CADBURY’s by ABSOLUTELY PURE, >< il therefore BEST. ‘The standard of highest Purity.” — The Lancet. = remaall co = fn Dy UU ? ESTABLISHED 1865, b 7 4 | SN SS i! r ij f ' A 7 LN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY RECORD OF és Za ca a 5 P RING f r) ) p EDITED BY JOHN, TY. CARRINGTON AND F. WINSTONE,, New Series. Vol. Vill., Mo. 8G. JULY 1901. “Sal wii, as uy SCIENCE-COSSIP (9% ily ai A, Nature, Country Lore & Applied Science. genres ARE NOW OVERDUE. N.B.—SUBSCRIPTIONS BEGINNING WITH VOL. VIII. LONDON: ‘¢ScIENCE-GossIP ” OFFICE, 110 STRAND, W.C. WHOLESALE AGENTS—HORACE MARSHALL & SON. BERLIN: R. FrigDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. [AZ Rizhts Reserved.) PRICE SIXPENCE One a SCIENCE-GOSSIP. MASON’S -MICROSCOPICAL SPECIMENS, SERIES OF BOTANICAL SECTIONS. INSECT DISSEC- TIONS or MISCELLANEOUS, is. id. List for Stamp. Many new Preparations in hand for coming Season. Practical Hints on Mounting. (Copyright Pamphlet) 6d. R. G. MASON, 69 Park Rd., CLAPHAM, S.W. LIVING SPECIMENS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. Volvox, Spirogyra, Desmids, Diatoms, Amoeba, Arcella, Actino- sphaerium, Vorticella, Stentor, Hydra, Floscularia, Stephanoceros, Melicerta, and many other Specimens of Pond Life. Price 1s. per Tube. Post Free. Helix pomatia, Astacus, Amphioxus, Rana, Anodon, &c., for Dissection purposes. THOMAS BOLTON, 25 BALSALL HEATH ROAD, BIRMINGHAM. MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. THE LABORATORY, PLYMOUTH. The following Animals can always be supplied either living or preserved by the best methods :— Sycon; Clava, Obelia, Sertularia ; Actinia, Tealia, Caryophyllia, Alcyonium ; Hormiphoria (preserved) ; Leptoplana ; Lineus, Amphiporus; Nereis Aphrodite, Arenicola, Lanice, Terebella ; Lepas, Balanus, Gammarus, Ligia, Mysis, Nebalia, Carcinus ; Patella, Buccinum, Eledone, Pecten ; Bugula, Crisia, Perdicellina ; Holothuria, Asterias, Echinus ; Ascidia, Salpa (preserved), Scyllium, Raia, etc., etc. For Prices and more detailed Lists apply to The Director, Biological Laboratory, | Plymouth. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. W. F. Hi. ROSENBERG, F.Z.S:, begs to _ announce that he has removed from 48a CHARING CBOE ROAD, W.C., 57 HAVERSTOCK HILL, LONDON, N.W., where all orders will receive prompt attention. All kinds of Natural History Apparatus kept in stock. (ME Price List of British Lepidoptera post free. _ BROWNING’S ~ PLATYSCOPIC LENS. WITH LARGER ANGLES, INCREASED FIELD, Al IMPROVED DEFINITION. Engraved Real Size. AN ACHROMATIC COMBINATION, CoMBINING THE DEFINITION OF A MICROSCOPE WITH THE PoRTABILITY OF A POCKET LENS. “‘If you carry a small Platyscopic Pocket Lens (which every observer of Nature ought to do).”’—GraNnT ALLEN, in mae | Knowledge. “T have long carried one of these instruments and found [i invaluable.” - Joun T. Carrincron, Editor of Sczence- Gossip. The Platyscopic Lens is invaluable to botanists, mineralogists, or entomologists, as it focuses about three times as far from the object as the Coddington Lens, and has a field unequalled for flatness, allowing opaque objects to be examined easily. It is made in four degrees of power, magnifying respectively Io, I5, 20,and 30 diams. 3 the lowest power, having the largest field, is the best adapted for general use. Mounted in Tontolsectoll magnifying 10, 15, Aub sss or 30 diameters, either power oe 6 165) In Nieckelised German Silver, either power 176 Cor uone of any two powers: in Tortoise- she Combinations of ‘any two powers, in | Niekelised German Silver a IT Tlstrated | description sent free. | JOHN BROWNING, 63 STRAND, LONDON, W.C. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS and MANUFACTURERS OF CABINETS and APPARATUS for ENTOMOLOGY, BIRDS’ EGGS. and SKINS, and all branches of Natural History. N.B.—For Excellence and Superiority of Cabinets tye A Ve AFA are permitted to distinguished fatrons, Museums, Colleges, &c. (aF- =«Our New Catalogue (96 pages) Plain Ring Nets, Wire or Cane, uae stick, rs. 3d., 2s., 2s. 6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6d. and 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d. ; corked both sides, aa: ., IS. and 1s, 6d. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, od., 1s., 1s. 6d. and 2s. Nested Chip Boxes, 4 dozen, 7d., xs. 6d. gross, Entomological Pins, mixed, rs., 1s. 6d. per oz. 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The following are the prices of a few of the smaller sizes ; for measurements and larger sizes see catalogue. Minerals and Dried may be had post free on application. Taxidermist’s Companion, ze. a pocket leather case containing most useful instruments for skinning, tos. 6d. yf Scalpels, zs. 3d.; Label Lists of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. Scissors, per pair, 2s. Setting Needles, 3d. and 6d. per box. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, xs. 6d., rs. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned double tin, 1s. 6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. ( Botanical Paper, rs. 1d., rs. 4d., 1s. od., & 28. 2d. per quire. [7s. 6d. Insect Cases, imitation mahogany, 2s. 6d. to x1s. as Cement for replacing antenne, 4d. per bottle. Forceps for removing insects, 1s. 6d., 2s., 2s. 6d. per pair. : Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, rs. 4a. per dozen sheets. Pupa Diggers, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. — Glass Topped and Glass Bottomed Boxes, from xs. per dozen. Label Lists of British Butterflies, 2d. Ditto Land and Fresh-Water Shells, 2d. Egg Drills, 2d., 3d., od. ; Metal Blow Pipe, 4d. and 6d. p Our new Label List of British Macro- -Lepidoptera, with Lati English Names, rs. 6d. Our new Catalogue of British Lep ptera, every species numbered, 1s. ; or on one side for Labe Special Show Room. Minerals and [ Insect. Eggs. Plants, Fossils, &c. Insect. Eggs. Plants, Fossil 4 Drawers ...... 138. 6d. 12s. od. ros, 6d 8 Drawers .3...... See aco0ad Fete: oc sak wi 6 Drawers ....-. 17S. 6d. 16s. 6d. 15s. od. to Drawers ....... 6) CISA Yeadon wii) (SQSaimetatstelQieje 36 STRAND, W.C. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS, BIRDS’ Birds, Mammals, &c., Preserved and Mauated by First-class Workmen true to Nature. jae All Books and Publications on Natural History supplied. EGGS AND SKI SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 33 RADIOGRAPH OF NAJA TRIPUDIANS. By C. AINSwortTH MITCHELL, B.A. (OxoN.) HE cobra, whose radiograph is shown here, was killed by a native in the Punjab and sent to me preserved in spirit by Captain S. J. Berkeley. The radiograph was taken by Mr. T. C. Hepworth, an exposure of about four minutes being The structure of the jaw with its poison- given. chief food consists of small vertebrates, and it often enters human habitations in search of rats. The cobra is responsible for some thousands of deaths in India every year, and although the Indian Government attempted to check the scourge by offering a small sum of money for fang can be plainly discerned, and also the point at which the backbone was fractured with a stick. ‘The cobra is widely distributed, occurring from ‘Transcaspia to China, and to the Malay Islands; in the Himalayas it ascends to about 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. Very large specimens are said to attain more than six feet in length, but a cobra five feet long, including the nine inches of tail, is considered exceptional. Its JULY 1901.—No. 86, Vou. VIII. the head of each snake brought in, the attempt was unsuccessful, for it was found that the wily natives were breeding the snakes with the object of increasing their rewards. The process of immunisation which was worked out by Dr. Calmette in the Pasteur Institute ap- pears to be the most promising antidote to the venom, for the older remedies, such as potassium permanganate, are altogether unreliable. Published June 25th, 1901. 34 SCIENCE-GOSSLP. AN UNRECOGNISED PIONEER. By W. JOHNSON. T would be absurd to deny that White of Selborne has received full recognition as the forerunner of observers who “look Nature in the face.” Unlike Ray, Willughby, and Sir Thomas Browne in the seventeenth century, White studied life and its phenomena objectively, not from the recesses of a library. So much is frankly acknow- ledged. But White’s labours as a discoverer and an original thinker are nevertheless overlooked. In 1881 Darwin wrote his well-known work “The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms,” in which he proved that these creatures have rendered waste places fertile, carpeted many a turfy lawn, and entombed many a forgotten ruin. Yet, 105 years previously, Gilbert White had pointed out that lands subject to inundations are always poor, and that the probable cause is the drowning of the earthworms. In his thirty-fifth letter to Daines Barrington he remarks: “Worms seem to be great promoters of vegetation, which would prozeed but lamely without them, by boring, perforating, and loosening the soil, and rendering it pervious to rains and the fibres of plants; by drawing straws and stalks of leaves and twigs into it; and, most of all, by throwing up such infinite numbers of lumps of earth called worm-casts, which, being their excrement, is a fine manure for grain and grass.” There is more to the same purpose; but let us turn to a wonderful foreshadowing of Darwin’s “ Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.” The passage is not a long one, and occurs in White’s forty-fourth letter to Pennant. The gist of it runs thus: “ For my own part, I readily concur with you in supposing that house-doves are derived from the small blue rock-pigeon, for many reasons,” one of which, as he proceeds to show, is the fact that some pigeons will often betake themselves to “inaccessible caverns and precipices” to rear their young. Further, he quotes that trite, but in this case most luminous, aphorism as to the uselessness of trying to drive out Nature with a pitchfork. Again, we have a hint concerning the agency of insects in securing cross-fertilisation. ‘ Bees,” he writes, “are much the best setters of cucumbers,” and he advocates tempting these pollen-carriers by means of “a little honey put on the male and female bloom. When once they are induced to haunt the frames, they set all the fruit, and will hover with impatience round the lights in the morning till the glasses are opened, Probatwm cst.” Until recent years, when the brothers Garton com- menced their experiments in Lancashire, scarcely any attempts were made to improve the quality of the cultivated grasses, or even of the corn crops, which, of course, are also grasses. Yet in 1778 White, after stating that ‘of all sorts of vegeta- tion the grasses seem to be most neglected,” con- tinues in this manner: “‘ The study of grasses would be of great consequence to a northerly and grazing kingdom. The botanist that could improve the sward of the district where he lived would be a useful member of society ; to raise a thick turf on a naked soil would be worth volumes of systematic knowledge; and he would be the best common- wealth’s man that could occasion the growth of ‘two blades of grass where one alone grew be- fore.” Who shall say how many students in the colleges at Aspatria, Cirencester, and Downton are to-day reaping, all unconsciously, the first- fruits of the labours of men who have received, also unconsciously, their inspiration from the Selbornian book? Many gardeners and agriculturists now living can remember the time when scarcely anyone thought of the practical application of the re- searches of zoology. The names of Kirby, Spence, Newman, Riley, Howard, and Ormerod spring to the lips as those of the heralds of this kind of economical wisdom. Turn now to those dull days when the War of Independence was still in progress, and the quiet sage of Selborne is found writing thus: “ A full history of noxious insects hurtful in the field, garden, and house, suggesting all the known and likely means of destroying them, would be allowed by the public to be a most useful and important work. What knowledge there is of this sort lies scattered and wants to be collected ; great improvements would soon follow of course. A knowledge of the properties, economy, propaga- tion, and, in short, of the life and conversation of these animals is a necessary step to lead us to some method of preventing their depredations.” White does his part in this task, and many are the references to the mole cricket, the cockchafer, the Cynips gall-fly, the horse warble fly, the black turnip-fly, the aphides, and the cockroach (Peri- planeta orientalis), the last, it may be noted, being then a comparatively recent importation, and found only in a few villages. The Board of Agri- culture now issues free leaflets dealing with insect pests. How much damage might have been saved had White’s advice been acted upon a century ago! In the early part of the ‘ Natural History” there is a detailed description of the geology and soil of the Selborne district. A long line of editors and annotators found difficulty in interpreting the allusions to the ‘‘ veins of stiff clay,” the ‘rock of white stone, little in appearance removed from chalk,” the “black malm,” the “white malm, a sort of rotten or rubble stone,’ and other such technicalities. Yet this genial curate, working before the era of William Smith, Sedgwick, Buck- land, and Murchison, was quite correct in his delineations. There is virtually no ambiguity, and the officers of the Geological Survey, evidently appreciative of this accuracy, have lately adopted the term ‘“ Selbornian ” to represent the combina- tion of Upper Greensand and Gault in that locality. A capital account of the Greensand in Wolmer Forest is supplied in the History. We read of the “‘firestone” used for hearthstones and beds of ovens, the red ferruginous grit, even the very “rust balls,” which are now known to be con- cretions of iron pyrites. Speaking of the “ hollow lanes,” sometimes sixteen or eighteen feet below the level of the fields, White had the perspicacity to infer that the gorges were caused, not only by the traffic of ages, but also by the ‘fretting of water ”—an anticipation of the conclusions of Lyell and Huxley on the work of denudation. The connection between the amount of rainfall and forest acreage was perceived by White, a con- nection which needs to be impressed upon the authorities of such lands as Russia and the United States, which cannot afford to diminish their wood- lands to a mere four per cent., as has been done in our insular country. The curious phenomenon of the never-failing dew-ponds on the top of the chalk downs was also understood by our pioneer. He likewise added to our list of native fauna the bat, which he called Vespertilio altivolans. We now reckon fifteen species of bats, but of these several have been recorded once or twice only, and many others are rare. Harting tells us that in White’s time even Linnaeus recognised two kinds only as European, and “many years subsequently elapsed without the addition of another.” White first made known the grasshopper warbier, and discriminated the three species of willow warblers, viz. the willow wren, wood wren, and chiff-chaff—a remarkable feat, considering his field outfit. To him also belongs the discovery of the harvest-mouse, which builds tiny nests around the stems of grass or wheat. Two of these creatures placed ‘“‘in a scale weighed down just one copper halfpenny, which is about the third of an ounce avoidupois.” The thirty-seventh letter to Daines Barrington contains a valuable contribution on the subject of leprosy. Whatever be the causes of the malady— and authorities seem undecided in the matter— White was probably near the truth in deducing its eradication from ‘the much smaller quantity of salted meat and fish now eaten in these kingdoms ; from the use of linen next the skin; from the plenty of better bread; and from the profusion of fruits, roots, legumes, and greens so common in every family.” The reference to the use of linen is explained by a succeeding paragraph, whence it appears that the allusion was to the uncleanly habits of the people. ‘(The use of linen changes, SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 35 a — OEE —— . a re) shirts or shifts, in the room of sordid and filthy woollen, long worn next the skin, is a matter of neatness comparatively modern, but must prove a great means of preventing cutaneous ills.” Of course White frequently fell into error. He half suspected that the downs—‘‘these immense masses of calcareous matter—were thrown into fermentation by some adventitious moisture ; were raised and leavened into such shapes by some plastic power.” Influenced apparently by Daines Barrington, he questioned, till the day of his death, whether all—writers sometimes misrepre- sent White’s position—the hirundines leave us for the south in autumn. Professor L. C. Miall also notes that ‘‘a little elementary physics, so cheap nowadays, would have greatly mended White’s explanations. He thinks that thaws often originate underground from warm vapours that arise. He remarks, truly enough, that ‘when a barometer hangs abroad in a frosty night, the intervention of a cloud shall immediately raise the mercury ten degrees, and a clear sky shall again compel it to descend to its former gauge.’ But this leads him to conclude that ‘cold often seems to descend from above. Nor could he interpret his own observation of unusual cold in low-lying and shel- tered spots. It is easy now to point out that in perfectly still weather the air which is chilled, and therefore of greater density, will collect in hollows.” True, very true; but the enthusiastic admirer, transporting himself to the eighteenth century, and placing himself under White’s difficulties and limitations, will prefer to recall White’s prevision, his intellectual alertness, his refusal to be hood- winked. A contemporary of such credulous great men as Dr. Johnson and John Wesley, he yet did not accept stories of witches, and did not believe that ruptured children could be cured by squeezing them through a cleft pollard ash, or that the cruelties connected with the ‘‘shrew ash” could heal sick cattle. Gossamer was no uncanny phe- nomenon ; it was the ‘real production of small spiders.” The nightjar did not suck goats. He endorses many of the shrewd opinions of his “quondam neighbour, Doctor Stephen Hales,” such as the fact that the fur of the tea-kettle may be a test of the salubrity of the water ; that water should be ‘showered down suspicious wells from the nozzle of a garden watering-pot” before the men descend; that air-holes should be left to ground rooms, to prevent the rotting of the floors and joists; that there should be plenty of ventilators in ships, for ‘‘ sweet air was better than foul.” The late Mr. Grant Allen, in his preface to “Selborne,” thus spoke of White: ‘‘He was one of the few early naturalists who recognised the importance of the cumulative effect of infini- tesimal factors—a truth on which almost the whole of modern biology and geology are built up. As zoologist, as botanist, as meteorologist, as c 2 36 SCIENCE-GOSSIP sociologist, he is possessed in anticipation by the modern spirit in every direction.” More than this we would say that, a few alterations having been made, White’s masterpiece stands good for all time. Lavender Road, London, S.W. FOOD OF PREHISTORIC MAN. By T. CHARTERS WHITE, M.R.C.S. ALAEONTOLOGY affords many glimpses tend- ing to the elucidation of the lives of our prehistoric ancestors, but, though it provides in- formation that may be gathered from a considera- tion of the weapons and domestic implements, it remains for the microscope to throw a measure of light on their food. Several years ago a barrow was opened on the downs near Warminster in which a number of human and animal remains were found heaped over the skeleton of an infant. Together with these were numerous roughly formed flint implements, indicating the period as that of the early Stone Age, the only metal being in the form of a bronze ornament of very primitive design. Having been allowed by Mr. W. Cunnington, who opened this barrow, to make an examination of some of the human jaws, I shall describe as clearly as I can the condition of one as bearing on the question of prehistoric food. It may appear impossible to affirm with any certainty the character of the food of individuals who existed probably three thousand or four thou- sand years ago; but the conditions under which the remains were found place us in a position to state, without any doubt, the nature of the food consumed by the individual whose lower jaw is the subject of investigation. The gentleman was per- fectly ignorant of the use of a toothbrush, and probably whatever performed an analogous func- tion in others of his surrounding circle failed in his case ; for his lower teeth were almost entirely covered by that salivary calculus popularly known as “ tartar.” This tartar is deposited on the teeth from the lime salts held in suspension by the saliva, and by its gradual precipitation becomes a hard concrete, not soluble in the ordinary alkaline fluids of the mouth. Init, particles of food are imprisoned by . daily deposition, which may remain in the same condition for ages, especially if dry. Here, then, we have this hard, solid concrete only waiting proper treatment to disengage from its calcareous confinement any particles of food closely locked up in its mass. The method adopted was to clear all the tartar from the lower jaw and then place it in a conical drachm measure, to decalcify it by means of a weak dilution of hydrochloric acid. This solution was afterwards washed away and the sediment examined drop by drop under the microscope, a third of an inch objective being employed in the examination. The main body of the deposit was made up of amorphous particles, probably disintegrated meal ofsome kind. Interspersed were numerous granules of a siliceous nature: these were fully accounted for by the extensive grinding away of the summits of the molars, which were eroded into deep pits, and must have been productive of intense dis- comfort, not to say pain. The granules were found when tested by polarised light to be of two characters; some that were flinty did not answer to that test, while the others did so, and were stated by an eminent geologist to be quartzite. He explained this was probably the result of the corn having been rubbed down in a roughly made quartzite mortar, with a round pebble as a pestle. Among the first organic remains to be noticed, was the sharply pointed tip of a small fish’s tooth, following which were the oval horny cells of some species of fruit resembling those going to make up the parenchyma of apples, then husks of corn, the hairs from the outside of the husks, a spiral vessel from vegetable tissue, and several small ruby-coloured, highly refractive bodies, which I could not recognise. Scattered throughout the sedi- ment were oval bodies resembling starch cor- puscles, such as may be found in potatoes, but as they did not give the characteristic black cross under polarised light, it was decided they could not be starch; further any starch would have been reduced to the amorphous condition found in the general mass of the meal. Their true nature was afterwards made evident by finding a flat plate of cartilage about 3th of an inch square, from the free edges of which these oval bodies were being gradually extended, so, that by the disin- tegration of this substance these bodies in their isolated condition proved a puzzle. Here, then, was evidence than the particles of food locked up in this tartar could be recognised after a lapse of time such as must have occurred since the Stone Age in which they were masticated. No evidences were found indicative of- the use of fire in cooking the food; it must therefore have been eaten raw. Now comes the unfortunate part of this, to me, most interesting and original investigation. Hach drop as it was examined was covered by a circular cover glass of 2th of aninch diameter and carefully put aside; but to prevent this cover glass from shifting, a ring of gum-dammar varnish was run. round each, and after a few years these prepara- tions were examined again, when it was found the varnish had sucked in by capillary attraction, and these slides, to the number of about thirty, were irretrievably ruined. Should I be so fortunate as to obtain another such specimen of undoubted Stone Age antiquity I should dry the deposit at once and mount it in Canada balsam. Will any- one help me? Camera Club, London, April 1901. ; — 1 ‘SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 37 CLASSIFICATION OF BRITISH TICKS. By EDWARD G. WHELER. (Continued from page 12.) Nore.—Through a misunderstanding the block inserted in the last number (fig. 3) represented the underside of A7gas persicus, instead of A. reflexus, female. A correct fig. 3 is herewith substituted. Argas reflexus. Kemale. The word ‘only ” should be deleted in line 16 of p- 12. The Avgas has been found elsewhere in Britain. I1.—IXODINAE. HE Ixodinae have the rostrum terminal, and never concealed under the body. Palpi four- jointed, of which the fourth is very short, and is situated in a hollow at the end of the third. Legs somewhat unequal in length. They are six-jointed, with two false joints, giving the appearance of having eight joints; one being on the femur and the other on the tarsus of each leg ; but the latter is absent on the front pair. The cuticle of the body is very distensible in all stages, except in the case of adult males, and covered more or less, according to the state of distension at the time, by a dorsal shield, or scutellum. This shield seldom or never covers so much as one half of the body, and as dis- tension takes place it is proportionately less. In the case of males, which do not distend, it is entirely covered, or with the exception of only a narrow margin. Stigmata are encircled by peri- tremes situated behind the haunches of the fourth pair of legs. The sexual orifice is situated beneath, between the haunches of the first three pairs of legs. In the males of the genus Zaodes it is only rudimentary or obsolete, sexual intercourse being effected by the rostrum. The orifice is half en- circled by a groove, opening outwards behind. There is considerable difference between the sexes, the males being usually the smaller. ‘here are often eleven indentations on the posterior margin. The dorsal base of the rostrum of the female has two symmetrical hollows, with numerous punctua- tions, which are not found in the males, nymphs, or larvae; their purpose is doubtful. The Ixodinae are chiefly parasitical on mammals, but also attack birds and reptiles. They rarely confine themselves to one species of host. The genera of the sub-family of Ixodinae are :— Ixodae, comprising Zaodes, Haemalastor, Apo- nomma, Hyallomma, Amblyomma. Rhipicephalae, comprising Rhipicephalus, Hae- maphysalis, Dermacentor. IXODAE. The Ixodae are distinguished from the Rhipi- cephalae by the length of the rostrum, which reaches nearly to the end of the palpi, sometimes further. The palpi are longer than broad. The presence or absence of eyes divides the genus into two groups:—Amblyomma and Hyalumma have eyes, which are placed on the marginal edge of the shield (fig. 5). Zzxodes, Haemalastor, and Aponomma have not any eyes. IG 5s The form of the anal groove gives another division. In Zwodes and Haemalastor this groove contours the anus in front and opens behind 38 SCIENCE-GOSSIP, (fig. 6). In Aponomma, Amblyomma, and Hya- lomma it contours the anus behind and is open to the front (fig. 7). There is close affinity between Ixodes and Haemalastor ; in fact, there is no fundamental characteristic to separate the females of the two Fic. 8, Rostrum, coxa, and tarsus of I, reduvius. Male. Fic. 6. genera ; the great length of the legs, a deflected direction of the rostrum, and the habit of living in holes and caverns alone give presumption for placing a female specimen in Haemalastor rather Fic. 9. Rostrum, coxa, tarsus, and carunda of J. reduvius. Fic. 7. Hyalomma affine. Female. than Ixodes. The males, however, differ entirely in the form of their palpi, which, flat and cani- culated on the inner margin in Taodes (figs. 8, 9), are boldly claviform in Haemalastor (fig. 10). The affinity between Ayponomma, Amblyomma, and Hyalomma is greater still. The absence of eyes, as in Aponomma, appears a character easily distinguishable; but in some of the Amblyomma to find the eyes requires extreme attention, as they are neither prominent nor distinct in colour. There is no definite distinction between the females of Amblyomma and Hyalomma, but it is otherwise with the males, which in Hyalomma are provided with ad-anal shields (fig. 7), which are wanting in Amblyomma. Fic. 10. SCLENCE-GOSSTIP. 39 (A) Anal groove encircling anus in front. (a@') IXODES Uatreille, 1795. Synonyms: Acarus Linn., 1758; Cynorhaestes Hermann, 1804; Crotonus Dumeril, 1822. Eyes absent. Palpi long. An ad-anal groove open or closed behind, but encircling the anus in front ; another long groove similarly encircles the sexual organ in front and widens behind (fig. 6). No terminal spine to the tarsi. Underside of the male covered with shields or plates. Dorsal shield of male covering the whole body with the excep- tion of a margin. No indentations on the posterior margin. The distended female has three dorsal longitudinal grooves behind. Peritremes and stigmata circular. Adult female. Fie. 11... reduvius. Professor Neumann describes over sixty species of this genus. One of the commonest in this country, Z. redwius, is believed to be the carrier of the “ louping-ill” microbe, which causes heavy losses amongst the sheep stock of the Borders and Scotland, Sexual intercourse probably only takes place on the host. Taxodes reduvius Linnaeus. Synonyms: Reduvius Charleton, 1668; Ricinus caninus Ray, 1710; Acarus ricinoides De Geer, 1778; A. redwius Linnaeus, 1788; A. ricinus Linnaeus, 1788; Zwxodes ricinus Latreille, 1804; ' Cynorhaestes reduvius Hermann, 1804; C. ricinus Hermann, 1804; Jaodes megathyreus Leach, 1815; I. bipunctatus Risso, 1826; Cynorhaestes hermanni Risso, 1826; Crotonus ricinus Dumeril, 1829; Ixodes trabeatus Audouin, 1832; L. plumbeus Dugés, 1834; JZ. reduvius Hahn, 1834; JZ. fuscus Koch, 1835 (2) ; L. lacertae Koch, 1835 (2); L. pustularwm Lucas, 1866; Z. fodiens Murray, 1877. FEMALE (fig. 11). Length from about 3 mm. when fasting to 10 mm. long by 6°50 mm. wide when fully distended. Basal joint of first pair of legs with a long spine. Legs, shield, rostrum, etc., dark brown to nearly black. Colour of body deep orange red, showing four faint dark intes- tinal lines behind the shield, lighter underneath ; light grey in front both above and below. Pu- bescent, opaque, and margined. When distending, light red to reddish-grey, or even pure white; fully FieG@. 12. J. edwvius. Adult male. distended, olive green, or dark red to black, with irregular yellow streaks on the back and sides when about to lay eggs. Sexual orifice opposite fourth pair of legs. Male (fig. 12). Length about 2°35 mm. to 2°80 mm. Coxae of first pair of legs with shorter spine. Body dark brown to almost black, with brownish-white margin. Apparent sexual orifice opposite third pair of legs. Rostrum much shorter than that of female (figs. 8 and 9). Shield oval. Anal shield small, about one-third the length of the large ventral shield. Fie. 14. J. reduvius- Larva. Fie, 13. Nymph. TI. reduvius. NyMPH (fig. 13). Length, about 1:50 mm. fast- ing to 3-00 mm. when replete. Body olive-white, with four distinct brown posterior intestinal marks, also similar anterior ones; leaving a paler centre to the shield shaped like an arrow-head. When distending, opaque white to blue-black, and finally black. LARyA. Length, 6:80 mm. fasting to 1:43 mm. distended. Body transparent, with olive-green intestinal marks ; same colour as nymph when dis- tending (fig. 14). It is parasitical on numerous hosts, of which the 40 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. favourite appear to be sheep, goats, cattle, and deer; but it is found on hedgehogs, moles, bats, etc., even on birds and lizards. Twodes hexagonus Leach, 1815. Synonyms: J. autumnalis Leach, 1815; L. eri- nacei Audouin, 1832; 7. reduvius Audouin, 1832 ; T. erenulatus Koch; J. vulpis Pagenstecher, 1861; T. erinaceus Murray, 1877; JZ. ricinus Megnin, 1880. Fie. 15. J. hevagonus. Female partly distended. FEMALE, slightly distended (fig. 15). Length, 3°86 fasting to 11 mm. when fully replete. Coxae of first pair of legs with a moderate spine. Shield heart-shaped, punctate; body finely hirsute. Paipi short and broad. Labium shorter, and tarsi of jall legs more truncate than in 7. reduvius. Body when slightly distended drab, waxy, and semi-transparent. Rostrum, shield, legs, &c., light testaceous. Male. Length, 3:50 to 4 mm. Red- brown, legs lighter. Shield punctate, leaving a narrow margin round the body. Genital orifice opposite the interval between the second and third pairs of legs. Body elliptical, almost as large in front as behind. Spine on coxae of first pair of legs longer than in the female, but shorter than that of the male J. reduvius. Anal shield nearly as long as the ventral shield, between the apparent sexual orifice and the anus. Pupa. Fasting 1:76 mm. Body light bluish- grey, margined, transparent, with four posterior large intestinal marks joined together behind the shield, and smaller ones extending to the front and sides; visible through the shield. Uniform brownish-white when distended. Shield, legs, rostrum, etc., pale testaceous. ; LARVA. 0°88 mm fasting to 1:76 mi. distended. Body light translucent, becoming dark on reple- tion. Shield, legs, etc., very pale testaceous. Body with very similar intestinal marks to LT, redwwiits. This species is common, and is parasitical on various hosts, more especially on stoats, ferrets, hedgehogs, etc. It is also found on sheep, cattle, and other animals. he males are rare, and, un- like 7. reduvius, are not generally found accom- panying the female on the host. It seems therefore probable that pairing takes place elsewhere. Ixodes hexagonus Leach, var. inchoatus Neu- mann (fig. 16), described as J. plumbeus in SCIENCE- Gossip of 1899. ‘The length of the female is only about 2°86 mm. fasting to 6°56 mm. when replete. Colour of body fasting light brownish grey, with eight large dark triangular intestinal marks, termi- nating within the margin, two other small ones being nearly concealed by the shield. Margin distinct, grey. Head, shield, legs, etc., same colour as I. hewagonus. Coxae of first pair of legs differ, having no distinct spine, but sometimes a tubercle. The second and third pairs have also small tubercles. Labium shorter, with only eight barbs, as against about ten on the outer margin in I. hexagonus. Male. Length, 2°52 mm. Body elliptical, deeply punctate above and _ below. Margin round shield wider than in J. redwvius. Ap- parent genital orifice as in /. hewagonus. Small spine or tubercle on coxae of front pair of legs. t , / a os Fic, 16. J. hevagonus, var. inchoatus. 2 Anal shield long as in 7. hewagonus. This descrip- tion is taken from a solitary capture found in the North Tyne Valley in copula, intercourse being by the mouth organs, as with Z. reduvius. Pups and LARVA. Similar to J. hevagonus, but smaller and lighter, the larva being 0:74 mm. fasting. This tick is very abundant on the shep- herds’ dogs on the Border, but in no case was found on sheep. ‘The male was not, as in other ticks, found present with the females on the host. Txodes tenuirostris Neumann. This species has not yet been described, but Fic. 17. J. lenuirostris. Professor Neumann informs me that he has SCIENCE-GOSS/P. lil VOLUME VIII. NOW READY. THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY. EDITED BY S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., AnD A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A. To be completed in Ten Volumes. Volume VIII.—AMPHI By HANS GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., Strickland in the University of Cambridge. WORMS, LEECHES, &c. VOLUME II. Flatworms. By F. W. Gamsie, M.Sc. Nemertines. By Miss L. 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Lirovp PRAEGER, B.A. This Magazine should be in the hands of all Naturalists interested in the distribution of animals and plants over the British Islands, Brownies, 9d. Pocket K., 1/6 No. 1 F.P.K., 2/- Dustin: EASON & SON, 4o, Lower Sackville Street, to which address subscriptions should be sent. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. SCIENCE-GOSSTIP, ~ 41 received specimens from the island of Rugen, in Germany, and that it will be described in the next part of his ‘‘ Memoir” under the above name. The following description is taken from one of two females found on a Vole at Painswick, in Gloucester- shire, in 18938, kindly sent me by Mr. C.J. Watkins, who also gave me photographs of a nymph and larva, evidently of the same species, from the collec- tion of the Hon. C. Rothschild. Both the females have been mounted in balsam. The one is in my possession ; the other is in the British Museum. Length partly distended 3°78 mm. Coxae of all legs without spines or tubercles. Palpi long and narrow, second joint twice the length of the third joint. Capitulum prolonged laterally to a prominent point on each side (fig. 17), from near the ends of which spring the palpi, which are thus set widely apart at the base. Coxae of fore legs developed to fit into the angle thus produced. Shield oval, with two posterior marginal indenta- tions. Sexual orifice between the third pair of legs. Tarsi of fore legs cylindrical, truncate, and with very slight indentations. Body finely and shield coarsely and sparsely punctate. Male un- known. (To be continued.) SRS P17 AUN eN AUG S: By JoHN H. BARBOUR, M.B. (Continued from Vol. VII., page 366.) SCROPHULARINAE (continued.) LUSAN GIOLLA. giolla, lowmen”; ‘“ louse plant.” riabac, ‘brindled,” ‘erey,” Pedicularis palustris and P. sylvatica. lousewort. IBODAN | NAO CLOIGIN: ~ bods “tail!” “fire = bloigin, “a little bell.” Mutncron. mul, “many”; cion, “head.” Rhinanthus crista-galli. yellow rattle. SRIUMBNA SAOG (?). Antirrhinum majus. snap- ‘‘a lackey,” hence ‘* fol- RIABAC or LUS RIABAC. ‘louse - coloured.” dragon. bor-biter or boar-biter in Co. Tipperary. OROBANCHACEAE. SIOR. SIORRALAC. Sior, “continual,” ‘ per- petual.” Orobanche. species (2). broom-rape. LENTIBULARIEAE. BODAN MEASGAN. UACDAR, “blister tops”? BROGA NA CUMAIG. W. GAROINE, Pinguicula vul- garis. butterwort. VERBENACEAE. CRUBA LEOIN. “lion-like claw.” Verbena offici- nalis. simpler’s joy. PLANTAGINEAE. CRUAC PADRUIG. ‘St. Patrick’s pile.” Plantago major. Wwaybread, great besom plantain, cocks. groundsel in Tipperary, King’s and Queen’s Cos. LUSAN TSLANUGAD. ts-anugad, “healing.” SLANLUS. “healing herb.” Plantago lanceolata. ribwort, ribgrass. LABIATAE. LUSAN PIOBAIR. “pepper herb.” CARTLOINN. cart, ‘tree bark”; ‘“ loin,” “impetuous”; “ pungent bark.” MEANTUS GAIRDIN. Mentha sativa. spear- mint. CARTLOINN. MISIMIN DEARG. MIONUAC. Mentha paludosa. bogmint. “marsh land”; gipsy-wort. FEORAN CURRAIG. feoran, currac, ‘“‘a cap”; “ marsh caps.” ORAGAN. or, “gold”; orad, “ gilding”; “ gold- tipped flower.” SEATBOG. “tender queen.” Origanum vulgare. Ywarjoram. LUSMIC RIAG BREATTUIN. son of Britain’s king? Tim. TIME. Thymus serpyllum, thyme. CALAMEILT. Calamintha officinalis. calamint. ATAIR LIAT. hoary father. SAISDE CNUIC or COILLE. saisde, “sage,” from sais, ‘‘ arrow,” cnuig and cnuic, same probably, “worm,” ‘mite,’ hence ‘‘ wood sage.” Salvia verbenaca. clary. AIGNEAN TALMIUN. aignean, “ivy”; talmiun, “of the ground.” ATAIR LuUS. “father plant.” HIDNEAN TALMIUN. ‘“ ground ivy.” Nepeta glechoma. tun-hoof. cat’s-foot. CEANABAN BEAG. “little moor favour.” DUBAN MUIT, or DUBAN CEANCORAC. duban, ‘‘ hooks”; muit, ‘‘dumb.” ceancorac, ‘favouring justice,” hence ‘dumb hooks,’ “hooks which favour justice,” possibly referring to cures effected. CAUBSADAN. cab, “mouth,” “head”; sad, “dagege”; ‘“‘daggered mouth.” Prunella vulgaris, self-heal. GRAFAN BAN. grafan, “a grubbing axe.” “white grubber.” ORAFOIRT. Marrubium vulgare. white horehound. LUSMIC BETAIG. GLASAIR COILLE. betonica and SN. sylvatica. wood betony. LUSRA NA SCOR. scor, “marks made by a Stachys sword.” Stachys palustris. clown’s wound wort. NEANTOG. NEANTOG BAN. NEANTOG CAOC. NEANTOG MARB. neantog, ‘nettle’; ban, “white”; caoc, “blind”; marb, “dead.” Zamiwm album. white dead nettle. NEANTOG DEARG. dearg, “red.” L. purpureum. dee-nettle. NEANTOG CAEC. caule. great hen-bit. GRAFAN DuB. “black grubber.” Lallota nigra. stinking horehound. MEACAN DUB FIADAIN. dub, “ black”; fiadain, “wild”: “ wild black” or “dark plant.” GLASSAR OB caec, “blind.” L. amplexi- 42 - SCIENCE-GOSSZP: HEILE. eile, “prayer,” ‘adoration ” ; glas, ‘* green.” Ajuga reptans. bugle. CHENOPODIACEAE. ele, “vile”; flig, “weed.” Cheno- goosefoot. * brother's pottage.” C. ELEFLEOG. podium vilvaria. PRAISEAC BRATAIR. all-good. “ oreen pottage.” bonus-henricus. PRAISEAC GLAS. fig-leaved goosefoot. PRAISEAC NA BALLA. murale. wall goosefoot. PRAISEAC FIADAIN. white goosefoot. C. ficifolium. “wall pottage.” C. “wild meat.” C. album. AN LUIB BIATAS. luib, “herb”; biatas, “‘ sea- beet.” Beta maritima. sea-beet. PRAISEAC NA MARA. mara from muir, “sea.” Salicornia herbacea. marsh samphire. CEATRAMA or CEATRAMA CAORAC. ceatrama, “the fourth”; caora, “sheep.” PRAISEAC MIN. “tender pottage.” LUAIN GRIOLLOG. luain, “loins”; “fowl’s loins.” Atriplex hastata. lamb’s-quarters. fat hen. wild orache. LORANTHACEAE. GUIS. viscous. Viscum album. mistletoe. EUPHORBIACEAE. GEAR NEIM. gear, som, ‘ sharp”; neim, ** poison,” “stain.” LUSAN LBAS-AID. leas, leasac, “ blister,” ‘‘blistered”; “blistering plant” or “inflaming herb.” Huphorbia wpeplis. petty spurge. SPuIRSE Spursa.. Huphorbia exigua. milk- weed. POLYGONACEAE. GLUINEAC DUB. gluin, “knee”; “black knot grass.” Polygonum convolvulus. black bindweed. GLUINEAC MOR or GLUINEAC DEARG. mor, ““oreat”; dearg, “red.” P. persicaria. persicaria. GLUINEAC BEAG. beag, “small.” P. aviculare. knotegrass. GLUINEAC TET. tet, “smooth,” “soft.” P. hydropiper. waterpepper. CapoG or CAPOG SRAIDE. capog, any broken leaf; sraide, ‘‘lane”; hence “narrow.” Rumea conglomeratus. dock. PLUIRIN SEANGAN. seangan, “ant” pluirin, from plur, ‘‘a flower” ; “little ant-like flower.” SamAp CAORA. SAMA CAIRAC. caora, ‘‘sheep”; sama, “sorrel.” &. acetosella. sheep’s sorrel. SAMAD. SAMAD BO SEALGAN, ‘‘cow’s spleen sorrel.” #. acetosa. common sorrel. URTICACEAE. MEANTOG LOISNEAC. loisneac related to loise, “a flame,” “inflamed,” of a burning quality. CAom FATE: caoil, “waist”: fail, “fatal.” Urtica dioica. common stinging-nettle. NEANTA NEANTOG. nettle. U. wrens. stinging-nettle. less AILM, letter A. CRAOB AILMEOG. AILMEOG LEAM. LEAM or LEAMAN, SLAMAN or SLEAMAN. leamane, ‘‘moth,” “butterfly,” and leam, “ foolish” ; sleamain, ‘‘smooth’’; these suggest the name. Ulmus montana. common elm. LUSAN BALLA. balla, “wall”; lusan, ‘a little herb.” MIonTAS CAISIL. miontas, ‘ mint”; caiseal, “wall.” Parictaria officinalis. pellitory. MYRICACEAE. RAIDEOG. Myrica gale. bog myrtle. CUPULIFERAE. BEAT. BEATOG. BEIT. CRAN BEITE. Beit. letter B, “birch.” Betula verrucosa and others except B. nana. birch. CRAN FEARNA. FEARN. FEARNOG. fearn, letter F. Alnus glutinosa. alder. BEIT NA MEARA or MEAS. meas, “sprightly.” CRAN FAID BILL. beech. FEAGA. ORUILN. Fagus sylvatica. beech. COLL CRAN COILLTIN. hazel. CALLTUIN. call, “veil,” “hood”; tuin, surface of a thing; ‘the nut whose exterior is hooded.” Corylus avellana. hazel. Darr. letter D. FARCAN. FURRAN. DARAIG. OmMNA. W. DERW. Quercus robur. oak. CRAN SLEAMAIN. sleamain, ‘‘ smooth,” “ slippery.” LEAMANBOG. leamane, ‘ moth,” “ butterfly”; bog, “soft.” Carpinus betulus. hornbeam. SALICINEAE. Surin. Satu. letter S. SAILEAC. CRAN SAILIG. Salix caprea. sallow. SUILEASG. SAILSOILSEOG. CRAN SAILIG-FRAN- cAIG. S. alba. white willow. goslings. BIORRAIDE. SS. viminalis. osier. CRAN CRIT. CRAN. CRITEAC. CRAN CRITIR. crit, “shaking.” EHADAD. EHAaAbDA. letter HE. Populus tremula. asp or aspen tree. CRAN POBUIL. PoButL. PorBLEoG. Populus alba. abele tree. poplar. ORCHIDEAE. MAGAIRLIN - MEADRAC. margarla, “stones”; meadra, ‘fuddled” with mead; hence ‘fool stones.” URAC BALLAC. Orchis mascula. purple orchid. TRIDEAE. FELEASTAR. FELEASTROM. words relate to Iv. for butterfly possibly, feleacan? Iris pseudacorus. water-flag. AMARYLLIDEAR. * crooked ” ; daffodil. LUSAN CROMCIN. crom, ‘“ bent,” cin, “five.” Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. AROIDEAE. CLUAS CAICIN or TLUASCAICIN. cluas, “joy”; caice, ‘“ blindness”; “ joy to the blind.” GaAorcry CUTIG. GACAR. Arwn maculatum. wake-robin. ‘naked lady ” in Tipperary. (Lo be continued.) SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 43 BUTE This: ‘Om EE PALAEARCTIC REGION. By HENRY CHARLES LANG, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. LOND., F.E.3. (Continued from page 15.) Genus COLIAS (continued). Se writing my description of Colias palaeno the third edition of * Staudinger’s Catalogue ” has made its long-looked-for appearance. In this edition the nomenclature of this species has been readjusted. The name lapponica Ster. (var. ¢ on p. 15, ante, SCIENCE-GossIP) has been sunk, and this, the Scandinavian and Russian form, is con- sidered the type of the species, as C. palaeno L.. This is obviously the correct view. There can be no doubt that Linnaeus originally described the species from Scandinavian specimens. The form described as the type on p. 14 is called var. europome, and under this head a reference is made to my ‘‘ Butterflies of Europe,” in which this, the German form, is figured as the type. The form described on page 14 (S.-G.) as ab. 9 werdandi H. S. is altered to Q ab. herrichi Ster., it being considered that Werdandi of Herrich Schaffer is the same as palaeno L. Several other forms of this butterfly are given in the new edition of “ Staudinger’s Catalogue ” as under : ab. sehildei Stgr. Tris, v. 310. (Yellower, with a narrower border.) Hap. N. Finland. ab. eretacea Schilde. Ent. Nachr. Chalky white in g and 9 ; u.s. bluish-grey. Hap. Fin- land. Q ab. iignert Riihi. Soc. Ent. v. 1890, p. 89. This isan ab. of 2 europome of a yellow colour. HAB. Silesia. v. et ab. cafflischi Carad. Soc. ent. viii. 26. Smaller, f.w. without disc. spot. Borders narrower, h.w. lighter green. * Forma vix nominanda.” Ster. var. pelidneides Stgr. g with the central spot on h.w. red, as in the next species. Has. Alaska. I may here mention that it is my intention to follow the nomenclature and arrangement of the new edition of “Staudinger’s Catalogue” as nearly as possible, although this will necessitate some departure from the plan originally suggested. Up to this point the present work is but little affected by the changes, and these, which chiefly concern nomenclature, will be dealt with at a later period, This present arrangement of the genus Colias, how- ever, is original, and may be looked upon as my ‘own revision of the genus. _ 24. C. pelidne B Ie. t. 8 f. 1-3 (832).. Le. B. E. pl. xi, fig. 3. @ labradorensis. C. anthyale. Hb. Stgr. Cat. 1871, p. 5 (alia est species). I adopted the name C. anthyale for this species on p. 200 of the last volume of ScIENCE-GossiIP for the reason that it was used in Ster. Cat., 1871, and also by R. H., though I had in my “ Butterflies of Europe ” used the name pel/dne, which now appears in the edition 1901 of Stgr. Cat. as the proper name of the species. 58—45 mm. Differs from (. palaeno in its smaller size and in the narrower border in dg; this is also usually veined with light yellow. The @ is very pale in colour and the borders indistinct and showing very little trace of spots. Disc. spot of f.w. is generally present, but very faintly marked in both sexes. That of the u.s. h.w. is red, instead of white as in C. palaeno. Has. Labrador. Europe or Asia. a. ab. moeschleri. Gyr.-Gr. Hor. XXVII. p. 379. Has the f.w. tinged with orange colour. Not in the polar regions of 119, 3; Le. Fr. 301, 1, 2. 25. C. erate Esp. B. E. p. 54, pl. xii. fig. 4. Nerine. 45—50 mm. All the wings bright pale yellow, black at the base. F.w.of ¢ witha rather broad h. marginal border, black powdered with grey, sometimes with light veins ; it is broadest at the costa, and reach- ing quite to the in. marg. ; its internal edge is not so sharply defined as in C. chrysotheme, etc. Disc. spot black and distinct. H.w. with a distinct narrowish black border. Disc. spot orange. @ has the wings of same colour as 6, but the borders of all the wings have large spots of the ground colour. U.s. almost as in C hyale, but the disc. spot f.w. is white in the centre. H.w. greener at base. Head, antennae, anterior thorax, and wing- fringes red. HAB. 8. Russia, 8. Siberia, Amur, W. and C. Asia (Armenia, Persia, Turkestan, Tianschan, Fergana, etc.) a. hybr. chrysodona B. Spec. Gen. 1. p. 7 (1840). Helictha Ud. z. b. v. (1853). Resembles the type in size and pattern, but the ground colour is clear light orange-yellow, varying in different specimens from being somewhat yellower than the type to having a tint almost as deep as in C. edusa. By most writers considered to be a hybrid between C. erate and C. edusa. HAB. Sarepta, N. Persia, Central Asia. b. ab. Q pallida Stgr. Cat. 1871, Le. B. EH. pl. xii. fig. 5. Dimorphic white form of 2. Very diffi- cult to distinguish from some forms of C. hyale. The characters most to be relied on are the breadth of the marginal border of f.w. and its more even c 4 44 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. extension to the in. marg. and the presence of a more distinct marginal row of light spots on h.w. c. ab. hyaleoides. Gyr.-Gr. Mém. Rom. IV. p. 321. Smaller than type; marginal border f.w. in both sexes marked with narrow light spots. HAB. Central Asia. We come now to the second group of the genus. composed of those species which are spotted on the marginal border in both sexes. They are mostly allied to our European (. hyale and C. phicomone, but one or two are rather difficult to place. After some consideration I have determined to arrange them as follows :— 26. C. christophi Gr.-Gr. 1885. 42—47 mm. F.w. Ground colour brownish fulvous shaded with greenish towards in. marg. Marginal border broad, with a well defined row of large whitish spots. Disc. spots black and well defined. H.w. dull olive green, with a border much resembling that of f.w., but less defined on its inner edge, with Mem. Rom. ii., C. christophi. large whitish spots. not large. @ resembles ¢g, but the marginal borders are somewhat broader and the spots larger. Marginal fringes in both sexes whitish, but antennae red as in the other species. U.s. greenish grey with a submarginal border of faintly marked light spots. Disc. spots as above. Has. N. Fergana (Namangan), Samarkand. This is an altogether remarkable species as regards pattern and colour. An ordinary observer looking at a collection of Coliades invariably singles out this species as worthy of notice. Staudinger at one time took it for an ab. 2 of C. wiskotti (Berl. e. Z. xxvi. p. 167). 27. C. hyale, L.S. N. ed. x. p. 469. Lg. B. E. p. 53, pl. xii. fig. 3. “The pale clouded yellow.” 37-—43 mim. $ wings sulphur yellow. F.w. with a round black disc. spot; out. marg. band enclosing a row of conspicuous yellow spots and ending rather abruptly so as not to reach the in. marg. (conf. C. erate); as it approaches the latter it gradually becomes narrower. H.w. yellow, blackish at base ; there are faint traces of a black band at the anterior part of out. marg. Disc. spot largé and orange- Dise. spot white, round and coloured. 2 resembles g in pattern, but the black markings are darker and the ground colour is nearly white. u.s. f.w. yellow, darker at apices; a sub-marginal row of five or six black spots. H.w. deeper yellow ; disc. spot large, silvery, surrounded by a red ring with a smaller spot placed above it, at the base a dull red mark. A submarginal row of dull red crescents and a narrow red spot on costa. Head, thorax, antennae, and legs dull red, marginal fringes pink. HAB. The entire Palaearctic Region, except the Canary Islands and the Polar Region. IV.—X. In England generally scarce, but sometimes very abundant. VII. m. LARVA green, with yellow dorsal and lateral stripes. The dorsal stripe spotted with black on each segment. Feeds on Coronilla, Trifolium, Vicia, etc. PUPA green, with a brownish yellow lateral stripe. a. 2 ab. flava Husz. Eperjes Ker. coll. 1880-1. A dimorphic form of @ having the yellow colour of $. Found with type, but not common. b. ab. nigrofasciata Gr.-Gr. Mem. Rom. i. p. 163. With a black discoidal streak. Has. Sarepta. c. v. alta Stgr. Stett. EH. Z. 1886, p. 200. Larger and with a broader marginal band. HAB. Fer- gana. ad. v. poliographus Motsch. Et. ix. (1860) p. 29. Simoda de JOrza. Lep. Jap. p. 16. Larger, vellower, with a more intensely black marginal band. Has. Amur, Corea. VII. é. V. sareptensis Stgr. Cat. 1871, p. 5. a broader marginal border, ¢@ yellower. Sarepta, Persia, Central Asia. (To he continued.) F.w. with HAB. BRITISH FRESHWATER MITES. By C. F. GEORGE, M.R.C.S8. WITH A NEW SPECIES. GENUS J7HYAS. N 1835-41 C. L. Koch figured and described a mite which he named Thyas venusta. In his “ Uebersicht,” dated 1837, he places this in his second division, which he calls ‘‘Sumpfmilben,” and in his second class of these mites, his first class being ‘‘ Limnochares” Latr. He stated that these mites are found in water and mud, and are without swimming hairs. Over thirty years after, in 1873, Neuman described a mite under the name of Bradybates truncatus, whose great feature was that it possessed no swimming hairs. In 1892 Piersig described a mite, using the same name ; but in 1897 he satisfied himself that it was none other than Koch’s Thyas venusta. In his great work on German water-mites Piersig gives an analytical table of the family, naming five species, four of which have been found in the British Isles. SCIENCE-GOSSTIP.. 45 He also figures another species, 7. stolli, described by Koenike. The two great characteristics of Thyas are, first, the absence of swimming hairs, and, secondly, the presence of a thoracic, or third unpaired median eye, or stigma. 1. Thyas venusta Koch, Bopy.—Soft, in shape oval, but truncated in front, and flattened on the back, on which are A {o) Fie. 1. Thyas venusta. Female. Dorsal surface. dimples arranged in rows. Length of female, 168 mm.; breadth, 1:28 mm.; palp, 0-48 mm.; first leg, 1-28 mm; fourth leg, 2:0 mm.; length of genital plates, about 0°33 mm. Skin finely granu- lated. EPIMERA in four pairs. Ventral surface. Fie. 2. Thuas venusta. Female. LEGS weak in proportion to the size of the body’ and without swimming hairs. Female. palpus under side. Fic. 3. Right Fic. 4. Female. Genital plates. Thyas venusta. PALPI and GENITAL PLATES resembling those of Hydryphantes. Eyks.— On the front border of the truncated body are placed the two double or helved eyes, one on each side of the median line and wide apart ; the single or impaired median eye is placed behind, forming the apex of a triangle and surrounded by a raised ring of chitin. CoLouR.—Vernmilion, with paler legs. In my neighbourhood this mite is rare, as I have only found one, a female specimen. This was last year. Mr. Soar has been more fortunate: he obtained them in March, 1896, at Chingford, in the Cuckoo Ponds, also at Christchurch in Hampshire. 2. Thyas extendens, nov. sp. -In SCIENCE-Gossrp for October 1900, pp. 132- 133, is a paper written by Messrs. Harris & Soar. The latter gentleman describes and figures a new Fic. 5. Thyas extendens. Showing projection of mouth organs. species of Thyas, which I propose to call eatendens from the fact observed during life, and well shown in the mounted specimen kindly lent to me by Mr. Soar, of its extending the palpi and mandibles. (fig. 5). In figure this mite differs from Z. venusta in being more pyriform. Colour of the body is bright scarlet, and the legs. of a straw yellow. EyEs.—The median eye is not very conspicuous, but surrounded by a chitinous ring, asin 7. venusta. FEMALE.—Length, 1:50 mm. ; breadth, 1:10 mm. First leg, length, 0°88 mm. Second leg, 0°96 mm. Third leg, 1:0 mm. Fourth leg, 1°36 mm. PALPI.—0°32. Mouth organs project 0:25 mm. beyond the body. LOCALITIES.— The New Forest, Hampshire, April 14th, 1900. 3. Thyas longirostris Piersig 1895. This mite was found in Ireland by Mr. Halbert in 1899. I have examined Mr. Soar’s mounted 46 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. specimen, given to him by that gentleman. As the name implies, the rostrum is longer than in any other species of Zhyas yet known, and is very con- spicuous. The unpaired median eye is surrounded by an elliptical chitinous ridge, extending in a line anteriorly and posteriorly, thus distinguishing it from other members of this genus. I may mention that Professor Sig Thor, of Christiania, considers this mite to be Neuman’s Bradybates truncata, and calls it Huthias longirostris. Length of female, 2°64 mm. ; breadth, 2°10 mm. PALPI.—0°71 mm. 4. Thyas vigilans Piersig 1896. This mite, only one specimen of which has been as yet recorded in England, taken by Mr. Soar at Sunningdale, May 7th, 1897. It is well and easily differentiated from the other species of Thyas by Fic. 6. Thuas vigilans. Fic. 7. Thuas vigilans. Dorsal surface of female. Genital plates. its very conspicuous median, unpaired eye, sur- rounded as it is by the curiously almost racket- shaped chitinous shield or frame, the posterior portion of which is divided into two longitudinally. - This is well shown in Mr. Soar’s figure 6. The legs are very strong and thick, much like Thyas petrophilus of Michael. Length of female, 1°30 mm.; breadth, 0°88 mm. ; length of first leg, 0-64 mm. ; of fourth leg, 1-28 mm. 5. Thyas thoracatus Piersig 1896. In this mite we have the median stigma, or un- ‘paired eye, placed in the middle of a rather large thoracic shield of chitin, of an irregularly circular form. Besides this character, there are embedded in the skin of the back four rows of irregularly shaped plates of chitin, and four smaller plates in the skin of the under side of the body. I found this mite for the first time in April 1895, and have taken it on several occasions since, including two specimens on March 16th last. ‘This species is, however, not very easy to find, for I have been to the same pond since without success. These mites are very tenacious of life, and I have kept them alive in a small glass vessel with a bit of weed, a little mud, and some water for over a year; they laid eggs, and in 1896 I had a con- siderable batch of larvae. These very curious little creatures are very active, and soon escape, running on glass or water or elsewhere with equal ease; a great contrast to their slowly crawling parents. I Fic. 8 Thyas thoracatus. Female. Dorsal view. do not know if they are parasitic, or what is their natural host. Professor Sig Thor considers this mite to belong t6 Koenike’s genus Panisus: Fic. 9. Thyas thoracatus. Genital plates. Besides the specimen sent by me to Mr. Soar, he has received one from Oak Hill, sent by Mr. Scourfield. : 6. Thyas petrophilus Michael. ? In the “ Proceedings” of the Zoological Society of London for March 5th, 1895, is printed a very interesting and exhaustive account of a mite which Michael calls 7. petrophilus. The paper is illus- trated with very fine plates, showing its external and internal anatomy. Like the preceding mite, it has a number of chitinous plates embedded in the dorsal skin, but they are fewer in number than in 7. thoracatus, and are arranged in three rows. Mr. Michael distinctly says that he could find no trace of a fifth or median eye. Koenike and Piersig both place this mite in Koenike’s genus Panisus. Ihave not found this mite, nor have I seen it alive, but I have some mounted specimens given to me by my friend Mr. Bostock, who was the first to discover it when collecting with Mr. Michael in the neighbourhood of Land’s End, Cornwall. Kirton-in-Lindscy, April 1901. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 47 NEW EDITION OF “STAUDINGER’S CATALOGUE.” ae is just thirty years since the publication of the last, or second, edition of this famous work. (') During that period it has been the “ guide, philo- sopher, and friend” to the ever-increasing number of those who in any form are students of this important little section of Zoology, the Lepidoptera of the Palaearctic Fauna. Itis hardly necessary to say how greatly zoologists have admired the wonderful care and accuracy exhibited in this book, and how eagerly they have waited, many years past, for a new edition. Thirty years is a long period nowadays in any branch of science. In such a span of time many fresh discoveries must needs take place; old views alter or expand as a new generation wanders into “fresh fields and pastures new.” We are therefore not surprised to find many changes in the face of our old friend, “ Stau- dinger’s Catalogue.” Yet it is the same face which has gathered strength and vigour under the hand of Time. Our satisfaction on opening this new volume is, however, pathetically tinged with regret as we remember that he, the master, whose portrait appears opposite the title-page, was called away before he could see the ripening of the fruit of his work. To take the last column first. Many new dis- tricts that were unknown in 1871 have been added to the territory of the Palaearctic Region, particu- larly those parts of Central Asia that have been opened up to entomologists since that time. Lower Egypt as far as the Pyramids, the Azores, and Corea have been added. Several parts even of Europe itself where they contain certain peculiar forms have been differentiated, such as Herc. mont. (Harz), Rumel (Rumelia), Serb (Servia), etc. Passing to the authors, to whose works reference is made for the first time, we notice, among foreign writers, Jules Austaut, Hugo Christoph, W. H. Edwards, Nicholas Erschoff, C. H. Fernald, H. von Heinemann, Professor Ernst Hofmann, W. J. Holland, Charles Oberthiir, Nicolai Romanoff, Fritz Rtihl; while as British authors we have Charles G. Barrett, William Buckler, T. A. Chap- man, H. J. Elwes, Sir G. F. Hampson, Holt-White, Henry C. Lang, John H. Leech, Ernst Swinhoe, J. W. Tutt, and Lord Walsingham. Where the law of priority has required, a change has been made in some of the genera, and a few of the old genera have been broken up into two or more fresh ones; e.g. Vanessa Fab. into Pyrameis Hb., Vanessa L., Polygonia Hb., Junonia Hb., and Araschnia Hb. On the other hand, large groups, such as that which among the Noctuae (1) Catalog der Lepidopteren des Palaearctischen Faunenge- bietes. I. Theil, “ Famil. Papilionidae—Hepialidae,” von Dr. O- Staudinger und Dr. H. Rebel. II. Theil, “ Famil. Pyralidae— Micropterygidae,’ von Dr. H. Rebel. 411-+368 pp., 9 in. x6 in. (Berlin : R. Friedlander & Sohn.) 1901. 16s. constitutes the genus Agrotis, remain unaltered. The divisional names of Rhopalocera disappear, and the arrangement of the families has been altered in accordance with modern requirements. It will be as well to enumerate those in the first volume in their new order :—1, Papilionidae ; 2, Pieridae; 3, Nymphalidae ; 4, Libytheidae; 5, Hrycinidae ; 6, Lycaenidae; 7, Hesperiidae ; 8, Sphingidae; 9, Notodontidae; 10, Thaumetopoedae ; 11, Lyman- triidae ; 12, Lasiocampidae ; 13, Endromididae ; 14, Lemoniidae ; 15, Saturniidae ; 16, Brahmaeidae ; 17, Bombycidae ; 18, Drepanidae ; 19, Callidulidae; 20, Thyrididae; 21, Noctuidae; 22, Agaristidae ; 23, Cymatophoridae; 24, Brephidae; 25, Geo- metridae; 26, Uraniidae; 27, Epiplemidae; 28, Nolidae; 29, Cymbidae; 30, Syntomidae; 31, Arctiidae; 32, Heterogyinidae; 33, Zygaenidae ; 34, Megalopygidae; 35, Cochlididae; 36, Psy- chidae;. 37, Sesiidae; 38, Cossidae; 39, He- pialidae. It will be seen by the above list what great alterations have been made in the arrangement of what we used to call the “ Macro-lepidoptera.” As regards nomenclature, it is refreshing to notice that very few changes have been made in the specific names since the last edition. This is a further proof of the accuracy of the work. Of course a great multitude of species have been added. Take the first example to hand, namely, the Butterflies: these in 1871 were 456; now they are 716 good species. The number of species of macro-lepidoptera, which was 2,849 in 1871, has increased to 4,744. The micro-lepidoptera, of which 3,213 species were recorded, now reach the sum of 4,505. GERMINATION IN DISTILLED WATER.—Some French botanists, experimenting upon the growth of seedlings in various media, have recently com- municated to the Académie des Sciences some interesting experiments upon the growth of seed- lings of Lupinus in distilled water, and in water in which traces of copper and other metals were present in solution; either as salts or more probably as free metal. They obtained (‘La Nature,” No. 1,463, pp. 19-22) with water distilled successively three times the following results: (1) With seed- lings grown in the last fraction of the distillate there was complete arrest in growth of the radicle, and consequently of the whole seedling; (2) with those grown in the second fraction of the distillate the radicle elongated, but the growth of whole seedling was somewhat feeble; (3) with seedlings grown in water only once distilled growth was most active. From these results they deduce that probably in the first and second distillates there is some small trace of nutrient substance present which was entirely absent from the third distillate. Gold, silver, lead, or tin, placed respectively in vessels in which the seedlings were placed in dis- tilled water, in no way hindered growth; but the merest trace of copper was a distinct hindrance to development. ‘The paper in question quotes as an analogous phenomenon the poisonous effect of copper upon algae, first noticed by the botanist Naegeli.— Harold A. Haig. 48 SCIENCE-GOSSTIF. Land and Freshwater Volume I. By JoHN 454 pp., 10 in. x 635 in., 742 (Leeds: Taylor Brothers. parts at 6s. 8d., or to subscribers A Monograph of the Mollusca of the British Isles. W. TAYLor, F.L.S. figures, vi. plates. 1894-1900.) In 7 5s. each. The pleasure which the students of our non- marine molluscs must feel upon the completion of the first volume of this work can only be exceeded by the delight they will experience when the second half is as carefully worked out in detail. Mr. Taylor estimated that four parts would give him sufficient space in which to deal with the anatomy, shell structure, general distribution, and other features, which, as we have before said, should rightly form the introduction to a modern book dealing with malacology. This is especially the case, as only too few of the collectors in this country are serious students of the important anatomical side of the subject. Every day we are meeting with foreign land molluscs, at any rate, which would be separated from their nearest rela- tions if only the shell were considered. Mr. Taylor has, however, taken up seven parts of his work in his desire to deal with the subject thoroughly ; and it is to be hoped that he will make up for trying the patience of those who are anxious to see the individual British species properly and well dealt with, from a modern standpoint, by quickly giving them the first instalment of what in a monograph dealing with a local fauna should be the really important contribution to science. We have noticed each of the previous parts as they have appeared. This last one is occupied with geo- graphical distribution of non-marine forms through- out the world. Distribution in time is also con- sidered, and the lists of the land and freshwater shells found fossil in the various formations in this country are exceedingly interesting. Enemies, parasites, and uses, complete the subject of “ Con- chology : Structural and General,” and though by no means occupying too much space serve to direct attention to many biological and ethnological considerations oot to be overlooked by the ordinary student.— W. I. Natural i. ana Antiquities of Selborne. By GILBERT WHITE. Edited by L. C. MIALL, F.R.S., and W. WARDE Fowler, M.A. xxxvi + 386 pp. : in. x 53 in. (London: Methuen & Oo. 1901. ) s. The original edition of the Rev. Gilbert White’s work published in 1789 is here reproduced, except- ing certain Latin charters and deeds. Dr. Aikin’s extractions from White’s diaries are also included, but the naturalist’s calendar, compiled by Aikin, has been omitted, as the editors consider it of small scientific value. There are anumber of editorial footnotes on the pages, which add greatly to the value of this edition of White’s Selborne, the notes on birds being by Mr. Warde Fowler. To these are added some notes by Bell and editors of former editions. From the naturalist’s point of view this edition is of considerable value, and White’s ob- servations are collated. with modern scientific knowledge. This latest issue of White’s Selborne is to be recommended, especially as its published price places it within the reach of all our readers. Disease in Plants. By H. MARSHALL WARD, Sc.D., F.R.S. xiv+309 pp., 73 in.x5 in. (London and New York: Macmillan & Co., 1901.) 7s. 6d. Dr. Marshall Ward, the well-known Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, has recog- nised that the ordinary farmer, forester, and gardener does not want a highly technical book on plant diseases, but rather one that will indicate the cause and cure for the common “blights” which affect the crops. What he needs is a guide, written in simple language, that will lead him to recognise and deal with any plant trouble. Having this in view Professor Marshall Ward has written a valuable treatise on the whole subject, which will form a great help to growers of plants of all kinds. With its aid loss may be saved and much disappointment prevented. The author desires to ~ be consulted rather as a physician in the case than as a pathologist; otherwise, to suggest cures in- stead of learnedly discoursing upon the disease. Everyone interested in growing plants should obtain this book. The Commonwealth of Cells. By H. G. F. SPURRELL, B.A. vi+115 pp., 74 in. x5 in., with 67 diagrams. 1901.) 2s. 6d. The author’s object in issuing this work bas been to present the fundamental principles of physiology in a brief, consecutive, and readable form for those who do not care to study the text- books. It is liberally illustrated with effective though somewhat coarsely drawn diagrams. It is a handy little work,and will be useful to many young people who desire some information on the. subject without troubling to obtain special in- struction. (London: Bailliere, Tindal & Cox, Principles of Magnetism and Electricity y. By P. L. GRAY, B.Sc., xvi +235 pp., 7$ in. x 5 im., with 181 illustrations. (London: Methuen & Co. IOI) Bis, (ek In writing this elementary text-book on mag- netism and electricity, the author warns the students against reading without practical work. There are nowadays so few places where a physical laboratory is not available, that the author’s warn- ing may well be taken to heart. This book appears to be a useful work of its kind. Cerebral Science. By WALLACE Woop, M.D. x + 128 pp., 74 in. x 42 in., with several illustra- tions. (London: Balliére, Tindal & Cox. 1901.) 3s. 6d. net. The object of the work before us is, by means of the study of comparative psychology, to found a new practical science of “ethology.” This, accord- ing to the author, is to be defined as the study of “how to regenerate man, how to make the new body, the new brain, the new city, and how to shape the new world.” It is not stated whether the “newness” is to be an improvement on present arrangements ; but, presuming the development is to be higher, we do not quite see in what manner the study of the comparative psychology of the lower vertebrates will bring about this result. Some of the features of the book are of interest, SCIENCE-GOSSTP. Vv BAUSCH & LOMB’S| LABORATORY, BACTERIOLOGICAL AND ADVANCED MICROSCOPE. Po. MODEL B.B. I THE POPULAR FAVOURITE. With Screw Substage, Iris Dia- phragm, Coarse and Fine Adjust- ment, Brass Stand, in Polished Wood Cabinet, with Lock and Key, £5 0 0. HUYGHENIAN EYEPIECES. 2-In. id-in. «r-in. #-in. in. df= S/> i= b/= 7 5/- B. & L.’s SPECIALLY COR- RECTED HIGH-CLASS OB- JECTIVES for Laboratory Work. Dry.. 2/3 in. N.A. 0°24, 15/= ea. ” 1/6 in. », 0°82, 80/- ,, Oil Immersion— 1/12 in. ,, 1°32, 100/-,, Our 1/6 in. N.A. 0°66 specially constructed for Blood Correcting. We have all Models on Stock complete with Objectives, &c., 38/6 to £30 each. A. E. STALEY & CO., 35 ALDERMANBURY, LONDON, E.C. (BAUSCH & LOMB’S REPRESENTATIVES FOR GREAT BRITAIN AND EXPORT.) 84-PAGE FULLY ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE LIST THREEPENCE TO COVER POSTAGE. 3@F As an instance of the High-class character of our Stands and Perfection of our Objectives, we may say we have now sold over 30,000 of these Micro- scopes; this fact in itself is sufficlent guarantee of their merit and quality. N.B.—See Notes on our Instruments in the New Edition of Carpenter on the Microscope. JAS. SWIFT & SON, Zr Manufacturing Opticians. SOLELY APPOINTED TO THE A.M. DeEpt., War OFFICE, FOR THE SUPPLY oF MICROSCOPES. Patent form of Student’s Micro- scope, fitted with 2/3’ and 1/6” Pan-Aplanatic Objectives, Iris Diaphragm and Oculars, in Case, from 5s. These Instruments we have sup- plied in numbers to the following » Medical Schools, viz., St. Mary’s, { St.Bartholomew’s, Guy’s, Middle- sex, London, and St. Thomas’s. {F Seven Gold Medals awarded for excellence of manufacture. Catalogue on Application. COURT ROAD, W. MIGRO-SLIDE LENDING DEPARTMENT. The above is being entirely rearranged by experts who are writing detailed descriptions of each Slide in their several departments. READY CCTOBER. MICRO-CATALOGUE (1900-1901) Considerably Enlarged and Re-written throughout. _Post Free to Readers of ‘‘ Science-Gossip.”’ C. BAKER, 244 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C. ITTENHAM 81 T MIGROSCOPIGAL AND LANTERN SLIDES Illustrative of every department of ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, GEOLOGY, and TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, Eprom 6s. aAoz. HISTOLOGY OF THE COTTON PLANT. T.S. Lateral Root, 6d. T. & L.S. Stem (4 sections), 1/6 T.S. Petiole, 6d. T. & L.S. Flower-bud, 1/3. Ovary at various stages, 1/6. Anther before and after dehis- cence, 6d. DS sen of (Seedenito Canals, 1/- show Oil The following Types of Cotton Fibres, &c., 1/- per Slide. SEA ISLANDS COTTON. Extra fine T.S. of Fibre. 5 Entire. Georgia T.S. of Fibre. “a Entire. Tahiti T.S. of Fibre. EGYPTIAN Brown 1.8. of Fibre. “5 Entire. White £.S. of Fibre. i Entire. Smyrna T.S. of Fibre. Ditto Entire. Florida T.S. of Fibre. 50 Entire. Bahama Islands T.S. of Fibre. AS Entire. Ditto Entire. COTTON. Gallini T.S. of Fibre, Pe Entire. Ashmouni T.S. of Fibre. Entire. BRAZILIAN COTTON. Pernam [.S. of Fibre. Peruvian Rough T.S. of Fibre. * Entire. 35 Entire. Rios T.S. of Fibre. Peruvian Smooth T.S. of Fibre. Ap Entire. i Entire. Peruvian Red T.S. of Fibre. AMERICAN COTTON. Good ordinary T.S. of Fibre. Texas T.S. of Fibre. ‘ Entire. 99 Entire Orleans T.S. of Fibre. Macio T.S. of Fibre. is Entire. 90 Entire. Memphis T.S. of Fibre. Benders T.S. of Fibre. 50 Entire. _ Entire. Uplands T.S. of Fibre. Nashville T.S. of Fibre. Hs Entire. Entire. Allanseed T.S. of Fibre. Ditto Entire. EAST INDIAN COTTON. Tinneville T.S. of Fibre. Cera T.S. of Fibre. ss Entire. or Entire. : Hingunghat T.S. of Fibre. Rangoon T.S. of Fibre. 45 Entire. an Entire. Broach T.S. of Fibre. Bengal T.S. of Fibre. : 5 Entire. x Entire. Dollerah T.S. of Fibre. Assam T.S. of Fibre. A Entire. 5 Entire. Oomrawuttee T.S. of Fibre. Scinde T.S. of Fibre. * Entire. ma Entire. China Cotton T.S. of Fibre. African Cotton T.S. of Fibre. is Entire. AH Entire. For Chemical Action—‘‘ Mercerized Cotton” T.S. of Fibre. A 3 ““Mordanted” ,, be SILK. T.S. Silk Fibre (raw state). | T.S. Spun Yarn, “Artificial Entire Silk.” T.S. so-called Silk Cotton, ‘‘ Callatropa gigantea.” WOOL. Five Samples from the same Fleece. Loins and Back T.S. of Fibre. Bs Entire. Shoulders T.S. of Fibre. 3 Entire. Sides, T.S. of Fibre. an Entire. Neck, I.S. of Fibre. Entire. Legs, T.S. of Fibre. Ditto Entire. FIBRES USED for MANUFACTURE of COARSE FABRICS Flax, T.S. of Fibre. 55 Entire. Hemp, T.S. of Fibre. “a Entire. Now Ready. LANTERN SLIDES. Jute, T.S. of Fibre. ar; Entire. China Grass, “.S. of Fibre. ~ a Entire. Field to Factory. Price 6d. per slide. A Series of 100 Lantern Slides to illustrate the Structure and Histology of the Cotton Plant, its cultivation and growth, picking and preparation of the fibre for, and shipment to, the markets of the World, its manufacture, &c. tional Committee of the Specially prepared for the Educa- West Riding of Yorkshire County Council. A descriptive pamphlet of this Series now in the press. ABRAHAM FLATTERS, Gold Medallist in Natural Science, 46 & 18 Church Road, Longsight, Manchester. Preparer of Textile Fibres and Demonstrator in Microscopy to the Manchester Municipal Technical School. j@F Send for Lists, free per post. Bt vi SCIENCE-GOSSIP. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. SPECIAL _ CONCESSION. Present and New Annual Subscribers desiring to complete their series of The First SIX Wolumes a ae of the New Series of ScIENCE-GossIP can have them delivered free, bound in cloth, with die-sunk gilt lettering, and all extra pages for reference, according to the latest fashion of binding Scientific Magazines, For TWENTY Shillings. ee SE) The prices to ordinary purchasers are Vol. I., 5s. 6d.; Vols. II., III., IV., V. and VI., 7s. 6d. each. The Trade is supplied at these prices, with usual discount. The volumes commence with the June number; but Annual Subscriptions (6s. 6d., post free) may begin with any month, and should be sent direct to SCIENCE-GossIP Office, 110 STRAND, LONDON, W.C. The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation. An Illustrated Monthly Magazine of General Entomology. EpITeD By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. scisted: by Ht St. J. K: DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F-E.S. (eciventeray and MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Orthoptera). Published on the 15th of each month. Recently enlarged to 28 pages. Double numbers post free to Subscribers. Subscription price, 7s. per volume (including Special Index, with every reference to aberrations, varieties, species, genera, &c.). The articles are written by the first entomologists of the day. Each month are numerous short notes under following heads ‘* Coleoptera,” ‘‘ Orthoptera,” *‘ Scientific Notes and Observations,” “ Life-histories, Larvae, &c.,” ‘‘ Variation,” ‘‘ Notes on Collecting,” “ Practical Hints—Field Work for the Month,” ‘‘ Current Notes, “‘ Notices of Books,” &c. To LIBRARIANS AND OTHERS.--A FEW complete sets of the back Volumes are on sale at 7s. 6d. per Volume. Special Indexes at Is. each (those for Vols. I..and II. are out of print)—Subscriptious to H. E. Pace, F.E.S., “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E. GENERAL STEAM NAVIGN, CO., 55 Great Tower Street, E.C. LONDON AND EDINBURGH. Every Wednesday and Saturday from each end. Fares.—Chief Cabin, 22s. ; Return, 34s. Fore Cabin, 16s. ; Return, 24s. 6d. The SEAMEW, one of the finest and fastest steamers on the Coast, is now on the Edinburgh route HIGHLAND TOURS. 6-day Tour 4314 6 ; 9 es & ey © 6s. less if Lord 12 io 6 5 6 of the Isles 13 a 612 6 Coupon not 16 e po ake) 0 required, 17 FA co Oo F © Including 1st Class passage to Edinburgh and back, with meals on board, and carriage of bicycle, hotel accommodation (with board) in the Highlands, and Trip, 1st Class vza Loch Fyne and the Kyles of Bute, from Inveraray to Glasgow by the magnificent new Royal Mail Steamer Lord of the /sles, with dinner on board and carriage of bicycle. These tours have been designed primarily to meet the wants of cyclists, but are equally suitable to ordinary tourists and holiday makers. Route-map, Itineraries and all information on application, LONDON AND OSTEND. Frequent departures as per Time Table. WEEK-END EXCURSION TO OSTEND. Excursionists leave London by the Boat on Saturday at 4 p.m., and return from Ostend by the Boat leaving there on Sunday at 3p.m. Passengers sleep on board going and returning, and besides a pleasant sea trip, largely by daylight, have the opportunity of spending a large part of Sunday in this famous continental seaside resort. Fares.—Chief Cabin, 7s. 6d., or 6s. for Forward Sleeping Berth. Return Tickets, tos. 6d. or gs. Company’s Illustrated Guide free, on application to Chief Office. By Post, 2d. THAMES STEAMBOATS. LONDON TO GRAVESEND (Terrace Pier) and HERNE BAY, 7c MILES BY WATER. Fares to Herne Bay from London, Greenwich and Woolwich — Each Way. B/- Each Way. To Gravesend (Terrace Pier), 1s. single, and ts. 6d. return. By the Favourite Saloon Steamer THE MERMAID. Every day, except Fridays— Charing Cross, 9.0 a.m. ; London Bridge (Old Swan), 9.30 a,m. ; | Greenwich, ro.o a.m. ; Woolwich, 10.15 a.m. ; Gravesend (Terrace } Pier), 11.45 a.m. Returning from Herne Bay at 3 45 p.m.; and from Gravesend (Terrace Pier), 6.45 p.m. EAVES Oink @@ Webs Return. 1/6 Return. | By the CARDINAL WOLSEY daily from Old Swan Pier, London Bridge, at 9.45 a.m., calling at all Piers up. Excellent Refreshments, Luncheons and Teas on board. No Intoxicants Sold. The Thames Steamboat Co. (1897), Ltd., 17 Philpot Lane, E.C. BELLE STEAMERS. Daily Sea Trips FROM FRESH WHARF, LONDON BRIDCE. 9.15.—Daily (Fridays excepted) to Southend, Walton, and Clacton and back same day, and to Felixstowe, Harwich, Ipswich, Southwold, and Yarmouth, changing at Walton. 9.35.—-Daily (Fridays excepted) to Margate and Rams- gate and back same day. 2.0.—Husbands’ Boat to Margate and back every Saturday. | 3.0.—Trips round the Nore every Saturday, Sunday, Monday, and Thursday, calling at River Piers and Gravesend (Town Pier), and at Southend on Satur- days. The 9.15 and 9.35 Steamers call at Greenwich, Wool- wich (North), and Tilbury. Trains in connection on L.T. and S. Railway. All return tickets available during the season. Special terms to parties. For Time Tables, Tickets, &c., apply at the Piers and the COAST DEVELOPMENT CO., LIMITED, 33 WALBROOK, E.C. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 49 among others a chapter on the ‘“ Psychology of the Lamb,” and comparison between the brains of tiger and cat and wolf and dog, especially with reference to the evolution of the higher qualities in the domesticated animals. Amphibia and Reptiles. By HANS GaADow, MEN hed Rass §) xdil-i668) pps, 9) im) x.6) m., with 181 illustrations. (London and New York: Macmillans. 1901.) 17s. net. This is vol. viii. of the “Cambridge Natural History,” and more than maintains the high scientific reputation of this series. The herpe- tologists or students of the amphibia and reptiles have now a standard work of the highest class, and the general reader can from this book obtain, without being deterred by too much terminology, a general idea of the class which is not to be LeproPHis LIOCURUS, readily attained elsewhere. Of course the author deals with the subject at large. The geographical distribution of habitat is illustrated by the coloured map of the world which forms the fronti- spiece. By this we know at a glance whence come the various groups inhabiting tropical forests with continuous vegetation, deserts, prairies, and tem- perate wooded zones. In fact, the work is in- tended to appeal to two classes of readers: the field naturalists who are interested in life histories, habits, geographical distribution, beauty, and strangeness of forms, and to the morphologists. Though the interests of these two kinds of naturalists have little in common, such a work as this teaches the former much that they usually neglect, and makes the latter realise that the creatures they anatomatise were once alive and possessed other interests besides structure. To both these types of students the book is full of learning, and will form a valuable addition to their libraries. The illustrations are admirable: they are chiefly (From Amphibia and Reptiles. from drawings on wood, and are nearly all by Miss M. E. Durham, mostly from living specimens, which is a very important point with regard to their accurate representation. Weall know that pictures made from specimens in spirit naturally lack truth- fulness when they depend on the imagination of an artist who has never seen the creatures alive. By the courtesy of the publishers we reproduce one of the illustrations, showing a neotropical tree snake, arranged with all the elegance of these beautiful animals. The natural colour is of a golden green, with white underside. They live chiefly upon small birds and their eggs. When disturbed they have the peculiar habit of coiling the whole body like a watch-spring and when alighting on the ground upon the spiral, suffer- ing no inconvenience through its breaking the fall. te) By Hans Gadow.) Animal Life. By DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D., and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M.S. ix+329 pp., 8 in. x53 in., with 180 illustrations. (London: Henry Kimpton. 1901.) 7s. 6d. net. This work, which first appeared in America, is one of the twentieth-century text-books edited by Dr. A. F. Nightingale. The object of the volume before us is to give an elementary account of animal ecology, otherwise the relations of animals to their surroundings and the responsive adapt- ability of them to their environment. This subject is one which is of the highest interest to all students of zoology. Such a work as this develops in us the faculty of observation, and enables us to realise the objects of the association of facts ob- served. We are glad to see this book, as that portion of natural history study has been much neglected in the science literature of this country. The illustrations are admirable and subjects well chosen. Indeed, it is one of the most readable of natural history books that have recently appeared. 50 SCIE NCE-GOSSLB. 9 iC) fl ~$ 74| SCIENCE GOSSIP s p> Pte S es STR eI THE botanical and conchological collection formed by the late Miss Charlotte Yonge, the well-known novelist, has been bequeathed by her to St. Mary’s College, Winchester. A CATALOGUE of second-hand books upon subjects relating to gardening, horticulture, and forestry has been issued by John Wheldon & Co., 38 Great Queen Street, London, W.C. It appears to contain a number of curious and interesting works. WE have to notice the death at the age of forty- five of Professor J. Viriamu Jones, F.R.S., the Principal and Professor of Physics in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. He was selected as the first Principal of the University College of South Wales, out of thirty applicants at the early age of twenty-six. THE Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine has sent their fifth expedition to attempt the exter- mination of the Anopheles mosquito on the West African Coast. These mosquitoes disseminate malaria, and Major Ronald Ross, accompanied by Dr. Logan Taylor, has taken with him for the purpose of extermination large quantities of cement, petroleum, and creosote. The rainy season, which is the most dangerous of the year, has been chosen as the best to test the efticacy of these operations. AN interesting experiment has been conducted on behalf of the Canadian Government by Dr. William Saunders, F.R.S. One hundred and fifty miles out at sea from Halifax, N.S., in the course of steamers to that city from England, lies Sable Island, in the form of a slender crescent, twenty- one miles in length, its highest point being little over sea-level, and consequently most dangerous to mariners. To render it more visible it has been now planted with 81,000 trees and shrubs under Dr. Saunders’ direction. - AT the last meeting for the session of the Royal Meteorological Society a paper was read from Mr. F. Napier Denison, of Victoria, British Columbia, on the “Seismograph as a Sensitive Barometer.” It appears, from a study of the seismograph in connection with atmospheric pressure, as recorded by an aerograph, that the horizontal needle of the former instrument indicates an apparent change or distortion in the earth’s surface caused by the heavier local air-pressures. It has been found that when an extensive storm area is approaching from the westward the pendulum of the seismo- graph swings steadily to the eastward, often eighteen to twenty-four hours before the local barometer begins to fall, completely masking any diurnal fluctuations that might have existed as the storm area approaches. In the event of it being followed by an important high area, the pendulum will begin to swing towards the westward before it is possible to ascertain this area’s position on the current weather charts. WE understand that the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, will at the end of the present year lose Sir Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., as Professor of Astronomical Physics. Sir Norman will, how- ever, we hear, retain his position of Director of Solar Physics at the South Kensington Observa- tory. THE Report of the Second International Con- ference for the Exploration of the Sea, dated Christiania, 1901, has recently been issued, and contains minutes of each day’s proceedings and the resolutions of the Conference. A translation of the former and the authorised English version of the resolutions are given. WE have received a reprint from the “Journal of the British Archaeological Association” on ‘Karly Defensive Earthworks,” by Mr. J. Chalkley Gould. It consists of two papers read by the author at the Congresses of the Association held at Buxton in 1899 and at Leicester in 1900. Mr. Gould has contributed some drawings and photo- graphs which add greatly to his clear explanations of these little generally known memorials of early mankind in Britain. WE have received a notice of the formation of “The Conchological Exchange Club,” together with a copy of the rules. It is founded with the object of supplying an organised medium by which students of mollusca could find a ready means of exchanging duplicate specimens and obtaining particular species. During this year the club will deal only with the British land, freshwater, and marine mollusca. Particulars may be obtained from Mr. Guy Breeden, Hon. Sec., 38 Station Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham. For Londoners and others who are considering a holiday in the Highlands of Scotland, the General Steam Navigation Company are now issuing com- bined tickets from London and back, including the steamer to Edinburgh and hotel expenses through- out. These tickets amount to about ten shillings a day throughout the period from and back home, all first-class accommodation. Bicycles are carried free of charge. We should imagine these excur- sions would be useful to naturalists who have not yet become familiar with the beautiful scenery of Scotland. AMATEUR photographers visiting London cannot complain that they do not receive encouragement from their metropolitan friends. There has been issued a neatly produced card giving a list of picturesque subjects, chiefly of historical and popular interest, within a day’s journey. This card also indicates the most suitable time of day and the length of exposure to secure the best results for each picture. The card may be obtained gratis at the leading hotels or from the publishers, Messrs. Sanders & Crowhurst, of 71 Shaftesbury Avenue, W. WE have received from Cairo the Report for 1900 of the Ghizeh Zoological Gardens. The Director is Captain Stanley S. Flower, F.Z.8., who, as our readers will probably remember, is a son of the late Sir William Flower, of the British Museum. The donations during the year seem to have been very satisfactory. The total number of registered additions to the menagerie was 371, of which 31 were bred in the gardens. An interesting point in the report is a list of the wild birds observed during the year living at large in the gardens. SCIENCE-GOSSTP. 51 PHOTOGRAPHY] CONDUCTED BY B. FOULKES-WINKS, M.R.P.S. EXPOSURE TABLE FOR JULY. The figures in the following table are worked out for plates of about 100 Hurter & Driffield. For plates of lower speed number give more exposure in proportion. Thus platesof 50 H. & D. would require just double the exposure. In the same way, plates of a higher speed number will require proportionately less exposure. Time, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. ri Between 7 and 8 a.m. and 4 and 5 p.m. double the required exposure. Between 6 and 7 a.m. and 5 and 6 p.m. multiply by 4. Supsecr F, 5:6) F.8 F.11|F.16) F.22|F,32/ F.45) F. 64) =| Delt a =I a SeaandSky.. | 350 | s30 x0 | vo | sz | ve | 3 t Open Landscape) | Ciesla 1 a 1 1 1 1 and Shipping 120! Go 32 16 8 ZB | te Landscape,with | | | | dark _ fore- | | ground, Street};+}2, | 3; | 4 | 4+ | 2 Ba Scenes, and | | | | Groups | | Portraits in/)., a | ROOMS ell } oe iene | TO See er eimai Light Interiors] 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 Wh coal | i} | | Dark Interiors | 16 | 32 | 1 | 2\) 4 | 8 | 16) 30 if | i The small figures represent seconds, The exposures are calculated for sunshine. If the weather is cloudy, increase the exposure by half as much again ; if gloomy, double the exposure. ; PHOTOGRAPHIC CONVENTION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.—We have received from Mr. F. A. Bridge, the Hon. Secretary of the Convention, the official guide to the Oxford meeting, which, as already announced in a previous issue of this journal, will be held from July 8th to 13th in- clusive. The guide is very tastefully compiled and contains several fine photographic illustrations of places to be visited during Convention Week, together witha frontispiece portrait of Sir W. J. Herschel, the President-elect, from a negative by Miss Acland. The ‘meetings, also exhibitions of photographic apparatus, pictures, etc., will be held in the New Municipal Buildings during the week. On Monday, July 8th, the Hon. Secretaries will attend all day from 10 a.m. in the Assembly Room. Members are requested to report them- selves as early as possible to receive their badges of membership and secure tickets for the excur- sions. A plan of Oxford City, with references showing the principal buildings and other places of interest, is shown on p. 8 of the guide. The conversazione and evening meetings will be held in the Town Hall and Assembly Rooms. The annual dinner and smoking concert, to which ladies are invited, will be held in the Clarendon Hotel. There will be an exhibition of specially large figures minutes: . When the official group will be taken. selected lantern slides under the direction of Mr. F. A. Bridge in the Town Hall after the: Pre- sident’s address on Monday evening. On Thurs- day evening a collection of slides will be shown by the members of the Oxford Camera Club, and on Friday the lantern, microscope, and polariscope will be used. in connection with Mr. Wyatt's paper. By the courtesy of the authorities every facility will be given to those members desirous of photographing the colleges, college grounds, gardens, parks, etc., from July 8th to 13th in- clusive. On p. 51 of the guide will be found a list of dark rooms which are placed at the disposal of the members. The members of the Local Com- mittee will be in attendance at the Town Hall early on Monday to act as guides, and parties will, at convenient times, be conducted over the colleges. The opening conversazione will take place in the Town Hall at 7.30 p.m., when the members will be officially welcomed to the city by the Right Worshipful Mayor of Oxford, G. Claridge Druce, Esq., M.A., who will be sup- ported by the Reception Committee and the members of the Oxford Camera Club. The Pre- sident (Sir W. J. Herschel) will then deliver his address, and the evening will conclude with an exhibition of lantern slides. On Tuesday, the 9th, there will be a river excursion to Abingdon and Dorchester A special steamer will leave Fally Bridge at 9 a.m., a short stay being made at Iffley to enable members to visit the old Norman church, and at other places to photograph picturesque parts of the river. At Abingdon the members will be received by the Mayor, Mr. Alderman J. T. Morland, and after lunch will proceed to Day’s Lock, the return journey commencing at 7 p.m. The annual meeting and election of the new Council will take place on Wednesday in the Assembly Rooms at ten o’clock. In the afternoon, at three, the President invites the members to a garden party in the gardens of Worcester College, The annual dinner will be held in the evening at 7 p.m. On Thursday there will be an excursion to Warwick, conducted by Mr. Harold Baker. ‘The Warwick Dry Plate Company have kindly invited the members to luncheon, which will be presided over by Sir Montague Nelson, supported by the Mayor of Warwick. ‘The Earl of Warwick has ordered that special facilities be afforded the members to take photographs of the exterior of the Castle, and special arrangements have been made for members to photograph the Parish Church, the Beauchamp Chapel, Lord Leycester’s Hospital, etc. There will also be excursions from Warwick to Guy’s Cliif and Kenilworth. Inthe evening, at the Town Hall, Oxford, Professor H. H. Turner, M.A., F.R.S., Savilian Professsor of Astronomy, will deliver an address on ‘‘ Photography in Relation to Astro- nomy.” On Friday, July 12th, there will be excursions to Banbury, Broughton Castle, and Compton Wyn- yates.. At Broughton Castle special facilities for photographing the castle have been kindly granted by Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox. At Compton Wynyates there will be a picnic lunch in the grounds by permission of the Marquis of North- ampton. There will also be a meeting at the Town Hall at 8.30 p.m., when papers will be read by Dr. Moritz van Rohr, Mr. C. Watmough-Webster, and Mr. W. Wyatt. This will practically bring the convention to a close, although parties will be formed on Saturday for short excursions as 52 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. occasions may arise. ‘The Council announce that the members of L’Union Internationale de Photographie have decided to hold their annual gathering at Oxford in conjunction with the Photo- graphic Convention of the United Kingdom. There is this year every prospect of a very enjoyable and successful meeting, and the Hon. Secretary is to be congratulated upon the complete arrangements he has provided for the members. COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY.—We have received a fully illustrated and descriptive catalogue of appa- ratus, material, and appliances for natural colour photography, a simple, inexpensive, and reliable process, based upon sound scientific principles for obtaining photographs of any object in natural colours. Many attempts have been made to intro- duce methods of obtaining natural colour photo- graphs with more or less success from the time when Professor Clerk-Maxwell first projected a protograph in natural colours upon the lantern screen at the Royal Institution in 1861. The method by which he obtained his results was based upon the Young-Helmholtz theory of colour vision, which assumes that there are three fundamental colour sensations—viz. a red, a green, and a violet. Upon these nes Mr. Frederick Ives, of Phila- delphia, succeeded in producing, by his Kromskop system, colour photography. It was a colour record or transparency, which, when viewed in a special instrument, had an effect faithful in colour to the original and pleasing to the eye. Since, however, Mr. Ives left this country, where he per- fected his system of colour photographs, the work has been carried on by Messrs. Sanger Shepherd & Co., who have brought the process to a degree of perfection, and so simplified the working details, as to place it within the reach of every careful worker in photography. The enormous number of subjects to which this pro- cess of pure colour photography is specially applicable is obvious. | Every piece of special apparatus that is re- quired for this process is carefully illus- trated and explained in the list, and we should recommend anyone interested in this beautiful method of reproducing nature to write to Messrs. Sanger Shepherd & Co., Gray’s Inn Passage, Red Lion Street, London, who, we are sure, would be pleased to forward the catalogue and supply any information that would be required. HIG. 2: PHOTOGRAPHY FOR BEGINNERS. By B. FOULKES-WINks, M.R.P.S. (Continued from page 23.) SECTION I, CAMERAS (continued). In addition to the ‘‘ Yale” hand-cameras, Messrs. Adams & Co. are manufacturers of the ‘ Adams De Luxe” double-extending camera, the “ Reflex ” and the “Natti” cameras. We give illustrations of the ‘‘ Adams De Luxe.” It is an instrument of the very highest type, and beautifully finished in every detail. It is fitted with the ‘“ Ross-Zeiss” convertible Anastigmat lens, working at F. 6:3 in its combined form, and at F. 12-5 when used as a single lens. In the }-plate size the lens fitted is the No. 4, and when used as a double lens is of 5-inch focus if used as a single lens, the focal length is 9 inches. The front combination of the lens is easily removed by a simple bayonet joint, and slipped into a spring clip provided for the purpose of holding the front lens when not in use. The camera is then racked out to its full extent by a very ingenious double rack-work arrangement, by which means the front and back portions of the camera move equally away from the centre, carry- ing the handle, thus keeping the weight always ADAMS’ “Dr LUXE,’ CLOSED. Fie. 1. central. There are two separate distance scales supplied, one for each lens; the diaphragm values are engraved for each lens; and the finders, which are of the “Brilliant Real Image” type, are pro- vided with shields, so that they will show the exact amount of view embraced by either lens. A most important point about these finders is that they move in exact relation to the rising front of the camera; the operator will therefore be able to judge the precise amount of foreground it is desir- able to cut off from the picture he is taking. ‘This applies both to the horizontal and vertical finder. They are also perfectly adjusted, and show in miniature the exact view that will be upon the plate. The camera is fitted with the patent pneu- ApaAms’ “ DE LUXE,” EXTENDED FOR USE WITH LONG Focus LENS. matic regulation shutter, working between the lenses, and giving a range of: speeds from 3 asecond to ;4;th of a second. It is also fitted with a focal plane shutter, giving a further range of speeds varying from ;i;th to ;,55th of a second. Thus, with this camera any exposure may be given between 4 a second and 545th for .time ex- posure. The pneumatic or front shutter is used, and for this purpose an india-rubber ball tube release is provided. The changing-box, which carries either twelve plates or twenty-four cut films, is built upon the “ Yale” system, as described in last mouth’s issue of SCIENCE-GOSSIP (p. 28). The box is provided with an automatic indicator, which records the number of plates exposed. The changing-box can be easily removed from the camera and a ground giass focussing screen inserted in its stead for use when the camera ison a tripod. It is so constructed that double dark slides may be used in the camera, which are made interchangeable with the changing-box. The Camera De Luxe is provided with an extensive SC/IENCE-GOSS/P. 53 rising front for both horizontal and vertical pic- tures, and is fitted with two levels. The 5x4 ‘“‘De Luxe” is precisely the same in every detail, except that it is fitted with the No. 7 Ross-Zeiss lens of two 114 in. foci, giving in the combined lens a focal length of 63 in. The price of the 4-plate camera is £27 10s., and of the 5 x 4 £32 10s. The Adams ‘“ Reflex”? camera is quite a different type of instrument, the principal feature being a full-size finder on the reflex system. This consists of a reflector working on a spring inside the camera, which reflects the rays coming through the lens on to a piece of ground glass inserted in the top of the camera. This receives the image in exactly the same condition that it will be thrown upon the sensitive plate when the mirror is released. Thus the identical view in respect to sharpness, amount of view, size of object, and position it will occupy t Fig. 3, ADAMS’ “ REFLEX” WITH FOCUSSING HOOD RAISED. on the plate is clearly seen in the finder. The ground glass is shaded from the light by means of a deep funnel arrangement, as shown in fig. 3, which enables the operator to see the image clearly in the most brilliant light. There is not any other system for focussing and arranging the picture in hand camera work with such accuracy and precision as can be attained by this method. This particular camera is so constructed that the picture can be taken either vertically or horizontally by simply inserting the double dark slide according to the way the picture is required. ‘The camera is fitted with a focal plain shutter giving exposures varying from roth to ;445th part of asecond. This shutter con- sists of a rollable blind which when making an exposure carries a slit of varying size across the sensitive plate and close to its surface. The various exposures are obtained by altering the size of the slot, which in this case is achieved by simply turning a small mill-head screw outside the camera until the desired exposure is seen registered on the shutter itself. The lens best adapted for this class of camera is one with a large working aperture, such as the ‘“ Zeiss Planar,” working at F. 4, the ‘‘ Unar,” F. 5, the ‘“‘Convertible Anastig- mat,” F. 6°3, the ‘ Cooke,” F. 6:5, the ‘* Dallmeyer Stigmatic,’ F. 6, or other lenses of this type. Those in this camera are easily interchangeable, so that one or more of different foci can be used on the same instrument. For instance, the 5 x 4 size is capable of taking any lens of an equiva- lent focus between 7 and 14 inches; thus, if the No. 10 Ross-Zeiss Anastigmat lens is fitted, the combined lens will be 8 inches and the single lens 14 inches, which would gain a wide choice of angle of view. In addition to the ordinary work, the camera can be used for telephoto lenses. ‘The Reflex camera is made for ; plate, 5 x 4 and 3 plate. The “ Nydia” isa neat folding pocket-camera, fitted with the Newman and Guardia pneumatic shutter working between the lenses, having a range of speeds from ;},th to 4 a second, and time 100 2 exposures. It is fitted with the N. and G. THE “ NypIA” CAMERA, OPEN AND CLOSED. changing system, the box practically forming the body of the camera. When in use it is rigid and easily worked. It has a very neat focussing arrangement which permits of adjustment from two yards to the utmost limit. When closed, as seen in the illustration, it measures only 73 inches x 4+ inches x 13 inches, and when loaded weighs 28 ounces, thus being easily carried in a pocket. The box is constructed to carry eight plates, or twelve flat films. This camera is made only in quarter-plate size. It is fitted with lenses by four different makers—viz. a Rapid Rectilinear, work- ing F. 8; Wray’s Rapid Rectilinear, F. 8; Ross New Symmetric Anastigmat F.8; and Zeiss-Saty Anastigmat F. 6°3. The focal length of all these lenses is the same—5} inches. The iris dia- phragm in each case is scaled up to F. 45. The finder is of the real image type, ground glass, and can be relied upon to give a true representa- tion of the picture on the plate. In addition to the above features the ‘‘ Nydia” is provided with a swing back. The prices of the ‘‘ Nydia ” range from £7 10s. to £15 10s., according to the lens selected. The “Adams” cameras, working with the bag changing, are made somewhat upon the same lines, that is, so far as concerns the manufacture. Both these firms are makers only of the highest class instruments. (To be continued.) 54 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. pees WN hon — jos ‘a mC. CONDUCTED BY C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, B.A.OXON., F.1.C., F.C.S. SAFETY VESSELS FOR INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. — These vessels, which have been introduced by Henze & Co., are constructed on the principle of the Davy Safety Lamp. The inlet and outlet tubes are protected by fine wire gauze, so that any vapour becoming ignited burns harmlessly on the exterior, without causing the whole contents to take fire. VEGETABLE RENNET.—-Ferments which closely resemble in properties the well-known enzyme of the animal kingdom (ante, Vol. VII., p. 369) are found in numerous plants. According to Linné, the juice of Pinguicula vulgaris has long been used in Lapland to coagulate milk, whilst the Hindoos, who avoid animal rennet on religious grounds, em- ploy an extract of the seeds of Withania coagulans, a member of the Solanaceae for the same purpose. Peters detected milk-coagulating enzymes in figs, artichokes, and thistles, and Green discovered a rennet in the germinating seeds of the castor oil plant, which was rendered active on treatment with dilute acids. ACTION OF COLD ON BACTERTA.-- Bacteria possess extraordinary powers of resisting cold. Thus Pictet and Young exposed cultiv ations of anthrax bacilli to a temperature of —76° C. for twenty hours without destroying their vitality, and similar results were obtained by Colemann and Mickendrick, who found bacteria to be capable of developing after being exposed to temperatures of —6° to —130° C. Yet, although cold does not destroy micro-organisms, it prevents their develop- ment, so that putrefactive bacteria remain quiescent in frozen meat. There are, however, certain non- putrefactive bacteria which can develop on meat which is kept only at 0° C. instead of several degrees lower. To this cause Lafar attributes the unpleasant flavour sometimes acquired by meat which has been kept for several days in an ice- chamber. This has been confirmed by Popp, who states that in cement-lined storage chambers the walls when moist swarm with bacteria, which when grown on beef-gelatin produce a mouldy flavour, and he considers these to be the cause of the objectionable flavour occasionally developed in stored meat. Flesh which has once been frozen is liable to decompose more rapidly than fresh meat, since bacteria can more readily penetrate the loosened intermuscular tissue. ARTIFICIAL SILK.—A new process of manu- facturing artificial silk has just been patented in this country by J. Duquesnoy, of Paris. Cellulose is first converted into nitro-cellulose by treatment with sulphuric and nitric acids, as in the production of gun-cotton. The dry nitro-cellulose is then dis- solved in a mixture of acetone, acetic acid, and amylalcohol. This solution is filtered and expressed through fine jets, and as the acetone evaporates during the latter process solid fibres are left. These are wound into hanks, which are subsequently denitrated, washed with water, and dried. Silk prepared by this or similar processes from cellulose can be identified by its appearance under the microscope, the fibres resembling amorphous rods without a central tube. A chemical test has been devised by M. Duyk, who treats the material with an ammoniacal solution of a nickel salt, which dis- solves natural silk, but does not attack the artificial fibres. Artificial silk is frequently ‘ animalised ” by being treated with a special varnish obtained from the decomposition of natural silk or wool. ARSENICAL GOLD PYRITES IN SPAIN.—The arsenical ore found in the district of Corunna, in Spain, has been reported to contain from 10 to 16 dwts. of gold per ton and 20 per cent. of arsenic. The most profitable British ore, mispickel, which occurs in Cornwall, contains only about 8 per cent. of arsenic and no gold, and an associa- tion of Cornish capitalists has therefore sent experts to report on the Corunna mines, which should apparently yield very profitable results. E. Mrerck’s ANNUAL REPORT.—Herr Merck is to be congratulated, not only on the reliability of the chemicals which he prepares, but also on the excellent report which he issues each year summarising the pharmaceutical researches of the previous twelve months. ‘The present issue con- tains fullabstracts of the most important papers published in different journals, together with numerous original communications. The student of medicine or chemistry will find much to interest him in its pages. CHEMICAL CHANGES IN HIBERNATING Bats.— A comparative examination of the composition of a bat before and after its winter sleep has been made by H. Rulot. It shows that there is an absolute loss, but relative increase in the amount of water. The fat diminishes, gradually at first, but with increased velocity towards the end of the hibernation. There is also a greater consumption of albuminous material in the later months; whilst the proportion of carbon consumed -reaches its maximum between November and April. BARIUM IN Boston SpA WAtTER.—The spring of Boston Spa, near Harrogate, had :a high reputation for its chalybeate water during the eighteenth century, but with the rise in popularity of Harrogate the spa was neglected, and at the pre- sent day the spring is known to but few. An analysis of the water was made in 1784 by Dr. A Humber, of Leeds, who found its chief consti- tuent to be sodium chloride with smaller quantities of calcium and magnesium chlorides, iron car- bonate, and silica. Until the water was recently analysed by Mr. P. Richards the presence of soluble barium was unsuspected. According to Mr. Richards the water is bright and sparkling, and has a slightly bitter taste. On standing, it becomes turbid and gives a slight deposit consist- ing mainly of iron oxide. It contains 1,271 parts of solid constituents in 100,000, of which 41 parts are barium chloride and only 1:50 part iron car- bonate. The presence of barium in natural spring waters in England and Wales has been recorded once or twice previously. Thus Dupré and Vasey found 9:45 parts per 100,000 in the water of Llangammarch Well; and in 1899 J. White published analyses of waters from deep- well borings at Ilkeston, in Derbyshire, which contained from 38 to 40 parts of barium chloride per 100,000. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 59 CONDUCTED BY F. SHILLINGTON SCALES, F.R.M.S. RoyaL MICROSCOPICAL SOcIETY.—May 15th, Dr. R. Braithwaite, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Dr. Hebb read the reply from His Majesty the King in acknowledgment of the Address which was sent to him from the meeting on February 20th. A paper by Mr. Fortescue W. Millett, being part xi. of his report on the recent foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago, was taken as read. Notice was given that on June 19th, at 7.30 p.m., there would be a special meeting of the Fellows for the purpose of making certain alterations in the bye- laws. The Secretary announced that at the next meeting of the Society there would be a paper on the ‘‘ Aperture Theory of the Microscope,” by Mr. J. W. Gordon. Mr. Beck asked any who possessed Abbé’s diffraction apparatus to lend them for use in illustrating the subject of Mr.Gordon’s paper. Mr. Gordon would endeavour to show that the effects described by Professor Abbé, and relied upon by him to prove his diffraction theory, were produced, not by the object on the stage, but by the dia- phragm over the object-glass; to demonstrate this satisfactorily, Mr. Gordon would require the use of several sets of diffraction apparatus besides those at his present disposal. The Chairman drew attention to a large number of objects illustrating pond life, which were exhibited under about thirty- five microscopes by members of the Quekett Micro- scopical Club and by Fellows of the Society. “ QUEKETT MICROSCOPICAL CLUB JOURNAL.’ — The April issue of this journal has duly reached us. It contains the President’s address to the club, which refers to fungi, mainly the larger edible and poisonous species. Amongst papers read before the club during the preceding six months, and now printed in extenso, we may mention an interesting reference, by Mr. A. A. Merlin, to the resolution of Amphipleura pellucida into the well-known transverse striations, which he claims to have effected with a Zeiss 4-mm. dry apochromatic objective of N.A. -95--96, a 27 com- pensating eyepiece, and a 2 solid axial cone of illumination from an apochromatic oil-immersion condenser. Not only was the resolution of a diatom mounted in realgar effected, but also of others mounted in balsam and dry. The point at issue lies in the fact that such resolution would very greatly exceed the theoretical power of reso- lution of a lens of such N.A. as the one referred to, used without oblique light, calculated in accord- ance with the generally accepted theory and formula of Professor Abbé. The paper naturally called forth an interesting discussion. Dr. Spitta, who read the paper in the absence of the author, explained at length the reasons why Mr. Merlin’s statement could not be accepted, and suggested that the diatom was coarsely marked—a point which is so obvious that we can scarcely think it would have been overlooked by Mr. Merlin, who could readily have counted the number of striations with a micrometer eyepiece. Mr. E. M. Nelson, however, called attention to the fact that the Abbé diffraction theory did not fit in with all the observed phenomena bearing upon that branch of microscopy, and added that the large solid cone had a greater resolving power than was generally supposed. Not only is this, according to our ex- perience, correct, but the resulting image is in all probability an infinitely more trustworthy repre- sentation of the actual structure than that given by oblique ilumination. We hope Mr. Merlin will go further with the matter, will satisfy himself as to the exact number of striations upon the diatom examined by him, and will photograph it under the conditions mentioned. Some modification of Professor Abbé’s formula may yet be re- quired. Mr. Rousselet describes the difference between two allied rotifers, Asplanchna inter- media and A. brightwelli; Mr. Julius Rheinberg endeavours to answer Mr. Nelson’s query as to the colour exhibited by the diatom Standard Pattern, from 18s. 6d. LIGHT FILTERS. Write for Booklet ‘‘Orthochromatic Photography” (simplified), by JAMES CADETT. Gratis. Post Free. Prospectucand Entry Form for New £105 Prize Competition CADETT & NEALL, Ltd. meses ASHTEAD, SURREY. The THORNTON-PICKARD Mauufacturing Co., Ltd., ALTRIN CHA M.. Photographic Dry Plate and Paper Manufacturers. AND GINEMATOGRAPHS. Hughes’ Marvellous PAMPHENGOS Gives brilliant re2-ft. pictures like Limelig The £4 4s. reduces to £3 10s. THE SCIENCE LANTERN An Innovation. Perfect. OXY-HYDROCEN MICROSCOPES HUGHES’ LA PETITE THE UNIVERSAL = SNAP-SHOT_CINEMATOGRAPH- CAMERA, 4-wick Lantern Printer, j Projector, Reverser, price With 4-inch Condensers, 18s. 6d. £6 40s., reduced to £5 10s. Grandly Illustrated C EE 180 Longe Beane, 10d.; Swaller ditto, 6d. All Post Free. U A little gem. High-class work. Tech- HUGHES’ PHOTO-ROTOSCOPE CINEMATOGRAPH, £7 Ts. AJiisecm.., Mish class work, Tech ke FOR SALE: BARGAINS.—A fine 7? EQUATORIAL ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE, by Cooke, with Battery of Eyepieces, cost over £600; also a fine 4-inch latest, by Cooke. An 8-inch Newtonian Reflector, E17 10s. ; a 54-inch ditto, £1115s. Several 44-inch Lancaster ; several smaller. Also a fine BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE by B *k, t £120; Z and several others. To be sold bargains. List Free. Can be had on the Gees SaPEHASAS SCG Sak ai Nene ae X-RAY INDUCTION GOILS,, 5-, 6-, and 8-inch Sparks. Bargains. Quite new. Also Batteries. List Free. HUGHES’ BIJOU ENLARGING LANTERNS An innovation, rectangular or square condensers ; full marginal = definition, perfect il!umination ; portable, reliable. rapid, quick, artistic Enlargements. Before purchasing, see this high-class technical apparatus, which is scientifically constructed for results. Price List, 2d. 300 Lecture Sets of Science Subjects and ast, Sd. Slides loaned for 3S. By Subscription for the eae 450 RLS ee eo ee ica tet otiaaidiamancange 77 oo = Ww. C. EXO GHES, Specialist in Optical Projection. (Established over 30 years.) Brewster House, 82 Mortimer Road, Kingsland, LONDON, N. Grandly Illustrated Cinematograph List, 6d. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. A FILMLESS CINEMATOGRAPH | For taking and projecting life-size animated photographs with greatest perfection to the extent of over 500 pictures. Specially constructed for the Amateur or Professional. SIMPLE and RELIABLE Price £6 10s. MECHANISM. : Negatives Plates 2/6 each. Subject Plates, 3/-. 6d. allowed for each Plate returned unbroken. WEIGHT, about 8 lbs. COMPLETE OUTFIT, MEASUREMENTS, 14 in. by 13 in. by 34 in. Til t I 4. \\ I Mf Hl] \ i H H VAN \ 1 I \ \ Wis j i ? fill La &e., £11 11s. instead of cinematograph film. The method of developing KAM- MATOGRAPH plates is exactly the same as with dry plates, thus | bringing cinematography within the reach of all. SPEGIALITIES—Can he seen at the Manufacturers. High-class Lantern and Jet, in travelling box .. ang .. £5 | £6 | Do., do., with patent electric arc lamp .. Br Be x PATENT RHEOSTAT, which takes from 12 to 50 ampéres at 110 volts without overheating. PRICE ON APPLICATION. Also made for 200 and 250 voltage. Write for Catalogue to the Manufacturers .— L. KAMM & GO., Scientific Engineers, “Materials, Gd. post free. Apparatus for the Study of Mechanics, &c., Gd. post free. Gatalogue of Electrical Apparatus and Gatalogue of Balances and Weights, TAMBLYN-WATTS, | SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS MAKER, |. GOLDIELANDS, SETTLE, YORKS. BIRKBECK BANK. Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, W.C. TWO-AND-A-HALF perCent. INTEREST allowed on Deposits repayable on demand. TWO per Cent. on CURRENT AC- COUNTS on the minimum monthly balances, when not drawn below £100. STOCKS and SHARES purchased and sold. SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. For the encouragement of Thrift the Bank receives small sums on deposit, and allows Interest monthly on each completed £1. BIRKBECK BUILDING SOCIETY. How to PURCHASE A HOUSE for Two Guineas per Month. BIRKBECK FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETY. How to PURCHASE A PLOT OF LAND for 5s. per month. The BIRKBECK ALMANACEK, with full particulars, post free. ESTABLISHED 1851. FRANCIS RAVENSCROFT, Janager. and Positive } including Kammatograph, Lan- | tern, Jet, Tripod Stand, Print- | ing Frame, Developing Tray, | With the KAMMATOGRAPH an ordinary dry glass plate is used | Public Opinion. “THE BUSY MAN’S PAPER.” Price Twopence. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY MORNING. It COLLECTS the OPINIONS OF THE LEADING PAPERS IN GREAT BRITAIN and EUROPE ON ALL THE CURRENT TOPICS OF THE DAY, AND IS THE MOST INTERESTING WEEKLY TO SEND’ TO THE COUNTRY AND ABROAD. Subscription in the United Kingdom, 2s. gd.; to all places abroad, 35. 3d. per quarter. Publishing Office: 5 New Street Square, E.C. | ETCHINGS and - ENGRAVINGS GEO. REES, SAVOY HOUSE, 115 STRAND. A large selection o tne best and highest-class Pictures. Illustrated Catalogues post free 4 stamps. 1 «=Aighest Award THe AUTOMATIC 2 NEO-CYCLOSTYLE (0 te eae Apparatus, Paris DUPLICATORS ‘Exhibition, 1900: For Reproducing Type ; ' or Hand Writing. _\. =| GESTETNER’S PaTENTs. ANY NUMBER OF COPIES FROM ONE ORICINAL. No Mess. No Trouble. One turn of handle completes the operation. Editor SciencE-Gossip says :—‘‘ We can well recommend this machine to Secretaries of Scientific Societies and others for pre- paring manifold copies of notices or other documents.” Prices from 25s. ILLUSTRATED LISTS AND SPECIMENS MaILepD FREE BY The CYCLOSTYLE CoO., 34 SNOW HILL, LONDON, E.C. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. Scale for Advertisements. Inch in Column EO) (15 Eighth of Page xe 016 0 Quarter-page, or Half-column 1 ORsG: Third of Page... _ 2 OFaG Half-page, or One Colum Pa) ( Whole Page eH) 0 All Advertisements to be sent to ScteNcE-Gossipr Office, rro: Strand, London, W.C., on or previous to the 2oth of each month. WME Special quotations for a sertes of insertions, any size space, matter changeable, on application. ee a SCIENCE-GOSSTIP. 57 appears also to line the whole scale on its under- side. The explanation seems to be that the scale grows by the addition of a new layer to its under- side, slightly larger than the last, the boundary edge of which forms the characteristic concentric line. In those scales in which the concentric lines do not cross the furrows the outer layers split as they harden, the interstices being filled with the newly formed transparent matter, and this goes on during the whole of life. ‘The thin flat scale of the eel, which must be searched for beneath the skin, as it does not project from the surface, is a very beautiful object. At first sight, when viewed through a 1-inch objective, it appears to be of a cellular character, but careful study with a }-inch Eel. FISH SCALES. and a little management of the illumination shows this appearance to be caused by isolated concre- tions of carbonate of lime set in a layer of the same. Similar concretions may be easily seen in several of the scales between the outer laminae and the inner transparent layer. All these scales are veryjbeautiful; some cf them are still more in- Had d ok, FIsH SCALES. teresting through being mounted as opaque objects. Viewed by polarised light they are of course charming.—J. Lucas. I wish a scale of the dog-fish had been added, as a specimen of the “placoid” type. We should then have had three out of the four orders. It is easily obtained on our coast.—Adam Clarke Smith. [The foregoing notes, whilst containing nothing original, may be of interest to beginners with the microscope. Fish scales, as stated above, make beautiful objects when viewed with reflected light, the scales of sole being often exhibited in this way, with the light falling on them in such a manner as to show the comb-like teeth. As transparent objects they can be examined with the spot lens or equivalent arrangement, and with polarised light either with or without a selenite plate. As opaque objects it is only necessary to clean and dry the skin ; as transparent objects the skin must be first dried and then mounted in Canada balsam. The following is the classification suggested by Agassiz, though subsequently modified, as quoted in the ‘‘Micrographic Dictionary.” Scales enamelled: Ganoid fishes.—Those the skin of which is regu- larly covered with angular thick scales, composed internally of bone and externally of enamel. Most ot the species are fossil, the sturgeon and bony pike being recent. Placoid fishes.—Skin covered . Flounder. FISH SCALES. irregularly with large or small plates or points of enamel. Includes all the cartilaginous fishes of Cuvier except the sturgeon. As examples may be mentioned the sharks and rays. Many are fossil. Scales not enamelled: Ctenoid fishes.—Scales horny or bony, serrated or spinous at the posterior margin. Contains the perch and many other Sole. FisH SCALES. existing species, but few fossil. Cycloid fishes.— Scales smooth, horny, or bony, entire at the poste- rior margin; as the salmon, herring, roach, and most of our edible and freshwater fishes. ‘The majority of the fossil fishes belong to the first two orders, and most of the recent to the third and fourth. The illustrations are from drawings of the original slides made by Miss Florence Phillips, the present Honorary Secretary of the Postal Micro- scopical Society.—ED. Microscopy, 8.-G. ] Erratum.—Page 26, line 21, column 2, ““ orapes ” read ‘‘ grasses.” for 58 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. OA Te : : ial - xe hi CONDUCTED BY F. C. DENNETT. Position at Noon. 1901 = Rises, Sets. R.A. Dec. July hem. him. him. Ss. Cpe! Sun .. 4.. 3.51 am, .. 817 p.m. :. 6.51.13 .. 22.55.42 N. SA 2 Fai oo GbE Rn Be (eBPtE) son Cake ANE 24 ..4,13 am. .. 7.59pm. .. 8.12.19 19.58.31 N. Rises. Souths. Sets. Ageat Noon. July hm. hem. hem. d. hm, 6.46 am... 17 % 22.2 6.46 p.m. 10.14 p.m.. Moon.. 4.. 9.23 p.m... 146 am. .. 14... 2.33 am, ..10.42 a.m. .. 24... 1.58 p.m... 6.39 p.m. .. aeuaate 2 8 13.50 Position at Noon. Souths. Semi- R.A. Dec. July fm. diameter. hms. 2° ' " Mercure woe) «2110,09:0 Pas we 6051s win (ak0s2d: ste 14 5528s 8 aems ei Os. DA en ee Sie As Ie eit 4iO.4 a2)6 VUES o5. eS SEI sage see . Ayan de SO:4 pie. Orde i PEE Ba. LBB yogis og bY Ae, EBABY. UOT SI weet LE: ae, 425020) Dts toe) 229) eos Jupiter e. 14 ...10:59:4 jp.m, 21:6" o. Saturn .. 14 .:11.25°3 p.m. .. 85” ..18.53.5§ RGU 5, AICS Go SPIES Gos a DE ec Weprune aula men Oi32:ora. mss lico!! 2. Moon’s PHASES. hem. hem. Mull 2, July, 6. VASip.m. 387d Qr. July 9... 3.20:a.m, New .. seelOme LOMO Mp ilsimOi 450 tee. loo sm. EU ei0 Proll.) 0'345a,m: In perigee July 11th at 12 p.m.; and in apogee on 24th at 3 a.m. METEORS. < - hm. ”) June 13 to July 7 Vulpeculids Radiant R.A.20.8 Dec. 24N. July 11 » 19 a Cygnids xD pee 2UO0mhes | 4OnNis ald » 28 aCapricornids ,, se20:l6. 5 12 N: pH 2th » 380 y Andromedids ,, col 3 Oe er eouNe » 23 to Aug.4 a-B Perseids a ay ebay. | eByNS » 27-29 6 Aquarids - PASS oy DISS CONJUNCTIONS OF PLANETS WITH THE MOON o + July 1 iene LUPILCLMEMetey es eOND Ml) eee lanetno.2is. eh oe sje POALUINA face, =MiacM. sie pp ereie fsb ey lB) 3. Mercury*<.. 4 pim: =. cp 0.37 S. i Venus* Gapims ee. emmOsDORN oy val -. Mars* oo wa) So me 456) Ns SELON ers Jupiter o Juhi Ge A) 3.37 8. my. vA css Saturn*; .. Noon on op 3.34 8. ca Day light, + Below the horizon. OCCULTATIONS. Angle Angle Magni- Dis- Strom Re- Strom July Star. tude. appears. Vertex. appears. Vertex. - him. oo him. o 28 .. 21 Sagittarii 4:9 .. 9:51p.m. .. 61 ..11. 6pm. .. 271 29 ..d op 4:9 .. 833p.m. .. 116 .. 9.48pm. .. 252 THE SUN, since the large group, covering an area of about 86,600 miles by 43,000 miles, passed round the limb, has resumed its appearance of quiescence. It is in apogee at 5 p.m. on July 4th. MERCURY is an evening star at the beginning of the month, but comes into inferior conjunction with the Sun at noon on July 13th, after which it is a morning star, rising in the north-east just before 3 a.m. at the end of the month, passing a little south 6 Geminorum. VENUS is an evening star, in Leo at the end of the month, near Regulus on 26th, setting a little more than an hour after the Sun. Mars, situated in Virgo, is beyond the reach of small instruments so far as markings are con- cerned. JUPITER is as well situated for observation in the constellation Sagittarius as its great southern declination will permit. It rises at about 8 p.m. at the beginning of July and two hours earlier at the end. On July 3rd, from 11.2 p.m. until 2.6 am. on 4th, Satellite III. may be seen in transit, its shadow following it 20 minutes after. On 4th II. and its shadow are in transit until after midnight. On 7th I. and its shadow will be on the disc at 12 p.m. On July 23 I. is in transit from 9.43 to 12.1, its shadow following it at an interval of 33 minutes of time. SATURN is in Sagittarius just east of Jupiter, and, coming into opposition at 9 p.m. on July 5th, is in the best position its southern declination will permit. Its widely open rings present an ellipse having the apparent angular diameters 42'"67 and 17'''95 on 4th, whilst the diameter of the ball is 170. The object is very beautiful when the air is sufficiently steady. URANUS coming to the meridian two hours before Saturn may be found in the southern part of Ophiuchus. NEPTUNE is too near the Sun for observation. JUPITER.—There is a very interesting spot visible this season in the bright band immediately north of the North Equatorial belt. It is shown in the of the 3°7 magnitude double star JUPITER, 1901, May 17th, 2h. gom. am. F.C. D drawing made with Wray’s 3-inch SCIENCE-GossIP telescope power 130. Its rotation period appears to be 9h. 55.36 m. It has been observed by Captain Molesworth, Mr. A. Stanley Williams, and others. It passed the central meridian between 1.30 and 1.35 am. on June 38rd. The drawing is dated May 17th, 2h. 40 m.am. Nights when good ob- servations can be made seem few and far between. PLANETARY DETAIL—For examination of detail Mars needs very high powers, the eye-pieces usually supplied with telescopes being too low. A less power than 216 was useless to make out the detail shown on p. 346 of S.-G., N.S., vol. vil. This is mentioned because we hear that some SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 59 friends have been blaming one or two of the opticians. Jupiter will not need such high powers. Besides appropriate magnifying powers, moments of best definition have often to be waited for at the expense of much patience. THE GREENWICH VISITATION.—Saturday after- noon, June Ist, 1901, proved dull so far as the weather was concerned; but a fair number of visitors were present at the Royal Observatory on the occasion of the annual ‘“ Visitation” by the President of the Royal Society (Sir W. Huggins) and some sixteen other official visitors to receive the Astronomer Royal’s report. The report con- cerns the year ending May 10th, 1901. Some of its details show that the proposed extension of the space around the observatory and the improved fire-extinguishing arrangements have not yet been carried out, but that the electric light installation has been extended since October last to the library rooms in the basement of the new observatory. A “Rapid Rectilinear” lens of 4 inches aperture and 33 inches focus has been obtained for stellar photography and for use in eclipse observations. The transit circle has been fully occupied during the year, no less than 10,938 transits of heavenly bodies being observed, and 9,838 circle observa- tions made, besides a number for the determina- tion of errors, the actual list of stars observed containing 4,787. The transits and circle observa- tions have been completely reduced so far as the end of 1900, and those up to the middle of April partially so. The second ten-year catalogue of 6,892 stars for 1890 has been printed and is being distributed. The preparation of this catalogue necessitated the reobservation of all the stars in Groombridge’s Circumpolar Catalogue (1810) as well as of fundamental stars. The new altazimuth instrument with its chronograph, also new, has been working satisfactorily all the year, except that in October the spring of the telescope micro- meter had to be replaced, having proved to be too weak. With the equatorial telescopes eighteen disappearances and ten reappearances of stars occulted by the moon have been observed. The 28-inch refractor has been employed in mea- suring 346 double stars, 105 of which were less than 0'"5 apart. As a rule, stars separated by less than 1’’0 have been measured on three nights each, and wider pairs on two _ nights. Amongst other pairs measured are Capella, « Pegasi, and 8 1266, whose distances do not exceed 0’':1. On April 30th the position micrometer belonging to this instrument was injured by accidentally striking the floor, which the telescope does not clear when pointing near the zenith, its quarters being really too small. During the repair the micrometer of the Sheepshanks telescope was fitted to the large instrument. With the 26-in. Thompson achromatic 255 photographs were taken to aid in the endeavour to obtain the solar parallax by observation of the planet Eros during the recent opposition. Besides these, 24 photographs were likewise obtained of Comet 6, 1900. With the astrographic equatorial telescope 294 photographs were taken of Eros, 139 of Nova Persei, and 3 of Comet 5, 1900, besides 164 for the great chart and 73 for the catalogue; in all 682 plates were ex- posed. Good progress has been made with measur- ing the plates, so that two-thirds of the total work of measurement undertaken by Greenwich has been accomplished. Where the new measures record 111,754 stars, the ‘“ Bonn Durchmusterung” only shows 15,865 stars. The new star in Perseus was successfully photographed 136 times on forty nights, but unfortunately the film on the 30-inch reflector was so tarnished that it was found impossible to obtain a photograph of its spectrum. It has been resilvered, and since March 28th a number of successful photographs of stellar spectra have been taken, some of which were shown, and proved very interesting, the varying displacement of the lines in spectroscopic doubles being well shown on some plates. Photographs of the Sun to the number of 334 were taken on 167 days. The magnetic observations have been regularly taken. The principal results for 1900 are: Declination, 16° 25'-0 west; horizontal force, 4:0014 in British or 1:8450 in metric units; dip, 67° 8’ 27”. The observations have been made in the new Magnetic Pavilion. There have been no great magnetic disturbances during 1900, and only eight lesser disturbances. The mean temperature of the year 1900 was found to be 50°:5; or 1°-0 above the average of the fifty years 1841-90. On July 16th the highest shade temperature in July was reached since 1881, and only once beside during the past sixty years, in 1868, has it been exceeded, and once, 1876, equalled. The greatest cold of the year was on February 14th; then 11°6 Fahr. of frost was registered. During the twelve months ending April 30th 1,513 hours of bright sunshine were registered out of a possible 4,457 hours. During the same year the rainfall was 4°32 inches short of the average of fifty years. The rainfall has been below the average every year since 1894. The usual work of testing chronometers and deck- watches was carried on, the total number received being 1,118. Arrangements are being made to redetermine the Greenwich-Paris longitude in October next and the following spring in conjunc- tion with the French observers. The reports of the eclipse expedition to Spain in May 1900 are now public property, and so need not be further mentioned here. The present report finds Mr. Dyson at Sumatra, and Mr. Maunder at Mauritius, to observe the Solar eclipse of May 18th. The concluding paragraph of the report says :— ‘“Within the last five months one-third of the whole staff of computers have left the observatory for other posts, and have had to be replaced by boys new to their work. Such an extensive change in the temporary staff has, to a certain extent, dis- organised the work, and has thrown a great strain on the assistants who are charged with carrying it on under such difficult conditions. Considering the training and experience required in the varied work which at Greenwich has to be done by com- puters, a greater degree of permanence in the staff appears to be necessary for the continued efficiency of the observatory.” A just request very mode- rately put, but still an urgent necessity.—F. C. Dennett. CHAPTERS FOR YOUNG ASTRONOMERS. By FRANK C. DENNETT. (Continued from p. 21.) SATURN’S SYSTEM. UNDOUBTEDLY the most beautiful member of our system is Saturn, with his rings and moons. The smaller telescopes show him to be magnificent, whilst every increase of aperture exhibits greater beauty, and the largest instrumentsare still taxed to showall 60 SCIENCE-GOSSTP. that can be revealed. In size he ranks amongst the giant globes, for his diameter is not less than 75,000 miles, so that no less than 848 globes the size of the Earth would only build up one such world. So light, however, are the materials forming it that only 94 globes like the Earth would be required to balance Saturn. Indeed, were it possible to roll it into a mighty sea of water, it would float like a great hollow ball of wood. Ifastone be dropped on the Earth, it would fall 16 feet in one second of time; taken to Jupiter,so great would be theincrease in the attractive power, it would drop 41 feet in the same time; but removed to the surface of Saturn it would only fall 18 feet in a second. Thus we may readily understand a very different condition of things exists there from that around us. With a telescope of less than 2 inches aperture, and a power of about 100, traces of belts may be detected on the planet, a bright equatorial zone being readily seen, and a dark shading on either side extending to the poles. Larger apertures will show traces of belts in this shading, usually one, or more frequently two, parallel, edging the zone, whilst large instruments The ball is not placed centrally in the midst of the rings, but a little to the west of the centre, and it is probable that the observers at the Roman observatory in 1842 and 1843 were quite accurate in considering that the amount of the eccentricity was rapidly variable. It may be readily seen with small telescopes. I noticed it repeatedly in 1876 with a fine 24-inch Browning Achromatic, with a power of 132. The spectrum of Saturn has been found by Sir W. Huggins to be very similar to that of Jupiter, and, like it, undoubtedly showing aqueous vapour. Jupiter is decidedly brightest in the central portions of the disc, but G. P. Bond considered the edges of Saturn’s disc to be brighter than the central portions, and Chacornac, from the appearance of Titan when in transit on May lst, i862, had ocular demonstration of the fact. The most puzzling point about Saturn is un- doubtedly the great ring system, which at its first discovery, when the true nature was entirely un- known, filled Galileo with wonder, making hin think he had discovered a triple globe. Nearly fifty years elapsed before Huyghens came to SATURN, July 2,1877. F.C. D. will sometimes show a belt forming a ring round the pole. The equator of Saturn is not in the same plane as the ecliptic, but inclined at an angle of over 28°, the effect being that in most portions of his orbit one or other of his poles is tipped towards the Earth. There are occasionally spots on Saturn visible with large instruments, as will be seen near the centre of the torrid zone in M. E. A. Antoniadi’s drawing. When these have been watched the planet has been found to have a rotation period of 10 hr. 14 min. 24 sec. The effect of the quick rotation period, and the slight density of the planet, has been to produce even greater flattening at the poles than is seen in the case of Jupiter, for when the planet is turned with its rings edgeway, as seen from the Earth, the polar diameter is found to be nearly one-ninth shorter than the equatorial, and the astronomers Bond, father and son, thought one of the poles more compressed, whilst Sir W. Herschel and others have sometimes fancied that there was also a flattening around the equator, producing what is known as a ‘“square-shouldered” aspect. This last appearance was probably an illusion, brought about by the rings, which make it rather difficult to be really sure of the actual figure of the ball. the conclusion that it must be a large flat ring surrounding the planet. From the fact that the rings are practically in the same plane with Saturn’s equator, and the equator in- clined, as already mentioned, to the plane of the ecliptic, for nearly fifteen years we see the top side of the rings, and for a similar period the under- neath side. At the time of the change from north to south, or vice versa, for a short period, the ring is entirely lost to view, and for some time appears but as a line of light. Under these conditions Firmstone, in 1862, with a 22-inch achromatic lost sight of the ring four days earlier than Lassell, with his 24-inch mirror, and caught it again only three days after that observer. Secchi at Rome in this year never quite lost the line of light, and the 123-inch Merz Achromatic at Greenwich showed it asa broken line. Large apertures will at these times show a bright line crossing the planet at times between the shadow of the ring and the dark under side of the ring which is towards us, the Sun shining on the other. When the dark side is thus turned a little towards us Dawes saw traces of a deep coppery tinge, but Huggins thought it dark blue. (To be continued.) SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 61 SPIDER DEVOURING YOUNG SNAKE.—We have received some photographs of natural history sub- jects from a correspondent, one of which we here reproduce. Mr. Jones says :—The head and fore part of the snake were reduced to pulp, and may be seen underneath the spider. There had probably been a sharp tussle between the two. Witness the three or four bites in the tail of the snake. The spider, however, was unhurt. When found it was on the leaf shown, and some ten centimetres above the surface of the ground. Whether the snake had crawled there or the SpipER DEVOURING YOUNG SNAKE. spider was hauled up it is impossible to say. The photo is life size and was taken at Castro, Parano, Brazil, April 1st, 1901.--#. Duckinfield Jones, Castro, Estado do Parand, Brazil, April 9th. IMITATION BY STARLINGS.—For some time past I have heard the note of the curlew in the early morning, apparently while flying high over the house, and have also noticed the cry of the lap- wing. Though I have kept a sharp look-out when travelling about this island I have not seen these birds. Yesterday morning while busy indoors I heard continually the notes of both birds and went out several times, but there was no sign of either curlew or lapwing. After a time I found the notes came from some starlings which had their nest in the gable of the house. The notes were most perfect, but had a far-away sound.— H. McArthur, The Dormitory, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, June 9th. DIPTERA NEAR LONDON.—The number of insects in the country immediately surrounding large cities is far greater than might be supposed, and I would suggest that, with the co-operation of those who may care to assist in the scheme, a list be compiled this summer of the diptera to be found in the environs of London; I should include such collecting grounds as Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Richmond Park, and the whole of the country south of London as far as Croydon. Or we might draw a circle with a fifteen-mile radius from the centre of London, say Charing Cross, and include all species found within this area. If but five or six collectors could be enlisted, a very good list, which would serve as a basis, might be compiled, each collector working the country thoroughly in his immediate neighbour- hood for one summer. Personally, living at Brix- (Photographed by E. Duckintield Jones.) ton, | would undertake a good survey of Norbury, Streatham, Thornton Heath, and Croydon, I could start the list with about two hundred species actually taken by myself at various periods in or near London, and I would be pleased to do my best te identify the captures of others who may care to assist. In Robineau Desvoidy’s work on the diptera of the environs of Paris nearly a thousand species are mentioned, and though a large number have been sunk as synonyms it is certain that many hundreds of true species remain. There is no reason to suppose a less number of species exist around London, so perhaps one or two of your numerous readers might care to join.— H. Brunetti, 11 Mostyn Road, Briaton. 62 SCLENCE-GOSSTP., FIELD BOTANY. CONDUCTED BY JAMES SAUNDERS, A.L.S. LATHYRUS NISSOLIA.—The grass vetch was found by Mr. C. E. Salmon, of Reigate, last year in this lane leading to Outwood. It is abundant again this year, but has not yet bloomed in our orchard here as it did last year.-R. Ashington Bullen, F.LS., F.GS., Aweland Park, Horley. METAMORPHOSED BLUEBELL.—In a wood on the sandstone near Godstone in Surrey an in- florescence of Scilla festalis recently attracted notice by its peculiar appearance. ‘The flower stalk was erect, the perianth leaves whitish-green and cohering at the ends. In the interior no stamens were visible, these organs being replaced by six additional carpels containing ovules. All the carpels were more or less united, especially by the long styles, to the original three carpels in the centre.—C. H#. Britton, 35 Dugdale Street, S.E. SPREAD OF WHITLOW PEPPERWORT.—I do not know whether the increase of Lepidium draba L. has been noticed in other localities. It established itself at Eastney some forty years ago, as I am informed by Mr. Moncrieff, a most accurate observer, and is now a weed which covers the ground at this time with its crowds of snowy lace- like blossoms. Then it travelled westward, and is abundant on the earthworks, the remnant of the old fortifications of Portsmouth, near the Garrison Church, the Domus Dei founded by Peter de Rupibus. The next step in the plant’s westward progress brought it to Rownes, near Fort Brock- hurst Railway Station, whence it will probably, in due course, spread to the cultivated land in the vicinity. This plant seems to have few insect enemies; the leaves are always perfect. One is inclined to believe that it is the weed of the future, as it produces seed in great quantity, and appears to be able to maintain itself anywhere.— Martin Snape, Spring Garden Cottage, Gosport. [Lepidium draba lL. is plentiful about Margate and Ramsgate, and is well established in several counties as far north as Yorkshire. It is also making itself quite at home in the United States. It is a native of South-east Europe and West Asia.—J. S.] ; WITCHES’ BRooMS.—My attention has recently been directed to a disease which attacks certain trees, and is known as ‘ Witches’ Brooms.” The English literature on the subject is apparently scanty, and I cannot find any reference to the matter in the twenty volumes of SCIENCE-GossIP that are on my shelves. Most of our readers may have occasionally seen on birch trees dense masses of small twigs that slightly resemble badly made nests. These are illustrations of the subject under consideration. The silver fir is also liable to a similar diseased condition, and Mr. W. H. Burrell, of Sheringham, informs me that it isnot uncommon in the fir woods of North Norfolk. In the silver -out the ground is very slight. fir the disease is due to the attacks of a fungus known as Peridermium elatinum. Until now I was not aware of the existence in this country of the phenomenon referred to on any other species of tree than those mentioned above. Recently, however, I found numerous examples of a similar occurrence on hornbeam—at least they appear to be strictly analogous to those that may be seen on the birch. As but little is known of the comital distribution of witches’ broom in Great Britain any information on the subject would be very acceptable to the writer. Care sEould be taken to discriminate the species of tree on which they are observed. Since writing this note, a specimen of it has been forwarded to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where it has been prepared for exhibition in the Public Gallery. Mr. Murray thinks its formation is due to the attacks of insects.—Jas. Saunders, A.L.S., Luton, June, 1901. WILD-FLOWER GARDENS IN PUBLIC PARKS.— One of the great deterrents to a more general interest in field botany appears to be the difficulty of satisfactorily identifying the plants found on our rambles. Even with the books usually avail- able to the ordinary rambler, who is perhaps more of a lover of plants than a student, the difficulty, either on account of too precise technicalities or the want of them, is still very present. If, how- ever, an opportunity of comparison betwixt the unknown find and a growing labelled specimen is given, all such uncertainty is cleared away. The circle of acquaintance with nature of the rambler increases, and he begins to feel that botany is not, after all, such a dry and matter-of-fact study as text-books have led him to believe. Yet, where can such gardens, laid out for utility rather than ornament, be found? There appear to be but few in the country outside university centres, but in almost every municipal park there is more or less space available for the purpose, and the cost after laying Bolton, although a smoky enough town, has started a series of beds in the public park in which it is proposed to place as many species of British plants as can be coaxed to grow. ‘These beds run parallel with each other, and down the centre are circular plots in which are planted suitable foreign species or cultivated varieties of the same natural orders as are in the adjacent British beds. The whole is arranged as nearly as possible according to the natural system, while at the bottom of the series of beds is a shallow pond in which it is hoped to exhibit aquatic and marsh-loving plants. The scheme was started by the local Botanical Society, who supply the specimens as opportunity offers, the Parks Department of the Corporation keeping the beds trimmed and finding the foreign types for the central plots. The work was only taken in hand last year, and there are, of course, very many species of plants, some of them quite common, which are yet wanting. We should be very glad of assistance in filling these gaps, and if any of your readers can forward us roots of wild British plants we should be grateful. Such plots as these must be eminently useful, not only to the unattached rambler, but to the science classes and students in many branches of knowledge. They are so easily formed and conducted that it is hoped they will come to be a recognised factor in the attractions of our municipal parks.— Thos. Midgley, The Museum, Bolton. SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 63 METAMORPHOSED HONEYSUCKLE.— Last summer I gathered at two localities in the neighbourhood of Amersham, Bucks, numerous inflorescences of honeysuckle with curiously modified flowers. The corollas were generally about one-third smaller than usual, and in colour green, or green tinged with yellow, or, again, green with lower parts yellow and margins coloured red. The stamens in the green flowers were represented by five green lanceolate leaves, and in the green and yellow flowers these lanceolate leaves were coloured honeysuckle-yellow. These modified stamens bore no trace of anthers or pollen. In the other flowers the stamens were shorter than the corolla, and adherent to this throughout their greater length, the only modification the pistil had undergone in such flowers as these being that the style was much shorter than the stamens. The centre of the green and green-and-yellow flowers was occupied by numerous small green leaves in lieu of the pistil. Two flowers of one inflorescence showed meta- morphosis of the pistil only, which in each case was represented by a comparatively long pedicel bearing several curved filiform leaves surrounding a few ovules, borne apparently at the apex of the pedicel.—C. HL. Britton, 35 Dugdale Street, London, S.H. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. E. A. B. (Cowfield)—Many thanks for the curious instance of fasciation in the stem of asparagus that you have kindly sent. The curva- ture is due, as you suppose, to the unequal growth (autation) of the opposite sides of the compound axis.—J. 8S. W. H., Jun. (Cambuslang).—The curious mal- formation of the calyx of primrose that you send is not uncommon when under cultivation, but is very unusual in the wild state. It illustrates the foliar origin of the calycine segments.—/. 8. Miss E. B. (Hailsham).—Your list of orchids found near Beachy Head is an interesting one. We note that it includes Orchis ustulata, Habenaria viridis, and Ophrys fucifera. Of the last named you are good enough to send specimens. All these species have been recorded for the vice-county. With reference to the Stellaria holostea, the aber- rant form, of which you sent a gathering, has not previously come under our notice, and we think it is unusual. On reference to Hooker’s “ Student’s Flora” we find that the blossoms of this species are subject to considerable variations, and think that the departure from the type was due to un- favourable surroundings. The malformation in the cabbage leaf is not unusual, and is known as pro- liferation. It is similar to that of which an illus- tration is given in SCIENCE-Gossip, New Series, vol. ii., p. 119.—J. S. F. S. (Niton.)—You are correct in thinking your Specimens are Hguwisetum maximum. ‘They are interesting in that the two fertile stems bear leaves, and thus show the transition between those species in which the barren and fruiting stems are always oS a and those in which they are subsimilar. T. A. P. (Habden Bridge).—Your specimen of flowering plant, which would have been more easy to determine if mature, is Cnicus heterophyllus, the “melancholy thistle.” Its British distribution is from Derbyshire northwards.—J/. 8. STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. CONDUCTED BY HAROLD A. HAIG. ABNORMAL CHANGES IN EMBRyYO-SAC.—In the embryo-sac of Piperomia (one of the Piperaceae) Mr. D. H. Campbell has found (‘‘ Annals of Botany,” 15, 103-118, 1901) that after all changes previous to fertilisation have taken place there are sixteen nuclei present instead of eight, the usual number in angiosperms. In Piperomia usually eight nuclei fuse to form the endosperm nucleus. One of the male nuclei from the pollen-tube fuses with the nucleus of the egg-cell, but the fate of the other could not be determined. It would be an interesting point to show double impregnation. Mr. Campbell believes that the presence of sixteen nuclei is a primary and not a derived condition. ForM OF MESOPHYLL-CELLS IN LEAF OF Pinus.—It is a well-known fact that the mesophyll- cells enclosed by the epidermis and hypodermis in the leaf of Pinus have well-marked “ trabeculae” formed on the inner aspect of their walls by the bending in of portions of the wall at an early stage of development, and the subsequent fusion of the adjacent portions of these invaginations ; but it is not so obvious why this should occur. It seems most probable, however, that these trabeculae play the part of increasing the inner surface of the wall, and so materially aiding in assimilation, since many more chloroplasts are able to find room on the wall than would be the case if there were no such folds on the inner surface. Another explana- tion might be offered, viz. that the leaf of Pinus being elongated and very small in any diameter, and the mesophyll-cells large relatively to the dimensions of the leaf section, there would be a tendency to save as much room as possible, in order to get in a number of cells sufficient to carry on assimilation to a proper extent. By this expedient the same number of cells are formed without any decrease in the assimilating surface. NUCLEUS IN CAMBIUM-CELLS.—In cells where the dimensions are fairly uniform all over, such as parenchyma and young meristematic tissue of the apices of buds, we find that the nuclei are more or less rounded or oval, and during the division of the cell usually a well-marked karyokinetic spindle. In the cells of cambium, where we have elements which are very much elongated in one direction as compared with the other, there is nearly always a very elongated nucleus ; in fact quite fusiform at times. It is also very probable that nuclean division is not in these cases accompanied by the marked features of karyokinesis, but that longi- tudinal fusion occurs, the partition wall then appearing between the two fresh-formed nucler. The extreme rapidity of division of the cambial cells would certainly not allow much time for the preparations necessary for the complicated process of karyokinesis, MOVEMENTS OF PLASMODIA.—The study of the irritability of protoplasm presents some very fasci- nating problems, which, if they could be solved by the rather inadequate methods at present at our command, would afford the biologist, zoologist, and botanist alike great satisfaction. Somehow or other, however, there is always a factor that is either missed or else insufficiently demonstrated, and so the laws governing irritability are con- veniently said to be under the domination of what biologists have been from time to time driven to 64 SCIENCE-GOSSIP. call a “ vitalforce.” A plasmodium like Aethalium septicum (flowers of tan) is susceptible to the slightest possible change in surrounding conditions. When exposed to light of any great intensity, such as the electric arc, it will, if observed, be seen to move towards a spot where the light is of least intensity, and if any shadow exists will be found in that shadow if near enough. If kept for some time in adry spot, and then exposed to the influence of moisture—say a piece of damp blotting-paper placed in the vessel in which they are kept—the plasmodia will move towards this moist area, and soon be found to aggregate where most moisture is present. It has been stated that gravity has not any effect upon plasmodia; that is, they are said to be ‘‘non-geoptric.” It may be that the surface- tension exerted by a plasmodium situated upon, say, a vertical glass plate is quite sufficient to overcome the force of gravity, or perhaps that eravity has no effect at all upon sucha plasmodium. Chemotropism is well marked in Aethaliwm ; dilute solutions of tan or of infusions of decaying matter, such as that existing in humus, are found to exert a direct attraction for the plasmodia; whereas a solution of sodium chloride will have a repellent action. In the former case the plasmodium is posi- tively chemotropic, in the latter negatively so. Now it is quite impossible to say whether or no there bea “vital force” underlying all these phenomena; one would be rather inclined to the belief that this so-called “vitality” is nothing more nor less than the combined effect or the relative action of these various forces—light, heat, chemical, etc.—upon the delicate molecular constitution of the proto- plasm, and not a specific form of energy apart from the others. NOTICES OF SOCIETIES. Ordinary meetings are marked +, excursions * ; names of persons following excursions are of Conductors. Lantern Illustra- tions §. SoutH Lonpon ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. July 6.—* Brasted, Kent. : R. Adkin. BIRKBECK NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. July 13.—* Oxted for Limpsfield Common. C. H. Williams. 5, 20.—* Broxbourne. Miss A. R. Rollinson. GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION. July 6.—* Twyford. IL). Treacher, F.G.S. » 13.—* Woolwich. W. Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S. ,, 20.—* Pulborough. J. V. Elsden, F.G.S. _ HAMPSTEAD SCIENTIFIC SOCTErY. 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OFFERED, 90 species of Barton Fossils. Wanted, micro- objects, mounted or unmounted, mounting material, celloidin, slips, etc., or offers.—G. Granville Buckley, Norwood, Oldham. OFFERED, “ The Midland Naturalist,” 115 Nos., 1884-1893 ; “ American Microscopical Journal,” 1896-1901; ‘“ Insect: Life,” copiously illustrated; ‘“* Annual of Microscopy,’ 1900; miscel- laneous micro-literature. Wanted, good pair field glasses ; geo- logical works.—T. H. Cooke, 1 Henleare, Bristol. WANTED, a few living plants of the true Oxlip, Primula elatior ; from Cambridgeshire preferred. Primrose and Cowslip Hybrid not wanted. Useful exchange given.—Joseph Meade, 36 Freeman Road, Birmingham. WANTED, some back numbers of “ Journal of Botany ” (first series) to exchange for other numbers.—C. H. Waddell, Saint- field, Co. Down. CONTENTS. PAGE RADIOGRAPH OF NAJA TRIPUDIANS. By C. AINSWORTH MircHELL, B.A. (Oxon.) Illustrated 50 Bb AN UNRECOGNISED PIONEER. By W. JOHNSON -. of Foop oF PREHISTORIC MAN. By T. 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