller (1776)—which is clearly the same as Asterias fragilis, Linn. So ciliata cannot be used. But Retzius in his synonymy gives A. ciliaris, Linn., as a synonym of A. ciliata; reference to the figures cited by Linneus from Linck shows that more than one species was included by him under that name, but an inspection of the figures of Barrelier shows that what we have called O. ciliata is to be taken as meant. So, then, we have Asterias ciliaris, Linn. (1766)* (part), = O. cdliata, auctorum (nec Houtyn, Linn. Nat. Hist. xiv. (1770), pl. exii. fig. 5). Asterias ciliata, O.F. Miiller (1776) ,= Ophiothrix fragilis, L. A. ciliata, Retz (1783),=A. ciliaris, L. (part). A, ciliaris, Lamk. (1801),= Ophiothrix fragilis. 4, Asterias noctiluca, Viviani. Those authors, with one exception, who have taken the trouble to refer to Viviani’s description of Asterdas noctiluca (Phosphor. mar, (1805) p. 5) regard the name as synonymous with Amphiura squamata, which, again, appears to be a synonym of Amphiura elegans. This last specific name was applied in 1815 by Leach to an Ophiurid; but Viviani’s tract bears date 1805. From Viviani’s description, however, it is impossible to say that he definitely describes this common small form; and as we know that young Ophiurids of many kinds are phosphorescent, it is better to adopt the very sensible view of Messrs. Dujardin and Hupé that it is only a young form. It was possibly applied by its author to the young of several distinct species. J gather from Mr. Stebbing’s ‘Challenger’ Report (s. v. “ Viviani”’?) that carcinologists * The remaining part of A. ciliaris, L., seems to be O. fragilis, and as the Ophiothrix forms get a name from that day, the remaining must be called O. celiaris. 342 Prof. F. J. Bell on British Ophiurids. have not been successful in determining the species of Crus- tacea described by Viviani in the pamphlet just alluded to. 5. What zs the Correct Specific Name of the “Shetland Argus” ? To this species Forbes (1840) applied Linck’s pre-Linnean and generic name of Astrophyton scutatum, generic not only because he calls it distinctly “ genus,’ but because he distin- guishes as “species ’’—‘ (1) Scuto rotato, ramis similaribus ex mari albo,” (2) Aliud Musei Regii Dresdensis,” and “(3) Scuto striato pulvinato, ramis nodosis et frequentibus denticulis asperis;” it is therefore no more reasonable to write “ Astrophyton scutatum (pars), Linck,” among the synonyms of a species than it would be to write Asterias (pars), Linneeus. Ir. Lyman calls the species Gorgonocephalus Linckit, applying Miiller and 'Troschel’s specific name (1842). Forbes without a query sign, Lyman with one, quote Asterias caput-meduse, Linneus; the latter refers to the ‘Fauna Suecica,’ without, however, saying that it is the second edition of that work which he quotes, the former to the ‘ Systema Nature.’ In neither case does the Linnean description afford any clue to any thing more than the genus, and neither author quotes the much fuller description which is to be found in the ‘Museum regis Adolphi Frederici’ (1754), p. 95; as this appears to be but little known I have reproduced it in a footnote *. - Even from this, however, it is impossible to be certain what species Linneeus had before him ; and as he gives the Indian and southern oceans as well as the seas of Norway as the habitat, it seemed to me probable that more than one species, as we understand them, was before him. In this difficulty I turned as usual to the friendly assistance of Prof. Lovén, and, also as usual, I got the help I sought; Prof. Lovén tells me that in his opinion the specimen which was before Linnzus * “ Asterras radiata; radiis dichotomis, “Caput Meduse. Rumph. Mus. 41. t. 16. “ Habitat non tantum in OckaNo versus Norvegiam, sed et in australi et Indico. “Corpus stella 5-fida, convexa, angulis in radios exeuntibus. Radit geminati, basi uniti, scabri. J‘oramen inter singulos lobos corporis utrinque. ‘Centrum hispidum supra ore quinquefido. Rami articulati, dichotomi innumeris dichotomiis, sensim tenuiores, pedales, sesqui- peel supra, utrinque, serie simplici ex punctis scabris, 4 s. 5. mucro- nibus,” Prof. F. J. Bell on British Ophiurids. 345 is in the Stockholm Museum, and that it is an example of the A. verrucosum of Lamarck. By writers on the British fauna the specific names arbo- rescens, caput-meduse, and scutatum have been used respec- tively by Pennant, Turton, Fleming and Couch; but in no one case is it possible to say with: certainty whether or no they are speaking of the “ Shetland Argus.” I cannot, I fear, pretend to the skill in divining intentions which is sometimes so marked a gift of the synonymist. Pennant, for example, gives nothing that to-day we can call a specific character; his reference to Linneus’s caput-meduse is of no help. Pontoppidan is as entertaining as ever, but it is impossible to be sure what his species was. Turton seemed to be more promising with his reference to Barbut and Shaw ; the latter (Miscell. pl. ciii.) seems to have given his artist a Mediterranean form, while Barbut’s figure (pl. x. fig. 12) is not as good as most of his. In fine, the first description recognizable by me is that of Edward Forbes; and I venture to submit that no earlier description can with any confidence be said to apply to what we know as the “ Shetland Argus.” It may perhaps be urged that, as there is only one British species of the genus, it is a refinement of exactness to pretend to be in ignorance of what these authors meant; but the premiss is not founded on fact, first because Gorgonocephalus eucnemis has been dredged by the ‘ Triton’ in the Faroe Channel at a depth of 433 fathoms, and because of the geo- graphical distribution ascribed to the ‘ Shetland Argus” ; this is a most important point—when a species is found in Norway, at Shetland, and the Orkneys it very often happens that it is not found further south otherwise than asa deep-sea form or as one of very extensive range. I cannot recall any species which is certainly known from Shetland and from Cornwall and not any intermediate station. The chances are that the Shetland form is a northern, the Cornwall a more southern or even Mediterranean form. The very distribution therefore leads one to suppose that two species have been found in the British seas *. The difficulties that beset the student of English authorities are, with the exception of Lamarck, who appears to make, * J should like to point out that, although we are not in science bound by such laws of evidence as brought rebuke on Sam Weller for repeating what the soldier said, yet the repeated citation of Borlase as the authority for Cornwall rests not on any statement in his own works, but on the remark of Pennant, ‘‘ The late worthy Dr. William Borlase informed ne that it had been taken off Cornwall.” 344 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on the pace Forbes, no reference to the species, not diminished by foreign writers; de Blainville’s synonymy is most confusing, Agassiz was clearly in doubt as to what was A. sewtatum and what A. verrucosum. Miiller and Troschel do not appear to have been satisfied with Forbes’s description of ‘4A. seutatum,” and there can be no doubt that much confusion would result if that specific name were to be used; the term with which it is most often confounded is verrucosum, and that goes now that we know that it is synonymous with the caput-meduse of Linneus. Scutatum, then, should not usurp the place long occupied by the specific name given by Miiller and Troschel. Gorgonocephalus Linckit. ? Rhy a arborescens, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. (1777) p. 56 (non M. & Pa): ? Asterias caput-meduse, Tut. Brit. Faun. (1801) p. 140. ? Astrophyton scutatum, Flem. Brit. An. (1827) p. 489; Couch, Corn. Faun. i. (1838) p. 84 (non Gould, Inv. Mass. (1841) p. 349). ? Euryale scutatum, de Bl. Actin, (1834) p. 246. Astrophyton scutatum, Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1840) p. 67 (non Agassiz, Mém. Soc. Neuch. ii. (1839), Notice &c., p. 11. Astrophyton Linchii, M. & Tr. Syst. Ast. (1842) p.122; Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Zool. i. (1865) p. 190; Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. (1865) p. 105. Gorgonocephalus Linckit, Lyman, Chall. Rep. xiv. (1882) p. 264; Hoyle, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. viii. (1885) p. 188. XLV.—Remarks on the Genus Heterolepis, Smith. By G. A. BouLENGER. ALTHouGH specimens of the West-African Heterolepis poensis have been frequently received during the forty years that have elapsed since the establishment, by AndrewSmith, of this curious genus of Snakes, the type species, 7. capensis, remained one of the British Museum’s most important desiderata. I was therefore extremely pleased to receive a few days ago, through the kindness of Mr. Trimen and Mr. Péringuey, of the South- African Museum, a specimen from Delagoa Bay, consisting of the head and anterior part of the body and the tail, of what I take to be the long-desired HH. capensis. This specimen agrees so well with Peters’s H. Gueinzii, from Port Natal, that I entertain no doubt as to the identity of the two. ‘Ihe late Prof. Peters felt in fact very doubtful as to the propriety of separating 7. Guetnzit from /1. capensis, Genus Heterolepis, Smith. 345 which was only known to him from Smith’s description and figure. ‘The latter is probably incorrect ; it is at any rate in contradiction with the text, in which the number of labials is stated to be seven, as in H. Guetnzii and the specimen from Delagoa Bay. ‘The difference in the number of ventral shields (241, Smith ; 203, Peters) and subcaudals (61, Smith; 51, Peters) cannot be regarded as outside the limit of variation’ which we may expect in any snake*. And I agree with Dr. Mocquard in suspecting the middle dorsal keel described and figured by Peters to be due to the projection of the neural spines. Smith gives as the habitat of his H. capensis “ the eastern districts of the Cape Colony.” The same species is recorded by Peters (Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 119) trom the Ogowé, whence it has also been received by the Paris Museum, for I regard Mocquard’s /. Savorgnani as a H., capensis in which the upper postocular has become fused with the supraocular. ‘The specimen figured by Mocquard further agrees with the Delagoa-Bay specimen in the manner in which the enlarged vertebral scales begin on the occiput. Perusal of Dr. Mocquard’s paper on Heterolepis (Bull. Soe. Philom. 7, xi. 1887, p. 5) further suggests to me a few remarks :— 1. Stimocephalus Grantii, Gthr., is not a Heterolepis. It differs in not having the maxillary and dentary bones angu- larly bent inwards anteriorly, in its subequal teeth, the ante- rior being but slightly longer than the posterior, the presence of apical scale-pits, and the absence of ventral keels. Although it has a preocular distinct from the loreal and only 15 rows of scales (19 on the neck), I feel disposed to refer it to Moc- quard’s genus Gonyonotus (Bull. Soc. Philom. 8, i. 1889, p. 146). The two species differ as follows :— G. Brussauxt, Mocq.—Loreal and prefrontal entering the eye; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 rows. G. Grantii, Gthr.—A loreal and a preocular ; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 15 rows. 2. Heterolepis glaber, Jan, also belongs to a_ different genus, Hormonotus, Hallow., distinguished from Heterolepis by the large eye, the compressed body, and the smooth scales. The synonymy of the unique species is as follows :— * The specimen from Delagoa Bay has only 45 subcaudals. 346 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on a Hormonotus modestus. Lamprophis modestus, Dum. & Bibr. 1854. Hormonotus audax, Hallow., 1357. Ilormonotus modestus, Giinther, 1862. Heterolepis glaber, Jan, 1863. Boodon (Lamprophis) modestus, Peters, 1875. Boodon (Alopecion) Vossit, Fischer, 1888. 3. Heterolepis poensis, Smith.—I am glad to say the type specimen is not lost. It is still in the British Museum, where it was registered in April 1847. The fact that its tail is mutilated accounts for the small number (67) of subcaudal shields. The H. bicarinatus of Duméril and Bibron (1854) is merely a synonym of HZ. poensis, Smith (1847). XLVI.—Description of a new European Frog. By G. A. BOULENGER. Rana greca, sp. n. Head a little broader than long, moderately depressed. Snout very short, rounded, not at all prominent, as long as the diameter of the eye; loreal region even less oblique than in R. temporaria and BR. tberica, very distinctly concave ; nostril a little nearer the end of the snout than to the eye ; new European Frog. 547 the distance between the nostrils a little greater than the interorbital width, which equals the width of the upper eye- lid. Tympanum rather indistinct, half the diameter of the eye; its distance from the eye equals two thirds or three fourths its diameter. Fore limb nearly as long as the body. First finger not extending beyond second; tips of fingers very obtuse, swollen; subarticular tubercles strongly developed. Hind limb very long, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout. ‘Tibia as long as the fore limb and longer than the foot. Toes nearly entirely webbed, even in the very young, with cbtuse, swollen tips; subarticular tubercles large and prominent. Inner metatarsal tubercle soft, oval, measuring half the length of the inner toe; a very distinct tubercle at the base of the fourth toe. Skin of upper parts rough with small warts. Dorso-lateral fold narrow and not very prominent, some- times interrupted, running straight from the temple to the groin; the distance between the dorso-lateral folds on the scapular region equals one fourth the length from snout to vent. Grey or grey-brown above, with very indistinct darker spots and a band across the interorbital space; glandular lateral folds lighter ; loreal region down to the border of the lip dark ; a black canthal streak and a black temporal spot ; a light streak from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ; no large spots on the flanks; limbs with dark cross bands ; hinder side of thighs dark brown with whitish dots. Throat much obscured with blackish-brown marblings, almost black, with a median white streak ; a few large dark brown spots on the breast; belly white; lower surface of limbs reddish flesh- colour. Vomerine teeth in two small groups, as in L. temporaria and R, tberica. millim. millim. Iromisnoue tOqvent cescs yes oe v ees 32 26 RRERP ROL WEAW fe. os yt sce ee sees 12 10 Wiidihvotsheadinr., W; .al ceases te 13 11 DHENCTERIOL GYO oi 5)< si. ewe eae ed we 4 35 AgiierOT Las WAGDS, saissasciei poise srs 5 M3) 3 Deane eye tO NOS in. eee oe ost Z5 2°5 so” aor QNUUGL SNOUG 1. deen sects 45 4 WIPE PANWEY Ia. Ss be ce Soe cs ee ats 2 15 From eye to tympanum ............ 15 1 Bla nedlam lyse costco cs wyteias{< cia caegere 22 18 1a treayo bilbaad jer Acero aeeera ceomehuc oho Cimeacee 62 50 CPHTASC TS spe tarec ers CHEN SEAR CRIME. 22 17 TERO (GYR SRR eSiraituccech Geter ici eae eae 19 15 IMMCr TOG. tence fees ewe Se eee ee 4 : oi | > ) Inner metatarsal tubercle............ 2 lé 348 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on a The specimens described are unfortunately not adult, and the male is still unknown to me. The tadpole, although more nearly resembling that of 2. temporaria than any other European species, differs from all its congeners in having the mouth quite as wide as the inter- orbital space, which equals once and a half the distance between the nostrils. The labial dentition is more developed even than in £. temporaria, the teeth forming four or five series in the upper lip, of which the second is but narrowly interrupted in the middle, and four in the lower lip; the latter are either all continuous, occupying nearly the whole width of the lip, or the fourth (counting irom the labial edge) is broken up in the middle. A single series of papilla on the lower labial edge. Tail obtuse, once and two thirds the length of the body, its depth about one third its length. Grey above, closely speckled with black, whitish beneath ; muscular portion of tail reticulated with black; caudal crests with small black spots or arborescent markings. millim. Motaliength....e ees eee ee ae ee 48 BOO iis ee sens ee dis ase ater einer ete ee ea Width ot body’ ity, az sober seers 12 Marietta eek nics Wie Sole eb Seige se tee 3 Depth volta a... 1c rise ges ete? etal aos 10 It was through the tadpoles that I became aware of the existence in Greece of the species which I have now the pleasure of describing. About a year ago I received from Dr. Kiiiper, of Athens, several frog-larve, obtained on the Parnassos, which differed from anything I had seen before. One of the specimens was sufficiently near transformation to show remarkably long legs; and as Rana Latasti’, of which I did not know the tadpole nor could refer to any description of it, had recently been recorded by Beettger* from the neighbouring Korax Mountains, I thought | might safely refer it to that species. But having sent one of these larve to M. Héron Royer, the well-known connoisseur of Euro- pean tadpoles, 1 was informed by him that it could not belong to 2. Latastiz, of which he had himself reared the tadpole ; his letter was kindly accompanied by a specimen of the &. Latastii-larva, which, when I examined it a short time ago, left no doubt in my mind that my Parnassos tad- poles were erroneously named. ‘The specimens obtained by v. Oertzen in the Korax Mountains being all in Berlin, as [ was informed by my friend Dr. Beettger, to whom I had * Sitz. Akad. Berl. 1888, p. 148. new European Froq. 349 7 J expressed my doubts as to the correctness of his determina- tion, I applied to Professor Mébius, who had the great kind- ness of sending me for examination two of the Oertzen specimens. ‘These proved, as J fully expected, to belong to a new species (identical with my specimens from the Par- nassos), closely allied to /?. Latastii and £&. cberica, and, on the whole, nearer the latter, as may be seen from the following analysis :— Adult. R. greca.—Distance between the nostrils a little greater than the interorbital width; tympanum rather indistinct ; first finger not extending beyond second; inner metatarsal tubercle half the length of the inner toe. R. iberica.—Distance between the nostrils a little greater than the interorbital width ; tympanum very distinct ; first finger not extending, or extending but very slightly, beyond second ; inner metatarsal tubercle one third the length of the inner toe. R. Latastii—Distance between the nostrils not greater than the interorbital width; tympanum very distinct; first finger extending beyond second ; inner metatarsal tubercle one third the length of the inner toe. Tadpole. 4—5 R. greca.—Series of labial teeth =, second upper con- tinuous or narrowly interrupted, first lower at least two thirds the length of the second; width of mouth quite as great as the interocular space, which equals about once and a half the distance between the nostrils; tail obtusely pointed, about once and two thirds the length of the body. R. iberica.—Series of labial teeth =", second upper widely interrupted in the middle, first lower not half as long as second ; width of mouth much less than the interocular space, which equals nearly twice the distance between the nostrils ; tail obtusely pointed, about once and a half the length of the body. R. Latastii.—Series of labial teeth 5 second upper widely interrupted in the middle, first lower not half as long as second; width of mouth less than the interocular space, 350 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on a which equals once and a half the distance between the nostrils ; tail acutely pointed, twice as long as the body. The descriptions I gave of &. ¢berica and KR. Latastii in 1879 were taken from a small number of specimens. I have rewritten the following, which I append for comparison with R. greca, upon the rich material which is now in the British Museum, viz. fourteen specimens of &. dberica (Coimbra, Serra de Gerez, Murea in Tras os Montes) and thirty-five of fk. Latastiti (Novara, Varese, Venice, Cordovado, Monte Lessini, Padua, Calcinaro, Castelfranco, Treviso, Florence, Bertonico, Turin). Rana iberica, Blgr. g, mode- rately depressed. Snout short, obtuse, rounded ; loreal region not very oblique, slightly concave ; nostril equidistant from the eye and the end of the snout, or slightly nearer the latter ; the distance between the nostrils a little greater than the interorbital width, which equals the width of the upper eyelid. ‘Tympanum distinct, its diameter one half to three fifths the diameter of the eye; the distance between the eye and the tympanum equals two thirds to three fourths the diameter of the latter. Fore limb nearly as long as the body. First finger not extending, or extending but very slightly, beyond second. Subarticular tubercles of fingers moderately developed. Hind limb very long, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout in the adult, to the tip of the snout in the young. ‘Tibia but slightly shorter than the fore limb, and nearly as long as the foot. ‘Toes three fourths or even nearly entirely webbed, the web more or less ecrescentic- ally notched; subarticular tubercles moderately large and prominent. Inner metatarsal tubercle small, soft, oval, measuring about one third the length of the inner toe; a small and more or less indistinet tubercle is usually present at the base of the fourth toe. The skin may be perfectly smooth, or the back rough with granules and small round warts; hinder side of thighs eranular. Dorso-lateral fold narrow but rather prominent, running straight from the temple to the groin; the distance between the dorso-lateral folds on the scapular region equals two ninths to one fourth the length from snout to “vent. Coloration very variable. Upper parts yellowish brown, greyish brown, or reddish, with or without dark brown spots ; Head as long as broad or a little broader than long new Luropean Frog. 351 not unfrequently the back is largely blotched with ye llowish and the sides may be spotted with pure white; a dark brown A-shaped marking sometimes present on the scapular region ; the glandular folds usually with a dark brown outer margin ; a dark brown canthal streak and a large dark brown or black temporal spot ; a whitish streak from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ; limbs with dark cross bands, which may be very indistinct ; hinder side of thighs usually speckled or marbled with dark brown. Lower parts whitish, rosy under the limbs, and more or less profusely spotted or marbled with brown, especially on the throat and breast ; the middle line of the throat, however, usually unspotted. Iris golden, brown in its lower moiety. Serra de Gerez. Coimbra. | 3. 2. 2 2. 3 3. Or 2. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. mm. | mm.! mm. | mm. From snout to vent ...... 42 54: A7 46 32 40 50 48 Length of head.......... 14 17 15 15 by, 14 16 16 Waidthiofhead ... 3.0.6.6. 15 20 GP |e KS: 12 iss 17 18 Diameter ofeye ........ 4 5 5 5 4 4 55 55 Interorbital width ...... 3 4 4 4 3 35 4 4 From eye to nostril ...... 3 4 36| 35) 25) 3 S35 as) » end of snout 6 8 7 is 5 6 ii 7 Ry MPa WUMPig fy. i-eshey