Me ty Hy A Misanhit sia tap eed als wally 2 Vy Lory fei I sett TLE Het Ti nt i eda ae ney Ai r Has i Bae Pay iy i i Hi ay i y ae | : as aS = SSefSS25 SSeS. = SCIENCE A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, PUBLISH- ING THE OFFICIAL NOTICES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. NEW SERIES. VOLUME XXIx JANUARY-JUNE, 1909 NEW YORK THE SCIENCE PRESS 1909 AN\AIS4 ee THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa, —— EeEeEeEeEeEeseEeEesessef iy Sito ye ear Mo) CONTENTS AND INDEX. NEW SERIES. VOL. XXIX.—JANUARY TO.JUNE, 1909. The Names of Contributors are printed in Small; Capitals. Aeronautics, G. O. Squier, 281 Agricultural Research Commission, 329 AtpRicH, J. M., Williston’s N. A. Diptera, 898 Atzen, J. A., Genera without Species, 934 Amanita, G. F. ArKinson, 944 American Assoc. for the Adyancement of Science, President’s Address, 1; Baltimore Meeting, 41, 114, 144; Section C, 45, and Amer. Chem. Soe., 306; Section F, 53, 711; Section A, 81, 152; Section G, 91, 903; Section B, 161, 467; Section E, 201, 747; Section K, 241, 481, 484, 514, 521, 527; Section L, 361, 372, 401, 407, 872; Hawaiian Meet’ ig, 414; Section H and Amer, Folk-Lore Soe., 508, 839; Section I, 561; Section D, 5J1 Amer. Museum of Natural History, 289 Ames, J. S., Text-books ou Physics, 896 Anprews, H. A., William Keith Brooks, 31 Andrews, HE. A., Crayfishes, A. H. Herrick, 345 Angell, President, Resignation, 607 Anthropological Soc. of Wash., W. Hoven, 238; J. R. Swanron, 440, 480, 599, 717, 798, 918 Anthropology at the Amer. Assoc, G. G. Mac- Curpy, 508 Appointments in Universities, E. J. WitczyNSKI, 336 ARNOLD, R., Geol. Soe. of Wash., 198, 239 Association of Teachers of Math., Middle States, E. R. SmirH, 276; Ohio, R. W. Buck, 320 ATKINSON, G. F., Amanita, 944 Bacteriologists, Soc. of Amer., N. Mach. Harris, 005 Baitny, EH. H. §., Sanitary Legislation, 729 BartEy, V., Grinnell on Biota, 700 Baxer, OC. W., Col. of Engineering, Northwestern Univ., 879 Batcu, F. N., Nomenclature, 998 Batpwin, 8. H., Miinsterberg’s On the Witness Stand, 301 Banks, N., Notes on Entomology, 505 Banta, A. M., Fauna of Mayfield’s Cave, H. C. Hovey, 503 Barker, F. D., Nebraska Acad. of Sci., 593 BaRnettT, 8. J., Kolbe on Hlectricity, 545 BARRELL, J., Research in China, 257 BASKERVILLE, C., Browning’s Rarer Elements, 744 Bauer, L. A., Terrestrial Physics, 566 Bayiry, W. S., Linck’s Kristallographie, 666 Bran, R. B., Heredity in Man, 942 Benepict, F. G., A Disclaimer, 107; Russian Research in Metabolism, 394 Berrxey, C. P., Geol. and Mineral, N. Y. Acad. of Scei:, 120, 279 Bessey, C. E., Botanical Notes, 78, 148, 189, 232, 550, 669, 702, 795, 821, 900, 1002; Phyletic Idea in Taxonomy, 91; Thaxter on Laboul- beniaceae. 580 Bessey, Professor, Banquet, 963 Bibliography on Science Teaching, 21 Bicrtow, M. A., Schmucker on Study of Nature, 618; Zoology at the Amer. Assoc., 711 Biographical Directory, J. McK. CatreLn, 699 Biological, Soc. of Wash., M. C. Marsu, 120, 277, 438, vvi, 639, 676, 837; Station, Univ. of Mich., 851; Laboratory, Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole, F. B. Sumner, 983 Biology and Medicine, Exper., Soc. for, W. J. GIES, 40, 200; EH. L. Opin, 559, 1013 BISSELL, G. W., Mechanical Science and Engineer- ing at the Amer. Assoc., 591 BLACKWELDER, E., Mars, 659 Boas, F., Coefficient of Correlation, 823; Race Problems, 839 Bottry, H. L., Gray’s Botany, 182 Bonney, S. G., Pulmonary Tuberculosis, N. P. RAVENEL, 298 Botanical, Notes, C. E. Brssny, 78, 148, 189, 232, 550, 669, 702, 795, 821, 900, 1002; Soc. of Washington, W. H. Sarrorp, 159; of Amer., D. S. JoHNson, 267 Botany at the Amer. Assoc., H. C. Cowxus, 903 Bottger, W., Qualitative Analyse, E. Renour, 229 Bowman, I., and C. F. Grawam, Mississippi Chan- nel, 418 Boyé, Martin Hans, 448 boynton, H. C., Furman’s Assaying, 463 Boys, City versus Country, F. A. Woops, 577; W. J. SPILLMAN, 739 Brapiey, J. C., Entomol. Soc. of Amer., 873 Brant, L. C., Nucleation of Lecture Room, 796 BREWSTER, W., Otter in Massachusetts, 551 Briguam, A. P., Assoc. of Amer. Geographers, 273 Bristou, ©. L., Bermuda, 34 British Assoc., Anthropology at, H., 190; Winni- peg Meeting, 929; Trip to Alaska, 964 Brooks, William Keith, HE. A. Anprews, 31; T. B. Comstock, 614; Memorial, 222 Brown, O. H., Enzymes of Ova, 824 Browne, GC. A., Chemistry among Ancients, 455 Browning, P. H., Rarer Elements, C. BASKERVILLE, 744 Bryan, J. A., Hawaiian Meeting of Amer. Assoc., 414 Bucx, R. W., Assoc. of Ohio Teachers of Math., 320 Building in Washington, 731 Burgess, A. F., Amer. Assoc. of Econ. Entomolo- gists, 479 C., G. N., Macfadyen on The Cell, 667 Camppetn, W., N. Y. Acad. of Sci., Astron., Physics and Chemistry, 39, 278 CamPsBecL, W. W., Spectrum of Mars, 500 Carteton, M. A., Dondlinger on Wheat, 1000 iv SCIENCE. CarMAN, A. P., Crew’s Mechanics, 579; Searle on Experimental Elasticity, 619 Carnegie Foundation, 378; J. McK. Carre Lt, 532; and George Washington University, 964 Carnivores, O. A. PrTreRson, 620 Carpenter, R. C., Hutton’s Mechanical Engineer- ing, 544 Cass, E. C., Chameleo Cristatus Stuch, 979 CastLe, W. E., Sex-heredity, 395, 699 Carrett, J. McK., Amer. Scientific Productivity, 228; Carnegie Foundation, 532; Biographical Directory, 699 Cautery, M., Alfred Giard, 70 CHapwick, G. H., The N. Y. Series, 77 Chalk Formations of Texas, R. T. Hitn, 972 CHAMBERLAIN, A. H., The Technical College, 723; Webster on Primitive Secret Societies, 741 Chameleo Cristatus Stuch, E. C. Casr, 979 Chapman, F. M., Camps and Cruises of an Orni- thologist, W. H. Oscoon, 549 Chemical Soc., Amer., C. L. Parsons, 305, 808; and Sect. C., Amer. Assoc., B. E. Curry, 306; and National Conservation Commission, 570; Summer Meeting, 850; Northeast Sect., K. L. Mark, 280, 597, 918; N. Y. Sect., C. M. Joycr, 120, 200, 360, 560, 798, 950; of Wash., J. A. LeCrerc, 240, 439, 718 Chemistry, Applied, Int. Congress, 174, 849; Post- graduate Study, W. McMurrriz, 601; Re- search, at Univ. of Ill., 357; among Ancients, C. A. Browne, 455; Agricultural, H. J. WueEELER, 647; Untilled Field of, A. D. Lirriz, 719 Church, A. H., Roy. Soe. Archives, G. F. Kunz, 350 Church, I. P., Engineering, H. T. Eppy, 185 Crark, H. L., New Species, 420; Ptarmigan, 500 Clark, L. P., and A. R. Diefendorf, Neurological and Mental Diagnosis, A. M., 112 Cleavage in Hen’s Egg, J. T. PATTERSON, 825 Climates, Geological, H. F. Rew, 27 Crosr, C. P., Soc. for Horticultural Sci., 274 CocKERELL, T. D. A., Genera without Species, 339, 813; Fossil Gar-pike from Utah, 796 Corrin, J. G., Professors’ Financial Position, 855 Corz, A. D., Physics at the Amer. Assoc., 467 Corr, F. N., Amer. Math. Soe., 117, 560, 797 Cote, L. J., Lights Attracting Insects, 76 College, American, and Life, A. FLExNER, 361; J. Royce, 401; J. H. Turrs, 407; Popular- ization of, W. N. Rice, 372; Technical, A. H. CHAMBERLAIN, 723 Comet Morehouse, Spectrum of, E. B. Frost, J. A. PARKHURST, 36 Comstock, T. B., Crane on Gold and Silver, 389; William Keith Brooks, 614 Conference of Governors of New England, J. Crate, 248 Conservation Work, W J McGzs, 490, 539 Convocation Week, W. TRELEASE, 182 Correlation Coefficient, F. Boas, 823 Cowtes, H. C., Botany at the Amer. Assoc., 903 Craia, J., Conference of Governors of New Eng- land, 248 Crane, W. R., De Launay’s World’s Gold, 300 Crane, W. R., Gold and Silver, T. B. Comstock, 389 Creatin and Creatinin, L. B. Menper, 584 CONTENTS’AND INDEX. Crew, H., Albert B. Porter, 962 Crew, H., Mechanics, A. P. Carman, 579; General Physics, J. S. Amus, 896 CROWELL, J. F., Science and Investment, 561 Curry, B. E., Amer. Chem. Soc. and Sect. C, Amer. Assoce., 306 CusuMan, A. S., Spalding on Roads and Pave- ments, 77; Forest Preservation, 383 Dauueren, U., Schneider’s Practicum der Tiere, 616 Dat, W. H., Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica, 421; Fru Signe Rink, 806 Darwin Centenary, 330, 377, 449; at Cambridge, 100; Delegates, 807; Committee, C. B. Daven- Port, 176; Lectures at Columbia Univ., 177; Anniversary at Chicago, 249; and Evolution- ary Collections, B. G. WILDER, 458; Presenta- tion of Bust, 992 Davenrort, C. B., Darwin Anniversary Commit- tee, 176; Family Records, 791 Davenport, E., Breeding, E. M. Hast, 261 Daylight Saving Bill, T. C. M., 973 Dean, B., Gaskell on Vertebrata, 816; American Eel, 871 Deegener, P., Die Metamorphose der Insekten, W. M. WHEELER, 384 De Launay, L., Gold, W. R. Crane, 300 DerLoacu, R. J. H., Harle on S. Agriculture, 32 Denudation, Geologic, E. E. Frrn, 423 Dinter, J. S., Wash. Acad. of Sci., 158, 358, 516 Discharge, Electric, F. E. NrpHER, 237, 384 Disclaimer, A, F. G. Benepicr, 107 Discussion and Correspondence, 26, 76, 107, 143, 182, 227, 255, 296, 336, 383, 418, 455, 500, 543, 577, 614, 656, 698, 736, 790, 813, 855, 895, 932, 970, 997 Dogs, Hybrid, R. R. Gates, 744 Dolmage, C. G., Astronomy, C. L. Poor, 349 Dondlinger, P. T., Wheat, M. A. Carterton, 1000 Drawing with Microscope, W. A. Ritry, 37 Duff, W., Physics, J. S. Ames, 896 Dunst, E. T., Texas Tertiaries, 113 Duncan, R. K., Industrial Fellowships, 736 Duncanson, H. B., Mo. River Channel, 869 Duranp, HE. J., Mycological Nomenclature, 670 Hartz, F. §., Science and Politics in Cuba, 501 Earle, F. S., Southern Agriculture, R. J. H. Dr- Loacu, 32 Earthquake Forecasts, G. K. Ginpert, 121 East, E. M., Davenport on Breeding, 261; In- heritance in Sweet Corn, 465 Easrman, C. R., J. A. Gaudry, 138; Mylostomid Dental Plates, 997 Eppy, H. T., Church’s Engineering, 185 Education, and the Trades, W. Kent, 77; W. J. SPILLMAN, 255; U. S. Bureau of, 498; Higher, G. H. Marx, 759; at Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 806; at the Amer. Assoc., C. R. Mann, 872 Eel, American, B. Dean, 871 Electrical Phenomena, H. PEMBERTON, JR., 143 Elements, Transformation of, 582 Eliot, C. W., Univ. Administration, D. S. JorpANn, 145; Retirement, 928 Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., A. S. WHEELER, 40, 600, 918 NEw SERIES. VoL. XXIX. Embryology, M. M. Mercaur, 738; Teaching, F. R. Linn, 932 Engineering, Enrollment of Students, R. Tomso, JR., 891 Engineers of Wis. form State Society, 376 Entomological Soe. of Amer., J. C. BRapLEy, 873 Entomologists, Econ., Amer. Assoc. of, A. F. Burcess, 479 Entomology, Notes on, N. Banks, 505 Enzymes of Ova, O. H. Brown, 824 Ewett, M. D., Meter and Yard, 741 Expedition, Indiana Univ., to British Guiana, 35; Shackleton’s Antarctic, 606 Faris, R. L., Philos. Soc. of Wash., 38, 119, 519, 558, 600, 678, 836, 949 Fats and Oils, Analysis of, 851 Fay, H., Roscoe and Schorlemmer’s Chemistry, 230 Federation, Amer., of Teachers of Math. and Nat- ural Sciences, C. R. Mann, 707 ¥ellowships, Industrial, R. K. Duncan, 736 Ferro-silicon, J. L. H., 583 Financial Position of Professors, J. G. Corrin, 855 Fishes, New Jersey, H. W. Fowzer, 79, 544 Frerener, A. C., Gilman’s Hopi Songs, 977 Hrexner, A., The College and Amer. Life, 361 Forest Preservation, A. 8. CUSHMAN, 383 Fossils, Marine, in W. Pa., P. E. Raymonp, 940 Fowter, H. W., New Jersey Fishes, 79, 544 Frankuin, W. 8., LeBon on Evolution of Forces, 580; Gibson on Scientific Ideas of To-day, 937 Frere, EH. E., Geologic Denudation, 423 FRIEDENTHAL, H., Experimental Physiology, L. B. MENDEL, 547 Frost, E. B., and J. A. ParkHuRST, Spectrum of Comet Morehouse, 36 Furman, H. V. F., Assaying, H. C. Boynton, 463 Gage, S. H., the Microscope, M. F. Guyer, 701 Gairdner, Sir William, Papers, G. A. GiIBson, 1000 Gar-pike, Fossil, T. D. A. CocKERELL, 796 Garrett, A. O., Utah Acad. of Sci., 797 Gaskell, W. H., Vertebrata, B. Dran, 816 Gates, R. R., Hybrid Dogs, 744 Gaudry, Jean Albert, C. R. Eastman, 138 Genera without Species, T. D. A. CocKERELL, 339, 813; J. A. AttEn, $34 Geographers, Amer., Assoc. of, A. P. BricHaM, 273 Geological, Soc. of Wash., R. ARNoxp, 198, 239; P. S. SmirH, 555, 946; F. E. Marruss, 945, 948; Amer., E. O. Hovey, 623; Problems, C. E. Gorpon, 901 Geology and Geog. at the Amer. Assoc., F. P. GULLIVER, 747 George Washington University, 987 Giard, Alfred, M. Cautiery, 70 Gibbs, Wolcott, T. W. RicHarps, 101 Gisson, ©. R., Scientifie ldeas of To-day, W. S. FRANELIN, 937 Gisson. G. A., Sir William Gairdner’s Papers, 1000 Gims, W. J., Soe. for Exper. Biol. and Med., 40, 200; Physiol. and Exper. Med. at the Amer. Assoe., 514 SCIENCE. GizBert, G. K., Earthquake Forecasts, 121 GILL, T., Selachians, 193 Gilman, B. I., Hopi Songs, A. C. FretcHEr, 977 GirauLt, A. A., Future of Nomenclature, 813 Goopate, H. D., Sex and Barring Factor in Poultry, 1004 GoovE, J. P., Baltimore Meeting of the Amer. Assoc., 114 Gorpon, C. E., Geological Problems, 901 GorHaM, F. P., Winslow on Coccacex, 387 GRaBau, A. W., N. A. Lower Paleozoic, 351 GraHaM, C. F., and I. Bowman, Mississippi Chan- nel, 418 Gratacap, L. P., Bulletin of Amer. Museum of Nat. Hist., 826 Grinnell, J., Biota, V. BattEy, 700 GuLuiver, F. P., Geology and Geography at the Amer. Assoc., 747 Gururim, C. C., Misleading Statements, 29 Guyer, M. F., Hardesty’s Histology, 501; Gage’s Microscope, 701 H., Anthropology at the British Assoc., 190 H., C. W., Scheffer’s Loose Leaf System, 581 H., J. L., Ferro-silicon, 583 Haeckel, E., Unsere Ahnenreihe, J. P. McM., 743 Hate, G. H., Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory, 220 Hann, J., Klimatologie, R. DeC. Warp, 791 Hanna, F. W., Schuyler on Reservoirs for Irriga- tion, 792 Hard, M. E., Mushrooms, R. J. Poon, 263 Hardesty, I., Histology, M. F. Guyer, 501 Harris, G. D., Magnetic Rocks, 384 Harris, N. Macl., Soc. of Amer. Bacteriologists, 1005 Hay, O. P., Fossil Turtles of N. A., 341 Hayrorp, J. F., Col. of Engineering, Northwestern Univ., 887 Heath, T. L., Euclid’s Elements, C. J. Keyser, 974 HEKTOEN, L., Opsonins and other Antibodies, 241 Heredity, Type, in Man, R. B. Bran, 942 Herrick, F. H., Andrews on Crayfishes, 345 Hi, R. T., Chalk Formations of Texas, 972 History and Biography, Chem., A. TUCKERMAN, 543 HorrMan, A., Allen’s Commercial Organic An- alysis, 186 Horman, H. O., Ingalls on Lead and Zinc in U.S., 231 Hotmes, W. H., Pan-Amer. Scientific Congress, 44] Horticultural Sci., Soc. for, C. P. CLosr, 274 Hough, George Washington, G. J. Hoven, 690 Hoven, T., Physiological Effects of Muscular Ac- tivity, 484 Houex, W., Anthrop. Soc. of Wash., 238 Hovey, E. 0., N. Y. Acad. of Sci., 79; Geol. Soe. of America, 623; Nelson’s Loose Leaf En- eyclopedia, 896 Hovey, H. C., Banta on Fauna of Mayfield’s Cave, 503 Howe, M. A., Torrey Bot. Club, 318 Humpureys, W. J., Popular Science, 297 Hunt, R., Amer. Physiol. Soc., 478 Hussakor, L., N. Y. Acad. of Sci., Biology, 479, 916 vi SCIENCE. Hutton, F. R., Mechanical Engineering, R. ©. CARPENTER, 544. Ippines, J. P., Igneous Rocks, 201 Iguanodont, Epidermis of, H. F. Ossorn, 793 Indiana Acad. of Sci., J. H. Ransom, 118 Indians, Eastern Near-Arctic, A. SkrnnER, 150 Ingalls, W. R., Lead and Zine in U. S., H. O. HorMan, 231 Inheritance in Sweet Corn, E. M. Hast, 465 Insects, Guide to Study of, A. A. Packarp, 108 Ions of the Atmosphere, J. A. Pottock, 919 Towa Acad. of Sci., L. S. Ross, 980 JOCHELSON, W., Riabouschinsky Expedition, 303 Johannsen, A., Rock-forming Minerals, L. MclI. L., 32, 791 Johns Hopkins Univ. Sci. Assoc., C. K. Swarrz, 280 Jounson, D. S., Bot. Soc. of Amer., 267 Johnson, W. W., Differential Calculus, C. J. Keyser, 974 ’ Johnstone, J., Life in the Sea, W. E. Rirrer, 461 JorpaNn, D. S., Eliot and the American University, 145 Joyce, C. M., Amer. Chem. Soe., N. Y. Sect., 120, 200, 360, 560, 798, 950 Kansas Acad. of Sci., 275 Karpinski, L. C., Commission on Mathematics, 605 Keren, W. W., Library Book-stacks, 973 Kettoee, V. L., Ancient Man, 35 Kent, W., Education and the Trades, 77 Keyser, ©. J., Mathematical Books, 974 Kyowrr, H. McH., Amer. Soc. of Naturalists, 707 Kolbe, B., Electricity, S. J. Barnerr, 545 Kunz, G. F., Roy. Soc. Archives, 350 L., L. Mcl., Johannsen’s Rock-forming Minerals, 32, 791 Langley Medal, 292 LeBon, G., Evolution of Forces, W. S. FRanKxin, 580 LrCuerc, J. A., Chem. Soc. of Wash., 240, 439, 718 Ler, F. 8., Physical Exercise, 521 Lewis, F. T., Normentafel zur Entwicklungs- geschichte, F. Keibel, C. Elze, 939 Library Book-stacks, W. W. KrEn, 973 Life, Physical Basis of, V. C. VaucHAN, 799 Lights Attracting Insects, L. J. Coxe, 76 Litum, F. R., Spengel’s Ergebnisse und Vort- schritte der Zoologie, 582; Embryology, 932 Lily Pistils, C. E. Vempre, 980 Linck, G., Kristallographie, W. S. Barney, 666 Lincoln Schools of Science, 291 Lipman, C. B., Bacteria of California Soils, 941 Lirtiz, A. D., Untilled Field of Chemistry, 719 Locy, W. A., Biology, M. M. Mrrcarr, 343 Lovrsoy, A. O., Wenley’s Modern Thought, 818 Lovett, E. 0., Problem of Several Bodies, 81 Lutz, A. M., Hybrid Ginothera, 263 Lyon, T. L., Soil Investigation at Cornell, 621 M., A., Clark and Diefendorf’s Neurological and Mental Diagnosis, 112 M., T. C., Daylight Saving Bill, 973 McM., J. P., Poulton on Evolution, 109; Haeckel’s Unsere Ahnenreihe, 743 McCtenpon, J. F., Yolk Platelets in Frog, 979 CONTENTS AND INDEX. McCourt, W. E., St. Louis Acad. of Sci., 519, 594, 835 MacCurpy, G. G., Anthrop. at the Amer. Assoc., 508; Miiller’s L’Europe Préhistorique, 661 Macfadyen, A., The Cell, G. N. C., 667 McGeg, W J, Conservation Work, 490, 539 MacKenzigz, R. T., Physical Instruction, 481 McMurrriz, W., Post-graduate Study in Applied Chemistry, 601 Mammals in the Congress, 298 Man, Ancient, V. L. Knitoae, 35 Mann, C. R., Amer. Federation of Teachers of Math. and Nat. Sciences, 707; Education at the Amer. Assoc., 872; Physics Teacher’s Problem, 951 Marine Station, Puget Sound, 851 Marg, K. L., Amer. Chem. Soc., Northeast Sect., 280, 597, 918 Mars, Water Vapor in Atmosphere, F. W. VERY, 191; as the Abode of Life, EH. BLACKWELDER, 659; Spectrum of, W. W. Campse cy, 500 Marsu, M. C., Wash. Biol. Soc., 120, 277, 438, 597, 639, 676, 837 Marx, G. H., Higher Education, 759 Mason, W. P., Richards’s Water Analysis, 501; Sanitary Science, 641 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., C.-E. A. WinsLow, 296 Mathematical Soc., Amer., F. N. Cozz, 117, 560, 797; Chicago Sect., H. E. Sravewt, 757 Mathematies and Astron. at the Amer. Assoc., G. A. Minter, 152; Teaching, Commission on, L. C. KarPinskI, 605 Matter and Energy, C. L. Spryers, 656 . Marruss, F. H., Geol. Soe. of Wash., 945, 948 Mattuew, W. D., Amer. Soc. of Vertebrate Pale- ontologists, 194 Mechanical Science and Eng. at the Amer. Assoc., G. W. BIsseny, 591 Menpet, L. B., Friedenthal’s Physiology, 547; Creatin and Creatinin, 584 Merriam, C. H., Cal. Cave Skeletons, 805 Mercaur, M. M., Locy’s Biology, 343; Embryol- ogy, 738 Meter and Yard, M. D. Ewett, 741 Michigan Acad. of Sci., A. G. RUTHVEN, 877 Milky Way, 819 Minter, D. C., Wind-instruments and Tone Qual- ity, 161 anes G. A., Math. and Astron. at the Amer. Assoe., 152; Voss, Ueber das Wesen der Mathematik, 392 Mississippi Channel, I. Bowman, C. F. Granam, 418 Missouri River Channel, H. B. Duncanson, 869 Moon, Origin of, A. H. ParTerson, 936 Morean, T. H., Sex Determination, 234 Morley Chem. Lab. of Western Reserve Univ., 25 Morse, M., Dating of Publications, 384 Mosquito Extermination, 289 Mount Wilson Solar Observatory, G. E. Hater, 220 Miiller, S., L’Europe Préhistorique, G. G. Mac- Curpy, 661 Miinsterberg, H., On the Witness Stand, S. EH. BaLpwin, 301 Murray, D. A., Calculus, C. J. Knysmr, 974 Museums, Amer. Assoc. of, P. M. Rra, 944 NEW SERIES. VoL. XXIX. National, Geographic Society, 21; Academy of Sciences, 706 Naturalists, Amer. Soc. of, Presidential Address, D. P. PENHALLOW, 679; H. McE. KNower, 707 Nebraska Acad. of Sci., F. D. Barker, 593 , Nelson’s Loose Leaf Encyclopedia, E. O. Hovey, 896 New York, Acad. of Sci.; Astron., Phys. and Chem., W. CAMPBELL, 39, 278; Annual Meet- ing, E. O. Hovey, 79; Geol. and Mineral., C. P. Berkey, 120, 279; Biol., L. HussaxKor, 479, 916; Series, G. H. CHADWICK, 77 Nicuots, EH. L., Science and Problems of Future, 1 NipHer, F. E., Momentum Ettects in Electric Dis- charge, 237; Scientific Theories, 256; buectric Discharge, 384 Nitrogen Atom, J. B. TINGLE, 393 Nobel Prize, W. F. Wiuucox, 184 Nobili, Dr. Giuseppe, 249 Nomenclature, Mycological, E. J. Duranp, 670; Future of, A. A. GrrauLt, 813; Question, F. N. Baton, 998; Personal Names in, X., 1000 North America and Europe, A. F. K. Pencx, 321 North Dakota Sci. Soe., 918 Northwestern Univ., Col. of Engineering, C. W. Baker, 879; J. F. Hayrorp, 887 Nucleation of Lecture Room, L. C. Brant, 796 Observatory, U. S. Naval, M. Upprcrarr, 421 Oklahoma, 730 Orin, E. L., Soc. for Exper. Biol. and Med., 559, 1013 Opsonins, L. HeKrorn, 241 Osporn, H. F., Epidermis of Iguanodont, 793; Philosophie Zoologist, 895 Oscoop, W. H., Chapman’s Cruises of an Ornithol- ogist, 549 Otter in Massachusetts, W. Brewster, 551 Packarp, A. A., Professor Packard’s Guide to Study of Insects, 108 Paleontological Soe., 376 Paleontologist, Vertebrate, Amer. Soc. of, W. D. MatruEew, 194 Paleozoic, Lower, of N. A., A. W. GRABAU, 351 ParKkuourst, J. A., and E. B. Frost, Spectrum of Comet Morehouse, 36 Parsons, C. L., Amer. Chem. Soc., 305, 808 Parrerson, A. H., Pinch-effect in Electric Sparks, 26; Origin of Moon, 936 Patterson, J. T., Cleavage in Hen’s Egg, 825 PEMBERTON, JR., H., Electrical Phenomena, 143 Penck, A. F. K., North America and Europe, 321 PrnHALttow, D. P., Functions and Organization of Amer. Soc. of Naturalists, 679 Prrerson, O. A., Carnivores, 620 Philosophical Soc., of Wash., R. L. Faris, 38, 119, 519, 558, 600, 678, $36, 949; Amer., 826 Physical Instruction, R. T. MacKenzim, 481; T. Hoven, 484; F. S. Len, 521; T. A. Srorey, 527 Physics, at the Amer. Assoc., A. D. Cotz, 467; Terrestrial and Cosmical, L. A. Baunr, 566; Teacher’s, C. R. Mann, 951 Physiological Soc., Amer., R. Hunt, 478 Physiology and Exper. Med. at the Amer. Assoc., W. J. Gigs, 514 SCIENCE. vil Pitisspury, W. B., Titchener’s Psychology, 548 Pinch-effect, A. H. Parrerson, 26 Pittier, H., Las Plantas Usuales de Costa Rica, W. E. Sarrorp, 187 Pittsburgh Acad., Sect. of Biol. P. E. Raymonn, 40, 440 Pottock, J. A., Ions of the Atmosphere, 919 Poot, R. J., Mushrooms, 263 Poor, C. L., Dolmage’s Astronomy, 349 Porter, Albert B., H. Crew, 962 Poulton, E. B., Evolution, J. P. McM., 109 Preservatives, Food, J. F. SNELL, 970 Problem of Several Bodies, E. O. Lovert, 81 Productivity, Scientific, J. McK. Carrenn, 228 Ptarmigan, H. L. Cuark, 500; and Sonnet, H. L. SEAVER, 791 Publications, Dating of, M. Morsz, 384 Quotations, 108, 144, 184, 298, 342, 458 Race Problems, F. Boas, 839 Radiation, J. M. ScHAEBERLE, 22/ Radium in Spiral Nebule, M. B. SnypER, 865 Ransom, J. H., Ind. Acad. of Sci., 118 RAVENEL, M. P., Bonney on Tuberculosis, 298 Raymonp, P. E., Sect. of Biol., Pittsburgh Acad., 40, 440; Marine Fossils in W. Pa., 940 Rea, P. M., Amer. Assoc. of Museums, 944 Records, Family, C. B. DavENPorT, 791 Reep, H. F., Geological Climates, 27 Reid, J. S., Mech. Drawing, F. N. Witson, 422 Renovur, E., Béttger’s Qualitative Analyse, 229 Rhodes Scholarships, 330 Riabouschinsky Expedition, W. JocHELSON, 303 Rics, W. N., Popularization of the College, 372 RicHagps, H. H., Snyder on Human Foods, 187 Richards, E. H., Water Analysis, W. P. Mason, 501 RicHarps, T. W., Wolcott Gibbs, 101 Ritey, W. A., Projection Microscope, 37 Rink, Fru Signe, W. H. Dati, 806 Rirrer, W. E., Johnstone on Life in the Sea, 461 Rocks, Igneous, J. P. Inpines, 201; Magnetic, G. D. Harris, 384 Roscoe, H. E., and C. Schorlemmer, Chemistry, H. Fay, 230 Ross, L. 8., lowa Acad. of Sci., 980 Royce, J., American College and Life, 401 Rutuven, A. G., Mich. Acad. of dci., 877 Sarrorp, W. H., Bot. Soc. of Wash., 159; Pittier’s Las Plantas Usuales de Costa Rica, 187 St. Louis Acad. of Sci., W. E. McCourt, 519, 594, 835 Sanitary, Science, W. P. Mason, 641; Legislation in Kansas, E. H. 8. Batry, 729 ScCHAEBERLE, J. M., Radiation, 227 SCHEFFER, T. H., Looose Leaf System, C. W. H., 581 Schmucker, S. C., Study of Nature, M. A. Bicr- Low, 618 Schuyler, J. D., Reservoirs, F. W. Hanna, 792 Science, and Practical Problems of Future, HE. L. Nicwors, 1; Teaching as a Career, H. P. Tazo, 45; Popular, W. J. HUMPHREYS, 297; and Politics in Cuba, F. 8S. Harun, 501; by Cable, 540; and Investment, J. F. CROWELL, 561; Fair Play in, T. J. J. Sen, 858 Vili Scientific, Notes and News, 22, 71, 108, 140, 177, 223, 250, 292, 331, 379, 415, 449, 496, 540, 574, 608, 653, 694, 732, 787, 808, 852, 892, 929, 965, 993; Books, 32, 77, 109, 145, 185, 229, 257, 298, 343, 384, 421, 461, 501, 544, 579, 616, 661, 700, 741, 791, 816, 861, 896, 937, 974, 1000; Journals and Articles, 34, 78, 113, 148, 188, 232, 302, 392, 423, 504, 668, 702, 744, 792, 899; Work under U. 8. Government, 217; Theories, F. EH. NipHer, 256; Congress, Pan-Amer., W. H. Hoxtmegs, 441 Searte, G. F. C., Elasticity, A. P. Carman, 619 Seaver, H. L., Ptarmigan and Sonnet, 791 Ser, T. J. J., Fair Play in Science, 858 Selachians, T. Gix1, 193 Sex, Determination, HE. B. Witson, 53; T. H. Morean, 234; Heredity, W. E. Castie, 395, 699; in Poultry, H. D. Gooparz, 1004 Sexual Relations in Abraxas, HE. B. WiLson, 704 Shaw School of Botany, 693 Skeletons, California Cave, C. H. Merriam, 805 Skinner, A., Hastern Near-Arctic Indians, 150 Staueut, H. E., Amer. Math. Soc., Chicago Sect., 757 Smiru, E. R., Assoc. of Teachers of Matn., Middle States, 276 Smirn, P. §., Wash. Geol. Soc., 555, 946 SNELL, J. F., Food Preservatives, 970 Snyder, H., Human Foods, KE. H. Ricwarps, 187 Snyper, M. B., Radium in Spiral Nebule, 865 Societies and Academies, 38, 79, 118, 158, 198, 238, 275, 318, 358, 438, 479, 516, 555, 593, 639, 676, 717, 757, 797, 835, 877, 916, 945, 980, 1013 Soils, Non-nitrifying, F. L. Srevens, W. A. Wiruers, 506; Bacteria, C. B. Lipman, 941 Spalding, F. P., Roads, A. 8S. CUSHMAN, 77 Special Articles, 36, 79, 113, 150, 191, 234, 263, 351, 395, 423, 465, 506, 551, 584, 620, 670, 704, 744, 796, 823, 865, 901, 940, 979, 1004 Species, Naming, H. L. CnarK, 420 Spryers, C. L., Matter and Energy, 656 Sprt~tMAN, W. J., Education and the Trades, 255; Country Boy again, 739 Squier, G. O., Aeronautics, 281 Stevens, F. L., and W. A. Wiruers, Non-nitri- fying Soils, 506 Srorny, T. A., Physical Instruction and Hygiene, 527 Sumner, F. B., Generic Names, 698; Biol. Lab. of Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole, 983 Sumsti1ne, D. R., Mucor Cultures, 267; Mushroom Spores, 621 Swanton, J. R., Anthrop. Soc. of Wash., 440, 480, 599, 717, 798, 918 Swartz, C. K., Sci. Assoc. of Johns Hopkins Univ., 280 Swinewe, L. D., Doflein’s Protistenkunde, 617 T., W., Genera of African Plants, 111 Tatzot, H. P., Science Teaching as a Career, 45 Tremete, C. E., Lily Pistils, 980 Vhaxter, R., Laboulbeniaceae, C. EH. Bussny, 580 Thompson, Elizabeth, Science Fund, 928 Thonner, F., Bliitenpflanzen Afrikas, W. T., 111 Titchener, BH. B., Psychology, W. B. PinusBury, 548 Tincte, J. B., the Nitrogen Atom, 393 Tomso, JR., R., University Registration, 10; En- rollment of Students of Engineering, 891 SCIENCE. CONTENTS AND INDEX. Tone in Wind-instruments, D. S. Mrirter, 161 Torrey Bot. Club, P. Witson, 160, 595, 640, 758, 798, 982; M. A. Howe, 318 TRELEASE, W., Convocation Week, 182 True, F. W., Killer Whale, 790 TUCKERMAN, A., Chemical History, 543 Turts, J. H., College Education and Life, 407 Turtles, Fossil, O. P. Hay, 341 Universities, Amer., Committee on Standards, 171 University, Registration, R. TomBo, JR., 10; and Educational News, 25, 76, 106, 142, 181, 227, 254, 295, 335, 382, 418, 454, 499, 544, 577, 613, 655, 698, 735, 790, 812, 855, 894, 932, 969, 996 Uppecrarr, M., Transit Circle of U. 8. Naval Observatory, 421 Utah Acad. of Sci., A. O. GARRETT, 797 Vaucuan, V. C., Physical Basis of Life, 799 Very, F. W., Atmosphere of Mars, 191 Voss, A., Ueber das Wesen der Mathematik, G. A. Mitter, 392 Warp, R. DeC., Hann’s Klimatologie, 791; Annals of Astronomical Observatory of Harvard, 861 WarviE, H. N., Railroad Rates for Baltimore Meeting of the Amer. Assoc., 144 Washington Acad. of Sci., J. S. Dinter, 158, 358, 516 Webster, H., Primitive Secret Societies, A. F. CHAMBERLAIN, 741 Wenley, R. M., Modern Thought, A. O. Lovesoy, 818 Whale, Killer, on N. J. Coast, F. W. Taux, 790 WuHeEeEtER, A. S., Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 40, 600, 918 WHEELER, H. J., Agricultural Chemistry, 647 WHEELER, W. M., Deegener on Die Metamorphose der Insekten, 384 WILCZYNSKI, E. J., University Appointments, 336 Wiper, B. G., Evolutionary Collections as Monu- ments to Darwin, 458 Wittcox, W. F., Nobel Prize, 184 Willis, B., Research in China, J. BARRELL, 257 Williston, S. W., Diptera, J. M. Atpricu, 898 Wittson, F. N., Reid’s Mechanical Drawing, 422 Witson, E. B., Determination and Heredity of Sex, 53; Sexual Relations in Abraxas, 704 Wixson, P., Torrey Bot. Club, 160, 595, 640, 758, 798, 982 WINstow, C.-H. A., Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., 296; and A. R. Winstow, Coccacer, F. P. GorHAM, 887 WitHers, W. A., and F. L. Stevens, Non-nitri- fying Soils, 506 Woop, R. W., Worthington on Splashes, 464 Woovrurr, L. L., Amer. Soe. of Zoologists, 424 Woops, F. A., City and Country Boys, 577 Worthington, A. M., Splashes, R. W. Woon, 464 Wright, Professor Ramsay, Dinner to, 693 X., Personal Names in Nomenclature, 1000 Zoological Congress, International, 291 Zoologist, Philosophie, H. F. Osporn, 895 Zoologists, Amer. Soc. of, L. L. Wooprurr, 424 Zoology at the Amer. Assoc., M. A. Bigrtow, 711 SCIENCE A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, PUBLISHING THE OFFICIAL NOTICES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. Fripay, January 1, 1909 CONTENTS Address of the President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science :— Science and the Practical Problems of the Future: PROFESSOR Epwarp L. NICHOLS .. Uniwersity Registration Statistics, II.: Pro- FESSOR RupoLF ToMBo, JR. .............. The National Geographic Society A Bibliography on Science Teaching Scientific Notes and News The Morley Chemical Laboratory of Western Reserve University University and Educational News Discussion and Correspondence :-— The “ Pinch Effect ” in Undirectional Elec- tric Sparks: Proressor ANDREW H. Pat- TERSON. Mr. Manson's Theory of Geological Climates: Dr. Harry Frerpine Rem. On Misleading Statements: Dr. C. C. GUTHRIE. William Keith Brooks: Prorrssor EH. A. ANDREWS Scientific Books :— A Key for the Determination of Rock- . forming Minerals: L. Mel. L. Harle’s Southern Agriculture: Proressor R. J. H. DreLoacn. Bermuda in Periodical Litera- ture: PROFESSOR CHARLES L. BRISTOL .... Scientific Journals and Articles The Newest Ancient Man: PROFESSOR VERNON L. KeLioce The Indiana University Expedition to British Guiana Special Articles :— Spectrum of Comet Morehouse: PROFESSOR - Epwin B. Frost, J. A. PARKHURST. Sim- plified Apparatus for Drawing with the Aid of the Projection Microscope: Dr. WM. A. RILEY Societies and Academies :— The Philosophical Society of Washington: Dr. R. L. Faris. Section of astronomy, Physics and Chemistry of the New York Academy of Sciences: PROFESSOR WILLIAM CAMPBELL. The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine: Dr. Witttam J. Gizs. The Biological Section of the Acad- emy of Science and Art of Pittsburg: Percy E. Raymonp. The Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society: Prormssor Atyin S&S. WAITER) 1 slcnca alan cacdey oremeisictosse thee av csueteva fe. 26 32 34 35 35 36 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE SCIENCE AND THE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF THE FUTURE* THE end of the world has long been a favorite subject of speculation. The an- cients and our forefathers of the middle ages were pleased to imagine some sudden final disaster; as by fire. Science in our own day furnishes a basis for a more definite forecast. Sudden catastrophe is still by no means precluded, for astrono- mers have occasionally witnessed outbursts in other regions of the universe which may have produced profound changes through- out neighborhoods like our solar system and have brought to some tragic end life on planets like the earth. With the development of the doctrine of energy has come the conviction of an end of the world; inevitable, as the death of the individual is inevitable. In neither ease, however, is longevity to be regarded as necessarily beyond human control. Biologists are beginning to intimate, and it would seem with growing confidence, the possibility, remote but thinkable, of a con- siderable extension of the term of bodily life. Equally conceivable is it that the race, if it become sufficiently wise before old age overtakes it, may so modify and control’the conditions of life as to greatly prolong its career. We do not need to consider a conceivable end by cosmic catastrophe any more than 1 Address of the retiring president of the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science, Baltimore, 1908. 2 SCIENCE the individual in estimating the number of years that he may reasonably hope to live would take into account death by lightning —were that the only death, he might look forward to a very long life. Neither need we consider the accuracy of the forecasts of the probable future of the sun any more than the individual takes into account probable geological and climatic changes as having any bearing on his own expectancy of life. The drama of human existence on the earth is a fleeting show when meas- ured in terms of the duration of the sun. The exhaustion of our supply of fixed nitrogen, a contingency discussed some years ago by Sir William Crookes, and of our free oxygen which was more recently suggested by Lord Kelvin are factors that bring the question of the duration of human activity somewhat nearer home but they are still so remote as to be of no immediate practical importance. Other factors there are, however, that are not only immediate but rapidly becoming im- minent and pressing. At the recent conference on the con- versation of resources which met at the White House at the invitation of the presi- dent of the United States notes of warn- ing were sounded concerning the coming exhaustion of coal, wood, ores and soils. Whether or not we accept as exact the estimates furnished by experts on that im- pressive occasion, there is no doubt that we are approaching the end of our available resources and that the near future will have momentous problems to face. Certain things are clear. Furst. Unchecked wastefulness as ex- hibited, for example, in the extermination of the bison, in the destruction of forests, in the exhaustion of the soil, in the disap- pearance from our coasts and streams, that once teemed with fish, of this important source of food supply, in the pouring into the air of an incredible amount of unused [N.S. Von. XXTX. No. 731 fuel from hundreds of thousands of coke ovens must cease or our ruthless exploita- tion will bring disaster on generations soon to come. The prevention of these and countless other manifestations of indi- vidual and corporate greed is a problem for the economist and the law-maker although they will scarcely succeed in its solution without calling science to their aid. Second. Saving and thrift offer at best only a postponement of the day of distress. The end of our supplies of coal and petroleum must ultimately be reached. Forests may be renewed and the soil re- stored to its maximum fertility but the problem which is presently to confront the race is that of civilized existence without recourse to energy stored by the slow processes of nature. This problem must be definitely solved before the complete ex- haustion of our inherited capital. Third. The problem is not without con- ceivable solution, simce the annual acces- sion of energy from the sun, did we know how to utilize it without awaiting the slow processes of storage employed by nature, is ample for every thinkable need of the future inhabitants of our planet. Esti- mates of the constant of solar radiation show that about 2.18 kilowatts of power is continually - received from the sun for every square meter of the earth’s surface or over seven and a half millions of horse- power per square mile. The present use of power in the United States is about eighty million horse-power or one horse- power per capita. This quantity is likely to inerease more rapidly than the popula- tion in the future unless curtailed by lack of fuel, but it is evident that a very small fraction of the sun’s radiation would meet all demands. Now abundant power is soon to be the factor upon which material advancement will chiefly depend. To obtain it in the JANUARY 1, 1909] face of the disappearance of coal and petroleum will be imperative. For success in this, upon which in the immediate future the welfare of the race and ulti- mately its very perpetuity is to depend, we must look to science. Mere ingenuity or inventiveness, however widely developed, will not suffice. The inventor and the engi- neer can but utilize and apply the material which the man of science provides and with the exhaustion of our stores of scien- tific knowledge civilization must halt. Tt is of this fundamental relation of sci- ence to the progress of our civilization that I wish to speak. The fact that ma- terial progress is based upon science seems to be but dimly understood. It appears to be generally supposed that it is to the inventor and to those who use his devices that we owe our present advantages over our forefathers. I would not belittle the achievements of the so-called practical man, but the public must be taught that application can never run ahead of the knowledge to be applied and that the only road to higher achievement in practical things is by the further development of pure science. The mam product of science, using that word in its broadest sense, is knowledge; amoung its by-products are the technological arts, including invention, engineering in all its branches and modern industry. Not all industries have attained the character of a technological art. Burning the woods to drive out game and thus obtain a dinner, is a form of industry. Like it in character are some very large industries, such as agriculture of the sort that impoverishes the soil; lumbering that destroys forests and incidentally ruins rivers and increases erosion; coke making by processes that waste forty per cent. of the energy of coal. The production of power from coal by means of the steam boiler and the recipro- eating engine we at present regard as a SCIENCE 5) highly developed technological art; yet it is a process which at the very best converts less than ten per cent. of the total stored energy of the fuel into available form. If the ultimate purpose of this power is the production of light, we by our present methods suffer a second waste of ninety per cent. or more, so that the efficiency of the combined processes is but a fraction of one per cent. These things are excusable while ignorance lasts. They become crim- inal with realization of the results and are inconceivable in a community of fully de- veloped civilization. Science paves the way for the gradual supplanting of these barbarous methods by more refined and rational processes, but they often persist long after they are known to be injurious to the public welfare because they happen to serve some selfish individual or corpo- rate purpose. In such eases it is to science again that we must look for the develop- ment of an enlightened public opinion that will end them. Nearly all really important technical ad- vances have their origin in communities where the great fundamental sciences are most extensively and successfully culti- vated. In the field of artificial illumina- tion, to take a concrete example, each suc- cessive improvement over the tallow-dips and whale-oil lamps of our ancestors has come to us from over the water. The first building to be lighted by: coal- gas was the chemical laboratory at Witirtz- burg (1789). Illuminating oils were being made from petroleum by ,.Binney and Young, in England (1850), at a time when we were bottling our crude oil and selling it for liniment. During the later years of the nineteenth century occurred the sudden development of are-lighting in this country; a change from darkness to light unprecedented and almost unimaginable. This magical trans- formation from conditions but little re- 4 SCIENCE moved from medieval darkness was largely due to the ingenuity of Farmer, Brush, Elihu Thomson, Weston and numerous other American inventors, backed by an energetic people keen to adopt whatever appeals to them. The electric arc, how- ever, was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (1806). It was the development of the voltaic battery by Grove and Bunsen (1840) that gave the first impetus to electric lighting, and of the dynamo by Gramme and Siemens that made it a com- mercial possibility. Are lamps had been in regular use in the lighthouses of Eng- land and France since 1858; a factory in Paris was thus illuminated in 1873; wide- spread public interest in arc-lighting was first kindled by the dazzling display at the Paris exposition of 1878. Lighting by glow-lamps, like are-light- ing, had its first great growth in America. Nine years after Hdison’s announcement of his plan of installing high-resistance lamps in multiple in a constant potential circuit, and his public demonstrations at Menlo Park of the practicability of the scheme, over three million such lamps were in use in the United States.2 The incandescent lamp, however, with the essential feature of a carbon filament in vacuo, seems to have originated, although not yet in prac- ticable form, with Swan in England some years previous to 1879.° To Auer von Welsbach, Nernst and Bremer, in Germany, we owe the use of the oxides of the rare earths as illumi- nants; to Arons, of Berlin, the mereury are in its original form; to various inventors and experimenters across the water the new filaments of tantalum, tungsten and other refractory metals that are rapidly repla- cing our filaments of carbon. The Pintsch gas which lights our railroad trains is like- wise a German invention. 27. C. Martin, Electrical World, Vol. IX., p. 50. * Dredge, “ Electric Illumination.” [N. 8S. Von. XXIX. No. 731 In the matter of acetylene, although priority for its commercial production was awarded to Wilson in Canada, the process historically considered is obviously trace- able to the scientific researches with the electric furnace at the hands of Moissan in France. The absorption of acetylene by acetone, which makes storage in portable form of that brilliant illuminant practi- eable, is likewise a European idea. This summary of facts does not display an exceptional, but a prevalent, condition. It might be duplicated in almost any de- partment of technology. Although we in this country have had a hand in the de- velopment of the art of generating power nearly every important step in the use of steam originated in Europe, as did most of the devices pertaining to boilers and engines; such as gauges, injectors, gov- ernors, condensers and the like. This is not strange, in the case of the reciprocating engine, which is an old-fashioned machine, a relic, the continued use of which is due chiefly to the extraordinary tendency of the race to cling to the things of the past. It is true, however, to no less extent of the invention of internal combustion engines, steam turbines, water turbines and of the whole family of electrical devices for the transmission of power. Generator and motor, transformer and storage battery alike had their inception overseas. It is the same in artificial refrigeration, in teleg- raphy, in photography; indeed, in nearly all the arts that are based upon the funda- mental science of physics. In the great fields of industrial chemistry, especially, European preeminence is universally ad- mitted. All this does not mean that we do not deserve our popular reputation as an in- genious people, facile and versatile, quick to grasp and put to use any novelty. No- where else in the world has cunningly de- January 1, 1909] vised and admirably designed machinery been made to supplement and supplant hand labor so successfully; we have indeed a passion and a genius for invention. But it is one thing to contrive clever mechan- ical combinations based upon simple prin- ciples long since established and familiar In every machine shop and quite another to possess the combination of profound chemical knowledge and technical skill that have yielded such extraordinary results in the glass works at Jena, or the mathe- matical ability to develop the theory of lenses to the point which has made it pos- sible to design the wonderful optical in- struments that have made the same little German town famous. Many inventions that did not originate with us have found their widest field in this country. Many foreign ideas have first obtaimed practical form for general purposes here. We were among the first and continue to be by far the most ex- tensive users of the electric railway. In Davenport, Page, Farmer, Green and others we count pioneers of the pre- dynamic period worthy to be named with Dayidson, Pinkus, Jacoby, Bessolo and other European inventors of their day. Nevertheless it was Pacinotti, Gramme and Siemens who gave us the electric motor; it was at Sermaize in France that the classical experiment of plowing by elec- tricity was performed; it was at the in- dustrial exhibition in Berlin, in 1879, that the first electric road in the modern sense was operated. The first roads for ordi- nary everyday puble service were the Berlin-Lichterfelde Line and the Port Rush Electric Railway, in Ireland, a third-rail system supplied with water-power. Buda- pest had the first successful underground trolley road. The most advanced type of electric traction by the use of alternating currents, as exemplified in Switzerland, northern Italy and elsewhere has only very SCIENCE 5 recently received serious attention in this country. We transmit a larger amount of energy over greater distances and at higher volt- ages than any other people, but the prac- tical possibility of such transmission was first exemplified by the sending of power from the waterfalls at Laufen 100 kilo- meters away, to the electrical exhibition at Frankfort-on-Main, in 1892. It is not a question of American versus European skill, but of the conditions under which useful applications are likely to originate. The history of technology shows the essential condition to be scien- tific productiveness. A country that has many investigators will have many inventors also. A scien- tific atmosphere dense enough to permeate the masses brings proper suggestions to many practically inclined minds. Where science is there will its by-product, technology, be also. Communities having the most thorough fundamental knowl- edge of pure science will show the greatest output of really practical inven- tions. Peoples who get their knowledge at second-hand must be content to follow. Where sound scientific conceptions are the common property of a nation the wasteful efforts of the half-informed will be least prevalent. The search after perpetual mo- tion, the attempt to evade the second law of thermodynamics and the promotion of the impracticable are all simply symptoms of a people’s ignorance. Modern invention is a very near neigh- bor to the pure science of the laboratory and the relation becomes daily more inti- mate. Nothing could apparently be more academic in its early development or further from the practical workaday world than the subject of electric waves. For years it was regarded as a fine field for the speculations of the mathematical physi- cist. Then at the hands of Hertz and his 6 SCIENCE followers it became a fascinating topic for experimental investigation by men devoted to science for its own sake. Suddenly it was launched into the realm of hard- headed commercialism by a practical man, daring, enthusiastic and optimistic enough, at a time when electric waves could be produced in one room of the laboratory and detected in the next room, to dream of sending such waves across the sea as bearers of human messages. At every step of its development the things that have made wireless telegraphy possible have been borrowed from pure sci- ence. While Marconi was still struggling to adapt the apparatus of Righi to long-dis- tance transmission the antenna and the coherer were already in use by Popoff* in the study of oscillatory lightning. In the thermal detector of Fessenden the almost invisible platinum wires produced years before by Wollaston for the cross-hairs of telescopes appear in a new field of useful- ‘ness. The ‘‘lead-tree’’ familiar as a simple and beautiful lecture experiment in electrolysis forms the basis of the responder of DeForest. Another form of electrolytic detector introduced independently as the receiver of wireless signals by Schloemilch and by Vreeland traces back to the Wehnelt interrupter. Marconi’s latest receiver, the magnetic detector, is an ingenious modifica- tion of Rutherford’s device for the study of electric waves and this in turn was based on the classical experiment of Joseph Henry on the effects of the discharge of Leyden jars on the magnetization of steel sewing needles. It is needless to multiply examples. In the history of science and of invention this intimate relation appears to be almost uni- versal. In this country science is making a great “Popoff, Journal of the Russian Physical Chem- ical Society, Vols. 28 and 29, 1895. [N. S. Von. XXIX. No. 731 erowth, particularlyin material equipment. The number and size of our special socie- ties is imereasing year by year. The American Association for the Advancement of Science has already a membership of more than 6,000. Our scientific journals are steadily growing in influence and im- portance. Colleges everywhere are build- ing laboratories and the universities are in- creasing their facilities for research. The federal and state governments are begin- ning to recognize the necessity for scien- tifie investigation and to foster it. Nevertheless there is much to be done to bring us up to the European standard. Our position is like that which exists in agriculture. The total product of wheat and corn is enormous, but when we con- sider bushels per acre we realize the superiority of the intensive cultivation of older countries. In science likewise our total output is creditable, but our specific productiveness is still low. The discrep- ancy can hardly be ascribed to inferiority of intellect or to lack of industry, for we are of the same stock as those who have created modern science and who have given it its high place in other countries. For an explanation we must look, rather, to environment and to the conditions under which scientific work is done here and abroad. Now the environment of science has. always been academic. Science has its home in the university. From Galileo and Newton to our own time the men who have laid the foundations upon which civiliza- tion is built have nearly all been teachers. and professors. A few notable exceptions there are, such as Darwin, whose centenary we are about to celebrate. Hach branch has its short list of unattached investigators—Franklin, Rumford, Carnot, Joule in physics, etce., but the honor-roll of science is essentially an academic list. JANUARY 1, 1909] It is so in America as elsewhere, but abroad the dictum of the university is authoritative; with us the term academic is one of contempt. European practise is confidently based on theory, but in America men of affairs habitually use the word theoretical as synonymous with im- practicable, unworkable and not in accord- ance with fact. It is necessary, therefore, in considering the place of America in science, to contrast the standing of our educational institu- tions, not pedagogically, but as centers of research, with those of our neighbors. I attempt no general comparison but offer only a single simple illustration drawn from the one branch of science for which I feel competent to speak: Holland has but four universities, with less than four thou- sand students in all. There are in this country at least fifty institutions larger and better equipped on the average than the Dutch universities. If we were on a par with Holland in physics, for example, we should have seventy or more university teachers, who were, at the same time, in- vestigators of the rank of Lorentz, Zeeman, Julius, Ohnes, Haga and Van der Waals. I shall not venture into other sciences, but leave my colleagues to make their own comparisons. We have less than our share of men of science because we have not, as yet, uni- versities that sufficiently foster and en- courage research. When in any of our institutions a man distinguishes himself by productive work he is frequently made a dean, director or even president, and is thus retired from what might have been a great career as an investigator. Thereafter he is compelled to devote himself to adminis- trative duties, which some one not equipped for the important task of adding to the world’s stock of knowledge might just as well perform. It is as though the authorities were to say: X has written an SCIENCE 7 admirable book; we must appoint him bookkeeper—or Y is developing a decided genius for landseape; we will increase his salary and ask him to devote all his time to painting the woodwork of the university buildings. Nor does the mischief stop with the sacrifice of a few bright spirits. It extends to the bottom. The head of each department is a petty dean, cumbered with administrative detail. He is expected to hold every one under him to account, not for scholarly productiveness, but for the things which chiefly hinder it. In this exaltation of administrative ability over creative gifts which are much rarer and more precious, our institutions share the weakness which pervades our in- dustrial establishments where the manager or superintendent usually gets larger pay and is regarded as more important than the most expert craftsman. In both we see the same striving for a certain sort of efficiency and economy of operation and for the attainment of a completely standard- ized product. This tends in both eases to. the elimination of individuality and to sterility. In the university it retards in- stead of developing research. In industry it discourages originality. I would that, there might be displayed in the administra- tive offices of every institution of higher education this testy remark once made by an eminent scholar: ‘‘You can not run a umversity as you would a saw-mill!’’ If any one questions the responsibility of the American university for the shortcom- ings of American science and is inclined to, seek some more obscure cause for the condi- tions that I have endeavored to portray, let him consider the history of astronomy in this country. This science for some reason was from the first accorded favors not vouchsafed to any other branch of learning. Colleges that made no pretence of research and had neither laboratories nor libraries worthy of the name were § SCIENCE ambitious to have observatories, and rich men were found to establish and endow them. The observatory implied, somehow, to the minds of the authorities, an astron- omer—not merely some one of good moral character who could teach the subject— and so it came about that there was one member of the college faculty who was expected to do scientifie work and was left comparatively free to observe and investi- gate. Modest as most of these early pro- visions for astronomy were, they bore fruit, and American astronomy gained standing and recognition while her sister sciences were struggling for existence. Later, it is true, there arose an ambition for labora- tories and there were laboratories; but un- fortunately, save in very rare instances, the laboratory has not implied an investigator. The conditions which made astronomy what it was have not been repeated. Pro- ductiveness has not been demanded nor expected; neither have the inmates of our laboratories been accorded that exemption from excessive pedagogical duties which would enable them to give their best strength to research. Were it otherwise I should not now be reminding you sadly of these deplorable home-conditions of our Sciences, but singing their achievements. A recent event in the educational world well illustrates the weakness of our academic attitude toward science. The head of one of our strongest, most modern, most progressive and best equipped in- stitutions has announced, as one of the details of a noble bequest to the university, the endowment of ten research professor- ships. President Van Hise declares: The provisions for their support, including liberal salaries, assistants, materials, a limited amount of instructional work, and relations with students, are an epitome of the situation in the ®*“ Memorial Exercises in Honor of William F. Vilas,” Sctmncr, XXVIII., October 30, 1908, p. 601. [N.S. Von. XXIX. No. 731 best German universities, which are admitted to stand first among the institutions of the world in the advancement of knowledge. This is indeed an event to warm the heart of every one who is interested in the promotion of science. All who are devoted to learning for its own sake or who realize © the importance of science to the welfare of the nation will applaud that portion of the will in which this great gift is made, which reads: - The university may best be raised to the highest excellence as a seat of learning and education by abundant support in pushing the confines of knowledge. And yet in very truth there is nothing to prevent the University of Wisconsin, or any other of a hundred of our institu- tions, without awaiting the rare advent of some far-sighted benefactor, from having, not ten, but all her professorships made research professorships—nothing, alas, but the deep-seated and seemingly uneradicable conviction of our boards of control, that the endowments committed to their charge are for some other purpose. A true university from the standpoint of scientific productiveness is a body of scholars; that is to say, of men devoting themselves solely to the advancement of learning. Every one in it from top to bot- tom should be an investigator. The entire income of a university should be expended in the promotion of science, 7. e., of knowl- edge. Teaching is a necessary factor in the advancement of learning and so a func- tion of the university. University teach- ing should be done by investigators not only because more investigators are to be developed, but because the promotion of Science, on the scale which the future de- mands, means that science shall not remain narrowly academic, but shall more and more pervade the life of the people. From the standpoint of American insti- tutions such a definition of the university JanuaRy 1, 1909] is revolutionary, but it can not be said to be impracticable or Utopian; for upon pre- cisely such ideals the most successful uni- versity systems in the world have been built. That this type will bear transplanting to American soil was triumphantly demon- strated in the work of Daniel C. Gilman, who gave the Johns Hopkins University at its inception the essential characteristics of the German universities as regards re- search. This successful experiment should have marked an epoch in the history of higher education, but a generation has passed and we have not as yet a university system devoted primarily to the advance- ment of learning. We still consider in- vestigation merely as a desirable adjunct to university activities: never as the thing for which the university exists. Germany, on the other hand, has for a century consistently developed the uni- versity as a center of research and through the promotion of pure science in the uni- versity has made German eivilization what it is to-day. I would not be understood as urging German or other Huropean methods in all details upon a country where quite dif- ferent conditions exist but one general principle is of universal application. In whatever we have to do, whether it be municipal administration, sanitation, road- making, the construction of water-ways, the development of industries, or the con- servation of natural resources, the fullest and latest scientific knowledge should be utilized. Practise should not be permitted to lag indefinitely behind theory and that they may go hand in hand public work and private enterprises should be in the hands of those who know. At the same time sci- ence should be persistently advanced by every possible agency. As American men of science we should demand for America also universities SCIENCE 9 whose purpose is the production of knowl- edge. There are those who will reply to such a demand that we need not look abroad; that we are already developing an educational system better for our purposes than any that has hitherto existed. So be it, but whatever pedagogical experiments we may choose to try, science and the advancement of learning must not be for- ever sacrificed to them. We need not merely research in the wuversities but wn- versities for research. To my mind the future of science in America as elsewhere is essentially a ques- tion of the future of the universities. It is conceivable that our institutions may so long continue blind to their chief function as to be supplanted by some new agency called into existence to take up their neglected work. Already great endow- ments for the promotion of research quite without any pedagogical feature, have come into existence. For all such science has need and will have increasing need as our situation becomes more acute and we are brought closer to the great crisis. But it will be found that the conditions for maximum scientific productiveness are precisely those which would exist in the ideal university. All attempts at a ma- chine-made science are doomed to failure. Science-making syndicates are likely to meet ship-wreck on the very rocks on which our American educational system is already aground. No autocratic organization is favorable to the development of the scien- tific spirit. No institution after the com- mercial models of to-day is likely to be generously fertile. You can contract for a bridge, according to specifications. If a railway is to be built and operated a highly organized staff with superintendents and foremen and an elaborate system reaching every detail may be made to yield the desired results. No one, however, can draw up specifications for a scientific dis- 10 SCIENCE covery. No one can contract to deliver it on a specified day for a specified price. No employee can be hired to produce it in re- turn for wages received. To the investigator the considerations I have endeavored to present are unim- portant. Science for its own sake is his sufficient incentive; but it is all important for the community at large to realize that no real addition to knowledge is useless or trivial; that progress depends on scien- tifie productiveness; that science, which must be fostered if we are to continue to prosper, is a republic whose watchwords are liberty, equality, fraternity. World power in the near future is to be a question of knowledge—not of battle- ships—and what is now spent on arma- ments is to be devoted to its pursuit. Beyond lies that future in which it will no longer be a question of supremacy amone nations but of whether the race is to maintain its foothold on the earth. For that great struggle we shall need knowl- edge, and ever more knowledge, and it is high time that we should prepare for war in these days of peace and plenty. Epwarp L. NicHoLs CoRNELL UNIVERSITY, December 14, 1908 UNIVERSITY REGISTRATION STATISTIOS Il. Taking up the registration at the uni- versities in order, we find that the Un- versity of California shows an increase of 75 in the graduate school, of 96 in the undergraduate body in arts, science and engineering, and of 77 in the professional schools. In arts there are 79 more men and 43 fewer women, a net gain of 36. The enrollment in the summer session exhibits an increase of 228 over 1907. The 95 students registered in law are enrolled in the Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco. Besides these there are 24 [N.S. Von. XXIX. No. 731 seniors and 17 graduate students in juris- prudence at Berkeley, of whom a consider- able number are candidates for the degree of juris doctor, these 41 students thus in reality constituting a graduate school of law. Of the extension students about 750 are enrolled in San Francisco, about 150 in Stockton, and about 250 in Sonora, and there are other centers in process of organi- zation. Mr. James Sutton, recorder of the faculties, reports as follows: Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, who was called to the University of California as professor of agriculture in 1874, has retired from the active work of the department, and Professor Edward J. Wickson becomes professor of agriculture and director of the agricultural experiment stations. Professor Frank Soulé, who became a member of the faculty in 1869, has been appointed professor of civil engineering, emeritus, and has been suc- ceeded as the head of the department of civil engineering by Professor Charles Derleth, Jr., formerly associate professor of structural engi- neering. The regents have established a pro- fessorship of psychology, and have appointed thereto Professor George M. Stratton, who since 1904 has been professor of experimental psychol- ogy at Johns Hopkins. Another chair established during the year was that of professor of agricul- tural practise and superintendent of farm schools. The first appointee is Leroy Anderson, formerly of Cornell University. To the chair of Romanic languages, which has been vacant for several years, the regents have appointed Professor Will- iam Albert Nitze, until recently professor of Romance languages in Amherst College. The department of Semitic languages suffered grievous loss in the death, on April 27, 1908, of its founder and head, Dr. Jacob Voorsanger. Assistant Pro- fessor William Popper is in charge of the work of the department. Plans have been prepared for the Boalt Memorial Hall of Law. Mrs. Boalt’s original gift was $100,000, but members of the California bar have pledged an additional $50,000 to complete the building. In addition, there is available a con- siderable fund for a law library. Construction work upon the new Doe library is well advanced. Present plans contemplate the completion imme- diately of the northern part of the building, which will amply allow for library needs for several years to come. The amount available at the JANUARY 1, 1909] present time for construction is $575,000. The building now under way will contain a main reading-room with accommodations for 400 readers and several smaller reading-rooms. There will be 29 seminar-rooms, 2 class-rooms, besides the usual administrative departments of a large library. The book stacks will have a capacity of 300,000 volumes and will be capable of extension indefi- nitely. As an annex to the agricultural building, there has recently been erected the so-called fertil- izer control laboratory. The work of this labora- tory is of immense importance to agriculture and horticulture in California. A building for the departments of hygiene and pathology is under construction near the Rudolph Spreckels physio- logical laboratory. The frame building which houses the department of architecture has been enlarged this year to three times its former capacity. On the university furm, at Davis, there have been erected a creamery, a live stock judging pavilion, and several cottages for the members of the staff. In addition, contracts have been let for a dairy barn and sewer system. The university has begun the erection of a galvanized iron tem- porary building as a museum of vertebrate zool- ogy. The collection of representative specimens of Californian vertebrate fauna will be immediately begun under the direction of Mr. Joseph Grinnell. Miss Annie M. Alexander, of Oakland, has agreed to give to the university the sum of $7,000 yearly for seven years to equip and maintain the museum. The Massachusetts Association for the relief of ‘California, organized shortly after the great earth- quake and fire of 1906, has remitted to the San Francisco Relief and Red Cross funds (incor- porated) the sum of $100,000, being the balance of the relief funds in the hands of the Massachu- setts Association upon the completion of the active work of relief. In accordance with the recommendation of the Massachusetts Association, this money has been paid over to the regents of the University of California for the university hospital in San Francisco, provided that the hos- pital shall always maintain at least ten free beds to be known as the Massachusetts beds and a ward to be known as the Massachusetts ward. In the assignment of these beds the university is to give preference to deserving sufferers of the dis- aster of April 18, 1906. Last year we reported the installation of the Baneroft library of American history and the transfer of this collection to the library of the newly organized Academy of Pacific Coast History, in one of the university buildings at Berkeley. SCIENCE iil Very soon after the Bancroft collection was brought to the university, the “lost Carondelet papers” were discovered among the miscellaneous manuscripts of the collection. Baron de Caron- delet was the last Spanish governor of Louisiana, and historians have long known that his papers must be in existence somewhere. An eminent his- torian has declared that the discovery of these papers will necessitate the rewriting of the history of the southwest. Perhaps the most unusual gift ever made to the university was that received by President Wheeler on Friday, September 25. On that evening a stranger called at Dr. Wheeler’s house, saying that he was a messenger from a man “up in the woods ” who wished to “ grubstake ” some student who was working his way and needed a little money to help him finish his college course. The stranger then delivered a small sack containing $349 in coin. The amount had been $350, but one dollar had been allowed the messenger for deliver- ing the money. No clew to the identity of the donor could be obtained. The gift will be known as the Grubstake Loan Fund. The University of Chicago shows a gain of 242 in the fall and of 414 in the summer enrollment, or one of 520 in the grand total for the year, 540 summer students having returned for work this fall, as against only 404 last year. The greatest gain in the fall registration, one of 167, is found under ‘‘other courses,’’ which em- brace those given for teachers afternoons, evenings and Saturdays. There is a loss of 15 men in the college, which is offset by again of 17 women. The professional and graduate schools all exhibit a small in- erease. The enrollment of Columbia University shows a highly gratifying inerease in all departments. The total registration repre- sents a gain of almost 500 students over last year, of which over 80 per cent. can be eredited to the fall registration. The grand total this fall exceeds that of two years ago by over 1,000 students, a growth ~ of 22 per cent. in that brief interval. Both Columbia and Barnard colleges (arts, men and women, respectively) show a sub- 12 stantial increase over last year’s figures, the entering class being the largest in the history of each institution. The non-pro- fessional graduate schools of political sci- ence, philosophy and pure science, taken as a whole, continue to share in the general erowth of the university, although the faculty of philosophy has experienced a slight loss, no doubt owing to the establish- ment this fall of free courses for teachers by the College of the City of New York. The total enrollment of graduate students, including those with their major subject in education—primarily registered at Teach- ers College—is 958, as against 938 in 1907 and 513 in 1902. The professional schools, without exception, have made encouraging gains in attendance, the schools of mines, engineering and chemistry having recorded the largest increase in actual number of students, namely, one of 92, whereas the largest percentage gain has been registered by the school of law, namely, one of almost 30 per cent.; the entering class in the medical school shows a growth of no less than 40 per cent., while pharmacy has gained 55 students. Including students from the college registered in the pro- fessional schools, the total enrollment of these schools is as follows: Law, 346; medi- cine, 318, and mines, engineering and chemistry, 699. The almost phenomenal development of Teachers College continues without interruption, there being 950 stu- dents enrolled this year, as against 563 in 1902. The two residence halls for men are practically filled this year, and the erec- tion of a third dormitory for men has become a need sooner than even the most optimistic anticipated. The summer ses- sion was even larger than that of the pre- ceding year, the total attendance being 1,532, as against 643 in 1902, 34 of the students being registered at the medical school in 1908. The 655 officers are ex- SCIENCH [N.S8. Von. XXIX. No. 731 elusive of 87 instructors in the Horace Mann and Speyer Schools, as well as of the summer session staff. Im 1906 there were 971 officers. The extension work con- tinues to make satisfactory progress, the evening technical courses established the winter before lastattracting many students. The domestic economy building in process of erection at Teachers College should be ready for occupancy before the close of the year, whereas work has been temporarily discontinued on Kent Hall, the new building for the schools of law and political science. The incumbent of the Kaiser Wilhelm professorship this year is Professor Al- brecht Penck, of the University of Berlin, whose subject is physiography, Professor Felix Adler, of the Columbia department of philosophy, being the third incumbent of the Theodore Roosevelt professorship at the University of Berlin. President Ben- jamin Ide Wheeler, of the University of California, has been selected by the trustees as the Theodore Roosevelt professor for 1909-10. The sum total of the gifts received in money during the year is $329,385.39, while the grand total of such gifts received in the last seven years is $10,286,296.58. The total outstanding debt of the university is $3,489,156.45; the income for 1907-8 amounted to $1,960,258.40, and the annual budget for 1908-9 provides for the ex- penditure of almost two million dollars. An amendment to the statutes was adopted by the trustees on February 3, 1908, which provides that “‘each professor and adjunct professor shall be entitled, once in every seven years, to a leave of absence of one year on half pay, or to a leave of absence of one half year on full pay, such period of absence to count as service to the university.’’ This provision renders it possible for those officers who JANUARY 1, 1909] can not live for a year upon half of their present salaries to secure eight months’ absence once in seven years on full salary. During the year the statutes were also amended in order to establish the new grade of associate, ranking below the grade of adjunct professor and above that of instructor. It is to be employed “‘in the ease of an officer of instruction who is not expected to devote the greater part of his time to the service of the university, but to give statedly a limited amount of in- struction upon a special subject.”’ A system of academic advisers was put in operation in Columbia College last spring, ‘‘by the terms of which each under- graduate student is assigned to the over- sight and care of an officer of instruction, who becomes his guide and friend as well as his teacher. By frequent personal meetings and conferences, it is the duty of the adviser to keep himself closely informed of the progress and academic life of each of the small group of students assigned to him and to give to such students the counsel and direction which they need, not only in regard to their studies but in regard to all phases of their undergraduate activity and life.’’ The requirements for admission to the medical school were recently revised, ‘‘so that, from and after July 1, 1910, the minimum requirement will be the comple- tion of not less than two full years of study in an approved college or scientific school, which course must have included instruc- tion in the elements of physics, in organic chemistry and in biology.’’ ; Cornell Umversity reports a gain of 407 in the grand total, to which the fall enroll- ment has contributed 368, the summer ses- sion showing an increase of 86 in actual number of students. All of the faculties have experienced an increase this fall with the exception of medicine, where increased SCIENCE 13 standards for admission have resulted in a reduction of the attendance by 109. ‘The academic registration and the engineering enrollment both show a gain of 94 students, agriculture one of 69, architecture of 30, law of 23, the graduate school of 41. The students listed under ‘‘other courses’’ are taking the short winter course in agricul- ture, and there are 114 more of these than there were last year. Of the 1,727 engi- neering students, 1,158 are registered under mechanical and 569 under ciyil engineering. Harvard Unwersity’s grand total is to all intents and purposes equal to that of last year, but there has been a loss of 37 in the total fall enrollment. The loss of 37 men in the college is offset by a gain of 34 women in Radcliffe, the scientific school suffered a decrease for the reason explained in full last year, the law school has lost 26 students, the graduate school of arts and sciences has gained 18, while medicine, dentistry and divinity have remained prac- tically stationary. The summer session of 1908 was larger by 224 students than that of the previous year, and there has been a gain of 61 in the number of instructors. Of the extension students, 1,119 are regis- tered in courses offered at the Lowell Insti- tute by Harvard instructors, and in the ease of qualified candidates, counting to- wards a Harvard degree. The new graduate school of business ad- ministration attracted 56 students; it fur- nishes a two-years’ course leading to the degree of master in business administra- tion. The Bussey Institution has ceased to exist as an undergraduate department for instruction in practical agriculture, the Bussey fund being now devoted to ad- vanced instruction in problems relating to agriculture, such as economic entomology, animal heredity, experimental plant mor- phology and comparative pathology of animals. 14 SCIENCE The University of Illinois shows con- sistent gains in every department, with the exception of music, where there has been a loss of 24 students, of library science (‘‘other courses’’), which reports a loss of 10 students, of art, where the registration has been reduced from 10 to 4, and of law, where the registration shows a falling off of 3 students. The largest gain, one of 68, is in the graduate school, while medicine has gained 48, and the male academic and com- merce each 387. Architecture, pharmacy and dentistry have also gained over 30 stu- dents each. The total increase in the fall enrollment amounts to 247 students, while the summer session was larger by 101 stu- dents than that of 1907. Owing to the fact that the percentage of summer-session stu- dents who returned for work in the fall was considerably greater in 1908 than in the year preceding, the gain in the grand total over last year is only 228. The total regis- tration in 1903 was 3,239, as against 4,400 this year, a gain of 35 per cent. in five years. The distribution of students by faculties under Indiana Umversity is somewhat dif- ferent from what it was last year, and it is consequently difficult to make accurate comparisons. The loss in law and the gain in medicine have been explained above. There are 9 more women in the academic department than there were last year, while a loss of 66 students in the graduate school is more than offset by a gain of 122 men in the college, but this may be due to the inclusion this year of a number of graduate students in the academic department. The total increase in the fall enrollment is 192, and the summer session exhibits a gain of 284, the growth in the grand total being one of 446. The State University of Iowa exhibits an increase in every department except that of dentistry, which reports a loss of 16 [N.S. Vou. XXTX. No. 731 students, and those of medicine and music, where the enrollment has remained station- ary. The largest gain is in the academic department, namely, one of 85 men and 60 women, whereas the scientific schools have only two more students than last year. Pharmacy has gained 14, law 10, the grad- uate school 11, and the nurses’ training schools (other courses) 9, the increase in the entire fall registration being one of 158 and in the grand total for the year one of 168, the summer session of 1908 having been slightly larger than that of the pre- ceding year. In the fall of 1903 there were only 1,260 students registered at Iowa, as against 2,356 this year. The standards of admission to the law school were raised this fall, inasmuch as no students were permitted to enter who did not present the entire thirty credits or fifteen units, whereas in previous years students were admitted with deficiencies ageregating three credits. Beginning with September, 1909, one full year of college work, in addition to the four years of high school work formerly required, will be de- manded for admission to the school of medicine, and beginning with September, 1910, the requirement will be still further increased to two years of college work. Beginning with September, 1909, the re- quirements for admission to the college of dentistry will be advanced to four years of high-school work. No other changes in the standards of admission to the several schools of the university are in immediate contemplation. The university has completed during the past year an extension to the engineering building at a cost of about $75,000. The extension duplicates the capacity of the building, and completes the first wing of the engineering quadrangle. A building for the law school is now being erected. This building will cost $125,000, and will be com- pleted in about a year. Both of the buildings mentioned are of Bedford stone, fireproof construc- tion, in accordance with the general plan of the JANUARY 1, 1909] regents, and in their location the regents have followed the plan of the ultimate campus, which has been prepared by landscape architects. Johns Hopkins Unwersity has gained 47 students since last year, of whom 30 are found in medicine and 17 in the graduate school, the academic department having remained stationary. In 1902 there were 162 students in the college (166 in 1908), 329 in medicine (1908: 355) and 179 in the graduate school (1908: 177). The scientific schools (— 10), medicine (— 9) and art (— 8) have suffered slight losses at the University of Kansas, which are much more than offset by gains in the other departments, the academic depart- ment alone contributing an increase of 106 students—77 women and 29 men. Law has gained 22, music 19, pharmacy 8 and the eraduate school 12, the total increase in the fall registration being 108. The summer session enrolled 89 students more than that of 1907, the increase in the grand total being one of 154 students. The Unwersity of Michigan reports an increase in the fall registration of 148 stu- dents, law alone exhibiting a loss (41 stu- dents), while medicine has remained uni- form. The academic department has regis- tered a net gain of 45, this figure represent- ing an increase of 47 men and a decrease of two women. ‘The graduate school has gained 60 students, the scientific schools 28, dentistry 23 and pharmacy 7. The summer session was slightly larger than that of the preceding year, but the number of those enrolled both in the summer term and the regular college year was considerably smaller, resulting in an increase in the grand total of 235 students. The attend- ance at Michigan passed the five-thousand mark for the first time this year, it having reached 4,000 in 1904. Mr. Shirley W. Smith, secretary of the university, has sub- mitted the following items of general in- terest : SCIENCE Puls The session of the summer of 1908 for the academic department was for the first time in our experience fixed at eight weeks instead of six, and the fee was raised from $15 to $20. The fact that this change was followed by an increase in attend- ance of thirteen per cent., which increase w. 3 largely made up of those not enrolled in the regu- lar “session, is interesting as showing the demand by teachers for the largest opportunity for actual summer work. Our engineering faculty have made provision for a six-year course, by the completion of which students will secure a broader foundation of general culture and larger technical attainments. We shall look forward with interest to see whether these increased opportunities will meet a real de- mand in the education of young men preparing for the active life of to-day. In our law department we have sought to en- courage and to recognize the superior equipment of those who combine academic with legal train- ing, and have established the degree of J.D. (juris doctor) to be conferred upon certain college grad- uates completing the full three years’ law course. The age of admission to the first year class of the law department has been raised from eighteen to nineteen years, with a corresponding higher age ‘ requirement for the two upper classes. In the material equipment, our most important additions are as follows: An extensive addition has been made to the observatory building, in- cluding a new dome 40 feet in diameter. We are installing a large reflecting telescope which is now approaching completion. This instrument has been designed especially for photographic and spectroscopic work, and it is arranged for use either as a Newtonian or as a Cassegrain reflector. When used in the latter manner, the mirrors give a three-fold magnification with an equivalent focal length of 60 feet—We have acquired by gift of an alumnus and from the city of Ann Arbor a tract of land of about ninety acres to serve as a botanical garden and arboretum. This land has an exceptional variety of soil, elevation and ex- posure, including a border of over one half mile on the Huron River, and the tract is easily access- ible from the campus. The opportunities for the study of landscape gardening by our students in engineering, architecture, forestry, and general culture, as well as those in botany and landscape gardening proper, are considerably extended by this gift—The Woman’s League of the university has purchased a seven-acre tract of land, very con- venient of access, which will be developed as an 16 SCIENCE athletic field for the women of the university.— Another welcome gift is in the form of about fifteen hundred acres of land, the purchase price of which, beyond possibly ten per cent. of the velue, was donated to the university, lying along t .e shores of Douglas Lake in Cheboygan County. This land will serve as the site for our summer engineering camp, and its topography, including forest and open, land and water, various eleva- tions, ete., is particularly well adapted to the purpose, and we also look forward to its use as a biological station of importance. In honor of the donor it has been named The Bogardus Engi- neering Camp.—Buildings completed or practically so during the year include the memorial hall, the gift of alumni and other friends, and a new build- ing for the dental college. The latter, erected at a cost of $125,000, is probably responsible in a large part for the increase in our enrollment in the dental college. Contracts have been awarded for a chemical laboratory to cost $245,000 and an addition to our engineering building to cost $75,000. The University of Minnesota shows a slight decrease in pharmacy, but has made good gains in all other departments, espe- cially in the schools of agriculture (102), law (99) and medicine (69). The increase in the law school is due to the fact that this is the last year in which students may enter that college upon presentation of a high- school diploma. Beginning with Septem- ber, 1909, all students entering the college of law will be required to have one year of regular academic work in the college of science, literature and the arts. The large growth in medicine is due to the fact that the medical department of Hamline Uni- versity has recently been absorbed by the University of Minnesota, which now con- ducts the only medical school in the state. The college of engineering entered this fall upon the five-year course leading to the degree of B.S. at the end of the fourth, and the professional degree at the completion of the fifth year. The school of mines shows no falling off in enrollment, although the entrance requirements in mathematics were raised this fall. The agricultural [N.S. Vox. XXTX. No. 731 department, has developed rapidly as a re- sult of the impetus given to that line of work throughout the state, larger provision being made for agricultural training than ever before. The academic department shows a net gain of 42 students, namely, a gain of 48 men and a loss of 6 women, the number of women, however, being still far in excess of that of the men. Compared with last fall, there has been an increase in the total of 398 students, and a practically similar gain if the summer session be in- cluded. Mr. Irvin Switzler, registrar of the Um- versity of Missouri, reports as follows: The total registration of the present session shows a relative as well as an absolute increase when compared with preceding sessions. The rate of increase during the two preceding sessions was a trifle less than ten per cent. The registration of the present session exceeds that of the corre- sponding date of 1907 by 284 students, an increase of almost exactly twelve and a half per cent. This increase is found chiefly in the college of arts and science, the teachers college, the school of agriculture, the department of law and in the department of journalism, which was inaugurated this session with an enrollment of 60, as indicated in the table under the head of “ other courses.”— The steady increase which has been noticed in the college of arts and science in preceding sessions has continued, being due to the growing appre- ciation on the part of students of the advantages of college preparation for professional work. The rapid growth of the high schools in Missouri has led to an increased demand for trained teachers, This has contributed to the increase in the teachers college, which has also attracted many superintendents and principals who desire ad- vanced courses.—While the engineering courses show a slight increase, the freshman classes in this department show a decrease, probably due to the effect of the financial depression upon the demand for graduates in engineering. Some who would otherwise have entered the engineering de- partment have taken up agriculture. The regis- tration in this school has also been favorably influenced by the spread of information regarding the importance of scientific training in this field. —The department of law has recovered the ground lost during the preceding session, on account of JANUARY 1, 1909] increased entrance requirements, and has in addi- tion made a substantial increase. The depart- ment of medicine has suffered from the uncer- tainty regarding the future due to plans for re- moving the last two years to St. Louis or Kansas City. The matter is still pending, but will be determined during the present session. While the graduate department shows exactly the same regis- tration as during the preceding session, the num- ber who are candidates for degrees has increased. On account of ill health Dr. R. H. Jesse re- signed as president of the university on July 1, after an administration of seventeen years, and was succeeded by Dr. A. Ross Hill, formerly dean of the college of arts and science of Cornell Uni- versity. Before accepting the latter position Dr. Hill was dean of the teachers college of this university, and he is familiar with the educational problems of this state and section. His formal inauguration as president occurred on December 10 and 11, 1908. This university conducts extension courses at St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Joplin, Nevada and Sedalia, but as the registration does not begin until after November, it has not been included in the table. The registration in extension courses during the session of 1907-8 was 134. The total gain in the fall enrollment is 265, and the summer session shows an in- erease of 56 students. As the first item of double registration (416) is 102 in ex- cess of that of last year, no accurate com- parisons can be made by faculties with 1907. The University of Nebraska has made a gain of 342 in the grand total and of 270 in the fall total, this year’s summer session having attracted 104 students more than that of 1907. Agriculture shows the great- est increase—one of 140 students, and music has gained 50. A teachers college was established this year and has drawn students from the academic department, thus at least partially explaining the falling off of 149 women in the latter department. The registration of men in the college and the law school enrollment have remained stationary, while the scientific school has lost 40;and the medical school 20 students. _twenty-five per cent. SCIENCE 17 The graduate school and the school of art have also suffered a slight loss. The school of commerce has contributed most heavily (200) to the gain in the fall attendance at New York University of 224 over last year. Owing primarily to in- ereased standards for entrance to the pro- fessional schools of law and medicine, the enrollment in these schools has suffered a loss—of 36 in law and of 67 in medicine. The teachers college has gained 49, the engi- neering school 31 students, and the aca- demic department 19 men and 31 women, while the graduate school has remained stationary, and veterinary medicine has lost 11 students. Of the 298 men regis- tered in the college of arts, 148 are at University Heights and 155 at Washington Square, while all of the 167 women in this division are at Washington Square. The summer session was larger by 86 students than that of the preceding year, the grand total increase being one of 303 students. Northwestern Unwersity’s grand total is about 400 in excess of last year’s, repre- senting a gain of 15 per cent. Of the 270 students mentioned under other courses, 234 are enrolled in the school of oratory and 36 are attending the special pre-med- ical course. Mr. William H. Long, secre- tary to the president, writes as follows: Northwestern University shows an increase of almost twenty per cent. in the fall enrollment. The gain is especially noticeable in the college of liberal arts, which enrolls 480 men against 389 the year previous. On the other hand, there has been a decrease in both the percentage and the actual number of women. The gain is noteworthy coming in a year in which the tuition fee is raised A part of the increase in the number of men is due to the fact that the first class of engineering students are included in the college of liberal arts. The college of engi- neering will be formally inaugurated in the fall of 1909. Myr. John F. Hayford, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, has been elected director. A course has been outlined that will re- quire five years. At the end of the fourth year 18 SCIENCE the student will receive the degree of bachelor of science, and at the end of the fifth year an engi- neering degree. This year students are accepted in the beginning work only. In the medical school the admission requirements have been advanced one year. The effect upon attendance has been slight, as the figures are practically the same as those of last year. The only school that shows a decided decrease is the dental school, which feels, for the first time, the full effect of the recent large increase in entrance requirements. The new school of commerce meets with remarkable success. More than 200 students are in the first year of the course. ‘The entire course will extend through three years. On the campus at Evanston the Swift hall of engineering is nearing completion. Ground has been broken for a new gymnasium and the founda- tion is nearly completed. This building is the gift of Mr. James A. Patten. It will be of white stone and brick. It will contain a club room and social rooms for men, offices for various student enterprises, a large swimming pool, locker rooms, baths, a large gymnasium room, 87 by 135, of the usual type. A rather unique feature is the “in- door field,” which will provide for field sports. This field is a room, 120 feet by 215, clear from supports, and having a dirt floor surrounded by a ten-lap-mile track of dirt. This room will accom- modate a full-size baseball diamond and two of the three field positions——Plans for dormitories are under way, but their erection has been held in abeyance. Ohio State University reports an increase in the grand total registration of 356, and gains this fall in every department with the exception of law. The college has gained 54 men and 27 women, the scientific schools 72, agriculture 45, veterinary medi- cine 29, the graduate school and domestic science (other courses) 25 each, pharmacy 19, forestry 18 and pedagogy 12 students, while law has lost 11. Of the 925 students in the scientific schools, 43 are enrolled in the so-called short course, two years in length, and similarly there are 68 short- course students in agriculture out of 216 and 4 in domestic science out of 119. The summer session experienced an increase of 78 students. [N.S. Von. XXIX. No. 731 Mr. Edward Robins, assistant secretary of the Unwersity of Pennsylvania, has fur- nished the following descriptive material to accompany the figures of this institution : The final figures of registration for the current academic year at the University of Pennsylvania show a substantial and gratifying increase over corresponding figures for the preceding year. The net registration for the entire university is 4,555, an increase of 277, or 64 per cent. over last year. Every department but one has practically equaled or exceeded its registration for the previous year, and in that department additional entrance re- quirements, which operate for the first time this year, have materially affected the total. The college, with an increase of 127 students, now numbers 1,853. The law department has increased from 303 to 326; the department of veterinary medicine from 131 to 150; the graduate school from 336 to 339; the evening school to 272 from 223. The dental department’s total, 383, is 7 less than last year’s figure. The attendance in the college courses for teachers is 352, and may be increased by late registrations during the next few weeks. The summer session of 1908, with an enrollment of 472, exceeded that of 1907 by 110 students. The medical department begins the year with 563 students, or 42 less than last year, due largely, as stated above, to a raising of the standard of entrance requirements. Heretofore, the requirements for admission to this department have been equivalent to those prescribed for admis- sion to the freshman class of the college, but for the academic year 1908-9 a knowledge of physics, chemistry and general biology or general zoology and two foreign languages is demanded. Entrance requirements for the next two years will be fur- ther raised so that in 1910-11 candidates must have completed work equivalent to that prescribed for the freshman and sophomore classes in colleges recognized by the university. The enrollment of students in the college is distributed by courses as follows, every course sharing in the increased registration of the de- partment: architecture, 168; arts, 323; biology, 49; chemistry, 78; chemical engineering, 58; Wharton school of finance and commerce, 463; civil engineering, 292; mechanical engineering, 387; music, 35; total, 1,853. Interest in registration figures naturally centers in the freshman class, which this year for the whole university numbers 1,258, an increase of 126, or 11 per cent. The college shows an excep- JANUARY 1, 1909] tional gain of 25 per cent., the enrollment now being 611. The law and veterinary medicine classes, 146 and 63, respectively, have each in- creased ten. The medical and dental departments each show a slight falling off, the registration being 160 and 121, respectively, as against 188 and 139 for last year. The evening school enrolls 157 regular students, an increase of 29. The growth of the university as represented by the foregoing figures is more readily appreciated when a comparison is made with the registration of five years ago. Since 1903 the university has increased its student population 69 per cent. The college, the department of veterinary medicine and courses for teachers have practically doubled their enrollment. The graduate school has increased 68 per cent. and the professional schools have increased materially. The evening school of ac- counts and finance and the summer school have sprung into being during this period. The corps of professors, instructors and assistants has been augmented nearly fifty per cent., the total teach- ing force now approximating five hundred. The physical equipment of the university has had valu- able additions in the several years past in the new laboratories and buildings of the departments of medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering and physical education, while the construction of new dormitories enables the university to house seven hundred of its students in these comfortable apartments. Princeton University’s total is prac- tically the same as that of last year, 1,314 in 1908 as against 1,311 in 1907. The academic department lost 24 students and the graduate school 21, whereas the scien- tific school shows a gain of 50 students. At Stanford University there has been a net loss in the fall registration of 51 stu- dents, the gain of 33 eraduate students, 48 law students and 19 women in the academic department not quite offsetting the loss of 151 men in the latter depart- ment (including the scientific school). Mr. O. L. Elliott, registrar of the univer- sity, writes as follows: A tuition fee of twenty-five dollars per semester has been instituted in the department of law, applicable to all students in law not registered in the department on March 6, 1907. (There are SCIENCE 19 no tuition fees in other departments of the uni- versity.) The Cooper medical college of San Francisco has been transferred to the university as a free gift, and a department of medicine has been instituted in the university. Instruction will begin in September, 1909. There will be a four- years’ course in medicine, preceded by not less than three years of collegiate work. One and a half years of the medical course will be given at Palo Alto, and the remaining two and a half years in San Francisco. The falling off in the number of students may be attributed partly to the effects of our dis- ciplinary upheaval last year, and partly to the unusual number of failures in scholarship during the second semester of last year. It should be remembered that the num- ber of students at Stanford University is strictly limited. Syracuse Unwersity reports a gain in the fall total of 41 and in the grand total of 42, the summer session showing a de- erease of 16, but fewer students having re- turned for work this fall than was the case last year. A loss of 53 in pedagogy is offset by a gain of the same number in music; the graduate school has lost 23, while the college has gained 29 and archi- tecture 11. Law, medicine, and the scien- tific schools have remained to all intents and purposes stationary. The entrance re- quirements in medicine have been in- ereased, so that next fall one year, and in the fall of 1910 two years, of college work will be demanded for admission, the col- lege work to include a competent course in physics, biology, chemistry, Latin and one modern language. The Lyman hall of natural history is now fully oeeupied by the departments of biology, geology and mineralogy, and botany, while the work in chemistry has been transferred to Bowne Hall. The gymnasium will be ready for occupancy at the opening of the second half-year. The attendance at the University of Vir- gima is exactly the same as last fall, al- 20 though several changes have taken place in the distribution of the student body by faculties. The decrease in enrollment in the college (24), the scientific schools (11), and medicine (14), may be attributed to increased requirements for admission that became operative this fall. The gain in the law school is due primarily to the fact that the course becomes one of three years, instead of two, beginning with 1909-10. A number of students transferred from the college to law this fall, in order to com- plete their law course before the new re- quirement goes into effect. The graduate school has remained stationary. A new course has been established in the engineer- ing department leading to the degree of chemical engineer. An additional wing has been provided for the university’s hos- pital group of buildings; also a commons hall, which furnishes table board to stu- dents at cost. Western Reserve Uniwersity on October 1 incorporated a pharmaceutical school with 75 students, and has gained 27 stu- dents in addition over last year. The academic department shows an increase of 33, all men, while law has gained 9 and the library school (other courses) 7 students. On the other hand, dentistry shows a loss of 12, the graduate school of 5, and medicine of 4 students. The 80 stu- dents mentioned under extension teaching are in attendance on standard university courses given in the evening. Mr. D. C. Mathews, executive secretary, writes as follows: The opportunities offered by the medical school will be largely increased by the opening of the new H. K. Cushing laboratory of experimental medicine. The department of experimental medi- eine was made possible by the gift of $100,000 each by Mr. H. M. Hanna and Colonel Oliver H. Payne. Professor George N. Stewart, formerly of the University of Chicago and recently returned from a year’s study in Europe, is head of the department. The building was dedicated on No- SCIENCE [N.S. Von. XXIX. No. 732 vember 20, the principal address being delivered by Dr. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University. Work is progressing upon the chemical labora- tory on the Adelbert College campus. The build- ing is named for Professor Hdward Williams Morley, for thirty-seven years professor of chem- istry in Western Reserve. The Cleveland School of Pharmacy was recently incorporated into the university. The school is now in ‘its twenty-seventh year. The course of study includes thorough courses in general, inor- ganie and organic chemistry, physics, pharmacy, materia medica, microscopy and physiology. It is proposed to give to the course of study certain larger relationships than its merely technical requirements would demand. : The University of Wisconsin reports an increase of 360 students in the fall enroll- ment, and of 475 in the grand total, the summer session having” attracted no less than 376 students more than attended the session of 1907. All of the faculties have contributed to the gain in the fall registra- tion: The academic department 85 men and 42 women, agriculture 72, the scien- tific schools 26, music 14, law 8, medicine 6, and pharmacy 4 students. The grad- uate school shows an actual increase of 14 students over last year, although there is an apparent loss of 187. This is due to the fact that the figures for'last year in- cluded the graduate sttidents who attended the 1907 summer session and did not re- turn for work in the fall; of these there were 151. This year there were 227 graduate students in attendance at the summer session only, so that the total regis- tration of graduate students is 353 for 1907 and 443 for 1908. The first item of double registration (151) is made up of 114 students enrolled in letters and arts, as well as in law, music and medicine, plus 37 students given separately under phar- macy. There have recently been established a course in chemistry, a course in mining engineering, and a middle course in agri- January 1, 1909] culture. The two former are four-year courses, leading to a baccalaureate degree. The last is a two-year course, the entrance requirements for which are the same as those of the regular long course, certificates being awarded at the close, instead of de- grees. There has also been organized, within the college of letters and science, a new course for the training of teachers. Within the past year a new central heating plant has been built, as well as an addi- tion to the administration building. A woman’s building and a new animal hus- bandry building are in process of construc- tion. The increase in Yale University’s grand total is one of 31, while that for the fall only amounts to 149, the discrepancy being due to the withdrawal of the summer school of this institution; the 48 students men- tioned under summer session attended the summer school of forestry. Gains in the fall attendance have been registered by every department with the exception of the academic, which shows a loss of 41 students, whereas the Sheffield scientific school has gained six. To the enrollment of the latter should be added 154 graduate students who are members of the graduate school or the school of forestry. The law school reports a gain of 92, the graduate school one of 51, divinity 26, art 10, forestry 9, music 8, and medicine 5. RupoutF Tomeo, Jr. CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY THE NATIONAL GHOGRAPHIC SOCIETY TuE arrangements for lectures for the cur- rent season are as follows: December 11—“ The Redemption of Ireland,” by Mr. William E. Curtis. No longer does the Ivish- man in Ireland live on potatoes and peat. Illus- trated. December 18—“ Present Conditions in Turkey,” by Dr. Howard S. Bliss, president of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut. SCIENCE 21 January 4—“ The Sierra Nevada,” by Dr. Grove Karl Gilbert. January 8—“A Digger's Work in Palestine,” by Dr. Frederick J. Bliss, author of “ A Mound of Many Cities,” “Excavations in Palestine,” ete. January 15—“ The Non-Christian Tribes of the Philippine Islands,’ by Dr. Frederick Starr, of the University of Chicago. January 22—‘ The Panama Canal and the Span- ish Main,” by Mrs. Harriet Chalmers Adams. January 29—“ Abraham Lincoln—Boy and Man,” by Mr. W. W. Ellsworth, of the Century Company. February 5—Major General A. W. Greely, U.S. Army, will address the society. February 12—“The Bird Islands of Our At- lantie Coast,” by Mr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History. Illus- trated with lantern slides and moving pictures of the pelicans and fish hawks. February 19—“ Java—The Garden of the East,” by Mr. Henry G. Bryant. February 26—“ Aerial Locomotion,” by Mr. Wilbur Wright or Mr. Orville Wright. March 12—“The Hunting Fields of Central Africa,” by Mr. Gardiner F. Williams, for twenty years general manager of the De Beers diamond mines at J