A SANSKRIT MANUAL

FOR HIGH SCHOOLS

PART I

R. ANTOINE, S.J., M.A.

PRICE Rs. 1.50

Approved by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination (1 2th January, 7967).

A SANSKRIT MANUAL

FOR HIGH SCHOOLS PART I

BY

R. ANTOINE, S.J., M.A.

Sixth Edition

1968 XAVIER PUBLICATION

CALCUTTA 16

Published by Xavier Publication 30, Park Street, Calcutta 16

1953 1956 1958 3961 1963 1968

1st. edition : 2000 2nd. edition : 2000 3rd. edition : 3000 4th. edition : 5000 5th. edition : 10000 6th. edition : 10000

Printed by Sri G. C. Ray at Navana Printing Works Private Ltd, 47, Ganesh Chunder Avenue, Calcutta-13.

CONTENTS LESSON PAGE

1. THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET ... ... ... 1

2. THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( vercftj ) ... 4

3. MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN sr

NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE ... ... 8

4. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( %Tft[ ) ... ... 13

5. INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE

THE SIXTH CONJUGATION (^rft) ... 18

6. MASCULINE NOUNS IN 5 AND 3

ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE ... ... 22

7. THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( ^Rift* )

LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE ... ... 27

8. FEMININE NOUNS IN on AND f

PRESENT TENSE— MIDDLE VOICE ( onsFtafr ) 33

9. THE IMPERFECT TENSE ( &^) ACTIVE AND

MIDDLE. FEMININE NOUNS IN ^ AND 3 ... 38

10. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN ^

IMPERATIVE MOOD ( 3feJ ... ... 43

11. FEMININE NOUNS IN gj

POTENTIAL MOOD ( fafafcre) ... ... 48

12. NEUTER NOUNS IN 5, 3 AND ^c

AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE ... ... 53

13. PERSONAL PRONOUNS— PASSIVE VOICE ... 53

14. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ^^ AND 9?^

PASSIVE VOICE (cont.) .... ... ... 63

15. NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS 70

LESSON PAGE

16. NOUNS WITH ONE STEM (cont.) ... ... 75

17. PASSIVE IMPERSONAL Orre spjtaO

NOUNS WITH Two STEMS ... ... 80

18. PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES ... ... 84

19. THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES ... ... ... 89

20. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH Two STEMS (cont.)

DEGREES OF COMPARISON ... ... 93

21. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS ... 98

22. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (cont ) 101

23. THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE ... ... 105

24. INDECLINABLE PA^T^imciPLE ( ^rr AND &n}

LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE ... 109

25. INFINITIVE IN g^ ( §g^ )

THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE ... ... 115

26. THE ADVERB-CLAUSE ... ... „. 119

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS ... 124

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ... ... ... 136

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY ... ... ... 151

SYSTEMATIC INDEX 164

PREFACE

The purpose of this Manual is not to give an exhaustive treatment of Sanskrit grammar. It is meant as a practical method of teaching and learning Sanskrit through the medium of English. Its composition is based on the two following principles :

1. The effort of memory which the study of languages demands becomes a mere drudgery when its rational usefulness is not clearly shown and immediately given practical scope. An instrument, however beautiful, remains cumbersome as long as it cannot be utilized.

2. The drudgery of memory work is amply repaid by the capacity which the student acquires of expressing himself in the language which he learns. That is why greater stress has been laid on translation from English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English.

This First Part covers the matter of the first three years (Standards IV to VI or Classes VI to VIII j. The beginnings should be extremely slow. The vocabulary should be learnt by small doses (five to eight words a day) and frequent repetitions should be given.

The first ten lessons could conveniently form the syllabus of the first year. Their treatment is veiy analytical.

Lessons n to 26 are more compact and will require more time to be assimilated. They should be distributed over the second and third year.

In this sixth edition, besides correcting the few printing mistakes which had escaped our scrutiny, we have incorporated the valuable suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers.

RA., SJ.

LESSON 1

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

1. The Vowels — There are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit alphabet, They are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs.

Every simple vowel, except the last, shows a short and a long form.

( short :8?afi^u^r^l

Simple vowels 1. „__§.____ _~

I long : 8TT a | i ^ u ^ r

Diphthongs : IT e ^ ai sft o aft an

2. The Consonants— The Sanskrit consonants are classified according to the organs of pronunciation. There are five

categories : those pronounced from the throat are called gut- turals ; those pronounced from the palate are called palatals ; those pronounced from the roof of the mouth are called cere- brals : those pronounced from the teeth are called dentals ; those pronounced from the lips are called labials — The Sanskrit names for those five categories are :

Each category contains seven consonants : 5 mutes, 1 semi- vowel and 1 sibilant. The five mutes of each category are divided as follows : 2 hard mutes one non-aspirate, the other aspirate ; 3 soft mutes, one non-aspirate, the second aspirate and the third nasal. The semi-vowels are soft, the sibilants are hard.

MUTES

	Hard non-asp	Hard . aspirat	Soft e non-as]	Soft 3. aspirat	Soft e nasal	Semi- vowels	Sibi- lants
Gu FTURALS	35 ka	^kha	1 ga	^ gha	^ ha	If ha)	't
PALATALS	=3 ca	3cha	5f ja	*U jha	^I fia	2T ya	3T sa
CEREBRALS	2 ta	5 tha	^ (Ja	Scjha	W rta	* ra	* sa
DENTALS	3 ta	sj tha	5 da	'3 dha	5T na	& la	% sa
LABIALS	• <T pa	tfi pha	5f ba	*fbha	*T ma	3 va	Jh

2 SANSKRIT MANUAL

N.B. — An V has been added to each consonant to facilitate the pronunciation. Besides the consonants given above, the following should be noted :

anusvara : a dot above a vowel, standing for final *T^ or for any of the five nasals followed by one of the first four mutes of its own class j^

^=kam ; 3fif=anga ; f§f =simha

visarga : a double dot : standing for a final S^or a final T

avagraha : the sign S marking the elision of 3T at the beginning of a word ^sfq

a stroke below a consonant ^indicates that it stands by itself without any vowel following it.

3. Consonants followed by vowels — When a vowel follows a consonant, the consonant loses its stroke and the vowel is written in an abbreviated form.

-3? is not written at all : *H-3? =*T

-3TT is written as T : 3» i 3?T=$T

-^ is written as f : *H-^ =fa

-f is written as*Y : *!+f —•ft

-3 is written as 9

-3» is written as ^

Note— * + 3=5

-^| is written as^ •^C is written as

-^ is written as ^

-IT is written as^

-^ is written as : 'T-h ^ =

-3?T is written as*t

-aft is written as^

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET $

4. Compound consonants — When two or more consonants have to be written without intervening vowels, the following general

principle is followed :

All consonants, except the last of the group, drop their final

vertical line : w + «r=wr ; ^+ttf1=^ ; H+q=»T ; *L-H=W I

The combination of consonants which have no final vertical

line assumes a form of its own. 3^+3;=^; *&-} cT=Tfi ;

The consonant ^ has a special treatment in combination : when it follows a consonant, it is written as

When it precedes a consonant or the vowel ^ it is written as

c t ^

5. The Sanskrit numerals are :

EXERCISE 1

I. Write the Sanskrit vowels.

II. Write the Sanskrit consonants.

III. What are the hard consonants ?

IV. What are the soft consonants ?

V. Join the following groups of letters :

4 SANSKRIT MANUAL

VI. Write the following in Sanskrit letters :

bhumavupavisami ; snayuh ; jnanam ; ksetrani ; angat ; udyane rohanti ; arthabhyam ; Sastraih ; sarvada ; krinlvah : drsyate ; asti andhakarena ; ratna ; atra ; tyakta ; muda ; tisthami ; bhramati alva ; baddha ; sa na janati ; tena suhrda raksitah ; maya dattam tvaya drst;am ; yusmabhiruktam.

LESSON 2

THE FIRST CONJUGATION (

6. (1) The Sanskrit verb conjugated in a finite tense has three persons and three numbers. The three numbers are : singular, dual and plural (l^^f, fi*^R> 5ff^;0«

(2) The verbal root (^Tg) is the original form of the verb. The verbal base (%&) is the form assumed by the root before

the terminations are added.

(3) The formation of the verbal base depends partly on the strengthening of the radical vowel (i.e. the vowel of the root). Simple vowels are subject to a twofold strengthening : the first degree of strengthening is called guna : the second degree of strengthening is called vrddhi. The following scheme of simple vowels with their twofold strengthening should be committed to memory :

Simple vowels short and long	3T3JT	M	33;	^K	3
GUNA	3T	q	3ft	%	*&L
VRDDHI	3JT	*	&	3?K^	Sffc^

THE FIRST CON JUGATION

)

7. Formation of the base in the first Conjugation

(1) The final vowel and the short medial vowel of a root take guna.

A medial vowel is a vowel which stands between consonants. When a short vowel is followed by a compound consonant it is counted as long, e.g. : fa\> *T5iM

(2) The letter 9? is added before the terminations.

That 8? becomes Off before the terminations beginning with ^ or C That Bf is dropped before terminations beginning with 3f.

8. The terminations of the present tense—active voice

) are :

S.

1st pers.	-ft	-q:	-W
2nd pers.	-fa	•W	-V
3rd pers.	-fa	•ft	-3jfcr

9. Applications

Roots having a short medial vowel :

know), ^^ (to pull).

Formation of the base

(1) Guna of the short medial vowel :

(2) The letter Sf is added :

(to fall),

or

Before terminations beginning with

Before terminations beginning with 3*: *&[;>

SANSKRIT MANUAL

Adding the terminations

S.

D.

P.

1st pers.	TcTlft? I tall	Tflra: We two fall	TcTT*T ; We fall
2nd pers.	qafa Thou fallest	T^T: You two fall	<KTO You fall
3rd pers.	Iflfa He falls	<T3ft: Tbev two fall	TcTf'cf They fall

In roots like Wt^ (to live) and fc\ (to blame), the medial vowel does not take guna because it is long. — Hence : sffafa, f^ftf I

Roots having a final vowel, short or long : f«T (to conquer), 3£ (to become), 11 (to move).

Formation of the base

(1) Guna of the final vowel : ftf-% ;

(2) The letter 3? is added: % + 9T

In Sanskrit, two vowels following each other must be com- bined according to definite rules. Those rules are called the rules of vowel-sandhi.

In the case of %+3? and of *ff-f 3? ; the following rule applies : When rr and eft are followed, in the same word, by any vowel, they are changed respectively to 3^ and 8^

Hence ; % + 3?=^zr+8T=^2T ; ^4-3*=^+ 8?=*R

Before terminations beginning with ^ or ^: 5RT-, ?T3T->

Before terminations beginning with 3?: «n[-, ¥ra-, g^-

Adding the termination

S. D. P. S. D. P.

1st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd rers.

THE FIRST CONJUGATION (

EXERCISE 2

I. Vocabulary

(

) to draw ) to dig to eat

( =3K% ) to move ( =355% ) to move

to conquer to live to abandon ) to burn ) to run, to melt ) to run ) to salute ) to lead ) to cook

(

!(

(

) to fall

V to know

) to be, to become

) to worship

) to protect

) to grow

) to speak

) to sow

) to dwell

) to carry, to flow

) to go

) to praise

) to go

) to remember

II. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

III. Translate the following into English :

reftii ^TT: i sfacr.i ^fei i w i ^nrftr i ^m: i wra: i sfarftr i ^^u?: i ^^fe i

^af^f i *TO: i wf^r i *t«rfcr i TOT i i: i T«TJ i

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

We worship. You two move. He conquers. They grow. I sow. We two abandon. Thou salutest. They two remember, They cook. I fall. He draws. You two dig. They know.

8 SANSKRIT MANUAL

We two become. Thou eatest. They two move. We protect. You live. He leads. We go. You two praise. They melt. I burn. Thou dwellest. They two speak. We to run. You go. He carries. I cook. You two eat.

LESSON 3

MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN 3T NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE

10. (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of noun in a sentence is indicated by special terminations called case- endings. For instance, the noun ^ (son) becomes Jpn when it is subject ; it becomes 3^ when it is direct object. What we express by means of prepositions such as 'with', lby\ 'to', 'for', *from', 'of, 'in' etc., is also rendered into Sanskrit by case- endings. There are eight cases in Sanskrit : nominative, accusa- tive, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, ocative and vocative.

(2) As in the verb, so also in the noun, Sanskrit has three numbers : singular, dual and plural. Sanskrit has three genders : masculine, feminine and neuter.

(3) The various forms taken by a noun in all its cases and numbers are called the Declension of that noun.

(4) There are two types of nouns ending in af. Some are masculine and some are neuter. Both masculine and neuter nouns in 3? are declined in the same way except in the nominative, accusative and vocative.

MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN 3?

11. Declension of <g<T m. (a well) and of W n. (a forest) S. D. P. S. D.

P.

Nominative

Accusative

Instrumental

Dative

Ablative

Genitive

Locative

Vocative

12. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number : e.g. : A boy falls— 3T55:

Two boys fall — Boys fall— 3T55T:

13. The Nominative case is used :

(1) to indicate the subject : The father leads —

(2) to indicate the subjective complement :

The sons become heroes— 3^T: ^rfNl

(3) to indicate a noun in apposition to the subject :

Rama, the hero* conquers — U*?: ^fr: Wffo I

14. The Accusative case is used :

(1) to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb : The father leads the sons—

10 SANSKRIT MANUAL

(2) to indicate the objective complement :

We know Rama (to be) a hero—

(3) after verbs indicating movement :

The servant goes to the well— ^T

(4) with the following prepositions : sjfcl (above), 8T«J (after along), ajftr (near), 37 (near, below), Bfftrcf: (near, in front of)*

: (around), Sftcf* (on all sides of), 3VRTcP (°n both sides of)* ie on), tfW, fa$qT (near), f^T (without), QFtftw (without, concerning), 8RKT (between), 51% (to, towards).

^ S\*i<2C(&0j O/VU £c*7€/7 Stcrf-

15. Sandhi rules do not apply to vowels^ atone, "'feut also to con- sonants. Thus, in the sentences above, the final^ and the final : of a word followed by another word undergo various changes.

(1) Final J^ when followed by a consonant is changed to anusvcira :

(2) Final : (visarga)

when followed by a hard consonant

-remains unchanged before ^ ^ q^ ^ ^ ^ and

-becomes ^be/ore ^ and ^— -becomes ^before 2^ and -becomes ^be/ore ^and ^- when preceded by 3TT and followed by a soft consonant or a vowel t is dropped : 3Tc5T:

tuhen preceded by 8? and followed by a soft consonant, is changed to 8Tt— gsf:

MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN 3? 11

when preceded by 8? and followed by any vowel except 3?, is dropped:

it

when preceded by 3? and followed by 3T, is changed to sff while the

following 9T is elided : vrj^cf: 3reft=t*recftS^V I N.B.— When final visarga is followed by a sibilant (3T, q^or is optionally changed to the sibilant :

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns

: horse

conduct : pigeon : hand : crow * village : person H: servant T: country : man f: king : mountain boy

: tree 2

or,

EXERCISE 3

Neuter nouns

^EHHjuel W^ gold lotus water 3*1^ grass misery leaf vessel fruit body

sacred precept character happiness place

Prepositions governing the accusative

: near, in front around on all sides

on both sides fie on C/C

{ near

without

above

| 3TJ3 after, according ;^ to, along

near

to, towards

between near, below

\/

A near

12 SANSKRIT MANUAL

II. Translate the following into English :

(1) $1$: q*5lft ^fal W 5^ Sftfal (}) g:^

I (X) ^T: an^R^ ?fsfa I <O

*r«nftn

III. Decline fully the following nouns :

IV. Join the sandhis in the following :

^q: vsfqfa I 3T55T'- sJI^ftcT I OT^l *3T5fo I «R: ^jwfa I I I 3To5: vSi I

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

Example : Two servants lead the horses around the village.

Two servants

lead the horses

around the village

noun-dual-masc.-subject-nomin. : verb-pres.-act.-3rd pers.-dual : noun-plur.-masc -object-accus. : preposition : noun-sing.-masc.-governed by qffa:-accus.

Sandhi :

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( fi^lft ) 13

(1) Trees grow near the well. (2) The pigeon becomes a crow. (3) The king conquers the country. (4) Two horses eat grass. (5) The servant draws the boys. (6) Persons carry the vessels. (7) We live without happiness. (8) Trees carry leaves. (9) On both sides of the well boys burn the fuel. UO) Clouds move towards the mountain. (11) The hand protects the body. (12) Water falls on all sides of the village. (13) Sacred precepts lead men to happiness. (14) Fie on the crows. (15) Between the two trees the water flows. (16) Persons salute the king. (17) I praise the lotus. (18) According to (his) character, the king protects the people (persons). (19) You to leave the place. (20) Character (is) superior to ( = above) gold. (21) The ;servant (is) inferior to (= below) the king.

LESSON 4

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (%rf?)

16. The Fourth Conjugation

Present Tense — Active Voice (^fift S^ffalO

(1) Formation of the base

(a) The radical vowel does not take guna.

(b) ^is added to the root.

(c) The letter 8? is added before the terminations.

That 8T becomes 3?T before terminations beginning

with ^ or ^ That 3? is dropped before terminations beginning

with 3j

(2) The terminations are the same as those of the first con- jugation (see No. 8).

14

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(3) Application : 3^ (to nourish). Formation of the base

(a) No guna of the radical vowel : 3^

(b) ^is added to the root :

(c) The letter 8? is added :

Before terminations beginning with J^or Before terminations beginning with 8| :

Adding the terminations

S. D. P.

1st Pcrs.

2nd Pers.

3rd Pers.

17. The nominative and accusative plural of neuter nouns in -8?

end in ft-TO^-^Tfa I In some cases, however, we have to write ftr instead of fa, as in sjrfk^ (body)-^O'Uftl I The rule to be applied in this and similar cases is the following :

When, in the same word, ^ is preceded by ?!§, ^|, ?; or q and followed by a vowel, ^, J^, zj^or ^, it is changed to or.

The rule allies even when the ^, is separated from the preceding ^ 3f , ^ or qby several letters, provided those intervening letters be vowels, gutturals t labials, or ^, ^, f^and anusv^ra.

Examples : T^T-fa = ^iftr ; «!^-«I «ftur ; ^T'M-^^rRT^nr i because ^is followed by nothing 3 because ^is followed by ^

because the intervening «Ms neither a vowel> a. guttural, a labial nor ^r , ^ , *f^or anusvara.

But :

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( ft^jf^ ) 15

In order to remember the above rule, commit to memory the following line :

— When, in the same word, ^is preceded by ^ (^C)> ^or ^>

— and followed by a vowel or by 3^>*{> ^or ^, it is changed to ^

— provided the intervening letters be not palatals O, cerebrals (^3^5^), dentals C^L^^^O or one of the three letters ^, ^ or ^

18. Both in the first and in the fourth conjugations, there are verbal roots which form their base irregularly.

Irregular verbs

First Conjugation

Fourth Conjugation

) to play ) to cease ) to be weary ) to rejoice to pierce to fall to forgive to roam, to err

19. The Sanskrit sentence usually ends with the verb. The normal order of words is as follows : subject-object-verb :

e. g. : Two men see the forest—^ q

16

SANSKRIT MANUAL

20. The negation ff is placed immediately before the verb : The king does not blame the servants — ^ft ^TCfR. «T ffR[fcf I The conjunction ^ (and) is either repeated after each one of

the nouns it connects, or is written once only after the last noun of

the series.

The man and the boys go to the village :

or— ?r£r

EXERCISE 4

II, Vocabulary

to throw to be

pleased .to perish O^fcT) to dance o nourish to faint to fall

to bite

to blame

to play to be quiet to forgive

to be

weary to be glad (fa^fcf) to piece

to roam,

to err to blow

to take away

5JT

S3T

II.

well ! f^: lake

elephant $&*T*i flower

moon ^ft^n^ life palace ^f^ wealth

Translate the following into English :

to go '

to

restrain to give to hide to sit to smell to drink

to stand

to see

forest head not and

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f^jf^ ) 17

5fo5 TT fq'srPen

(V)

(*\\) ^ q i

f ^ ^cfT ^TTfe^f^T I m) ^2TTIT: I C*ivs)

srrorfcr 5^r?cT ^r i

III. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) I throw fuel. (2) Two men are dancing near the well. (3) People run to the palace. (4) The elephant eats leaves, drinks water and is pleased. (5) Pigeons do not bite. (6) Two servants hide the fruits and the food. (7) I play and I am glad- (8) We do not praise wealth. (9) You two smell the flower. (10) They stand on all sides of the village. (11) Men dig the place and carry the gold away. (12) You are weary and you sit. (13) The horses are not quiet. (14) The king is not pleased. (15) The crow pierces the fruit. (16) The boys faint. (17) The man blames the two servants. (18) Life without happiness becomes misery. (19) We see the moon. (20) Elephants live on both sides of the lake.

LESSON 5

INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE THE SIXTH CONJUGATION

21. The Instrumental Case is used :

(1) to indicate the agent of a passive verb.

(2) to indicate the instrument which is used to do the action. The boy hides (his) face with (his) hands— 3Tc?t 3pJ ^tmrf Jjgfa I

(3) to indicate the person or thing accompanying the action. I go with the servant — ^TCfa Tc^lftr I

In this sense, the instrumental may be followed by the pre- position ^1 (with) — 5T§«T 3f[ T^Tfil I

(4) to indicate the cause or reason, i.e. to translate expres- sions such as : 'owing to', 'on account of, 'out of, 'because of, etc. On account of misery I leave the village— f:^^ 5ftjf ^ifa I

(5) to translate expressions like 'by name', 'by nature', 'by family', 'by birth', etc. Rama is a hero by nature —

(6) with the prepositions *fi[ (with) and faffl (without).

(7) with the particles 3J55^ and f^ (enough). Enough with misery ! — 3j*5

22. The Dative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the indirect object of verbs meaning 'to give', *to send', 'to promise', 'to show'. The preceptor gives the books to the students—

(2) afer verbs meaning 'to be angry with', 'to desire', 'to long for*. The father is angry with the son —

INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE

19

(3) to express the purpose of the action. He goes for war (=with a purpose to fight) JJOTT *T5!3% I

(4) to indicate the person or thing for whose advantage the action is done. He digs a well for (his) sons— $<t 3$^: *sRftf I

(5) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No. 14). The servant goes to the village— ^T^t 2RT*n^ T^fa I

(6) after the particles «WT: (salutation) and ^fef (hail to). Hail to the king !— 3TO1 ^ftcT I

23. The sixth Conjugation (gtfftO Present tense — Active voice Formation of the base

(a) The radical vowel does not take guna.

(b) ?Lis not added to the root.

(c) The letter 3? is added before the terminations.

That e? becomes 8TT before terminations beginning with

lor 1 That 8T is dropped before terminaions beginning with 8f

The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation (see No. 8).

24. Application J ^ (to strike) Formation of the base

(1) & (2) Neither guna nor ^—g^ (3) The letter 3? is added : 3^+3?=^ Before terminations beginning with I^or ^ Before terminations beginning with 3?: g^-

Adding terminations

S. D. P.

1st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

20

SANSKRIT MANUAL

25. Irregular verbs of the sixth Conjugation

£ (ft^fa) 1 (f&ifa)

fo5<T

to cut

to release to break to anoint

5P&

to find to sprinkle to wish to ask

26. When final visarga is preceded by any vowel except 3T or 3TT, a new sandhi rule must be applied.

Final visarga preceded by any vowel except er or 3TT and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant is changed to ^

27. We can now recapitulate the sandhi rules applying to final

Final visarga

visarga (see No. 15) .

0

preceded by any vowel any vowel any vowel any vowel any vowel except 8? or 3TT

followed by

? or ^

^ or ^

a vowel or a

soft cons.

a vowel or a

soft cons.

remains unchanged becomes ^ becomes 1 becomes ^ becomes ^

is dropped

N.B. — The particle ^ft: drops vowel or a soft consonant.

a soft consonant becomes sft any vowel except ; is dropped

becomes sft and

the following 3? is elided.

its visarga when followed by a <?r-

INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE

21

EXERCISE 5

I. Vocabulary

to plough ) to throw ) to strike to show to write to enter to create to touch

to cut

'hve. governing

to release to break

to anoint

to find

to sprinkle

to wish

to ask

to laugh

to call

the instrumental

Prepositions without.

Particles governing the instrumental :

Particles governing the dative : «W salutation to, II. Translate the following into English : (i) i*sCffr^TftT I (V)

: I

wirfir

wind

burden

hero

jackal

swan

house

bank h

ornament

jewel

ff with ; ftfff

enough.

hail to.

(0 3*3

f^RT

i (i 0

i irr TO i

^cT I (ll) *&M

: i (iv) arftsft

ftr^fif | (^vs) (IS) t^" f^ fiREP I

^rar

^fttt li^^fe I

TO I

UO

22 SANSKRIT MANUAL

III. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice : if > ?1> fa^and SR35J

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) I give fruits to the two servants. (2) Thou goest to the forest for flowers. (3) He is glad by character. (4) Misery breaks life. (5) Owing to the wind the lotuses perish. (6) The jackal finds food. (7) The two men call the servant. (8) Through happiness the boys laugh and dance. (9) The hero shows the jewels to the king. (10) He sees the jackal and runs (away).

(11) Due to (his) conduct, he leaves (abandons) the house.

(12) For the sake of wealth men plough, carry burdens, dig the mountains and leave (their) country. (13) Owing to the wind, the fruits fall, (14) We sit near the bank. (15) On all sides of the house, jackals roam. (16) Clouds emit ( S^) water. (17) With the herces you enter the palace. (18) I stand near the lake with the boys. (19) They see the lotuses and laugh with happiness. (20) The swans move towards the bank. (21) I show the swan to the boys. (22) Hail to the country ! (23) Enough with misery.

LESSON 6

MASCULINE NOUNS IN ? AND * ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE

28. Masculine nouns in | and 3

(1) There is a great similarity between the declension of masculine nouns in f and that of masculine nouns in 3. When the masculine nouns in ^ have ^, f, ^and tr, the masculine nouns in 3 have 3, 95, ^and 8?t respectively.

MASCULINE NOUNS IN AND

23

(2) The Declension of S. D.

m. (a sage) and of P. S.

m. (a baby) : D. P.

Norn.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

aft*

9ft

ftRft:

29. The Ablative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place from which the action begins or originates.

The sage goes from the forest— gfobn^Tx^fcl I (2) with verbs meaning 'to desist from', 'to protect*, 'to fear* God protects men from misery — f^lt •TCHl. 2:^ITc^srfh \

(3) t6 express the cause, the motive (cf . Instrumental, No. 21)

Out of anger he strikes the boy — 35teTc£3Tc5 g^fa i

(4) with the following prepositions : SIT^ (before, to the east °fX IFi (before), SFRTC^ (after), 3ft (until, since), snjft (sinceX 3% (outside), ^ (except), ftRT (without).

30. (1) The Genetive Case has no relation with the action of the verb. It indicates a relation between nouns, usually rendered into English by the preposition 'of.

The king gives jewels to the son of Hari — 5^

24 SANSKRIT MANUAL

(2) There is no verb meaning *to have1 in Sanskrit. To tran- slate : "The enemies have chariots", the sentence must be turned into : Of the enemies (there) are chariots"— ^^IT 1&\ ^Rf^T I

(3) The genetive is used with the following prepositions : 3<Tft (above), 3TO: (below), 3*cf: (in front of), T^T^ (behind), T^rf: (beyond), 3JJ?, sw^ (in the presence of), ?% (for the sake of).

31. When a word ends with a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, both vowels are combined into one. "The rules of vowel-sandhi are divided into three sections :

(1) Combination of similar simple vowels

8? or en + 3? or 3tt=3TT I f or f + ^ or |=t I S or 35 + 3 or 35=35 I f$'<J

or 3=3 I

<2) Simple vowels combined with dissimilar vowels 3? or 3TT + 3 or f — tr i 8? or 3TT + 5 or 35=8Tt I 87 or 8?T + ^ or ^|= 3TC I BT or an + IT =^[ i

BT or 87T -r- 3fT =^ I BT or 8?T + ^ =^ I

or f followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to 2 sncffa e?^: = qreSRn I

or 55 /olloit/ed fcy a dissimilar vowel is changed to ^

MASCULINE NOUNS IN ^ AND S 25

or ^| followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to ^

(3) Diphthongs combined with any vowel

IT and 8?r followed by any vowel except 3? are changed respectively to SR and 3^(see No. 9-)

IT and 3Jt followed by 3? remain unchanged while the 3? is elided.

Before any vowel except ST, sjqr^ and ST^ may optionally drop the ^ and the ^

5^t ^ftr=3^ftr or 5^ ^ftr i

^ and sft followed by any vowel are changed respectively to BJT^ and . But sn^and 3TT^may optionally Jrop the ^and the ^.

or

(4) Exceptions

Interjections like sn, ^, sr^T <io not combine with the following word. , 35 and IT, when dual terminations, remain unchanged before vowels.

— the guest sees two forests. ! — the guest dwells in a forest. : I

26

I. Vocabulary

jm- '

SANSKRIT MANUAL

EXERCISE 6

fire	spg: moon	Prepositions governing the ablative
: guest	^3: arrow	511^ before, to	5I^^I since
enemy	2^J teacher	the east <^J^ before	^ff[: outside
			^ except,
poet	TO tree	QFRRJ^ after	without
moun-		i
tain	'TCfF axe	3TT until, up to	f^TT without
	<I^J: beast
sage		Prepositions governing the genitive
sun	3FW relative	3Tfi; above	3^ in the pre-
heap	3T|: arm	are: below	sence of 'KcT: beyond
ocean	fsf*<[ drop	5^cf: in front of	*flT3Tf^ in the pre-
			sence of
quarrel	%!£ baby	T^T^ behind	1^ for the sake of

II. Translate the following into English after breaking up the Sandhis :

*R3TftT I W T^^TT eftftsfo, ^ (v) 3?fNtai S& ^Te: ^eSTftf T^fe I (0 f^ ^Hcf:i (v») affair l^TT^ ^ifiTI (^)

(TO) 55ftr?qtsR wqftri (11)

THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( ^<lf^ ) 27

Join the following sandhis :

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The poet shows the trees to the sage. (2) The sage calls the boys. (3) The boys stand in front of the house. (4) The clouds move above the mountain. (5) The arrows of the hero pierce the enemy. (6) The boy falls from the tree and breaks (his) hand (7) The guests have no water. (9) The servant takes away the food from the fire. (9) The water of the ocean is calm. (10) The beasts of the forest roam around the village. (11) I hide the jewels behind the tree. (12) The poet has a place in the presence of the king. (13) From the babies up to the, men the people are tired. (14) With (my) relatives I go from the mountain to the forest. (15) He carries the axe with both hands. (16) With heaps of leaves we feed the fire. (17) Sages worship the sun. (18) Owing to the quarrel, the teacher leaves the village.

LESSON 7

THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE

32. The tenth Conjugation : Present Tense — Active Voice (1) Formation of the base

(a) A short medial vowel takes guna.

(b) A final vowel takes vrddhi.

(c) ST^is added to the root.

(d) The letter 3f is added before the terminations. That 3T becomes 3TT before terminations beginning

with ?T^ or ^

That 8? is dropped before terminations beginning with 8T.

28

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(2) The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation (see No. 8).

(3) Application : ^ (to steal) ; 1 (to owe). Formation of the base

(a) Guoa of medial short vowel

(b) Vrddhi of final vowel : *TTC^

(c) 3?^ is added to the root

(d) The letter 3| is added

Before terminations beginning with ^ or Before terminations beginning with 8| :

Adding the terminations S. D.

P.

S.

D.

1st pers.

2nd pers:

3rd pers.

33. Irregular verbs of the tenth Conjugation

*2^ l^f^fcl) to desire ; ^(^T^Tfe) to cover.

34. The first, fourth, sixth and tenth Conjugations at one glance.

Guna of „ short 'medial Guna of Vrddhi of , , vowel finalVowel f.nal vowel ^ 6W termfnatfon
1st Conj.	+	+	—	—	—	+
4th Conj.	—	—	—	+	—	+
6th Conj.	—	—	—	—	—	+
10th Conj.	+	—	+	-	+	+

THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( ^rf^ ) 29

35. The Locative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place where the action takes place. In English it is rendered by the prepositions 'in', 'at', 'on*, 'upon', 'among', etc.

I play in the garden — ^A ^flfa I among the trees — cT53 I

(2) to indicate the time when the action takes place.

In summer — sft^ \

(3) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No. 14) such as 'to fall", 'to place', 'to throw' 'to send', 'to enter', etc.

The tree falls into the lake — fsft f^ qfifin I

(4) to translate expressions like 'concerning', *in the matter of, etc.

In the matter of modesty Han stands first— 1

(5) to indicate the object of emotions and feelings : He feels affection for (or towards) Hari— fU

36. The Vocative Case is used as the case of address :

37. Verbs preceded by a preposition

A preposition prefixed to a verb changes the meaning of that verb.

The preposition mostly in use are :

3?fcT over, beyond : 3jfa-3OT (3Tfa*£F2Tfa) to go beyond, to cross.

near, unto : arfa *l*T (3Tf^^g%) to go unto, to obtain.

after, along : e?«f *T (^SSftfrO to move after, to follow.

away from : ^q-^rT^(3?q^fcT) to move away, to depait.

towards : Brfa-qT*; (3?fasrRfa) to run towards, to attack.

down : W-^l^^ffh) co burn down, to destroy.

unto, back : Bjf-ift (sn^fh) to take unto, to bring.

30

SANSKRIT MANUAL

3^ up, fourth : gtf near : fa under : faraway, out : <rft round, about :

around.

51 forward : 3-^^ 5lRr towards, against :

return.

fcf apart, without : fo ^together, fully :

summarize.

1. Vocabulary

to tell ) to wash to count

to proclaim

to think to steal to cover

to punish to owe

to arise, to be produced. to sit.

to throw under, to put down. to carry out.

to fall around, to fly

) to move forward, to set out.

to go towards, to

to throw apart, to scatter. (*?%TfcT) to throw together, to

EXERCISE 7

to protect

to oppress to adore to eat

to adorn to arrange to console

to long for (+dative)

to cross

c^%)

to obtain

%)

to follow C

fiT) to depart

TOWfe) to attack

ftr)

to burn down

r)

to bring i. arise

)

to sit

THE TENTH CONJUGATION (^U^) 31

II. Translate the following into English after breaking up the

sandhis :

Example

voc. sing, of 3>foT poet, loc. sing, of 5IT3T5 in the palace instr. sing of 35 the teacher 31 prep, governing 3WT with

gen. sing, of ^7 of the king prep, governing 3<W in the presence 2nd pers. sing., pres. tense, active of ^T thou standest.

O poet, in the palace thou standest with the teacher in the presence of the king.

*UTO*n

(*|o)

i (^ V)

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The enemies attack the king's palace. (2) In happiness, people are glad ; in misery, people are weary. (3) The clouds cover the sun. (4) In both villages there is no water in the wells. (5) On the bank of the lake the poet sits and thinks. (6) We console the servant. (7) Crows live in trees. (8) Thou countest the drops. (9) I arrange the jewels of the king.

32

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(10) The swans cross the lake from bank to bank. (11) Servants* you do not throw leaves on the fire. (12) Boys follow the teacher. (13) They sit with (their) relatives in the house. (14) You two sit on the heap of grass. (15) The child covers (his) face with both hands. (16) The servant washes the vessels with the water of the well. (17) The enemies are throwing arrows at the heroes. (18) We owe jewels to the two teachers. (19) The two boys of the teacher have no friends.

II.

RECAPITULATION

ennwflT health

I. Vocabulary

son efito^ poem

virtue ^^ fate

world ^5^ strength

modesty *rfe*^ meat

father fo5^ friend

sky | TOff^ saying

arrival ^h^4*T_ beauty

favour ^^ plough

to put down to carry out to fly round to return to scatter to shorten

Give

the instrumental singular of 5 the genitive dual of 3<JPj the vocative singular of

ftta qrfa: ftfar

YYV I

bee

monkey

king

seer

sound

treasure

hand

fate

ray

Adverbs and

here

there

just, only

today

now

r .u

wind death lord master enemy cause honest man <g: Raghu

prepositions 5$ like thus even never always

and

Tlffy and

nd

FEMININE NOUNS IN Oft AND

33

III. Join the following sandhis :

ftfa: *rcfa i 3^: fensfa i 3^ T^ i

TO ^5: I ^T q* I ^|fcT ^^ I fa'3 t^R, I *pft 3?fa I

IV. What case is governed by the following preposition :

V. Conjugate the following in the presen tense, active voice :

LESSON 8

FEMININE NOUNS IN STT AND f PRESENT TENSE— MIDDLE VOICE (

38. Feminine nouns in a?T and | are declined as follows : (a creeper), 3$ (a river) :

S. D. P. S. D. P

Norn.

Ace.

at

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

55%

SANSKRIT MANUAL

39. Present tense— Middle voice

When I do an action for the benefit of another, I use the active voice (TWH^). When I do an action for my own benefit, I use the middle voice (Bn^I^T^t). In Sanskrit, the distinction between active and middle voice has not been strictly preserved. Besides a small number of verbs which can be conjugated in both the active and the middle voice (3WT<0), most verbs are conjugated either in the active or in the middle voice.

In the middle voice, the verbal base is formed according to the rules given previously for the active voice of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugation (see No. 34). The terminations alone are different.

40. Terminations of the present tense, middle voice

1st pers

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

r

-t*

The letter 3? added to the base before the terminations becomes 3TT before terminations beginning with J^ or 3js dropped be- fore terminations beginning with 8? or t^.

41. Examples

1st conjugation : g^ (to rejoice) ; verbal base : jfft[-; 3td pers.

sing. : *Fl<$ 4tfi conjugation : ^ (to think) ; verbal base : JRT-; 3rd pers.

sing. : *R& 6th conjugation : «J^ (to incite) ; verbal base t §5-; 3rd pers. sing. :

&&

10th conjugation: *F^(to counsel) ; verbal base : IT^T-; 3rd pers. sing.

FEMININE NOUNS IN 3fT AND f

42. Conjugation of c?^(to obtain) :

S, D. P,

1st pers

2nd pers

3rd pers.

5*

43. A Sandhi rule to be remembered (see No. 31) The final ^ of a word followed by a vowel General rule : ^ followed by any vowel is changed to

Exceptions

(1) Final q of a word followed by o? remains unchanged while the 9? is elided : 55*^ a?fer = 55*P3Sfg*n

(2) Final ^of a word followed by any vowel except 3?, after changing to s?^ may optionally drop the zjj f^ ^§q = f srftF|^ or |$? &3fc- -The second form is by far the more frequent.

(3) Final %of a dual form followed by any vowel remain unchanged :

44. Special construction of the verb ^^ (^fa%) — to please, to appeal to.

The verb ^^ governs the dative of the person who is pleased, while the thing which pleases is put in the nominative.

Fight appeals to the hero— g§[ effrTO Cfa^ I

Boys are fond of fruits ( = fruits appeal to boys)—

Travellers are fond of water (= water pleases travellers) —

36

SANSKRIT MANUAL

45. The difference between ciditf and *$y is the result of the

3

following rule J

When ^ is preceded by a vowel except 3f or 8TT, or by \ or \, it is changed to ^ when, in the same word, 3, «T, ^ ^ ^ or any vowel follows — An anusvara or a visarga do not affect the application of the rule.

I. Vocabulary

T3TT the Ganges plantain- tree

seal, coin splendour wife shade twilight speech assembly line

garland creeper girl

Translate the sandhis :

*Uc5T 553T

EXERCISE 8

- \ town

river nurse earth voice queen lioness mother woman wife sister house- wife night

L\f

^2

to see

to tremble to dive to be born to fly to think to fight to please to consult to search to conquer to defeat to take leave of (-l-accus,)

II.

following into English after breaking up the

FEMININE NOUNS IN Off AND f 37

(V)

i (IV)

) 13TT ^T aisgu *|fa I (^ ) sRirefft ?I5Rt ^T^^ l (^^) erf *

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) Through fate, the enemies attack the town and conquer. (2) Even today I do not see the Ganges. (3) The voice of the queen pleases the poets. (4) The speech of the child is the cause of the mother's happiness. (5) We carry out the sacred precepts of the Rsis. (6) Just around the village men are bringing heaps of grass. (7) Out of modesty the honest man worships God (as his) Lord. (8) The sound of the waters of the Ganges pleases the sages. (9) I sit in the shade of the tree and think. (10) Like a jewel, the moon adorns the sky. (11) Thus speaks the king. (12) Here people have no wealth. (13) The woman scatters the flowers of the garland on the earth. (14) There the creepers adorn the trees with (their) flowers. (15) We take leave of (our) mother and go to the teacher's house. (16) Because of the splendour of the sky and of the earth we praise God the Lord.

IV. Decline fully the following :

3[T and

LESSON 9

THE IMPERFECT TENSE (srO ACTIVE AND MIDDLE, FEMININE NOUNS IN •? AND *

45. The Imperfect Tense (55<^)

(1) There are three past tenses in Sanskrit : the Imperfect ( 55^ ), the Perfect ( fe^) and the Aorist ( 1^). Originally these three past tenses had specific meanings :

the Imperfect was used for past events of which the speaker

had been a witness ; the Perfect was used for past events of which the speaker

had not been a witness ;

the Aorist was used for the immediate past.

In classical Sanskrit, however, those three tenses are used almost indiscriminately, with this restriction that the Perfect is very rarely used in the first person.

(2) The formation of the base follows the rules given for the present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations (see No. 34).

The final 3T of the base is changed to 3JT before terminations beginning with *j^or 3, and is dropped before terminations begin- ning with 81.

47. The Augment

(1) To all verbs conjugated in the Imperfect, the augment 3T is to be prefixed, e.g. : ^\ verble base : T?T ; augment : ST-TcT-

(2) When the verb is preceded by a preposition, the augment s? should be inserted between the preposition and the verb, and the rules of sandhi should be applied :

THE IMPERr T.CT TENSE (

39

(3) When the verb begins with a vowel, the augment 3J forms vrddhi with the initial vowel :

48. Tcaminations

D.

S.

D.

1st pers.

2ndpers.

3rd pers.

49. The Imperfect of S D.

ar.) and of P. S.

D.

1st pers.

2ndpers.

3rd pers.

50. Feminine Nouns in ^ and 3

Feminine nouns in ^ and 3 borrow most of their declension from the masculine nouns in ^ and S (see No. 28). Their instru- mental singular and accusative plural are similar to those of feminine nouns in t (see No. 38). Their dative, ablative, genitive and locative singular have two optional forms, one similar to those of «flfr, the other to those fa and

SANSKRIT MANUAL

Declension of

S.

(thought) and of ^ (cow) D. P. S.

D.

Norn.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

51. The verb $> to do, belongs to the eighth conjugation. Yet, owing to its frequent occurrence, its conjugation should be learnt from the start :

S.

Present D.

Imperfect S. D.

P.

1st pers.

2nd pers.

tfrft

3rd pers.

THE IMPERFECT TENSE

41

EXERCISE 9

1. Vocabulary

ft 3q fa

to do, to make to disagree to exist

) to desist from ) to approach ) to be sad

to live in (+accus.)

*ft (

) to marry

( /. ) mind : ( /. ) power

( /. ) devotion

( /. ) satisfac- tion : ( /. ) conduct

(/) jest :(/. ) earth

( /. ) dust

( /. ) night

( /. ) cow : ( /. ) beak ( /. ) body ( /• ) rope ( /. ) dust,

pollen ( /. ) jaw

ar

to resort to (-f accus.) ( Sfffs^ ) to respect ( *TT^% ) to speak

^ ( 3TTOT& ) to begin ( c$*T^ ) to obtain

A few idioms containing

the verb fJ

?ft5 q^tfir I place on my head

^ 35?TfjT I take in my hand I wait one

moment

I turn my mind to (-Hoc.) I set foot (-Hoc.)

*jfc5:

II.

III.

IV. Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis :

order

Conjugate the following in the imperfect, active voice : ?ft, tSj^, ST-TT^and

Decline fully the following : : and

U)

(<o

42 SANSKRIT MANUAL

: I « f iH13 $S* TT Sf I

i h <>) gift faft& i hi) SPOT 3cg*T fttfw i

i (i 0 ^u^rf^sn i 1 1 ^) g^: q^fr gft^fMlf <

i

i (i^) sflft: sre^ ^TeRgftrflfes^TT i (^°) sft ^r^

I

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) Through God's favour he resorted to devotion. (2) I was always fond of jest. (3) Two boys took the rope in their hands. (4) The girl adorned (her) body with jewels. (5) Owing to the clouds and the dust cows did not eat grass. (6) Even for the sake of (his) friends a honest man does not desist from virtue. (7) Men think Raghu (to be) a hero. (8) At night a sky with- out moon is like a lake without lotus. . (9) By order of the teacher we began the work. (10) He spoke thus and the people of the town praised the power of the king. (11) You took the pigeons in your hand. (12) We two always disagree. (13) You two obtaind happiness owing to (your) modesty. (14) Two friends, found a treasure and carried (it) home.

LESSON 10

MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN IMPERATIVE MOOD (

52. There are two types of masculine nouns in ^, agent-nouns

and nouns of relations. Their declension differs only in the

nominative and vocative dual and plural and in the accusative

singular and dual ; in which case the final ^ of agent-nouns

takes vrddhi (3nO while that of nouns of relations takes guna

(1) Declension of ^cj (leader) and of fcj (father) :

S. D. P. S. D. P.

(1) *IcJ (husband) and 5TH (grandson), although names of rela- tions, are declined like ^RJ, e.g. : accus., sing : *Rrfw^»RrRJU 53. Feminine nouns in 5}£ are all nouns of relations. They are

declined like fq^ except in the accusative plural which ends with ^: ; ^H3 (sister), however, is decline like ^ except in the accusative plural. 4

44

SANSKRIT MANUAL

Nominative and accusative of *H<| (mother) and Wl (sister). S. D. P. S. D. P.

Notn.

Ace.

54. All the visargas met with in the previous lessons stand in the place of final *t«R: = 5Rtf. ; W^WRT^ Final ^ also becomes visarga : ^T^=^f:; UTcI^=*n?lM So also in the adverbs : (again) and ST^ST^: (early).

Visarga standing for final ^ follows the general rules of visarga-sandhi (see No. 27) with one exception.

Visarga standing for final \ even when preceded by 8? or 8TT and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant is changed to ^:

e.g. : 3^

When visarga is changed to ^ and is followed by ^, the first dropped and the preceding vowel, if short, is lengthened :

e.g. : p

55. The Imperative mood ( $tz) is used :

(1) to express a command or an advice

(2) to express a wish or a prayer

(3) to express a possibility or doubt

(4) with the negative *JT to express prohibition.

MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN

45

The formation of the base follows the rules given for the present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations (see No. 34),

The final 3? of the base is dropped before terminations beginning with 3j.

Terminations

S.

D,

P.

S.

D.

1 st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

56. The Imperative of ^(Par.) and of *H (Atm.)

S. D. P. S. D.

1st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

57. The ^ in s^ift (1st pers. sing.) follow the rule given in No. 17 thus :

46

I. Vocabulary

m. donor m. doer C^cTT) ™. I eader m. hearer

m. sun

(%clT)ifl. conqueror (3HT) m. grandson (frcTT) m. father (SfTctt) m. brother

(«TOTTcTT) son-in- law

SANSKRIT MANUAL

EXERCISE 10

daughter (*TT<TT) /. mother

/. sister-in law

/. sister chariot rogue

garden hail ! (+dat.) again early morning

anger greed desire illusion destruction sin cause

to arise, to be produced

to proceed

)

to break

II. Decline fully the following : %cj and ^$ I

III. Conjugate the following in the imperative mood, active voice : *J and f ^ I

IV. Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis :

( ^ ) stand

(vs) | 5ITc5 fTcT^fn^S^ I

( i ° )

(IV) ( 1* ) JflfarBW !

( * )

?T3:

MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN

47

I (

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) Out of anger (my) brother broke the jar. (2) May the donors give wealth to the people of the villages ! (3) Let him live in the forest. (4) See the beauty of the garden. (5) You desire happiness : desist from greed. (6) The man sat in the garden with (his) two grandsons. (7) Hail to the poets ! (8) O sister, do not abandon the house. (9) The hearers stood again in front of the palace. (10) Through the destruction of the enemies the conqueror has freed (released) the country. (11) May I always live among (my) brothers ! (12) Let the leader punish the rogues. (13) O daughters, follow (your) mother up to the house. (14) May sin, the cause of misery, perish 1 (15) O heroes, fight with the enemies, follow the leader and protect the country.

LESSON 11

FEMININE NOUNS IN POTENTIAL MOOD (

58. Feminine nouns in 35 are declined on the same pattern as ^V (see No. 38); where •$ has ^,f and ^> feminine nouns in & have 3, 3J and ^respectively. Besides, their nominative singular takes visarga.

Declension of ^J (young woman, bride) :

Norn.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc,

59. Potential (or Optative) mood ( ftfefe^) is used :

(1) to express a wish or a request S/^^^A > /

(2) to express an advice

(3) to express possibility or doubt N/

(4) to express probability or near future

(5) in conditional clauses.

FEMININE NOUNS IN

49

The formation of the base follows the rules given for the

present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations. Since all the terminations of the Potential begin with f, the combination of the final 8T of the base with that f will give l* (cf. No. 31

D.

Terminations

S.

D.

P.

S.

1st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

•ti

-frr:

-fa"

60. The potential of ^(to become) and of ^ (to search)

1st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

61. Illustrations of the use of the Imperative and Potential

(1) Order, prohibition, advice :

— Bring water. *TT qt^q* — Do not annoy the baby.

— Man should always tell the truth.

:— You should not enter the house of the wicked.

(2) Wish, prayer, request :

( fag^f f<!TC5Tft — O that I may stay in my father's house I ( TT^K ^^TSST- — May the boys see their mother I

50

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(3) Possibility and doubt :

J fttf *R3 — There may be poison.

{ TTfafrfaE 3 ^fcon—You might not receive the reward.

(4) Conditional clause :

srfi[ TTdT 3FHd^ftl!jflrzfa — If the mother does not come, the child

will die.

62. Imperative and Potential of the verb i?, to do.

Imperative Potential

S. D. P. S. D. P.

1st pers.

2nd pers.

3rd pers.

63- The verb 31^, to be, (2nd conj.) is conjugated as follows :

Present Imperfect

S. D. P. S. D. P.

ejfa

S.

Imperative

D. P,

S.

Potential D.

FEMININE NOUNS IN

EXERCISE 11

51

I.

Vocabulary

bride army

K~

if

but

mother-m-

law |

: (m.) sword ! : hermitage

once upon a

time

star

maid-servant r wicked person Y\

II. III.

IV.

field

knowledge t~ Decline fully !

Wf^fear truth

to beat to be angry

(+dat) to be fit for

(+dat) to know to rise to weigh

to order, to command to wake up

(srfel) to be

Conjugate the following in the potential mood, active voice : J, f and W I

Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis :

(1)

U)

(\)

I

i (0

(vs)

( T o ) (=1^)

(<\\)

ft^rf

52 SANSKRIT MANUAL

^TT c5t% sftgirat vuqrzn ft^^ i fix)

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) On the order of the king .the army may set out for the village. (2) If you were to rise early, you would roam along the river's bank. (3) People should know the modesty of the sages.

(4) Wait a moment : I just put down (my) book and come.

(5) Maid-servants should follow the bride up to the house of (her) mother-in-law. (6) If you long "fdr knowledge, you should dwell in a hermitage with (your) teacher. (7) You tremble out of fear of God ; you should worship God out of devotion. (8) Men live and die, kings conquer and perish ; truth alone does not die. (9) Like a star in the sky, like a lotus in the lake, like a flower on a creeper, the sage should live in the world for the happiness of men. (10) Do not be angry with (your) friend ; anger could only be the cause of sin.

LESSON 12

NEUTER NOUNS IN *, * AND ^ AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE

5 and 'E are all declined on the same

64. The neuter nouns in

pattern.

Declension of ^ift (water), *fQ (honey) and of

(dispenser) :

Nom. Ace

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

en.

Loc.

J-

Voc.

iwftr

JTffts

65. The declensions seen so far can be classified as follows :

(1) Nouns ending

Mas. : ^T: Mas. :
Fern. : 553T	Fern. :
Neut. : 3"*W	Neut. :

Nouns ending (3) Nouns ending

in S

Mas. Fern.

Neut.

54

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(4) Nouns ending in *5	(5) Nouns ending in I	(6) Nouns ending in 33
Masc. : ^<|> fog Fern. : *TRJ Neut. : *?T<J	Fern. : 3$	Fern. : W 3

66. The adjective, whether it be used as an epithet or as a predicate, agrees with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case.

(1) Most of the adjectives ending in 3T form their feminine in 8TT and their neuter in eur I

Thus :

Examples : f&f qualifying the following : 3T55: (instr. plur. masc.), §fpTT (instr. fern, sing.), ^iftfal (loc. sing, neutr.) will take the form :

(dear) will be declined in the masculine as fj<T: —

in the feminine as cScTT — in the neuter as WN-

(2) Adjectives ending in ^ are declined as follows : in the masculine, like gfa:, e.g. : ufo: (pure) in the feminine, like »T%, e.g. : in the neuter, like ^ifc e.g. :

In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in ^ can be declined like the masculine, except in the nom., ace. vocative.

Examples : fjjfe (pure) qualifying the following : ^^ft* (gen. dual masc.), the form :

(dat. sing, fern.),

(abl. sing, neut.) will take

or

or

NEUTER NOUNS IN ^, 3" AND ^ 55

(3) Adjectives ending in 3 are declined as follows : in the masculine, like ftrij:* e.g. : *%g (sweet) in the feminine, like ^> e.g. : ^

In the feminine, however, adjectives in 3 denoting a quality have an optional form in | (e.g. : ^l'^* cSg-cSsft) declined, like MV in the neuter, like *Vg e.g. : ^

In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in S can be declined like the masculine, except in the nom., ace. and voc.

Examples : ^ (sweet) qualifying the following : 3ff (voc. sing. masc.), JTTg? (gen. sing, fern.) sp^fa (instr. sing, neut.) will take the form ;

I *Sn or TJ\: or

(4) Adjectives ending in 3? are declined as follows :

in the masculine, like ^fT> e.g. : ^TcTT (generous)

in the feminine, they have a form in f declined like

e.g. : 5T?ft in the neuter, like sn^, e.g. : ^

In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in -qg can be declined like the masculine, except in the nom.. ace. and voc.

Examples : 3[T<| (generous) qualifying the following : g$«n (dat. plur. masc.) ^zfT§ (loc. plur. fern.), fa$ (nom. dual neut,) will take the form :

56

SANSKRIT MANUAL

EXERCISE 12

1. Vocabulary

water honey tear water

knee thing wood Adjectives in f, 3 and sweet-

blind

generous

one-eyed

skilful artificial wretched

Adjectives forming their feminine in 8ff and their

neuter in OR small, mean lame

sharp, acute difficult to get new

fragrant pure

much, many virtuous

swift lovely heavy soft

sweet

regular,

obligatory

generous doer

victorious eloquent going

favourable, i clear

fat dead old

sick killed

Verbs

to salute

to abuse to go, to obtain

to fall into misfortune

prosper

IT. Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis :

(01

(vs)

i («)

NEUTER NOUNS IN ^, 3 AND ^ 57

(1*0

«nt

III. Make the following adjectives agree with the following nouns :

with sftj, W°t§> ^ft^T

with ^left, «T&, JT^ft,

with with

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) O Lord, be favourable ! (2) A skilful leader obtains many things. (3) The one-eyed servant burnt the heap of soft wood. <4) A pure mind is like a fragrant flower. (5) Let the eloquent queen lead the heroes. (6) Hail to the victorious king ! (7) You insult the wretched blind men, but you do not blame the wicked man. f(8) Persons of the village carried the bodies of the dead heroes to the bank of the river. (9) In the lovely garden many creepers and many trees scatter (their) fragrant flowers on the soft ground. (10) Let the victorious hero pierce the enemy with (his) sharp sword. (11) Sick and wretched, the travellers (*T^|) stood near the well. (12) In (his) new book the teacher has summarized many things.

LESSON 13

PERSONAL PRONOUNS PASSIVE VOICE

67. Personal Pronouns

So far, the personal pronouns in the nominative have been left unexpressed : I salute— Wlftr. Their declension is now given. In the first and second person, the personal pronouns show no difference of gender. The personal pronoun of the third person is replaced by a demonstrative pronoun and is declined in the three genders (he, she, it).

ist person S. D.

P.

2nd person : S. D. P.

Nom.

Ace.

(1)

oft)

ftf

(53)

Instr.

Dat.

m

Abl.

Gen.

n*

(53.)

Loc.

optional forms JIT, *t, ^"t ^:, <3T, &, ^RT, ^' should not be used (1) at the beginning of a sentence ;

PERSONAL PRONOUNS PASSIVE VOICE

59

(2) in connection win ^ (and), ^T (or) and ^ (just, indeed).

3rd person : ^ (that) ^j/^jj^^l . M. F. N.

S. D. P. S D. P. S. D. P.

Norn.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

5WT

en

cWT

Like the masculine

(1) 15^ (this) is declined like 3^: Masc. — irq:, l^ft, l^, etc. Fern. — t^T, T^, T^jJ, etc. ; Neut. — ^q, tr^, ir^rf^ I

(2) 3\ and TT^ can also be used as demonstrative adjectives : they, then, follow the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see No. 66).

Examples : I saw these horses— ire He fell into that river—

I am angry with those two friends — cTWf

(3) *n and trq: following a special sandhi rule :

^: and irq: drop their visarga before any consonant and before any vowel except 8T. Before 8T, they become gt and trqt ivKi!^ the /oHowing 3T is elided :

60 SANSKRIT MANUAL

68. The Passive Voice

(1) The passive voice is formed from the verbal root and not from the verbal base (see No, 6), except for the verbs of the tenth conjugation which keep their strengthened radical vowel while losing the conjugational sign 3T*T. Thus : the passive voice of TOT, *fr if formed immediately from TOT, *ft and not from T^and •&. That of ^is formed from ^t^and not from ^^ I

(2) zr is added to the root.

That 9 becomes srj before terminations beginning with l^or ^

That 3 becomes ^ before terminations beginning with erorir

(3) The terminations of the passive voice are always the atmanepada terminations (see Nos. 40, 48, 55 & 59) :

e.g. : «fMf-i%=«far%— you are led ;

5I-^cn^=<K?Wr*C— let it be burnt.

(4) A final short 5 or 3 is lengthened. f*f — sffarRt we two are conquered ; ?J— STWffi it was heard.

(5) The roots ^T, s?T, *TT, ^T, fT, <?!, CT change their final vowel intof

5T — ^fc& it is given ; *T — *ftzta is should be sung.

(6) Final ^ after a single consonant becomes ft — f ff^=I am taken away ; after a componnd consonant, it becomes 3?^

^-— ^^q>-f^FT=^T§^T'Tf=let them both be remem- bered.

(7) Final ^ is changed to Hj^cf — ^ft^-f^=^fl'?^=they should be spread ; but final ^ is changed to Rafter a labial :

q-— tjT.^.^T-='ri^m=let it be filled. ^

PERSONAL PRONOUNS— PASSIVE VOICE

EXERCISE 13

61

[. Vocabulary

f duty ^ J 3J2T: wealth

^ that, he this

;: f. salva- tion

Gopala :

;: arrow f: charioteer : thief

sight!

n (+gen.)

_ \ I 3*R: which of the

bewildered two

^t greatly.

violently

to feel affection faWTO innocent sweeper (+loc«) SJ-fo^ (Jl^rfh)

• ^ S^r f^Tt^ to enter

courtier i to serve to see

II. Conjugate :

in the present tense passive : «fr> ^? and ^T in the imperfect tense passive : f%^> jg^ and in the imperative passive : %^> 3?fe-ft?^ and ^ in the potential passive : §<^> ^2 and 5WT

III. Translate the following into English :

5TRT^«f

Tlft^?

I r

62 SANSKRIT MANUAL

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit (use the personal pronouns) :

(1) I lead. (2) We two are led. (3) We go. (4) Thou art remembered. (5) You two run. (6) You are abandoned. (7) He plays. (8) She is protected. (9) It is burned. (10) They two (m.) move. (11) They (/.) are conquered, (12) They (n.) are cooked* (13) I dug. (14) We two were nourished. (15) We danced. (16) Thou wert blamed. (17) You two perished. (18) You were taken away. (19) He blew. (20) She was seen. (21) It was quiet. (2) The two (/.) were struck. (23) They (n.) were created. (24) Let me plough. (25) Let both of us be released. (26) Let us touch, (27) Do thou enter. (28) Let both trees be sprinkled. (29) Do you throw the arrows ? (30) Let him be punished. (31) Let her go. (32) Let it be told. (33) Let them (m.) bpth wash. (34) Let them (/.) be counted. (35) I should not steal. (36) It should not be stolen. (37) They (m.) should not oppress them (/.). (33) They (/.) should not be oppressed by them (m.). (39) It should be brought. (40) You two should be followed. (41) Flowers should be scattered. (42) You two (/,) should not disagree. (43) It should be done.

LESSON 14

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

^ AND ST^ PASSIVE VOICE (cont.)

69

M.

D.

S.

F.

D.

P.

N. S. D. P.

Nom

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl,

Gen.

Loc.

Like

the

masculine

64 70.

s.

M.

D.

P.

SANSKRIT MANUAL

that

F.

D.

S.

P.

N. S. D. P.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

3TJ1-

ftl:

Like the masculine

(1) ^^JT^and 3^g^can also be used as demonstrative adjectives : they, then, follow the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see No. 66).

Examples : These kings conquer —

The boy is led by that woman— 3T5pn Those fruits please me—

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND

(2) 3J*fr ( nom. pi. masc. of 3J^) follows a special sandhi rule : The final f of auft never combines with following vowels :

71. Change of Voice

(1) In the change from the active to the passive voice :

the nominative of the active voice becomes an

instrumental ; the accusative of the active voice becomes a

nominative ;

the verb changes from active to passive and agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense or mood of the active voice must be preserved. Example : Active voice Passive voice

Nom : The king Verb : conquered Ace. : the enemies

Instr. : By the king Verb : were conquered Nom ; the enemies

(2) In the change from the passive to the active voice :

the instrumental (agent) of the passive voice becomes a

nominative, the nominative of the passive voice becomes an

accusative.

the verb changes from passive to active, and agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense or mood of the passive voice must be preserved. Example : Passive voice Active voice

Instr. (agent) : By you two jpfT^TT^ < — > Nom : you two Nom. : the well Verb : should be protected

I

Ace. : the well

Verb : should protect ^fa*^

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(3) Irregular formation of the passive voice :•

I.

(to bite) (to fall) (to break) (to take) (to ask) (to pierce) (to worship) (to command) (to lie down)

(to speak) (to speak) (to show) (to dwell) (to carry) (to praise) (to bind) (to call) (to sleep)

(4) The imperfect passive follows the rule given in No. 47

Vocabulary

this

to come

to f orget ) to play

to break to sieze to order to speak to bind

to shine

8?

EXERCISE 14

inferior last

boundless preceptor : messenger z snake Hari J R5ma Sita

J light husband

hope daughter story tongue shame f therefore otherwise

8T^ enough

(+instr.) so, thus or a long time silently

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS f^ AND 8?^ 67

II. Translate the following into English and change the voice :

U) *TO:

(O ^ i&s qwromu (*) Sfarc ^ ^3^w i («)

I ^ ^ *T* T^W; I

( <U) ^^ ^1^ ^^T^^t^ I Ov)

I

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) That boundless ocean was seen by many heroes. (2) Two trees were broken by the wind. (3) Let the thief be seized ! (4) I am ordered by the preceptor. (5) Two cows were bound with a rope. (6) Enough with shame ! (7) Let your tongue move and let your eyes shine. (8) Our father was given a rare (§55*T) book (= a rare book was given to our father). (9) The work should be begun now. (10) If truth be not spoken you will be punished (potential). (11) They two may be blamed for their conduct. (12) For a long time the sage stood silently before the dead body of his son. (13) Let the wretched girls be brought to the house ; otherwise they might die. (14) You two should never forget your generous mother. (15) Thou art called by thy father.

68

I. Vocabulary

SANSKRIT MANUAL

RECAPITULATION

/. fame ridicule old age wheel '. motion

J human effort

f: effort

fJ desire n deer

\z Arjuna *i<s*f^friendship

sftfcf: /• affection [s charcoal song

first second

one asleep

poor

wholesome healthy

hot cool, cold

black

white TO red tfta yellow

blue

green

alway s for, indeed

as, d*TT so

i

SW^with

(+instr.)

in day-time

night in secret *TT in vain P yesterday f: tomorrow slowly at once suddenly

some- times

r to

bestow

to

perform, to establish

to make black

%) to succeed

to

endure

to learn

to grieve

increase to tremble

) to wallow

to

sing

(*KfcT) to feed, support

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS fj AND 3?^T 69

II. Decline the following : ^np ScfT in the singular ; 5jfe *&${ in the dual ; *T S^R: ^TT, in the plural ; QftfT^ in the singular ; ^H^ in the plural ; |^ in the feminine dual ; 3?^ in the masculine plural.

III. Conjugate the following : ^ in the imperfect active ; *TTq in the imperative passive ; ^Hr^ in the potential active ;

in the imperative active.

IV. Frame sentences containing the following words : f«n, ^R

V. Translate into English the following verses taken from the Hitopadesa :

I ( g[=two)

n ( ^

n

«f Jf^ft^: I

% ^: II (

' II ( v )

LESSON 15

NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS

72. General Principles of Consonant-Sandhi

(1) No Sanskrit word can end with more than one consonant. A ./ma! compound consonant must be reduced to its first member, e.g. : *TCRIJ^ becomes *re^ I

(2) Exception is made for a final double consonant the first member of which is ^ and the second, a consonant which is not a termination, e.g. : 5^ which according to (3) will become 3^ I

(3) A Sanskrit word (i.e. a verb with its terminations or a nominal stem with- its case-ending) can end only with one of the eight following -consonants : 5^>2>?[k>!T>^>;^>H>or visarga. All other final consonants

must be reduced to one of these eight :

^and palatals are reduced to ^ or 2^ e.g. : ^re becomes ^n^ becomes <UHId^ I

Cerebral are reduced to 2^, e.g. : SHI^ becomes

Dentals are reduced to ^, e.g. : §f^ becomes

Labials are reduced q^ , e.g. : ^^ becomes

^ and ^ are reduced to visarga, e.g. : 3»fa^ becomes

becomes foci: I

•^ (4) A final hard consonant becomes soft before a vowel "or a soft consonant, e.g. :

(5) This rule does not apply to the final hard consonant of a verbal base or a nominal stem followed by a termination or a case-ending beginning with, a vowel or a semi-vowel, e.g. :

It does apply, however, when the final consonant of a verbal base or of a nominal stem is followed by a termination beginning with a soft consonant (except a semi-vowel), e.g. :

NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS 7t

A soft consonant becomes hard before a hard consonant, e.g. :

(7) This rule does not apply to the final soft aspirate of a verbal root followed by a termination beginning with ct or *3L In that case, the final consonant of the root loses its aspiration, and the ^or^of the termination. is changed to ^ e.g. : 5HT + cT = *»? I

73. Division of nouns ending in consonants

Nouns ending in consonants are divided into three classes :

(1) Nouns which keep the same stem throughout their declension.

(2) Nouns which have two stems, one strong and one weak.

(3) Nouns which have three stems, one strong, one middle and one weak.

74. Case-endings

Masculine and feminine nouns have the same case-endings. Neuter nouns differ only in the nominative, accusative and

vocative.

M. & F. N.

S. D. P. S. D. P.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

-3ft

•ftp

Like the

masculine

and feminine

-f

72

SANSKRIT MANUAL

75. Nouns with one stem

(1) The final consonant of the stem remains unchanged before case-endings beginning with vowels [ see No. 72(5) ].

(2) The final consonant of the stem follows the rules of •consonant-sandhi before case-endings beginning with a consonant.

(3) Neuter nouns in the nom., ace. and voc. plural insert a nasal before the case-ending f[ of the nom., accus. and voc. plural.

76. Declension of

S.

. (wind) and D. P.

. (speech) : S. D.

P.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

Declension of

Nom., Ace., : The rest like

(world) :

NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS

EXERCISE 15

73

I. Vocabulary

( sragsp) m.

cloud

&^L)/- hymn /. skin /. speech ) /• grief

merchant m. doctor

m. priest ) m.

emperor ) m.

)/. garland . wind king . lightning . lightning . river

**• friend m. plant adversity /. danger /. wealth

assembly ) /. autumn

mendicant g^( g^) /. hunger

.!• Join the Sandhis in the following :

mm.

. rany season

O/- direction i ) n. blood

m. moon

. creator

) n. water, milk

0 n. breast (%cTO n. mind :) n. mind

n- (W) n. age

i TOTS TO* ^

II. Decline the following :

and

74 SANSKRIT MANUAL

IV. Translate the following into English after breaking up the sandhis *

(1)

(v) ^^n^T^ftcTT*n OO gftaHP-^ qffra (flow) I <O

I (%) l^TT^T^Rrt J^ftr 351? I (1«)

^, gft ft

s?ft¥rT ^^ i

*fhrat gnnftn i («»>»)

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The thieves were seized by the husband. (2) The lightning plays among the black clouds. (3) We dived into the cool water of the river. (4) The leaves are taken away by the wind. (5) You two go at once to the forest for your brother is there and calls you. (6) In day-time you do not work ; at night you sit down in the garden and sing. (7) The king rose suddenly and departed from the palace. (8) Why (fts^) should you grieve ? (9) Friends sit around you, brothers and sisters are full of affection for you. (10) Should you be abused by that rogue, remain sileat : charcoal blackens the hand only if it is touched. (11) O friend, you came once only to our house and you were never seen again. (12) Sick and wretched, the king's messenger was bound and led to the forest.

LESSON 16

NOUNS WITH ONE STEM (cont.)

77. The main varieties of nouns with one stem are : (1) Nouns with stem ending in palatals

Final ^is changed to ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plural

to ^ before «TTH,, fa' and *q:

Final ^is changed to ^and, at times, to ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.

to *T and, at times, to 3^ before

Final ^ is changed to ^ or 2^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur. to 'T or e^ before WTT^ > ftf: and vzf:

Nom. sing. Instr sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.

. (speech)

m. (merchant)

m. (emperor)

/. (direction)

m. (settler)

(2) Nouns with stem ending in cerebrals

Final ^ is changed to ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur. to before ¥2fT > f*T? and *zp

Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.

, (monsoon)

76

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(3) Nouns with stem ending in dentals

A final dental except ^is changed to 3 in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.

to \ before WfTJfc ftj: and Rj:

Nom. sing, Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.

(river)

. (plant)

(fuel)

(4) Nouns with stem ending in labials

A final labial is changed to <Tjn the nom. sing, and loc. plur. to ^before «nty ft?: and wp

Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.

- (region)

(5) Nouns with stem ending in ^

Final ^is changed to visarga in the nom. sing. A short vowel preceding ^lengthened in the nom. sing, and before -^TTH? -ftn -VZT: and •§.

Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur, Loc. plur.

/. (door)

f*TC /. (voice)

(6) Nouns with stem ending in ^

Final ^ becomes visarga in the nom. sing, and before vqi and g. That visarga follows the sandhi rules (see No. 27).

Final ^ remains before case-ending beginning with vowels, being changed to ^according to the rule given in No. 45.

NOUNS WITH ONE STEM

77

The masculine and feminine nouns in 8TO^ lengthen the 8? in the nom. 5 ing.

The neuter nouns in 3H3\ ^ and 3^ lengthen the 8?, 1 and 3 and insert a nasal (anusvara) in the nom. accus. and voc. plural.

Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.

. (good)

f. (dawn)

(fame)

(oblation)

If*

n. (life)

(7) Nouns with stem ending in f^

Final f^ becomes ^in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.

becomes ^before «n^> f*T: and *zn In nouns ending with fe^ final f ^becomes ^ and £ In 3TO1L> final ^becomes 3_and ^

Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.

m. (bee) f. (shoe)

(cow)

n

is explained by the

The appearance of ^ instead of following sandhi:

Rule : When ^, ^, ^ and f^ lose their aspiration owing to combi- nation with following consonants, the preceding consonant becomes aspirate, if possible.

78

I. Vocabulary

O m. Vaisya ^fU /• direction O /. door

n. glare,

energy n. head cTT^ (<nO n. penance O n. residence :) n. oblation ^ftn) n. light dear

SANSKRIT MANUAL

EXERCISE 16

. voce town

enemy :) n. life | n. bow n. eye

bee

u

shoe

i to happen, to be

learned man . dawn n. darkness >tanding worthless, without quality ing, vigour compassion

to withdraw

wish-yielding cow

II. Decline the following,

in the singular ; g^ in the dual ; the singular : ff in the dual ; STTin the

the plural ; plural.

n

III. Translate the following into English :

I (0

(v) •

^5

(>»)

(«H I

§j ftu

(^ 0 ^

NOUNS WITH ONE STEM (cOTlt.) 79

SRIsW ( n )

SIR

ores ^T^T ^ri ipr TOT *&& i C^O 1 5i*Ft §^T «fW Jift? ^rt

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) In autumn the fruits fall from the trees. (2) Around the fire the priests were standing and singing hymns. (3) May your head be adorned with flowers, your arms with a bow, your mind with compassion, your life with happiness ! (4) In the jassembly, the poets proclaimed the fame of the emperor. (5) Upon her breast the blood of the child killed by the enemy (was seen. (6) O worthless servant, you have forgotten your master. (7) May I stand by you, O mother, in danger and adversity ! (8) Due to anger, light shone in his eyes, his bow fell from his hands and his mouth quivered. (9) The sage should practise (?0 penance for a long time, restrain his speech and [guard his mind from sin. (10) Pigeons fly in the direction of the wind. (11) The learned man standing at the door was attracted by the voices of the children.

LESSON 17

PASSIVE IMPERSONAL (

NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS

78. In Sanskrit, not only transitive verbs, but intransitive verbs also, can be conjugated in the passive voice. Thus, the sentence : "The horse runs" can be turned into a passive which means : "Ruqning is being done by the horse" or "the action of running is done by the horse". That is what is called Passive impersonal. The verb is always in the 3rd. pers. sing. pass.

(1) In the change from the active to the passive impersonal fj the nominative of the active voice becomes an1 instrumental ; the verb changes from active to the 3rd pers. sing, passive. The tense or mood of the active voice should be preserved.

Example : Active voice Passive impersonal

Norn. ; flftft: the rivers «-[-» Instr. : flftfo: (by the rivers)!

-•

Verb : T^frfl flow <-->• Verb : 3$ft (flowing is being|

done) sft (

I

(2) In the change from the passive impersonal to the active

voice » the instrumental of the passive impersonal becomes

a nominative ; the verb changes from passive to active

and agrees in person and number with its new subject.

The tense or mood of the passive should be preserved.

Example : Passive impersonal Active voice

Instr. : gsnfrn (by you) <-)->• Nom. : zran you

Verb : 3$fa (it should be spoken

Verb : 3^T should speaki

79. Nouns with two stems

The main varieties of nouns ( and adjectives ) with two

stems are :

(1) nouns and adjectives with stem ending in QQ. They

comprise :

(a) nouns and adjectives formed with the suffix and

PASSIVE IMPERSONAL (

81

(b) present participles active (parasmaipada) in

(c) perfect participles active ( ^R^) in 3cf^

(d) adjectives of quantity : ftWRT.^ ^TcL> ZTT^T^> ^T^T

(2) nouns and adjectives with stem ending in %& They are formed with the suffixes ^, ft^, and ftRJ

(3) comparative in t^( t^i*l ) '

80. The nouns and adjectives with two stems are declined in the masculine and neuter only. The feminine is formed

independently (see LESSON 23).

The two stems are used as follows :

in the masculinc,the strong stem is used in the nom. sing.,

dual and plural, in the accus. sing, and dual, in the voc. sing., dual and plural,

in the neuter, the strong stem is used in the nom., accus. and voc. plural. The weak stem is used in all other cases.

81. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown again here below with the indication of those before which

the strong stem is used.

M. N.

S. D. P. S. D. P.

82

SANSKRIT MANUAL

82. Nouns and adjectives formed with the suffixes—

and S3.( ^O

The strong stem ends in B^J, the weak stem ends in The nom. sing. masc. lengthens the 8? into sn sffaT^ (talented) —strong stem : sfor^; weak stem :

S.

M. D.

P.

S.

N. D.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen

Loc.

Like

the

masculine

Voc.

PASSIVE IMPERSONAL (

EXERCISE 17

83

1. Vocabulary

ffl^ long-lived

Himalaya

m. God

prudent ^ftjjct talented

afcfcjc^ strong

Hanuman

[: diversion,

pastime

time

dissipation,

need

learned " f°O1

ft^T sleep

^[^ wealthy $55^: quarrel

II. Translate the following into English :

to smile

fe)

to overcome

I

to turn to avoid

to laugh at hard, rough

disturbed,

afflicted $$ long

?rf f ^ i

(o

: gsft (%)

o )

sffoff zpc

(iv)

i (i ^ )

84 SANSKRIT MANUAL

III. Change the following to the passive impersonal :

QPSn' sfT^cp I JTfcw*a*$jw|iY ft^sl ' ^*^ ^ftf I

IV. Change the following to the active voice :

!$?«fcr^ i g*mfrn sstf^rarnj m^qr G\(WII sm^a \

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) Smile always, in prosperity as well as in adversity.

(2) Learned men are not disturbed by the speech of the fools.

(3) Around the residence of the wealthy, many poor and sick people long for happiness. (4) Through hard and long penance, the sage have crossed the ocean of misery. (5) O talented one, you should avoid the dangers of riches. (6) In sleep, the fool forgets his illusion, the learned man forgets his knowledge, the poor forgets his misery.

LESSON 18

PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES

83. Present participle active and passive (

(1) Present participle active

Verbs taking parasmaipada terminations form their present participle active in offi^ To form it, the termination srf^f of the 3rd pers. plur. of the present active is replaced by 3T^ e.g. J sft «tq(«ti — *W3^ — leading

— playing

— entering

— stealing

In the masculine and neuter, the present participle paras- maipada is declined like sftjffi^ (see No. 82), with the following modifications :

(1) the nom. sing. masc. does not lengthen the 3? ;

PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES 85

(2) the nom., accus. and vocative dual neuter take the strong stem in — 3^, necessarily in the 1st, 4th and 10th conjugations, and optionally in the 6th conjugation.

(For the feminine see No. Ill)

Masc. Noun.

Neut. N.A.V.

Masc. N.A. like

Neut. N.A.V. fiRRf^, ftf^rat or

Verbs taking atmanepada terminations form their present participle in *TH. To form it, the termination % of the 3rd pers . sing, of the present tense is replaced by *n«T :

e.g. : 5W^5*T%— 5Wn*I— obtaining "1— *RT*TT«ff — thinking r— dying — seeking

The masculine is declined like ^ (see No 11), the neuter, like W^ (see No. 11)— Masc. : 5WTH: 5W«Tpft e5^f*?TfTT:, etc.

Neut, : eSVpfTT^ 55¥Rn^ ^RTsiTfil, etc. (For the feminine, see No. 108)

86

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(2) Present Participle passive

All verbs form their present participle passive in *TR. To form it, the termination ^ of the 3rd pers. sing, of the present passive is replaced by *TR •

\ — TOflTM — being gone to

'—being given f*Mcl — fipWTT — being done

F — being remembered —being stolen The masculine is declined like $q:, the neuter, like

(For the feminine, see No. 108) 84. Perfect participle passive (ftET ^0

(1) The perfect participle passive is formed by adding 3 to the verbal root :

fa-faff ! *Z-*1 IPT

W-ScT

(2) A great number of roots insert an ^ before adding cf

•fe^hfeftRT

*n^t5Tnfir

vjl^M

•^ferq

fNRT-f%f^RI

^r-^f^r

(3) The following verbs lose their radical nasal before

(4) The following verbs lengthen their radical vowel :

PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES

87

(5) The following verbs change zfc * and ^ into f, 3j and respectively :

(6) Verbs ending with the single aspirates ^, ^, or f^ change those aspirates to \, ^and respectively while 3 becomes ^

or

[see No, 72(7)] (7) Several roots instead of adding fl add

(8) Some verbs form their perfect participle passive irre- gularly :

<rr«ftcl

i-|?

The masculine is declined like =£7:, the neuter like (For the feminine see No. 108)

85. Perfect participle active

The perfect participle active is formed by adding 33^ to the perfect participle passive, e.g. : fsr-fsffiqK^ having conquered

In the masculine and neuter it is decline like sftlT^ (yee No. 82). Masc. : foRRT5^ fira^dV f^d^'ds

ftra^IH fe^^'^ ftfcl^T: etc.

Neut. : f^T^ fjf^cft f^l^f^cT^ etc.

(For the feminine, see No. Ill)

88

SANSKRIT MANUAL

1.

Vocabulary

5fT to bathe ^ to hear f% to collect obtain

to shine to praise

to beg

EXERCISE 18

^ to cry

to sport hurt spread kill sleep obstruct

to be agitated to abandon

break to cross

<T to fill

cut to tear

to stick,

to adhere

^ to cut «IT to put

to prattle *TT to measure

II. Decline the ollowing :

^IT^^in the masc. sing. : BITg^R^in the neuter plur.

III. Make the present participle active of with the following :

VI. Give the present participle passive of the following

dry

and 1 agree

V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The children abandoned by their mother roam in the forest. (2) The food begged by that poor man has not been touched. (3) The broken jar should be taken away. (4) See those fruits collected by the sage's daughters. (5) Yesterday the house was filled with guests. (6) The jewels stolen from the king's palace were thrown into the river.

VI. Give the perfect participle active of the following :

in the masc. plur.

VII. Decline the following : in the neuter sing.

LESSON 19

THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES

86. (1) All participles are used like adjectives.

I saw the two trees falling — qfiFffi l$tm^*^ I Being carried away by the water, the boy died—

To the hero who had slain the enemy ( = having slain the enemy) flowers were given — ^F5F fcl^ ^T

Blamed by my father I ran away from the house —

(2) Special use of the perfect participles active and passive

The perfect participles active and passive can fulfil the function of a finite verb in the past tense. In that case, too, they are treated like adjectives*

e.g. : The servant brought the water —

The water was brought by the servant

Change of voice

Active voice : The friends saw you— fo^iftr c^f 3jRfo (neut. plur.).

Passive voice : You were seen by the friends — ftl^r^i £S: (masc. sing.).

(3) The perfect passive participle can be used : as an adjective (see above), as a finite verb in the passive : (3£fftr ^> see above),

90 SANSKRIT MANUAL

as a finite verb in the active ( ^Rfft; W ) in the case of

intransitive verbs and of verbs meaning 'to go', 'to

stand', 'to dwell', 'to climb', 'to be born', 'to awake' :

e.g. : I have arrived from the village—

Two monkeys climbed the tree—

as an impersonal passive (3TT% ^0- It is then always used in the neuter singular, e.g. : *TCT 3^— It was fought by me (=1 fought). l^W <TftffiHr=it was fallen by the tree ( =the tree fell).

in the meaning of the present (3TcWl^ w) with verbs meaning 'to wish*, 'to know', 'to worship*.

N.B. — When the past passive participle is used in the meaning of the present, the agent is not put in the instrumental, but in the genitive.

e.g. : *T*reT iftfcn— He is honoured by Rama. 87. Sandhi rules of final ^ followed by a vowel or a consonant

(1) Final ^ preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel is doubled :

(2) Final ^

followed by \ or 5^ is replaced by anusvara and followed by ^ or 2^ is replaced by anusvara and followed by ^ or *{ is replaced by anusvftra and

88, Sandhi rules of dentals in contact with palatals, cerebrals and c5^

(1) Any dental coming into contact with a palatal is changed to the corresponding palatal : UfrJ^ojf^^f^esftr I wr^W^=3TFfTq"3^Wo5J^ [see No. 72(4)] =3*1^^^ i ficT ^T=cf^ ^ i

(2) Initial ^ preceded by any of the first four letters of a class (see No. 2) is optionally changed to Q— 3=%c^T optionally becomes

THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES

91

(3) Any dental coming into contact with a cerebral is changed to the corresponding cerebral— 3?fq*r3l 3Tl^=3?ft^ 2Ti*M 3^+3=33 I

(4) The preceding rule does not apply when a dental is followed by

(5) A dental followed by 53^ is changed to 55J ^ followed by 55 is changed to nasalized ^—^\ eS^^tr^^ i

EXERCISE 19

I. Vocabulary

garment path : necklace

meal mouse

food hole

: bravery . offence

: tooth

gratitude

much

many

fearful dejected

to adorn

to be avoided

y fully ' loudly

II. Translate the following into English :

fiprr fad i?fr

i era

: ft|if

: i 8i

— "^T: SRt,

— ftft

: IT f^: I

5Rt 1 3T55

JJJRB

' fl

ftm^r

92 SANSKRIT MANUAL

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, rendering all finite verbs by participles :

(1) Many women were killed, their bodies were torn by the lion's teeth. (2) Abundant food was given to the poor children. (3) People honoured ( ^) by fools have always been laughed at by intelligent men. (4) The necklace fell from the bride's hands and the pearls were scattered. (5) They ate their meal and slept. (6) The victorious enemies entered the city by force. (7) The path was obstructed with fallen trees. (8) Our men crossed the river, fought like heroes and seized the leader of the enemies. (9) The place was measured, fuel was brought and the darkness suddenly shone with light. (10) You forgave my offence.

IV. Change the voice in the following :

V. Join the following sandhis :

LESSON 20

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS (Cent.). DEGREES OF COMPARISON

89. The adjectives f$3^ (how much, how great), ^[^ (so much so many), 31^313^ (as much as, as many as), TTclT^ (so much

so great) are declined in the masculine and neuter like (see No. 82).

Masc. : fN^TH PfcM*dV f*^:, etc.

Newt. : feRT^ feftft fezrfrcf, etc.

90. The adjective *fi[^ (great) has the strong stem JfiTRT^

M N

S. D. P. S. D. P.

Nom.

Voc.

Ace.

The rest like

91. *f^ when used as the honorific pronoun (your honour) lengthens the QT in the nom. sing. masc. : vfofT^ I The verb having *I3T^ as subject is always in the 3rd person. Similar expressions denoting respect exist in English : Your Majesty deserves praise—

92. Nouns and adjectives in 1^

The strong stem, ending in ^, occurs before all case-endings beginning with a vowel.

In the nom. sing, masc., the final «Hs dropped and the preceding f is lengthened.

In the nom. ace. and voc. neuter plural, the ? is lengthened.

94

SANSKRIT MANUAL

The weak stem, ending in ^, occurs before ^TT^? frr> ^J: and (strong) — strong stem : ^fe^; weak stem ?rf&

M. N.

S. D. P. S. D. P.

Nom.

Ace,

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Like the

Gen.

masculine

Loc.

Voc.

or

93. The Degrees of Comparison — Comparative and Superlative

(1) The comparative and superlative of adjectives are generally formed by adding the suffixes cK and 33 to the stem as it appears in the instrumental plural masculine.

Adjectives Instr. pi. masc. Comparative Superlative,

$$ (long)

gftr (pure)

(wise)

gftr-ftr:

gftrew

(learned)

(2) Adjectives denoting qualities can also form their compa- rative and superlative with the suffixes t^T^and ^2 Before these two suffixes are added, adjectives of more^than one syllable lose their last vowel and the consonant which follows, if any. Some other changes occur which are shown in the following list i

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS (cOUt.)

Adjectives •"£? (firm) ^ (sweet) ^ (broad) ^T (thin) *5J (light) *T§ (clever) 53 (heavy) <frl (long (dear)

Comp. Superl.

/better)

(steady) i

(best)

Adjectives ^J (distant) *3£5 (big) 33 (wide) (young) (small) (quick) (little) (old) (much)

Comp.

95

Superl.

(strong) (near)

94. In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in the superlative in <T*T and ^ are declined like ^fJ and

In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in 'declined as follows :

(lighter) — strong stem : 55sffafgj weak stem ;

M. N.

S. D. P. S. D.

and

P.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Like

the masculine

Voc.

96

SANSKRIT MANUAL

95. After a comparative, the term of comparison is put in the

ablative, e.g. : The king was defeated by an enemy stronger

than

After the superlative, the genetive or the locative are used. e.g. : I gave a garland to the dearest of my friends—

Among heroes, Rama is the best — ^ft§ 96. S3" (all) is declined like a pronoun ;

M. D.

P.

S.

F. D.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

S.

N. D.

Nom. Ace. Voc.

The rest like the masculine

w great, how much

as much as virtuous learned m. ffprfj')

minister sick bright OTTO rci- husband, master m. moon

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS

EXERCISE 20

I. Vocabulary

much ff^ great

;o much firm broad 1 thin clever

steady

big wide

quick

II. Translate the following into English :

(cOUt.)

97

y°ur honour

little

near pleasure to enjoy

to do penance» to burn 3TT to go ^ all

? (v)

i (\s)

strong ^ftsL rich Bhima thirst

to grow old, to decay

brahmin money

sir-fa (on^rfe)

to depend on (+acc.) to: obstacle

98 SANSKRIT MANUAL

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) How many sick people live in this town ? (2) As many ( 3T3RO as ( ZTT^cO there are healthy people. (3) Go to the nearest house. (4) The hero, steadier than a mountain, was carried by a horse faster than the wind. (5) The sage's body was thin owing to hard penance, but his face was bright. (6) The cleverest of all is not the oldest. (7) In a garden bigger than a town, virtuous ministers went by a broad path to a lake adorned by many lotuses. (8) Dejected, tired and tormented with thirst, two learned brahmins who had left (=having left) their house were seen slowly walking along the river's bank. (9) Many obstacles were overcome (crossed). (10) I play with my smaller brothers. (11) Life is sweeter than death, happiness is lighter than misery, friendship is steadier than money.

LESSON 21

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS

97. The main varieties of nouns and adjectives with three stems are :

(1) the reduplicated perfect participle active in ^ which must not be confused with the perfect participle active in ^fc[^ (see No. 85). Both participles, however, have the same meaning :

$«Kif= 'having done'.

(2) nouns ending in 3^

(3) adjectives of direction ending in

98. Nouns and adjectives with three stems are declined in the masculine and neuter. (For the formation of the feminine, see LESSON 23).

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS

99

The three stems are used as follows :

the strong stem : in the nom. sing., dual and plural in the ace. sing, and dual in the voc. sing., dual and plural in the nom., ace. and voc. plural

and

of the mascu- line of the neuter and in the nom.$

the middle stem : before

ace. and voc. sing, neuter. the weak stem : in the remaining cases (their case-endings begin

all with vowels).

99. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown again here with the indication of the various stems to be used :

M. N.

S. D. P. S. D. P.

Nom,	-3	-eft	-3W	—	t	_5
Ace.	«*	-3ft ~^~	—	t	-f
Instr.	-3H	-*n*	-ft?:	Like
Dat.	-^	-^ni	-VTJ-:
Abl.	3^	-«ml	-^:	the
Gen.	W	-8ft:	-3TT^	m asculine
Loc.	-1	-3ft:	-5
Voc. I	-3ft	em	—	-t	-i

100. Reduplicated perfect participles in The strong stem ends in ^f^ The middle stem ends in ^ The weak stem ends in 3^. Before 3

dropped.

a preceding short ^ is

100

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(having done) ; weak stem :

trong stem : ^T^f^ ; middle stem : [see Sandhi rule, No. 31 (2)].

M.

S.

D.

P.

S.

N. D.

P.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Like

Gen.

the

masculine

Loc.

Voc.

Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing. Instr. plur.

(a learned man) (having gone) (having stood) (having led) (having killed)

e.g. : The thief was seen by the two men who had stood ( = having stood) in the garden— < S: I

To the brother who had gone ( =having gone) to Haris's house, food was given by the servant—

LESSON 22

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (cont.)

101. Nouns ending in 8?^

The strong stems ends in Qfl^

In the nom. sign, masc., the final «Ms dropped

The middle stem ends in 3T

The weak stem ends in ^ after dropping the preceding 3?

In the loc. sing, and in the nom., ace, and voc. neutral dual, the stem may optionally end in 3T^

Stems ending in *T*l^ and ^ preceded by a consonant always form their weak stem in 8H and not in «[.

102. ^rsf^m. (king)— strong stem : TT^T«T/, middle stem tf^T ; weak stem : *T^=*T^

•Tiffin, (noun) — strong stem: weak stem : «n*^

M S. D. P. S.

middle stem: «TT*T ;.

N

D,

P.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Voc,

102

SANSKRIT MANUAL

103. 3c*H n- (path)— strong stem : ^1?^; middle stem :

weak the J ^cT«L

W«L n- (work) — strong stem : 3>*rf^; middle stem : 3B? ; weak .stem : ^^

Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Voc. sing.

104. Adjectives of direction ending in The strong stem ends in $F^ The weak stem ends in |^ when

in 9J^ when

105. xw*^ (backward) strong stem : weak stem :

is preceded by is preceded by

; middle stem

S.

M. D.

P.

S.

N. D.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Like

Abl.

the

Gen'.

masculine

Loc.

Voc.

106.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (cOntd.}

Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing. Loc. plur.

(downward) (right)

(upward) (following) (pervading)

107. fcTT^ (horizontal) has the weak stem

TO5^ (turned away), SlT^ (eastern) and QW^ (southern) have only two stems : the strong stem is in QTO.^ the weak stem in-

Nom. sing.

Nom. plur.

Instr. sing.

Loc. plur.

1. Vocabulary

Pronominal adjectives [-3j7zr^ other

one

other

which of two

EXERCISES 21 & 22

{^having done gone stood led killed

^learned (man)

(*TWT) m. king, n. path

m.

greatness-

m. heaviness-

**$

m. n. love

m. head

104

3TTc*T^ (SHOT) m. self •5fPR^OWT)n. name z&Fl (5ft) n. work n. birth

SANSKRIT MANUAL

(TOT, TO) m. n. Brahman, the

Absolute

(o^ftT) n. sky (WT) n. ashes

n. house n. hair

n. skin, leather

n. disguise, fraud

western, averted | f^R pervading

-v I *Sk

downward fiK^ horizontal

ght, proper TU^ turned away

i

^ upward 91^ eastern

s^^qp^ following 8?pnp^ southern II. Translate the following into English :

moonlight outcast poison

to perform, to lay down

to stop, to cease

i (v)

III. Decline the following :

"ftg^in the masc. sing., JJ^R^ in the pi., 3T^^ in the neuter pi.

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) Your face is turned away, your mind is dejected, ashes cover your head, you have even forgotten the names of your friends. (2) From a pure sky the moonlight falls upon the path. (3) Shoes are made of (with) leather. (4) The child has drunk poison : give him (some) medicine. (5) The king and the queen rejoiced at the birth of a talented son. (6) Let the ministers defeat the western enemies by fraud or by force. (7) For the .sake of others the honest man bears the heaviness of misery.

LESSON 23

THE FORMATION ON THE FEMININE

108. The general rules for the formation of the feminine of adjectives ending in vowels should be carefully revised (see LESSON 12).

Adjectives forming their feminine in sn are declined like 553T I Adjectives forming their feminine in f are declined like Jpjfr I The present participle atmanepada and the present participle passive (^TFR ), the perfect participle passive (^fi), the comparative in cK and the superlative in 3R and %% form their fiminine in 9TT I

109. Some nouns and adjectives ending in 3? follow special rules in forming their feminine ' (1) Nouns and adjectives ending in 3J form their feminine in

(2) The following adjectives ending in 8? form their feminine in f

(3) Nouns ending in 8? and denoting a class or a species form their feminine in f — fsi-ftf^t ;

*T^ft, etc.

Exceptions — eftf^cST, ^^

(4) Adjectives ending with the suffix JPT form their feminine in

f — *FJT3H2**Rft' ; f^'fRT-^I^^ft I

110. Adjectives ending in consonants and having one stem only

have the same form both in the masculine and in the feminine,

e.g. ^TT?^ (granting desire) —

106

SANSKRIT MANUAL

of the first, fourth and

111. Adjectives ending in consonants and having two stems form their feminine as follows :

(1) adjectives ending in ^ and JffiL, perfect participles active in ^R^and adjectives of quantity like fef^ etc., add t to their weak stem— sftlR-sftq^ft ; VRctWtfft

(2) present participles active in

tenth conjugations add t to their strong stem ; those of the sixth conjugation add | either to the strong or to the weak stem — sflRL-sflRft ; S*raL-S«Rft J ^T^^cfi ; flRRL-fiKRft or ftsTcfr (see the rule for the neuter dual, No. 83).

(3) *RR^ , present part, active of ^ forms its feminine in honorific pronoun forms its feminine in SRcfr I

(4) adjectives ending in f^add | to the strong stem in ift I

(5) comparatives in t^^ add t to their weak stem — I

112, Nouns and adjectives ending in consonants and having three stems form their feminine by adding f to their weak stem : Weak stem Feminine

Slft

THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE

107

113. Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Declension of the interrogative pronoun fiEJ^ (which ? what ?)

M. F. N.

S. D. P. S. D. P. S. D. P.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Vi

Like

the

masculine

114. Declension of the relative pronoun q\ Cwhich, who)

S.

M. D.

S.

F. N.

D. P. S. D. P.

Nom

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl,

Gen.

Loc.

*

Like the masculine

108

I. Vocabulary

srrf&ET girl >: singer

songstress white

adolescent youthful like, similar such

SANSKRIT MANUAL

EXERCISE 23

tiger tigress • deer hind

female swan peacock peahen cuckoo

goat crane sparrow

earthen spiritual leathern

n. water

: body

old age disease harmful deed

surprising, strange

to menace, to threaten

sr-I

to strike RjQTTSRfa) to perform

Sffil^forbearmg ^T competent sound

sense fs remedy Louse

appreciative healthy ...ai^L while what

kind of

rv supreme good

very hard to obtain

: effort

^R^ digging

favour- able

loss,decline far away

unimpaired

to burn 151§ to be done

II. Give the feminine of the following :

^T^sp^: I cfW: *&&'• I ^Wl^ST^j: I $$'• «ZTTB: I 3TS5T5 ^tft>a: I

INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( tf^T AND 5ZfT ) 109

III. Change the voice in the following :

I ^CT 3(13^ fcwrfl I SJTcfT

3 *fta^ \ ^T^T^TT ^fi^ i

IV. Translate the following into English :

O)

LESSON 24

INDECLHSTABLE'PAST PARTICIPLE •( ^r and LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE

115. The participles dealt with so far are treated like adjectives and are subject to the rules of agreement with the noun they qualify.

There exists a past participle active, also called gerund, which is never declined.

Its formation is as follows :

(1) verbs not preceded by a preposition form their gerund by adding c^T (^l) to the root, in a way similar to that of the perfect

110 SANSKRIT MANUAL

participle (see No. 84) :

Verbs of the tenth conjugation, however, keep their full active

base : ^— ^ftfoc^T I

(2) verbs preceded by a preposition replace ^TT by 3 ( c*T^ ) : verbs ending with consonants and long vowels simply add 3 —

verbs ending in short vowels add <3 instead of q —

verbs ending in ^ or ^ and dropping their final nasal in the perfect passive participle have two forms : BnTOT-aTFTET or BTTTcT ; SRJ^-sniPT or SIW^T ; 8f«pT«T;3T«JJT7zT or 3j*jfr^r [ see

No. 84 (3)].

Use of the indeclinable past participle

When two different actions are performed by the same agentt the first of the two actions is expressed by the indeclinable past participle :

e.g. : I bathed and ate ( =having bathed I ate )—

On seeing me my mother was pleased ( =having seen me • my mother was pleased) — *rf

I came, I saw, I conquered (=having come and having seen, I conquered) — 3n?TET ^251 ^T^*?^^ I

When the second verb is in the passive voice, the indeclinable past participle refers not to the subject, but to the agent of the verb, i.e. to the noun in the instrumenral case. Thus : 3j£+ii«i*?F coming home my father scolded me (both the

action of coming and that of scolding being performed by my father). Hence, if the voice is changed, the indecl. past part. remains unchanged : ^[JTTTOT ft^TT

INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( tf^T AND 5T^) 111

117. Locative and Genitive absolute

An absolute phrase is a phrase containing a participle the subject of which is different from the subject of the main verb ; e.g. : The sun having set, we went home. Every absolute phrase can be replaced by an adverb-clause :

e.g. : The boys being tired, the master stopped the class =Be- cause the boys were tired, the master stopped the class. The hunter having gone, the birds began to sing=After

the hunter went, the birds began to sing. Your father being there, you did not rise from your seat = Although your father was there, you did not rise from your seat.

An absolute phrase can be translated into Sanskrit by the locative absolute. The subject is put in the locative case and the participle agrees with it in gender, number and case.

The present participle is used if the action of the absolute phrase is simultaneous with that of the main clause.

The past participle is used if the action of the absolute phrase precedes that of the main clause.

The active or passive participle is used according to the voice of the participle in the absolute phrase.

118* Examples

(1) The soldiers throwing arrows ( =while the soldiers were throwing arrows), the general mounted his horse : The soldiers : loc. plur. masc. — flft%3

throwing : active participle denoting an action simulta- neous with that of the main clause : pres. act. part*

arrows : ace. plur. —

112 SANSKRIT MANUAL

(2) The burden being carried by the servant ( = as the burden was carried by the servant), we walked fast :

The burden : loc. sing. masc. — vrft

being carried : passive participle denoting an action

simultaneous with that of the main clause : pres.

pass, part.— gpPTT^1 by the servant : instr. sing.

(3) My brother having drunk water (=after my brother had drunk water), I read my lessons.

My brother : loc. sing, masc.— Slffift

having drunk : active part, denoting an action which precedes that of the main clause : past part. act. —

water : ace. sing. —

(4) The garland having been given (^after the garland was given), the boys sang.

The garland : loc. sing. fern. — HI«I^I*^

having been given : passive part, denoting an action which precedes that of the main clause : past part. pass.—

119. Genitive absolute

When the absolute phrase is equivalent to a concessive clause implying distegard or contempt, the genitive absolute may also be used. 3fftf is usually added :

e.g. : His father looking on (=although his father is looking on), the boy beats his younger brother — ft<j:

INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^T AND

113

120. When the subject of an adverb-clause is the same as that of the main clause, the use of the locative absolute remains possible if the voice of the adverb-clause can be changed :

e.g. : After he had defeated the enemies, the king started for the palace,

Change of voice : The enemies having been defeated, the king started for the palace.

Loc. abs. : Sfftg f^

121. When the absolute phrase contains the present participle of the verb 'to be', it can be omitted in the locative absolute :

e.g. : You being my protector (=since you are my protector), I have no fear — c^ftr ^%3ft fafa) *HT *

EXERCISE 24

I. Vocabulary

8TT-5T to receive

f«W brahmin

a certain

': sacrifice to buy 3»t to sell goat

to feel, to enjoy, fs Gautama 3?OTH forest [: shoulder to put

down

II. Translate the following into English :

I 31

rogue then

means

excellence ie, foot

fear

to wait

to examine to address dog

to hear, to listen

s I aa^CM

114 SANSKRIT MANUAL

'TT'T

\

f ft I cW^rK ffeft^ST q§N <TC*ftOT I ^T$02T SflpJI^rt qjft

f% f^^

i% i

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, using in every sentence either the indeclinable past participle or the locative absolute :

(1) I saw the minister and spoke to him. (2) The enemies having conquered, we fled. (3) The enemies having been conquer- ed we sang. (4) The merchant sold two cows and bought one horse. (5) While the guests were arriving, all the servants adorned the house. (6) If you are alive, I, too, am alive. (7) After blaming me, my mother consoled me. (8) While your honour was our king, our happiness always increased. (9) We all fell asleep while the teacher spoke. (10) If a lion is stronger than a jackal, you should certainly vanquish your enemy. (11) Dear friends, look at me and have pity on me. (12) When the two black horses have drunk water and eaten grass, the cows should be brought in. (13) As the baby was carried away by the thieves, the mother, overcome by sorrow, fell upon the ground. (11) Al- though his daughters had fallen into danger, the rogue did not stir from the house.

LESSON 25

INFINITIVE IN ga ( THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE

122. The infinitive is formed by adding 5^ to the root after guriating a short medial vowel and a final vowel, e.g. :

Many verbs insert an ^ before §^, e.g. :

Verbs of the t<*nth conjugation keep their present base and insert 5, e.g. : HN"4t<f*f^l

Many verbs form their infinitive irregularly (see Verbs and their Principal Parts).

123. Use of the infinitive

(1) The infinitive is used to express the purpose of an action :

e.g. : He came to acquire knowledge—

(2) The infinitive is used with adjectives meaning 'fit', 'able', and with verbs meaning 'to wish', 'to begin', "to be able' •

e.g. ; I am unable to drink —

He wishes to hear the song— tffaf He began to run— snf^TlWT I

(3) The infinitive is used with the verb 8T£^( to deserve) in the sense of polite request, e.g. : You should protect me — *rf

(4) The infinitive has no passive form. When the passive is to be expressed, the verb accompanying the infinitive is put in the passive :

e.g. : Active : I begin to see the trees—

Passive : The trees begin to be seen by me —

116 SANSKRIT MANUAL

124. The Subordinate-Clause (1) The Noun-Clause

A noun-clause introduced by the conjunction 'that1 is ren- dered into Sanskrit by a double accusative, e.g. : He thinks that Rama is a hero (=he thinks Rama to be a hero)— ^f ^

A noun-clause introduced by a conjunctive pronoun is equivalent to an adjective-clause, e.g. : What he says is true (=that which he says is true

Indirect speech does not exist in Sanskrit and must always be turned into direct speech. The end of the direct speech is marked by the word ^fcT> e.g. : He told me that he had conquered the enemies (="I have conquered the enemies", so he told me)

125. (2) Adjective-Clause

An adjective-clause is introduced by a relative pronoun.

The case of the relative pronoun depends on its own gram- matical function in the adjective-clausei

The number and gender of the relative pronoun depend on the number and gender of its antecedent.

e.g. : The man to whom the book was given has gone away from the house.

Adjective-clause : 'to whom the book was given' :

to whom : dative case governed by the verb 'was given1.

masc. sing., because its antecedent 'the man' is in the masc. sing

INFINITIVE IN

117

126. Only the first four numerals are declined in the three genders :

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen

Loc.

M.

(one) F.

N.

like the masc.

fs* (two)

M. F. N.

1

*

ftr (three)

M. F.

N.

(four) M. F.

N.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

ftraftn

Like

the

masc.

Like

the

masc.

118

SANSKRIT MANUAL

I, Vocabulary ^*T able

3TO*nT unable

capable of being done

'• cessation ) to check

m. chario- teer

EXERCISE 25

to

deserve to

strive it is proper fesj^) to be depressed J to be able

to mount, to climb

fault, defect ii^d^ virtuous

of virtue spot, mark : m. disease

: hardly born

3T or

: love

to esteem* to honour

assembly driving away

i courtier

strongly built

II. Translate the following into English :

'f

5* zr:

(v) fl?lf STTtT

Slr JUT ft $pft \ (vs)

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) On hearing that her husband had arrived, the young wife ran to the door. (2) We should protect those for whom we feel affection. (3) It is proper to salute the master entering the house. (4) Her sweet song could not be heard. (5) Those who are able

THE ADVERB-CLAUSE

119

to check their senses are like a competent charioteer. (6) Those who begin to dig a well when their house is burning are like men who take a medicine when sickness has led them to death's door. (7) O king, you should forgive (3?t.+in/.) my offences.

IV. Change the voice in the following : TTgiTTWcIHTJ

LESSON 26

THE ADVERB-CLAUSE

127. The adverb-clause expresses a particular circumstance of the action of the main clause. In Sanskrit, the adverb- clause generally precedes the main clause and is introduced by a conjunctive adverb to which a simple adverb corresponds in the main clause, e.g. : The tree lies where it fell' will be translated into Sanskrit as "Where the tree fell, there it lies".

128. List of Adverbs

	Interrogative	Conjunctive	Simple	Indefinite
TIME	^TCwhen?)	2?^T (when)	^<?T (then)	^^rf^
				(at times)
		2TT33L (while)	3T^( — )	sI'ST
				(always)
PLACE	pr, 33	2f5f (where)	cT5T (there)	333
	(where ?)			^everywhere^
MANNER	33^ (how?)	3T«TT (as)	^T (so)	3#rfecj;
				(somehow)
CAUSE	fiOT (why?)	zffi: (because)	(^0
CONDITION	—	2rf^ (if)	^lf| (then)
CONCESSION	__	2Rjfa	amfir (yet)
		(although)

120

SANSKRIT MANUAL

Examples

You came when the guests had gone— Sit down while I fetch water—

They stood where the hero fell — zffl

Virtues adorn the heart as flowers adorn the tree — spTT

He does not speak because his friends have left him — 2RTt

cW^TW^S ?r *uq^ I If your mother comes, you should wait upon her — 3f^

Although I live in the forest, I still remember my friends —

*&fo *ft ^irftr crarft ftmrfw wrftr i

129. When an adverb-clause is translated by an indeclinable past participle or by a locative or genitive absolute, the conjunc-

tive and simple adverbs are not translated (sec LESSON 24).

130. The numerals ir^, fg[, f^" and ^g^ agree in gender and case with the noun they qualify.

The numerals from q^ (five) to -^51^ (nineteen) are declined alike in the three genders. They agree in case with the noun they qualify. Except for <^ (six) and &(&^ (eight) they are all declined like <J^.

Nom.

Ace.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

or

or

or

8?srfir:

or

or

or

THE ADVERB-CLAUSE

121

131. Cardinals and Ordinals from One to Nineteen

Cardinals Ordinal Cardinals Ordinals

ft

•m

-tT

a

-tf

-5ft

132. S*W, "fefar and <|nte are optionally declined like pronouns in the dat., abl., gen. and loc. singular.

All ordinals form their feminine in t except and gT which form their feminine in 8TT.

EXERCISE 26

1. Vocabulary

m.

bird army

j: solder

nm. general 3H5R^ mango ^W^rupee >: anna : doctor

: week month

year

century debt

having water

group of three group

T famished

woman

serpent ^Rft female

serpent egg

famished lean,

emaciated fit«h<j«i pitiless man

122

SANSKRIT MANUAL

F: learn- ed brahmin

slowness : origin from me

eight miles

money- lender

?W: Yama

5ITUTT: (m. pi.) life

II.

w wise

: two miles

i i

Translate the following into English :

ones own

sluggish- ness

s brother : devotee wise man

to be dwelt in

to be avoided : /. prosperity

: /. intelligence

here; 1?^

price

: fa

TT^T ^T TO ft*WJT

fter

3<3%( sftftiT. floral *$ II 00 III. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

N.B. — The time and distance during which an action last are put in the accusative *

3f«nTTflT*[Jor many months, J sffsft for sixteen miles. The time and distance within which an action is done are put in the instrumental :

fprfa: *fHf|: within three weeks ; tr%sf 3>t^fa within two miles. The time after which at action is done is put in the ablative :

<ftl*4ft 33¥zp after ten years.

The price at which a thing is sold or bought is put in the instrumental • ^jft ^T: 3fof » bought for six rupees.

(1) On the sixth day of the week I sold fruits for 18 rupees. (2) In the nineteenth century many great men fought and died

ADVERB-CLAUSE 123

for the country. (3) While all the children are playing, we are able to write poems. (4) For how many rupees did you buy that horse ? (5) After returning from my friend's house I was sick for two weeks and four days. (6) Within 18 miles, we saw only five or six houses. (7) Three sisters and four brothers lived happily for many years. (8) The general told the soldiers to rise and to fight like lions. (9) Do as you are told. (10) There is nothing sweeter than honey, nothing dearer than a friend, nothing lighter than a pure mind. (11) The guests are tired for they have walked three krosas.

IV. Conversation between a fruit-seller and a customer : ST

TO

SITH

i

*^I\^T: i i a

i *

BT«

f sftftr

V. Three types of men

124

SANSKRIT MANUAL

C/}

<J

PL,

g

U 55

w ffi

H

ffi H

H

O

o

PQ P^ W

Cu 13

& & &

™ & & &'

41 4E <!E w(

& Sr & ^ *w

if III

*iu <iu

if fit

d5 '^ ^

«fllll!

a 2 §

S g D- 2 ^ 2

" 2

<X) ^ « O

2 2 2 o

^

la

o ?

I

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

125

«I

f \&

\S9 f£> \& Wv»

|fff ffft'

& & & *fe ft Tff tt?' Kff

G IE

<u ; >n K ^&

;^15 B^f

«E.| I s

»-l, jH. O rH r-«y Tf ^ GO. VQ r-l VO VD

3 ^Q

^

O ^

M CJ

«IO *-»

O O O

<u

,i4 cd

J2

C/5

2

>i W

M O

CJ <JO «3

I «"§

•& - a

fir^ R>

- ^

o

.( ^

o o -6

o

&ls

•y cj o -M

D M ^ oj O -O CXi O

rfi

511

>*

a

>^ c3

T3 <D

o o o o o

OOjj4->Ol-'wOOO ** w M X M V

4-i4-> ^-U-MQ.M-M.MO ./•M

&' Sr'' 5" £ tr^ B?' ^ to^ ET^ tr^ * 5 Hf J£ ^ fc' ft?

&l# & I? fel^Kb^i^^^^^ S'fe ttrrtffrK

126

SANSKRIT MANUAL

OO "tf O S_X _ T r— I

3 .a

VQ

-I

s s js •= a •

t> A\ «J~i ^>\ H

lff!fS4*j

S 8

2 o

6 g

o3 3

^ -a

! o o S £ •*-*•*-* / t

1 3

2 2 * J

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

127

11111

OS

•si

Cfl £ <-w **

O P

O O

-« > >

'w 2 i

a a s

M o o

Q 4J -M

u c ^

^ S

"S *» *•.

3 o

I

>-i O

*j 8

M « ^

O -QJO

^

o 44

128

SANSKRIT MANUAL

s.

"&

BT

<£

B g R* &&

»f Bfisfr

H 'S 'E <t£ f?* ^E 1r *t£

1 fr 6 B/e ^ | |

f& t& Us IW l^ Tu Rv RT

IIS

^7 /IP

1

45

tr

tc

5

45

ff

15

JE

45 ^5

fr br

42 45

s

I'

« £ SJ

T3 Q> W3

« § « a *s 1 s

g 'S ja j3 a $ £

O o O n O ^ rs

2 S

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

129

^££Jitt' &&$&*'* £ i? &

= g> & ^ 'fc» fc fc £T |p j2» &9 fe xIE g 7/R6r£«r5r tiwrrrrFrrc' rfrrrtr

rtr tr tr

*

f ^

<E

&

f

£ .^45

«

& & I?

<E

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Kill I

3 1

130

SANSKRIT MANUAL

I

4->

in

ctt

OH

i4gf I

re fu

«- hsf cp?

IF H? *

ft

tF RT

O rH O^ i— I

O i-«

O

O <U <D

•»-> 55

-

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M a a o

a e c

JJ* 3 .2

O

3

-d £

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

131

re

<*~S ^ rH "s- ' ^-^

vO VO T-H

1 •S 3

a- a i

2

1-

i

132

SANSKRIT MANUAL

I

4-1

'5 i£ c

fiiiiifi

KT fr RT *W 'fiT h^ h/

d> fo?

£ £

& <fc

fill

Jt », Vff

I

is

4E

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11

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o *c P o

2 o o

rH V£) rH

v^_/ *^/ >>^*/

&

Co C3 -j

O o w

4J 4J Cti O

b-'' /

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

135

* & 3 /»

fe ^ &

f r«

hr

S £

3T &f

I

IS IT? w hr R> nr h?

f

ff

I i 4 1 -9 I

8 B

o

o

134

SANSKRIT MANUAL

5» S £* tK E» ? <H £ $0 cr 5<E 'k'i »

^ trr |&

£ to to

fr

^ fe <B to

a

i

»u to

IP <B aE E <E S

a

1

t

•»

f<ii? r <E

11 II

fi3T R?

o,

% i

€<£

*"ff ff:^

S E>! I

<E

i

<IE

a?

if II

f£

2 6

S S

°SS°22°2

S ^o

^ o o w

r: -»-> -M o

3 fcr' cr^ 2

as a *

'*•' 2 & &

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

135

to

g

&

f tf tf

r v i

<tp <£

E C

1 K

111

^^B^E I

&

siu

1

<E jc

<te

dsf

1 1

If

V.O

u 'd w > c >

M OS O

O U V2JO O

fcl ? C

c3

U

O O Q £ -M £ Z

a 42

ft) CO

ftj Cd

B'JE'S

R? <V& KP

^

pi.r.

«,r

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

: m. fire

, point

in frontof (+gen.) goat

(1) (arefa) to roam egg

T therefore : m. guest here

(see n. 70) today lowest

: below ( + gen.) now

after ( + abl.) : wind

after, along (+acc.) favourable : love

between (+acc.) without (-f-acc.) near last blind • 31^1^ food

pqr- 3^5^^ other otherwise

) following : offence

even

unimpaired near (-face.)

water

n. water forest m, enemy healthy

to worship

throw ; ft-3 fh) to scatter unable m. sword limitless ^T^) n. blood I (seen. 67) m. serpent harmful

3?T from, up to ( + abl.)

t0reuqUeSt I SOW*: sky r. object, riches | „_, disturbed

.. .: arrival

to deserve j 3^^ arrivai instr.J O^TT. Conc3uct : preceptor anna

m. self n. supreme good

m. bee little

to protect

Ej southern tear : horse eight (see n. 130) )

eighth eighteen

eighteenth ) to be

order first

to obtain

adversity

3?T5(l^ mango

. life ^iRft

long lived

u

u

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

SfRfar^i health laziness hope quick hermitage refuge, support

: food Joy

wish thus

this (see n. 69) m. moon sense

so great, so much

^ (6) (^3m ) to wish

5: m. arrow

| here

I

> see ; to exa-

mne ; to expect

such f *%& God, master

3

loudly

(6) (33*fifir) to

abandon highest, best riving

away

upward

137

money-lender except (+abl) ft^) m.

priest m. seer

m. ocean generous, noble

0 m. plant : effort

garden above (+gen.)

^)/. shoe means : on both sides

(+acc.) 3^0 n. breast wide

to burn , , . dawn hot

one (see n. 126) once upon a

time ^*1^RL eleven (see

n. 130)

eleventh (see n. 67)

so great, so much just only

: Indra's

elephant power, sway

35^i:j n. vgour /. wave

hymn

3^ debt

'•) n. house : flood, heap

n. energy ; boiled rice oft^lip

medicine

138

SANSKRIT MANUAL

m

: who ( see

IfTj /. direction neck : which of two (1) (Wirfcr) to tell

^jf^L somehow when sometimes ;

never

youngest

younger

daughter : m. monkey : pigeon lotus

to tremble : hand

. elephant

to hear en-sR1^ ( ^wq"fcT ) to hear, to listen ear

. doer,

master W )n. work spot : quarrel

m. quarrel *^ i y|fj^ welfare : m. poet

one-eyed crow

. beauty desire

granting desires body cause

to be done

rk, business i tme

to

(1) shine ;

to shine servant but

what ? (see n.

some, a certain

how great ? how much ?

adoles-

cent

of what kind ? | 'dog : whence ?

where ?

(4) (f^fe) to be angry (+dat.)

skilful, expert

to embrace f lower : well

(8) foKtfir) to do, to make ; 8TOT-1> (3?oMtfa) to deco- rate

(6) ($"dfa) to cut grateful

gratitude for the sake of

(+gen.) artificial

wretched lean, emaciated

to draw; to plough : Krsna black

to make black

(6) (feftf) to scatter

to be fit, to conduce

(+dat.) . est cuckoo anger son of Kunti

3

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

139

(1,4) (3*1*1 fa>

to go beyond, to cross

(9) to buy ; ft-3ft

to sell

(1) (*&Wkn) to play game (4) (^rfcf) to be

angry (+dat.) : anger

'Sjfarfo) to cry : cry, shout

to be tired

(4) (faft)

to suffer

pain, trouble where ? (8) to hurt

moment : decay, loss

(1,4)

: /. course, gait oar o5ft o^) goer odour, perfume to go ;

T^ (1)

shorten, to sum- marize fast, quick wasted, lean small, mean to obtain ;

I to be (arar^ftO to know ; hungry QTT-*T*^ (QJFT^fcf) to /. hunger come ; famished *rasftf) to approach

(4) (§¥zrfcl) to be agitated j field

to return

to endure, to forgive ^\ vJJ

w

lame ,(10)

to break i piece, section (1) (*3«T%) to dig

digging indeed, surely

to eat to be

(1)

throw ( 8?ftrf abuse f 10

forbearing

to wash to decay

to

to (fif- to put down ;

afflcted, depressed known, famous

*T

Ganges : elephant

(10) count ;

to despise

to

m. heaviness song «n*r<i>! singer

songstress

to plunge O /• voice : mountain virtue, quality

appreciative

o?ft °ffafr

loving virtue

rat °^)

virtuous

virtuous

heavy, honourable wi. teacher (1) Offfo) to hide cave

140

house

housewife (1) (TTCfcf) to sing cowherd,

Gopala . Gautama

white, fair

to swallow (9) to seize village

jar

to proclaim ghee

ST (l) (ftraft)

to smell

and

having done wheel

0 n. eye : /. beak

sparrow four (see n 126)

fourth fourteen

SANSKRIT MANUAL

moon

fourteenth

army (1)

moon

to move ; to

depart ; BTT-^^ (on- to perform . n. leather

leathern ) to move outcast lovely, beatiful (5) to collect, to

gather surprising (10) (f^ctofci)

to think

spiritual a long time after a long time

to steal O n. mind (1) (%^) to try

n. disguise, fraud goat

shade (7) to cut hole, crack

n. world ^R[. o

having gone 3T^ o^isft

having killed (4)0sraft)tobe

born

man, person : father

(10)

tocover

«i«f«ft" mother

n. birth ) to mutter

old age

water (1) (^fcTfe)

to prattle : /. race, caste knee

i

son-in-law et

T (1) («Rf^T) to con- quer ; ft-f^T (fp|«<^) to vanquish ; TO'f^T to defeat

t

d

tongue

life life

victorious

(4) (sft^rftr) to grow old

(9) to know knowledge

learned «ft> °i^ ) learned eldest

(szftfo) n. light moonlight (1) (^c5%)

to glow

. 1

quickly, at once

5

squint-eyed

gloss, comment commentary

1

: young child (1,4) ( ^(

to fly

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

<rR>^ butter-milk <T2: slope, shore fl^ (10) (3T^T%)

to beat f. lightning X uncooked rice \' thence, then r there [T so, thus

that

n.67) then

to stretch P /. body

fatigue, sluggish- ness sleepy, sluggish

141

to burn :)n. heat,

penance ascetic :) ^. darkness m. tree

youthful

threaten Tft-^i ( q- to threaten , foot

( 0^:

star palate

such

so great, so much

4t

horizontal

bank cft^" sharp, violent 3& (6) (3^%) to strike

to weigh

SW,(4) (g^fftl) to be

pleased ?jpjft?^ silently

gw^ grass third

satisfy oneself « /. satisfaction

thirst (1) (cRfa to cross

to descend n. glow, brilliance

spirited, ardent (1) (^wftl) to abandon;

having stood

to gve up, to forsake : 5PT^ group of three

, d

142

thirteen 3T: °?ft ° thirteenth sftftr) three (see n. 126)

)

to hasten

(1) (^fo) to bite competent, skilful

to punish : stick : tooth 31 (4) teTR%)

to tame

331 compassion mercy poor sight, vision

tenth

(^^fcf) to burn 9?^-^^(8?^5fcr) to burn down (1) (^®ftf) to give fT-^T to receive 1-^T to offer

giver, generous wood

SANSKRIT MANUAL

servant maid servant

to play day by day

(6) ( fi^Tftf ) to show ; QTT-^^ (8TT- to command ; (OTf^rftl) to instruct, to advise . direction to shine ;

to burn, to glow

slowness §:^H misery

wicked man difficult to get

f. daughter : messenger distant ar away (+abl.)

: from afar (6) CfeRT) 8?T-g f5[zi%) to honour firm

(1) (q^rfe) to see (9) to tear, to split

r: god

body

: fault

shine

(1) (^fcT) to run,

to melt

twelve

twelfth :) /• door l) two

(see n, 126)

second

. enemy

^«n3[ wealth

rich oift oft^V of^)

rich

:) n. bow is duty, law, virtue

(3) to put ; 3?ftr-m

to address ; ft-STT to lay down

m creator nurse

to run;

to attack

n

Eie on (+ ace.)

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

(4)

talented, prudent steadfast *£)f- yoke rogue /. dust CD (10) /. cow (1)

to perish | to bind ! name by name

woman

i

fs destruction

to hold ! fr^1 near ( +acc.) to owe ! ^^ constant, regular

ft^T sleep

4 (1)

to blow to meditate

not

at night

'rft city (1) C^fh) to sound

river

m. treasure

to blame

>q^) having led skilled

innocent JT^T worthless

ft^F pitiless ft*$W pitiless /. husband's sister fo*^ certainly

. grandson ! * ^ &$$ to led i ^ (1) (3*Tfa) to salute ^"^ ^ •: honour, salutation brin£ '

to (+ dat.) | vwfa) to marry ;: man r new nine

to

P

143

? /. conduct «ftw healthy

ninth nineteen

°55T °5ft" °?TH) nineteenth

to dance

: king : m. king

leader

low

side, wing

m. bird

(1)

to cook

fifteenth fifteen

five (see n. 130) (o jj: ojft oq^ )

lifth cleaver (1) (qsftf to read

to

fly around wife

, letter wholesome

(4) (qsreO to go ; C f^qg% ) to

fall into adversity ; flf q^ ( «*Mq^ ) to prosper

step, place q^ (q*rO n. water,

milk other

p;pH,b

144

SANSKRIT MANUAL

ph

TOP beyond (+abl.) m. axe valour, exploit

turned away

TSQ

m. mendicant

/. assembly to be avoided hard, rough mountain : m. beast

behind (+ gen.) IT (1) (fWcl) to drink TT (2) to protect <TT5: lesson f: m. hand

vessel : foot

courter

(10) (qr^ftr)

to protect ft"5 (ft^T) m. father

4ta_ (10) (^f^rfei) to

oppress, to torment 'ftcf yellow qfa fat

merit son

again in front (+ gen.)

cty formerly man

human effort

to nourish ower book

to worship before (+abl.)

earth wide (3) to fill

(6) ( 2^fe ) to ask

to take leave towards (+acc.)

0 backward, western

reacton,

remedy first

crgn

power : m. lord, master much, many : effort

forward, eastern T^: ) early

monsoon

palace deer sft (10)

to please ., n. love

hood of a snake

to bear fruit ruit

fruitful blossoming : foam

(9) to bind : relative, friend ^551^ strength

strong

: cessaton 5RRT "ft to check favourable J favour before (+ abl.)

s-^T crane

strong : outside (+ abl.) much, many

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

145

boy i girl

m. arm

m. drop

hole /. intelligence

intelligent

to know ;

to awake wse man famished 3fl ) n.

the Absolute ( 5ISIT ) m.

Brahma brahmin

i /. devotion

to eat

( W^O God sister (1) (*TO%)

to divide (7) to break fortune fear fearful

( *ffif ) m. lord,

husband

your honour (see n. 91.) *TW3L house, abode n. ashes

: devotee : burden

wife

CD (*TT^)

to speak 3TM speech, language

to split

to eat, to

enjoy serpent world

(*reftOtobe, to become ; 9T3-^(8?3- *RfcT) to feel, to enjoy ; 3^-^ (^^ to arise ; Tft- to over- come ; 5!-^ (5W^ftr) to prevail : /. prosperity

. king : /. earth

^ (10) (^T%)

to adorn

^TT^ ornament ^(l)(*TCfa) to support enjoyment,

pleasure

meal (4) OwftO to fall

to roam, to err

JT

: /. mind

: fish

prudent

to reoce honey

*Lj^fas ) ^. bee middlemost,

mediocre

to think 0 n. mind : wish, desire

to consult sacred text, spell

minister peacock peahen Tn. wind sweeper

great

m.

greatness woman not (with

imperative)

146

*TT (2) to measure;

IT (f«Rt) to build flesh

. mother

to honour

rt

to seek s path garland K month

(6) ftr^fa) to join : /, salvation , face

to release 5^ (1) (tfr^1) to rejoice §s[T coin, seal gft: m. sage 35., (4) (58%) to faint b fool

i. head rat, mouse (6) (ftRft) to die

to seek

i deer dead : m. death

0 : cloud

SANSKRIT MANUAL H

to sacrifice :: sacrifice

attempt where

as... so

which (see n. 114) when

a

to restran n- fame (2) to go

as much. ..as ..^!^ while 3^ to join | 3*1 W) ($*&) to fight , battle u, you

(see n, 67) miles

: Raghu

arrange, to compose : /. rope

: chariot

) ;

to begin (1) (W^) to sport plantain-tree m. sun m. ray secretly

to shine . king

courtier queen

. night Rama m. heap

earthen

(wftr)

to protect

m. protector

please (see n. 44) ^ (2) to cry *P^(7) to obstruct ^f^T blood

to

grow ;

to

climb, to mount

line, series : /. dust, pollen : disease

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

147

sick

weeping

light

(D (Bffo) to leap ^ (6) («vi^^

to be ashamed shame creeper *W (1) (55*T^) to re-

ceive, to obtain acquisition

(6) (fe^fcT)

to write

(6) (fewrfa)

to smear, to anoint (9) to adhere,

stick 1 (4) (gsfo)

to wallow (g^rffl) to break

(4) (gwrfiO

to covet. (9) to cut

to see, to observe world : avarice gr«<sc/

W) «. hair fickle, anxious

race, family

m. orator

eloquent to speak

m. merchant speak; to dis-

agree, to dispute : killing, murder

» wife, woman

to salute

sow n- body n. age : boar

: colour, caste f)n. path

voce ^T'ft well qi: m. wind

water : obstacle ftrW money, riches

(Mftr)

to find to be

knowledge . lightning

learned : m. fate : modesty without (+acc.

instr. or abl.) : diversion

to dwell to be dwelt in wealth thing, object

adversity : brahmin rt^ bewildered

i wedding

(6) ( ftroft ) to

enter ; 8?ftr-ft-ftf^ ( Sfftrftlf^ ) to re- sort to ( -face. ); gq-f^C gqf^rftr ) to

sit;

to enter

to bear, to flow ftq^universe or PeHW dejected

. speech firWpoison

,S

148

SANSKRIT MANUAL

all-pervading T: hero, warrior 5: wolf ?: tree

I (1) Offi&) to be, to exist ; ft-13 ( ft- j ) to desist from : ( ^IVidcl ) to turn, to change ; 5J- j 1^ ( 5R^ ) to pro- j ceed, to begin n in vain [ old

* age

to tremble m- Creator to sake, to tremble n. house doctor

to pierce misfortune tger tigress J m. disease sick

n. sky

to go, to walk

33^ vow, promise

to praise to be able . strength,

power able to be done

rogue

m, enemy J slowly

to curse J sound, noise

to be-

come quiet, to stop t arrow

. autumn

m. moon

night

branch J /. peace

book, science

to learn

summit

(ftR!) n. head m. baby, child

: pupil

cold

character

to grieve pure

Tfif) to dry hero jackal splendour

^ (4) (w?rftr)

to be tired

ftr (l) («prfc) to

reach : 8TT-fe ( err- ^rft) to depend on, to have recourse

rich, fortunate C5) to hear

m. hearer

J learned

brahmin

(1) (W*&)

to praise

to embrace : mother-in-law tomorrow white

sx (see n. 130)

sixth

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

sixteenth

sxteen

335 ( *fa<O /. assembly

similar

friendship having water being truth

^ (1) (dWa) to sit ; 3J-5T^( srcfafcf ) to be favourable ; fo-5T^ (f^fafa) to be afflic- ted, depressed

: n. abode,

residence

twilight at once seven

seventeenth seventeen '. week court, assembly

presence of (+gen.)

with (+instr.)

seventh

time, contract near (+acc.) able

. fuel

(+gen.) sea

. wealth, prosperity properly

right, proper ) m.

emperor • rver

serpent, snake ? all (see n. 96) ^f: on all sides

(+acc.) 5f everywhere always

m. sun

to endure with (+instr.) suddenly good, holy : m. holy man

to appease, to console charioteer ith fear

)

3

149

: lion lioness

to sprinkle

to reach, to succeed

Sita

fragrant

^T very difficult

to obtain

asleep : /• kindness wise

benevolent

learned man fragrant W gold

^( iPL) m- friend : charioteer

sun

(1) (e^ftr) to move, 8T«| £ (a^T^ftl) to follow

(6) (srarftO to

create /. creation : m. bridge army

: m. general ifa Cl) (&^) to serve

5 , h

150

SANSKRIT MANUAL

to

soldier ladder beauty ; shoulder (2) to praise : thief **?T (D

stand ; 8?fa-^T ( fqgfa ) to occupy, to dwell (-face.) ; 3^-WT (sfrreftO to rise

WW£ place standing firm, steadfast big, large (2) to bathe

to love (-Hoc.)

(1)

rivalry L (6) (

to throb

to touch

to desire (+dat.) (1) (w«KO to smile ;

i

. to be | surprised j

(1) ( Wlfn ) to remember ; "fa-^2 ) to forget /. remember- ance> law-book ( *?I3> ) f. garland

aw

to flow one's own

to sleep « dream

nature J heaven ^KIT) /. sister hail ! (+dat.) healthy

to taste sweet

^nft)m. lord, husband

swan

female swan killed

(2) to kill,

to strike ; ft-^L to

disturb

Hanuman : m. Hari deer female deer

green plough

L ( f^1 ) n-

oblation

(1) (l^fe) to laugh ; Tft-f^ ( Tft- f^ftf ) to laugh at C3) to abandon

to be avoided fR: necklace fT^It ridicule ff[ for, indeed

Himalaya

I (1) ( 5*fo ) to take away ; <rft-if ( Tft- to avoid ; 5l-f ) to strike ;

[ ^ftr ) to

collect

heart lake

\ i (1) (frftr) to call

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

to abandon 33*^ (6)

able

able to be done

to be able 51^(

abode

n.

above ^ft ( + gen.) the Absolute

to abuse

acquisition

to address 8*fa-siT (3)

adolescent

to adorn *J^

adversity

to fall into adversity

to advise 3T-"ft^ (6) afar ^JH ; from afar

afflicted

to be afflicted

after

again age

(+abl.), (+acc.)

old age

to be agitated g^T

all *ft (see n. 96)

along 8?3 (+acc.)

although

always

and ^

anger angry

to be angry 3& (4)

^ •->

n.

anna

anxious

to appease

appreciative

to approach ^T-^(l)

ardent

to arise

Arjuna

arm 3T| : m.

army ^^ /.

to arrange ^ (10)

arrival

to arrive Bn-TOJ. (1)

arrow ^3: m. ^:

artificial ^PR1

ascetic ??%: m. ciqf

m.

ashamed

to be ashamed

ashes

to ask

asleep ^J assembly /.

to attack

(1)

to attempt

autumn

avarice

to avoid Tft-f (1)

to be avoided

to awake

) /.

axe

! m.

B

n.

baby Tfg: m.

backward

bank

base

to bathe $K (2)

battle g^

to be 8W (2), ^ (1),

ft^ (4)

(1)

beak ^5: /. to bear ^ (1) beast q^: m. to beat <T^ (10)

beautiful

152

SANSKRIT MANUAL

beauty to become bee

: /., (1)

m.

before

to beg to begin

behind

below

best

between

beyond

big *p

to bind

bird

birth

to bite

black

to blacken

to blame

blind

blood

(+gen.) fcs

(+acc.) (+gen.)

(4), m., n.

(1)

(1)

blossoming Jp§ to blow «m (1) blue

: /.,

body

book

to be born

bow boy 3T3: Brahma brahmin branch to break

(4)

n.

breast bridge §3: m. brilliance

n.

to bring en-^ (1) to build

burden *T

to burn 3^(1), fl^

CD, ^.

to burn down

business

(2)

butter-milk to buy ^ (9)

to call

caste

cause

cave

century

(1)

/.,

a certain

certainly cessation to change

character chariot W* charioteer

to check

cheerfully

child

city

clever R to climb cloud ^

(1)

m.

(1)

: m.

(5)

cold

to collect

colour 3

to come BJT-TRT (1)

comment

commentary

compassion

to compose ^

conduct STHR:,

to conquer fa (1)

to console

to consult

CD

/.

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

153

constant

contract

to cook T^(l)

to count ( T^) (10)

country ^T:

course

court

courtier

to cover ^ (10)

to covet ^ (4)

cow

crack

crane 3551$:, tfeft'141

to create 3^(6)

creation Slfe /.

Creator «rnj (^TcIT) m.

T m.

creeper

to cross 3-^f- (4)

), <T (1)

crow

cry

to cry *E ST. (1),

cuckoo $tf%55:,

to curse 31^(1

to cut f^ (6) (

D

to dance ^1 (4) darkness

daughter

m.

dawn

day

by day fi[^T

dead 'JcT

dear

death

debt

decay ^R?:

to decay % (1)

to decorate

deer 5^i:> to defeat

(8) (1)

to die *l (6) difficult to get to dig ^ (D digging direction

to disagree

( 1)

: m. n.

dejected

to depart STC-^ (1)

to be depressed

n.

CD

to descend 8Tqf-cT (1) to deserve QT|^ (1) desire 1^? T«fK«T: to desire 5^(1)

(l^ffcl); 3^ (10)

(+dat.) to desist ft-l^ (1)

(ft3fl^) ( + abl.) to despise Q?^-T^ (10)

destruction «n?F:, devotee *Txfi devotion ^ife: /.

disease disguise to dispute

distant ^J disturbed diversion to divide ^(1) to do $ (8) (see nn. 51 & 62); to be ^ done 3&PT doctor TO?* f^l^PT

m.

(1)

doer

dog

door 5TC

to draw

dream

to drink qr (1)

driving away

drop ft»^:

to dry U^(4)

dust qfe: /.

duty £R:

to dwell

m.

154

SANSKRIT MANUAL

ear

early SITcT^

earth

eastern

to eat *3T^ (1),

effort

egg

eight ere* (see n. 130)

eighteen

eighteenth

eighth

eldest

elephant vft

m.

eleven eleventh emaciated fR^T to embrace^ (4),

emperor to endure

m.

enemy

energy to enjoy

enough to enter

m.

-^ (1),

to err

even everywhere to examine

except^ C + abl.) to exist 1^ (1) to expect

expert exploit eye :3*j& t^sa:i n.

face fair

to faint to fall

fame ^t^: /.,

:amily fa:

:amished

:amous

:ar ^t 5 from afar

, :ast

at «fhf

ate ^W , fofa: m.

rather

fatigue

fault ^

favour

favourable QT3^55, 5T^r

to be favourable

(1) ( fear *RW

fearful with fear

fickle fie on fifth fifteen fifteenth

to fight 3^ (4) (3^) to fill q (3)

I fire i firm

m.

fish

to be fit

(^§) ( + dat.)

five q^(see n. 130)

flesh

flood

to flow

flower

to fly i

to fly around

£ . roam CTi

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

155

to follow aig-3 (l)

following

food

fool

foot

for

forbearing $rftT«t

forest 3TWT , 3*f*^

to forget fr-^ (1)

to forgive SW (1, 4)

formerly 3*T

to forsake

fortune

fortunate

forward

four ^^^(iee n. 126)

fourteen

fourteenth

fourth

fragrant

fraud

friend 3^: m.

friendship from en (+abl.) in front of Sfft (-fgen.) 3^: ( + gen.) fruit

fruitful

to bear fruit

fuel

11

gait *lfo: /.

game

Ganges

garden

garland

garment ^ to gather fo (5)

^T:f^ (5) Gautama general generous ghee gift girl to give to give up Tftc^ (1) giver ^ (5T3T) m. glow ^^(&wO n. to glow

to go

goat

God

,

god

goer

gold

good

Gopala

grain

m.

grandson «?H

( ^HT ) m. grass ^W^ grateful gratitude great ^^ (see n. 90) how great ? so great as great as

greatness

*»JH m. green 5feT to grieve ^ (1) to grow ^ Cl) guest 3?%ftr: m.

H

hail ! ^fe (4-dat.)

hair %?P, 55t^(55t«?) n.

hand W, ^flftr: m. |^:

happiness

happy

harmful

hard T5^

Hari fR:

to hasten ^TC (1)

head ft health

) m.

156

SANSKRIT MANUAL

m. (10),

m.

healthy

heap to hear

hearer heart heaven ^ here 3J5f, hermitage hero 4fa: to hide 3

high 3% g

highest

Himalaya

to hold I (1)

hole "Upt^

holy man

honey *T^

to honour 3TT-£ (6)

m.

your honour

(seen. 91) honourable ^^T hood (of a serpent)

hope horizontal horse 3Rf: hot

house

housewife how? hunger hungry ^fWc! to be hungry 2 to hurt ^PJT (8) husband

n.,

(4)

m.

m.

husband's sister

hymn

i) f.

n. 67)

to increase l^T (1)

'

indeed

Indra

Indra's

innocent

intelligence

intelligent

jackal jar ^2: jaw ^' f. jest %fe: /.

jewel

to join fflo5 (6),

joy

jUSt T^

K

to kill 53 (2) killed %3 killing W kind

kindness 5^fe: f- of what kind ? king 3$'; ^TfcJi nu

m.

knee

to know QT

knowledge Kr§na

ladder

lake f^:

lame ^

language

large

last

to laugh 5^(1)

to laugh at qft-f^ (1)

law W; ^ft%: f.

to lay down ft-^TT (3)

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

157

laziness

lazy 3Je59

to lead «ft CD

leader &J (tt) m.

lean $

to leap 55f ^ CD

to learn f^ (1)

learned

learned brahmin learned man

leather

leathern

to leave

to take leave 3

(6) lesson 1T3:

letter life

light (adj) lightning

like

limit

limitless

line

lion

lip

n.

to listen en

litte

to live

long $R

long-lived

lord

m.

loss lotus loudly love

m., n.

to love faf (4)

lovely

low

lowest

M maid-servant

to make ^ (8) ^see

nn. 51 & 62)

man 5ffi:,

mango

many (see 'much')

mare Q^iT

to marry <?ft fft (1)

master 51: m.

meal

mean

means

to measure *fT (2)

m.

medicine mediocre to meditate meditation to melt f (1) mendicant

(1)

merchant

mercy merit

messenger ^p: middlemost mile — 2 mile

8 miles

milk T^W ^0 n. mind %TCt (^0 n-»

minister

msery misfortune

modesty

moment

money

monkey

monsoon

month

moon

: m ,

? m.

m.

moonlight

158

SANSKRIT MANUAL

: m.

mother

mother-in-law SJW.

to mount 3JT~^ (1)

mountain

mouse

mouth

to move ^ (1),

much (many)

how much ?

so much

as much as

murder to mutter

mutually

N

name «TOH («TT*0 n. nature ^TT3f: near (adj.) near (prep.) (+acc.) ace.), SWTOT C+acc.)

neck ^3*

necklace ^R?

net

never

new *I3

night uftf: /.,

at night TO*^

nine «f^ (see n. 130) ;

nineteen

nineteenth

ninth

noble

noise

to nourish

not «T, *TT (with

imperat.)

now

nurse

o

object oblation to observe

obstacle to obstruct to obtain

ocean 3^i: m.

to occupy erf^ W (1) [ace.)

odour

offence

to offer sr-^T (3)

old f5>

old age

to grow old ^ (4)

one

once

at once

once upon a time ^^T

only

m.

to oppress

or ^T

orator

order

to order

origin

ornament

other Bj»r,

otherwise

outcast

outside 3ff[ : ( + abl.)

to overcome

to owe 1 (1) own 33

P

pan

pair

palace

palate

path *TFT:>

peace ^TTf^n /.

peaceful

peacock

penance cfT^(^qO n.

to practise penance

to perform

(1)

perfume

to perish f^T (4)

person

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

159

piece

to reduce to pieces

to pierce "&V3 (4)

pigeon

pitiful

pitiless

pity ^

place

to

(3X

plant

plantain-tree to play ^ ( to please sfr (10")

m.

pleased

to be pleased

pleasure

plough

to plough $^ (6)

to plunge

(4)

m.

poem

poet

point 8IHJT

poison

pollen

poor

power 5RT^:, ^f1rR: f.

to praise 3TCT ( 1 )

(1) fcH*), ^ C2) to prattle

preceptor

: m.

in the presence of

gen.)

prest

to proceed

to proclaim 3^_

promse 5ls|cT: /.

to promise 51%- (5)

proper

properly

to prosper

prosperity ^%: /.,

to protect (2), ^ protection protector

m.

prudent

to punish

pure ^f%

toput^IT (3),ft-m (3)

to put down ft-%q^(6)

Q

quality 3^:

without quality to^r

quarrel $<35v ^"fe: m.

queen

quick

quickly

quet to become quiet (4)

R

race

Raghu

Rama

rat JJ^

ray f%W> ^i^JTi m.

to reach 51-3^(5)

to receive

refuge

to take refuge

(1)

regular

to rejoice ^ (4)

Cm^%), g^ (i)

relative 5Fg: m. to release TO (6)

to remember remembrance

/•>

to request

residence to restrain

to return

160

SANSKRIT MANUAL

rce

boiled rice

rich SR3rt>

riches 8?^:,

ridicule

to incur ridicule

to rse

rivalry

river 5

road

to roam 9T3 (1),

TO

rogue t rope I33j: /. rough rupee

s

sacred text *T*5p>

sacrifice zffl:

to sacrifice 9^(1)

sage gfa: m.

for the sake of ^

( + gen.) to salute

salvation sandal-wood satisfaction ^ffli /. satisfied cJH' /. to be satisfied

sayng

to scatter 3» (6)

scence sea

seat

second

secretly

(10) (

to see

to seek

seer ^f:

to seize 57f^ (9)

self 8?Tc«H (3nc?TT) m.

to sell fo-33t (9)

sense

series

serpent Q?: m.

servant

to serve

seven

"rsee n. 130) seventeen seventeenth seventh to shake shame 5K5TT sharp to shine

(4)

/•

shoe

shore ^3:, , to shorten shoulder

shout ^t^T:

to shout 3>3rjl)

to show f<^T (6)

sick CrfrR^ c^rrf^

sickness £t*T:, cqifq: m. side T5?:

on both sides 3*Pffi: ( + ace.)

on all sides S^:

( + ace.) sight

silently

similar

C+instr.) sin ^T^ to sing *T (1) singer to sink

snner

sister

m.

to sit OT-f^RT (6)

d)

Sita

sx

sixteen

(see n. 130)

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

161

sixteenth sixth q*3 skilful skilled sky

slave

to slay 5*^

sleep

to sleep

sleepy

slope 3

slothful

slow

1 slowly

sluggish sluggishness small ^ to smear fo5

to smell HT (1)

to smile fw (1)

smoke *£*?:

snake 8?f^: m., ^

snare ^ITOT ,

snow

so t^T

soft

soldier

some

somehow

sometimes

n,

son song songstress son-in-law

sound

to sound

southern

to sow TT ( 1 )

sparrow

to speak

m.

(1)

speaker speech

m.

spirited spiritual splendour to split ^ (9),

to sport

Spot ^05^:

to spinkle

(7)

(6)

to stand W (1)

standing star ^IK^T steadfast to steal step q^ stick ^o^: to stick oft (9)

strength STeHT^rfe /. to strike $R (6), 51 f

(1) strong 3555?

to succeed

success ftlfe /.

such f^T:

suddenly

*o suffer f^^ (4)

(1)

sun OT: m.

support

to support

surely ^ST

surprised

to be surprised

surprsng

to swallow 5Rf (1)

'

swan

to sweep

sweeper

sweet

sweetmeat

sword Bffg: m.

T

tail *5T^*J?5*T to take 5?^ (9X

«n-*r(3)

to take away f (1),

SN-I (1), 8W-* (1) talented

162

SANSKRIT MANUAL

to talk ^ U)

tall 3*13

to tame ^ (4)

tank

to taste

3$: m.

to teach

teacher tear 3m to tear 5 (9)

to tell ^T (10)

ten ^R (see n. 130)

tenth

terrible

that

theft

then cRT,

thence cU

there fffi

therefore

thick sffi

thief =^:,

thin ^3,

thing q

to think f%^( 10),

(4) third

thirst thirteen thirteenth this

though thought

to threaten c

three fsr (see n, 126)

group of three

throat $03:

to throb *7 (1)

to throw 3?e, (4)

thus

tiger

time

tip

tired

to become tired

today 8TO

to morrow:5^:

tongue

tooth

top

(-hacc.)

to torment <ftf (10)

tortoise f>q:

to touch

towards

town

to transgress

(4) (sr

treasure 3fifar:, T: m. tree TO m., to tremble

trouble

(1)

truth

to try zicL ( 1)

to turn (

turned away

twelfth

twelve

twilight g

two f|[ (see n. 126)

U

unable 3T^fJT> 8?5W^ under 3^: C+gen.) to understand

unimpaired

universe

up toe?T C+abl.)

upon OTft (+gen.)

upward

urn

van vainly, in vain Vaisya valour to vanquish (1)

vessel qi^F victorious victory

m.

vigour &fi$i (&&:) n.

vile

violent c violently virtue virtuous vision 5fe: / > voice fiR.J*ftO /, vow

w

to

to walk =^(1). £F5T

to wallow 553 (4)

war J£g

warrior

warm

to wash

water

n

wave 3»f*f: f.,

way

weak

wealth ei^r,

weapon

weary

wedding

week

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY

to weap 5^(2)

weeping

to weigh

welfare

well (adv.)

well ^ft;

western

what?

wheel

when ? $^T, when TO

whence ? <$$'•

where ? ^f, 3^>

where ^

which ? 1%JT? which Zf^ (see nn. 113 & 114)

while white wholesome who ? f%*T> who 3\ (see nn. 113 & 114)

why ? wicked & wicked man wide 33, *gg wife wind

163

wing <T$?: wise irfcW^, 5TT|[ wise man gsf: wish

to wish with

( + instr.)

without ft^IT (+acc., instr. & abl.) wolf f^: woman

wood work world

to worship

"

worthless worthy wretched to write

.(6) Y

to yawn 5p^(l)

year

to yell s?T

yellow 'f

yesterday

yet

yoke

young

younger

youngest

youth

/.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

(The figures refer to the marginal number)

I. The Sanskrit Alphabet

Vowels — 1 ; Consonants— 2 ; Consonants followed by vowels — 3 ; Compound consonants — 4 ; Numerical figures — 5.

II. Euphomic Combination (Sandhi)

1. Vowel Sandhi : Guna and vrddhi — 6(3) ; Sandhi of similar simple vowels — 31(1) ; Sandhi of dissimilar vowels— 31(2) ; Sandhi of diphthongs and vowels — 31(3) ; Special sandhi rules : for the augment — 47(3) ; in conjugations — 7(2), 16(3), 23(3), 32(3), 40, 46(2), 55; Absence of vowel sandhi— 31(4), 70(2).

2. Visarga Sandhi : 15(2), 27 ; Visarga standing for final *^-54 ; Absence of visarga sandhi — 67.

3. Consonant Sandhi : Change of ^ to or— 17 ; Change of ^ to ^—45 ; Final consonants allowed — 72 (1, 2, 3) ; Hard and soft consonants — 72 (4, 5, 6) ; Final *T— 15 ; Final «TT— 37 ; Dentals combined with palatals, cerebrals and

; Transfer of aspiration— 77 (7).

III. Declension

1. Stems ending in vowels: Masc. and neuter nouns in 8?— 10 and 11 ; Fern, nouns in STT — 38 ; Masc. nouns in ^ and 3 — 23 ; Fern, nouns in 5 and 3 — 50 ; Fern, nouns in | — 38 ; Fern, nouns in 35 — 58 ; Masc. and fern, nouns in ^ — 52 and 53 ; Neuter nouns in $, 3 and ^ — 64.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

165

2. Stems ending in consonants : Nouns and adj. with one stem —74-77 ; Nouns and adj. with two stems— 79-83, 85, 89-92, 94 ; Nouns and adj. with three stems — 97-107. j

IV. Formation of the Feminine : 66, 108-112. V. Degrees of Comparison : 93-94. VI. Numerals : from 1 to 19 : 126, 130 and 131.

VII. Pronouns : Personal — 67 ; Demonstrative — 67, 69-70 ; Rela- tive—114 ; Interogative — 113 ; Pronominal adjectives — 96.

VIII. Indeclinables : Prepositions— 37 ; Adverbs— 128. XI. Conjugation

1. Qeneralities —6 ; The augment — 47.

2. Conjugational Tenses and Moods

(1) Generalities— 34.

(2) Terminations— 8, 40, 48, 55, 59,

(3) 1st Conj. ( v^Tf* )— 6-9, 18

4th Conj. (f^Tf*)-16, 18 ^ 34,46-49,55-56, 6th Conj. ( 3^1^ )— 23-25 | 59-60

10th Conj. (^rfO-32-33

3. The Passive

Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Potential — 68, 71 (3).

4. Participles

Pres. part. act. and pass. ( 3HJ and sni^)— 83.

Perfect part. act. ( ^T^5 ^ — 8!5«

Perfect part.pass. ( ^T )— 85.

Indecl. past part. ( ^T and 5^) — 115.

5. Infinitive ( 3^ )— 122.

166 SANSKRIT MANUAL

X. Syntax

1. The Cases : Nominative— 13 ; Accusative— 14 ; Instrumc tal— 21; Dative— 22 ; Ablative— 29 ; Genitive 30 ; Geniti absolute— 119 ; Locative — 35 ; Locative absolute — 117-llc Vocative — 36.

2, Agreement of the adjective — 66.

3 Tenses and Moods : Present— 8 ; Imperfect— 46 ; Imper tive— 55; 61 ; Potential— 59, 61.

4. Participles : Present and perfect participles— 86; Ind' past participle — 116.

5. Infinitive-— 123.

6. The Passive Voice : Change of voice— 71, 86(2), 116 ; Passive impersonal — 71, 86(3).

7. The Subordinate'Clause : Noun-clause— 124 ; Adjective- clause— 125 ; Adverb-clause— 127-129.

a:

FEB 1 4 !99fl

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