Fruit Growing

D165 (Res Rees

VIRGIL BOGUE

Class 4/3 355
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Gopight N°.

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The Science of
Fruit Growing

Based on Nature’s Laws

By
VIRGIL BOGUE

ALBION, NEW YORK

Price, $2.00

DEMOCRAT AND CHRONICLE PRINT
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
1917

Copyricnut 1917
BY
VIRGIL BOGUE

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OCT -9 1917

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THE SCIENCE OF FRUIT GROWING
BASED ON NATURE’S LAWS

BY
VIRGIL BOGUE, Atsion, N. Y.

ET us consider the great work that is
being done to create and maintain the
vegetable and animal kingdom in pro-

ducing delicious fruits, attractive shape,
fragrant and beautiful flowers of various
shades and colors; and wonder who the Archi-
tect can be, how long he has been designing
them, to what part are we assigned in their
creation, and what shall our harvest be.

4 The Science of Fruit Growing

God’s workshop—what is it for, where is
it, what does He make, what is the material
used, and what is His great motor power?

The word God is used to designate the
Creater and Controller of everything. His
workshop is in the leaf of plants of all de-
scription. It consists of a system of cells
corresponding to the lungs of a person, and
from them there is an opening through the
under side of the leaf representing the mouth
and throat of a person, and apparently as sen-
sitive in taking in and letting out the air to
the air chambers of the leaf. Joining these
air cells and separated from them by a deli-
cate system of sensitive organs, is a set of
cells representing the stomach, which receives
the sap from the roots through a system of
veins. It is in these parts where the action
of the great power of heat and light make
chloroplast which is the real live molecule of

Based on Nature’s Laws. 5

vegetable life, usually green in color as we see
most leaves to be. It unites with the sap and
circulates through the whole plant, aiding to
reinvigorate any weak parts and to construct
new parts. The making of chloroplast is the
primary action for the construction of all
vegetable growth on the earth’s surface, and
only for it, the earth would be bare of all
vegetable growth and all animals that subsist
on vegetable growth.

The ordinary apple leaf has about one
hundred thousand breathing cells opening
from the under side of it, to spray the leaves
in the early part of the growing season (which
is the time it is doing its best work) with a
thick spray, the nature of which would form
a coating over the opening of the breathing
cells, would reduce the efficiency of the leaf.
To spray the tree in its dormant state with a
solution that will kill fungii and the eggs of

6 The Science of Fruit Growing

insects, is very beneficial. If there are in-
jurious insects in sufficient quantities to
injure the fruit or tree in its growing season,
it should be sprayed with a thin poison liquid
that will interfere with the action of the leaf
as little as possible.

The necessity for the air cells of a leaf
being furnished regularly with an abundance
of pure air, corresponds with the needs of -
pure air for the lungs of an animal. All leaves
are sensitive to heat and cold, wet and dry
conditions. They flourish where the condi-
tions seem best adapted to them. Some are
more sensitive to the changes at different sea-
sons of the year than others. While the
grapevine flourishes over a large area of ©
country, it fails to develop the sugar from the
starch condition at such locations as have cool
nights when it is ripening. The cool air stops
the working of the leaf, and the fruit remains

Based on Nature’s Laws. 7

in about the same condition of ripening.
Though vines allowed to grow in the top of
tall trees or trailed up under the eaves of a
tall building above the strata of cold air,
ripen their fruit to perfection, as does the
vine growing in the favored location under
the influence of a lake that keeps the air warm
at that season of growth.

Severe electric storms have a similar ef-
fect on the leaves as a light frost. As elec-
tric storms come at the season of the year
when the trees are making the~ best
growth, their bad effect is more often over-
come by elimination.

We find by observation and reasoning,
that trees have life, and are constructed and
maintained by the same natural laws that
govern and maintain the animal kingdom.
That is, they have the circulation of the sap,

8 The Science of Fruit Growing

which represents the blood of the animal.
This circulation is continuous throughout the
growing season. We notice by cutting off a
part of the top or roots during the growing
season, it immediately withers and dies and
in many cases where the tree is all cut off
near the ground in the growing season, the
roots and top both die, and we therefore con-
clude, naturally, that the one is dependent
on the other.

The life of the tree is in its molecules, with
functions similar to those in the animal king-
dom to a certain extent. Some of these are
constructive and others digestive and dis-
tributive. They do the work of reinvigorat-
ing by cleansing the marred or unhealthy
parts, as we can see by examining the inner
part of the body of the tree or large limbs,
that the annual courses of growth show nearly
a perfect condition, when we know they had

Based on Nature’s Laws. 9

been severely bruised, and many small limbs
eut from them. Trees differ in their ability
to cleanse and re-establish the tissues, as
_ shown by the pine. Many of their knots are
not wholly eliminated. This would tend to
show that there were two circulations of the
sap: one in the bark and outer courses of the
wood and between them; the other from the
bark to and from the heart or center of the
tree. A cross section of a seasoned oak tree
shows this distinctly.

The sap is quite thin and watery in the
forepart of the growing season, but grows
thicker as the season advances, finally
reaching a state of solidity located in the bark
and outer edges of the wood, to remain
through its dormant season, then to be en-
livened and brought into action by the warm
moist atmosphere of spring, thus to continue
its previous season’s growth. As a proof of

10 The Science of Fruit Growing

this, saw a limb of two inches in diameter
from a bearing Apple tree in the spring, just
as the sap is starting, and put the end in
a dish of warm water, keeping it in a warm,
moist atmosphere. The limb will leaf, blos-
som, and continue its growth until its life
substance is exhausted.

As proof of the location of the life sub-
stance through its dormant stage, bore a hole
one-half inch deep into a sugar maple tree in
the spring, and let the sap run till it is dry;
then bore it in another inch,and it will run
more sap, apparently nearly as well filled
with sugar as the first. This will also illus-
trate how the sap, in its thin liquid shape,
takes up the sugar or real life substance of
the tree and carries it to the leaves, to be
digested or separated into its different parts,
forming a new growth of wood, bark, leaves,
roots, blossoms and fruit.

‘
4

Based on Nature’s Laws. 11

We find that a higher state of vitality is
produced when the roots and tops are fur-
nished regularly with the necessary condi-
tions and material for its growth. We want
not only vitality, but matured vitality, in the
fruit tree, in order to have it stand the debili-
tating effects of Winter, and hold and grow
its fruit after it is set. Nature has furnished
a sufficient amount of this in the tree to pro-
duce occasional crops of fine fruit in those
sections where fruit naturally grows.

The fruit grower finds it necessary to do
something more to aid the tree in securing its
moisture more regularly and its feeding ma-
terial more abundantly. The bacteria that is
necessary to decompose vegetable matter in
the soil, in order to make plant food available
for the feeding of the roots, does not do its
best work when the soil is crusted, hard, or
covered with sod, but does it when the ground

12 The Science of Fruit Growing

is frequently cultivated and broken up into
fine parts, so the air is readily admitted to
the place where the decomposition is going
on, and is facilitated by the abundance of
fresh air that enters into the process of de-
composition of vegetable matter, and the
erowth of plants.

The tree can not live any great length of
time with its roots in water. Neither can it
produce a regular and sufficient circulation
of its sap without moisture in sufficient quan-
tities to supply its needs. ‘The nearer we can
furnish regularly the needed moisture, and
in its proper season, the more matured vital-
ity it will possess, and like the hill of corn, the
size and maturity of the ear it produces de-
pends on the amount of matured vitality in
the stalk. For instance, a hill of corn planted
early and which through neglect dries up,
produces little, and one planted late produces

Based on Nature’s Laws. 13

an immatured ear of but little value. The
fruit-bearing tree is as sensitive to cultiva-
tion as a hill of corn. They both use the same
conditions for their growth. To obtain the
best results, they both need to be planted
far enough apart so that the sun can strike
the land where their roots feed. <A root
grown in the sun is worth more for producing
matured vitality than one grown in the shade.
This is readily shown by trying to grow either
in the shade of a building.

Trees bear best when furnished appar-
ently an excess amount of fertilizer, and the
land well plowed, thoroughly and often cul-
tivated, from early Spring to the first of Sep-
tember, then seeded to chickweed or some
Fall plant that grows mostly on moisture.
One reason why orchards located near lakes
bear more regularly than those inland, is that
moist cloudy conditions that aid the trees in

14 The Science of Fruit Growing

growing at the season when the fruit bud is
maturing its vitality for the following year’s
crop. Trees growing further away from the
lakes are more often matured by the sun be-
fore they are fully developed. They both ap-
pear to blossom about the same, but while
one holds and grows the fruit, the other more
often drops it before maturity. This relates
to trees growing under neglect and depending
entirely on natural conditions.

Where the trees grow under more sunny
conditions, and are furnished the necessary
moisture and food regularly by cultivation,
they produce good crops of better colored
fruit, which means better flavor. Fruits, like
flowers, reach the highest state of perfection
in proportion to the amount of sunlight they
receive, other conditions being equal.

The individuality of the fruit is a germ

——w

Based on Nature’s Laws. 15

much smaller than the head of a pin, located
just under the base of the bud ina jet. Ifa
jet of a Greening or any variety is transferred
to another variety and grows, the fruit born
from it would be of the variety from which it
was taken. This is called budding, and by
it one tree can be made to produce many dis-
tinct varieties of apples. The budding should
be done when the new growth is nearly ma-
tured, and the sap in the tree to be budded
is beginning to thicken. Under such condi-
tions the bud and the tree unite readily.

Trees do not produce fruit in the younger
stages of their growth. Like the animal
kingdom, they seem to require a matured
state for reproduction. The growth of the
fruit spurs represent the necessary matured
condition for reproduction. The first blos-
soms on a young tree seldom produce fruit,
as the tree has to advance beyond that stage.

16 The Science of Fruit Growing

One leaf will not produce fruit. It requires
a number, and the larger proportion of leaves
to a fruit, the better and the nearer the leaves
to the fruit, the better action they have in
producing it.

Each variety of fruit has its special sea-
sons and necessary conditions to develop and
mature its fruit germ which is done the year
before it bears fruit. The productiveness of
a tree depends in a large measure on the
structure of the leaf and its adaptability to
conditions. To illustrate, take the Greening,
its terminal leaves are usually the largest it
produces in the season, indicating that the
maturing of the tree is continued till the last
of the season, and is generally known to be a
great and regular bearer of fruit. In contrast
to this we will take the Esopus Spitzenberg,
the leaves of which are the smallest at the
last of the season’s growth, and taper back in

Based on Nature’s Laws. 17

size to those grown in mid-season. That does
not represent the best conditions for produc-
ing a developed and mature condition of the
germ. Hence it is only under the most favor-
able conditions that this variety bears. Other
illustrations are numerous.

When starting an orchard, it is best to
secure nursery trees that have been budded
or grafted from bearing trees, as in many
cases they have been rebudded from nursery
trees for a dozen or more generations, which
eliminates in a large measure the nature of
reproduction of fruit, and they do not bear
as young as when budded from bearing trees.
The tree should be cared for from the time
it is dug from the nursery until it is planted,
in the best way to keep it from deteriorating
in vitality by drying up or the roots being
frosted when out of the ground or exposed
in a cold room or put in water, especially cold

18 The Science of Fruit Growing

water, as it requires more attention to re-
invigorate it after its vitality has been re-
duced fifty per cent. or more by transplanting.
The trees should be planted in a good pul-
verized and moderately rich soil, and have the
dirt packed well around the roots. The roots
can be puddled in a thin mud before planting,
but never wet down the dirt in the hole when
planting, as it later produces a hard, dry-
baked condition that may require a year or
more to change to be like the surrounding
ground, in the meantime the tree will do poor-
ly. If a farmer was asked how he would treat
a small piece of ground so that it would not
grow weeds or anything else with natural
thrift, he would reply: ‘‘Spade it in the
Spring when wet, and stamp it down thor-
oughly.’’? This is the way many plant trees.
The tree should be given such care as is neces-
sary to furnish its requirements for a con-

Based on Nature’s Laws. | 19

tinuous growth, from the time it is set until
it dies of old age.

Trimming should be started from the be-
ginning by cutting off all mutilated roots
smoothly, when planting, so they will callous
more readily and start fine roots. About one-
third of the ends of the last year’s growth
of the tops should be cut off, in order to
start the new growth from well-matured
wood. The centre of the tree should be al-
lowed to grow and be maintained throughout
its whole existence. After the first year the
side branches should be cut off to within six
inches of the tree, and allowed to produce all
the side growth they can of any nature. The
following year anything growing on the short
growth over six inches, should be shortened
to six inches, and also the side growth on the
center, until the tree reaches a height at
which you want the first permanent limb to

20 The Science of Fruit Growing

grow, and then leave a limb for permanent
growth, and above that six inches to a foot
on another side of the tree leave another limb,
proceeding in this manner until five or six
have been left for permanent growth. These
should be cut back a little on the ends, and
the limbs making too large a growth on its
sides, in order to foree a production of as
many fruit spurs and short growths on the
body and main limbs as possible. The leaves
on these short twigs serve to make the main
limbs stocky and are performing near it their
office of developing the whole tree, root and
branches. Where there are no short twigs
and the sap has to traverse a long body, and
then a long limb to reach the few leaves at |
the end of it, and return lightly reinvigorated
with chlorophyll to construct and reinvigor-
ate the roots, it can not be expected that such
a condition would produce as favorable re-

Based on Nature’s Laws. 21

sults as would follow where the body and
large limbs are more covered with short twigs
and fruit spurs.

Under the latter condition you would
seldom see any water sprouts that Nature is
always producing on large bare limbs. Four
or five feet above the first started permanent
limbs, should be grown another lot and so on,
as high as you wish to have the tree grow.
Always aim to produce and preserve as many
short twigs on the larger limbs as is possible.
If the short limbs grow too strong and fill in
the inside too much, cut them back, and so
force out more fruit spurs on them. Remem-
ber, that one leaf does not make an Apple and
that the more fruit-spur leaves you can pro-
duce on the body and main limbs, the better.
A large percentage of the fruit will grow on
these short twigs. There are many orchards
in Western New York that are practically and

22 The Science of Fruit Growing

scientifically trimmed under the present sys-
tem of culture, that are in such a weak state
of vitality that many of their limbs are dying
from exhaustion, the sap not being able to
traverse the distance necessary to reach the
leaves on the ends of the limbs, and then re-
turn with the necessary nourishment to con-
tinue life, and that too under good conditions
and cultivation. For the most part these
trees do not and cannot produce as many
pounds of fruit as they did ten years ago, or
what they could have produced if they had
never been trimmed. Trees properly trimmed
from the beginning under this plan, would
eliminate the necessity of cutting out large
limbs in later years, as is very often the case.
Every time a limb or root of a tree is cut off,
it injures the tree. There are some seasons of
the year when to trim a tree injures it most.

We are often told that the time to cut

Based on Nature’s Laws. 23

bushes or trees to kill them is in August. The
reason I assume for plants dying when cut
at this time, is that the tree or bushes has
reached its highest state of growth, and be-
gins the maturing of the growth, which it is
not able to do without the aid of the leaves,
decomposition sets in, and it dies. To trim
trees late in the Fall or Winter, exposes the
tender inner part of the bark. The freezing
and thawing makes a bad sore, which extends
much farther under the bark than is apparent
from the outside and has to be reinvigorated
by the sap in summer, the same as the blood
heals a sore. On nursery trees, where the re-
sults are more readily observed, it has often
affected the trees so badly, especially the
Baldwins, that the heart would become black |
and punky, and in later years the tree would
become worthless and die.

A little statement in a book on tree culture

24 The Science of Fruit Growing

sent out many years ago from Rochester,
N. Y., stated: “ Zvzm any time your knife
was sharp.’ This was the cause of many
thousand worthless trees. To preserve the
greatest amount of vigor the tree should be
trimmed just before the leaves start in the
Spring. To trim just after the leaves start is
very weakening. It grows less injurious as
the season advances, up to about July Ist,
after which it is more injurious on fruit-
bearing trees until Winter. Where large
limbs have to be cut off, it should be at the
collar and not in the shoulder, as the shoulder
possesses the healing nature of growth and
the limb does not; the cut should be imme-
diately painted with linseed oil and iron ore,
to keep the fungii parasites out until it can
grow over. Never use any animal oil on
trees unless made into soap.

The functions of the roots are to serve as

Based on Nature’s Laws. 25

the stomach of the tree, to receive the moist-
ure and food necessary for the maintainance
of the tree. They work in conjunction with
the leaves, which act as the lungs. The suc-
cess of this depends on the amount of moist-
ure and food available and the regularity
with which it is obtained. Our ancestors
found that by plowing and cultivating the
soil, plants and trees produced a greater
growth and yield than when planted in solid
ground: in most cases the more the land is
cultivated, the larger the growth.

The roots of trees vary, according to the
depth of the soil they flourish in, and also de-
pend on the variety of the tree and the
solidity of the soil. They require a certain
amount of healthy air, light and sunshine,
and they thrive best where they can best
secure these. An excess amount of moisture
in the ground at the growing season for an

26 The Science of Fruit Growing

extended period reduces the quality of the
sap in an Apple tree until it weakens and dies.
If it does not kill the tree it very often pre-
vents it from producing enough matured
vitality to hold its fruit after the blossoming
season for that and the following year. When
the ground becomes very dry from the Sum-
mer drouth, the root will go deeper into the
eround, seeking moisture. As the stronger
of the roots will take the lead downward,
many of the smaller roots become inactive
and die. The root has the same nature as
the top, in always sending out branches to
gather its requirements. Often they get so
deep that the Spring rains following, drown
them out for the want of air, they die, and the
tree starts out roots near the surface again. ©

If we can reason that the tree requires
matured roots, the same as the top requires
matured fruit spurs in order to produce fruit,

Based on Nature’s Laws. 27

then many of the trees’ failure to produce,
may be accounted for and very strong evi-
dence of the value of cultivation, which keeps
the roots near the surface of the ground. Also
this demonstrates the value of deep under-
drains. A root grown where the sunlight
ean strike the earth above it, is much more
valuable than one grown in the shade.

The place to put manure is outside the
shade of the tree, to have it do the most
good, for the more roots feeding in the sun-
hight, the better. Nearly all substances. sub-
ject to decomposition by the ground are good
to produce growth. Vegetable and mineral
substances are better than animal. Warm,
moist ground is a great deodorizer and de-
composer of manural substances. Dry ground
is much less active or efficient.

As trees and plants get their nourishment

28 The Science of Fruit Growing

from the soil through the roots, it is well to
keep the soil in as good condition as possible
to feed the roots all the time the tree or plant
is growing. The ends of these roots are
porous, like a sponge, and absorb the moist-
ure, which is in the form of a film surrounding
each grain of soil, and is enriched by the ma-
terial in the grain of earth and the gases and
spirits formed by the decomposed manural
substances in the soil, by action of heat and
moisture, and then conveyed to the leaves by
capillary attraction. The quality of the
moisture called sap, so obtained, depends on
the available proportions of potash, phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen as necessaries, and
lime, iron, magnesia and other chemicals as
assistants. Nearly all vegetable substances,
except a few heavily laden with acids, that
are susceptible to decomposition when well
assimilated in the soil under action of heat

Based on Nature’s Laws. 29

and moisture, make good plant food. The
fomenting condition of the soil is kept even
and continuous in proportion as the soil is
kept cultivated under favorable conditions.

A barrel of fine refuse salt, sown evenly
over an acre of finely pulverized dry land,
will aid in promoting vegetable growth in
a dry time. Care should be taken not to sow
it in lumps or piles, as the impurities in salt
draws moisture from the atmosphere. If the
dense liquid or brine formed by it should
come in contact with the roots of the trees in
sufficient quantity, it would draw the less
dense liquid or sap from the roots, and kill
them the same way that it kills grass, viz., by
drawing the moisture from its roots.

Light acting on the leaves develops
chlorophyll, which is the green color of vege-
tation. It digests or elaborates the sap, which

30 The Science of Fruit Growing

fits it for the production of new cells that form
the extensions of new growths of leaves, wood
and fruit. The solidity of the vegetable or
fruit depends on the amount of light the
leaves receive. The leaves should be kept
as free as possible from all fungu or
foreign substances and in a growing con-
dition, that its cells may be open to receive
the light, and not dry up from lack of sap.
When in a healthy, growing condition the
leaf absorbs oxygen and hydrogen from the
air in the day, and casts off surplus oxygen
and carbonic acid at night. The oxygen is
necessary for its development, and the car-
bonic acid becomes a foreign substance to be
eliminated for the health of the plant. If the —
leaf is not able to receive oxygen freely, or
if there is a lack of free elimination of the
foreign substances, it would create a clogging
of the growing system and produce bad re-

Based on Nature’s Laws. 3

sults, the same as in the animal system. The
plant, in trying to eliminate foreign substance
in the growing season, caused by frozen cells,
is often overtaxed, and dies, or continues its
hfe in a weakened state, producing little
results.

If the frozen part of a tree or plant could
be removed by cutting it off as soon as it is
frozen, it would save the tree or plant from
having to eliminate the foreign matter or
dead molecules in the sap through its regular
system of growth. The ability of a tree to
recover from the effects of a late Spring
freeze, and mature its fruit, depends on the
amount of matured vitality it has to aid its
growth, and the severity of the freeze.

It is more exhausting to a tree to let it
hold its fruit until it ripens and drop off itself,
than it is to pick it off as soon as it is ready

54 The Science of Fruit Growing

for the market. The difference in many in-
stances means a failure in fruit production
the following year. It is injurious to a tree
te allow its fruit to decay on the ground under
it. As far as possible it should be removed.
The dead leaves seem to be good fertilizer,
and they should be held on the ground as they
fall by some late fall growing plant until
plowed under. To plow the land in the late
fall or early winter, kills many of the insects
that winter in the ground. The leaves and
plants plowed under are ready to decay in
the Spring as soon as the warm weather de-
velops the bacteria necessary for decomposi-
tion, and so becomes available for plant food.
The fungii that is on the leaves and rejected
fruit, develops in the Spring, when the leaves
and rejected fruit are allowed to remain on
the ground, into millions of spores at a tem-
perature of 45 degrees, which float in the air,

Based on Nature’s Laws. 33

alighting on everything with which they come
in contact, but only grow where they can get
nourishment suitable for their needs.

The most of fruits, like grasses, have a
better flavor when harvested just before their
seeds ripen, and allowed to cure or ripen
slowly in a cool place.

The highest state of perfection in the fruit
is produced where it has been regularly fur-
nished its necessities for growth while in its
tannin, starch and sugar stages. An imper-
fect tannin cannot produce a perfect starch,
and an imperfect starch cannot produce a
perfect sugar, which are the different stages
of growth in the fruit.

For want of application a very little bene-
fit is being received from our knowledge of
the beneficial animals, birds and _ insects.
There are enough of them if they were prop-

34 The Science of Fruit Growing

erly fostered to destroy all the injurious in-
sects that injure the trees and vegetable
plants.

There is the skunk or polecat, which is a
busy worker at night—when it feels free to

roam without being molested, it has an ue
stinct to detect grubs, snails and other in-
sects, when it is walking over the ground,
located at a depth of two inches from the sur-
face of the ground, and digs them out for
its food. Itis shy of people, and only uses its
power of defense when in danger. It lives
mostly in burrows in the ground in localities
where it is not likely to be molested.

The snake, of which there are many kinds
that are harmless, lives mostly on mice,
ground moles, insects, and berries. They live
mostly in stone piles, a fence post set with
stones around it makes a satisfactory place

Based on Nature’s Laws. 35

for them to live. The toads live on insects
gathered with their tongue, which is extreme-
ly long and so constructed that it can catch
and hold a very quick insect. It likes to live
under a flat stone raised just far enough above
the ground for it to enter. A few such homes
located along the edge of the garden would
soon be well occupied, and a great reduction
of insects in the garden would follow.

The wasp, hornet, sweat bees, and lady
bugs, are great butchers of insects and eaters
of insects’ eggs. The wasp stings many in-
sects—among them the green pear worm—
until it dies. It then drags it to a place where
it has a hole in the ground, where it puts it,
then lays an egg in the worm and covers it
up, apparently with a satisfaction that it has
done something to perpetuate its kind, as the
larvae formed from the egg feeds on the de-
composing insect. They prefer to live in a

36 The Science of Fruit Growing

quiet place, often in the top of a building that
is not much frequented by people.

The hornet does the same killing of in-
sects, but it prefers a hollow stalk of a
plant in which to put the insect, and deposit
its egg. There are different kinds of birds
that are great devourers of insects and pos-
sess a wonderful instinct for locating them.
The woodpecker has the instinct to locate a
grub feeding in and under the bark of a tree,
and has strength in its bill to drill a hole and
get it to eat. It is continually hunting on
trees for insects. It likes its home in a dense
wooded ravine, where it raises its young in a
hole in a tree that it has made with its own
bill.

The Creator has provided all these and
many other helpful animals, birds, and
insects, with a nature of reproduction and to

Based on Nature’s Laws. 37

seek seclusion for their homes. They would
be of great benefit if they were protected, in-
stead of often being foolishly killed.

To understand these conditions and try to
produce them will give more and regular
compensation for the labor and expense be-
stowed on the producing of fruits, vegetables,
grains and flowers.

Apply the principles herein advanced to the
care of vour orchard, and note results.

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