780% *C 2S. Arra iar Ens cn Ctr. MR 77-11 (AD- A049 132) WHO! DOCUMENT COLLECTION Sand Resources on the Inner Continental Shelf of the Cape Fear Region, North Carolina by Edward P. Meisburger MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 77-11 NOVEMBER 1977 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER 4 Kingman Building y. Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 5G / MR 771 Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this ae has been made by this Center. Additional copies are a) LS l le National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division O78 et ve Road UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE SEIREADINSTRUCTIONS| I) 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.| 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER MR 77-11 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Miscellaneous Report SAND RESOURCES ON THE INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF OF THE CAPE FEAR REGION, NORTH CAROLINA 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) - AUTHOR(s) Edward P. Meisburger — 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS - PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CEREN-GE) Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army B31466 12. REPORT DATE November 1977 13. NUMBER OF PAGES W\NAc L/ fo 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 15a, - DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. . DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES - KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Beach nourishment Sand deposits Borrow sites Sediment deposits Cape Fear, North Carolina Seismic reflection profiles Inner Continental Shelf \ - ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block Sumber The Inner Continental Shelf of North Carolina between the South Carolina border and Cape Lookout was investigated to obtain information on bottom and subbottom sediment deposits and geologic structure. Primary survey coverage consists of 512 statute miles (824 kilometers) of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and 124 cores ranging in length from 2 to 20 feet (0.6 to 6.1 meters). DD 1 Spee 1473 EDITION OF t NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) Sand suitable for restoration and nourishment of nearby beaches was located, described, and mapped for 27 potential offshore borrow sites. This Sand occurs commonly in thin sheet deposits or as relict channel fill. However , extensive sand deposits exist in shoals off Cape Fear and Cape Lookout and in other low isolated shoals on the shelf floor and within the shoreface area. 2 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) PREFACE This report is one of a series which describes results of the Inner Continental Shelf Sediment and Structure (ICONS) study. The primary objective of the ICONS study is locating and delineating offshore sand and gravel deposits suitable for beach nourishment and restoration (Duane, -1968). The work was carried out. under the coastal processes program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). The report was prepared by Edward P. Meisburger, a CERC geologist, with the assistance of R. Rector and S.J. Williams, who served successively as Acting Chief, Geotechnical Engineering Branch, and Dr. C.H. Everts, the present Chief. As part of the research program of the Engineering Develop- ment Division, the ICONS study is under the general supervision of Mr. George Watts, Chief of the Division. The fieldwork (obtaining cores and continuous seismic reflection profile records) was accomplished under contract by Alpine Geophysical Associates, Inc. A preliminary study of the data was made by Dr. M.E. Field, a former geologist at CERC, and presently with the U.S. Geological Survey. Microfilm copy of all seismic data is stored at the National Solar and Terrestrial Geophysical Data Center (NSTGDC), Rockville, Maryland 20852. Cores collected during the field survey program are in a repository at the University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76010, under agreement with CERC. Requests for information relative to these items should be directed to NSTGDC or the University of Texas. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. OHN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) INTRODUCTION. POTENTIAL BORROW AREAS. 1. Sand Requirements. 2. Potential Borrow Areas . SUMMARY LITERATURE CITED. TABLE Characteristics of Potential Borrow Areas. FIGURES Location of the study area . Western part of the study area showing survey limits, core locations, and borrow sites Central part of the survey area showing survey limits, core locations, and borrow sites Northeastern part of the survey area showing survey limits, core locations, and borrow sites. Sand isopach map of potential borrow area A. Sand isopach map potential of borrow area B. Isopach of channel fills in Onslow Bay showing borrow area C . Isopach map of potential borrow area D . Page LS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters Square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16. 39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters square yards 0. 836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259).0 hectares knots 1.8532 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds Ie S558 newton meters millibars IL,O1G7 ~ 1078 kilograms per square centimeter ounces Do SS grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.1745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! 1To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formulas (© = (5/9)) (F =32))- To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15. fi ahd ce bans ait pei cant 1 SAND RESOURCES ON THE INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF OF THE CAPE FEAR REGION, NORTH CAROLINA by Edward P. Metsburger I. INTRODUCTION The construction, improvement, and periodic maintenance of beaches and dunes by placement of suitable sand along the shoreline is an important means of counteracting coastal erosion and of enhancing recreational facilities (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1975). In recent years, it has hecome increasingly difficult to obtain large volumes of suitable sand fram lagoons and inland sources for this purpose because of economic and ecological factors. Accordingly, the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) initiated an Inner Continental Shelf Sediment and Structure (ICONS) study to lacate offshore sand resources suitable for beach fill. This report, part of that effort, deals with the location and physical characteristics of offshore sand resources near Cape Fear, North Carolina. The study area includes a zone adjacent to the shore about 14 nautical miles (26 kilometers) wide, extending from the South Carolina border through Long Bay, Frying Pan Shoals, and Onslow Bay to Cape Lookout (Fig. 1). More detailed coverage of the area is given in Figures 2, 3, and 4. Data consist of 512 statute miles (824 kilometers) of reflection profiles and 124 cores ranging from 2 to 20 feet (0.6 to 6.1 meters) in length. These data are supplemented by pertinent scientific and technical litera- ture and National Ocean Survey (NOS) hydrographic data. This report is primarily the result of a reconnaissance effort; seismic line spacing and core density, even in grid areas, are not suitably detailed for reliable delineation of borrow sites. Consequently, further study of promising locales is needed before selection or use in project design and construction. A separate report, largely from the same data base used here, covers general aspects of inner shelf geology in the Cape Fear region (Meisburger, in preparation, 1977). That report is aimed at providing a background for better understanding of the character, disposi- tion, and origin of the inner shelf sediment bodies. It contains visual logs of all cores taken during the study and size data for those core samples composed essentially of sand. II. POTENTIAL BORROW AREAS i sand Requirements. The suitability of sand for beach nourishment is largely dependent on grain-size characteristics (Krumbein and James, 1974; James, 1975). Size characteristics of beach sand within the region covered by this report have been obtained from unpublished size data held by CERC and the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 36° 34° 32° 30° 28° 82° Jacksonville 82° 60° Charlestone Cape Canaveral 80° Figure l. 7e° Cape Romain 78° 76° 74° 72 Cape Charles Cape Henry 76° 36° Cape Hatteras 34° 32° g 30° Approximate Scoles Nautical Miles SS ss 50 fo) 50 100 Kilometers eS 50 O 50 100 150 28° 74 72° Location of the study area. *SO4qTS MOZIOG pue ‘suotyeo0T 9109 ‘sztwtT AdAIns Sutmoys vorie Apnys 9y} FO WAed uLOSOM °*Z SANSTY o2 38 [= = = ssajawolly ooo'o2 00's! 000'O! 32)! ID1I00N 8ajD9S aouxosddy puos eiqoyins ym e109 = BL @ uoij0207 e109 «= 6S O QN3931 + ! 4024 adoQ “HJ iS ys 2. apisoas BAI 814 0//0US T . 77°50 0 - ® New River inlet Va p e> + Z 4 LL” e353 F ff eer 34°30' 29° 598 Wilmington 20° LEGEND Core Location Core with suitable Sand ? é a wi, o pfeeveine ‘ach Inlet ei a y) Lng WEG ro: 1 dL 34°10" Approximate Scales 93 Nautical Miles i—— 5 6 me —— | a) 10 Yards ee = <= — = —s 5,000 40° Figure 3. = — os - 10,000 = | 15,000 20,000 Kilometers = ——— 6 8 10 30° =e 12 14 77°20" Central part of the survey area showing survey limits, core locations, and borrow sites. *soqTs MOIIOG pue ‘suotzed0T 9209 ‘sztuty AsAINs Butmoys vore ABAINS OY} FO qied uo sSeeYy ION *p orn3stJ —— ~~ (OF 092 Ob os 00 ol 0% old oz si 9of bf 2 Ol 8 :) b 2 fe} SS oe os 6 = s — os — oe | Bajawoyy o00'02 000'Si —000'o! 000'S ° oe oe ee — 0 Se es — — ee — 3PsDA Ps Bj! (DD1NON dave ar a PUDS @/qDyINS YIM e405 p6e@ a uo1j0207 0109 960 ana931 Aanins (] PS nowy 140109 osebe —t- OF 092 Ov 0S 00 ol O2%els 1973). These sources indicate that desirable borrow sand for heaches in this region should be in the medium to coarse sand range (0.250 to 1.00 millimeter, 2.0 to 0.0 phi). Selection of the borrow sites described below is based mainly on that size criterion. 2. Potential Borrow Areas. Two groups of potential offshore borrow locations are: (a) Areas for which there are sufficient data to delineate the probable area extent and sand volume of the deposit (designated as borrow areas A, B, C, and D); and (b) potential borrow sites for which there are insufficient data to deline- ate the deposit or calculate volume, but which are shown by cores to con- tain suitable material (identified by core number). Borrow areas and core sites are described in the Table and plotted in Figures 2, 3, and 4. a. Borrow Area A. Borrow area A (Fig. 2) consists of the larger part of Middle Ground Shoal lying immediately seaward of the Cape Fear River entrance; center coordinates are 33°52.7' N., 78°01.7' W. Figure 5 is an isopach map of Middle Ground Shoal based on bathymetric data and cores. The volume of sediment within the zero isopach contour is 71 million cubic yards, the bulk of which is clean quartz sand in the fine to medium size range (0.125 to 0.250 millimeter, 3.0 to 1.0 phi). To minimize adverse effects of shoal removal on the shoreline, U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973) indicated only so much of the shoal should be removed which would leave the resultant bottom profile equivalent to the shoreface slope of the open-coast beaches to the west. With this adjustment the potential volume of sand available in the borrow area is judged to be 50 million cubic yards (38 million cubic meters). b. Borrow Area B. Borrow area B consists of that part of Frying Pan Shoals extending from Cape Fear to 16 nautical miles (29.7 kilometers) offshore (Fig. 2). Figure 6 is an isopach map of the borrow area drawn above a reflector that passes beneath the shoal at about the elevation of the surrounding shelf floor. Because of sparse reflection and core coverage of areas adjacent to the shoal, the zero isopach contour cannot be established with reliability. Therefore, volume calculations were made using the 10-foot isopach contour as the datum. These calculations show that approximately 1.4 billion cubic yards (1.1 billion cubic meters) of sediment is contained in the shoal. Cores indicate that most of the shoal sediment consists of quartz sand containing about 15-percent biogenic calcium carbonate derived chiefly from mallusks, echinoids, and Foramini- fera. Most of the sand recovered in nine cores of the shoal area is in the fine size range (0.125 to 0.250 millimeter, 3.0 to 2.0 phi); however, four cores contain medium to coarse sand. Three of the cores (58, 61, and 62; Fig. 6) are in relatively close proximity and apparently lie within the bounds of the same deposit. The coarser texture of this material may be related to the relatively shallow water (<40 feet) of the shoal crest. In terms of size distribution and quality, the best beach replenish- ment material in Frying Pan Shoals is in the general locale of cores 58, l2 Table. Characteristics of potential borrow areas. ter dept (£t) Composition Est volume Mean diameter Phi standard i 6 yq3 Designation Center coordinates (phi) deviation? (10® yd3) Areas A | 33°52.7 N.,78°01.7' W. | S to 25 Quartz sand 0.3442 +54 Shoal B See Fig. 6 Quartz sand/0.125 to 0.250) 3.0 to 2.00 Shoal Bl Quartz sand/0.239 to 0.433] 2.07 to 1.21 11.5 Shoal Cc See Fig. 7 Calcareous Silt to gravel 20 to 100+ 202 Channel fill sand and gravel 34°38.9' N., 76°42.3' W.] 35 to 45 Quartz sand|0.266 to 0.379 0.39 to 0.82 Dredge spoil 33°48.1' N., 78°06.8! Quartz sand|0.487 to 0.839] 1.04 to 0.25] 0.31 to 0.83 =S2 225 s 33°48.1' N.,.78°08.3' W. Quartz sand|0.237 to 0.273| 2.08 to 1.87] 0.58 to 0.95 8.0 --- Channel fill 16 | 33°49.6' N., 78°18.2" W. Quartz sand 0.607 0.72 0.59 1.5 --- Sheet 20 | 33°51.7' N., 78°12.7" W,| 37 Shelly sand/0.240 to 0.766] 2.06 to 0.38] 0.59 to 0.93 3.5 --- Sheet 27 | 33°48.3' N., 78°13.5' W. so Silty sand {0.255 to 0.493] 1.97 to 1,02] 0,63 to 1.13 $.0 --- Sheet 29 | 33°45,0' N., 78°13.4" W. $4 Quartz sand|0.262 to 0.362] 1.93 to 1.46] 1.05 to 1.30 6.0 --- Sheet 31 | 33°S2.1' N., 78°08.9" W. 39 Quartz sand 0.293 1,77 0.94 1.0 <-- Sheet 40 | 33°S4.2' N., 78°16,6' W. 24 Shelly 0.286 and 0.463) 1.80 and 0.91 and 1.14 7.0 <==, Shoreface quartz sand 50 | 33°S0.1' N.,77°5S5.1" W. 35 Silty 0.393 1.5 --- Sheet quartz sand 52 | 33°S1.7' N.,77°SS.9' W, 29 Silty 0.264 and 0.436] 1.92 and 0.44 and 1.05 1.5 --- Sheet quartz sand 56 | 33°35,1" N., 77°53.8" W. 68 Quartz sand 0.345 0.71 1s --- Sheet 64 | 33°35.0' N.,77°S9.5S" W.. 61 Quartz sand/0.446 and 0.609 0.42 and 0.67 8.0 10.4 Shoal 78 | 33°54.3' N.,77°S1.2" W. 4s Quartz sand/0.326 and 0.386 0.94 3.5 --- Sheet 79 | 33°S9.8' N.,77°S0.0! NW, 44 Quartz sand|0.226 to 0.262 0.37 to 6.0 --- Shoal 81 | 34°04.7' N., 77°S0.8' W. 40 Quartz sand|0.302 to 0.558 0.66 to 6.0 ooo Sheet 82 | 34°06.6' N., 77°48.7' W. $1 Quartz sand/0.253 and 0,319 0.73 and 2.0 --- Sheet 86 | 34°11.0" N., 77°47.5' W, 37 Quartz sand}0.200 to 0.416 0.91 and 1.0 --- Shoal 87 | 34°11.3' N., 77°42.0' W, 60 Shelly 0.241 to 0,602 20.0 =-- Channel quartz sand 89 | 34°10.5' N., 77°42.8" W. 54 Quartz sand|0.348 to 0.443 3.0 --- Sheet 90 | 34°08,3' N.,77°40.3' W. 60 Quartz sand|0.469 and 0,632 3.0 o<= Sheet 91 | 34°08.4' N., 77°44.1' W. 5S Quartz sand 0.345 Sheet 92 | 34°04.9' N.,77°46,5' W. Quartz 0.263 and 0.276| 1.93 and Shoal calcareous 34°04,5! 0.265 and 0,295] 1,92 and Dredge spoil N., 77°46,6' W, Quartz sand \Calculated by the moment method. 2Composite average mean from U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973). 3Unknown. For Caswel| 2) LEGEND —5— lsopach Contour (ft) ® Core Obtained From Wilmington District SCALE 33°50 1,000 500 0 O00 —spo0 yd comm SS 1000 500 0 1,000 2000 m 78° 05: 78° 02' 30° Figure 5. Sand isopach map of potential borrow area A. Core numbers refer to a group of cores obtained by Wilmington District and not to the CERC cores. *q vote moziog Tetjusjz0d Fo dew ysedost pues ‘9 oan3ty (44) 4n0ju09 yoDdosT Ss 9ul|asOYUS SuY3L3WOUm O1 SauvA 0000! U0I}D907 8107) se QN3931 15 Ge poon ping? VAY Jay) SC am PuDIST 400 61, and 62 (Fig. 6). A conservative estimate of the minimum volume of the material, based on the minimum area encompassed by lines connecting the cores sites (Fig. 6, area Bl) and a minimum depth based on the average depth (13.8 feet, 4.2 meters) sampled in the cores is 11.5 million cubic yards (8.2 million cubic meters). Since much of the shoal mass was not sampled, other areas as suitable for borrow as area Bl may exist closer to shore. c. Borrow Area C. This site comprises a large rectangular area within the boundaries of a prominent filled river channel (Figs. 2 and 7), which trends east-southeast from the vicinity of Kure Beach. Cores taken within this area contain biogenic calcareous sediment and rock with the upper 5) to; l5yfeet WG) co) 416 meters) imeanloose granular (stake uses unclear whether the unconsolidated material represents a naturally un- consolidated facies or the product of disaggregation of poorly consolidated material during the coring process. In either event, it seems probable that large quantities of dredgable granular sediment are available from the area. Since well-consolidated ledges occur throughout the area, detailed surveys with a dense net of probe or drill holes would be re- quired to further delineate the recoverable material. An isopach map of the channel area and similar channels to the north is shown in Figure 7. The volume of fill within the channel area, as delineated on seismic reflection profiles, is approximately 1.2 billion cubic yards (0.92 billion cubic meter). The nature of the fill is unknown below a depth of 20 feet (6.1 meters), the maximum penetration of cores. The calcareous facies fills the channel to this depth. Using 10 feet as an average depth for this material, the approximate volume in the channel area is 202 million cubic yards (154 million cubic meters). The suitability of the calcareous granular sediment found in borrow area C for beach fill is questionable. Its coarseness and abundance of granule- and pebble-size fragments might make it undesirable on a recrea- tional beach. In addition, being almost entirely composed of calcium carbonate, it is chemically and mechanically less durable than quartz and could degrade rapidly or form cemented crusts when placed in the beach environment. It would probably be quite suitable for purely protective beaches or aS core material for beaches and armored structures. Three similar channels north of borrow area C are shown in Figure 7. They appear to contain the same calcareous material as the southern channel but there are insufficient core data for further definition. d. Borrow Area D. This borrow area is a previously used dredge spoil disposal area located 3 nautical miles (5.6 kilometers) southwest of Beau- fort Inlet (Fig. 4). The borrow consists of a low mound, apparently composed of material dredged fram the entrance channel of Beaufort Inlet. Core 94 in the central part of the mound contains 8 feet (2.4 meters) of clean, medium to coarse quartz sand overlying fine, shelly sand. Mean diameters of the quartz sand range from 0.266 to 0.379 millimeter (1.91 to 1.40 phi). The zero isopach reflector in Figure 8 is at about the level 16 Pateqbhes) Wc Moore Inlet SCALE 500 1,000 yd 5 10 km LEGEND —Borrow Area __ Isopach Contour = (hi) —Core Location Isopach of channel fills in Onslow Bay showing potential borrow area C. 76° 43°00" 34° 39' 30° Legend —5 — |Isopach Contour 1500 yd (ft) C ) Core [500 m : Figure 8. Isopach map of potential borrow area D. of the surrounding shelf floor and probably represents the original bottom before dumping. The boundaries of the mound are best defined by the 5- foot isopach contour. Within this area there is approximately 2.1 million cubic yards (1.6 million cubic meters) of sediment. Additional data are needed to determine if all of this sediment is similar to the medium to coarse sand in core 94. The bottom topography of the spoil area outside the borrow site indicates that other mounds of spoil are also present within the general vicinity. These may contain sand usable for beach fill and warrant further investigation. e. Core Sites. Suitable sediment for beach fill was found in cores from 23 other sites; however, there are insufficient data to determine the extent and thickness of these deposits. With the exception of borrow areas A to D, the cores are considered the most promising sites for further exploration. Pertinent data concerning the suitable material in these cores are contained in the table. ITI. SUMMARY 1. The Inner Continental Shelf in the Cape Fear region of North Carolina was surveyed for sand deposits suitable for beach restoration and maintenance. 2. Data collected during the field survey consist of 512 statute miles (824 kilometers) of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles coverage and 124 cores of the sea floor ranging from 2 to 20 feet (0.6 to 6.1 meters) in length. 3. Desirable sand for restoration and maintenance of beaches in the Study region should be in the Wentworth scale, medium to coarse size range (0.250 to 1.00 millimeter, 2.0 to 0.0 phi). 4, Twenty-seven sites where sand deposits were potentially suitable for offshore borrow were located and described (Figs. 2 to 8; Table). LITERATURE CITED DUANE, D.B., "Sand Deposits on the Continental Shelf, A Presently Exploit- able Resource,'' Marine Technology Society Regional Meeting, 1968, pp. 289-297. JAMES, W.R., "Techniques for Evaluating Suitability of Borrow Material for Beach Nourishment,'' TM-60, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Dec. 1975. KRUMBEIN, W.C., and JAMES, W.R., “Spatial and Temporal Variations in Geometric and Material Properties of a Natural Beach,'' TM-44, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1974. MEISBURGER, E.P., ''Reconnaissance Geology of the Inner Continental Shelf, Cape Fear Region, North Carolina,'' U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va. (in preparation, SATO U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WILMINGTON, "General Design Memorandun, Phase 1, Yupon and Long Beaches,'' Wilmington, N.C., July 1973. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Shore Proteetton Manual, 2d ed., Vols. 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