HY ny Vh, K 1 & "ay i” 5 ae “ ‘ war > rT @ Var vg) om af \ a H of 7a = = 7 ‘9 “ ~ ; mPa. Winn 6 4 - 7 —— 7 ieee Ve bi ‘path ae =. eo ay / . 7 : : eo Pa San! | MS Hay alle ae fe te A eee. CGS LG TOR. Sere ligne | Pie ia L SOE 73 SCIENCE A WHEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCH. EDITORIAL CommitrEE: S. NEwcoms, Mathematics; R. S. WooDWARD, Mechanics; E. C. PICKERING, Astronomy; T. C. MENDENHALL, Physics; R. H. THURSTON, Engineering; IRA REMSEN, Chemistry; J. LE ContE, Geology; W. M. Davis, Physiography; O. C. MarsH, Paleontology; W. K. Brooks, C. HART MERRIAM, Zoology; 8S. H. ScuDDER, Entomology; N. L. BRITTON, Botany; HENRY F. OsBoRN, General Biology; H. P. Bowpitcu, Physiology; J.S. BILLINGS, Hygiene ; J. MCKEEN CATTELL, Psychology ; DANIEL G. BRINTON, J. W. POWELL, Anthropology. NEW SERIES. VOLUME V. JANUARY -JUNE, 1897. %y NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1897 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS AND INDEX. N.S. VOL. V—JANUARY TO JUNE, 1897. The Names of Contributors are Printed in Small Capitals. Acquired Characteristics, The Inheritance of, E. D. Cors, 633; Jonn M. Macrarane, 935 Adams, F. D., and A. E. Barbour, Laurentian Highlands of Canada, 96, 406, 578 Adaptation in Pathological Processes, WILLIAM H, WE tcg, 813 ADLER, Cyrus, Goode Memorial Meeting, 365 Agassiz, Louis, WILLIAM JAMES, 285 Agriculture, Department of, Inadequacy of Sala- ries, 223; A Director of Scientific Work for the, 267 ; Report of the Secretary of, 272 Alabama Industrial and Scientific Society, EUGENE A. Smira, 72, 926 Aldrich, T. B., Mephitis Mephitica, 911 Allen, E. W,, Fleischman on Milchwirtschaft, 557 ALLEN, Harrison, Glossophaga Truei, 153; The Effects of Disease and Senility as illustrated in the Bones and Teeth of Mammals, 289 ALLEN, J. A., The Discrimination of Species and Sub-species, 877 Allen, J. A.. New Species of Mountain Sheep, 618 Allen, T. F., New Species of Nitella, 36 Alloy of Aluminum and Zinc, 396 Ambrosetti on the Monoliths of Tafi, 724 American, Journal of Science, 33, 228, 406, 589, 738, 888, 998; Association for the Advancement of Science, 398, 652, 965; F. W. PurTnam, 760 ; Academy of Arts and Sciences, 801 Ames, Joseph S., Spectrum Analysis, 319 Anatomie microscopique, Archives d’, 183 ee 8. A., Carbon Dioxid in the Atmosphere, Andreoli, E., Ozone, 798. Angot’s Aurora Borealis, 649 Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes, 181 Anthony and Brackett, Physics, 805 Anthropological Society of Washington, J. H. McCormick, 35, 194, 487, 594, 856, 927 Anthropology, Current Notes on, D. G. BRINTON, 22, 58, 100, 141, 178, 220, 265, 302. 339, 393, 438, 469, 509, 545, 578, 614, 650, 688, 724, 797, 835, 871, 913, 947, 988, and Psychology, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, Livingston FARRAND, 283, 776 Antony, U., and T. Benelli, Action of Water on Lead Pipes, 546, and A Lucchesi, Mercurous Chlorid and Aurice Chlorid, 546 Apprenticeship Question, R. H. Tourston, 299 Archeological, Report of Ontario, 393; Discoveries made in the Gravels at Trenton, G. FREDER- Ick Wricut, D. G. BRINTON, 586. Arry, ALBERT L., The Educational Value of the Physical Sciences, 460 Argentaurum Papers, C. A. Youne, 343 Argon in inhaled and exhaled Air, 949 Armstrong, H. E., Osmotic Pressure, 101; Organ- izing Scientific Opinion, 549 ; Arsenic Poisoning from Fabrics, 949 Ashmead, Belenocnema treatz, Mayer, 237; Can- arsia hammondi, 559; Roptronia, 560 Astronomical, Journal, 23; Notes, H. J., 102, 180, 222, 303; Medal, The Bruce, Epwarp S. Ho.- DEN, 620; Association, British, 803 Astronomy, Problems of, Stmon Newcomp, 777; Beginnings of American, EDWARDS. HoLpEN, 929; and Physics, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, W. Hauock, 70, 359, 452 Astrophysical, Notes, E. B. F., 726, 764, 836; Journal, 521, 591, 628 ATKINSON, GEO. F., Die Bedingungen der Fort- pflanzung bei einigen Algen und Pilzen, George Klebs, 353; Analytic Keys to North American Mosses, C. R. Barnes, 519 ; Diseases of Plants induced by Cryptogamic Parasites, Karl. v. Tubeuf, 696 Atoll of Funafuti, 343 Auk, The, 281, 739 Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, 801 Axe, The Grooved Stone, 914 Ayres, Howard, Brain Cells of the Adult Body, 358 B., H. F., Journal of Geology, 190, 282, 519, 701, 925 Bailey, L. H., The Survival of the Unlike, CHARLES H. BrssEy, 109; 514 Barn, H. F., Geological Bibliographies, 556 ; Clay Deposits of Miss., H. A. Wheeler, 852 BAKER, FRANK, Vertebrated Animals in the Zo- ological Gardens of London, 404 BAKER, FRANK C. and Frank M. Wooprurr, Note on Natrix Grohamii, B. & G., 447 Balch, E. 8., On Ice Caves, 870 BaupDwin, J. Marx, Die Spiele der Thiere, Karl Groos, 347; Organic Selection, 634 Ball, W. W. Rouse, History of Mathematics, E. M, Buake, 352 Balmer, J. J., Wave-lengths of Spectral Lines, 628 Baltzer, A., The Diluvial Aar Glacier, 508 Bancroft, F, W., Chelyosoma productum, Stimson, 435 BAncrort, WILDER, D., Traité élémentaire de mécanique chimique, P. Duhem, 625 Barbour, E. H., Demonelix, 94 Barnes, ©. R., Analytic Key to the Genera and Species of North American Mosses, Guo. F, ATKINSON, 519 Barrows, FRANKLIN W., The N. Y. State Science Teachers’ Association, 457, 498, 531 iv SCIENCE. Barter, C., Notes on Ashanti, 264 Bartlett, E. J., and W. F. Rice, Silver Hydride, 157 BARTON, G. Ila, Lieut. Peary’s Expedition, 308 Barton, "George H., Glacial Observations in the Umanak District, Greenland, 89 Barvs, C., The Blackboard Treatment of Physical Vectors, 171 Barus, C., An Interferential Induction Balance, 229; Diaphragm of a Telephone made with Special Interference Apparatus, 407; The Idio- static Electrometer, 485 Bascom, Florence, Pre- ‘Cambrian Volcanies of the South Mountain District, 95; The Schuylkiil, 177; Streams in Neig hborhood of Philadelphia and the Bryn Mawr ‘Gravel, 230 BATCHELDER, C. F., Papers presented to the World’s Congress on Ornithology, Irene E. Rood, 189 BaATHER, FE, A., How May Museums best Retard the Advance of Science? 671; The Re-distribu- tion of Type-specimens in ‘Museums, 694; A Postscript to the Terminology of Types, 843 Bather, F. A., Museums and Science, F. A. Lu- CAS, 543 Bats, Migration of, on Cape Cod, Mass., S. Minuer, JR., 541 Bauer, L. A., Distribution and the Secular Varia- tion of Terrestrial Magnetism, 192; Vertical Karth-Air Electric Currents, 665 Baumann, Professer Eugen, LAFAYETTE B. Mrn- DEL, 51 Baur, G., Pareisauria Seeley (Cotylosauria Cope) from the Triassic of Germany, 720; Distribu- tion of Marine Mammals, 956 Baur, G., and E. C. Case, The Pelycosauria, 592 Beal, W. J., Grasses of North America, F. Lam- SON SCRIBNER, 62 BEARD, J., Problems of Vertebrate Embryology, 07 Becker, George F., Rock Magmas, 33 Beecher, C. E., Natural Classification of Trilo- bites, 228; Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, N. H. Winchell, 449 Behrens, H., Mikrochemischen Analyse, E. R., 115 Bell, Robert, Canadian Rivers, 946 Berman and Smits, Compliment or Plagiarism, 61, 275, 478 Bendire, Charles E., C. Hart Merriam, 261; 304; Earliest Published Note of, C. H. M., 805 Benton, Frank, The Giant Bee of India, 319 BEeRKEY, CHARLES P., Geological Club of the University of Minnesota, 196, 363, 487 Berthelot, Chemical Analyses of Weapons, 545 BESSEY, CHARLES E., The Survival of the Unlike, L, H. Bailey, 109 Bibliographia Physiologica, 105 Bibliographies, Geological, H. F. Bain, 556 Biedermann, W., LElectro-Physiology, Hrnry SEWALL, 481 Biological, Society of Washington, F. A, Lucas, 159, 236, 319, 487, 629, 688, 739, 810, 963; Sur- vey of Alabama, 144; Station, at Pufiin Island, 840; on the Black Sea, 989 Biology, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, C. L. Bristou, 71, 319; BasnHrorp Dran, 595 Bird, Protection, Report of the Committee on, 282; Pictures, Professor Scott’s, F. A. Lucas, 620 Birds, Color Change in the Plumage of, unaccom- panied by Moult, F. A. L., 762 GERRIT CONTENTS AND INDEX. Buakn, E. M., History of Mathematics, WwW. W. R. "Ball, 352 ; Florian Cajori, 352 Bloch on the Red Race of Madagascar, 266 Blythe, Winter, Formaldehyde, 948 Boas, Franz, The Growth of Children, 570 Boas, Franz, Star Legend of Alaska, 216 Bolton, Herbert, Lancashire Coal Field, 560 Bouton, H. Carrineron, Two Extraordinary British Patents, 401 Bolton, H. Carrington, Man’s Speech to Brutes, 835 ; Early Chemical Societies, 855 Bolyai, John, Non-Euclidean Geometry, A. 5. HatTaHaway, 3li Bones.and Teeth of Mammals, The Effects of Dis- ease and Senility as illustrated in the, HARRI- SON ALLEN, 289 Boston Society of Natural History, SAmuEL HEN- sHAW, 34, 72, 196, 361, 682, 703, 891, 964 Botanical, Gazette, Evolution of the, 24; Society, Royal, 270; Laboratory, A New, in the American Tropics, D. T. MacDoueat, 395; Garden, The Missouri, 610; Society of London, 693 ; Society of America, 838 Bowonitcu, H. P., Opportunities for Training in Physiology, 446 Bowditch, H. P., The Relation between Height, Weight and Age, in Young Children, 131; Movements of the Alimentary Canal, 901 Brabrook, E. W., Ancient Man in England, 302; on the Progress of Anthropology, 578 Bradley, W. P., sand F, Kniffen, Paraisobutylphen- oxyacetic Acid, 157 Brain, Primary: Seymentation of the, C. F. W. McCuvure, 260 BRANNER, JOHN C., New Terms in Geology, 912 Branner, John C., Beauxite Deposits of Aik., 702 BRINTON, LOGE ‘Current Notes on Anthropology, 22, 53, 100, "141, 178, 220, 265, 302, 839, 393, 438, 469, 509, 545, 578, 614, 650, 688, 724, 797, 835, 871, 913, 947, 988; Les Aryens au Nord et au Sud del’ Hindou-Kouch, Charles de Ujfalvy, 68; Prehistoric Man and Beas H. N. Hutch- inson, 154; Horatio Hale, 216; Codice Messi- cano Vaticano, 300; L’ evolution de I’ esclayage, Ch. Letourneau, 448; Researches on the Antiquity of Man in the Delaware Valley and the Eastern United States, Henry C. Mercer, 484; Biologia Centrali-A mericana: Archeology, J. T. Goodman, 662; Anthropologia della Stirpe Camitica, G. Sergi, 808; The Potter’s Wheel in America, 958 ; The Swastika, Thomas Wilson, 960; L’ Origine de la Nation Fran- caise, Gabriel de Mortillet, 961 Brinton, D. G., Psychic Origin of Myth, 216 Bristou, C. iy, Biology, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, 71, 319 British Association forthe Advancement of Science, 228, 580, 767, 915; A. B. Macauuum, 251 Britton, E. G., Mexican Ferns, 631 Britton, N. L., Torrey Botanical Club, 925 Brown, E. W., The Lunar Theory, 100 Brown, Stimson J., The Companion of Sirius, 102 Bruner, Lawrence, Injurious Locusts, 691 Bumpus, H. C., Suspension of Natural Selection and the introduced English Sparrow, 423 Burckhardt, Carl, Limestone Range of the Klon- thal, Switzerland, 797 Burerss Epwarp S. , Torrey Botanical Club, 284, 451, 525, 595, 631, 891 NEW SERIES. VoL. VY. Burton, A. E., on the Umanak District, 54 Buschan on Stature and Weight, 469 Buys-Ballot, Monument, A. LAWRENCE Rotcu, 994 Byrnes, E. F., The Eggs of Limax, 391 Cazgort, FLORIAN, History of Elementary Mathe- matics, 516 Cajori, Florian, History of Elementary Mathe- maties, E. M. BLAKE, 392 California Academy of Sciences, 583 Calvin, S.. Slate Quarry Limestone, 317 Cameron, F. K., Isomorphism and Crystal Struc- ture in Organic Compounds, 774 Campbell, Marius R., Erosion at Baselevel, 83; Origin of Certain Topographic Forms, 83; Drainage Modifications, 437; and W. C. Men- denhall, Plateau of West Virginia, 947 Candlot, E., Cements and Sea Water, 799 Carbide of Calcium, 545 Carleton, M. A., Stem Rust on Wheat and Oats, 237; Climate in Wheat Environment, 810 Case, E. C., Cranial Region of Dimetrodon, 594 Cattell, J. McKeen, Researches in Progress in the Psychological Laboratory of Columbia Uni- versity, 209; An Ergometer, 909 Cavins, Frederick A., Quantitative Chemical Anal- sis, W. A. N., 281 Ceramics, American, 797 Chadbourne, A. P., Individual Dichromatism, 281 ; and Frank M. Chapman, Spring Plumage of the Bobolink, 739 Chalmot, G. de, Silicide of Chromium, 157; Sili- cides of Copper and Iron, 357 CHAMBERLIN, T. C., Former Extension of Green- land Glaciers, 400; Former Extension of Cor- nell Glacier near the Southern End of Melville Bay, 748 ; Former Extension of Ice in Green- land, 515 i Chamberlin, T. C., Glacial Studies, 701 Chandler, 8. C., The Variation of Latitude, 758 Chapman, Frank M., Bird Life, Harry C. OBER- HOLSER, 997 Chatelain, Heli, African Life Illustrated, 216 Chemical, Journal, American, J. ELLiIoTT GILPIN, 157, 356, 520, 664, 852, 961; Society. N. Y. Section, DuRAND WoopMaAN, 71, 289, 360, 487, 740; of Washington, A C. PEALE, 115; V. K. Cuesnut, 196, 507, 774, 855 Chemistry, Inorganic, Notes on, J. L. H., 101, 179, 221, 266, 394, 489, 470, 545, 615, 651, 725, 783, 798, 872, 914, 948; in the United States, F.W. Cuarke, 117; Inorganic and Organic, 763 CuHEsNnotT, V. K., Chemical Society of Washington, 196, 557, 774, 855 Chesnut, V. K., Water Hemlock and Laurier Rose, 237; Poison of the Biack Nightshade, 964 Chessin, Alexander §., The Motion of a Physical Pendulum, 100 Caitp, C. D., The Effect of the Density of the surrounding Gas on the Discharge of Electri- fied Metals by X-rays, 791 Cuinp, C. M., Centrosome and Sphere in the Ovarian Stroma of Mammals, 231; Cleavage of the Egg of Arenicola, 629 CHITTENDEN, J. B., Trigonometry, J. B. Lock, 626 CHITTENDEN, R. H., Microscopic Researches on the Formative Property of Glycogen, Charles Creighton, 517; Internal Secretions from a Chemico-physiological Standpoint, 969 SCIENCE. V Chittenden, R. H., The Proteolytic Action of Pa- pain, 134, 902; Reaction of some Animal Fluids, 902 ; Protagon of the Brain, 909 Chree on Work at Kew Observatory, 666 CuarK, ALVAN G., On supposed Effects of Strain in Telescopic Objectives, 768 Clark, W. B., Upper Cretaceous Formations of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain, 94 CuarkKEs, F. W., Chemistry in the United States, 117 Classification, A Question of, Ropr. T, Hruy, 921 Claypole, E. W., Human Relics in Ohio, 266 Ciayton, H. Heum, Velocity of a Flight of Ducks obtained by Triangulation, 26; The Height and Velocity of the Flight of a Flock of Geese migrating Northward, 585 Clayton, H. Helm, Cloud Heights, 264 Climatic, Features of the Arid Regions, 469 ; Zones on the Island of Sakhalin, 469 Cloud Observations at Blue Hill, 468 Clouds over a Fire, R. DEC. Warp, 60 Clute, W. N., Scolopendrium, 631 Coast and Geodetic Survey, J., 384 ,CocKkERELL, D. T. A., A Study in Insect Paras- itism, L. O. Howard, 848; The Virginia Col- ony of Helix Nemoralis, 985 Codice Messicano Vaticano, D. G. Brinton, 395 Cohn, F., Errors of Heliometer Measures, 303 Cougs, F. N., American Mathematical Society, 99 Coleman, A. P., Anorthosites, 190 Colon Group of Bacilli, ADELAIDE WARD PECK- HAM, 981 ; Color, Photography, 306; Blindness and William Pole, CHRISTINE LADD FRANKLIN, 310 Compliment or Plagiarism, BEMaNn and Smita. 61, 275, 478 ; GEoRGE BRucE HALSTED, 152, 344; ARTHUR LEFEVRE, 404 Comstock, Geo. C., Wave-length of Starlight, 522 Comstock, W. T., Molecular Rearrangement of the Oximes by Means of Metallic Salts, 926 Corps, E. D., The Inheritance of Acquired Charac- teristics, 633 Cope, Edward D., Henry F. Ossorn, 705; Be- quests of the late, 765 Coral Reef Committee, Report of, 258 Cornell Glacier, T. C. CHAMBERLIN, 748 Cornish, Vaughan, On Sand Dunes, 795 Cougs, Exxiorr, A Dictionary of Birds, Alfred Newton, 553 Coville on the Water Hyacinth, 811 Cowan, J. R. K., Tin in Canned Goods, 914 Crampton, Jr., H. E., Fertilization in Gasteropods, 320, 391; Ascidian Half Embryo, 595 Creighton, Charles, The Formative Property of Glycogen, R. H. CHITTENDEN, 517 Croox, A. R., Northwestern University Science Club, 160 Crooks, Wm., Deforestation and Climate, 837; Psychics in the Study of Man, 871 Crosspy, W. O., The Great Fault and accompany- ing Sandstone Dikes of Ute Pass, Colo., 604. Crosby, W. O.. Geology of Newport Neck and Conanicut Island. 407; and M. L. Fuller on the Origin of Pegmatite, 486 Cross, Whitman, Leucite Hills, Wyo, 361 Culin, Stewart, Divinatory and Calendrical Dia- grams, 100, 216; The Game of Maneala, 178 Curtis, H. §., Landscape Photography, 359 Cushing, A. R., Production of Idioventrical Rhy- them in the Mammalian Heart, 905 vi SCIENCE. CusHine, FRANK Hamriuton, A Case of Primitive Surgery, 977. Cycle in the Life of the Individual (Ontogeny) and in the Evolution of its own Group (Phy- logeny), ALPHEUS Hyatt, 161. Dasney, Jr., CHas. W., A National Department of Science, 73; The National University, 578 Datu, Wo. H., Distribution of Marine Mammals, 843 Dana, CHAarnes L., Genius and Degeneration, William Hirsch, 404 Darton, N. H., District of Columbia Region, 84 ; Dikes in Appalachian Virginia, 84 Davenrort, C. B., The Cell, Oscar Hertwig, 111; Edmund B. Wilson, 112 Davenport, C. B., Water in Growth, 892; Ex- perimental Morphology, J. P. McMurricu, 923 : Davis, W. M., Current Notes on Physiography, 20, 177, 268, 336, 437, 507, 577, 647, 722, 795, 869, 945 ; Journal of School Geography, 551 Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, 54, 221 Dawson, C. F., Dissemination of Infectious Dis- eases by Insects, 629 Dawson, G. M., Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, C. H. Hrrcucocx, 621 Dawson, W., Pre-Cambrian Fossils, 252 Day, H. D., Magnetic Increment of Rigidity of Wires in a strong Magnetic Field, 888 Dean, BasHrorp, N. Y. Academy, Biology, 595 Dean, Bashford, Plan of Development of a Myxinoid, 435. Deaths: Antoine T. d’Abbadie, 580; Duc d’Au- male, 800; Kristian Bahnson, 270; Edward Ballard, 270; A. D. Bartlett, 839; Edson 8. Bastin, 617; A. A. van Bemmelin, 580; Theo- dore Bent, 839; Sir John Brown, 103; Jacob Breitenlohner, 653; C. B. Brush, 916; Alvan G. Clark, 950; Legrand des Cloizeau, 839; M. C. Contejean, 580; E. D. Cope, 616; Olaus Dahl, 473; Wilhelm Deeke, 270; Alfred De- weore, 652; Wilhelm Doellen, 548; Robert Douglas, 916; Henry Drummond, 472; Ney Elias, 950; Charles Eliot, 548; Baron von Et- tingshausen, 270; von Falke, 950; Edward Falkner, 56; Gallileo Ferraris, 304; Dr. Feu- lard, 839; A. W. Franks, 916; Karl R. Fresen- ius, 950; Heinrich Gitke, 181; Joseph v. Ger- lach, 103; Emily L. Gregory, 728; Traill Green, 728: Horatio Hale, 56; E. Freiherr von Hirdtl, 653; Charles Heitzmann, 103; Robert Hogg, 580; Ludwig Hollaender, 652, Joseph F. James, 580; Lorenzo N. Johnson, 442; G. A. Kenn- gott, 63; Peter D. Keyser, 473; David Kir- naldy, 304; F. W. Klatt, 652; Dr. Kolbe, 548; M. Carey Lea, 767; Martin L. Linell, 766; Vic- tor Lemoine, 728; W.T. Lusk, 950; Leopold Maney, 989; Dr. de Marbaix, 728; J. Biddulph Martin, 580; Vivian S. Martin, 105; M. Mar- tini, 270; Count de Mas-Latre, 103; F. J. Mouat, 228; T. P. Morawitz, 182; Fritz Miller, 989; Edward Thomson Nelson, 442; Hermann von Nordlinger, 304; G. Ossowski, 916; Wm. H., Pancoast, 103; Léon du Pasquier, 652; John Pierce, 442; Guiseppe Protonotari, 270; Emil Heinr. du Bois-Reymond, 22; Timothee Roth- en, 472; Professor Saceardo, 223; Sinku Sa- kaki, 728; Prof. Satherberg, 304; Dr. Schols, CONTENTS AND INDEX. 602; J. L. Smith, 989; E. v. Sommaruga, 916; J. E. Stone, 839; Isidore Strauss, 161; A. Streng, 223; J. J. Sylvester, 472; Jean Hubert Thiry, 181; Luther H. Tucker, 473; Georges Ville, 472; W. Wallace, 340; Francis A. Walker, 102. W. H. Ward, 103; Joseph D. Weeks, 270; Karl Weierstrass, 472; C. F. Wiep- ken, 580; Theodore G. Wormley, 56; George Weyer, 181 Debus on Dalton’s Atomie Theory, 179 Deforestation and Rainfall, 509 Deichmiiller’s Instrument for fixing the Position of the Zenith with the Meridian Circle, 222 Delafontaine on Deeply Colored Rare Earths, 915 Dellenbaugh, F. 8., Death Masks, 393 Denning, W. F., Paths of 107 Meteors, ‘727 Dewey, Lyster, H., Migration of Weeds, 811 Dickinson, B. B., Geography in Schools, 178 Diller, J. S., Crater Lake, 81, 406, 947; North- western Oregon, 263 Discussion and Correspondence, 25, 60, 107, 147, 185, 226, 275, 308, 348, 400, 446, 476, 515, 550, 585, 620, 656, 694, 731, 768, 804, 843, 877, 919, 955, 993 Dobbin on the Introduction of the Balance into Chemistry, 394 Documents Public, Report on, 399 DopGE, CHARLES Wricut, The Principles and Practice of Teaching, James Johonnot, 187; Nature Study and Related Subjects for Com- mon Schools, Wilbur 8. Jackman, 188 Dover, RrcewarpD E., Earth Sciences, 503 ; Jour- nal of School Geography, 552; Geology, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, 560, 607, 702, 890 Dogs of the Ancient Pueblos, F. A. Lucas, 544 Dolbear, A. E., First Principles of Natural Phil- osophy, 805 Dorsey, George A., The Lumbar Curve, 579 Dreyer, G. P., Supra-renal Capsules, 905 ‘Driftless’ Ridge, O. H. HerRsury, 696 Druidical Remains at Dartmoor, 57, 272 Dryer, C. R., Physiography of N. Indiana, 724 Dupuzy, C. B., Some present Possibilities in the Analysis of Iron and Steel, 241 Dudley, P. H., Railway Tracks, 359 Dudley, Wm. L., Action of Fused Sodium Dioxid on Metals, 394 Duff, A. Wilmer, Viscosity as a Function of Tem- perature, 485 ; Tidal Observations, 739 Duhem, P., Traité élémentaire de mécanique chimique, W1LDER D. Bancrort, 625 Dunlap, F. L., and I. K, Phelps, Urea and Pri- mary Amines and Maleic Anhydride, 963 Dunnington, F, P., Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 521 Durand, W. F., Entropy of Function, 316 Dutch Association for Advancement of Science, 992 Duty on Books devoted to Original Researeh, 224 Dwelshauvers-Dery, V., Etude de huit essais de machine 4 vapeur, R. H. THurston, 153 EARLE, CHaARrues, Relations of Tarsius to the Lemurs and A pes, 258 ; Further Considerations of the Systematic Position of Tarsius, 657 Earth-crust Movements and their Causes, JOSEPH LEConTE, 321 Eastman, C. R., Devonian Bone and Fish-beds of North America, 703; Ctena-canthus spines from the Keokuk Limestone, 998 NEW eal Vou. V. Eastman, J. R., Relations of Science and the Scien- tific Citizen to the General Government, 525 Ebert on the Possible Disruption of the Solar System, 303 Economic Association, The American, 56 Eichhorn, A., Mayan Hieroglyphs, 798 Elective Studies in American Universities, 308, 445 Electric, Omnibus, 183 ; Light Association, 953 Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund, 800 Emmens, Stephen H., The Argentaurum Papers, Emmerling, O., Arsenic in Wall Papers, 101 Emmons, 8. F., Geology of Government Explora- tions, 1, 42 Emmons, S. F., Physiography of West Coast of Peru, 889 Engineers Civil, Society, of France, 271, 841, Lon- don Institute of, 617, 918 Entomological Society of Washington, L. O. HowarD, 287, 559, 856 EstxEs, Lupovie, Poudré, 805 Ethno-Botany, 688 Ethnography of Madagascar, 871 Etruscology, Recent, 614 Euproctis Chrysorrhea in Massachusetts, SAMUEL HeEnsHaw, 845 Expeditions, 238, 57, 148, 145, 183, 224, 269, 273, 443, 474, 512, 581, 653, 655, 728, 765, 839, 840, 841, 874, 875, 916, 917, 951, 952, 989 Exploration on the Coasts of the North Pacific Ocean, 455 Hycleshymer and B. M. Davis, Epiphysis and Paraphysis in Amia, 774 F., EH. B., Astrophysical Notes, 726, 764, 836 F., G. W., Physical Educational! Review, 666 Fairbanks, Harold W., Geology of San Francisco Peninsula, 283 ; Contact Metamorphism, 998 Fairchild, H. L., Shore Lines of Lake Warren, 88 FarranpD, Livineston, The American Psychol- ogical Association, 206; Anthropology and Psy- chology, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, 283, 776 Fault, the Great, and accompanying Sandstone Dykes of Ute Pass, Colo., W. O. CrosBy, 604 Fauna of Central Borneo, G. R. Stetson, 640 Fear, The Study of, WesLEY Mruts, 153 Fernow, B. E., Forest Reservation Policy, 489, 868 Fewkes, J. W., Types of Pueblo Pottery, 195 Field, G. W., Plankton of Brackish Water, 424 Fisuer, A. K., Sharp-tailed Finches of Maine, 577 Fisheries, Congress, National, 653; Exhibition, International, 918 Fleet, An Imaginary, G. D. Harris, 586 FLETCHER, Atice C., Notes on certain Beliefs concerning Will Power among the Siouan Tribes, 331 Fletcher, Alice C., Early Forms of Ceremonial Expression, 215; Ceremonial Hair-cutting among the Omahas, 215 Flexnor, Simon, Blood Serum in Animals immune from certain Diseases, 193 Flight of a Flock of Geese, The Height and Ve- locity of, H. Henm Cuiayton, 585 Florida Monster, A. E. VERRILL, 392, 476; F. A. Lucas, 476 Folin, O., On Urethanes, 852 Folk-lore Society, The American, Haruan I. SMITH, 215 Fonvielle, de, Balloon Meteorology, 265 SCIENCE. Vil Foote, Katherine, Centrosome and Archyplasm, 231 Forest Reservation, 398, 654, 764, 800, 839, 893; Policy, P. E. Fernow, 489, 868 Férstemann on Mayan Hieroglyphs, 871 Francoit-Legall, on the Amerique Indians, 438 FRANKLIN, CHRISTINE LApp., Color Blindness and William Pole, 310 Franklin, W.S., Electricity and Magnetism, 485 Franz, 8. I., Visual After-images, 776 Frazer, Persifor, the Determination of Minerals by Physical Properties, E. B. MatHEws, 624 Gacs, 8. H., N. Y. State Science Teachers’ Asso- ciation, 458 Galloway, B. T., Effect of Environment on Host and Parasite in Certain Diseases of Plants, 963 Ganodonta, H. F. O., 611 : Geikie, Sir Archibald, The Recent Visit of, J. F. Kemp, 785; The Tertiary Volcanic Succession, W. F. Morse, 788 Generic Names, Ictis, Arctogale and Arctogalidia, C. Hart Mprriam, 302 Geographentag, XII. Deutscher, Jena, 1897, F. P. GULLIVER, 866 Geographical, Society, Royal, of London, 103; Association of English Schoolmasters, 178; Congress, International, 271; Magazine, Is- RAEL C. RUSSELL, 477; Society, Royal, 306 Geoetephy, Journal of School, 105; Isranu C. USSELL, 271; W. M. Davis, 551, RicHARD E. Doves, 552; French, Notes on, F. P. GuL- LIVER, 644 Geologic Atlas of the United States, 884 Geolegical, Society of America, J. F. Kemp, 81 ; Winter Meetings at Washington, 342; So- ciety of London, Award of Medals, 182 ; Club of the University of Minnesota, CHaruEs P. BERKEY, 196, 363, 487 ; Society of Washington, W. F. Morse xt, 288, 361, 558, 811, 898 ; Inter- national Congress, 581, 616, 767, 800, 989; Survey of Colorado, 582; Work ofthe U. 8. Sur- vey, 991 Geologist, American, 229, 358, 486, 854 Geology, of Government Explorations, §. F. Em- mons, 1, 42; Journal of, H. F. B., 190, 282, 519, 701, 925; N. Y. Academy of Sciences, J. F. Kemp, 239, 360; RicHarp E. Dopes, 560, 702, 890; at the British Association, W. W. Watts, 252; Introduction of New Terms in, JouNn C. BRANNER, 912 ‘Gibbers,’ J. B. Woopworts, 476 Gibbs, J. W., Hubert A. Newton, 738 Gisps, WoLcort, A Lecture by Regnault, 409 GIDDINGS, FRANKLIN H., Spencer’s Principles of Sociology, 732; The Crowd, Gustav Le Bon, 734 Giesel, F., Solid Solutions, 470 GILBERT, G. K., Simplified Spelling, 185; Cata- logue des bibliographies géologiques, Hmm. de Margerie, 187 Gilbert, G. K., Tracks of HErian Drainage, 88; Underground Water of the Ark. Valley, 336 Gint, THEO., Distribution of Marine Mammals, 955 GILPIN, J. ExuroTt, American Chemical Journal, 157, 356, 520, 664, 852, 961 ; Gilpin, J. Elliott, Phosphorus Pentachloride, 853 Glacial Man in Ohio, CLARENCE B. Moors, 880 Glaciers of Norway, 21 Glossophaga Truei, HARRISON ALLEN, 155 vill Gomme, G. L., Folk-lore as Ethnological Data, 545 Goode, Memorial Meeting, Cyrus ADLER, 360; George Brown, 8S. P. LANGLEY, 369; as a Naturalist, HhNRy F. OsBorN, 373 Goopn, J. Paun, So-called Pseudo-Aurora, 186 Goodman, J. T., Biologia Centrali-Americana: Archeology, D. G. Brinton, 662 GrRaBau, AMADEUS W., The Sand-plains of Truro, Wellfleet and Eastham, 334 Graf, Arnold, Individuality of the Cell, 388 GREEN, BERNARD R., Philosophical Society of Washington, 408 Greene, C. W., Nerve Impulse, 910 Greenland, Glaciers, Former Extension of, RALPH S. Tarr, 344; T. C. CoamBrruin, 400; Ep- wArRD H. WtuuiaMs, Jr., 448; Former Ex- tension of Ice in, R. 8. Tarr, 515, 804; T. C. CHAMBERLIN, 516 Gregory, Emily Ray, Pronephric Duct in Se- lachians, 1000 Griffin, J. J., The Diazo Compounds, 520 Grindley, H. 8., and J. L. Sammis, Action of Mer- captides on Quinones, 665 Groos, Karl, Die Spiele der Thiere, J. BaLpwin, 347 Gross, Theodor, Bythium, 874 Growth of Children, Franz Boas, 570 GuLLiver, F. P., Notes on French Geography, 644; XII Deutscher Geographentag, Jena, 866 Guntz on Lithium Nitrid, 180, 266 Marx H., J. L., Notes on Inorganic Chemistry, 101, 179, 221, 266, 394, 439, 470, 545, 615, 651, 725, 763, 798, 872, 914 Haase, Erich, Researches on Mimicry, VERNON L. KELLOGG, 228 Haber, F,, and A. Weber, on Illuminating Gas, 266 Hale, George E., Refracting and Reflecting Tele- scopes for Astrophysical Investigations, 592 Hale, Horatio, D. G. Brinton, 216; on Wam- pum Records, 650 Hall, C. W., The University of Minnesota, 730 Hall, J. V., Ferric Hydroxide, 962 HAunLock, WILLIAM, Astronomy and Physics, N. Y. Academy of Sciences, 70, 359, 452 HALSTED, GEORGE Bruce, Compliment or Plagi- arism, 152, 344; International Congress of Mathematicians, 477; Sylvester, 597 Hann’s Allgemeine Erdkunde, 177 Hannequin, Arthur, L’ hypothése des atomes dans la science contemporaine, E. A. STRONG, 736 Harley, W. N., and H. Ramage, Spectrographic Analysis, 546 Harmon, Mary P., Psycho-physical Tests, 210 Harrington, D. W., Heart of the Guinea Pig, 907 Harrington, N. R., Entoconchide, 433; A Nereid from Puget Sound, 595 Harris, G. D., An Imaginary Fleet, 586 Hart, Edward, Chemistry for Beginners, Jas, Lewis Howe, 155 Hartley W. N., and H. Ramage, The wide Dis- semination of some the rarer Chemical Ele- ments, 394 Hatwaway, A. §., John Bolyai, 311. Hathaway, A. S., Primer of Quaternions, ALEX- ANDER MACFARLANE, 699 Hayes, C. Willard, Solution of Quartz under At- Non-Euclidean Geometry, SCIENCE. CONTENTS AND INDEX. mospheric Conditions, 82; and Alfred H. Brooks, Crystalline and Metamorphic Rocks 97; Southern Iron Ores, 558 Hazen, H. A., Pseudo-Aurora Again, 447 Heilprin, Angelo, Earth and its Story, 21; As- sumed Glaciation of the Atlas Mountains, 88 Helix Nemoralis, The Virginia Colony of, T., D. A. COCKERELL, 985 Henchman, A. P., Eyes of Limax Maximus, 428 HENSHAW, SAMUEL, Boston Society of Natural History, 34, 72, 196, 361, 632, 703, 891, 964; Euproctis Chrysorrhea in Massachusetts, 845 Herreshoff, J. B., Metallurgy of Copper, 240 HersHey, O.H., The Quaternary Deposits of Mis- souri, James E. Todd, 587; A ‘Driftless’ Ridge, 696; The Loess Formation of the Mississippi Region, 768 Hershey, O. H., The Formation of Till, 283 Hertwig, Oscar, The Cell, C. B. DAvENPoRT, 111 Heycock, C. T., Metallic Alloys, 693; and F. H. Neville, Sodium-gold Alloys, 914; Alloy of Silver and Zire, 948 Hieroglyphs, Mexican, J. D. McGurrz, 479; ZpLia UTTALL, 479 Highhole Courtship, Hrram M. Stanuey, 921 Hitt, Rost. T., Phases in Jamaican Natural His- tory, 15; A Question of Classification, 921 Hill, R. T., Phases of the Negro of the West In- dies, 594; and T. W. Vaughan, Lower Creta- ceous Grypheas of the Texas Region, 629 Hillgartner, H. L., Experiments with X-Rays on the Blind, 704 Hillyer, N. H., and O. E. Crooker, Aluminum Ethylate, 157 Hime, H. W. L., Anwendung der Quaternionen auf die Geometrie, ALEXANDER MACFARLANE, 699 Hirsch, William, Genius and Degeneration, Cuas. L. Dana, 404 Hitcucocr, C. H., Annual Report of the Geol- ogical Survey of Canada, G. M. Dawson, 621 Hitchcock, C. H., Stratigraphy of certain Homo- genous Rocks, 86. Hobbs, W. H., Geology of Southwestern New England, 520 Hodge, C. F., Physiological Influence of Alcohol, 135 Hoffman, Frederick L., Race Traits and Tenden- cies of the American Negro, W J McGsExg, 65 HoLpEen, Epwarp §., The Bruce Astronomical Medal, 620; Mr. Lowell’s Observations of Mercury and Venus, 656; The Beginnings of American Astronomy, 929 HoreatE, THomas F., Science Club of North- western University, 524, 812 Hollick, Arthur, Geological Section at Cliffwood, N. J., 239 ; Fossil Arundo from §. I., 595 Holm, Theo., Draba hyperbores, 236; The Grass Embryo, 668 Hough, T., Duration of Cardiac Standstill with different Strengths of Vagus Stimulation, 12 Howarp, L. O., Entomological Society of Wash- ington, 237, 559, 856 Howard, L. O., Parasites of Shade Tree Insects, 319; Parasites of Coccide, 560; A Study in Insect Parasitism, D. T, A. CocKERELL, 848 Hower, Jas. Lewis, Chemistry for Beginners, Edward Hart, 155; Theoretical Chemistry, Ferdinand G. Wiechmann, 313 NEW Saal Noite, WE Howell, W. H., Plethysmographic Curves 130; Physiological Effects of Injections of Extracts of the Hypophysis Cerebri, 903 f Huber, G. C., Sympathetic Ganglia of Vertebrates, 132 ; Ending of Nerves in Muscle Tissue, 133 ; in the Viscera, 908; in the ‘ Muscle Spindles’ of Voluntary Muscle, 908 Huprecat, A. A. W., Relations of Tarsius to the Lemurs and Apes, 550 Huggins, William, Stellar Spectra on a Photo- graphic Plate, 522 Hull on the,Glacial Period, 257 Humphreys, W. J., Wave-lengths of the Lines of the Arc Spectra of certain Elements, 521 Hunt., R., The Inhibitory and the Accelerator Nerves of the Heart, 130; Innervation of the Heart of the Opossum, 906; The Lobster’s Heart, 907 Huntington, G. 5., Lemur Bruneus, 319 Hutchinson, H. N., Prehistoric Man and Beast, D. G. Brinton, 154 Huxley Memorial, 223 Hyatt, Aupueus, Cycle in the Life ofthe Indi- vidual (Ontogeny) and in the Evolution of its own Group (Phylogeny), 161 Hygiene, Public, Report on, in Prussia, 442 Hysitop, JAMES H., Professor Jastrow’s Test on Diversity of Opinion, 275 Ice Age, The Coming, C. A. M. Taser, 658 India, Survey of, 184 Induction Coil, A New Method of driving an Cuas. L. Norton, Raupo R. LAWRENCE, 335 Insects, An Essay on the Classification of, JonN B. Smriru, 671 i Iowa Academy of Sciences, HERBERT OSBORN, 317 Iron and Steel, Some present Possibilities in the Analysis of, C. B. DupiEy, 241 Irving, J. D., Green River and the Uinta Moun- tains, 647 J., Coast and Geodetic Survey, 384 J., H., Astronomical Notes, 102, 180, 222, 303 Jackman, Wilbur §., Nature Study, CHARLES _WricHt Dopegs, 188 Jackson, C. L, and M. H. Ittner, Parabromdime- tanitrolouol, 157; Sodic Ethylate, 520; and A. M. Comey, Hydrozel, 651; Hydrocobaltocobalti- cyanic Acid, 664 Jacoby, H., Circumpolar Stars, 359 Jaggar, Jr., T. A., Mountain Building, 703 Jamaican Natural History, Ropr, T. Hru1, 15 JAMES, WILLIAM, Louis Agassiz, 285 JASTROW, JOSEPH, A Test on Diversity of Opinion, 26; Outlines of Psychology, Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Bradford Titchener, 882 Johus Hopkins University Science Club, CHas. Lane Poor, 192, 318, 667 Johnson, J. B., The Materials of Construction, MANSFIELD MERRIMAN, 921 Johnson-Lavis, H. J., Highwood Mountains, 256 Jobhonnot, James, The Principles and Practice of Teaching, CHARLES Wricut DopeE, 187 Jones, H. C. and E. Mackay, The Study of Water Solutions and of some of the Alums, 356 Jones, H. L. Seashore Plants, 964 JORDAN, Epwin O., Municipal Government in Continental Europe, Albert Shaw, 450 Judson, W. V., Galveston Harbor, 363 SCIENCE. 1x Jurassic Wealden (Tithonian) of England, JuLus Marcou, 149 Kastle, J. H., Salts of Calcium, Strontium and Barium, 665; and W. A. Beatty, Effect of Light on the Displacement of Bromine and Iodine, 357; Halogens in Organic Halides, 845 Kayser, H., Spectrum of Zeta Puppis, 591 Keilhack, K., Prof. Geikie’s Classification of the North European Glacial Deposits, 519; Thorodssen on Northeast Iceland, 796 Keith on Some Stages of Appalachian Erosion, 507 KELLOGG, VERNON L., Researches on Mimicry, Erich Haase, 228 Kelly, D. J., Malt Wine, 774 Ketvin, Lorp, J. G. Brartiz, M. Smouv- CHOWSKI DE SMOLAN, Electrification of Air by Rontgen Rays, 139 Kemp, G. T., Apparatus to Avoid Explosion in Gas Analysis, 132; Physiological Action of Nitrous Oxide, 136; Gases of the Blood during Nitrous Oxide Anzsthesia, 904 Kemp, J. F., Geological Society of America, 81; N. Y. Academy of Sciences, Geology, 239, 360, 999; Visit of Sir Archibald Geikie, 785 Kemp, J. F., The Leucite Hills, Wyo., 82; The Pre-Cambriau Topography of the Hastern Adirondacks, 92; Ore deposits of Butte, Mont., 891; Geology of the Trail from Redrock to Leesburgh, Idaho, 891 Kendall on Changes in Yorkshire Rivers, 257 Kenyon, F. C , Brain of the Bee, 358; Optic Lobes of a Bee’s Brain, 429 Kimball, James P., Puget Sound Basin, 854 King, F. H., Movements of Ground Waters, 523 Kingsbury, B. F., The Oblongata in Fishes, 773 Kingsley, J. S., Amphiuma and Cecilians, 436 Klebs, George, Bedingungen der Fortpflanzung bei einigen Algen und Pilzen, Gro. F. AT- KC(NSON, 303 Knight, N., Benzanilide, 357 Knowlton, f. H., Flora of Independence Hill, 190 Kober, George M., Hygiene, 856 Kolliker’s Entwicklungsgeschichte, 342 Krause, E. H. L., Pre-history of N. Europe, 689 Kuhlenbeck, L., Native American Mysticism, 579 Kimmel, Henry B., Newark Formation of West- ern New Jersey, 93 Kunz, George F., Precious Stones, 184 L., F. A., Color Change in the Plumage of Birds unaccompanied by Moult, 762 ‘ Lachman, A., Zine Ethyl, 854 Landslip, in Switzerland, 21; The Gohna, 437; on the Banks of the Upper Yang-tsze, 619 Lane, ALFRED C., The Drainage of the Saginaw Valley, 553 Lane, Alfred C., The Grain of Rocks, 97 Langdon, F. E., Peripheral Nervous System of Nereis Virens, 427 Lana.ey, S. P.. George Brown Goode, 369 Lassar-Cohn, Die Chemie im tiglichen Leben, W. R. O., 156 Lavoisier Monument, Epcar F. Suiru, 403 Lay, W., Mental Imagery, 776 LeBlanc, Max, The Elements of Electrochemistry, FERDINAND G. WIECHMANN, 32 Le Bon, Gustave, The Crowd, FRANKLIN H. Gip- DINGS, 734 x SCIENCE. Lr Conte, Josepu, Earth-Crust Movements and their Causes, 321 Lzz, Freperic §., The American Physiological Society, 129, 900 Lee, F. 8., Form of the Muscle Curve, 910 Leeds on Micro-organisms in Water, 71 LEFEVRE, ARTHUR, Compliment or Plagiarism, 401 Lefevre, G., Budding in Clavilinidz, 433 Leonard, A, G., Natural Gas, 317 Letourneau, Ch., L’evolution de Vesclavage, D. G. Brinton, 448 Leverett, Frank, Changes of Drainage in the Ohio River Basin, 85; An Abandoned River Chan- nel in Eastern Iowa and the Western Edge of the Illinois Icelobe, 89; Glacial Deposits of Indiana, 263; The Preglacial Kanawha, 337 Lillie, F. R., Origin of Centers of the First Cleav- age Spindle in Unio Complanata, 389 Lindgren, Waldemar, Sierra Nevada, 190, 361, 590 Littleton, F. T., Volumetric Determination of Starch, 157 Liversidge on Gold in Natural Saline Deposits, 470 Lock, J. B., Trigonometry for Beginners, J. B. CHITTENDEN, 626 Locks, F. §, Physiological Papers, H. Newell Martin, 113 Locke, F. §., Latent Period of the Motor Nerve- endings, 136; The Frog’s Heart, 137 Loess, Formation of the Mississippi Region, Oscar H. Hersey, 768; Is it of either Lacustrine or Semi-marine Origin ? 993 Loomis, E. H., The Freezing Points of Dilute Aqueous Solutions, 315 Losanitsch and Jovitschitsch, Silent Electric Dis- charge, 440 Lough, James E., Intensity of Sensation, 207 Lowell’s, Mr., Observations of Mercury and Venus, Epwarp 8. HoLpDEN, 656 Lucas, F. A., Biological Society of Washington, 159, 236, 319, 487, 629, 688, 759, 810, 963; The Florida Monster, 476; Play of Animals: the Fur Seal, 480; Museums and Science, 543; A Dog of the Ancient Pueblos, 544; Professor Scott’s Bird Pictures, 620 Lucas, F. A., Sea-lion Eumetopias, 159; Natural Mortality among fur Seals, 159 Lusk, G., Production of Sugar from Gelatine in Metabolosm, 132; Phlorhizin Diabetes, 900 Lydekker, R., A Geographical History of Mam- mals, C. Hart MERRIAM, 26, M., Henry L. Whiting, 300 M., C. H., A Popular Handbook of the Ornithol- ogy of Eastern North America, Thomas Nut- tall, 110; Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago, Robert Ridgway, 770 ; Harliest Published Note of the late Chas. E. Bendire, 805 M., W. F., Magnetic Declination, 444 McG., J. H., Semon on the Monotremes, 643 Mabery, Chas. F., and E. J. Hudson, American Petroleum, 664; and A. §. Kittelberger, South American Petroleum, 853, 961 McAdie on Fog Possibilities, 265 McCalley, Henry, Tenn. Valley Region, 507 Macatuum, A. B., Toronto Meeting of the British Association, 251 McCauley, A., Utility of Quaternions in Physics, ALEXANDER MACFARLANE, 699 Ala., CONTENTS AND INDEX. McCuurg, C. F. W., Primary Segmentation of the Brain, 260 McCormick, J. H., Anthropological Society of Washington, 35, 194, 487, 594, 856, 927 McCormick, J. H ,. Folk-lore for 1896, 195 ; Devel- opment of the Arts as Applied to Medicine, 220 MacDoueat, D. T., A New Botanical Laboratory in the American Tropics, 395 MacDougal, D. T., On the Tropical Laboratory Commission, 728 MACFARLANE, ALEXANDER, Recent Books on Quaternions, 699 MACFARLANE, JOHN M., Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, 935 McGex, W J, Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, Frederick L, Hoffman, 65 McGee, W J, Sheetflood Erosion, 722; The Muskwaki Indians, 928 McGregor, J. H., Embryo of Cryptobranchus, 71 McGuire, J. D., Mexican Hieroglyphs, 479 McGuire, J. D., Primitive Drills and Drilling, 54 M’Kendrick, J. G., Elementary Human Physi- ology, JosePH W. WARREN, 809 McMourricu. J. P., Experimental Morphology, Chas. B. Davenport, 293 MeMurrich, J. P., The Midgut in Terrestrial Iso- pods, 423 McNarr, F. W., Newton’s Total Reflection Ex- periment, 620 Man and his Environment, 947 Marcovu, Jutes, The Jurassic Wealden (Tith- onian) of England, 149 Marcou, Jules, Stratigraphic Classification, 230 Margerie, Emm. de, Catalogues des bibliographies géologiques, G. K. GrnBER?, 187 Marine, Biology of Great Britain, 55; Fauna of 8. African Coast, 443; Mammals, Distribution of, P. L. Scuater, 741; Wu. H. Dawu, 843; THEO. GILL, 955; G. Baur, 956; ARNOLD E. ORTMANN, 997 Marlatt, C. L., The Science of Entomology, 559 Marr, J. E., Stratigraphical Investigation, 252 Marsh, O, C., Stylinodontia, 22 MarsHAtt, Wm. 8., University of Wisconsin Sci- ence Club, 160, 408, 523, 652 Martin, Edward A., The Story of a Piece of Coal, J. J. Stevenson, 810 Martin, H. Newell, Physiological Papers, F. 8. Locke, 113 Martin, R., Racial Studies in Switzerland, 22 Mason, O. T., Primitive Travel and Transporta- tion, 141; Mateo Grosso, S. Amer. as a Ming- ling Ground of Stocks, 194; Boat from the Kootenay River, 927 Mason, W. P., Qualitative Analysis, W. A. N., 280 Mathematical. Society, American, F. N. Coun, 99; 917; Conference at Chicago, 398 Mathematicians, International Congress of, GEORGE Bruce HausTep, 477; 841 Mathematics, Higher, ALEXANDER ZIWET, 277; History of Elementary, Ftortan Casort, 516 Marupws, ALBERT, Internal Secretions, in Rela- tion to Variation and Development, 683 Matuews, E. B., The Determination of Minerals by Physical Properties, Persifor Frazer, 624 Mathews on Early Cambrian Faunas, 204 Matthews and Shearer, Problems and Questions in Physies, 805 Maury, A. C., Spectra of the Brighter Stars, 836 NEW SERIES. VoL. Y. Mayan History, Ancient, 53 Mayer, A. M., Flotation of Disks and Rings of Metal, 589 Mead, A. D., The Centrosomes in the Annelid Egg, 232; on Centrosomes in Cheetopterus, 389 Mearns, Encar A., A New Subgeneric Name for the Water Hares, 395 Medical, Inspectors in New York Schools, 23; Schools, N. Y. Licensing examinations of, 107; Association, British, 729, 840, 951; The American, 917; International Congress, 989 MeeEx, S. E., Naples Zoological Station, 832 Me.vrzer, 8. J., Emil Du Bois-Reymond, 217 Meltzer, S. J., Contraction of the Stomach, 131; Bactericidal Effects of Lymph from the Thoracic Duct, 136; Deglutition, 901 Menpet, LArAyeTtE B., Professor Eugene Bau- mann, 51 Mercer, H, C., Potter’s Wheel in Ancient Amer- ica, 919 Merriam, C. Hart, A Geographical History of Mammals, R. Lydekker, 26; Charles E. Ben- dire, 261; The Generic Names Ict¢s, Arcto- gale and Arctogalidia, 302; Type Specimens in Natural History, 781; Suggestions for a New Method of discriminating between Species and Sub-species, 753 Merriam C. Hart, Pribilof Island Hair Seal, 519 Merrill, G. P., Rock Weathering, 95; Rocks, Rock- Weathering and Soils, J. B. Woopworta, 995 MERRIMAN, MANSFIELD, The Materials of Con- struction, J. B. Johnson, 921 Merritt, Ernest, The Gyroscopic Pendulum, 316 Metabolism in the Human Body, 493 Meteorological, and Hydrological Meetings, The International, A. LAWRENCE Rotcg, 17; Con- ference at Paris, A. LawRENCE Rortcu, 152; Society, The Royal, 274; Society, American, 295; Reprints, R. DEC. Warp, 339, 661; Station, Antarctic, 341; Council of Royal So- ciety, 583; Observatory, The Blue Hill, 613 Meteorology, Current Notes on, R. DEC. Warp, 219, 264, 337, 468, 508, 612, 649, 837, 986 Metric System, 307, 513, 692, 953; Burt G. WILDER, 587 Miall, L. C., Round the Year, E. §. Morss, 227 Michaelis and Becker on Phosphorous Acid, 949 Michelson, A. A., Earth and Ether, 889 Microbes, The War with the, E. A. DE ScHWEIN- ITZ, 561 Microtomes, Automatic, On two Forms of, CHARLES SEpGwick Mrnor, 857 Minter, Jr., Gerrit §., Migration of Bats on Cape Cod, Mass., 541 Millet, J. B., Kite-flying, 837 Mitts Westey, The Study of Fear, 153; Psy- chology and Comparative Psychology, 718 ; Significance of Internal Secretion, 920 Mills, W., Cerebral Cortex 134; Psychic Develop- ment of Young Animals, 209; Personal Ex- periences under Ether, 210 Milne, John, Earthquake Survey of the World, 146; Seismological Investigation Committee, 444 Minor, CHaruss §., On Certain Problems of Ver- tebrate Embryology, 107; On Two Forms of Automatic Microtomes, 857 Minot, C, §., An Improved Microtome, 106; Lab- oratory Methods, 391 Mixter, W. G., Electrosynthesis, 999 SCIENCE. Sat Molenbroeck, P., Theorie der Quaternionen, ALEX- ANDER MACFARLANE, 699 Moler, George 8., Synchronous Motor, 485 Mollier, H., The Celts and their Wanderings, 988 Monist, The, 69 Moore, B. E., The Lead Cell, 484; and H. V. Car- penter, The Galvanic Cell, 316 Moore, CLARENCE B., Glacial Man in Ohio, 880 Morean, C. Luoyp, Organic Selection, 994 Morley, Frank, The Construction of a Single Point Covariant with five given Points, 99 Morphological Society, The American, G. H. PARKER, 388, 423 Morrill, A. D., The Auditory Epithelium, 358 Morss, E. 8., Round the Year, L. C. Miall, 227 Morse, E. S., ‘Bow-pullers’ of Antiquity, 614 Morsx11, W. F., Geological Society of Washing- ton, 288, 361, 558, 811, 889; Sir Archibald Geikie on Tertiary Volcanic Succession, 788 Mortillet, G. de, on Small Chipped Flints, 339 ; European ‘Quaternary Man,’ 509; L’ Origine de la Nation Frangaise, 961 Morton on the Phenomena of Fluorescence, 71 Munby, A. E., Bunsen Burner for Acetylene, 914 Munroe, Chas. E., Gun Cotton, 115 Murray, John, ‘Balfour Shoal,’ 727 Museum, South Kensington and Queen Victoria’s Jubilee, 397; The National, of Costa Rica, 470; British, Organization of the, 693 Museums, Associations, 580; How retard the Ad- vance of Science, F. A. BATHER, 677 N., W. A., Development of the Periodic Law, F. P. Venable, 280; Notes on Qualitative Analy- sis, W. P. Mason, 280; Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Frederick A. Cairns, 281 Nansen’s Discovery of the Breeding Grounds of the Rosy Gull, T. 8. PauMEr, 175 National, University, 197; Witt1am TRELEASE, 345; CHARLES W. DaBNey, JR., 378; and the Smithsonian Institution, Benz. IDE WHEELER, 881; Academy of Sciences, 659, 758 fi Natrix Grohamii, B. & G., Frank C. Baker and FRANK M. Woopruvurrf, 447 Natural, History, Specimens, Postal Laws concern- ing, 873; History, Cambridge, W. McM. Woopworts, 958 Nepreees Academy of Sciences, G. D. SWEZEY, 15 Nedel, E., Antiquities of Bornholm, 988 Neiss], G. von, Paths of 100 Meteors, 727 Neurology, Journal of Comparative, 358, 773; and Psychiatry, etc., International Congress of, 839 New Books, 72, 116, 240, 284, 320, 364, 408, 488, 524, 560, 596, 668, 704, 776, 812, 892, 964, 1000 Newcomsp, 8., An Ambitious ‘Paradoxer,’ 400; The Problems of Astronomy, 777 Newcomb, §., Address by Prof. W.H. Welch in honor of, 690 Newell, W. W., The Legend of the Holy Grail, 215 Newton on the Worship of Meteorites, 33 Newton, Alfred, A Dictionary of Birds, Euirorr Cougs, 533 New York Academy of Sciences, Astronomy and Physics, W. Hauock, 70, 359, 452 ; Biology, C. L. Brisron, 71, 319; BasHrorp Dzan, 595; Geology, J. F. Kemp, 2389, 360, 999; Psychology and Anthropology, Livrneston FarRAND, 283, 776; RicHarp E. Dopex, 560, 702, 890; Annual Reception and Exhibition of, 341; RicHarD E. Dopes, 607 Nicholas, F. C., Gold Fields of W. Columbia, 360 Nichols, E. F., A Method for Energy Measure- ments in the Infra- red, 315 Nicuous, E. L., The Teaching of Physics and Chemistry in the Secondary Schools, 464 Nichols, E. L., Outlines of Physics, 805; and J. A. Clark, Electrification and Surface Tension of Water, 483 ; and W.S. Franklin, Physics, 805 Nichols, H. W., The Genesis of Clay Stones, 854 Nobel Bequest, 59, 108, 142, 223 Nomenclature, and Metamorphic Lavas, H. W. TURNER, 226; Scientific, A Layman’s Views on, THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 683 Northwestern University Science Club, A. R. Crook, 160; THomas F. Houeats, 524 Norton, Cuas. L., RatpoH R. Lawrence, A New Method of driving an Induction Coil, 335; An Induction Coil Method for X-Rays, 496 Norton, J. B. §., St. Louis Tornado of 1896, 892 Noyes, A. A. and C. W. Lucker, Diacetylenyl (Butadiine), 357 Nuttall, Thomas, A Popular Handbook of Orni- thology, C. H. M., 110 Nuttauu, ZELIA, Mexican Hieroglyphs, 479 O., H. F., The Ganodonta, 611 0. W.R. , Die Chemie im taglichen Leben, Lassar- Cohn, 156 OBERHOLSER, Harry C., Bird Life, Frank M. Chapman, 997 Oberholser, H. C., American Golden Warblers, 740 Oberhummer on the Jewish Physical Type, 650 Opinion, A Test on the Diversity om JOSEPH JAS- TROW, 26; JAMES H. Hystop, 275; 513 OsBoRN, Henry F., Goode as a STAIR 378 5 Origin of the Teeth of the Mammalia, 576; Edward D. Cope, 705 OsBORN, HERBERT, Jowa Academy of Sciences, 317 Organic Selection, J. Marx BaLpwin, 634; Ros- ERT M. Pierce, 844; C, Lutoyp Moraan, 994 Orndorff, W. R., and C. B. Moyer, Naphthalene Tetrabromide, 664 ORTMANN, ARNOLD E., Distribution of Marine Mammals, 957 Palmer, Jr., A. de Forest, The Pressure Coeffi- cient of Mercury Resistance, 998 PALMER, T. 8., Nansen’s Discovery of the Breed- ing Grounds of the Rosy Gull, 175 Pammel, L. H., Ecological Notes, 362 ‘ Paradoxer,’ An Ambitious, $8. NEwcoms, 400 Parasitism in the Cowbird, 0. WrpMANN, 176 Pareiasauria Seeley (C otylosauria Cope) from the Triassic of Germany, G. BAur, 720 Paris Exposition of 1900, 693, 989 Parker, G. H., The American Morphological So- ciety, 388, 423 Parker, H. C., Measuring Currents, 70 Pasteur, Mausoleum, 56; Interment, 105; Statue, 304 Patents, British, Two Extraordinary, H. CaRrrine- TON Bouron, 401 Patten, W., Preservation of Cartilage, 392; Visual Centers of Arthropods and Vertebrates, 431 Paul and Krénig on the Behaviour of Bacteria to- wards Solutions of Salts, 440 Paulitschke on the African Dwarfs, 510 Pawlewski on Sulfuryleloride, 763 SCIENCE. CONTENTS AND INDEX, Payne, G. F., Mineral Constituents of Watermelon, 102 PrEae, A. C., Chemical Society of Washington, 115 Peary’s, Lieut., Expedition, Gro. H. Barton, 308 PECKHAM ADELAIDE Warp, The Colon Group of Baceilli, 981 Peters, Franz, Angewandte Elektrochemie, Ep- GAR F. Sarre, 588 Petit on the Action of Waters containing dissolved Salts upon Iron, 267 ie Bae The Secretion and Composition of Bile, ; Human Pancreatic Fistula, 910 Philinecon A., Geomorphology, 796 Phillips, W. F. R., Sunstroke Weather of aabeee 1896, 509 Philosophical Society of Washington, BERNARD R. GREEN, 408 Physical, Vectors, The Blackboard Treatment of, C. Barus, 171; and Mental Tests, Report of the Committee on, 211; Review, 315, 484 Laboratory, A British National Physical, 397; Education Review, American, 399; G. W. F., 666 ; Laboratory, A National, at Washington, 511; Laboratory for India, 728 Physicians and Surgeons, The Fourth Session of American, 441, 547, 761 Physics, Recent Text-books on, 805 Physiography, Current Notes on, W. M. Davis, 20, 177, 263, 336, 437, 507, 577, 647, 722, 795, 869, 945 Physiological Society, The American, FREDERIC 8. LEE, 129, 900 Physiology, Opportunities for Training in, H. P. Bowovircu, 446 Pickering, E. C. , Method of Determining the Rela- tive Motions of Stars in the Line of Sight, 102; Zeta Puppis, 591, 726 Pickering, Spencer, "Electrolytic Dissociation of Salts in Solution, 221 Pierce, Jr., Josiah, Projection of Panoramic Views of Contoured Surfaces, 667 Prerce, Robert M., ‘Organic Selection,’ 844 Pitsspry, H. A., Lewis Woouman, Pururp P. CatyeRrtT, Postage on Specimens of Natural History in the International Mails, 402 Plague, 219, 224, 269, 805, 341, 342, 442, 512 Plant Registration, A Proposed Bureau of, 19 Plateau, Félix, How Flowers attract Insects, 689 Platinum, The Production of, in Russia, 651 Play of Animals: The Fur Seal, F. A. Lucas, 480 Pliocene Man in Britain, 439 Pollard, C. L., A Type in Botany, 487 Poor, Cuas. LANE, Scientific Association of the Johns Hopkins University, 192, 318, 667 Poor, Chas. Lane, Mirror and Equatorial Mount- ing for Reflecting Telescopes, 668 Porter, W. T., Physiology of the Mammalian Heart, 129; "The Heart. Beat, 905; Recovery of the Mammalian Heart from Fibrilary Contrac- tions, 905; Beat of the Ventricle and Flow of Blood through the Coronary Arteries, 906 Porro, C,, Scientific Geography in Italy, 264 Postage, Rates on Specimens of Natural History in the International Mails, H. A. Prnspry, Lewis WooiMan, Partie P. CaAnvert, 402 Potomac Formation, Professor Fontaine and Dr. Newberry on the Age of the, Lestpr F. Warp, 411 NEW al VoL. V Potter’s Wheel in Ancient America, H. C. MER- CER, 919; D. G. Brinton, 598 Poudré, Lupovic Ests&s, 805 Pratt, F. H., Vessels of Thebesius, 906 Preuss, K. T., The Meaning of Mourning, 141 Prosser, Chas. 8., Carboniferous and Permian of Nebraska and Kansas, 282, 519; and Logan, on the Uplands and Valleys of Kansas, 945 Pseudo Aurora, Au Explanation of the so-called, J. Paunt Goons, 186; H. A. Hazen, 447. Psychological, Association, The American, Liv- INGSTON FARRAND, 206; Index, 803; Labora- tory of University College, London, 874. Psychology, Academy of Sciences, LivinesToNn FARRAND, 283, 776 ; and Comparative Psychol- ogy, WexstEy Mis, 718: Experimental at Cambridge, 729; and Anthropology, N. Y. Purrington, C. W., Telluride Mining District in San Juan Mountains, 890 Purnam, F. W., American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, 760 Putnam, F. W., Early Presence of Man in the Delaware Valley, 196 ‘Quadrangle,’ Use of the, 581 Quaternary of Missouri, J. E. Topp, 695 Quevedo, 8. A. L., The Chaco Idioms, 303; The Chaco Tribes, 988 R., H., Anleitung zur mikrochemischen Analyse, H. Behrens, 115 Rambaut, Rate of an Equatorial Clock, 222 Ratzel, Frederick, The State and its Soil,54 Rayold, Amand, Test for Typhoid Fever, 159 Rees, J. K., Great Shower of Meteors of 1833 and 1866, 70; and Harold Jacoby and Herman §. Davis, Variation of Latitude, 759 Reflection, Total, Newton’s Experiment, F. W. McNarr, 620 Regnault, A Lecture by, Woicort Gipss, 409 Reid, Clement, Excavations at Hoxne, 257 Rep, Harry FIELDING, Glaciers of North Ameri- e3, Israel C. Russell, 660 Reid, Harry Fielding, Glaciers, 91, 190, 318, 925 Remsen, Ira, Hydrolysis of Acid Amides, 665; and G. W. Gray, On Isomeric Chlorides of p-Nitro- o-Sulphobenzoie Acid, 962 Renouf, Edward, Metallic Carbids, 192 Research, and the University, 470; Fund, 580 Reubens, H, and E. F. Nichols, Heat Rays of Great Wave- Length, 316 Reymond, Emil Du Bois, 8. J. Metrznr, 217 Richards, H. M., Reactions of Plants, 596 Richardson, G. M. and P. Allaire, Specific Gravi- ties of Water Solutions of Formic Acid, 357 Ridgway, Robert, Birds of the Galapagos Archi- pelago, C. H. M., 770 Ries, Heinrich, Mineralogical Notes, 560 Rifles, Modern Army, 149 Rinderpest, 58, 273, 654, 918, 990 Ripley, W. Z., Racial Geography, 101, 797 Ritchey, G. W., Large Specula, 592 Ritter, W. E., Social Ascidians from California, 434 Roberts, FAS W., The Value of Light Ratio, 521 Réntgen Rays, Electrification of Air by, Lorp Katyn, J.G, BEATTIE, M. SMOLUCHOWSKI DE SMOLAN, 139 Rood, Irene BE. , Papers presented to the World’s Congress on Ornithology, C. F. BatcHet- DER, 189 SCIENCE. Xl RoosEVELT, THEopoRE, A Layman’s Views on Scientific Nomenclature, 685 ; The Discrimina- tion of Species and Sub- ‘Species, 879 Rose, T. K., Extraction of Gold by Chemica Methods, 615 Rorcu, A. Law RENCE, The International Meteoro- logical and Hydrological Meetings, 17; The Meteorological Conference at Paris, 152; Monument to the late Buys-Ballot, 994 Rotch, A. L., Exploration of the Free "Air, 612 Royal, Institution, 340, 729; Society, Election of Members, 873 ; Conversazione, 875 Rudolph, E. , Volcanic Phenomena of 1894, fete Runge and Paschen, Oxygen in the Sun, 522 Russy, H. H. , Torrey Botanical Club, 36 Rusby, H. H. > Botany at the Pan American Med- ical Congress, 1896, 36 ; Solanacez, 451 Russell, H. ine Milk Preservation, 408 RUSSELL, ISRAEL, C., A New Geographical Jour- nal, 477 Russell, I. C., Geology of Northeastern Washing- ton, 94; Glaciers of North America, 437 « Harry Fre,prne REID, 660; Glacial Ice, 590 Rydberg, P. A., Sand Region of Central Nebraska, 596: Flora of Western Nebraska, 926 Saginaw Valley, The Drainage of the, ALFRED C. LANE, 553 St. Louis, Academy of Science, Wm. TRELEAsE, 36, 159, 240, 862, 452, 524, 632, 704, 776, 892 Salaries, in the’ Department of Education, 24; of German University Professors, 59, 307 Salisbury, R. D., Loess on the Wisconsin Drift- formation, 191; ; Stratified Drift, 191; Baraboo District, Wis., 870, and W. W. Atwood, Drift- Phenomena, 519 Sandplains of "Truro, Wellfleet and Eastham, AMADEUvS W. GRABAU, 334 ’ Sanitation and Hygiene of Railways, International Congress of, 474 Sapper, Carlos, Geology of Chiapas, Tabasco and the Peninsula of Yucatan, 191; Physical Geo- graphy of Yucatan, 724 Soma oo ANY 5 Galena and Maquoketa Series, 486 Schaper, H., Nervous System of Vertebrates, 430 Schlegel, G., The Position of Women in China, 393 Schmeltz, J. D. E., Ethnographical Museums, 545 Schmidt, Emil, Systematic Anthropology, 913 Schrenk, H. von, Parasitism of Lichens, 36 ScHUCHERT, CHARLES, What is a Type in Natural History 2 636 Senultiicts: on Visibility of Mountains and Atmos- pheric Dust, 613 Schuster, Arthur, Oxygen in the Sun, 628; and Sees, Practical Physies, 805 Schwarz on Two Genera of Beetles, 856 Schweger-Lerchenfeld, A. von, Atlas der Him- melskunde, 837 ScHWEINITZ, EH. A. DE, The War with the Mi- crobes, 561 Science, A National Department of, Cas. W. DABNEY, Jr., 73; WASHINGTONTAN, 147; and Pseudo-science in Medicine, Grorce M. STERNBERG, 199; in College Entrance Exam- inations, 399; Teachers’ Association, The N. Y. State, FRANKLIN W. Barrows, 457, 498, 531; 8. H, Gaan, 458; E. L. NicHons, 464; ALBERT L. AREY, 460; Rane 8. Tarr, 498; X1V R. E. Doves, 503; THomAs B. STOWELL, 531; in the Newspapers, 471; Literature and Art, A Bill for the Suppression of, 510; and the Scientific Citizen, The Relation of, to the General Government, J. R. Eastman, 525; and Education, The Threatened Legislation against, 546; and Polities, 952; Indiana Teach- ers’ Association, 954 Scientific, Notes and News, 22, 54, 102, 142, 181, 222. 267, 308, 339, 395, 440, 470, 510, 546, 579, 616, 689, 694, 7217, 764, 799, 838, 873, tO; 950, 989 ; Literature, 20, 62, 109, 158, 187, 227, ani, 311, Ba 404, 448, 481, 517, 553, 587, 621, 659, 696, 32, 770, 805, 846, ’982, 921, 9058, 995 : - Journals, 33, 69, 157, 190, 228, 281, 315, 356, 406, 484) 519, 589, 628, 664, 701, 738, 773, 852, 888, 925, 961, 998 ; Association of the Johns Hopkins University, Cuas. LANE Poor, 192, 318; In- struments, Tax on, 582, Exhibits at Tennessee, 689 ; Books and Apparatus, 730 ScLATER, P. L., On the Distribution of Marine Mammals, real Scott, William B., An Introduction to Geology, H S. WILLIAMS, 659 Scrrpner, F. Lamson, Grasses of North America, W. J. Beal, 62 ScrrpturE, E. W., Law of Size-weight Sugges- tion, 227 Seal Fur, Investigation, 493; Fisheries, 916 Secretions, Internal, Considered in Relation to Variation and Development, ALBERT MaTH- Ews, 683; Significance of, WESLEY MIuzs, 920; considered from a Chemico-Physiological Standpoint, R. H. CurrrenpDsEn, 969 See, T. J. J.. The Evolution of Stellar Systems, 180; and Cogshall on Double Stars, 303 Semon on the Monotremes, J. H. McG., 643 Sergi, Guiseppi, Antropologia della Stripe Cami- tica, D. G. Brinton, 808 Setchell, William A., Laboratory Practice for Be- ginners in Botany, L. M. UNDERWooD, 735 SEWALL, Henry, Electro-Physiology, W. Bieder- mann, 481 Shaler, N. 8., Subterranean Water, 703 Shaw, Albert, Municipal Government in Conti- nental Europe, Epwin O. JorDan, 450 Sheldon, S., and M B, Waterman. The Formation of Lead Sulphate, 31 Shober, W B., and H, E. Kiefer, Asymmetadi- azoxylenesulphonie Acid, 853 Siebrecht, Henry A., Orchids, 523 Simonps, FrEDERIC W., Texas Academy of Sci- ence, 116, 363, 488, 703, 812 ; Gifts to the Uni- versity of Texas, 444; Marine Fossils from Arkansas, James Perrin Smith, 850 Simpson, Charles T,, The Unios, 73 Singer, E. A., Physiology of Sensation, 207 Size-weight Suggestion, Law, of, E. W. Scrip- TURE, 227 Slavery of the American Indians, 948 SmitH, Eveene A., Alabama Industrial and Scientific Society, 7 712, 927 Smiru, Epear F., Lavoisier Monument, 403; An- zewandte Elektrochemie, Franz Peters, 588 Smith, Erwin F., Bacterial Disease of Cruciferous Plants, 963 SuitH, Harnan I., The American Folk-lore So- ciety, 215 Smiru, JOHN B., Classification of Insects, 671 SCIENCE. CONTENTS AND INDEX. Smith, James Perrin, Marine Fossils from Arkan sas, FREDERIC W. SimonpDs, 850 Smith, W. 8. T., Santa Catalina Island, Cal., 648 Smithsonian, Institution and the National Museum, 37; Table at the Naples Station, Co. WARDELL STILEs, 659. Societies and Academies, 34, 70, 115, 158, 192, 230, 283, 317, 359, 408, 451, 487, "523, 557, 592, 629, 667, 702, 739, 774, 810, 855, 889, 925, 963, 999 Séderbaum on Acetylid of ‘Copper, 872 Sonstadt, E., Experiments on Sea Water, 179 Species and Sub-Species, A Method of discriminat- ing between, C. Hart Mprriam, 753; J. A. ALLEN, 877; THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 879 Spelling, Simplified, G. K. GinBeRt, 185 Spencer, G. L., Determination of Caffeine, 240 Spencer’s Principles of Sociology, FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGSs, 732 Sprague, Charles J.. Thomas Tracy Bouvé, 72 Spurr, J. E., Measurement of Faults, 238 STANLEY, Hrram M., Highhole Courtship, 920 Stanton, T. W., and F. H. Knowlton, Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Laramie, 94 Starr, Frederick, The Shell Gorgets, 265 Steam, High Pressure, The Promise and Potency of, R. H. ToHurston, 578 STEJNEGER, LEONHARD, Das Tierreich, 846 STERNBERG, GEORGE M., Science and Pseudo- Science in Medicine, 199 StTETson, GEORGE R., The Fauna of Central Borneo, 640 Stetson, George R., The Hye, the Ear and the Common Wea! of Whites and Blacks, 35 STEVENSON, J. J., The Story of a Piece of Coal, Edward A. Martin, 810 Stevenson, J. J., Geology of the Bermudas, 239 Stewart, C. C., Preparations of the Nerve Cell un- der acute Alcoholic Poisoning, 137 Stewart, G. N., Output of the Heart, 137 Stickney, Gardner P., Aboriginal Cultivation of Maize, 915 STILEs, CH. WARDELL, The Smithsonian Table at the Naples Station, 659 Stone, W. A., Experimental Physics, 805 Storms, Winter, on the Coast of China, 649 STOWELL, Tomas B., The Educative Value of the Study of Biology, 531 Strona, E. A., L’hypothése des atomes dans la science contemporaine, Arthur Hannequin, 736 Surgery, A Case of Primitive, Frank HAMILTON CusHine, 977 Swartz, 8. E., on Amide Bromides, 665 SWEZEY, G. 1D). Neb. Academy of Sciences, 158 Swingle, W. T. Algew from Gulf of Naples, 236 Sylvester, Guorcn Bruce HaLsteEp, 597 T., R. H., Alfred Tresea, 53; PUPS Machinery, J. Weisbach and G. Herrmann, 773 Tasnr, C. A. M., The Coming Ice Age, 658 Taber, C. A. M., The Coming Ice Age, G. F. WnicuHr, 483° Tabot, H. Dy Volatility of Ferrie Chloride, 157 Tarr, Raupy §., Former Extension of Greenland Glaciers, 344, 515, 804; Place of the Harth Sciences in the Secondary Schools, 498 Tarr, Ralph §., Cornell Glacier, Greenland, 87; Climate of Davyis’s and Baffin’s Bay, 590; Changes of Level in the Bermuda Islands, 854 NEw | VOL. V. Tarsius, The Relations of, to the Lemurs and Apes, CHARLES EARLE, 208; A. A. W. HUBRECHT, 550; Further Considerations of the Systematic Position of, CHARLES EARLE, 657 Tassin, Wirt, A New Blowpipe Reagent, 597; Crystal Structure, 774 Tawney, G. A., The Tactual Threshold, 208 Taylor, F. B., The Nipissing-Mattawa River, 90; Moraines, of Recession and their Significance in Glacial Theory, 90. Teeth of the Mammalia, Origin of the, HENry F. OsBORN, 576 Teit, James, Origin of Rock Paintings, 141 Telescope of Greenwich Observatory, 727 Telescopic Objectives, On supposed Effects of Strain in, ALVAN G. CLarRK, 768 Teller, G. L., Proteid of Wheat, 157 Tellurium, 726 Terrestrial Magnetism, 191, 665 Texas Academy of Science, FrEDERIC W. Sr- MONDS, 116, 363, 488, 703, 812 Thierry, Maurice de, Atmospheric Ozone, 725 Therapeutic Effects of high Frequency Currents, 730 Tuurston, R. H., Etude de huit essais de ma- chine 4 vapeur, V. Dwelshauvers-Dery, 153 ; The Apprenticeship Question, 299; The Prom- ise and Potency of High Pressure Steam, 573 Tierreich, Das, LHONHARD STEJNEGER, 846 Tight, W. G., and I. C. White, Preglacial Kanaw- ha, 507 Tilden, W. A., Gases in Crystalline Rocks, 725 Time, The Unification of, 183, 270 Tingle, J. B., Ethylic Oxalata and Camphor, 853 Titchener, E. B., Psychology, JosEPH JASTROW, 882 Topp, J. E., Voleanic Dust in Southwestern Ne- braska, 61; The Quaternary of Missouri, 695; Is the Loess of either Lacustrine or Semi- Marine Origin ? 993 Todd, J. E., Quaternary Deposits of Mo., O. H. Toe ee 587; Moraines of the Mo. Coteau, 72 Topographical Maps, 305, 869 Torrey Botanical Club, H. H. Ruspy, 36; EDwaRD S. Bureuss, 284, 451, 523, 595, 631, 891; N. L. Britton, 925 Townsend, C. H., The Alaskan Live Mammoth Story, 319; The Northern Fur Seal, 487 TRELEASE, WM., Academy of Science of St. Louis, 36, 159, 240, 362, 452, 524, 632, 704, 776, 892; The National University, 345 Trescea, Alfred, R. H. T., 53 Trowbridge, John, Electrical Conductivity of the Ether, 730; and T. M. Richards on the Spectra of Argon, 33; Multiple Spectra of Gases, 229; Temperature and Ohmic Resistance of Gases, 590 Tsountas and Manatt on the Ethnography of the Myceneans, 724 Tubeuf, Karl v., Diseases of Plants induced by Cryptogamic Parasites, G. F. ATKINSON, 596 Tuffts, F. L., on Rood’s Flicker Photometer, 452 TurRNER, H. W., Nomenclature and Metamorphic Lavas, 226 Turner, H. W., Sierra Nevada 877; Amphibole- pyroxene Rock, 811 Tyler, A. A., Nature and Origin of Stipules, 452 Tylor, E. B., American Games, 22 SCIENCE. XV Type, What is a, in Natural History, CHARLES SCHUCHERT, 636; Specimens, the Re-distribu- tion of, F. A. BatHpr, 694; Specimens in Natural History, C. Hart Mprriam, 731 Types, A Postscript to the Terminology of, F. A. BATHER, 843 Typhoon, The ‘IItis,’ 649 Ujfalvy, Charles de, Les Aryens au Nord et au Sud de |’ Hindou-Kouch, D. G. Brinton, 60 UnpDERWooD, L. M., Laboratory Practice for Be- ginners in Botany, William A Setchell, 735 Underwood, L. M., Ferns of Japan, 925 University, and Educational News, 25, 59, 107, 146, 185, 225, 274, 307, 348, 399, 444, 475, 514, 549, 584, 619, 656, 781, 768, 803, 842, 876, 918, 954, 992; A Teaching, for London, 475 Upham, Warren, Topography and Glacial Geology of the City of St. Paul, 487 Yan Beneden, and the Origin of the Centrosome— A Correction, EpMuND B. WILson, 25 Van Hise, C. R., The Deformation of Rocks, 160, 520 ' Vaughan, T. Wayland, Geologic Notes of Kansas, 558 ; Eocene Corals, 740; Comanche Series in Oklahoma and Kansas, 999 Velocity of a Flight of Ducks obtained by Trian- _ gulation, H. Hnum CiayTon, 26 Venable, F’. P., Development of the Periodic Law, W. A. N., 280 VERRILL, A. E., The Florida Monster, 352, 476 Verrill, A. E., Nocturnal Protective Coloration in Mammals, 229, 425; Nocturnal and Diurnal Changes in the Color of Certain Fishes, with Notes on their Sleeping Habits, 427; and K. J. Bush, Genera of Ledidz and Muculide, 34 Vertebrate Embryology, On Certain Problems of, Jv. BEARD, CHAS. 8. Minot, 107 Vertebrated Animals in the Zoological Gardens of London, Frank Baxknr, 404 Vertebrates from the Kansas Permian, W. 8S. WILLISTON, 395 Vogel, H. C., Great Refractor of Potsdam Obser- vatory, 591 Voleanic Dust in Southwestern Nebraska, J. E. Topp, 61 W., The Argentaurum Papers, Stephen H. Em- mens, 314 Waddell, John, Permeability of EHlements of Rontgen Rays, 101 Wait, Charles E., Titanium, 221 Waite, F. C., Brachio and Lumbro-sacral Plexi in Necturus, 436 Waite, M. B., Pear Blight, 668 Walcott, Charles D., Acting Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 222; Inyo Range and Waucobe Lake Beds, Cal., 925° Waldo, Frank, Elementary Meteorology for High Schools, R. DEC. Warp, 312 Warp, Lester F., Professor Fontaine and Dr. Newberry on the Age of the Potomac Forma- tion, 411 Ward, Lester F., Cycadesidea, 487 Warp, R. DznC, Clouds over a Fire, 60; Current Notes on Meteorology, 219, 264, 337, 468, 508, 612, 649, 887; Elementary Meteorology for High Schools, Frank Waldo, 312; Meteorolo- gical Reprints, 339, 661 Xvi WARREN, JosEPH W., Elementary Human Physi- ology, J. G. M’ Kendrick, 809 Warren, J. W., A Search for Pexin, 903 Warren, H. N., Calcium Carbide, 180 Washington, Henry 8., Petrological Sketches, 282, 925; The Rocca Monfino Region, 701 WaASHINGTONIAN, A National Department of Science, 147 Warask, S., Microsomes and Centrosome, 230 Water Hares, A new Subgeneric Name for the, Epear A. Mearns, 393 Wateville, P. de, Growing Crystals, 651 Watson, Thomas L., Elevation of the Southern Coast of Baffin Land, 282 Warts, W. W., Geology at the British Associa- tion, 252 Waueu, F. A., Phases in Weed Evolution, 789 Weather Maps, Chalk-plate, 337 Webster, A. G., Constant Angular Velocity, 738 Weed Evolution, Phases on, ¥. A. WaueGu, 789 Weed and Pirsson on the Bearpaw Mountains, 577 Weed, W. H., Laccoliths in Folded Strata, 811 WELCH, WiLLiam H., Adaptation in Pathological Processes, 818 Weller, Stuart, Batesville Sandstone of Ark., 560 WHEELER, Bens. Ipz., The Smithsonian Institu- tion and a National University, 881 Wheeler, H. A., Clay Deposits of Missouri, H. Foster Bain, 892. Wheeler, H. L., and P. T, Walden, The Action of Acid Clorides on the Imido-Esters and Isoani- lides, 357; and H. F. Metcalf, Chlorcarbonic Ethyl Ester and Formanilide, 521; and B. W. McFarland, Metabrombenzoic Acid, 853 ; Me- thenylphenylparatolylamidenes, 853 Wheeler, W. M., Fauna of San Diego Bay, Cal., 775 White, David, Type Specimens in Paleontology, 237 White, I. C., Oil Wells, 93 Whiting, Henry L., M., 300 Whitman, C. O., The Centrosome Problem, 235 Wipmann, O., Origin of Parasitism in the Cow- bird, 176 WIEcCHMANN, FERDINAND G., The Elements of Electro Chemistry, Max Le Blane, 32 Wiechmann, Ferdinand G., Lecture Notes on Theo- retical Chemistry, Jas. Lewis Hows, 313 Wienland and Lauenstein on Oxygen and Fluorin Atoms in Salts? Wiesbach, J.. and G. Herrmann, Mechanics of Pumping Machinery, R. H. T:, 778 WILDER, Burt G., The Metric System, 587 Wilder, Burt G., Neural Terms, 358 Wiley, H. W., Influence of Vegetable Mold on the Nitrogenous Content of Oats, 855; and W. D. Bigelow, Bomb Calorimeter, 855 WiuiAMs, Jr., EH. H., Greenland Glaciers, 448 Wiuuiams. H. §., An Introduction to Geology, William B. Scott, 659 Williams, H. 8., Devonian Formations, 92, 738 Willis, Bailey, Glaciation of Puget Sound 238 Wiuurston, W. S8., Vertebrates from the Kansas Permian, 395 Willoughby, C. C., Primitive Symbolic Decora- tion, 835 SCIENCE. CONTENTS AND INDEX. Will Power, Certain Beliefs concerning, among the Siouan Tribes, AnicH C. FLETCHER, 331 Wilsing onAstronomical Objectives, 503 Witson, Epmunp B., Van Beneden and the Origin of the Centrosome, A Correction, 25 Wilson, Edmund B., The Cell in Development and Inheritance, C. B. Davenport, 112; Centro- some and Middle-piece in the Fertilization of the Egg, 390 Wilson, Thomas, Pithecanthropus erectus, 194; A Canon in Prehistoric Archeology, 594; The Swastika, D. G. Brinton, 960 Wilson, W. E., and G. F. Fitzgerald, Tempera- ture of the Center of an Electric Are, 591 WIncHELL, N. H., Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, C. E. Beecher, 449 Winkler, Clemens, The Discovery of New Ele- ments during the last Twenty-five Years, 489 Wisconsin University, Science Club, Wm. 5. Mar- SHALL, 160, 408, 523, 632 Witmer, L., Practical Work in Psychology, 210 Wolf, J. E., White Limestone of Sussex Co., 96; Tourmalines, 891 Woop, R. W., Diffraction of X-rays obtained by a New Form of Cathode Discharge, 585 Woopman, Duranp, N. Y. Section of the Ameri- can Chemical Society, 71, 239, 360, 487, 740 Woodman, Durand, Commercial Red Lead, 240 Woopworth, J. B., ‘Gibbers,’ 476; Rocks, Rock- Weathering and Soils, George P. Merrill, 995 Woodworth, J. B., Homology of Joints and Arti- ficial Fractions, 84; Unconformities in Martha’s Vineyard and Block Island, 86 Woopworts, W. McM., Cambridge Natural His- tory, 958 Wooton, E. O. Plants of New Mexico, 596 Wortman, J. L., Ganodonta, 71 Wright, A. W., Rontgen Rays, 759 Wricut, G, F., The Coming Ice Age, C. A. M. Taber, 483; Archeological Discoveries made in the Gravels at Trenton, 586 Wright, G. F., Preglacial Erosion, 196 Wundt, W., Psychology, Josupu JastTROw, 882 X-Rays, An Induction Coil Method for, CHARLES Norton and Raupu R. Lawrence, 496; Diffraction of, R. W. Woop, 585; The Effect of the Density of the Surrounding Gas on the Discharge of Electrified Metals by the, C. D. CHILD, 791 Youne, C. A., Argentaurum Papers, 343 Young, C. A., ‘Reversing Layer,’ 268 Zeeman, P., on the Spectrum of a Flame, 764 Zelbr, Karl, Planet and Comet Orbits, 102 Zittel on the Age of Man, 339 Ziwnt, ALEXANDER, Higher Mathematics, 277 Zoological, Notes, 175, 302, 392, 548, 577, 762; Club of the University of Chicago, 230, 592, 629, 775, 1000; Society of Germany, 616; Sta- tion at Naples, 729; S. E. Murr, 832 ; Society of London, 766, 834; Bulletin, 951; Society of New York, 396, 472, 547, 652 ps oCIENCE SINGLE Coprss, 15 crs. Vou. V. No. 105. FRIDAY, JANUARY 1, 1897. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $5.00 Ziegler Electric Company, (Established 1882. Incorporated 1894.) Physical, Scientific and Chemical Apparatus, Electrical Test Instruments, Optical Apparatus, etc. EXPERIMENTAL MICROSCOPES, WORK EXECUTED TO SPECTROSCOPES, ORDER. TELESCOPES, SPECIAL APPARATUS GALVANOMETERS, CONSTRUCTED MEASURING TO SPECIFICATIONS INSTRUMENTS, _ AND DRAWINGS. INDUCTION COILS. Standard Barometers and Thermometers. Apparatus imported duty free, for colleges. Correspondence invited. Illus. Catalogue, 240 pp. (price, $1.00), free to Teachers of Science. ZIEGLER ELECTRIC COMPANY, LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE. BOSTON, MASS. i SCIENCE.—AD VER TISEMENTS. X-Ray Apparatus. Willyoung Induction Coils witn patent Adjustable Condensers ; ‘‘W. S.’’ Rotary Breaks, with Direct Connected Motors, ‘‘ Bowdoin’’ Focus Tubes; ‘“‘ W. S.”’ Universal Metal Stands; Fluoroscopes, best qual- ity; ‘‘Chloride Accumulator’? Storage Batteries ; Carbutt X-Ray Photographic Plates, etc. Write for Illustrated Catalogue 185. We make a specialty of equipping scientific laboratories with Electrical Measuring Instruments, Physical Apparatus, Psychological Apparatus, Storage Batteries, ete. JAMES G. BIDDLE, Dealer, Manufacturers’ Agent and Importer, 909 Drexel Building, Philadelphia. \ Indigestion Hlorsford’s Acid Phosphate Is the most effective and agreeable remedy in existence for preventing in- digestion, and relieving those diseases arising from a disordered stomach. D. W. W. Gardner, Springfield, Mass., says: ‘‘I value it as an excellent preventive of indigestion, and a pieasant acidulated drink when properly diluted with water and sweet- ened.”’ Descriptive pamphlet free on application to Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, R. I. Beware of Substitutes and Imitations. For sale by all Druggists. The Universum Clock represents the Universe. It shows the earth revolving round its axis, giving the time at the point passing the sun, the stars in ‘their proper position, and their rising and setting. The Northern Hemisphere Clock shows at a glance the time at every place between the North Pole and Equator. UNIVERSUM CLOCK CO., HOUGH’S “AMERICAN WOODS” A publication illustrated by actwal specimens. PREPARA TIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON AND MICROSCOPE, SPECI- MENS OF WOODS FOR CLASS UsE, Erc. If you are interested in woods or trees in any way, send for our circulars and Bample specimens. Address R. B. HOUGH, LOWVILLE, N.Y. 1 BEACON ST., BOSTON, MASS. NEW CATALOGUE. We have recently issued a new edition, revised and enlarged to 64 pages, of our Catalogue of Books on Chemistry, Chemical Technology in Physics. It is arranged by subjects, and includes all the standard books in Chemical and Physical Science, as well as the recent literature up to date. A copy of this Catalogue will be sent free by mail to any address. D. Van Nostrand Company, Publishers and Importers of Scientific Books, 23 Murray St. and 27 Warren St., New York. NEARLY READY. COMMERCIAL ORGANISATION FACTORIES. FULL OF DIAGRAMS AND PRACTICAL POINTS. Spent & cepa 12 Cortlandt St, N. Y. NWO DEALER in the country to-day offers so high a class of Indian Stone Relics as I am now offering to advanced collectors, having recently bought several collections, giving every type of Ar- row and Spear Heads from 14 inch to7 inches. Drills, Axes, Celts, Pipes, Mortars, Pestles, Hematites, Banner Stones, Amu- lets, also, European Stone Relics. N’ othing surpasses and few approach my stock of 15,000 pieces. Goods sent on selection, Catalogue for stamp Also Catalogue, No. 8, MINERALS, Fos. SILS, etc. L. W. STILWELL, Deadwood, South Dak; ‘COLLECTIONS OF MINERALS. Scientifically selected, arranged and labeled. Uneqalled for beauty and practical value. MINERALS FOR LABORATORY WORE. Sold by the pound at very low prices. CABINET SPECIMENS in greatest variety. 124-page Illustrated Catalogue, 25c. in paper, 50c. in cloth. 44-page Illustrated Price-Lists, 4c.; Bulletins and Circulars Free. GEO. L. ENGLISH & CO., Mineralogists, 64 East I2th St., New York. SCIENCE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: S. NEwcoms, Mathematics; R. S. WooDWARD, Mechanics; E. C. PICKERING, Astronomy; T. C. MENDENHALL, Physics; R. H. THURSTON, Engineering; IRA REMSEN, Chemistry; J. LE ConTE, Geology; W. M. Davis, Physiography; O. C. MARsH, Paleontology; W. K. Brooks, C. HART MERRIAM, Zoology; S. H. SCUDDER, Entomology; N. L. BRITTON, Botany; HENRY F. OSBORN, General Biology; H. P. BowpitcH, Physiology; J. S. Brnuines, Hygiene; J. MCKEEN CATTELL, Psychology ; DANIEL G. BRINTON, J. W. POWELL, Anthropology. FRIDAY, JANUARY 1, 1897. CONTENTS: The Geology of Government Explorations: S. F. IS RANI S jo posccoscoanosoasaaoosonQoN/AonascoDAEEeHoHoRe000000 1 Phases in Jamaican Natural History: Rost. B. ISITE nasons000, obdcnooaooascoacaaqnoseqQoBenaDd0anGasEN6eG00 15 The International Meteorological and Hydrological Meetings: A. LAWRENCE ROTCH.................00+ A Proposed Bureau of Plant Registration Current Notes on Physiography :— Physical Features of Missouri; The Glaciers of Nor- way ; Landslips in Switzerland ; Heilprin’s Earth and its Story: W. M. DAVIS.........sesssssseeecers 20 Current Notes on Anthropology :— American Games as Evidence of Asiatic Intercourse; Racial Studies in Switzerland: D. G. BRINTON.. 22 Scientific Notes and News ..........csccoescssscescenserenses 22 University and Educational News. ...........0-.ceeeee-se 25 Discussion and Correspondence :— Van Beneden and the Origin of the Centrosome—A Correction: E. B. Witson. The Velocity of a Flight of Ducks obtained by Triangulation: H. HELM CLAYTON. A Test of Diversity of Opinion: VOSEPHy ASTRO Warssasceseasssscescscesesccccssesernecss 25 Scientific Literature :— Lydekker’s Geographical History of Mammals: C. HART MERRIAM. Le Blane’s Elements of Electro- chemistry: FERDINAND G. WIECHMANN........ 26 Scientific Journals :-— The American Journal of Science. .........s.0.+c000ee0 33 Societies and Academies :— Boston Society of Natural History: SAMUEL HENSHAW. Anthropological Society of Washing- ton: J.H. McCormick. The Torrey Botanical Club: H. H. Russpy. The Academy of Science of St. Lowis: WM. TRELEASE.........0.ccceeceecsee 34 MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to the responsible editor, Prof. J. McKeen Cattell, Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y. THE GEOLOGY OF GOVERNMENT EXPLORA- TIONS.* I Ave chosen for the subject of my ad- dress this evening the development of our knowledge of the geology of the great West through the agency of explorations and surveys conducted under government aus- pices. y To the older of our members, especially to those who took part in those early ex- plorations, the matter may appear some- what trite, but to the younger ones, whose geological memory does not go back beyond the present Survey, I have thought that it might be interesting to listen to a brief ac- count of the origin and methods of work of these earlier organizations by one who was first connected with them very nearly thirty years ago. The period to be considered commences about with the opening of the century, and is most naturally subdivided by the Civil War. But in this field, as in others, the accumulation of knowledge progresses with ever increasing rapidity, so that, while for the first and much longer sub-period it is possible to trace approximately the actual gains that were made in geological knowl- edge, in the second period it is only practi- cable to attempt to characterize and con- trast the methods by which geological in- * Address of the Retiring President of the Geological Society of Washington, delivered Wednesday, Decem- ber 16, 1896. 2 SCIENCE. vestigation was carried on. The first may be called the period of geographical ex- ploration; the second that of geological exploration. GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS. It was Jefferson’s purchase of the Lou- isiana territory, in 1803, that gave to the United States government the first title to the Rocky Mountain region, but even prior to that time it appears that he had formed a project for its exploration. He tells us that in 1786, during his residence at Paris (as U. S. Minister) he met John Ledyard, of Connecticut, a companion of Captain Cook on his last voyage to the Pacific Ocean, who had just failed in the attempt to organize a mercantile company to engage in the fur trade on the western coast of America. Jefferson proposed to him ‘to go by land to Kamchatka, cross in some of the Russian vessels to Nootka Sound, fall down into the latitude of the Missouri, and pene- trate to and through that to the United States.’ Ledyard eagerly embraced the idea, and after the permission to pass through her territory had been secured through Jefferson’s influence, from the Em- press of Russia, with an assurance of pro- tection on his journey, he set forth from Paris and, proceeding via. St. Petersburg, had progressed to within 200 miles of Kam- chatka, where he was obliged to go into winter quarters. When he was preparing to resume his journey in the spring he was ar- rested by an officer of the Empress (who by this time had changed her mind), put into a close carriage and conveyed, day and night without stopping, to the frontier of Poland. Hereturned to Paris much broken down in bodily health, and not long after (November 15,1788) died at Cairo, Egypt, whither he had gone for the purpose of ex- ploring the interior of Africa. Thus failed the first attempt at exploration. 1792. In 1792 Jefferson proposed to the [N.S. Von. V. No. 105. American Philosophical Society at Philadel- phia ‘to set on foot a subscription to engage some competent person to explore that re- gion in the opposite direction ; that is by ascending the Missouri, crossing the Stony mountains, and descending the nearest river to the Pacific.’ Capt. Meriwether Lewis, a connection by marriage of Gen. Washing- ton, who was then stationed at Charlottes- ville, Va., on recruiting service, secured the appointment, and was to have had as sole companion the eminent French botanist, André Michaux, but when the latter had reached Kentucky he was recalled by the French Minister, then at Philadelphia, ‘and thus failed the second attempt for exploring that region.’ 1803. In 18038, two years after Jefferson had become President, in accordance with the suggestions contained in a confidential message from him, Congress so modified a pending act establishing trading houses with the Indian tribes as to extend its provisions “to the Indians on the Missouri, and to au- thorize an exploration of the source of that river and of the best water communication from there to the Pacific, voting $2,500 for the expenses of the expedition. Jefferson appointed to the command of this expedition Captain Meriwether Lewis, of whose special qualifications for this posi- tion he had had abundant proof during the preceding two years, during which he had served as his private secretary. Lewis repaired at once to Philadelphia ‘and placed himself under the tutorage of the distinguished professors of that place,’ that he might be prepared to make the necessary scientific observations during his trip. At Lewis’ suggestion Wm. Clark was associated with him in the direction, and for that purpose given a commission of captaininthearmy. Jefferson’s detailed in- structions of April,1803,to guide his conduct after leaving the United States (the cession of Louisiana by France had not yet been JANUARY 1, 1897.] completed) afford a valuable insight into the conditions existing at that time, but time will not admit of any considerable quota- tion from them. He is to inform himself about the Rio Bravo, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Rio Colorado, which runs into the Gulf of California, which are ‘understood to be the principal streams heading opposite to the Missouri and running southwardly.’ Among the objects worthy of notice are mentioned: ‘the remains and accounts of any animals which may be deemed rare or extinct; the mineral productions of every kind, but more particularly metals, limestone, pit-coal and saltpetre ; salines and mineral waters, noting the temperature of the last and such circumstances as may indicate their char- acter ; voleanic appearances ; climate,’ etc. Lewis left Washington on July 5, 1803, and did not reach there on his return until the middle of February, 1807. Meanwhile, after spending the winter of 1804-5 at the Mandan villages, in a bend of the Missouri about 40 miles above the present crossing of the N. P. R. R., at Bismarck, they had made a most successful trip across the mountains to the mouth of the Columbia river and back, an account of which is set forth in the admirable narrative first pub- lished in 1814 and recently republished with notes by Dr. Elliott Coues. This narrative shows a most intelligent observation of na- tural phenomena and makes mention of the existence of stone-coal along the upper Mis- souri river. Schoolcraft’s account of his visit in 1818 to St. Louis, then a city of 5,000 inhabit- ants, describes a museum established by Clark (then Governor of the Territory) con- taining a collection from his trip to the Rocky Mountains, including ‘minerals, fossils, bones and other rare and interesting specimens,’ and Nicollet in 1839 speaks of Cretaceous fossils brought in by Lewis and Clark from the upper Missouri river. SCIENCE. 3 1805-7. Scarcely less remarkable were the explorations of Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to the sources of the Mississippi in 1805, and in 1806-7 to the headwaters of the Arkansas, on the latter of which he made an unsuccessful attempt to climb the peak which has since born his name, and was finally taken from Santa Fé to Chihuahua as prisoner by the Mexican authorities. Pike’s expeditions were conducted under orders of Gen. Wilkinson, and were essen- tially military in their nature. A surgeon, Dr. Robinson accompanied them, but neither he nor Lieut. Pike have left any record of scientific observations in the nar- rative which was published in 1810. 1812. The war of 1812 now diverted the attention of government officials from West- ern explorations, but with the close of this war, when the treaty of Ghent had relieved the frontiers from the sanguinary Indian wats from which the people had been suffer- ing, the prospect of a renewed emigration westward revived interest in exploration. 1820. J.C. Calhoun, Secretary of War under Monroe, a man of great intellectual grasp and energy of character, encouraged every means of acquiring a knowledge of the geography of the West. Two expedi- tions were organized under his orders in the year 1820, that of Maj. J. H. Long to the Rocky Mountains, and that of Gen. Lewis Cass along the south shore of Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi river. To the former was attached Dr. Edwin James as botanist and geologist, who wrote the narative of the expedition, together with a report on the geological character of the country, which was published in 1823. To Gen. Cass’ expedition, an important part of whose object was to investigate the deposits of copper, lead and gypsum sup- posed to exist in the Northwest, a mineral- ogist was appointed in the person of H. R. Schoolcraft, a native of Albany Co., N. Y., +t SCIENCE. who had distinguished himself by his in- vestigations of the lead mines of Missouri. GEOLOGY. 1820. Edwin James, who made the first geological report of a Western expedition, was a pupil of Amos Eaton. It was not until 1832 that Eaton adopted the system of identifying ‘and correlating rock for- mations by means of their contained fossils. At the time of James’ explorations geolo- gists only attempted to distinguish rocks by their external lithological characters as belonging to one of the general great divis- ions of primitive, transition, secondary and alluvions, or recent deposits. Although James was evidently a shrewd observer, one would obtain but a confused idea of the structure of the country from his notes. Neverthe- less he was one of the first, as Walcott re- marks (Correlation Papers, Cambrian, p. 396) to attempt an extended correlation of geological formations of North America. He observed the general succession of rocks in the Appalachian, Ozark and Rocky Mountains, respectively, finding granites at the base in either case, and tracivg the Car- boniferous limestones through the two for- mer. He considered the red sandstones of the Appalachian and Lake Superior regions and of the Rocky Mountains to be of the same age and to probably correspond to the old red sandstone of Werner. He was the first white man to ascend Pike’s Peak, and the as- cent which was made from Manitou Springs, was by no means as easy as at the present day. He and his companion passed the night part way up the slope, where the ground was so steep that they had to prop themselves up by poles between two trees to keep from rolling down as they slept. James suggested the probable existence of artesian waters under the Great Plains, then called the Great American Desert. The material that Schoolcraft discovered in [N.S. Vox. V. No. 105. 1819 near Cape Girardeau, on the Mississippi River, and thought to represent the Chalk formation of Europe he found did not effer- vesce with acid, and classed it as a native Argil. Schooleraft, whose first government ob- servations were made in the same year, devoted himself more particularly to the economic resources of the country. Al- ready in 1818 he had spent three months in examining the lead mines in Missouri, and had extended his observations beyond the settlements into the Ozark Mountains. De- termined to call the attention of the govern- ment to the value of its mines, he returned to New York via. New Orleans, and there published his book on the lead mines, which brought him to the attention of Mr. Cal- houn, then Secretary of War, and resulted in his commission with the expedition of General Cass. His observations upon geol- ogy appear somewhat primitive and quaint, but are characterized by a shrewd common sense, as will be shown by a few quota- tions. In speaking of the red sandstone on the south shore of Lake Superior near Grand Island, he says ‘‘the sandstone laps upon the granite and fits into its irregular in- dentations in a manner that shows it to have assumed that position subsequently to the upheaving of the country. Its horizon- tality is perfectly preserved even to the im- mediate point of contact. A mutual decom- position for a couple of inches into each rock has taken place. As to the geological age of the sandstone I possess no means of form- ing a decisive opinion. It consists of grains of quartz or sand united by a calcareous cement and colored by the red oxide of iron. In some places it imbeds pebbles of quartz of the size of a pigeon’s egg, to- gether with rounded masses of hornblende and other rocks, and it then resembles a pudding stone. It has no imbedded relics of the animal or vegetable kingdom so far JANUARY 1, 1897.] as observed, but this is not always conclu- sive of the age of the rock viewed at a given point, for it is known that these relics are never uniformly distributed throughout the substance of the rocks, even of the newest formations. Its position would indicate @ near alliance to the old red sandstone. Werner has considered this rock in all situa- tions as secondary. Bakewell places it in a class of transition rocks, in which he is fol- lowed by Maclure and Eaton. I am not prepared to decide upon the point * * *, and shall content myselfin the present instance with a bare recital of the facts.” After the examination of the famous mass of native copper, variously estimated to weigh from one to five tons, which was the attraction of all travelers to the Lake Superior region, he says, in the course of his reflections upon its probable manner of occurrence, “‘ there is reason to presume that the precious metals may be found in the northern regions of the American con- tinent. Nothing appears more improbable than that the veins of silver ore that are so abundant in Mexico and the province of Texas are checked in their progress north- ward into Arkansas and Missouri by the effect of climate. This metal is known to be found in association only with certain limestones, schists and other rocks, and when these cease it is in vain to be sought. Other metals and minerals have their par- ticular associations serving as a geognostic matrix, and hence rock strata may be con- sidered as indexes to particular metals, minerals and ores, and the geologist is thus enabled to predict with considerable cer- tainty from an examination of the exterior of the country whether it is metalliferous or not.”’ In his ‘ Lead Mines of Missouri’ he had mentioned the occurrence of chalk with flints, at Little Chain of Rocks, on the Mississippi River, which he says was worked commercially and found equal to foreign chalk. This was probably a bed of SCIENCE. 5 white pipe clay described by Shumard in 1871 (Missouri Geological Survey). He mentions the fluorspar of southern Illinois, the novaculite of the Arkansas Hot Springs, the red pipe stone of the upper Mississippi, coal in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Illinois and Missouri; also hydrogen gas or carburetted hydrogen at the Burning Spring on the Licking River. Pumice, he says, is brought down the Missouri River in the June floods, _and probably comes from some volcanic mountain at the head of the river. A pseudo-pumice is also brought down which he supposes to have originated from the burning of beds of coal. He speaks of a mass of native iron, upwards of 3,000 pounds in weight, discovered on the banks of the Red River, and now (1819) in the collection of the New York Historical Society. “‘ Its shape is irregular, inclining to oval form, its surface deeply indented and covered with oxide of iron. It is said to contain nickel, etc,”’ 1821. In 1821 Schoolcraft made another expedition with General Cass from Toledo across Ohio and Indiana, past the fluor- spar deposits of southern Illinois, to St. Louis, returning by way of Chicago, an ac- count of which was published as ‘ Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley.’ 1823. In 1823 a second expedition under Major Long was sent out by the War De- partment, which followed the Mississippi and Red River of the North to Lake Winni- peg, returning along the northern shore of Lake Superior. To this expedition Prof. William H. Keating, of Philadelphia, was attached as geologist, and published a nar- rative in two volumes in 1823 (George B. Whittaker, London). Keating in his nar- rative of the expedition, which started at Philadelphia, notes the evidences of old copper mining at South Mountain, in Mary- land; the fact that coal mining is being 6 SCIENCE. carried on at Cumberland, and at various points between there and Wheeling. He also remarks upon the Blowing Springs, and said he had no opportunity of testing whether they sent out gas or only air. He frequently mentions fossils observed, encrt- nites and productus, but does not attempt to define geological horizons by them, but only to judge whether the limestones were primi- tive (without organic life), transition or secondary. 1832. In 1832 Mr. Schoolcraft, under a commission from the government, com- manded an expedition to the country about the sources of the Mississippi River, which he discovered took its rise in Lake Itasca, a narrative of which was published in 1834, and again enlarged in 1855. 1832-6. The expeditions of Capt. Bon- neville, U.S. A., made famous by Irving’s two narratives, were not, strictly speaking, government expeditions, being conducted under the auspices of the American Fur Trading Company, while he was on leave of absence from the army. No geologist was attached to the expedition, butthe geographi- cal results were very important, as by them was first determined the enclosed nature of the great interior basin, which had hitherto been supposed to have an outlet to the Pacific Ocean through the mythical Rio Buenaventura. 1834-5. G. W. Featherstonaugh, of whose origin little seems to be known ex- cept that he was a foreign traveler, was employed by Lewis Cass as Secretary of War, during the years 1834—5, to make geo- logical investigations in the Ozark Moun- tains and along the elevated plateau sep- arating the Missouri River from the St. Peter, or Minnesota River, known as the Coteau des Prairies. The report upon the first of these regions was published in 1835, and that upon the second in 1836. In Featherstonaugh’s time, light was commencing to come to the minds of Ameri- [N.S. Vou. V. No. 105. can geologists out of the obscurity of ideas. concerning the existing division of rocks into primitive, transition and secondary. It was already practically recognized that different horizons could be correlated in different parts of the world more safely and accurately by fossils than by lithological characters. Featherstonaugh found Car- boniferous fossils widespread throughout the United States, on which he makes the following comments : ‘‘ Although these fos- sils are not identically the same as their equivalents in Europe, yet many of them are strictly so; and in all cases I would as- sert the generic resemblances to be stronger than the specific differences. On this con- tinent, where the Carboniferous limestones extend uninterruptedly for more than 1,000 miles, we find an equal amount of generic resemblance and specific difference, and it is certain that the specific difference between the most powerful species of living animals here and those in trans-Atlantic countries seems to be much greater than that which prevails among fossils of the two hemispheres.’”? With regard to what had been generally known as primitive or inor- ganic rocks, however, he is not willing to accept the Wernerian or Plutonic theory of origin. Their differences with each other, except statuary marble, he remarks, result only from a difference in proportions of cer- tain mineral constituents, which gives rise to the opinion that they had a common origin and ‘that they have all at some period been either ejected from central beds by the expansive power generated there, or that they have been great intumescing masses which on cooling have resolved themselves into various stages of crystalliz- ation, and that their varying products have been brought by fusion or solution into distinct central localities.” In his report Featherstonaugh publishes a section 12 feet long, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to Texas, which presents a JANUARY 1, 1897. ] remarkably truthful representation, for the times, of the broader features of Appala- chian structure. He calls attention to the fact that the littoral line on the Atlantic face of the mountains is found near the falls of the rivers. In his second report he gives a columnar section showing the cor- respondence of American and European formations, with average thickness of the latter, in which the Upper Cretaceous, Wealden, Oolite, and possibly the New Red sandstones are said to be deficient in the United States. In this section the Cam- brian forms the base of the organic divi- sion. He remarks upon the rapid progress which geology has made in Europe during the past thirty years, and the increased in- terest manifested in this country as the re- sult of his first report, giving rise to a movement among the States to undertake geological surveys. He says: ‘A geological map of the whole United States, where all the formations are exhibited on a large scale, and the most important deposits of fuel, metals and useful minerals be accu- rately laid down, would be a monument both useful and honorable to the country at home and abroad, and I trust the day is not distant when Congress will direct such a map to be constructed upon a scale com- mensurate with the undertaking.” 1838. In1838 J. N. Nicollet, a Savoyard naturalist, who had spent the last five years studying, at his own expense, the physical geography of the Southern and Mississippi Valley States, was commissioned by Col. Abert, of the Topographical Engineers, to make a map of the hydrographic basin of the Mississippi River. In his report Nicollet remarks on the universal distribution of drift material, even on the summit of the Coteau, which had hitherto been called alluvium, but for which he prefers the term Erratic deposites. His principle contribution was the recogni- tion of the fact that in that region there SCIENCE. . 7 were limestones lower than the Carbonifer- ous represented by fossils. He thought to have the Devonion in the lower part of the Mountain limestone, and he obtained Tren- ton fossils from the limestone around the Falls of St. Anthony. He also discovered the Cretaceous above Council Bluffs, and recognized its importance ‘as destined to occupy a conspicuous place in the history of American geology.’ Fort Pierre Chouteau was the upper limit of his explorations of the Missouri River. He got authentic ac- counts of pseudo-voleanoes caused by the spontaneous combustion of bituminous ma- terial within the rocks higher up the river, which he thinks may account for some, at least, of the pumice-like material that floats down the Missouri River. 1839. An important epoch in the study of western geology is marked by the work conducted under David Dale Owen, from 1839 to 1854. Dr. Owen was the son of Robert Owen, the social reformer, and at the same time a well-to-do manufacturer, who had settled in New Harmony, Ind., to carry out practically some of his social theo- ries. David had received a liberal educa- tion abroad, both in Switzerland and Scot- land, and had spent ayear in London study- ing geology, in companionship with Henry B. Rogers. He later took the degree of M. D. in the Ohio Medical College in 1836. Having been appointed State Geologist of Indiana, he made a preliminary reconnais- sance in 1837-8. The then Governor, James Whitcomb, became later United States Land Commissioner, and appointed Owen to make a survey of the Dubuque and Mineral Point land districts in Wisconsin and Iowa, under authority from Congress, in order to enable him to reserve from sale those sections con- taining mineral wealth. This work had to be done promptly, and it was commenced in September, 1839, and completed in Feb- ruary, 1840. He had 139 sub-agents and assistants under him, examining each sec- 8 SCIENCE. tion under his instruction and supervision. Dr. John Locke was his geological assistant in this work. The determination of fossils of geological horizons was yet very imper- fect, and the main conclusion arrived at was that the lead-bearing limestones were probably older than the Carboniferous. 1841. In 1841 the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, which, since 1838, had been cruising along the coasts and among the islands of the Pacific ocean, reached the coast of Oregon. Near the mouth of the Columbia river the ship Peacock on which was Prof. James D. Dana, the geologist of the Expedition, was wrecked, entailing the loss of all the latter’s personal effects as well as many of his collections. His loss was in the end, however, a gain to geological science, for on his trip across the Cascade mountains, and to San Fran- cisco through the mountains of Oregon, past Mt. Shasta and down the valley of the Sacramento, he gained a personal knowl- edge of the geological conditions of the West, which was invaluable to him in later years when he was called upon to discuss the observations of later observers in the preparation of his Manual of Geology. In his report upon the geology of the Wilkes Expedition, Dana calls attention to the fact that the slates of the Umpqua and Shasta regions resemble gold-bearing rocks of other regions, but it does not appear that he found actual evidence of the occurrence of gold. He did observe the occurrence of sand- stone dikes intersecting sandstones and shales near Astoria, and drew some inter- esting conclusions as to changes of level of the Coast region, which were further evi- denced by the fiords along the coast and terraces along the river valleys; the latter he reasoned could not be explained by the current hypothesis that they were deposited in barrier lakes. As regards the whole Rocky Mountain region he concludes that [N. 8. Von. V. No. 105. it was probably in a great measure sub- merged until Cretaceous or later time. 1842-5. The three famous expeditions of Fremont were conducted in the years 1842, 1843-4 and 1845 respectively. They covered a very large part of the Cordil- leran region, but unfortunately no geologist was attached to the expedition. Fremont himself, however, was a scientifically edu- cated man, and had served under Nicollet in his expedition up the Missouri. His scientific notes, and the fossils and rocks collected, were afterwards worked up by Prof. James Hall. Among the specimens thus brought and described were detected Niobrara lime- stones, upturned against the granites near Pike’s Peak; green clays from the Hocene of the Bridger Basin, thought to resemble Cretaceous green sand; coal from the Muddy on the western edge of that basin, with fossil ferns which Hall said were not Car- boniferous ; fresh water shells from the Ter- tiary formations there and at the head of the Uinta River, on the east slope of the Wasatch Mountains; various eruptive rocks from the Snake River Valley, Blue Moun- tains and the Cascade Range; and a series of specimens from a bluff 700 feet high, which consisted largely of volcanic ash with fresh water fossil infusoria, which were probably formed of the Tertiary beds of the John Day River. 1846. In the spring of 1846 Dr. Wis- lizenus, ‘a German by birth, but an Ameri- can by choice,’ as he characterizes himself, and evidently a man of wide scientific cul- ture, undertook an examination into the geography and natural history of northern Mexico and Upper California at his private expense. While on his way west the war between the United States and Mexico broke out, and he was detained a prisoner for six months in the state of Chihuahua. Finding it impracticable to continue his work unaided, upon the arrival of the JANUARY 1, 1897. ] American troops, he accepted the position of surgeon in the United States army, and finally returned with Col. Doniphan’s com- mand. His narrative, with scientific ap- pendices, was printed by order of Congress. In it henotes Cretaceous rocks on the Great Plains, Cretaceous limestones with IJnocer- amus near Las Vegas, and the sandstones near Santa Fé ‘ thrown back at an angle of 100 degrees by the uplift of the granite.’ Silurian limestones were seen near El Paso, and both Silurian and Cretaceous lime- stones around Chihuahua, Mexico. He does not appear, however, to have met with any outerop of coal-bearing rocks. He remarks on a decadence of mining in Mexico and gives interesting statistics on the ancient silver and copper mines in the State of Chi- huahua. In his report he gives what is called a geological map of the regions tra- versed, in which the occurrence of rocks of the different descriptions are indicated by words. 1847. In 1847 under the auspices of the United States Land office, of which James Whitcomb had now become Commissioner, David Dale Owen commenced his final sur- vey of the Northwest Territory comprising parts of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska. Although this work only inci- dentally extended into the region west of the Mississippi valley, it forms an important epoch in the geological history of the West, for it was the first systematically organized geological survey conducted under govern- ment authority, and by finally establishing geological horizons it has formed the basis of all later geological work in this region. Dr. Owen had a large corps of scientific assistants and through them left a strong impress upon geological work in the Missis- sippi Valley. Among them were Richard Owen and EH. T. Cox, who worked later in Indiana, A. H. Worthen in Illinois, Chas. Whittlesey at Lake Superior and J. G. Norwood in Kentucky. SCIENCE. 9 After five years of field and one of office work, the report was published in two quarto volumes, with a large colored geolog- ical map, and a memoir on vertebrates by Dr. Joseph Leidy. 1847-1850. In this connection a brief mention may be made of the survey of the Lake Superior region, generally known as the Foster and Whitney Survey, because, although not carried on in the region under consideration, it had indirectly considerable influence on Western surveys. Congress in March, 1847, had passed a law governing the sale of mineral lands in the Lake Superior land district which pro- vided that the Secretary of the Treasury should cause a geological survey to be made previous to the offering of the lands for sale. Dr. Chas. T. Jackson was appointed in the spring of 1847 to execute the survey, but resigned after two seasons’ work, and the completion of the work was confided to J. W. Foster and J. D. Whitney, whose final reports were submitted in 1850 and 1851. They were assisted in their geo- logical work by 8. W. Hill and Edward Desor, the later an eminent Swiss geologist who had come to this country with Agas- siz; while James Hall reported on their fossils and made valuable geological contri- butions to their final report. Whitney was not again in government employ, but played an important part in the development of its mineral resources, by his volume on the Metallic Wealth of the United States pub- lished in 1854, in which the theoretical views on ore deposits were far in advance of any published in this country or Europe, and which for many years was the only scientific treatise on the metallic mineral wealth of the country. He subsequently (1859-60) served on the Geological Survey of Wisconsin, making a special study of ~ its lead mines, and in 1860 organized the State Geological Survey of California. 1849. In1849 Dr. John Evans, under the 10 instruction of his chief, D. D. Owen, as- cended the White River to the Bad Lands of Nebraska, along the southeast base of the Black Hills, and made collections of fossil vertebrates in the White River Mio- cene, whose existence had first been brought to notice through specimens sent in by the parties connected with the American Fur Trading Company. He also collected Mol- lusea in the Cretaceous beds from Fort Pierre up to a point 300 miles below the mouth of the Yellowstone, and traced the great lignite coal formation from there nearly to the Yellowstone River. The col- lections made at this time by Dr. Evans, to- gether with those collected under the aus- pices of the Smithsonian in 1850 by T. A. Culbertson, and by Gen. Stuart Van Vliet of the United States army, were described in the Smithson contributions by Dr. Leidy in 1852. In this famous memoir the since well known forms Titanotheriwn and Oreodon were first described, and the age of the beds in which they occurred given as Eocene Tertiary. 1849-50. In 1849-50, under the orders of Col. Abert, of the Topographical Engineers, Lieut. Howard Stansbury made a survey of Great Salt Lake, and explored its valley and the surrounding mountains. No geol- ogist was attached to his party, but his notes and fossils were reported upon by Prof. James Hall. Stansbury noted the widespread occur- rence of coal beds and recognized their future industrial importance, but does not appear to have obtained any data to de- termine their age. He brought in fossils from the Carboniferous limestone in Kansas, in Wyoming near Fort Laramie, and around Salt Lake Basin. 1851-52. In the summer of 1852 Captain . R. B. Marey and Brevet Captain George B. McClellan, of the United States Engineers, made an exploration in the Red River coun- try from Fort Smith, Ark., to Fort Belk- SCIENCE. [N.S. Von. V. No. 105. nap, on the Brazos River, Texas. Dr. G.G. Shumard was appointed surgeon and natur- alist to the expedition, and made collec- tions which were submitted to various specialists for examination and study. Their reports are contained as appendices in Captain Marcy’s report, published by act of Congress. Hitchcock, the elder, reported on the specimens collected, except the fossils which were submitted to the latter’s brother, Dr. B. F. Shumard, for identification. Carbon- iferous and Cretaceous forms were definitely determined, but Hitchcock was somewhat in doubt, owing to the imperfection of his data, whether the coals of the Brazos River were correctly assigned to the Carboniferous, on account of the loose texture of the rocks, and the fact that lignites of Tertiary and Cretaceous age were known to exist further north. The doubt is a reasonable one, for these coal beds are at the present day the most western workable coals of Carbonif- erous age known on the continent. Hitch- cock remarks on the evidence shown in the canyons of the Llano Estacado, of the power of erosion, and shows that it was not neces- sary to resort,as Marcy was inclined to do, to the shattering of the crust by some great dynamic force to account for them. In 1853 were commenced the numerous expeditions under the War Department to explore a route for a transcontinental rail- road from the Mississippi Valley to the Pa- cific Ocean. To most of these parties a ge- ologist or naturalist was attached, and the results of their observations, together with those of other naturalists, are found in the thirteen quarto volumes of the Pacific Rail- road reports. They include Marcou, New- berry, Evans, Blake, Antisell, Gibbs and Schiel. 1853-4. Two reports made by Dr. John Evans to Gov. Stevens upon the geology of the northern route were lost in transit from the field to Washington. Dr. Evans died JANUARY 1, 1897. ] at Washington in 1861 while at work upon his final report upon this region, which has consequently never been published. To the expedition which explored the middle route across Colorado and Utah in 1853, under Capt. Gunnison, who was killed by Indians in Sevier Lake Valley, and through Wyoming, Utah and Nevada to California, in 1854, under Lieut. Beckwith, Dr. James Schiel was attached as surgeon and geologist. His report and Beckwith’s narration contain scattered notes on the geology of the route, but no connected de- scription. : : Jules Marcou, who had come to this eountry from Switzerland with Agassiz, was the first geologist to study Western rock formations, who had had a field training in Europe. While his personal familiarity with different geological horizons in Kurope enhanced the value of his field determina- tions, it also exposed him to the danger of laying too much stress in correlation upon mere physical resemblance. The route of the Whipple expedition, to which he was attached as geologist in 1853-4, followed the Arkansas and Canadian rivers from the mouth of the former to the source of the latter, and thence through New Mexico to Albuquerque; it then followed in a general way the general route of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad to Los An- geles. His preliminary report was pub- lished in 1855. He also prepared a diagra- matic section of the country from the Mis- sissippi Valley to the Pacific Ocean ; like- wise a preliminary report upon the route followed by Capt. John Pope further south in Texas, made up from the notes and specimens collected by the latter. His claims as a geological discoverer rest upon the recognition of Carboniferous in Arkan- sas, the Permian and Carboniferous in New Mexico and Arizona, the Trias in Indian Territory, northern Texas and New Mexico. He thought also to have found the Juras- SCIENCE. At sic, Neocomian and Chalk at different locali- ties from New Mexico eastward. The ge- ologists who have examined this field in later years and in greater detail have, in the light of all the geological knowledge that has accumulated since, assigned some- what different ages to the beds described under the latter heads. This does not, however, detract from the value of Mar- cou’s contribution to American geology, when one takes into consideration the cir- cumstances under which his work was done and the little that was known of the geology of the West at the time. Marcou did not make the official report upon his geological studies. When he was upon the point of embarking for Europe with his notes and collections, in order that, in working them up, he might be able to make comparisons with material in the museums abroad, they were seized by order of Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, and he was obliged to embark without them. His material was later worked up and the final report on the 35th parallel made by W. P. Blake, as official geologist of the expedition. Blake’s own observations were made as geologist in the expedition, under Lieuten- ants R.S. Williamson and J. G. Parke, in the summer of 1853, to determine the prac- ticability of various routes from San Fran- cisco through southern California to the mouth of the Gila River. The region is not one from which definite geological data could be obtained, the rocks, with the ex- ception of recent and Tertiary formations, being barren of fossils and classed as meta- morphic and eruptive. Hocene strata were recognized near San Diego, and Blake made interesting observations on desert phe- nomena, such as sand-polishing, prevailing west winds, ete. In economic geology he described the auriferous gravels and hy- draulic washings, and concluded that the age of the formation of gold was contem- 12 poraneous with the uplift of the Coast Ranges and with the diorite or greenstone intrusions. His report was submitted. in 1857. 1854-5. Dr. Thomas Antisell was geolo- gist to Lieutenant Parke’s expedition from San Francisco to Los Angeles through the Coast Ranges in 1854, and from the Pimas villages in Arizona, along the 32d parallel to the Organ Mountains, in New Mexico, in 1855. He considers the age of the Coast Ranges as post-Miocene, and notes the oc- currence of bituminous deposits in southern California. He was influenced in his views on mountain ranges by Elie de Beaumont’s theory of mountain uplift along the great circles, and endeavored to trace his systems in the West. He thus drew attention to the parallelism of the ridges in the great mountain ranges; the northwest trend in the Coast Ranges, the Sierra Nevada and the Arizona ranges, and the north and south trends in eastern New Mexico. He published colored sketch maps of sections of country passed through and indicated Carboniferous, Devonian and later rocks, but it appears that the only fossils he brought in were of Tertiary forms, and that his opinions as to age were based on the statements of other geologists and on lithological correspondence, and can be considered only as more or less well founded surmises. 1855. Dr. Newberry, as geologist of Williamson and Abbott’s expedition from San Francisco to the Columbia River in the summer of 1855, noted the occurrence of Carboniferous and Cretaceous rocks in northern California, as evidenced by: fos- sils collected by Dr. Trask, and that the Oregon coals of Coos Bay, Bellingham Bay and Vancouver Bay, probably of Tertiary (Miocene) age, rest on Cretaceous rocks, thus resembling the coals of the upper Missouri. He noted ‘the existence of an- cient glaciers at various points along the SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 105- mountains, but gave no hints of active ones. He regarded the Sierras as of earlier upheaval than the Coast Ranges. The contributions to the geology of the West in the period from 1855 to the Civil War had best be noted, not in strict chrono- logical order, but geographically, taking first the southern region, next the interior, and finally the geology of the Great Plains. 1855-6. On the expedition to fix the boundary between Mexico and the United States under the treaty of 1854, which was. conducted by Maj. W. H. Emory, Dr. C. C. Parry was geologist and botanist, and Arthur Schott, assistant geological observer. In Maj. Emory’s quarto report, first vol- ume, are geological sketches of the country by Parry and Schott, with description of fossils by Hall and Conrad, and a general discussion of the geology of the region by James Hall. The report also contains a col- ored geological map of the Mississippi Val- ley and country to the west, which is the earliest colored geological map of the country west of the Mississippi published by the government. The fossils described are mostly Tertiary and Cretaceous, and come in great measure from Texas. Upper Carboniferous lime- stones were identified at various points, and the presence of Silurian is suggested by Hall from a single fossil whose locality is. not given. Hall discusses Marcou’s section in northern Texas and New Mexico, and comes to the conclusion that the existence of any Mesozoic rocks in this region below the No. 1 Cretaceous, as determined by himself and Meek and Hayden, is not confirmed. The geological map prepared by him and Lesley is mainly interesting now as rep- resenting the blanks in the then geologi- cal knowledge of the interior of the Rocky Mountains. On the Great Plains his No. 1 Cretaceous included all that is now known as Trias, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, and was succeeded to the north by Upper JANUARY 1, 1897.] Cretaceous and Tertiary. Along a great part of the front of the Rocky Mountains and around the Black Hills was a strip of Upper Carboniferous and Upper Silurian separating the Cretaceous from the meta- morphic nucleus. Likewise, along the face of several New Mexican ranges, in spots around Salt Lake and in the neighborhood of San Francisco’ Mountain, the Upper Car- boniferous was represented. With this ex- ception all the Western mountain region was indicated as metamorphic or unknown, as far as the Pacific Ocean, except for large areas of igneous and Quarternary in northern California and Oregon. 1857. To the expedition of Lieutenant J. C. Ives, sent out in the autumn of 1857 to explore the Colorado River from its mouth up to the head of navigation, Dr. J.S. Newberry was attached as geologist. A quarto report of this expedition was pub- lished by the government in 1861. In this report Dr. Newberry summarizes the work that had been previously done in California, and makes the uplift of the Coast Ranges post-Miocene and probably later than the Sierra Nevada. His obser- vations on the region of the Canyon of the Colorado are those of a trained geol- ogist, and show a grasp of the broad con- ditions of structure of the Rocky Moun- tains much in advance of any previous ob- servers. His published section of the rocks of the Grand Canyon, though not based in every instance upon direct lithological evi- dence, has not been essentially modified or improved by later observers up to the time of Walcott’s investiation under the present Survey. The Algonkian formations be- tween the Silurian and Archean do not occur in the region examined by him. His general views on the structure of the mountains are seen in the following quota- tion (Ives Report, p. 47) : “This much we can fairly infer from the observations already made on the geolog- SCIENCE. 13 ical structure of the far West, namely, that the outlines of the western part ofthe North American continent were approximately marked out from the earliest Paleozic times; not simply by areas of shallower water in an almost boundless ocean, but by groups of islands and broad continental surfaces of of dry land.” This remark was in opposition to the then generally received theory that the area of the Rocky and California mountains was till the Tertiary period occupied by an open sea. 1859. As geologist of the Macomb ex- ploring expedition to the junction of the Grand and Green Rivers, Dr. Newberry col- lected much additional data on the geology of the plateau country. His report on the geology of the country, accompanied by a beautifully shaded topographical map made by Baron F. W. von Hggloffstein, was de- layed by the confusion attending the Civil War, and was not published until 1876. It contains the following important additions to the geological knowledge of the region: First, the determination of the Triassic age of the red sandstone by plant remains found at the copper mines of Abiquiu, New Mexico (Marcou’s determination had been based on lithological evidence alone) ; second, the tracing of Upper and Middle Cretaceous formations along the south flanks of the San Juan into the upper Col- orado Basin, and making a section of 6,000 feet of rocks from the Carboniferous to Cretaceous, inclusive; third, the finding of Saurian remains in the Canyon Pintado in the beds below the No. 1 Cretaceous, which, doubtless, represent the Atlantosaurus beds, since made famous by Marsh. Finally, al- though he only skirted around the isolated laccolitic mountains of that region, he shows a remarkable prescience in his re- -mark upon the Sierra Abajo, that it has the appearance of a trachytic core pushed up through and uplifting Cretaceous strata. 14 In 1859 Capt. J. H. Simpson, of the Topographical Engineers, was commis- sioned by Gen. Albert Sydney Johnson, then stationed at Camp Floyd, Utah, to explore a new wagon road from Salt Lake Valley to the base of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson, and also eastward as far as Fort Bridger, in Wyoming. Henry Hngel- mann, of St. Louis, was appointed geologist of this expedition. He showed unusual industry in collecting fossils and minerals, but his observations are those of a mineralogist rather than those of a stratigraphic geologist. From the de- termination of his fossils by Meek, it ap- pears that he obtained Devonian forms in central Nevada, and lower Carboniferous in the Oquirrh Mountains of Utah, near Camp Floyd, thus determining lower hori- zons than had hitherto been known to exist west of the Missouri River. Fossil-bearing Jurassic limestones were observed on the La Bonté Creek, near Fort Laramie, and on the western slope of the Wasatch, and a collection of fresh water fossils was made at the locality on Bear river, which for so many years puzzled paleontologists and geologists. The probable Cretaceous age of the coal beds of the Weber Valley, and the San-Pete fields to the south was determined. He notes the widespread occurrence of erup- tive rocks, especially through Nevada, but his lithological determinati#ns, such for instance as that of phonolite, have to be ac- cepted with some reservation, though they show more careful and intelligent study of their mineralogical composition than have been given by earlier geologists. As his report was not published until 1875 (16 years after the observations were made), the facts determined were not avail- able for the guidance of later explorers in in that region. 1853-6. The geology of the Great Plains is inseparably connected with the names of SCIENCE. [N.S. Vou. V. No. 105. Meek and Hayden. They were first sent to the Bad Lands of Missouri by Prof. James Hall, in 1853. Hayden spent the summers of the two following years traveling with parties of the American Fur Trading Com- pany, thus exploring geologically the Mis- souri Basin. He wrote a brief sketch on the geology of this region for Lieutenant Warren’s ‘ Report on Explorations in the Dacota Country.’ In this he mentions the Tertiary basin of White River, in which the great discoveries of vertebrate remains were then being made, the Bad Lands of the Judith River, and the great lignite basin extending from the mouth of the Cannon Ball River to that of the Muscle- shell River. 1857. In 1857 he accompanied Lieuten- ant Warren to the Black Hills of Dakota, and submitted a report in November, 1858. (Reprinted in 1875, in Lieutenant Warren’s ‘Preliminary report on explorations in Ne- braska and Dakota.’) In this he gives a complete column of geological formations, as known in Kansas and Nebraska Territories, from the Potsdam upwards. The Potsdam had been detected by lower Silurian forms in the Black Hills. This and the discovery of the marine Jura, well represented by fossil forms, with fresh water beds just above them, which he was doubtful whether to place with the Jura or Cretaceous, and the discovery of vertebrates near the mouth of Judith River, which Dr. Leidy thought might be Wealden, constitute the important discoveries outlined in this report. The assumed existence of Devonian beds is evi- dently based on a mere conjecture which has not been substantiated. 1858. The summer of 1858 was spent by Meek and Hayden in making collections of fossils in Kansas Territory, and in 1859-60 Dr. Hayden served as geologist to the expe- dition of Captain W. F. Raynolds to the headwaters of the Missouri and Yellow- stone Rivers. His geological work was in- JANUARY 1, 1897.] terrupted by the war, in which he served as surgeon in the army, and his report was submitted in 1867, but not printed until 1869. With this was a geological coloring of Raynold’s topographical map, which gives in a very generalized form the current ideas: with regard to the geology of the country east of the mountains. It shows the anticlinal structure observed in the Black Hills extended to all the ranges facing the plains. In the interior, granites, igneous and metamorphic rocks are all grouped under one color, and no formation between Carboniferous and Potsdam is recognized. The age of the coal-bearing beds is given as Tertiary. 1867. I will mention here the contri- butions of John LeConte in 1867, though not strictly in chronological order, nor under government auspices, yet they were part of the general scheme of exploration of the country for the projected Pacific railroad. He was attached to the party of Gen. W. W. Wright, of the eastern division of the Union Pacific Railroad, which was exploring various routes from Fort Lyon, Kansas, to Fort Craig, New Mexico. He made a more careful study of the coal- bearing rocks than had yet been made, and maintained his belief in spite of the evidence of fossil plants as interpreted by Lesquereux, that they were Cretaceous rather than Tertiary, a belief founded mainly on Molluscan fossils of Cretaceoug age found by him in association with the coal beds, but in part also on a reason- ing that the development of plant life in this country had not been strictly contem- poraneous with that of Europe. On this point he says: ‘The difference between the plants of our early Cretaceous and those of the Middle Tertiary could be ascertained only by the aid of the stratigraphy of the region, and we have no right from a few resemblances in vegetables to infer the synchronism either of the Western lignite SCIENCE. 15 beds with each other, or any of them with the European Eocene and Miocene, except when supported by lithological evidence from animal remains. “It would therefore appear plausible, in the absence of more direct evidence, to be- lieve that since the introduction of dicoty- ledons in large numbers in our early Creta- ceous there has not been any great change in the types of structure ; and that such changes, while following in general plan those introduced on the eastern’ continent during this period, have not been synchron- ous with them.” He noted several unconformities in the beds, and presented a history of the oro- graphic growth of the Great Plains in Mesozoic time, which shows a remarkably philosophical interpretation of the facts then known. His idea was that the region grew, by a series of gradual elevations connecting Paleozoic islands, into one landmass; that a great peninsula was developed running eastward from the Rocky Mountains and contracting the intercontinental Cretaceous ocean. Thus by the end of the Middle Cretaceous this ocean was divided into two gulfs, a northern and a southern, in which toward the end of that period the faunas became quite different. Finally, independ- ent shallow basins were formed in which conditions for coal accumulation prevailed. S. F. Emmons. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. (To be concluded. ) PHASES IN JAMAICAN NATURAL HISTORY. Pror. J. E. Durnrpen,* Curator of the Museum of the Institute of Jamaica, has re- cently published an article which gives new and interesting data concerning the results of the introduction of the Mongoose to the Island. * Contributions to the Natural History of Jamaica. By J. E. Duerden, Curator of the Museum of the In- stitute of Jamaica. Kingston, November, 1896. 16 The story of how the Mongoose was brought into Jamaica from India in 1872 for the purpose of destroying the imported European black and brown rats which were devouring the crops of the sugar-cane and other vegetal products, and how it in- creased until it became a veritable pest, is well known to history. The Mongoose thrived and exterminated the rats, and hav- ing enjoyed this diet, he began a series of food experiments upon all small domestic animals, especially poultry. In some in- stances, he even killed small pigs, kids, lambs, newly dropped calves, puppies, kit- tens. All kinds of game, such as part- ridges, quail, guinea-fowl, snipe, lapwing, ground doves, young buzzards, and all birds which nest on or near the ground, and their eggs were much to his taste, and he has been known to catch fish. He like- wise, developed a special fondness for snakes, ground lizards, frogs, turtle and turtle’s eggs, land crabs and other of the more humble creatures. Not only did his appetite crave the above animal diet, but it was rapacious in its assaults upon ripe ba- nanas, pineapples, young corn, avocado pears, sweet potatoes, cocoas, yams, peas, and certain fruits. He even competed with his former enemy, the rat, in eating the sugar-cane, and did not hesitate in attack- ing salt meat. As a consequence of the fecundity and omnivorous appetite of the Mongoose, Ja- maica was soon rid not only of its rats, but of all the game and birds, except such, like the ground dove,as had the discretion to trans- fer their breeding places upon his advent, from the ground to the tops of the high prickly cacti. As a result of the Mongoose’s tastes for reptiles, the twenty-two species of lizards and five species of harmless snakes, which had hitherto proved an ines- timable blessing to the island in keeping down small insect pests such as the tick, fell victims to its depredations. Notwith- SCIENCE. [N. 8S. Von. V. No. 105. standing the humble sphere which the tick and chigor occupy in the scale of life, they were not so stupid as to fail to take advan- tage of this destruction of their hereditary enemies, and proceeded to thrive as they had never thriven before. These minute forms of life, which had previously con- fined their attention to cattle, increased so rapidly that they became a pest to man- kind. One could not brush against the bushes or put his foot down in the grass without being covered by the small ‘ seed- ticks,’ as the young are called. As a final result of this series of wars be- tween the various kinds of lower animals, the tick and Mongoose remained as the vic- torious survivors. So different were their spheres in life that it was generally con- eluded that their rule would continue un- disputed for years. Within the past few years, according to Prof. Duerden, another phase of the ques- tion appears to have been entered upon. He says: ‘‘It is reported from practically all parts of the island that the Mongoose is not nearly so plentiful as formerly. Some of those caught are found to be suffering from the attacks of ticks. The results of the diminution are shown in the appearance and marked increase of certain species of reptiles and birds; some already alluded to as supposed to have been exterminated. Amongst the snakes there is a very notice- able increase. During the past year sevy- eral examples of the yellow snake have been received at the Museum, as well as notices of others. Specimens of the spotted- chinned snake are obtained almost weekly, especially from the vicinity of Kingston ; and, occasionally, an example of the two- headed snake. During the last fifteen months, however, I have never heard of the occurrence in the island of an undoubted black snake nor of the pardaline snake. Perhaps the most obvious change, remarked by everyone, is the abundance of the ground JANUARY 1, 1897. ] lizard, previously recorded as extinct. Hun- dreds are now to be met with on the out- skirts of Kingston, where only a few years ago not one was to be seen. The wood- slave is not rarely seen. Crocodiles are certainly more in evidence, especially on the south side ; numerous eggs, young and adult forms being now brought to the Museum. There is not nearly the same out- ery against the loss of poultry and domestic animals, particularly around the towns. Correspondents from the country state that bevies of quail are to be occasionally seen; and that the various pigeons and black- birds are more numerous. The attorney in charge of the largest sugar estate in the island gives information that lately more of his canes are being de- stroyed, due to an increase in the number of rats, and that ticks are not nearly so prev- alent. There seems not the slightest doubt _ therefore but that the maximum influence, both for good and for evil, of the Mongoose, is passing away in Jamaica; first from the vicinity of towns, but not less surely from the country districts. Of the cause we can do little more than speculate at present. The animals now returning in greater abundance were evidently never extermi- nated, but only extremely rare; so that, as their destroyer in the past is becoming less important, they are increasing towards their original proportions. New balances of life are being struck in the island, and further developments will be watched with inter- est.” Rost. T. Hitt. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THE INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL MEETINGS. THESE were held last autumn in France, the first and more important being the International Meteorological Conference, which met at Paris, in the Hotel de la Societé d’Encouragement, September 17th to 23d, inclusive. It had the same official SCIENCE. We character as the similar conference at Mu- nich in 1891, to which representatives of the principal meteorological services and observatories of the world were invited. There were at Paris about forty such rep- resentatives, besides several specialists who were invited to participate in the dis- cussions. At Munich the United States Weather Bureau had two representatives, but at Paris, unfortunately, there was not one. Mr. J. Page represented unofficially the United States Hydrographic Office, and the writer represented the Harvard College and Blue Hill Observatories. No one came from either Spain or Brazil, as was the case at Munich, but Belgium, Canada and Mex- ico each sent a delegate to Paris, the two latter countries participating for the first time in an international meeting. The meeting was called to order by Mr. R. H. Scott, secretary of the Permanent International Committee, and M. Mascart, director of the French Meteorological Office, was chosen president of the meeting. The programme of questions proposed for discussion was shortened by excluding ques- tions which had been considered at previous Congresses or which were beyond the scope of this Conference. Action on some propo- sitions was deferred and there was an un- willingness to aid anyone to influence his government. The postponed proposition for double thermometric stations was decided by recommending that a standard thermometer shelter be adopted in each country and that comparisons be instituted between it and other shelters, and especially the Assmann aspiration thermometer. Most of the ques- tions were considered by sub-committees on meteorological telegraphy, instruments and methods of observations, cloud observa- tions, terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity, whose reports were substantially adopted by the Conference. Among the most important opinions expressed was a general recommendation by the first-named com- 18 mittee that the daily international dis- patches to Paris be accelerated, so that they should be more useful in forecasting, pend- ing the possible adoption of the American ‘ circuit system ’ in the European countries; the second committee refused to adopt either a standard anemometer or a uniform exposure for anemometers ; and the third committee, after considering the delays which had occurred in commencing the in- ternational’system of cloud observations in some countries, requested, when possible, that both nephoscope observations and the- odolite measurements of clouds be con- tinued throughout the year 1897, in order to obtain one whole year of observations for synoptic comparison. Probably the most noteworthy feature of the Conference was the attempt of the last named of the sub-committees to secure uniformity in mag- netic surveys, and as regards instruments and methods of reduction both in the field and at the permanent stations. Resolutions were adopted favoring the use of captive bal- loons, free balloons, and unmanned, or pilot balloons for obtaining meteorological data in the upper air. Simultaneous ascents in the different countries and the prompt pub- lication of the original observations were recommended. The success of kites at Blue Hill Observatory for elevating self-re- cording meteorological instruments led to the expressed desire that similar experi- ments should be made elsewhere. The Conference reappointed the Interna- tional Meteorological Committee, which was elected at Munich, except that three vacan- cies caused by resignations were filled. This committee of 17 is thus constituted: von Bezold, of Prussia; Billwiller, of Switzer- land; de Brito-Capello, of Portugal ; Davis, of Argentine Republic; Eliot, of India; Hann, of Austria; Hepites, of Roumania; Hildebrandsson, of Sweden; Mascart, of France; Mohn, of Norway; Moore, of the United States; Paulsen, of Denmark; Rus- SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 105. sell, of New South Wales; Rykatcheff,of Rus- sia; Scott, of Great Britain; Snellen, of the Netherlands; Tacchini, of Italy. M. Mas- eart is the President, and Mr. Scott retains the position of Secretary to the Committee, which he has held for many years. The Committee appointed commissions to deal with problems relating to solar radiation, terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric elec- tricity, cloud observations and meteorologi- cal aeronautics. The United States is rep- resented in the two last-named commis- sions by the writer. French, English and German reports of the Conference will be published, respectively, by Messrs. Mas- cart, Scott and von Bezold. The date of the next conference was fixed five years hence, the place of meeting to be named by the International Committee. During the Conference the meteorological institutions of Paris and its suburbs were visited. These included the Central Me- teorological Office with its station on the Hiffel Tower and its meteorological and magnetical observatory at the Pare Saint Maur, the municipal observatories of the Tour Saint Jacques and Montsouris, and the new private observatory of M. Teisserence de Bort at Trappes, which is devoted to dynamic meteorology and at present chiefly to the measurement of cloud heights by photography. The pleasantest feature of the Conference was the cordial relations which existed between all the members, and these were especially noticeable in the case of the French and Germans. At a breakfast given by M. Mascart on the Eiffel Tower, M. Rambaud, the Minister of Pub- lic Instruction, under whose patronage the Conference was placed, spoke of the inter- national character of all science, but espec- ially meteorology, since the air which we breathe belongs to no country and can be monopolized by no one. The Fourth International Congress of Hydrology, Climatology and Geology, JANUARY 1, 1897.] which has been noticed already in ScrENcE, met at Clermont-Ferrand, in the Depart- ment of the Puy de Déme, between Septem- ber 28th and October 2d, inclusive. The first session was at Biarritz in 1886, but the geological section was added this year. The present Congress, open to anyone on payment of a fee, was attended by about two hundred persons, of whom more than half were French physicians, but its inter- national title was sustained by the pres- ence of official delegates and representa- tives of eleven other countries. The Con- gress was under the patronage of the Minis- ter of the Interior who delegated Prof. Proust, general inspector of the Sanitary Services. Dr. de Ranse and Dr. Fredet, president and general secretary, respec- tively, of the Committee of Organization, retained these offices for the meeting. The foreign honorary president, chosen by ac- clamation, was Dr. Berthenson, of Russia, the foreign honorary vice-presidents being Prof. Ludwig, of Austria, Prof. Kuborn, of Belgium, and Mr. Rotch, of the United States. The Congress met in three sections, but, as might be expected, the chief interest was in the hydrological section. The Committee of Organization had prepared printed re- ports upon questions pertaining to each section, which were read and discussed. The majority of the papers presented after- wards treated of the therapeutic properties of thermal and climatic stations, but there were three conferences on the history of hydrology, the geology and the climate of the region. The proceedings will be pub- lished under the direction of the Committee. Outside the University, where the meet- ings were held, there was much to be seen, and in a volume specially prepared for the occasion the historical and physical features of the province of Auvergne were described. Unfortunately, the cold, rainy weather proved a drawback to sight-seeing. The SCIENCE. fg climatological conference was given on the Puy de Dome, at the observatory, which, built twenty years ago, was the first well- equipped mountain meteorological station in Hurope. During the Congress, an exhi- bition of objects illustrating the neighbor- ing thermal stations was open at Clermont. Entertainments were given by this munici- pality, and at a banquet offered by the man- agement of the Thermal Establishment at Royat some international courtesies were exchanged. After the close of the Congress the more distant thermal stations were vis- ited. The next session is intended to take place at Brussels in 1898. A. LAwRENCcE Rotcu. A PROPOSED BUREAU OF PLANT REGISTRA- TION. Tue question of establishing a bureau for the registration of plants, in connection with the present Division of Pomology, was brought before the Section of Botany and Horticulture at the recent meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations, by Prof. L. C. Corbett, of the West Virginia Univer- sity. After a careful consideration of the matter, the Section appointed a committee to report upon the feasibility of the scheme, and to suggest the outline of a plan to be presented to Congress at an early date. The committee consisted of L. C. Corbett, Morgantown, W. Va., Chairman; W. A. Taylor, United States Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C.; Prof L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.; F.S. Earle, Auburn, Ala., and C. H. Shinn, Berkeley, Cal. The idea is to have some one place in the United States where all plants placed upon the market can be officially registered, num- bered, and a description, together with specimens of the bloom, seed, foliage and fruit, placed on record. When it is not practicable to preserve the original, colored casts are to be prepared, as in the case of 20 citrons, drupaceous and pomaceous fruit, as well as vegetables. In all cases where plants are sent for registration, specimens of flowers, foliage, fruit, root, tuber or seed must accompany the application. All vegetables must be accompanied by a given amount of seed (to be determined) to be preserved for purposes of noting the duration of cultural varieties, the influence of climate during any series of years or inany locality. A further pur- pose of the seed shall be to grow plants for purposes of identifying the sort. ENDS SOUGHT. 1. To discourage the duplication of names, and the re-naming of old sorts for commercial purposes. 2. To form a National herbarium of eco- nomic plants, which shall be made up largely of type specimens. 3. To simplify the matter of nomencla- ture. 4. To aid the student of varieties as well as of variation of plants under culture. 5. To secure the originator of a truly valuable variety some reward for his labor, the same as is now accorded the inventor. The incorporation of such a clause (No. 5) will undoubtedly secure the hearty co- operation of all plant breeders, nurserymen and seedsmen, and this cooperation we must have in order to advance the scientific ends sought. It is further proposed that this central bureau be made a part and parcel of the present Division of Pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture. A very valuable nucleus for the beginning of such work is had in the fruit models now in the museum of that department. Each person interested in this matter will kindly formulate his ideas on the sub- ject and send to some member of the com- mittee who will put them in such form that a bill may be drafted at an early date and SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 105. presented before Congress. The idea in having the members of the committee so scattered is to get the needs of the several sections of the United States as well repre- sented as practicable. Itis hoped that each one interested will lend hearty cooperation in the matter. CURRENI NOTES ON PHYSIOGRA PHY. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF MISSOURI. THE current annual volume of the report of the Missouri Geological Survey contains an essay on the physical features of that State by C. F. Marbut( Vol. X. 1896, 14— 109). The general upland of the State, bevelled obliquely across the nearly hori- zontal strata, is explained as a peneplain produced by subaerial erosion that con- tinued into Tertiary time; the peneplain now being dissected in consequence of a warping uplift of middle or late Tertiary date. Apart from the narrow valleys by which much of the upland is dissected, the most notable features of the State are the escarpments that are formed on the retreat- ing edges of the harder strata. A number of these are described, mapped and figured. The most important are the Bethany escarp- ment, formed on the resistant members of the upper coal measures in the northwest corner of the State; the Burlington escarp- ment, on the Burlington limestone in the southwest ; and the Avon, Crystal and Bur- lington escarpments on a series of hard strata near the confluence of the Missouri and the Mississippi, below St. Louis. The lower ground that spreads out in front of an escarpment is called a platform; the upland, to which the escarpment rises, descends again in a back-slope or structural plain. The relief form included by the back- slope and the escarpment is called a ridge ; the special term, cwesta, might be introduced to advantage. The drainage system of the State is discussed at some length, with special reference to the origin of incised - JANUARY 1, 1897.] meanders. A brief and elementary presen- tation of the problems here discussed elabor- ately would be very serviceable to the schools of Missouri. THE GLACIERS OF NORWAY. Two previous notes on Norwegian essays by Richter, of Graz, have been given in these eolumns. His latest article concerns the Norwegian glaciers (Hettner’s Geogr. Zeit- sehr. II., 1896, 305-319), a subject on which he is particularly well qualified to write after his minute studies of the glaciers of the eastern Alps. The Folgefond highlands have about a sixth of their area ice-covered ; this part being comparatively smooth, while the rest is much more dissected. Hence it is argued that the inactive ice sheet has been protective of the highland surface. Richter places the snow line hereat 1,450 met., dissenting from the estimate of 1,025 by Sexe. The descending glacial branches from the highland ice sheet vary in shape according as they form broad ice paws in the high-level, shallow, upland valleys, or long, steep, slender ice tongues in the deep fiord valleys. The Folgefond has only two or three glaciers of the second class, and twenty or thirty of the first. These two classes should not be paralleled with glaciers of the first and second order in the Alps. The highland from which the Jostedals glacier descends, for which Richter suggests the name Jostefjeld, possesses a number of round and peaked summits (1,900 met.) that rise above its general level (1,600). While the latter is ice-covered, the former are bare; and this difference is ascribed to wind action. The snow line here stands at 1,600-1,650 met. Langefjeldand Jotunfjeld are also described. LANDSLIPS IN SWITZERLAND. One of the frequent landslips and torrent washes of the Alps occurred last May on the south slope of the Rothorn ridge, near the east end of Lake Brienz. It is de- SCIENCE. 21 seribed by H. V. Steiger (Mitth. Naturf. Gesellsch., Bern, 1896, with illustrations). The Lammbach has here built a large alluvial fan between the villages of Kien- holz and Hofstetten, on which it from time to time spreads floods of stone and gravel, fed by landslips in its headwater ravines, where rifts in the upper ground show that a repetition of such disasters may be expected for yearstocome. The length of the recent stony torrent from its source to the lake is 33 k.; its breadth where widest near the lake, 120 m.; its thickness at the same place, 23-3 m., increasing up stream to 4 m. The advance of the wash was at a variable rate, sometimes so slow that the grass in front of it was saved by mowing. On es- caping from the incised upper valley, the torrent turned sharply to the right on the lateral slope of the fan. Its spreading lower course is well shown in a large photo-print. Although even these small slips are of economic importance in a closely occupied country like Switzerland, they are insignifi- cant compared to the colossal Topinish and Simcoe landslides in Washington, described by Russell (Bull. 108. U. 8. G.S.). HEILPRIN’S EARTH AND ITS STORY. ‘THE HKarth and its Story,’ by Prof. Heil- prin, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is a ‘first book of geology ’ (Silver, Burdett and Co., Boston, 1896, 266 pp-), in which there is a decided physio- graphic flavor, thus giving much support to the contention of the report of the ‘ Com- mittee of Ten’ that geology proper— the study of the Earth in relation to time—may be well left over to collegiate years, while physiography supplies the natural prelimi- nary training in the high school. The book is simply written, and its chapters follow a well-chosen order. The illustrations are as a rule good, but in some cases there is here, asin many recent books, an example of the too great confidence in ‘ process ’ reproduc- 22 tion of photographs. The upper half of Plate 20 reduces Holmes’ drawing of the shore lines of Lake Bonneville, from Gil- bert’s monograph ; the lower half represents the floor of an extinct lake in the Swiss valley of Engelberg, from a photograph ; and the first is distinctly more educative than thesecond. The Delaware and Grand Rivers, Plate 16, are not successful repro- ductions ; good drawings would be more in- structive, even if less accurate than the original photograph; but good drawings cost too much nowadays. Brevity of treat- ment ina number of passages calls for the aid of a good teacher before the student will understand the problems discussed. W.M. Davis. HARVARD UNIVERSITY CURRENT NOTES ON ANTHROPOLOGY. AMERICAN GAMES AS EVIDENCE OF ASIATIC INTERCOURSE. In the Internationales Archiv fir Ethnog- raphie (Bd. IX., Supp.), Dr. E. B. Tylor returns with fresh zeal to his ancient con- tention that the presence of two games so much alike as parcheesi in India and patoll? in Mexico shows intercourse between the continents before the time of Columbus. This betrays a regretable misconception of the principles of ethnology as now adopted by its foremost students. Games are alike because men are alike the world over. The same similarity extends to myths, social constructions, laws and arts. That Lewis F. Morgan, forty years ago, should insist that the Iroquois of New York learned their totemic system from East Indians was pardonable in that day. Now it scarcely would be. Dr Tylor should also study his ethnog- raphy closer. The Tarahumaras are not a distant people of an alien language’ to the Aztecs, but closely related and speaking a tongue of the same Uto-Aztecan stock. That is why they call the game patole. SCIENCE. [N.S. Vou. V. No. 105. RACIAL STUDIES IN SWITZERLAND. In the first number of the new Swiss ‘Archiv fiir Volkskunde,’ Dr. Rudolph Mar- tin, of Zurich, urges a complete and careful study of the living adult population of Switzerland, ‘“‘in order to determine what types represent pure varieties, and what others indicate hybrid forms.”’ He proposes that the observer should use only a few simple implements, an anthro- pometer and a calliper, costing together about 85 franes. These, he suggests, could be provided by a society and loaned to ob- servers who would find it inconvenient to purchase them. His paper is supplemented with blank forms, showing what observations are desi- rable. These give the individual’s name, age, birthplace, etc.; then his measure- ments, 28 in all; and his descriptive cri- teria, color of hair, eyes and complexion, shape of head, face, nose, ete. These items he believes would be ample for the purpose. D. G. Brinton. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS. Dr. Emit Herne. DuBoIs-REYMOND, pro- fessor of physiology in the University of Berlin, died on December 26th, at the age of seventy- eight years. THE Emperor of Germany has conferred upon Dr. Roux the Royal Order of the Prussian Crown of the second class, which is said to be the highest decoration in his gift. It will be remembered that this order was conferred upon Pasteur some two years ago and declined by him. The German Emperor has in this case shown tact in conferring the order on one who in many ways is Pasteur’s successor, and who it is understood will accept it. Dr. Behring, the discoverer, with Dr. Roux, of the anti- diphtheretic serum, has had the Grand Order of the Crown of Italy conferred on him. THE Czar of Russia has conferred on M. Gérard, director of the Municipal Laboratory, JANUARY 1, 1897.] Paris, the Cross of the Commander of the Order of St. Anne; the Cross of St. Stanislas on Dr. Bordas, sub-director of the laboratory, and on — Dr. Bertillon, director of the anthropometric service. Pror. E. ABBE, of Jena; Prof. R. Fittig, of Strasburg, and Prof. J. Wislicenus, of Leipzig, have been elected corresponding members of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Mr. RIcHARD RaTHBUN has been appointed assistant in charge of the Smithsonian Institu- tion to succeed the late Mr. W. C. Winlock. M. PrRROTIN has resigned from the direc- torship of the Observatory in Nice to accept a position in the Astro-physical Observatory at Meuden. NINE works are placed in competition for the Lobachévski Prize at Kazan, Russia, of which three are from America. It is probable that the prize will be awarded to the Third Volume of the ‘ Theorie der Transformationsgruppen,’ by Sophus Lie. Ir is stated in Natural Science that the Geo- logical Society of Stockholm has completed twenty-five years of active life, and the fact is commemorated in a special number of its For- handlingar. Mr. F. W. STOKES, an artist who accompanied the Peary expedition of 1892 and the North Greenland expedition of 1893-4, is now exhibit- ing at the Fifth Avenue Art Galleries, New York, paintings of Arctic scenery. Lapy PRESTWICH has given to the British Museum the collection of fossils of the late Sir Joseph Prestwich. Tue Arctic Club held its annual dinner in New York on December 26th, Prof. W. H. Brewer presiding. Dr. Frederick A. Cook stated that he was beginning the work of organizing an expedition to the Antarctic regions. WE are asked to state that the time for the sending in of essays for the Welby prize is ex- tended to January, 1898. Prof. Emil Boviac has been added to the committee of award. THE Biological Society of Washington has elected officers for the ensuing year as follows : President, L. O. Howard; Vice-Presidents, Richard Rathbun, C. D. Walcott, B. E. Fernow,, SCIENCE. 23 F. V. Coville; Recording Secretary, Charles L. Pollard; Corresponding Secretary, F. A. Lucas; Treasurer F. H. Knowlton. Pror. CHARLES R. Cross, of the Massachu- setts’ Institute of Technology, began on Decem- ber 29th a course of eight lectures at the Lowell Institute, on the X-rays of ROntgen and related Phenomena of Electric Discharge. THE Texas Academy of Sciences have sent out a preliminary program for the formal meet- ing in San Antonio on December 31st. Papers were promised by Mr. Thomas Fitz-Hugh, Dr. C. F. Francis and Mr. W. W. Norman, and ad- dresses by Maj. C. HE. Dutton and Dr. G. B. Halsted, the President of the Academy. AN international exhibition for hygiene, alimentation and industrial art will be held at Lille during the months of March and April, 1897. FOLLOWING the explosion of acetylene in M. Pictet’s laboratory at Paris, another serious ex- plosion has occurred in Berlin, kiling Mr. G. Isaac and three assistants, who were experi- menting with acetylene. THE anthropometric system for the identifica- tion of habitual criminals has been extended to Ireland, so that it is now in operation through- out the United Kingdom. Dr. 8. C. CHANDLER states in the last num- ber of the Astronomical Journal that, feeling the desirability of counsel and collaboration in the conduct of the Journal, he has invited Prof. Asaph Hall and Prof. Lewis Boss to share in its editorship, and they have accepted. Harper’s Magazine for January contains an illustrated series of articles on the progress of science during the century, by Dr. Henry Smith Williams. WitTH its issue of last week the New York Medical Record completed its fiftieth volume. Since its foundation it has been edited by Dr. George F. Schrady and published by William Wood & Co. The Journal has grown with the advance of medical science, to which it has in no small share itself contributed. THE New York Board of Education has ap- pointed 150 physicians to act as medical in- spectors, one for each school district in the city. 24 This action will undoubtedly lead to a diminu- tion of contagious diseases among children. ACCORDING to the British Medical Journal the Italian General Medical Council has pre- sented a request to the government to the effect that all foreign doctors should be prohibited from practicing in Italy. AN exhibition will be held early next year at the Imperial Institute, London, illustrating progress in sea-fishing, yachting and life-saving appliances. THE Secretary of the Interior has recom- mended, through the Treasury Department, an increase in the salaries of the Commissioner of Education and of some other officers of the Bureau. The present Commissioner, Dr. W. T. Harris, to whom education and philosophy in America is so greatly indebted, receives an annual salary of $3,000 only, which is no more than that of some of the principals in the New York City public schools. There seems no reason why the Commissioner of Education should not receive as high a salary as the Com- missioners of Indian Affairs or of Railroads, for as Mr. Francis, the Secretary of the Interior, writes: ‘‘The dignity of the Bureau of Educa- tion is certainly equal to that of other Bureaus of the Department, and the character of the work done therein is certainly of no less impor- tance.’’ A CASE of alleged telegony was exhibited by Mr. Chalmers Mitchell at a recent meeting of the London Zoological Society. Sir Everett Millais, who has had much experience in the breeding of dogs, believed it to be a case of reversion, and so explained all cases of reputed telegony. Mr. Tegetmeier, who has also had much experi- ence in breeding, concurred in this conclusion. At the same meeting Mr. Leonard Hill reported that he was unable to confirm Brown Séquard’s results on the Inheritance of Aquired Charac- teristics following division of the cervical sym- pathetic nerve. ‘ A RECENT issue of the Washington Star con- tains an account, by Mr. Frank G. Carpenter, of a trial of Prof. Langley’s Aerodrome witnessed by him on November 28th, together with an interesting interview with Prof. Langley on his researches. On the day in question the aero- SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 105. drome was launched from a boat in the Potomac River about 30 miles below Washington, and flew nearly a mile in 1% minutes, when it gently rested on the water. Its flight was only limited by the exhaustion of the water, less being used than the machine could carry. Prof. Langley is reported to have said: ‘‘I have proved both theoretically and practically that machines can be made which will travel throngh the air. The question of the development of the fact is one of the future. My motive and interest in the work up to this time have been purely scientific ones, but if I had the time and money to spend upon the construction of a large ma- chine I believe I could make one on a scale such as would demonstrate to the world that a large passenger-carrying flying machine can be a commercial as well as a scientific success. There are many things yet to be learned con- cerning it, but I have no doubt that they will be discovered in the future. The moment that men see that such machines are not only prac- ticable, but that they may be made commercially profitable, there will be a thousand inventors working upon the problem where there is now one. I believe, however, that the flying ma- chine will first come into national use in the arts of war rather than those of peace. In an event of a great war by means of an aerial machine the armies of one nation will be able to know exactly what those of the enemy are doing, thus radically changing present military strategy and tactics, to say nothing of their power of dropping down bombs out of the sky. I believe, however, that such inventions will finally be of even greater advantage in the arts of peace. I have faith that the swiftest, and perhaps the most luxurious, if not the safest, traveling in the future may be through the air.”’ WE recently noted the transfer of the pub- lication of the Botanical Gazette to the Univer- sity of Chicago, where it is printed in an en- larged form and with the highest degree of typographical excellence. In the current num- ber of the American Naturalist Dr. Bessey gives some interesting details in regard to the evolution of the journal. It first appeared twenty-one years ago, in November, 1875, under the name of the Botanical Bulletin, edited by John M. Coulter, then professor of Natural JANUARY 1, 1897.] science in Hanover College, Ind. It consisted of four pages and the first volume contained only 52 pages of short and mostly local notes. The name of the journal was changed to the Botanical Gazette at the end of the second volume, and M. 8. Coulter become one of the editors. In 1883 the editorship was under- taken by the present editors, John M. Coulter, Charles R. Barnes and J. C. Arthur, under whose contro] the journal has steadily improved up to the present time, when the name of G. F. Atkin- son, V. M. Spalding, Roland Thaxter and Wil- liam Trelease have been added as associate edi- tors. As Dr. Bessey says, the Gazette ‘‘ has thus been a growth, and it represents to-day much more than so many pages of printed matter. It has grown and developed as the science of botany has grown and developed in this coun- try. When we look over the earlier volumes with surprise at the little notes which fill the pages we must not forget that American botany had not then generally risen above such contri- butions. It is true that we had a few masters in the science, with Dr. Gray still in his prime, but these masters wrote little for general reading, and their technically systematic contributions were mostly published in the proceedings of learned societies. The one thing which stands out to-day in sharp contrast with the botany of two decades ago is the very great increase in the number of masters in the science who are making liberal contributions from many differ- ent departments. The many-paged Gazette of to-day, with its rich variety of matter, differs no more from the four-page Bulletin of 1876 than does the botany of the two periods.”’ UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS. Ir is reported by cablegram that Alfred Nobel, the Swedish engineer and chemist, who died at San Remo, Italy, on December 9th, left a will bequeathing his entire fortune, amounting to about $10,000,000, to the Stockholm University. THE will of the late Henry L. Pierce, dis- tributes about three and a-quarter million dol- lars in public bequests, which include $50,000 to Harvard University and $50,000 to Massachu- setts Institute of Technology. Dr. Joun J. McNuuty has been appointed SCIENCE. 25 professor of moral and intellectual philosophy in the College of the City of New York. THE new catalogue of Harvard University shows a registration of 3,674 students, an in- crease of 74 over last year. There has been a slight decrease in the College, but a gain in the Lawrence Scientific School, in the Graduate School and in the Medical School. There has been an increase of 4 professors and 17 instruc- tors. At Cambridge University the report of the General Board of Studies, recommending that steps be taken for the immediate appointment of a professor of mental philosophy and logic, was opposed upon financial grounds and be- cause the establishment of the professorship was not urgent. The report was, however, adopted, by 120 votes to 70. The offer of Prof. Sidgwick to reduce his stipend as professor of moral philosophy from £700 to £500 per annum from the time of the appointment of the pro- fessor of mental philosophy and logic until midsummer, 1902, or until his chair be vacated, if that should occur before midsummer, 1902, was accepted. DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE. VAN BENEDEN AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CEN- TROSOME.—A CORRECTION. I wisH to correct an error in my recent book on ‘The Cell,’ which misrepresents Van Bene- den’s early views regarding the origin of the centrosomes in the fertilized egg. At page 157 the view, or rather surmise, is attributed to him that, in the fertilization of Ascaris, one cen- trosome of the first cleavage-amphiaster is de- rived from the egg, the other from the sperma- tozoon. I am indebted to my friend, Prof. Conklin, for pointing out that through a mis- apprehension of Van Beneden’s meaning I am in error on this point. Van Beneden did not, in fact, commit himself to any positive conclu- sion, but at page 272 of his paper of 1887 ex- pressed the opinion that both attraction-spheres, and hence by implication both centrosomes, were derived from the egg, i. e., from the second pseudo-karyokinetic (maturation) figure. Later researches, it is true, have almost conclusively shown that this opinion cannot be sustained ; 26 but this does not lessen my regret at having unintentionally misrepresented the views of the distinguished leader of cell-research for whose splendid discoveries every investigator must feel such admiration. EpMUND B. WILSON. CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NeEw YORK, December 19, 1896. THE VELOCITY OF A FLIGHT OF DUCKS OB- TAINED BY TRIANGULATION. MEASUREMENTS of the heights and the veloci- ties of clouds are now being made at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory by Mr. Rotch as a part of an international scheme for such work. The measurements are made with spe- cially constructed theodolites in which a large conical tube, with crossed wires at one end and an eye-piece at the other, replaces the ordinary telescope. On the morning of December 8th, while Mr. S. P. Fergusson and I were engaged in measur- ing clouds, a flock of ducks passed across our base-line, which is 2590.3 metres (8496 feet) in length. We succeeded in getting one simultan- eous set of measurements on the apex of the flock from which its height was calculated, and one or two independent subsequent observa- tions, from which the velocity was calculated. The height was 958 feet above the lower station, which is situated in the valley of the Neponset river, above which the ducks were flying. The velocity of flight calculated from this measurement of height, and from the angular velocity measured at one end of the base-line is 47.9 miles in an hour, and from the angular measurements made at the other end of the base-line is 47.7 miles an hour, making a mean of 47.8 miles. The wind was very light, hav- ing a velocity of only two miles an hour ac- cording to the automatic record made at Blue Hill Observatory, 615 feet above the valley station. The direction of the wind was from the north, and the ducks were flying from the northeast. These observations were not in our program, but they may prove of interest to ornithologists and students of aéronautics. H. Heim CLAyron. BLUE HILL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY, READVILLE, Mass., December 21, 1896. SCIENCE. [N. S. Von. V. No. 105. A TEST ON DIVERSITY OF OPINION. To THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: It is always interesting to test diversity of opinion, particu- larly on questions of exact reasoning. It is quite difficult to obtain a test which is at once significant and general. I should be very much indebted to those of your readers who would be willing to send me answers to the following request. Here is a piece of reasoning which is certainly capable of arousing criticism : Granted that A is B, to prove that B is A. B (like everything else) is either A or not A. If B is not ‘A, then by our first premise, we have the syllogism : A is B; B is not A; .. A is not A; which is absurd. Therefore, Bis A. Is this reasoning correct or isit not? If re- garded as correct, my request is to have the reasons for its correctness given as explicitly as possible. If it is regarded as incorrect, I wish in the same way a very explicit statement of the nature of the error. Answers are requested from all who are interested in the matter. I am particularly desirous of receiving replies from those whose interest in thought is a phil- osophical one, as well as from those who are more specially devoted to scientific pursuits. JOSEPH JASTROW. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, WIs., December 5, 1896. SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. A Geographical History of Mammals. R. Ly- DEKKER. Cambridge Geographical Series, Cambridge (England) University Press. 8° pp. 400, col. map and figures in text. Septem- ber, 1896. For sale by The Macmillan Com- pany, 66 Fifth Ave., New York City. Price, $2.60. i The subject of the geographic distribution of animals is not one to be mastered in a few weeks or months, and many are the pitfalls that lie in wait for the author who seeks to illumine its difficult problems. It is rare, indeed, that a writer in his first essay on this theme suddenly leaps to a position of authority, yet this is pre- cisely what Mr. Lydekker has done. He has approached the subject from a new direction— JANUARY 1, 1897.] that of the extinct ancestors of existing faunas —and has brought together a multitude of sig- nificant facts which no one but a paleontologist could safely venture to attack. The result is a volume which, in spite of the imperfections and errors incident to so great an undertaking, will rank among the standard works on Geographic Distribution for many years to come. The influence of man on the dispersion of an- imals is excellently told. Mr. Lydekker says : ‘Probably ever since man has existed in any numbers on the globe he has been exerting a more or less strongly-marked influence on the distribution of animals, either by destroying them or by conveying them to countries or dis- tricts which are not their natural home. By the involuntary aid of man the common rat and mouse, which belong to a genus unknown in the New World, have been conveyed to every coun- try in the globe; while the rabbit has been car- ried to the antipodes, where it has flourished and increased in an unprecedented manner. Cattle and horses have been introduced into South America, Australia and other countries where they were naturally unknown, and by their rapid increase have shown that the ab- sence of particular animals from particular dis- tricts is not necessarily due to their being un- suited to live there, but rather to the fact that they have been unable to find their way thither. The fallow-deer, again, has been imported from its Mediterranean home into England and other countries of northern Europe; while goats and pigs have been carried toa number of oceanic islands, where they have done irreparable harm in exterminating the native fauna and flora.”’ Sheep also might have been mentioned among the potent destroyers of native floras. ‘‘In all these instances,’’ Mr, Lydekker continues, ‘‘ the fact of the introduction has always been more or less clearly known, and therefore no diffi- culty arises as to what are native and what are introduced forms. Very different, however, is the case with the Islands of the Malay Archi- pelago, where the natives, who haye a wonder- ful facility for taming animals, have carried a species peculiar to one district or island to local- ites where it is quite unknown as a native; and in consequence of this transportation and accli- matisation it is probable that several mammals SCIENCE. 27 have been given a habitat to which they have not the most remote right. ‘T’o the Malays is due the introduction of the small civet known as the rasse into Madagascar. Whether the dingo, or native dog of Australia, was intro- duced at an exceedingly remote era by the original colonizers of that island, or whether it is truly indigenous, is a question that will prob- ably never be decisively answered. It is like- wise quite impossible to say what part man may have played in the extermination of the large mammals that inhabited Europe about the close of the glacial period, but it seems quite probable that he may have had a considerable share in their destruction. Be this as it may, the do- mestication of certain mammals, has undoubt- edly had the effect of destroying the wild race, as is remarkably exemplified by the two exist- ing species of camel, of neither of which do we know the original habitat.’’? (pp. 16-17.) In treating of barriers to dispersion Mr. Lydekker revives the fallacy that ‘‘ high moun- tain ranges form an effectual barrier to the mi- gration of mammals,’’ but he cites no examples. It is true that in many instances, as in the Himalaya, mammals inhabiting the lands on opposite sides of the mountains are widely dif- ferent. But this is due to a radical difference in the climates or physical features of the countries themselves, and not to the presence of the intervening mountains. Does any one know of the existence of a mountain range in the whole world which is continuously high enough and long enough to keep mammals from crossing it or passing around it if the country on both sides is suitable to their needs? Mountains are barriers to distribution only so far as their own mass is concerned. While expressing his general adherence to the view that after mechanical barriers, such as oceans, temperature is the chief factor in fixing the limits beyond which species and genera do not pass, he cites as exceptions the time-worn cases of the puma and tiger, using these names in the sense of species. He says; ‘‘There are several species, more especially among the car- nivorous mammals, which seem quite indepen- dent of both station and temperature, the New World puma ranging from Patagonia to Canada, while the tiger inhabits alike the burning jun- 28 gles of India and Burma, and the Arctic tun- dras of Siberia.’’ It may be poetic license, but hardly scientific truth, to speak of the tiger as an inhabitant of ‘ Arctic tundras.’? And Mr. Liydekker must be aware that the northern tiger differs so markedly from the southern that it isregarded by some naturalists asa distinct species and has received a distinctive name. Our American puma also is a composite beast, differing widely in different parts of its range. Other cases of the same sort that have been often cited are those of the wolf and ermine weasel. In discussing this subject five years ago I said: ‘‘ With the possible exception of the gray wolf, not a single species of mammal ranges throughout the Sonoran and Boreal Zones, though a number are common to the Upper Sonoran and Lower Boreal (Canadian) ; and in the case of the wolf it is almost certain that comparison of specimens will show the animal of the southern United States and Mexico to be perfectly distinct from that of Arctic America. The ermine is another species of phenomenal though less extensive range, if it is really true that the weasel inhabiting the shores and islands of the Polar Sea is specifially identical with that found in the more elevated parts of the Southern States—an assumption I cannot for a moment entertain.’’* Since this was written it has been found that the northern and southern wolves are very different, and that the weasels inhabiting North America from the Arctic barren grounds to Mexico belong to no less than five different species, each characteristic of a particular cli- matic belt ! That Mr. Lydekker is a ‘lumper’ of species is well known, and is exemplified by his state- ment that in North America we have only a single species of porcupine (Hrethizon) and only one of little spotted skunk (Spilogale)! The way he unites European and American mam- mals has been pointed out in this JOURNAL in re_ views of his earlier works.+ In the present volume he maintains his reputation in this di- rection, stating or implying that Eurasian and American wolverines, martens, wolves, foxes, *Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII., 48, April, 1892. {See ScreNcE, April 5, 1895, pp. 387-389 ; July 5, 1895, pp. 18-21. SCIENCE. [N.S. Von. V. No. 105. bears, lynxes, moose, reindeer and sheep are not specifically separable. With respect to the sheephe says: ‘‘ The Kamschatkan wild sheep is so closely related to one race of the big-horn, or Rocky Mountain sheep that it is very ques- tionable whether the two are really entitled to specific distinction.”” If Mr. Lydekker will take the trouble to glance at the skulls of these two animals, or even at the rather crude figures published by Guillemard in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1885 (pp. 676-677), I do not think his faith in their dis- tinctness will ever again be shaken. Of the lesson to be learned from cases of dis- continuous distribution, Mr. Lydekker states: “Examples of ‘discontinuous distribution ’ among genera are of the very highest import to the science, since they clearly indicate that some of the lands lying between its present dis- connected distributional areas must have for- merly been the habitat of the genus, and thus enable important conclusions to be drawn as to the former land connections between such areas.’’ But at the end of the book he implies his belief in the dual origin of both species and genera. He says: ‘‘Thesuggestion that Equus has thus been independently evolved in the two areas has been already mentioned, and this idea receives support from some very re- markable observations recently made on the in- vertebrates inhabiting certain European and North American caves * * * if animals which appear to belong to one and the same species can be proved to have had a dual origin in the one case, it can scarcely be considered impos- sible that similar instances may occur in the other. And if such dual origins exist among species, there is surely no reason why they should not occasionally occur in the case of genera. It would, therefore, seem by no means improbable that the species of the genus Equus, which inhabited the eastern and western halves of the northern hemisphere during the close of the Tertiary period, may have been evolved from the closely allied but separate ancestral equine stocks.’’ Respecting the geographic origin of types, the author holds the extreme view that ‘‘at least a very large proportion of the animals that have populated the globe in the later geological JANUARY 1, 1897. ] epochs originated high up in the northern hemis- phere, if not, indeed, in the neighborhood of the pole itself.”’ In some instances Mr. Lydekker calls par- ticular attention to the widely different cli- matic conditions prevailing in Tertiary times from those of the same areas in our times, with consequent dissimilarities in past and present faunas; in other cases he assumes that the boundaries of existing faunas coincide essen- tially with those of the antecedent fossil faunas of the same area. Thus while explaining the great differences in the past and present life of the Arctic region on the ground of changes of climate, he would have us believe that the Sonoran region has maintained essentially its present boundaries since the days when it was inhabited by the remarkable extinct mammals known as Creodont Carnivora, Oreodont Un- gulates, Protoceras, Camels, Titanotheriums, Coryphodons and others, all of which he re- gards as of Sonoran origin. While of much interest to know what types originated in this geographic area, does anyone imagine that its climate, when these extraordinary animals lived there, was the same as to-day ? But all this is preliminary. Coming to the real subject of the book Mr. Lydekker parcels off the globe into the following primary and secondary divisions : I. Notogeic Realm.—1. Australian Region. 2. Polynesian Region. 3. Hawaiian Region. 4, Austro-Malayan Region. II. Neogeeic Realm.—Neotropical Region. III. Arctogeeic Realm.—1. Malagasy Region. 2. Ethiopian Region. 3. Oriental Region. 4. Holarctic Region. 5. Sonoran Region. To discuss this scheme with the fullness its im- portance deserves would require far too much space for the limits of the present review. The primary regions, or ‘realms,’ may be passed without comment, inasmuch as few writers agree on their numbers or boundaries ; and little will be said of the paleontological side of the book or of the facts of present distribution outside of the Americas. Mr. Lydekker accords to South America the SCIENCE. 29 high distinction of primary rank, making it one of the three great ‘realms’ into which he divides the whole world. But he fails to see in its diversified faunas more than a single division of secondary rank—the ‘Neotropical region’— whose boundaries he conceives to be coincident with those of the ‘ Neogzeic realm ;’ and it is not until we come to divisions of the third rank, or ‘sub-regions,’ that he finds it necessary to take into account the widely different faunas that characterize the tropical forests, the grassy pampas and the lofty Andes. This seems scant justice, particularly by contrast with North America, where three full ‘regions’ are admitted. The number of Neotropical ‘sub-regions’ re- cognized is four, two of which—the Mexican and the Antillean—are northern outliers, leay- ing only two for the whole continent of South America. Of these, the first, or ‘ Brazilian sub- region,’ ‘‘is essentially an area of dense tropical forests, locally interspersed with open pastures or ‘campos.’ The second is the Chilian sub- region, comprising Chili, Argentina proper, Uruguay, Patagonia and such portions of Peru and Bolivia as are not included in the preceding. It is chiefly an area of open plains and pampas, although including the high Andes.”’ If it could be assumed that Mr. Lydekker was unacquainted with the mammal faunas of South America, such a classification might be attri- buted to an imperfect knowledge of the facts, but his own enumeration of the characteristic genera and families of the different areas pre- cludes this view and shows that the difficulty is mainly one of interpretation. In speaking of the Mexican extension of the Tropical fauna, Mr. Lydekker makes the shock- ing statement: ‘‘Dr. Hart Merriam has pro- posed to unite Central America with the West Indies to form a separate zoological region—the Tropical—of equal rank with the Sonoran ; but, however much may be urged in favor of this view, the multiplication of regions is much to be deprecated.’’ It ishard to understand how any contortion of the imagination could give birth to such an overwhelming misconception. As a matter of fact, I simply remarked, after defining the Sonoran region, that the lowlands of Mexico, Central America and the West In- dies belong to the American Tropical region— 30 without attempting any subdivision whatever— and using the term ‘ Tropical’ in precisely the sense in which ‘ Neotropical’ is commonly em- ployed. Another case of unintentional misrepresenta- tion occurs on page 364 with reference to the peninsula of Lower California. At the end of a quotation from my Presidential Address on the Geographic Distribution of Life in North America he says: ‘The proposal to form a separate region for such an insignificant area as the southern extremity of California seems un- necessary, although its fauna may differ con- siderably from that of the typical Sonoran ’’?— implying that I suggested its erection as a ‘separate region,’ whereas the rank I really gave it is the trivial one of a ‘subdivision’ of a ‘zone.’ I said: ‘The peninsula of Lower California is a subdivision of the arid Lower Sonoran Zone. Not a single genus of land mammal or bird is restricted to it and but two peculiar species of mammals have been de- seribed.’’* ‘ In the same connection it might be men- tioned that the only one of my papers on the life areas of North America quoted by Mr. Lydekker was published in the spring of 1892. Subsequent papers, containing certain modifi- cations of the views expressed in 1892, together with much additional matter, are not referred to. The part of the book which is probably of greatest importance is that which treats of the fossil vertebrates of South America. Mr. Ly- dekker has himself visited Argentina, and therefore should speak with authority. The paleontological discoveries of Ameghino in southern South America are of surpassing in- terest. Ameghino unearthed the fossil bones of a fauna which was not only previously unknown, but whose ancestry could not be clearly pointed to in any part of the world. The subsequent study of this fauna has developed some of the most interesting and far-reaching problems with which naturalists and geologists have had to grapple. These problems relate to the ancient land connections of South America and to the origin and lines of evolution of important groups of mammals and birds. *Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII., p. 29, April, 1892. SCIENCE. [N. S. Voz. V. No. 105. Our own distinguished paleontologist, Prof. W. B. Scott, in an address delivered a year ago before the Society of American Naturalists, stated that the earlier Miocene mammals of South America ‘‘are totally different from those of the northern Jand-masses, so much so that the correlation of horizons becomes a matter of extreme difficulty. The hoofed animals all be- long to orders unknown in the north—Tozo- dontia, Typotheria, Litopterna—and the princi- pal constituents of the fauna are immense numbers of Hdentates, Marsupials and Rodents, with several platyrrhine monkeys. No artio- dactyls, perissodactyls, proboscidians, Condy- larthra or Amblypoda, neither Insectivora, Cheiroptera, Carnivora or Creodonta are known. The Edentates are all of the specifically South American type, sloths, armadillos and the like. The Rodents also are very much like those which still characterize the region, though most of the genera are distinct; they are all Hystricomorpha, neither squirrels, marmots, beavers, rats or mice, hares or rabbits occur- ring among them.’’ (ScIENCE, February 28, 1896, 308.) The total absence of the early South Ameri- can types from the rich deposits of vertebrate fossils in the United States, and the correspond- ing absence of North American types from all but the later fossil beds of South America, prove clearly, as Mr. Lydekker says, that ‘‘ there must have been a barrier between North and South America during the Oligocene and a por- tion or the whole of the Miocene.’’ Scott has already told us that ‘‘in the Pliocene (Monte Hermoso) appear the first traces of the union with North America, in the presence of masto- dons, horses, tapirs, deer, llamas and true car- nivores, and from that time till far into the Pleistocene the intermigrations between the two continents kept up until a large number of com- mon types had been established.’? Lydekker, speaking of the same event, says: ‘‘ The pres- ence of a glyptodont in the Nebraska stage of the Loup-Fork group in North America, and of northern forms in the Monte Hermoso horizon of South America, marks, then, the first com- mingling of the original faunas of the two halves of the New World. For the first time in the history of the southern continent this connec- JANUARY 1, 1897.] tion allowed of the immigration from the north of the true Carnivora, such as the existing cats (Felis), the extinct sabre-toothed tigers (Machx- rodus), dogs and foxes (Canidx), bears (Ursus and Arctotherium), raccoons (Procyonidx), skunks and their allies (Mustelidx), together with va- rious ungulates belonging to suborders pre- viously unknown in the realm. These latter include the guanaco and vicuiia (Lama), of which ancestral forms are abundant in the North American Tertiaries, New World deer (Cari- acus), horses (Hquidz) of various genera, tapirs (Tapiridx), peccaries (Dicotylide) and masto- dons. Among the rodents, squirrels, the various genera of Muride and the hares, likewise at this epoch made their first appearance on the scene. Opossums also at this time effected an entrance into the land which has now become their chief home.’’ (Pp. 119-120.) Having arrived at the conclusion that the Pliocene and present mammal faunas of South America came from North America, and that the earlier faunas could not have been derived from the same source, Mr. Lydekker seeks to account for the origin of the latter. This, he freely admits, ‘‘ is a difficult and perplexing sub- ject which it is scarcely possible to explain fully in the present imperfect state of paleontologi- cal knowledge.’’ Still, he agrees with Scott, Neumyr and others in the belief that the evi- dence points strongly to an early land connec- tion with Africa and also with Australia. In the case of certain Patagonian marsupials he finds it difficult to come to any conclusion other than that their ancestors ‘‘ reached the country from Australia, either by way of the Antarctic continent or by a land bridge in a more north- ern part of the Pacific.’’? Continuing, he ob- serves: ‘‘If this be correct, and likewise the supposition that the opossums originated from the ancestral stock in southeastern Asia, it will be evident that Didelphys and Cznolestes met in South America after their ancestors had travelled half around the world in opposite hemispheres.”’ ; Mr. Lydekker is evidently disturbed by his inability to define to his own satisfaction the Mediterranean region—the analogue of our Sonoran. Hespeaks of it again and again, but not always in the same way. Thusis one place SCIENCE. ol (p. 310) he says: ‘‘ Could a Mediterranean re- gion be satisfactorily defined, the homogeneity of the mammalian Holarctic fauna would be still more apparent; but this, from the great mingling of northern and southern types which has taken place in the Old World, is, I think, impracticable.’”?’ Again: ‘‘The Mediterranean or Tyrrhenian sub-region has strong claims to be regarded as representing a region by itself”’ (857). I have no doubt that sooner or later some enterprising naturalist will make a de- tailed study of this region, tabulate its distinc- tive genera and define its tortuous boundaries. While it is not the purpose of the present re- view to criticise technical points in classifica- tion, one cannot help wondering on what char- acters the statement is based that the sewellels (Aplodontia) are ‘ closely allied to the squirrels.’ On the other hand, it is pleasing to note that the aard-varks and pangolins are separated from the Edentates proper and given independent ordinal rank, under the name Effodientia. The lemurs are retained among the Primates—the usual and conservative course. Prof. Hubrecht has recently shown that the embryology and placentation of the Lemuroidea indicate that these animals are entitled to rank as an inde- pendent order, and that Tarsius is not a Lemu- roid at all, but the earliest known Primate. He finds that the fossil genus Anaptomorphus of Cope is intermediate between Tarsius and the higher Primates, while Tarsius itself looks back to an ancestry suggesting the genus Hrinaceus of the heterogeneous order Insectivora. Prof. Wilhelm Leche, from a study of the teeth, ar- rives at somewhat different conclusions. The interesting and highly important subject of the geographic ‘centers of evolution’ is dis- missed with a single page, where it is handled gingerly and in general terms only. In view of the standpoint from which the book is written —that of the paleontologist—it seems as if a chapter had been omitted—a chapter on the centers of origin, in time and space, of the dif- ferent groups of mammals. Much information of this kind is scattered through the book, but it would be exceedingly convenient to have it epitomized by groups. Evidences of haste in the preparation of Mr. Lydekker’s book crop out here and there, par- 32 ticularly in the case of contradictory statements on different pages. For instance, on page 87 itis said that the Sonoran family Geomyidx has only two genera (inferentially Geomys and Thomomys), while on the same page the genus Heteromys is added, and on a later page (866-7) no less than seven genera are enumerated as included within the family! Again, on page 342 it is stated that no member of the family Geomyidz is found within the limits of the Holarctic region, while on page 366 weare told that the genus Thomomys of this family ‘penetrates into the Canadian sub-region of the Holarctie.’ Lack of personal familiarity with the geo- graphic distribution of living mammals in North America, and carelessness in examining current literature, have led to a number of additional errors. For instance, the genus Spermophilus is said to be restricted to the ‘ Holarctic’ (= Bo- real circumpolar) region, whereas we have one Tropical and at least a dozen Sonoran species, and two well marked Sonoran sub-genera. Again, the lynxes are said to be ‘absolutely confined’ to the Holarctic, while in the United States they range throughout the Sonoran and south into Mexico. Zapus also is said to be ‘solely Holarctic,’ although it is common as far south as the city of Washington. In the case of the rabbits it is stated that the greater num- ber of species are Holarctic. In America the contrary is true, the greater number being Aus- tral or Sonoran. We are told that Notiosorex, a genus of shrews, ranges south to Central Amer- ica, but itis unknown from any point south of Mazatlan, in Mexico. Similarly the raccoons (genus Procyon) are said to occur ‘over most parts of North and South America,’ but in North America they are absent from the northern half of the continent. The book is well printed and some of the illustrations are good ; others, as, for instance, that of the tree-shrew (Fig. 61), look as if they might have been exhumed from the tombs of the ancients. The work deserves a critical review from the paleontological side by some one competent to speak from the American standpoint. Then a revised and corrected edition should be brought out, for in spite of its imperfections, the book is probably the most useful contribution ever SCIENCE. [N. S. Von. V. No. 105. made, at least in the English language, to the subject of the distribution of the Mammalia, living and extinct. C. Hart MERRIAM. The Elements of Electrochemistry. By Max LE Buanc. Translated by W. R. WHITNEY. ° Pp. x+284. New York, The Macmillan Company. 1896. Price, $1.50. This volume is the English version of Le Blane’s Lehrbuch der Elektrochemie, which was published at Leipzig in the early part of this year. The original met with a cordial reception, and this translation certainly deserves a warm — welcome at the hands of those who are inter- ested in the subject of which this book treats, but who are unable to consult it in the language in which it was written. It has been the author’s intention, averred in his preface, to ‘ write as clearly and simply as possible.’ In this he has certainly succeeded. The opening chapter brings an introduction to the fundamental principles of energy in general, and electricity in particular, which is most logically and lucidly written. Next comes a chapter containing a brief but well balanced history of the development of electrochemistry up to the present time, and then follow able presentations of the Arrhenius theory of dissociation, the migration of the ions, the conductivity of electrolytes, electromotive force; a discussion of galvanic elements and accumulators forms the concluding chapter. A careful persual of this treatise will certain- ly place its reader in possession of a clear and comprehensive view of the present state of this important subject—electrochemistry. Comparison with the original shows the trans- lation to be well done and fluent ; the translator having wisely avoided too close an adherence to the author’s style, which at times is a little ponderous. Omission, in the English book, of the plus and minus signs, used by Le Blanc to specify the two kinds of ions, is to be regretted. On the other hand, valuable features introduced by the translator are the subject-index and the list of authors’ names. FERDINAND G. WIECHMANN. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. JANUARY 1, 1897.] SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. Tue January number, beginning Volume III. of the Fourth Series, opens with an arti- cle on the Worship of Meteorites, by the late Prof. Newton. ‘This article was delivered as a lecture in New Haven some eight years since, but has not before been published. In it the author has brought together a large number of facts showing the superstitious regard attached to meteorites from the very earliest times. The first case mentioned is that of the iron from an altar of an Indian mound in Ohio, which was preserved with other articles evidently regarded as of peculiar value. By some this iron is re- garded as probably the same as that of whicha number of masses were found about 1886 in Kiowa county, Kansas. Another case spoken of is that of the stone which fell at Ensisheim, in Alsace, in 1492, which was preserved in a church at that place. A fall of stones some nineteen years later near Milan, in Italy, is also alluded to as having probably been the occurrence re- corded by Raphael by the fireball in his picture of the Foligno Madonna now in-the Vatican. The sacred stone of the Monammedans pre- served in the Kaaba of the mosque at Mecca is also mentioned as perhaps a case in which a meteorite has been selected for long continued worship. The author then goes on to discuss a number of instances recorded in classical litera- ture, and, although it is impossible to say that in each case a meteorite was the object described, in many cases it seems highly probable. The Palladium of Troy, the Needle of Cybele, the original image of the Ephesian Artemis, are some of the cases which the author describes in detail with quotations from the original authori- ties. On a later page of the same number a description is given by Warren M. Foote, of a new meteoric iron from the Sacramento Moun- tains, in New Mexico. Thisisa typical siderite and weighed, as found, 237 kilograms (521 pounds). It shows the common octahedral structure with unusual distinctness. Two plates accompany the article, one showing the appear- ance of the iron itself, one-eighth the natural size, the other the Widmannstatten figures prin- ted directly from an etched slab. As further bearing on the same subject is to be mentioned SCIENCE. 33 a catalogue of the meteorites in the Yale Uni- versity collection, which forms an appendix to the number. Thesecond article is by John Trowbridge and and T. M. Richards, on the Spectra of Argon. The authors have studied these spectra, the first one of which is characterized by red lines, and the other by blue, by means of a high ten- sion accumulator giving an electromotive force of over 10,000 volts. The advantages of such a source of electricity of high potential as con- trasted with the ordinary induction coil the authors found to be very great. By means of it they were able to study minutely the condi- tions under which each of the spectra mentioned was obtained. The argon employed was a sample of exceptional purity obtained from Lord Ray- leigh, and the tube containing it was prepared with special reference to the work in hand. The authors found that the red glow in the tube was due to a unidirectional discharge, while the blue glow was due to an oscillatory discharge; the conditions determining the change of the red to the blue glow are described in detail. Itappears that an argon tube is extremely sensitive to os- cillatory discharges, and itis suggested that it is likely to be of great use, on this account, in the study of wave motions of electricity. George F. Becker discusses at length the hypotheses which have been advanced to ex- plain the differentiation of rock magmas. The segregation of a homogeneous fluid into dis- tinguishable portions has been regarded as due to molecular flow, as is shown in ordinary dif- fusion or in osmosis. All the processes of mo- lecular flow are shown to be reducible to the movements which are due to differences of os- motic pressure. The most important case of molecular flow as regards the subject under discussion (studied by Soret) is that due to the heating of the solution at the top; this, how- ever, requires a very improbable decrease of temperature with the depth. Furthermore, when the rate of diffusion in two miscible liquids in contact is discussed quantitatively, assuming a rate of diffusion such as that al- ready determined for copper sulphate, it is shown that this rate is extremely slow. Thus, in the case of copper sulphate and water in contact, at the expiration of a million years the 34 water would be sensibly discolored at a distance of 350 meters, while semi-saturation would have been reached only at a distance of 84 meters. When the relatively high viscosity of lava is taken into account, assumed by the author as more than 50 times greater than that of water, the rate is found to be still slower; and consequently a sensible impregnation of the lava would extend in a million years to only about 49 meters from the surface of con- tact. Further than this, it has been shown that convection would be to some extent un- avoidable, and, so far as it acted, it would tend to destroy this action of diffusion. Segregation by the separation of the magma into immiscible portions is regarded as the least objectionable method, ‘‘but this seems to involve a super- heated, very fluid magma, while the law of fusion and the distribution of phenocrysts in rocks indicate that magmas prior to eruption are not superheated to any considerable extent and are very viscous.’’ The author concludes that ‘‘the homogeneity of vast subterranean masses called for by the hypothesis of differen- tiation is unproved and improbable. The dif- ferences between well-defined rock types are more probably due to original and persistent heterogeneity in the composition of the globe. Hypogeal fusion and eruption tend rather to mingling than to segregation, and transitional rock yarieties are not improbably mere fortui- tous mixtures of the diverse primitive, rela- tively small masses of which the lithoid shell of the earth was built up.’’ H.S. Washington describes a series of igneous rocks from Asia Minor. These include some augite-andesites from Smyrna and a biotite- dacite from Pergamon. The microscopic char- acters are given in full, and also a number of analyses. M. Carey Lea mentions an experi- ment obtained from a solution of chloride of gold, containing 1 gram to 10 ce., combined with a10% solution of sodium hypophosphite. The result is a solution of deep green color, which is shown to be due to the presence of a small quantity of gold in its blue form, in a state of very fine diffusion, which, together with an un- decomposed solution, gives the effect of green. A. E. Verrill and Katherine J. Bush discuss at length a revision of the genera of Ledide and Nu- SCIENCE. [N.S. Vox. V. No. 105. culidée of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The authors state that a somewhat extended study of the series of deep-sea bivalves belong- ing to these families, dredged off our coast by the U. S. Fish Commission, from 1872 to 1887, has compelled them to revise the known genera and subgenera and to propose several new groups. In view of an unexpected delay in the publication of the report upon these families, which had been completed and fully illustrated, it has seemed desirable to them to publish a brief preliminary account of the classification adopted. The present article is the result. Two plates with twenty-two figures show typi- cal forms with details of the hinge structure. The number closes with the usual abstracts, book notices, an obituary notice of Dr. B. A. Gould, etc.; a note is given to the remarkable meteor of December 4th; also a brief account of a gigantic squid formed on the coast of Florida. SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES. BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, _ BOSTON, MASS. A GENERAL meeting was held Wednesday, November 18th, 290 persons being present. An account of the work of the Boston party accom- panying the sixth Peary expedition to Greenland was given by Messrs. Barton, Burton and Porter. Prof. G. H. Barton gave a narrative of the line of travel and of the general points of in- terest noted during the exploration, describing with some detail the character of the inland ice and the structure and work of the glaciers in the Umanak district. Prof. A. E. Burton described the topo- graphic barrenness of the Umanak district ; the abundance of boulders and the stunted growth of the trees was everywhere apparent. With the aid of maps thrown on the screen he showed the stations where magnetic observations were needed, and described at length the results of the magnetic and pendulum work done on the coast of Labrador, on the north shore of Hudson Straits, and in the Umanak district. Prof. Burton gave a detailed account of his study of the Karajak glacier; the motion of this and of other glaciers was carefully mea- sured. An average of 19 feet in seven days was noted and an interesting observation con- J ANUARY 1, 1897.] nected with the flow of a glacier up stream was explained by the action of a strong return eddy. The temperature of the air, water and ice in glacial crevices was also carefully re- corded. Never to follow streams and never to return except by the way of coming, were given by Prof. Burton as two axioms for travelers in Greenland. Mr. R. W. Porter gave an account of his sketches of ice structure and of his water colors of the natives. Stereopticon views illustrated the remarks of all the speakers. SAMUEL HENSHAW, Secretary. ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. THE 255th regular meeting of the Anthropo- logical Society was held Tuesday evening, De- cember 15, 1896. A paper read by Mr. George R. Stetson under the title ‘The Eye, the Kar, and the Common Weal of Whites and Blacks,’ was a résumé of the literature of eye and ear examinations, including the one made in the Washington schools last winter by Drs. Belt, ophthalmologist, and Eliot, otologist, of 500 white and 500 black children in the 4th and 5th grades of the average ages of 11 and 12.56 years. The points emphasized in Mr. Stetson’s paper were: the prevailing ignorance of the normal power of these organs and their consequent ne- glect by the ‘intelligent’ and ‘ignorant? classes alike; the gross carelessness of both these classes, even when the defects are known; the importance of systematic and accurate school examinations in discovering defects im- possible to remedy in later life, in correcting erroneous and disastrous opinions as to the in- tellectual capacity of children who have de- fective eyes or ears, in detecting eye strain or abnormal innervation of the eye muscles, etc., etc., and in the determination of the future oc- cupations of those seriously affected; the great economic value of these tests in the pre- vention of pauperism and in reducing the number of expensive public institutions. Mr. Stetson asserted that not a single one of our State Boards of Health or Education had ordered systematic observations, which have been thoroughly made in Germany and else- where for several years, also that while the SCIENCE. 30 data obtained serve the admirable purpose of pointing out the general neglect of these organs, and of showing the importance and necessity of greater attention to their defects, they failed to be of any great value for general or compar- ative purposes, because of the absence of uni- formity in the methods employed in testing, of periodical examinations and in the ages of those examined, etc. Perhaps most important and convincing evidence of the humanitarian and economic value of such examinations, the writer thought is found in the ignorance and indiffer- ence developed by the Washington inquiry, es- pecially in the lower classes. Among the Blacks, of all eyes classed as ‘Extremely de- fective,’ ‘ Very defective’ and ‘ Defective,’ 43% were unknown either to parent, teacher or scholar. Of the ‘Extremely defectives,’ or those with less than one-tenth normal vision, 22.50% were equally unknown. Of the ears of the Blacks, 57% were similarily unknown, and of those having but one third normal hearing, 55%. Among the whites the record is better. Of all ‘defective’ eyes, 34.28% were un- known to all, and of all ‘defective’ ears, 2% wereunknown. The examination also disclosed the fact that, with the knowledge of the existing defects, the instances were veryrare in either race or social condition in which the persons were under treatment. Otologists and ophthal- mologists were shown to be in accord in the opinion that even a partial defect in hearing or in sight will find expression somehow in the mental development, or, put in a different way, that the diminution in mental development will correspond closely to the degree of the visual or aural defect. They are also in accord in the belief that the eye and the ear can be trained and educated to a much higher power than they now possess, or allowed to become atrophied by neglect or lost by abuse. The de- tails of the Washington examination show very slight racial differences. The visual defects were 3.46% greater in the Blacks, the aural de- fects being equally divided. The difference in the sight and hearing of the right and left eye and ear was very slight in either race, while the maximum percentage of defective eyes of both races was found in the white female. In the Whites the female eye and ear are both the 36 most defective; in the Blacks the female has the most defective eye and the male the most defective ear. The result of Mr. Stetson’s memory test of the same number is reserved for another paper. A paper by Surgeon-General Geo. M. Stern- berg was read, entitled ‘Science and Pseudo- science in Medicine,’ in which he noted the difference between the truly scientific investiga- tions, with special reference to preventive med- icine, in contagious and infectious diseases, and the great service such investigations had been in stamping out epidemics such as cholera, yellow fever, etc., and the so-called science of pretenders and frauds for the sake of gain. He then dwelt at some length on the arrant quackery, charlatanism and fraud practiced by the promoters of numerous well advertised cure- alls which, by plausibly used scientific terms and facts, were calculated by their pretended science to mislead and deceive. This gave rise to an interesting discussion upon the desirability of government supervision and interference in the publication in the press and the sale of such preparations. Messrs. McCormick, Ward, Stet- son, Pierce, Farquhar, Blodgett and others took part in the discussion. J. H. McCormicx, Secretary. TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. AT the meeting of Tuesday evening, Decem- ber 8th., thirty persons were present and one new active, and seven corresponding mem- bers were elected. The death of Mr. Wm. H. Rudkin, one of the oldest members of the club, was announced by Dr. Britton and a committee was appointed to take suitable action. It was resolved that a complete list of the correspond- ing members should be printed in the December number of the Bulletin. A contribution by Dr. T. F. Allen, entitled ‘Descriptions of New Species of Nitella from North America and Japan’ was read by title by Dr. Britton, in the absence of the author. Mrs. Elizabeth G. Brit- ton presented a ‘ Contribution to the Bryology of Bolivia.’ It reviewed the more important collections of Bolivian mosses, the treatment which they had received and the present work in progress on this subject, and enumerated the SCIENCE. r [N. S. Voz. V. No. 105. bryological collections made by Dr. Rusby in Bolivia in the years 1885 and 1886. This col- lection contained 96 species, in 39 genera, 42 of the species being hitherto undescribed. Dr. H. H. Rusby spoke of ‘Botany at the Pan- American Medical Congress held in the City of Mexico, November, 1896.’ This paper con- tained brief references to the character of the flora observed on the journey to Mexico, an ac- count of the scientific progress in the city, especially pertaining to applied botany and re- ferred to the botanical work organized by the Pan-American Medical Congress. It was supple- mented by remarks upon the same subject by Mrs. Britton, who also attended the Congress. A number of important publications by the In- stituto Medico Nacional were exhibited. Dr. N. L. Britton described a new species of Gera- nium hitherto confounded with G. Carolinianum. The papers by Dr. Allen and Dr. and Mrs. Brit- ton will be published in the Bulletin, that by Dr. Rusby in the Druggists’ Circular. On motion the Club adjourned to meet on the second Tues- day in January. H. H. RusBy, Recording Secretary. THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF ST. LOUIS. AT the meeting of the Academy of St. Louis on the evening of December 21, 1896, Mr. H. von Schrenk made some remarks on the para- sitism of lichens, illustrated especially by the long hanging forms of Usnea barbata, common on Juniperus, etc., on Long Island, N. Y. It was shown that these lichens do not penetrate below the outer periderm of the host, and con- sequently are not to be regarded as true para- sites, but that they frequently cause the death of the latter by suffocation. As Schimper has noted for the long moss of the South, Tillandsia usneoides, the plant is capable of dissemination by wind and birds, and of growing in new sta- tions without attachment. Officers for 1897 were nominated. Wm. TRELEASE, Recording Secretary. Erratum: Prof. H. A. Hazen calls our attention to the fact in our letter from M. W. de Fonvielle on page 762, Hersuite should be Hermite and 60,000 m. should be 15,000 m. SCIENCE SINGLE Coptrss, 15 crs. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $5.00° NEW SERIES. ee Rok 108. FrRipAY, JANUARY 8, 1897. Ziegler Electric Company, Physical, Scientific and Chemical Apparatus, Electrical Test Instruments, Optical Apparatus, etc. EXPERIMENTAL MICROSCOPES, WORK EXECUTED TO SPECTROSCOPES ORDER. TELESCOPES, SPECIAL APPARATUS MEASURING CONSTRUCTED INSTRUMENTS, TO SPECIFICATIONS X-RAY APPARATUS, AND DRAWINGS. INDUCTION COILS. Standard Barometers and Thermometers. Apparatus imported duty free, for colleges. Correspondence invited. Illus. Catalogue, 240 pp. (price, $1.00), free to Teachers of Science. ZIEGLER ELECTRIC COMPANY, LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE. BOSTON, MASS. li SCIENCE.— ADVERTISEMENTS. RARE MINERALS. THAUMASITE, from Paterson, N. J., a sulphate, silicate and carbonate of calcium, pure white, 25c. EKDEMITE, bright yellow on red wulfenite, Arizona, 50c. NATIVE ARSENIC, Japan, 4 to 34-inch ersytallized balls, 25c, 35c. Collections for Schools. ALPHA COLLECTION, twenty-five specimens in trays, con- tained in a neat wooden box and accompanied by a 46- page guide book (XIII., Guide for Science Teaching, Bos- ton Society of Natural History), Price, complete, $1.00. CABINET COLLECTIONS, 100 specimens, small size, $5.00. 100 specimens, large size, $10.00. These specimens are each accompanied by a label giving name, system of crystallization, chemical formula, and locality, and make a good working collection for a student. EXCELSIOR COLLECTION for high schools and colleges. 200 specimens, nicely mounted on wooden blocks, with beveled fronts for receiving labels. Price, packed, $100.00. School Bulletin just out. Loose Crystals. Small packages of free crystals for crystallographic study may be sent for inspection by mail at small cost. Ap- proyal boxes of cabinet specimens by express or freight. ROY HOPPING, MINERAL DEALER, 504-506 Liberty Building, Liberty and Greenwich Sts. NEW YORK. NEW CATALOGUE. We have recently issued a new edition, revised and enlarged to 64 pages, of our Catalogue of Books on Chemistry, Chemical Technology in Physics. It is arranged by subjects, and includes all the standard books in Chemical and Physical Science, as well as the recent literature up to date. A copy of this Catalogue will be sent free by mail to any address. D. Van Nostrand Company, Publishers and Importers of Scientific Books, 23 Murray St. and 27 Warren St., New York. Indigestion Horsford’s Acid Phosphate Is the most effective and agreeable remedy in existence for preventing in- digestion, and relieving those diseases arising from a disordered stomach. D. W. W. Gardner, Springfield, Mass., says: ‘I value it as an excellent preventive of indigestion, and a pieasant acidulated drink when properly diluted with water and sweet- ened.”’ Descriptive pamphlet free on application to Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, R. I. Beware of Substitutes and Imitations. For sale by all Druggists. The Universum Clock represents the Universe. It shows the earth revolving round its axis, giving the time at the point passing the sun, the stars in their proper position, and their rising and setting. The Northern Hemisphere Clock shows at a glance the time at every place between the North Pole and Equator. UNIVERSUM CLOCK CO., 1 BEACON ST.. BOSTON, MASS. HOUGH’S “AMERICAN WOODS” A publication illustrated by actual specimens. PREPARA TIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON AND MICROSCOPE, SPECI- MENS OF Woops FOR CLAss USE, Etc. If you are interested in woods or trees in any way, send for our circulars and sample specimens. Address R. B. HOUGH, LOWVILLE, N. Y. NO DEALER in the country to-day offers so high a class ot Indian Stone Relics as I am now offering to advanced collectors, having recently bought several collections, giving every type of Ar- row and Spear Heads from ¥%4 inch to7 inches. Drills, Axes. Celts, Pipes, Mortars, Pestles, Hematites, Banner Stones, Amu- lets, also, European Stone Relies. Nothing surpasses and few approach my stock of 15,000 pieces. Goods sent on selection. Satalogue for stamp Also Catalogue, No. 8, MINERALS, Fos- SILS, etc. L. W. STILWELL, Deadwood, South Dak. NEARLY READY. COMMERCIAL ORGANISATION FACTORIES. FULL OF DIAGRAMS AND PRACTICAL POINTS. Spon & Chamberlain, 12 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COLLECTIONS OF MINERALS. Scientifically selected, arranged and labeled. Uneqalled for beauty and practical value. MINERALS FOR LABORATORY WORK. Sold by the pound at very low prices. CABINET SPECIMENS in greatest variety. 124-page Illustrated Catalogue, 25e. in paper, 50c. in cloth. 44-page Illustrated Price-Lists, 4c.; Bulletins and Circulars Free. GEO. L. ENGLISH & CO., Mineralogists, 64 East 12th St., New York. SCIENCE EDITORIAL ComMITTEE: S. NeEwcoms, Mathematics; R. S. WooDWARD, Mechanics; E. C. PICKERING, Astronomy; T. C. MENDENHALL, Physics; R. H. THURSTON, Engineering; IRA REMSEN, Chemistry; J. LE ContE, Geology; W. M. DAvis, Physiography; O. C. MARsH, Paleontology; W. K. Brooks, C. HART MERRIAM, Zoology; S. H. ScuDDER, Entomology; N. L. BRITTON, Botany; HmENRY F. OsBoRN, General Biology; H. P. BowbircH, Physiology; J. S. Bintines, Hygiene; J. MCKEEN CATTELL, Psychology ; DANIEL G. BRINTON, J. W. POWELL, Anthropology. FRIDAY, JANUARY 8, 1897. CONTENTS : The Smithsonian Institution and the National Mu- SCUM. ..20ec0e0e BOO RICOSEU RG DED ODE OC CRED OACESCOS BAUR aCHRCE SG 37 The Geology of Government Explorations (concluded): SAPP EINGVEON Steemenlenttesiarisen iarlacecsrsteeer=tasieere== ee 42 Professor Eugen Baumann: LAFAYETTE B. MEN- TDINT) 95.205 prego grongonodooonognnononosoNaoSboNGDSuNDG08R5O00 51 PAT red eT resco cpp hay Els) Wn tensecoesnesera encore cascasncess 53 Current Notes on Anthropology :— Ancient Mayan History; Primitive Drills and Drilling ; The State and its Soil: D.G. BRINTON.. 53 Scientific Notes and News :— The Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory ; The Ma- rine Biology of Great Britain ; General.............. 54 University and Educational News. ..........0..ssceesene 59 Discussion and Correspondence :— Clouds over a Fire: R. DEC. WARD. Compli- ment or Plagiarism: BEMAN AND SMITH. Vol- canic Dust in Southwestern Nebraska and in South LDAHIGS A 18%, 403090) connnocondoonSonooopeqose6e0Go5055 60 . Scientific Literature :— Beal’s Grasses of North America: F. LAMSON- SCRIBNER. Hoffmann on Race Traits and Ten- dencies of the American Negro: W J McGEE. De Ujfalwy on Les Aryens au Nord et au Sud dev Hin- dou-Kouch: D. G. BRINTON............2.2+s-ssesees . 62 Scientific Journals :— INO@ ANG Ties: ecdaccaoncobanocoNs, pcogbosCeUntCACOGoCOR0O0s0N 69 Societies and Academies :— The New York Academy of Sciences :—Section of Astronomy and Physics: W. HALLOCK. Section of Biology: C. L. BRistoL. The American Chemical Society: DURAND WOODMAN. Boston Society of Natural History: SAMUEL HENSHAW. The Ala- bama Industriai and Scientific Society: EUGENE Ja\.» (SINT onngsecspsneagncoss nosnosooocodSuendSoanencnoaNo6 70 New Books. MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to the responsible editor, Prof. J. McKeen Cattell, Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. THE great loss to science in the death of George Brown Goode is becoming every day more apparent and especially in view of the difficulties by which the Regents of of the Smithsonian Institution must find themselves confronted in the selection of his successor as Assistant Secretary. Under the existing relations of the Insti- tution and the National Museum, and the ac- cepted traditions relating to succession, the task must seem well-nigh impossible. While the present situation may not be considered as a crisis in the affairs of the Smithsonian Institution, it cannot be im- proper for Scr=nceE to invite the attention of its readers, and especially of the Regents, to a feeling on the part of a large number of its friends that the time has come for a more or less complete separation of the two organizations and that such separation in the near future ought to be assumed in se- lecting a successor to Goode. The reasons for this are so numerous and so convincing, when once the Smithson be- quest and its interpretation by Joseph Henry are considered, that argument seems unnecessary. It may be well, however, to refer to a few of the more important points, 38 and especially to show that the existing condition was not approved by those who guided the Institution through the dangers by which it was beset during its earlier years and to whom we are indebted, more than to all others, for the splendid work which it has accomplished during the first half century of its existence. The origin of the Smithsonian Institution was singular, its organization is unique and In 1796 Washington recommended as of primary its success has been unparalleled. importance the promotion of ‘institutions for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.’ In 1826 James Smithson, an Englishman about whom America knew nothing and who knew practically nothing of America, wrote in his will: ‘‘I bequeath the whole of my property to the United States of America, to found at Washington an establishment for ‘the increase and diffusion In 1846 John Quincy Adams wrote: ‘ Let the trust of James Smithson to the United States of America be faithfully executed by their of knowledge among men.’”’ Representatives in Congress; let this result accomplish his object—the increase and dif- fusion of knowledge among men.”’ As soon as the funds resulting from the bequest of Smithson were in the treasury of the United States a multitude of plans were suggested for the realization of the intention of the donor. Some were reason- able, many were unreasonable, and it is now universally conceded that the scheme of organization proposed by Joseph Henry and adopted by the Board of Regents was the best that could have been selected. The essence of that scheme is most clearly ex- hibited in the words of Prof. Asa Gray, who SCIENCE. [N. 8S. Vou. V. No. 106. wrote: ‘‘ Henry took his stand on the broad and ample terms of the bequest, “for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men,’ and he never narrowed his mind and to locality gave what was meant for man- kind. wisdom and necessity, that in view of the He proposed only one restriction, of limited means of the institution, it ought not to undertake anything which could be done, and well done, by other existing in- strumentalities. So, as occasion arose, he lightened its load and saved its energies by giving over to other energies some of its cherished work.” It is through this policy that the Institution has enjoyed a career of usefulness unequalled by that of any simi- lar organization, and in Prof. Gray’s words will be found the strongest arguments against a continuation of its existing rela- tions to the National Museum. By the terms of Smithson’s will the Institution is charged with two functions: The increase of knowledge, and its diffusion among men. To both of these should be applied the principle of restriction so wisely adopted by its first Secretary, that it ought not to undertake anything that could be done, and well done, by existing instrumentalities. ~ It has, therefore, under each of its distin- guished directors, increased knowledge by aiding original investigators, who were other- wise unable to carry on their researches, and it has diffused knowledge among men by publishing many important memoirs, translations, summaries, ete., which would hardly have been made available without such assistance. Its extensive system of international exchanges has been in the same line, and in all this its position has been unique. JANUARY 8, 1897.] In the earlier years of the Institution its collections were such as related purely to research and were made in the course of various original investigations to which it was giving aid. These naturally increased in number and covered an increasingly large field, though mostly pertaining to the biological sciences. Although no special effort was made to arrange them for public display, they constituted an interesting col- lection, and a visit to the ‘Smithsonian’ was accounted an essential incident in a It then came to be considered as in some sense a What is known as the ‘ Na- tional Museum’ was established by the pilgrimage to the Nation’s capital. ‘museum.’ Government in 1842, being made up largely of specimens collected by the Wilkes expe- dition. It was housed in the Patent Office, but in 1858 it was transfered to the Smith- sonian Institution, being largely increased at that time by additions from other government departments. Its acceptance then by the Institution was undoubtedly in furtherance of the idea that it ought to undertake what evidently could not have been accomplished by any other organiza- tion, namely, the consolidation of the numerous collections that had separately grown up in the several departments. That it was not expected that the Institu- tion should permanently load itself with museum management is clear from the attitude of its authorities twenty years ago. In his Report to the Regents for the year 1876, Prof. Henry puts the whole matter so clearly that his words may well be quoted in part. He says: “I may further be allowed to remark that the experience of the last year has strengthened my opinion SCIENCE. 39 as to the propriety of a separation of the Institution from the National Museum. * > > Smithson gave his own name to the establishment which he founded, thereby indicating that he intended it as a monu- ment to his memory, and, in strict regard to this item of his will, the endowment of his bequest should be administered separate from all other funds, and the results achieved by The Institution should not, therefore, be merged it should be accredited to his name alone. in an establishment of the government, but should stand alone, free to the unob- structed observation of the whole world, and keep in perpetual remembrance the name of its generous founder. * * * Hvery civilized government of the world has its museum, which it supports with a liberality commensurate with its intelligence and financial ability, while there is but one Smithsonian Institution—that is, an establish- ment having expressly for its object ‘the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.’ The conception of such an institu- tion—not a local establishment intended to improve the intellectual condition of any single city or any single nation, but that of mankind in general—was worthy of the mind of Smithson, and the intelligence and integrity of the United States are both in- volved in the proper administration of the trust, since the terms in which it was con- veyed must be truly interpreted and the in- tention expressed rigidly carried out.” Prof. Henry continues in reply to the as- sumption sometimes made that the Institu- tion was benefited by increased popularity due to its connection with the Museum, de- elaring that, on the contrary, this connec- tion has proved a serious obstacle in the 40 way of the full development of the plan of the Institution, and naming as the most objectionable result the necessity for con- stant appeals to Congress for appropria- tions, which would be quite unnecessary if its energies were confined to their legitimate channels. In his Report for 1887 Prof. Henry said: “Tn the preceding reports I have called the attention of the Board of Regents to the propriety of a final separation of the Insti- tution from the National Museum, and nothing has occurred during the past year to change my opinion on this point. * * * The functions of the Institution and the Museum are entirely different.’ In a report of a special committee sub- mitted in 1887 by Prof. Asa Gray, then a Regent of the Institution, the question is seriously considered and the dangers by which the Smithsonian Institution is men- aced through its relations to the National Museum are set forth, in part, as follows: “We are therefore bound to conclude that the Board of Regents, as respects these National collec- Under this state of things, and in view of the ever-increasing tions, acts as the trustee of Congress. magnitude and interest of these collections, the rela- tion of this Institution to the National Museum be- comes a matter for grave consideration. * * * “Our Secretary, in his annual report submitted on the 26th of January, 1876, has now raised the grave question whether the well-being of the Institution would not favor or even require the adoption of a similar policy as regards the National Museum. He declares that it is most ‘ desirable that a more definite distinction between the two establishments, if not an entire separation, should be made,’ and he urges the subject upon our attention by considerations which cannot be disregarded. Your committee was ap- The vast increase of museum objects in natural history, eth- pointed to take thought upon this subject. nology, and materials of industrial art, consequent SCIENCE. [N. S. Voz. V. No. 106. upon the Centennial Exposition, an increase far be- yond the largest anticipations, gives new importance and urgency to this question. * * * Now the propor- tion which the Museum bears to the Institution proper is already large, and it threatens to be predominant. We have no desire to check its immense development, and we contemplate with satisfaction its sure popu- larity ; but asrespects the burden which the Museum throws upon our Secretary, we may say that it is al- ready heavy, and that it threatens to be injuriously large. If not provided against, the time seems sure to come when the Museum will mainly absorb the working energies of the Institution. * * * ““No present action is proposed by this committee beyond the recommendation that the distinction be- tween the Institution itself and the Museum under its charge should be made as prominent as possible. The very great development which the Museum is now undergoing may soon bring the whole subject before the board in a practical form * * * if the Museum is to develop to its full size and importance upon the present site, according to the plans laid before the board, and by it recommended to Congress this will, as 1t seems to us, almost necessarily involve the acqui- sition by the government of our present edifice, and that will pave the way for an entire separation of ad- ministration, or to such other adjustment as the Board of Regents may then think best, or be able to accom- plish.”’ [Signed] ASA GRAY, A. A. SARGENT, HIESTER CLYMER, Committee. Although Prof. Baird was naturally more interested than his predecessor in the de- velopment of the Museum, of which he was, indeed, for many years Curator, his recog- nition of its independence of any real rela- tion to the Institution was shown in his. first report to the Regents, being that for the year 1878. existing between the Smithsonian Institu- He says: ‘‘ The relations tion and the National Museum have been so frequently referred to by my predecessor that it is only necessary to mention briefly JANUARY 8, 1897. ] that the Museum constitutes no organic part of the Institution, and that, whenever Congress so directs, it may be transferred to any designated supervision without af- fecting the general plans and operations connected with the ‘incfease and diffusion of knowledge among men.’ ”’ There is another and most serious objec- tion to the present organization which is, in a degree, personal in its nature. There is an approved tradition that the Assistant Secretary shall, on the occurrence of a va- eanecy, succeed to the Secretaryship, and the latter should, in the best interests of science, be held alternately by representa- tives of the two great divisions of science, physical and biological. It will almost in- variably happen that the naturalist only will have any special taste or fitness for museum work, and upon him, then, both as Assistant Secretary and Secretary, this bur- den will fall. rience and skill as a museum director, he If he is chosen for his expe- may fail as a Secretary of the Institution if he should in time succeed to this high office, for we may not expect to find many such men as Goode, who, ina remarkable degree, combined the qualities necessary to a successful administration of both func- tions. On the other hand, one selected with a view to his eventually being a worthy suc- cessor to the distinguished men who have thus far guided the destinies of the Insti- tution may not be a good museum admin- istrator. Finally, the whole may be put in two or three simple propositions. There is no logical connection between the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum. The Museum is a most important institution, SCIENCE. 41 it is now well established, its maintainance is demanded by the people, and it will thrive under a competent director, responsible only to Congress or to the head of some depart- ment under which it could properly be placed. The usefulness of the Smithsonian Institu- tion will be increased by the diminution of burdensome administrative duties which were never contemplated in its original scheme, and for the existence of which there can be no reasonable excuse. Its legitimate work is too important to be interfered with by demands which can be met in ordinary channels, and if such wide departures from its early policy continue to be forced upon it by ill-considered legislation, there is reason to fear that its splendid career during its first half century will not be repeated in the second. In conelusion it ought to be said that in the above it is not intended to reflect the views of the present distinguished head of the Institution or of any of its officers. We are quite ignorant as to what these views may be, nor do we wish to be understood as criticising, in the slightest degree, the present admirable administration of the Institution or of the Museum. ‘There are doubtless valid arguments, such as the dan- ger that the Museum might fall among politi- cians, which could be urged for the contin- Still we believe that, for the reasons recorded, the uation of the present arrangement. interests of both institutions and the interest of science throughout the world would be furthered by a separation of the two organ- izations. Ifthe regents are strongly of the Opinion that the danger of political inter- meddling is too great to justify a complete severance of existing relations at this time, 42 it is at least possible to select an Assistant Seeretary in accordance with the theory outlined above, and a Director of the Mu- seum possessed of special qualifications for that work, and who shall, of course, be sub- ordinate to the Secretary of the Institution. This might lead the way to what is cer- tainly still more to be desired. THE GEOLOGY OF GOVERNMENT EX PLORA- TIONS.* GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION. Durine the Civil War all scientific ex- ploration in the West under the auspices of the government was suspended, and it was not until the summer of 1867 that it wasresumed. By this time far-sighted men had come to appreciate the political im- portance of a more exact geological knowl- edge of the region between the Mississippi Valley and the Sierra Nevada. During the war there had been no little danger that the States of the Pacific slope might secede from the Union and form a republic of their own, isolated as they were from the other States by a barrier of 1,000 to 1,500 miles of comparatively uninhabited mountains and desert valleys. The lending of government aid to the building of a trans-continental railroad, which had already been decided on, was the first step toward removing this barrier and drawing the peoples of the Kast and the West into closer connection. The second step was to encourage the settlement of this intermediate region by making known to the public its rich and varied mineral resources. Hence, Congress showed itself ready to lend an ear to geologists who were desirous of getting government aid to carry on geological researches in the comparatively unknown region beyond the mountains. Now, for the first time, explorations be- * Concluded from the issue of January 1st. SCIENCE. LN. S. Voz. V. No. 106. yond the Missouri river, or surveys, as they soon came to be called, were fitted out avowedly for the purpose of geological in- vestigation, instead of being primarily or- ganized for geographic or military purposes and admitting researches into geologic and other branches of natural history as a sort of ornamental appendage of their work. For the first time also were they under civilian control instead of military disci- pline and command. During the twelve years previous to the organization of the present Geological Survey the principal geological work in the West was done un- der four district organizations, popularly known from the names of their leaders as as the King, Hayden, Powell and Wheeler Surveys. The official control of the first and last was under the Chief of Engineers of the United States army, but only the last was commanded in the field by military officers. The other two were under the In- terior Department and their official titles changed somewhat with the development of their work. During this period geologists were also attached from time to time to military reconnaissances, but with one exception— that of Newton and Jenny in the Black Hills, where the geological information had a political bearing—the march was so rapid that the opportunities of geological research were very limited, and the results of rela- tively little importance. Therefore, in view of the limited time at my disposal, I shall confine myself mainly to the principal surveys above mentioned. Before commencing an account of their methods and work accomplished it will be well to pass in review the condition of geo- logical knowledge of the country west of the Mississippi Valley at the commence- ment of this period in 1867. No areal work, in the sense in which it is understood to-day, had been commenced or hardly thought of. The only maps that JANUARY 8, 1897. ] existed were those giving the general fea- tures of the larger drainage systems on which was no connected or systematic rep- resentation of the surface features ; in cer- tain limited areas the relief was sketched in by hachures, or, as in Egglofstein’s maps, by delicate shading. On the Great Plains it was known that Mesozoic and Tertiary formations formed the greater part of the surface, and the Cretaceous rocks had been divided by Meek and Hayden into five subdivisions. Around the Black Hills, Lower Silurian and Car- boniferous rocks had been identified. Car- boniferous limestones were known to have a considerable extension in the interior re- gion in middle and southern latitudes, and to have been seen in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. The age of the up- heaval of the latter range had been deter- mined to be post-Jurassic, by the discovery by Clarence King, of the State Geological Survey of California, of Jurassic fossils in the auriferous slates. It was conjectured, reasoning from their association in the Black Hills, that Silurian beds would ulti- mately be found associated with the Car- boniferous, but the discovery of Devonian fossils in central Nevada by Engelmann in 1859 had not yet been made public. It was known in a general way that igneous rocks, granites and metamorphic rocks were widely distributed throughout the in- terior, but of their mutual relations, or the actual structure of the mountain ranges, there was little but surmise, and not very much of that. As regards the physical conditions of the interior, although the region east of Salt Lake was known to be well watered, in the desert region of the Great Basin to the westward, it was not supposed that cam- paigning was possible, except along certain lines of emigrant travel, and on these it was known that there were inconveniently long stretches without water. SCIENCE. 43 King Survey. The Geological Explo- ration of the 40th Parallel, as it was offi- cially known, was entirely the creation of its chief, Clarence King. The first concep- tion of the feasibility of making a geologi- cal cross section of this, the longest moun- tain system in the world, at its widest part, had come to him during his long three months’ journey with an emigrant train from Missouri to the Sierra Nevada, which he undertook in the summer of 1861. His personal influence had, during the winter of 1866-7, secured the passage of a bill through Congress creating the 40th Parallel Survey, whose duty it was to examine into and report upon the geology and mineral resources of the country to be opened up by the Pacific railroads. At his suggestion it was placed under the official direction of Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, in whose scientific ability he had the great- est confidence. His plan of work contained much that was novel and startling, especially in con- sideration of the desert character of the re- gion in which it was to be carried out. This plan contemplated making a topo- graphical map of the region surveyed, not simply a map of meander lines, with sketches in hachures of the hillsides, which was the only form of relief map known at that time, but a contour map on the same general plan with the Survey maps of the present day, controlled by systems of pri- mary and secondary triangulations, the relative elevations to be determined by fre- quent observations of cistern barometers. The scale adopted was four miles to the inch. Besides the usual botanical and zoological assistants, an excellent photographer was attached to the party. The area to be sur- veyed, which was always to include the line of the projected railroad, was divided into rectangular blocks or atlas sheets, about 165 miles in length by over 100 miles in width. The original plan contemplated 44 three, but ultimately five of such blocks were surveyed. The party rendezvoused in California in the early part of the summer of 1867, and commenced work at the east base of the Sierra Nevada in August of that year, with J. D. Hague, Arnold Hague and §. F. Emmons as geological assistants to Mr. King. The following winter was spent in Virginia City in a study of the Comstock lode, where the mines, then about 1,000 feet deep, had already produced 100 millions of dollars. In the following year the work had become more systematized, and, by parcelling it out in several parties each consisting of a geologist and topographer, by the close of an unusually long season it had been carried entirely across the Great Basin to the western shore of Great Salt Lake. In 1869 the remaining desert ranges of Utah, the great Wasatch Range and the western end of the Uinta Mountains were surveyed. This completed the work of the Survey as originally planned, and the party was then located at New Haven for the purposes of working up their large col- lections of rocks and fossils and platting their notes both geologic and topographic. Mr. James D. Hague had detached him- self from the field parties in 1868 to make a special study of the mining districts, and the result of his work, with some contribu- tions from other members of the party, was published in 1870 as Vol. III. of the Sur- vey reports, entitled ‘Mining Industry.’ The most important part of this volume is the elaborate study of the great Comstock lode, which has served as a model for all subsequent monographic studies of min- ing districts in this country, the only country in which such work has _ been done. In Chapter VII. of this volume, on the Green River coal basin, Mr. King defined the stratigraphical position of the coal-bearing rocks as undoubtedly Creta- ceous, and gave a brief preliminary sketch SCIENCE. [N. S. Vout. V. No. 106. of the general geological column as de= veloped in the Wasatch Mountains, which he estimated as 56,000 feet in thickness below the Cretaceous. Stratigraphical work in Nevada and Utah among the isolated mountain ranges, subse- quently designated by Gilbert as the Basin Range system, was exceptionally difficult because these ranges were separated from each other by valleys 10 to 15 miles in width covered with an unknown depth of Quaternary detritus. Thus no stratigraph- ical sequence of rocks could be carried from one range to the other, and until the Wasatch Range was reached there was practically no starting point for the geological column, for most of the fossils collected were of new species, and their horizons could only be finally determined after a long comparative study. Work at New Haven was abruptly inter- rupted in midsummer of 1870 by telegraphic orders from Gen. Humphreys to take the field at once, as Congress, without solicita- tion from any one, had passed the usual appropriation to continue the field work. As it was then too late to get together the necessary outfit for a campaign in the high mountain regions to the east of the Wasatch, the work of that season was devoted to a study of the extinct volcanoes of the Pacific Coast, which were apportioned, Mt. Shasta to Mr. King, Mt. Hood to Mr. Arnold Hague, and Mt. Rainier to myself. This work was interrupted by the winter snows, _ and, as Gen. Humphreys decided that the connection of these mountains with the 40th parallel was too remote to admit of its being taken up again, the only immediate fruit of the summer’s geological campaign was a paper in the American Journal of Science (June, 1871), announeing the dis- covery of active glaciers on their slopes, the first then known within the boundaries of the United States. In the summers of 1871 and 1872 the JANUARY 8, 1897. ] work of the survey was carried eastward to the Great Plains, taking in the great Eocene beds of the Green River basin; the Uinta Range, unique on account of its east and west trend and its anticlinal structure; the Elkhead Mountains with their remarkable development of rare varieties of igneous rocks; the inclosed Mesozoic and Tertiary valleys of the North Park and the Laramie Plains; the Medicine Bow Range, with its series of Algonkian rocks, then classed as Huronian; and finally the northern exten- sion of the Front or Colorado Range, with its granite core flanked by upturned Paleo- zoic rocks, which had thinned from 30,000 feet in the Wasatch section to less than 2,000 feet, and were only visible at a few points, being overlapped by Mesozoic or Tertiary beds, as the case might be. The thorough study and discussion of the material gathered during these years of field exploration necessarily occupied much time, but the then-existing conditions pro- tracted the work much more than would be the case at the present day. The topo- graphical base of the five large atlas sheets was not completed until 1874. In the summer of that year a member of the Sur- vey visited Europe and conferred with the directors of the leading Geological Surveys there on methods of treatment and of publi- cation. Microscopical petrography was then an unknown science in this country, and one result of this visit was that Prof. Ferd. Zirkel, of Leipzig, then the highest authority in this branch of geology, was induced to visit this country to examine the collections of igneous and crystalline rocks and take notes on their field habits. Chips for mak- ing thin sections were taken back by him on his return to Germany for systematic microscopical study, and his report (Vol. VI.) published in 1876 was the first work of this kind on American rocks. The final determination of the fossils SCIENCE. 45 collected was confided to F. B. Meek, James Hall and R. P. Whitfield, at that time the _ only paleontologists competent to undertake so important a work, but they could only devote to this task moments of leisure from other and to them more pressing work, consequently it was nearly four years after the completion of field work before the geological material was finally ready for publication. The volume on Descriptive Geology by A. Hague and S. F..-Emmons with the final sheets of the geological atlas went to press in 1876, and in the following year was written Mr. King’s masterly summary of the whole work, designated ‘Systematic Geology,’ which discussed not only the general history and structure of the Cordilleran system, but also such sub- jects of general theoretical interest as the ‘Genesis of granite and crystalline schists,’ the ‘fusion, genesis and classification of voleanie rocks,’ ete. The distinguishing character of this Sur- vey, aS compared with the other organiza- tions, was that its work was founded on a complete and comprehensive plan adopted before taking the field, which in all its es- sential features was systematically followed out during the ten years of its existence. Hayden Survey. The names of Hayden and Meek had long been identified with the geology of the Missouri Valley and the Great Plains, and when it was found in 1867 that of the appropriation for legisla- tive expenses of the Territory of Nebraska there remained an unexpected balance of $5,000 it was very wisely given to Dr. Hayden to expend in geological researches in that territory. From this modest be- ginning grew, by a process of gradual evo- lution, what became finally known as the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, the catalogue of whose reports constitutes a pamphlet of fifty pages. F. B. Meek and Dr. C. A. White assisted Dr. Hayden during the first 46 two years. In 1869 James Stevenson was appointed executive officer, a position which he continued to fill with credit until the end. In this year Persifor Frazer, jr., was attached to the party as mining geologist, and the line of geological travel, for such was the character of their work during the early years, led along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains from Cheyenne to Santa Fé. In 1870 it ran westward from Chey- enne through the South Pass to Fort Bridger, and back along the north slope of the Uinta Mountains. In 1871, for the first time, two topo- graphical assistants were attached to the party, and Dr. A. C. Peale made his first field season as mineralogist. The line of travel this year led from Ogden, Utah, via. Fort Hall, Idaho, to Fort Ellis (Bozeman), Montana. From there an excursion was made into the geyser region of the Upper Yellowstone, and the enthusiasm aroused by the view of these wonders of nature, and the representations of Dr. Hayden on his return, induced Congress to set the region apart as a National Park. In 1872 the force was greatly aug- mented, the names of Holmes as artist and Gannett as astronomer first appeared upon the rolls of the Survey, and F. H. Bradley did a season’s work as geologist and paleontologist. Work was conducted in two parties in the same general region that was visited in the previous year. In the spring of 1873 James T. Gard- ner, who had been chief topographer of the 40th Parallel Exploration, was en- gaged as chief geographer, and the areal survey of Colorado was commenced. Work was carried on in three or more parties, each in charge of a geologist or of a topo- grapher, as the case might be; but, as on the 40th Parallel Survey, geologist and topo- grapher worked side by side, and the one had to suit his work to the exigencies of that of the other. This system had cer- SCIENCE. [N.S. Vou. V. No. 106. tain disadvantages, and on the 40th par- allel it was sometimes found necessary to go back to study key points. Such a trip was made by Mr. King and the speaker to the Wasatch Mountains in 1873. A. D. Wilson, who had also been topog- rapher on the King Survey, joined the Hayden Survey in 1874. The areal survey of Colorado under the Hayden Survey was continued for four years, and finally com- pleted in 1876. Among the geologists, Marvine, who early showed great ability, had charge of the northern division for two seasons, but died before he had written up his second season’s work. Dr. F. M. Endlich, who had studied in Germany, where he served on the Geo- logical Survey of Baden, joined the Hay- den Survey in 1874, and continued to the end in 1878. InColorado he worked mostly in the southern part of the area mapped, as he was supposed to have a better knowl- edge of igneous rocks than the others, but in later years the practical test of his work by other geologists in the field has proved it to be less reliable than that of any of the other geologists. Dr. A. C. Peale worked mostly in the central part of the State, and as he gained in experience proved himself a careful and intelligent worker. The genius of the party was W. H. Holmes, who, starting as an ar- tist without previous geological training, gradually developed, as a result of his study of nature, a remarkable aptitude for struc- tural geology. His drawings of mountains have never been equalled by any other artist in their combination of fidelity to nature, with artistic effect and keen insight into geological structure. The paleontologists, C. A. White, F. B. Meek, KE. D. Cope and Leo Lesquereux, contributed in their special lines to the work in Colorado, the first also doing considerable field work. Other spec- ialists were attached to the parties at dif- ferent times, and the sons of many promi- JANUARY 8, 1897. ] nent men in the Hast were temporarily at- tached to the various parties. W.H. Jack- son, the eminent photographer, was also a member of the Survey. Dr. Hayden’s plan was to make the Sur- vey as widely popular as possible, and one method of accomplishing this result was to publish a volume every year, abounding in excellent illustrations from the pen of Holmes, which were gratuitiously distribu- ted in very largenumbers. One consequence of this method was that the geologists did not have time to thoroughly digest their material, or correlate and compare it one with another. It is much to be regretted that in consequence no summary like the ‘Systematic Geology’ of King has ever been written of the Hayden work. The beautifully colored maps in the atlas of Colorado, which were compiled and drawn by Holmes, answer in one sense as such a summary, for they indicate graphically many general conclusions that are not to be found in the annual reports. The latter, on the other hand, often have a different system of geographical nomenclature from that given on the map, which renders them sometimes almost unintelligible. The Colorado areal work joined that of the 40th parallel onthesouth. In the years 1877 and 1878 the areal work was trans- ferred to Wyoming and carried northward from the northern limit of the 40th parellel maps northward to the Yellowstone Park. On this work St. John served one season in the Wind River country and in 1878 Holmes and Peale made an extensive study of the phenomena of the Yellowstone Park. Even photography has not accomplished, in all the time that has elapsed since, any im- provement on the admirable illustrations drawn by Holmes of the geological wonders of this region. Powell Survey. In the summer of 1869 Maj. J. W. Powell made, under the auspices of the Smithsonian, his famous boat explo- SCIENCE. AT ration of the mysterious depths of the can- yons of the Colorado River, starting from Green River City, on the Union Pacific Railroad, in May, and emerging from the mouth of the dark canyon nearly 900 miles below, three months later, a journey that is unequalled for its courage and daring in the annals of geographical exploration. Already in the two preceding summers he had visited the valleys of many of the streams tributary to the Green River, and during 1870 and 1871 his explorations of the canyons were continued, still under the same auspices. With the narrative report of these explorations, published in 1875, ap- peared an admirable discussion of erosion and land sculpture in its relation to geologi- eal structure, defining for the first time base-levels of erosion. This, with the similar discussions of Gilbert, based on his studies of the Colorado Plateau region in 1871-2, have formed the starting point of modern physical geography. In no part of the world can there be found so admirable a region to study the elementary processes of stratigraphical ge- ology as in that traversed by Powell’s ex- ploration. It is, so to speak, nature’s text book of geology, whose pages lie open to the inspection of any one who possesses the physical courage and endurance to reach the depths of its canyons. Hence, Powell’s geographical exploration was at the same time a valuable contribution to geology, in that it opened the road to so important a field that had hitherto been supposed to be inaccessible except to the birds of the air. The Powell organization soon became a geological exploration, receiving its appro- priations directly from Congress, and as- suming the title of Second Division of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. It did not at- tempt to make an areal survey of this in- teresting region, but devoted itself to mono- graphic studies of some of the most novel 48 and striking features of its geology. In 1873 and ’74 Powell himself, assisted by Dr. C. A. White, extended the geological observations made along the banks of the upper Green River into the surrounding country, and in 1876 published his report upon the geology of the eastern Uinta Mountains. Under this organization also Mr. Gilbert made, in the summer of 1775, his classic study of the Henry Mountains, the most prominent among the laccolitic groups that project above the Colorado Plateau, and in- troduced for the first time the term laccolite into geological literature. This effectually refuted Scrope’s dictum, which at one time was almost an axiom among Europe geol- ogists, that igneous eruptions do not exert any elevatory force upon the surrounding sedimentary beds through which they have been extruded. The final work of the Powell Survey was the study, in 1875-6 and 7, of the High plateaus of Utah by Captain C. E. Dutton, an officer of the Ordinance Corps of the United States, on detached duty; he also made the petrographical examination of the igneous rocks brought in by Gilbert from the Henry Mountains. To thisreport, which was published in 1880, there was appended a prefatory note by Major Powell, giving a general sketch of the orographic movements recorded by him during his investigations in the Plateau region. Wheeler Survey. I hayvereserved my men- tion of the work of the Wheeler Survey to the last, although chronologically its geo- logical work antedates much that has al- ready been mentioned, for the reason that as an organization, as indicated by its title (United States Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian), it did not recognize geology as an essential part of its work. The Wheeler Survey was indirectly an outcome of the 40th Parellel. When two seasons’ campaigning of the latter organiza- SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 106.: tion had proved the practical feasibility of conducting such work in the Western moun- tains, Lieutenant G. M. Wheeler, of the United States Engineers, secured the con- sent of his chief to undertake, in the sum- mer of 1869,a military reconnaissance for topographical purposes in southwest Nevada and western Utah. Although no geologist was attached to this first expedition, visits were made to various mining districts, but the reports thereon, like the ordinary min- ing reports of the time, were of little or no geological value. From this gradually grew up an important organization sup- ported by direct appropriations from Con- gress, which contemplated the making of a topographical map of the whole area of the United States west of the 100th meridian, and which in point of numbers finally far exceeded any of the other organizations. Its work was carried on continuously from 1871 to 1879, and produced a large number of topographical maps of the west- ern country, a few of which were afterwards colored geologically. Wheeler did not approve of the system of topographical survey adopted by the 40th Parallel and subsequent surveys, but con- ducted his work after the manner of earlier military expeditions, by making meander lines along the valleys, instead of triangula- tions from the summits of the ridges, the principal basis of his details of topograph- ical structure. His maps, morever, were drawn in hachures instead of in contour lines. In spite of the somewhat discouraging peculiarities of organization, the geological work done under this survey reached a high standard of excellence, owing to the ability of the men to whom it was entrusted. First among these was Gilbert, who as chief geologist, worked in the Great Basin of Ne- vada, in eastern California and southwestern Utah in the summers of 1871 and ’72, visit- ing the plateau region around the mouth of JANUARY 8, 1897.] the Canyon of the Colorado in the former year; he had A. R. Marvine as his assist- ant in 1871, and HE. E. Howell in 1872. In 1873-74 he extended his investigations further south into New Mexico and Arizona, and in the following year left to join the Powell Survey. Gilbert in his reports on the work of these years (published 1875) did not pursue the descriptive method in presenting the results of his geological observations, but discussed them at once as a whole under general heads. In this way he first characterized what he designated the ‘ Basin Range’ system of mountain uplift, as brought about mainly by faulting, in contrast to the structure of the Appalachian Mountains, which is pro- duced mainly by plication. The geologists of the 40th Parallel regarded the uplift of the narrow ranges of Nevada, from which the term was derived, to be produced primarily by folding, and that the faulting was a later phase in Tertiary or post-Tertiary time, in contradistinction to the more modern inter- pretation of Basin Range structure as a system of tilted beds without plication. His volume also contains able discussions on land sculpture and erosion, on the Gla- cial period, and the conditions attending the drying up of the ancient lake which once filled the Utah basin, and to which he gave the name of Lake Bonneville, from the explorer who first determined that the basin has no exterior drainage. He also had a chapter on recent volcanic manifesta- tions and a section of the rocks shown in the Canyon of the Colorado. In 1878 Prof. J. J. Stevenson was also employed on the Survey and made a rapid reconnaissance through the greater part of ‘Colorado. Hurried as this work necessarily was, his report shows the grasp of mind of the trained geologist, but his results were soon superseded by the more detailed areal work of the Hayden Survey. SCIENCE. 49 In 1874 E. D. Cope did some field work as vertebrate paleontologist, and in 1875 Jules Marcou was attached to one of the Californian parties and determined the Tertiary age of the Tejon beds. In 1876 A. R. Conkling was attached to the Survey as geological observer, and 1877 J. A. Church made a second study of the Com- stock lode, the results of which appeared in a private publication. J. J. Stevenson was again attached to the Survey in 1878 and 1879, with I. C. Russell as assistant, during which time he had an independent party under his own charge, and he was making valuable con- tributions to the geology of southeastern Colorado and northern New Mexico, when by legislative enactments the Survey came to an end. From a geological point of view the sys- tem pursued on the Wheeler Survey was less advantageous and, in proportion to the expense, less productive of permanent ad- ditions to geological knowledge of the country involved than either of the other organizations. The parties as a rule were under the charge of a military officer, who might have ideas of military discipline not always consonant with the best interests of geological work. at Black Hills Surveys. Among military re- connaissances the more important from the geological point of view were those uuder- taken as a result of the mining excitement in the Black Hills, of the attacks upon miners by the Sioux Indians, within whose reservation they lay, and their consequent appeals for government aid and for the opening of the reservation for white settle- ment. The reconnaissance across the southern end of the hills, returning around their northern flanks, which was under the com- mand of Capt. Wm. Ludlow, in the sum- mer of 1874, was accompanied by N. H. Winchell and Geo. B. Grinnell as geolo- 50 gists. It was their first experience among Western geological formations, and consid- ering the rapidity of the march it is not surprising that no considerable additions were made to the geological knowledge of the region. In the summer of 1875 and 1876, how- ever, Wm. P. Jenney and Henry Newton were sent out under military escort to in- vestigate the mineral resources and geology of the Hills, in order to determine whether the reports of the great mineral wealth were well founded. The untimely death of Mr. Newton, who was a most promising young geologist, delayed the publication of the scientific results of this investigation, which was finally accomplished in 1880, under the editorial supervision of Mr. G. K. Gilbert, who kindly undertook the very delicate task of putting in form the field notes of Mr. Newton. Among other reconnaissances to which geologists were attached may be mentioned those in 1873, of Capt. W. A. Jones, in northwestern Wyoming, with T. B. Com- stock as geologist, and that of Lieut. H. H. Ruffner, into the Ute county around the San Juan Mountains, on which Prof. H. Hawn and L. Hawn served in geological capacities. In the year 1875 E. S. Dana and G. B. Grinnell accompanied the party of Capt. Wm. Ludlow on a reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana, to the Yellowstone Park. On this trip they got glimpses of the iso- lated groups of mountains rising out of the plains, such as Little Rockies, Crazy Moun- tain, ete., that have yielded such interest- ing petrographical data of later years. They collected Saurian remains in beds overlying the Fox Hills Cretaceous at the mouth of the Judith River and made many interesting observations on probable uncon- formities in the Bridger Mountains and elsewhere. The eagerness with which geologists have SCIENCE. [N.S. Vou. V. No. 106. pursued their investigations into the new fields of geological observation, opened up by these various explorations, may be com- pared in a certain sense with that which takes possession of prospectors and miners upon the discovery of some new and extra- ordinarily rich mining district. In their emulations to obtain possession of some of the stores of scientific wealth which nature has exposed to view, and to. gain the reward of scientific reputation which is accorded to the first discoverer, they are sometimes inclined to neglect the rights of priority which scientific courtesy accords to the first occupant of a new field. Thus the publication of Powell’s geo- logical report was, in so far as it related to the Uinta Mountains, in contravention of a more or less definite agreement among the heads of the various surveys not to en- croach upon the areas covered by the maps of the 40th Parallel Survey, since the work of this Survey was strictly confined within previously prescribed limits, while the whole West lay open to the others. Powell’s re- port was published in 1876, and the topo- graphic base of the 40th Parallel map of the Uinta Mountain region had been used, by permission but without acknowledgment, in the preparation of the map which accom- panied that report. Furthermore, during the summer of 1875 the geologically colored map of the same region, prepared by the geologists of the 40th Parallel, was in press in the cartographic publishing house of Julius Bien, and upon its final completion on November 12, 1875, Mr. King sent out to the leading geologists of the country 12 copies of these maps signed and dated by the authors, in the hope of securing to them the priority of record which was their due. Already in 1873 friction had sprung up between the Hayden and Wheeler Surveys. Neither was willing to accord to the other the exclusive right to survey any particular part of the geologically unexplored regions, JANUARY 8, 1897. ] and each claimed the privilege of stretching its work over the whole unsurveyed area of the West. ‘Thus in this year each party had geological and topographical parties covering the same ground in Colorado, which was a deplorable dissipation of en- ergy when so much ground was untouched by either party. As time went on, this friction increased to such an extent that the influence of one party with Congress was used to curtail the appropriations allotted to the other. At first glance it would seem that such disagreement among men, whose sole ob- ject was avowedly the advancement of science, was most unfortunate, but here again the truth of the old saying about an ‘ill wind’ was again proved, for Congress, unable to decide of itself on the merits of the contending parties, referred the matter to a committee of the National Academy of Sciences, and, acting on their report, passed a bill terminating all the previously exist- isting explorations and creating the United States Geological Survey. Thus, instead of a number of rival organizations with no necessity of concordant action between them, and each liable to pass out of exist- ance at any time by the failure of Congress to pass its annual appropriation, there has resulted the present organization, which forms a constituent part of the Department of the Interior, and has thereby acquired a permanence which invites the best scientific talent of the country to take part in its work. 8. F. Emmons. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PROFESSOR EUGEN BAUMANN. On the 2d of November, 1896, occurred the death of Dr. Eugen Baumann, professor of chemistry in the medical faculty of the University of Freiburg, in Baden. The de- ceased was born in Wurtemberg, in 1846, and obtained his early education at Stutt- gart. After studying chemistry, physics SCIENCE. 51 and natural sciences, at the Stuttgart Poly- technicum, where he worked under Fehling, he served an apprenticeship as apothecary in his father’s employment, and in 1870 passed the pharmacists’ examination at Tubingen. This was the occasion of his first meeting with Hoppe-Seyler, to whose encouragement and inspiration his career as an investigator owed its beginning. A life-long friendship was formed between the two men, and only a few months before his death Baumann paid fitting tribute to his great teacher in an obituary published with Kossel.* Already an assistant to Hoppe-Seyler, Baumann obtained his doctor’s degree at Tubingen, in 1872, with a dissertation on vinyl compounds. When Hoppe-Seyler was called to take charge of the instruction in physiological chemistry in the newly opened German university at Strassburg, Baumann accompanied him thither as his first assistant, and in 1876 became ‘ Privat- docent’ in chemistry. At the opening of DuBois Reymond’s new physiological insti- tute at Berlin, in 1877, Baumann was ap- pointed to have charge of the chemical laboratory ; upon his departure from Strass- burg the medical faculty honored him by conferring the degree of doctor medic. honoris causa. In 1882 Baumann was ap- pointed professor extraordinarius in the Berlin medical faculty, and in October, 1883, he accepted a call as successor to v. Babo at Freiburg, where he labored with- out interruption until his death. He de- clined the call to succeed Hoppe-Seyler at Strassburg and only recently the title of ‘ Hofrat ’ was bestowed upon him. Baumann’s earliest researches were in- tended to throw light upon the behavior of sarcosin in the organism. ‘To this period belong the beginnings of the researches on the aromatic substances of the body—a * Zeitschrift fiir Physiologische Chemie, Band 21. ft Ann. Chem. Pharm. Band 163. S. 308. 52 field of work which occupied Baumann’s attention during his entire life. The ob- servation that phenol bodies constantly present in the urine are not derived from the aromatic substances in the vegetable foods was followed by the important discov- ery that these bodies are excreted combined with sulphuric acid in the form of ethereal sulphates. With the isolation of these compounds (¢. g., phenyl- and cresylsul- phates) there was introduced into physiol- ogy the knowledge of a new class of syn- theses in the organism, comparable to the well known synthesis of hippuric acid. The finding of phenol as a putrefaction prod- uct of proteids led to the announcement that the aromatic substances of the urine largely owe their origin to the putrefactive decomposition taking place in the alimen- tary tract. The products, many of them strongly toxic, are absorbed and reappear in relatively harmless combination with sulphuric acid. Ethereal sulphates were shown to be absent in the urine when in- testinal putrefaction is totally suppressed, and physiologists have come to look upon the quantity of combined sulphuric acid ex- ereted as the best indication of the inten- sity of the decomposition in the intestine. The so-called ‘indican’ of the urine was also drawn within the scope of these inves- tigations and was shown to be quite distinct from the vegetable glucoside indican, al- though yielding indigo on oxidation. After Jaffé had demonstrated that the chromogen of the urineis derived from indol, Baumann and Brieger proved that it is in reality an ethereal compound of indoxyl with sul- phurie acid, analogous to those already mentioned. It is scarcely necessary to re- mark that these discoveries have had a far- reaching influence on practical medicine. The behavior of sulphur compounds in the animal organism was another favorite theme to which Baumann and his pupils contributed extensively. The study of the SCIENCE. [N. 8. Vou. V. No. 106. compounds of mercapturic acid which can be obtained under appropriate conditions in the urine, yielded the proof that there is formed in intermediary proteid metabol- ism an atom-complex closely related to the organic sulphur compound cystin, excreted as such in the rare cases of so-called cysti- nuria. It was shown that the cystin is ac- companied under these circumstances by at least two diamines (putrescine and ca- daverine) which are found in both urine and feces. The peculiar perversion of metabolism known as alcaptonuria was also shown to owe its peculiarities in many instances to a dioxyphenylacetic acid, the synthesis of which was accomplished in the Freiburg laboratory. Among Baumann’s pharmacological in- vestigations may be mentioned in par- ticular his researches on the sulfones, which led to the discovery of several widely used hypnotics : sulfonal, trional, etc. Together with Kast and others he studied their physiological action and demonstrated that only those are effective which are trans- formed in the body, the intensity of their action being dependent upon the number of ethyl groups present. Scarcely more than a year ago the finding of iodine as a normal constituent of the animal body and the isolation of thyroiodin (iodothyrin), the physiologically active _ substance of the thyroid glands, aroused the interest and admiration of the medical world. Baumann was actively engaged in the solution of many problems suggested by this last great discovery when, after an illness of only two days, death put an end to a brief but brilliant career. It is impossible in a brief sketch to give more than an outline of some of Baumann’s contributions to physiological chemistry. His loss will be felt not alone by chemists, but also in the broader circle of investiga- tors in scientific medicine; for Baumann exercised a wide influence as a teacher, as JANUARY 8, 1897.] well as through his permanent researches. Among those who benefited by his guid- ance may be mentioned the names of Brieger, Goldmann, Herter, Hurthle, Kast, C. Th. Morner, Preusse, ROhmann, Schotten vy. Udranszky, N. Wedenski. One who came into personal contact with the man could not fail to admire his untiring devo- tion to science, and to feel grateful for the inspiration derived from him. LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL. YALE UNIVERSITY. ALFRED TRESCA. THE session of November 27, 1896, of the ‘Société d’Encouragement pour I Industrie nationale,’ under the presidency of M. Mascart, was devoted mainly to ceremonies in memory of the late M. Alfred Tresca, re- cently deceased. The discourse pronounced by M. Haton de la Goupilliére was the main feature of the evening programme. Monsieur A. Tresca was the son of the distinguished investigator, Henri Tresca, who was the successor of General Morin as the head of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, and who followed and improved upon the methods of the latter in the prose- cution of researches of importance in the field of applied science, and especially in the investigation of the characteristics of the materials of construction and of the most important classes of prime movers and other machines. The younger Tresca followed in the same path and gave his life to similarly valuable work. The three men have lead rather than followed in all developments in their department of work during the cen- tury. The work of Morin on the properties of the materials of engineering and his ex- tensive introduction, in original ways, o¢ graphical methods of illustration, the exten- sive study by the elder Tresca of the heat- motors, and the researches of the younger Tresca in applied physics and engineering, have been the principal contributions of the SCIENCE. 53 Conservatoire, for many years past, to their department of science. It is an interesting case of ‘intellectual heredity,’ as the writer has called it. A personal acquaintance, slight, but quite sufficient to confirm the conclusions here reached, impressed the writer also with the fact that the influence of each upon his successor, in this respect, was deep and most effective of result. The three men, talented, industrious and per- sistent, by similar methods accomplished similarly useful work. ‘ As M. Haton says: “Inheritor of a name illustrious in science and honored also for services rendered our society, he has firmly upheld its prestige. Trained in the school of his father, Henri Tresca, he learned the traditions of industrial science, that difficult science, and, at the same time, traditions of honor and of labor to which he was always faithful.” He was always inclined to avoid public notice, “but his colleagues, his students, unanimously render just tribute both to the extent of his work and to its value in instruction.” The address closes with an affectionate and graceful tribute of esteem and admiration, of grief and of eu- logy. R. H. T. CURRENT NOTES ON ANTHROPOLOGY. ANCIENT MAYAN HISTORY. A YucatTecan author, Don Juan Fran- cisco Molina Solis, has recently written a meritorious history of Yucatan (Historia del Descubrimento y Conquista de Yucatan, pp. 911. Merida, 1896). By way of intro- duction it has a sketch of the ancient his- story of the peninsula, covering sixty pages This discusses the early immigrations, the foundation of the great cities, the estab- lishment of the confederation which for some generations appears to have controlled the peninsula and allowed a peaceful de- velopment of its culture, and its unfortunate violent dissolution leading to the destruc- tion of the former mart of Chichen Itza 54 and the capital, Mayapan. This break- down took place in the first half of the fi teenth century, probably about 1420. The author presents the surviving frag- ments of this story in clear and attractive language, basing his statements on the the best authorities and some unpublished documents. His work as a whole is of high character, and will take a worthy rank in the historical literature of Spanish America. PRIMITIVE DRILLS AND DRILLING. To bore a hole seems a simple affair, but it took mana long time to learn how to doit. Mr. J. D. McGuire, in the Report of the United States National Museum for 1894 (just issued), devotes a hundred and twenty-five pages to the subject. He claims, indeed, in his opening sentence that ‘‘ The earliest remains of man are found associated with implements of his manufacture in which holies have been artificially perfo- rated.”’ This is incorrect, as the remains of the Chellean period are not perforated, and he himself offers no evidence to that effect. Nor does he give the right explanation for the ‘batons of command’ of the cave period. They are arrow-straighteners and are still used by the Eskimo. These are small matters. The article in all its leading features is clear, profound and convincing. He surveys all the forms of drills and hole-making implements of primitive times—pins, bodkins, needles, awls, ete.—and illustrates how they were used and for what purpose. Fire-drills are abundantly represented, and the theory that the Egyptian Sam is a drill is ably de- fended. Numerous cuts render the text easily comprehended, where mechanical de- vices are discussed. THE STATE AND ITS SOIL. Pror. FREDERICK RATZEL is one of the best known students of the relations of earth to man. His prize essay, ‘ Der Staat SCIENCE. [N. 8. Vox. V. No. 106. und sein Boden, geographisch betrachtet’ (Leipzig, 1896, pp. 127), is a careful dis- cussion of the influence which the soil and its accessories bear upon the character and development of the inhabitants. It con- siders the state as a ‘territorial organism,’ explains the connection between the nat- ural and political areas, traces the develop- ment of this connection, and maintains the nigh inseparable association of the two. Prof. Ratzel is always a clear, agreeable writer. His learning is adequate to his subject. To many readers, however, this and his other works will seem to be a little arid and incomplete, from the absence of warmth of touch, of psychical sympathy, or, perhaps, want of consideration for the predominance of the will and the emotions in the affairs and the evolution of mankind. D. G. Brinton. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS. THE DAVY-FARADAY RESEARCH LABORATORY. THE Davyy-Faraday Research Laboratory, which we have already described, was opened by the Prince of Wales on December 21st. The laboratory, which Dr. Ludwig Mond has pre- sented to the Royal Institution, has cost for its building, equipment and endowment about $500,000. The laboratory is to be devoted to research work in physics and chemistry, and Lord Rayleigh and Prof. Dewar have consented to undertake the directorship. Dr. Mond made an address in the course of which, according to the report in the London Times, he said that psrsons of either sex or any nationality would be welcome within its walls who could satisfy the laboratory commmittee that they were fully qualified to undertake original scientific re- search in pure and physical chemistry, and pre- ference would naturally be given to those who had already published original work. If this country had distinguished itself in one way more than another in that glorious rivalry with other nations for extending our knowledge of natural phenomena and our power over the forces of nature it had been by the large num- JANUARY 8, 1897. ] ber of contributors to our knowledge, who on the Continent would be called amateurs in science—men who devoted their lives to the study and advancement of science from pure love for the subject. He need only instance the names of Cavendish, Joule and Darwin to show that they included men of the very highest rank. In giving this laboratory to the English nation he had done so in the firm conviction that this country would continue to bring forth in the future, as it had done in the past, men of the same rank and of the same devotion to science for its own sake, and it was a fond hope of his that such men would find there all the facilities and all the necessary appliances for carrying out their researches. The further we advanced in the study of nature the more accu- rate and elaborate was the apparatus required, and the more difficult it became to carry on delicate work in a private laboratory. He had placed that laboratory in the center of London because he believed that this great city would continue to be the intellectual center of the civilized world, where the brightest minds would congregate. He had intrusted it to the Royal Institution so as to insure its being open to men and women of all schools and of all views on scientific questions. THE MARINE BIOLOGY OF GREAT BRITAIN. THE committee of the British Association on the marine zoology, botany and geology of the Trish Sea presented, at the Liverpool meeting, its fourth and final report. The committee con- sisted of ten members, with Prof. W. A. Herd- Man as chairman and reporter. The report reviews the earlier work by the Liverpool Ma- rine Biology Committee and the investigations carried out in the Puffin Island station since 1887. That committee, in addition to annual reports, has published three volumes of the fauna, recording 2,133 species. In 1892 the committee relinquished Puffin Island and built the new biological station at a very much more convenient and richer locality, Port Erin, at the southwest end of the Isle of Man. In the following year a second building—the Aqua- rium—was added, and since then the institu- tion has been constantly in use and has proved increasingly useful each season, both to mem- SCIENCE. 55 bers of the committee and to other naturalists. Since the opening of the Port Erin station, in 1892, 56 biologists have paid over 200 longer or shorter visits for the purpose of working at the marine fauna and flora. The British Associa- tion Committee for the investigation of the Ma- rine Zoology, Botany and Geology of the Irish Sea was appointed in 1892, and three previous reports haye been submitted. The first, laid before the Nottingham meeting in 1893, gave an account of the limits and more prominent physical conditions.of the area under investi- gation, with a brief interim notice of the dredg- ing expeditions undertaken during the year. The second report, at the Oxford meeting in 1894, gave a fuller description of the methods of work on one of the dredging expeditions, and also included an account of the distribution of the submarine deposits of the area and a notice of the chief results of the year’s work, including some new species. The third report, given at Ipswich, dealt chiefly with the subma- rine deposits, the investigation of the surface currents, and with the distribution of animals as shown from dredging statistics. In the pres- ent final report the committee gives for the first time a complete list of all the species recorded from the area of the Irish Sea investigated. This list fills 28 pages. The greater part of the work of the committee has been zoological ; botany, however, has been represented by sev- eral investigators, and lists are given of the marine alge, including diatoms. DuRING the last fifty years, says Nature, much work has been done by marine naturalists all round the British coasts, with a view to deter- mining the distribution of those animals which live on the floor of the sea. It has been fully recognized that the localities frequented by many marine species are very definite and ex- tremely limited in extent, and that both the nature of the sea bottom and the creatures which live there exhibit as much variety as we are accustomed to find on land. The Marine Biological Association, with the assistance of a grant made for the purpose by the Royal So- ciety, has recently been engaged in an attempt to place our knowledge of this subject upon a sounder basis by investigating in detail some of 56 SCIENCE. the grounds in the neighborhood of Plymouth, including important fishing grounds, with refer- ence to the nature of the sea bottom at each locality, and the whole assemblage of animals found there. Detailed charts are being pre- pared to exhibit the variations which take place from point to point. No attempt has previously been made to study fishing grounds with such thoroughness, having regard not only to the fishes, but to the whole collection of animal life which forms the basis of the food upon which the fishes exist. The investigation, which has involved a large amount of dredging and trawling, as well as the identification of the numerous species captured, has been carried out by Mr. BE. J. Allen, the Director of the Plymouth Laboratory. GENERAL. THE remains of Pasteur were removed, on December 26th, from the Cathedral of Notre Dame to the Pasteur Institute, where the cortége was met by members of the Academy, representatives of the government and delegates from learned societies and foreign countries. Speeches were made by M. Rambaud, M. Bodin ; Sir John Evans, representing the British Association ; Sir Dyce Duckworth, represent- ing the Royal College of Physicians, and others. A mausoleum, to be decorated with designs il- lustrating Pasteur’s contributions to science and industry, has been built at the Institute. Dr. THEODORE G. WORMLEY, since 1877 pro- fessor of chemistry and toxicology in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania and the author of im- portant contributions to these sciences, died at Philadelphia on January 3d, aged seventy years. THE death is announced, in his eightieth year, of Mr. Horatio Hale, of Clinton, Ontario, well known for his contributions to our knowledge of the languages and customs of the North American Indians. Dr. F. BuxkA, professor of geometry in the University of Berlin, died on December 4th, at the age of forty-five years. Mr. EDWARD FALKENER, the English archee- ologist, died on December 17th, in his eighty- third year. Str Henry MANCE has been elected Presi- [N. S. Vou. V. No. 106. dent of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London. M. Liarp, the head of the University De- partment of the French Ministry of Education, has been elected a member of the Academy of Moral Sciences in the place of the late M. Jules Simon. THE tercentenary of the birth of Descartes has been celebrated at Tours by the local archeological society, two addresses being delivered and verses composed by M. Sully Prudhomme being recited. A pilgrimage has also been made to the house at La Haye in which Descartes was born. THE jubilee of the entrance into professional life of Dr. Roussel, of Paris, has been celebrated at the Sorbonne. Mr. Barthou, Minister of the Interior, presented him with a gold medal, and his bust was unveiled. In 1874 Dr. Roussel, who has been a Deputy and is now a Senator, carried a bill for the protection of infants placed out at nurse. This measure checked the abuses of baby farming. Dr. Roussel has also effected legislation against drunkenness, for the protec- tion of foundlings, and for gratuitous medical aid for the poor. Mr. FREDERICK IVES gave a lecture, on De- cember 16th, at the Fine Arts Societies Galleries in London, on his method of photography in natural colors, and exhibited photographs so taken. AT the annual business meeting of the Geo- logical Society of Washington, held December 23, 1896, officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows: President, Arnold Hague; Vice-Presidents, J. S. Diller and Whitman Cross (re-elected); Treasurer, M. R. Campbell; Secretaries, C. Willard Hayes and T. W. Stan- ton (re-elected) ; Members-at-Large of Council, S. F. Emmons, G. K. Gilbert, R. T. Hill, G. P. Merrill and Chas. D. Walcott. Mr. Walcott subsequently tendered his resignation from the Council, leaving a vacancy. Tur American Economic Association held a successful meeting at Baltimore, ending De- cember 31st. The following officers were elected: President, Henry C. Adams, Ph. D., Michigan; Vice-Presidents, Franklin H. Gid- dings, M. A., Columbia, EB. R. L. Gould, Ph D., JANUARY 8, 1897. ] Johns Hopkins, Roland P. Falkner, Ph. D., Pennsylvania; Secretary, Walter F. Wilcox, Ph. D., Cornell; Treasurer, Charles H. Hull, Ph. D., Cornell. THE Swedish Consul-General at Shanghai has telegraphed to Stockholm that Dr. Sven Hedin, the Scandinavian traveller, has arrived at Liang-chau-fu, in Kansu, to the northeast of Lake Koko Nor, after a successful journey through the unknown regions of northern Tibet by way of Tsaidam and Koto Nor. Dr. Sven Hedin hopes to reach Peking in two months’ time. Dr. ANDREE proposes to repeat his attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon this year. Dr. Knut Frankel expects to accompany him as meteorologist in place of Dr. Ekholm. It is also reported that MM. Godard and Surcouf, two French aéronauts, propose making a similar attempt in 1898. THE Lancet states that some interesting ‘Druidical’ remains on and around Dartmoor have been destroyed by the contractors of the Newton Royal District Council, who have broken up the stones for repairing the surface of the roads. The remains known as the Stone- avenue, at Bel Tor corner on Sherberton-com- mon, have been demolished, and several ‘hut circles’ and ‘ mainhir’ have completely disap- peared. Fortunately the work of destruction has been now stopped by the energetic action of Exeter antiquaries, but the loss of these inter- esting relics is much to be deplored. ACCORDING to the report of the Board of Health of New York City the death rate for 1896 was 21.54 as compared with 23.105 in 1895, and an average of 26.63 for the five pre- ceding years. The total number of deaths dur- ing 1896 was 41,652, and of births 55,723. The estimated population of New York City on July Ist was 1,934,077. THE Common Council of Brooklyn voted No- vember 30th to establish a public library for that city, in the interest of which a public meeting will be held at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, January 14, 1897, in connection with the joint meeting of the New York Library Association and New York Library Club which occurs the same day at the Art Institute. SCIENCE. 57 THE New York Evening Post reports that in the Berlin Museum of Ethnology the large and valuable collections of Gustav Nachtigal have now been placed. These collections date from 1884-85 and comprise all sorts of objects from the west coast of Africa, beginning on the Orange River south and ending on the Volta north. All the objects are flawless, and among them are full native equipment in weapons, tools, apparel, religious rites, household utensils, etc., the finest pieces coming from Borneo, Wadai, Darfoor, Kordofan, and from the dis- tricts along the Niger and in the Sudan. Some of the native garbs are exquisitely woven and ornamented, silk and gold. THE William Gossage Laboratory and the extension of the chemical laboratories of Uni- versity College, Liverpool were opened on December 12th, by the Harl of Derby. The former includes a large laboratory with accom- modations for 44 advanced students, and in the basement is an additional lecture room to seat 70 or 80, a preparation room and a gas-analysis room. The other new buildings comprise a metallurgical laboratory, with furnaces and other equipments, an important addition to the research laboratory, store-room for apparatus and chemicals, a dynamo room, electric-accumu- lator room, and a heating chamber. The William Gossage Laboratory was built by Mr. F. H. Gossage and Mr. T. Sutton Timmons, at a cost of £7,000, and presented to University College. To connect the laboratory with the old build- ing, other buildings are being provided by public subscription, and the cost will be about £4,000. The opening address was delivered by Prof. W.. Ramsay. Ir is reported that patents for inventions which relate to the production of electrical energy, or in which electricity is in any way employed, are refused in Turkey. There is nothing in the law to warrant any such refusal, and the only explanation afforded by the Turkish authorities is that orders have been re- ceived ‘from the Palace’ forbidding the grant of patents for such inventions. The fees paid on application are not returned. Mr. FRANCIS GALTON recently contributed to the Fortnightly Review an article describing 58 how a system similar to that of the Morse code might be used in signalling to the planets. We now find in a leading daily paper an article with the headline ‘ Mars is Signalling Us,’ in- cluding an account of the method by which the signals are recorded in ‘one of the great European observatories.’ Ir is probable that but few people realize the number of ‘scientific’ journals published in America. One of these which has now con- cluded its tenth volume is devoted to ‘ Kore- shanity,’ founded on ‘‘ Koreshan astronomy, the basis of which makes the sun the center and the earth the circumference of the universe, from which it is conclusive that the earth is a hollow sphere, with its habitable surface con- eave, forming an integral, alchemico-organic structure, which, as demonstrated in the cellu- lar cosmogonic system, perpetuates itself through the eternal and causative forces and functions operating within it.’’ A PETITION has been received asking sub- scriptions in aid of those who suffered from the effects of a waterspout on the island of St. Michael, in the Azores. It is stated in the petition that on November 25th a great water- spout broke over the city of Povoacao, of about twenty-five thousand inhabitants. Almost in an instant the deluge mounted above the roofs of the houses, after tearing up the pavement of the streets in its course, and digging trenches in them, in some places fifteen feet below their ordinary level. It was in the night that the waterspout broke, and the great torrent, rush- ing down the slopes to the sea, tore a wide channel through nine miles of country, bearing away the homes of thousands of people and causing great destruction of life. A SERIOUS landslide has occurred near Rath- more, County Kerry, Ireland. Part of the earth composing a bog, carrying with it rocks, trees, houses and animals, has been swept into the river Flesk and the lakes of Kilarny. GIANT’s CAUSEWAY, in the north of Ireland, from the early part of the last century down to the present day, has been visited by a largely increasing number of persons without let or hindrance, and it is now annually visited by about 80,000 persons. A small limited liability SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 106. company was formed in June last for the pur- pose of enclosing the causeway and making a profit out of it by charging a toll for admission. A few months ago they began to put up an iron fence, and they have brought an action against three gentlemen who persisted in walking over the causeway. To defend the public right of access to it, the National Footpath Preservation Society has issued an appeal for funds to defend the case. ACCORDING to cablegrams to the London Times, vigorous measures are being taken in South Africa to stop the spread of the rinder- pest. The Premier of Cape Colony has stated that the disease had not advanced towards the colony in the past two months. The govern- ment were utilizing the peculiar geographical advantages of the country, which would enable the border to be fenced from the Atlantic on one side to the Indian Ocean on the other, and they entertained distinct hopes of saving the colony and Pondoland from the ravages of the epidemic. The government, Sir Gordon Sprigg added, were doing everything that was humanly pos- sible to that end, and the farmers and natives, to whom he had fully explained the situation, were anxiously assisting the efforts of the goy- ernment by every meansin their power. Major Leutwein, Governor of German Southwest Africa, took measures at the beginning of Oc- tober to prevent the introduction of rinderpest into the colony. The southern border has been entirely closed by means of patrols between the existing stations, and in the Simon Kopper terri- tory, near the Kalahari desert, an additional station has been erected. The eastern frontier is guarded by stations and patrols which, though sufficient to prevent men or cattle from crossing the border, are unable to hinder the movements of game or wild animals. To the north and northeast similar measures are being taken to prevent the introduction of the disease from the neighborhood of Lake Ngami. It is to be hoped that the praiseworthy efforts of the German authorities to prevent the spread of the rinder- pest may be crowded with success. THE New York Academy of Medicine will celebrate the semi-centennial of its foundation on January 29th. There will be exercises in JANUARY 8, 1897. ] Carnegie Hall at which addresses will be made by President Cleveland, Prof. Jacobi and others, and afterwards there will be a reception at the building of the Academy, the corner stone of which was laid by President Cleveland in 1889. BRANCHES of the British Medical Association are being formed in the leading cities of Canada as a preliminary of the visit of the Association next year. Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax and Winnipeg have already strong local branches. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS. THE cablegram report that Alfred Nobel had left his fortune to Stockholm University is now said to be incorrect. A cablegram from Stockholm, dated December 31st, states that the fortune, valued at $10,000,000, is almost en- tirely bequeathed for the foundation of an inter- national fund for the advancement of scientific research. THE Stevens Institute of Technology, Hobo- ken, N. J., will celebrate its twenty-fifth anni- versary on February 18th and 19th. PRESIDENT HARPER, of the University of Chicago, has announced a deficit for the year of $48,000, and that retrenchment will be neces- sary especially in the direction of scholarships and assistance to students. GEN. G. W. C. LrEe has resigned from the presidency of Washington and Lee University, to take effect at the end of the academic year. ArT the inauguration of the Lyons University, the rector, M. Compayré, announced a dona- tion to the University of £4,000. The British Medical Journal states that the donor is M. Auguste Falcouz, a Lyons banker. The interest of this sum is to be disposed of as follows: Every two years a prize of £40 sterling will be given to the students of each of the four facul- ties—literature, science, law and medicine— who write the best essay on a current subject. All French students under 80 years of age can compete. The subject of the essay will be chosen by the Council of the Lyons University a year in advance. Every two years instru- ments for the science and medical faculties will also be bought. When fifty years have elapsed, SCIENCE. 59 the Lyons University will have entire control over the capital in order to be able to meet the demands of scientific progress. THE Austrian government has brought in a bill on the salaries of university professors. The present salary of a professor is now about $1,200, and he receives in addition the fees from students attending his courses. It is now proposed to raise somewhat the fixed salaries and let the fees of students go to the state. This would equalize the salaries of professors, but is being opposed especially by professors in the medical school whose required courses are attended by a large number of students. WE recently referred to the action of the regents of the University of the State of New York making it illegal for colleges of the State to give the degrees A. B. and Ph. D. causa honoris. When colleges in other states either voluntarily or by compulsion cease giving the Ph. D. degree causa honoris and for study in absentia, those who wish to possess this.‘ honor’ without the education it represents will need to go to the newly founded ‘ university’ at Buenos Ayres. It appears that they can there receive the degree by a course of study in extent (in- formation regarding its thoroughness is lacking) about equal to that in an American college as far as the end of the sophomore year. The candidates for the doctorate, it appears, need not know any mathematics, but they must study one science—geography, and that of both the ‘old and new continents.’ A SECOND university will be opened in Japan during the present year. It will be at Kyoto and will for the present only include profes- sional schools. It is also reported that a Dutch university will be established in Pretoria. An English university at Cape Town seems to be much needed. Pror. B. HATSHECK, of Prague, has been called to the chair of zoology in the University of Vienna, vacant by the resignation of Prof. K. Claus. Prof. Th. Curtius, of Kiel, has been called to the chair of chemistry at Bonn, va- cant through the death of Kekulé. Dr. P. E. Study, associate professor of mathematics at Bonn, has been called to the chair of mathe- matics at Greifswald. Dr. Schitsler, of the 60 Polytechnic Institute of Graz, has been pro- moted to an assistant professorship of Geom- etry and Dr. W. Felix, of the University of Zu- rich, to an assistant professorship of anatomy. DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE. CLOUDS OVER A FIRE. On Tuesday, December 1st, I had an excel- lent opportunity to observe the formation of cumulus clouds over the smoke from a large fire. The morning was clear, with the excep- tion of a few scattered strato-cumulus and cumulus clouds near the horizon. The wind was northwest and blowing at about 12-15 milesan hour. The fire was in the coal pockets of the Boston and Maine Railroad, in Charles- town, and burned fiercely for some hours, send- ing up immense volumes of smoke which were blown off to sea across the city of Boston. The cloud, as I observed it, looking from the south- west and thus obtaining a view at right angles to the smoke, was formed at some little distance to the southeast of the fire, and over a part of the smoke, which rose up higher than the rest, as is shown in Fig. 1. It was distinctly a cumulus, but its base and a good deal of its main portion were often obscured by the smoke. Fig. 2 is intended to give some idea of what was observed as the second stage in the phenom- enon. The whole body of the cloud has been carried to the southeast, further away from the fire, and the effect of the stronger upper winds is seen in the blowing forward of the top of the cloud. At this stage the cloud could plainly be seen to be dissolving as it descended to lower levels. In Fig. 3 we have represented, to the right, the third stage of the cloud, which is now rap- idly diminishing in size and being carried away by the wind, while nearer the fire a new cumu- lus has been formed. It was noted that the formation of the cumulus in its first position, as shown in Fig. 1 and at the left of Fig. 3, was in- termittent. There was not always a cloud at that point, but one grew whenever there was an especially active ascent of the smoke, and the position of this first cloud, at its beginning, was always the same with reference to the fire and the trail of smoke. SCIENCE. [N. 8. Von. V. No. 106.: mes Ahyp3 A pais * Cit ee, Bees Fig. 4. Fig. 2 & JOS SD e a ees Set I Fig 3. ee ee ee ea vhs, Vo N as ee Fég. 4 GcCunris, There seems little need of comment on this simple but interesting phenomenon. The con- ditions for cloud formation were not reached vertically over the fire, for the smoke was blown to leeward at once, and the warmed air did not rise high enough to reach its dew-point until it had been blown a-quarter or a-half of a mile to the southeast. For this reason Figs. 1, 2 and 3 show the cloud to the right of the fire. Looked at down the wind, 7. e., from the north- west, the appearance of smoke and cloud were as shown in Fig. 4 It may be interesting to note in this connec- tion the case of cloud formation over a fire mentioned by Espy in his Fourth Meteorological Report. The observer quoted by Espy was on the top of Mt. Monadnock, N. H., and saw the growth of a cumulus cloud over a fire of brush on the lowland. The cloud increased in size, and finally gave a shower of rain over a limited area. The accompanying figures were drawn by —~ JANUARY 8, 1897. ] Mr. G. ©. Curtis, Assistant in the Physical Geography Laboratory of Harvard University, ‘from his own observations and after sketches made by the writer. R. DEC. WARD. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, December 19, 1896. COMPLIMENT OR PLAGIARISM ? Our attention has been called to a communi- cation from Professor George Bruce Halsted in a recent number of SCIENCE in which he says that we ‘took’ a whole block of problems and a long note from Halsted’s Elements of Geometry. If Professor Halsted had only printed in parallel columns extracts from Halsted’s Ele- ments of Geometry and the corresponding paragraphs in Beman and Smith’s Plane and Solid Geometry, his charge of plagiarism would have fallen to the ground. For those, however, who have not the two books at hand, it may be worth while to make a few comments upon his accusation. The order of the problems: To bisect a peri- gon; to trisect a perigon ; to divide a perigon into five equal angles; to divide a perigon into fif- teen equal angles, etc., isso natural that for this Professor Halsted will surely claim no original- ity. Thesame order may be found in Newcomb’s Elements of Geometry, an earlier book than Halsted’s. Does Professor Halsted claim that we ‘took’ our solutions from his book? A comparison will show only such resemblances as are inevitable when two authors are dealing with the same material. It must then be the terminology, and especially the word ‘perigon,’ which we have been guilty of appropriating. A modern treatment of the subject of angles requires the use of single terms for the angle formed by a half revolution of the moving arm and the angle formed by a com- plete revolution. To designate the former the term straight angle is now fully established ; for the latter we had a choice among such terms as round angle, circum-angle, perigon, full angle, closed angle. After due consideration we chose ‘perigon,’ a word given in both the Century and Standard Dictionaries, and found in several geometries, among them Faifofer’s (perigano). SCIENCE. 61 Finally Professor Halsted lays especial empha- sis upon the long note which we ‘took’ from his Elements. HALSTED. REMARK.—From the time of Euclid, about 300 B. C., no advance was made in the inscription of regular poly- gons until Gauss, in 1796, found that aregular polygon of 17 sides was inscriptible, and in his abstruse Arith- metic, published in 1801, gave the following: In order that the geomet- rie division of the circle in- to n parts may be possible m must be 2, or a higher power of 2, or else a prime number of the form 2m +1, or a product of two or more different prime numbers of that form, or else the pro- duct of a power of 2 by one or more different prime num- bers of that form. In other words, it is neces- sary that 2 should contain no odd divisor not of the form 2m+1, nor contain the same divisor of that form more than once. Below 300 the following 38 are the only possible values of n: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 30, 32, 34, 40, 48, 51, 60, 64, 68, 80, 85, 96, 102, 120, 128, 136, 160, 170, 192; 204, 240, 255, 256, 257, 272. We quote the two notes in full. .j BEMAN AND SMITH. Note.—That a perigon could be divided into 2n, 3:2n, 5:2n, 15°2n equal angles was known as early as Eu- clid’s time. By the use of the compasses and straight edge, no other partitions were deemed possible. In 1796 Gauss found, and pub- lished in 1801, that a perigon could be divided into 17 and hence into 17:25 equal angles; furthermore, that it could be divided into 2m+1 equal an- gles if 2m+1 was a prime number; and, in general, that it could be divided into a number of equal angles represented by the product of different prime numbers of the form 2m+1. Hence it follows that a perigon can be divided into a number of equal angles represented by the product of 20 and one or more different prime num- bers of the form 2m+1. Itis shown in the Theory of Num- bers that if 2m+1 is prime m must equal 22p; hence the general form for the prime numbers mentioned is 22p+1. Gauss’s proof is only semi- geometric, and is not adap- ted to elementary geometry, Of course Professor Halsted is aware that from the days of Young, possibly earlier, in his Ele- ments of Geometry, 1827, up to the present the substance of Halsted’s ‘long note’ has been given in the better geometries, as witness Baltzer, Henrici and Treutlein, Chauvenet, Newcomb. Professor Halsted’s motive in making his charges we leave for others to determine. BEMAN AND SMITH. VOLCANIC DUST IN SOUTHWESTERN NEBRASKA AND IN SOUTH DAKOTA. Apropos of Prof. Salisbury’s note on the sub- ject in ScrENcE of December 4th, I would call attention to the fact that the occurrence of volcanic ashes in southwestern Nebraska has long been known. At the same time, notices of present exposures are of value. The deposit was at first called ‘geyserite’ by Prof. S. Aughey before 1880. References to the subject will be found as follows: ‘Sketches of Physical Geography and Geology of Nebraska,’ 1880, by S. Aughey: American Geologist, Vol. I., p. 877, and Vol. IL., pp. 64 and 487; Proceedings 62 U.S. National Museum, Vol. VII., p. 99; Am. Journal of Science, Sept., 1886. These refer to the region in question. Closely similar de- posits have been found as far east as Omaha, and as far north as the Missouri River in Knox Co., Neb. An interesting and important question which should be kept in mind by those observing these deposits is whether there is more than one horizon shown at any one locality. Thus far I think no one has reported more than one, and it may be that all are to be referred to one eruption. If so the deposit becomes a most important reference horizon. As arelated item of intelligence I may add that this last summer I discovered a deposit of somewhat similar character extending a dozen miles or so along the South Fork of White River, in Lugenbeel Co., 8. D., showing a thick- ness in places of more than 10 feet. This deposit is, however, of a light green color, coarser than that of Nebraska and more con- solidated than I have seen there. Moreover it seems to mark the transition from the White River epoch to the Loup Fork. J. E. Topp. STATE UNIVERSITY, VERMILION, 8. D. SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. GRASSES OF NORTH AMERICA.* THE botanists of this country have been look- ing forward with interest for several years to the publication of the second volume of Dr. Beal’s ‘Grasses of North America.’ Single- handed and alone, away from the larger libra- ries and collections, Dr. Beal has patiently and persistently carried forward the work which he has finally brought to completion and pre- sented to the public in the volume before us. Much interest attaches to the work, for we have here presented, for the first time, in a single volume, descriptions of all the grasses of the United States and northward, which the writer *Grasses of North America, by W. J. Beal, M. A., M. 8., Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Michigan Agricultural College, Vol. II. The grasses classified, described, and each genus illustrated, with chapters on their geographical distribution and their bibliog- raphy. Henry Holt & Company, New York. SCIENCE. [N. S. Von. V. No. 106. was able to obtain, together with those which have in recent years been collected in Mexico by Mr. C. G. Pringle and Dr. E. Palmer. No work of similar character has before been pub- lished, and those wishing to find descriptions of our grasses, excepting for limited areas, have been obliged to consult numerous publications through which the descriptions were scattered. The total number of species described in the work, including introduced species and those cultivated for use or ornament, is 912, covering 659 pages. With few exceptions, these descrip- tions, which are very full, have been originally drawn up by the author. The nomenclature adopted is that of the so-called ‘Rochester code,’ and in every case full citations of authorities are given, considerable space being devoted to synonymy. The author states in his preface that ‘‘it has required some courage and persistence to ad- here to the work so long, realizing fully that it must contain many defects, and that per- haps its chief use would be to serve as a basis for others to enlarge in the future, correct and otherwise improve.’’ This is very often the fate of scientific publications, and no one can hope to produce a work of any considerable extent which shall be beyond criticism or entirely free from errors. The work before us is no excep- tion to this statement, and the criticisms or cor- rections here given are made in the kindliest spirit, with the intent of calling attention to some of the more important mistakes, hoping thereby to enhance the usefulness of the work, rather than discredit its value. Collectors in preparing their labels occasion- ally overlook the importance of carefully noting the locality and station of the specimens gath- ered, and more often still they fail to note the date of collection or altitude. It is almost dis- couraging, and even annoying sometimes, to look over a dozen or more sheets of specimens and find nothing more definite in regard to these particulars than the name of the State— it may be ‘Texas,’ or again, the ‘ Rocky Moun- tains.’ The author meets here a condition of things which places him at a disadvantage—by rendering his work incomplete—with the reader or student of biology, a position which might have been avoided by a trifling effort on the JANUARY 8, 1897.] part of the collector. The effect of this want of care in preparing labels is manifest in the work under consideration, in which the geographical distribution of the species is given, but the range is often limited to the material examined by the author. Errors in the recorded distri- bution of plants may, and often do, arise from incorrect determinations of species. There is an example of this given under Danthonia seri- cea Nutt., the range of which is recorded as ‘New England to Florida, Colorado and Cali- fornia.’ This species does not occur west of the Mississippi, the Western grasses referred to it belonging to other species. The occurrence of Alopecurus alpinus within the limits of the - United States is doubtful. The specimens from the Rocky Mountains in the National Herbarium referred to that species are all A. occidentalis Seribn. Sporobolus beevifolius (Nutt.) Scribn. (Vilfa cuspidata Torr.) does not occur east of Ohio ; there are no specimens in the National Herbarium from east of Missouri and Minne- sota. The grass from Northern Maine referred to this species is a slender form of Sporobolus depauperatus named by Trinius Vilfa richard- sonis. This form extends westward to the Rocky Mountains. The scientific author employs figures to illus- trate facts or to more clearly demonstrate his written statements. The author and not the artist is held responsible for their correctness. The reader has little interest in the artist unless his work possesses some special merit for which he has received general recognition, such as ac- curacy gained through a knowledge of the sub- ject illustrated. This matter is here referred to because of the constant citation by the au- thor of ‘Grasses of North America,’ of the draughtsmen who executed the figures used by him, and because of a few mistakes which these citations apparently render the present writer in some degree responsible. Fig. 11, on page 35, is Blepharidachne kingii (8. Wats.) Hackel (Hremochloe kingii S. Wats.) and not Hremochloa leersioides (Munro) Hack. Blepharidachne is a genus of two species closely related to Triodia, and is omitted from the work. Fig. 20 on page 77 is not Arundinella palmeri as stated. A, in the figure, is.a spikelet of A. brasiliensis; a, is the floret of the same. B, SCIENCE. 63 is a spikelet of A. deppeana, and b, a floret of the same. Fig. 22, on page 96, does not illustrate Pas- palum floridanum, but is the reproduction of a drawing copied in part from Trinius and de- signed to illustrate P. setaceum Michx. Fig. 37, on page 178, is incorrectly explained. A, is a spikelet of Homalocenchrus oryzoides, and a, is a spikelet of H. monandrus, and not a floret of H. oryzoides, as stated. Fig. 41, page 229, illustrates a spikelet of Stipa richardson Link, and not- Oryzopsis macounti (Scribn.) Beal. Stipa richardsonii Link appears to have been omitted from the work. Fig. 53, on page 316, is said to be ‘ Epicampes macroura.’ The drawing was made to illus- trate a spikelet of a grass (No. 3335 Pringle) which was doubtfully referred to Epicampes bourgaet Fourn., described on page 310. Fig. 109, on page 525, was drawn by Scrib- ner, but figure 81, on page 440, designed to il- lustrate Opizia stolonifera, was not. Fig. 76, on page 527, is not ‘ Bouteloua texana,’ but Bouteloua trizna Scribn. in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1891), p. 307. Fig. 117, on page 627, illustrates parts of a spikelet of Brachypodium pinnatum var. ces- pitosum (No. 3443 Pringle), deseribed in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1891) p. 305, and not B. mexicanum, as stated. Fig. 118, page 632, illustrates some parts of Jouvea pilosa (Presl) Scribn., and not Jouvea straminea Fourn., which is figured in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: pl., 266. There are in the work about 160 new names, specific and varietal, arising partly from the system of nomenclature adopted, partly from the shifting of species from one genus to an- other and the reduction of species to varieties, or the elevation of varieties to species, and partly from the publication of new species. There are about forty species named and de- seribed, which have heretofore been unpub- lished, or at least unidentified, and are pre- sumably new species.. These are chiefly Mexi- can grasses, and, for the most part, occur in the collections of Mr. C. G. Pringle, the names in nearly all cases being those under which the species were distributed. Among the species described as new are the following : 64 Andropogon geminata Hackel ined. Arundinella palmeri Vasey ined. Paspalum pittiert Hackel MS. = Pringle 2359. Panicum sonorum Beal. Panicum vaseyanwm Scribn. ined. = 1435 Pringle. Pennisetum durum Beal. = 498 and 817 Pringle. Stipa multinode Scribn. ined. = 385 Pringle. Oryzopsis pringlei Scribn. ined. = 4759 Pringle. Muhlenbergia pulcherrima Seribn. ined. =1416 Pringle. Muhlenbergia firma Beal. = 4914 Pringle. Muhlenbergia nebulosa Scribn. ined. = 2366 Pringle. Muhlenbergia elongata Scribn. ined. == 398 and 3477 Pringle. Muhlenbergia brevifolia Scribn. ined. = 4736 Pringle. Muhlenbergia laxiflora Seribn. ined. = 1412 Pringle. Muhlenbergia strictior (Scribn. ) = 1418 Pringle. Sporobolus macrospermus Scribn. ined. = 2447 Pringle. Epicampes anomata Scribn. ined. = 1423 Pringle. Calamagrostis erecta Beal (Calamagrostis plwmosa Scribn. ined. ) = 4726 Pringle. Calamagrostis pringlei (Scribn. ). Calamagrostis lactea Beal. = 1022 Suksdorf. Trisetum filifolium Scribn. ined. = 1431 Pringle. Trisetwm sandbergii Beal. sp. nov. Eragrostis pusillus Scribn. ined. = 2327 Pringle. Eragrostis erosa Scribn. ined. = 415 Pringle. Eragrostis plumbea Scribn. ined. = 2311 Pringle. Melica parishii Vasey ined. Poa vaseyana Scribn. ined. Too near P. wheeleri Vasey. Poa subaristata Scribn. ined. (Macoun’s Catalogue, without description) = 633 Tweedy. Poa acuminata Scribn. ined. Colpodiwm mucronatum (Hackel). Graphephorum pringlei Scribn. ined. = 4765 Pringle. Festuca howellii Hackel in herb. Festuca vaseyana Hack. ined. Festuca dasyclada Hack. ined. Bromus laciniatus Beal. = 4897 Pringle. Brachypodium pringlei Scribn. ined. Hordeum montanense Scribn. ined. Elymus innovatus Beal. Several species described are presented in a manner that might lead one to infer they were published here for the first time. Among these are: Paspalum inops Vasey, published in 1893 (Contr. U. S. Nat’l. Herb. 1. 65); Atropis uni- aterale, published and figured in 1893 under Poa (Vasey in Grasses of the Pacific Slope, t. 85); Agrostis inflata Scribu., published in 1894 in the Canadian Record of Science, where also was published Poa trivialis var. filiculmis Scribn. SCIENCE. [N. S. Vou. V. No. 106. Andropogon floridanus was published in a Bul- letin of the Torrey Botanical Olub, 23: 145 (1896). It is unfortunate that unpublished names should in any case have been cited as synonyms, as the citation has no significance, and the publication here prevents their possible future use. The grasses cited under Panicum indicum are P. phleiforme Presl, a species very closely allied, to and perhaps not distinct from, P. indicum. Chamzraphis is taken up for Setaria, and made to include Panicum sulcatum Aubl., which belongs to the section Ptychophyllum of Panicum, while Panicum palmeri and P. rever- choni, the first a species of Izvophorus, the latter a Setaria, are described under Panicum, and classed in the section Ptychophyllum. Panicum schiedeanum, described on page 119, is also an Ixophorus, closely related to the species de- scribed as Panicum palmert. Chameraphis lati- glumis, described on page 152, is not a Setaria, but belongs toa distinct genus, named Setari- opsis (see Scribn. Pub. Field Col. Mus., Bot. Ser., I.: 288 (1896)). ‘Chamzraphis caudata var. paucifiora Vasey ined.,’ for which 191 E. Palmer is cited, is a small form of S. Liebmanni Fourn. The synonyms cited under Chameraphis uniseta are incorrect for No. 381 EK. Palmer, the grass referred to. Setaria wniseta Fourn. and Uro- chloa uniseta Pres] are Ixophorus wunisetus Schlecht., the species described under Panicum palmert on page 120. ‘ Muhlenbergia lycuroides Vasey ined.,’ described on page 239, for which 489 KE. Palmer is cited, is again described on page 271, under the name Lycurus phleoides var. brevifolius (Scribn.). Pereilema Presl, de- scribed on page 271, is cited as a synonym under Agrostis on page 320. Sporobolus de- pauperatus var. filiformis Beal, on page 296, characterized as having ‘the culm 10 to 12 cm. long, exserted for more than half its length ; panicle much reduced, 2 em. long,’ is Sporobolus gracillimus (Thurb.). Sporobolus ovatus Beal, for which Sporobolus minor Vasey is sited as a synonym, simply adds another synonym to Sporobolus vagineflorus (Torr.). Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal, page 344, is certainly Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br., a species quite distinct from C. sylvatica of Europe. Calamagrostis sylvatica var. americana Vasey, described on p. 347, is the same. Spartina JANUARY 8, 1897.] densiflora, described on p. 397, is the same as S. junciformis Engelm. & Gray, described on page 400. Boutelowa ramosa Scribn. is described on page 416, and again on page 418 it appears as a variety of Bouteloua oligostachya. Leptochola polygama (Fourn.), described on page 487, is the same as Gouinia polygama Fourn., a species identical with Bromus virgatus Presl. Gouinia appears to be a well established genus, and the grass in question should be named Gowinia vir- gata (Presl). Eragrostis pallida Vasey, de- scribed on page 479, is not distinct from £. glomerata (Walt.), E. conferta Trin., described on page 481, but it is very unlike Hrgroastis alba Presl, the type of which has been seen by the writer. Under Atropis fendleriana (Steud.) is in- cluded under Poa arida Vasey, which is a distinct and well marked species, as are Poa eatoni 8. Wats. and Poa lucida Vasey, also cited as syno- nyms, although the latter is very close to Poa buckleyana Nash. Atropis levis (Vasey) is, as stated, Poa levis Vasey, but that name should be changed to Poa levigata. ‘ Festuca rubra var. pubescens Vasey ined.’ is the same as Bromus secundus Presl, and Festuca richardsonii Hook.., Bromus barbatoides Beal, page 614, is Bromus trintiDesy. Ramaley, and not R. Pound, ought to be cited after Agropyron violacescens on page 635, and after Agropyron caninoides on page 640.