SGN i) ‘if AE Paty SoMa ) aU hth ae itt Hiei § iat wie satitily Loy meh i eehy Mtl i fh if ny Dy tetetith it Ait ty ! Hie yh a ara ye af , yt) BU Ey ad PPE yeaa DAT ENYC wie eS ) Vals nine ‘ ;' vd Wis ee pee PERK sae SORTS ae ee SSS SstESiz Ane ed ais ral ety ay aif + inh seat AH ; ye ety ‘ ne “1 pets ones hee a") ’ Way ' eieis tate De yea ot : SOS1t% 1/ j Y SCIENCE ‘ NEW SERIES. VOLUME XLI JANUARY-JUNE, 1915 a LASS NEW YORK THE SCIENCE PRESS 1915 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 41 NorTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA, CONTENTS AND INDEX. NEW SERIES. VOL. XLI—_JANUARY TO JULY, 1915. THE NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS ARE PRINTED IN SMALL CAPITALS Abbe, C., Jr., Meteorology in Germany, 65 Accidents, Industrial, 905 Apams, C. C., Wild Life Conservation, 790 Apams, L. A., and W. K. Grecory, Temporal Fosse of Vertebrates, 763 Adelie Land, Meteorology of, A. W. GREELY, 395 Agricultural, Experiment Stations, 8. B. Doren, 138; Work, L. H. Batnry, 297 Agriculture, E. W. ALLEN, 330; F. H. BLopeErt, 426 AITKEN, R. G., Arthur von Auwers, 495 Alaska, Glacier, 32; Surveys, 715 Albinism in English Sparrow, P. J. O’Gara, 26; C. W. Hareirr, 245; A. M. Banta, 577; H. S. SwartH, M. 8. Crossy, 578; G. B. Hony, J. DrumMmonp, 579 Alexandrian Series, C. KeyzEs, 863 Alfalfa, Crown-gall of, O. T. Winson, 797 American, Ambulance Hospital in Paris, 58; As- soc. for the Advancement of Science, Address . of President, 1; Philadelphia Meeting, 70; Sec- tion B, 73; Section F, 81; Section A, 109; California Meeting, 127; Section D, 154, 765, 798; Section G, 223; Section M, 297, 330; Com- mittee of One Hundred, 315; Section H, 371; Section C, 404; Section K, 407; Symposium on Ventilation, 625, 632; Washington Meeting, 638; Pacific Division, 857; San Francisco Meet- ing, Hotel Reservations, 892; Assoc. of Uni- versity Professors, J. Dewny, 147; Organiza- tion, A. O. Lovesoy, 151; Philos. Soc., 880; H. C. RicHaRDs, 835 Ameba, Clayelline, J. S. Huxiny, 26 Amphibia of Coal Measures, R. L. Moopir, 463 Antagonism, W. J. V. OsteRrHoutT, 255 Anthropological, Assoc., Amer., R. H. Lowrie, 221; Soc. of Wash., D. Foukmar, 552, 588, 700, 879 Antisepsis of Wounds, R. A. FPESSENDEN, 904 Antwerp Zoological Garden, 86 Apogamy in Ferns, W. N. Stem, 293 APPEL, O., Disease Resistance in Plants, 773 ARcTOWSKI, H., Voleanie Dust Veils, 252 ArmsTroNG, H. E., State and Education, 923 Astronomical, Research, E. C, PrckeRine, 82; and Mathematical, F. ScHLESINGER, 109 Atmometer, B. E. Livineston, 872 Atom, The Nucleus, A. D. Coxz, 73; Constitution of, 160 Avrr, J., Amer. Soc. for Pharmacol. and Exp. Therapeut., 294 Auwers, Arthur von, R. G. AITKEN, 495 Bacillus radicicola, C B. Lipman and L. W. Fow- LER, 256, 725 Bacteriologists, Soc. of Amer., A. P. HircHEns, 618, 660; Address of President, 306 BaEKELAND, L, H., Edward Weston, 484 Barry, E. H. S., Frank Olin Marvin, 600 Bamey, I. W., and E. W. Sinnott, Botanical In- dex of Climates, 831 Bamgy, L. H., Agricultural Work, 297 Baker, A, C., and W. F. TurNzr, Grape Aphid, 834 Banks, N., Notes on Entomology, 614 Banta, A. M., Albinism, 577 Barr and Archibald, Alternating Current Machin- ery, R. R. LAWRENCE, 505 Baskerville, C., and J. T. Gwathmey, Anesthesia, J. H. Lone, 133 Bateson on Mendelism, W. E. CastuE, 94 Bauer, M., Festschrift, G. F. Kunz, 392 Becker, G. F., Isostasy and Radioactivity, 157 Benepicr, R. C., Another State Park, 827 BrenJaMIN, C. H., Fraternity Grades, 135 Berry, E. W., Terra Nova Expedition, 830 Brssgy, C. E., Botanical Notes, 364 Bessey, Charles Edwin, P. SpaunpINe, 420; J. M. CouuTER, 599 Best, H., The Deaf, J. D. WricHt, 650 Bryan, A. D., Clinical Departments, 368 Brvier, I., Food Products, H. C. Sherman, 134 Bienry, A. J., Ind. Acad. of Sci., 848 Biological, Soc. of Wash. D. E. Lantz, 145; M. W. Lyon, Jx., 477, 552, 587, 664, 735, 877, 915; Chemists, Soc. of, P. A. SHAFFER, 406 Biology, Premedical Work, H. McE. Knower, 397; Exp. Federation of Amer. Societies for, P. SHAFFER, 405 Bird Collecting, W. G. Van Namg, 823 Birkeland, K., Magnetic Storms, W. H. Datu, 29 BuakEsten, A. F., and D. E. Warner, Yellow Pigment and Egg-laying Activity, 432 BuancHarD, A. A., Mech. Sci. and Eng., 765, 798 BuoperTr, F. H., Course in Agriculture, 426 Blondel, A., Motors, R. R. LAWRENCE, 431 BuiuMer, G., Medicine in China, 940 Botanical, Soc. of Amer., G. T. Moorz, 170; Ad- dress of President, 185; Soc. of Wash., P. SPAULDING, 260, 550, 879, 913; Address of President, 479; Notes, C. HE. Bussny, 364; Index of Climates, I. W. Batry and EH. W. Srynorr, 831; N. Y. Garden, 891 Botany, in America, D, H. Camppenn, 185; in Agricultural Colleges, C. V. Premr, 211; A. N. Hume, 575; Economic Trend of, H. C. Cow1ss, 223 Boundary Waters, Internat. Commission, 57 Brackett, Cyrus Fogg, W. F. Maetn, 523 Branner, J. C., Naturalist’s Directory, 135; Pa- tronizing S. Amer. Republics, 236; Lower Ama- zon, A. Lange, 363 Brascu, F. E., History of Science, 358 BrieHaM, A. F., Geographic Influence, 261; New Glacier Park, 611 Burman, J. W., Pacific Assoc. of Sci. Societies, 526 iv SCIENCE Cabrera, A., Fauna Ibérica, W. J. HouLAnn, 214 Calkins, G. N., Biology, C. E. McCuune, 580 CALKINS, M. W., Psychology, R. M. Ogden, 248 CamMEron, F. K., Biochemistry and Soil Condi- tions, E. J. Russell, 794 CAMPBELL, D. H., Botany in America, 185 CaMPBELL, W., Metallurgy, W. Rosenhain, 762 CAMPBELL, W. W., Pacific Assoc. of Sci. Societies, 637 Cannon, A. J., Mrs. Henry Draper, 380 Cannon, W. B., Physiology, L. Luciani, 289 Caruson, A. J., Amer., Physiol. Soc., 142 Carnegie Institution, 191 CarruTH, F. E., and W. A. WiTHERS, Gossypol, 324 Cassino, S. E., Naturalist’s Directory, 502 Caste, W. E., Mendelism and Mutation, 94 CaTTELL, J. McKEEN, Scientific Research, 729 Cavern of Three Brothers, G. G. MacCurpy, 782 Cereal Investigations, Interstate Conference, 602 CHAMBERS, R., JR., Germ Cell, 290 Chemical, Industry in Great Britain, 601; Amer. Soc., New Orleans Meeting, C. L. Parsons, 697; Seattle Meeting, 817 Chemist and Industry, B. C. Hmssr, 665 Chicago Acad. of Sci., 586 Child, R. G., Electric Ares, R. G. Hupson, 829 China, Medicine in, G. BuumeEr, 940 Claparéde, H., Letter, 534 Cuark, A. H., Shark Intoxication, 795 CuarkK, G. A., Pribilof Islands, 902 CuarK, O. L., Counting Seeds, 132; Eye Screen for Microscope, 792 CLarKE, J. M., New Glacial Park, 382 Claypole, Edith Jane, 754 Clinical, Departments of Medical Schools, A. D. BEvAN, 388; G. Lusk, 531; Instruction, M. G. SEELIG, 594 Coss, M. V., Origin of Human Twins, 501 CocKERELL, T. D. A., Red Sunflower, 33; Wonder of Life, J. A. Thompson, 290; Ants, W. M. Wheeler, 906 Cocks, R. S., New Orleans Acad. of Sci., 478, 664, 880 Cone, A. D., The Nucleus Atom, 73; Amer. Phys- ical Soc., 259, 841; San Francisco Meeting, 934 Cote, F. N., Amer. Math. Soc., 144, 476, 698 Commercial Geography and World Politics, 86 Compton, K. T., and E. A. TrouspALE, Magnetic Particle, 611 ConkuIN, E. G., Zoology and Humanity, 333; August Weismann, 917 Conserve the Collector, J. GRINNELL, 229 Coral Reefs, W. M. Davis, 455 Cornell Med. Soe. of N. Y. City, 892 Cotton, Worm Moth, A. P. SaunprErs, 65; J. H. GEROULD, 464; Bleaching, B. S. Levinr, 543 Couttrr, J. M., Charles E. Bessey, 599 Counting Seeds, O. L. CuarK, 132 Cowes, H. C., Economie Trend of Botany, 223 Cragg, F. W., and W. S. Patton, Medical Ento- mology, C. A. Korom, 167 CrosBy, M. 8., Albinism, 578 D., G. V. N., Forsyth Dental Infirmary, 30 Daut, W. H., Magnetic Storms, K. Birkeland, 29 Dall, W. H., Molluscan Fauna, G. D. Harris, 612 Daly’s Igneous Rocks, W. LinpGREN, 166 CoNTENTS AND INDEX. DanrortH, C. H., St. Louis Acad. of Sci., 108, 588 Davenrort, C. B., Scientific Genealogy, 337 Davis, B. M., Amer. Soc. Naturalists, 369 Davis, W. M., Coral Reefs, 455 Day, A. L., Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington Meet- ing, 566; Annual Meeting, 692 Denudation, Continental, E. W. SHAw, 244 Dewey, J., Amer. Assoc. of University Professors, 147; A. O. LovEJoy, and E. R. A. SELIGMAN, University of Utah, 685 Dittrr, J. 8., Relief of Pacific Coast, 48 Dinosaurs, Sphenoidal Sinus in, R, L. Moopim, 288 Discussion and Correspondence, 26, 63, 94, 131, 166, 207, 244, 288, 324, 358, 388, 424, 462, 501, 531, 575, 608, 644, 682, 725, 757, 790, 823, 863, 897, 939 Doren, S. B., Agric. Exper. Stations, 188 Downine, E. R., Secondary Schools, 232 Draper, Mrs. Henry, A. J. Cannon, 380 DrummMonp, J., Albinism in English Sparrow, 579 Dyche, Lewis Lindsey, F. Strone, 280 Dynamics, L. M. Hoskins, 608, 684 Earthquakes in Panama, D. F. McDonatp, 783 Edison and Science, R. C. MacbauRIN, 613 Ehrlich, P., Investigations, L. HeKrorn, 27 Electrical Photometry of Stars, J. Stespins, 809 Eurot, C. W., Charles Sedgwick Minot, 701 Ellis, C., Hydrogenation of Oils, A. H. Gin, 167 Engineering, Safety, O. P. Hoop, 154 Entomological Soe. of Amer., A. D. MacGiLuivRay, 842 Entomology, Notes on, N. Banks, 614 Eugenics and Publie Service, G. H. Parker, 342 Evans, G. C., Les Fonctions de Lignes, V. Vol- terra, 246 Hye Screen for Microscope, O. L. CuarK, 792; X, 864 FESSENDEN, R. A., Antisepsis of Wounds, 904 Ferzer, L. W., Elisha Wilson Morse, 677 Fiords, Nature and Origin, D. W. JoHNSON, 537 Fiscurr, M. H., Suppressed Kidney Function, 584: Foutn, O., Chemistry, O. Hammarsten, 614 Foukmar, D., Anthrop. Soc. of Wash., 552, 588, 700, 879 Forestry, H. S. Graves, 117 Forsyth Dental Infirmary, G. V. N. D., 30 Fosse, Temporal, of Vertebrates, W. K. GREGORY and L. A. ApAMs, 763 Fow.rr, L. W., and C. B. Lipman, Bacillus radi- cicola, 256 Fraas, Eberhard, H. F. Osporn, 571 Franklin Medal, Awards, 785 Fraternities and Scholarship, L. B. WALTON, 63 Fraternity Grades, C. H. BengAmiIn, 135 Fruit Rots, F. L. Stevens, 912 Fuutcuer, G. S., Mechanics, 644 GazuR, P. F., Mechanics, 939 Gage, S. H., and H. P., Optic Projection, P. G. Nuttine, 395 GaceER, C. 8., Dying Leaves, N. Swart, 99 Gaur, H. S., Lake Lahontan, 209 Gamma Function and Interpolation, R. PEARL, 506 Garrett, A. O., Utah Acad. of Sci., 699 Garrison, F. H., Variolation, A. C. Klebs, 502; Medical Botanists, H. A. Kelly, 649 New Saal | Vou. XLI. Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, R. L. Moopir, 536 Gases, Rare, R. H. GoppARD, 682; Spectra, HE. P. Lewis, 947 Genus, Saving the, F. B. SuMNER, 899 Geographers, Assoc. of Amer., President’s Ad- dress, 261 Geographic Influence, A. P. BrigHaM, 261 Geographical Meeting in N. Y. City, 525 Geological, Soc. of Amer., Address of President, 157; E. O. Hovey, 238, 507; Survey, U. S., at Panama, 383 Geology at Harvard University, 237 Germ Cell, R. CHAMBERS, JR., 290 GEROULD, J. H., Cotton Worm Moth, 464 Gifford, Natural Sines, D, E. Smirx, 652 Git, A. H., Oils, Fats and Waxes, J. Lewkow- itsch, 69; Hydrogenation of Oils, C. Ellis, 167 GitMorE, C. W., The Genus Trachodon, 658 GLASER, O. Biologische Weltanschauung, Baron von Uexkiill, 324 Gopparp, R. H., Rare Gases in Vacuum Tubes, 682 Goon, Fr es Household Physics, C. J. LiyNpE, 29 Gorpon, C. E., Gonionemus murbachii Mayer, 26 GorTNER, R. ‘A, J. A. Harris, and J. V. Lawr- ENCE, Osmotie Pressure and Desert Plants, 656 Gossypol, F, A. WitHERS and F. EH. CaRRUTH, 324 Gowpy, R. C., and T. L. Porter, Mechanics, 825 Grading at Goucher, W. £. KELLICOrT, 909 Grape Aphid, A. C. BAKER and W. F. TuRNER, 834 Grave, C., Amer. Soc. of Zoologists, 434, 469 GRAVES, H. S., Forestry, 117 Gray Herbarium, 675 GreELy, A. W., Home of the Blizzard, D. Maw- son, 360; Meteorology of Adelie Land, 395 Greenhill, G., Gyroscopic Theory, D. EH. Smirx, 793 Grecory, W. K., and L. A. Apams, Temporal Fosse of Vertebrates, 763 GRINNELL, J., Conserve the Collector, 229 Grinnell, J., Mammals and Birds, F. B. SuMNER, 65 Groat, B. F., Chemihydrometry, 864 Growth, Stimulation of, J. Lons, 704 Guinea-pigs, Sex in, G. PaPanicozaou, 401 Gwathmey, evi T, and C. Baskerville, Anesthesia, J. H. Lone, 133 Continuous Haz, G. E., National Academies and Research, 12; Proceedings of National Academy, 815 Hall of Fame, E. C. PickERINe, 897 Hallwash’s Lichtelektrizitét, R. A. Minurkan, 943 Hammarsten, O., Chemistry, O. Fourn, 614 Hamor, W. A., The Mellon Institute, 418 Hareirt, G. W., Albinism, 245 Harpswell Laboratory, 603 Harris, G. D., Molluscan Fauna, W. H. Dall, 612 Harris, J. A., J. V. LAWRENCE, and R. A. Gorr- NER, Osmotic Pressure and Desert Plants, 656 Health Law of New York State, 579 HEKTOEN, L., Investigations, P. Ehrlich, 27; In- fection and Resistance, H. Zinsser, 28 Heliotropism, J. Lorn and H. WASTENEYS, 328 HENDERSON, Y., Portable Lamp Battery, 910 Hessz, B. C., The Chemist and Industry, 665 Himirarp, C. M., Infection and Resistance, H. Zinsser, 686 SCIENCE Vv HircHens, A. P., Soc. of Amer. Bacteriologists, 618, 660 Hobart, H. M., Generators, R. R. LAWRENCE, 431 Holde, D., Oils, Fats and Waxes, C. F. Masrry, 908 Houuanp, W. J., Fauna Ibérica, A. Cabrera, 214 Hony, G. B., Albinism in English Sparrow, 579 Hoop, O. P., ” Safety Engineering, 154 Hopkins, (oi G., and W. H. SacHs, Radium Fer- tilizer, 732 Hoskins, L. M., Dynamics, 608, 684 Hoveu, T., Nervous Reactions, 407 .- Hovey, HE. O., Geol. Soe. of Amer., 238, 507 Howarp, L. O., Dr. A. F. A. King, 312; Amer. Assoc. for Ady. of Sci., 638 Hupson, R. G., Electric Are Phenomena, E. Rash, 466; C. D. Child, 829 Huggins, Lady, 8. F. WHITING, 853 Hume, A. N., Botany in Agric. Colleges, 575 Huntington, E., Climatie Factor, F. EH. Luovyp, 864 Huntineton, E. V., Mechanics, 207 Huxuey, J. 3., ‘Amoeba Clavelline, 26 Huxley Lecture, 88 Tilinois Acad. of Sci., EH. N, TRANsEAv, 549 Imbedding Small Objects, Pp. A. West, 898 Indiana Acad. of Sci., A. J. Bienry, 843 ; F, B. Wane, 880 Inheritance in the Honey Bee, W. NEWELL, 218 Insect, Life Cycle in, J. Lozs, 169 Insecticides, Toxicity of, C. Ww. WoopwortH, 367 International Engineering Congress, 753 Iowa Acad. of Sci., J. H. Luxs, 948 ‘«Tsis,’?? D. E. SMITH, 132 Isostasy and Badioactivaty, G. F. Becker, 157 JAMES, J. N., Sentiment versus Education, 64 JOHNSON, D. W., Nature of Fiords, 537 Johnston, Cc. H., High School, C. C. Kou, 216 JOHNSTON, J.; Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Sci., Section C, 404 JORDAN, D. S., Shark’s Stomach, 463 Kren, W. W., Before and After Lister, 845, 881 Keen, W. W., Animal Experimentation, F. S. Lrz, 760 KELLERMAN, K. F., Soil Nitrates, 390 Keniicott, W. H., Grading at Goucher, 909 Keuioee, V. L., Mallophagan Species, 365 Kelly, H. A., Medical Botanists, F. H. Garrison, 649 Kent, W., Mechanics, 424 Kershaw’s Sewage, G. C. WHIPPLE, 944 Keyes, C., Alexandrian Series, 863 Keyser, C. J., Mathematical Instruction, 443 Kidney Function, M. H. FiscHer, 584 KimpBatL, D. D., Engineering and Ventilation, 632 King, Dr. A. F. A., L. O. Howarp, 312 Klebs, A. C., Variolation, F, H. GARRISON, 502 KNowEr, H. McE., Premedical Work in Biology, 397 Korow, C. A., Medical Entomology, W. S. Pat- ton and F. W. Cragg, 167 Kout, C. C., High School, C. H. Johnston, 216 Kraemer, H., Starches, H. T. Reichert, 686 Kramer, 8. D., Musca Domestica, 874 Kunz, G. F., Festschrift Max Bauer, 392 vi SCIENCE L., F. B., Invertebrata, E. W. MacBride, 534 Lake Lahontan, H. S. Gaue, 209 Lamp Battery, Portable, Y, HENDERSON, 911 Lange, A., Lower Amazon, J. OC. BRANNER, 363 Lantz, D. E., Biol. Soc. of Wash., 145 LAWRENCE, a V., J. A, Harris and R, A, Gort- NER, Osmotic Pressure and Desert Plants, 656 LAWRENCE, R. R., Generators and Motors, H. M. Hobart, 431; Motors and Convertors, A. Blon- del, 431; Storage Batteries, H. W. Morse, 432; Alternating Currents, W. G. Rhodes, 504; Alter- nating Current, Barr and Archibald, 505 Lrg, F. 8., Animal Experimentation, W. W. Keen, 760 Less, J. H., Iowa Acad. of Sci., 948 Levine, B. S., Bleaching Cotton, 543 Lewis, E. P., Spectra of Gases, 947 Lewkowitsch, J., Oils, Fats and Waxes, A. H. GILL, 69 Lituiz, R. S., Universities and Investigation, 553 LinperEN, W., Daly’s Igneous Rocks, 166 Linton, E., Woods Hole Laboratory, 737 Lipman, C. B., and L. W. Fow.er, Bacillus radi- cicola, 256, 725 Lister, Before and After, W. W. Kren, 845, 881 Livineston, B. E., Atmometer, 872 Lizards, Texas Horned, W. M. Winton, 797 Luoyp, F, E., The Salton Sea, D. T. MacDougal, 725; Climatic Factor, EH. Huntington, 864 Lors, J., Life Cycle of an Insect, 169; Stimula- tion of Growth, 704; Balanced and Nutritive Solutions, 757; and H.. WastTENEYS, Helio- tropism, 328 Loess of Southwestern Indiana, HE. W. SHaw, 104 Lone, J. H., Anesthesia, J. T, Gwathmey and C. Baskerville, 133 LovEJoy, A. O., Organization of Amer. Assoc. of University Professors, 151; J. Dewey and E. R. A. SELIGMAN, The University of Utah, 685 Lowiz, R. H., Amer, Anthrop. Assoc., 221 Luciani, L., Physiology, W. Bz CANNON, 289 LULL, R. 8, Water Reptiles, 8. W. Williston, 391 Lusk, G., Departments of Clinical Medicine, 531 Lynde, C. J., Household Physics, F. F. Goon, 29 Lyon, M. WwW. JR., Biol. Soe. of Wash., 477, 551, 587, 664, 735, 877, 915 Mabery, C. F., Oils, Fats and Waxes, D. HoxpE, 908 McAnpig, A., Get the Units Right, 647 McAter, W. L., Psyllide Wintering, 940 MacBride, E. W., Invertebrata, F. R. L., 534 McCuune, C. E., Biology, G. N. Calkins, 580 MacCourpy, G. G., Cavern of Three Brothers, 782 MacDonat, D. F., Earthquakes in Panama, 783 McDonatp, 8. L., A Typical Case, 760 MacDoveat, D. T., Plants and Growth, 467 MacDougal, ’D. AN Salton Sea, F. E. Luoyp, 725 MacGILLivray, A. D., Entom. Soc. of Amer., 842 Mactavrin, RB. C., Edison’s Service for Science, 313 Maar, W. F., Cyrus Fogg Brackett, 523 Magnetic Particle, K. T. Compron and BH, A. TROUSDALE, 611 Mallophagan Species, V. L. Kriioae, 365 MarsHauu, C. E., Microbial Associations, 306 Marvin, Frank Olin, E. H. S. BameEy, 600 Mastodon Tusk, P. SHELDON, 98 CoNnTENTS AND INDEX. Mathematical, Soc., Amer., F. N. Coun, 144, 476, 698 ; Instruction, Cc. J. Knvsnr, 443 Mathematics at Harvard, 86 Mawson, D., Home of the Blizzards, A. W. GREELY, 360 ; Mayer, A. G., Address of Vice-president ge See- tion F, Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Mechanical Science and Engineering, ae A. BLANCHARD, 765, 798 Mechanics, E. V. "HUNTINGTON, 207; W. Kent, 424; G. S. FuncuHer, 644; T. L. Porrer and R. C. Gowpy, 825; P. F. Garur, 939 Medical Science and Medical Men, Hthies and, S. J. Meurzer, 515 Mess, C. E. K., Royal Photographic Soc., 792 Ment, M. G., Reptiles from the Trias, 735 Metres, E. B., Osmotic Properties of Muscle, 689 Mellon Institute, W. A. Hamor,’ 418 Me.rzer, S. J., Intranational and International Ethics and the Mission of Medical Science and Medical Men, 515 Meteorology in Germany, C. ABBE, JR., 65 Microbial Associations, C. E. MarsHauu, 306 Minter, EH. R., Science Club of Univ. of Wis., 146 Mimuikan, R. A., Conrad Rontgen, 462; MHall- wash’s Lichtelektrizitat, 943 Mines, Bureau of, 200 Minnesota, Univ. “of, and Mayo Foundation, 855 Minot, Charles Sedgwick, 59; C. W. Enior, 701 Mitochondria and Azo Dyes, K. J. Scorr, 834 Moopir, R. L., Microsaur from Coal, 34; Sphen- oidal’ Sinus’ in Dinosaurs, 288; Amphibia of Coal Measures, 463; History of Medicine, F. H. Garrison, 536 Moorz, G. T., Bot. Soc. of Amer., 170 Moors, W., Alabama Argillacea in Minnesota, 864 Morey, C. B., Nitrogen Nutrition, 69 Morse, Elisha Wilson, L. W. Frm, 677 Morse, H. W., Batteries, R. R. LAWRENCE, 432 Muir, John, W. F. Bape, 353 Multiple Human Births, G. H. Parker, 648 Miinsterberg, H., Psychology, H. C. WarrENn, 429 Mycology and Phytopathology, C. L. SHEsr, 479 National Academies and Research, G. EH. Haun, 12 National Academy of Sciences, Washington Meet- ting, A. L. Day, 566; Annual Meeting, 692; Proceedings, G. EH, Hane, 815; E. B. Winson, 868, 945 Naturalist’s Directory, J. C. Branner, 135; S. E. Cassino, 502 Naturalists, Amer, Soc. of, B. M. Davis, 369 Nervous Reactions, ae, Hoven, 407 New Orleans Acad. of Sci., R. S. Cocks, 478, 664, 880 NEWELL, W., Inheritance in the Honey Bee, 218 NicHous, W. H., War and Chemical Industry, 37 Nitrogen Nutrition, C. B. Morrny, 69 Nourrine, C. C., Unnatural History, 685 Nurrine, P. G., Optie Projection, S. H. and H. P. Gage, 395 O’Gara, P. J., Albinism in English Sparrow, 26; Silver Scurf of Potatoes, 131 OcepeNn, R. M., Amer. Psychol. Assoc., 547 Ogden, R. M. , Psychology, M. W. CALKINS, 248 Ohio, Acad. of Sei, EH. L. Rice, 35; State Uni- versity, 715 Naw ome Vou. XLI. Orbits of Falling Bodies, R. S. Woopwarp, 492 OszorN, H. F., Eberhard Fraas, 571 Osmotic, Pressure and Desert Plants, J. A. Har- RIS, J. V. LAWRENCE and R. A. GorTNER, 656; Properties of Muscle, HE. B. Mrtes, 689 OstERHouT, W. J. V., Antagonism, 255 Pacific Coast, Relief of, J. S. DimiEr, 48; Assoc. of Sci. Societies, J. N. BuRMAN, 526; W. W. CAMPBELL, 637 Paumer, A. Drek., Measurements, J. S. Stevens, 828 PAPANICOLAOU, G., Sex in Guinea-pigs, 401 Paris Acad., Bonaparte Fund, 282 Park, New Glacial, J. M. CuarKkn, 382; New Glacier, A. P. BricHam, 611; State, R. C. BENEDICT, 827 ParkKER, G. H., Eugenics and Public Service, 342; Multiple Human Births, 648 Parsons, C. L., Amer. Chem. Soc., New Orleans Meeting, 697; Seattle Meeting, 817 Pathology, Soc. of Exp., G. H. WHIPPLE, 370 Paton, S., Preparedness for Peace, 348 Parren, M. B., Photosensitive Areas, 141 Patton, W. S., and F. W. Cragg, Medical Ento- ‘mology, C. A. Kororp, 167 Patronizing §. A. Republics, J. C. BRANNER, 236 PrarL, R., Interpolation and Gamma Function, 506; and F. M. Surrace, Sex Characters, 615 Peck, Charles Horton, 202 Petroleum in Foreign Countries, 249 Pharmacology and Exp. Therapeut., Amer. Soe. of, J. Aumr, 294 Photosensitive Areas, B. M. ParrEn, 141 Physical Soc., Amer., A. D. Comm, 259, 841, 934 Physiol. Soc., Amer., A. J. CARLSON, 142 Phytopath. Soc., Amer., C. L. SHEAR, 545 © PICKERING, E. C., Astronomical Research, 82; A Typical Case, 288; Hall of Fame, 897 PiuusBuRY, W. B., Definition and Method in Psy- chology, 371 Prrrr, C. V., Botany in Agric. Colleges, 211 Plant Autographs, 218 Plants, and Growth, D. T. MacDovucat, 467; Feeding Power of, E. Truoc, 616; Disease Re- sistance, O. APPEL, 773 Poisoning of Trees, F. SanForpD, 213 Poor, C. L., Astronomy, E. W. Price, 248 Porter, T. L., and R. C. Gowpy, Mechanics, 825 Potatoes, Silver Seurf of, P. J. O’Gara, 131 Pribilof Islands, G. A. CuarK, 902 Price, EH. W., Astronomy, C. L. Poor, 248 Procyonide, R. W. SHUFELDT, 691 Psychol. Assoc., Amer., R. M. OcpEn, 547 Psychology, W. B. Pinussury, 371 Psyllide wintering of, W. L. McAtsEz, 940 Quotations, 214, 579, 905 Radio-activity and the Periodic System, F. P. VENABLE, 589 t Radium Fertilizer, C. G. Hopkins and W. H. Sacus, 732 Rasch, H., Electric Are, R. G. Hupson, 466 Raymonp, P. H., Fossils, H. W. Shimer, 582 Reichert, E. T., Starches, H. KRAEMER, 686 Reptiles from the Trias, M. G. MEHL, 735 SCIENCE vii Research, Astronomical and Mathematical, F. ScHLESINGER, 109; Physical Laboratory, 8. RB. WILLIAMS, 725; Scientific, and Sigma Xi, J. McKEEN CATTELL, 729 Rhodes, W. G., Alternating Currents, R. R. Lawr- ENCE, 504 Ricge, H. L., Ohio Acad. of Sci., 35 Ricuarps, H. C., Amer. Philos. Soc., 835; A Solar Halo, 904 RicHarps, R. H., Francis Humphreys Storer, 85 Rockefeller Foundation and Gen. Gorgas, 572 Rontgen, Conrad, R. A. Mmurman, 462 Rosenhain, W., Metallurgy, W. CAMPBELL, 762 Royal Photographic Society, C. E. K. Mrxs, 792 Russell, E. J., Biochemistry and Soil Conditions, F, K. Camrron, 794 Sacus, W. H., and C. G. Hopxins, Radium Fer- tilizer, 732 St. Louis Acad. of Sci., C. H. DanrorrH, 108, 588 SanrorpD, F., Poisoning of Trees, 213 SaunprErs, A. P., Cotton Worm Moth, 65 Say, Thomas, Foundation, 784 Sayizs, R. W., Tillite in New Hampshire, 220 Scale, Tempered, L. B. Sprnney, 911 ScHLESINGER, F., Astronomical and Mathematical Research, 109 Science, Teaching of History, W. T. Smp@wicK and H. W. Tver, 26; Club of Univ. of Wis., E. R. Miner, 146; Organization of, 214; His- tory of, F. BrascH, 358 Scientific, Notes and News, 23, 59, 89, 127, 162, 202, 238, 282, 320, 355, 384, 421, 458, 497, 526, 572, 604, 640, 677, 720, 754, 785, 818, 857, 894, 936; Books, 27, 65, 99, 133, 166, 214, 246, 289, 324, 360, 391, 428, 465, 502, 534, 580, 612, 649, 686, 725, 760, 793, 828, 864, 906, 940; Journals and Articles, 327, 505, 829; Genealogy, C. B. DAVENPORT, 337 ; Scorr, K. J., Vital Azo Dyes, 834 Scripps Institute, 893 Secondary Schools, E. R. DowNine, 232 SEDGWIcK, W. T., and H. W. Tyuer, Teaching of History of Science, 26 SrELic, M. G., Clinical Instruction, 594 Srenieman, E. R. A., J. DEwEy and A. J. LovE- soy, The University of Utah, 685 Sentiment versus Education, J. N. JAMus, 64 Sex Characters, R. PEARL and F. M. Surrace, 615 Suarrer, P., Federation Amer. Societies for Exp. Biol., 405; Amer. Soe. Biol. Chemists, 406 Shark Intoxication, A. H. CnarK, 795 Shark’s Stomach, D. S. Jorpan, 463 SHarruck, ©. H., Cyanide of Potassium and Trees, 324 SHaw, E. W., Loess of Southwestern Indiana, 104; Rate of Continental Denudation, 244 Sear, C. L., Mycology and Phytopathology, 479; Amer. Phytopath. Soc., 545 SHELDON, P., Mastodon Tusk, 98 Sheppard, S. E., Photochemistry, S. W. Youne, 166 Sherman, H. ©., Food Products, I. Brvirr, 134 Shimer, H. W., Fossils, P. E. RAYMOND, 582 SHUFELDT, R. W., The Procyonidae, 691 Smnort, E. W., and I. W. Baiiry, Botanical In- dex of Climates, 831 Smith, C. H., W. E. Tower and C. M. Turton, Physics, G. W. STEWART, 652 vill SmirH, D. E., ‘‘Isis,’’ 132; Natural Sines, HE. Gifford, 652; Gyroscopic Theory, G. Greenhill, 792 Societies and Academies, 108, 145, 260, 476, 550, 586, 664, 699, 735, 877, 913, 945 Soil Nitrates, K. F. KELLERMAN, 390 Solar Halo, R. C. RicHArps, 904 Solutions, Balanced, and Antagonism, R. H. True, 653; Balanced and Nutritive, J. Lons, 757 SPAULDING, P., Bot. Soe. of Wash., 260, "550, 879, 913; Charles Edwin Bessey, 420 Special Articles, 33, 69, 104, 141, 169, 218, 255, 290, 328, 365, 401, 432, 467, 506, 543, 584, 615, 653, 689, 735, 763, 797, 831, 872, 910, 947 SPINNEY, Tempered ‘Scale, 911 STEBBINS, J., Electrical Photometry of Stars, 809 STEIL, W.N, , Apogamy in Ferns, 293 STEVENS, F. 1. , Strawberry Fungi, 912 Stevens, J. S., ” Measurements, A. DEF. PALMER, 828 Stewart, G. W., Physics, W. E. Tower, C. H. Smith and C. M. Turton, 652 Storer, Francis Humphreys R. H. RicHarps, 85 Strone, F., Lewis Lindsey Dyche, § 280 SuMNER, F. B., Mammals and Birds, J. Grinnell, 65; Saving the Genus, 899 Sunflower, Red, T. D. A. COCKERELL, 33 ee BP. M, and R. PEARL, Sex Characters, Swart, N., Dying Leaves, C. S. Gaczr, 99 SWARTH, H, S., Albinism in English Sparrow, 578 Temperature and Musca Domestica, S. D. Kramer, 874 Terra Nova Expedition, E. W. Brrry, 830 Tests, City Univ. of Cincinnati Bureau, 126, 201 Thomson, J. A., Wonder of Life, T. D. A. Cock- ERELL, 290 Tillite in New Hampshire, R. W. Sayuus, 220 Tower, W. E., ne H. Smith and C. M. Turton, Physics, G. W. Stewart, 652 Trachodon, The “Genus, C. W. GiuMorE, 658 TRANSEAU, H. N., Ill. Acad. of Sci., 549 Trees and Cyanide, C. H. SHarruck, 324 TROUSDALE, EH. A., and K. T, Compron, Magnetic Particle, 611 Truz, R. H., Balanced Solutions, 653 TruoG, H., Feeding Power of Plants, 616 AEE W. F., and A. C. Baker, Grape Aphid, 834 Turton, C. M., W. E. Tower and C. H. Smith, Physics, G. W. Srewarr, 652 Twins, Human, Origin of, M. V. Coss, 501 TYLER, H. W., ‘and W. T. SEDGWICK, Teaching of History of Science, 26 Typical Case, E. C. PICKERING, 288; X, 758; S. L. McDonatp, 760 Uexkull, Baron von, Biologisehe Weltanschauung, 0. GLASER, 324 Units, Get them Right, A. McApim, 647 Universities and Investigation, R. g, LILLIE, 553 University and Educational News, 25, 62, 94, 131, 165, 207, 243, 287, 323, 358, 387, 423, ‘461, 501, 531, 574, 607, 644) 681, 724, 757, 790, 822, 862, 865, 938 SCIENCE ‘CoNTENTS AND INDEX. Unnatural History, C. C. Nurrine, 685 Utah, Univ. of, Conditions, 637, 685, 856; Acad., A. O. GARRETT, 699 Van Name, W. G., Bird Collecting, 823 VENABLE, F'. P., Radio-activity and the Periodic System, 589 Ventilation C.-E. A. WINSLOW, 625; Engineer- ing Problems, D. D. KimBaun, 632 Voleanie Dust Veils, H. ARCTOWSKI, 252 Volterra, V., Lecons sur les Fonctions de Lignes, G. C. Evans, 246 Wandz, F. B., Ind. Acad. of Sci., 880 Watton, L. B., Fraternities and Scholarship, 63 War and Chemical Industry, W. H. NicHous, 37 Warner, D. H., and A. F. BLAKESLEE, Egg-laying Activity and Yellow Pigment, 432) WarrEN, H. C., Psychology, H. ‘Miinsterberg, 428 WASHBURN, F. ily Albinism, 579 Washington Univ. Med. School, 717 WASTENEYS, H., and J. Los, Heliotropism, 328 Weismann, August, H. G. ConKLIN, 917 West, P. A., Imbedding Small Objects, 898 Weston’s Inventions, L. H. BAEKELAND, 484 Wheeler, W. M., Ants, T. D. A. CocKERELL, 906 WHIPPLE, G. C., Kershaw’s Sewage, 944 WHIPPLE, G. iE, Soc. Exp. Path., 370 WHITING, S. F., ” Lady Huggins, 853 Wiechmann, F’. G. , Sugar Analysis, C. S. WILLIAM- SON, Jr.,. 465 Wild Life Conservation, C. C. Apams, 790 Wituiams, S. R., Physical Research Laboratory, 725 WitutaMson, C. S., Jr., Sugar Analysis, F. G. Wiechmann, 465 Williston, S. W., Water Reptiles, R. S. Lunn, 391 Wison, E. B., Modern Zoology, 1 Witson, E. B., National Academy, 868, 945 Witson, O. T., Crown-gall of Alfalfa, 797 Winstow, C.—E. A., Ventilation, 625 Winton, W. M., Texas Horned Lizards, 797 Wisdom in State and Education, H. HE, Arm- STRONG, 923 Wirtuers, W. A., and F. EH. CarrurH, Gossypol, 324 Woods Hole Laboratory, E. Linton, 737 Woopwarp, R. S., Freely Falling Bodies, 492 WoopwortH, C. W., Toxicity of Insecticides, 367 WorsHam, W. A., Amer. Assoc. for Ady. of Sci., Philadelphia Meeting, 70 Wricut, J. D., The Deaf, H. Best, 650 X, The Typical Case Exemplified, 758 X, Eye Shades for Microscopical Work, 864 Yellow Pigment and Egg-laying Activity, A. F. BLAKESLEE and D. E. WaRNER, 432 Youne, S. W., Photochemistry, S. E. Sheppard, 166 Zinsser, H., Infection and Resistance, L. HEKTOEN, 28 Zoologists, Amer. Soe. of, C. Grave, 434, 469 Zoology, Modern, E. B. Wiison, 1; and Human-- ity, E. G. ConKLIN, 333 SCIENCE Fripay, JaNuARY 1, 1915 CONTENTS The Address of the President of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science :-— Some Aspects of Progress in Modern Zool- ogy: PROFESSOR EDMUND B. WILSON National Academies and the Progress of Re- search: PROFESSOR GEORGE I. HALE Scientific Notes and News University and Educational News Discussion and Correspondence :— Gonionemus murbachii Mayer: C. EH. Gor- DON. Note on Ameba clavelline: JULIAN 8S. HuxiEy. Albinism in the English Sparrow: Dk. P. J. O'Gara. The Teaching of the History of Science: PROFESSORS W. T. SEDG- WICK AND El We IYUER 2.0 054220202 45 - 26 Scientific Books :-— The Festschrift to Paul Ehrlich; Zinsser on Infection and Resistance: Dr. Lupyvic HEKTOEN. The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition: Dr. W. H. Datu. Lynde on the Physics of the Household: Dr. F. F. Goop. bo a The result Dental Infirmary for Childien: Ce Wo IN IDG Wblssis 3 Sosa des peas ebm minal 30 First Exploration of an Alaskan Glacier .... 32 Special Articles :— An Early Observation on the Red Sun- flower: PrRorrssor T. D., A. COCKERELL. A Remarkable Microsaur from the Coal Measures of Ohio: Proressor Roy L. MOOD IE ee resected eat RAM RTO econ Vets 33 The Ohio Academy of Science: PRoFESSOR Epwarp L, RIcE MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to Professor J. McKeen Cattell, Garrison- on-Hudson, N. Y. SOME ASPECTS OF PROGRESS IN MODERN ZOOLOGY Ir is our privilege to live in a time of almost unexampled progress in natural sci- ence, a time distinguished alike by dis- coveries of the first magnitude and by far- reaching changes in method and in point of view. The advances of recent years have revolutionized our conceptions of the structure of matter and have seriously raised the question of the transmutation of the chemical elements. They have con- tinually extended the proofs of organic evo- lution but have at the same time opened wide the door to a reexamination of its conditions, its causes, and its essential nature. Such has been the swiftness of these advances that some effort is still re- quired to realize what remarkable new hori- zons of discovery they have brought into view. A few years ago the possibility of investigating by direct experiment the internal structure of atoms. or the topo- eraphical grouping of hereditary units in the germ-cells, would have seemed a wild dream. To-day these questions stand among the substantial realities of scientific inquiry. And lest we should lose our heads amid advances so sweeping, the principles that guide scientific research have been sub- jected as never before to critical examina- tion. We have become more circumspect in our attitude towards natural ‘‘laws.’’ We have attained to a clearer view of our work- ing hypotheses—of their uses and their limitations. With the best of intentions 1 Address of the President of the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science, Phila- delphia, December 28, 1914. 2 SCIENCE we do not always succeed in keeping them clear of metaphysics, but at least we have learned to try. We perceive more and more clearly that science does not deal with ulti- mate problems or with final solutions. In order to live science must move. She at- tempts no more than to win successive points of vantage which may serve, one after another, as stepping stones to further progress. When these have played their part they are often left behind as the gen- eral advance proceeds. In respect to the practical applications of science we have almost ceased to wonder at incredible prodigies of achievement; yet in some directions they retain a hold on our imagination that daily familiarity can not shake. Not in our time, at least, will the magnificent conquests of sanitary science and experimental medicine sink to the level of the commonplace. Science here renders her most direct and personal service to human welfare; and here in less direct ways she plays a part in the advance of our civil- ization that would have been inconceivable to our fathers. Popular writers delight to portray the naturalist as a kind of reani- mated antediluvian, wandering aimlessly in a modern world where he plays the part of a harmless visionary; but what master of romance would have had the ingenuity to put into the head of his mythical natu- ralist a dream that the construction of the Panama Canal would turn upon our ac- quaintance with the natural history of the mosquito, or that the health and happiness of nations—nay, their advance in science, letters, and the arts—might depend meas- urably on the cultivation of our intimacy with the family lives of house-flies, fleas and creatures of still more dubious ante- cedents! I Fourteen years ago to-night it was my privilege to deliver an address before the [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 American Society of Naturalists, entitled ““Aims and Methods of Study in Natural History,’ in which I indicated certain important changes that were then rapidly gathering headway in zoology. To-night I once more ask attention to this subject as viewed in the fuller light of the remark- able period of progress through which biol- ogy has since been passing. J will not try to range over the whole vast field of zool- ogy or to catalogue its specifie advances. T will only permit myself a few rather desultory reflections suggested by a retro- spect upon the progress of the past twenty-five years. If my view is not fully rounded, if it is colored by a long standing habit of looking at biological phenomena through the eyes of an embryologist, I will make no apology for what I am not able to avoid. Let me remind you also at how many points the boundaries between this and other branches of biology have become obliterated. The traditional separation be- tween zoology and botany, for instance, has lost all significance for such subjects as genetics or cytology. Again, the arti- ficial boundary often set up between zoology and animal physiology has wholly disap- peared, owing to the extension of experi- mental methods to morphology and of comparative methods to physiology. I trust therefore that our brethren in botany and physiology—perhaps I should include also those in psychology—will not take it amiss if I include them with us under the good, old-fashioned name of naturalists. The sum and substance of biological in- quiry may be embodied in two questions: What is the living organism, and how has it come to be? We often find it convenient to lay the emphasis on one or the other of these questions, but fundamentally they are inseparable. The existing animal bears 2ScrenNcE, N. §., XIII., No. 314, January 4, 1901. JANnuARyY 1, 1915] the indelible impress of its past; the extinct animal can be comprehended only in the light of the present. For imstance, the paleontologist is most directly concerned with problems of the past, but at every step he is confronted by phenomena only to be comprehended through the study of organisms as they now are. Our main causal analysis of evolution must be car- ried out by experimental studies on exist- ing forms. All this seems self-evident, yet the singular fact is that only in more recent years have students of evolution taken its truth fully to heart. And here lies the key to the modern movement in zoology of which I propose to speak. I do not wish to dwell on matters of ancient history; but permit me a word con- cerning the conditions under which this movement first began to take definite shape as the nineteenth century drew towards its close. In the first three decades after the ““Origin of Species’’ studies upon existing animals were largely dominated by efforts to reconstruct their history in the past. Many of us will recall with what ardor naturalists of the time threw themselves into this profoundly interesting task. Many of us afterwards turned to work of widely different type; but have our later interests, I wonder, been keener or more spontaneous than those awakened by the morphological-historical problems, some of them already half forgotten, which we then so eagerly tried to follow? I am disposed to doubt it. The enthusiasm of youth? No doubt, but something more, too. Efforts to solve those problems have in the past often failed; they no longer occupy a place of dominating importance; but they will continue so long as biology endures, because they are the offspring of an imeradicable historical instinct, and their achievement stands secure in the great body of solid fact SCIENCE 3 which they have built into the framework of our science. Says Poincaré: The advance of science is not comparable to the changes of a city, where old edifices are piti- lessly torn down to give place to new, but to the continuous evolution of zoologic types which de- velop ceaselessly and end by becoming unrecog- nizable to the common sight, but where an expert eye finds always traces of the prior work of the centuries past. One must not think then that the old-fashioned theories have been sterile and vain. And after all, science impresses us by something more than the cold light of her latest facts and formulas. The drama of progress, whether displayed in the evolution of living things or in man’s age-long strug- gle to comprehend the world of which he is a product, stirs the imagination by a warmer appeal. Without it we should miss something that we fain would keep—some- thing, one may suspect, that has played an important part at the higher levels of sci- entific achievement. I seem to have been caught unawares in the act of moralizing. If so, let it char- itably be set down as an attempt to soften the hard fact that thirty years after the ““Origin of Species’? we found ourselves growing discontented with the existing methods and results of phylogenetic inquiry and with current explanations of evolution and adaptation. Almost as if by a pre- concerted plan, naturalists began to turn aside from historical problems in order to learn more of organisms as they now are. They began to ask themselves whether they had not been over-emphasizing the prob- lems of evolution at the cost of those pre- sented by life-processes everywhere be- fore our eyes to-day. They awoke to the insufficiency of their traditional meth- ods of observation and comparison and they turned more and more to the method by which all the great conquests of physico- chemical science had been achieved, that which undertakes the analysis of phenom- 4 SCIENCE ena by deliberate control of the conditions under which they take place—the method of experiment. Its steadily increasing im- portance is the most salient feature of the new zoology. Experimental work in zoology is as old as zoology itself; nevertheless, the main movement in this direction belongs to the past two decades. I will make no attempt to trace its development; but let me try to suggest somewhat of its character and con- sequences by a few outlines of what took place in embryology. The development of the egg has always east a peculiar spell on the scientific im- agination. As we follow it hour by hour in the living object we witness a spectacular exhibition that seems to bring us very close to the secrets of animal life. It awakens an irrepressible desire to look below the surface of the phenomena, to penetrate the mystery of development. The singular fact nevertheless is that during the phylogenetic period of embryological research this great problem, though always before our eyes, seemed almost to be forgotten in our pre- occupation with purely historical questions —such as the origin of vertebrates or of annelids, the homologies of germ-layers, gill-slits or nephridia, and a hundred others of the same type. Now, these questions are and always will remain of great interest; but embryology, as at last we came to see, is but indirectly connected with historical problems of this type. The embryologist seeks first of all to attain to some under- standing of development. It was there- fore a notable event when, in the later eighties, a small group of embryologists headed by Wilhelm Roux turned away from the historical aspects of embryology and addressed themselves to experiments de- signed solely to throw light upon the mechanism of development. The full significance of this step first came home to [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 us in the early nineties with Driesch’s memorable discovery that by a simple me- chanical operation we can at will cause one egg to produce two, or even more than two, perfect embryos. I will not pause to inquire why this result should have seemed so revolutionary. It was as if the scales had fallen from our eyes. With almost a feel- ing of shock we took the measure of our ignorance and saw the whole problem of development reopened. The immediate and most important re- sult of this was to stimulate a great num- ber of important objective investigations in embryology. But let me pause for a moment to point out that at nearly the same time a similar reawakening of inter- est in the experimental investigation of problems of the present became evident in many other directions—for example, in studies on growth and regeneration; on cytology and protozoology; on economic biology; on ecology, the behavior of ani- mals and their reactions to stimuli; on he- redity, variation and selection. The leaven was indeed at work in almost every field of zoology, and everywhere led to like results. It was a day of rapid obliteration of con- ventional boundary lines; of revolt from speculative systems towards the concrete and empirical methods of the laboratory; of general and far-reaching extension of experimental methods in our science. But I will return to embryology. It may be doubted whether any period in the long history of this science has been more productive of varied and important dis- coveries than that which followed upon its adoption of experimental methods. In one direction the embryologist went forward to investigations that brought him into inti- mate relations with the physicist, the chem- ist, the pathologist and even the surgeon. A flood of light was thrown on the phenom- ena of development by studies on differen- JaNnuARY 1, 1915] tiation, regeneration, transplantation and grafting; on the development of isolated blastomeres and of egg-fragments; on the symmetry and polarity of the ege; on the relations of development to mechanical, physical and chemical conditions in the en- vironment; on isolated living cells and tissues, cultivated like microorganisms, outside the body i vitro; on fertilization, artificial parthenogenesis and the chemical physiology of development. In respect to the extension of our real knowledge these advances constitute an epoch-making gain to biological science. And yet these same researches afford a most interesting demon- stration of how the remoter problems of science, like distant mountain-peaks, seem to recede before us even while our actual knowledge is rapidly advancing. Thirty years aiter Roux’s pioneer researches we find ourselves constrained to admit that in spite of all that we have learned of devel- opment the egg has not yet yielded up its inmost secrets. I have referred to the admirable discovery of Driesch concerning the artificial production of twins. That brilliant leader of embryological research had in earlier years sought for an under- standing of development along the lines of the mechanistic or physico-chemical analy- SiS, assuming the ege to be essentially a physico-chemical machine. He now ad- mitted his failure and, becoming at last convinced that the quest had from the first been hopeless, threw all his energies into an attempt to resuscitate the half ex- tinct doctrines of vitalism and to found a new philosophy of the organism. Thus the embryologist, starting from a simple lab- oratory experiment, strayed further and further from his native land until he found himself at last quite outside the pale of science. He did not always return. In- stead he sometimes made himself a new home—upon occasion even established him- SCIENCE 5) self in the honored occupancy of a univer- sity chair of philosophy! The theme that is here suggested tempts me to a digression, because of the clear light in which it displays the attitude of modern biology towards the study of liv- ing things. It is impossible not to admire the keenness of analysis, and often the artistic refinement of skill (which so capti- vates us, for instance, in the work of M. Bergson) with which the neo-vitalistic writers have set forth their views. For my part, I am ready to go further, admitting freely that the position of these writers: may at bottom be well grounded. At any rate it is well for us now and then to be rudely shaken out of the ruts of our ac- customed modes of thought by a challenge that forces upon us the question whether we really expect our scalpels and micro- scopes, our salt-solutions, formulas and tables of statistics, to tell the whole story of living things. It is, of course, impos- sible for us to assert that they will. And yet the more we ponder the question the stronger grows our conviction that the ““entelechies’’ and such-like agencies con- jured forth by modern vitalism are as ster- ile for science as the final causes of an earlier philosophy; so that Bacon might have said of the former, as he did of the latter, that they are like the Vestal virgins —dedicated to God, and barren. We must not deal too severely with the naturalist who now and then permits himself an hour of dalliance with them. An uneasy con- science will sooner or later drive him back into his own straight and narrow way with the insistent query: The specific vital agents, sui generis, that are postulated by the vitalist—are they sober realities? Can the existence of an ‘‘élan vital,’ of ‘‘ente- lechies,’’ of ‘“‘psychoids’’ be experimen- tally verified? Hven if beyond the reach of verification may they still be of prac- 6 SCIENCE tical use in our investigations on living things, or find their justification on larger grounds of scientific expediency. How- ever philosophy may answer, science can find but one reply. The scientific method is the mechanistic method. The moment we swerve from it by a single step we set foot in a foreign land where a different idiom from ours is spoken. We have, it is true, no proof whatever of its final validity. We do not adopt the mechanistic view of organic nature as a dogma but only as a practical program of work, neither more nor less. We know full well that our pres- ent mechanistic conceptions of animals and plants have not yet made any approach to a complete solution of the problems of life, whether past or present. This should en- courage us to fresh efforts, for just in the present inadequacy of these conceptions lies the assurance of our future progress. But the way of unverifiable (and irrefutable) imaginative constructions is not our way. We must hold fast to the method by which all the great advances in our knowledge of nature have been achieved. We shall make lasting progress only by plodding along the old, hard beaten trail blazed by our scientific fathers—the way of observation, comparison, experiment, analysis, syn- thesis, prediction, verification. If this seems a prosaic program we may learn otherwise from great discoverers in every field of science who have demonstrated how free is the play that it gives to the con- structive imagination and even to the fac- ulty of artistic creation. II Thus far I have desired to emphasize especially the reawakening of our interest in problems of the present, and the grow- ing importance of experimental methods in our science. It is interesting to observe how these changes have affected our atti- [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 tude towards the historical problem as dis- played in the modern study of genetics. Even here we are struck by the same shift- ing of the center of gravity that has been remarked in other fields of inquiry. In the Darwinian era studies on variation and heredity seemed significant mainly as a means of approach to the problems of evo- lution. The post-Darwinians awoke once more to the profound interest that lies in the genetic composition and capacities of living things as they now are. They turned aside from general theories of evo- lution and their deductive application to special problems of descent in order to take up objective experiments on variation and heredity for their own sake. This was not due to any doubts concerning the reality of evolution or to any lack of interest in its problems. It was a policy of masterly in- activity deliberately adopted; for further discussion concerning the causes of evolu- tion had clearly become futile until a more adequate and critical view of existing ge- netic phenomena had been gained. Investi- gators in genetics here followed precisely the same impulse that had actuated the em- bryologists; and they, too, reaped a rich harvest of new discoveries. Foremost among them stands the re-discovery of Mendel’s long-forgotten law of heredity— a biological achievement of the first rank which in the year 1900 suddenly illumi- nated the obscurity in which students of heredity had been groping. Another tow- ering landmark of progress is De Vries’s creat work on the mutation theory, pub- lished a year later, which marked almost as great a transformation in our views of variation and displayed the whole evolu- tion problem in a new light. In the era that followed, the study of heredity quickly became not only an experimental but al- most an exact science, fairly comparable to chemistry in its systematic employment January 1, 1915] of qualitative and quantitative analysis, synthesis, prediction and _ verification. More and more clearly it became evident that the phenomena of heredity are mani- festations of definite mechanism in the liv- ing body. Microscopical studies on the germ-cells made known an important part of this mechanism and provided us with a simple mechanical explanation of Men- del’s law. And suddenly in the midst of all this, by a kaleidoscopic turn, the fundamental problem of organic evolution crystallizes before our eyes into a new form that seems to turn all our previous conceptions topsy-turvy. I will comment briefly on this latest view of evolution, partly because of its inherent interest, but also because it again exem- plifies, as in the case of embryology, that temptation to wander off into metaphysics (sit vena verbo!) which seems so often to be engendered by new and telling discoy- eries in science. The fundamental ques- tion which it raises shows an interesting analogy to that encountered in the study of embryology, and may conveniently be ap- proached from this side. To judge by its external aspects, individ- tual development, like evolution, would seem to proceed from the simple to the complex; but is this true when we consider its inner or essential nature? The egg appears to the eye far simpler than the adult; yet genetic experiment seems con- tinually to accumulate evidence that for each independent hereditary trait of the adult the egg contains a corresponding something (we know not what) that grows, divides and is transmitted by cell-division without loss of its specific character and in- dependently of other somethings of like order. Thus arises what I will eall the puzzle of the microcosm. Is the appear- ance of simplicity in the egg illusory? Is the hen’s egg fundamentally as complex SCIENCE 7 as the hen, and is development merely the transformation of one kind of complexity into another? Such is the ultimate ques- tion of ontogeny, which in one form or another has been debated by embryologists for more than two centuries. We still can not answer it. If we attempt to do so, each replies according to the dictates of his individual temperament—that is to say, he resorts to some kind of symbolism; and he still remains free to choose that particular form which he finds most convenient, pro- vided it does not stand in the way of prac- tical efforts to advance our real knowledge through observation and experiment. Those who must have everything reduced to hard and fast formulas will no doubt find this rather disconcerting; but worse is to follow. Genetic research now confronts us with essentially the same question as applied to the evolutionary germ. The puzzle of the microcosm has become that of the macrocosm. Were the primitive forms of life really simpler than their apparently more complex descendants? Has organic evolution been from the simple to the com- plex, or only from one kind of complexity to another? May it even have been from the complex to the simple by successive losses of inhibiting factors which, as they disappear, set free qualities previously held in check? The last of these is the startling question that the president of the British Association propounds in his re- cent brilliant address at Melbourne, asking us seriously to open our minds to the in- quiry: “‘Whether evolution can at all rea- sonably be represented as an unpacking of an original complex which contained within itself the whole range of complexity which living things exhibit?’’ This con- ception, manifestly, is nearly akin to the theory of pangenesis and individual devel- opment, as elaborated especially by De Vries and by Weismann. It inevitably re- 8 SCIENCE ealls also, if less directly, Bonnet’s vision of ‘‘palingenesis,’’ which dates from the eighteenth century. We should be grateful to those who help us to open our minds; and Professor Bateson, as is his wont, performs this difficult operation in so large and masterly a fashion as to command our lively ad- miration. It must be said of his pic- turesque and vigorous discussion that we are kept guessing how far we are expected to take it seriously, or at least literally. We have always a lurking suspicion that pos- sibly his main purpose may after all be to remind us, by an object lesson, how far we still are from comprehending the nature and causes of evolution, and this suspicion is strengthened by the explicit statement in a subsequent address, delivered at Syd- ney, that our knowledge of the nature of life is ‘‘altogether too slender to warrant speculation on these fundamental ques- tions.’’ Let us, however, assume that we are seriously asked to go further and to enter the cul de sac that Professor Bateson so invitingly places in our way. Once within it, evidently, we are stalemated in respect to the origin and early history of life; but as to that, one form of total igno- rance is perhaps as good as another, and we ean still work out how the game has been played, even though we can never find out how the pieces were set up. But has the day so soon arrived when we must resign our- selves to such an ending? Are we prepared to stake so much upon the correctness of a single hypothesis of allelomorphism and dominance? This hypothesis—that of ““presence and absence’’—has undoubtedly been a potent instrument of investigation ; but there are some competent students of genetics who seem to find it equally simple to formulate and analyze the phenomena by the use of a quite different hypothesis, and one that involves no such paradoxical consequences in respect to the nature of [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 evolution. Are we not then invited to strain at a gnat and to swallow a camel? But I pass over the technical basis of the conception in order to look more broadly at its theoretic superstructure. Is not this, once again, a kind of symbolism by which the endeavor is made to deal with a problem that is for the present out of our reach? Neither you nor J, I dare say, will hesitate to maintain that the primordial Ameeba (if we may so dub the earliest of our ancestors) embodied in some sense or other all the potentialities, for better or for worse, that are realized before us at this moment in the American Association for the Advancement of Science. But if we ask ourselves exactly what we mean by this we discover our total inability to answer in more intelligible terms. We can not, it is true, even if we would, conquer the temp- tation now and then to spread the wings of our imagination in the thin atmosphere of these upper regions; and this is no doubt an excellent tonic for the cerebrum pro- vided we cherish no illusions as to what we are about. No embryologist, for example, ean help puzzling over what I have called the problem of the microcosm; but he should be perfectly well aware that in striving to picture to his imagination the organization of the egg, of the embryolog- ical germ, that is actually in his hands for observation and experiment, he is peril- ously near to the habitat of the mystic and the transcendentalist. The student of evo- lution is far over the frontier of that for- bidden land, in any present attack upon the corresponding problem of the mac- rocosm; for the primordial Amba, the evolutionary germ, is inconceivably far out of our reach, hidden behind the veil of a past whose beginnings lie wholly beyond our ken. And why, after all, should we as yet attempt the exploration of a region which still remains so barren and remote? JANUARY 1, 1915] Surely not for the lack of accessible fields of genetic research that are fertile and varied enough to reward our best efforts, as no one has more forcibly urged or more brilliantly demonstrated by his own ex- ample than Professor Bateson himself. Perhaps it would be the part of discre- tion to go no further. But the remarkable questions that Professor Bateson has raised eoncerning the nature of evolution leave almost untouched the equally momentous problem as to what has guided its actual course. In approaching my close I shall be bold enough to venture a step in this direc- tion, even one that will bring us upon the hazardous ground of organic adaptations and the theory of natural selection. I need not say that this subject is beset by intri- eate and baffling difficulties which have made it a veritable bone of contention among naturalists in recent years. In our attempts to meet them we have gone to some curious extremes. On the one hand, some naturalists have in effect abandoned the problem, cutting the Gordian knot with the conclusion that the power of adapta- tion is something given with organiza- tion itself and as such offers a riddle that is for the present insoluble. In another direction we find attempts to take the prob- lem in flank—to restate it, to ignore it— sometimes, it would almost seem to argue it out of existence. It has been urged in a recent valuable work—by an author, I hasten to say, who fully accepts both the mechanistic philosophy and the principle of selection—that fitness is a reciprocal re- lation, involving the environment no less than the organism. This is both a true and a suggestive thought; but does it not leave the naturalist floundering amid the same old quicksands? The historical problem with which he has to deal must be grappled at closer quarters. He is everywhere con- fronted with specific devices in the organ- SCIENCE 8) ism that must have arisen long after the conditions of environment to which they are adjusted. Animals that live in water are provided with gills. Were this all we could probably muddle along with the notion that gills are no more than lucky accidents. But we encounter a sticking point in the fact that gills are so often accompanied by a variety of ingenious devices, such as res- ervoirs, tubes, valves, pumps, strainers, serubbing brushes and the like, that are ob- viously tributary to the main function of breathing. Given water, asks the natural- ist, how has all this come into existence and been perfected? The question is an inevitable product of our common sense. The metaphysician, I think, is not he who asks but he who would suppress it. For all that it would seem that some per- sons find the very word adaptation of too questionable a reputation for mention in polite scientific society. Allow me to illus- trate by a leaf taken from my own notebook. I once ventured to publish a small experi- mental work on the movements of the fresh- water Hydra with respect to light. What was my surprise to receive a reproof from a friendly critic, because I had not been content with an objective description of the movements but had also been so indiscreet as to emphasize their evident utility to the animal. J was no doubt too young then— I fear I am too old now—to comprehend in what respect I had sinned against the light. That was long ago. I will cite a more recent example from a public dis- cussion on adaptation that took place be- fore the American Society of Naturalists a year or two since. “‘The dominance of the concept of adaptation,’’ said one natu- ralist, ‘‘which now distinguishes our sci- ence from the non-biological ones, is related to the comparatively youthful stage of development so far attained by biology, and not to any observed character in the 10 SCIENCE liwing objects with which we deal.’’ Here we almost seem to catch an echo from the utterances of a certain sect of self-styled “*scientists’’ who love to please themselves with the quaint fancy that physical dis- ease is but one of the ‘‘errors of mortal mind.”’ Now, it is undoubtedly true that many adaptations, to cite Professor Bateson once more, are ‘‘not in practise a very close fit.’’ Ewen the eye, as Helmholtz long ago taught us, has some defects as an optical instrument; nevertheless, it enables us to see well enough to discern some food for reflection concerning adaptations among living things. And it is my impression that efforts to explain adaptations are likely to continue for the reason that naturalists as a body, perhaps influenced by Huxley’s definition of science, have an obstinate habit of clinging to their common sense. At the present day there is no longer the smallest doubt of the great outstanding fact that many complex structural adaptations —it would probably be correct to say all such—hayve not come into existence at a single stroke but have moved forward step by step to the attainment of their full de- eree of perfection. What has dominated the direction and final outcome of such ad- vaneine lines? We can not yet answer this question with any degree of assurance; but procrastinate as we may it must in the end squarely be faced. We have seen one theory after another forced back within narrower lines or crumbling away before the adverse fire of criticism. I will not pause to recount the heavy losses that must be placed to the account of sexual selection, of neo-Lamarckism, of orthogenesis. Some naturalists, no doubt, would assign a promi- nent place in this list of casualties to natural selection; but probably there are none who would hold that it has been de- stroyed utterly. The crux lies in the degree [N. 8S. Von. XLI. No. 1044 of its efficacy. Stated as an irreducible minimum the survival of the fit is an eyi- dent fact. Individuals that are unfitted to live, or to reproduce, leave few or no de- scendants—so much, at least, must be ad- mitted by all. But does this colorless and trite conclusion end the matter or ade- quately place before us the significance of the facts? Just here lies the whole issue. Does destruction of the unfit accomplish no other result than to maintain the status quo, or has it conditioned the direction of prog- ress? Accepting the second of these alter- natives, Darwin went so far as to assion to it a leading réle among the conditions to which the living world owes its existing configuration. Since his time the aspect of the problem has widely changed. We must rule out the question of the origin of neu- tral or useless traits. We must not con- fuse the evolution of adaptations with the origin of species. We must bear in mind the fact that Darwin often failed to dis- tinguish between non-heritable fluctuations and hereditary mutations of small degree. We are now aware that many apparently new variations may be no more than recom- bination-products of preexisting elements. We should, no doubt, make a larger allow- ance for the rédle of single ‘‘lucky acci- dents’’ in evolution than did many of the earlier evolutionists. And yet, as far as the essence of the principle is concerned I am bound to make confession of my doubts whether any existing discussion of this problem affords more food for reflection, even to-day, than that contained in the sixth and seventh chapters of the ‘‘Origin of Species’’ and elsewhere in the works of Darwin. Undeniably there is a large measure of truth in the contention that natural selec- tion still belongs rather to the philosophy than to the science of biology. In spite of many important experimental and JANUARY 1, 1915] critical studies on the subject Darwin’s conception still remains to-day in the main what it was in his own time, a theory, a logical construction, based it is true on a multitude of facts, yet still awaiting ade- quate experimental test. Simple though the principle is, its actual effect in nature is determined by conditions that are too intricate and operate through periods too great to be duplicated in the experimental laboratory. Hence it is that even after more than fifty years of Darwinism the time has not yet come for a true estimate of Darwin’s proposed solution of the great problem. But there is still another word to be said. Too often in the past the facile form- ulas of natural selection have been made use of to carry us lightly over the surface of unsuspected depths that would richly have repaid serious exploration. In a healthy reaction from this purblind course we have made it the mode to minimize Darwin’s theory; and no doubt a great service has been rendered to our study of this problem by the critical and sceptical spirit of mod- erm experimental science. But there is a homely German saying that impresses upon us the need of caution as we empty out the bath lest we pour out the child too. This suggests that we should take heed how we underestimate the one really simple and intelligible explanation of organic adapta- tions, inadequate though it now may seem, that has thus far been placed in our hands. And in some minds—if I include my own amone them let it be set down to that indiscretion at which I have hmted—the impression grows that our preoccupation with the problem as it appears at short focus may in some measure have dimmed our vision of larger outlines that must be viewed at longer range; that we may have emphasized minor difficulties at the cost of a larger truth. To such minds it will seem that the principle of natural selection, SCIENCE 11 while it may not provide a master key to all the riddles of evolution, still looms up as one of the great contributions of modern science to our understanding of nature. I have taken but a passing glance at a vast and many-sided subject. I have tried to suggest that the tide of speculation in our science has far receded; that experi- mental methods have taken their rightful place of importance; that we have attained to a truer perspective of past and present in our study of the problems of animal life. The destructive phase through which we have passed has thoroughly cleared the eround for the new constructive era on which we now have entered. All the signs of the times indicate that this era will long endure. And this is of good augury for a future of productive effort, guided by the methods of physico-chemical science, im- patient of merely a priori constructions, of academic discussions, of hypotheses that can not be brought to the test of experi- mental verification. The work ahead will make exacting technical demands upon us. The pioneer days of zoology are past. The naturalist of the future must be thoroughly trained in the methods and results of chem- istry and physics. He must prepare him- self for a life of intensive research, of high specialization; but in the future even more than in the past he will wander in vain amid the dry sands of special detail if the larger problems and general aims of his science be not held steadfastly in view. For these are the outstanding beacon lights of progress; and while science viewed at close range seems always to grow more complex, a wider vision shows that her signal dis- coveries are often singularly simple. This perhaps may help us to keep alive the spirit of the pioneers who led the advances of a simpler age; and it is full of hope for the future. Epmunp B. WiLson CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 12 SCIENCE NATIONAL ACADEMIES AND THE PEOG- RESS OF RESEARCH. I1 USES OF AN ACADEMY BUILDING In addition to experimental and illus- trated lectures, the Academy might advan- tageously maintain exhibits freely open to the public, showing the current researches of its members, the most recent European advances in science, and new applications of scientific methods in the industries. It goes without saying that ample space and the best of facilities would be required for this purpose. If carefully worked out, this plan should provide an additional means of keeping the public informed of the progress of research and its bearing on the industries of the country. While emphasis should always be laid in such exhibits on pure science, which it is the Academy’s prime object to advance, some of the most striking illustrations of the applications of science should also be introduced. It is obvious that the Academy can not undertake such activities unless it can ob- tain a large building of its own. The ad- vantages of having such a building for other purposes have already been touched upon. The attractiveness of the annual meetings would be greatly enhanced if they were held in such surroundings as an Academy building could supply. There is a very real difference between the atmosphere of bare halls, casually occupied, and attractively furnished rooms, perma- nently belonging to the Academy, and charged with the stimulating traditions ac- cumulated during the process of time. The walls should be hung with portraits of past presidents and other eminent men of science, which could easily be obtained if there were a place for them. More- over, the example of the Royal Society in preserving Newton’s telescope and of the Royal Institution in exhibiting the original instruments of Davy, Faraday and other [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 great investigators, should be followed as soon as possible by the National Academy. Doubtless it is still feasible to secure in- struments used by Joseph Henry, the two Agassizs, and others who have played a similar part in the history of the Academy. A permanent committee, charged with the collection of portraits, manuscripts, and instruments, and exercising care and dis- erimination in its selections, would gradu- ally bring together many objects which would become more and more valuable with the passage of time.*® HISTORICAL EXHIBITS [Few writers on civilization in America appreciate how largely the United States has contributed to the development of cer- tain fields of research. The mathematical memoirs of Gibbs were of fundamental importance, while in such fields as celestial mechanics, practical astronomy, astrophys- ics, experimental physics, geology and pale- ontology, and in many of the newer phases. of biology and experimental medicine, Na- tional Academy members have led the way in a long series of advances. An exhibit of original instruments, manuscripts, and photographs, arranged so as to show the successive contributions of American in- vestigators in various departments of re- search, would prove an inspiration to many a young and enthusiastic aspirant to the pleasures of original discovery. I shall never forget my own delight in first seeing some of Henry Draper’s original negatives of stellar spectra. (Many of these are now in the possession of the Academy, ready for use in an exhibit of continuous progress in astronomical spectroscopy covering the 18 [A committee of this kind, which was ap- pointed in November, 1913, has already received from Mrs. Henry Draper valuable instruments and original negatives illustrating the pioneer re- searches in astrophysics of the late Henry Draper.} JANUARY 1, 1915] whole history of the Academy: Ruther- furd’s first successful diffraction gratings and large-scale photographs of the solar spectrum; Draper’s spectra of stars and planets, the first to show the lines; Young’s pioneer observations of the spectra of sun- spots and the chromosphere; Langley’s bolometric investigations in the invisible region of the infra-red, and his measures of the solar constant of radiation; Pickering’s extensive discoveries and classification of stellar spectra photographed with the objec- tive prism; Rowland’s invention of the con- cave grating, and his fundamental studies of solar and laboratory spectra; Michel- son’s ingenious and varied contributions to the instruments of spectroscopy, compris- ing the interferometer, echelon and large grating, and his researches with them; Keeler’s studies of celestial spectra, in- augurating the era of accurate radial velocity measurements; Campbell’s per- fection of the stellar spectrograph and the far-reaching results of his years of observa- tion. Each of these American investiga- tors marked a distinct epoch in astrophys- ical research, and their labors form a con- tinuous chain covering the entire life of their subject. It is still possible to obtain many of their original instruments and earliest photographs, and to exhibit them in an attractive manner. Who would not like to see an actual spectrum formed by Row- land’s earliest grating? A touch of a button operating an are light mounted be- fore the spectroscope slit, is all that would be necessary. And if this can be done in one field of research, there is no reason why similar stimulus can not be given in others, though of course in varying degree. If many subjects can show any such series of advances as we have seen in astronomical spectroscopy, the pessimism shown by some writers regarding American research must surely give way to optimism. And no SCIENCE 13 method of bringing the true state of affairs to easy comprehension, both to men of science and to the public, could equal that of the proposed exhibit. It goes without saying that the ingenious and attractive devices of modern museums should be em- ployed, instead of the dry and forbidding exhibition methods of former times. ] The committee on historical apparatus might also have charge of instruments be- longing to the various trust funds and no longer in use by the persons to whom the original grants for their purchase were made. In the course of time such a col- lection would naturally grow to consider- able proportions, and the Academy would be enabled to assist its members by the loan of these instruments, as the Royal Society has done so effectively. The objection which is sometimes made to the purchase of standard instruments by the recipients of grants would thus be removed, as such instruments might prove of great service in a collection for general use. TENTATIVE DESIGN OF AN ACADEMY BUILDING [The design of an Academy building here reproduced’? is intended merely as a 19 [From preliminary sketches by the firm or Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge. Some of the desig- nations of rooms here employed should be modi- fied. The name ‘‘conversazione room’’ for the large public hall comes from the annual conver- saziones of the Royal Society, where many instru- ments and experimental exhibits are shown. The photographic room (not needed on this floor) should he used for council meetings, setting free the room allotted in the plan to the council for a members’ ante-room, adjoining the meeting room. The meeting, lecture and exhibition halls are shown in Fig. 2 as extending up through the second floor, but the laboratories and other parts of the building would be divided into several stories of ordinary height. The laboratories may of course be devoted to any desired field of re- search, and the designations are merely intended to suggest that one of these be in the physical and the other in the biological sciences. ] 14 SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 Prorogramn H ti + = roi doe } ‘SAndearory: #1 on i | if ! Lee es ee = 7 Bal A\ \\ f| Ae SS ee A) | ESAS, too | tent Sea (=i - aa I] iis a. s| ‘ = (es) ye + : 1 petit Ce. riba ome: Sz al | ) | eet tt ¢ 7) wb 1] tt ) ke fi | fe I dl t a] i the { ro eat | VYrerm_ Portion i PPE PoRTLon or. THe a Yo Vrrer Forticn |! 18! Denes TE tl eee Hi oy Merring Room! |f CARNEROS H -or Mvcpuver Wy, a, Reon i | i} Ss ml: eC Ss) a 4 | ARS | fh We —~-+-. ‘al i tg pis: cee oo is nile i Fig. 2. January 1, 1915] basis for discussion. The large public hall into which the main entrance leads is for the proposed exhibit of current research, illustrating the latest advances in pure and applied science, both American and for- eign. The public would undoubtedly ap- preciate an opportunity to see under microscopes the most recently discovered bacilli, and to examine specimens illustrat- ing the experimental variation of plants or animals, photographs showing new as- tronomical discoveries, experimental dem- onstrations of physical phenomena like the recently found Stark effect (the influence of an electric field on radiation), the structure of crystals, X-ray spectra and their bearing on the constitution of the atom, ete. As the home of such an exhibit, and the place of publication of the Proceedings, announc- ing the current advances of American re- search, the Academy would soon be recog- nized in its true character as the natural center and promoter of the scientific work of the United States. In the adjoining room to the right the exhibit of historical research would con- - nect the present with the past, and give a clear picture of American progress in the field of science. The possibilities of this exhibit have already been mentioned, but it may be remarked here that one of its prime purposes should be to stimulate further investigation and to aid in the Academy’s work of correlating science by indicating converging lines of research. Both of these objects are of course perfectly compatible with the initial idea of com- memorating the labors of Academy members. The lecture hall at the rear of the build- ing completes the group of rooms open to the public. This should embody some of the features which make the lecture hall of the Royal Institution so attractive. The provision of ample facilities for experi- SCIENCE 15 mental demonstrations (including a well- equipped preparation room) which no large lecture hall in Washington contains at present, would add greatly to the means of interesting both men of science and the public. To the left of the central hall is the Academy meeting room, which might ad- vantageously combine various features found in European academies. One of the most attractive meeting rooms abroad is that of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The provision of a comfortable ante-room,”° equipped like a club and providing abun- dant opportunity for conversation among members, would be a valuable addition. Instead of admitting visitors to the meet- ing-room they could be better accommo- dated in a second floor gallery, above the ante-room, similar to the visitors’ gallery of the Amsterdam Academy. Finally, a modified seating arrangement (probably retaining the tables for officers and mem- bers) would permit the inclusion of a screen and experiment table at one end of the room. The main floor would also contain a council room,?* and various offices, cloak rooms, serving rooms, apparatus rooms, ete., needed for use in connection with meetings, lectures, exhibits, public recep- tions and other functions. The offices of the secretaries, editorial rooms, library and reading rooms, private research rooms and other rooms not for public purposes would be on the floors above. The example of the Berlin Academy,?? which provides numer- ous offices (45 in all) in its new building for the compilation of data required for a general catalogue of stars, bodies of 20 In the space here marked ‘‘Council Room.’’ 21In the space here marked ‘‘ Photograph Room. ’’ 22See ‘‘The Work of European Academies,’’ ScrENcE, November 14, 1913, p. 692. 16 Greek and Latin inscriptions, a great Egyptian dictionary, and other similar undertakings, might well be imitated here. For instance, it would have been of great advantage to the Academy if it had been able to furnish Professor Newcomb with offices for the computers employed in his extensive astronomical researches, during the active period which followed his retire- ment from the Nautical Almanac office. Small study rooms for members staying in Washington, engaged in writing or research involving the use of the Academy library, would also be useful. The two wings shown to the right and left of the main building are intended for research laboratories. While the great majority of members seem to favor the in- elusion of such laboratories in the Acad- remy’s scheme of development, there are a few who do not, and it is desirable to point ‘out why they appear desirable. The Academy stands, first and foremost, for research, which it seeks to advance in every effective way. It may thus follow the example of various academies abroad, such as St. Petersburg, which carries on impor- tant researches in physics and other sub- jects; Stockholm, which has long provided in its own laboratories for the spectroscopic investigations of Hasselberg; and Berlin, which has produced the extensive investi- gations already enumerated. Nothing could do more to advance the Academy’s influence on the progress of science than the production of important results from its own laboratories. But there is another and even stronger argument in favor of their establishment. It has been well said by one who has * studied the problems of the Academy, that ‘the success of its future work must depend upon the discovery of men who are willing and able to devote the necessary time and energy to it. Two Academy members, in SCIENCE [N. S. Von. XLI. No. 1044 commenting on suggestions for a building, remark that not laboratories, but men are needed. Those who are familiar with the history of the Academy are aware of the great amount of unselfish effort which it owes to its officers and members. But the fact remains that a man’s first allegiance is to the university or other institution which counts him on its staff. As long as he re- tains such connections he can devote only his spare time to the work of the Academy, which, nevertheless, demands his best efforts. The provision of research laboratories, with funds for their maintenance, would enable the Academy to command the entire time and effort of some of the ablest men in the country. The growing work, which already throws heavier burdens than the members realize on the willing shoulders of the Home Secretary, may later demand (as in the Royal Society) the services of two men, one representing the mathematical and physical, the other the biological sci- ences. The only way to secure the un- divided service of such men is to offer them adequate salaries, a suitable staff of assis- tants, and ample laboratory facilities. Thus, while carrying on their researches in the name of the Academy, they would be able to direct the extensive work which the exhibits of current and historical research, the publication of the Proceedings and other contemplated activities must involve. Their position would be much like that of Faraday at the Royal Institution, with added duties defined by the broader range of the Academy’s field. An important object of the proposed re- search laboratories, therefore, is to attract and hold the men whose unrestricted time and energy the Academy urgently needs. Volunteer service will continue and multi- ply, but it can never hope to accomplish all that the future will require. January 1, 1915] No details of laboratory design need be discussed here. The use of the unit sys- tem of rooms, exemplified in the Harvard Medical School, would eliminate many diffi- culties, and facilitate alterations to meet changing needs. A common plant of re- frigerating machinery, compression pumps, constant-temperature rooms and other re- quirements of both laboratories, could be placed on the ground floor of the main building, which would also contain rooms for storing reserve Academy publications and for other miscellaneous purposes. Enough has been said to indicate some of the possible uses of an Academy building, and the corresponding necessities of the design. The present plan, which is merely tentative, may serve to bring out criticisms and suggestions from members, who will undoubtedly think of many advantageous modifications. A classic treatment is indi- eated, but this is mainly because of the prevailing conditions in Washington, and the probability that a government site could not be obtained for a building of collegiate Gothic design, for example. It would be advantageous for the Acad- emy to appoint a strong committee, repre- senting all branches of science, to design a suitable building. | Much time and thought are necessary to secure a satis- factory plan, which will provide for present needs, and be readily adaptable to future developments. As for funds, some time may be required to find the sum needed, but the opportunity is such an exceptional one that a willing donor is sure to appear in the future. The only way to obtain gifts for building or endowment is to have a scheme so promising, and plans so at- tractive as to convince a prospective in- vestor that his funds will be effectively used. Notable cases might be cited where large gifts followed the presentation of ef- fective building designs, which appealed SCIENCE 17 not only to the eye, but equally to the judg- ment of the donor. | TRUST FUNDS The trust funds of the Academy, as shown in a previous article, have a total of over eighty thousand dollars, the income of which is exclusively devoted to research. In addition, there are other funds totaling over thirty-six thousand dollars, primarily intended for the endowment of medals and prizes, which enjoy a considerable surplus income also available for original investiga- tion. By these means the Academy. has been able to assist many of the most im- portant researches of American science. A closer connection between the various com- mittees, and the adoption of a concerted plan of action, would perhaps increase still further the usefulness of the funds. As a committee charged with the study of the use of trust funds has admirably expressed it: The Academy should take the initiative in the © organization and conduct of research. It should not wait for applications or for suggestions to come in wholly from the outside. Such sugges- tions should be urged, but the Academy should not relegate itself to the function of a mere dis- bursing organization; it should seek rather to de- termine what projects are worthy of investiga- tion and how the funds may be most judiciously administered. Such a policy would seem to imply a careful examination on the part of each committee of the existing conditions and needs of research in its own field, and an endeavor, through cooperation with the other committees, to secure a well-balanced and thoroughly effective use of all Academy funds available for investigation. As already suggested, the gradual accumula- tion of instruments, returned on the com- pletion of the work for which they were purchased, should ultimately result in a marked gain in the efficiency of the funds 18 and in the Academy’s ability to assist in- vestigators. [As a body which is rapidly becoming truly representative of the investigators of America, the National Academy is well qualified to act in an advisory capacity to other institutions having funds available for use in research. It frequently happens that trustees of funds thus applicable re- quire such expert advice as the Academy can give. A parallel case is that of the Royal Society, which selects annually the recipients of the Government Grant Fund of £4,000. MEDALS AND PRIZES In bestowing the Academy’s gold medals for investigations in physics, astronomy, astrophysics, oceanography and the study of meteoric bodies, an attempt should be made, not only to recognize and reward successful investigators, but to do this in accordance with the best interests of future research. A few of the numerous medals awarded by academies, such as the Copley Medal of the Royal Society, may be ad- vantageously reserved as a fitting recogni- tion of many years of eminent service to science. But, as Diels*® has justly re- marked, the majority of medals and prizes will prove of greater value if given to com- paratively young men, who still need sup- port and encouragement. By acquaintance with the circumstances under which such men are working, an award may be made at a moment so favorable as to increase its value many fold. Thus recognition by the Academy may supply the precise argument needed to convince university authorities or others in control of research funds of the importance of providing the means necessary to continue and extend the work of the medallist. The same may be said 23‘‘Die Kultur der Gegenwart,’’ Teil I., Ab- teilung I., zweite Auflage, p. 666. SCIENCE [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 of grants from trust funds. Cases are known in which a comparatively small grant has favorably influenced a board of trustees in deciding to devote large sums to research. This leads to a consideration of the ques- tion of membership in the National Acad- emy. In his valuable discussion of the organization of science, to which reference has already been made, Professor Diels lays great emphasis upon the importance of aiding and encouraging the younger men of science through the award of grants for investigation. That this feeling is general throughout the German academies is shown by the fact that approximately one half of their resources are used for this purpose. Diels also finds cause for congratulation in the fact that the papers of these non-acade- micians, published in the proceedings, often prove to be the most brilliant of Ger- many’s contributions to science, and at the same time greatly aid in enlivening the work of the Academies.** Nothing could point more clearly to the best field of usefulness of our own Na- tional Academy. As the future of re- search depends directly upon the younger men, the Academy may properly devote a large share of its efforts to their support and advancement. But moral encourage- ment is no less important than financial aid. The latter may well be given from the trust funds of the Academy, but the former should not be neglected. The Academy does grant medals, but these are available in only a few fields of research.?> Fortunately it also possesses a still more powerful resource in its opportunity to be- 24 Diels, ibid., p. 665. 25 An attempt should be made to secure medals (or preferably money prizes available for the purchase of books or instruments) for mathe- matics, engineering, chemistry, geology, and the various branches of biology. JANUARY 1, 1915] stow all the advantages and privileges of actual membership. MEMBERSHIP {The great Huropean academies differ among themselves in many particulars, most of all as regards membership. At one extreme we find the St. Petersburg Academy, with a president, a director and fifteen members, who are paid good salaries and provided with dwelling houses and laboratory facilities. At the other ex- treme stands the Royal Society, with 477 members, who receive no salaries or other tangible benefits. The other leading academies, such as Berlin, Paris, Rome and Vienna, lie between these limits.?* The large membership of the Royal So- ciety probably reflects, in some degree, the strongly democratic tendencies of Hngland. But the working body of scientific investi- gators is sufficiently large to prevent the distinction of election to this venerable so- ciety from being impaired. In fact, on ac- count of the great pains taken by the Council to inquire into the qualifications of the fifteen Fellows elected annually, the significance of the coveted title of F.R.S. is perhaps even greater to-day than at any earlier period in the history of the Society. Tt can hardly be doubted that investiga- tors of real ability are quite as numerous in the United States as in England. The available statistics indeed indicate that a much greater number of men are engaged here in research. The conditions are thus very different from those existing in 1863, when the National Academy was founded, with 50 members as its limiting number. Since 1906, when the maximum number of members elected annually was increased from five to ten, there has been a very per- ceptible change in the spirit of the Acad- 26See ‘‘The Work of Huropean Academies,’’ SCIENCE, 38, 686 et seq., 1913. SCIENCE 19 emy. By taking in a larger proportion of the younger men actively engaged in re- search, the Academy has increased its con- tact with living issues, and made itself more truly representative of American science. For the present, the election of ten new members annually may suffice, but I believe that the time will soon come when the limit should be raised from ten to fifteen. It can not be gainsaid that a large num- ber of able American investigators, who in England would certainly be elected to membership in the Royal Society, are still outside of our National Academy. The reason for this les partly in the limit im- posed on membership, and partly in the method of nomination, which seems to me susceptible of improvement. One difficulty, which will certainly increase in the future, has come about through the development of new fields of research. ‘A man classed as a mathematician or an astronomer, both of which subjects are well represented in the Academy, is sure to receive consideration when nominations are being made. But if his subject be a comparatively new one, not represented among the nominating sections included in the existing classification of the Academy, his claims to recognition will be much less likely to command due attention. The constitution provides that the Council may nominate new members, but this privilege is exercised only in rare cases, and in any event there are certain disadvan- tages in this procedure. II trust that some means can be found of improving the system of nominations so as to: overcome this difficulty, which now deprives the Academy of valuable members.** As for the qualifications of membership, it can hardly be doubted that the original plan of basing selections solely on the ori- ginal contributions to science of the candi- dates should always be maintained. While 27, A committee is now at work on this subject. ] 20 it is true that eminent administrators and others who exercise large influence in the intellectual world might prove to be of great service as members of the Academy, a wide departure from this fundamental principle would soon detract from the standing of the Academy as the national representative of original research. Thus while eminent services to the public should by no means be excluded from the field of the Academy’s interests, and may well be recognized by the award of special medals founded for this purpose, actual member- ship should be confined to original investi- gators. SCOPE OF THE ACADEMY Here we may inquire as to the true scope of the Academy’s work. In what de- gree should it confine its choice of members to the physical and natural sciences, and in what measure may it recognize success- ful research in such fields as philosophy, archeology, political economy, and history ? The answer to this question will depend in part upon one’s opinion of the chief object of the Academy. There are those who feel that the most important function of the National Academy is to confer distinction by election to membership. If this were its prime object, the participation of the members in the work of the Academy would be a minor matter, and any one of sufficient reputation as an investigator might be chosen. But if we agree, as I think the large majority will, that the Academy should be looked upon as a working body, and that its privilege of conferring dis- tinction by election to membership is only one of many important functions, it seems to me that a means of defining our choice of investigators in the humanities may easily be found. A single philologist, or a single political economist, may find but little of interest to SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 himself in the proceedings of a body made up almost exclusively of representatives of the physical and natural sciences. If so, he may not attend the meetings, and his membership would then serve merely as a mark of distinction. Deferring for a mo- ment the discussion of the broad question whether the Academy should ever be re- organized in two or more large classes, after the manner of the Berlin Academy, it seems to me that we should augment the value of election by furnishing real reason to every member for participation in the work of the Academy. For example, in its committee on anthropology and psychology the National Academy now has three mem- bers engaged in the study of archeological problems. Although their work relates primarily to American ethnology, it differs in no essential respect from that’ of the classical archeologist or the student of Egyptology or Assyriology. Would it not be advisable, therefore, when the Academy chooses its next member from outside the domain of the physical and natural sci- ences, to elect an archeologist from one of these fields? If this were done he might be expected to take a more active interest in the work of the Academy, which would benefit by his contributions to its proceed- ings.?8 The advantages which might result from a wider extension of the scope of the Na- tional Academy raise the question whether an organization resembling that of the Berlin Academy will ever become desirable. This problem was long and seriously dis- cussed by the Royal Society, and the nega- tive decision of its deliberations led to the establishment of the British Academy. In spite of this decision, some of its leading 28 William Dwight Whitney and William James resigned from the Academy, probably because they were the sole representatives of their sub- jects. January 1, 1915] Fellows still believe that the Royal Society should have made room for a larger body of philosophers, historians and philologists than it now contains. Both the Royal So- ciety and the National Academy have wisely refused to limit their membership to the physical and natural sciences. Such historians as Bryce and Morley and such Egyptologists as Petrie are now counted among the Fellows of the Royal Society, and Weld states that 116 archeological papers were published in the Philosophical Transactions before 1848.29 But the large proportion of Fellows concerned with the physical and natural sciences, and the failure of the Society to recognize the philosophical-historical group in its or- ganization, has prevented the Royal Society from taking part in the Section of Letters of the International Association of Acade- mies, where the British Academy now rep- resents England. The National Academy, as a member of the Section of Science of the International Association, is in a position to secure ade- quate representation in foreign affairs of American interests in the natural sciences. The United States are also entitled to rep- resentation in the Section of Letters, but the present organization of the National Academy and the absence of a national body similar to the British Academy,* still leaves a vacancy there. In my opinion it would not be advisable, under present conditions, to reorganize the National Academy on the model of the Berlin Academy. But I am heartily in sympathy with the idea of widening its scope and its field of interests, in some such . way as that indicated above. This plan would permit the Academy to honor able 29 ‘History of the Royal Society,’’ Vol. 2, p. 565. 30 The National Institute of Arts and Letters occupies a different field. SCIENCE 21 investigators outside of the physical and natural sciences, and at the same time gradually to build up small groups of these members who would aid the Academy in the development of its work. Ultimately the Academy might extend this phase of its activities sufficiently to secure repre- sentation in the Section of Letters of the International Association of Academies. LOCAL ACADEMIES A subject to which I have devoted spe- cial attention in the study of the problems of the National Academy, is its relation- ship to the various local academies which are widely distributed over the United States. These societies are of the greatest importance in the further development of American research, and the cultivation of an intelligent interest in the problems of science. Some of them have grown to such large proportions and established such ex- cellent organizations that they need no assistance or encouragement from the Na- tional Academy. But after these excep- tional societies have been excluded, there remain a great number of others, which the National Academy ought to be in a position to assist in various ways. In an early period of its history, the Paris Academy of Sciences established close official relations with certain provincial academies in various parts of France. In fact, the Society of Montpellier is described in its royal letters patent as ‘‘an extension and a part ’’ of the Paris Academy of Sci- ences.*+ But a general plan of federation between the provincial academies and the Institute of France, such as that described by Bouillier in the work just cited, has never been carried into effect, and the old official relations have been discontinued. After careful consideration of Bouillier’s 81 Bouillier, ‘‘L’Institut et les Académies de Provinee,’’ p. 70. 22 SCIENCE plan, I doubt whether it could be advan- tageously applied in the United States under existing conditions. This conclusion, however, does not mean that the National Academy can not be of service to local organizations. I believe, on the contrary, that it might find many ways and means of aiding them. The prime object is to secure a high standard of accomplishment among the minor academies remote from the chief centers of research, and to give the encouragement which the production of good work under unfavor- able conditions so richly deserves. It should be possible to discover methods of realizing these ends, and thus to contribute to the strength and standing of the local academies and the progress of American research. [It will be noticed that comparatively little attention has been given in this paper to the relationship of the Academy to the national government. This is due to no underestimate of the importance of the connection, but rather to the strong desire that this chief implication of the Acad- emy’s charter should ultimately be realized in the fullest sense. Valuable suggestions for cooperation with various departments of the government have been made by Academy members, and every effort should be exerted to carry them into effect. But recent experience indicates that the most promising way to accomplish this lies in first developing the standing and prestige of the Academy. When it becomes more widely and favorably known for its con- tributions to scientific progress, and is universally recognized as the national and authoritative representative of American science, the Academy’s influence with Con- egress and with the various officers of the government will be far more potent than at present. I therefore believe that no effort should be made to press a demand for [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 creater government recognition until the publication of the Proceedings and other new activities have had time to produce their anticipated effect. | In summarizing the suggestions offered in this paper, we see that many of the new activities proposed for the National Acad- emy can not be undertaken without a suit- able buildmg. If this can be obtained, and adequately endowed, the Academy will be able greatly to extend its influence and usefulness both at home and abroad, through original researches, increased serv- ice to members, public lectures and ex- hibits, and greater cooperation in inter- national projects. Under present condi- tions, the International Association of Academies could hardly be invited to meet in Washington. But if established in a home of its own, the Academy might ulti- mately succeed the Royal Society and the Academies of Paris, Rome, St. Petersburg and Berlin as the leading Academy of the Association for a period of three years. In this position it could contribute in a more effective way to the furtherance of inter- national science, and to the study of the great problems of cooperative research, which offer large possibilities of extension and development.®? The one way to secure a building and en- dowment is to prove by continual increase of efficiency that the Academy can use them to advantage. The establishment of Pro- ceedings, the institution of lecture courses, the encouragement of broader methods of science teaching, and closer identification with the general interests of science as represented in all movements for the pro- motion of research and the diffusion of sci- entific knowledge, are opportunities open to immediate realization, and deserving of 82J hope to discuss the international relations of the Academy in a future article. JANUARY 1, 1915] the most careful consideration by the Academy. GrorceE ELLERY Hae Mount WILSON SoLAR OBSERVATORY SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS THE sixty-sixth meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in conjunction with a large number of national scientific societies is meeting in Philadelphia, as we go to press, under the presidency of Dr. Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard University. The address of the retiring president, Dr. Edmund B. Wilson, of Columbia University, is printed in the current issue of SCIENCE. We hope to print next week an account of the meeting to be followed by the more important addresses and papers and accounts of the pro- ceedings of the section of the association and of the national societies. Dr. C. S. SHeERRINGToN has been elected Fullerian professor of physiology at the Royal Institution for a term of three years, the ap- pointment to date from January 13, 1915. At the annual meeting and election of the Academy of Natural Sciences, held on Decem- ber 15, the following were elected: President, Dr. Samuel G. Dixon; vice-presidents, Edwin G. Conklin, Ph.D., and John Cadwalader; recording secretary and librarian, Dr. Edward J. Nolan; corresponding secretary, J. Percy Moore, Ph.D.; treasurer, George Vaux, Jr.; curators, Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, Henry A. Pilsbry, Dr. Witmer Stone and Dr. Henry Tucker; councilors, Charles B. Penrose, Charles Morris, Spencer Trotter and William E. Hughes. Dr. Louis ScHariro, of Milwaukee, has ac- cepted an appointment on the International Health Commission of the Rockefeller Founda- tion. After traveling through the southern states with other members of the commission, Dr. Schapiro will go to Costa Rica. After initiating work in the eradication of intestinal parasites, he will leave it in charge of local physicians and then probably will take charge of the work in northern Egypt. SCIENCE 23 R. D. Herzen, director of extension for the Oregon Agricultural College, has been ap- pointed chairman of the extension section of the American Association of Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations for the coming year. Sir Ernest and Lady Rutherford and Miss Eileen Rutherford spent a week in Montreal on their way home from New Zealand. Sir Ernest addressed the Physical and Chemical Societies of McGill University at a joint meeting on December 23, on “The Spectrum of X-rays and y-rays.” For the purpose of studying the art, history and ethnology of China at close range, an expe- dition soon will be sent abroad by the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania Museum, under the direction of C. W. Bishop, who has been curator since last June. His appointment was made with the idea of his leading this expedition. Mr. Bishop will first study Chi- nese art collections in the ancient cities of Japan, at Nikko, Nara and Kioto, where the temples and palaces contain some of the finest specimens in the world. He will then pro- ceed to China, and his first explorations will cover a year of preliminary work. Special attention will be given to the art and ethnol- ogy of the Shans, Lolos and Miotses, which are remnants of the primitive tribes before the Chinese invasion. Dr. Smion R. Kurt, formerly professor of histology and embryology in Fordham Uni- versity School of Medicine, New York City, has been appointed pathologist of the Norwich State Hospital for the Insane. Tue professors of chemistry of The Ohio State University gave a complimentary dinner on December 18 to Mr. John J. Miller, who is retiring from the editorship of Chemical Abstracts. THE natural history department of the Brit- ish Museum has the following men serving at the front in the war: Captain E. E. Austen (Diptera), with the 28th County of London Regt. (Artists Rifles); private K. G. Blair (Coleoptera), with the 4th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders; Lieutenant N. D. Riley (Lepi- 24 doptera), with the Army Service Corps; pri- vate C. Court Treatt (Birds), with the 28th City of London; private A. K. Totton (sponges, ete.), with the 28th City of London; Lieutenant Campbell-Smith (Mineralogy), with the 28th City of London. There are also many assistants serving; for example, nine from the department of zoology. All were unwounded as recently as December 4. Many of the museum staff who are unable to go into active service have been formed into a detach- ment of the Red Cross Society. Proressor WiniiaAM M. CampBrELn, of the department of physics of New York Univer- sity, has resigned to take the position of presi- dent of the American Savings Bank. EK. D. Sanperson, dean of the college of agriculture and director of the West Virginia agricultural experiment station, of West Vir- ginia University, has resigned, to take effect on September 1. It is stated that he expects to pursue graduate studies. Water Harvey WEED, mining geologist, has removed his offices and that of the Copper Handbook, of which he is editor and owner, to 29 Broadway, New York City. Dr. Victor ©. Vaucuan, of the University of Michigan, president of the American Med- ical Association, was the guest of the St. Louis Medical Society at its meeting on December 12, and addressed the members on “ Profes- sional Ideals.” Dr. Abraham Jacobi, of New York, also delivered a short address, A DISCUSSION on preventive inoculation was opened by Professor G. Sims Woodhead at a meeting of the Royal Sanitary Institute at 90, Buckingham Palace Road, on December 15. The chair was taken by Sir Shirley Murphy. Dr. JosrpH T, Roturocr, general secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, at the annual meeting held on December 14 ad- voeated the use of the forest reserve lands of this state as outing grounds for the training of young men in physical endurance. Proressor U. S. Grant, of Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., lectured on Decem- ber 10 before the State Microscopical Society SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 of Illinois, in Chicago, upon “ The prepara- tion of rock and mineral sections and their structure.” Sm Freperic Eve, in his Bradshaw lecture before the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land on December 15, dealt with acute hemor- rhagic pancreatitis and the etiology of chronic pancreatitis. A MEETING of the John Morgan Memorial Committee of the Philadelphia Alumni Soci- ety, Medical Department, University of Penn- sylvania, has been held to consider plans looking toward the erection of a suitable memorial which shall do honor to the man who is called the founder of medicine in the United States. SaMvureL Benepicr Ounristy, professor of mining and metallurgy in the University of California and dean of the college of mining, died in Berkeley, California, on November 30, 1914, at the age of sixty-one years. A gradu- ate of the University of California of 1874, he had been continuously a member of its faculty since that time. He was a pioneer in the development of the cyanide process for the treatment of refractory ores. The engineers whom he has trained hold positions of great importance all over the world. At one time there were more of his graduates in important positions in South Africa than from all the other American universities put together. In 1902 he was given the degree of Se.D. by Columbia. The Hearst Memorial Mining Building, built by Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst some years ago aS a mining laboratory for the university at a cost of $640,000, embodies Professor Christy’s ideas as to equipment for mining and metallurgical instruction. TuHeE death is reported, in his sixty-second year, of Dr. John Nisbet, forestry adviser to the Scottish Board of Agriculture. - AccorpDine to the Journal of the American Medical Association the International Health Commission of the Rockefeller Foundation has established laboratory stations for the diag- nosis and treatment of hookworm at Panama, La Chorrera and Bocas del Toro. The work JANuARY 1, 1915] was organized by Dr. L. W. Hackett of the commission, and according to the Canal Record, October 28, out of the first thousand men, women and children reporting at the La Chorrera laboratory more than 700 were found to be harboring hookworm. An effort is being made to induce every inhabitant of this village of 4,000 to submit to examination for hook- worm, and circulars in simple language have been distributed and house-to-house visits and investigations have been made. Tréatment is free, but not compulsory, although the work is carried on at the request and with the co- operation of the Panama government, and pressure may be brought to bear to make the campaign a thorough one. The establishment of laboratories in Panama is in pursuance of the plan of the International Health Commis- sion for a world-wide campaign of health work in countries requesting the cooperation of the commission. Panama was one of the first countries to invite assistance. Great Britain has already solicited cooperation in behalf of her tropical possessions and a French and Dutch colonial service and an oriental service are also under consideration. “Tn 20 years the reindeer industry has made the Eskimos of Alaska civilized and thrifty men,” says the United States Bureau of Education in a bulletin just issued. The reindeer industry began in Alaska in 1892 when the Bureau of Education imported from Siberia 171 reindeer. The object of the im- portation, according to the bulletin, was to furnish a source of supply for food and cloth- ing to the Eskimos in the vicinity of Bering Strait. This importation was continued until 1902, and a total of 1,280 reindeer were brought from Siberia. There are now 47,266 reindeer distributed among 62 herds, and 30,- 532 of these are owned by the natives. This industry has given to the Alaskan Eskimos not only food and clothing, but a means of transportation superior to dog teams. Instead of being nomadic hunters eking out a pre- carious existence on the vast untimbered lands of the Arctic coast region “the Eskimos,” ac- cording to the Bureau’s bulletin “ Now have assured support and opportunity to acquire SCIENCE 25 wealth by the sale of meat and skins to the white men.” The reindeer industry is care- fully guarded. “No native is permitted to sell or otherwise dispose of a female reindeer to any person other than a native of Alaska.” This is done, the bulletin states, “lest white men deprive the natives of their reindeer and destroy this great native industry which the Bureau of Education has in the last 20 years built up and fostered.” The reindeer service is an integral part of the educational system of the Bureau of Education for northern and western Alaska. The district superintendents of schools are also superintendents of the rein- deer service. Promising and ambitious young natives are selected by superintendents as ap- prentices in the reindeer service, receiving 6, 8 or 10 reindeer at the close of the first, sec- ond and third years, respectively, and 10 more at the close of the fourth year. Upon the satisfactory termination of his apprentice- ship, the native becomes a herder and assumes entire charge of a herd. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS Mr. G. S. YumLu, a graduate of Aberdeen University, has made a gift of £4,000 to the university, the interest upon this amount to be applied in furthering the study of chemis- try. Mrs. A. Hosmmr, of Oakland, has presented to the University of California several thou- sand mollusean shells, selected from the mu- seum of the late Henry Hemphill, who assembled the most notable museum of Pacific coast mollusean shells ever collected. Dr. Grorce Hersert Evans, of San Fran- cisco, has been appointed assistant clinical professor of medicine in the University of California Medical School. Mr. T. V. Barker, fellow of Brasenose Col- lege, Oxford, has been appointed university lecturer in chemical crystallography, and Mr. A. G. Gibson, Christ Church, university lec- turer in morbid anatomy. Tue chair of medicine and clinical medi- cine in the University of Edinburgh has be- come vacant through the retirement of Pro- fessor John Wyllie. 26 SCIENCE DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE GONIONEMUS MURBACHII MAYER Tue following note may be of interest to those who, since the discovery of G. murbachii in the “Hel Pond” at Woods Hole in 1894, have observed its persistence during succeeding summers at the original locality and have noted its rare occurrence elsewhere along the Sound. According to Mayer! this medusa has been found occasionally in Woods Hole Harbor and has been reported from Noank, Connecticut and from Hadley Harbor, Muskegat (Muske- get) Island. In the summer of 1911 while collecting zoo- logical material at Groton, Conn., I found G. murbachii in abundance at Pine Island, off Avery Point, near the mouth of Poquonock River. This locality is five miles west of Noank. The little animals were common dur- ing the month of July and could usually be collected almost any time of the day by dis- turbing the rockweed along the sheltered side of the wharf at the west end of the island. During a trip made in August of 1914 I failed to find the medusa at this place and was unable to locate it in the vicinity. C. E. Gorpon AMHERST, MASS. NOTE ON AM@BA CLAVELLINA’ NOY. SP. THIs species may be recommended to the at- tention of any worker desirous of investigating a parasitic Amoeba which is visible in vivo within its host. Its habitat is the stomach of Clavellina lepadiformis, where I noticed it from April to June, 1910, at Naples. The cilia of the stom- ach-wall keep it in constant rotation. When the host-individuals are small they are almost transparent, and the ceaselessly-whirling mass of parasites at once attracts attention. In shape the organism is sub-spherical; pseudopodia were never observed. ‘The aver- age diameter varies from 12¥ to 17#. An ecto- plasm may be present and sharply defined, or it may be totally absent. The nucleus is nearly spherical, with a diameter of 4 to 5/4; in it is 1‘‘Medusze of the World,’’ 1910, p. 344 [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1044 a nucleus of 24 to 244 diameter, containing a vacuole or two. The nuclear membrane is thick and definite. In the clear space between membrane and nucleolus is a band or ring of tangible material, usually in the form of fine granules. No division-figures or further stages in the life-history were noticed. The few rough notes and figures which I possess relative to this animal would be freely put at the disposal of any one inclined to take up the study of the species. Junin §. Huxipy THE RICE [NSTITUTE, Houston, TEXAS, November, 1914 ALBINISM IN THE ENGLISH SPARROW On several occasions during the past summer the writer saw a single female English spar- row (Passer domesticus) whose plumage was pure white. On account of the fact that the bird was seen on the busy streets of Salt Lake City, it was impossible to take it, due to the ordinance against the discharge of firearms within the city limits. The bird was observed from a distance of a very few feet, and seemed to be normal in size; the beak, legs and feet were nearly the color of those of the ordinary house canary, and, so far as could be observed, every feather was pure white. She was always seen in company with normal members of her own species. I have never seen any reference to albinism in the English sparrow, but, no doubt, other observers have noted it. This note is published in the hope that others who have made like observations may advise us whether or not albinism is common in the English sparrow. P. J. O'Gara DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS, AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFINING Co., SaLtt LAKE City, UraH, November 23, 1914 THE TEACHING OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE To tur Eprror or Scrence: The communi- cation of Professor Walter Libby on the teach- ing of the history of science, published in your issue of November 6, deserves more than a passing notice. The obvious importance of such teaching led one of us more than twenty- January 1, 1915] five years ago to begin regular instruction in the subject to small classes in the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, and both of the undersigned have now been teaching the his- tory of science in collaboration for the last ten years or more. Like Professor Libby we have keenly felt the need of a text-book, and faute de mieux have now in hand the first of two volumes entitled “ Outlines of the History of Science” designed expressly for the use of our own classes. Next summer we hope to have ready Volume I., dealing with the rise and progress of science and the scientific spirit to the fall of the Roman Empire. Volume II., treating of the development of science in medi- eval and modern times, should be ready a year later. The course at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is now an elective for all stu- dents in the third (junior) year and consists of one hour (lecture) and two hours (prep- aration) in the first half year, and two hours (lecture) and three hours (preparation) in the second half. W. T. SeEpewicr, H. W. Tyter MASS. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, November 27, 1914 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS Paul Ehrlich, Eine Darstellung seines Wissen- schaftlichen Wirkens. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage des Forschers (14 Marz, 1914). Mit I Blidnis. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1914. Thirty-seven authors join their efforts in this book of 668 pages to present a summary of the investigations of Paul Ehrlich. The contributions of Ehrlich himself and of his immediate coworkers only are considered pri- marily, and according to the bibliography (up to February 1, 1914) iat the end of volume, it concerns, in addition to several books and monographs by Ehrlich, no less than 612 sepa- rate scientific articles. The book opens with an interesting biog- raphical introduction by A. von Weinberg. Tn the gymnasium Ehrlich excelled in mathe- matics and Latin. In the university he early was recognized as of unusual ability and orig- inality. While still a young medical student SCIENCE 27 he became interested in problems presented by the selective affinity of lead for certain tissues, an interest which soon extended to the prop- lems of protoplasmic affinity in general and thus really determined the main scope and nature of his later work. The main part of the book is divided into five sections covering different phases of Ehr- lich’s investigations. The first section is de- voted to work that especially concerns the his- tology and biology of cells and tissues. Here is included Ehrlich’s early work. Among the more notable results discussed in the seven articles of the section, the introduction to which is by Professor Waldeyer, of Berlin, may be mentioned: important discoveries in bac- terial staming methods, now in daily use every- where, in the working out of which Ehrlich cooperated with Koch; the microchemical differentiation of leucocytes; the demonstra- tion of the methylene blue reaction of living tissues; and the development of new concep- tions of the structure and function of proto- plasm (Hhrlich’s “Das Sauerstoftbedtirfniss des Organismus,” 1885), which form the basis of the celebrated sidechain theory advanced in the nineties to further the understanding of reactions in immunity. The next and the largest section deals with Ehrlich’s contributions to the study of immu- nity. It contains fifteen articles by well-known workers in the field in question. The side- chain theory, in the course of the proving of which so much of the work now considered was carried out, is discussed by Wassermann, Of the other subjects dealt with in this section may be mentioned the technical methods em- ployed in the investigation of immunological problems, toxins, antitoxins and other anti- bodies, hypersusceptibility and the working out under the guidance of the side-chain theory of a practical method of standardiza- tion of diphtheria antitoxin. From the read- ing of these articles one is deeply impressed with the great usefulness of Ehrlich’s theory of the constitution and affinities of protoplasm in promoting fruitful investigation of the complex problems in chemical biology presented by the phenomena of immunity. The imme- 28 diate practical results of this work are seen most clearly perhaps in the standardization of diph- theria antitoxin, as Khrlich’s method is used exclusively everywhere, but the influence of the work may be said to dominate in large measure every department of investigation of immunity and every branch of the practical application of the knowledge and principles derived therefrom. The third section (three articles) considers Ehrlich’s work on cancer, which forms a sort of interlude between the period of intensely active investigation of problems in immunity and the latest phase of his remarkable activ- ity, namely the development of experimental ehemotherapy. The principal outcome of the work of cancer is pointed out to be the demon- stration that the cancer cell increases in power of growth on passage from animal to animal, and the formulation of the view that resistance to the growth of cancer cells, often observed in experimental inoculation, depends on the lack of available food-particles for the cancer eells (atreptic immunity). The two remaining sections of eleyen articles deal with Ehrlich’s contributions to chemis- try and his chemotherapy of syphilis and cer- tain other spirochetal infections. The devel- opment through a long series of systematic biochemical experiments, based on original eonceptions of the affinities of cellular consti- tuents, of a successful chemotherapy of impor- tant human infections, by direct attack on the parasites by substances specially built up for that purpose and introduced from without, is emphasized, and properly so, as the logical culmination of a unique investigative activ- ity of the highest order. Even now Ehrlich’s results fully justify Huxley’s prediction in 1881 that through discoveries in therapeutics it would become possible “to introduce into the economy a molecular mechanism which like a cunningly contrived torpedo shall find its way to some particular group of living ele- ments and cause an explosion among them, leaving the rest untouched.” Most of the articles are written by men who have worked under Ehrlich, and every now SCIENCE [N. 8S. Von. XLI. No. 1044 and then we catch interesting glimpses of his picturesque and genial personality as well as hints to his methods of work. Naturally the many articles are not of the same merit and interest, but altogether they give us a very good and comprehensive idea of the tremen- dous achievements of Paul Ehrlich. Lupvic HEekToEn Infection and Resistance. By Dr. Hans ZINSSER, Professor of Bacteriology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Colum- bia University, New York. The Macmillan Company, 1914. The purpose of Dr. Zinsser’s book of 546 pages is to render easily accessible the knowl- edge that has accumulated especially from laboratory work in regard to the intimate mechanisms of infection and immunity. There are twenty-one chapters: infection and the problem of virulence; bacterial poisons; immu- nity in general, natural and artificial; the me- chanism of natural immunity, and the phe- nomena following on active immunization; toxin and antitoxin; bactericidal properties of serum and cytolysis; complement fixation (two chapters) ; agglutination ; precipitation; phago- eytosis (five chapters); anaphylaxis (five chapters); therapeutic immunization in man; protective ferments; colloids. The last chap- ter, on colloids, which is very useful in view of the many allusions in the other chapters to the analogies between colloidal reactions and the reactions between the substances concerned in the phenomena of immunity, is written by Professor Stewart W. Young. As each chap- ter so far as possible has been prepared as a separate unit, more or less repetition could not be avoided, but as compensation there is increased clearness in the presentation of each subject. We are told in the preface that the book is intended primarily for the under- graduate medical student, and the author re- plies to anticipated criticism of his treatment as being too difficult and too technical for the student by saying that his experience in teach- ing does not indicate such to be the case. Herein the reviewer is inclined to agree with January 1, 1915] the author, but at the same time it must be said that more attention has been given to the details of certain controversies and experi- ments now largely of historical interest only than might be regarded as required in a book like this. This fondness for detail, however, does not detract seriously from the usefulness of the book to student and practitioner. The references to original sources are very abun- dant and will prove of great help, but they are not given according to any accepted bibliog- raphic standard, the page being omitted in most cases. There are altogether but very few books that attempt to give a comprehensive summary of immunological knowledge of the same general scope as this one by Dr. Zinsser, but their number is increasing; for the pres- ent Dr. Zinsser’s is the most serviceable. Lupvig HrKkTorn The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Hxpedition, 1902-08. Vol. 1.: On the Cause of Magnetic Storms and the Origin of Terrestrial Mag- netism. By Kr. BirKELAND. Second Sec- tion. Christiania, H. Aschehoug & Co. 1913. 4°, Pp. x-+ 319-801, with many maps and plates. Five years have elapsed since the publica- tion of the first section of the present work, yet, in spite of incessant labor, this second section could not be sooner completed. This was due to the great number and variety of the computations and experiments neces- sary. The author considers that the results attained by the investigation of conditions during positive and negative Polar storms, and particularly the diurnal motion of the respective magnetic storm centers, are so valuable as to fully compensate for the exeér- tions and personal sacrifices that the work has cost. In order to make it clear whether his con- elusions from widely spread observations in different parts of the world could be harmon- ized with his previous theoretic assumptions, he has carried out a long series of experi- ments with a “terrella” or magnetic globe suspended in a large vacuum-box intended for electrical discharges. He has thus been able SCIENCE 29 to obtain photographie representation of the way in which cathode rays move singly, and group themselves in crowds about such a mag- netic globe. Special study has been made of these groups of rays which produce magnetic effects analogous to those observed upon the earth during positive and negative magnetic polar storms. The photographie plates of these experiments are veritably fascinating. The author holds that he has demonstrated that the magnetic storms on the earth, polar and equatorial, may be assumed to have as their primary cause the precipitation toward the earth of heliocathode rays, of which the magnetic rigidity is so great that the product H.p for them is usually about 3 >< 10° C.G.S. units. He discusses the objections raised to this theory by Schuster and Hale, and states that the experiments which were originally intended to procure analogies capable of ex- plaining terrestrial phenomena, such as the Aurora and “magnetic storms,” were after- ward continued to derive information in re- gard to the conditions under which the emis- sion of the assumed heliocathode rays from the sun might be supposed to take place. The terrella was made the cathode in the vacuum chamber and experiments carried on for many, years. In this research there gradually ap- peared experimental analogies to various cosmic phenomena, such as zodiacal light, Saturn’s rings, sun spots and spiral nebule. Whatever be the fate of the author’s hypoth- eses the facts recorded in this work are well worthy the careful study of those interested in electromagnetism. W. H. Datu Physics of the Household. By Caruton JoHN Lynpr, Macdonald College, Canada. 1914. 12mo. Cloth. Pp. 318. Professor Lynde’s book indicates that the author believes in teaching physics by con- sulting and describing, first, the student’s own environment in information, experiences and appliances. These things are the fundamen- tals of this book. The reasons assigned in the preface for the teaching of physics to young students are, “ First, that they may ob- 30 tain knowledge of the physical world about them; and, second, that they may gain through this knowledge the power to control the forces of nature for their own benefit, and for the benefit of others. In other words, we wish them to acquire knowledge which they will use in every-day life.” This work with other recent publications from a similar point of view represents a re- action against the prevailing formal text-books and formal treatment for beginners in the study of science. Those who consider funda- mental things in physics to be the laws and generalization of the science will, perhaps, feel that the traditional logical development is very much neglected at some points. On the other hand, there is a growing demand among experienced teachers and critics of educa- tional efficiency for a readjustment of text- book treatment. Where the strictly logical conflicts with what is considered profitable educational procedure the tendency is to defer logical organization of subject-matter till later. Experienced teachers, critics of education and the general public are demanding less drill work in abstraction and more practical work dealing with experiences and appliances such as one encounters in the world of reality. Lynde’s book is a valuable contribution to the problem of teaching physics in a more prac- tical way. The first two chapters deal with a multi- tude of familiar mechanical contrivances, with discussions of the lever principle and other simple machines. This reminds one of the popular old text-books on natural philosophy of fifty or seventy-five years ago, and it is an altogether desirable revival. The chapter on mechanics of liquids is introduced with dis- cussion of a city water supply, water supply for country homes, wells, ete. Following a chapter dealing with atmospheric pressure a variety of air appliances are discussed, inclu- ding pumps, the pneumatic tank system of water supply for homes, the hydraulic ram, the air-pump, types of vacuum cleaners, the fire extinguisher, the siphon, the trap, the gas meter, ete. In the chapters on heat a similar list of important familiar appliances are to be SCIENCE [N. 8S. Von. XLI. No. 1044 found. As a rule the author presents a de- scriptive treatment of a series of practical physical situations in order to form a basis for discussion of the principles involved. The chapters on electricity, light and sound follow more closely the customary treatment and contain less of the distinctive feature of the first half of the book. For the sake of consistency in the general plan there is much material of a practical and illustrative nature that should have been incorporated in these latter chapters. It is somewhat disappointing to find a commendable book with so many amateurish free-hand drawings. F. F. Goop TEACHERS COLLEGE, CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY THE FORSYTH DENTAL INFIRMARY FOR CHILDREN Tuis Boston institution, pioneer among charities for the adequate care of the mouths and throats of the children, poor or rich, of a large city, was dedicated formally by the Goy- ernor and others on Tuesday, November 24, and began its actual work the first of Decem- ber. It is in the form of a splendid memorial erected by Thomas Alexander Forsyth and John Hamilton Forsyth to their brothers, James Bennett Forsyth and George Henry Forsyth, of whom, however, at present only the first-named is living. The amount already provided for this important work, it is under- stood, in the building and in endowment, is well along towards three millions of dollars. Beautiful bas-relief bronze doors (“The Mother, giver of life and love” and “The Commonwealth, giver of health and learn- ing”) by Roger Noble Burnham, a bronze bust of James Forsyth by Bela Pratt and one of George Forsyth by Mr. Burnham, and charming Dutch and American tiling of elab- orate design (A. H. Hepburn), are perhaps chief among the internal works of art of the beautiful white marble building, situated on The Fenway, north of the Museum of Fine Arts, although bronze doors (“Uncle Remus,” “Bre’r Rabbit,” “ Alice in Wonderland,” etc.), also ornament the entrance-way for the chil- January 1, 1915] dren-patients from Forsyth Park on the north. The land on the south side of the hospital is also to be parked by the city. The therapeutic and surgical outfit of this perfectly fire-proof infirmary may not be ade- quately described in this place. Suffice it that its present means for caring for six hun- dred patients a day are the most timely and complete that expert technical thought and information, served with unlimited funds, could provide, so that several features wholly new have their place in this institution. The sixty-elght (at present) dental chairs, for ex- ample, in the great operating room, are the most elaborate ever constructed, for each has running water warmed to suit the require- ments of a tooth-cavity, compressed air, air- suction, electricity, an electric signal system, ete., while many of them are equipped with the most recent of anesthesia-mechanisms; all are finished throughout in white-enameled metal, in line with modern ideas toward asepsis. The dental instruments which have been used for a patient are enclosed in a flat covered metallic tray and sent to the sterilizing-room, where each night they are in tiers subjected to dry heat at 300° F. in gas, thermostat-con- trolled ovens. This careful system of asepsis will require the daily use of a thousand sets of dental instruments when the number of chairs has been increased to the capacity of the Infirmary. The arrangements for amusing the children while awaiting their unpleasant experiences in the dental chairs or in the nose-and-throat department (which is very elaborate and com- plete) are a noteworthy part of this institu- tion quite in line with modern medical prin- ciples of good humor and the related sthenic index. The little patients (none over sixteen), have a large room, known as the “ Children’s Room,” close to their special entrance which is quite after their own youthful hearts. Miss Tower, a skilled kindergartner, here makes it her sole business to see to it that the children forget for the time why they are come hither and the approaching disagreeable duty of having one’s teeth put in order or one’s throat “treated.” Here, for example, is an SCIENCE 31 alluring aquarium nine feet long and three feet square, two thirds of which is for grace- ful plants and a few score of our more inter- esting native fish in large variety, while one third is a reptile-tank so built and arranged as to at once display and make comfortable all manner of American amphibious little beasts. Here, too, is a library of story-books, games, ete., and later on there will be other things as actual experience shows their need. Around the walls of this children’s room are extremely elaborate friezes of Delft tiling il- lustrating some familiar fairy stories—Oliver Wendell Holmes’s “Dorchester Giant,” “ Rip Van Winkle,’ Hawthorne’s “Golden Fleece,” and Mrs. Prescott Peabody’s “Pied Piper.” Connected with the Children’s Room is a metallic cloakroom so constructed that its en- tire contents can be fumigated and thus ster- ilized at night, electric pumps forcing in and removing the respective atmospheres at the instigation, respectively, of two push-buttons. The plumbing everywhere is extensive and to some extent original and unique. There is a small ward for the girls who may chance to need its care and a like one for the boys; and there is of course a small but adequate amphi- theater for the professional study of oral or of nose- or throat-operations; and a large re- search laboratory; there is much museum- space; a library; and a lecture-room that will seat about three hundred persons. In addition to a large number of routine operating dentists (some of whom work full- time and others half-time or third-time) the following at present constitute the staff of the Forsyth Infirmary: Director, Dr. Harold De Witt Cross; assistant to the director, William Z. Hill; nose and throat department, William E. Chenery; consulting otologist, Edgar M. Holmes; extracting staff, Edward V. Bulger and eleven others; X-ray department, Arial W. George, consultant; E. Albert Kinley, Jr.; consulting surgeons, Fred B. Lund, Harry H. Germain, Hugh Cabot, and Hugh Williams; consulting physiologist, George V. N. Dear- born; oral surgeons, Albert Midgley, Harry B. Shuman, Leroy M. S. Miner and B. H. Strout; orthodontia, Frank Von Hevesey,?7 Fajans?® and Soddy”® have all had a share in this work. They have found that when a radioactive substance ejects an a-particle a substance of different chemical properties and differ- ent valency results. The new substance lies two columns to the left in the periodic table, has an atomic number two less and an atomic weight about four less than the parent substance. If however the radioac- tive substance ejects a @-particle or elec- tron, the new substance is one column to the right in the periodic table, increases one in atomic number, and does not change in atomic weight. Plainly then two or more elements may occupy the same posi- tion in the periodic table, for if an element loses in succession—in any order—two B- particles and one a-particle, its atomic number will be again the same as it was at first. Thus Ra-D has the atomic number 82; it loses a B-particle and becomes Ra-H with atomic number 83; this loses another B-particle and becomes Ra-F with atomic number 84; this finally loses an a-particle and becomes lead, with the original atomic number 82. The series Url, Ur X1, Ur X 2 and Urd2 is of the same kind, except that the particles are ejected in the reverse 80 order, a, 8, 8. So the old difficulty of find- ing places in the periodic table for the 34 radioactive substances now known has dis- appeared, since they have but ten different atomic numbers and require therefore but ten places in the periodic table. Soddy has introduced the term isotopes to designate two elements occupying the same place in the table. Isotopes are chemically insep- arable and probably have identical spectra, but they have different atomic weights. It is evident that much remains to be done before we have very definite ideas of the structure of the nucleus atom. Many questions are entirely unanswered. For ex- ample, in how many rings do the electrons lie? For hydrogen and helium as for nebu- ulium and protofluorine (if they exist) the electrons are so few that they doubtless all lie in one ring, but there are reasons for believing that in atoms of higher atomic weight there are two or more rings. With a large number of electrons present—with the 100 electrons of the gold atom for in- stance—there may indeed be several con- figurations which will satisfy the condi- tions of stability. Even for comparatively light atoms Bohr*° supposes that as many as five rings exist. Again from what part of the atom of a radioactive substance do these ejected a- and #-particles come? Soddy** believes that both originate in the nucleus, but that the chemical and the electro-chemical properties are controlled by the outer ring of the electrons. Mose- ley regards the similarity of the X-ray spectra of different metals as satisfactory evidence that such radiation originates in- side the atom, while light radiation is de- termined by the ‘‘structure of the sur- face.’’ Rutherford’? and Bohr both raise the important question whether atomic nuclei contain electrons, and both conclude that they do. These and many other ques- tions have already been asked but only SCIENCE [N. 8S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 tentative and provisional answers have thus far been given. Doubtless there is a field here for much important experimental and theoretical work in the immediate fu- ture—a field which American physicists will seek to cultivate with their European brethren, who have done about all of the work thus far. These hasty considerations perhaps suf- fice to show the varied character of the lines of evidence that have been developed during the past three years to give support to some form of nucleus atom. Radioactive phenomena, X-ray radiation and chemical properties seem to give united testimony for it. Doubtless the final type of atom has not yet been described, for it is easy to criticize the views of Nicholson, of Bohr or any other who has proposed a model, but it is probable that some form of nucleus atom will soon receive general recognition. 1. Poincaré, Annual Rep. Smithson. Institution, 1912, p. 199. 2. P. Zeemann, Phil. Mag., 43, 226-239; 44, 55-60 and 255-259. 3. J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag., 7, 237-265, 1904. 4. H. A. Wilson, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 366 (1911); Pril. Mag., 21, 718 (1911). 5. Nagaoka, Phil. Mag., 7, 445 (1904). 6. Geiger and Marsden, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 82, 495 (1909). 7. EH. Rutherford, Phil. (1911). 8. H. Geiger, Proc. Man. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 55, Pt. IL., p. xx (1911); Phil. Mag., 25, 604-623 (1913). 9. H. Barkla, Phil. Mag., 21, 648 (1911). 10. C. I. R. Wilson, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 87, 277 (1912). 11. HE. Marsden, Phil. Mag., 27, 824-830 (May, 1914). 12. H. Rutherford, Phil. (Mar., 1914). 13. J. W. Nicholson, Roy. Astron. Soc. M. N., 72, 49-64 (1911). 14. M. Wolf, Nature, 89, 70 (Mar. 21, 1912). 15. J. W. Nicholson, Roy. Astron. Soc. M. N., 72, 139-150 (1911). 16. N. Bohr, Phil. Mag., 21, 669-688 Mag., 27, 488-499 Mag., 26, 1-25 (July, January 15, 1915] 1913); 476-502 (Sept., 1913); 857-875 (Nov., 1913); 27, 506-524 (Mar., 1914). 17. J. H. Jeans, Report B. A. A. S., Birming- ham, 1913, 376. 18. H. G. J. Moseley, Phil. Mag., 26, 1024-34 (1913); 27, 703-713 (1914). 19. Bragg and Bragg, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 88, 428 (1913), and 89, 246 (1913). 20. Barkla and Sadler, Phil. Mag., 16, 550-584 (Oct., 1908). 21. G. W. ©. Kaye, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 209, 123 (1909). 22. F. Soddy, ‘‘The Radioelements and the Atomie Law’’ (Longmans, 1914), p. 41. 23. A. van der Broek, Physik. Zeittsch., 14, 32 (1913). 24. Rutherford and Andrade, Phil. Mag., 27, 854 (May, 1914), and 28, 263 (Aug., 1914). 25. A. Fleck, Trans. Chem. Soc., 103, 381 and 1052 (1913). 26. A. S. Russell, Chem. News, 107, 49 (Jan. 31, 1913). 27. G. von Hevesey, Physik. Zettsch., 14, 49 (Jan. 15, 1913). 28. K. Fajans, Physik. Zeitsch., 14, 131 and 136 (Feb. 15, 1913). 29. F. Soddy, Chem. News, 107, 97 (Feb. 28, 1913); Jahrb. Radioakt., 10, 188 (1913). 30. N. Bohr, Phil. Mag., 26, 496 (1913). 31. F. Soddy, ‘‘The Radioelements and the Atomic Law’’ (Longmans, 1914), p. 39. 32. E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag., 27, 488-499 (Mar., 1914). ALFRED D. CoLE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING VICE-PRESI- DENT OF SECTION F OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- MENT OF SCIENCE BEFORE proceeding to the special sub- ject of this evening’s address, which will be upon the research work of the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, your retiring vice-president begs permission briefly to plead the cause of the Zoological Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence. Our grandfathers founded this associa- tion and during our fathers’ day, in that SCIENCE 81 tense period wherein the foundations of established beliefs seemed crumbling into chaos before the onslaught of Darwinism, the Zoological Section of the association was a vital force in bringing order out of the confusion of doubt and fear that beset the America of the seventies. Then, in after years, there came the special societies, zoologists, anatomists, physiologists, ornithologists, entomologists and psychologists of America; and our Sec- tion F', having lost its appeal to the inves- tigator as a clearing house for his ideas, has sadly languished. However, let us not forget that the Brit- ish Association which two generations ago was active in forming intelligent opinion in England, once also languished from a similar cause. Then to our British cousins there came the light of a great idea. The field of their association expanded to embrace the whole imperial realm. Great meetings were held in Canada, South Africa and Aus- tralia, and the colonies became intellec- tually one with the mother country in a sense never known before. The British Association is no longer a mere gathering of scientists, it is a mighty power in preserving that world-wide sym- pathy with ideals of democracy and fair play upon which the very existence of Britain’s vast empire must depend. For England’s strength is neither in acres nor in gold, but in the hearts of her sons who toil at many a stubborn task in many a distant land. As servants of civilization, let the mem- bers of our own association meet the mil- lions of America in a similar spirit. At these meetings, let us speak with rather than to our countrymen. Too often we may have looked upon the public as something colossal, crude and struggling, something far and apart from 82 our cloistered world within the college walls. Let us come among our fellows not as doctors gowned and coped, but as the simple men and women that we are, seeking advice and aid more often than we can impart knowledge or develop wisdom. Realizing as we do that could we but exchange the known for the unknown, the little that sci- ence has achieved would appear contemp- tible. From the frontiers of our culture we gaze into the vast unknown, but it is but little that we can see. Our science is not alone the concern of specialists but of every man and woman of our land and with the advent of modern medicine, antiseptic surgery, and a knowl- edge of the law of heredity, great human problems have arisen. We now stand as trustees guarding things of vast import for good or evil. The very word eugenics conjures up problems for the wisdom of humanity to solve. These problems of science have shaped themselves from out the mists of doubt and lie as awful things upon our path, yet the higher the precipices the safer the harbor they enclose, and we await the wis- dom of the wisest to guide us. These are things too deep for the mere scientist, they are for each and every one of us, and the investigator is but one with the vast public in giving heed to their solu- tion. Yet in a deeper, more far-reaching sense, our association has a mission humanity- wide in its embrace, and as the duel has ceased to be respectable among individuals, so let war come to be regarded among the nations. It is with no boasting of virtue that we men of science of America can take this stand. We must speak as sinners pleading with sinners. Let us not forget that militarism has been in our own land as well as elsewhere. Let us remember that SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 every generation of Americans has drawn the sword, and that the most prolonged and devasting conflict of the nineteenth cen- tury was waged on our own soil over a question which Great Britain solved through a simple act of Parliament. The light of civilization has glorified the summit of our ideal but the vast mountain below has forever remained dark in the barbarism of the savage. Our new-born love of all humanity is superimposed upon ages of distrust, prejudice and hatred born of ignorance, but let us recognize that the spark of kindliness that seems so small to-day is ours at least to foster until true to its destiny it shines as a blessing to all future generations of our earth. To effect these things what better body can there be than the men of science of the nations of the earth acting in cooperation with that vast multitude of our fellows from whom we have received the blessed oppor- tunity to labor and to serve. The problems of our fathers’ day were trivial compared with these. Let us there- fore be true to the old ideals of our Amer- ican Association, and let it forever stand for association in terms of mutual helpful- ness between our public and our men of science.+ ALFRED G. MAYER AID TO ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH THE experience of the Rumford, Elizabeth Thompson and certain other research funds shows that great returns may be obtained from relatively small grants to suitable persons. Owing to the excellent organizations resulting from the large sums given to astrophysics in this country, astronomers are well qualified to secure such results. Accordingly, the follow- 1 Dr, Mayer devoted the remainder of the even- ing to an account of the research work of the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington illustrated by colored lantern slides. JANUARY 15, 1915] ing letter was sent, and the replies are given below in the order in which they were received, My Dear Sir: The greatest return in astronom- ical output, for a given expenditure, in my opin- ion, could be obtained by moderate grants to lead- ing astronomers. I am accordingly sending copies of this letter to twelve of the American astrono- mers who would, it seems to me, make the best use of a grant of one thousand dollars a year for five years. I want to publish these needs and then see if the money can be obtained. Are you inclined to make me a statement of about one hundred words showing how you would apply such a grant? I give below my own statement as an example. Yours very truly, EDWARD C. PICKERING Statement The New Draper Catalogue will fill eight quarto volumes of the Harvard Annals, and will give the class of spectrum and magnitude of two hundred thousand stars, or more. Miss Cannon has nearly completed the observations, but publication could be greatly expedited by the employment of an ad- ditional assistant at an annual salary of five hun- dred dollars. Another extensive research on the photographie brightness of the stars by Miss Leavitt, could be equally advanced in the same way. In carefully organized routine work a great increase in efficiency may be obtained by the use of such assistants. Professor OC. L. Doolittle desires $500 to $1,000 for publication of results already ob- tained. Professor E. W. Brown approves of the determination of the position of the moon by photography as described below by Professor Russell, and suggests a determination of the lunar parallax by a similar method. Professor F, Schlesinger states that a very efficient method for cataloguing stars by means of a photographic doublet has been developed at the Allegheny Observatory during the past few months. This is being applied to a zone four degrees wide at the celestial equator. We have been urged by astronomers here and abroad to extend this work to other parts of the sky. A grant of $1,000 per annum continued for about twelve years would enable us to cover nearly the whole northern sky in SCIENCE 83 this way. Among other things, this work would help materially the progress of the great Astrographic Catalogue, and would increase its value. If the same work were done by the earlier and ordinary methods it would cost not less than ten times as much and would be far less accurate. Professor S. A. Mitchell states that the Leander McCormick Observatory has under- taken as its principal work the photographic determination of stellar parallax, an impor- tant research to which the 26-inch telescope is excellently adapted. The income of the ob- servatory for the payment of all salaries (ex- cept the director’s), for maintenance, and for improvements is less than $1,500 per year. The award by Columbia University of the Adams Research Fellowship for the present year has made possible a much needed increase in staff. One thousand dollars per year would permit the continuation of parallax work, and would also allow expansion along visual lines and in photometric work. Professor F. Slocum states that the Van Vleck Observatory will be finished during the summer of 1915. The principal instrument will be a new 184-inch Clark refractor. The mounting and clock work will be made by Warner and Swasey. The observatory is to be used by classes in astronomy of Wesleyan University, but it is the intention of the director to devote as much time as possible to research. The chief feature of the proposed program will be systematic observations for the determination of stellar parallaxes. The midnight hours, when parallax factors are small, will probably be used for micrometric or photometric observations. An assistant at $1,000 per year to share in making the ob- servations and to carry out the routine work of computation would greatly imerease the efficiency of the observatory. Professor E. B. Frost states that up to the end of 1913, 5,100 stellar spectrograms had been obtained with the Bruce spectrograph of the Yerkes Observatory for the purpose of determining the velocity in the line of sight of northern stars, chiefly of spectral types B and A, brighter than magnitude 5.5. Of 84 these spectrograms it has thus far been pos- sible to measure only 2,740, or 54 per cent., owing to a lack of assistance in this work. For 1910-13 the percentage measured is 48. With an additional $1,000 per year for five years, additional assistants could be obtained so that these arrears of measurement could be made up and this program of work com- pleted. Professor H. N. Russell states that the pho- tographie determination of the position of the moon at Princeton University Observatory, from plates taken at Harvard and measured here, has given results probably more accu- rate than any previous method of observation. The provision of a salary of five hundred dollars a year for a computer will enable the continuation of this work, which must other- wise be interrupted. An equal sum would provide a computer to work on eclipsing varia- ble stars. Material for accurate light curves and elements of about one hundred of these systems, as yet uninvéstigated, is contained in the Harvard photographs. The results regzard- ing the density, surface brightness, and other characteristics of the stars would be of great astrophysical importance. Professor J. A. Miller states that the ener- gies of the observing staff of Sproul Observa- tory are largely devoted to research and stellar parallax work. “ With such a grant as you propose at my disposal, I should employ two assistants, one at $500 per year to do the routine detailed work connected with a research of this sort; the second to aid in the measures and final reductions of the plates. I should have to pay the second assistant $800 per year, the difference between the $500 that you propose and the $800 to be paid by the observa- tory. I could thus materially increase the quantity of our parallax output without in any way affecting its quality. In addition, this would enable us to utilize our present equipment (without any additions whatever), more nearly to its full capacity, by extending our work into closely allied fields.” Professor J. Stebbins states that for the past few years the work of the University of Illinois Observatory has been the development SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 of an electrical method for the measurement of the light of stars. “ As the work is quite new, we must do a considerable amount of ex- perimenting in the laboratory with the object of increasing the accuracy of observations at the telescope. These investigations are all carried on in addition to the regular instruc- tion which must be done at a university ob- servatory. We have some untrained student assistants, but if we could get the services of a regular man and keep him year after year, our scientific output would be greatly improved and increased. It is very probable that after a certain time the university will be able to put such a research position upon a permanent basis.” Professor G. ©. Comstock states that the Washburn Observatory is engaged in deter- mining the positions of several thousand stars, averaging about seventh magnitude, to be utilized in an extension of Boss’s Prelim- inary General Catalogue. Progress of this work is greatly hindered by entire absence of a computing staff. One or more computers are sorely needed. A grant of $1,000 for a single year would be of value in this connec- tion but such a grant continuing over five years would be much more than five times as useful since at the outset much time is neces- sarily given to training the computer to his work. His efficiency increases with experi- ence. Professor Philip Fox states that the most pressing need of the Dearborn Observatory is in the line of measurement of the many plates we have taken for the determination of stellar parallax, and the reduction of these measures. The series of plates now has reached 948, and is being added to at the rate of about ten plates on every clear evening. Additional help for this work would greatly expedite its progress. Professor W. W. Campbell states that the greatest return which the Lick Observatory can make for a small additional expenditure would come from the employment of a very capable observer to assist with the spectro- graphs attached to the thirty-six-inch refractor and to the Crossley reflector. The demands JANUARY 15, 1915] upon such an observer are very severe because the apparatus is extensive and complicated, and skilled and constant care must be devoted to the observations. Such services usually begin to be satisfactory about two months after the start is made, and their value in- ereases through many years. The salary of such an assistant should be $1,000 for the first year and there should be an increase of $100 each year until $1,500 is reached. An unexpected result was that in nearly every case, the principal need proved to be for assistants. Some preferred one experienced observer, others two computers. In some cases, it is believed that if the work were once started it would be continued by the univer- sity. An astronomer can often direct one or two assistants so that they will obtain as accurate results as if he devoted the same time to the work himself. A small appropriation may thus double the output of his observatory. My own application is included since I be- lieve that as important results can be obtained here as elsewhere, but if all can not be pro- vided for, I recommend that other astronomers having fewer assistants should receive pre- cedence. Even if only a portion of the sum asked for could be provided, it is probable that an extraordinary relative output would be obtained. It is hoped that, in some eases, those interested in a particular observatory may be willing to supply its needs. Epwarp C. PIckERING December 21, 1914 FRANCIS HUMPHREYS STORER Francis Humpureys Storer, of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology and later of the Bussey Institution of Harvard University, was born March 27, 1832, and died July 30, 1914. His father was David Humphreys Storer (M.D., LL.D.) and his mother was Abby Jane (Brewer) Storer. He married Catherine A. Eliot, sister of Charles W. Eliot, June 21, 1871. Professor Storer studied at the Lawrence Scientific School in 1850-51. He was assist- ant to Professor Cooke in 18538. He received SCIENCE 85 from Harvard University the degree of S.B. in 1855 and the honorary degree of A.M. in 1870. From 1855 to 1857 he studied abroad and from 1857 to 1865 he practised as a chemist. The writer knew him intimately from 1865 to 1870 when he was professor of general and industrial chemistry in the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology and the writer was his pupil. In that year he resigned his position to become professor of agricultural chemistry in the Bussey Institution; the next year he be- came dean, an office which he held until he withdrew in 1907. Professor Storer’s pupils say of him that he was the best of teachers of chemistry. He and Professor Eliot were the pioneers in intro- ducing the experimental method of giving in- struction to classes in chemistry, and those who were ripe for it found in it the greatest inspiration. He was uniformly genial and had a great faculty of imparting his knowledge that was thoroughly interesting to his stu- dents. He possessed one of the most fasci- nating personalities of our day. Professor Rogers and Professor Storer were the two most inspiring teachers we had in the early days of Technology. Many of the pupils owe their ab- sorbing interest in science to these two strong characters. In those days there were members. of the faculty who were in favor of letting the students obtain the degree too easily; Storer was foremost in opposing this laxity, and insisted on the highest possible standard. He was a thorough teacher and a gentleman of high culture. He had a human side too, which endeared him to his pupils. On one occasion when an expedition was arranged to visit the coal mine in Rhode Island, all the party had arrived at the train and were excited and anxious because Eli Forbes had not turned up. At the last minute he appeared and stepped aboard as the train started and Storer re- marked “and here is Eli the most prompt of us all.” All agree that his loss to Technology in 1870 was a severe one to that school. Of his connection with the Bussey Institu- tion it may be said he was always very ready 86 to help in any investigation that looked to the better condition of growing crops or of im- proving the land. He covered a wide range in those investigations and was sometimes criti- cized for matters that were not understood or seemed of small importance to ordinary inter- ests. He was an excellent teacher and inter- ested his pupils in the subject at hand, some- times pretty dry, and did everything possible to give those matters a practical turn. His methods were clear and concise and he had little sympathy with slack work. He was observant of current events and al- ways spoke his mind freely in comment. He never “played to the galleries” but expressed his opinion of affairs as they appeared to him. The Bussey Institution never had much money to carry on its work. Professor Storer was thus hampered by lack of funds and he was unfortunate in not having the faculty for getting help of this kind. He drew freely from his own funds, which could not have been over large, to help the school and the indi- vidual students. In social intercourse he was never forward at all. His wife was a great help to him in this way, and they together did many kind acts to a newly appointed instructor at the Bussey Institution. On her death he drew into himself more than ever and had little intercourse in an every-day way with others. Professor Storer’s work is of the greatest importance in agricultural chemistry; in a “way it is the foundation of modern agricul- tural chemistry. When he began, it was all new and he made the beginning. Rosert H. RicHarps Boston, MAss. THE ANTWERP ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN From the date of the bombardment of Ant- werp, apprehension has been felt regarding the fate of the beautiful and costly zoological garden of that city. Messrs. Lorenz and Hein- rich Hagenbeck, both of whom are yet in Ham- burg, alive and well, have furnished the Bul- letin of the Zoological Society of New York with a copy of a letter received by them from SCIENCE [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 Dr. Buttikofer, director of the Rotterdam Zoological Garden, which reads as follows: All the bears in the Antwerp Zoological Garden were shot prior to the bombardment. The large feline carnivora were put into strong transporta- tion cages and removed to the rear of the gar- den, likewise prior to the bombardment, while the small feline were transferred to cages in the cel- lars of the Festival Building. A few days before the surrender of the city, when the heavy can- nonading started fires in all parts of the city, which could no longer be put out in consequence of lack of water, the large carnivora were like- wise shot by resolution of the board of directors, adopted contrary to the director’s advice. None ot the other animals were killed, with the excep- tion of a few venomous snakes. During the bom- bardment only one shell dropped into the garden, striking the ground in the open space for the turtles, where it fortunately did no material dam- age. Mr. L’hoest and his two younger children were my guests from October 5 to the earlier part of November, while the other members of his fam- ily likewise came to Rotterdam towards the end of the bombardment. Mr. L’hoest himself, whose mind had suffered severely from the effects of the terrible excitement and of the successive events which overpowered him, also came to Rotterdam for a few days, after the bombardment. By the earlier part of November all the mem- bers of the family had returned to Antwerp. The garden and the animals kept there have suffered no further damage during the seige, but you will readily understand that the number of visitors has so decreased as to be practically nil, while the membership will undoubtedly be re- duced to such an extent that the very existence of the garden will apparently be put into serious jeopardy. Everything here is in good shape, although there has likewise been a large decrease in our receipts, which compels us to be exceedingly eco- nomical. I presume that similar conditions pre- vail in all the zoological gardens in Germany, as well as in your country. BENJAMIN PEIRCE INSTRUCTORSHIPS IN MATHEMATICS Tuer Division of Mathematics in Harvard University announces that hereafter on or about the first day of March in each year it will recommend two persons for appointment to Benjamin Peirce Instructorships in accord- JANUARY 15, 1915] ance with the following regulations recently adopted by the president and fellows of Har- yard College, provided suitable candidates make application: (1) Appointments shall be made by the president and fellows on recommenda- tion of the division of mathematics. Each appointment shall be for one academic year and shall carry a remuneration of not less than $1,000 nor more than $1,200. () A holder of an instructorship may be a candi- date for reappointment, but no person shall hold an instructorship for more than three years. (3) Each instructor will be expected to teach two and one half elementary courses and one other course which would ordinarily be of an advanced character. (4) Instructors will be permitted to attend without charge all courses of instruction under the faculty of arts and sciences, and to enjoy the same library privileges as other instructors. They will be offered every facility towards the prosecution of original scholarly work, the members of the division being ready to give all possible aid and encouragement. (5) A candidate for an instructorship in any academic year must pre- sent his name to the chairman of the division on or before the first of February of the previ- ous academic year. He should offer at the same time evidence of his capacity as a scholar and a teacher. For this purpose he should present such documents as: (a) a dissertation accepted towards the fulfilment of the require- ments for the degree of doctor of philosophy; (6) published contributions to mathematical science; (¢) certificates as to his ability and success aS a teacher; (d) personal letters relating to his character and qualifications for the post. In amplification of the above regulations it may be pointed out that these newly-estab- lished Benjamin Peirce Instructorships afford an unusual opportunity for young men of good training and ability at or near the beginning of their teaching career. The appointments are made on the basis of an open competition; Harvard has one of the best mathematical li- braries in the country; the amount of work required is very moderate (the “course” at Harvard being three fifty-five-minute periods SCIENCE 87 a week throughout the year) and includes opportunity for advanced teaching. This ad- vanced instruction will be on subjects selected in consultation with the instructor and, so far as possible, in conformity with his wishes. By exception applications will be accepted in 1915 as late as February 15. For further in- formation address Professor Maxime Bécher, chairman of the division of mathematics, 48 Buckingham Street, Cambridge, Mass. COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY AND WORLD POLITICS Dr. ArtHur Dix contributes to the Geo- graphische Zeitschrift for June 11 an article with this title indicating a German point of view prior to the outbreak of the war. As summarized in the Geographical Journal he states that the tendency for inland commu- nities to seek an outlet to the sea is becoming so marked that, with rare exceptions, such powers must now be regarded as in a state of unstable equilibrium. Such states in the general case must, in his opinion, either sub- mit to be absorbed by the neighboring power which blocks the road to the sea, or must forcibly seize a stretch of seaboard. He gives Asia as an example of a continent in which independent inland states have now practically ceased to exist, Africa as one in which they are gradually disappearing. The Transvaal and the Orange Free State are given as examples of countries which, as soon as they acquired extensive relations with the world market, fell as booty to a neighboring power. As examples of two inland states which must in the imme- diate future undergo political change he gives Abyssinia, which he regards as being probably destined to fall into the hands of Britain, and Servia, which must, he thinks, fight for her free access either to the Adriatic or the Aegean. Secondly, great powers which have already one outlet to the sea tend to seek a double access. France has of course this double access already, but the founding of the triple alliance, the recent history of the Russian Empire, the opening of the Panama Canal, some of the difficulties among the various powers in Africa, the troubles in the Balkan 88 peninsula, are all discussed from the point of view of this search for an additional or an easier access to another sea. Thirdly, mari- time powers, in his opinion, necessarily strive to extend their dominion over the coasts which face their own. Rome and Carthage, Italy looking across the narrow Adriatic, and also across the Mediterranean to Tripoli, France and Algiers, the designs of Britain upon the coasts which encircle the Indian Ocean, are all given as examples. Again he points out that when any power possesses a part of a navigable stream there is a tendency for it to seek to extend its dominion down to the mouth. Similarly, a colonizing power which has taken possession of the mouth of a river tends also to follow that river up to its source. The same thing may tend to happen in civilized countries, if the water of the river is used for irrigation, or if stream control is necessary. Thus the control of the lower course of the Vistula by Prussia is difficult because its upper waters are extra-Prussian. But the difficulty «of the Polish question makes it necessary for {Prussia to avoid covetousness in this connec- ttion, while a frontier adjustment which would deprive Prussia of the lower Vistula would cut off wholly German territory from the empire. The Rhine, he states, is another case where purely political conditions stand in the way of a natural economic tendency. It is an advan- tage to Germany for the mouth of this river to remain in the hands of a neutral state so long as the neutrality of this state is effectively maintained, for as it faces a power- ful sea power, it would, if German, be liable to blockade in war time. Again, the fact that the Elbe and Danube are both Austrian as well as German rivers means that those two powers must either be allies or enemies, and these rivers thus form part of the geographical justification of the triple alliance. On the other hand, the relation of the great rivers of South America to the different states there suggests to the author that the political divi- sion of South America is in an unfinished condition, and that great readjustment will probably take place there. Finally Dr. Dix is of opinion that a spe- SCIENCE [N. S. Von. XLI. No. 1046 cifically modern cause of political differences among nations lies in warring interests in the construction of great transcontinental railway routes. The permanent tension be- tween Britain and Germany he ascribes, not to the causes usually given on either side, but to the great extra-European railway schemes of the two powers. Germany, he says, is de- sirous of constructing and controlling an east to west line across the continent of Africa, while Britain desires to complete the Cape to Cairo route, to which Germany is strongly opposed. Similarly, he states that Britain is desirous of linking the Nile to the Indus by rail, and therefore opposes the completion of the Bagdad line to the Persian Gulf under German auspices. These causes of dissension might be got over by a mutual arrangement between the powers, or by a German-British alliance. THE HUXLEY LECTURE Tue Huxley lecture at Charing Cross Hos- pital was delivered by Sir Ronald Ross on November 2. From the report in the British Medical Journal we learn that before pro- ceeding to the main subject of his address, which discussed recent advances in science and their bearing on medicine and surgery, with special reference to malaria and the trans- mission of diseases, he paid a well-conceived tribute to Huxley, who, Sir Ronald Ross said, was not only the bulldog of Darwin, and the interpreter of Darwin’s profundities to the world, but also a patient and passionate in- vestigator and a patient and dispassionate thinker regarding phenomena. But, the lec- turer continued, Huxley was still more: he was a philosopher possessing all the very first qualities required for true philosophy. The clarity of his style was itself a guarantee of the genuineness and completeness of his thought. Secondly, his mind was fiercely critical in its search for truth, and he accepted nothing as fact which he himself had not en- deavored to probe to the depths. Thirdly, no one has ever doubted that his aim was, not to astonish or to defeat or to persuade, so much as to reach the actual truth of every matter JANuARY 15, 1915] with which he dealt. He would have been de- lighted, had he lived, to recognize the bearing of recent advances in science on the medicine of the tropics. Sir Ronald Ross devoted the main part of his lecture to tracing the history of the modern application of parasitology to etiology and pathology, dealing in particular with the growth of knowledge with regard to filaria, piroplasma and the malarial organisms. He sketched his own researches, the full his- tory of which had, he said, been given in his Nobel lecture. It was only after several years’ work that he recognized that the malarial in- fection was carried by a eertain genus of mosquitoes only, not by Culex or Stegomyia, but by the anophelines. He made the obser- vation that the spores of the analogous malarial parasites of birds which he had already recog- nized in Culex entered the insect’s salivary or poison glands. This led to the disclosure of the full truth, namely, that the parasites were not only taken from man by the mosquitoes, as Manson had supposed, and not only put into man by the mosquitoes, as King supposed, but that both hypotheses were true, the insects carrying the parasites directly from man to man. Summarizing the results obtained, he said that from the time of the Romans it was known that the malarial fevers were connected with marshes and stagnant water in warm countries. Later, when it was seen that the disease was not confined to the proximity of marshes, the theorists conceived that there was a telluric poison which caused malaria and was especially abundant in damp places. All this was a very general proposition; and in order to prevent the disease, it was necessary to undertake very extensive drainage. The new knowledge obtained rendered it possible to particularize the exact route of infection. It was now known that the poison was not spread uniformly in the air of warm countries, but was always contained in the minute bodies of certain insects, and more than that, in the still more minute salivary glands of these creatures. The discovery of the full life-cycle of the parasites made it possible not only to predicate the route of infection, but to deter- mine exactly which species of mosquitoes were SCIENCE 89 concerned, and to study the habits of the in- culpated species. The genera Culex and Stegomyia, which it was found did not carry the malarial parasite, breed most commonly in artificial collections of water around houses, the anophelines breed principally in natural collections of water such as marshes, puddles, streamlets and the edges of lakes, ponds and rivers. These observations showed the way to other inquiries which cleared up the epidemi- ology of yellow fever, sleeping sickness, tick fever, plague and might possibly throw light on that of dengue, Mediterranean fever and measles. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS At the meeting of the American Society of Naturalists, held on December 31, 1914, Pro- fessor Hugo DeVries and Professor Wilhelm Roux were elected to honorary membership. Signor GuGLIELMo Marcont has been ap- pointed a member of the Italian senate by King Victor Emmanuel. Ir is one of the privileges of the Spanish Academia de Medicina that it is entitled to a seat in the senate. The member of the acad- emy recently elected senator in this way is Dr. B. G. Alvarez, one of the editors of the Pediatria Espanol. Dr. CHartes R. Van Hisk, president of the University of Wisconsin, has been elected presi- dent of the Utilities Bureau, established as an agency for municipalities in their dealings with public utility companies. Dr. RayMonD PEARL, of the Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station, has been elected a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Experimental Zoology. Tue American Institute of Mining Engi- neers, the American Hlectrochemical Society and the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America are giving a complimentary dinner on Friday, January 15, at the Hotel Plaza to Dr. Frederick Gardner Cottrell, in charge of the San Francisco laboratory of the Bureau of Mines, in recognition of his contributions to research. It is well known that Dr. Cottrell assigned the patents for his process of electro- 90 static precipitation of fumes to the research corporation, the receipts from licenses to be used for the furtherance of research. As a result of this gift the research corporation is now in a flourishing condition. THE new officers of the Society of American Bacteriologists are as follows: President, D. H. Bergey, University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pa. Vice-president, John Weinzirl, Seattle, Wash- ington. Secretary-Treasurer, A. Parker Hitchens, Glen- olden, Pa. Council, K. F. Kellerman, W. A. Stocking, R. H. Buchanan and H. J. Conn. Delegate to the council of the A. A. A. S., M. J. Rosenau. The council of the society has decided to hold the next annual meeting in Urbana, Illinois, on December 28, 29 and 30 of December, 1915. There will be a special meeting in the summer in San Francisco the date of which has not yet been fixed. Tur Paleontological Society at its recent Philadelphia meeting elected officers as follows: President, EH. O. Ulrich, Washington, D. C. Vice-presidents, J. C. Merriam, Berkeley, Cal.; Gilbert Van Ingen, Princeton, N. J.; F. H. Knowlton, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, R. S. Lull, New Haven, Conn. Secretary, R. S. Bassler, Washington, D. C. Editor, C. R. Eastman, New York. Dr. KE. F. Basurorp has resigned the post of general superintendent of the Imperial Can- cer Research Fund, which he has held for the past eight years. Proressor W. H. KavanaucH, head of the experimental department of the college of engineering of the University of Minnesota, has been elected chairman of the Minnesota Section of the American Society of Mechan- ical Kngineering. F. C. Dos& has been appointed assistant in animal nutrition in the Pennsylvania Insti- tute of Animal Nutrition. Dr. E. G. Frarnswes, Miss F. M. G. Mickle- thwait and Dr. E. P. Poulton have been elected to Beit Memorial Fellowships for Medical Research. SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 Dr. J. Watter Frwkes, ethnologist of the Bureau of American Ethnology, left Wash- ington on January 6, to take up his fieldwork in Arizona. Incidentally he will represent the Smithsonian Institution at the inaugural ceremonies of Rufus Bernhard yon Kleinsmid as president of the University of Arizona. The exercises occur on January 11 and 12, at Tucson, Arizona. At the conclusion of the ceremonies, Dr. Fewkes will continue his archeological work in that state, and then proceed to New Mexico to conduct researches concerning the early inhabitants of the lower Mimbres Valley, in connection with which the institution has recently published a report. A SUCCESSFUL exploration tour through the wilds of Patagonia has been made by Dr. L. S. Rowe, of the University of Pennsylvania. Accompanied by the director of national terri- tories and the governor of the Territory of Neuquen, Dr. Rowe traversed the southern section of the Argentine from the Atlantic to the Andes, and from parallel 37 to parallel 42 south. Dr. Rowe depicts in glowing colors the agricultural and industrial possibilities of this district, at one time looked upon as a desert region. A CABLEGRAM from Cairo, Egypt, has been received at the University of Pennsylvania announcing the arrival of Dr. Clarence S. Fisher, leader of the university museum’s Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., expedition, to make further excavations in Egypt. Prorressor M. A. Rosanorr, of the Mellon Institute and the Graduate School, Univer- sity of Pittsburgh, lectured on January 4 and 5 before the New York University department of chemistry, on the partial vapor pressures of mixtures in their bearings on the theory of solutions and the theory of distilla- tion. Dr. G. N. Stewart, of Western Reserve Medical School, lectured before the Syracuse Chapter of Sigma Xi on December 15, taking as his subject “ The Physiologist in the Hos- pital and in the State.” Other speakers this semester have been Dr. F. P. Knowlton, of the Syracuse Medical College, who spoke on JANUARY 15, 1915] November 10 on “Hunger and Allied Phe- nomena” and Professor Henry A. Peck, of the Liberal Arts College, whose subject on November 17 was “Some Recent Aspects of the Nature and Extent of the Siderial Uni- verse.” Mr. Cuartes Haniock, the veteran author and naturalist, founder of Forest and Stream and the International Association for the Protection of Game, is now living at the John Dickson Home in Washington. He is full of interesting reminiscences. He tells the story that he first met the late Dr. Elliott Coues at the Smithsonian Institution when Coues was seventeen years old and took him with him on an expedition to Labrador in 1860. They made large collections and placed 164 skins in the late E. D. Cope’s museum at Philadelphia. Mr. Hallock would be glad to hear from any of his old friends. At the annual meeting of the Mathematical Association, January 9, the president, Sir George Greenhill, gave an address on mathe- matics in artillery science. Mr. Hina BELioc gave the presidential ad- dress at the annual meeting of the Geograph- ical Association, held on January 7, at the University of London. A MEETING in commemoration of the four hundredth birthday anniversary of Vesalius was held at the New York Academy of Medi- cine, January 7, at which Dr. William H. Welch, of the Johns Hopkins University, de- livered an address on “ Vesalius and the Spirit of the Time”; Dr. Fielding H. Garrison, editor of the Index Medicus, spoke on “ Ana- tomical Illustration Before and After Vesa- lius,” and Dr. Harvey Cushing, of the Har- vard Medical School, delivered a lecture on “The Portraits of Vesalius,” illustrated by lantern slides. Proressor N. OC. Dunér, the distinguished Swedish astronomer, secretary of the Swedish Royal Society of Science, died on November 10, at the age of seventy-five years. THe U. §S. Civil Service Commission an- nounces an examination on February 2, for engineer of mine-safety investigations in the SCIENCE 91 Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, at New York, N. Y., at a salary ranging from $3,000 to $3,600 a year. It also an- nounces an examination for specialist in cot- ton testing in the Office of Markets and Rural Organization, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., at salaries ranging from $1,800 to $3,000 a year. THE Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re- search will receive $200,000 under the will of Henry Rutherford, for cancer research work. This bequest was threatened by a contest of the will filed by a cousin of the testator, but the contest was dismissed and the will ad- mitted to probate. A Vienna medical journal, as quoted in the Journal of the American Medical Association, reports 844 cases of cholera with 331 deaths in Austria during the week ended November 7, including 90 cases in Vienna with 10 deaths. During the following week there were 78 cases in Vienna with 19 deaths. THE international service of astronomical telegrams from Kiel having been interrupted by the war, the management of the “ Zentral- stelle ” has been passed over to Professor Elis Strémgren, Copenhagen Observatory. Tue Entomological Society of France has resumed the publication of its Bulletin. No. 15 of 1914 has just reached this country. At the meeting of October 14, the president, M. Alluaud, in addressing the society stated that in the absence of both of the secretaries at the front the publication of Nos. 13 and 14 had been delayed. He urged members still remain- ing in Paris not to interrupt the regular meetings under any pretext and to attend regularly. He quoted the speech made by Doctor Laboulbéne at the meeting of January 11, 1871, during the siege of Paris, in which the same course was urged. He further stated that a bomb had been dropped by an aeroplane very near the Museum of Natural History the day before the meeting. He stated that MM. Reymond Morgon and André Vuillet had fallen in battle. Vuillet was well known in this country on account of his publications relating to the gipsy moth and its parasites. 92 He was killed in an assault on September 10 at Ippecourt. Both of the secretaries, Dr. R. Jeannel and Dr. Maurice Royer, were at the front but in good health. We learn from The Observatory that it is proposed to recommence the publication of the Gazette Astronomique, formerly issued by the Astronomical Society of Antwerp. The occu- pation of that town by the Germans occasioned the temporary suspension of the Gazette. A number of English astronomers, on the initia- tive of Mrs. Fiammetta Wilson, of Bexley Heath, have promised to aid by pecuniary as- sistance and literary contributions. It is in- tended to issue the Gazette monthly unless funds and the material for printing should justify publication at shorter intervals. The minimum subscription will be five shillings, but those who are able and willing to aid more generously may subscribe half a guinea or a guinea as a more effective means of carrying out the idea of their Belgian comrades. The Gazette will be published in French and Eng- lish, and will be devoted to general astronom- ical subjects. It is hoped that the first num- ber of the new issue will be ready early in January. Subscriptions and correspondence should be addressed to Felix de Roy, hon. sec., 29 Stamford St., London, S.E. Dr. Grorce D. Hussarp, head of the de- partment of geology at Oberlin College, has issued a bulletin covering the work of the Oberlin Geological Survey during the sum- mer. From June 25 to August 14, Dr. Hub- bard conducted a field survey in geology at Glen Lyn, Virginia. The party consisted of Professor and Mrs. Hubbard and nine stu- dents, eight men and one woman. Three of the students were graduates; seven were Ober- lin men; one came from the University of Cincinnati, and one from Houghton Semi- nary, New York. The work consisted of the making of a topographic map by means of transit and plane-table, and the making of a geologic map of about 40 square miles of hilly country, partly in the folded strata of the Appalachians and partly in the dissected Alle- gheny plateau of nearly horizontal strata. A large collection of rocks and fossils was made; SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 among the latter were several species of crin- oids hitherto unknown in the Mississippian rocks of this locality. These collections are now being prepared and mounted for the Oberlin Geological Museum. Witt a view to prolonging the original sur- vey of the Palestine Exploration Fund to the Egyptian frontier, and so connecting it with recent work of the Egyptian Survey Depart- ment, a survey has been carried out under the auspices of the same fund by parties headed by Captain S. F. Newcombe, R.E. In a re- port, written at Akaba in February of this year and printed in the July number of the Quarterly Statement of the Fund, of which we learn from the Scottish Geographical Journal, Captain Newcombe describes the general pro- gram of the survey, and the progress of the work to date, while a postscript written in June records the return of the party to this country after completing its labors. The area in question was but imperfectly known, and the results are of some interest apart from their purely cartographical value. Five parties were engaged in the work, and the map was made on the scale of 1: 125,000, roughly con- toured at 100-feet intervals. A triangulation was effected, the fixed points of the Siani boundary determined by the Egyptian survey being carried further east, while in the north a chain of triangles was carried across to con- nect with the original Palestine survey. In the south it was possible to save time and ex- pense by observing large triangles, the exte- rior points—Mount Hor and Jebel Taba— being observed from two mutually visible fixed points over 40 miles apart on the Egyptian frontier, and a framework thus supplied into which subsidiary points could be easily fitted. The main difficulties encountered were con- cerned with transport, and the procuring of guides and supplies, with a certain amount of hostility on the part of the Arabs, but these were on the whole successfully overcome. A small area near Akaba had to be left unsur- veyed owing to the unwillingness of the Turk- ish authorities to give the required permis- sion. This was, however, mapped by Major Kitchener in 1883. The summit of Mount Hor JANUARY 15, 1915] (where the size and bright coloring of ““ Aaron’s tomb” were a distinct aid in the observation of rays over 55 miles in length) was fixed, relatively to the Siani survey, with a probable error of only 30 feet. The other results of the survey are mainly concerned with archeology, in the interests of which Messrs. Woolley and Lawrence, archeologists connected with the British Museum, were at- tached to the expedition for part of the time. Special care was devoted to the accurate col- lection of names of localities, which were taken down, as pronounced by the guides, by an educated Syrian of the party. That of “Theigat el-Amirin,” thought by Professor Palmer to be possibly a relic of the Amorites, turned out to refer to a tribal fight of about 150 years ago between the Azazma and Amiri tribes. The Bedawin of this desert region seem to have moved there only within the last 500 years. All roads have been inserted in the new map, and a point of interest is the discovery that the direct route from Kadesh to Mount Hor is an easy road, though thought by earlier writers to be impossible. Ture Royal Engineers’ Journal for May of this year contains, according to The Geograph- ical Journal, an account by Captain C. W. Biggs, R.E., of a recent somewhat serious en- croachment of the sea at Fort Ricasoli, Malta, and of the measures taken to cope with it. The paper is illustrated by plans and photo- graphs. The site of the encroachment is a line of weakness, due apparently to a fault in the rock structure, traversing the peninsula on which Fort Rieasoli is placed, on the north- east of the Grand Harbor. The trace of the bastion walls built by the knights of Malta about 1670, shows that even then the inlet on the line of fault existed. The winter storms have gradually eaten into the fault and bur- rowed a tunnel beneath the cliff, from which a sort of chimney was formed leading to the parade grounds above. Measures were there- fore necessary to stop the encroachment, the proposal adopted being one for the creation of a breakwater across the mouth of the inlet by means of a number of concrete blocks ehained together. The work has been con- SCIENCE 93 tinued for several successive years, the com- paratively small blocks used at first proving inadequate to withstand the heavy seas. Some were washed out to the front, while others sank in the sand. The weight of the blocks was progressively increased until at last it reached fifty tons each, and this seems to have had a satisfactory result. Although some of the blocks have been shifted by the winter storms, this has now taken place inwards, while the sea has helped to defeat itself by piling up material behind the breakwater. All that is thought necessary for the future is the addition of more large blocks from time to time, and continued filling in behind them. In the thirty-fifth annual report of the United States Geological Survey, Mr. Geo. Otis Smith, the director, discusses partic- ularly the province of the federal survey. An amendment which was offered in Congress to last year’s appropriation bill would, if passed, have restricted the geologic work of the survey to the public lands. As the amendment failed the only result was to attract more attention to the basic investigative work of the survey, which embraces all the lands of the United States, the privately owned as well as the pub- lic lands. The examination of private prop- erty for private purposes is forbidden by the organic act of the survey, but the examina- tion of private lands must be included in any general investigation. The determinative fac- tor in the whole matter is whether the inves- tigative work on privately owned lands yields results that are merely of local and personal interest or results that are of general and national value. Land ownership is only an incident when large questions of natural re- sources are considered. The special interest of the government in its own lands—the pub- lic lands—being granted, it must be added, as was suggested last year by Representative _Sherley at a hearing before the House Appro- priations Committee, that “So far as the development of the mineral resources of the country is concerned, it is just as important to know the resources of privately owned land as of government-owned land.” When it is remembered that in the First Annual Report 94 of the Geological Survey Director King proph- esied for the United States a future annual output of mineral products having a value of a billion dollars, and that the present produc- tion is two and one half times that amount, it must be conceded that the desirability of the federal scientific investigations of these national resources is even greater than in 1880. “Tt is a most conservative statement,” Direc- tor Smith says, “that at no date has the gen- eral public been in closer touch with the United States Geological Survey or made larger use of the published or unpublished results of its surveys and investigations than at the present time.” UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS A BEQUEST of $3,000,000 to Oberlin College by Charles M. Hall, the distinguished electro- chemist and manufacturer of aluminum, is an- nounced. The bequest is in the form of $2,000,000 endowment to be used for any pur- pose, $500,000 to be used to build an audi- torium, $100,000 for the auditorium’s main- tenance, $200,000 to be spent for campus im- provements; all property in Oberlin owned by Dr. Hall, and a valuable art collection. Tur will of Miss Grace Hoadley Dodge, for many years known for her educational and philanthropic activities in New York City, contains bequests of $1,400,000 for educational and charitable purposes, as well as a number of deferred bequests of the same character. The sum of $500,000 is bequeathed to Teachers College, Columbia University, in the found- ing and conduct of which she took an active part. The college will receive two deferred bequests, one of which may be large. To the National Board of the Y. W. C. A. the sum of $500,000 is left, and to the Y. W. C. A. of New York City, $200,000. AT the meeting of the corporation of Har- vard University on December 28, it was voted to establish a separate faculty for the Bussey Institution. The vote was consented to by the board of overseers, and the new body at present includes the following members: W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D.; W. E. Castle, Ph.D.; R. T. SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 Fisher, A.B., M.F.; E. M. East, Ph.D.; C. T. Brues, 8.M.; I. W. Bailey, A.B., M.F., and C. C. Little, S.D., of the Bussey Institution; G. H. Parker, S.D. and W. J. V. Osterhout, Ph.D., of the faculty of arts and sciences; and EK. E. Tyzzer, A.M., M.D., of the medical school. Dr. C. E. Bur«e, lately of the University of California, has been appointed instructor in the department of chemistry at the University of Vermont. Dr. Howarp D. Haskins, formerly associate professor of bio-chemistry in the school of medicine of Western Reserve University, has been appointed professor of bio-chemistry in the medical department of the University of Oregon. Dr. Freperick D. Herat, of Philadelphia, has been appointed professor of plant pathol- ogy and pathologist, Washington State College and Experiment Station, Pullman, Washing- ton. DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE BATESON’S ADDRESS, MENDELISM AND MUTATION In Bateson’s thoughtful and stimulating address,1 a recognized authority on evolution attempts to summarize for us recent progress in the study of that subject by analytical methods. It would be well for all engaged in some particular branch of this subject to at- tempt thus to lift the eyes from the scene of their individual labors and survey from time to time the entire field. An indispensable sense of proportion and perspective is thus gained. This is my excuse for commenting briefly on some of Bateson’s fruitful ideas. That evolution occurs all biologists agree. That the organisms now existing on this earth are different from those which formerly existed here no one questions. But we are still ignor- ant of how they came to be different. The geological record indicates that the change was gradual. The supposed ancestors of the horse, 1 Bateson, W., Address of the President of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, SCIENCE, N. S8., 40, pp. 287-302, August 28, 1914, January 15, 1915] for example, are less and less like modern horses the more remote in geological time are the deposits in which their bones are found. But students of evolution differ in their ideas as to how gradual the progress of evolution has been and is, for no one supposes the process ended. Within my view stands the sloping bank of a reservoir, which most visitors ascend by a flight of granite steps; but children often go up the grassy bank wherever they happen to encounter it. Hither method takes one to the top, the gradual or the stepwise mode of ascent. - Evolution was thought by Darwin to occur in two ways comparable with these, the grad- ual and the stepwise. From Darwin’s writings it would seem that he regarded the gradual as the more common and important method of evolutionary change among organisms, but it is clear that he recognized stepwise or “sport” variation as of considerable value, particularly in the production of new vari- eties under domestication. But not many years after Darwin’s death a question arose in the minds of certain thought- ful naturalists as to whether Darwin had rightly estimated the relative importance of these two methods of evolution. Galton, Bateson and DeVries have laid increasing emphasis on sport variations or “ mutations,” until these have come to be regarded by many as of overshadowing importance in evolution. The full-fedged mutation theory? maintains that evolution occurs by steps alone, that is that new species arise from old ones by single discontinuous steps, never by gradual unin- terrupted change. This theory has been the guiding principle in evolutionary study in recent years. Its basic idea is that natural species are invariably discontinuous and that intergrades between them do not occur except possibly as the result of sporadic hybridization, 2The term ‘‘mutation theory’’ is here used in its widest sense, including not merely the ideas of De Vries concerning evolution among the evening primroses, but the general idea of discontinuity in the origin of species previously outlined by Galton and Bateson. SCIENCE 95 such intermediate forms being unstable and So without significance. The attempt by Bate- son® to classify the variations which occur within species led him to the conclusion that only such variations as are discontinuous in nature can have species-forming value, since they alone are not “swamped by crossing.” This idea has been supported by the observa- tion that among species regularly dimorphic or polymorphic, the several forms which re- main distinct, notwithstanding constant inter- crossing, are Mendelian alternatives, conform- ing with the laws of dominance and segrega- tion. Many of the striking variations in color and form which occur among domesticated animals and plants follow these same laws so that their rediscovery and verification in 1900 was rightly regarded as strong presumptive proof of discontinuity in evolution. At about the same time DeVries brought together in his book entitled “The Mutation-Theory” a large amount of evidence favoring the idea of discontinuity in evolution most important of which was the repeatedly verified polymorph- ism of the seedlings produced by Lamarck’s evening-primrose. Mendelian segregation, however, does not at present offer a sufficient explanation of muta- tion in the evening-primroses so that provi- sionally we are forced to conclude with Gates* that mutation and segregation following hybridization are probably distinct phenomena. It also remains doubtful whether the phe- nomena observed among evening-primroses oceur at all commonly among other plants or among animals. The so-called “mutations” which Morgan has observed in the fly Droso- phila are certainly not of this order, but are clearly due to Mendelian factorial variation. Many with Bateson think that Mendelism affords a basis for the explanation of all evo- lution and confidently expect the evening- primroses sooner or later to be shown con- formable with its fundamental ideas. In the 3 ““Materials for the Study of Variation,’’ 1894. 4Gates, R. R., “‘Breeding Experiments which Show that Hybridization and Mutation are Inde- pendent Phenomena,’’ Zeits. f. ind. Abst. u. Vererbungslehre, 11, pp. 209-279, 1914. 96 latest statement of his views, Bateson argues substantially as follows: Variations may be large or small. Those which are small are either not inherited or are of no consequence, being “slight differences that systematists would disregard.” But large differences can not arise “by accumulation of small differ- ences.” Hence only large differences have evolutionary significance. In his own words:° We have done with the idea that Darwin came latterly to favor, that large differences can arise by accumulation of small differences. Such small differences are often mere ephemeral effects of conditions of life, and as such are not transmiss- ible; but even small differences, when truly ge- netic, are factorial like the larger ones, and there is not the slightest reason for supposing that they are capable of summation. Whether we may properly regard small differ- ences as capable of “summation” depends upon what we mean by summation. Phillips and I® have shown that in the case of piebald rats the areas of white fur characterizing the race may be either increased or decreased at will and that the change takes place gradually, progressing steadily generation after genera- tion and far transgressing the original limits of variation. The same is undoubtedly true of similar variegated patterns which mendelize among both animals and plants. Small differ- ences which have arisen spontaneously have certainly been aggregated in this case. But crossing of the modified races shows that the aggregated changes have not been summated to such an extent that they constitute a single Mendelian factor, except in one case, where it seems quite possible that something of this sort has occurred. I am by no means ready to regard summation out of the question, whether by that we mean mere aggregation or fusion into a new Mendelian unit. Bateson has further expressed the view that evolution has occurred largely, if not exclu- sively, by loss of Mendelian factors resulting in striking variations that breed true from their first appearance and thus render the 5L. ¢., p. 285. 6 Publ. No. 195, Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, 1914. SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 parent species dimorphic or polymorphic. That many varieties of domesticated animals and cultivated plants have originated in this way will be admitted by any one who has studied them genetically. Darwin himself pointed out the importance of “sport” variation in producing new varieties of animals and plants under man’s care and supervision and it is known that similar variations occur in wild species. But it is doubtful whether in a wild species a sport originating in this way has ever replaced the original form. Under do- mestication it is only the constant interposi- tion of man that keeps the favored sports alive. Whether sport variation has had any part in the evolution of species is accordingly very doubtful. If we compare one wild species with another, we commonly find existing be- tween them not single striking differences but numberless minute differences. Systemat- ists usually name as diagnostic characters a few of the more striking differences, ignor- ing, as they are quite warranted in doing, all minor ones, the enumeration of which is for their purpose superfluous. But if one makes an intensive study of related species he finds that they differ in endless details of structure and physiological behavior extending even to differences in size of the constituent cells of the body (Conklin), or of their parts (chromo- somes, chromomeres, ete.). During recent years, as the discrimination of species has be- come more keen, it has taken on more and more a quantitative expression. Series of specimens are measured, and specific distinc- tions are based on absolute and relative di- mensions of parts, not on the “presence or absence” of large striking features of organi- zation. It is easy to dispose of the work of the systematist by assuming that he does not know his business, but is it wise to do so? For other lines of evidence also indicate that the differences between species are quantita- tive and increase with genealogical divergence. This for example is the conclusion reached from such distinct methods of study as the examination of the forms of hemoglobin erys- tals in the blood of various species of animals and of the precipitin reaction of the blood. JANUARY 15, 1915] But quantitative differences such as distin- guish species are precisely those which do not Mendelize in crosses. Bateson says (p. 291): Of the descent of quantitative characters we still know practically nothing. By which he probably means that we know nothing Mendelian, since in this address he treats Mendelism as the all-sufficient basis of evolution, and ignores a decade of intensive work in America directed toward the discovery of Mendelian factors as a basis for quantita- tive differences, a work participated in by many different workers, all favorably dis- posed toward the idea, but all unavailing. For the uniform result of a cross which involves quantitative differences is the production of an intermediate, which in turn produces inter- mediates only slightly more variable than the races originally crossed. Dimorphism or sharply discontinuous polymorphism is reg- ularly wanting after size crosses. This is a fatal objection to the idea that specific differ- ences are discontinuous in origin. One who advoeates this idea has no choice at present but to ignore (as Bateson does) all evidence derived from the experimental study of this subject. The idea that large differences can not arise by summation of small ones is rendered im- probable by this evidence. For if the larger (quantitative) differences can so readily be broken down into smaller ones, it seems highly probable that the process is reversible. In- deed the experience of breeders shows that it is. The dog-breeder alluded to by Bateson who titrated his colored fluids to illustrate blood dilution in crosses was, so far as quan- titative characters are concerned, employing a very apt method, notwithstanding Bateson’s disapproval of it. Even sport variations, which truly Men- delize, and which form the basis of color vari- eties and other fancy varieties among animals and plants, even these are capable of second- ary break-down or “ fractionation,” as Bateson admits. In making this admission he differs from the supporters of the pure-line theory who conceive that a Mendelian factor is in- capable of change, but who apparently hold SCIENCE 97 the idea as an article of faith rather than one requiring proof. Secondary break-down or modification of Mendelian factors is, however, coming to be so generally recognized that a special name is now applied to its products, that of multiple allelomorphs. Even those who hold to the con- ception of “pure lines” now recognize that the same sport variation (“mutation” or “locus”) may assume several different condi- tions which viewed quantitatively form a graded series; but they insist on the discon- tinuity of the grades or forms which a Men- delizing character may assume, maintaining on @ priori grounds that these stages can not be bridged. The perilousness of such a posi- tion is apparent from a single well-known case. The first discovered Mendelizing character in animals was albinism and it is one of the simplest and clearest cut of all Mendelian characters thus far discovered. It was not to be expected that the single step between a wholly uncolored and the normally colored condition would be or could be bridged. Yet two such intermediate stages have already been demonstrated, which are unmistakable allelomorphs of albinism, 7. e., which behave as alternative forms of the same genetic factor. If two such intermediate stages may arise, why may not others arise; why not a dozen, why not a thousand? Is it safe to assume that this is not possible? Bateson urges that in cases of color variation such as that of the sweet-pea and the primrose the large changes came first and the smaller ones later by secondary break-down or “ frac- tionation.” The argument implies, indeed, he expressly claims, that large differences can not be built up from small ones. I do not believe that either paleontology or the history of breeding will support Bateson in this claim. On the former ground Osborn’ holds to a gradual origin of discontinuous differences between organisms. A study of breeds of animals in comparison with their wild orig- inals or present-day representatives shows 7Qsborn, H. F., ‘‘The Continuous Origin of Certain Unit-characters as Observed by a Paleon- toogist,’’? Amer. Nat., 46, pp. 185-278, 1912. 98 that variation has not occurred merely by large losses subsequently fractionated so as to form intermediates. Not merely intermediates arise but also those which transcend any known original sports. Original black races have become blacker; original yellow races have be- come yellower; white-spotted races have become more spotted still at the will of the breeder. Large races also become larger, and small races smaller, under the hands of the fancier. He does not limit himself to the production of intermediates. To suggest further that all variation tran- scending limits previously existing is due to loss of inhibitors and so is really retrogressive is scarcely satisfying. It is a formal evasion of the difficulty but in no sense a solution of it. It belongs with the box-within-box idea of development. J agree with Bateson that variety formation within the higher animals and plants seems to be very frequently by a process of loss but I can not believe that this is the exclusive process concerned in the for- mation of new species or even of varieties. It needs but to carry the idea to its logical con- clusion to show its absurdity. Is man merely an amceba simplified by loss of inhibitors? I can not believe so. I can not believe that the original proteid molecule has since its original synthesis only grown simpler. New radicles have undoubtedly become attached to it as side-chains replacing or supplementing old ones and changing its properties. The liv- ing substance is not merely losing constitu- ents; it is also gaining new ones. Similarly organisms, morphologically and physiologically, change not merely by losses but also by gains. It is impossible to explain evolution satis- factorily by either process alone. The two go hand-in-hand and no doubt are constantly occurring among organisms. Change is uni- versal. Mere subdivision of a species into two groups of individuals, which are pre- vented from intermingling, seems to be suffi- cient in time to make the two groups speci- fically distinct. Each keeps on changing in so many different ways that it would be little short of a miracle if both changed similarly and simultaneously in all respects. Direct en- SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 vironmental effects are insufficient to account for such organic changes, for among the best- known illustrations of divergent evolution are the animals of oceanic islands, close together and subjected to the same climatic agencies, undoubtedly descended from common ances- tors at no remote period, yet having become distinct, probably through numerous spontane- ous changes which isolation prevented from being ground down to a common level by inter-crossing. These are commonplaces of evolutionary knowledge, familiar to everyone since Darwin and Wallace first called attention to them, yet we are in danger of overlooking them for the moment in our enthusiasm over a new method of attacking the obstinate problems of evolution. It may not be superfluous there- fore to call renewed attention to them in this connection. Spontaneous variation is still with us and is as widespread as it was in Darwin’s time. It is doubtful whether un- varying “completely homozygous” organisms occur anywhere outside the text-books. In the case of organisms known to be varying genetically there is abundant evidence that smal] variations are heritable no less than large ones, and we are by no means “ done with the idea” that small variations are capable of summation. With Bateson we must deplore the necessity of engaging merely in destructive criticism. It is indeed “a low kind of work.” It would be so much easier, pleasanter, and more satis- fying to adopt a single explanatory principle for evolution and build on this. But it would be foolish to go on building lofty superstruc- tures of hypothesis on an insecure foundation, and the more carefully we scrutinize the muta- tion theory the more serious do our doubts become whether it is a secure foundation for evolutionists to build on. W. E. CastLE BussEyY INSTITUTION, Forrest Hinus, Mass., December 12, 1914 MASTODON TUSK IN GLACIAL GRAVELS To THE EpiTor or Science: A tusk of a pro- boscidean, probably Mastodon americanus, was JANUARY 15, 1915] found recently in a gravel pit in Pony Hollow, twelve miles southwest of Ithaca, N. Y., on the property of Mr. Bert Drake. Unlike most Mastodon finds from this region this is not postglacial. It was found in place twenty-four feet below the surface in stratified sand and gravel which was being used in good roads work. The pit is in the base of an extensive terrace whose top follows the valley wall high above the outwash gravel plain which occu- pies the floor of the valley. The exact origin of this Pleistocene terrace is obscure but it is certainly not later than the end of the ice occupation of the valley and may be earlier. The tusk was broken in removing the gravel. Two pieces, each about a foot long, from ten to thirteen inches in circumference, were pre- sented to the Paleontological Museum of Cor- mell by E. A. Dahmen, the road engineer. Three approximate measurements of the cur- vature of the tusk gave from two feet one inch to two feet eleven inches as the radius of eurvature. PEARL SHELDON CORNELL UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC BOOKS THE TRANSLOCATION OF MATERIAL IN DYING LEAVES + Tue fact of an autumnal transfer of nu- trient matter from leaves was first clearly stated by Sachs, in 1863. Sachs’s statement was based on microscopical examinations of the leaves of a series of plants in various stages of their autumnal changes, whereby he deter- mined that starch and chlorophyll disappeared from leaves before their fall. He extended this observation to cover most of the other nu- trient materials in the leaf. Swart, however, holds that the solution of this question in its broader sense is to be had only by chemical analyses such as he has made. According +o Swart, the first essential to a” correct answer is a correct wording of the prob- lem, as follows: 1 Swart, Dr. Nicolas, ‘‘Die Stoffwanderung in ablebenden Blittern,’’? pp. 1-118, Taf. 5, Jena, Verlag von Gustay Fischer, 1914. SCIENCE 99 During the autumnal coloring of leaves can there be determined, by chemical analysis, a trans- location of nutrient materials during the period extending from shortly before to directly after the close of the yellowing? Tt is essential to draw the time limits thus sharply, since this period represents a sharply limited, externally recognizable terminal pe- riod in the life of the leaf, which in addition to anatomical variations in the petiole, may be directly recognized by the physiological proc- esses which are indicated to us by the disap- pearance of the chlorophyll. If we would an- swer the question as to whether, before the fall of the leaf, there may be demonstrated a trans- fer of any substances, it is necessary to regard only the period during which the leaf, as indi- cated by these externally recognizable proc- esses, prepares for its final act. After answer- ing this narrower question, then we should consider the amount of these materials in the leaf at other periods of the year, in order to arrive at a causal explanation of the phenom- ena. The necessary chemical analyses fall into two groups: those which extend over the entire vegetative period of the leaves, and those which cover only the period directly before and after yellowing. In most of the former investigations the leaves analyzed began to be removed from the tree at a late period, but quite independent of the exact time when the coloring began and ended. The value of the results of such analyses must, therefore, be estimated with caution since, even in most favorable cases, they can only give us an an- swer to the question of whether, in general, yel- low leaves are poorer in their content of any given substance than green leaves of any earlier period. Thus a maximum or a mini- mum in the proportion of the given material in the intervening period would give results entirely misleading with reference to the ques- tion whose answer is sought. Another objection to former researches that extend over the entire vegetative period is that very frequently a large number of leaves for study were taken at one time from the same 100 tree. By this act the metabolism of the re- maining leaves is known to be altered. Thus, for example, the rapidity of the translocation of carbohydrates from leaves is increased with the diminution of the number of leaves on the plant; by partial defoliation transpiration from the remaining leaf surfaces is increased, and this is accompanied by a more rapid de- pletion of starch. The taking in of the nu- trient salts is also favored by a diminution in the number of leaves. If dead leaves are used in the analysis, another source of error is introduced, since substances may be washed out of dead leaves exposed to the weather. In former researches a yellow color has been held to indicate death, and all yellow leaves accordingly designated as dead. Swart discusses these, and other sources of error in all researches on the subject prior to Wehmer’s Kritzk of 1892. He argues with Wehmer that all results published before his paper can be relied upon to only a limited extent, but he disagrees (p. 37) with Weh- mer’s view that these results argue against the validity. of the theory of a depletion before leaf-fall, for he knows of no case where the failure of a translocation has been demon- strated beyond doubt. In his own researches Swart employed the method devised by Stahl, of cutting out, with a die (or a cork-borer), portions of the leaves for analysis, thus avoiding the troublesome and inaccurate measuring of the area of an entire leaf. Tabular statements of the results of several analyses are given on pages 59 to 67, the material including leaves of Anthurium, sp., Liriodendron Tulipifera, Ginko biloba, Laserpitium latifolium, Parothia persica, Alschylus Hippocastanum, Salix caprea, Sor- bus intermedia, Quercus sp., and others. These analyses show that the leaves in the brief pe- riod preceding their fall and during their col- oring, had suffered a loss of nitrogen, phos- phoric acid and potassium, and these losses, especially in the case of nitrogen and phos- phorie acid, were quite considerable. These results confirm 7m toto those of former investi- gators. The slight loss of magnesia in indi- vidual cases may, in the opinion of the author, SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 be attributed to variations in the analyses, in consequence of the inequality of the research material. Iron remains rather constant. It is worthy of note that calcium, silica, phosphorie acid and chlorine, materials which at other times become richer in leaves, increase only a little, or not at all. From this it may be inferred that, in general, in the last vital period of leaves, only slight additional quanti- ties of nutrient salts are taken in from the soil. On the other hand, the two analyses of Laser- pitiwm (as shown in the table, page 67), in so far as they are comparable, indicate that the composition of leayes may vary considerably in different years. No general law or principle can be formu- lated from the known behavior of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and calcium. Such an infer- ence must be based on a study of all the in- vestigations bearing on the subject. The fact that the literature contains certain contradic- tions as to the behavior of calcium, serves only to indicate (in so far as the researches have been carried out with sufficient care) that the behavior of any given substance is not uniform, but varies, within wide limits, according to the plant and the external conditions. In consideration of the rather considerable losses, especially of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, suffered by the leaves studied by Swart, he finds himself in entire agreement with the view for which Ramann and Stahl contend, namely, that the loss of substances suffered by leaves before their fall is wholly restricted to their period of yellowing. Microscopie in- vestigations of yellowed leaves (pages 70-96) also substantiate this conclusion. The second chapter is devoted to The Color- ing of Leaves. Having demonstrated that the translocation of nutrient materials, resulting in a permanent loss of these substances from the leaves, takes place in the relatively short period of a few weeks’ duration, marked exter- nally by the loss of chlorophyll, the author now turns his attention to this period, in order to ascertain how far a study of the yellowing of leaves would lead to the same conclusions as did the chemical analyses. The period of yellowing or of coloring in JANUARY 15, 1915] general, in which are completed those proc- esses which are associated with the degenera- tion of the leaves, varies in length (according to the species of plant) from a few days to sev- eral months. In unusually dry, or in wet cold years (e. g., 1911 and 1912 in Germany), this period began several weeks earlier than nor- mally, and was of briefer duration. Under these conditions the loss of substance which leaves suffer through autumnal translocation is notably less than under normal conditions, especially when an early night frost brings the life of the leaf to an abrupt end. That the vascular bundles exert an influ- ‘ence upon the process of change of color is evi- ‘denced by the fact that the change always be- gins in those parts of the parenchyma that are farthest from the veins, and spreads thence by degrees, first to the smaller veins, then to the main veins, reaching the petiole last of all. As the yellow color spreads the stomata (as Stahl has shown) quite generally become closed. Swart then asks what has become of the ‘ehlorophyll, where the yellow color has ap- peared, and notes that this question can not be considered to advantage, except in the light of the newer conceptions concerning the na- ture of chlorophyll. Then follows a review of the chlorophyll studies of Sorby, Tswett, Will- stitter, Kohl, Czapek and others. According to Kohl (1902), there belong to the yellow pig- ments of chlorophyll, carotin and two xantho- phylls, a and B. Tswett (1903) distinguished in addition to carotin, three xanthophylls, a, a, 8. From subsequent researches of Will- statter we have become better acquainted with two of these yellow accompaniments of chloro- phyll. One is an unsatisfied carbohydrate, of the composition C,,H,,, identical with the caro- tin of carrots. The second, the xanthophyll of older authors, is an oxide of carotin, with the formula C,,H,,O,. Both pigments are crystal- lizable. According to Willstatter, both these yellow pigments play no réle in photosynthesis, but are concerned in respiration, and with this view Swart agrees. Returning now to the question as to the be- havior of these green and yellow pigments, SCIENCE 101 during the yellowing of the leaves, Swart re- jects the hypothesis that the green ones disap- pear from the leaves, while the yellow ones, as such, remain behind. As to whether the chlor- ophyll is merely translocated as such, or whether it first undergoes a decomposition, there is no @ priori reason for considering the first alternative as correct, while at the same time no instance is known where the colorless rhizomes of our perennial plants become green in winter. Observations of the bark of girdled branches above the girdling, as compared with the bark below the girdling, also give negative results, and so on this ground also, we may reject the hypothesis of a translocation of chlorophyll as such. Tf, however, the chlorophyll suffers a disin- tegration, then either the disintegration prod- ucts are removed from the leaf, or else they remain where formed. Stahl (1909) showed that the former is the case, and demonstrated that the separation of a leaf from the stem, or portion out of the leaf blade, caused a marked retardation of the yellowing in the leaf or iso- lated portion. The same result was obtained on trees in the open, in the case of leaves at the commencement of color change, by sepa- rating a part of the blade from direct connec- tion with the vascular bundles, by a cut or simply by pinching. Swart has repeated these experiments with the same results as those ob- tained by Stahl. For their firmer establish- ment, there is needed only the application of the law of mass action. Swart, therefore, con- eludes, with Stahl, that the chlorophyll passes from the leaves into the stem in the form of its disintegration products. The question of the fate of the yellow color- ing matters is next considered. Kohl held that the yellow pigment that remains behind in yellowed leaves consists of carotin and also of the xanthophylls, a and 8, found by him in green leaves, but that the yellow pigment of the normal green chloroplasts remains unal- tered during the autumnal color changes. In direct opposition to this Tswett, by means of his adsorption method, found that, in most eases, the larger part of the yellow pigments in yellowed leaves represents a new formation, 102 which he provisionally designated as autumn- xanthophyll. The question ias to whether it is simple or complex, Tswett did not solve. If Tswett’s idea is correct, then it is highly prob- able that we have to do here with a derivative of the normal yellow pigment of the leaf—pos- sibly with a further oxidation product of caro- tin. Swart refers to the contrast (first noted by Stahl) in the behavior of the yellow and green pigments, and the biological significance of yellowing and etiolation, showing how the yellow pigments containing the elements C, H, and O, remain in the leaf, while the green pig- ments, which contain also N and Mg (two ele- ments whose retention by the plant is more im- portant than that of the other three), are transplanted back into the plant before the death of the leaves. Here is a lack of agreement with the results of the chemical analyses, which show that the Magnesium is not removed from yellowing leaves, and a satisfactory explanation of this contradiction in favor of the results above recorded is not at hand. One may consider that the magnesium contained in chlorophyll represents only a very small part of the entire amount of that element which is present in leaves, so that, considering the variations which the results of the analyses always show, the translocation of this small part may be often not noticeable in the end result. Unless we abandon the idea of a translocation of the chlorophyll in the form of its disintegration products, we must establish the fact that the magnesium very probably takes no part in this movement. Swart then gives attention to the changes in the cell contents of the yellowing leaves dis- closed by a microscopical examination. Four different processes (to which Sachs first called attention) are studied: (1) The destruction of the outer form of the chlorophyll grains, (2) the disintegration of the green pigment, (3) the translocation of the chlorophyll substance, (4) the translocation of the starch. These proc- esses, which may occur in any order or simul- taneously, are studied and described. Con- trary to Mer, Swart believes that the oil, formed by the disintegration of the chloro- SCIENCE .of the petiole. [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 phyll, remains in the leaf at the time of leaf fall. Wide variations are noted in the behav- ior of the starch. In some leaves which have just begun to turn yellow, very little starch was found, while in others, quite yellow, the yellow portions were found to be full of starch. Swart confirms the observations of Mer as to the sequence of steps in the disappearance of the starch, namely, first from the parenchyma cells of the leaf blade, then from the veins of the blade, and finally from the vascular bundles Small traces of starch remain with the intact chloroplasts in the guard cells of the stomata. It is not strange that traces of starch remain in completely yellowed leaves, when we recall that the solution of starch is greatly inhibited by the very low temperatures which often occur suddenly in autumn, and that there is also a high content of msoluble carbohydrate, as shown by chemical analysis. As to the behavior of the plasma itself, Swart failed to confirm the observation of Kienitz-Gerloff that only disorganized rem- nants of plasma are to be found in yellowed leaves. The mesophyll cells give the impres- sion of being very poor in plasma, in compari- son to the parenchyma of the vascular bundles, but the plasma utricle and the nucleus remain intact. The cells of the leaf, even after leat- fall, are by no means dead. That a transloca- tion of nitrogenous substance occurs (as the chemical analyses conclusively demonstrated), was also determined by the microscopical study. This may be associated with a destruction of the plasma and a transfer of the disintegration products, but Swart could find no evidence of a translocation of the plasma itself, as held by Kienitz-Gerloff. In 1860, von Mohl showed the untenableness of Schacht’s view that the death and fall of the leaf was caused by the formation of the ab- scission layer of periderm at the leaf-base, for in many plants this layer does not form, and in the cases where it is present the vascular bundles are not interfered with by its forma- tion. Observations to the same effect by Tison were confirmed by Swart, who considers that there is no longer any doubt that the forma- JANuABY 15, 1915] tion of the abscission layer does not interfere with the translocation of materials between stem and leaf, although, as Tison demonstrated, thyloses may form in the vessels, and callus in the sieve tubes, but other observed changes (lignification, cork formation and stoppage by wound-gum) take place only after the leaf has fallen. To test Tison’s statements as to the forma- tion of thyloses and callus, Swart employed indigo-carmine, a stain that does not pene- trate the protoplast, and is not poisonous (like eosin) im concentrated solution. Branches containing leaves that had begun to turn yellow, as well as green leaves, were placed in deep blue solutions in light, and the penetra- tion of the stain followed by observing cross sections. In all cases, within a few hours or longer (varying according to the species or the length of the branch), the stain had ad- vanced into the vascular bundles of the petiole, and even into the veins of the blades of the yellowed leaves. The stain appeared earlier in the green than in the yellow ones, although the green ones were farther away, and this may be explained by the stoppage of the sto- mata above described. In how far the closing of the stomata or the changes in the leaf base are to be considered as the primary cause of the diminished suction in the yellow leaves was not determined. The fact remains that any considerable stoppage of the path of liquids is not the rule. The observation that com- pletely yellowed leaves often remain for many days in their exposed places on the tree with- out becoming dry, leads us to the same conclu- sion. The author also finds that the leptome elements of the vascular bundles are not cut off by the abscission layer, so that the trans- portation of substances from the leaf is not hindered in that manner. These facts meet all objections to the transportation theory based on the argument that the abscission layer, being formed before yellowing begins, prevents the passage of materials to and from the leaf. We are accustomed in our thoughts always to associate leaf fall with a degenerative SCIENCE 103 change of color; but that leaves out of account the periodic or the continual leaf-fall outside of temperate regions, and even often in au- tumnal leaf-fall, where we observe, especially on certain trees, that many leaves fall when still green, or only half colored. On more careful investigation, however, these latter cases are found to be due to some unfavorable external conditions, such, for example, as frost, which may cause a rupture of the leaf by the formation, at night, in the abscission layer, of ice crystals which thaw on the follow- ing day. Other causes mentioned are storms, sudden increase of turgor in the active zone, disease of the roots or of the leaves them- selves, and the leaving of collected plants for too long a time in the collecting case. Thus it is seen that plants shed their leaves, not alone when they have ceased their function as organs of nutrition, but also when the life of the plant is threatened, especially as a result of too great transpirational activity. Mention is made of such trees as the beech, hornbeam and oak, many or most of whose leaves remain on during the winter, on account of their failure to form the abscission layer until the following spring. The red pigment of the anthocyan group, occurring in solution in the cell-sap, and to which the autumn landscape owes its special charm, is also formed at other seasons. Its appearance before the death of the leaf is re- stricted to a relatively small number of spe- cies, and then it does not replace the yellow pigment, but only masks the latter. It often occurs in mature leaves when there is no out- ward indication of initial degeneration, such, é. g., aS the disintegration of chlorophyll. An active assimilation, combined with a migration of carbohydrates induced by nocturnal cold, is a conditio sine qua non for the accumula- tion of sugar in the cell-sap, which, in turn, is the antecedent condition for the formation of the red pigment. Thus it is that we have the most beautiful red colors in autumn when cold nights alternate with warm days. There follows a brief discussion of Pick’s theory that the presence of anthocyan in leaves 104 favors the digestion of starch and the trans- location of carbohydrates, and especially that it increases the activity of the starch-digesting enzyme. Wortmann disagreed with this, but Stahl, in his researches with variegated leaves, found a satisfactory explanation of the favor- able influence of the red pigment on the proc- ess of the translocation of materials. The formation of red pigment in leaves in spring and fall, and in high mountains, in summer, is associated with low temperatures which retard the translocation of the photosynthate, and thus decrease the activity of photosynthesis. Stahl’s thermoelectric investigations with red- spotted leaves demonstrated an increased ab- sorption of heat in those parts of the leaves containing anthocyan. On the basis of these results, Stahl modified Pick’s thesis as follows: In the heat-absorbing red coloring matter of leaves the plant possesses a medium for accelera- ting the transformation of matter and energy. Contrary to the light-shield theory, which holds that the anthocyan is a protection against the destructive effect of a too intensive light on the chlorophyll, Stahl’s theory, especially in view of the favoring of the process of trans- location, has the advantage of either giving biological significance to the red pigment in autumn leaves, or of pointing the way to in- vestigations of the metabolism in autumn-red leaves. It remains to be proved whether the favor- ing influence of the red pigment on the trans- location of material may actually be demon- strated by comparative chemical analyses, or, in other words, whether and in how far red leaves, under the same conditions, suffer a more thorough emptying out than do other leaves on the same plant which have not formed the red pigment. Swartz’s analyses of green, yellow and red leaves of Parottia persica, with reference to nitrogenous contents showed that, before leaf-fall, the red leaves are more thor- oughly emptied than the yellow ones. Tf a leaf is dropped from the branch shortly after its color has turned (be the color either yellow, red or white) the cells still remain alive, except in a few cases where pari passu SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1046 with the loss of chlorophyll a brown pigment spreads over the leaf-surface. The outer ap- pearance and also the microscopical characters indicate that the cells by no means contain merely disorganized matter, but maintain their complete vital functions until the appearance of the brown and black color, which indicates the death of the leaf. Thus, with Tswett, Swart concludes that the color change of leaves is not a postmortem decomposition, but a phys- iological process, and that we have to distin- guish two phases in the change of color, viz., the necrobiotic, with its yellow, red and white tints, and the postmortem, characterized by the appearance of brown and black color. But Swart holds that the theory of trans- location does not stand and fall with the ques- tion as to whether the leaf during yellowing becomes dead or not, for, as he has shown in the investigations here recorded, the trans- location of material still takes place from the portions of leaves that have already entered upon change in color. Nevertheless, Swart adds, the theory, in consideration of certain cases, must suffer a certain limitation. A chapter on final considerations (pp. 97— 117) concludes the book. C. Stuart GAGER SPECIAL ARTICLES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE LOESS OF SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA + Tus gallant defenders of the grand old aqueous theory of loess deposition seem to be retreating southward, though their rear-guard vigorously contests every district yielded. Just now they seem to be crossing the Ohio River. Rumor has it that a strip on the north side of the river in southwestern Ohio is still being claimed; southwestern Indiana? has been in their undisputed possession for 10 years; and the latest publications on the geology of west- ern Kentucky and southeastern Missouri con- tain such words as “the writer may state his 1 Published by permission of the Director of the United States Geological Survey. 2 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 14, pp. 153-176 and the Patoka folio U. S. Geol. Survey. JANUARY 15, 1915] belief that the loess of the region under con- sideration is of fluviatile and not of eolian origin,’? and “the submergence during the deposition of the loess.” However, changing the figure, there is rea- son for suspecting that some have secret long- ings for a geological statute of limitations which would remove responsibility for state- ments expressed a few years ago. Fortunately for the sake of long and inter- esting debate, it seems impossible to say the last word on the origin of the loess. Never- theless, some, perhaps weary of the contro- versy, or perhaps for novelty, have seemed ready to compromise and admit that some loess may have had one origin and some an- other. Such an interpretation was placed on the loess of southwestern Indiana in the re- ports just referred to, and the principal object of the present communication is to suggest that another view concerning this material may be tenable. The suggestion is perhaps somewhat tardy, but it has received several years of eareful consideration. The correct interpretation of loess like that of other geologic phenomena depends much on the study of extensive areas. The writer’s first-hand knowledge of the loess comes from most of the area of its occurrence in the United States from Nebraska to Ohio, and from Minnesota to Louisiana and also from a part of that in Europe, but it has been par- ticularly in the survey of the Quaternary geol- ogy and physiography of a dozen quadrangles in southern Illinois that he has been impressed with the idea that the conclusions set forth with regard to the loess of the Patoka quad- rangle are not widely applicable. Naturally, the attempt was made to correlate the work in Illinois with that done in nearby districts, 3 Water Supply paper No. 164 U. S. Geol. Sur- vey, p. 46. 4‘“The Physiographie Development of the Low- lands of Southeast Missouri,’’ p. 30. 5 The loess is not the only surficial material of the Patoka quadrangle concerning which the writer is inclined to a different view from that set forth in the folio, but it is perhaps the most im- portant. SCIENCE 105 and for this purpose the Patoka area has been visited a half dozen times in as many differ- ent years. The object of the later visits was to review the work done in previous years and to make sure that none of the critical places had been missed, though a complete survey was not undertaken. Some quotations from the Patoka folio will indicate the view there set forth. Previous to the present survey of the region no attempt had been made to differentiate the silts, but evidence is now at hand for separating them into two types: (1) thick, yellowish, calcareous, and frequently stratified silts along the immediate borders of the Wabash Valley, which are desig- nated marl-loess, and (2) the more clayey, oxi- dized and structureless silts designated as com- mon loess, forming the general mantle over the surface more remote from the river. The first is believed to be of aqueous and the second of eolian derivation. The marl-loess occurs at all altitudes from the flood plain to the. 500-foot level (120 feet above the river), at which altitude it frequently forms broad terraces and flats ... burying a rugged rock or till topography. The thickness of the marl-loess in these terraces and flats is sometimes 40 feet or more, but thick- nesses of 10 to 200 feet are more common. The marl-loess is characterized by a high cal- eareous content and frequently by a sandy texture. Caleareous concretions are exceedingly abundant. In many instances it is delicately stratified and in some cases is interbedded with sands or fine gravels, or even carries scattering pebbles itself. The perfection of their stratification, their in- terbedding with sand and gravel, the presence of pebbles in them, their terraced form, and their limitations to the borders of the Wabash point to water as the most probable agent in the accumu- lation of the marl-loess deposits, the deposition probably being in a fluvio-lacustrine body oceupy- ing the lower Wabash Valley, into which the silt was brought from the Iowan ice sheet by the Wabash River. The view expressed in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, however, seems, to be that the “marl-loess” is partly eolian and the “ common-loess” partly aqueous. To the present writer it does not appear likely that any of the loess of southwestern Indiana 106 is water deposited or has any stratification ex- cept in certain places where it has a very ob- scure banding roughly parallel to the present surface such as loess commonly displays. However, some of the material included under the head of “ marl-loess” has a very distinct and approximately horizontal strati- fication. Most such material is sand of fairly uniform grain, but layers and lenses of grav- elly sand, caleareous sand, and also clay and silt are common. The lime is especially abun- dant in the lower ends of tributary valleys. But, so far as the writer could find, this material is not present at a greater altitude than 440 feet or about fifty feet above the flood plain, and it appears to him to be a part of a widely developed system of valley fillings, rem- nants of which he has traced through nine states in the upper Mississippi Basin. The tops of the remnants are generally 40-60 feet above the present flood plains. The valley fillings seem to have grown as units notwith- standing the fact that some streams are greatly overloaded and others not at all. It thus happened that some tributaries were ponded oy the filling in the main valleys into which they discharged, and the deposits laid down in such comparatively quiet water are fine-grained and caleareous, the lime being largely in the form of small irregular masses differing somewhat from loess kindchen and possibly secreted by plants. Whatever the origin of the stratified mate- rial, surely it is not correct to call it loess, for it differs markedly in several respects from the material known by that name elsewhere, par- ticularly at the type locality in Germany. The principal respects are that it is hetero- geneous, being made up of material of all degrees of fineness from clay to gravel, whereas loess is very homogeneous; (2) that it is co- extensive with the valley fillings above referred to. Thus the “ good sections of a very siliceous form of the marl-loess ... in the bluffs at Mt. Carmel,” the writer would call good ex- posures of waterlaid terrace sand, having no relation whatever to the true loess. It seems, further, that some wind-blown sand has been included in the “marl-loess.” The SCIENCE [N. S. Von. XLI. No. 1046 valley filling along the Wabash has been the source of much dune sand. Most of the dunes are near the valley bottom, but some of the sand has been carried up on the valley side and some even to the top of the bluff and neighboring divides. This seems to have hap- pened in at least two different epochs, and there appear to have been two or more epochs of loess accumulation, though one is most im- portant. As a result the sand and loess finger into each other in places, but in no section are there more than 2 or 3 layers of each. It therefore seems to the writer that the “marl-loess” includes 1. Ordinary bluff loess (the principal part). 2. Glacial outwash. 3. Deposits laid down in ponded tributaries. 4. Wind-blown sand. é The stratified and sandy material of classes 2, 3 and 4 are markedly different from true loess. The division of the loess of the Patoka quad- rangle into marl-loess and common-loess ap- pears to have a relation to the fact that on the bluffs near very large streams loess is generally coarser (or at least more free from extremely fine particles) and thicker and more calcareous than at a distance of several miles. The greater part of the material mapped as marl- loess seems to be loess of the ordinary bluff phase. That is to say, it is buff colored, soft, massive, unstratified, homogeneous, caleare- ous, earth. The particles are mostly angular quartz grains, too small to be classed as sand but some of them are clay. It commonly con- tains shells of air breathing animals and is characterized further by a tendency to develop and retain vertical cliffs. The fact that both the bluff-loess and the clay-loess are best developed on the east side of the valley seems more reasonably accounted for by the prevailing westerly winds than by pos- tulating that “the main current hugged the western shore,” especially since throughout the Mississippi Basin the loess is more exten- sive on the east side of the few main streams than on the west. The writer confesses an inability to see the “terrace form of the marl-loess” as described, the top being said to have a position 500 feet January 15, 1915] above sea. As mapped, it lies at all altitudes between 880 and 500, and there are somewhat flattish areas at all altitudes, but especially at 440-450 the altitude of the top of the valley filling in this region. Since divides generally have a rounded profile, and those of this area stand about 500 feet above sea, probably more of the surface here is near that altitude than any other, but the fact is scarcely evident from the topographic maps. Also the loess does not seem to the writer to show a marked change in character at the 500-foot contour. In color, texture and other physical and chemical characters, including those brought out by mechanical analyses, acid tests and the microscope, the material seems to be a single deposit. In a very rough way the altitude of the surface increases with distance from the river and for this reason the highest “marl-loess” may be, on the whole, a little more like the clayey phase ordinarily found at some distance from larger streams than the average bluff loess, but the difference is slight and there seems to be no noticeable change at the 500 contour. The statement that the range of fossils “is coextensive with that of the marl-loess, none being found above the 500-foot level” is not in accord with the writer’s observations. One rather large collection was made at an alti- tude of 555 feet, two miles north of the center of Patoka and another at 525, one fourth of a mile northwest of that point. Another collec- tion was made two miles north and one and one half miles west of Owensville at an alti- tude of 535 feet. At the first named locality the following species, all of which are land shells, were collected: Pyramidula alternata Say, Succinea sp. (young), Helicodiscus multi- lineatus Say, Huconulus trochiformis Mon- tague, Polygyra monodon Rock, P. hirsuta Say, Pupa muscorum L., Helicina occulta Say. The maximum thickness of the “marl- loess” is only about 40 feet, and yet it is con- tinuous except where it has been subjected to severe erosion, as on the steeper valley sides. Tf the “marl-loess” were water deposited— a valley fillmg now dissected—one might rea- sonably expect to find remnants of triangular SCIENCE 107 eross section and limited extent located where the meandering streams had chanced to leave them, instead of an almost continuous layer covering valley sides. The “marl-loess” as mapped has a vertical range of 120 feet or more, but the maximum thickness is scarcely a third as much. Like true loess, it appears to mantle hill and valley alike, in places oblit- erating minor irregularities, but nowhere greatly modifying the major features. The writer found no pebbles in place in the material which he would class as loess, and none in any of the material described ag marl- loess at a greater altitude than 440 or at most 450 feet. Pebbles are, to be sure, pretty good evidence that a deposit is not eolian, provid- ing they are certainly in place. But there are so many ways in which pebbles are scattered that unless they were certainly in place or very nearly in place, it would seem unsafe to regard them as evidence of water deposition. The relation of the true loess to the gen- eral form of the surface of southern Illinois throws a rather important sidelight on the problem. The Mississippi and Ohio are bordered by high rough country and the gen- eral surface slope is not toward these two prin- cipal streams but away from them. The loess, however, here as elsewhere, is thick, porous, cal- eareous and fossiliferous on the high hills near the rivers and gradually becomes thin and clayey toward the low country at some distance from them. Jf the part below 500 feet were water deposited, thousands of square miles of the interior lowland must haye been submerged and this area should presumably have a con- siderable deposit if not a thicker one than the higher country, but the deposit is thin or wanting in the lowland. It thickens gradually toward the rivers and is thickest on the hills where the water must have been most shallow, along the Ohio and Mississippi. The bluff loess certainly appears to be a single deposit from the bases of the hills at 375 or 400 feet to their crests at 700 or 800 feet where it is thickest. The distribution of the loess is very different from that of material known to be waterlaid valley filling. Briefly, the writer believes that the so-called 108 marl loess of southwestern Indiana consists of wind deposited true loess, stream laid valley filling, and dune sand, and that the true loess part of it together with the “common loess” corresponds to the well-known loess of other parts of the Mississippi basin. EuGenrt WesLeEY SHAW SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES ST. LOUIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT a meeting of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis, held October 19, Professor Nipher gave an account of his work during the summer of 1914, at his summer place in Hessel, Mich., on ‘‘ Magnetic Disturbances in the Harth’s Field due to Dyna- mite Explosions, Burning Black Powder and the Fog-horn of a Steamer.’’ The magnetic needle was mounted on a frame of timber, the vertical posts of which were set two feet into the ground. The frame and the boxes containing the control magnets were loaded with half a ton of rocks. The boxes containing the con- trol magnets were also clamped to the frame with large wooden clamps. The base of the air-tight vessel containing the magnetic needle was also clamped to the frame. The torsion head was braced by means of wooden bars. Four cords at right angles to each other were attached to the torsion head. They passed outward and down- ward through holes in the table, and upon them were hung two bars of wood at right angles to each other. These bars were also loaded with rock. The apparatus was protected from heat effects by a series of blankets within the tent, having air- Spaces between. No difficulty was found in producing marked local disturbances in the earth’s field by means of dynamite suspended in air to the east and to the north of the tent. The needle being at right angles to the magnetic meridian, this disturbance indicated a variation in the horizontal intensity. The amount of dynamite exploded varied from half a stick six or eight feet from the tent, to thirty sticks distant 275 feet. In the larger ex- plosions, the sticks were placed end to end on bars of wood having a cross section 1 X 14 inch. Each stick of dynamite was securely held in place upon the bar by means of a winding of heavy cord. The ends of the bar suffered no appreciable injury. Those parts in contact with the dynamite vanished in dust so fine that it was difficult to find any trace of it. The changes in the position of the needle in SCIENCE [N. 8. Von. XLI. No. 1046 explosions of this character amounted to ten or fifteen minutes of are. Much more marked effects were produced by distributing half a stick of dynamite into a col- umn about 15 feet in length. It was packed closely into the angle of a little trough of wood, which rested upon a heavy beam of wood. The trough was held in position by means of masses of rock hung on cords. The column of dynamite was in line with the needle and either above or below the level of the needle. In this way deflections of about one degree of are were produced. The di- rection of deflection was reversed by reversing the direction in which the explosion traversed the col- umn. The end of the column nearest the needle was distant from it about ten feet. This seems to indicate that a magnetic field is created around this exploding column, like that which exists around a wire conductor carrying a current of electricity. In most of the experiments of this character only a small part of the column exploded. It is believed that the conditions which will cause an explosion of the entire column with equal violence throughout have been finally at- tained, and this work will be continued. The black powder was spread over a platform hay- ing an area of 25 square feet, placed a few feet from the west side of the tent. The amount of powder spread over the platform was from 25 to 50 pounds. The flame shot upward to a height of 15 to 30 feet. The lines of the earth’s field were deflected around the region filled by this flame. The intensity of field within the tent was momentarily increased. The deflection of the needle amounted to from 25 to 50 minutes of arc. At the request of Professor Nipher, the captains of the steamers of the Arnold Transit Co. were in- structed by the president, Mr. Geo. T. Arnold, to blow a loud and prolonged blast on their fog-horns when at the nearest point to the observing station. This distance was about half a mile. Appreciable effects were thus produced when the air was quiet, the sky was clear and the intensity of the field had reached a high value. The result in every case was to decrease the intensity of the earth’s field. In two cases the blast from the 5 o’clock boat was at once followed by a premature appearance of the sunset disturbance. Rhythmical vibrations over from 10 to 20 degrees of are at once fol- lowed, and continued for four or five minutes. This result needs further examination under more favorable conditions. C. H. Darrorru, Recording Secretary SCIENCE FrmAy, JANUARY 22, 1915 CONTENTS The American Association for the Advance- ment of Science :— The Object of Astronomical and Mathe- matical Research: Dr. FRANK SCHLESINGER. 109 The Place of Forestry among Natural Sci- ences: Dr. Henry S. GRAVES............. 117 The University of Cincinnati Bureau of City RCSUS Maa T ee Nh oct | ais ie col/shals (ole, staksiotel s/aV, Net siahe eve 126 Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics at the Calijornia Meeting... wie 4.50 joensen: 127 Scientific Notes and News ................ 127 University and Educational News .......... 131 Discussion and Correspondence :— Occurrence of Silver Scurf of Potatoes in Salt Lake Valley: Dr. P. J. O’Gara. A Simple Device for Counting Seeds: Orton L. Cuark. The Journal ‘‘TIsis’’?: Pro- FESSOR DAVID HUGENE SMITH ............ 131 Scientific Books :— Gwathmey and Baskerville on Anesthesia: PROFESSOR J. H. Lone. Sherman on Food Products: PROFESSOR ISABEL BEviER. The Naturalists’ Directory: PRESIDENT J. C. JB RARTINID >: 5 golden GOO Ci OCI ape 133 Fraternity Grades at Purdue University: Pro- Fessor C. H. BENJAMIN..........-..--.-- 135 How can we Advance the Scientific Charac- ter of the Work done in the Agricultural Experiment Stations?: SAMUEL BRADFORD SD) OMEN) ferrs ici erctatersiscstete aspeisisyhieieiers ate: bes tele ovcus 188 Special Articles :— A Device for Projecting a Small Spot of Light suitable for Exploring Photosensitive Areas: BRADLEY M. PATTEN ............. 141 The American Physiological Society: Pro- MHSSOR| Ali di CARLSON Naaieeiecc ieee 142 The American Mathematical Society: Pro- ESSOBNH. Ne (COLE Hit. cr cmielclacerie ae = = 144 Societies and Academies :— The Biological Society of Washington: D. EH. Lantz. The Science Club of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin: Eric R. MILLER ....... 145 MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to Professor J. McKeen Cattell, Garrison- on-Hudson, N. Y. THE OBJECT OF ASTRONOMICAL AND MATHEMATICAL RESEARCH1 Durine the first years in the life of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science it was customary for the members to meet in much broader groups than they now do. As the membership grew and as the number of papers increased, it became necessary to divide the association into smaller and smaller groups. Section A as we now know it was organized in 1882. It was a happy circumstance that the plan adopted in that year did not separate the astronomer from the mathematician. For a time this section played a very impor- tant part in the history of American sci- ence; the meetings were well attended and both the mathematician and the astronomer contributed numerous and weighty papers. In more recent years our section has lost something of its former influence. The establishment, about twenty-five years ago, of what is now the American Mathematical Society did much to draw away the inter- est of mathematicians; and even of astron- omers, for in the records of that society we find a goodly number of purely astronomical papers, and two of the earliest presidents were astronomers. Fifteen years ago what is now the American Astronomical Society was formed, and this has still further in- ereased the separation between the two sci- ences. It seems a great pity that the two should so seldom find themselves together in the same room. The astronomer, in common with the physicist, the chemist and 1 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section A, Astronomy and Mathematics, Ameri- ean Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, December, 1914. 110 others, greatly needs the help that the mathematician can give. On the other hand, I believe that the mathematician has something to learn from the astronomer with regard to the point of view from which he pursues his researches. The difference in this respect between the two is becoming greater and greater. In choosing a subject for an address this afternoon, I thought it best to take advantage of one of the rare opportunities that an astronomer as such gains audience with the mathematicians, and to dwell upon this difference of view- point, with the hope of aiding in bringing together those who have meat and can not eat, and those who would eat but want it. Any such attempt, however ineffective by itself and however feeble in itself, is well worth while. This difference in view-point is nothing more than a recurrence of the struggle that occurs in every kind of human activity be- tween the essentials of a subject and the technique of that subject. It is a remark- able fact that the outcome of this struggle is not always in favor of the former, but that mere technique is sometimes able to gain permanent mastery and to submerge completely the objects for which it was created. The best illustration of this is to be found in the painter’s art. We know that there was a time when painting was regarded as a mode of expression through which lessons might be taught and learned, or through which at least the world might be amused. But for many a long day painters have refused to take this view of their art. They hold in frank contempt a picture that tells a story, and their stand- ards of what constitutes a great picture are unintelligible to any one who is not him- self a painter. You will remember the pic- ture by Whistler, at the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art in New York, called ‘‘A Wo- man in White.’’ Although executed in SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1047 oils, it is wholly in black and white. We are told that it was painted to show that certain effects could be produced in oils without the use of color. Here then is a painting that artists deem a great one, al- though to the general public it has no sub- ject at all and conveys next to nothing. The majority of modern paintings belong to the same class and it has gotten to be well understood that artists are to paint only for other artists. In any definition of a great painting, skill and technique are indispensable, but a man is at once called a Philistine if he asks that artists use their talents for some other purpose than merely to record and exhibit personal achievement. Painting and poetry are arts that in their essentials are much the same, their chief difference being one of tools. But while the painter has glorified his tools more and more, the poet has kept his head, and has not forgotten what tools are for. I suppose it would be possible to construct a poem without using any other vowels than o and wu. If so we should have the literary counterpart of Whistler’s ‘‘Woman in White.’’ Of course such an effort would not be regarded seriously for a moment, nor should we tolerate in literature any mere exhibition of technique. Yet tech- nique is quite as indispensable here as in painting, and great facility is as rare in the one art as in the other. Astronomy and mathematics have their technique and are having their struggle with it. A century ago Gauss, a great mathematician and a great astronomer, speaking for hig times as much as for him- self, announced as his motto, ‘‘Pauca sed matura,’’ and adopted as his crest a tree laden with fruit, few in number but re- markable for their perfection. Such senti- ments as these and the feeling that lay be- hind them have undoubtedly done more to hinder the progress of science than to ad- JANUARY 22, 1915] vance it. If there is any question as to what Gauss meant, we have only to turn to his biography to find the answer. He did not care to touch in print any subject that he felt he could not exhaust; merely to contribute to it seemed to him like pluck- ing unripe fruit. Thus his published work, extensive though it is, represents only a part, and it may be only a small part, of the unremitting labor of this wonderfully fertile brain. We know, for example, that Gauss had developed the principles of the method of least-squares while he was still in his teens, but it was not until fourteen years later that he ventured into print on this subject. He would doubtless have wished to delay even longer had not Legen- dre in the meantime unearthed and pub- lished the same principles. We can make a good guess at the reasons for Gauss’s delay. The method of least-squares is founded upon an assumption which can be put in various forms, but which al- Ways remains an assumption. Gauss would doubtless have wished to prove this assumption from fundamental principles or at least to have given it a more axio- matic dress; but this neither he nor any one that has come after him has succeeded _ in doing. An even better illustration of the former attitude of men of science in the matter of their obligations to science, is afforded by Gauss’s part in the history of non-Euclidean geometry. In a letter to a friend he states that he had occupied himself extensively with Huclid’s axiom concerning parallels and goes on to out- line very briefly some of the results he had obtained. This letter contains all that is known of these researches. A few years after it was written Lobatchewski pub- lished the little book in which he proves that the parallel axiom is no axiom at all, but a pure assumption, and shows that another kind of geometry is imaginable in SCIENCE 111 which the opposite assumption is made. In view of this work, it would have been necessary for Gauss to revise what he had already done before publishing it. He preferred, however, to suppress it alto- gether, and when after his death his scien- tific effects were overhauled, no trace of this subject was found among his papers. It will be understood that it is not Gauss that I am presuming to criticize, but rather the times in which he lived. That was an age when it was taken for granted that a man should think of his scientific reputation as coming first, and when the form in which he gave his researches to the world was considered as important as their content. In more recent times the man of science has taken a new view of his calling and of his duties, and it is largely because of this new policy that progress has been so rapid in some directions. In astron- omy, for example, the great strides that have been made in the present generation can be attributed to two things; first, there is the unprecedented concentration of ef- fort. Great telescopes have been erected and great observatories have been built for the purpose of solving single problems or a single group of closely related prob- lems. If these problems should remain un- solved in our time the work will be carried forward by a succeeding generation and perhaps completed many years after those who initiated it have passed away. Co- operation is another powerful implement that time has placed in the hands of the astronomer, more precious to him than any telescope or any observatory can be. Thanks to it, no pressing problem appears at present above our horizon that is too ereat for him to attack. If you will ex- amine the working programs of our astro- nomical institutions, you will find that much the greater half of what they are doing is being carried out with direct ref- 112 ence to the needs and the activities of other institutions. Cooperation often makes severe demands upon the individ- ual; it means that he must be willing to use his mental and his material equipment in furthering an impersonal plan; it means that he must sometimes subordi- nate his own judgment to that of others; it means that he must sometimes use methods that he would to like to modify in some particular if he were working alone. I believe that it is true that the astron- omer has broken more completely with an- cient tradition than has the mathemati- cian. Many of the latter are still inclined to take what may be called the artistic view of their work; they refuse to admit that mathematics is a means to some other end, and they frankly assert (half in jest and half in earnest) that their science need have no reference to material things. * he utters but a partial truth. Perhaps he was attracted by rhetorical form, for in a later passage he recovers himself, recognizing the psychic effects of environment, for, Courage, love of liberty, industry and thrift, ingenuity and intelligence, are all developed by contact with restraining influences adapted to stimulating them and not so severe as to check their growth.55 If a hard winter is a ‘‘great Teutonic institution,’’ if rains, dark skies and winter have made more serious peoples in the north of Hurope than are found along the Medi- terranean, if Geikie rightly ascribes the heart of Ossian’s poems to nature in the West Highlands, these qualities of envi- ronment are pressing on the human spirit to-day as in Neolithic or Celtic time, mod- erated, perhaps, by modern skill in getting protection from nature, and by greater con- tact with all the world. We will not deny the assertion of Thomas that ‘‘the force of climate and geography is greater in the 547, FB. Ward, ‘‘Pure Sociology,’’ 16. 55 Tbid., 58. 56 A. Geikie, ‘‘Scenery of Scotland,’’ 407-08. 278 lower stages of culture and that ideas play an increasing réle,’’ but we do not know on what ground he makes the further claim that the peculiar cultures of Japan, China and India were in the first place the results of psychic rather than geographic factors.°” There is a beautiful passage in Ratzel which I now commend to those historical and sociological philosophers who think that psychic qualities and powers are released from environmental influence. If ethnographers utter the view that the devel- opment of culture consists in ever wider release from nature, we may emphasize that the difference between nature and cul- ture folk is to be sought not in degree, but in the kind of this connection (Zusam- menhang) with nature. Culture is freedom from nature not in the sense of complete release, but in that of much wider union. The farmer who gathers his corn in the barn is really as dependent on his ground as the Indian who harvests in swamps wild rice which he did not sow. We do not on the whole become freer from na- ture while we deeply exploit and study it, we only make ouselves in single cases independent of it, while we multiply the bonds. Not to do Ratzel injustice, it is he who has also called “‘the spirit of man a com- pletely new phenomenon upon our planet,’’ and has asserted that No other being (Wesen) has worked so perma- nently and upon so many other existences as man, who has profoundly changed the living face of the earth. We are to interpret cautiously similar human phenomena in different parts of the world. We can not here follow the evolu- tionary axiom that if a species of trilobite is found in Hngland and in New York, there has been one point of origin and a migration. The same things appear in 57 W. I. Thomas, ‘‘Souree Book for Social Origins,’? 130-31. SCIENCE [N. S. Von. XLI. No. 1051 many places, either through the unity of the human spirit or the likeness of environ- ments, or from both causes. This is stated by Fewkes, Identity in the working of the human mind is recognized by all anthropologists, and the tendency to ascribe cultural identities . . . to contact or migration is much less prevalent now than for- merly.58 In like manner Boas shows that some ideas are so general that they could not have been diffused historically through migration and contact, but must have arisen independently in different places.°® Tylor is no less emphatic: Researches undertaken all over the globe have shown the necessity of abandoning the old theory that a similarity of customs and superstitions, of arts and crafts, justifies the assumption of a re- mote relationship if not an identity of origin be- tween races ... there has been an inherent tend- ency in man, allowing for difference of climate and natural surroundings, to develop culture by the same stages and in the same way. Citing the pyramid-building of Aztec and Egyptian, Each race developed the idea of a pyramid tomb through that psychological similarity which is as much a characteristic of the species man as his physique.60 We leave this topic with the single sug- gestion that in the psychic field, a useful and difficult piece of research is open to the student of comparative religions, who is at the same time interested in anthropogeo- graphic problems and has the needed geo- graphic training. How far the essential content of religious aspiration and thought, as well as the ritual of worship has been in- fluenced by environment, has, I think, never been shown in any full synthetic 58 J. W. Fewkes, ‘‘Climate and Cult,’’ 8th Inter. Geog. Cong., 670. 59 F, Boas, ‘‘The Mind of Primitive Man,’’ 151-64, 60H. B. Tylor, Ency. Brit., Art. ‘‘ Anthro- pology.’’ FEBRUARY 19, 1915] way. It is a task of no common difficulty, not to be lightly undertaken, but worth the doing. Another field of effects, much more ac- cessible to the pure geographer is the dis- tribution of population studied in the causal way. Enough practise in statistical method for this inquiry can be readily ac- quired and the results should be most fruitful. Jefferson’s recent papers have been suggestive in this field of research, which involves in intimate combinations, physical, economic, racial and social con- ditions. Akin to this study is the classifi- cation of towns and cities, developing the principles of origin, growth and differen- tiation, as in a recent valuable paper of Chisholm. The city as a geographic or- ganism may be freely taken as an imex- haustible theme. Another great sphere lies in regional studies, such as states, physiographic units, and countries. The number of such stud- ies, maturely developed, now available may perhaps be counted on the fingers of one’s hands. The aim should be not alone di- rected upon the more obvious matters of route and industry, but also upon deep and underlying principles. What rich and alluring subjects for the intensive student would the state of Pennsylvania offer, of Kentucky, Minnesota or California! Who will develop for us our coastal plain or piedmont, treating town sites, roads, soils, crops, industries, racial composition and social status? Who will do a like work for the great Appalachian Valley, that mag- nificent and little understood unit of our east—its trails and roads, its agriculture, towns, migrations and historical signifi- cance in colonial and current life? There is room for more such studies as those of Whitbeck upon glacial and nonglacial Wis- consin and of von Engeln on the effects of SCIENCE 279 glaciation upon agriculture.*t The latter, indeed, is not regional except as it naturally deals largely with principles as illustrated in our own country. Will Mr. Mackinder, or some one else, take up Great Britain, omitting the purely descriptive, as he could not in Britain and British seas properly do, and discuss more fully questions of geographic influence as regards agricultural distribution, the local- ization of industries, the distribution of population in general, and the effect of various factors such as insularity, climate and world position in the development of British character, British political unity, and British social conditions. Or in the United States, there are racial compositions, new physical environments, offering new social and economic conditions to population groups as seen in compari- son with conditions in the parent lands of Europe. Finally, there are innumerable beckoning fields, of a small and local sort, out of whose diligent study general prin- ciples will rise and become established. Our goal is broad generalization. But the formulation of general laws is difficult and the results insecure until we have a body of concrete and detailed observations. Quoting Brunhes, We must then make up our minds to put aside generalities and vague analogies between nature and man. We must make it our business to search for facts of interaction.62 From Boas also, It goes without saying that haphazard applica- tion of unproven though possible theories will not serve as proof of the effectiveness of selection or environment in modifying types.6% Detailed investigation of single prob- lems, in small and seemingly unimportant 610, D. von Engeln, ‘‘Effects of Continental Glaciation on Agriculture,’’? Bull. Am. Geog. Soc., XLVI., 241-64, 336-55. 62 J. Brunhes, Scot. Geog. Mag., 29, 311. 63 B, Boas, ‘‘The Mind of Primitive Man,’’ 51. 280 fields, must for a long time prepare the way for the formulation of richer and more fundamental conclusions and general prin- ciples than we have yet been able to achieve. We should not wait for some one to state or demonstrate these laws. This is yet, even for a genius, impossible. We must contribute in partial, microscopic, sometimes unconscious ways to the emerg- ence of such laws. Professor Adams, speaking of the avail- able and most useful tasks of the historian, has a word which is equally good for us, To furnish materials, to do preliminary work, is to make a better contribution to the final sci- ence than to yield to the allurements of specula- tion, to endeavor to discover in the present state of our knowledge the forces that control society, or to formulate the laws of their action.64 Not only is this a model principle, but it emphasizes the value of our goal, for the real philosophy of history will not be written until geographic factors have had broader and deeper recognition. Here I do not speak as a geographic enthusiast, nor in denial of the supremacy of the hu- man spirit. Such then is the mode of advance of our science—the old story of interest, hypoth- esis, test, correction, publication, criticism, revision; progress by error, by half truth, by zigzag, spiral and apparent retrograde, by aero-flight, by patient tunneling; some at the salients of progress, and some in the ranks of humble endeavor, the goal in front of all. ALBERT PERRY BrRIGHAM COLGATE UNIVERSITY LEWIS LINDSEY DYCHE Lewis Linpsty Dycue, professor of syste- matic zoology and curator of the collections of mammals, birds and fishes, at the Univer- sity of Kansas, died in Topeka, Kansas, Wed- nesday, January 20, 1915. Professor Dyche 64 Geo. B. Adams, Am. Hist. Rev., 14, 236. SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLT. No. 1051 was intimately associated with the life of the university for nearly thirty-eight years, hay- ing seen nearly every class graduated from the institution. His first connection with it was as a student in the preparatory department. He entered the middle class of the prepara- tory department in September, 1877, at the age of twenty years, being registered from Auburn, Kansas. James Marvin was then chancellor of the university. There were 12 members of the faculty and a total attendance of students of 361, of whom 110 were of col- lege grade. Mr. Dyche finished the senior preparatory work at the end of the next year and in September, 1879, became a freshman in the collegiate department, enrolling as a stu- dent in the classical course. In the year 1880, however, on entering his sophomore year, he changed his work to that of natural history. He became a junior in the collegiate depart- ment in the regular course of events in Sep- tember, 1881, still enrolled in his newly chosen field of natural history. In 1882 Mr. Dyche was made instructor in natural history, but retaining his place in the junior class. He continued his connection with the instructional side of the university until his death. Mr. Dyche was graduated from the university in June, 1884, receiving two degrees, that of Bachelor of Arts and that of Bachelor of Sciences, he having combined both the classical and scientific work then offered in the university. He continued his study in natural history at the university of Kansas by entering the postgraduate course in September, 1884, receiving his Master of Arts degree in 1886 and his Master of Science de- gree in 1888. His teaching title was during these years “assistant,” being equivalent to the title of assistant professor at the present time. In September, 1888, he was advanced from the rank of assistant in natural history to that of full professor of anatomy and physiology, taxidermist and curator of mammals, birds and fishes. In 1890 zoology was added to his list of teaching subjects. We must remember, however, that in the nineties the number of both students and teachers was small and PEBRUARY 19, 1915] the field of work had not been so carefully dif- ferentiated as at present. In September, 1892, physiology and anatomy were dropped from his title and he limited himself to the field which he occupied with little change until the end of his career. His title became pro- fessor of zoology, taxidermist and curator of mammals and birds. Francis H. Snow was then chancellor of the university. It stood thus until 1899 when anatomy for a year was again put in his charge and his title of curator was that of curator of zoolog- ical collections. Im the very next year we find anatomy cared for in a separate depart- ment and Professor Dyche returning to his work under the title of professor of systematic zoology and taxidermist. In 1903 the title of taxidermist was dropped as being unneces- sary and Professor Dyche was given the title which he retained until his death, namely, that of professor of systematic zoology and curator of mammals, birds and fishes. In 1901 the legislature of the state, largely through the efforts of Professor Dyche, ap- propriated $75,000 for the erection of a nat- ural history museum for the housing of the natural history collections. The building was finished in 1902, a considerable part of it be- ing given over to the extensive and important collection of North American mammals and birds. On December 1, 1909, Professor Dyche was given partial leave of absence in order that he might act as fish and game warden for the state of Kansas. This action was taken by the board of regents of the university at the re- quest of the then governor, W. R. Stubbs. This request was acceded to for the reason that of all men in the state of Kansas Pro- fessor Dyche was the most competent in every way to carry on a large project of this char- acter on a scientific basis. It was acceded to also with the belief which has been fully sub- stantiated that the fish hatchery under his supervision could be put upon an economic and scientific foundation. Since December, 1909, Professor Dyche has given most of his time to the fish and game wardenship although still connected with the SCIENCE 281 university as professor of systematic zoology and curator of mammals, birds and fishes. For some years prior to 1909 Professor Dyche had done little or no undergraduate class work, confining himself to work as curator, investigator and writer, and to such occa- sional graduate work as was desired by stu- dents expecting to enter the museum field. During his long career as a teacher, in con- nection with other university men, he took part in or conducted many scientific expedi- tions, twenty-three in all it is said, for the collection of museum material. These expe- ditions covered practically all of North Amer- ica. Some of the most important were to Greenland and the Arctic regions. Of the Peary expedition and the rest it is not for me to speak. They were filled with strenuous en- deavor and many thrilling experiences. In- deed few men even of bygone border times could equal his experiences in this respect. He was a noted hunter and won his place as an explorer, his talents as naturalist, woods- man, hunter and explorer being of a high order. The result of all of this was no doubt to shorten his days but he helped build up large scientific collections of great value into which he had put his life and he saw them become an integral part of the uni- versity which he loved. He was one of the charter members of the chapter of Sigma Xi at the University of Kansas. He lectured much and in this field was exceedingly graphic and interesting. He wrote much, his last writings being in the shape of bulletins in re- gard to fish culture in the large. These bulle- tins are much sought after and show the re- sults of a life time of close observation and study. As a taxidermist he had few equals, his knowledge of the pose and habits of ani- mals and the habitat in which they live being unusually accurate. His fidelity to nature, his great skill and his keen observation are well attested by the brilliant display of North American mammals which he was largely in- strumental in preparing at the University of Kansas. Professor Dyche had in larger degree than most men the creative instinct, the instinct 282 of originality. He had immense persistence and enthusiasm, well attested by his accom- plishments against great odds. A mere study of his life is in itself thrilling. He leaves an honored name of which his family may well be proud. He was an extremely likeable man, a loyal son of his university who brought much honor to his alma mater. FRANK STRONG UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS THE BONAPARTE FUND OF THE PARIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE committee appointed to deal with the allocation of the Bonaparte Fund for the year 1914, has, we learn from Nature, made the following proposals, which have been unanim- ously adopted by the academy: 1. 2,000 franes to Pierre Breteau, to enable him to pursue his researches on the use of palladium in analysis and in organic chemistry. 2. 2,000 frances to M. Chatton, to give him the means of continuing his researches on the para. sitic Peridinians. 3. 3,000 franes to Fr. Croze, to enable him to continue his work on the Zeeman phenomenon in band and line spectra, the amount to be applied to the purchase of a large concave grating and a 16- em. objective. 4, 6,000 francs to Dr. Hemsalech, for the pur- chase of a resonance transformer and a battery of condensers for use in his spectroscopic researches. 5. 2,000 franes to P. Lais, director of the Vati- can Observatory, to assist in the publication of the photographic map of the sky. 6. 2,000 franes to M. Pellegrin, to facilitate the pursuit of his researches and the continuation of his publications concerning African fishes. 7. 2,000 franes to Dr. Trousset, to aid him in his studies relating to the theory of the minor planets. 8. 2,000 franes to M. Vigouroux, to assist him in continuing his researches on silicon and its dif- ferent varieties. These researches, in which it is necessary to make use of hydrofluoric acid, neces- sitate the use of expensive receivers. . 9. 3,000 frances to M. Alluaud, for continuing the publication, undertaken with Dr. R. Jeannel, of the scientific results of three expeditions in eastern and central Africa. 10. 9,000 frances to be divided equally between SCIENCE [N. 8. Von. XLI. No. 1051 MM. Pitard, de Gironcourt, and Lecointre, all members of the scientific expedition to Morocco organized by the Société de Géographie. 11. 2,000 franes to Professor Vasseur, to assist him in his geological excavations in a fossil-bear- ing stratum at Lot-et-Garonne. 12. 3,500 frances to Dr. Mauguin, for the con. tinuation of his researches on liquid erystals and the remarkable orientation phenomena presented by these singular bodies when placed in a mag- netic field. The grant will be applied to the con- struction of a powerful electromagnet. 13. 2,000 franes to Dr. Anthony to meet the cost of his researches on the determinism of the morphological characters and the action of pri- mary factors on the course of evolution. 14. 4,000 franes to Professor Andoyer, a first instalment towards the cost of the calculation of a new table of fifteen figure logarithms. 15. 4,000 franes to M. Bénard, to enable him to continue his researches in experimental hydrody- namics on a large scale. 16. 2,000 franes to Dr. Chauvenet, to enable him to continue his researches on zirconium and its complex combinations. 17. 2,000 franes to Professor Francois Franck, for the chronographie study of the development of the embryo, with special examination of the rhythmic function of the heart. 18. 2,000 frances to Professor Sauvageau, for the pursuit of his studies on the marine alge. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS Tuer gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society has been conferred on Professor A. Fowler for his work in astrophysics. Tuer Berlin Anthropological Society has awarded its Rudolf Virchow Medal to Dr. Karl Poldt, emeritus professor of anatomy in Vienna. Proressor Fritz Haser and Professor R. Willstitter, both of the Kaiser Wilhelm Insti- tute for Chemistry, have been elected mem- bers of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Dr. Hans Meyer, known for his explorations in Africa, has been elected honorary professor of colonial geography in the University of Leipzig. Dr. Pirrre Weiss, professor of physics in the Zurich Technical School, has been awarded FEBRUARY 19, 1915] the Lasferre prize ($1,600) by the French Institute. Dr. Joser ENGiiscH, emeritus professor of surgery in the University of Vienna, has cele- brated his eightieth birthday. Dr. AtFreD KiEINer, professor of physics at Zurich, has on account of the state of his health retired from his chair and has been made honorary professor. Mr. T. F. Burton has succeeded Mr. Wat- son Smith as editor of the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, which is issued fortnightly in London by the society. Prorzssor G. ©. Bourne, Linacre professor of comparative anatomy at Oxford, has been given leave of absence to engaged in military service. WE learn from Nature that the second In- dian Science Congress, organized by the Asi- atic Society of Bengal, was held at the Presi- deney College, Madras, on January 14-16, under the presidency of Surgeon-general W. B. Bannerman. The sections of the congress, and their chairman, were as follows: Agricul- ture and applied science, Dr. H. H. Mann; physics, Mr. C. V. Raman; chemistry, Pro- fessor P. C. Ray; zoology, Dr. N. Annandale; botany, Dr. C. A. Barber; ethnology, Mr. H. Y. Nanjundayya; geology, Dr. W. F. Smeeth. Prorussor R. W. TuHatcuer, chief of the division of agricultural chemistry of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, has been elected presi- dent of the Minnesota Section of the Ameri- can Chemical Society. The section will here- after hold regular meetings on the third Fri- day evening of each month at various labora- tories in the Twin Cities. Dr. A. F. Girman, head of the chemistry de- partment of Ripon College, has returned for the second semester’s work after a leave of absence for a half year spent in study and travel. Proressor JOHN Dewey delivered the eighth series of McNair lectures at the University of North Carolina on February 5, 6 and 7. His subject was “Philosophy and Politics.” The lectures dealt with (1) The Inner and Outer SCIENCE 283 Worlds, (2) 'The State and Moral Life, (3) The German Philosophy of History. Dr. C. WarDELL Stines, of the U. S. Public Health Service, gave the ninth Weir Mitchell lecture of the College of Physicians, Philadel- phia, on February 16. His topic was: “An Experiment from the Standpoint of Applied Zoology in Medical Inspection of Schoolechil- dren as a Basis for an Intensive Public Health Campaign.” Dr. Lintan WELSH, professor of physiology and hygiene at Goucher College, Baltimore, spoke on February 12 at Mt. Holyoke College on “ American Women in Science.” The lec- ture was given under the auspices of the Net- tie Maria Stevens memorial lectureship fund, established by the Naples Table Association, for promoting laboratory research for women. The lecture was also given during the week at Wellesley College and Brown University. Proressor Doucias W. JOHNSON, of Colum- bia University, lectured before the Engineers Club of Trenton, N. J., on February 11, on “The Topography of Western Europe and its Influence on the Campaign against France.” On January 15 he delivered the same lecture before the Geographical Society of Philadel- phia. Proressor ArtHUR H. BLANCHARD, of Col- umbia University, on February 9, delivered an illustrated address on the subject “ Economic Phases of Highway Engineering” before the Middletown Scientific Association at its meet- ing at Wesleyan University. On February 11 he delivered an address on “The Highway Engineer in Public Life” at the annual meet- ing of the Engineers Society of Northwestern Pennsylvania. THE Dlinois State Museum of Natural His- tory announces a course of four popular illus- trated lectures on natural history on Friday evenings as follows: February 19—‘‘Voleanie Emanations,’’ by A. L. Day, Ph.D., director Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C. February 26—‘‘The Wonderful Heayens,’’ by F. R. Moulton, Ph.D., professor of astronomy, University of Chicago, Chicago. 284 March 5—‘‘ The Trophies of the Fossil Hunter,’’ by A. R. Crook, Ph.D., curator Illinois State Mu_ seum, Springfield. March 12—‘‘ Alaska Salmon,’’? by H. B. Ward, Ph.D., professor of zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana. Tur University of Oxford has received $2,200, as we learn from Nature, from friends ot the late Professor Gotch, with the view of perpetuating the memory of the late Wayn- flete professor, and of encouraging the study of physiology within the university. The in- come of the fund will be applied, first, to the establishment of a Gotch memorial prize to be awarded annually, after examination, to a student in the physiological laboratory; and, secondly, to the creation and maintenance of a Gotch memorial library in the same labora- tory. A portrait of Professor Gotch has been hung on the walls of the department. SAMUEL WALKER SHATTUCK, for forty-four years professor and comptroller of the Univer- sity of Illinois, died at his home in Cham- paign on February 13. Professor Shattuck was born in 1841, at Groton, Mass. Since 1868 he has served the University of Illinois. For thirty-seven years he was head of the de- partment of mathematics and from 1873 to 1912 he looked after the business affairs of the university. In 1912 Professor Shattuck was retired on the Carnegie Foundation. Mr. F. W. Rupter, curator of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, died on Jan- uary 23. Dr. Kart Lupwic Motu, formerly professor of mechanical engineering in the Riga School of Technology, has died at the age of eighty- three years. Dr. Nicotas Oumorr, professor of physics at Moscow, has died at the age of sixty-eight years. THERE have been killed in the war, M. Rob- ert Douvillé, paleontologist in the Paris School of Mines; Dr. Anton Lackner, docent for geometry in the Vienna Technological In- stitute; Dr. Rudolf Rau, formerly professor of physics at Jena, and Dr. Felix Hahn, geol- ogist of the University of Munich. SCIENCE [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1051 THE Berlin correspondent of the Journal of the American Medical Association writes that according to the latest official list, 132 medical men have so far been killed in the war, 22 wounded, 45 have died and 166 are missing or prisoners. Among the medical victims of the war are three distinguished scientific men, Professor Jochmann, the medical head of the infectious department of the municipal Ru- dolph Virchow Hospital, succumbed to typhus fever which he acquired in the examination and treatment of Russian prisoners of whom 800 are ill with typhus. Professor Sprengel, the superintendent of the surgical department of the Ducal Hospital in Brunswick, died from sepsis at the age of sixty-two, having infected himself at an operation on a wounded soldier. The Freiburg dermatologist, Professor Jakobi, died in the field as a result of disease. Tue U. S. Civil Service Commission an- nounces an examination for assistant in agri- cultural geography, for men only, to fill a va- cancy in this position in the Office of Farm Management, Bureau of Plant Industry, De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., at a salary ranging from $1,800 to $2,000 a year. The duties of this position will be to as- sist In investigations being carried on in the above office concerning the development of agricultural enterprises under the influence of geographic conditions, such as topography, climate, soil, location, ete. Tue Robert D. Brigham Hospital for In- curables benefits to the extent of $50,000 by the will of Mrs. Ellen A. R. Goldthwait, of Boston. This sum is to constitute a fund to be known as the Joel and Ellen Goldthwait Research Fund, and the income is to be used for work to increase the knowledge of chronic diseases. Ir is stated in Nature that a meeting of the General Organizing Committee for the Inter- national Botanical Congress, which has been arranged to be held in London next May, took place ‘at the Linnean Society’s rooms on Jan- uary 21. A report was given of the work of preparation which had already been carried out by the executive committee, and the mem- FEBRUARY 19, 1915] bers were asked to consider the present posi- tion. The two following resolutions were car- ried: (1) That the congress be not held in 1915; (2) that the present executive committee continue to act so long as necessary. The committee was strongly of opinion that a meeting of the congress in London should not be abandoned, and the suggestion was made that it might take place at the next quinquen- nium, in 1920. But it was agreed that nothing definite could be settled at the present time, and the following resolution was passed: “That the executive committee be authorized to conyoke a meeting of the general com- mittee at some future date to consider the date of the congress.” It was also decided that in the meantime the general committee be called together once a year. Tur year 1914 was an eventful one in the industry of mining radium, uranium and vanadium ores and had by far the largest year’s production yet made. Figures collected by Frank L. Hess, of the United States Geo- logical Survey, indicate that the output amounted to about 4,300 short tons of dry ore carrying 87 tons of uranium oxide and 22.4 grams of metallic radium. The ore was valued at about $445,000. The ore produced in 1913 contained 41 tons of uranium oxide and 10.5 grams of radium, and that produced in 1912 contained 26 tons of uranium oxide and 6.7 grams of radium. About nine tenths of the contained radium is thought to be recoverable under improved processes. Although carno- tite, a mineral of these rare metals, contains three times as much uranium oxide as vana- dium oxide, the Colorado and Utah ores of these metals generally contain other vanadium minerals in such quantity that vanadium oxide is present in excess of the uranium oxide. However, little is paid for the vana- dium, as its separation from uranium is troublesome, and only a few thousand dollars was received in 1914 by brokers or producers for the vanadium in the ores sold. Sandstone impregnated with roscoelite, a vanadium- bearing mica, is mined at Vanadium, San Miguel County, Colo., on the eastern edge of the carnotite field, by the Primos Chemical Co. SCIENCE 285 The total quantity of vanadium in the carno- tite and other ores mined during the year was apparently about 432 tons. About the begin- ning of 1914, owing to the very high prices charged for radium salts, their scarcity, their evident usefulness in treating diseases, the practical impossibility of the poor receiving treatment by radium because of its scarcity and high cost, and to the fact that much of the radium-bearing ore was being shipped out of the country, Secretary of the Interior Lane caused to be introduced in Congress bills reserving radium-bearing lands from entry aS mining claims, and providing for government pur- chase. The bills are still pending. During the year the National Radium Institute conducted, under the supervision of the Bureau of Mines, mining operations at Long Park, near Paradox Valley, in Montrose County, Colo., and a plant at Denver for the production of radium and investigation of processes. The work has been so encouraging that Director Holmes has an- nounced the probable production of radium at one third its present cost. Messrs. Lind and Whittemore, of the Bureau of Mines, state that their investigations show that carnotite carries proportionally to its content of ura- nium as much radium as pitchblende or other uranium minerals—that is, the radium has yeached its maximum ratio to the uranium from which it is derived and is thus in equilib- rium. From published results of experiments made on casual specimens of carnotite it had been popularly supposed that carnotite was less rich than pitchblende in radium. Aw unusual feature of the work of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Department of Commerce, during the past summer was the successful use of a one and one half ton automobile truck in transporting an astronomical party and outfit through a portion of the southwest which is generally dreaded by the transcontinental tourist. The party was in charge of Mr. C. V. Hodgson and was in the field from May to October. The trip is the more remarkable when the fact is taken into consideration that the requirements of the work prevented a close adherence to the routes usually followed. Observations were 286 frequently made on mountain peaks, so the journey was from mountain to mountain, rather than along main traveled roads from city to city. The general route followed by Mr. Hodgson and his party was from Denver, Colorado, to Pecos, Texas, then southwest al- most to El Paso, where a detour was made over poor trails through southern New Mexico into Arizona. The central and southern por- tions of the latter state were rather well eovered, the itinerary including Solomonsville, Douglas, Benson, Tucson, Globe, Phoenix, Yuma and Parker. The auto truck was then driven across California to San Diego and the San Jacinto mountains, thence via Los Angeles, Mojave and Sacramento to Carson City, Nevada. Astronomical observations were earried along the California-Nevada boundary to Needles, California, where the season ended. During the season the truck, carrying a capac- ity load, was run more than 5,000 miles under road conditions varying from the deep mud en- countered in New Mexico and Texas, and the heavy sands of the Colorado River and Nevada desert regions, to the splendid roads of south- ern and central California. The cost sheets of the season show that the work was done at a saving of at least 35 per cent. from the cost had teams been used. The cost per mile for oil and gas varied from 2.7 cents to 6.6 cents in different sections of the country, and aver- aged 3.9 cents for the entire season. A re- markable feature of the performance of the truck and a tribute to the good work of the driver was the fact that, from the time of leaving Colorado Springs to the end of the season, about six months, during which the truck was run over 5,000 miles, only two hours were lost on the road on account of engine troubles. We learn from the Geographical Journal that Messrs. Geo. Philip and Son, Ltd., have prepared a relief model map of Central Europe, constructed to illustrate the topography of the main theaters of the present war. The model, which costs £6, 6s., measures 62 by 35 inches, and is on a horizontal scale of 18 miles to the inch, and a vertical one of 5,000 feet to the inch, so that the heights are exaggerated SCIENCE [N. 8. Vou. XLI. No. 1051 nineteen times. Political boundaries are shown, and also towns in red, but neither roads nor railways. The model is said to show well the continuity of the Central Plain from Russia westwards to the margin of the North Sea and the Channel, and thus makes clear at once the exposed frontier of Germany, and the military reason for the violation of Belgian neutrality. Most of the places which have become famous in the western war area are marked, and it is possible to follow very clearly the battle lines of the Marne and of the Aisne, the fighting in the Argonne region, the con- flicts round Ypres and the Yser, and so on. Among minor features which are well shown, are the position of the gap of Toul, due to the fact that a stream which once ran into the Meuse has been captured by the Moselle, and the deserted valley forms an open groove be- tween the two rivers, a groove through which passes the railway from Paris to Toul and Naney. The position of Reims, also, placed as it is on a natural line of communication be- tween Champagne, Burgundy, the middle Rhine valley and the Low Countries, is clearly seen, and it helps to explain the constant bombard- ment of that ill-fated city, whose splendid cathedral illustrates its early importance as a crossing-point of routes. We learn from the Journal of the American Medical Association that the secretary of state of Missouri has issued articles of in- corporation to “The Missouri Foundation for Health Conservation,” the purposes of which are “the conservation of health and the prevention of disease to the end that human efficiency may be increased and human suf- fering prevented.” Its purposes are to be secured by any means “ that demands of time or of science may require.” The first activity undertaken will be a medical laboratory to be established at St. Joseph, with its tributary population of $1,000,000. It is intended that this institution shall be a clearing-house where ull doctors living in the country tribu- tary to St. Joseph may send specimens from patients for analysis and get prompt returns. The work will be financed by fees, donations, subscriptions and bequests, its aims being FeEpruary 19, 1915] scientific, social and benevolent and not com- mercial. In addition to the medical labora- tory, other activities for health conservation will be inaugurated. The secretary of the foundation is Dr. Daniel Morton, St. Joseph, and the members of the board of control are prominent citizens of St. Joseph and the state. From the annual statement of the British board of trade Nature prints figures for 1913 of imports of scientific instruments and appa- ratus, as follows: Scientific Instruments and Apparatus (other than Electrical) Complete se ANOvEl! MOOS Soc oncApeoeoNdaonoo oes 710,341 Of which from Germany ............ 362,891 LBElGmN Codcodheane 28,939 PMT ATICE Mer cy-irciestislsyeteneusrs 108,040 Switzerland ......... 19,872 WS SEY Aa sceous bared 182,293 Parts thereof (including Kinematograph Films, Photographic Plates and Films, and Sensi- tized Photographic Paper) £ IMDM AROS Go6ecoodasocabopoees 1... 2,373,426 ‘Of which from Germany ............ 310,229 Be loam aie tre 126,725 AH MANICOM Achat et icteisielelees 522,682 Switzerland ......... 28,762 Tally eae Ne era 121,842 Wa SOARS Bomagoee nos 1,256,311 Tt thus appears that the imports from the United States exceed those from France and Germany combined. It may be expected that hereafter the imports of scientific apparatus (of which, however, photographie supplies are a considerable part) from the United States will exceed those from all other countries combined. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS Tue Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute, School of Dentistry, the University of Pennsylvania, will be dedicated on Febru- ary 22 and 23. On the afternoon of February 92 the presentation and formal opening of the building will take place and addresses will be made as follows: Dr. Charles Gordon, of Paris, France. Dr. Wilhelm Dieck, of Berlin, Germany. SCIENCE 287 Mr, John Howard Mummey, M.R.C.S., L.D.S., of London, England, Dr. William Simon, of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery Dr. Edward C. Kirk, dean of the Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute School of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania. THE new building of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research of the University of Pittsburgh, will be dedicated on the morning of February 26. The principal address will be made by Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond. In the evening Professor John J. Abel, of Johns Hopkins University, will deliver the first Mellon Lecture under the auspices of the Society for Biological Research of the Univer- sity of Pittsburgh. The subject of the lec- ture will be “Experimental and Chemical Studies of the Blood and Their Bearing on Medicine.” Dr. Kart T. Compton, instructor in physics at Reed College, Portland, Oregon, will go to Princeton University next fall as assistant professor of physics. Dr. Compton received the degree of Ph.D. at Princeton in 1912. Two new members have been recently added to the faculty of the New York State College of Forestry. Mr. G. A. Gutches, formerly in the U. S. National Forest Service, later dis- trict forest inspector of Saskatchewan, Canada, becomes director of the New York State Ranger School at Wanakena, N. Y. Mr. H. H. Tryon, formerly forest engineer, becomes in- structor in forest utilization. This makes eight new appointments to the faculty of the New York State College of Forestry within the past year. The appointment of Dr. C. C. Adams as assistant professor of forest zoology was noted in Science of June, 1914. The other recent appointments are as follows: Dr. J. Fred Baker, formerly professor of forestry in Michigan Agricultural College, as professor of experimental forestry; Dr. L. H. Penning- ton, formerly associate professor of botany in Syracuse University, as professor of forest pathology; Dr. H. P. Brown, formerly in- structor at Cornell, as assistant professor in forest botany; Mr. Shirley W. Allen, formerly deputy forest supervisor of the Lassen National Forest, California, as assistant professor of 288 forest extension, and Mr. L. D. Cox, formerly landscape architect to the Park Commission of Los Angeles, as assistant professor of land- scape engineering. Sir Henry Miers, formerly professor of mineralogy at Oxford, has resigned the prin- cipalship of the University of London to be- come vice-chancellor of Manchester Univer- sity. Mr. L. G. Owen has been appointed pro- fessor of mathematics at the Government Col- lege, Rangoon. Dr. Rupotr Hoser has been made professor of physiology at Kiel, in succession to Pro- fessor A. Bethe, who has accepted a call to Frankfurt. DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE A TYPICAL CASE PROFESSOR graduated at Uni- versity and, taking a post-graduate course, received the degree of Ph.D. He then went abroad, studied at the University, and returned to America, full of enthusiasm for original research. He had published an im- portant memoir for a thesis, which was well recelved, his instructors encouraged him and his fellow students appreciated and were in- terested in his work. He now received an offer of a professorship in a small country college, married, and began his new life expecting to continue his investigations. He soon found that his en- tire time was occupied in teaching, and that he was obliged to eke out his small salary by writing and lecturing. He could not bear to abandon his great object, the advancement of human knowledge, and found that he could, by extra efforts, devote a portion of his even- ings to research, amounting to a fourth of his entire working capacity. He went to the president of the college, asking for an appro- priation for an assistant, who could do the routine work of copying, computing, etc., as well and as rapidly as he could himself. In- stead of a quarter of his time, he would thus have one and a quarter, or five times as much, and could make rapid progress at small ex- SCIENCE [N. S. Vou. XLI. No. 1051 pense. The president told him that the ob- ject of the institution was teaching, not re- search, and that it was impossible to grant his request. A fellowship was, however, va- cant, and might answer his purpose. This, however, would be of no use to him, as the fellow would not want to do routine work, but to undertake a research of his own, and would expect to be taught how to do it. His associ- ates were teachers, not investigators, and took no interest in his plans. After repeated trials and discouragements, he abandoned his ef- forts and settled down as a teacher only, with no ambitions beyond enabling his classes to pass their examinations. While good teachers are as much needed as investigators, the work of the latter may be greatly impeded if their main energy is de- voted to instruction. The finding of such men, and enabling them to carry on the great work, for which they are fitted, by providing them with apparatus, assistants, or means for publication, is one of the principal objects of the Committee of One Hundred on Scientific Research. Epwarp C. PICKERING January 27, 1915 A SPHENOIDAL SINUS IN THE DINOSAURS Tue work which has been done recently on the accessory nasal sinuses in man and the mammals by H. W. Loeb, J. P. Schaeffer, Onodi, Ernst Witt, Ritter, A. W. Meyer, as well as the earlier work of Zuckerkandl, may receive Some interesting additions from pale- ontology. While in no sense intending to affirm any genetic relations between the dino- saurs and mammals it is yet an interesting fact that a large sinus occurs in the sphenoidal region of dinosaurs and labyrinthodonts. It has previously been largely confused with the pituitary fossa near which it lies but recent work tends to show a distinction between this fossa for the lodgement of the hypophysis and the recessus basisphenoidalis as it is called by Osbornt who has figured this cavity very clearly in Tyrannosaurus rex, the huge carniv- orous dinosaur from the Cretaceous. The 1 Osborn, H. F., 1912, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. S., Vol. 1, Pt. 1, Pls. III. and IV. FEBRUARY 19, 1915] cavity in this dinosaur is quite extensive and corresponds in position to the human sphe- noidal sinus and resembles this structure in some of its complications such as are occa- sionally found in man. The structure seems to occupy portions of both the basisphenoid and the basioccipital and to extend a consid- erable distance toward the occipital condyle. There are five, possibly six, saccular divisions of the sphenoidal sinus (recessus basisphe- noidalis). These divisions recall the saccular divisions of the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses of man and from their smooth walls one would expect to find a membranous lining as in man. So far as I am aware this cavity has no connection with the nasal cavity, although such a connection may be demonstrated from additional or from a restudy of present mate- rial. The recess lies below and between the points of exit of the third and twelfth cranial nerves, the mass of the brain being immediately above it. Several authors have observed a similar depression in the sphenoidal region of the Labyrinthodont skull and in other primitive vertebrates, notably the early reptiles. It is a well known fact that the hypophysis and particularly the posterior portion of this structure is, in the early land vertebrates, quite large and it has been the natural assumption that the large recess near where the hypophysis occurs should lodge the glandular organ, but it is entirely probable that the recess is the sphenoidal sinus. There is no necessity of adopt- ing Osborn’s term recessus basisphenoidalis since there is no doubt that the structure corre- sponds well with the sinus sphenordalis of man. It is to be hoped that someone will take up the question of the general homologies of these cavities in different groups of vertebrates so that we may have a firm basis on which to work. The value of fossil animals in furnish- ing facts of anatomical importance has never been fully realized and it is to be hoped that an attempt will be made to fill this gap. Roy L. Mooprz DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SCIENCE 289 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS Human Physiology. By Prorrssor Luter Luciant. In four volumes; Volume II. Translated from the Italian by Frances A. Wetpy. London, 1913. The realm of physiology has become so ex- tensive that the preparation of an encyclopedic treatise on the subject by a single author is a notable intellectual feat. The admirable man- ner in which Luciani has accomplished this feat in his Fisiologia dell’ Uomo, is testified to by translations which have been made into both Spanish and German. Not only does the book include a review of recent and generally accepted observations and interpretations, but also in many subjects an account of the his- torical development of our knowledge from ancient to modern times. The reader is thus given a perspective which is rarely obtained except by particular historical research. A very considerable part of the value of Luciani’s great handbook arises from his gen- erous citation of original sources, both old and recent. This feature gives the exposition a permanent utility for the careful student who desires to become acquainted with re- ports by the discoverers themselves. Such a student should not depend wholly on English and German references to literature; he would do well to examine also French and Italian summaries, for, it must be admitted, there are not infrequently possibilities of tracing work thus which has not been represented where we have been most accustomed to look. Luciani’s bibliographies present a rich mine of references to Italian as well as to other original papers. The present volume (number II. of the four volumes of an English translation) is a good example of the whole. It is concerned with the internal secretions, the digestive se- eretions, the processes of digestion both me- chanical and chemical, absorption and excre- tion. Many of the illustrations are taken from the original investigations, and a num- ber of them are colored. The chief criticism that can be made against the work is that during the time required for its writing and being translated physiology has been going 290 forward so rapidly that important researches of the past four or five years are not found included in it. This defect, however, as inti- mated above, may be regarded as compen- sated for by the comprehensive and historical sweep which characterizes Luciani’s survey of the subject. W. B. Cannon The Wonder of Life. By J. Artuur THom- son. New York, Henry Holt and Company. 1914. Once more we are indebted to Professor Thomson for a semipopular work on biology, this time with contents of a very miscellaneous character, better to reflect the varied aspects of living nature. We have, in fact, a biolog- ical (mainly zoological) scrap-book, full of interesting matters gleaned from more or less recent literature, carefully selected and di- gested for our benefit. All this is loosely thrown together under several general head- ings, “The Drama of Life,” “The Haunts of Life,” “The Insurgence of Life,” “The Ways of Life,” “The Web of Life,” “The Cycle of Life” and “The Wonder of Life,” with more than 300 separate minor topics. Each chapter is headed by a selection from the aphorisms of Goethe, as translated by Huxley. The book is admirably adapted for “supplementary read- ing” in a course on biology or zoology, or it might itself be made the basis of a seminar course. Its great value lies in its wide scope and breadth of view, with every emphasis on vital phenomena rather than on morphological details or classification. It is addressed, how- ever, to an educated public, and even in places presupposes more zoological knowledge than most of us can boast. For example, on page 105 we are pulled up short by the startling announcement that “no one expects to find a Crustacean like Byotrephes longimanus in a pond.” It is probably true that very few have ever approached a pond with any such expec- tation! Doubtless it is good for us, however, to bump now and again into things we do not understand, merely to diminish that conceit which too readily develops after reading dis- cussions so lucid as those of Professor Thom- son. SCIENCE [N. S. Von. XLI. No. 1051 The specialist will here and there find things not quite up to date, or stated without suffi- cient reference to diverse points of view, but the general impression gained is that the work is admirably done, and that in all probability no other naturalist could have done it better, if so well. The illustrations, including many colored plates, are pleasing and instructive, but not up to the standard of the text. Some are really bad, as Fig. 81, a colored plate of leaf- insects (Phyllium). The coloring of the foliage, to correspond with the insects, is un- natural and without any adequate basis; while the insects are drawn from mounted speci- mens with the legs spread in the conventional way, without any reference to the plant on which they are supposed to be resting! The most ridiculous object is the young one, shown as resting on a nearly upright branch, with its legs waving wildly in the air. The whole thing is certainly, as it stands, a piece of “nature-faking.” Fig. 39, representing young spiders, shows some of them with the head and thorax separate, like an insect. There is a passage on page 595, beginning the discussion of the Transmissibility of Ac- quired Characters, which indicates that such transmission is perfectly easy in unicellular animals, which simply divide into two. Jen- nines has well shown the fallacy of this naive conception, and it seems surprising that Pro- fessor Thomson should offer it, not merely as an idea, but as a well-known fact. T. D. A. CockERELL UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SPECIAL ARTICLES MIOCRODISSECTION STUDIES ON THE GERM COELL* THIS paper records a continuation of the ob- servations published recently? in ScimNcE on the male germ cells of the grasshopper, Disosteira Carolina, and of the cockroach, Periplaneta Americana. The cells were iso- 1 Slightly modified from a paper read before the American Society of Zoologists, Philadelphia, December 29, 1914. 2 Robert Chambers, Jr., ‘‘Some Physical Prop- erties of the Cell Nucleus,’’ Science, N. S., XL., p. 824, 1914. FEBRUARY 19, 1915] lated and studied by means of microdissection and vital staining in a hanging drop of the insect body fluid in Barber’s moist chamber. The cytoplasm exhibits an extreme varia- bility in its consistency. On tearing it may go into solution, setting free the nucleus and the cytoplasmic granules. Often the cyto- plasm goes into solution with a rapidity suggestive of an explosion. A slight tear- ing of the surface is followed by a moment of apparent inactivity. Then comes a slight convulsive movement and the torn surface opens up, a swelling appearing especially at this place. Within a few seconds nothing re- mains but the nucleus and the mitochondria in the form of granules or a network. The nucleus in its turn swells and goes into solu- tion. The mitochondria persist for a much longer time. Individuals are also met with whose cells retain their shape, the torn region being gradually obliterated by a closing in of the surrounding cytoplasm. It is significant that all the cells of a given individual are constantly uniform in their behavior. In an attempt to ascertain the cause for this variability in the consistency of the proto- plasm a series of experiments has been planned, one of which is the investigation of the germ cells of food and water starved indi- viduals. Cockroaches starved for three weeks in a dry heated room were found uniformly to possess germ cells remarkable for their tough- ness and resistance to mechanical injury. “Physiological” salt solutions in various dilutions were all found to produce a swelling effect on the cell. The first evidence of this in isolated cells is the assumption of a spherical shape. The addition of a trace of egg albumin counteracts the swelling to a slight extent. As swelling proceeds the viscosity of the protoplasm at first increases, agglutination phenomena becoming very marked. Later the viscosity is lost, possibly due to the increased imbibition of water. When observed in body fluid, the cells tend to keep their irregular shapes. Spermato- eytes exhibit slow amceboid movements. Iso- lated cells, however, soon become spherical. SCIENCE 291 They also become spherical and swell on in- jury as when they are punctured with a needle. The mitochondria in the primary sperma- tocyte of Disosteira form a voluminous gran- ular network surrounding the nucleus, plainly visible in the fresh unstained cell. The deli- eate tracery of the mitochondrial structures in this, and in subsequent, stages is shown beauti- fully with Janus green, beside which similar structures seen in fixed material appear crude and in many respects erroneous. If the Janus green stain be heavy, its coagulative effect is apparent in the increase and clumping to- gether of the granules. If the cell be torn, the cytoplasm goes into solution and the stain very soon fades out, the granules swell and coalesce, forming irregular lumpy masses which persist for a long time. During metaphase the mitochondrial net- work is pulled out into a spindle-shaped struc- ture investing the viscous kinoplasmic mate- rial. Tearing of the cytoplasm causes a loss in the bipolar arrangement of the cell structures, the mitochondrial strands wrinkle and the whole spindle becomes distorted. The chrom- osomes scatter. Within a few minutes the relatively dense kinoplasmic mass goes into solution leaving the mitochondrial network with the chromosomes irregularly dispersed inside. Im one such case two spermatozoa corkserewed their way between the meshes of the mitochondrial spindle. Whenever their tails touched the viscous material of the meshes violent lashings were necessary to set themselves free. One struck its head against a mesh and was held prisoner for several minutes until the viscosity of the material was decreased during the dissolution process. The other spermatozoon hit a chromosome which stuck to its tail and the spermatozoon twirled away dragging off the chromosome. During anaphase and telophase the gran- ules and strands of the mitochondrial network are lengthened into delicate filamentous threads lying between the two groups of chromosomes. These are the interzonal fila- ments or the spindle-rest described in fixed material. As constriction between the daugh- ter cells progresses, the tension of the fila- 292 ments diminishes. Their tips vacuolize and appear lumpy, giving evidence again of a net- work arrangement of granules. As the con- striction deepens, the cluster assumes the form of an hour-glass. The Janus green stain now disappears at the middle as if the mitochon- drial material were drawn away or had gone into solution. In late telophase the substance of one daughter cell may be torn away from the other cell leaving the mitochondrial fila- ments projecting in naked strands which soon wrinkle and curl and finally coalesce into a lumpy mass. Cells in late anaphase and telophase may be caused to assume a spherical shape by mechan- ical agitation or tearing with the needle. The mitochondrial spindle is then very much dis- torted, the filaments become wrinkled and tangled. At the end of the cell division, each daughter cell contains a cluster of mitochon- drial filaments which have already begun to be transformed into a granular network mass which gradually spreads around the nucleus. The mitochondria are not stable structures. Granules at one moment may draw out into threads, or coalesce with their neighbors, or go into solution, freshly formed granules re- placing them. In the spermatid the mitochondria mass at one side of the nucleus to form the Nebenkern. The mitochondrial granules, at first loosely distributed, soon collect into a compact body which stains a solid blue with Janus green. On dissecting the Nebenkern out of the cell, it disintegrates into granules which persist as such for some time. The development of the axial filament was closely followed in the cockroach. It origi- nates in connection with an apparent slough- ing off of material from the surface of the Nebenkern. The coiled filament thus formed is bordered on two sides with a longitudinal row of granules collected at very regular in- tervals in small uniform clumps. The fila- ment itself does not stain with Janus green, the bordering granules, however, become in- tensely blue. One may watch the filament gradually uncoil and loosen from the Neben- kern. One end is inserted in a conical knob, SCIENCE [N. S. Von. XLI. No. 1051 (the blepharoblast), on the surface of the cell nucleus. As it uncoils, it forms a loop cury- ing along the periphery of the cell. The un- coiling is accompanied by an oscillatory movement which begins at the knob and passes in a wave along the filament. This movement gains in strength until the whole body of the cell is thrown into ever recurring waves. The movement is instantly arrested when the cytoplasm is torn by the needle. The cytoplasm then goes into solution and the filament either straightens out or deepens its curve possibly according to the character of the wave at the moment the spermatid is torn. The filament remains attached to the nucleus and may be dragged about with a needle. It is elastic and rigid and keeps its shape per- fectly for the short time before it goes into solution. During the process of its elonga- tion the spermatid is very susceptible to touch. A slight prick with the needle will cause it to assume a spherical shape. This is accom- panied by a distortion of the double row of granules alongside the axial filament so that one may observe the wave pass along one row slightly ahead of that along the other. When examined in Ringer’s fluid or when the spermatid is disturbed by the needle, the clumps tend to round off in the form of ves- icles. This is especially noticeable in the case of the two largest clumps close to the nucleus. Such an appearance is commonly met with in fixed material. As the filament straightens, the cell is drawn out into an attenuated body. The granules along the filament coalesce to form two narrow uniformly homogeneous bands which extend alongside the spherical nucleus to the anterior tip of the spermatid. The nucleus condenses into an optically homo- geneous and highly refractive body which gradually lengthens into the rod shape of the mature spermatozoon.