THE LIBRARY
OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE

SEEDLINGS

BY THE 1UGHT HON.

SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BABT.

M.P., F.E.S., D.C.L., LL.D.

WITH 68.', FIGURES IN TEXT
IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. I,

LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNEE, & CO. LTD.

PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD
1892

(The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved)

W'V

,94

TO

SIR JOSEPH HOOKER

BY WHOSE RESEARCHES

BOTANICAL SCIENCE HAS BEEN SO GREATLY ENRICHED

AND TO WHOSE FRIENDSHIP

I OWE SO MUCH

PREFACE

THE germination of plants is certainly not the least interesting
portion of their life-history, but it has not as yet attracted the
attention it deserves. The forms of cotyledons, and the fact
that they differ so much from the subsequent leaves, had
of course been alluded to more or less fully in botanical works,
but no explanation had been offered, and KLEBS l in a recent
memoir expressly states that the problem is still an enigma.

Under these circumstances it seemed to me that the sub-
ject was very promising, and it was evident that Kew would
afford unrivalled opportunities for such an investigation. I
applied, therefore, to Sir JOSEPH HOOKER, and I cannot too
cordially thank him, as well as his successor, Mr. THISELTON
DYER, and indeed the whole of the staff, for the facilities they
have offered me, and for their valuable assistance in many ways.

I have also to thank Mr. CARRUTHERS and the Trustees
of the British Museum, Mr. LYNCH and the authorities of
the Cambridge Botanic Gardens, and other friends, especially
Mr. HANBURY, for the gift or loan of many rare or interesting

1 Bcitr. zur Morphologic u. Biologic der Kcimung : ' Im Allgemeinen sind
uns diese Verschiedenheiten in den Blattformen hinsichtlich ihrer hiologischen
Bedeutung f iir die Pflanze ein Eathsel.' — Untersuch. Bot. Instit. zu Tubingen
1 84.

Vlii ON SEEDLINGS

specimens. By degrees a large store of material accumulated,
which I made use of for several papers which the Linnean
Society has done me the honour of publishing in their Journal.
I thought, however, that it would be well to publish descriptions
and figures of the more interesting species, especially as many
of them are not often grown from seed, and are therefore not
easily procurable.

The seedlings were drawn in most cases either by Mr.
HENRY, or by my assistant, Mr. FRASER, to whose skill and
ability I am greatly indebted. In the classification, etc., I
have followed BENTHAM and HOOKER'S great work, the ' Genera
Plantarum.' My time has latterly been so much occupied with
other matters that Mr. RENDLE has been good enough to see
the book through the press. Sir JOSEPH HOOKER has also most
kindly looked through the proofs, and made many valuable
suggestions, for which I beg to offer him my very warm thanks.

HIGH ELMS, DOWN, KENT.

A CONTRIBUTION

TO OUE

KNOWLEDGE OF SEEDLINGS

INTRODUCTION.1

FORMS OF LEAVES.

I have elsewhere 2 called attention to the forms of leaves, and
discussed the causes to which we may ascribe the endless
differences which they present. Vertical leaves, for instance,
are generally long and narrow, horizontal ones have a ten-
dency towards width, which brings the centre of gravity
nearer to the point of support. Wide leaves, again, are some-
times heart-shaped, sometimes palmate. The former shape is
obviously that which would arise if a linear leaf were gradually
widened at the base ; and I have pointed out that in many
species with palmate leaves — for instance, species of Passiflora,
Cephalandra, Hibiscus, &c. — the first, or few first, leaves are
entire and more or less cordate. The cordate form, then, ap-
pears to be the early, the palmate a later form. But how has
the palmate form arisen ?

The origin is perhaps connected with the manner in which
the leaves are folded up, more or less like a fan, into the bud,
so as to save space.

Another advantage perhaps is that in cordate leaves with

1 This Introduction is taken from the Journal of the Linnean Society
(Botany), vol. xxii. and vol. xxiv.

2 Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves (Nature Series), Macmillan & Co. See also
various papers in the Journal of the Linnean Society.

2 ON SEEDLINGS

veins following the curvature of the leaf — as, for instance, in
Tamus (fig. 1) — the vascular bundles pursue necessarily a
curved course ; while in palmate leaves, as in Acer (fig. 2), the
veins are straight ; and it is clearly an advantage that the
main channels which convey the nutritive fluid should hold a
direct course. In such cases the leaf naturally assumes the
lobed form with a vein running to the point of each lobe.
There has indeed been some question whether the path of the
sap lies mainly in the cell-walls or in the cell-cavities ; but
the evidence seems to point strongly to the latter view.1 The
tracheids of, say, the Yew ' are at least seventy or eighty
times as long as they are broad, so that in travelling trans-

FIG. 1. — Leaf of Tamus, to show the
curved course of the veins.

FIG. 2. — Leaf of Sycamore, to show
the straight course of the veins.

versely the length of a single tracheid the water-current has
to traverse seventy cell-walls instead of one.' 2

In reply, then, to the question why some plants should
have cordate leaves with curved veins, while others have
palmate leaves with straight ones, I suggested that the first
retains the old form of leaf, while the latter has assumed one
which presents certain advantages.

In my book on Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves, I have also
given some account of the causes which have determined the
form and structure of seeds and fruits.

These considerations naturally led me to the study of
cotyledons.

1 See for instance Darwin and Phillips, ' On the Transpiration Stream in
Cut Branches,' Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. vol. v. - Loc. cit. p. 364.

FOEMS OF LEAVES 3

No one who has ever looked at seedlings can fail to have
been struck by the contrast which the cotyledons afford, not
only to the final leaves, but even to those by which they are
immediately followed.

Let us then take certain plants (especially, as far as
possible, the commonest and most familiar), and see what
light can be thrown on the varied forms which their seedlings
present. Look, for instance, at the familiar Mustard and
Cress ; the first (fig. 3) has kidney-shaped cotyledons, one of

PIG. 3.— Seedling of Mustard
(Brassica nigra), x 8.

FIG. 4.— Seedling of Cress
(Lepidium sativum), x 3.

them rather larger than the other : while the Cress (Lepidium
sativum) (fig. 4), on the other hand, has the cotyledons divided
into three lobes. The Pink (Dianthus) (fig. 22) has broad
cotyledons, the Chickweed (Cerastium) (fig. 23) narrow ones ;
those of the Beech (fig. 13) are fan-shaped in outline ; those
of the Sycamore (fig. 9) shaped almost like a knife-blade ; those
of Eschscholtzia (fig. 40) divided like a hay-fork ; those of
the Bean or Acorn thick and fleshy.

Mustard and Cress were the delight and wonder of our
childhood ; but at that time it never occurred, to me at least,

4 ON SEEDLINGS

to ask why they were formed as they are, and why they
differed so much. So they grew, and beyond that it did not
occur to me, nor I think to most, that it was possible to in-
quire.

I now propose, however, to suggest reasons which may
account for some, at any rate, of these differences.

In previous memoirs I have discussed the causes which
regulate the forms of seeds, and will not now therefore enter
into them. I may, however, observe that the shape of
the cotyledons seems to have little, if any, influence on that
of the seed.

OVULE AND SEED.

The seed of a flowering-plant contains a more or less
highly developed embryo, which, after a certain time, will,
under favourable conditions, resume growth, emerging from
the seed-coat to produce the young plant or seedling. In the
section of flowering-plants known as Gymnosperms, and
including the Conifers and Cycads, the seeds are borne naked
on an open scale, while in the far larger section of the Angio-
sperms they are protected till ready for dispersion in the
closed cavity of the Fruit.

The seed is the result of the fertilisation of the ovule by
the pollen. The effect of fertilisation, however, extends
beyond the ovules to the ovary in which they are contained,
causing often immense increase in size, as well as important
structural changes. The ovary thus becomes the fruit as the
ovule has become the seed.

Sometimes the effect extends still further to other parts of
the flower, which thus persist, usually with increased size or
change of structure, and form part of what is then termed a
pseudocarp or false fruit. In the apple, for instance, the
edible portion consists of the greatly developed floral-recep-
tacle, which includes the ovary as its core. The ovules are
borne usually on some definite part of the ovary wall or walls
known as the placenta. They consist of an internal portion,
the nucellus, one cell of which grows at the expense of the
rest to form an embryo-sac, which again contains the egg-cell
or oosphere, and one or two integuments entirely surrounding

STRUCTURE AND FORM OF SEEDS 5

it except at the apex, where a small aperture, known as the
micropyle, is left. In the process of fertilisation the pollen-
tube passes down the micropyle to the oosphere which, enclosed
in the embryo-sac, approaches very close to the outer wall of
the ovule at this point. After fertilisation the oosphere
develops into the embryo, the rest of the embryo-sac becom-
ing filled with a cellular tissue, the endosperm, containing a
store of food for the young plant. This is, however, some-
times re-absorbed before germination, so that the embryo occu-
pies the whole interior of the mature seed. The original sub-
stance of the ovule, the nucellus, is often completely displaced
by the embryo-sac, and the subsequent development of endo-
sperm in its interior. One or two layers, however, may per-
sist and share with the integuments in the formation of the
seed-coats. Occasionally, as occurs in the Nymphseacese,
Piperacese, and some of the Scitaminese, a considerable portion
of the nucellus remains in the mature seed, sharing with the
endosperm the function of storing reserve material, or it may
quite take the place of the endosperm.

There is considerable variety in the position and arrange-
ment of parts of the ovule and subsequently of the seed.
They are attached to the placenta by a stalk or funicle, the
point of connection with the funicle being called the hilum.
Vascular tissue supplying nutriment runs up the funicle into
the integuments, and the point reached before the nutritive
vessels ramify is the clialaza.

In some cases usually where there is only one ovule in the
ovary or ovary-cell, as e.g. in Buckwheat or Nettle, the ovule
stands erect> and the micropyle is opposite the hilum, which in
this case coincides with the chalaza. The ovule is then said
to be orthotropous l or straight. But this, though the simplest,
is the least common form of seed. More often, as in the Bean,
Chickweed, and many others, the ovule during its growth is
curved on itself, so that the apex and the micropyle are brought
down very near to the base. Such ovules are known as cam-
pylotropous or curved.

1 Figures of the various positions of the ovule are given in various text-
books ; see, for instance, Prantl and Vines' Text-book on Botany, ed. 4, p. 173
fig. 130 ; or Asa Gray's Structural Botany, p. 278.

6 ON SEEDLINGS

In a third category the ovule itself is straight, but it stands
as it were at right angles to the base of attachment. These
are called lialf-anatropous or half-reversed.

Lastly, in a very large number — in fact the largest —
the ovule is quite inverted on its base ; the funicle, or stalk,
growing with its curvature, and forming a sort of ridge
or raphe, which is very conspicuous in the ovule, but gradually
becomes less and less apparent, finally becoming merged in
the seed-coat. The chalaza is thus carried right away from
the hilum to the opposite end, and the whole ovule or seed
is reversed, so that the true base is removed from, and the
true apex brought close to, the point of union with the
ovary. Such are called anatropous or reversed.

Now this seems a very curious and roundabout arrange-
ment. It is described in all works on general Botany, but
those which I have seen do not give any explanation of its
object or purpose. I will for the moment omit any consi-
deration of campylotropous and half-anatropous seeds, and
confine myself to orthotropous and anatropous forms.

In most orthotropous species, as for instance in the Buck-
wheat, the ovule is straight, upright, and attached by its base
to the funicle and base of the ovary. At the free end is
the micropyle, and immediately below it the egg-cell, which,
when fertilised by the pollen, becomes the rudiment or embryo
of the future plant. When the pollen falls on the stigma it
soon pushes out a little tube, which rapidly elongates, passes
into the cavity of the ovary, and entering the micropyle of
the ovule fertilises it.

But ovules thus constituted are, as I have already men-
tioned, exceptional. In a great many plants the ovule, instead
of being upright and attached to the base of the ovary, is, on
the contrary, attached to the summit and pendent. Now in a
pendent orthotropous ovule the micropyle is turned away from
the pollen-tube, and the object and effect of the ovule being
reversed or anatropous is to bring it back into a convenient
position for fertilisation. So also, when there are many
ovules, the result of the anatropous arrangement is again to
bring the micropyle into a suitable position.

The structure and arrangement of the ovule have been the

STRUCTURE OF SEEDS 7

subject of various important memoirs, which, however, have
been almost exclusively descriptive. Dalmer J indeed quotes
Schleiden, who, speaking of Berberis, pointed out that among
the normal anatropous ovules here and there one occurs which
is orthotropous, and that these never develop into seeds (' Die
Befruchtung cler Ovule scheint mir aber in ganz bestimmter
Beziehung zu dem vorgeschriebenen Lauf der Pollenschlauche
zu stehen, denn stets beobachtete ich, dass diese regelwidrige
atropen Eichen unbefruchtet blieben '). The pollen-tubes,
however, would naturally follow the regular course ; and we
could not, I think, deduce a general conclusion from such rare
and abnormal cases. Dalmer himself does not seem to have
done so ; for, after referring to the different forms of ovules,
he observes that ' sometimes the form of the ovule appears to
be adapted so as to facilitate the entrance of the pollen-tube '
(' scheint zuweilen die Gestalt des Ovulums dem Eintritt des
Pollenschlauches angepasst zu sein '). Even here, then, the
explanation I venture to suggest seems referred to rather as
an exceptional occurrence than as a general explanation of
this remarkable arrangement. It must be admitted that there
are some cases in which the anatropy of the ovule appears at
first sight rather disadvantageous than otherwise. Most of
these can, I believe, be explained, while in some it is possible
that the plants retain, even perhaps to their present disad-
vantage, an arrangement inherited from an ancestral condition
in which it was beneficial. I hope, however, to enter into this
question more fully on a future occasion.

The mature seed contains the more or less differentiated
embryo, in some cases, as in Larkspur (Delphinium) (fig. 104),
very small, consisting only of a small basal portion the radicle,
which on germination gives rise to the primary root, and one
(Monocotyledons), two (Dicotyledons), or several (Conifers)
seed-leaves or cotyledons, sheathing a microscopic plumule —
from which the future stem is developed. The rest of the
space is occupied by the mealy, oily, fleshy, or horny endo-
sperm. In other cases, as in the Ash (Fraxinus) (fig. 46) or
Castor Oil (Ricinus) (fig. 52), the embryo is much larger, and

1 ' Ueber die Leitung der Pollenschlauche bei den Angiospermen,' Jenaisch
Zeits. 1880, p. 530.

8 ON SEEDLINGS

we find a little miniature plant, generally white, sometimes
green, but still embedded in endosperm. In otbers, again, tbe
endosperm is reduced almost to a film, as in Hippophae (fig.
53), and finally, as in the Bean (fig. 51), the embryo occupies
the whole seed, and the nourishment intended for the young
plant is stored up in the cotyledons themselves. Similarly, in
a Walnut, the. two halves of the seed are filled by the two coty-
ledons, and attached to them may be found the little plantlet
with a delicate white radicle, and a little plumule bearing five
or six minute rudiments of leaves, often just tipped with
green.

The Bean and Walnut are instances of exalbuminous or
non-endospermic seeds, while those containing endosperm (or
perisperm) are termed albuminous. The seed-coat is double
in cases where the ovule was provided with two integuments,
the outer coat, or testa, developed from the outer integument,
being the stronger and often crustaceous in texture. The
inner coat or tegmen is thin or soft and delicate, conforming
closely to the surface of the endosperm or embryo. It is
developed chiefly from the inner integument of the ovule, and
is therefore wanting in ovules with only one coat.

The testa is often provided with appendages or outgrowths
of very diverse form and nature, but generally having refer-
ence to dissemination of the seed, as in the case of wings or
tufts of hair. A more or less incomplete accessory seed-coat
is sometimes .formed between the time of fertilisation and
ripening of the seed. This is known as an aril Good
instances are seen in the Water Lily (Nymphad) and the Yew.
Crest-like or wart-shaped appendages developed during the
same period are known as strophioles or caruncles. The
Castor Oil (Ricinus) supplies a good instance of the latter.

\
FORMS OF COTYLEDONS.

I will now pass from seeds to seedlings. No one who has
ever looked at young plants can have failed to be struck by
the contrast they afford to the older specimens belonging to
the same species. This arises partly from differences in the
leaves, partly from the contrast which the cotyledons, or seed-

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS 9

leaves, afford, not only to the final leaves, but even to those
by which they are immediately followed.

This contrast between the cotyledons and true leaves is so
great that one might almost be pardoned for asking whether
they can be brought into actual correlation.

So far, indeed, are the cotyledons from agreeing with the
forms of the leaves, that the difficulty is to find any which
have been clearly influenced by them. One species of Ipomcea
(/. Pes-caprfe) has both cotyledons and leaves, as the name
denotes, somewhat like the foot of a goat ; but the leaves vary
considerably, and it is probable that the resemblance may be
accidental. A clear case is, however, afforded by the Ona-
grarieae, where in (Enothera and some allied genera the form
of the mature cotyledons is evidently related to the leaves.
Even here, however, the resemblance is confined to a basal
portion of the cotyledon which makes its appearance subse-
quent to germination, and no trace of it is shown in the coty-
ledons themselves when they first appear.

The forms of the cotyledons in many species have been the
subject of special memoirs by Tittniann, Irmisch, Wichura,
Winkler, Tscherning, and other botanists ; but they have not
given any reasons for the various forms assumed.

Klebs, indeed, one of the most recent writers on the sub-
ject, in his interesting Memoir on Germination,1 refers to this
diversity of form, and expressly says that these differences are
an enigma (' Sind gewiss diese Verschiedenheiten in den
Blattformen hinsichtlich ihrer biologischen Bedeutung fur die
Pflanze ein Kathsel '). He observes, however, that on the
whole the forms of cotyledons are much simpler than those of
leaves, and he suggests that while in some cases perhaps, like
the first leaves, they retain the form which characterised the
species in bygone ages, we may rather, as a more generally
applicable explanation, apply to them the suggestion of Goebel
with reference to stipules, and regard them as simplified by
arrest.2 Another suggestion has been that cotyledons are ' a
survival of the universal foliage of deciduous trees in olden
geological days, ere time had differentiated them into their

1 ' Beitrage zur Morphologie und Biologie der Keimung,' Untersiich. Botan.
Inst. v. Tubingen, 1884 (Band i. p. 536). * Loc. cit. p. 613.

10

ON SEEDLINGS

present varied forms.' Even, however, if this suggestion
were the real explanation of the comparative simplicity, it
would throw no light on the differences between the coty-
ledons of different species.

FIG. 7.— Seedling of Ceratocephalus fal-
catus. Nat. size. The numerals indicate
the successive leaves.

FIG. 5. — Seedling of Fceni-
•.'Culum vulgar -e. (iHalf nat.
size.

FIG. 6.— Seedling of Coreopsis
filifolia. Half nat. size.

-Seedling of Platanus.
Nat. size.

Though cotyledons do not present nearly such extensive
variations as leaves, still they do differ considerably from one
another.

Some are narrow, in illustration of which I may refer to

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

11

Fceniculum (fig. 5), Coreopsis (fig. 6), Ceratocephalus (fig. 7),
and Ferula (in the hollow stalk, or ferule, of which Prometheus
brought down fire from heaven), &c., where the ultimate
leaves are much divided ; Platanus (fig. 8) and Acer (fig. 9),

PIG. 9. — Seedling of Acer Pseudo-Platanus. Half nat. size.
(In this and some other figures, one (or more) of the leaves is given in outline only.)

FIG. 10. — Seedling of Chenopoclium FIG. 11.— Seedling of Eicinus sanguineus
Bonus-Henricus. Nat. size. One fourth nat. size.

where the ultimate leaves are palmate ; and Chenopodium
(fig. 10), where they are more or less triangular.

Some cotyledons are broad, in illustration of which I give
figures of Eicinus (fig. 11), Impatiens (fig. 12), Beech (Fagus)
(fig. 13), Brassica (fig. 3), Hippophae (fig. 14), Eiviiia (fig. 15),

12

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 12.-Seedling of Impatient FIG. 13.-Seedling of Beech (Fagus

lalsamina. Half nat. size. sylvatica). Half nat. size.

PIG. 14. — Seedling of Hippophae
rhamnoules. Half nat. size.

FIG. 15.— Seedling of Bivina
Jeevis. Nat. size.

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

13

FIG. 16. — Seedling of Asijstasia coroman- FIG. 17. — Seedling ol Hhus typhina.
deliana. Half nat. size. Half nat. size.

FIG. 18.— Seedling of Menispermum FIG. 19.— Seedling of Linum

canadense. Half nat. size. monogynum. Nat. size.

14

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 22.— Seedling of Pink
(Dianthus Caryophyllus).
Nat. size.

FIG. 21, — Seedling of Hakea
acicularis. Half nat. size.

FIG. 24.— Seedling of Galium
saccharatum. Nat. size.

FIG. 23.— Seedling of Ceras-
tiuin arvense. Half nat. size.

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

15

FIG. 25. — Seedling of Geraniur
sanguineum. Nat. size.

FIG. 26. — Seedling of Laburnum
(Laburnum vulgare). Nat. size.

FIG. '27. — Seedling of Clitoria Ternatea.
Half nat. size.

FIG. 28.— Seedling of Schinus
terebinthifolia. Two-thirds
nat. size.

16

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG 29 —Seedling of Micro- FIG. 30.— Seedling of Delphinium datum,

loma, x 1J. Two-thirds nat. size.

FIG. 31. — Seedling of Delphinium FIG. 32. — Seedling of Delphinium

Staphysagria. Half nat. size. nudicaule. Half nat. size.

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

17

Asystasia1 (fig. 16), Ehus typhina (fig. 17), and Flax (Linum)
(fig. 19). We find some species with narrow cotyledons and
broad leaves, as Menispermum (fig. 18), while in others the
cotyledons are broad and the leaves narrow, as in an Australian
Flax (Linum monogynum) (fig. 19), Hakea (fig. 21), and the
Pink (Dianthus) (fig. 22), &c.

In some cases we find instances of broad and narrow
cotyledons in the same family, as in Chickweed (fig. 23) and
Pink (fig. 22), belonging to the Caryophyllaceae ; sometimes
even in the same genus, as Gallium saccharatum (fig. 24) and
Galium Aparine (figs. 91 and 92).

FIG. 33. — Seedling of Cordia sub-
cordata. Half nat. size.

FIG. 34.— Seedling of Pelargonium
australe. Half nat. size.

In some cases the two cotyledons are unequal, as in the
Mustard (fig. 3), Cabbage, Eadish, Cereus (fig. 63), Pachira,2
&c. : in some the two halves of each cotyledon are unequal,
as in the Geranium (fig. 25) ; or they are otherwise unsym-
metrical, as in the Lupine, Laburnum (fig. 26), Clitoria (fig.
27), Schinus (fig. 28). Sometimes they are sessile, as Acer
(fig. 9), Hakea (fig. 21), Laburnum (fig. 26), &c. ; sometimes

1 In Asystasia coromandeliana there is an interesting peculiarity. The first
pair of leaves of each branch, or at any rate of the lower branches, approximate
to the form of the cotyledons.

2 As described by Mr. Lynch (Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 147).

C

18

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 35.— Seedling of Malva moschata. FIG. 36.— Seedling of Spathodea caw-
Nat, size. panulata. Nat. size.

FIG. 37. — Seedling of Catalpa Ktempferi. FIG. 38. — Seedling of Eucalyptus sp.
Half nat. size. Half nat. size.

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

19

PIG. 39. — Seedling of Pentapetes FIG. 40. — Seedling of Eschscfioltzic

phcenicea. Nat. size. californica. Nat. size.

FIG. 41. — Seedling of Pterucarya

caucasica. Nat. size.

FIG. 42. — Seedling of Poteriurr
Sanguisorba. Twice nat. size.

c 2

20

ON SEEDLINGS

they are supported on petioles, as in Microloma (fig. 29),
which again are occasionally connate. These differences may
occur in very closely allied species ; for instance, in Delphinium
Staphysagria (fig. 31) the cotyledons are sessile, while in D.
elatum (fig. 30) they are petioled, and in D. nudicaule (fig. 32)
the petioles are connate.

FIG. 43.— Seedling of Sapindus
incequalis. Half nat. size.

FIG. 44.— Seedling of Rhus Thun-
bergii. Half nat. size.

Generally the cotyledons are entire ; but sometimes cre-
nate, as in Cordia (fig. 33), or lobed, as in Pelargonium (fig.
34) and Malva (fig. 35). Often they are emarginate, as in
Impatiens (fig. 12), Mustard (fig. 3), and Cabbage, Ipomoea
(fig. 88), Convolvulus, Galium (fig. 92), Eucalyptus (fig. 38),
Pentapetes (fig. 39), &c. They are sometimes even bifid, as
in Eschscholtzia (fig. 40) and Ipomrca dasysperma (fig. 89) ;
trifid, as in the Cress (Lepidium) (fig. 4) ; or in four long
lobes, as in Pterocarya (fig. 41). Sometimes auricled at the

FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

21

base, as in Poterium (fig. 42) and Cuphea. Sometimes they
are large ; sometimes small. Generally they are leaf-like ;
but sometimes, as in Ehus Thunbergii (fig. 44), Sapindus
(fig. 43), and among English plants in the Oak, Nut, Pea, Bean,
Mercurialis perennis,1 Melittis Melissophyllum,2 Nymphaea,
Nuphar, Ehamnus Frangula, Trientalis, Daphne, &c., they are
thick and fleshy.

FIG. 45. — A, Fruit of Platanus, longitu-
dinal section, x 6 : w, woody part. B,
transverse section, x 12.

FIG. 46. — A, samara of Frax-
inus excelsior, nat. size,
with one half removed and
the seed pulled out: pa,
placental axis ; ao, abortive
ovule ; /, funicle. B, longi-
tudinal section of seed. In
germination the embryo
grows to the whole length
of the seed.

Except where otherwise stated, c stands for cotyledon ; oc, outer cotyledon ;
ic, inner cotyledon ; ch, chalaza ; e, embryo ; /, funiculus ; h, hilum ; m, micropyle
p, endosperm ; r, radicle ; t, testa.

NAREOW COTYLEDONS.

Let us now begin with such species as have narrow
cotyledons, and see if we can throw any light on this cha-
racteristic. The problem is simple enough in such cases as
Platanus, where we have on the one hand narrow cotyledons
(fig. 8) and on the other hand a long narrow seed (fig. 45, p)

1 Winkler, ' Ueber die Keimpflanze des Mercurialis perennis,' Flora, 1880.

2 Irmisch, ' Zur Naturg. v. Melittis,' Bot. Zeit. 1858, p. 233.

22

ON SEEDLINGS

fully occupied by a straight embryo. Again, in the Ash
(Fraxinus) (fig. 46), Ursinia (fig. 47), &c., the cotyledons lie
parallel to the longer axis of the seed, which is narrow and
elongated. Such cases, however, are comparatively few ; and
there are a large number of species in which the seeds are

FIG. 47. — Achene of Ursinia spe-
ciosa. Longitudinal section,
x 2£. Transverse section, x 10.

PIG. 48. — Chenopodium Bonus-Henri-
cus, vertical and transverse sections
of seed.

broad and even orbicular, while yet the cotyledons are narrow,
as for instance in Chenopodium (fig. 48) and Menispermum
(fig. 49).

FIG. 49.— Menispermum canadense.

A, germinating, seedling,
C, transver

x 2. B, vertical section of seed, x 4.

verse section of seed, x 2.

In these it will generally be found that the cotyledons lie
transversely to the seed. In Menispermum (fig. 18) the
fruit (fig. 49) is laterally compressed and horseshoe-shaped,
with a crest along the edge ; the seed (fig. 49, B) conforms to
the shape of the fruit, and the embryo is curved and linear,
the cotyledons being applied to oue another face to face, and
at right angles to the plane of the seed, so that the edges of
the cotyledons touch the walls of the seed at each side.

NARROW COTYLEDONS

23

The Sycamore (Acer Pseudo-Platanus) (fig. 9) has also
narrow cotyledons ; but the arrangement is very different.
The fruit (fig. 50) is winged, the seed somewhat obovoid and
exalbuminous — that is to say, the embryo, instead of lying
embedded in food-material, occupies the whole cavity of the
seed. Now if we wished to pack a leaf into a cavity of this
form, it would be found convenient to choose one of a long
strap-like shape, and then roll it up into a sort of ball. This
is, I believe, the reason why this form of cotyledon is most
suitable in the case of the Sycamore. The mode of folding,
however, as shown in fig. 50, A and B, is not always the
same. I shall suggest a reason for the difference further on.

FIG. 50. — Acer Pseudo-Platanus. Fruit, nat. size. A, B, embryo, showing
two modes of arrangement of cotyledons.

In other species the narrowness of the cotyledons is perhaps
an advantage in facilitating the exit from the seed. See, for
instance, the cases of Galium (p. 28) and Symplocos.

BROAD COTYLEDONS.

I now pass to species with broad cotyledons. The Acorn
Nut, Bean (Phaseolus) (fig. 51), and Pea afford familiar cases,
in which the two broad, fleshy, thickened cotyledons conform
to and occupy the whole seed. In the Castor-oil plant
(Ricinus) (fig. 11) the seed (fig. 52) is ovoid-oblong, somewhat
compressed dorso-ventrally, and beautifully mottled, while the
projecting knob at the hilum gives it very much the appear-
ance of a beetle or large tick. The endosperm is abundant,
fleshy, white, and surrounds the embryo. The embryo is
straight, flat, large, central, and white; the cotyledons broad,

24 ON SEEDLINGS

obtuse-oblong, and approximately following the general out-
line of the seed. In Hippophae (fig. 14) we have a somewhat
similar case ; but the cotyledons are fleshy and occupy almost
the whole of the seed (fig. 53). In Euonymus, again, the seed
is obovoid, slightly compressed laterally. The endosperm is

PIG. 51.—Phaseolus multiflorus. Section
of seed parallel and vertical to cotyle-
dons, three-fourths nat. size : a, a,
auricles ; ar, arillode.

FIG. 52. — Ricinus sanguineus.
A, longitudinal section of
seed, nat. size. B, transverse
section of seed, nat. size.

abundant, fleshy, firm, and white, entirely surrounding the
embryo. The embryo is straight, flat, central, pale green,
extending very nearly from one end of the seed to the other.
In the Flax the seed is ovate, obliquely pointed, glabrous,
plano-convex, laterally much compressed, placed edgeways on

FIG. 58 — Hippophae rhamnoides.
A, longitudinal section of seed,
x4. B, transverse section of
seed, x 4 : d d, depressed line.

FIG. 54. — Moscharia pinnatifida.
A, longitudinal section of seed,
x 8. B, transverse section of
seed, x 8 : a a, auricles.

the placenta, and the cotyledons lie parallel to the flattened
axis of the seed. In other cases the seeds are still more
flattened, as in Ailanthus, Passiflora, Cobsea, Stephanotis, &c.
The Composite generally have narrow cotyledons. In
Moscharia, however, they are somewhat broader, the seed (fig.
54) being obovoid, with the cotyledons lying the broad way.

DIFFERENCES IN ALLIED SPECIES

25

In many cases, seeds of the same shape produce cotyledons
of very different form.

Compare together, for instance, Euellia (fig. 55) and
Cerastium (fig. 23 seedling, and fig. 56 seed). Both have

A

SAIL

FIG. 55. — Ruellia longifolia. A, longitudinal section
of seed, x 10. B, transverse section of seed, x 10 :
FH, fringe of hairs ; LAu, larger, and SAu, smaller
auricle.

compressed, nearly orbicular seeds, but in Euellia the coty-
ledons are broad, in the Chickweed they are narrow. If,
however, we make sections of the seeds, the cause of this
difference becomes obvious, because in one (fig. 55) the coty-
ledons lie parallel, in the other (fig. 56) transverse, to the seed.

FIG. 50. — Cerastium arvense, x 15.

The form of the cotyledons often differs greatly even in
the same family.

The Caryophyllaceas, for instance, afford us an interesting
illustration. The cotyledons in this family are placed with
their backs to the placenta, and in most species are narrow,

26 ON SEEDLINGS

as in Cerastium (figs. 23 and 56). In some of them, however,
such as the Pink itself (Dianthm) (fig. 22) and Tunica, they
are wide.

Now in most genera, as in Stellaria, Spergularia, Cerastium,
&c., the seeds are laterally compressed ; the cotyledons con-
sequently lie transversely to the seed, and their width therefore
is limited by the thickness of the seed, as in fig. 56. The
case is, however, somewhat complicated by the fact that the
seed and embryo are both curved.

On the other hand, in the Pink (fig. 57) the seeds are not
laterally but dorsally compressed, attached to the columnar

FIG. 57. — Dianthus Caryophyllus, x 15.
(In figs. 56 and 57 the letters a, b, and c, d indicate the directions of the sections.)

placenta by the middle of the interior face, so that the coty-
ledons are straight, parallel to the seeds, and have in conse-
quence plenty of room to widen out.

In Solanum the fruit is roundish, glabrous, indehiscent,
and many-seeded. The seeds are kidney-shaped, much
compressed laterally, and placed with their narrow edge to
the placenta, surrounded by a paler margin, glabrous and
white ; the hilum is small, and on the middle of the ventral
edge. The embryo is, in the mature seed, much curved,
embedded in, but lying near the outer edge of, the endo-
sperm. The radicle occupies the lower and narrow part of
the seed. The cotyledons are linear, not broader than the
radicle, curved, with their tips close to the hilum, and their
back to the placental axis, and at right angles to the plane of
the seed, the whole width of which accordingly they occupy,

DIFFERENCES IN ALLIED SPECIES 27

so that they cannot grow any wider. On the other hand,
while the fruit of Oestrum is not very unlike that of Solairam,
the seeds are very different in shape, being peltate, more or
less obovate, with the broad end towards the apex of the seed,
so that the cotyledons have room to widen themselves.

Sometimes we meet with species having both narrow and
broad cotyledons, even in the same genus. For instance,
Coreopsis filifolia (fig. 6) has narrow, Coreopsis auriculata
broad, cotyledons. If, however, we examine the seeds we find
that those of C. filifolia are narrow or subcylindrical (fig. 58),

FIG. 58. — Coreopsis filifolia. A, achene, x 14. B, longitudinal section, x 14.
C, transverse section, x 14. D, embryo, x 14.

while those of C. auriculata (fig. 59) are broadly obovate ;
and as in both cases the embryo fills the seed, this difference
sufficiently accounts for the dissimilarity in the cotyledons.

The genus Galium is an interesting case. Here also we
find some species with narrow, some with broad, cotyledons ;
but the contrast seems to be due to a very different cause.
G. Aparine (fig. 91) has broad, G. saccharatum (fig. 24)
narrow, cotyledons. In G. saccharatum the fruit (fig. 60)
deeply lobed, two-celled, two-seeded, indehiscent, and densely
covered with tubercles. The seed is globose, deeply hollowed

28

ON SEEDLINGS

on the ventral surface. The embryo (fig. 60, r, c) is curved,
following the concavity of the hollow, with the larger part of
the endosperm lying towards the periphery. The cotyledons
are linear and obtuse. Fig. 60 shows that, so far as the form
of the seed is concerned, there is no reason why the cotyledons
should not be much broader than they are. The explanation

FIG. 59,-Coreopsis auriculata. A, achene, x 14. B, longitudinal section, x 14
C, transverse section, x 14. D, embryo, x 14

may perhaps be found in the structure of the pericarp (fig. 60,
p.c), which is thick, tough, and corky. It is very impervious
to water, and may be advantageous to the embryo by resisting
the attacks of drought and of insects, and perhaps if the seed
be swallowed by a bird, by protecting it from being digested.
On the other hand it does not split open, and is too tough to
be torn by the embryo. The cotyledons, therefore, if they

DIFFERENCES IN ALLIED SPECIES

29

had widened, as they might otherwise have done, would have
found it impossible to emerge from the seed. They evade the
difficulty, however, by remaining narrow (fig. 60, C). On the

FIG. 60. — Galium saccharatum.
A, longitudinal section of seed,
x 8. B, transverse section of
seed, x 8. C, germinating seed-
ling, x4.

PIG. 61.— Galium Aparine. A,
longitudinal section of seed,
x 8. B, transverse section of
seed, x 8. C, germinating seed-
ling, x4.

other hand, in G. Aparine the pericarp is much thinner (fig. 61),
and the embryo is able to tear it open (fig. 61, C). In this case,
therefore, the cotyledons can safely widen without endangering
their exit from the seed.

30 ON SEEDLINGS

The thick corky covering of G. saccharatum is doubtless
much more impervious to water than the comparatively thin
testa of G. Aparine. The latter species is a native of our
own isles, while G. saccharatum inhabits Algiers,' the hotter
parts of France, &c. May not, then, perhaps the thick corky
envelope be adapted to enable it to withstand the heat and
drought ?

In all these species the cotyledons are flat or nearly so,
but a large number are enabled to widen themselves by being
more or less folded. One form of this is afforded by the
Eadish (Raphanus) and Brassica (fig. 3). Fig. 62, A, shows a
seed of Eaphanus sativus, and, as shown in fig. 62, B-E, the
latter of which represents a young seedling, the cotyledons are
applied to one another face to face, and then folded along the
middle.

UNEQUAL COTYLEDONS.

I now turn to those species in which the two cotyledons
are unequal in size.

Several of these cases have been discussed by Darwin,1
who attributed the inequality to the fact of ' a store of nutri-
ment being laid up in some other part, as in the hypocotyl, or
one of the two cotyledons, or one of the secondary radicles.'
I differ with the greatest hesitation from so high an authority ;
but do not see the connection between the store of food being
partly laid up in some other part of the plant and the in-
equality between the cotyledons. Why should it affect one
more than the other ? I venture to suggest that the difference
is due rather to the position of the embryo in the seed, which
in some cases favours one cotyledon more than the other.
For instance, in many cases the cotyledons are what is called
' incumbent,' that is to say the radicle is folded upon one of
the cotyledons, and in such species the outer cotyledon is often
rather larger than the other, as for instance in Hesperis
matronalis.

The Hemp (Cannabis) and Caylusea present us with cases
more or less resembling that of Hesperis.

1 Movements of Plants, p. 94.

UNEQUAL COTYLEDONS

31

In the Mustard (fig. 3), Cabbage, Eadish (Raphanus), and
some other Crucifers, the difference is more marked, and is

FIG. 02. — Haphanus sativus. A, outline of seed, x 4 : m, micropyle ;
h, hiluin. B, embryo extracted from seed, x 4. C, embryo, x 4 ;
vertical section. D, embryo, seen from the side, x 4 : o.c, outer
cotyledon ; i.c, inner cotyledon ; r, radicle ; t, testa. E, germinating
seedling, x 2, showing the cotyledons still folded.

due to a different cause. The cotyledons, as just mentioned,
are applied to one another face to face (fig. 62, B-D), and

FIG. 63 — Cereus Napoleonis.
Section of seed : oc, outer
coat of testa ; ic inner coat
of testa

FIG. 64. — A, embryo of Abronia arenaria,
x 6 : ic, smaller cotyledon. B, embryo
of A. umbellata, x 6: ic, right and inner
cotyledon ; Ic, left cotyledon

then doubled longitudinally one inside the other. The outer
one, therefore, having more space, becomes larger and the
petiole is longer. In Cereus (fig. 63) the embryo is much

32

ON SEEDLINGS

curved, and the cotyledons being thick and fleshy, the inner
one is naturally smaller than the outer.

In Abronia umbellata (fig. 64, B) the embryo is large, much
curved or doubled on itself, and lies outside the endosperm,
the two edges of the cotyledon reaching almost to the radicle.
The second cotyledon (ic) is minute, generally not more than
one-seventh the length of the outer one, though in one seed
it attained nearly half the length of the other. In another
species of the same genus, A. arenaria, the smaller cotyledon
is reduced to a mere knob (fig. 64, A, ic).

FIG. 65. — Petiveria octandra. A, seedling, half nat. size. B, embryo partly unfolded
x 6. C, outer and shorter cotyledon. D, inner and longer cotyledon.

Cases in which one of the cotyledons is rudimentary also
occur hi the genera Eanunculus,1 Carum,2 Cyclamen, &c.

In Petiveria octandra (fig. 65, A) the cotyledons are very
interesting. The one is about 3 cm. long, 1£ broad, oblong,
tapering at both ends, and entire. The other is shorter and
broader, 2 cm. long by If broad, subcordate, with a large
terminal lobe, and one, more or less pronounced, on each
side. At first I thought this curious want of symmetry must

1 See Irmisch, Beit, sur vergl. Marphol. der Pflanzen (Halle, 1854).

2 Hegelmaier, Vergl. Untersuchungen (Stuttgart, 1878).

UNEQUAL COTYLEDONS

33

be accidental. It is, however, normal, and is explained by the
peculiar form and arrangement of the embryo (fig. 65, B-D)
in the seed. The fruit is an achene of peculiar form ; it is
oblong-linear, subcuneate, and laterally compressed, bifid at
the apex, and crowned with 2-6 unequal, closely reflexed,

FIG. 66. — Coreopsis Atkinsoniana. A, longitudinal section of achene, x 10.
B, transverse section of achene, x 10. C, embryo, x 10.

acute bristles, more or less hairy, one-celled, one-seeded, and
indehiscent. The seed is oblong-linear, and tapers somewhat,
conforming to the interior of the fruit. The embryo is large ;
the inner cotyledon is doubled on itself; the outer one is
also turned over at the end, and
wraps round the narrower one,1 not
reaching, however, to the narrow
end of the seed : the terminal lobe
of the shorter and broader coty-
ledon is the part which is folded
over, and the lateral lobes, which
are much smaller in the embryo,
are also due to the fold, as shown
in fig. 65, B-D.

In Coreopsis Atkinsoniana the
seeds are obovate, curved longitudinally, and compressed
dorso-ventrally, conforming to the interior of the fruit. The
embryo again is slightly bent, following the direction of the
seed. Consequently the one cotyledon occupies the inner,

1 The narrow cotyledon is sometimes absent.

FIG. 67. — Coreopsis Atkinsoniana.
ng, x 10.

34 ON SEEDLINGS

the other the outer side of the curve ; and, as shown in fig. 67,
the outer one is distinctly larger than the other.

In Thunbergia reticulata the cotyledons are unequal, ovate,
obtuse, slightly emarginate, and cordate at the base. The
larger one is slightly denticulated, and has a curious embossed
area in the centre ; the smaller one is, on the contrary,
smooth and entire, or nearly so. The seed is orbicular or
oblong; exalbuminous, 3-4 mm. in diameter, compressed,
with a cavity on the inner side. The embryo is slightly
curved ; and the cotyledons lie with their faces towards the
hilum, which is very prominent ; the inner cotyledon is turned
up at the edges, and wraps, to a certain extent, round the
outer one. The raised or embossed patch in the centre of
this cotyledon is due to the inward curvature of the testa.

UNSYMMETRICAL COTYLEDONS.

In other cases, as in the Geraniums (fig. 25), Schinus
(the False Pepper) (fig. 28), Clitoria (fig. 27), Laburnum (fig.
26), Lupines, &c., there is inequality, not between the two

FIG 68.— Section through embryo FIG. 69.— Seed of Laburnum

of Geranium, showing the mode vulgare, x 6 : OC, outer

of folding of the cotyledons. coat ; 1C, inner coat.

cotyledons, but between the two halves of each cotyledon. In
the Geraniums this is due to the manner in which the coty-
ledons are folded. In the Cabbage and Mustard we have seen
that one cotyledon is folded inside the other ; in the Geranium
they are convolute (fig. 68), one half of each being folded
inside one half of the other— the two inner halves being the
smaller, the two outer the larger ones.

In the Laburnum (fig. 26) and in Clitoria (fig. 27), on the

UNSYMMETRICAL COTYLEDONS 35

other hand, the inequality in the two sides of the cotyledon
is due to the inequality between the two sides of the seed
(fig. 69).

In Heritiera macrophylla the cotyledons fill the seed, which
conforms to the shape of the carpels, and the fact that these
are somewhat unequal-sided renders the seed and consequently
the cotyledons so likewise.

In the Lupines the seeds are obliquely oblong, compressed
laterally, and without endosperm, the embryo being large,
fleshy, yellowish, and occupying the whole seed. It is doubled
on itself, and the cotyledons are folded along the radicle,
which nearly equals them in length, with the smaller halves
turned towards the radicle, and in such a manner that they
and the radicle together occupy one half of the seed, and
about equal the larger halves of the cotyledons, which fill the
other.

In Triphasia the inequality is due, partly at any rate, to
a different cause. The seeds are oval, somewhat flattened,
especially on the ventral aspect. The embryo is large, and
occupies the whole seed. The cotyledons are very unequal in
size, and the smaller one is more or less enclosed in the larger.
But, in addition to this, there are often, indeed generally, two
and sometimes three embryos in each seed ; these differ in
size, and the smaller ones often intrude more or less on one of
the cotyledons belonging to the larger ones.

CKENATE COTYLEDONS.

The vast majority of plants have the edges of the coty-
ledons entire. There are some few, how-
ever, in which they are more or less cre-
nate, as for instance in Cordia subcordata
(fig. 33).

In this species the embryo occupies the
whole of the ovoid-conical seed. There is no pIG- 70.— Embryo of
endosperm, and the cotyledons, in order to c°£dia ^bcordata,
occupy the whole space, are longitudinally
folded (fig. 70), thus giving rise to the crenations on the margin.

36

ON SEEDLINGS

ACCUMBENT AND INCUMBENT COTYLEDONS.

the cotyledons. back of one Of the

issaia to be incumbent;

..times it is turned along the edge of the cotyledons,
wh,le sometimes* ^ ^ ^^ ^^ t.

as in figs. 7» ™ c;uciferaj are based to some extent on
om "being accumbent and somein-
Ped for some time over the reasons which
tountp f or this difference, though the explanation

PIG. 74.

FJOS. 73 and 74.-Section of seed of Cheiranthus Cheiri, x 10.

which I would suggest is very simple when once stated. I
scarcely feel justified however in doing more than throwing it
out as a suggestion. .

Seen in section the two forms would be as shown in ngs.
71 and 73 Now if from the form of the pods, or for any
other reason, it is an advantage that the seed should be com-
pressed as in fig. 73, then, the thickness of the cotyledons

ACCUMBENT AND INCUMBENT COTYLEDONS 37

remaining the same, it is better that the radicle should be
accumbent ; while, on the other hand, in a thicker or globular
seed, as in fig. 71, the incumbent arrangement is most con-
venient. In fact we find that in groups, such as the Arabideae,
where the seeds are as a rule compressed, the radicle is almost
always accumbent ; while in incumbent groups, such as the
Sisymbriese, they are, on the contrary, more or less turgid.

FIG. 75. — Seedling of Bryonia laciniosa. Half nat. size.

As an actual example of an incumbent form I give Hesperis
matronalis (figs. 71 and 72), and of an accumbent, Cheir-
anthus Cheiri (figs. 73 and 74).

PETIOLES.

The cotyledons are sometimes sessile, as in Acer (fig. 9),
Hippophae (fig. 14), Hakea (fig. 21), Clitoria (fig. 27);
sometimes supported on petioles, which in many cases, as in
Microloma (fig. 29), attain a considerable length.

Occasionally we meet with both sessile and petioled coty-

38

ON SEEDLINGS

ledons even within the limits of the same genus. For instance,
Delphinium Staphysagria (fig. 31) has the cotyledons sessile,
while those of D. elatum (fig. 30) have petioles. In Bryonia
laciniosa (fig. 75) the' cotyledons are nearly sessile, while those
of B. dioica (fig. 76) have petioles.

There is nothing, so far as I know, in the structure of the
seed to account for this difference. It is observable, however,
that while the cotyledons of Bryonia laciniosa (fig. 75) and
those of D. Staphysagria (fig. 31) are raised by the hypocotyl
somewhat above the level of the ground, those of Bryonia
dioica (fig. 76) and of D. elatum (fig. 30) are attached close to
the ground. In fact the cotyledons are carried up in both cases,
but in B. laciniosa and D. Staphysagria
by the hypocotyledonary portion of
the axis or stalk of the plant, in B.
dioica and in D. elatum, on the other
hand, by their own petioles.

I may also refer to Vitis hypoglauca
and V. cebennensis, the former with a
short hypocotyl and long petioles, the
latter with a long hypocotyl and short
petioles.

In short, we may say that the coty-
ledons are, as a general rule, sessile
when they are raised by the growth of
the hypocotyl, while they are petiolate
when they take their origin close to the
ground. There are, no doubt, some exceptions ; for instance,
in some species of Hedysarum the cotyledons are radical and
yet sessile. I have, however, often in Algeria seen seedlings
of this group in hot exposed situations, where they ' held the
field ' alone, and being sure of ample heat and light did not
require to be raised above the surface.

The opposite exception is perhaps more common i.e.

when the cotyledons, though raised, are still petiolate. Here,
however, the cotyledons are probably petiolate for the same
reason as the leaves— viz., when the foliage is large, leaf-stalks
are an advantage in carrying the lower leaves out of the
shadow of those immediately above them.

FIG. 76.— Seedling of
Bryonia dioica. Nat. size.

PETIOLES

39

In another species of Delphinium (D. nudicaule) (fig. 82)
the cotyledons are raised well above the surface of the ground
on a stem consisting of their own two stalks or petioles, which
are connate, though readily separable from one another.
Connate cotyledons also occur in Phlomis tuberosa, Smyrnium
perfoliatum (fig. 77), Polygonum Bistorta,1 &c. Gray2 ob-
serves that the economy of this arrangement is not apparent.
Assuming, however, that the elevation of the cotyledons is
an advantage, perhaps, as I have suggested, from carrying

FIG. 77. — Seedling of Smyrnium
perfoliatum. Half nat. size

FIG. 78. — Germinating seedling of
Geranium bohemicum, x 6.

them above the surrounding herbage, the combination of the
two petioles — reversing the old fable of the bundle of sticks —
would, with the same amount of material, give a considerable
addition of strength.

For instance, in Smyrnium perfoliatum (fig. 77) the
hypocotyl is undeveloped, the cotyledons are oblong-elliptic,
emarginate, obtuse, generally unequal-sided or subfalcate,
with long petioles, 3-nerved from the base, and finely reticulate,

1 Winkler, 'Ueber die Keimbliitter der deutschen Dicotylen,' Bot. Verh.
Brandenburg, 1874. 2 Structural Botany, p. 21.

40 ON SEEDLINGS

connate into one terete piece for 55-75 mm. of their length,
split a little way at the base to allow the plumule to emerge,
free in the upper part, semiterete and slightly channelled
above.

In this case it is obvious that if the petioles had been
separate, they would have been far too weak to stand upright,
and their length therefore would have been comparatively
useless.

In Polygonum polystachyum, again, the petioles are con-
nate and form a hollow tube through which the leaves pass ; so
that the seedling has the appearance of possessing an erect
hypocotyl with nearly sessile cotyledons.

In other cases, however, the existence of petioles appa-
rently has reference to the arrangement of the embryo in the

In the Geraniums, for instance, as has been already men-
tioned, the cotyledons are folded on themselves, one half of
each lying within the other. Fig. 78 represents an embryo
partially unfolded, and it will be seen that in the position
assumed by the cotyledons the petioles are necessarily as long
as half their breadth. In Eucalyptus Globulus, again (fig. 90),
the mode of folding of the cotyledons would be impossible but
for the petioles.

Lastly, in cases where the cotyledons do not leave the seed,
the petioles leave room for the free growth of the plumule,
as in Sapindus (fig. 43).

LOBED COTYLEDONS.

The great majority of cotyledons are entire, but some are
more or less lobed. For instance, those of the Mallow (fig. 35)
are broadly ovate, minutely emarginate, cordate at the base,
and three-lobed or -angled towards the apex, with three veins,
each running into one of the lobes.

Those of Lavatera and Althaea are similar. The embryo
is green, curved, and occupies a great part of the seed. The
cotyledons are applied face to face ; then, as growth continues,
the tip becomes curved, and depressed into a median longitu-
dinal furrow, the fold of the one lying in that of the other.

LOBED COTYLEDONS 41

The embryo is of the form shown in fig. 79 : the horn
or process r is the radicle ; the rest is the cotyledon, of
which the free end / is folded on itself and turned down-
wards. In this way the embryo fills the seed, leaving a
small space between the cotyledons and also between / and r
which is occupied by endosperm. Perhaps it may make the
arrangement clearer to take a piece of note-paper, cut it into
the form of an egg (fig. 80), turn the broad portion a b down-
wards, so that the parts a and 6 have their under faces turned
to one another, and then press down the line e f, and bring
the points c and d together, so that c ef and d e/have their

FIG. 79. — Embryo of Mallow. Enlarged.

PIG. 81.

FIGS. 80 and 81. — Piece of paper prepared to show the mode and effect of the
folding of the embryo.

upper surfaces together, and the apex / pointing downwards.
We shall then have an object shaped as in fig. 81, with a
sharp point at c, which would not conform to the rounded
shape of the seed. If, now, to make it do so, we cut off the
point c along the dotted line and then unfold the paper, we
shall find that it has the form of the cotyledon of Malva
(fig. 35) with a bay or notch on each side. In Erodium the
arrangement is somewhat similar, and it seems clear that the
lobes are due to the manner in which the embryo is folded.

In (Enothera and some allied species the cotyledons also
present a terminal lobe. This, however, is not due to folding.

42

ON SEEDLINGS

The terminal lobe is the original cotyledon, and the basal
portion is altogether subsequent growth, which, moreover, to
some extent, assumes the character of the true leaf. I shall
presently refer to this interesting group in more detail.

The case of Petiveria octandra (fig. 66) has been already
described.

EMABGINATE COTYLEDONS.

In a great many species the cotyledons are emarginate, and
even in some more or less deeply bifid. No explanation of this
has, so far as I know, yet been offered. It is, in fact, as I shall
hope to show, by no means always due to the same cause.

*• r

FIG. 82. — Longitudinal and transverse sections
of seed of Impatiens parviflora x 10 : PI,
plumule.

FIG. 88. — Longitudinal section
of Poterium Sanguisorba,
x 9 : ct, calyx-tube ; a, achene ;
re, receptacle.

One of the simplest cases is that of the Oak, where the
thick fleshy embryo occupies the whole of the seed. The
chalaza is situated at the centre of one end, at the extremity
of the cotyledons, and the walls of the seed being at that
point somewhat thickened, the cotyledons are slightly pressed
in. The same explanation applies to various other species,
as, for instance, to the Impatiens (figs. 12 and 82), Pote-
rium (figs. 42 and 83), Cuphea (fig. 84), and Nettle (Urticd)
(fig. 85).

In Helianthus Cucumis the seed itself is slightly notched

EMARGINATE COTYLEDONS

43

at the point where it articulates with the receptacle ; and the
cotyledons, which, with the rest of the embryo, eventually
occupy the whole interior of the seed, conform to this notch.

In such cases as the Mustard (fig. 3), Cabbage, and Eadish,
the emargination is due to a totally different cause. The seed
(fig. 62, A) is oblong, thick, and slightly narrower at one end
than the other. There is no endosperm, so that the embryo
occupies the whole seed, and as this is somewhat deep, the
cotyledons, in order to occupy the whole space, are folded and
arranged one over the other, like two sheets of note-paper, as
shown in fig. 62, B-E, the radicle being folded along the edge.

FIG. 84. — Longitudinal and transverse sections
of seed of Cuphea silenoid.es, x 10 : oc, outer
coat ; ic, inner coat.

FIG. 85.— Achene of Nettle
(Urtica dioica), x 30:
J, testa.

Fig. 62, D, represents the embryo a little opened out ; and
fig. 62, C, a section showing the radicle and the outer and inner
cotyledons. To this folding the emargination is due. If a piece
of paper be taken, folded on itself, cut into the form shown in
fig. 62, A, with the fold along the edge from ra to h, and then
unfolded, the reason for the form of the cotyledon becomes
clear at once. Zilla myagroides affords a similar case.

But it may be said that in the Wallflower the seed has a
similar outline, and yet (fig. 86) the cotyledons are not
emarginate. The reason of this is that in the Wallflower
(Cheiranthus) (figs. 73, 74) the seed is more compressed than
in the Mustard and Radish (fig. 62, B, C), and the cotyledons

44 ON SEEDLINGS

are not folded ; so that the whole, not the half, of each

cotyledon corresponds to the form of the seed.

In the Bignoniacese, again, a large number of species have

emarginate cotyledons ; and this would appear also, as for
instance in Pithecoctenium Aubletii, to
be due to the chalaza, though in a
different manner. The seeds them-
selves are transversely oblong, much
compressed dorsally, surrounded on
all sides except the base by an ex-
tremely thin, transparent, membranous
wing, which is traversed by nerves
radiating from the central part of the
testa, and is uneven at the margin.
The raphe is ventral, extending from
the hilum to the centre of the embryo.
The chalaza is attached to the embryo-

PIG. 86.— Seedling of cheir- sac a little above the middle of the

anthus Cheiri. Two-thirds , mi j- i • 11

nat. size. embryo. The radicle is very small,

distant from, but pointing to, the

hilum. The embryo is straight and flat ; the cotyledons grow
until they come to the point of attachment of the chalaza,
when they extend forwards on each side, forming two lobes.

In Oroxylum indicum the general structure of the seed is
very similar, but the growth of the two lobes of the cotyle-
dons is even more luxuriant, so that they actually overlap.
A structure more or less similar occurs in other genera of this
family.

The emargination is very much deeper in other groups,
and due to other conditions, for instance in the Convolvulaceae.
In Convolvulus Soldanella (fig. 87) the embryo, which is
eventually very large, lies at first straight in the seed em-
bedded in a clear jelly-like endosperm, and rests on a solid
ovate, grooved, white ridge (fig. 87, B and C, a), which rises
from close to the micropyle. This tongue-like ridge grows
with the embryo. At the opposite end of the seed the raphe
and chalaza form a somewhat prominent ridge (b) projecting
into the endosperm. The cotyledons in this stage are plano-
convex, applied face to face, orbicular, entire, green, with

EMARGINATE COTYLEDONS 45

distinct petioles, 5 -nerved, with two lateral, subopposite
branches from the midrib some distance below the apex. The
plumule and radicle are small. The cotyledons gradually
increase in size and grow over the process in which the
radicle (a) lies, extending to the apex of the seed, doubling
over and abutting against the ridge formed by the raphe and

FIG. 87. — Convolvulus Soldanella. A, embryo, x 2. B, section of seed after
removal of the dorsal surface, embryo, and endosperm, x 2. C, side view of
ditto, x2.

chalaza (6), and thus becoming more and more emarginate at
the apex. The notch is therefore due to their continuing to
grow at the sides after their apex has reached this ridge.

In Ipomcea purpurea (fig. 88, A-C), where the seed is con-
structed generally on the same model as in Convolvulus

FIG. 88. — Ipomcea purpurea. A, embryo, x 2. B, section of seed after
removal of dorsal surface, embryo, and endosperm, x 2. C, side view of
ditto, x2.

Soldanella, the ridge formed by the raphe and chalaza (fig.
88, B and C, b), is more prominent, and consequently the
notch of the cotyledon is deeper. Lastly, in Ipomcea dasy-
sperma (fig. 89, A-C) the projecting ridge of the chalaza is
still more developed and reaches nearly to the process which
supports the radicle ; the cotyledons are thus precluded from

46 ON SEEDLINGS

growing in length, and in consequence send out two long
wings, so that they are divided almost to the base (fig. 89, A).

In Shorea, again, the division of the cotyledons is perhaps
due to an internal process of the seed. I have not, how-
ever, had an opportunity of examining a specimen.

In Eucalyptus (fig. 38) we have a different case. The

FIG. 89.— Ipomcea dasysperma. A, embryo, x 2. B, section of seed after removal
of dorsal surface, embryo, and endosperm, x 2. C, side view of ditto, x 2.

embryo is (with the exception of the petioles) straight or
nearly so, fleshy, white, occupying the whole of the seed, and
conforming to it in general outline ; the cotyledons are
deflexed and convolute round the radicle, which the lobes
equal in length, while half of one cotyledon lies over half the
other ; one half of each consequently lying against the testa.
The radicle is stout, fleshy, truncate

testa, but otherwise entirely enclosed
by the folded cotyledons. The true
length of the cotyledon is determined
by the distance between the end of
S ^ petiole and the opposite pole of
cutaway : jp, petiole ;p', cut end the seed. The side of the cotyledons,

of petiole ; ^.l, inner lobe of «.,-,•,, i ,,,

cotyledon, x 4. however, being folded back, that part

which lies beyond the petioles is

enabled by folding round the radicle to widen, and this conse-
quently gives the cotyledons their more or less pronounced
hour-glass shape.

Moreover, in speaking of emarginate cotyledons, we must
distinguish between two very opposite cases, of which I may
take Galium Aparine and (Enothera Lindleyana as illustra-

EMARGINATE COTYLEDONS

47

tions. In the former the cotyledons commence with an entire
end (fig. 91), and subsequently, not as a rule till they have
left the seed, become emarginate (fig. 92) ; in (Enothera
Lindleyana, on the contrary, the cotyledons are at first emar-
ginate, but gradually cease to be so. The embryo gradually
appropriates all the endosperm, but the supply being largest
at the wider end of the seed, this is the last part to be
absorbed. In neither of these cases does the emargination
appear to be directly due to the structure of the seed, nor to

FIG. 91. — Young seedling of
Oalium Aparine, x 2.

FIG. 92. — Ditto, a few days
older, x2.

be in itself of any advantage to the plant. It seems rather to
depend on the conditions of growth. In Galium Aparine the
cotyledon terminates in a peculiar gland,1 which would appear in
this and other cases, after the emergence of the cotyledon, to stop
its growth at that point, and thus to produce the emargination.

1 This gland has already been mentioned by Gravis in his work on Urtica
dioica (Brussels, 1886), p. 139. He observes that about a dozen small stomata
occur on it, while they are entirely absent on the rest of the upper surface.
He regards it as a water-gland, ' un organe destine a remedier a 1'exces de
tension dans 1'appareil aquifere.'

48 ON SEEDLINGS

In Seneeio, again, the majority of species have entire
cotyledons. In some, however, as in S. erucaefolius, they are
emarginate. Even here, however, they are at first entire
(fig. 93), and the emargination does not make its appearance
until after germination, when the cotyledons gradually become
much widened (fig. 94). In fact, S. squalidus, S. viscosus,
S. vulgaris, &c. have the cotyledons narrow and entire ; while
in S. erucaefolius and S. cruentus, where they grow more in
width than in length, they become emarginate. Among other
•cases where the cotyledons are at first entire, but after ger-
mination become emarginate, may be mentioned some species
of Lithospermum.

Bryonia laciniosa (fig. 75) also has the cotyledons emargi-
nate, while in B. dioica (fig. 76) they are entire. They are,
however, originally entire in both cases, and the emargi-
nation in B. laciniosa is due to the fact that in that species

FIG. 93.— Young seedling of FIG. 94.— Ditto, a few days

Seneeio eruc&foUus. older.

the cotyledons grow much more than in B. dioica. There is
no great difference in size between the seeds, those of B.
laciniosa being perhaps one-tenth larger. On the other
hand, the cotyledons of B. laciniosa attain a length three times
greater than those of B. dioica, as shown in the figures (figs.
75 and 76). In the genus Tacsonia, again, the cotyledons are
entire in T. Van-Vokemi and T. Leschenaultii, and emarginate
in T. ignea. Here also, however, they are at first entire, and
only become emarginate after leaving the seed.

DIVIDED COTYLEDONS.

The genus Pterocarya has very curious cotyledons (fig. 41),
due to a cause entirely different from any of those we have
considered hitherto.

They are bipartite, each primary division narrowing to a

ESCHSCHOLTZIA AND SCHIZOPETALON

49

cuneate base, and being again deeply divided, so as to make in
all four ultimate, linear, oblong, obtuse, entire segments. In this
case the endocarp is thickened, bony, and its cavity is divided
at the base into four cells (fig. 95, A, c c c c) by the thickening
and consequent intrusion of the dorsal and ventral walls.

The seed (fig. 95, B)is conical above, deeply four-lobed below
(fig. 95, B, I II I), one lobe (I) passing into each of these cells
(c). The embryo again follows suit, and each cotyledon sends
a lobe into each of the four cells, thus assuming the peculiar
form characteristic of the species.

In Eschscholtzia (fig. 40) the cotyledons are deeply bifid,
resembling a hay-fork with two long prongs. In this case we
find no such structure of the fruit or seed to account for the

FIG. 95. — Ptcrocarya caucasica. A, transverse section
of nut, x 6 ; showing the four hollows c, c, c, c, which
are occupied by the four prolongations of the seed.
B, seed, x 6.

peculiarity. My first idea was that such cases might possibly
be due to some difference in the endosperm, as occurs in
certain Umbellifers, Delphinium, &c., and which might have
permitted growth more readily in certain directions than in
others. Thin sections, however, showed no such differences.
Moreover, Schizopetalon Walkeri (one of the Cruciferse) (fig.
97, A-D) has the cotyledons as deeply divided as in
Eschscholtzia ; and as there is no endosperm, but the embryo
occupies the whole seed, within which the long lobes of the
cotyledons wind about more or less irregularly, the division
cannot be due to differences in the endosperm. There are,
moreover, other plants, such as the Sycamore (fig. 50) and
Hop, where the cotyledons are also narrow, winding, and
occupy the whole seed, but are not divided. We must there-

50

ON SEEDLINGS

fore seek some other explanation, and I will suggest the

following.

In most of the species which I have examined, when the

cotyledons remain in the seed they do not leave the ground.
In some cases, however, as in Anona
(fig. 96), the hypocotyl is long, stout, and
rises in the form of a loop during ger-
mination, while the cotyledons, which at
first are very small, gradually increase
almost to the length and breadth of the
seed, throw themselves into undulations,
and, it being perhaps on this account
impossible to withdraw themselves
from the seed, are eventually torn from
the hypocotyl. In Bignonia insignis,
again, the cotyledons, though flat and
leaf-like, are unable to emerge from, or
at any rate do not emerge from, the seed.
This may possibly give us a clue to such
cases as Eschscholtzia and Schizope-
talon, which, I would venture to suggest,
may have reference to the manner in
which the cotyledons free themselves
from the seed. If this is delayed, the
young plant suffers considerably, and
indeed often perishes . That the process
is not, however, so simple as might be
imagined, may be seen from the in-
teresting case afforded by the Cucurbi-
tacese, where, in Mr. Darwin's words,1
'the seed-coats are ruptured by a
curious contrivance, described by M.
Flahaut. A keel or peg is developed
on one side of the summit of the
radicle or base of the hypocotyl ; and this holds down the
lower half of the seed-coats (the radicle being fixed into

1 Movements of Plants, p. 102. Bower has pointed out in Welwitschia that
a corresponding process serves to absorb the endosperm, acting in fact as a
feeder to the young plant (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxi.).

FIG. 96. — Germinating
seedling of Anona.

ESCHSCHOLTZIA AND SCHIZOPETALON

51

the ground), whilst the continued growth of the arched hypo-
cotyl forces upwards the upper half, and tears asunder the
seed-coats at one end, and the cotyledons are then easily with-
drawn.'

May not the narrowness of the cotyledons in Eschscholtzia
and their deep fission be due to a similar cause ? The seed is
slightly pyriform, and the radicle emerges from the narrower
end. It bursts through the soil in an arch, and instead of

FIG. 97. — Stages in the growth of seedling of Schizopetalon Walkeri, x 2£.

leaving the seed-coats in the earth as usual, carries them up
with it. Then the two arms of the cotyledons separate, widen
the orifice, and draw themselves out.

This suggestion seems to be confirmed by the evidence of
Schizopetalon (fig. 97, A-D), one of the other few cases where
the cotyledons are bipartite. Here, also, the radicle emerges
through a comparatively small orifice, and the seed-coats, from
which the cotyledons seem to have some difficulty in freeing
themselves, are carried up by the hypocotyl, while eventually

E2

52

ON SEEDLINGS

the lobes of the cotyledons draw themselves out one by one. In
Opuntia basilaris, again, which differs from 0. Labourtiana in
having narrow cotyledons, the seed-coats are similarly carried
up, and the cotyledons free themselves by divergence. In this
species, also, it is interesting that one or both cotyledons are
often bifid. Is it possible that the multiplicity of the cotyle-
dons in Conifers (fig. 98) can be due to the same cause ?

In Ephedra there is a special membrane, which remains
attached to the root, and thus prevents the testa from being
carried up on the tips of the cotyledons.

The common Cress (Lepidium sativum) (fig. 4), to which I
have already referred, is a very interesting case, for while in

FIG. 99. — Section of seed of Lepi-
dium graminifolium, x 15.

FIG. 98.— Seedling of Finns
rigida, x 2.

Fm. 100.— Section of seed of
L. sativum, x 16.

the other species, at any rate in the other English species, of
the genus the cotyledons are entire, in Lepidium sativum, on
the contrary, each possesses two long, narrow lateral lobes.

Fig. 99 represents a section through the seed of L. gramini-
folium, which may be taken as representing the ordinary
arrangement in the genus. The seeds, conforming to the
shape of the capsule, are somewhat triangular, with the radicle
in the narrow end. The embryo occupies the whole of the
seed, there being no endosperm. In L. sativum (fig. 100) the
seed is of the same form, but nearly twice as large, and if,
therefore, the cotyledons were to occupy the whole additional

TILIA

53

space, they would become extremely thick. In endospermic
seeds this would present no difficulty, as the additional space
would be simply filled by endosperm. In Lepidium, however,
this device cannot be resorted to ; but the two lobes just fill
up the vacancy.

In the Lime (Tilia) (fig. 101) we have another very interest-
ing case.

The cotyledons are broad, foliaceous, rhomboid-subtri-
angular, and 5-lobed, 5-nerved at the base, with the outer
and lower pair of nerves
slender, alternately nerved
upwards, reticulate, shin-
ing and thinly pubescent
on both surfaces, deep
green above, paler be-
neath, petiolate ; lobes ob-
long-obtuse, with a strong
nerve running into each,
the outer ones always
largest and sometimes
ovate ; middle pair of lobes
always the smallest, and
oblong or subulate ; lamina
15-21 mm. long, 17-25
mm. from tip to tip of
the basal pair of lobes;
petiole semiterete, shal-
lowly channelled above,
pubescent, 6-8 mm.
long.

The fruit is an ovoid

or subglobose nut, with five obtuse angles, tomentose with
somewhat rufous hairs, one-celled by the rupture of the
septa, one-seeded, indehiscent, tipped with the persistent
base of the style, woody, and attached to a large deciduous
bract which serves to disseminate it by the aid of the wind.

The seed is ascending or erect, obovoid or subglobose, deep
brown, smooth, with a firm or crustaceous testa of two distinct
layers ; hilum oval, comparatively large on the ventral aspect

PIG. 101.— Tilia vulgaris. Seedling.
Nat. size.

54 ON SEEDLINGS

a little above the base, and longitudinal ; raphe ventral, pro-
ceeding from the hilum to the apex of the seed; chalaza
apical, prominent externally as well as internally in the
mature state by a deeper brown blotch ; radicle inferior.

The endosperm in the mature seed is copious, firm, pale
yellow, and homogeneous. There is therefore so far nothing
in any way analogous to the causes which have led to the
existence of the lobes in the species previously described.

The embryo is at first straight ; the radicle is stout and
obtuse ; the cotyledons ovate, obtuse, plano-convex, fleshy,
pale green, and applied face to face. They grow, however,
considerably ; and when (fig. 102, A) they meet the waU of the

PIG. 102. — Tilia. A, section of seed, x 4. B, embryo, x 8.

seed they bend back on themselves, and then curve round,
following the general outline of the seed (fig. 102, B). If any
one will take a common tea-cup and try to place in it a sheet
of paper, the paper will of course be thrown into ridges. If
these ridges be removed and so much left as will lie smoothly
inside the cup, it will be found that the paper has been cut
into lobes more or less resembling those of the cotyledons of
Tilia. Or if, conversely, a piece of paper be cut out into
lobes resembling those of the cotyledons, it will be found that
the paper will fit the concavity of the cup. The case is
almost like that of our own hand, which can be opened and
closed conveniently owing to the division of the five fingers.
It may be said that the seed of the Sycamore (Acer) is not

TILIA 55

very dissimilar in form to that of the Lime (Tilia) ; and yet
the cotyledons are long, narrow, and strap-shaped, while those
of the Lime are rhomboid and five-lohed ; but it must be
remembered that in the Sycamore the embryo occupies the
whole seed, while in the Lime it is embedded in endosperm.

The peculiar lobed form of the cotyledons of Tilia thus
enables them, I would suggest, to lie conveniently in the
globose seed.

AURICLED COTYLEDONS.

Some cotyledons are markedly auricled. As illustrations
I give Poterium (fig. 42) and Hakea (fig. 21). This form is, I
am disposed to suggest, a provision to fill up vacant space in
the seed. In the seed of Hippophae (fig. 53) the form of the
cotyledon leaves at each side of its base two spaces (d), which
are occupied by endosperm. In Cuphea (fig. 84), Euellia (fig.
55), and Poterium (fig. 83), on the other hand, there is no
endosperm, and it is consequently an advantage that the
cotyledon should develop auricles in order to fill up the
space.

If this is the explanation of the auricles, we should expect
to find them developed principally in families where the endo-
sperm is deficient. Now
in the species I have ex-
amined, auricled cotyle-
dons occur in 35 genera,
belonging to 22 families,
of which 13 have no
endosperm, while in 6 of
the 9 others it is reduced
almost to a film.

The argument in the

F n , • f ,1 FIG. 103. — Three stages in the growth of

Case Of Cuphea IS further the seeaimg of Cuphea attenoides.

strengthened by the pecu-
liar conformation of the radicle (fig. 84), which is three-
lobed, the reason being, I would suggest, that the radicle co-
operates with the cotyledons in the endeavour to fill up the
vacant spaces.

In support of this view I also would observe that the

56 ON SEEDLINGS

auricles seem to be of little use to the young plant. For
instance, the embryo of Cuphea, while in the seed (fig. 84)
has very large auricles, which in the seedling (fig. 103, A-C)
soon disappear. In Ruellia, again (fig. 55), we have a similar
case.

SIZE OF SEEDS.

As regards the size of seeds, if we could imagine a state of
things in which every seed grew and attained maturity, then
to keep up the number of any given species existing at any
time, it would be sufficient if each plant produced but one or
two seeds during its whole life. There is, however, an
enormous destruction of seeds. The great majority are eaten
by animals, or fail to secure a suitable site for germination ;
of those which do germinate, again, many are crowded out by
their fellows. Darwin observed that out of 357 seedlings
which came up in a space of 3 feet by 2, no less than 295 were
destroyed by slugs and insects. Now the greater the chance
against any given seed reaching a suitable locality and attain-
ing maturity, the larger number of seeds must the plant pro-
duce in order to maintain its numbers, and, as a general rule,
the smaller will the individual seeds be. On the contrary,
the greater the chance that each seed enjoys of arriving at
maturity, the smaller the number of seeds that is necessary,
and in such cases it is an advantage that the seeds should be
large.

Hence parasitic plants generally produce a large number
of very small seeds, though there are exceptions due to other
considerations, as, for instance, in the Mistletoe (I believe,
indeed, in all the Loranthacese), where the seeds are carried
by birds.

An interesting illustration is afforded by certain species
which produce two kinds of pods, as, for instance, Cardamine
chenopodifolia of Brazil. Besides ordinary pods, which re-
semble those of any other Cardamine, and contain several
seeds, this plant produces a second sort of pod underground.
Now in the ordinary pods the number of seeds increases, of
course, the chance that some one will find a suitable place.
On the other hand, the subterranean pods are sown, as it were,

SIZE OF SEEDS 67

by the plant itself. In this case, if there were a number of
seeds they would only get in one another's way, and hence,
perhaps, the fact that the subterranean pods only produce one
or two seeds.

In most species the seeds vary somewhat in size ; but in
such cases it would not be conclusive to contrast the produce
of large seeds with that of smaller ones, because it might
fairly be said that the former were better nourished, and in-
herently, perhaps, more vigorous. In Cardamine chenopodifolia
of Brazil, however, the seeds from the underground pods are
larger than the others, and Grisebach found that they produced
more vigorous seedlings.1

There are, on the contrary, other considerations which may
make it an advantage that the number of seeds produced by
a flower should be reduced, as, for instance, in the case of the
Composite, where the agglomeration of a number of flowers
into a single head, as in the Daisy, and their consequent
diminution in size, renders it an advantage that each floret
should produce but one seed.

The species with large seeds may, as already mentioned,
be divided into two groups — first, those in which the embryo
is surrounded by endosperm ; and, secondly, those in which it
occupies the whole seed.

In the former the arrangement of the embryo presents no
special difficulties, as the endosperm simply fills up all vacant
spaces. In the latter, on the contrary, Nature has to exercise
much ingenuity, and adopts various devices to fill up the
whole space.

One plan is to arrange the cotyledons face to face, and
then roll them up in a ball. This is adopted, amongst other
cases, in the Sycamore (fig. 50), and hence the long strap-like
form of the cotyledons. Another is to arrange the cotyledons
face to face, and then double them up, as in the Cabbage,
Mustard, Eadish (fig. 62, B-D), &c.

In a third the cotyledons are convolute edgeways, as in
Calycanthus.

In Lepidium sativum the cotyledons are trifid (figs. 4 and

1 ' Der Dimorphismus der Fortpfl. v. Cardamine chenopodifolia,' Gottinger
Nachrichtungen, 1878.

58 ON SEEDLINGS

100) ; in Cordia they are thrown into plaits (fig. 70). In.
others we have still more complex folds, as in the Beech.

In such cases as the Lupine the cotyledons become so
fleshy and thickened that they almost lose the appearance of
leaves ; in this instance they are set free by the splitting of
the testa. When, however, the testa does not readily split,
and where in large seeds there is no endosperm, the difficulty
of unfolding the cotyledons and extricating them from the
seed becomes greater, and we arrive at cases where Nature
seems to have abandoned the attempt, and, as in the Oak and
Horse Chestnut, the cotyledons never quit the seed. Thus,
among the Juglandese, Pterocarya has leaf-like cotyledons,
while those of the Walnut never quit the shell. Every one,
however, must have observed the elaborate folds into which
the two cotyledons are thrown — folds which seem to have no
significance or importance now, and which carry us back to a
time when the Walnut, like the Pterocarya, had foliaceous
cotyledons.

If these suggestions be correct, we should expect that
species with non-emerging cotyledons would generally have
large seeds and be exalbuminous. This certainly appears to
be the rule ; among the species with reference to which I have
notes, there are 37 genera in which the cotyledons are sub-
terranean or remain in the seed. The seeds themselves are
notably large, and all but three are exalbuminous. Occasion-
ally we meet with subterranean and foliaceous cotyledons in the
same genus, as, for instance, in Ehus, Ehamnus, Mercurialis,1
Phaseolus, &c.

Phaseolus vulgaris presents us with an intermediate stage,
the cotyledons being aerial and green, but fleshy and by no
means true leaves. In Melittis melissophyllum, again, accord-
ing to Irmisch,2 the fleshy cotyledons generally remain in the
seed, and are held together by the testa : but they sometimes
burst the shell, and stand out from one another. Like true
subterranean cotyledons, they have no stomata.

When the cotyledons are large, thick, and fleshy they
often contain sufficient nourishment to render the plants for

1 Winkler, Flora, 1880, p. 339.

2 ' Zur Naturgeschichte von Melittis Melissophyllum,' Bot. Zeit. 1858, p. 233.

SIZE OF SEEDS

59

some time independent of any fresh supply. In such cases
the seedlings sometimes push up for awhile without any fully-
developed leaves, the first few being reduced to very small size
or almost obsolete, as in Ehus (fig. 44), Sapindus (fig. 43),
Tropaeolum, Bertholletia, Camellia, Xanthochymus, Calo-
phyllum, Calodendron, Ochna, Citrus, Corylus, &c.

SIZE OF EMBRYO.

As already mentioned, there are many cases, in fact many
whole orders, in which the ripe seed is entirely occupied by
the embryo ; in other cases, again, as in Delphinium (fig. 104),
the embryo is very small, and examples of every intermediate
stage might be given.

FIG. 104. — Longitudinal and transverse sections of seed
of Delphinium Staphysagria, x 12.

Where it is an advantage to the plant that germination
should be rapid, this of course can be more readily secured if
the embryo is large. In fact, we find that species with large
embryos, such, for instance, as Cabbage, Pea, &c., germi-
nate much more rapidly than those, such as Umbellifers,
Kanunculaceae, &c., in which the embryos are small.

On the other hand, in some cases, time is less important,
and here other considerations come into play. The protection
of the embryo is mainly effected by the outer coverings ; but

60 ON SEEDLINGS

the endosperm itself contributes also,1 and hence a small
embryo is less liable to injury.

SIZE OF COTYLEDONS.

It is hardly necessary to say that the size of the plant does
not determine that of the cotyledons. Winkler has pointed
out that the largest of our Nettles has the smallest cotyledons.2
It is, on the other hand, natural that large seeds, as a general
rule, produce large cotyledons. This is, however, by no means
a complete explanation. There are many cases in which the
cotyledons grow considerably after quitting the seed. In the
wonderful genus Welwitschia it was at one time supposed
that the two great leaves were persistent cotyledons. This
view is now abandoned. In many of the Monocotyledons,
however, the cotyledons acquire a considerable length. I have
already had occasion to allude to cases among the Dicotyledons
in which the cotyledon continues to grow for some time after
quitting the seed.

Streptocarpus Eexii affords, perhaps, the most remarkable
case. The cotyledons are at first small, rotund, and shortly
petiolate. Soon, however, one of them begins to grow, and
becomes an at first ovate, then oblong, and finally panduri-
form, obtuse, entire, persistent leaf,
attaining a length of more than
18 inches. The other cotyledon
retains the original form, and soon
drops off. In some specimens, how-
ever, both cotyledons retain their
original form, and it is the first
true leaf which develops.
_ In the cultivated form of the

FIQ. 105.— Seedling of (Enothera ,-.

bistorta, x8. Mango, the cotyledons are divided

into more or less irregular lobes ;

and in a specimen kindly given me by Mr. Eidley, one of the
lobes developed into an independent plant.

1 See Marloth, 'Ueber Mech. Schutzmittel der Samen gegen schadliche
Einfliisse von Aussen,' Engler's Sol. Jahrb. 1883, p. 225.

2 ' Ueber die Keimblatter der deutschen Dicotylen,' Verh. Bot. Ver. Branden-
burg, 1874, p. 11.

SIZE AND FORMS OF COTYLEDONS

61

Some of the Onagrarieas have seedlings with very curious
cotyledons. For instance, I was greatly puzzled by the seed-
ling of (Enothera bistorta, in which (fig. 105) the cotyledons
were long and linear, suddenly widening at the end into a
large orbicular expansion, which gives them a very peculiar
appearance.

In Eucharidium grandiflorum (fig. 108) the form of the
cotyledon might not unnaturally be supposed to be a case
similar to that of Malva. In reality, however, the explanation
is very different. In Eucharidium the lobes have nothing to

PIG. 106. — Seedling of Eucharidium
grandiflorum, x 3.

FIG. 107. — Eucharidium grandiflorum :
ten days after germination, x 3.

do with the arrangement of the embryo in the seed. The
young plant, indeed, immediately after germination, presents
no trace of them. The cotyledons, when they first emerge
from the seed (fig. 106), are oblong-orbicular, sessile, cordate
or auricled at the base, and emarginate at the apex, with a
small purple tooth in the notch : they grow rather rapidly,
become shortly petioled, and develop one or two lateral,
incurved nerves on each side of the midrib.

In the next stage, about eight days after germination, they
exhibit a very slight constriction near the base of the coty-
ledons, with a small obtuse tooth. This basal portion increases

62 ON SEEDLINGS

much more rapidly, while the growth of the terminal portion
(which is, in fact, the original cotyledon) becomes gradually

FIG. 108. — Eucharidium grandiflorum : showing final form of
cotyledons. Nat. size.

arrested. The tooth becomes more marked (fig. 107), and by
the tenth day the new portion is obtusely bidentate or crenate,
and nearly equals the original cotyledon in size.

ONAGRARIE^E

63

In its final form (fig. 108) the new portion is both broader
and longer than the true cotyledon, and differs from it not
only in the crenations, but in the possession of a more con-
spicuous midrib and rather stiff hairs. Not only is this basal
portion interesting in its mode of development, but also
from its similarity to the subsequent leaves. In fact, as
fig. 108 shows, it may be said that we have a compound
structure formed of a leaf at the base, terminated by the
cotyledon.

If, indeed, this spe-
cies stood alone, we
might regard the re-
semblance as acci-
dental ; but we find a
very similar growth in
other allied species.

In Clarkia pulchella
(fig. 109) the cotyle-
dons immediately after
germination closely re-
semble those of Eucha-
ridium grandiflorurn
(fig. 106). In a short
time they become
broadly ovate, emar-

ginate, Suddenly nar- FIG. m.— Clarkia pulcheUa. Two-thirds nat. size.

rowed, and rounded

at the base. In this case there is no great change of form ;
but while the margin of the original cotyledon is glabrous,
that of the new growth and of the true leaves (fig. 109) is
finely ciliate.

In (Enothera stricta the cotyledons immediately after
germination are oblong, obtuse, slightly auricled at the base,
otherwise entire, sessile, thinly glandular-pubescent on the
upper surface, and ciliate. By continued intercalary growth
at the base they eventually become (fig. 110) spathulate, ob-
ovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, with a tooth on each side,
indicating the point of union of the original cotyledon and
the new growth ; the lower part with a distinct midrib

64 ON SEEDLINGS

and tapering much at the base, glabrous, with puberulous-
pubescent petioles, connate at the base.

The first leaves are alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, tapering
to the petiole, obsoletely and distantly toothed at the margins,
and, like the cotyledons, are glabrous with pubescent petioles.

Similar instances have been observed in many species of
Clarkia and (Enothera, and will be fully described in the
chapter on Onagrarieae.

PIG. 110. — (Enothera stricia, thirty days after germination. Nat. size.

Here, therefore, we have an interesting group in which at
first the cotyledons are very similar, but by subsequent growth
at the base develop into several distinct types, in each case
closely resembling the leaf characteristic of the species. We
can therefore have little, if any, doubt that this growth is
influenced by the form of the leaf.

The species in which a connection may perhaps be traced
between the characteristics of the leaves and those of the

RIBES— ESCHSCIIOLTZIA

65

cotyledons are so few, that I may mention here that of Embelia
Pdbes (fig. 111). The leaves are simple, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, alternately incurvinerved, rather thick and in-
distinctly reticulate, shining on both surfaces, bright green
above, paler beneath, and punctate with dark green sunken
glands eventually becoming black, thinly glandular-pubes-
cent on both surfaces ; petioles semiterete, channelled above,
closely glandular-pubescent, tapering downwards. The first
leaf is broadly ovate, or short-elliptic, acute, and serrate except
towards the base. The second is similar, but less broad ;
the third, fourth, and fifth
lanceolate, each rather nar-
rower than the preceding.

The cotyledons are
ovate, obtuse or subacute,
indistinctly alternately in-
curvinerved, and reticulate,
distantly serrate in the
upper half, petiolate and
tapering into the petiole,
glabrous, bright green and
shining above, paler be-
neath, thinly glandular on
both surfaces, and dotted
with sunken black glands ;
petioles semiterete, slightly
furrowed above, finely
glandular-pubescent. Here
it will be observed that the cotyledons are strikingly like
the first leaves ; and, moreover, that there is a regular gra-
dation from the broad ovate cotyledon to the final leaves,
which are narrow lanceolate. The serration of the cotyledons
is a very rare character, which makes the resemblance in this
respect all the more significant.

In this connection also I may perhaps mention Eschscholtzia
tenuifolia. I have already described l and figured (fig. 40) the
germination of E. californica, in which the cotyledons are
long, narrow, and deeply bifid, and suggested that this form

1 Vide supra, p. 49.

FIG. 111. — Seedling of Embelia Bibes.
Half nat. size.

66 ON SEEDLINGS

enabled them more easily to make their exit from the seed.
In that species, where the cotyledons are deeply bifid, the
leaves also are much cut up. In E. tenuifolia, on the contrary,
both the leaves and cotyledons are long and linear. Here
also the form probably facilitates the exit ; and one may
perhaps suggest that E. californica exhibits a form of which
E. tenuifolia represents an earlier and simpler condition.

POSITION OF THE EMBRYO IN THE SEED.

As a general rule, the arrangement and position of the
embryo in the seed is approximately the same within the
limits of any one genus. There are, however, many ex-
ceptions.

In the genus Plantago, for instance, the cotyledons
sometimes have their faces and sometimes their edges to the
placenta. This difference is not indeed mentioned either by

Barneoud or Decaisne in their

A B respective monographs of the

family. Bentham and Hooker,
however, say ( ' Genera Plan-
tarum,' vol. iii. p. 1223): —
' Embryo rectus v. rarius
hippocrepicus, hilo parallelus
v. in fructu monospermo

FIG. 112. — Planfago media. A, longitu-
dinal section of seed, x 8. B, trans- erectllS V. tranSVerSUS.

In P. media the fruit is
capsular, dry, membranous,

2-celled and 2-4-seeded. The seeds (fig. 112, A and B) are
plano-convex or subconcavo-convex, peltate, small, with equal
obtuse ends ; or with the basal end slightly the broader ; the
testa is thin, pale brown ; the hilum a little below the middle
on the ventral aspect, round, and deeper brown than the rest
of the testa ; the raphe tapers from the hilum obliquely
towards the upper end of the testa. The endosperm is copious,
fleshy, and white. The embryo is straight, narrow, white, a
little shorter than the endosperm, and embedded in it, a little
nearer the dorsal aspect of the seed and somewhat oblique to
the median axis ; the cotyledons are linear-spathulate, taper-

POSITION OF EMBRYO IN SEED 67

ing towards the base, obtuse, entire, and with their faces
towards the placenta ; the radicle is inferior, obtuse, and
shorter than the cotyledons.

In P. lanceolata (fig. 113) the capsule is also 2-celled, with
one seed in each cell. The seed is concave on the ventral
side, at first pale green, at length becoming yellow. The
hilum is oval, forming a white or pale spot about or a little
below the middle on the ventral aspect. The endosperm is
abundant, fleshy, or almost horny when dry, and semitrans-
parent. The embryo is straight, white, embedded in the
endosperm, and a little shorter than the seed. The cotyledons
are narrowly oblong or linear, obtuse, plano-convex, closely
applied face to face, and with their
edges to the placenta. The radicle
is narrower than the cotyledons,
inferior, and tapering downwards.

In P. Coronopus the capsule is
many-seeded. The seeds are oblong-
oval, suddenly tapering to an obtuse Fm U3._Plantago lanceolata.

point at the lower end, Small, in Transverse section of seed,

X l^

transverse section somewhat dia-
mond-shaped, with the angles rounded off, and attached to
the placenta considerably below the middle. They are much
smaller than those of P. media, and differ much among them-
selves. The embryo is comparatively large, straight, central,
nearly equalling the endosperm in length ; the cotyledons are
linear obtuse, entire, plano-convex, thick, closely applied face
to face, and with their edges to the placenta.

In P. rnaritima the fruit is narrowly ovoid, 2-celled, 2-seeded.
The seed is oblong-lanceolate, biconvex or flattened on the
ventral side. The embryo is straight, large, and nearly fills
the seed; the cotyledons have their edges to the placenta.

In P. Cynops the fruit is green, with a pale line where the
two carpels come together, and a darker one along the middle
of the carpel, giving it in a young state the appearance of
consisting of four carpels, 2-celled, 2-seeded. The seed is
ovate, obtuse, peltate, compressed dorsally, concave on the
ventral side, smooth, shining, deep green when young, and
sufficiently transparent to show the embryo by transmitted

r 2

68 ON SEEDLINGS

light. The embryo is straight ; the cotyledons linear, obtuse,
entire, closely applied face to face, with their edges to the
placenta.

In P. arenaria and P. major the cotyledons are also placed
with their edges to the placenta.

I was for some time much puzzled as to why the cotyledons
in P. media should be placed differently from those of the
other species examined ; though the reason seems in reality
very simple. At first I thought it might have reference to
the mode in which the embryo emerges from the seed ; but
this does not seem to have any bearing on it. In P. lanceo-
lata, however, and its allies the cotyledons are narrow and
thick ; and the seed being somewhat compressed, it will be
seen from fig. 113 that if the embryo had been placed with
the faces of the cotyledons to the placenta, it would not have
had room to develop.

On the other hand, in P. media (fig. 112) the reverse is the
case : the cotyledons are thin and comparatively wide ; their
width, in fact, is greater than their thickness. It follows that,
if they had been arranged as in the other species, they would
not have had room to develop. The difference of position is
therefore explained by the fact that in P. media the width
of the cotyledons is greater than the thickness; while in
P. lanceolata &c., on the contrary, the thickness of the two
cotyledons, taken together, is greater than their breadth.

The normal arrangement of an embryo in the seed is to
have the faces of the cotyledons turned to the placenta.
There are, however, not a few cases in which, as in these
species of Plantago, the cotyledons have their edges to the
placenta. When this is the case, it may be suggested as
possible that the position is due to the fact of the seeds being
more or less, in some cases very much, flattened ; and that
the embryo is twisted round at right angles to its normal
position, so that the cotyledons may lie in the broad way of
the seed, as in Ailanthus, Euonymus, Passiflora, Linum,
Fraxinus, Diospyros, Heliotropium, and many Crucifers, Legu-
minosse, and Kosacese.

On the other hand, in the case of Claytonia (fig. 114) this
explanation will not apply. There would appear no reason, so

PLANTAGO-CLAYTONIA 69

far as the seed is concerned, why the cotyledons should not lie
in the usual position.

It has occurred to me that perhaps the arrangement of
the cotyledons may have reference to their exit from the seed.
If we examine a germinating seedling of Claytonia, we shall
see that the testa splits vertically from the micropyle, and the

FIG. 114. — Claytonia perfoliata. A, transverse section of seed, x 15.
B, seedling, x 6.

cotyledons from their position, when they separate, act with
greater advantage in enlarging the orifice, and thus securing
their exit, than they would if they occupied the more usual
position. This, however, I only throw out as a suggestion
which requires further investigation.

When the seed is flattened laterally, the embryo must
either be narrow or lie with
the edges of its cotyledons
to the placenta.

For instance, in Helio-
phila pilosa var. incisa the
seeds (fig. 115, A and B)
agree closely in form with
those of Cheiranthus (C.
Cheiri) (figs. 73 and 74);
they are oblong-obtuse at
each end, compressed dor-
sally, with a notch at one end, and in section are narrow elliptic ;
but while the cotyledons of Cheiranthus are broad, in Heliophila
they are long and linear. The reason of this may be that while

FIG. 115.— Heliophila
dinal section of

ilosa. A, longitu-
x 12. B trans-

verse section of seed, x 12.

70 ON SEEDLINGS

in Cheiranthus and other Arabidese the pods are flattened dor-
sally and the cotyledons are accumbent in the broad way of
the seed (figs. 73 and 74), those of the Sisymbrieae, to which
Heliophila belongs, have (fig. 115, A and B) the cotyledons in-
cumbent, so that they lie across the seed, and it is consequently
an advantage that they should be linear.

Similar cases occur in other Orders, as for instance in
Caryophyllacese and Solanaceae.

CONCLUDING EBMARKS.

The conditions under which the seedlings are grown
naturally exercise some influence on the form of the leaves.
For instance, in Mimulus luteus, if the seedlings have sufficient
room the first leaves are shortly stalked and deltoid, while the
primary nodes are but little developed ; on the contrary, if
they are more crowded, the internodes and petioles are longer
and the leaves are oval.

In the Primrose we find an arrangement which almost
seems as if it were intended to give the seedling some power
of locomotion. The hypocotyl is sometimes horizontal, and
throws out strong adventitious roots, the upper part, how -
ever, becoming vertical as usual.

As a general rule, the first buds produced by the seedlings
are in the axils of the leaves, or more rarely of the cotyledons.
In some species of Linaria, however, the hypocotyl itself throws
out one or more buds which develop into branches. The
advantage of this may be that, if the main shoot is cropped
or broken even down to the root, the plant is capable of
throwing up another stalk.

We thus find an almost inexhaustible series of beautiful
adaptations to purpose. On the other hand, there are not
wanting cases in which it would seem that the adaptation is
not complete, or that a certain change, which has been of
superior importance, has involved a minor evil.

The Oak, Beech, Nut, &c. afford us a very interesting
series of species. Fig. 117 represents a diagram of a Nut
with the parts somewhat separated from one another, so as to
show the relations more clearly. The mycropyle (m) is at the

ADAPTATION TO CIRCUMSTANCES

71

apex of the seed. The ovule, however, is not straight and
orthotropous, which would be, or at any rate seem to be, the
simplest arrangement. Quite the contrary, for we find a long
placental axis (pi) which extends to the apex of the nut, and
from which starts a raphe (r), which returns about half way
back again to the place where the true attachment or chalaza
(ch) is situated. I have in vain endeavoured to discover or
imagine any circumstances which would render this complex
arrangement specially adapted to present conditions. It would
seem as if it would be simpler and give Nature less trouble if
the ovule sat directly with its base on the stalk, thus doing
away with both the placental axis (pi) and the raphe (?•)•

This view is strengthened by the fact that such an arrange-
ment has been in fact nearly attained by the Oak. The ovule

PIG. 116. — Seed of Oak (Quercus
pedunculata). Nat. size, o,
abortive ovule.

FIG. 117.— Seed of Nut (Corylus
avellana). Nat. size, o, abor-
tive ovule.

in this genus is theoretically anatropous, but the placental
axis and the raphe are both greatly shortened (fig. 116), so
that the distance which the nourishment has to traverse is
much less, though the actual place of attachment remains the
same. The Oak in fact seems to have appreciated the diffi-
culties of the situation, and to have in great measure neutralised
them. Is it fanciful to imagine that some ages hence the Oak
may be practically orthotropous ?

But why should these species be anatropous if it is an
advantage to be orthotropous ? On this question some light
is thrown by the fact that while one seed only comes to
maturity, the ovary contains originally several cells each with
one or two ovules, though none of the others come to anything.
They can, however, easily be seen, either at the apex of the

72 ON SEEDLINGS

seed, as in the Nut (fig. 117, o), Beech (Fagus), &c., or, as in
the Oak (fig. 116, o), near the base. Their presence appears
to indicate that these species are descended from ancestors
the fruit of which was composed of several cells, each with
more than one seed — a state of things therefore very unlike
the present, and when the anatropous condition would be an
advantage. If this view be correct, the structure of the fruit
in the Nut, Beech, &c. becomes peculiarly interesting, because
it represents a case in which the present arrangements are
not those in all respects most convenient to the plant, and
renders it probable that the same explanation may apply to
other cases of difficulty.

We meet indeed with a great many cases in which a larger
or smaller number of the ovules, often all but one, fail to
become developed. In some of them we may perhaps see a
provision to increase the chances of fertilisation. There are
others, however, in which this explanation will not hold good.
In Ptelea, for instance, the ovary contains 2-3 cells, each
containing two ovules, one inserted rather above the other,
and the inferior ovule constantly fails to develop. In this and
other similar cases we can hardly doubt that the existence of
this second, and now functionless, ovule carries us back to a
time when the ancestors of our present Ptelea habitually pro-
duced two seeds.

In Paliurus the fruit normally contains three, but some-
times only two, loculi, each with a single seed. Again, in
Myagrum the ovary is spuriously 3-celled, but the two outer
cells produce no seed. In Haemanthus there are three cells,
each containing a seed, only one of which, however, comes to
maturity. In Convallaria there are three cells, each with two
ovules, but only one of the six is generally developed. In
Phillyrea and Canarium there are two ovules, only one of
which is developed ; and we meet with similar cases in
Gyrinopsis, Jasminum, .ZEsculus, Cordia, and many others.

From the point of view as to the origin of these differences,
the variations in seedlings offer great interest. For example,
out of 135 seedlings of Lepidium sativum (which, as already
mentioned, differs from the rest of the genus in having tri-
partite cotyledons), no less than 25, or as much as 18^ per

ABORTIVE OVULES 73

cent., differed from the type, and had this character more or
less imperfectly developed. Under cultivation the seedlings
of Primula sinensis often have one of the cotyledons deeply
bifid; in one lot of seedlings this was the case with, for
instance, over 20 per cent, of the plants.

In Poterium Sanguisorba the calyx-tube generally contains
one, but sometimes two or even three achenes. In Ranunculus,
occasionally, the petioles of the cotyledons are connate.

In (Enothera the cotyledons are either straight, or with
one or both involute. Irmisch states that the cotyledons of
Clematis recta, which are usually aerial, sometimes remain
below ground ; while the reverse is the case in Melittis, arid,
according to Winkler, in Dentaria and Mercurialis, for the
cotyledons, which are generally fleshy and subterranean,
sometimes rise above ground and form small green leaves.

Many species occasionally have one or both cotyledons
divided.1

In Eheum the cotyledons are generally parallel, but in
some cases one of them is placed more or less obliquely with
reference to the other.

In Fagopyrum the position and arrangement of the coty-
ledons in the seed vary greatly. The cotyledons are turned
about after striking into an angle of the seed, and then, follow-
ing the testa, assume very various positions. In Carum Carui
the cotyledons sometimes have their backs to the axis of the
fruit, and sometimes their edges, while at others they are oblique.

In Cheiranthus pygmaeus the cotyledons are said to be
sometimes accumbent, sometimes incumbent, and straight or
convolute, even in the same pod.

It would be easy to multiply such cases, but I will only
mention one more, in which I will venture to suggest a reason
for the variation. In Acer (fig. 118, i), the embryo originates
in a short tubular cavity opposite the micropyle, and is at
first straight, with an extremely short turbinate radicle, and
ovate, obtuse, closely adpressed cotyledons. As growth con-
tinues the embryo extends itself along the lower side of the
seed, and curves with it, becoming gradually lanceolate, or

1 See Goebel, Grundziige Syst. Spec. Pflanzen- Morphologic, p. 505 ; or
Eng. trans., Outlines of Classification &c. p. 446.

74 ON SEEDLINGS

oblong-lanceolate (fig. 118, 2). When the cotyledons have
reached the upper, narrow end of the seed, the curvature of
the wall turns them down again on themselves (fig. 118, 3).
This growth is continued until the tips reach the radicle again,
and the ultimate arrangement of the embryo differs according
to whether they then curve inwards or outwards. This, again,
seems to depend on the exact direction of the growth of the
cotyledons. If they strike (fig. 118, o) against the process
which encloses the radicle, then their general direction natu-
rally carries them outwards, until the wall of the seed again
turns them upwards, so that they become plicate ; if, on the
contrary, the tips of the cotyledons pass just within the

FIG. 118. — Acer Pseudo-Platanus. Sections of seed in seven successive
stages, showing growth of embryo, x 3.

micropylar process and touch the radicle, then they are com-
pelled to grow in the opposite direction, and they become
spirally coiled. In the specimens examined the latter arrange-
ment was exceptional.

FORMS OF THE FIRST LEAVES.

Some particulars with reference to the first leaves and the
transition between them and those of the final form will be
found in the following pages. I will only here observe that
the first leaves are generally simple, or at any rate simpler
than those which follow.

In species with trifoliate leaves, the first leaf is generally

FORMS OF FIRST LEAVES

75

simple, as in the Clovers. When the mature leaves are
pinnate, the first ones are generally trifoliate ; and when the
final leaves are bipinnate, the first ones are generally pinnate.
I have already observed
that species with lobed or
palmate leaves often com-
mence with one or more
which are entire and
heart-shaped.

In most cases, there-
fore, the first leaves are
simpler than those which
follow. In species from
very dry localities, how-
ever, the reverse is often
the case. For instance,
in Lasiopetalum ferrugi-
neum (fig. 119), from
Adelaide, the first few leaves are spathulate and more or less
lobecl, the final ones linear. Again, in Dodonaea viscosa, also
from Adelaide, the first leaves are lobed, the subsequent ones
simple. Heterospermum is another interesting case.

FIG. 119. — Seedling of Lasiopetalum
ferrugineum. Half nat. size.

EELATION OF THE SEEDLING TO THE SEED.

To return for a moment to the case of seedlings. The
question of course arises whether the embryo conforms to the
seed, or whether the shape of the seed is determined with
reference to the form of the cotyledons. The seeds, however, are
evidently constructed with reference to the habits, conditions,
&c. of the plant. I have elsewhere dealt with the structure of the
seed, and must content myself here with the simple statement
that we have no reason to suppose that it is influenced by the
form of the embryo. On the other hand, it seems equally
clear that the form of the embryo, and especially of the coty-
ledons, is essentially influenced by that of the seed.

The Tea (Thea), for instance, presents us with a very in-
teresting case, in which the cotyledons vary greatly in shape,
following that of the seed, and depending on the number of

76 ON SEEDLINGS

ovules which develop ; they are contained in a wooden capsule,
and are variously compressed. In Citrus also the cotyledons
are unequal and irregular, several embryos being contained
in each seed, and sometimes squeezed together in the utmost
confusion.

In several other cases among those which have been
already referred to, we can hardly doubt, I think, that the
form of the cotyledon has been affected by the seed and not
vice versa.

Let me in conclusion take one other illustration. The
cotyledons of the Sycamore (fig. 9) are long, narrow, and
strap-like ; those of the Beech (fig. 13) are short, very broad,
and fan-like. Both species are exalbuminous, the embryo
occupying the whole interior of the seed.

Now in the Sycamore the seed is more or less an oblate
spheroid, and the long ribbon-like cotyledons, being rolled up
into a ball, fit it closely, the inner cotyledon being often
somewhat shorter than the other. On the other hand, the
nuts of the Beech are more or less triangular : an arrange-
ment like that of the Sycamore would therefore be utterly
unsuitable, as it would necessarily leave great gaps. The
cotyledons, however, are folded up like a fan, but with more
complication, and in such a manner that they fit beautifully
into the triangular nut.

Can we, however, carry the argument one stage further ?
Why should the seed of the Sycamore be globular, and that
of the Beech triangular ? Is it clear that the cotyledons are
constituted so as to suit the seed ? May it not be that it is
the seed which is adapted to the cotyledons ? In answer to
this we must examine the fruit, and we shall find that in both
cases the cavity of the fruit is approximately spherical. That
of the Sycamore, however, is comparatively small, say f inch
in diameter, and contains one seed, which exactly conforms
to the cavity in which it lies. In the Beech, on the contrary,
the involucre is at least twice the diameter, and contains
from two to four fruits, which consequently, in order to
occupy the space, are compelled (to give a familiar illustration,
like the segments of an orange) to take a more or less tri-
angular form.

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 77

Thus, then, in these cases, starting with the form of the
fruit, we see that it governs that of the seed, and that of the
seed again determines that of the cotyledons. But though
the cotyledons often follow the form of the seed, this is not
invariably the case : other factors must also be taken into
consideration ; but when this is done, we can, I venture to
think, throw much light on the varied forms which seedlings
assume.

78 ON SEEDLINGS

KANUNCULACKE.

Bentham et Hooker, Genera Plantarum, i. 1.

Fruit and Seed. — The fruits of Ranunculacese are either
achenes often more or less pointed, sometimes feathery
(Clematis, some species of Anemone), or follicles, sometimes
united into a capsule (Nigella), or one- to few-seeded berries
(Actaea).

The seeds are erect, pendulous, or horizontal ; ' the embryo
is minute except in Trautvetteria.

The shape of the seed varies with that of the carpels
and the number of ovules. There are four principal typas :
rounded and smooth, granular, angular, and winged.

When the fruit is an achene (Ranunculus, Clematis, Ane-
mone) the shape of the seed conforms to the interior of the
achene.

In Thalictrum the achenes are ribbed, in Ranunculus they
are wrinkled (water forms), or smooth, in some slightly hairy,
in others (R. arvensis, R. parviflorus) covered with tubercles,
or spines which are often more or less hooked, and probably
serve to promote the dispersion of the seeds. In some (R.
scapigerus, R. multiscapus, &c.) the style itself is hooked. In
other cases dispersion is aided by the presence of wings, or by
a long feathery process consisting of the persistent style. This
also serves a useful purpose by fixing the seed to the ground
and thus enabling the seedling to emerge from the testa ; as,
for instance, in Clematis graveolens.

1 The ovules are anatropous, either solitary, erect, and with a ventral raphe
(Ranunculeae), or pendulous with a dorsal raphe (Clematidea?, Anemoneae).
The result of this is that in both the pollen tube has direct access to the micro-
pyle, which would not otherwise be the case.

RANUNCULACE.E 79

In Clematis fcetida the hairs are very long, but are confined
to the lower part of the style ; while in others, as for instance
in C. Viticella, the style is quite short.

So also in Anemone, some species, as for instance A. vir-
giniana, have the achenes hairy, terminating in a short, more
or less curved, horn ; while in others the achene bears a long
feathery tail.

In the Helleboreae the fruit is follicular, with numerous
horizontal ovules ; and the seeds are winged (Nigella orien-
talis), rounded (some species of Nigella), smooth (Aquilegia),
or angular (some Delphiniums). This latter difference is
perhaps due to the fact that in Aquilegia many of the ovules
become aborted, so that the seeds have plenty of room
to expand, while in Delphinium they are generally crowded
together.

In Aquilegia the plants, when agitated by the wind, scatter
the seeds in all directions, and their smoothness under these
circumstances perhaps facilitates their dispersal.

Nigella orientalis differs from most of its congeners in the
possession of winged seeds. The testa is loose and reticu-
lated.

Actaea has baccate fruits, with numerous angled seeds.
The testa is very thick.

Cotyledons. — The prevalent type of the cotyledons is broad,
and bluntly ovate. They are typically three- to five-veined,
though the variation is not easily seen in fresh specimens.
They are larger, as a general rule, in the annual than in the
perennial species. In some of the marsh species they are
narrow and somewhat elongated, as is also the case with the
leaves.

The cotyledons generally have a petiole, but sometimes
they are sessile, as for instance in Delphinium Staphysagria
(fig. 135). This, as I have suggested in my introductory
chapter, is perhaps because, while those of Delphinium elatum>
for instance (fig. 136), are attached close to the ground, those
of D. Staphysagria are carried up by the hypocotyl, and do
not therefore require stalks of their own.

The greatest amount of modification occurring in any one
genus is perhaps found in Anemone. In A. nemorosa the

80

ON SEEDLINGS

cotyledons are connate by their edges, forming a tube obliquely
split at the top. The petioles of the cotyledons are more or
less connate in most species at the base ; they are united for
half their length in A. Coronaria, nearly to the top in A.
rupicola, and quite so in A. polyantha. In Anemone nemo-
rosa the petioles are completely sup-

Connate petioles also occur in Trol-
lius, Delphinium nudicaule (fig. 137), D.
trollifolium, and in some other species
to the same extent as in Anemone poly-
antha.

In Clematis recta the cotyledons are
fleshy and do not leave the seed. As
usual in such cases the first few leaves are
reduced to scales,

Clematis recta, L., var. lathyrifolia (fig.
120).

Primary root yellowish, with short lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short and tapering into the
primary root.

Cotyledons petiolate, subterranean, and not
leaving the seed.

Stem erect, terete, but becoming angular
above, glabrous; 1st internode (in sketched
specimen) short and hidden by remains or
sheaths of cotyledons ; 2nd 2 mm. long ;
3rd 6 mm. ; 4th 7 mm. ; 5th 18 mm. ; 6th
11-5 mm.

Leaves compound in the adult plant,
simple in seedling stage, cauline, opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, green above,
subglaucous beneath.
The leaves of Nos. 1-3 pair inclusive bad fallen off ; as above
mentioned they are, as usual in such cases, quite small.
No. 4 pair, rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire.
No. 5 pair, rotund, obtuse, entire, sub-trinerved.
No. 6 pair, ovate, acute, entire, trinerved at the base.
Ultimate leaves (in this variety) bipinnate, leaflets lanceolate,

FIG. 120. — Clematis
recta, yar. lathyri-
folia. Nat. size.

RANUNCULACE.E 81

entire, acute, three- or five-nerved ; terminal one larger, trifid, or
tripartite, or divided to the rachis.

Clematis recta, L.

Fruit an achene very shortly stipitate, broadly oval, much com-
pressed laterally, deep brown, nearly or quite glabrous, terminated
by a long, feathery, persistent style ; walls of achene very much
thickened at the sutures by a mass of cortex on each side, making
in all four pieces ; considerably thinner at the sides.

Seed suborbicular and conforming to the interior of the achene,
with rounded or obtuse edges ; outer seed-coat (testa) thicker,
deep brown ; inner (tegmen) very thin, membranous, pale brown ;
hilum and micropyle at the upper, basal end of the seed ; funicle
short.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white.

Embryo minute, straight, colourless, lying in the endosperm,
close to its upper end and towards the dorsal edge of the seed.

Cotyledons sessile, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying closely
applied face to face in the narrow plane of the seed ; radicle very
short, and blunt, shorter than the cotyledons, close to the upper
end of the endosperm.

Clematis graveolens, LindL, var. orientalis (fig. 121).

Achene narrowly ellipsoid, laterally compressed, densely covered
with silky ascending hairs, and ending in a long, feathery style ;
pericarp comparatively thin.

Seed conforming to the interior of the achene, suspended from
near the apex of the cell, anatropous ; seed-coats thin.

Endosperm as in C. recta.

Embryo differs from that of C. recta in being larger, and
in the ovate, or suboval cotyledons lying in the broader plane
of the seed, i.e. with their backs to the sides of the seed and
their edges to the sutures ; radicle oblong, obtuse, stout, about
equal in length to the cotyledons, but less in diameter than their
breadth.

The radicle in germination pushes out at the apex of the
achene, which splits rather deeply into two valves, thus allowing
the embryo free exit. The primary root develops numerous
root-hairs at an early stage, which fix the seedling firmly in the
soil.

The achene is rarely if ever carried up by the cotyledons, but is
securely fixed in the soil by the long, feathery, persistent style.

PIG. 121.

Young plant of Clematis graveolens,
var. orientalis. Nat. size.

RANUNCULACE^E

83

The cotyledons (fig. 121) are lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at
the base into a short petiole, obscurely trinerved, glabrous, pale
greenish-yellow, but not yet properly coloured, or full-sized. Hypo-
cotyl rather long, slender, almost colourless or tinged with purple
at the apex, glabrous.

Atragene alpina, L. (fig. 122).

Hypocotyl terete, pale green, emerging 4 rnm. above the soil.

Cotyledons slightly pubescent, dark green, petiolate ; lamina
ovate, obtuse, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. broad ; petiole flattened above,
6 mm. long.

Stem undeveloped in seedling stage.

Leaves of seedling simple, radical (ultimately cauline), appa-
rently alternate or the pairs very unequally developed, subdis-
tichous, exstipulate, pub-
escent, deep green, peti-
olate, petioles channelled
above, dilated and clasp-
ing at the base, pubes-
cent.

No. 1. Small, trans-
versely oblong or oval.

No. 2. Broader than
long.

No. 3. Transversely
oval, obscurely tridentate.

No. 4. Trilobed with
obtuse or emarginate
lobes.

No. 5. Trifid ; middle
lobe broadly obovate, emarginate, lateral lobes bidentate.

No. 6. Tripartite ; middle lobe rotund-cuneate, tridentate ;
lateral lobes transversely broadest, unequally dentate along the
apex.

No. 7. Tripartite ; lobes broadly obovate, emarginate.

No. 8. Subreniform, shortly trifid.

PIG. 122. — Atragene alpina, var. genuina.
Nat. size. The numbers indicate the order
of development of the leaves.

Anemone rivularis, Buchan. (fig. 123).

Primary root stout, tapering downwards, dark-coloured or brown
with lateral rootlets of same colour.

Hypocotyl short, stout, white or suffused with red, 3-4 mm. long.

G 2

84

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons foliaceous, glabrous, petiolate ; petiole semiterete,
channelled above, dilated and connate at the base, bright reddish
purple, 12 mm. long ; lamina oval, obtuse,
mucronate, obscurely trinerved, 1 cm. long,
6 mm. broad.

Stem herbaceous.

Leaves radical (ultimately cauline), simple,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy all over ;
petioles semiterete, channelled above, dilated
towards the base.

No. 1. Eeniform, deeply tripartite, five-
nerved; middle segment cuneate, three- to five-
toothed above ; teeth triangular, mucronate,
frequently aristate ; lateral segments bifid and
toothed above ; teeth similar to those of the
middle segment.

Anemone fulgens, Gay.

Primary root slender, flexuous, brown,
densely covered with root-hairs.

Hypocotyl subterranean, shortly fusiform,
deep brown and covered with longitudinal corky
ridges, 3-5 mm. long, fleshy or tuberous.

Cotyledons roundly ovate, oblique, varying
greatly in shape and size, smaller, but other-
wise very similar to those of A. rivularis.

Stem subsequently forming an underground
fleshy rhizome, and not developed in the seedling.
Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, with the petiole sheathing at
the base, ultimately much divided.

Nos. 1-2. Leaf small, reniform, three- to five-nerved, with three
to five cuspidate teeth ; finely ciliate.

Anemone Coronaria, L.1

Hypocotyl suppressed or very short and subterranean.

Cotyledons with petioles connate for two-thirds of their length,
and appearing to spring from one side ; free part of petioles terete,
channelled on the upper side ; limb oval or oblong, emarginate,
glabrous, 5 mm. long, 3'5 mm. broad.

Stem a subterranean fleshy rhizome, perennial.

t

FIG. 123. — Anemone
rivularis. Nat. size.

Irmisch, Bot. Zeit. 1856, taf. i.

RANUNCULACE^E 85

Leaves radical, ternately cut, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate ;
petioles subterete, channelled above, sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Tri-fid or -partite, glabrous, springing from the bud, which
is situated some distance beneath the soil, deep green above, red or
purple beneath ; middle lobe trifid, cuneate at the base, and the
middle segment often tridentate ; lateral lobes unilateral and bifid
or toothed along the posterior side.

Anemone polyantha, Don.

Cotyledons connate by their petioles to the very top, and the
laminae also sometimes connate at the base, appearing perfoliate.

Leaves. No. 1. Eeniform, trifid, trinerved, terminal lobe tri-
dentate ; lateral lobes bidentate. The plumule emerges at the
base of the cotyledon.

Ultimate leaves orbicular, five- to nine-lobed and -nerved ; lobes
obtuse, frequently trifid, cut, toothed — basal ones much overlapping.

Anemone rupicola, Camb.

Cotyledons connate by their petioles nearly to the top.

Leaves. No. 1. Cuneate, trinerved, shortly trifid ; middle lobe
tridentate ; lateral lobes bi- to tri-dentate. This leaf is sometimes
absent.

No. 2. Eeniform-triangular, deeply trifid, three- to five-nerved ;
middle lobe cuneate, tridentate ; lateral lobes bifid or sub-bifid and
slightly toothed.

Anemone nemorosa, A. Pulsatilla, and A. Hepatica have been
described and figured by Irmisch.1

Thalictrum minus, L. (fig. 124).

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, succulent, reddish, 2-4 mm. long.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the base, deep
glaucous green, petiolate ; petiole 3-5 mm.
long, glaucous purple, subterete, flattened
above, glabrous ; lamina 4-6 mm. long, 3-4'5
mm. broad.

Stem leafy.

Leaves compound, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, radical (and cauline ultimately) FlG- 124.— Thalictrum

.. , , , . , minus. Nat. size.

deep green, minutely pubescent ; petioles

terete, dilated and sheathing at the base, minutely pubescent.

No. 1. Ternate, leaflets rotund, trifid, reticulate— the lateral
ones being oblique on the posterior side.

1 Bot. Zeit. 1856, pp. 1, 17.

86

ON SEEDLINGS

Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh. (fig. 125).

Primary root elongated, slender, furnished with a dense tuft
of hairs at the base, and scattered ones, gradually becoming
shorter towards the apex.

,.JLc.

1

FIG. 125. — Ranunculus Cymbalaria, x 8. A, seedling, with the coty-
ledons still in the achene, Ac ; St, stigma. B, seedling three days old.
C, seedling thirty-nine days old.

KANUNCULACE^E

87

Hypocotyl glabrous. Petioles of cotyledons just visible, but the
cotyledons have not yet escaped from the achene.

Three days after germination : Cotyledons now free, oblong,
obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate.

Thirty-nine days after germination : Cotyledons spathulate, entire,
petiolate, glabrous, pale green, 8'5-5 mm. long, including the petioles,
which are connate at the base. Plumule developing and first leaf
appearing.

Sixty days after germination : The cotyledons have longer petioles
than at the last stage, but are otherwise similar. Two first leaves
oval, obtuse, entire, glabrous, with long petioles dilated and sheath-
ing at the base.

Ranunculus acris, L. (fig. 126).

Primary root a tap-root with numerous colourless lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, '5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, cylindrical, colour-
less near the base, greyish-
brown near the cotyledons,
where it also develops
root-hairs.

Cotyledons petiolate, the
petioles connate and sheath-
ing at the base ; lamina
about 1 cm. long, nearly
•5 cm. broad, ovate -lanceo-
late, obtuse, entire, with
sunk midrib, glabrous, light
green ; petiole as long
as lamina, nearly 1 mm.
broad, slightly channelled
and glabrous.

Leaves simple, radical
and cauline, alternate, ex-
stipulate, palmati-nerved
and -lobed, slightly pubes-
cent on both surfaces, deep
green above, paler beneath ;

petiolate, petiole semiterete,

, n T i , ,n •

channelled above, sheathing

at the base.

No. 1. Subrotund from a flattened base, five-nerved, trifid, lobes
obtuse.

No. 2. Trilobed, lobes ovate, obtuse, often showing a small tooth
on each side.

FIG. 126. — Ranunculus acms. Nat. size.

88 ON SEEDLINGS

B. millefoliatus, which has been described and figured bylrmisch,1
belongs to this type.

Ranunculus arvensis, L.2 (fig. 127).

Primary root tapering downwards, rather stout, with very few
lateral rootlets ; a number of adventitious roots spring from the base
of the hypocotyl and are soon equal to, or stronger than, the
primary one ; adventitious roots are also given off from the cotyle-
donary node.

Hypocotyl stout, succulent, colourless, 7 mm. to 1*7 cm. long,
glabrous.

FIG. 127. — Ranunculus arvensis. Half nat. size.

Cotyledons opposite, glabrous, pale green ; petioles channelled
above, convex beneath, much dilated at the base, and connate ;
lamina oblong, oval, 12 mm. long, 8 mm. broad.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, annual ; lst-4th niter-
node undeveloped, 5th more or less lengthened and sheathed by
the bases of the petioles.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, ciliate,
light green, ultimately glabrous, petiolate ; petioles semiterete, chan-
nelled above, slightly pubescent when young, much dilated and
sheathing at the base, with somewhat ciliate sheaths.

No. 1. Rotund-cuneate, five-toothed.

1 Bot. Zeit. 1865. 2 Irmisch, Bot. Zeit. 1857, taf. ii.

KANUNCULACE.E

No. 2. Broadly obovate-cuneate, obscurely five-nerved with five
large teeth above.

No. 3. Tripartite ; divisions cuneate, tridentate above, basal
ones not opposite.

No. 4. Tripartite, with the basal divisions nearly opposite, teeth
more numerous above.

No. 5. Trisected ; middle segment acutely cuneate, unequally
trifid, lobes slightly toothed at the apex ; lateral segments bipartite
with their anterior lobes trifid, narrowly cuneate, and their posterior
lobes bifid above.

No. 6. Trisected ; middle segment tripartite, divisions linear,
entire or slightly toothed ; lateral segments bipartite, divisions
divaricate, more or less cut up into linear pieces.

Ranunculus hederaceus (fig. 128).

Primary root as in E. acris, but few lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl suppressed.

Cotyledons opposite, nearly equal ;
base of petioles sheathing, petioles
about 10 mm. long, '75 mm. broad,
blade 7' 5 mm. long and nearly as broad,
suborbicular, rounded at both ends,
slightly emarginate, distinctly penni-
nerved, reticulate, glabrous, membra-
nous, bright green.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate,
exstipulate, petiolate.

No. 1. Petiole glabrous, channelled,
sheathing at base, 20 mm. long, 1 mm.
broad ; lamina broadly cordate, trifid,
palmatinerved, reticulate, glabrous,
bright green, 10-15 mm. long, and as
broad.

No. 2. Similar but five-fid.

NOTE. — The cotyledons of K. tubero-
sus, E. caucasicus, E. Flammula, E.
Borseanus, E. macrophyllus, E. Brutius,
E. Stevensi, E. cortusaefolius, and possibly many others, have
their cotyledons slightly emarginate when fully developed.

Ranunculus repens, L. (fig. 129).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, short, mostly subterranean, colourless,
glabrous.

FIG. 128.

Ranunculus hederaceus.
size.

Nat.

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 129.

Ranunculus repens, x 2.
Abnormal specimen.

Cotyledons rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, deep green, opaque,
glabrous, obscurely three- to five-nerved from the base ; lamina
5-6 mm. long, 4-5-5 mm. broad ; petiole
semiterete, slightly channelled above,
slightly dilated at the base, 6-7 mm.
long.

In the accompanying sketch is a
seedling with the petioles and basal
part of lamina united along one edge
so as to appear like one large bifid
cotyledon.

Stem. Several of the first inter-
nodes undeveloped.

Ceratocephalus falcatus, Pers. (fig. 130).

Primary root suddenly breaking up into a number of equally
strong rootlets.

Hypocotyl fleshy, terete, tapering into the root, reddish beneath
the cotyledons.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, with revolute margin, fleshy, deep
green above, paler beneath, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. broad.

Stem annual, very short ;
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical in a
rosette, alternate, exstipulate,
rather succulent, bright green
above, paler beneath, woolly
when young, glabrescent, petio-
late ; petioles flattened on both
surfaces, dilated at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Linear, en-
tire, similar to the cotyledons.
No. 3. Spathulate ; apex
tridentate.

No. 4. Spathulate, trifid.
Nos. 5 and 6. Cuneate, un-
equally trilobed.

Nos. 7 and 8. Cuneate, tri-
partite ; segments linear, lateral ones bifid at apex.
No. 9. Tripartite, with linear segments.
No. 10. Tripartite ; lateral segments unequally lobed.
No. 11. Doubly bipartite.
No. 12. Tripartite ; lateral segments bifid.

PIG. 130.
Ceratocephalus falcatus. Nat. size.

RANUNCULACE.E 91

No. 18. Similar.

No. 14. Cuneate, tripartite ; lateral segments unequal.

Trollius Ledebouri, Rchb., var. polycephalus, Bgl. (fig. 131).

Primary root slender, normal, soon superseded by strong adventi-
tious roots from the base of the leaves and cotyledons.

Hypocotyl not developed.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, alternately penninerved ; nerves
indistinct and seen only by transmitted light, glabrous, bright
green above, much paler beneath, petiolate ; petioles semiterete,
channelled above, connate for about one-third of their length, much
dilated and sheathing at the base, split on one side to allow the
egress of the plumule, light shining
green, glabrous, 8-11 mm. long ;
lamina, 6'5-8 mm. long, 5-5'5 mm.
broad.

Stem herbaceous, forming a peren-
nial rhizome which sends up annual
flowering stems ; primary internodes
undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cau-
line, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,

, ,. j -, , , -, ,. , , FIG. 131. — Trollius Ledebouri,

palmati-nerved, and -lobed, reticulate ; v. polycephalus. Nat. size,
reticulations best seen in young leaves ;

light green above, paler or almost glaucous beneath, shining on
both surfaces ; petioles terete in the seedling, tapering upwards,
light green, often tinged with red below, much dilated and clasping
at the base.

No. 1. Rotund-cordate, palmately five-nerved, and three-lobed
or five-lobulate ; middle lobe cuneate, slightly trifid, with obtuse
glandular cuspidate teeth ; lateral lobes bifid and slightly toothed
with glandular, cuspidate teeth.

No. 2. Similar.

No. 3. Tripartite ; middle lobe broadly cuneate with numerous
glandular cuspidate teeth ; lateral lobes broader at the base than
the middle lobe, slightly bifid with similar teeth.

Nigella sativa, L. (fig. 132).
Primary root slender, tapering, flexuose.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 13 mm. long, 1 mm.
thick.

92

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons petiolate, glabrous ; lamina oblong, obtuse, tapering
into the petiole, 13 mm. long, 6 mm. broad ; petiole channelled
above, 8' 5 mm.

Stem annual, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode
undeveloped ; 2nd and 3rd 3 mm. long ; 4th 1 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cau-
line, alternate, exstipu-
late, bright green and
shining on both sides,
sparsely pubescent, pe-
tiolate; petioles chan-
nelled above, slightly
ridged beneath, dilated
and sheathing at the
base, pale green, pubes-
cent.

No. 1. Cuneate, deep-
ly trifid with oblong,
obtuse segments.

No. 2. Cuneate, tri-
partite, divisions bifid.

No. 3. Tri-pinnati-
sect ; basal lobes 1-2-
pinnatifid; terminal lobe
tripartite.

No. 4. Similar to the
last but rather more cut
up.

The cotyledons of
N. integrifolia closely
resemble those of N.
sativa ; as also do those
of N. damascena, which,
however, are somewhat
broader in the middle.

FIG. 132. — Nigella sativa. Nat. size.

Aquilegia chrysantha, Gray, var. truncata (fig. 133).

Hypocotyl 3-7 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, glabrous, purple.

Cotyledons petiolate ; petioles terete or flattened above, connate
at the base, 7 mm. long, purple, glabrous ; lamina ovate, obtuse,
entire, glabrous, faintly trinerved, glaucous blue or often tinged
with purple, 7 mm. long, 5 mm. broad.

Leaves radical, alternate, ternately compound, glabrous, petiolate ;

RANUNCULACE^E

93

petiole dilated and sheathing at the base, stipuliform as in the
Umbelliferse.

No. 1. Lamina ternate ; leaflets trifid or the lateral ones bifid,
petiolulate ; lobes obtuse, rounded ; petiolules 1 mm. long, the
middle one longer ; petiole terete, 8-15 mm. long, purplish.

The seedlings of Aquilegia flavescens closely
resemble those of A. chrysantha, and the same
may be said of A. caerulea.

The cotyledons of Aquilegia atropurpurea,
A. Wittmanniana, A. dichroa, and probably
others, have a slight emargination when fully
developed.

FIG. 133. — Aquilegia
chrysantha, var.
truncata. Nat.
size.

Isopyrum grandinorum, Fisch.

Primary root slender, tapering, with lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, glabrous, tapering indis-
tinguishably into the root, and mostly subter-
ranean.

Cotyledons small, glaucous, glabrous, peti-
olate, orbicular or rotund-ovate ; lamina 8 mm.
long, 2'5 mm. broad; petiole slender, 5 mm.long.

Stem herbaceous or shrubby, with very
short scarcely developed internodes, densely
covered with the withered petioles of old leaves.

Leaves biternate on the adult plant (primary ones simply ter-
nate), radical and ultimately cauline, alternate, exstipulate, gla-
brous, glaucous, purplish beneath, petiolate ; petioles slender, terete,
or slightly flattened above, dilated and sheathing at the base,
glaucous, glabrous.

Nos. 1-3. Ternate ; leaflets suborbicular, entire.

No. 4. Ternate ; terminal leaflet unequally bifid ; lateral leaflets
bifid or bipartite.

No. 5. Ternate ; terminal leaflet trifid ; lateral leaflets unequally
bifid, with the smaller lobe on the posterior side.

No. 6. Ternate ; terminal leaflet tripartite with sub-obovate seg-
ments ; lateral leaflets bipartite with the posterior segment oval,
the much larger anterior one rotund-obovate.

No. 7. Ternate ; terminal leaflet tripartite, with the middle seg-
ment obovate, the lateral ones narrower ; lateral leaflets bipar-
tite with the posterior segments small and oval, the anterior one
elliptic, obtuse.

No. 8. Almost biternate, with obovate leaflets.

94 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves biternate with the secondary segments tripar-
tite, varying greatly in size from ^-2 inches in diameter ; primary
divisions triangular ; secondary cuneate ; ultimate segments obovate
or cuneate, entire.

In Isopyrum fumarioides the cotyledons are somewhat more
elongated.

Delphinium Staphysagria, L. (fig. 134).

Fruit of one to five follicles, each containing many seeds and
dehiscing along the ventral suture.

Seeds obovoid, rather acutely trigonous, or variously ridged and
angled ; testa thick and corky, deeply reticulated, black externally ;
tegmen thin and membranous, pale brown ; chalaza apical and as
well as the raphe rather obscure ; micropyle and hilum basal.

PIG. 184. — Delphinium Staphysagria. A, seed x 13. B, longitudinal
section of seed : E, embryo ; P, endosperm.

Endosperm copious in the mature seed, white with a small
sub transparent mass separating the cotyledons.

Embryo straight, minute, embedded in the endosperm at the
base of the seed ; cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile, diverg-
ing ; radicle short, obtuse.

Seedling (fig. 135).

Primary root tapering downwards with numerous fleshy lateral
rootlets, dark-coloured.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, succulent, glabrous, colourless below
ground, pale green above, 3 cm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, fleshy ; upper surface

RANUNCULACE^E

95

deep green, with three milk-white veins, shortly petiolate ; petiole
3 mm. long; lamina 13'5 mm. long, 7-5 mm. broad.

Stem herbaceous, biennial, elongated before flowering.

Leaves simple, radical, ultimately cauline, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate ; both petiole
and lamina pubescent when
young, ultimately becoming gla-
brous, deep green and shining
above, with anastomosing milk-
white veins, paler green and
shining beneath ; petioles chan-
nelled above, dilated and sheath-
ing at the base, rather thick.

No. 1. Palmately tri-nerved
and -fid : middle lobe minutely
tridentate ; lateral lobes biden-
tate ; teeth triangular, tipped
with a mucro.

No. 2. Palmately five-nerved
and three-lobed ; middle lobe
unequally tridentate ; lateral
lobes unequally bifid.

No. 3. Palmately five-nerved
and five-lobed; terminal and
middle lobes unequally tridentate ; basal lobes unequally bifid.

No. 4. Palmatipartite ; nerves and divisions five ; terminal and
middle lobes unequally trifid (middle much the largest), sub-
rhomboid ; lateral or basal lobes overlapping, dentate or sublobulate
along the posterior or basal side.

Ultimate leaves palmately five- to seven-nerved and -lobed, or
-partite, reticulated with white or green nerves ; one to three of the
terminal or central lobes subcuneate and trifid ; the two to four
basal lobes unequally bifid with the smaller lobe on the posterior or
basal side. Uppermost leaves tripartite, trifid, or entire.

FIG. 135. — Delphinium Staphysagria
Half nat. size.

Delphinium elatum, L.

Seed obovoid, triangular or variously compressed, pale or deep
brown ; testa membranous, shrivelled or wrinkled ; tegmen paler
and thinner ; hilum &c. as in D. Staphysagria.

Endosperm as in D. Staphysagria, copious, fleshy, white, except
a small quantity between the cotyledons and at their apex, which is
transparent.

96

ON SEEDLINGS

Embryo larger than in D. Staphysagria, while the cotyledons
have short petioles ; otherwise similar.

Seedling (fig. 136).

Primary root perennial, fleshy, with a few rootlets, which are
fleshy near its base and fibrous towards its apex.

Hypocotyl merging with and scarcely distinguishable from the
root, stout, fleshy.

Cotyledons oval, foliaceous,
often unequal in size, slightly
pubescent, petiolate ; petiole
subterete, flattened above,
about 1 cm. to T5 cm. long;
lamina ovate, subacute, 8 mm.
long, 6 mm. broad.

Stem undeveloped in seed-
ling stage.

Leaves simple, radical and
cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
coarsely hairy on both surfaces,
almost villous on the under sur-
face and the petioles ; petiole
dilated and sheathing at the
base, subterete, channelled
above.

No. 1. Palmately trifid,
trinerved, lobes frequently un-
equal.

No. 2. Similar but larger and foreshadowing further subdivision
on the posterior or basal side.

No. 3. Palmately five-fid, five-nerved, with rounded, obtuse lobes.
No. 4. Palmately tripartite, five-nerved, with the lateral segments
bifid and showing evidence of further subdivision on the posterior
side, cordate at the base ; ultimate lobes and teeth mucronate.

Ultimate leaves palmately five- to nine-lobed ; middle lobe
cuneate, trifid, and cut or incise-serrate ; lateral lobes generally
oblong, bi- to tri-fid, incise-serrate, or cut.

The seedlings of D. hybridum resemble those of D. elatum. In
D. cardinale the petioles are connate at the base.

Delphinium nudicanle, Torr. et Gray (fig. 137).
Primary root tapering downwards, with a few lateral rootlets and
abundantly covered with rusty-brown hairs.

FIG. 136. — Delphinium elatum, var.
Two-thirds nat. size.

RANUNCULACE/E 97

Hypocotyl very short or suppressed, or indistinguishable from
the root or together with the latter becoming fleshy, tapering
downwards and forming the persistent rootstock of the plant.

Cotyledons ovate, acute, mucronate, five-
to seven-nerved longitudinally, glabrous, pale
green, connate by their bases and forming a
little cup ; petioles terete, erect, slender at the
base and split on one side to allow the escape
of the plumule, glabrous, pale green, 2-8 cm.
long, connate through their whole length ;
lamina 6-12 mm. long, 3'5-9-5 broad.

Stem herbaceous, erect, twelve to eighteen
inches long, elongating when about to flower ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, palmately lobed, radical and
cauline, alternate, exstipulate, palmati-nerved,
bright green above, paler beneath, shining on FIG. 137.— Delphinium
both surfaces, petiolate ; petiole terete, slightly ™^caule- Half nat.
flattened on the upper side, or channelled to-
wards the apex, somewhat dilated at the base and sheathing, pale
green, glabrous.

No. 1. Palmately three- to five-fid, five- to seven-nerved, lobes
generally cuspidate, teeth tipped with a glandular mucro.

Delphinium trollifolium has the petioles of the cotyledons united
in the same way as D. nudicaule.

Delphinium Consolida, L.

Primary root similar to D. Staphysagria.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale greenish-white or stained
with red, tapering insensibly into the root, protruding 8-12 mm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, tipped with a
pale-coloured mucro, glabrous, obscurely trinerved with the lateral
nerves much branched, anastomosing, incurved and uniting with
the midrib close to the apex, petiolate ; petioles grooved above,
convex on the back, dilated and connate at the base, 9'5-12 mm.
long ; lamina 12-13'5 mm. long, 7-9 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, annual, elongating when about to flower ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, tri-par-
tite or -sect, with the venation ramifying accordingly, and obscurely
reticulate, pubescent on both surfaces when young, glabrescent,
light green and opaque above, paler beneath and somewhat shining,

98 ON SEEDLINGS

petiolate ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, dilated and am-
plexicaul at the base, tapering upwards.

No. 1. Palmately tripartite with nerves running into the primary
and secondary segments ; middle segment cuneate, trifid with obtuse
mucronate secondary segments ; lateral segments obliquely cuneate,
twice bifid, with oblong obtuse mucronate secondary segments.

No. 2. Palmately tri-partite or -sect ; middle lobe rhomboid-
cuneate, trifid with its middle segment again trifid, and its lateral
ones unequally bifid ; lateral lobes obliquely cuneate bipartite with
the anterior segment unequally trifid and the posterior segment
unequally bifid.

No. 3. Trisect ; middle lobe broadly palmately-cuneate and
divided almost like the first leaf ; lateral lobes similar in outline,
smaller and somewhat less cut.

No. 4. Multisect.

Delphinium Ajacis, L.

Primary root as in D. Staphysagria.

Hypocotyl as in D. Consolida.

Cotyledons elliptic-oblong, obtuse, terminated by a glandular
mucro, very similar to those of D. Consolida, but with a longer
petiole, of 10-17 mm.

Stem as in D. Consolida.

Leaves as in D. Consolida.

No. 1. Tripartite ; segments elliptic or oblong-elliptic, entire,
tipped with a pale-coloured glandular mucro, the terminal one
broadest, and the lateral one sometimes bifid.

No. 2. Similar, larger, generally with the lateral, sometimes with
all the segments bifid.

No. 3. Palmately trisect ; middle segment rhomboid-cuneate,
deeply trifid ; lateral segments obliquely cuneate, obliquely or un-
equally bi- or tri-partite.

Nos. 4 and 5. Trisect ; middle segment cuneate, palmately
trisect and sparingly lobed — lateral lobes or segments obliquely
bisected with their anterior halves deeply trifid, and their posterior
halves deeply bifid.

NOTE. — One or both of the cotyledons are sometimes bifid or
parted to the very base, simulating three or four cotyledons in the
latter cases.

Aconitum cernuum, Koell.

Hypocotyl short and subterranean.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, acute, entire, glabrous, light green,

RANUNCULACE^E 99

trinerved, petiolate ; petioles very long, channelled on the upper
side, 3-3-5 cm. long.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, palmatifid, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, glabrous, light green, cordate at the base, trinerved ; lobes
acute, usually divided into two to three secondary lobes or trifid.

DILLENIACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 10.

The ovules are one or many, anatropous and ascending.
The raphe is ventral as in the Banunculaceae, and probably for
the same reason. The seeds are single or few, and generally
provided with an aril. The embryo is minute with the radicle
inferior, near the hilum.

The members of this order being chiefly natives of the
southern hemisphere, and but few of them popular hot-
house plants, are seldom raised from seeds in this country ;
consequently but little opportunity is afforded for observations
on the cotyledons. Those of Hibbertia dentata are linear-
lanceolate, sessile, narrowed to the base, where they are shortly
connate and sheathe the young stem, persistent, somewhat
coriaceous, 20 mm. long, and 5 mm. broad. The persistent
nature and subcoriaceous texture are characteristic of genera
and species of arboreal or shrubby habit with evergreen leaves.
The Dilleniaceae are either trees or shrubs, sometimes twiners,
rarely suffruticose or herbs.

Hibbertia dentata, B. Br.

Hypocotyl succulent, 1-2 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, terete, gla-
brous, pink near the base, green above.

Cotyledons sessile and forming a short sheath round the base
of the first internode of the stem, 2 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, linear-
lanceolate, mucronate, with sunk midrib, glabrous, rather firm and
persistent, dark green above, paler below.

Stem terete, 2 mm. thick at the first internode, which is about
1'5 cm. long ; the successive internodes gradually increase in length
and thickness, hirsute, reddish, but green under the sheathing
petioles and seed-leaves.

H 2

100 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, alternately penni-
nerved, nervation reticulate, glabrous except at the margin and
on the principal nerves beneath, deep green above, paler beneath,
often stained red in the adult plant ; petiolate, petioles short, deeply
channelled above and partly sheathing the stem.

No. 1. Small, oblong, obtuse, nearly entire.

Nos. 2-4. Oblong, acute, margin shallowly dentate with the teeth
slightly recurved, somewhat oblique at the base.

CALYCANTHACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 15.

Fruit and Seed. — The fruit is an achene containing an
oblong or obovoid seed. Several fruits, or few by abortion, are
surrounded by the deeply cup-shaped thalamus or receptacle,
which increases in size and persists till the seeds are ripe.
The seeds are exalbuminous, being wholly occupied with the
large embryo, the cotyledons of which are convolute, of very
unusual outline. The short radicle is close to the hilum of
the anatropous seed.

Cotyledons. — Two genera, including in the aggregate only
four well-marked species, constitute the whole of this small
Order. They differ widely in the characters of the embryo
from all the allied Orders, but show a certain amount of
affinity with Magnoliacese through Illicium. The cotyledons
are longitudinally convolute, like a roll of manuscript, in both
genera, and together with the radicle and embryo occupy the
whole of the seed. Those of Calycanthus macrophyllus are
apparently unsymmetrical, almost transversely oblong, with a
broad, shallow apical sinus, a narrower and deeper sinus at
the base, and a notch above a small lobe at the base of the
smaller half of each cotyledon.

Leaves. — Typically these are opposite, but occasionally
they are slightly alternate by the development of the internode.
Being simple and entire, with the principal nerves ascending
and incurved, they present no very striking features. The
two first pairs of Chimonanthus fragrans are very small,

CALYCANTHACE^E 101

almost rudimentary, and recall what may be seen in many
species belonging to widely separated Orders, which have
subterranean cotyledons. Instances occur in Clematis recta
(fig. 120), Khus Thunbergiana (fig. 255), Lecythis Sapucajo,
Quercus pedunculata, the Walnut, and many others, the con-
generic species of some of which have aerial cotyledons.

The explanation is probably that when a large store of
reserve food-material is laid up in fleshy cotyledons, the plant
is able to form a considerable length of stem independently of
well-developed leaves. In Chimonanthus the cotyledons are
fleshy, but they are aerial, and well exposed to light by being
elevated on a hypocotyl 3-4-5 cm. above the ground.

Chimonanthus fragrans, Lindl.

Fruit an achene, oblong, deep brown, almost black, 17 mm. long,
8-9 mm. broad.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, greenish-yellow,
3-4'5 cm. above soil.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, convolute in tbe seed, after germi-
nation broader than long, petiolate, deeply auricled at the base,
auricles incurved, obscurely trinerved and reticulate-veined, gla-
brous, fleshy and very brittle, bright green above, paler or yellowish-
green beneath, 2'6 cm. long, 3'8 cm. broad. They persist for more
than a year.

Stem woody, erect, terete, glabrous, thinly dotted with lenti-
cels, pale green ; 1st internode 1'65 mm. long ; 2nd 2-4 cm. ; 3rd
2-2 cm. ; 4th 3-25 cm. ; 5th 4'25 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite (sometimes alternate),
exstipulate, petiolate, hairy on the margin and beneath the midrib,
ultimately becoming glabrous but very rough and scabrous, alter-
nately and irregularly penninerved, pale green above, paler be-
neath, shining ; petioles short, slightly channelled above, convex
beneath, slightly bairy or scabrous on the upper margins, otherwise
smooth.

First pair small, scale-like and perishing early.

Second pair similar or sometimes foliaceous and subdimidiate,
or very unequally developed on each side of the midrib, deeply and
obliquely emarginate, with rounded points.

Third pair foliaceous, subobovate, obliquely and deeply emar-
ginate, with rounded lobes.

Fourth pair lanceolate, acuminate, 12'65 cm. long, including the
petiole.

102

OX SEEDLINGS

Fifth pair oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the last
because on the tip of the shoot, which has finished growth for a
season.

Ultimate leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, scabrous.

MAGXOLIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 16.

The Magnoliaceae are trees or shrubs. The leaves are
simple and entire or dentate, with an ascending, incurved,
penninerved, and reticulate venation. They are leathery and
evergreen, or membranous and deciduous, and often have
aromatic oil glands. The seeds of Drimys and Elicium have
a shining black testa. In Magnolia they
are drupe-like, with the outer coat fleshy
and the inner one crustaceous. When
the follicles containing them dehisce,
they do so along the dorsal suture in
Magnolia, Manglietia, and Michelia,
allowing the seeds to drop out, sus-
pended by a long, filiform funicle. The
seeds are generally fairly large, and
contain a copious, oily endosperm.
The embryo is small or minute with
diverging cotyledons. In the Tulip-
tree (Liriodendron) the seed is con-
FIO. 138— Drimys Wmten, tained in a persistent samaroid carpel.
The cotyledons of Drimys Winteri

(fig. 138) are oblong, ovate, obtuse, obscurely trinerved and
reticulate, punctate with pellucid glands, and rather persistent.
The seedlings are of slow growth. The first leaf is several
times smaller than the cotyledons ; and the succeeding two
are roundish or ovate, and nearly the size of the latter.

Drimys Winteri, Forst. (fig. 138).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 11-14 mm. long.
Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, gla-
brous, bright green above, glaucous beneath, with pellucid glandular

MAGNOLIACE.E 103

dots ; obscurely trinerved and reticulate ; petiole flattened above, con-
vex beneath, '5 to 1 mm. long ; lamina 7-9 mm. long, 3'45 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, ultimately woody ; 1st in-
ternode undeveloped or -25-1 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd each 1-1 -5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately penninerved, with the nerves incurved and uniting some
distance within the margin, and anastomosing beyond, glabrous,
deep green above, glaucous beneath ; petiole flattened above or
shallowly grooved, convex or rounded on the back, very short.

No. 1. Broadly ovate or oval, obtuse, very small.

Nos. 2-4. Similar and gradually larger, sometimes rotund.

Ultimate leaves oblanceolate-oblong, acuminate, obtuse, alter-
nately and ascendingly penninerved, obscurely reticulate, light or
deep green above, glaucous beneath ; coriaceous, evergreen, 5-8
inches long, 1-1^ inches broad.

ANONACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 20.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels are generally numerous.
The ripe fruit is either dry and dehisces like a follicle with two
valves as in Anaxagorea ; baccate, one-celled and one-seeded as
in Polyalthia ; woody and one-celled with the seeds embedded
in pulp as in Monodora ; or fleshy and united into a large
multilocular indehiscent fruit as in Anona. The fruit is rarely
dehiscent in the Order, and the seeds are generally of large
size, sometimes arillate. There are one or two erect, anatropous
ovules in each cell with the raphe ventral, or the ovules are
numerous and arranged in one or two rows along the ventral
suture. In the species of Anona the ovules are solitary in
each cell, and the seed attains a large size, is broadly oblong
and more or less compressed laterally. The outer coat is
thick and corky or subwoody, while the inner one is in-
vaginated, i.e. dips deeply into the fleshy and copious endo-
sperm, making it ruminated. The embryo in the mature
seed is small and situated close to the hilurn, embedded in
endosperm. The ruminated character of the endosperm is
common to the Order.

The seeds differ greatly even in nearly allied species. Thus

104

ON SEEDLINGS

in Oxymitra patens they are globular with numerous blunt
processes; in 0. Grayana they have two, in other species
four wings, while others again are round and smooth.

Cotyledons. — The seedlings of Anona are strong and vigorous
but present a singular anomaly, inasmuch as the cotyledons
are in some species torn from the
axis during germination. The seeds of
A. laurifolia split longitudinally, the
strong radicle strikes straight down-
wards fixing the seedling firmly in the
soil, and the hypocotyl forms an ascend-
ing or elongating loop. The large seed
remains underground, while the hypo-
cotyl at length pulls out the plumule,
and straightens, leaving the cotyledons
behind. If a seed is cut open at this
point the cotyledons are seen to be
oblong or oval, obtuse, petiolate, almost
equalling the length and breadth of
the seed, and much undulated or
wrinkled in order to accommodate
themselves to the inequalities of the
much ruminated endosperm. They
exhibit an ascending, incurved, feather-
nerved venation very similar to that
of the leaves, and at this stage are
surrounded or included between two
equal halves of the endosperm with a
small quantity of the same between
them. A. Cherimolia behaves in ex-
actly the same way, and the cotyledons
are invariably torn from the axis and
left in the subterranean seed.

A. palustris is an exception to the
other species examined, inasmuch as
the cotyledons become aerial. They are oval, or oblong-
elliptic, obtuse, petiolate, foliaceous, with a penninerved, in-
curved venation, and in every respect similar to that of a true
leaf with the exception that the leaves are acuminate.

Half of seed with
cotyledon.

PIG. 139. — Anona, ? lauri-
folia. Nat. size.

ANON ACE jE 105

Anona, ? laurifolia, Dunal (fig. 139).

Primary root very long, fleshy, thick, colourless, penetrating the
soil perpendicularly to a great depth, furnished with short stout
horizontal lateral rootlets at the base of the hypocotyl, and
immediately beneath the soil or at the depth the seed was buried
before germination.

Hypocotyl long, stout, tapering upwards, glabrous, mottled and
streaked with red on a pale or colourless ground, giving the whole
a pale brown or brownish-red appearance, 8-9'5 cm. long, rising in
the form of a loop during germination.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous, very small in the
seed, but during germination increasing almost to the length and
breadth of the seed, and becoming much wrinkled and undulated to
conform to the inequalities of the much ruminated ends, finally
becoming separated from the axis when the hypocotyl has attained a
considerable size, and remaining embedded in the subterranean
seed between two equal halves of the endosperm, with a thin layer
of endosperm between them ; lamina T5 cm. long, 8 mm. broad ;
petiole 5-6 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, hairy, with ascending adpressed hairs.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, distichous, exstipulate,
petiolate.

Anona Cherimolia, Mill.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, tapering upwards, stout, slightly gla-
brous, pale green, 5-5-7 cm. long.

Cotyledons retained in the seed, which is subterranean, while the
hypocotyl straightens without them.

Stem as in preceding species ; 1st internode 5-5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (first two sometimes
opposite), exstipulate, petiolate, alternately or almost oppositely
penninerved and reticulate, with the nerves incurved towards their
ends and uniting with those next above them, glabrous or nearly so
above, ciliate and more or less hairy beneath ; petioles semiterete,
channelled above, hairy, with adpressed hairs.

Nos. 1 and 2. Alternate or subopposite, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
revolute at the margin, light green slightly glaucous above, glaucous
beneath.

Anona palustris, L.

Hypocotyl as in A. Cherimolia, but reddish-green ; 9 cm. long.
Cotyledons aerial, oval or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, entire, shortly

106 ON SEEDLINGS

petiolate, glabrous, dark shining green above, paler beneath, slightly
reflexed, about 25 mm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, with a distinct mid-
rib and numerous veinlets, united at their tips, giving the appear-
ance of two lateral veins. In other species of this genus the cotyle-
dons usually remain within the seed.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, light green ; 1st and
2nd internode 5-10 mm. long.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, otherwise as in A. Cherimolia.

MENISPERMACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 30.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels are free and ripen into baccate
or drupaceous fruits. The placental or ventral suture of the
endocarp enlarges or thickens into a hemispherical process
projecting into the cavity of the ovary and determines the shape
of the seed. The endocarp is also considerably flattened late-
rally and forms a strong submarginal moon-shaped ridge on
both surfaces close to the outer or dorsal suture. This ridge
lodges the correspondingly thickened part of the seed con-
taining the embryo.

The ovule is amphitropous almost throughout the Order
and is peltately affixed to the enlarged or hemispherical
placenta. In a very few cases it is anatropous. The seed is
generally crescent-shaped. The endosperm is fleshy and mode-
rately copious in the TinosporesB and Cocculese, but scanty
in the Cissampelidese, and absent in Pachygonese.

In the first tribe above mentioned there is considerable
range of variety in the shape of the embryo. The cotyledons
of Aspidocarya are flat, spreading at the base, and parallel
above ; those of Parabsena and Tinospora are ovate and
diverging laterally, those of Anamirta are narrow, very slender
and diverging, while Coscinium has a fleshy, much ruminated
endosperm, a short, nearly straight embryo, with slender,
diverging, deeply sinuately-laciniate cotyledons.

The embryo in the tribes Cocculese and Cissampelideae is
cylindrical with adpressed cotyledons, and resembles that of
Menispermum (fig. 140) with the exception that it is straight

MENISPERMACE^E 107

in some instances as in Anomospermum. The seeds of the
Pachygoneae are exalbuminous, while the embryo differs chiefly
from that of Menispermum in being thick, fleshy, and occupy-
ing the whole cavity of the seed.

Cotyledons. — There is a great amount of variety in the
cotyledons of the different genera belonging to this Order, but
few of them come under observation in a living state from the
fact that most of the species are members of tropical regions
and are of little or no horticultural value.

A large number of species conform however to Menisper-
mum. It is probable that the cotyledons of some members
of the Order would prove subterranean on germination, as
for instance in the case of Tiliacora, the embryo of which
nearly equals the seed in length, and has fleshy adpressed
cotyledons. They are also fleshy and thick in Hyperbaena,
cortical and fleshy in Fibraurea, as well as in some others
belonging to the tribe Pachygoneae.

FIG. 140.— Menispermum canadense : A, germinating seedling, x 2 ;
B, vertical section of seed, x 2 ; C, transverse section of seed, x 4.

Menispermum canadense, L. (fig. 140).

Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded, black or bluish black when
mature, laterally compressed ; endocarp bony, laterally compressed,
reniform or horseshoe-shaped, crested along the dorsal edge.

Seed attached to the ventral indented process of the endocarp
and conforming to it in shape ; testa thin ; hilum on the middle of
the ventral edge.

Endosperm fleshy, copious, surrounding the embryo, creamy
white or yellow.

Embryo linear, much curved in conformity with the seed, fleshy,
colourless or yellow ; cotyledons linear or semiterete, obtuse, applied

108

ON SEEDLINGS

to each other, face to face, with their backs to the ventral suture of
the fruit and their edges in consequence at right angles to the plane
of the seed, a little longer than the radicle ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, superior, and close to the base of the style.

Seedling (fig. 141).

Hypocotyl sub-erect, rather firm, about 2-5 cm. long, T5 mm.
thick, terete, glabrous.

Cotyledons sessile, semi-erect, about 3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad,
semiterete, entire, obscurely nerved, twisted, glabrous, pale green,
caducous.

Stem slender, twining, the first
few internodes 5-7*5 mm. long, 1
mm. thick, terete, glabrous, light
brown.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
exstipulate, petiolate, more or less
lobed or angled, peltate, palmati-
nerved and reticulate, glabrous,
membranous, more or less glaucous
above, paler beneath with a glaucous
bloom ; petiole terete, slightly taper-
ing upwards, glabrous.

No. 1. Peltate, cordate at the
base, more or less obtusely five-
angled, radiately five- to seven-
nerved and closely reticulated.

No. 2. Similar, but often smaller,
three- to five-angled, shallowly cor-

FIG. 141. — Memspermum canadense. , , ,

Half nat. size. date at the base.

BERBERIDE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 40.

Fruit and Seed. — The fruit of the Berberideae is a berry or
capsule. The ovules are two to indefinite, very rarely solitary,
generally anatropous and erect, with the raphe ventral, some-
times orthotropous. The seeds contain a copious, fleshy or
somewhat hard endosperm ; and the embryo is frequently

BERBERIDE^E 109

small as in Lardizabala, Caulophyllum, and Nandina, but
is occasionally of medium size as in Berberis (fig. 142). In the
latter the embryo is nearly three-quarters as long as the seed,
and has a terete radicle with broadly ovate, obtuse, emarginate
cotyledons. The notch is exceptionally large in this instance,
and I could see nothing in the structure of the seed to account
for it. It is moreover often altogether absent ; but, when
present, is apparently due to the slower growth of the
organic apex. The seed itself is bluntly triangular in trans-
verse section, and shows the cotyledons lying in the broader
plane of the seed, but not always strictly in apposition, a
circumstance possibly due to the squeezing produced by the
endosperm, while the cavity is a little wider than the embryo
it contains. The shape of the seed is due to the mutual pres-
sure of several seeds in a berry or fruit. Either the dorsal
aspect of the seed, or the sides, may be the broadest according
to the position of the same on the placenta. The general
shape of seeds in the order is obovoid, oblong, or globose,
and they are generally immersed in pulp without being
subject to much pressure when mature.

Cotyledons. — The cotyledons are generally oblong, obtuse,
shortly petiolate or subsessile, deep green, glabrous, sub-
coriaceous, with a few slender, ascending, and generally
slightly emarginate veins.

A remarkable type is found in Podophyllum Eniodi, a low,
creeping or rhizomatous herb from the Himalayas. The
blades of the cotyledons are roundly oval, entire or minutely
emarginate, with a small tooth in the notch, five- to seven-
nerved and faintly reticulated and spring horizontally from the
apex of a common, terete, rather slender petiole, about 2 inches
in length, formed by cohesion of the original two. The petiole
splits by a lateral fissure close to the base to allow the exit of
the plumule. Instances of this have already been given in
Ranunculacese.1

Berberis Aquifolium, Pursli. (fig. 142).

Fruit baccate, ovoid or ellipsoid, glabrous, deep purple, black
when mature and covered with a glaucous bloom tipped with the

1 v. Anemone.

110

ON SEEDLINGS

short stout style and annular stigma, one-celled ; seeds four to six
or fewer, seldom more ; mesocarp juicy, deep vinous purple ; endo-
carp thin, membranous.

no.

FIG. 142. — Berberis Aquifolium.

1, Transverse section of fruit, x 5 : D S, dorsal snture ; Ea, raphe ; R R, radicles ;
C, C, cotyledons ; V S, ventral suture ; O, ovary wall or pericarp.

2, Longitudinal section of seed, x 10 : Ch, chalaza ; R, radicle ; 0 C, outer coat
(testa) ; J C, inner coat (tegmen).

8, Transverse section of seed, x 10 : C, cotyledon ; 0 C, testa ; J C, tegmen ;
Ra, raphe.

Seed oblong-obovoid, obtusely trigonous, or sometimes vari-
ously angled by mutual pressure, broadest on the dorsal aspect or the
sides according to position (the latter generally characterises those

BERBERIDE.E

111

seeds towards the upper end of the placenta), pale brown, glabrous,
shining ; testa thick, coriaceous ; tegmen thin, membranous ;
hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal, the hilum forming a round
or oval depressed cavity with a thickened dark margin ; raphe
ventral, forming a thickening on the ventral angle ; chalaza
apical, conspicuous.

Endosperm in the mature seed copious, fleshy, white.

Embryo considerably shorter than the endosperm, straight,
colourless ; cotyledons oval, obtuse, minutely emarginate, otherwise
entire, sessile, trinerved at the base, then again from below the
middle to the apex, where the
lateral nerves unite with the mid-
rib, and are themselves slightly
branched ; nearly or quite flat,
and applied to one another face
to face, or frequently pushed
apart with the edges overlapping,
lying in the broad way of the
seed with their backs to the
placenta ; radicle cylindrical, ob-
tuse, or thickest near the point,
about as long as the cotyledons,
embedded in the endosperm close
to the micropyle.

There are sometimes three
cotyledons ; and in other cases, by
proliferation, a second and smaller
embryo is produced, closely ap-
plied to the larger and perfect one.

Seedling (fig. 143).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete,
about 3'6 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, obtusely
pointed, narrowed into the petiole,
glabrous, 1*5 cm. long, 5 mm.
broad.

Stem woody, erect, lower
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple in the seedling stage, ultimately imparipinnate,
cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous, coriaceous, re-
ticulately nerved, deep green above, glaucous beneath ; petioles fili-
form, wiry, dilated and sheathing at the base, articulated with the

FIG. 143. — Berberis Aquifolii
Nat. size.

112 ON SEEDLINGS

lamina ; joint swollen ; stipules adnate to the petioles with a
small, subulate, acute, free point.

No. 1. Eeniform, cuspidate, minutely spinous-serrulate.

No. 2. Reniform, cuspidate, finely spinous-serrate, five-nerved
at the base,

Nos. 3 and 4. Cordate, finely spinous-serrate, five-nerved at the
base.

No. 5. (In a second specimen) unequally bi-foliolate ; terminal
leaflet obliquely ovate, spinous-serrate ; lateral leaflet obliquely
oblong- ovate, obtuse, cut away from the base of the terminal
one.

No. 6. Trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet oval, spinous-serrate ; lateral
leaflets obliquely ovate, spinous-serrate.

Subsequent forms are three- to five-foliolate ; lateral leaflets
oblong, ovate, acute, spinous-serrate ; terminal leaflet oblong-cor-
date, or simply ovate, acute, spinous-serrate.

Ultimate leaves three- to nine-foliolate ; lateral leaflets obliquely
ovate, cut away on the upper side at the base ; terminal one ovate ;
all spinous-serrate with slightly repand teeth.

Berberis erecta, Auct. ?

Hypocotyl similar to that of B. Aquifolium.

Cotyledons subsessile, 1*25-1'5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, linear-
oblong, obtuse and emarginate, alternately and ascendingly nerved,
glabrous, thin, coriaceous, dull dark green on the upper side, lighter
and shining beneath.

Stem firm, terete, glabrous, brownish green, internodes very
short.

Leaves, Nos. 1-10. Alike, simple, cauline, alternate, petiolate,
alternately nerved and reticulate, glabrous, coriaceous, deep green
above, paler beneath ; margin spinous-serrate ; petioles slender,
wiry, more or less sheathing at the base or stipulate.

Berberis vulgaris, L., var. sulcata.

Hypocotyl as in B. Aquifolium, 1 cm. to 2-5 cm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, 1'25 cm.
long, 6 mm. broad ; petiole 1€5 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, glabrous, thickened at the nodes, pale
green suffused with red ; internodes very irregularly developed ;
first three to nine undeveloped : in specimen described first three
undeveloped ; 4th internode 5*5 mm. long ; 5th 1 cm. ; 6th 4-5
mm. ; 7th-10th undeveloped.

BERBERIDE^E

113

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
spinous-serrate with the spines directed alternately upwards and
downwards forming two rows ; petioles filiform, slender, reddish,
glabrous, dilated and amplexicaul at the base ; stipules minute,
nearly wholly adnate to the sheath of the petiole.

No. 1. Ovate, cordate, obtuse.

No. 2. Eeniform.

No. 3. Broadly cordate, obtuse.

Nos. 4-6. Cordate, obtuse.

No. 7. Small, rotund-cordate.

Berberis concinna, Hook. f.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 8-5-4 mm. long, yellowish-
green.

Cotyledons oval or oblong,
slightly emarginate, fleshy,
petiolate, with short broadish
petioles, glabrous, dull green ;
midribwith numerous ascend-
ing branched veinlets, similar
to the venation in the leaves.

First leaves opposite,
ovate, or subrotund, spiny,
shining green above, glau-
cous-green below, otherwise
as in the preceding species.

Berberis sibirica, Pall.

Hypocotyl very similar
to that of B. Aquifolium.

Cotyledons very similar
to those of B. concinna. The
emarginate character is at
first very slight or altogether
wanting.

Stem erect, terete, herb-
aceous, ultimately woody ;
1st and 2nd internodes but
slightly developed; 3rd 3-4
mm. in length ; 4th exceed-
ingly short.

First leaves very similar to those of B. vulgaris.

FIG. 144. — Podophyllum Emodi. Nat. size.

114 ON SEEDLINGS

Podophyllum Etnodi, Wall. (fig. 144).

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons broadly oval or rotund-oval, entire or minutely emar-
ginate, with a small tooth in the notch, five- to seven-nerved and faintly
reticulate, glabrous, convex above, margin revolute, light green
above, pale beneath, shining on both surfaces ; lamina 17 mm. long,
14-5 mm. wide ; petioles connate into one terete stalk, thinly and
minutely pubescent, pale green, shining, split on one side at the
base to allow the plumule to escape, 4-9 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, forming an underground rhizome ; 1st and fol-
lowing internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, peltate, radiately or palmately-nerved and partite,
radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous or thinly ciliate,
with the lobes one-nerved and strongly reticulate ; petiole terete (at
least in the seedling stage), glabrous, pale green, erect.

No. 1. Tripartite, with the segments radiating equally in form
of a triangle ; lobes oval, obtuse, mucronate, irregularly, acutely,
and mucronately serrate, the terminal one slightly the largest.

NYMPH^EACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 45.

Fruit and Seed. — Carpels three to many, free or more or
less immersed in the torus, indehiscent when mature and dis-
tinct or united to form a fleshy and spongy or pulpy fruit.
Ovules one to many, anatropous, pendulous. The embryo in
Nelumbo occupies the whole seed, while in the rest of the Order
it is very small and there is both endosperm and perisperm.
Such cases are very rare ; they occur also in the Piperaceaa
and in the Zingibereae, a tribe of the Order Scitaminese. In
the Nymphseaceae, however, the seed is almost entirely occupied
with perisperm, the endosperm being reduced to a thin layer
forming a more or less fleshy amniotic sac enclosing the em-
bryo at the apex of the perisperm. The seeds are usually
anatropous, but in a fruit of Nuphar some may frequently be
found that are orthotropous. The seeds are very numerous in
Nymphsea, Victoria, and others, and are scattered all over
the walls or septa of the ovary. They are few in Cabomba,

NYMPHS ACE.E 115

Brasenia, Euryale, and one to two in each carpel or nut of
Nelumbium. The ripe seeds are often covered with a pulpy or
fleshy aril, which in Euryale is large and fleshy, and serves to
float the seeds after liberation from the spongy, baccate fruit,
until it bursts or gets broken, when the seeds immediately sink.

The embryo of Cabomba differs from that of Nuphar or
Victoria in being shortened, flattened, and rhomboid in vertical
section with a scarcely discernible caulicle connecting the coty-
ledons.

The seeds of Nelumbium differ from all others of the Order
in being exalbuminous. The seed contains an embryo con-
sisting of two large, hemispherical, fleshy cotyledons connected
by the caulicle or primary axis. Between these is a strongly
developed plumule, the leaves of which are closely longitudin-
ally involute at the margins. The petiole is also bent back-
wards in the direction of the radicle. Germination is very
rapid after access of water to the embryo and takes place in a
very few days if a small hole is artificially made in the woody
pericarp.

Cotyledons. — The typical cotyledons of this Order as far as
observed are subterranean — that is, remain in the seed even
after germination. Nymphsea, Victoria, and Euryale may
be given as examples. Another type is seen in Nelumbium,
which, alone in the Order, has exalbuminous seeds. These are
larger than any other of the Nymphaeaceae, and contained in
a thick and lignified pericarp, while the embryo occupies the
whole of the interior, to which it conforms. The cotyledons are
hemispherical and lodge between them the greatly enlarged or
advanced plumule. They are also subterranean during ger-
mination, serving merely as a storehouse of reserve-material.

Leaves. — The leaves of most species of the Order are
floating and exhibit but a few types. Seedlings are generally
heterophyllous, a circumstance of frequent occurrence amongst
aquatic plants whether phanerogams or cryptogams. In the
adult state of the plants, all of which are aquatic or marsh-
loving herbs, four distinct types may be given, namely, those
which are oblong, orbicular, scutiforni, or subsagittate, repre-
sented by Nymphsea and Nuphar; secondly, peltate and floating
leaves, as seen in Brasenia, Victoria, and Euryale ; thirdly,

t 2

116 ON SEEDLINGS

peltate and aerial leaves, exhibited by Nelumbium ; and lastly,
the finely-divided submerged leaves of Cabomba, which are
palmately cut up into slender thread-like segments, resembling
those of some forms of Eanunculus aquatilis. The floating
leaves of Cabomba are peltate and orbicular.

The stages of the advancing seedling from the juvenile to
the adult state, with regard to the leaves, may be readily
examined in Nymphaea, Victoria, or Euryale. The seedling of
Nymphsea Lotus, var. thermalis, in germination throws down
a long root (primary root) into the soil or mud, while the
first internode of the plumule grows a little and gives off the
first leaf, which is short, slender, and filiform. The first leaf
in other species is often longer than in this case. The second,
third, and fourth leaves are oblong, lanceolate, obtuse, and
all submerged in the water where the seedlings germinated.
The ultimate leaves are peltate, orbicular, wavy at the margin,
but the basal sinus is open, or at least not connate.

The primary leaves of Victoria and Euryale are even more
varied, and, like those of Nymphsea, are produced in a rosette.
The first internode in both these genera is more elongated
than hi the Nymphaea described, while the succeeding ones
are undeveloped. From the base of this rosette, strong,
adventitious roots are developed, which soon supplant the
primary root. The first leaf of Victoria is filiform and slender,
without a spreading blade ; the second is narrowly oblong and
petiolate ; the third is hastate, petiolate, with a long, slender
point ; and the fourth is oval in outline, peltate, with the basal
sinus partly connate, and furnished with a petiole capable of
elongating to 18 or 24 inches or even more, according to the
depth of the water in which the seedlings have germinated.

The seedling of Euryale ferox behaves in exactly the same
way as that of Victoria, but the second and third leaves
are rather stronger and broader. The whole seedling is
larger, due no doubt to the larger seed and greater amount of
reserve food-material at its command. The fourth leaf in
both cases is a floating one and marks a great advance in the
development of the plant. The three primary ones are always
submerged, at least when the water is deep enough, and
probably indicate the ancestral forms through which the

NYMPILEACE^E 117

leaves have passed to their present condition in the adult
plant. After the fourth, which is regularly the first floating
leaf in both Victoria and Euryale, the succeeding ones become
connate along the whole of their basal edges, attaining a
perfectly orbicular form by rapid stages. Those of Victoria
become turned up at the edges after the plant has reached a
considerable size, while those of Euryale always remain flat,
merely increasing in diameter. The largest leaves of Victoria
are from 6 to 7 feet across, with a circumference of 18 to 21
feet, perfectly orbicular, with the edges turned up to a depth
of from 3 to 6 inches.

The peltate and aerial type of leaf is exhibited by Nelum-
bium speciosum, whose strong terete petioles vary from 3
to 6 feet in height, bearing at the top a nearly horizontal,
peltate, orbicular, umbilicate, glaucous-green lamina, 12, 18,
or more inches in diameter.

Finely-cut leaves occur only in the genus Cabomba, the
greater number of which are submerged even in the adult
state of the plant. Aerial, peltate, orbicular, and entire leaves
seem to be developed chiefly from the apex of the stem when
flowering, as the blooms are aerial. The leaves of Barclaya are
linear, oblong, or orbicular, recalling in a measure the early
stages of Nympha3a. The stem of Cabomba and Brasenia is
slender and terete, with elongated internodes, whereas the
stem of the other Nymphaeacese forms a stout, fleshy rhizome
or is shortened to a tuber.

Nymphsea Lotus, L., var. thermalis.

Primary root very long, slender, with numerous root-hairs
on the older part, which is brown, but with very few, and at
first no, lateral rootlets. Strong adventitious roots are ultimately
given off from the second node, below the leaves, and these finally
supersede the primary root.

Hypocotyl tapering downwards and indistinguishable from the
root proper, subterranean.

Cotyledons very small, remaining in the testa and attaching the
young plant to the seed. Seed small, black, globose ; testa reticulate.

Stem fleshy, forming a small black ovoid tuber or bulb-like
rhizome.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
coriaceous or subfleshy, deep green and shining above, pale beneath,

118 ON SEEDLINGS

midrib strongly protruding on the lower surface with many nerves
radiating from its base, and given off alternately or suboppositely
throughout its length ; nerves ascending, forking, reticulate ; petiole
long, terete, glabrous, pale green, containing two large, central,
semi-cylindrical cavities surrounded by eight small ones.

No. 1. Filiform, tapering to the tip and without a lamina, sub-
merged, about 1 cm. long.

Nos. 2-4. Lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base, with
a distinct midrib, brownish-green, finely mottled with purple on
both surfaces, thin or membranous, submerged.

Ultimate leaves oval or orbicular, floating, slightly peltate by
the union of their basal edges for about T4 cm. ; with slightly
diverging auricles, shallowly and acutely repand-dentate, with three
nerves converging and entering each tooth, deep green and lucid
above, paler beneath and marked with a few irregular discoloured
blotches.

The germination of N. alba has been described by Tittmann,
' Denkschrift. der K. Baier. Bot. Ges.' Bd. ii. 1822, p. 101.

Nuphar lutea has also been described by Tittmann in the same

SARRACENIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 48.

Fruit and Seed. — The pistil is superior, syncarpous, with a
three- to five-celled ovary made up of as many carpels. The
placentation is axile, the numerous ovules are horizontal, ana-
tropous, and arranged in many series. The fruit is capsular.
The seeds are small, numerous, filled with a copious endosperm
surrounding a minute embryo near the hilum. The testa is
crustaceous, loosely reticulate, or bristly.

The seeds of Sarracenia are short, oblong, nearly or quite
sessile, or with a finely reticulated testa, and a very stout raphe
forming a deep ridge running along the whole of one side.
The very minute embryo lies in the endosperm close to the
hilum, and the cotyledons equal the radicle in length. The
seeds of Darlingtonia californica l resemble long stalked club-
like processes, provided especially at the apex with barb-like
bristles. These are longest and strongest at the apical end.

1 See the figure, Le Maout and Decaisne, System of Botany (English
translation), p. 213.

SAKRACENIACE^E 119

The seed itself is oval in outline, and the funicle terete or cylin-
drical. The embryo is also cylindrical and nearly as long as
the endosperm. The cotyledons are plano-convex, and many
times shorter than the radicle.

Seedling. — After germination the cotyledons increase greatly
in length proportionately to their width. The hypocotyl is
terete, slender, of considerable length, surmounted by the
linear, acute, slender, one-nerved cotyledons, which are dilated
and connate at the base, forming a little cup surrounding the
plumule.

The first leaf of Darlingtonia californica ' is narrowly linear,
acute, and resembles the cotyledons ; but is smaller and shorter.
The second and third leaves are clavate, tubular, sheathing at
the base, and ending in subulate, hooked, or incurved points.

The adult leaves vary from 12 to 18 inches in length, and
are all radical, with the petiole tubular, twisted half round on
its axis, furnished with a narrow wing on one side, on the edge
of which are glands, vaulted, saccate, and recurved at the apex
with the orbicular mouth on the lower side of the hood and
facing downwards, striate longitudinally with parallel nerves
and smaller ones between them ; lamina at the lower and outer
edge of the hood, narrowed at the base, with two oblong
or lanceolate widely diverging lobes of some considerable
length. The interior of the pitcher is furnished with hairs
pointing downwards; near the upper end they are short
and conical, those below are longer. They are of a glandular
nature and serve to decompose insects, which are caught in
large numbers.

PAPAVERACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 49.

Fruit and Seed. — In this Order the carpels are generally
connate into an ovoid or oblong one-celled ovary eventually
forming a capsule or pod ; they are however distinct in Platy-
stemon, and form a two-celled ovary in Glaucium ; the ovules are
anatropous, ascending or horizontal ; the micropyle is inferior ;

1 Le Maout and Decaisne, p. 213.

120 ON SEEDLINGS

and the raphe superior or lateral. The embryo is minute
The seeds are globose or reniform, smooth (Sanguinaria,
Chelidonium, Hypecoum, Adlumia, &c.) or alveolate (Papaver,
Meeonopsis, Glaucium, Kcemeria, &c.).

One species of Corydalis presents us with an interesting
case of what I have proposed to call Heterocarpism.1 That is
to say, the plant produces two kinds of fruit, one somewhat
flattened, short and broad, with rounded angles, the other
elongated, hooked, and shaped like a shepherd's crook with
a thickened staff. The hook perhaps serves for dispersion.
It is possible that the alveolate surface of the seed may serve
the same purpose — the depressions imprisoning, as it were, a
certain quantity of air, and thus lowering the specific gravity.

In the Poppies the seeds are so situated that they can
only leave the capsule if it be swung or jerked by the wind.
In the case of trees, even seeds with no special adaptation
for dispersion must be often carried by the wind to some
distance, and to a certain, though less extent this must hold
good even with herbaceous plants. It throws light on the, at
first sight, curious fact that in so many plants with small
heavy seeds the capsules open not at the bottom, as one
might perhaps have been disposed to expect, but at the top.
A good illustration is afforded by the well-known case of the
common Poppy, in which the upper part of the capsule
presents a series of little doors through which, when the
plant is swung by the wind, the seeds come out one by
one. The little doors are protected from rain by overhanging
eaves, and are even said to shut of themselves in wet weather.2

Cotyledons. — There are at least four distinct types of coty-
ledons in the Order, namely, linear, broadly oblong, bifid, and
ovate. The first is the most prevalent and characteristic, and
may be seen in Platystemon, Papaver, Argemone, Meeonopsis,
Glaucium, Eoameria, Hypecoum, and Fumaria. In Papaver vil-
losum var. Heldreichii (fig. 145) they are oblong-linear, obtuse,
entire, sessile, one-nerved, and glabrous. Others vary from this
in being more slender, and more distinctly linear, and some are
narrowed to a petiole as in P. spicatum and occasionally in
Meeonopsis cambrica. The midrib is not always discernible

1 Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves, 5th edit. p. 90. 2 Ibid. p. 64.

PAPAVERACE^E 121

in fresh specimens. A slight modification occurs in Platy-
stemon californicus (fig. 146), Koemeria refracta, and Argemone
mexicana (fig. 147), where the cotyledons are connate at the
base, forming a cup around the plumule. Those of the latter
are 16 to 20 mm. long, while in Hypecoum procumbens (fig.
153) they are from 28 to 32 mm., and a similar length in
F urn aria.

The second type is seen inBocconia frutescens (fig. 150), a
shrubby species in which the carpel contains only one ovule
developing into a very large seed for the Order. The cotyledons
are oblong, obtuse, tapering to a short, broad petiole, slenderly
five-nerved, faintly reticulate, 28 to 36*5 mm. long, and 6-5 to
11 mm. wide.

The bifid cotyledons of Eschscholtzia californica (fig. 152)
may be described as an aberrant type, seeing that they are
quite entire in E. tenuifolia. Those of the former are linear,
slender, 28-30 mm. long, bifid for 18 mm. of their upper
portion, with acute segments, slightly dilated and connate at
the very base. When full grown they are only about 1 mm.
broad below the fissure, and the segments diverge like the
prongs of a hay- fork.

A fourth and rather remarkable type is exhibited by
Adlumia cirrhosa (fig. 154), Corydalis lutea (fig. 155), and
Cysticapnos africana. In Adlumia they are broadly ovate,
acute, three- to five-nerved ; in Corydalis lutea ovate or lanceo-
late-elliptic, with the lamina usually sharply deflexed ; and ob-
long-ovate, and three- to five-nerved in Cysticapnos africana,
a Cape species with a bladder-like fruit otherwise similar to
the British Corydalis claviculata, but sometimes separated as
a distinct genus. All the three plants mentioned have thin
membranous delicately-nerved cotyledons with long petioles,
thus differing from the species of most other genera in the
Order and recalling in their shape that of typical Kanuncu-
lacese. The peculiar cotyledons of Eschscholtzia californica
have already been referred to. If the seed be moderately well
buried in the earth, the bent and elongating hypocotyl pulls
the cotyledons out of the testa and they soon unfold to the
light. Should the seed, however, be lightly buried, it is carried
up on the tips of the cotyledons, and the latter soon bulge out-

122 ON SEEDLINGS

wards, balloon-fashion, in their efforts to unfold to the light.
As they elongate they become twisted, turning their upper side
to the light, until they finally escape from the dried-up testa,
and the membranous, skin-like, used-up endosperm ; they often
remain twisted for a short time after they are quite free, but
finally assume a spreading or ascending position, with the
segments about as long as the undivided portion and diverging
like the prongs of a hay-fork. The lobes by narrowing the
cotyledons would seem to facilitate twisting in order to escape
from the seed. E. tenuifolia, with a smaller embryo and
narrower but undivided cotyledons, is otherwise similar to
E. californica, and germinates in a similar way.

Papaver villosum, SiL, var. Heldreichii (fig. 145).
Hypocotyl subterranean or 1-2 mm. exposed.
Cotyledons oblong-linear, obtuse, glabrous.
Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate.

No. 1. Lamina rotund-ovate, obtuse,
entire, glabrous ; petiole flattened or slightly
channelled above, glabrous, subglaucous.
No. 2. Similar, but larger.
No. 3. Lamina rotund-elliptic, obtuse,
with a shallow tooth on each side near the
apex, obscurely penninerved and reticulate,
FIG. 145.— Papaver villo- glabrous or sparsely pilose.
SUm' ^i.s£ld™cMi' No. 4. Lamina ovate, obtuse, crenate,

cuneate at the base.

The cotyledons in P. caucasicum and P. orientale resemble
those of P. villosum. In P. spicatum they are slightly broader in
the middle.

Papaver orientale, L., var. major.

Primary root nearly perpendicular, unbranched, colourless.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, slender, light greyish-green, 1 cm.
long, '75 mm. thick.

Cotyledons sessile, linear-lanceolate, obtuse at apex, entire with
distinct midrib, thin, glabrous, light greyish-green, 1 cm. long,
2-2-5 mm. broad.

Stem elongated when about to flower.

Leaves as in preceding, but petiolate or sessile, alternately
penninerved, more or less coarsely hairy in the adult state, with

PAPAVERACE^E

123

a strong midrib, and a yellow or milky-white juice ; petioles when
present more or less sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Spathulate, obtuse, entire, or with a tooth on one or both
sides near the apex, petiolate, glabrous, thin, glaucous.

No. 2. Similar, larger.

No. 3. Subovate, obtuse, with one obtuse serrature on each side.

Papaver spicatum, Boiss. et Bal.

Hypocotyl extremely short or subterranean.

Cotyledons linear, tapering to the base, 8-4 mm. long, not very
persistent.

Leaves glaucous, petiolate ; petioles channelled above, dilated and
sheathing at the base ; juice milky.

Nos. 1, 2, and sometimes 3. Entire, with an oblong to rotund
or ovate-obtuse lamina, and ascending or incurved nerves, glabrous..

No. 4. Rotund, obtuse,
crenate- serrate, glabrous.

No. 5. Ovate, obtuse,
coarsely and distantly cre-
nate-serrate, sparsely pilose
on the upper surface ; nerves
ascending and incurved.

No. 6. Ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse, coarsely and distantly
crenate-serrate, pilose on
the upper surface.

Platystemon californi-
cus, Benth. (fig. 146).

Primary root tapering
downwards with numerous
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, hardly
appearing above the soil,
stout, obconical.

Cotyledons linear, acute,
entire, sessile, glabrous,
green, indistinctly one-
veined as in the leaves.

Stem with primary in-
ternodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple,
entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, sessile, linear, acute, with

FIG. 146.- Platystemon calif ornicus.
Nat. size.

124

ON SEEDLINGS

scattered coarse hairs on the upper side, and with a spiny margin,
except the first one or two, glabrous on the under side, light green,
slightly fleshy, one-veined.

The mode of germination closely resembles that of Eschscholtzia
tenuifolia.

Argemone mexicana, L. (fig. 147).

Primary root tapering, with numerous branching rootlets.
Hypocotyl undeveloped or subterranean and indistinguishable

from the root.

Cotyledons linear, en-
tire, acute, dilated and
connate at the base,
forming a cup round
the plumule, glabrous,
glaucous on both sur-
faces, without any dis-
cernible venation in the
fresh state, 16-20 mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous,
annual, erect, developed
when about to flower ;
primary internodes un-
developed.

Leaves simple, radi-
cal and cauline, alter-
nate, exstipulate, sessile,
alternately and ascend-
ingly penninerved, pin-
natifid, spiny, with thin
prickles on both surfaces,
otherwise glabrous, deep
glaucous - green above
with the midrib and
principal nerves splashed with white, much paler and uniformly
glaucous beneath, dilated and amplexicaul at the base.

Nos. 1-2. Spathulate-cuneate, acutely dentate-serrate near the
apex.

No. 8. Spathulate-cuneate, much larger than the first two, spiny-
serrate.

Nos. 4-6. Obovate, pinnatifid or lobulate, undulate at the margin,
with the lobes and teeth tipped with spiny bristles.

/

^\

FIG. 147. — Argemtme mexicana. Nat. size.

TAPAVERACE^E

125

Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. (fig. 148).

Fruit an oblong capsule, tipped with the short, stout, persistent
style, one-celled, many- seeded, dehiscing by pores or short valves.

Seed obovoid-reniform, slightly curved, closely reticulated or
alveolate, glabrous, dark brown or nearly black ; hilum and micro-
pyle contiguous, basal ; raphe ventral ; chalaza ventral, a little
below the apex of the seed and forming a small thickening or crest
externally.

Endosperm copious, granular-oily, white.

Embryo small, straight, situated close to the base of the seed,
colourless ; cotyledons rotund or rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, plano-
convex, ringent, very short, usually two but sometimes three ;

FIG. 148.— Meconopsis cambrica.

1, Seed, x 30 : Ch, chalaza ; Ba, raphe ; H, hilum.

2, Longitudinal section of seed, x 30 : E, embryo ; P, endosperm ; Ch, chalaza.

3, Transverse section of seed, x 30 : B, raphe ; P, endosperm ; C, cotyledon.

4, Dorsal aspect of embryo, x 30.

radicle short, stout, subturbinate, obtuse, about twice as long as
the cotyledons and as broad, lying within the endosperm close to
the base of the seed.

(fig. 149).

Primary root tapering, colourless, with lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl fleshy, colourless, 1-4 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, sessile, or frequently narrowed at
the base and lengthening into a petiole 5 mm. to 1 cm. long, 1 to
1'5 mm. broad.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exsiipulate, petio-
late, glabrous, with milky juice ; petiole subterete, channelled above,
pale green, succulent.

No. 1. Entire, with an ovate, oval, or elliptic lamina.

126

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 2. Similar or sometimes slightly trifid.

No. 8. Deeply trifid ; lateral lobes oblique ; terminal lobe some-
what obovate, obtuse.

No. 4. Tripartite ; lateral lobes oblique or subauricled ; terminal
lobe subelliptic or cuneate, subtrifid.

FIG. 149.— Meconoptis cambrica. Nat. size.

FIG. 150. — Bocconia frutescens. Nat. size.

Bocconia frutescens, L. (fig. 150).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, tapering upwards from a stout base,
glabrous, pale reddish or slightly striate, 2-3 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons foliaceous, oblong, obtuse, entire, tapered at the base
into a short broad petiole, with many slender, longitudinal nerves,
best seen by transmitted light, light glaucous -green above, paler

PAPAVERACE.E

127

beneath with a yellowish hue, slightly reticulate ; lamina 26-32
mm. long, 6'5-H mm. wide ; petiole broad, flattened above, convex
on the back, 2'25-4'S mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, ultimately shrubby ; primary internodes un-
developed.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately and ascendingly penninerved, light glaucous -green above,
and obscurely reticulate, paler beneath and distinctly reticulate,
glabrous ; petiole (in the seedling) semiterete, flattened on the
upper side, very slightly winged at the edges, tapering upwards
from a broad stout base, rather
succulent, with orange-coloured
juice.

No. 1. Rhomboid, subacute,
tapering to both ends, pinnatifid,
with one lobe and a few coarse
irregular teeth on each side ; lobes
or teeth often traversed by two
or more longitudinal nerves, and
tipped with a glandular mucro.

No. 2. Similar, but larger, and
generally more deeply cut.

G-laucium corniculatum, Curt.,
var. rubrum (fig. 151).

Primary root slender, tapering,
colourless, almost devoid of lateral
rootlets in the early stage, annual
or biennial.

Hypocotyl scarcely distinguish-
able from the root.

Cotyledons linear, slender, soon
perishing.

Stem herbaceous and developed
only when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, more or less pinnatifid or pinnatisect and lobed, pilose on both
surfaces, especially when young, deeply glaucous above, paler
beneath ; petioles flattened above, convex below, pilose or woolly at
the margins, dilated and amplexicaul at the base.

Nos. 1-2. Spathulate and entire, or tridentate at the apex.

No. 3. Larger, oblong.

No. 4. Oblong, rather coarsely and acutely serrate.

PIG. 151.

Glaucium corniculatum, var. rubrum
Nat. size.

128 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 5. Cuneate-oblong, somewhat lobed, retuse and dentate at
the apex.

No. 6. Somewhat similar but with more numerous lobes.

No. 7. Oblong-cuneate, retuse and tridentate at apex, pinnatifid
and tapering very much to the base ; lobes and teeth acute, gene-
rally tipped with a bristle.

Glaucium Serpieri, Heldr.

Cotyledons lanceolate to oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate, gla-
brous, pale glaucous-green, pinnatinerved as in the leaves.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves as in preceding, cauline and cuneate, tridentate
above, serrated, with a few long scattered hairs, glaucous-green,
pinnatinerved.

Rcemeria refracta, DC.

Hypocotyl terete, its epidermis soon becoming split and com-
pletely torn off, 8-13 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, or subacute, entire, connate at the
base, glabrous, biconvex, spreading horizontally, 9-11 mm. long.

Stem with its internodes undeveloped in the seedling stage.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, with scattered hairs at least in the young state, brittle, bright
green ; petiole channelled above, with a prominent ridge beneath,
sheathing at the base, narrowly winged as if the leaf were decurrent
upon it.

Nos. 1-2. Narrowly spathulate, obtuse, slightly mucronate,
tapering gradually into the petiole, entire.

No. 3. Bi- to tri-fid with alternate segments.

Nos. 4-5. Trifid, or 4th to 6th irregularly pinnatifid.

Nos. 6-7. Pinnatifid with alternate segments which are again
slightly cut.

Eschscholtzia californica, Cham. (fig. 152).

Primary root long, tapering, with short lateral rootlets, yellowish,
annual.

Hypocotyl short, tapering downwards, pale and stained with
red, glabrous, mostly subterranean, about 4 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear, deeply bifid, segments acute, biconvex, gla-
brous, glaucous, dilated at the base and perfoliate, 2-8 to 3 cm. long
(segments about T8 cm. long), 1 mm. broad below the fissure.

Stem herbaceous, annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,

PAPAVERACE^E

129

FIG. 152. — Eschscholtzia, californica.
Nat. size.

petiolate, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces ; petioles shallowly
grooved above, slightly carinate on the back, dilated and clasping
at the base. •

No. 1. Cuneate, tripartite ;
lateral lobes bifid, terminal trifid ;
ultimate segments subulate or
narrowly oblong, obtuse.

No. 2. Tripartite ; lateral lobes
cuneate, trifid ; terminal one again
trilobed with its middle lobe trifid,
the others entire.

No. 3. Bi-ternatisect ; ultimate
segments lanceolate, obtuse, or
subacute.

Nos. 4-6. Bi- to tri-ternatisect ;
ultimate segments as in No. 3.

Ultimate leaves radical, deltoid
in outline, tri-ternatisect, with ob-
lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate,
subacute segments, tipped with
orange-red, petiolate ; cauline ex-
actly similar or smaller and with shorter petioles.

Eschseholtzia tenuifolia, Benth.

Primary root as in preceding, but slender, colourless.

Hypocotyl slender, erect, terete, glabrous, pale glaucous-green,
or colourless towards the base, 6-5-18 mm. long.

Cotyledons slender, linear, attenuated, obtuse, shallowly grooved
above, convex on the back, glabrous, glaucous, slightly broader
above the middle representing a lamina, ascending or arching out-
wards above the middle, 14-30 mm. long, '5-1 mm. wide.

Stem short, erect, developed when about to flower, leafy ; primary
mternodes undeveloped.

Leaves cauline, entire at first, ultimately pinnatisect, with a
vein running through each segment, but not discernible in the fresh
state, shallowly grooved above ; petioles rounded on the back or sub-
carinate, grooved above ; otherwise as in preceding species.

No. 1. Linear, obtuse, slender, entire, or rarely (? accidental)
showing a lateral segment, similar to itself but shorter.

No. 2. Linear, slender, entire, similar to the first.

Hypecoum procumbens, L.

Fruit a dry, indehiscent, linear, straight or curved horn-like pod,

130

ON SEEDLINGS

segmented and forming a more or less conspicuous transverse ridge
between each seed, each of the latter being contained in a separate
Iccellus by a transverse development of cellular tissue. During ger-
mination the pod or its segments separate slightly along both
sutures to allow the seedling to get out.

Seed lenticular, somewhat flattened laterally but con vex, rounded
on all the edges except the ventral, which is straight, deep brown or
almost black, very minutely and inconspicuously glandular or reticu-
late.

Germination. When the seeds swell, the pod bursts along both
sutures and the radicle protrudes, fixes itself deeply in the soil,
and together with the lengthening and straightening hypocotyl
assists the cotyledons in making their exit from the seed and
pod.

The cotyledons are linear, acute, tapering upwards, and very
slender, semiterete at the base, and more or less completely terete
upwards, 14-20 mm. long. By their growth in length during
germination their exit from the seed
and pod is materially assisted.

Seedling (fig. 153).

Primary root slender, tapering, with
a few lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl terete, tapering indistin-
guishably into the primary root, gla-
brous, pale green, 3-5 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons subulate,much attenuated,
slender, tapering upwards from a dilated
connate base, sessile, grooved from the
base for some distance upwards, pale
glaucous-green, fading to a yellowish
green when old, glabrous, entire, 2-8-3' 2
cm. long, about 1 mm. wide near the base.

Stem annual, developing when about
to flower; primary internodes unde-
veloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, pin-
nately multisect, with the venation
ramifying accordingly, and sending a

nerve into every branch or segment, glabrous, glaucous, with
slender segments, covered with minute glands; petioles semi-
terete, flattened or convex above but channelled towards the

FIG. 153. — Hypecoum pro-
cumbens. Nat. size.

PAPAYERACEJ5

131

dilated and amplexicaul base, glaucous at first, then a pale
green.

No. 1. Pinnatisect, with three oblanceolate-linear, obtuse seg-
ments.

No. 2. Similar or with four to five segments, that is, one or two
011 each side of the leaf.

No. 3. Pinnatisect or slightly bi-pinnatisect, with the secondary
divisions on the anterior side of the primary ones ; segments slender,
lanceolate-linear.

No. 4. Bi-pinnatisect, with lanceolate-linear, obtuse or rather
acute segments.

Adlumia cirrhosa, Eaf. (fig. 154).

Primary root tapering, brittle, succulent, yellowish, with a few
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, succulent, glabrous, reddish, 7-16 mm.
long.

Cotyledons petiolate, glabrous, pale green ; petioles horizontal,
slender, slightly channelled on the upper side, subdilated and con-
nate at the base, 16 mm.
long ; lamina ovate, acute,
faintly five-nerved, pendent,
recurved, 6 mm. long, 4*25
mm. broad.

Stem developed the
second year to 12 feet or
more, slender, climbing by
means of tendrils.

Leaves simple, ternati-
sect, radical and cauline
(the second year), alternate,
exstipulate, petiolate, gla-
brous, pale green above,
nearly glaucous beneath,
thin and delicate, marked
with fine, more or less fork-
ing, ascending or suberect veins ; petioles succulent, brittle, chan-
nelled on the upper side, much dilated at the base and obtusely
subcarinate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ternate ; lateral segments ovate, cuspidate ; ter-
minal one elliptic, cuspidate. No. 2 in robust specimens biternate.

No. 3. Biternate or in robust seedlings triternate.

No. 4. Triternate.

K2

PIG. 154. — Adlumia cirrhosa. Half nat.

132 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 5. Triternate, with the terminal lobe of the primary divisions
bi- or trifid.

No. 6. Triternate with many of the larger lobes more or less cut.

No. 7. Triternate, and much cut. (Nos. 6 and 7 in fig. 154 have
been cut off.)

Ultimate leaves large, triternately multisect ; ultimate segments
ovate, cuspidate ; terminal ones obovate, cuspidate.

Corydalis lutea, DC. (fig. 155).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, reddish, about 1 cm. long.
Cotyledons ovate or lanceolate-elliptic, acute, petiolate, gla-
brous, pale green, often mottled with red ; lamina sharply decurved,
6.5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; petiole terete, glabrous, subdilated at
the base, 7*5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, short, stout, producing
flowering branches.

Leaves simple, ultimately bi-ternatisect,
radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, glabrous, pale glaucous-green ; petioles
obtusely trigonous, or flattened above and sub-
carinate beneath, especially towards the base,
dilated and semi-amplexicaul at the base, gla-
brous.

No. 1. Ternatisect ; terminal segment
rotund, trinerved, trifid ; lateral segments
rotund, entire or tridentate.
No. 2. Similar.
Ultimate leaves bi- to tri-ternatisect ; ter-
minal segment of each primary division cuneate, trifid, with obtuse,
mucronate teeth ; other segments oval or elliptic, entire or bi- to
tri-dentate or -fid, obtuse and mucronate at the tips.

In C. nobilis the cotyledons are oval, oblong, obtuse, and
minutely emarginate.

Fumaria Vaillantii, Lois.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, glabrous, 10 mm. long, reddish.

Cotyledons linear, acute, tapering to the base, entire, light green,
glabrous, indistinctly one-veined.

Stem with primary internodes scarcely developed.

Leaves multisect, petiolate, glabrous ; 1st leaf less divided than
succeeding leaves, cauline, alternate ; segments mostly trilobed,
the lobes being again bi- to tri-lobed ; lobes linear-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acute.

PAPA VERACE.E 133

Cysticapnos africana, Gaertn.

Hypocotyl filiform, 3 or 4 cm. long, -75 mm. thick, green, with
reddish striae.

Cotyledons petiolate, glabrous, blade 1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad,
ovate-lanceolate, trinerved, the lateral nerves sending branches
towards the margin only, entire, thin, glaucous ; petiole 5 or G mm.
long, '5 mm. thick.

Leaves. — No. 1. Including slender petiole, 1 '5 cm. long, 6-8 mm.
broad, trifid, glabrous, thin, glaucous.

No. 2. Trisect, basal lobes or sections bifid.

Ultimate leaves simple, multisect, radical and cauline, alternate,
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, glaucous, membranous ; petioles
more or less dilated and sheathing at the base.

CRUCIFER^E,

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 57.

Fruit and Seed. — In this great Order the ovary is composed
of two connate carpels, very rarely of three to four, as in Tetra-
poma, Holargidium (a monotypic Siberian genus now merged
in Draba), and sometimes Brassica and Nasturtium ; the ovules
are numerous, or few or solitary, pendulous or horizontal, very
rarely basilar (Clypeola) or apical (Isatis), campylotropous or
half-anatropous, with the raphe ventral and the micropyle
superior. The fruit (a pod) is short or elongated, usually two-
celled.

The seeds are oblong, subglobose, or flattened and margined,
or winged, and exalbuminous (except in some species of Isatis),
the embryo occupying the whole seed.

The embryo is rarely straight (Leaven worthia) , generally
more or less curved. The cotyledons are sometimes linear
and coiled on themselves or folded transversely (Diplocolobeae),
but generally broad, sometimes folded in two along their length
and embracing the radicle, sometimes incumbent to the radicle
(fig. 162), sometimes accumbent (fig. 158).

Diptychocarpus has two kinds of pods, the upper ones,
like those of a Matthiola, compressed, with winged seeds, the

134 ON SEEDLINGS

lower ones rounded, indehiscent, and transversely multi-
locular.

Geococcus buries its pods in the ground.

The Order presents a vast amount of variation in the form
of the fruit, seed, and embryo. For purposes of classifica-
tion of the genera, it is above all things necessary to consider
the form and characters of the fruit ; though these do not
invariably indicate the true lines of natural affinity, as for
instance in the case of Raphanus and others amongst the
Baphaneee, and Crambe, Rapistrum, and others amongst the
Cakilineaa, which are obviously closely allied to the Brassiceae.

The Order may be conveniently divided into five groups
according to the form and folding of the embryo, excluding
some aberrant species which may be dealt with separately.
It must be admitted, however, that the form of the embryo
alone will not in all cases indicate the true lines of natural
affinity, although it offers a convenient means of grouping
the seeds. The latter are exceedingly variable in mere out-
line, being flat, compressed, ovoid, oblong, linear, globular,
or winged; but none of these characters are so constant as are
the various forms of the embryo. The latter may be briefly
described as having the cotyledons accumbent, incumbent,
conduplicate, transversely biplicate, and circinately convolute,
while in the aberrant forms the cotyledons are sometimes
deeply divided.

Taking the Wallflower (Cheiranthus Cheiri) (fig. 158) to
represent embryos having accumbent cotyledons, we find that
the seed is oblong-oval, much compressed laterally, with the
edges produced all round into a thin membranous wing. The
embryo is flat with ovate, obtuse, entire cotyledons, and the
terete, slightly curved radicle is laid against the edges of the
closely adpressed seed-leaves. If the double seed-coat is removed
from one side of the seed, the edges of the petioles are seen, in
some cases at least, as if the embryo had originated with the
cotyledons in the narrow plane of the seed and the seed-leaves
had afterwards become twisted round to accommodate them-
selves in the broader plane during the process of growth.

Embryos with accumbent cotyledons prevail throughout
the Arabideae, Alyssineae, Thlaspidese, and in five genera at

CRUCIFEILE 135

least of the Isatidese, in Cakile amongst the Cakilineas, and in
Chorispora amongst the Baphanese.

Other genera agreeing with Cheiranthus in the flattened and
winged characters of the seeds are Matthiola, Diptychocarpus.
Cithareloma, Arabis, Farsetia, Vesicaria, Lunaria, and others.
Seeds in several other genera have a broad or narrow margin
as in Streptanthus and Lonchophora, but can hardly be called
winged, while some of the species of Parrya have broadly
winged and others entirely wingless seeds.

Cheiranthus pygmseus has accumbent or incumbent, straight
or convolute cotyledons even in the same pod.

Wingless seeds whose embryos have accumbent cotyledons
are represented by Nasturtium, Cardamine, Aubrietia, Bar-
barea, Alyssum, Draba, Cochlearia, Biscutella, Thlaspi, Iberis,
Cakile, and Chorispora. The seeds of the genera just men-
tioned further differ amongst themselves in being ovoid or
turgid as in Nasturtium and Cochlearia, somewhat compressed
in Barbarea, and very much so, or almost flat, in Draba,
Alyssum, Biscutella, and Iberis.

Besides Cheiranthus pygmseus above mentioned, there are
several other cases where the embryo is slightly but only
occasionally modified so that the normally accumbent cotyle-
dons become obliquely so or slightly incumbent in species of
Barbarea, Draba brunise folia, D. boreale, D. frigida, Cochlearia
arctica, C. glauciphylla, Cakile maritima, and possibly some
others where the character may be even more marked.
Lepidium virginicum also belongs to the group with accumbent
cotyledons. It differs markedly from the rest of its congeners,
all of wrhich have incumbent cotyledons. Decaptera, consisting
of a single species from Chili, has also accumbent cotyledons,
although it belongs to the Lepidinea3 like the last.

Incumbent cotyledons are characteristic of Sisymbriese,
Camelinese, and Lepidinese, three tribes of considerable size,
while many instances also occur in the Isatidese. The cotyle-
dons are likewise incumbent in the Brassicese primarily as well
as in genera of the Isatideaa, Cakilinese, and Baphaneae, with
longitudinally plicate or conduplicate cotyledons ; but it is
convenient to group these types by themselves on account of
the distinctly more complicated character of the embryo. The

136 ON SEEDLINGS

seeds in this group are oblong, oval, ovoid, or variously angled ;
and there is a general absence of the flattened or winged
character typical of the first group. In many instances there
is a distinct ridge along one side of the seed, generally,
if not always, on the dorsal aspect, and in this the radicle is
accommodated, the ridge itself finding room in a correspond-
ing concave or grooved line along the middle of the two valves
of the siliqua. Should the seeds be comparatively large, they
are arranged in one line along the middle of the two cavities
of the ovary. The various species of Erysimum and Sisym-
brium show this well. The carpels of Lepidium are laterally
flattened and keeled on the back; each cavity contains one,
rarely two seeds ; and these are suspended from the apex of the
placenta, and trigonous with the thinnest edge lying in the
cavity of the keel as in L. sativum and L. graminifolium
(fig. 171) ; in other cases they are laterally flattened but not tri-
gonous. The seeds of ^Ethionema heterocarpum are covered
with mucilaginous tubercles, and the testa of Lepidium is
also mucilaginous when moist, which may assist in retaining
it in the soil, while the embryo escapes during germina-
tion.

Several curious modifications occur in this group. The
oblong seeds of Isatis tinctoria (fig. 174) are solitary in each
fruit, which is indehiscent, and furnished with a curious corky
wing along the back of each carpel. The cotyledons are concave
longitudinally and slightly embrace the stout radicle. Hesperis
matronalis (fig. 162) is unsymmetrical, one of the cotyledons
being considerably smaller than the other. The seeds of Sisym-
brmm officinale are variously shaped and angled, while the
radicle m most cases lies obliquely across the back of the coty-
ledons. The same may be said of Ochthodium jegyptiacurn
(fig. 175), which has a woody, curiously tuberculated, inde-
hiscent fruit. Tetrapoma, a Siberian genus, containing only
one species, has a one- or four-celled ovary, according as the
partitions are developed to the centre or not, while there are
four split or double placentas with the seeds arranged in ei^ht
rows.

Conduplicate cotyledons are typically characteristic of all
the eleven genera classed in the tribe Brassiceie ; but they also

CRUCIFEM 137

occur in Tetrapterygium, Calepina, Boleum, and Zilla amongst
the Isatideae, and several other genera in this tribe show an
approach to the same arrangement by the cotyledons being
longitudinally concave, slightly folded or longitudinally plicate,
as in Myagrum, Schimpera, and Texiera. All the seven genera
of the Isatidese just mentioned have short one- to two-celled
fruits with as many seeds, thick and lignified pericarps, the
thicker parts of which become corky while the fruit is indehiscent.
As far as the fruit is concerned they seem reduced forms of
Cruciferse adapted for countries with a dry climate , or for dry,
rocky, or chalky places. They may also be allied to the Bras-
siceae, just as Crambe, Muricaria, Rapistrum, Enarthrocarpus,
Hemicrambe, Erucaria, Guiraoa, Fortuynia, Physorhynchus,
and Morisia amongst the Cakilinese, undoubtedly are. Rapha-
nus and Kaffenaldia amongst the Eaphanese also approximate
to Brassica in the form of the embryo, but differ in having
fruits which break up into lomenta or indehiscent pieces each
containing one seed. The cotyledons of Anchonium and
Sterigma, also belonging to the Raphaneae, have incum-
bent and flat or concave cotyledons, showing a tendency to
become conduplicate. The shape of seeds having condu-
plicate cotyledons varies considerably, but taking Brassica,
Diplotaxis, Eruca, Succovia, Crambe, and Raphanus as types,
the seeds are globose or ovoid. This may be seen by reference
to Brassica oleracea or B. nigra. The relation of the seed to
the peculiar form of the cotyledon has been already described
(ante, p. 43).

Raphanus sativus (fig. 62) and R. maritimus agree in most
essential particulars with Brassica, except that the seeds are
generally larger, and enclosed singly in indehiscent seg-
ments of the pod. A rather differently shaped seed occurs in
Zilla myagroides. The fruit is globular, indehiscent, thick,
lignified, and surrounded with another thick, ' suberous ' or
corky layer— the exocarp. Two oval and slightly com-
pressed or lenticular seeds occupy a central position, side by
side but in separate cells. The corky exocarp and woody
endocarp would indicate adaptation to a dry climate, and we
find that the four known species are natives of North Africa,
Arabia, and Persia.

138 ON SEEDLINGS

Another modification occurs in Orychophragmus, which
has an oblong, subtriquetrous seed. A third and more re-
markable type is presented by Euzomodendron, Savignya,
Moricandia and Henophyton, the seeds of which are com-
pressed, the testa forming a line round the margin, or a
narrow or even broad whig similar to what occurs in Cheir-
anthus, Matthiola, Lunaria, or Vesicaria with accumbent
cotyledons.

Transversely biplicate cotyledons occur in a few genera,
of which the principal is Heliophila, containing about fifty or
sixty species of annual or perennial herbs with a few shrubs.
The fruits vary considerably in being oblong, oval, linear-
lanceolate or linear and moniliform, and on this account the
genus has been split up into some half-a-dozen by different
authors. The seeds also vary in being oblong, oval, or almost
perfectly orbicular, much compressed or quite flattened laterally ,
and wingless as in Heliophila pilosa, var. incisa (fig. 166), or
broadly winged in H. crithmifolia, H. callosa, and others.
There is a more or less deep notch at the hilum in winged
seeds. The cotyledons are incumbent, transversely biplicate,
and placed in the narrow plane of the seeds with their backs to
the placenta. They are consequently very narrow, their width
being dependent on the width or size of the seed and the
mutual pressure of the folds on the edges of one another.
Their thickness depends upon the thickness of the seed, as they
are adpressed face to face with their edges to the flattened
sides of the latter. Heliophila belongs to the tribe Sisyrnbriese.
Chamira, belonging to the same group, agrees with Heliophila
in its seeds and embryo. Palmstruckia and Cycloptychis
amongst the Isatidese have also transversely biplicate coty-
ledons, and Carponema, classed under the Eaphanese, is re-
markable in having oblong, terete seeds and cotyledons like
those of Heliophila, to which it is closely allied. See Sond.
'Kevis. Helioph.' 3, t. xvii. Senebiera may be included in
this group.

Spirally convolute cotyledons occur in the four known
species of Bunias. The fruit is short, ovoid, tetragonous,
lignified, one- to two-celled with a somewhat compressed seed
in each cell, the appearance being due to the shrinking of the

CKUCIFEILE 139

testa to accommodate itself to the spirally coiled embryo.
The cotyledons are incumbent with their edges to the sides
of the seed, oblong, obtuse, entire, forming 1^-2 complete
coils with their tips in the centre of the helix. The stout
cylindrical radicle extends beyond the cotyledons, occupying
the upper and pointed end of the seed, beneath and close to
the persistent base of the style.

Only two strikingly aberrant forms in the Order have come
under my observation. These are Schizopetalon belonging
to the Sisymbriese, and Lepidium sativum amongst the
Lepidinese. Five species of Schizopetalon are recorded, all
from Chili. The cotyledons are straight and entire in some
of them, but S. Walkeri (fig. 160) has incumbent, deeply
bifid, or more often bipartite, spirally convolute, and con-
torted cotyledons ; the slender, linear segments being regu-
larly coiled, but generally more or less interlacing with one
another. The species might be grouped with Bunias, but for
the deeply divided and contorted cotyledons. Some botanical
authorities have described it as having four cotyledons, but
they are mostly united in pairs at the base, and sometimes for
a considerable part of their length. The embryo by becoming
spirally convolute adapts itself to the interior of the small
globular seed, which it completely occupies. The radicle is
comparatively large and longer than the cotyledons. Lepidium
sativum (fig. 171) is another aberrant form. It has been
already described (ante, p. 52).

Cotyledons. — Notwithstanding the diversity of the seeds
and fruits in this Order, the cotyledons may be roughly grouped
into a few leading types, viz., broad and entire, broad and
emarginate, linear, oblong or spathulate, and divided.

The first type is represented by Matthiola incana (fig. 156)
and Cheiranthus Cheiri (fig. 159), but is not confined to seeds
having accumbent cotyledons. Instances of broad, rotund,
ovate, oval or elliptic, and entire cotyledons may be found in
nearly all the tribes into which the Order is divided. In the
case of accumbent cotyledons they are situated in the broader
plane of the seed, so that their shape and size is easily
accounted for, especially in flattened seeds ; but in many
cases breadth is attained by a vigorous growth of the cotyle-

140 ON SEEDLINGS

dons subsequent to germination. The following are instances
of broad cotyledons occurring in species scattered throughout
the order, namely : Matthiola ineana, Alyssum maritimum,
Hesperis nivea, Conringia perfoliata, Camelina sativa, Biscu-
tella didyma, Lepidium graminifolium, L. spinosum, Iberis
corifolia, and Chorispora tenella. A slight modification is
met with in ^Ethionema gracile and Iberis Lagascana, which
have unsymmetrical cotyledons, slightly oblique at the base,
and very much so in I. pectinata. It is probable that other
instances of the kind occur in Iberis and indeed in other
genera. The inequality at the base is due to the fact that
part of the space in the seed is occupied by the radicle
and petioles, which lie along one edge of the accumbent coty-
ledons.

Emarginate cotyledons are almost as widely distributed
throughout the Order as those that are entire. The notch or
sinus is due to two totally different causes. The first type is
not owing to any peculiar conformation or structure of the
seed, the cotyledons being, as far as could be seen before
germination, entire. The notch in the seed-leaves is there-
fore due to the subsequent greater growth of the sides as com-
pared with the organic apex. Emarginate cotyledons occur
in Nasturtium sylvestre, Arabis Turczaninowii, Cardamine
hirsuta, C. graeca, Lunaria biennis, Cochlearia glastifolia,
Sisymbrium officinale, Bivonaea Saviana, and others. The
entire and emarginate state is shown in the figure of Sisym-
brium officinale (fig. 163).

The second type of emarginate cotyledons occurs among
the Brassiceas and others, in which the cotyledons are con-
duplicate, as has been already mentioned in the Introduction
(see ante, p. 31). Brassica oleracea (fig. 169) may be
taken as a type. The cotyledons are emarginate with a
broad and moderately deep sinus, broader than long, un-
equal in size, trinerved at the base with alternate veins
upward, and the midrib forking below the apex ; the side
lobes are rounded and ascending. The inequality is due to
the arrangement in the seed, one cotyledon folding over
and completely embracing the other, which is necessarily
smaller, being in the centre of the sphere. The petiole

CKUCIFER^E 141

of the larger, occupying the outside of the curve, must
also be the longer. The base of the sinns is really the
organic apex of the cotyledons, and the ascending lobes
are due to lateral development. When the cotyledons are
folded longitudinally the two ascending edges of the lateral
lobes are pressed against and conform to the interior of
the globular seed, while the organic apex is also pressed
against the testa and its further development consequently
stopped. Growth then proceeds in a lateral direction as
long as there is any unoccupied space, thus determin-
ing the peculiar form of the cotyledons as seen in germi-
nation.

All the species of Brassica observed conform closely to
the above type, as do also Moricandia hesperidifolia, Car-
richtera Vellse, Succovia balearica, Eaphanus sativus, E.
maritimus &c. Zilla myagroides (fig. 177) seems to differ
slightly, but the seeds from which the seedlings were raised
were museum specimens, probably old, and the cotyledons,
which were slightly eroded in the sinus, might have been
deformed. More decided departures from the type are
exhibited in several other genera. Diplotaxis erucoides has.
broadly oblong, obtuse, emarginate cotyledons ; in Moricandia
arvensis they are obovate or cuneate, and slightly emar-
ginate ; while in Orychophragmus sonchifolius they are
broadly oblong-ovate and emarginate, the smaller one being
more evidently cuneate at the base than the other. All have
the cotyledons unequal in size like those of Brassica, and,
what is more unusual, they are indistinctly veined in Diplo-
taxis erucoides, Moricandia arvensis, and Orychophragmus
sonchifolius.

In the case of Hesperis matronalis the cotyledons are not
only unequal in length, but vary also in size and shape. By
reference to the illustration (fig. 162) it will be seen that the
unsymmetrical condition already prevails in the seed before
germination. The seed is oblong and terete with the in-
cumbent cotyledons slightly concave longitudinally, and the
thin radicle lies in the groove. One cotyledon is nearly as
thick as the other plus the radicle. After germination the
cotyledons of most seedlings belonging to this species are

142 ON SEEDLINGS

obovate, emarginate, the two measuring 25 and 27*5 mm. in
length respectively, while cases occur in which they are rotund,
emarginate, broader and shorter, measuring 17*5 and 15 mm.
respectively, the latter being about 1 mm. wider than those
of the first mentioned.

In several of the Sisymbrieee and Lepidineee the cotyledons
are minute ; this seems to be due partly to the small size
of the seeds, partly to a limited range of growth. The latter
case might arise from the embryo in the seed contain-
ing a relatively small amount of reserve-material, or more
probably from the plumule developing early and diverting
the energies of the plant away from the cotyledons. The
latter are shortly oblong, obtuse, with a long petiole in
Sisymbrium runcinatum (fig. 164), and S. Sophia, and linear-
spathulate with rather long petioles in Capsella Bursa-
pastoris (fig. 170) and Senebiera didyma. The cotyledons of
all the four species, but especially of Senebiera, recall those of
Papaver in their small size and narrowness.

Linear cotyledons occur in Heliophila amplexicaulis
(fig. 167), H. crithmifolia, and probably in all the rest of the
genus. This type however is quite unusual in the Cruciferse.
The former of the two species has linear, obtuse, entire,
one-nerved cotyledons, tapering insensibly or gradually into
a short petiole and measuring from 20-25 mm. in length.
Those of H. crithmifolia are linear, acute, entire, subterete,
distinctly channelled all along the upper surface, sessile,
slightly narrowed to the base, thinly pilose, or pubescent,
20-38 mm. long, and becoming disarticulated from the stem
at an early age.

It is probable that the seedlings of Palmstruckia, Cyclo-
ptychis, Carponema, and Chamira have also linear cotyledons.
Spirorhynchus has narrowly linear, incumbent cotyledons.
Those of Menonvillea trifida are incumbent, long, narrowly
linear, acute, sessile, and glabrous ; in the early stages they
are circinately coiled.

In all these cases the narrowness of the cotyledons is due
to the shape of the seed, the position of the embryo with
relation to the broad and narrow planes of the seed, and the
peculiar folding of the embryo.

CRUCIFEILE 143

The spathulate type of cotyledons seems to be largely due
to growth subsequent to germination, as we meet with it in a
few more or less widely distinct genera having differently
shaped seeds and fruits, and widely diverse embryos. Bunias
orientalis (fig. 176) may be given as an instance of this type.
The cotyledons are spirally coiled in the seed, with their
apices in the centre of the coil, where they are distinctly
narrowed, but after attaining their full size they are spathulate,
obtuse, entire or slightly emarginate, unequal in length,
tapering to a short, petiole-like, shortly connate base, and
showing a few alternate, ascending veins on each side of a
strong midrib. The average length of three of the longer
cotyledons measured was 42 mm., and of three of the shorter
ones 33 mm. The seed-leaves of Cakile maritima are linear-
spathulate, obtuse, entire, unequal, sessile, tapering to the
base, one-nerved, subfleshy. The inclination to assume this
shape no doubt originates in the seed, which is oblong, slightly
notched at the base, and 3-3*5 mm. in length. The upper
division of the two-seeded fruit is the longer and contains
the larger seed, which is laterally compressed. The cotyle-
dons are accumbent, sometimes oblique, and lying on the
edge of one cotyledon only, which would tend to make
one of them narrower than the other, but the inequality in
length is more difficult to account for. The cotyledons of
C. americana both before and after germination are propor-
tionally broader than those of C. maritima. The seeds of
the former are however longer, measuring 5-6 mm., and the
cotyledons after germination are spathulate, obtuse, sessile,
but tapering to the base, and much more unequal than those
of C. maritima.

The divided cotyledons of Schizopetalon Walkeri and
Lepidium sativum have been already described. One
advantage of this form is perhaps that it enables each of the
four segments to emerge from the testa independently of the
others. The cotyledons of Schizopetalon Walkeri (fig. 160)
are generally divided almost to the base, although there are
cases where they are merely forked like those of Eschscholtzia
californica in the closely allied Order Papaveraceas. The coty-
ledons become curved and then coiled at a very early age of

144 ON SEEDLINGS

the embryo, which develops very rapidly, and they are ulti-
mately not merely coiled, but frequently interlaced. The whole
embryo is extremely delicate or fragile in its earliest stages, and
the extreme slenderness of the cotyledons compared with the
stout radicle facilitates their being coiled in order to accom-
modate themselves closely to the interior of the small round seed
without waste of space. After germination and when fully grown
the cotyledons of Lepidium sativum. are so deeply tripartite,
each segment being narrowed to the base, that they appear
as if digitately compound. The probable origin of their
present form has already been suggested, ante p. 52.

The dispersal of the seeds is in many cases aided by the
presence of wings ; in some by the agency of animals ; in
others they are thrown to a greater or less distance by the
plant itself.

In the latter cases the walls, when the pod is ripe, are in a
state of tension. The seeds are loosely attached to the central
piece by short stalks. When the proper moment has arrived,
the outer walls are kept in place by a delicate membrane,
only just strong enough to resist the tension. The least touch,
for instance, a puff of wind blowing the plant against a neigh-
bour, detaches the outer wall, which suddenly rolls itself up,
generally with such force as to fly from the plant, thus jerking
the seeds to a distance of several feet.

Matthiola incana, E. Br. (fig. 156).

Primary root long, tapering downwards, with a few short lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, tapering insensibly into the
root, glabrous, pale green, covered with small crystalline elevations,
8-12 mm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong-oval, obtuse and rounded at the end,
entire, petiolate, glabrous, light opaque green, with a scarcely visible
midrib, but no other discernible venation in the fresh state ; lamina
9-11 mm. long, 7-9 mm. wide ; petiole grooved above, convex on the
back, glabrous with a line of small crystalline elevations on the
under side, dilated and slightly connate at the base, 7-9 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, biennial, densely covered with
much branched and radiating stellate hairs ; 1st internode 1-
1-5 mm. long ; 2nd undeveloped; 3rd l'S-2'5 mm. long.

CRUCIFEILE

H5

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), ex-
stipulate, petiolate, with a hardly discernible venation, except in
very young leaves, where the nerves are alternate, ascending and
incurved, uniting with one another within the margin ; densely
covered on both surfaces with a much-
branched stellate pubescence or tomen-
tum and becoming hoary, especially in
dry places ; petioles tapering upwards,
from a stout, broadish, semiamplexicaul
base, semiterete, slightly convex or
flattened on the upper side, hoary with
a stellate tomentum like the leaves.

FIG. 156. — Matthiola incana.
Nat. size.

FIG. 157. — Mattliiola bicornis.
Nat. size.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblanceolate, tapering to the petiole, obtuse at the
apex and rounded.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar or somewhat narrower.

Matthiola bicornis, DC. (fig. 157).

Primary root as in M. incana.

Hypocotyl very short, tapering into the primary root, colourless,
slightly glandular-pubescent, 1-5-3 mm. long.

Cotyledons narrowly oblong- spathulate, tapering into the petiole,
or slightly glandular-pubescent at the margins, otherwise as in M.
incana ; lamina 5-6 mm. long, 2-2-25 mm. wide ; petiole flattened
above, convex on the back, glabrous or slightly glandular-pubescent,
slightly connate at the base, 3-5-5 mm. long.

146 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem herbaceous, annual, terete, erect, more or less glandular-
hairy and densely stellato-tomentose ; 1st internode 3-4-5 mm.
long ; 2nd undeveloped ; 3rd 1-5-2 mm. long.

Leaves narrower than in M. incana.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire.

No. 3. Linear-oblong, obtuse, entire or with one or two very
short obtuse teeth.

Nos. 4-6. Linear, obtuse, with one or two blunt deltoid or sub-
triangular teeth on each side.

Nasturtium sylvestre, E. Br.

Primary root tapering downwards, provided with lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl short, erect, hardly appearing above the surface of
the soil, obconical.

PIG. 158. — Cheiranthus Cheiri.

1, Transverse section through middle of seed, x 11.

2, Vertical section of seed, x 11 : M, micropyle ; F, funiculus ; Ch, chalaza.

Cotyledons subrotund or oblong, obtuse, emarginate, subfleshyj
glabrous, green, indistinctly one- Veined, petiolate ; petiole rather
long, channelled on the upper side.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, coarsely crenate, radical, alternate, oblong,
obtuse, petiolate, exstipulate, hairy, especially on the upper side,
green, distinctly pinnatinerved ; petioles rather long, deeply chan-
nelled on the upper surface.

Cheirauthus Cheiri, L. (fig. 158).

Fruit a siliqua, linear, compressed dorsally, two-edged or sub^
tetragonal, two-celled, dehiscing by two valves from base to apex ;
placentas many-seeded, parietal ; septum thin, membranous, formed
by extension of the placentas.

Seed oblong-oval, much compressed laterally, with the edges
produced all round into a thin membranous wing ; seed- coat

CKUCIFEILE 147

double, outer (testa) membranous, pale yellow, glabrous ; inner
(tegmen) paler and thinner ; hilum basal, at one end of the
seed ; raphe none ; micropyle basal, close to the hilum and superior
to it.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large, curved, occupying the whole interior of the seed,
pale yellow ; cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, flat, closely ad-
pressed face to face, petiolate ; radicle slender, cylindrical, suddenly
tapered to a subacute point, curved, nearly or quite as long as the
accumbent cotyledons ; petioles short, slightly twisted to allow the
edges of the cotyledons to be applied to the radicle. If it were not
for the petioles the cotyledons would evidently be incumbent, as
happens in some species of Cheiranthus, with their backs instead
of their edges to the placenta ; under existing conditions the backs
of the petioles are to the placenta.

Seedling (fig. 159).

Hypocotyl herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, or hairy towards
the top ; hairs adpressed, forked at right angles and thus appearing
as if fixed by the middle ; 12-27 mm.
long.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, retuse,
entire or very minutely or slightly emar-
ginate, suddenly tapering into the petiole,
glabrous or slightly hairy here and there
on the upper surface ; petiole with forked
hairs as described above ; lamina 10-13
mm. long, 6'2-10 mm. wide ; petiole 8'5-
11'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, covered
with hairs as described above, ultimately
shrubby below ; internodes short but
variable ; 1st 3-7 mm. long ; 2nd often
very short or scarcely developed, bringing
the first two leaves nearly opposite ; 3rd
more elongated.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, covered
on both sides, especially in a young state, with forked, peltate hairs
rarely branching stellately, and closely adpressed, with the branches
lying in the same plane ; petioles convex on the back, grooved on
the upper face and pubescent like the leaves.

Nos. 1-6. Lanceolate-elliptic, acute, petiolate, obscurely reticu-
late, often minutely and sparingly denticulate.

FIG. 159.— Cheiranthus Cheiri

(wild specimen). Two-thirds

nat. size.

148 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves narrowly lanceolate, cuspidately acute, narrowed
to a rather broad petiole, subcarinate on the back, with a pro-
minent midrib and alternate lateral nerves ascending along the
leaf for some considerable distance and uniting, each with the one
next above it ; white or hoary, especially beneath, with a closely
adpressed pubescence of the characteristic forked hairs.

Arabis Turczaninowii, Ledeb,

Primary root tapering downwards with fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, almost colourless, 5-10 mm.
long.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, emarginate, petiolate, fleshy, green,
glabrous ; no venation apparent.

Stem : primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, lanceolate, acute, exsti-
pulate, petiolate, finely pubescent, ciliate, pinnatinerved.

Cardamine Impatiens, L.

Fruit a siliqua, linear, compressed dorsally, many-seeded, with
the seeds in one row, dehiscing elastically with some force from the
base upwards by two valves and scattering the seeds ; septum thin,
membranous.

Seed oblong, obtuse at each end, much compressed dorsally,
pale yellow, smooth ; testa thin, subtransparent ; hilum basal,
brown ; micropyle close to the hilum.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo much curved or doubled upon itself, occupying the
whole seed, colourless or pale yellow ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse,
entire, plano-convex, accumbent, very shortly petiolate ; radicle
slender, terete, suddenly tapered to an obtuse point which is
slightly curved round the apical ends of the cotyledons, equal to
or slightly longer than these.

Cardamine graeca, L.

Primary root tapering downwards, colourless, with numerous
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl terete, rather succulent, flexuose, glabrous, purplish,
2'3 cm. long, 1-5 mm. thick.

Cotyledons foliaceous, glabrous, petiolate; petiole subterete,
channelled above, purplish, 1-45 cm. long'; lamina rotund-oblong,
emarginate, dull green, rather fleshy, 1-2 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.

Stem herbaceous.

CRUCIFEILE 149

Leaves radical, simple, pinnatisect, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, minutely ciliate at the margins of the lobes when young, gla-
brescent, dull green above, paler beneath ; petioles subterete, chan-
nelled above, dilated at the base, dull purplish-green, dotted with
pale markings, glabrous.

No. 1. Ternately pinnatisect ; lobes rotund- subcuneate, shortly
trifid or crenate ; lobes most frequently emarginate and mucronate,

No. 2. Pinnatisect ; lobes 5, similar to No. 1.

Nos. 3 and 4. Pinnatisect ; lobes 7, in three opposite pairs and
an odd terminal one.

Cardamine hirsuta, L.

Hypocotyl short, terete, glabrous, passing indistinguishably into
the root.

Cotyledons differing from those of C. grseca in being rotund, about
3-5 mm. in diameter ; petiole 4 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, developed when about to flower, angled,
glabrous or slightly hairy ; basal internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
more or less hairy on both sides, bright green above, paler beneath ;
petioles subterete, channelled on the upper side.

Nos. 1 and 2. Eeniform, subemarginate, obscurely crenate.

No. 3. Reniform with one small lateral lobe, obscurely crenate.

No. 4. Deeply trilobed ; lateral lobes obovate ; terminal lobe
much larger, rounded.

No. 5. Similar, larger.

No. 6. Lyrate-pinnatisect with a terminal, large, rotund lobe
and two pairs of much smaller lateral ones.

No. 7. Lyrate-pinnatisect ; terminal lobe rotund, minutely
emarginate, trinerved ; lateral lobes rotund-obovate, minutely
emarginate.

No. 8. Pinnatisect ; three terminal segments obovate, minutely
emarginate, otherwise like No. 7.

Cauline leaves on robust plants lyrate, pinnatisect ; segments
broad, reniform, or subrotund, angled with excurrent teeth.

On small starved specimens, the lower or all the cauline leaves
are lyrate, pinnatisect, with obovate or spathulate segments ; the
upper ones have linear-oblong segments.

Lunaria biennis, Mo&nch.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-6 cm. long, stained with
red.

Cotyledons large, broadly oblong, obtuse, slightly emarginate,

150 ON SEEDLINGS

petiolate, glabrous, green, rather distinctly pinnatinerved ; petioles
from 2-5 cm. long, reddish, channelled on the upper side.

Stem erect, quadrangular, rather flattened, pubescent, herb-
aceous ; 1st internode 3-4 mm. long.

Eicotia Lunaria, DC.

Hypocotyl terete, striate, rather slender, 5-7 cm. long.

Cotyledons suborbicular, broad, emarginate or bifid, rather
coarsely reticulate, unequal, especially as regards the length of the
petioles ; lamina of two good-sized specimens 2-5 and 2-7 cm. long,
2-6 and 2'7 cm. wide respectively ; petioles shallowly grooved above,
2-9 and 3-5 cm. long.

Stem finely pubescent with the first internode shortly elongated
or not.

Leaves simple, mostly cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
usually much cut.

Nos. 1 and 2. Pinnatisect, with five more or less toothed seg-
ments.

Nos. 3-6. Pinnatisect or (mostly) bi-pinnatisect.

Alyssum maritimum, Lam.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 8-9 mm. long, purplish.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous, green, sub-
fleshy, indistinctly one-veined; petioles rather short, shallowly
channelled on the upper face.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous ; primary internodes but slightly
developed.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (first pair opposite),
linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, exstipulate, petiolate, covered
with minute silky hairs, green, pinnatinerved.

Cochlearia glastifolia, L.

Primary root forming a long tap-root, with numerous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl very short, terete, glabrous, purple, 2-3 mm. long.

Cotyledons suborbicular, emarginate, glandular in the notch,
slightly oblique at the apex, glabrous, petiolate, opaque above, ob-
scurely trinerved beneath; lamina 5-9 mm. long, 6'5-9 mm. wide ;
petiole semiterete, flattened above, widened and slightly connate at
the base, 4'5-6'5 mm. long, purple.

Stem with the internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous,

CRUCIFERyE

151

with the petiole, midrib, and ascending, incurved, and reticulate
venation, purple beneath ; petiole semiterete, channelled above,
winged in the younger leaves of the seedling from the blade being
decurrent upon them.

Nos. 1 and 2. Suborbicular or obovate, slightly emarginate,
with a gland in the notch.

Nos. 3 and 4. Obovate, emarginate, glandular in the notch.

Nos. 5 and 6. Larger and obovate, or tending to be spathulate,
and decurrent upon the petiole.

PIG. IGO.—Schizopetalon Walkeri, x 2|.
(Early stages in growth of seedling.)

Cochlearia arctica, Schlecht.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons obovate or subrotund, fleshy, unequal, emarginate,
with very long petioles, glabrous, bright green, very indistinctly
trinerved.

Stem as in the preceding species.

First leaves with long petioles, subrotund, emarginate, obtuse,
cordate at the base, bright green, glabrous, distinctly pinnati-
nerved.

152

ON SEEDLINGS

ScMzopetalon Walkeri, Sims.

Fruit a silicula, narrowly linear, subcompressed, two-celled,
many-seeded, dehiscent.

Seeds parietal, in one row, globose, very small, pale yellow, often
with a bluish tinge ; micropyle and hilum punctiform, ventral, con-
tiguous ; raphe ventral.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo comparatively large, spirally convolute, and conforming
to the interior of the seed ; cotyledons bipartite with narrowly linear
or acicular segments, sometimes exhibiting regular spiral coils,
but often irregular and more or less irregularly twisted amongst

FIG. IGl.—Schizopetalon Walkeri. Nat. size.

each other, one or two lobes inside the others ; radicle comparatively
large, and rather longer than the incumbent cotyledons, which have
their backs to the placenta.

160, 161).

Primary root slender, tapering, with very few lateral rootlets in
the young state.

Hypocotyl tapering indistinguishably into the root.

Cotyledons split almost to the very base, but sometimes, although
rarely, united (as in accompanying sketch) for 4-75 mm. at the base ;
segments filiform, blunt, glabrous, deep green, rather fleshy, 2 cm.
long.

Stem annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, pinnatifid, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, stellately pubescent, rather fleshy, opaque green ; petioles
semiterete, flattened above or shallowly grooved, stellately pubescent.

CRUCIFEILE 153

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblong in outline, pinnatifid ; segments five or six,
short, oblong, obtuse, or the terminal one spathulate.

No. 3. Oblong in outline, pinnatifid with about seve n segments.

Hesperis matronalis, Lam. (fig. 162).

Siliqua linear, tetragonous, subtorulose, glabrous, dehiscing
throughout its length by two valves, many-seeded with the seeds in
one row, and partly separated by a contraction of the fruit ; valves
trinerved, with the middle nerve strongest.

Seed oblong, subterete in transverse section, tapering slightly
to the apex, where the testa is drawn out into a short margin, glabrous,
brown ; hilum and micropyle basal, contiguous at the upper end of
the seed ; chalaza thickened, deep brown, immediately beneath the
hilum ; raphe none.

Endosperm absent.

FIG. 162. — Hesperis matronalis, x 10.

1, Transverse section of seed : B, radicle.

2, Longitudinal section of seed : m, micropyle ; H & Gh, hilum and chalaza ;
v, vacant space in testa.

Embryo doubled upon itself, comparatively large, and occupying
the whole interior of the seed, pale yellow ; cotyledons incumbent,
linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, somewhat grooved or concave longitud-
inally, shortly petiolate, about equal in length to the interior of
the seed, the two frequently of unequal thickness ; petioles apparently
facilitating the necessary curvature of the embryo ; radicle dorsal,
obtusely trigonous, about equal in length to the seed, partly accom-
modated by the concavity of the cotyledons, and partly by extension
of the testa along the dorsal aspect.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, tinged with purple, 3-5 mm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons very variable in shape and size, often unequal, rotund,
emarginate, suddenly tapering to the base, or obovate, emarginate,
and gradually tapering to the base, glabrous, light green, alternately
and ascendingly penninerved and reticulate, thick and opaque,

154 ON SEEDLINGS

showing the venation only by transmitted light, petiolate ; lamina
10-15 mm. long, 10-12 mm. wide (the rotund forms being the
wider) ; petiole flattened above, convex beneath, dilated and connate
at the base.

Inequality of cotyledons.— In plant No. 1, 2'5 and 2'75 cm. ; in
plant No. 2, T75 and 1'5 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, developed when about to flower ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, alternately, ascendingly incurvinerved, the reticulate venation
seen best by transmitted light, rather coarsely hairy all over, deep or
light green ; petioles channelled above, convex beneath, hairy, stout^
tapering upwards from a broad, slightly clasping base ; hairs hyaline,
simple or forked, or with a small lateral branch.

Nos. 1-3. Varying from oblong to oval, or broadly ovate,
rounded and obtuse at the apex, suddenly tapered at the base, slightly
dentate, with the teeth tipped with a yellowish glandular mucro ;
the nerves incurved and uniting with one another within the margin,
forming a series of large reticulations.

Hesperis nivea, Baumg.

Primary root tapering downwards, with many lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl terete or tapering downwards, 5-6 mm. long, greenish
above, colourless below the soil.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, indistinctly one-veined ;
petioles broad, channelled on the upper surface.

Stem as in H. matronalis.

First leaves entire or slightly serrate ; first two broadly sub-
rotund, obtuse, the rest broadly oblong, all covered with rather stiff
hairs, indistinctly pinnatinerved ; petioles broad, much longer than
the leaves, hairy, rather deeply channelled on the upper surface.

Hesperis bituminosa, Sam.

Hypocotyl 2-3 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons roundly obovate, more or less unequal, measuring
11 and 13-5 mm. respectively, and in another case 12 and 13 mm.,
glabrous except the slightly channelled petioles, blunt or very
shallowly emarginate.

First leaves ovate, obtuse, slightly dentate, but sometimes more
elongated and spathulate, hairy.

Sisymbrium officinale, L.

Siliqua linear or subterete, somewhat compressed, short, erect, and
closely adpressed to the stem ; the numerous seeds mostly in one row.

CRTJCIFEPt^E

155

Seed oblong, short, blunt at each end, where it is very fre-
quently obliquely compressed or truncate, smooth and minutely
reticulated with small su-
perficial areas that swell
up in water, yellow ; hilum
basal, overlying the cha-
laza and contiguous to
the micropyle ; raphe
none.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo doubled upon
itself, comparatively large,
and occupying the whole
interior of the seed, pale
yellow ; cotyledons oval-
oblong, obtuse, entire,
shortly petiolate, showing
a midrib and a few short,
alternate, ascending lateral
nerves, obliquely incum-
bent, nearly as long as the
interior of the seed ; radicle
terete or more or less ob-
tusely angled, traversing
one edge of the dorsal
aspect of the seed, and
then suddenly bent towards
the micropyle at one corner
of the oblique, rhombus-
shaped dorsal aspect,
longer than the seed by its
traversing one end as well
as the dorsal face of the
embryo.

Seedling (fig. 163).

Primary root long,
tapering, fibrous, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
pale green, or sometimes
stained with red, becoming
thicker up wards, with a few scattered adpressed hairs; 8-18mm.long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse and rounded at the apex after germina-

f

PIG. 163. — Sisymbrium officinale, x 2.

156 ON SEEDLINGS

tion, but becoming emarginate and more elongated at the Base by
subsequent growth, petiolate, glabrous, with the exception of a few
scattered hairs on the petiole, light green above, paler beneath,
trinerved at the base, with two other lateral nerves arising from
the midrib below the middle of the lamina, describing a curve round
an oval space and again uniting with the midrib close to the apical
notch ; lamina 6-8 mm. long, 4-5-5 mm. wide ; petiole slightly
channelled above, convex on the back, 7'5-9 mm. long.

A few terminal pores or water-stomata are found at the apex of
the midrib.

Stem annual, and developed when about to flower ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical (ultimately cauline), exstipulate, petio-
late, coarsely hairy, alternately and ascendingly penninerved, ulti-
mately runcinately pinnatifid and pinnatisect ; petioles semiterete,
channelled above, dilated and clasping at the base, more or less
hairy.

No. 1. Rotund, obtuse, obscurely dentate or crenate, slightly
cuneate at the base.

No. 2. Similar but more deeply dentate-crenate and often lobu-
late at the base.

No. 3. Runcinately pinnatisect with three to five lobes ; lateral
lobes small, oblong, obtuse, entire or dentate ; terminal lobe much
the largest, rotund, coarsely and deeply dentate with glandular
mucronate teeth.

Sisymbrium runcinatum, Lag. (fig. 164).

Boot and hypocotyl as in preceding species.

Cotyledons small, glabrous ; lamina oblong, obtuse, 4 mm. long,
2 mm. broad ; petiole 3-5 mm. long.

Stem as in Hesperis matronalis.

Leaves hairy, especially when young and on the petioles, ulti-
mately glabrescent ; petioles flattened above, convex beneath, slightly
dilated at the base.

No. 1. Small, broadly ovate, obtuse, almost or quite entire.

No. 2. Oblong, sublobulate ; lobes rounded.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar but larger.

No. 5. Oblong, pinnatifid ; terminal lobe triangular-hastate, with
a very obtuse apex and side lobes.

No. 6. Pinnatind with obtuse lobes ; terminal one triangular
obtuse.

Nos. 7-10. Runcinate, pinnatifid ; lateral lobes broadly ovate,
or triangular obtuse, or rounded at the end, alternate, spreading at

CRUCIFEILE

157

right angles to the rachis or slightly decurved, frequently tipped
with a bristle when young ; terminal lobe much the largest, tri-
angular, obtuse.

Sisymbrium Sophia, L. (fig. 165).

Hoot and hypocotyl as in preceding species.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse ; petiole flattened above, and more or
less covered with stellate, stalked hairs, convex beneath.

Leaves more or less lobed or pinnatisect, covered on all parts
with stalked and stellately branching hairs ; petiole flattened above,
convex beneath.

FIG. 164. — Sisymbrium runcinatum.
Nat. size.

FIG. 165. — Sisymbrium
Nat. size.

No. 1. Lamina ovate, obtuse, trilobed,cuneate at the base; middle
lobe longest.

No. 2. Similar ; middle lobe of the lamina a little longer.

No. 3. Lamina oblong, pinnatipartite ; lobes slightly toothed,
alternate.

No. 4. Lamina oblong, pinnatisect ; lobes toothed.

Nos. 5 and 6. Lamina oblong, pinnatisect ; lobes pinnatifid,
alternate.

Conringia perfoliata, Link.

Hypocotyl tapering downwards, glabrous, green or colourless,
3-4 mm. long.

Cotyledons rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, rather fleshy, petiolate,

158

ON SEEDLINGS

glabrous, green, indistinctly one-veined ; petioles broad, flat, not
quite as long as the lamina.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, broadly obovate-
oblong, obtuse, glaucous-green, glabrous, pinnatinerved, exstipulate,
petiolate; petiole short, broad, slightly channelled on the upper
surface.

Heliophila pilosa, Lam., var. y, incisa DC. (fig. 166).
Siliqua linear, many-seeded.

Seed variable in outline, oblong, or more or less perfectly orbi-
cular, much compressed laterally, with a small notch at the base,
and a narrow marginal wing or altogether wingless, pale or deep

brown, glabrous ; both testa and
tegmen membranous ; hilum,
micropyle, and chalaza conti-
guous, basal ; raphe none.

Embryo filling the entire
seed, pale yellow or colourless,
much curved and folded ; coty-
ledons incumbent, biplicate,
each traversing the length of
the seed about three times, that
FIG. 166.— Heliophila pilosa incisa, x 12. is, first lying towards the base

1, Longitudinal section of seed: H, of the seed, then folded back
jrm?e;g^e?Cr0pyle;jB'radicle;0r'te8ta5 towards its apex, and finally

2, Transverse section of another seed : folded ao'ain towards the base

^JFt'ttSSRkZSZl and each occupying half the
00, testa; 1C, tegmen. thickness of the seed collat-

erally, linear, obtuse, entire,

square or variously angled ; the several folds and the radicle occupy
the width of the seed ; radicle terete, obtuse, occupying the length
of the seed and one end, lying against the back of the third and
apical fold of the cotyledons.

The ' Flora Capensis ' does not say whether the siliquas
of the genus Heliophila are dorsally or laterally compressed, but a
figure of Heliophila trifida, Thunbg., in the ' Botanical Register,'
64, shows a dehiscing siliqua which is dorsally compressed.

Heliophila crithmifolia, Willd.

Seed orbicular, flattened or much compressed laterally, testa
brown, shrunk when dry so as to show the form of the embryo ;
hilum forming a rather deep notch.

CRUCIFER^E

159

Cotyledons and radicle arranged as in H. pilosa.

Primary root annual, tapering, but little branched.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 2-2*5 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, acute, subterete, distinctly channelled along
the whole upper surface, very thinly pilose or pubescent, sessile,
slightly narrowed to the base, 2-3-8 cm. long, deciduous, becoming
disarticulated from the stem.

Stem annual, erect, terete, pubescent ;
1st internode 9-10 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (1st
pair almost opposite), exstipulate, petiolate,
thinly pubescent, finely divided or cut, with
linear subterete acute segments, all chan-
nelled on the upper surface ; petiole semi-
terete, channelled above, articulated with
the stem.

Nos. 1 and 2. Almost opposite, pinnati-
sect, with one or two alternate segments on
each side.

Succeeding leaves with more numerous,
opposite or alternate segments.

Plant running to seed very rapidly, even
in the seedling pots before being planted out.

Heliophila amplexicaulis, L. (fig. 167).

Primary root long, tapering downwards,
with short lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl glabrous, purple, dotted with
green, 8-10 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear obtuse, entire, tapering
insensibly into the petiole, glabrous, erect
or ascending, green or more or less tinged
with purple ; a midrib is present, but no
other venation is discernible ; 2-2- 5 cm.
long, 1-1-5 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, green or
becoming purple and dotted with green, annual ; 1st internode
5-10 mm. long, 2nd 6-13 mm.

Leaves opposite (at least on the lower part of the plant up to
and including the fifth pair), sessile, with numerous, alternate, ascen-
ding, slender nerves, proceeding from the midrib at a very acute
angle, incurved, and uniting with one another at their apices, while a
number run close to the apex of the leaf, and curving inwards unite

FIG. 167.— Heliophila
amplexicaulis. Nat. size.

160 ON SEEDLINGS

with the midrib ; glabrous, glaucous-green on both surfaces, amplexi-
caul at the base.

1st and 2nd pairs linear oblong, cuspidate, somewhat constricted
above a broad, amplexicaul base, and again dilated above the
middle, entire.

3rd pair oblong, cuspidate, amplexicaul, less conspicuously
constricted above the base or not at all, entire.

Camelina sativa, Crantz.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, glabrous, 3-5 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, glabrous, rather fleshy,
shortly petiolate, light green, with no apparent venation.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
crenate, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy, green, pinnatinerved ; the first
leaf is often entire ; petioles rather long, hairy, channelled on the
upper side.

Diplotaxis erucoides, DC.

Hypocotyl short, terete, hardly appearing above the surface of
the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, rather fleshy,
glabrous, green, indistinctly one-veined.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
exstipulate, petiolate, hairy, green, pinnatinerved ; the first leaf is
entire, the second leaf crenate or almost lobed.

Brassica nigra, Boiss.

Siliqua sessile, terete, or subtetragonal, beaked, many-seeded ;
beak often one-seeded and indehiscent.

Seed globose or oblong-globose, often appearing angled from
the unequal shrinking of embryo and testa in malformed or imma-
ture seeds, small ; testa deep brown or almost black when the seed
is perfectly matured ; hilum small, occupying one end of the seed
when the latter is oblong-globose ; chalaza contiguous to the
hilum, and forming a dark-coloured spot ; raphe none ; micropyle
close to the hilum.

Embryo large and filling the whole interior of the seed, doubled
upon itself twice, pale yellow or in immature seeds deep green ; the
incumbent cotyledons conduplicate, that is folded upon themselves

CRUCIFER^E

161

longitudinally, and grasping but not surrounding the radicle with
their edges ; radicle oblong, suddenly tapering to an obtuse point,
shorter than the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 168).

Hypocotijl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 1-5-3-8 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly cuneate, bifid, broader than long, unequal

in size, with two strong, alternate nerves, and one or two short

ones, entering each

lobe, glabrous, light

green, paler beneath,

petiolate ; average of

three larger laminae

12-8 mm. long, 14'9

mm. wide ; of three

smaller laminae 11-75

mm. long, 13-8 mm.

wide ; petiole shal-

lowly channelled

above, convex on the

back, slightly con-
nate at the base,

glabrous, pale green,

unequal in length,

the longer one bear-
ing the larger lamina ;

average length of

three of the longer

ones 13-75 mm., of
three of the shorter
ones 12-58 mm.

The reason for this peculiar form has been suggested above,
pages 31 and 43.

Stem erect, terete, coarsely hairy with bulbous-rooted hairs ;
striated longitudinally or shallowly ridged and furrowed, herbaceous,
annual, pale green ; 1st internode 3-5-12-5 mm. long ; 2nd to 4th
or more undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, alternately penninerved, with zigzag nerves more or less in-
curved, and entering straight into the marginal teeth or lobes or
giving off branches into them, hairy on both surfaces, reticulate,
light green above with sunk nerves, paler beneath with prominent
nerves, more or less decurrent on the petiole ; petiole semiterete,

FIG. 168. — Brassica nigra. Nat. size.

162

ON SEEDLINGS

channelled above, with rather acute edges, coarsely hairy, somewhat
dilated at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, or slightly alternate by the development
of the second internode, oblong-obovate, with a broad, obtuse point,
more or less lobulate and dentate, lobes deltoid, obtuse, decurrent
on the petiole.

No. 3. Oblong, more or less distinctly lyrate-pmnatind.

FIG. 169. — Brassica oleracea.
A x 4, B x 8.

Brassica campestris, L., var. Eapa. White Globe Turnip.
Cotyledons transversely oblong, otherwise as in B. nigra. Indi-
viduals vary greatly in size, and length of petioles.

Brassica oleracea, L. (fig. 169).

Cotyledons broader than long, bifid with a broad sinus, lobes
ascending, rounded.

Average size of three larger laminae 6'5 mm. long, 10'08 mm.
wide.

Average size of three smaller laminae 6 mm. long, 8-8 mm.
wide.

Average length of three longer petioles 8'58 mm.
„ ,, shorter ,, 6*58 mm.

Measured seven days after germination.

CEUCIFEILE 163

In the accompanying sketch, A and B represent stages of the
germinating seedling.

Brassica elata, Ball

Hypocotyl undeveloped or indistinguishable from the primary
root, subterranean.

Cotyledons small, transversely oblong, broadly and shallowly
emarginate, slightly unequal, glabrous, rather fleshy or succulent,
with a faint midrib, but no other venation apparent in the fresh state ;
lamina in an average of three larger ones 3'6 mm. long, 5-75 mm.
wide ; of three smaller ones 3'5 mm. long, 5 mm. wide ; petioles
flattened above, slightly connate at the base, unequal ; average of
three longer ones 4-3 mm. long ; of three shorter ones 3-5 mm.
long.

Leaves densely pubescent or hairy on both surfaces, petiolate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Eotund-obovate, obtusely dentate.

No. 3. Obovate, slightly lobate at the base, and obtusely dentate.

Nos. 4 and 5. Lyrate pinnatificl, with the terminal segment much
the largest, rotund or oblong, dentate.

Brassica rugosa, Eoxb.

Primary root stout, with lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl very short and tapering indistinguishably into the
primary root, pale green or colourless, with its original epidermis
soon splitting.

Cotyledons cuneate, bifid, with rounded obtuse lobes, petiolate,
with one or at most two alternate, ascending nerves running into
each lobe, glabrous, succulent, deep green above, paler beneath ;
lamina in an average of three larger ones 9-75 mm. long, 11 mm.
wide ; of three smaller ones 8'58 mm. long, 10-08 mm. wide ;
petioles flattened above or shallowly grooved, convex on the back,
glabrous, unequal ; average of three longer ones 10'08 mm. long,
of three shorter ones 9-6.

Stem erect, terete, slightly angular, annual, glabrous, light
green ; two primary internodes generally undeveloped.

Leaves glabrous or slightly hairy and glabrescent when old,
alternately and ascendingly penninerved, reticulate ; petioles semi-
terete, grooved above, stout.

Nos. 1 and 2. Spathulate, obtuse, serrato-dentate.

No. 3. Oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrato-dentate.

Nos. 4 and 5. Obovate, obtuse, coarsely, irregularly and some-
what doubly dentate-serrate, with glandular-mucronate serratures.

M 2

164 ON SEEDLINGS

Brassica balearica, Rich.

Primary root biennial.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, soon becoming glaucous-
purple, 12-18 mm. long.

Cotyledons cuneate-obcordate, with rounded obtuse lobes on each
side of the sinus, and about three alternate ascending nerves on
each side, passing into the lobes, or the upper pair short and
apparently formed by the forking of the midrib ; deep glaucous-green
above, paler and glaucous beneath, petiolate, glabrous, unequal;
lamina of the longer cotyledon 8-10 mm. long, 11-13 mm. wide ;
of the smaller one 7-8-10 mm. long, 9-11 mm. wide ; longer
petiole on the larger cotyledon about 10-13 mm. long; shorter
petiole 8-10 mm.

Stem erect, terete, glaucous-purple, glabrous ; 1st internode
1-2-25 mm. long, 2nd 4-7 mm.

Leaves glabrous, glaucous, with the midrib and principal nerves
purple, alternately penninerved, reticulate.

No. 1. Obovate, slightly crenate.

No. 2. Oval, coarsely crenate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Suborbicular or oblong-orbicular, coarsely and
irregularly crenate, slightly decurrent on the petiole in small lobules.

No. 5. Oblong, obtuse, lobulate and crenate, decurrent on the
petiole forming small lobules.

Brassica Aristidis, Coss.

Hypocotyl erect or procumbent, terete, green or purple, glabrous
or nearly so, slightly striate, soon losing its epidermis by splitting,
8-15 mm. long.

Cotyledons very similar to those of B. balearica, fleshy, light
green above, paler or glaucous beneath ; average of the three larger
laminae 13-3 mm. long, 15-4 mm. wide ; of three longer petioles
15-83 mm. long, of the shorter 14-6 mm.

Stem developed when about to flower ; primary internodes un-
developed.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternately penninerved, pubescent
on both surfaces with adpressed hairs.

No 1. Small, obovate, shallowly crenate.

No. 2. Deltoid, obtuse, coarsely crenate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Deltoid, obtuse, coarsely crenate, somewhat de-
current and slightly lobulate on the petiole.

Nos. 5 and 6. Lyrate, pinnatifid, lobulate and coarsely crenate ;
terminal lobe much the largest, deltoid, lobulate, and coarsely
crenate.

CRUCIFER^E 165

Orychophragmus sonchifolius, Bunge.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, covered with very minute almost
globular hairs, 1O12 mm. long, colourless with a slight purplish
tinge towards the upper part.

Cotyledons broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, minutely emarginate,
petiolate, glabrous, green above, stained with dark purple beneath,
indistinctly one-veined ; petioles rather long, covered with very
minute hairs, channelled on the upper side.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, sub-
rotund or oblong, serrate, acute, hairy, light green, pinnatinerved.

Moricandia hesperidiflora, DC.

Primary root tapering downwards with numerous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 4-4-5 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons transversely oblong, emarginate, petiolate, glabrous,
unequally divided by the midrib ; midrib with a few ascending
veinlets ; petioles T5-2 cm. long.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, lanceolate, bluntly
serrate, petiolate, glabrous, light green ; midrib with numerous
ascending veinlets.

Moricandia arvensis, DC.

Primary root as in the preceding species.

Hypocotyl as in the preceding species but 8-10 mm. long.

Cotyledons unequal, obovate, slightly emarginate, fleshy, with a
long flat petiole, glabrous, green, indistinctly one-veined.

Stem erect, herbaceous, terete, glabrous, pale green ; first inter-
node 1-2 mm. long.

First leaves obovate, notched at the apex, obtuse, tapering to
the flat petiole.

Carrichtera Vellae, DC.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, hairy or villous, 2-8'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons bifid, broader than long, nearly or quite glabrous,
petiolate ; lamina 4-5 mm. long, 5-G mm. wide, subtruncate or
distinctly cuneate at the base ; petiole thinly pilose, semiterete,
channelled above, 7-8 mm. long. The internodes between the
cotyledons are sometimes elongated, making the latter alternate.

166 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem herbaceous, erect, annual, hairy with deflexed hairs ; inter-
nodes elongated.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, almost
glabrous above, thinly hairy beneath ; petiole semiterete, channelled
above.

No. 1. Pinnatifid or pinnatisect with linear segments.

No. 2. Similar.

Nos. 3 and 4. Pinnatisect, with slender segments.

Nos. 5 and following. Bipinnatisect with slender segments .

Succovia balearica, Medik.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, but with a distinct rather deep furrow
along its whole length, from the edges of the cotyledons to the base,
glabrous.

Cotyledons petiolate, with a bipartite lamina, unequal ; lamina
transverse with two orbicular or obovate, often unequal lobes,
consisting of lateral developments, growth in length being very
limited and represented by the undivided portion, the midrib termi-
nating at the base of the sinus. The rounded form of the lobes is
due to their shape in the globular seed as each lobe occupies about
half the area of the cavity. Each is traversed by two lateral nerves
from the midrib, which curve and unite with one another within
the margin. The base of the lobes is somewhat auricled, passing
into the narrow cuneate leaf-base. Petioles of unequal length,
rather deeply channelled above.

Stem erect, herbaceous, slightly pubescent, with shallow ridges
from the bases of the leaves.

Leaves, the first two opposite or alternate, five-lobed, with the
terminal lobe trifid, and the lateral ones oblong or ovate and slightly
toothed, a small basal lobe being sometimes present, glabrous. The
other leaves are alternate.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Mosnch (fig. 170).

Primary root long, tapering, colourless, with lateral rootlets,
annual.

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons small, spathulate, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous.

Stem undeveloped till the time of flowering.

Leaves radical (ultimately cauline), alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, coarsely hairy on both surfaces ; petioles convex beneath,
much flattened above, broad.

Nos. 1 and 2. Entire with a rotund limb. After these an

CRUC1FEILE

167

uncertain number are spathulate and entire or oblong and variously
dentate.

Ultimate leaves lyrate, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite ; terminal lobe
ovate, obtuse, irregularly dentate ; middle lobes ovate, obtuse, very
unequal on the anterior side, with an extra longitudinal vein and
irregularly toothed or lobed ; basal lobes small.

Cauline leaves ovate, lanceolate and linear, deeply auricled at
the base, amplexicaul, sessile, serrate.

Lepidium sativum, L. (figs. 171-2).

Fruit a silicula ; septum narrow, laterally compressed, each
carpel boat-shaped and falling away from the placenta, containing
one, rarely two seeds.

FIG. 170. — Capsella Bursa-pastoris. Nat. size.

Seed oblong, trigonous, pale brownish-yellow, with the narrow or
dorsal aspect (containing the radicle) lying in the keel of the carpel,
to which it conforms roughly in shape, with the broader ventral
aspect to the septum, curved upon itself so that the basal part
of the radicle lies in a separate cavity from that of the cotyledons ;
hilum at the upper end of the seed ; micropyle superior on the dorsal
aspect.

Embryo large, curved upon itself, conforming in shape to the
seed, yellowish; cotyledons tripartite (v. ante, p. 52), shortly petio-
late ; middle segment oblong, obtuse, longer than the other two, which
are similar but shorter and packed on the back of the middle one, all
placed with their backs to the placenta ; radicle nearly as long as the
incumbent cotyledons, cylindrical, pointed.

168 ON SEEDLINGS

Lepidium graminifolium, L.
Seed (fig. 171) v. ante, p. 52.
Seedling (fig. 173).

Primary root slender, tapering downwards, with fibrous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl very short, tapering indistinguishably into the primary

root.

Cotyledons unequal, oblong, obtuse, entire or minutely emar-
ginate, petiolate, with short ascending or irregular lateral nerves
anastomosing with one another and discernible only by trans-
mitted light, glabrous, light green ; lamina of the smaller one
5-5-7-5 mm. long, 3'5-4'5 mm. wide ; of the larger one 7-10-5 mm.

PIG. 171— Transverse section of seed FIG. 172.

of Lepidium spp., x 15. Lepidium sativum, x 8.

A, L. graminifolium.

B, L. sativum.

long, 4-5 mm. wide; petiole flattened above, convex beneath,
connate at the base, glabrous ; shorter one 4-5 mm., longer 5-5-
7 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, forming a persistent rootstock and sending up
flowering stems ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, alternately penninerved with the nerves running directly into
the teeth or more often incurved, uniting with one another, sending
branches into the marginal teeth and more or less distinctly reti-
culate, ciliate at the margins when young, glabrescent, green above,
paler beneath ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, dilated and
clasping with a usually ciliate margin at the base.

CRUCIFEILE

169

Nos. 1 and 2. Elliptic or oval, obtuse, somewhat tapered towards
the base, obtusely and distantly serrate-crenate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Elliptic, obtuse, tapered to the base, more deeply
serrate-crenate.

Lepidium spinosum, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons oval-ob-
long, fleshy, entire,
petiolate, glabrous, dull
green, indistinctly one-
veined.

Stem short ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple,
cauline, obovate or ob-
long, subacute, coarsely
serrate or even crenate,
petiolate, glabrous, light
green, indistinctly pin-
natinerved.

Senebiera didyma, P.

Primary root long,
tapering and normal,
annual.

Hypocotyl subter-
ranean, tapering down-
wards into the root.

Cotyledons opposite,
linear - spathulate, ob-
tuse, tapering to the
petiole, 6-8 mm. long
including the petiole,
glabrous.

Stem developing later, decumbent, leafy.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, glabrous, glandular ; glands sessile, with a disagreeable smell.

No. 1, and frequently Nos. 2 and 3. Entire with an oblong-
obtuse or spathulate lamina. Further stages of leaves are oblong,
pinnatifid, with elliptic, bristle-tipped segments ; terminal lobe
largest, entire or trifid.

FIG. 173. — ILepidium graminifolium,

170 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves linear, pinnatisect ; terminal lobe deeply trifid
with generally entire segments ; lateral lobes half-ovate, obtuse, again
pinnatifid, but lobes usually all on the anterior side, or with one
tooth only on the posterior side ; segments all tipped with a bristle.

JEthionema gracile, DC.

Hypocotyl 2-6 mm. long.

Cotyledons suborbicular, more or less unequal at the base, entire
or sometimes emarginate, fleshy, with a few short, simple or slightly
branched hairs on the upper surface, shortly petiolate ; lamina
4-5-5 mm. long, the difference between the unequal sides varying
from -25--7S mm. ; petiole flattened above, 2-5-3 mm. long.

Stem with more or less developed internodes, terete, covered
with stellate hairs.

Leaves simple, entire, showing a midrib only, covered more or
less densely on both surfaces with white, stellate hairs.

1st to 5th pairs in the seedling state small, cauline, opposite
and decussate, elliptic, subacute or obtuse.

Bivonaea Saviana, Caruel.

Hypocotyl terete, 4-5 mm. long, soon losing its epidermis by
splitting.

Cotyledons shortly oblong, obtuse, minutely emarginate, taper-
ing slightly at the base, petiolate, glabrous ; the succulent lamina
5'5-7'5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide ; petiole long, slender, spreading
horizontally and upcurved, semiterete, channelled on the upper side,
dilated at the base and slightly connate, l'6-2'2 cm. long.

Stem with the internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, petiolate, glabrous, succulent,
venation indistinct, veins radiating from the base and becoming
incurved upwards, deep green above, paler beneath, with a more
conspicuous venation ; petiole very long, tapering upwards from a
dilated base, channelled on the upper side.

Nos. 1-6. Eeniform-cordate, obtuse, entire.

Nos. 7-10. Similar but having one or two angles or teeth near
the base on each side.

Menonvillea trifida, Steud.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-3 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons long, linear, acute, curled at first, sessile, glabrous,
pale green.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

CRUCIFEPwE 171

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, pinnati-fid or -partite ;
segments two, linear, acute, hairy.

Biscutella didyma, L.

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, tapering sharply downwards, almost colourless,
glabrous, from 1-2 mm. long.

Cotyledons fleshy, broadly oblong, obtuse, entire or very minutely
crenate at the apex, rather unsymmetrically divided by the midrib,
shortly petiolate, glabrous, green, indistinctly pinnatinerved like
the leaves, cuneate at the base.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, petiolate, subrotund or
oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy, green, pinnatinerved ; petioles rather
short, hairy, rather flat and channelled on the upper side.

Iberis corifolia, Sweet.

Primary root tapering downwards and branched.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 14-18 mm. long.

Cotyledons shortly and broadly oval, obtuse, entire, petiolate,
glabrous ; lamina opaque with an indistinct midrib, 10 mm. long by
7 mm. broad ; stained purple beneath, petiole 4-4*5 mm. long,
slightly channelled on the upper side.

Stem herbaceous or subshrubby, erect in the seedling stage,
afterwards procumbent, scabrous, otherwise glabrous ; 1st internode
4-5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (1st pair opposite or
nearly so), petiolate, narrowed to the base, glabrous, one-nerved,
deep green, all narrower than the cotyledons.

Nos. 1 and 2. Obovate-spathulate, obtuse.

Nos. 3-5. Spathulate, obtuse.

Nos. 6-10. Linear, obtuse.

Iberis Lagascana, DC.

Hypocotyl 5-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, fleshy, rather unsymmetrical.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves pinnatifid, cauline, alternate, glabrous except on the
petioles, light green, pinnatinerved ; lobes entire, obovate, obtuse ;
petiole channelled on the upper side, with a few scattered hairs.

172 ON SEEDLINGS

Iberis pectinata, Boiss.

Hypocotyl 10-18 mm. long.

Cotyledons obliquely oval, very unequal at the base, obtuse,
somewhat truncate at the apex, or faintly emarginate, glabrous or
with a thin, faint line of adpressed colourless hairs along the back
of the petiole ; lamina in average specimens 9-10 mm. long on one
side of the midrib, and 8 mm. on the other, about 7 mm. wide ;
petiole 12-14 mm. long, channelled on the upper side.

Stem terete, hairy, with spreading or deflexed hairs ; internodes
variously developed from 1-15 mm.

Leaves cauline, hairy, with a distinct channelled midrib.

Nos. 1-7. Linear, obtuse, tapering gradually into the petiole at
the base, deeply and bluntly toothed or pinnatifid.

Isatis tinctoria, L. (fig. 174).

Fruit laterally compressed, oblong-cuneate, broadest at the apex,
somewhat winged at the base and apex, woody on each side of the
cavity containing the seed, one-
celled, one-seeded, indehiscent.

Seed cylindrical or oblong, tipped
with the short funicle by which it is
W C R W suspended from the apex of the cell ;

FIG. m.-Isatis tinctoria. Trans- hilum and micropyle Contiguous, at

verse section of fruit, x 8 : c, coty- the upper end of the seed, and n earest

ledons ; B, radicle ; W, W, woody ,u , ,. ,, , ,

portions of siliqua. the base of the style.

Endosperm none, or forming an
extremely thin film on the inner face of the testa.

Embryo large, filling and conforming to the seed, curved or
bent upon itself, yellowish ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire ;
radicle spindle-shaped, narrowed to an obtuse point, lying along the
back of the (incumbent) cotyledons and slightly longer by reason
of its forming the curve at the apex of the seed while the cotyle-
dons are straight.

Ochthodium aegyptiacum, DC. (fig. 175).

Fruit a nut-like silicula, broadly rhomboid, short, subquadran-
gular, laterally compressed, covered with hard tubercles on the
four angles and smaller ones between ; subcarinate on the back of
each carpel, glabrous, pale grey, two-celled, two- seeded, indehiscent
and remaining attached to the pedicel ; pericarp hard, crustaceous
and somewhat brittle.

Seed broadly oblong, rounded at the apex, unequal at the base
owing to a prolongation of the radicle beyond the cotyledons, com-

CRUCIFER/E

173

pressed but convex dorsally, nearly flat ventrally, pale yellow ; testa
thin, membranous ; micropyle superior, contiguous to, but a little
higher up than, the hilum ; chalaza forming a small, slightly

Ji

FIG. 175. — Ochthodium cegyptiacum.

1, Fruit on its pedicel, x 6, lateral aspect.

2, Longitudinal section of fruit, x 6 : F, funiculus ; T, testa ; R, radicle ; Ch,
chalaza.

3, Transverse section of fruit, x 6 : C, C, cotyledons ; E, R, radicles ; Ep, epicarp ;
En, endocarp.

4, Seed, x 15 : Ch, chalaza ; M, micropyle.

thickened deep brown spot, close to the sinus between the cotyledons
and the radicle, in which the hilum is placed.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo comparatively large and filling the entire seed, doubled
upon itself, pale yellow or nearly colourless ; cotyledons oblong-
oval, obtuse, plano-convex, obliquely incumbent ; radicle somewhat
curved, lying obliquely on the back of the cotyledons, but between
the latter and the septum, that is on the ventral aspect, rather
longer than the cotyledons.

Bunias orientalis, L.

Fruit nut-like, ovoid-tetragonous, laterally compressed, more or
less tuberculated or rough at the angles, tipped with the persistent

174

ON SEEDLINGS

base of the style, woody, pale-coloured, indehiscent, one- to two-celled,
with generally a seed in each cell.

Seed more or less cochleate by the shrinking of the testa to con-
form to the embryo, otherwise, when fresh and plump, nearly globose
with the radicle appearing as an appendage at one side ; micropyle
close to and superior to the hilum ; chalaza forming a broad orbi-
cular discoloured patch on the ventral aspect.

Pio. 176. — Bunias orientalis. A, Germinating seed, x 3. B, Seedling, nat. size.

Endosperm in the mature seed forming a thin film lining the
interior of the testa.

Embryo large, filling the seed, spirally coiled, pale yellow ; coty-
ledons oblong, obtuse, entire, forming about a coil and a half, with
their tips in the centre of the coil, and the edges of both touching
the sides of the seeds, narrowed to the base ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, incumbent and curved round close to the hilum and beneath
the base of the style, long, and well developed.

Seedling (fig. 176).

Hypocotyl very short, stout, erect, wrinkled transversely, pale
green or colourless, 2-6-5 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons unequal in length, spathulate, obtuse, entire, or show-

CRUCIFER^E 175

ing a tendency to become emarginate, tapering to a petiole-like base,
with a few alternate, ascending slender nerves, the uppermost strong
pair of which incurve and unite with the midrib below the apex,
finely reticulate, and all the veins seen only by transmitted light,
glabrous, light green above, paler beneath, petioles flattened above,
convex beneath, slightly connate at the base ; average length of
three long cotyledons 4*2 cm., of three short ones 3*33 cm.

Stem herbaceous, developed when about to flower ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, petiolate, hairy on
both surfaces, alternately and ascendingly incurvinerved ; nerves
uniting at the apex, obscurely reticulate ; petiole tapering upwards
from a rather broad, clasping base, channelled on the upper side, or
finally becoming more or less flattened.

Nos. 1 and 2. Spathulate-obovate, or oblong, or oval, obtuse,
entire, or with inconspicuous glandular teeth.

No. 8. Similar.

No. 4. Oblong, obtuse, entire, with glandular teeth.

Zilla myagroides, Forsk.

Fruit a nut-like silicula, ovoid or subglobose, slightly compressed
laterally, shallowly ridged and furrowed longitudinally, tipped with
the subulate or conical, persistent style, two-celled, two-seeded, inde-
hiscent, glabrous, pale ashy grey, or more or less blackened ; sub-
stance of pericarp differentiated into an outer, thick, pale-coloured,
corky layer, and an inner, thick, hard and almost bony layer fur-
nished with wings extending through the cortex to the circum-
ference of the fruit.

Seed obovoid, conforming to the cavity of the loculus, somewhat
compressed, but convex dorsally ; much compressed and almost
flattened ventrally, pale brown, smooth, almost shining, very unequal
at the upper and basal end where it runs out at one side into an
obtuse point ; testa comparatively thin, coriaceo-membranous ; hilum
in the sinus formed by the curvature of the seed, that is between
the radicle and the part containing the cotyledons ; rnicropyle at
the upper and most elongated point of the seed ; chalaza lateral,
forming a dark brown spot near the hilum, but on the opposite side
of the latter from the micropyle.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large and filling the seed, doubled upon itself.

Cotyledons rotund-cuneate, emarginate, conduplicate, and incum-
bent, probably about equal in size, as the inner one projects some
way from beneath the outer, pale yellow ; radicle cylindrical, sub-

176 ON SEEDLINGS

fusiform, slightly curved in conformity with one side of the seed,
much longer than the cotyledons, and terminating in the pointed
end of the seed, considerably curved at its union with the cotyledons,
pale yellow, obtuse.

For further development see Goebel, ' Flora,' 1889, p. 32.

Seedling (fig. 177).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 6-18 mm. or more
above the soil.

Cotyledons unequal, broadly cuneate, ernarginate or broadly and
shallowly bifid, petiolate, with one or two alternate, ascending, diffi-
cultly discernible nerves entering the lobes, rather fleshy, glabrous,
bright green ; lamina of the smaller one 6'5-8 mm. long and as
wide ; of the larger 8'5-10 mm. long and
7'5-ll mm. wide ; petiole semiterete, flat-
tened above, slightly connate at the base,
glabrous, light green ; of the smaller coty-
ledon 8-10 mm., of the larger 7'5-8'5 mm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, pale green,
ultimately shrubby; first internode '5-2 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, petio-
late, alternately and ascendingly penni-
nerved with the nerves incurved uniting at
their apex and anastomosing indistinctly,
with a prominent midrib, but the other
. size, venation best discernible on the under side,
rather fleshy, glabrous, light subglaucous-
green, and somewhat shining when young ; petioles slightly flattened
above or biconvex with a prominent midrib, glabrous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Spathulate, obtuse, with rather long petioles, and
one to two obscure or obsolete teeth on each side.

Cakile maritima, Scop. (fig. 178).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 4-5-5 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons unequal, rather fleshy, linear, obtuse, entire, sessile,
tapering to the base, but not petiolate, glabrous, light green, one-
veined.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous.

Cakile americana, Nutt.

Hypocotyl as in C. maritima but only 5-10 mm. long.

CRUCIFER^E

177

Cotyledons very unequal, linear-oblong, otherwise as in C. mari-
tima.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, narrowed to the
base, exstipulate, ovate-oval, obtuse, very hairy, light green, pinnati-
nerved.

FIG. 178. — Cakile maritima, x 2

Chorispora tenella, DC.

Hypocotyl short, erect, scarcely appearing above the soil
obconical.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate, rather fleshy,
glabrous, green, pinnatinerved like the leaves ; petiole long, rather
flat, slightly furrowed on the upper face.

178

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, petiolate, obovate-
oblong, obtuse, lobed (first one entire), slightly hairy, green, pin-
natinerved ; petioles rather long, channelled on the upper face.

Raphanus sativns, L.

For description of seed see above, p. 31 (fig. 62).

Seedling (fig. 179).

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, with a few small lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, stout, succulent, subsequently becoming swollen
to form the edible radish, glabrous, purple, merging into the root.

Cotyledons opposite, foliaceous, with long petioles, penninerved,
glabrous ; lamina obcordate or obreniform ; petiole broadly and

shallowly grooved on the
upper side, dilated and con-
nate at the base.

Stem erect, shallowly
ridged and furrowed, sparsely
setose or scabrid, pale green,
sometimes suffused with pur-
ple ; 1st internode 2-6 mm.
long; 2nd l'5-8'5 cm., very
variable under cultivation.

Leaves simple, cauline,
alternate, petiolate, sparsely
setose or scabrous, oblong or
linear, simply toothed or
serrate or variously lyrate -
pinnatifid ; segments obtuse
and entire or variously and
irregularly pinnatifid or
toothed.

NOTE. — When there is
abundance of moisture the
FIG. 179.— BopftaniM sativus. Nat. size. Plants grow freely and the

leaves are little cut up, vary-
ing from spathulate or oval to oblong, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnati-
sect. If the plants are crowded or the weather dry they swell but
little at the root, run to flower, and at the same time produce
leaves that are bipinnatisect or irregularly cut into narrow shreds
or segments.

CAPPARIDE^E 179

CAPPAKJDEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 103.

Fruit and Seed. — The Order falls into two divisions accord-
ing as the fruit is dry and capsular as in Cleome, Cleomella,
Cristatella, and others ; or on the other hand baccate like
Capparis, Morisonia, and Mserua, or drupaceous as in the one-
seeded fruit of Eoydsia. In the capsular types, the Order
approaches Cruciferse very closely. The fruit is siliquose in
all the genera of the Cleomege except "VYislizenia and Oxy-
stylis, where it is short, didymous, and breaks up into inde-
hiscent one-seeded pieces. The Capparese have baccate and
indehiscent fruits with the seeds embedded in pulp. The
ovules in all cases are parietal, campylotropous or semiana-
tropous, and the seeds reniforni in the dry fruits, reniform or
angular in the baccate fruits. The angular condition may
depend upon the number of seeds in a fruit and the effect of
mutual pressure. When the pulp is plentiful, separating the
seeds from one another, they retain the usual shape of the
campylotropous ovules. Usually the seeds are exalbuminous,
but there is a thin layer of endosperm surrounding the
embryo of Capparis sandwichiana (fig. 182) and a thick layer
in which the curved embryo is embedded in Tovaria, an
anomalous genus containing only one species, referred to the
Papaveraceae byEichlerand compared with the Phytolaccacese
by Bentham and Hooker. It is probable that a careful
examination of many species would reveal the presence of
endosperm in other cases besides Capparis sandwichiana.
The testa is thick, coriaceous, and smooth or often rough in
species with a capsular fruit. The embryo is bent or in-
curved, or spirally convolute, and the cotyledons are incum-
bent, plaited or convolute, and induplicate, as may be seen by
reference to the transverse section of Capparis sandwichiana.

Cotyledons. — As far as observed (seeds and seedlings of
different species being difficult to obtain) the cotyledons after
germination are always broad, petiolate, obtuse, and entire,

N 2

180

ON SEEDLINGS

and in some cases at least unequal in size. The breadth is of
course due to their being folded longitudinally, as well as to
the comparatively large size of the seed and embryo.

The cotyledons of a species of Capparis (fig. 183) from
Melbourne were large, foliaceous, shortly petiolate, ovate,
obtuse, alternately incurvinerved and reticulate, glabrous,
convex above, slightly unequal-sided, that is, the portion of
lamina on each side of the midrib was not of the same width.
They were evergreen and persisted for more than a year
on the plant. In the case of Cleome violacea they fall
away early.

Cleome violacea, L. (fig. 180).

Primary root tapering downwards, strongly tortuose, with a
few lateral roots, annual.

Hypocotyl very short, stout, colourless, terete, subterranean,
tapering into the root.

Cotyledons falling away early, slightly unequal, oblong or ovate-
oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate ; petioles a little shorter than the
lamina.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, annual, pale green, densely
glandular-pubescent; 1st internode 2-25 mm. long; 2nd hardly
developed ; 3rd 6 mm. long ; 4th 6 mm. ;
5th 9-5 mm. ; 6th 1-7 cm. ; 7th 1-6 cm. ;
8th 8-5 mm. ; 9th 1-16 cm. ; 10th 1 cm. ;
llth 1-1 cm. ; 12th 1-8 cm. ; 13th 1-1
cm.; 14th 1-35 cm.; 15th 1-5 cm.;
16th 1-5 cm.; 17th 1-1 cm.; 18th 7 mm.;
19th 4-5 mm. ; 20th 2 mm.

Leaves compound, digitately trifoli-
ate, ultimately unifoliolate, cauline, al-
ternate (first two opposite), exstipulate,
petiolate, glandular-pubescent on both
surfaces, deep green above, glaucous be-
neath ; leaflets oblong-linear, obtuse or
subacute with a deeply channelled mid-
rib, very prominent beneath ; petioles
subterete, channelled on the upper side.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, trifoliolate ; leaflets subelliptic, tbe terminal
one largest.

Nos. 3-6. Gradually larger, trifolioliate ; leaflets linear.

No. 7. With one large terminal leaflet and a small lateral one.

PIG. 180. — Cleome violacea, :

CAPPARIDE^E

Nos. 8-14. With one rather long terminal leaflet.
The rest are bracts bearing flowers in their axils.

181

Cleome spinosa, L. (fig. 181).

Primary root with numerous strong lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, glandular-pubescent near the top, other-
wise glabrous, striated longitudinally, and marked with two lines
of crystalline elevations running down from the edges of the
cotyledonary petioles,
deep dull red, 8-15 mm.
long.

Cotyledons often, if
not always, unequal,
oblong or more often
ovate-oblong, obtuse,
entire, with a few alter-
nate, ascending or sub-
incurved nerves, dull
green above, paler
beneath, petiolate ; la-
mina glabrous, 8-12
mm. long, 8-6 mm.
wide ; petioles semi-
terete, slightly chan-
nelled above, densely
glandular - pubescent,
each 3-5-5 mm. long.
Average length of
3 laminag, 10-3 mm. and
9-3 mm. in the longer
and shorter cotyledons
respectively.

Stem glandular-
hairy ; 1st internode
hardly developed, or
•5-1 mm. long.

Leaves ternately pinnate, alternate (first two opposite), gland-
ular-pubescent on both surfaces, and rather strongly ciliate at the
margin, alternately and ascendingly penninerved ; petioles semi-
terete, channelled above, densely glandular-pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, pinnately ternate ; leaflets petiolulate ;
terminal one largest, elliptic, obtuse or subacute, slightly undulate
at the margin or flat ; lateral leaflets similar but much smaller.

FIG. 181. — Cleome spinosa, x 2.

182

ON SEEDLINGS

Capparis sandwicMana, DC. (fig. 182).

Fruit stipitate, globose or cylindrical, baccate, many -seeded,
indehiscent.

Seed reniform, slightly flattened, embedded in pulp, with very
unequal ends— the smaller containing the radicle, the larger the

FIG. 182. — Capparis sandwichiana. A, seed, x 8 : H, hilum. B, transverse
section of seed, x 8 : B, R, B, radicle ; P, endosperm. C, longitudinal sec-
tion of seed, x 8 : P, endosperm ; R, radicle.

cotyledons ; testa black, smooth, crustaceous ; inner coat membra-
nous ; hilum in the basal notch.

Endosperm forming a thin layer surrounding the embryo.

Embryo large, spirally coiled, colourless ; cotyledons oblong,
each separately conduplicate, and then the double fold coiled spir-
ally, one each side of the seed with its back to the endosperm, and
both its edges lying in the centre of the seed and abutting against
the edges of the other cotyledon ; radicle long, cylindrical, obtuse,
incumbent, and forming a complete coil round the cotyledons and
along the periphery of the seed.

Capparis, sp. (fig. 183).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, compressed, tapering upwards, glabrous,
glaucous-green, 2-8 cm. long.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, ovate, obtuse, alternately incurvi-
nerved and reticulate, glabrous, deep green and convex above, shal-
lowly concave and scarcely paler beneath, shortly petiolate ; lamina
2-85 cm. long, T7 cm. broad; petiole 1-5 mm. long, persistent.
In the specimen sketched the halves of the cotyledons are of unequal
widths by 1 mm. The inequality of the one does not correspond to
that of the other.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode
8'5 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 1 mm. ; 4th 1*55 cm. ; 5th 1 cm. ;
6th 8 mm. ; 7th 1-15 cm. ; 8th 3'25 mm. First branch in axil of
a cotyledon.

CAPPARIDE^E

183

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly
petiolate, ascending, alternately penninerved and obscurely reticulate,
glabrous, and nearly of the same deep green on both surfaces ;
petioles very short (about 1 mm. long), stout, articulated with the

PIG. 183.— Capparis, sp. Nat. size.

stem ; stipules small, spreading, spinous, pale yellowish-brown,
absent from the first three leaves.

Nos. 1-3. Narrowly oblong, elliptic, obtuse, subapiculate.

No. 4. Lanceolate, obtuse.

Nos. 5 and 6. Lanceolate, acute.

Nos. 7 and 8. Small, lanceolate, obtuse.

184 ON SEEDLINGS

RESEDACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 110.

The Eesedaceae constitute a small Order, containing from
thirty to sixty species according to the view taken by different
authors. The greater part of them are natives of dry countries
such as South Europe, North Africa, Syria, Asia Minor, and
Persia, with a few in the outlying provinces of India, and three
in Cape Colony. They consist of annual or perennial herbs, and
a few are shrubby. The leaves are alternate and scattered, or
crowded on short undeveloped branches, simple and entire or
trifid or pinnatisect.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary consists of from two to six
carpels, with as many parietal placentas, and is closed at the
top, or open during the whole or the greater part of its growth,
as in Reseda, or gaping as in Caylusea. The ovules are numerous
as in Eeseda or one to two as in Astrocarpus. The latter is re-
markable in the mature state when its four to six carpels divari-
cate in a stellate manner, each containing one seed only. The
ovules are amphitropous or campy lotropous, and inserted on the
walls of the ovary or near the base of the cavity. The seeds are
numerous, or few in Astrocarpus and Caylusea, and two to three
in Eandonia ; they are reniform with a smooth testa or rough
in Eandonia, and are usually exalbuminous, but exceptions
occur as in the Capparideae. The fruit is capsular, follicular
(Astrocarpus), or baccate (Ochradenus) .

The embryo is large and curved or complicated, filling the
interior of the seed. The cotyledons are incumbent, and in
Eeseda they constitute the greater part of the embryo, the
radicle being extremely short. Caylusea abyssinica (fig. 184)
forms an exception, inasmuch as an appreciable quantity of
endosperm surrounds the large embryo, while in the sinus
between the cotyledons and radicle lies a considerable thick-
ness of it.

The seeds are reniform and slightly compressed laterally ;
and the cotyledons of the large embryo lie in the narrow plane
of the seed, with their tips curved round to the hilum, but their
backs to the placental axis. They are plano-convex and taken

RESEDACE^E

185

together are much thicker and wider than the terete or cylindri-
cal radicle, which is about equal to the cotyledons- in length.
Cotyledons. — The cotyledons of Eeseda are broad and ovate
in K. luteola, oblong or oval in E. odorata, and spathulate
in E. alba (fig. 185). Those of the first named are somewhat
succulent, taper into the petiole, have a few ascending veins on
each side of the midrib, and are sometimes unequal in shape
and size. The cotyledons in the other cases are also some-
what succulent with a faint midrib, but no other discernible
venation in the fresh state. The embryo of Caylusea while in
the seed is similar to that of Eeseda in general outline.

Caylusea abyssinica, Fisch. et Mey. (fig. 184).

Seed almost orbicular, with a prominent basal notch, 1-1-25 mm.
in diameter ; testa crustaceous, brown at first, then bright shining
black, smooth.

FIG. 184. — Caylusea abyssinica. A, longitudinal section of seed. B, transverse
section, both x 30 : P, endosperm ; C, cotyledon ; T, testa ; B, radicle ; H, hilum.

Endosperm comparatively copious, surrounding the embryo,
greyish-white.

Embryo curved or rounded on itself, surrounded by endosperm,
colourless ; cotyledons oval, entire, fleshy, plano-convex, sessile, with
their edges towards the basal notch ; radicle terete, obtuse, superior,
about the same length as the cotyledons.

Reseda alba, L. (fig. 185).
Primary root slender, tapering, fibrous.

Hypocotyl terete, elongated, pale green or colourless, glabrous,
about 12-15 mm. long.

186

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous, light
green, tapering into the petiole, about 17 mm. long including the

petiole, one-nerved ; petiole chan-
nelled above, dilated at the base
and subperfoliate.

Stem herbaceous and de-
veloped when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and
cauline, alternate, stipulate, petio-
late, entire, glabrous, slightly
scabrous at the margin, light
green, indistinctly alternately
and ascendingly penninerved
and reticulate towards the
margins ; petioles slightly chan-
nelled above, dilated and clasp-
ing at the base ; stipules small,
glandular, tooth-like and pro-
jecting from the upper edges of
the petioles a little above their

FIG. 185. — Reseda alba. Nat. size.

Nos. 1 and 2. Spathulate, ob-
tuse, entire, with a few ascending
nerves and reticulate towards the
margin.

No. 3. Oblong, with two small lateral, subulate, acute lobes
near the base, and a nerve running into each lobe ; middle lobe
oblong, entire.

No. 4. Oblong, pinnatifid, with two alternate, subulate, acute
lobes on each side, with branches running into them from the mid-
rib ; middle lobe oblong-lanceolate, entire.

Ultimate leaves pinnatisect with linear more or less undulate
segments, glaucous or green, glabrous.

Eeseda luteola, L.

Primary root as in B. alba.

Hypocotyl decumbent, or more often erect, tapering slightly
downwards, 4-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat succulent, sometimes
unequal in size and shape ; lamina 6-8 mm. long, 4*75-5'5 mm.
wide ; petiole rounded on the back, flattened or shallowly grooved
above, 5-6'5 mm. long.

Stem as in E. alba, annual or biennial.

RESEDACE^E 187

Leaves as in E. alba, but stipules small, glanduliform, seated on
the petiole some distance above the base, and often at unequal
heights.

Nos. 1 and 2. Spathulate, obtuse, tapering to the base, alternately
and ascendingly nerved.

Nos. 3-6. Similar.

Ultimate leaves linear, entire, obtuse, undulate at the margin,
alternately incurvinerved, deep green, glabrous, shining, with a pro-
minent midrib ; the radical narrowed to a short, flattened, more or
less winged petiole, the cauline sessile.

Reseda odorata, L.

Primary root long, wiry, tapering, with very few or no lateral
rootlets for some distance.

Hypocotyl subterranean, stout, tapering downwards indistin-
guishably into the root.

Cotyledons oblong ; lamina 9 mm. long, 5 mm. broad ; petiole
4'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, or ultimately decumbent, glabrous, green,
slightly angled and furrowed, with lines of scattered, filiform, glan-
dular appendages running down from the base of the leaves ; 1st
internode 1 mm. long ; 2nd 2-25 mm. ; 3rd 7 mm. ; 4th 1 mm. ;
5th 13 mm. ; 6th 9 mm. ; 7th 5'5 mm.

Leaves cauline, alternate (or first four opposite in two pairs), petio-
late, or the uppermost sessile or subsessile, flat or subrevolute at the
margin, alternately penninerved, glabrous, scabrous at the margin ;
petioles channelled above on either side of a prominent midrib, con-
vex beneath ; stipules consisting of filiform glandular processes ex-
tending from the base of the petiole for some distance down the stem.

1st pair opposite, spathulate, entire.

2nd pair opposite, oblong-spathulate, entire.

Nos. 5-6. Nearly opposite (in specimen), linear-oblong, obtuse,
entire.

Nos. 7-10. Oblong-spathulate, obtuse, entire.

Upper cauline leaves oblong, obtuse, entire or trifid or tripartite ;
segments oblong, obtuse, entire ; lateral ones much broader on the
posterior side of the midrib and decurrent on the petiole.

188 ON SEEDLINGS

CISTINE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 112.

The ovary in this Order is free, consisting of three to five
carpels united by their edges only, and is one- or partly three-
to five-celled by the prominence or inflection of the three to five
parietal placentas. The ovules are generally numerous on each
placenta, but there are only two in Hudsonia and Lechea;
ascending and projecting into the cavity of the ovary on long or
rarely short funicles, and orthotropous, rarely semianatropous
as in Lechea and Fumana by the funicles being partly adnate
to the placenta. Orthotropous ovules are generally associated
with one-seeded fruits as in Polygonaceae, many Urticaceae,
and Juglandaceae, so that Cistus and Helianthemum are very
exceptional in possessing orthotropous ovules in a many-seeded
ovary. The fruit is a capsule dehiscing by as many valves as
there are carpels. The dehiscence being loculicidal, the seeds
are borne along the centre of the valves as in the Violarieae
to which the Cistineae are allied. The seeds are numerous in
the two leading genera, Cistus and Helianthemum, and are
ovoid or variously angled by mutual pressure. They contain
a large quantity of a farinaceous or mealy endosperm, some-
times occupying one side of the seed only as in Cistus
laurifolius, or in some cases almost equally distributed and
completely surrounding the embryo. The latter is there-
fore generally excentric, and curved, spirally convolute, or
conduplicate, rarely nearly straight as in Lechea. The coty-
ledons are plano-convex, nearly flat or narrow, and semiterete.

Cistus laurifolius, which may be taken as typical of the
group, has a spirally coiled, excentric, comparatively large
embryo, with linear, obtuse, semiterete, incumbent cotyledons
lying in the narrow plane of the somewhat flattened seed, with
their backs to the placenta. The cotyledons are equal, the
inner one in this case at least being more coiled than the outer.
The embryo of C. villosus seems to be more central than usual,
and the cotyledons are linear-oblong, incumbent, and shorter
than the radicle. The embryo of Helianthemum, according to
Bentham and Hooker, is uncinate, biplicate, or circumflexed.

CISTINE.E 189

Those coming under my notice are spirally coiled much in the
same way as in Cistus, but the cotyledons are usually broader
and lie in the broader plane of the seed when that is flattened
in any way. There are a few slight modifications. They
are incumbent as usual, but the radicle in H. Spachii and
H. violaceum is displaced at its upper end and lies obliquely
over the edges of the cotyledons. This is carried further in H.
polifolium, and the broadly oval cotyledons are almost strictly
accumbent, lying in the broader plane of the seed with their
edges to the hilum. The radicle, as in all the other species
examined, is longer than the cotyledons, in some instances
about twice as long.

Cotyledons. — There are two leading types of cotyledons
represented by the two leading genera, Cistus and Helianthe-
mum ; in the former they are comparatively narrow, in the
latter broad. Taking Cistus laurifolius (fig. 186) as an illus-
tration, the cotyledons are linear-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute,
entire, flat or convex above, and subrevolute at the margins,
dotted with minute scales on both surfaces, otherwise glabrous,
deep green, opaque, with an indistinct midrib, narrowed at the
base or shortly petiolate, and connate forming a little cup
surrounding the plumule. The seed-leaves of C. undulatus,
C. ladaniferus, and C. albidus agree closely in all the leading
characters with the above, except that in C. undulatus they
are less distinctly petiolate. It may also be noted that the
hypocotyl of the latter is finely pubescent, as are both the
hypocotyl and petioles of the cotyledons in C. albidus.

The broad type of cotyledons may be represented by Helian-
themum vulgare or H. apenninum (fig. 187). They are broadly
oblong or obovate in the latter, distinctly petiolate, entire, tri-
nerved in the basal half, but indistinctly so upwards, with the
lateral nerves running parallel to the margin, deep green, and
glabrous with the exception of the petioles, which are thinly
hairy. The hypocotyl is also pubescent. The cotyledons of
H. vulgare are broadly oval or subobovate, and one-nerved, but
otherwise correspond closely to those of H. apenninum. The
lateral veins probably exist, although indiscernible owing to the
opaque character of the cotyledons. These are oval-oblong,
very large and one-nerved, with hairy petioles shortly connate

190

ON SEEDLINGS

at the base in H. rosmarinifolium, and form a contrast to the
narrow leaves of the species. In germination the testa in
Cistus and Helianthenmrn splits widely to allow the exit of the
cotyledons.

Cistus laurifolius, L,

Fruit a one-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal capsule.
Seeds numerous, on the parietal placentas, polygonal, pale brown,
glabrous, on a long funicle ; hilum at the basal end ; raphe none ;
chalaza rather prominent and projecting into the interior of the seed.
Endosperm granular or subfarinaceous, extending from the base
up one side of the seed.

Embryo spirally coiled, eccentric, pale yellow, very large for the
seed ; cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, equal, the inner one being
much more coiled than the outer, situated
with their backs to the placenta, and their
edges towards the sides of the seed, plano-
convex, or semiterete ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, stout, somewhat shorter and nar-
rower than the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 186).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 13-18
mm. long.

Cotyledons linear-lanceolate, obtuse or
subacute, entire, flat or convex above, and
subrevolute at the margins, dotted with
minute scales on both surfaces, otherwise
glabrous, deep green, opaque, with an indis-
tinct midrib, narrowed to the base and per-
foliate, forming a little cup round the plu-
mule, 6'5-8 mm. long, 1-75-2-25 mm. broad.
Stem erect, terete, stellately hairy, pale
green, ultimately shrubby; 1st internode
2-5-6'5 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline,

opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate, with a few hairs on both
surfaces, alternately and ascendingly penninerved ; petioles very
short, channelled above, perfoliate or connate at the base forming
a little cup.

1st pair small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, subtrinerved at the
base, otherwise alternately penninerved.
2nd pair similar.

PIG. 186. — Cistus lauri-
folius, x2.

CISTINE^E 19 1

Cistus undulatus, Dunal.

Hypocotyl 12-18 mm. long, finely pubescent, reddish.

Cotyledons linear-lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base but
scarcely petiolate, entire, glabrous, light green, indistinctly one-
veined.

Stem herbaceous, pubescent ; 1st internode 1-2 mm. long, light
green.

First leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base,
sessile, pubescent, light green, one-veined.

Cistus ladaniferus, L.

Hypocotyl glabrous, 5-8 mm. long, reddish.
Cotyledons linear, subacute, otherwise as in C, undulatus.
Stem as in C. undulatus.

First leaves linear- oblong, shortly petiolate, slightly hairy, green,
distinctly one-veined.

Cistus albidus, L.

Hypocotyl finely pubescent, 5-10 mm. long, stained with
red.

Cotyledons obtuse, glabrous with a few hairs towards the base,
dark green, otherwise as in C. undulatus.

Stem as in C. undulatus.

First leaves oblong, obtuse, tapering to
the base, ciliated, finely pubescent, dark
green, pinnatinerved.

Helianthemum apenninum, DC. (fig.
187).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 1'5-
2 cm. long, reddish immediately above the
ground, becoming light green near the
cotyledons.

Cotyledons oblong or slightly obovate,
4-5 mm. long, petiolate, entire, obtuse,

glabrous but with a few hairs on the petiole, dark green tinged with
red beneath ; midrib and two indistinct lateral veins running parallel
to the edges conspicuous in the basal half.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, pubescent.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, stipulate, lance-
olate, obtuse, pubescent, light green, with a prominent midrib.

192 ON SEEDLINGS

Helianthemum vulgare, Gaertn.

Primary root long, tapering, with fleshy, stout, lateral rootlets,
generally stouter than the primary one.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, hairy, reddish, sometimes decumbent
(perhaps accidental) at the base.

Cotyledons broadly oval or subobovate-oval, rounded and obtuse
at both ends, opaque green, one-nerved ; lamina 4-5-5*5 mm. long,
3-4-5 mm. broad; petiole subterete, slightly channelled above, hairy,
reddish, about 2 mm. long.

Stem shrubby, erect, ultimately decumbent, wiry, hairy or gla-
brous, but reddish and hairy in seedling stage ; 1st internode 8 mm.
long.

Leaves shortly petiolate, subperfoliate at the base, more or less
hairy on both surfaces and margin when young with bulbous-rooted
hairs, ultimately glabrous or hairy in different varieties ; petioles
subterete, narrowly channelled above, glabrous, or hairy at least
when young ; stipules lanceolate, obtuse, slightly hairy, ultimately
linear-lanceolate, acute, deep green, shining, hairy or glabrous,
according to the leaves.

1st pair lanceolate, obtuse, channelled along the middle of the
upper surface, with a prominent midrib.

Ultimate leaves oblong, obtuse or obtusely subcuspidate, more
or less revolute at the margin, with a strong midrib, sunk on the
upper surface and prominent beneath, deep green, and shining
above when devoid of hairs, paler beneath ; but when hairy they
are greyish above, and more or less hoary or white beneath.

Helianthemuni rosmarinifolium, Pursh.

Cotyledons large, oval-oblong, obtuse, deep green above, red
beneath, glabrous except the petiole ; lamina with a faint midrib,
6-7 mm. long, 3-5-4-5 mm. wide ; petiole hairy, slightly channelled
above, 2-3 mm. long, shortly connate at the base.

Stem ultimately shrubby ; 1st internode gradually developing to
a length of 1, 2, or 3 mm.

Leaves linear, with stellate hairs, at least in the young state,
deeply channelled above, carinate beneath and revolute at the
margins.

VIOLARIE^E 193

VIOLARIE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 114.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary is free and one-celled with typi-
cally three parietal placentas as in Viola. The ovules are
generally numerous, one to two as in Hymenanthera, Scyphel-
landra, and Isodendrion, anatropous and arranged along the
slender placentas. The fruit is a capsule and splits loculicidally,
more rarely septicidally, by as many valves as there are carpels.
In Leonia, Gloiospermum, Tetrathylacium, Melicytus, and
Hymenanthera it is however baccate and indehiscent. The
seeds are obovoid or subglobose and fixed to the placentas
by very short funicles ; the raphe is in some cases much
thickened and separates from the fruit when mature, form-
ing an arillus ; the testa is usually crustaceous, coriaceous,
and shining as in Viola itself, rarely membranous. The endo-
sperm is copious and fleshy except in the case of Corynostylis,
where it is reduced to a thin layer. The embryo as far as
observed is straight, central, somewhat club-shaped, nearly
equalling the endosperm in length ; the cotyledons are plano-
convex or flat, and generally moderately broad, longer or
shorter than the radicle and distant from the hilum. They
are unusually narrow in the species of Hymenanthera and
very short in the Sauvagesiese.

Viola tricolor and V. sylvatica may be taken as typical of
the Order. They have obovoid, smooth seeds; and the cotyledons
of the latter before germination are oval, obtuse, entire, plano-
convex, and about the same length as the terete, obtuse radicle.

Variations from the type occur in Corynostylis, with
flattened, rugose, nearly orbicular seeds ; they are flattened,
orbicular, and broadly winged in Anchietea ; flattened, winged,
and imbricate in Agation ; and small with an orbicular wing
and a membranous testa in Schuurmansia. They are globose
or nearly so in Paypayrola, Alsodeia, Leonia, Melicytus,
Tetrathylacium, Hymenanthera, and Scyphellandra.

Several methods of dispersal of the seeds occur in this
Order. As already mentioned, some have winged seeds. I have
observed that ants sometimes carry the seeds of Viola into

194 ON SEEDLINGS

their nests, and I am inclined to suspect that they mistake
them for the pupae of other ants.

Some Violets throw their seeds. In the Dog Violet
(V. canina) the capsules, though pendent when young, at
maturity raise themselves l above the rest of the plant, and
open by three equal valves resembling an inverted tripod.2
Each valve contains a row of three, four, or five brown,
smooth, pear-shaped seeds, slightly flattened at the upper,
wider, end. The two walls of each valve, as they become
drier, contract, and approach one another, thus tending to
squeeze out the seeds. These resist some time, but at length
the attachment of the seed to its base gives way, and it is
ejected several feet, this being no doubt much facilitated by its
form and smoothness, I have known even a gathered specimen
throw a seed nearly ten feet.

On the other hand, in Viola hirta the capsules hang down,
and it has been said actually bury themselves in the ground.
' Now we naturally ask ourselves ' what is the reason for this
difference between the species of Violets ; why do V. odorata and
V. hirta conceal their capsules among the moss and leaves on
the ground while V. canina and others erect theirs and throw
the seeds to a distance ? If this arrangement be best for Viola
canina, why has not V. odorata also adopted it ? The reason is,
I believe, to be found in the different mode of growth of
these two species. V. canina is a plant with an elongated
stem, and it is easy therefore for the capsule to raise itself above
the grass and other low herbage among which Violets grow.

' V. odorata and V. hirta, on the contrary, have in ordinary
parlance no stem, and the leaves are radical, i.e. rising from
the root. This is at least the case in appearance, for, botani-
cally speaking, they rise at the end of a short stem. Now
under these circumstances if the Sweet Violet attempted to
shoot its seeds, the capsules not being sufficiently elevated, the
seeds would merely strike against some neighbouring leaf, and
immediately fall to the ground. Hence, I think, we see that
the arrangement of the capsule in each species is that most
suitable to the general habit of the plant.'

Cotyledons. — The only seedlings I have seen of this Order

1 Lubbock's Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves, p. 55 (fig. 38 c). * Ibid. p. 56.

VIOLARIE^E

195

belong to the genus Viola. The cotyledons of V. tricolor (fig.
188) are broadly oval, obtuse, entire, and petiolate. The lamina
is proportionately longer and narrower in V. canina, and V.
palustris (fig. 189), where it is oblong, obtuse, and in the latter
mucronulate. The variations from these types are probably
slight except in the cases of narrow or short cotyledons as
mentioned above.

Viola tricolor, L. (fig. 188).

Primary root tapering, colourless, long, giving off lateral rootlets,
annual.

Hypocotyl tapering indistinguishably into the root, subterranean,
colourless.

Cotyledons oval, ob- 3

tuse, glabrous, petiolate ;
lamina 6 mm. long, 3'5
mm. broad.

Stem developed
when about to flower,
herbaceous, annual; 1st,
2nd, and 3rd internodes
undeveloped ; 4th 1'5
mm. long ; 5th I mm.
long.

Leaves simple, radi-
cal and cauline, alter-
nate, stipulate, petiolate,
glabrous, or finely pub-
escent at the margins,
deep green above, paler
beneath ; petioles chan-
nelled on the upper
side, and scaberulous, or
finely pubescent, along
the edge of the channel ;
stipules large, foliaceous,
unequally lyrate-pinna-
tifid or -partite, with
linear, obtuse, or oblanceolate-linear segments— the middle lobe
largest and entire, or in adult and robust specimens more or less
crenate and spathulate.

No. 1. Broadly ovate, rounded at the end, shallowly crenate.

No. 2. Cordate-ovate, obtuse, shallowly crenate.

o 2

FIG. 188. — Viola tricolor. Nat.

196 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 3. Oblong-cordate, obtuse, more deeply crenate.

No. 4. Cordate, obtuse, rather deeply crenate.

No. 5. A little more elongated than No. 4.

No. 6. Cordate-ovate, rather deeply crenate.

Ultimate leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate-crenate, or the
uppermost lanceolate, elongated and narrowed to an obtuse point,
with long ascending lateral veins ; stipules foliaceous, very large, pin-
nately divided near the base, with the greatest number of lobes on
the posterior side and almost surrounding the stem.

Viola palustris, L. (fig. 189).
Primary root as in V. tricolor.
Hypocotyl as in V. tricolor.

FIG. 189. — Viola palustris. Nat. size.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous ; lamina 6 mm.
long, 3-5 mm. broad ; petiole channelled above, 3-5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, perennial, with undeveloped nodes, and throw-
ing off numerous stoloniferous branches from the axil of the first
leaf, upwards.

Leaves radical and cauhne on the stolons, conspicuously nerved and
reticulate ; stipules smaU, ovate, serrulate, green, mottled with red-
petioles channelled above, glabrous, pale green, mottled with red.

VIOLARIE^E 197

Nos. 1-3. Reniform, rounded at the apex, three- to five-nerved,
shallowly crenate.

Nos. 4 and 5. Reniform, obtusely angled at the apex ; five-nerved
on the lower half, shallowly crenate.

Ultimate leaves rather large, reniform, rounded at the apex,
shallowly crenate, seven- to nine-nerved and reticulate.

CANELLACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 121.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary is free, one-celled, with two
to five parietal placentas, and contains from two to many
ascending or horizontal ovules that are nearly but not quite
anatropous. The fruit is indehiscent and a berry, and as is
frequent in such cases the testa of the seed is hard or crusta-
ceous, smooth and shining. Each berry contains from two to
many seeds according to the species. The embryo is large,
straight, or slightly, curved with oblong cotyledons and a short
radicle situated close to the hilum, and is embedded in a
fleshy, oily endosperm.

No seedlings have come under my observation.

BIXINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 122.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, syncarpous, and
made up of from two to many carpels with as many parietal
placentas, one-, rarely many-celled, as in Flacourtia and Amo-
reuxia. The ovules are amphitropous or anatropous, rarely one,
seldom two, generally many on each placenta ; Aphloia is ex-
ceptional in having only one placenta and few ovules. The fruit
is dry and capsular or baccate and indehiscent. Sometimes
it is spiny resembling that of ^Esculus or some species of
Datura, as is the case with Bixa and Dendrostylis.

The seeds are usually globose or obovoid ; but there are
exceptions, the most remarkable of which occurs in Cochlo-
spermum, the species of which have reniform or spiral seeds
covered with long hairs or woolly on all sides ; the testa itself

198

ON SEEDLINGS

is horny. In most cases, however, the seeds are smooth, while
in Bixa and Dendrostylis they are covered with an aril or pulp.
The interior is filled with a copious, fleshy endosperm surround-
ing the embryo. The seeds are arillate in Eyania and Laetia,
and furnished with an arilloid membranous coat in Erythrosper-
mum. They are more or less compressed in Bixa and Oncoba.
Those of Aberia are densely covered with a villous tomentum.
The embryo is axile and straight or curved according to the
form of the seed, to which it conforms to a certain degree, being
curved in the curved seeds of Aphloia, and longitudinally
grooved in Bixa, apparently owing to the raphe being deeply
sunk in the side of the seed. This is best observed in trans-
verse section. The embryo is always comparatively large
and nearly equals the endosperm both in length and breadth,
but not in thickness, and the cotyledons are flat, and more or
less cordate. The seeds of Pangium edule are bluntly triangular
vertically, and in longitudinal section the embryo is also seen
to be of great size with bluntly triangular cotyledons, traversed
longitudinally by five to seven diverging nerves. They are
faintly notched or subcordate at the base ; and the radicle is
extremely short.

Cochlospernmm Gossypium, DC. (fig. 190).

Hypocotyl erect, stout, subfleshy, glabrous, pale green, about

12-16 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, petiolate,

seven- to eleven-nerved from the base or near it, slightly unequal ;

lamina of the larger one
about 4-7 cm. long, 1-05
cm. wide ; of the shorter
one 4-5 cm. long, and 1-05
cm. wide ; petioles chan-
nelled above, connate at
the base, slightly scurfy
with brown scales or
glands, 10-11 mm. long.
Stem erect, terete,
glandular - scurfy and
slightly pubescent, much

thinner in the seedling stage than the hypocotyl ; 1st internode

6 mm. long ; 2nd 10 mm. ; 3rd 8 mm., and the next two or three

also short.

FIG. 190. — Cochlospermum Gossypium.
Half nat. size.

BIXINE^E

199

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, palmately-
nerved and lobed, thinly glandular- scurfy along the nerves on both
surfaces; petioles subterete, slightly channelled on the upper surface,
glan dular- scurfy ; stipules small, subulate, acute, soon becoming
brown.

No. 1. Ovate or subelliptic, coarsely serrated above the middle
or subtrifid with alternate ascending nerves.

Nos. 2-4. Palmately five-nerved and trilobed, or the 3rd and 4th
slightly five-lobed; lobes triangular, obtuse, and rounded or acuminate
and subacute, crenate-serrate, with the terminal lobe the largest.

No. 5. With more elongated and more ovate leaves, otherwise
similar.

NOTE. — The seed of Cochlospermurn is cochleate-reniform or
spiral. The embryo is incurved and the cotyledons ovate while still
in the seed, which would account for their unusually elongated cha-
racter after germination. The cotyledons of other members of the
Order coming under my notice are short and very broad or rounded.

Aberia caffra, Hook, et Meyer (fig. 191).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, pale green, 2-5-
8-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons broad, almost rotund-obovate, foliaceous, petiolate,
glabrous, entire or incipiently emarginate, alternately and incurvedly
penninerved (each nerve uniting with the one next above it), reti-
culate, bright shining green above,
paler beneath ; petiole slightly
channelled above, minutely pub-
escent, subperfoliate at the base,
2-5-3 mm. long ; lamina 2-2-
2-5 cm. long, 1-8-2 cm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, finely pub-
escent, pale green, ultimately
shrubby ; 1st internode 4-5 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alter-
nate (1st and 2nd opposite),
stipulate, petiolate, alternately
penninerved, with each nerve
ascending at an acute angle, and

uniting with the one next above it, hairy on both sides, light
green ; petioles very short, flattened above, hairy ; stipules minute,
tooth-like at the base of the petioles.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblanceolate-oblong, tapering to the base, emargi-
nate, with a small tooth or mucro in the notch.

FIG. 191. — Aberia caffra. Nat. siz

200 ON SEEDLINGS

PITTOSPORE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 130.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is free, syncarpous, consisting
of two carpels, more rarely of three to five, and is one-celled with
parietal placentas, or the placentas are sometimes so much
intruded as to form septa. The ovules are numerous, hori-
zontal, anatropous. The fruit is dry and dehisces loculicidally,
while the valves sometimes break away from the dissepiments,
or baccate and indehiscent. The seeds are numerous, rarely
few or solitary in the cells, and filled with a copious hard endo-
sperm. The testa is thin and smooth, rarely rugose-muricate
and often black. The embryo is very minute and embedded
in the endosperm close to the hilum.

The embryo in Pittosporum undulatum is a minute
nodular mass with hardly discernible cotyledons situated or
embedded in the endosperm at the base of the reniform seed
near a notch or depression at the hilum. As far as form is
concerned it cannot be much influenced by the shape of the
seed before germination. The seeds of Hymenosporum are
flattened, reniform, and girt with a membranous wing.

Cotyledons. — As in the case of the seed-leaves in other
Orders having a copious endosperm, whether the embryo is
large or small while yet in the seed, the cotyledons after germ-
ination attain a considerable size. They vary from linear to
linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. The broader
ones are characteristic of Pittosporum, the type of the Order.
In P. phillyrseoides (fig. 192) they are linear-lanceolate, acute,
sessile or narrowed to a very short petiole, hairy on the midrib
beneath, the midrib only being discernible. They are rather
persistent and with the exception of the venation resemble
very closely the first six leaves.

The other two species observed are very exceptional and
somewhat remarkable in character. The cotyledons of P.
crassifolium are four in number, oblanceolate, narrowed
to a short petiole, mucronate, rather unequal and apparently
consisting of two divided to the base, pubescent on both

PITTOSPORE^E

201

surfaces, ciliate, rather persistent, with a sunk midrib and
obscurely reticulate, and resemble in form the leaves that follow,
but are very much smaller. Those of P. erioloma are five in
number, whorled, lanceolate, membranous, shortly petiolate,
pubescent and penninerved like the leaves that follow, but
larger.

A type distinct from the above is exhibited by Billardiera
longiflora and B. fusiformis. In the former (fig. 194) the coty-
ledons are linear, acute, broadest above the middle, narrowed
to the base, but not
very distinctly petio-
late, with a scarcely
discernible midrib, gla-
brous, and 12-5-22 mm.
long. The seed-leaves
of B. fusiformis are
linear, acute, glabrous,
one-veined, sessile, and
about the same length
as those of B. longi-
flora.

Pittosporum philly-
rseoides, DC. (fig. 192).

Hypocotyl erect,
terete, glandular-pubes-
cent, deep red, 3-4'5 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons linear -lan-
ceolate, acute, sessile or
narrowed to an extremely
short petiole, light green,
pubescent on the midrib
beneath, otherwise gla-
brous, slightly channelled
at the base on the upper

PIG. 192.— Pittosporum phillyrceoides.
Nat. size.

side, and subcarinate on the under side, with midrib only discernible,
about 24 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent with adpressed hairs, deep red,
somewhat flexuous ; 1st internode 1'5 mm. long ; 2nd 2 mm. ; 3rd
3-25 mm.

202 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly
petiolate, alternately penninerved, with the nerves uniting at their
apex and forming a continuous intramarginal line, glabrous, coria-
ceous, deep green above, pale beneath, shining on both surfaces ;
petioles short, channelled above, terete on the back.

No. 1. Lanceolate-oblong, cuspidately acute.

No. 2. Similar, larger.

Nos. 3-6. Lanceolate-linear, acute, or acuminate, gradually
longer.

Pittosporum parviflorum, Putterl.

Hypocotyl glabrous.

Cotyledonstwo to three, lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous, shortly petio-
late, obscurely penninerved, reticulate, foliaceous, rather persistent.

Stem terete, erect, soon becoming woody.

First three leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire, small, cuneate at
the base.

Pittosporum crassifolium (?), Banks et Sol. (fig. 193).

Hypocotyl 3-4 cm. long, a little over 1 mm. thick, woody, covered
to the very base with a purplish pubescence (like Gynura auran-
tiaca).

Cotyledons two, three, or four, opposite or whorled, nearly equal,
shortly petioled, 1-5-2 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, nearly flat, oblan-
ceolate, produced at the base, with a short blunt mucro at the
obtuse, slightly recurved apex, penninerved, with sunk midrib and
obscurely reticulate veins, hairy on both sides, ciliated on margin
and petiole, light green, rather persistent.

Stem like the hypocotyl, but darker and tomentose.

Leaves penninerved with the branches ascending, branching or
incurved towards the tip, reticulate, with the principal nerves sunk
on the upper surface, glabrous above, pubescent or tomentose on the
margin, tomentose beneath with a prominent venation ; petioles
short, semiterete.

Nos. 1 and 2. Eotund-obovate, cuneate at the base.

Nos. 8 and 4. Obovate, obtuse, gradually becoming larger up-
wards.

NOTE. — I was at first disposed to think that the number of coty-
ledons in this species might be an accidental variation. There are
other cases where occasionally three cotyledons occur instead of two.
In Acer Pseudo-Platanus, for instance, this is not infrequently the
case, and I have observed that such specimens occur especially often
in the produce of particular trees.

PITTOSPORE^E

203

Pittosponim erioloma, Moore et F. Muell.

A seedling of this species also had five lanceolate, subacute,
entire, pubescent, nearly sessile cotyledons.

Billardiera longiflora, LabilL (fig. 194).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, brownish-purple, shining
14-27 mm. above the soil.

FIG. 193. — Pittosporum crassifolium. Nat. size.

Cotyledons linear, acute, or cuspidate, broader above the middle,
narrowed to a slender, petiole-like base, deep green and shining
above, with a scarcely discernible midrib, paler beneath, 12*5-22 mm.
long, -75-2 mm. wide at the broadest part.

Stem erect, terete, somewhat flexuose (at least when young), pale

204

ON SEEDLINGS

green or soon becoming brownish-purple, pubescent, with hooked,
bent, or branched hairs, ultimately shrubby, twining ; 1st internode

and frequently the 2nd unde-
veloped ; 2nd when developed
1-2 mm. long ; 3rd 3'5-4'5 mm. ;
4th 2-3 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alter-
nate (first and second often oppo-
site), exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately penninerved, with the nerves
running straight into the lobes or
teeth, somewhat pubescent on the
margins and nerves, especially
when young, with bent, kneed, or
forked hairs, deep green and shin-
ing above, pale beneath ; petioles
channelled above, convex on the
back, slightly pubescent, deep
green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Triangular, tri-
lobed; lateral lobes cuneate, bi-
dentate ; middle lobe entire or

tricuspidate. In very small weak seedlings the first two leaves are

frequently merely cuneate, tricuspidate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Triangular-ovate, trilobed, longer and larger than

the first two ; middle lobe trifid or coarsely serrate ; lateral lobes

bifid or serrate, mostly on the posterior side.

Billardiera fusiformis, Labill.

Hypocotyl as in B. longiflora, stained red, 8-15 mm. long.

Cotyledons long, linear, acute, tapering to the base but scarcely
petiolate, dark green, glabrous, one-veined.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, lobed, coarsely and
obtusely serrate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved.

Fie. 194.— Billardiera longiflora.
One-sixth over nat. size.

TREMANDRE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 133.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary consists of two carpels, and is
two-celled with one to three pendulous anatropous ovules in

TREM ANDREW 205

each cell attached close to the apex of the axile placentas. The
raphe is ventral. There are three genera belonging to the
order ; one, Tetratheca, includes twenty species, the ovaries of
which have from one to three ovules in each cell. When there
are two they are superposed, but the third one is collateral.
The fruit is a capsule dehiscing along the middle of each
carpel, and the seeds have a shell-shaped twisted aril-like
appendage at the chalaza. The testa is crustaceous, and in
Tetratheca and Tremandra sparingly pilose. The seeds of
Platytheca galioides are solitary in each cell and smooth.

The embryo is close to the hilum and embedded in a
moderately hard endosperm, with the radicle superior ; it is
usually very small.

The Tremandrese are slender, much branched shrubs, with
alternate, opposite or whorled, narrow, and sometimes Heath-
like leaves.

POLYGAEE/E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 134.

Fruit and Seed. — The pistil is superior, syncarpous, two-
celled, consisting of two carpels. Exceptions to these general
characters occur in Xanthophyllum with a one-celled ovary
and parietal placentas, while there is only one carpel in
Securidaca, several species of Monnina, and Krameria. In
Trigoniastrum the ovary is three-celled, and in Moutabea
often three- to five-celled. Typically the two cells each con-
tain one ovule suspended from the top of the cavity; two
collateral ovules occur in Krameria ; and from two to six in
Xanthophyllum. The pendulous and anatropous character is
constant.

The fruit is capsular and loculicidally, rarely septicidally,
dehiscent, or is dry or baccate and indehiscent. That of
Securidaca and Trigoniastrum is a samara, that of Carpo-
lobia and Mundtia a drupe. The fruit of Xanthophyllum,
Moutabea, and Krameria is globose and indehiscent. That
of Krameria, though primarily two-ovuled, is one-seeded
and spiny or muricate. The seeds are pendulous, with a

206

ON SEEDLINGS

crustaceous testa, or velvety or pilose as in the case of
Comesperma, and often furnished with an aril at the hilum
as in Polygala. They also contain a large or small quantity
of endosperm ; but in a few abnormal genera such as Xantho-
phyllum, Moutabea, Krameria, and Securidaca, as well as in
a few abnormal species of Polygala, there is no endosperm,
and the cotyledons are large, thick and fleshy, so as to fill the
seed. Intermediate stages are met with in
other species of Polygala and other genera
where the endosperm is reduced to a thin
stratum surrounding the fleshy embryo. The
embryo is always axile and straight, with a
short superior radicle. The cotyledons in
the species of Polygala observed are oblong
or oval, auricled at the base ; the embryo
nearly equals the endosperm in length and
width but not in thickness, as the seed-leaves
are flat or nearly so. In exalbuminous seeds
the cotyledons become plano-convex and very
thick, so as to fill the seed ; they are then
more markedly auricled at the base in order
to occupy the seed and yet leave space for
the radicle. An instance may be seen in a
section of the fruit and seed of Krameria.
Besides Comesperma above mentioned the
following have more or less hairy or pilose
seeds, namely, Bredemeyera, Trigoniastrum,
and Carpolobia.

As regards the means of dispersion, the
fruits of Securidaca and Trigoniastrum,
which are tall, generally climbing shrubs,
are samaras; while those of Mundtia are
fleshy, edible drupes ; and those of Krameria
bear a number of hooked hairs.
FIG. i95.-poiy^aia Cotyledons.— The yellowish-green colour
rarifoiia. Nat. size, of the seed-leaves of Polygala rarifolia would
seem to indicate that they are gradually be-
coming functionless after germination and tending to be sub-
terranean, and to act merely as a storehouse for reserve-

POLYGALE^E 207

material. It ia more than probable, although the fact has
not come under my notice, that in many of the species with
exalbuminous seeds the cotyledons are subterranean after
germination.

Polygala rarifolia, DC. (fig. 195).

Hypocotyl suffruticose, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green,
5'5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, shortly petiolate, cordate at
the base, glabrous, pale yellowish-green, subcoriaceous ; lamina
1-15 cm. long, one of them rarely slightly smaller, 7 mm. broad,
petiole 2 mm. long.

Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, hairy, pale green ; 1st internode
2-5 cm. long ; 2nd 9 mm. ; 3rd 8 mm. ; 4th 1-25 mm. ; the
numerous succeeding ones crowded. Individuals, however, differ
in the relative lengths of the internodes.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly
petiolate, hairy on both surfaces, pale green ; petioles terete, hairy,
about 1-1-5 mm. long.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblong, obtuse, minutely cuspidate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Linear-oblong.

Nos. 5-7. Oblong, the numerous succeeding ones linear-oblong,
obtuse, minutely cuspidate.

FRANKENIACE^.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 140.

The ovary in this small Order consists of two to five
carpels, but three is the most prevalent number. It is one-
celled with as many parietal placentas as there are carpels,
and the numerous small ovules are arranged in a double
series. They are amphitropous or subanatropous, ascending
on long slender funicles with an inferior micropyle. The fruit
is a capsule dehiscing by as many valves as there are carpels.
The small seeds are oblong or obovoid, with a crustaceous testa
and a linear raphe.

The embryo is small, axile, and straight, the latter rather
unusual in cases where the ovule is amphitropous. This
is probably due to its small size, and the fact of its being

208 ON SEEDLINGS

embedded in the axis of the mealy endosperm. It is ovoid and
cylindrical, and the radicle, which is close to the hilum, equals
the cotyledons in length or is shorter.

There are from twelve to thirty species of Frankenia
according to different authors, consisting of perennial ever-
green herbs like our native F. Isevis, or of much-branched
suffruticose plants. No seedlings have come under my
observation. The leaves of the older plant are small and
opposite or fascicled on the shortened axillary shoots.

CARYOPHYLLE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 141.

The ovary is superior, syncarpous, of two to five carpels,
and usually one-celled, with the ovules arising from a central
or basal placenta. There are two carpels in Dianthus,
Velezia, Tunica, Gypsophila, Acanthophyllum, and Saponaria ;
three in Silene, Cucubalus, Stellaria, Spergularia, and others ;
and five in Lychnis, Cerastium, and others. But many of
these vary greatly in different species; for instance, there
are generally three in Arenaria, but species occur with two,
four, or five carpels. In the young condition of the ovary
septa are often discernible, but vanish as a rule during
development of the fruit. There are, however, exceptions;
and amongst those observed Silene gallica, S. noctiflora, S.
tatarica, and S. depressa are three-celled even when mature.
The ovules are usually numerous, but vary from two to many,
Queria, however, having only one. They are amphitropous
and ascending with the micropyle inferior or transverse.
The fruit is a capsule dehiscing by teeth or valves, rarely
fleshy as in Cucubalus and indehiscent as in the latter, and
in Drypis.

The seeds are usually numerous, or few by arrest, smooth,
tubercular, muricate, or reticulate, sometimes winged, as in
Spergularia marina, and marginate, as in Tunica pachygona,
some species of Spergula, Dianthus, &c.

CARYOPHYLLE.E 209

As far as structure and form are concerned, there are two
leading types in the Order with several modifications. The
first is that of Velezia, Dianthus, and Tunica, which have
peltate, dorsally compressed or much flattened seeds, with
the hilum on the ventral face, and a straight embryo. By
far the larger number, however, have reniform, obovoid, or
globose seeds, frequently compressed laterally, and attached
to the placenta by the edge, which is really the ventral surface.
In the latter type the embryo is curved and peripheral, while
the cotyledons are incumbent, rarely accumbent. The en-
dosperm is mealy and lies in the bend of the embryo, on its
sides, or even surrounds the whole embryo in peltate seeds
such as those of Dianthus and Tunica. Endosperm is want-
ing in some species of Velezia and Dianthus. The whole
Order as far as concerns the shape of the seeds and embryo
may be considered as consisting of the two leading types
above given with their modifications. The first is well ex-
emplified in Dianthus plumarius (fig. 196). The seeds are
broadly oblong-orbicular, imbricating in one row or series,
forming a complete covering to the central columnar placenta,
peltate, much compressed dorsally, slightly concave on the
ventral face, and elevated on the dorsal aspect, forming a
convexity agreeing in outline with the contained embryo,
and traversed by a shallow ridge along the whole of the
ventral aspect; the hilum is situated a little above the
middle ; and the testa, which is smooth and black, is prolonged
into a short point at the micropyle, but not winged any-
where.1

The embryo is straight or slightly curved towards the
axis, and transverse to it and enveloped on all sides by a thin
layer of endosperm ; the cotyledons are oblong, obtuse and
comparatively broad ; the terete radicle is about half the length
of the cotyledons, and points into the little projection at the
micropyle. D. Caryophyllus, D. chinensis, and D. prolifer,
Tunica Saxifraga, and T. pachygona agree in all the main
particulars with D. plumarius, but the testa of D. prolifera is
muricate or echinulate, and that of Tunica Saxifraga minutely
striate-reticulate.

1 Le Maout and Decaisne, Eng. Trans p. 256.

210 ON SEEDLINGS

The most marked modification of the above type met with
occurs in Tunica pachygona, the seeds of which are oblong or
suborbicular, slightly angled at the margins, and distinctly
winged all round except at the micropyle, where there is
a narrow and moderately deep sinus, into which a little point
projects, containing the tip of the radicle. The wing re-
sults from the absence of endosperm, whereby the testa on
the dorsal and ventral aspect of the seed is allowed to come
together. Velezia also offers a rather marked modification
inasmuch as the seeds are deeply grooved or umbilicate on
the middle of the inner or ventral face, while they are ovate
or oblong in outline, semiglobular, thick, and convex on the
outer face ; the embryo is, however, straight, and the endo-
sperm copious. The reniform and laterally compressed type of
seeds may be seen by reference to Cerastium arvense (fig. 199)
and D. plumarius (fig. 196), showing vertical and horizontal sec-
tions, as well as their attachment to the central column. The
flattened seeds of Dianthus and Tunica are subservient to the
purpose of distribution by the wind, and allow of the arrange-
ment of a large number in a capsule, by overlapping like slates
on a roof. Kelatively to the size of the capsule, however, a
still greater number can be packed away where the seeds are
reniform and laterally compressed. This may be observed in
Saponaria officinalis, where the lateral flattening is due to
mutual pressure, and a large number of ovules and seeds are
packed away in a little space. The number is increased in cases
where the capsule is inflated as in Lychnis and Silene. In L.
vespertina the seeds are horizontal or displaced in various ways,
and arranged in a double series one over the other, by the
funicles of the two sets being of different lengths. A single ovary
will contain from 250 to 400, of which 240 to 370 or more
reach maturity. They are ridged in the direction of the longer
axis by the time they get ripe. Dianthus plumarius has 70
to 90 ovules, D. chinensis 70 to 80, and D. prolifer 35 to 45.
D. prolifer, it may be remarked, is an annual species with small
capsules.

Most or all of the species of the tribes Alsineae and Poly-
carpese have small capsules with a moderate number of, some-
times with few, seeds. The capsule is one-seeded by arrest in

CARYOPHYLLE/E 211

Brachystemma and Sphaerocoma, and in some species of
Acanthophyllum and Stellaria, while Queria as above men-
tioned is one-ovuled and one-seeded.

The form of the embryo in reniform seeds is well shown
in the vertical section parallel with the embryo of Cerastium
arvense (fig. 199). The seeds are small, reniform, laterally
compressed, with very unequal ends, the larger one containing
the cotyledons, and the smaller one the radicle of the embryo.
The testa is densely covered with small protuberances — an
extremely common occurrence amongst the reniform seeds of
this Order. The embryo is curved and peripheral, but sur-
rounded on the back with a thin layer of endosperm, although
it is usual in other seeds of this type for the embryo to lie
in immediate contact with the testa. A globular mass of
floury endosperm lies in the sinus of the embryo on the ventral
aspect of the seed. The cotyledons are linear, scmiterete,
obtuse, incumbent, and lying in the narrow plane of the seeds ;
the terete radicle tapers gradually to a blunt point, and is
somewhat shorter than the cotyledons. A small indentation
at the hilum seems the only thing hindering the embryo from
making a complete circuit of the seed.

With the above type the following agree in all main par-
ticulars, namely, Gypsophila repens, G. Eokejeka, Saponaria
officinalis, S. orientalis, S. Vaccaria, Silene gallica, S. Villarsii,
S. noctiflora, S. tatarica, S. depressa, Cucubalus bacciferus,
Lychnis diurna, L. vespertina,the species of Stellaria, Arenaria
graminifolia, and others. A slight variation is met with
in Lychnis Githago, where the thicker end of the seed contains
the radicle and the thinner one the cotyledons ; the reverse
is usually the case when the seed is not of the same thickness
throughout. A striking modification occurs in the species of
Holosteum which have their ovules very much curved and
folded so that one half lies against the other. The morpholo-
gically apical end containing the radicle is very narrow and
forms a keel adnate to the face of the other half, which is
much compressed. The cotyledons are incumbent and brought
so close to the radicle that they nearly or quite touch it. There
is little or no endosperm between them, but a considerable
thickness of it on each side of the cotyledons so that the latter

212 ON SEEDLINGS

although semiterete have plenty of room to develop laterally
and become broad.

A very important deviation not only from the type repre-
sented by Cerastium arvense, but also from the Order generally,
occurs in Arenaria procumbens. The embryo is curved as
usual in the shape of a horse-shoe, but the cotyledons are
accumbent. The seed is reniform, very much compressed
laterally, with a distinct notch at the base, and a double coat,
finely reticulated on the surface. The cotyledons lie round
the periphery of the seed just within the endosperm, and in
the broader plane of the seed, yet they are semiterete and
very narrow. Perhaps the exceeding thinness of the seed,
which in transverse section is oblong with slightly indented
sides and ends, may account for this particular manner of
folding, although the narrowness of the cotyledons would
hardly justify the conclusion. Buffonia Oliveriana (fig. 202),
B. brachyphylla, and B. macrosperma agree with the above in
having accumbent cotyledons, but they differ slightly in the
form of the seeds, which are always few, generally two, in a
capsule. They are very deeply horseshoe-shaped, and verti-
tically, almost oblong or obovate. This unusual length is well
marked in B. Oliveriana and B. macrosperma ; and the latter
has comparatively thick seeds. The cotyledons are always
narrow and semiterete, or almost square in section in B. Olive-
riana, and equal the radicle in length. The embryo as a whole
is very much curved, almost encircling the whole of the greatest
circumference of the seed.

A second most important variation occurs in some species
with distinctly winged seeds, standing in the same relation to
the reniform seeds with a curved embryo as Tunica pachygona
does to Dianthus with flat seeds and a straight embryo.
This type, which is very rare in the Order, is represented
by Spergularia marina. The seeds are suborbicular, very
much laterally flattened, and girt at the circumference by a
moderately wide wing which is slightly notched at the hilum.
In most cases winged seeds are adapted for dispersal by the
wind, but in the case of Spergularia it perhaps serves the
same object by enabling the seeds to float. The embryo is
curved as usual, peripheral, and similar in all respects to

CARYOPHYLLE^E 213

others with incumbent cotyledons. S. marginata l agrees very
closely with S. marina ; but S. rubra, another British species,
has wingless seeds. In Spergula also some species have
winged seeds and others not. Drypis spinosa 2 stands in the
same relation to the Caryophylleae as Bunias orientalis does
to the Cruciferse. The embryo is spirally or circinately coiled,
the cotyledons especially, and takes up the greater part of the
seed. The radicle is simply hooked, with its tip brought
round in contact with the cotyledons, while the small quantity
of endosperm present lies in the sinus of the radicle. The
seeds are somewhat compressed laterally.

Cotyledons. — There is considerable variation in the shape
of the cotyledons after germination ; but those observed may
be roughly classed under six leading types or forms. All are
entire, and they vary chiefly in size and outline. Some of them
are moderately fleshy in character, while the greater number
are so opaque that no venation is discernible, or at most a
midrib only. Saponaria Vaccaria is exceptional, and it seems
that the cotyledons of no two species of this genus are exactly
alike.

Taking Dianthus Caryophyllus (fig. 197) as the first type, it
is characterised by broadly oblong cotyledons, rounded at the
apex, tapering into the petiole, glabrous, fleshy, pale green,
opaque. D. prolifer and D. ciliatus agree in all the main
points, but the cotyledons of the former are proportionately
shorter, retuse, inclining to ovate, and minutely scabrid at
the margin. Their form in all cases bears an evident relation
to the shape of the peltate, flattened seed and embryo. The
petioles, it may be noted, are short and connate at the base,
forming a cup round the plumule, and this character is the
prevailing one throughout the Order.

The next type is represented by Tunica prolifera (fig. 198),
which has broad, suborbicular, petiolate, thin but opaque
cotyledons, with obscure venation. They doubtless derive
their shape from that of the seed, which is generally orbicular
or discoid, or occasionally inclined to oblong as in T. pachygona.
Saponaria orientalis may be placed here, as it has broadly
ovate or suborbicular cotyledons when full grown ; they also

1 Le Maout and Decaisne, p. 258. 2 Ibid. p. 255.

214 ON SEEDLINGS

show an alternate, penninerved venation. While yet in the
seed they are linear, longer than the radicle, incumbent, and
otherwise resemble those usually found in the reniform or
suborbicular and laterally flattened type of seeds, but after
germination they become successively oblong-elliptic, elliptic,
and ultimately suborbicular, so that their form is due to growth
subsequent to germination, and does not depend upon that
which obtains while yet in the seed.

A third type is shown by Saponaria Vaccaria. The coty-
ledons are narrowly oblong, obtuse, shortly petiolate and
penninerved, and closely resemble the primary leaves in that
respect as well as in form. The seed is large (3-4 mm. in
width), suborbicular, and slightly flattened laterally. The
embryo is also large and curved round the periphery, and the
cotj'ledons in germination keep much the same shape but
attain a large size on account of the large store of reserve
material in the seed. They are also unequal in size hi the
proportion of 25 to 29 mm. ; and this peculiarity no doubt
takes its origin in the seed, where the outer cotyledon would
be the longest. They are long and narrow during germination,
but increase in width afterwards. Lychnis Githago has
long and broadly spathulate, sessile cotyledons connate at
the base. They are opaque and show a midrib only.

A large number of species have broad cotyledons of
moderate length somewhat similar to those of Dianthus, but
they are pointed and more or less evidently narrowed at both
ends. Those that may be grouped under this head vary some-
what between ovate-lanceolate, ovate, and elliptic or oblanceo-
late; but all agree in being pointed. Cerastium arvense
(fig. 200), Silene echinata, and Silene rubella may be given as
representatives of the three subtypes respectively. The coty-
ledons of C. arvense are ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, obtusely
pointed, slightly mucronate, tapered to the base, distinctly
one-nerved, and connate at the very base. Those of Silene
echinata are broadly ovate, short, moderate in size, shortly
petiolate, and faintly trinerved. Those of S. rubella are
oblanceolate, tapered to a rather broad, connate base, and
unequal in size in the ratio of 9'5 to 11 mm, Silene

CARYOPHYLLE.E

215

Schweinfurthii agrees pretty closely with the latter, and
Saponaria calabrica merely differs in being somewhat more
elliptic.

The fifth type is represented by Sagina procumbens (fig.
201), which has small, subulate, acute cotyledons, broadest at
the base, and connate there, forming a cup round the plu-
mule, 1-5-2 mm. long, and 1 mm. broad at the base. A sixth
very distinct type is met with in Spergula arvensis, the
cotyledons of which are linear, semiterete, acute, fleshy,
glabrous, green, without discernible venation, about 22-5
mm. long, and in all respects very similar to the primary
leaves.

The Order Caryophyllese consists of 800 to 1200 species
according to different authors. They are chiefly confined to
the northern hemisphere, and are found in greatest numbers
in extratropical regions, extending into the arctic and alpine ;
they are rarer in the southern hemisphere and very rare in the
tropics, where they occur only on mountains.

Dianthus plumarius, L. (fig. 196).

Fruit an oblong-cylindrical capsule, one-celled, many-seeded,
dehiscing at the apex by four short valves or teeth.

Seeds broadly oblong-orbicular, imbricated on a central column,
peltate, much compressed dorso-ventrally, slightly concave on the

Fin. 196. — Dianthus plumarius, x 15.

ventral aspect, and raised on the dorsal into a convexity agreeing
in outline with the contained embryo, traversed throughout its
longest axis on the ventral aspect by a ridge ; testa black ; hilum
ventral a little above the middle of the seed, with a projection at

216 ON SEEDLINGS

either end, one of which towards the end farthest from the micro-
pyle is the raphe ; micropyle produced into a little point.

Endosperm copious, white, farinaceous.

Embryo comparatively large, slightly curved towards the axis ;
cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, broad ; radicle cylindrical, obtuse,
pointing into a little projection at the micropyle.

Dianthus Caryophyllus, L. (fig. 197).
Hypocotyl very short, tapering into the root.
Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, tapering into the petiole,
glabrous, fleshy, pale green ; lamina 1-8
cm. long, 9'5 mm. broad ; petiole flattened,
shallowly grooved above, perfoliate, 6 mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous or shrubby below,
erect, ultimately decumbent, glabrous,
terete ; internodes crowded in the seedling
stage ; nodes thickened.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and
cauline, opposite, decussate, perfoliate,
FIG 197 -Dianthus glabrous> glaucous, exstipulate, sessile.
Caryophyiiu*. Nat. size. ^ P™ ^ar, spathulate, obtuse,

channelled on the lower half, arching,
subcarinate, especially on the lower half.

2nd pair linear, obtuse, broadest above the middle.

Dianthus prolifer, L.

Primary root long, tapering, with numerous short lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl tapering insensibly into the root, short, glabrous.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, retuse, shortly petiolate, glabrous,
minutely scabrous at the margin, light green, with an inconspicuous
midrib and a few slender, incurved, lateral veins ; lamina, 6 mm.
long, 4-5 mm. wide; petiole flattened, dilated at the base and
perfoliate, 2 mm. long.

Leaves subperfoliate at the base, spiny-ciliate at the margin and
on the strong subcarinate midrib beneath, otherwise glabrous, deep
green, shining, with a prominent midrib and a few lateral ascending
nerves that unite with those next above them, but very indistinct
in the first two pairs of leaves.

1st pair spathulate, obtuse.

2nd pair oblanceolate or narrowly spathulate, subacute.

3rd pair linear, obtuse.

CARYOPHYLLE^E

217

Tunica pachygona, Fisch. et Mey.

Capsule oblong-ellipsoid, glabrous, enclosed in the shortly five-
toothed, fifteen-ribbed, persistent calyx, which is nearly or quite as
long, one-celled, with a central placenta, and many seeds, dehiscing
at the apex by four valves.

Seed oblong-orbicular, thin and much flattened dorsally, entire
or slightly angled at the margins, winged all round except at the
tip of the radicle where a narrow shallow sinus is formed, glabrous,
black. Except for an elevation conforming in outline to that of
the embryo the seeds are nearly flat and attached to the placenta a
little above the middle and much overlapping one another ; hilum
forming a little round spot above the middle of the seed on the
ventral aspect ; micropyle at the lower end of the seed, lying in the
sinus ; raphe and chalaza inconspicuous.

Endosperm forming a thin layer throughout the seed, except in
the wing, but much thinner around the embryo, white, fleshy, or
subfarinose.

Embryo straight, central, much narrower than
the endosperm and a little shorter, colourless ;
cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, plano-con-
vex or nearly flat, lying in the broad plane of the
seed with their backs to the axis ; radicle terete,
obtuse, about ha]f as long as the embryo, embedded
in a thin layer of endosperm close to the micropyle.

Tunica prolifera, Scop. (fig. 198).

Primary root slender, tapering, flexuose, with
a few short lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl suberect, herbaceous, about 2 cm.
long, -5-1 mm. thick, round, slightly pubescent
under the seed-leaves.

Cotyledons nearly equal, stalked, including
petiole about 1 cm. long, 7 mm. broad, sub-
orbicular or somewhat spathulate, rounded, entire,
with very obscure nervation, glabrous, not very
thick nor persistent, dull green above, paler
below.

Stem very short, elongated when about to flower.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, opposite, exstipulate,
petiolate in the early stages or very much narrowed at the base,
ultimately narrow, sessile, with a distinct midrib and a few scattered
lateral nerves, glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath.

1st and 2nd pairs spathulate, much narrowed to a petiole.like base.

FIG. 198.

Tunica prolifera.
Nat. size.

218 ON SEEDLINGS

Saponaria Vaccaria, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 3-4 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons somewhat fleshy, unequal, linear-ohlong, obtuse,
entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem erect, nearly square, herbaceous, glabrous ; 1st internode
5-7 mm. long, 2nd very short.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, linear-
oblong, obtuse, sessile, tapering slightly to the base, where they are
ciliate, glabrous, green, fleshy, indistinctly pinnatinerved.

Saponaria calabrica, Guss.

Primary root slender, tapering downwards, with numerous
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl as in S. Vaccaria but 5-6 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, one-veined; petiole short, broad, scarcely
channelled.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves radical, petiolate, rotundly oblong or almost spathu-
late ; 2nd pair of leaves slightly hairy, one-veined like the cotyledons ;
petioles broad, flat, sheathing at the base, shallowly channelled on
the upper surface.

Saponaria orientalis, L.

Hypocotyl as in preceding species, erect, terete, glabrous.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, indistinctly one-veined like the leaves.

Stem herbaceous, erect, square ; primary internodes but slightly
developed.

First leaves cauline, ovately-oval or oblong, obtuse, otherwise
as in preceding species ; petioles rather long, glabrous, deeply fur-
rowed on the upper side.

Silene echinata, Otth.

Primary root tapering downwards, with short lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, very short, or tapering indistinguishably into
the root, pale green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, trinerved from the
base, the lateral ones submarginal, undulate or wavy, curved
inwards and uniting with the midrib close to the apex, alternately
nerved upwards and obscurely reticulate, glabrous, light green ;
lamina 6-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide ; petiole grooved above, con-
nate at the base, 1-5-2 mm. long.

C ARYOPH YLLE.E 219

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, and developed when about to
flower ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, opposite, exstipu-
late, petiolate, obscurely, alternately incurvinerved, hairy on both
surfaces, light green above, paler beneath; petioles channelled
above, dilated and clasping at the base and slightly connate,
coarsely hairy at the margins or edges of the channel.

1st pair short, obovate, very obtuse and rounded at the end.

2nd pair similar, but much larger.

3rd and 4th pairs spathulate, obovate, narrower and inclined to
be oblong.

Silece rubella, L.

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous long lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, obconical, green or almost colourless.

Cotyledons rather fleshy, linear-oblong or lanceolate, indistinctly
one-nerved like the leaves, unequal.

Stem, 1st internode 1-1-5 mm. long ; 2nd 6-7 mm. ; 3rd very
short.

First leaves entire, often wavy, cauline, spathulate or cuneate,
tapering to the base, but scarcely petiolate, obtuse, glabrous, one-
nerved.

Lychnis Githago, Lam.

Hypocotyl short, hardly appearing above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire, somewhat fleshy,
petiolate, connate at the base, glabrous, dark green, indistinctly one-
nerved.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, opposite, oblong-lanceolate,
subacute, exstipulate, pubescent, with the hairs very fine and silky,
tapering to the base, sessile, light green, indistinctly pinnatinerved.

Cerastium arvense, L. (fig. 199).

Fruit a capsule, cylindrical or slightly curved and narrowed up-
wards, one-celled, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex by ten teeth.

Seed reniform, with very unequal ends, appearing laterally com-
pressed simply because curved, small, densely covered with small
protuberances, brown ; the smaller end containing the radicle, the
larger one the cotyledons ; hilum on the large end of the seed close
to the edge of the basal notch ; raphe none.

220

ON SEEDLINGS

Endosperm in the mature seed forming a round mass between
the embryo and the basal notch, also an extremely thin layer round
the periphery of the seed, and surrounding the embryo, floury,
white.

Embryo long and narrow, curved round the periphery of the
seed, pale yellow ; cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, semiterete,

FIG. 199.— Cerastium arvense, x 15.

lying hi the narrow way of the seed with their backs to the hilum ;
radicle cylindrical, slightly narrowed to an obtuse tip, somewhat
shorter than the cotyledons and incumbent.

The form and arrangement of the seeds in Caryophylleae has
been already referred to (see ante, p. 25).

Seedling (fig. 200).

Hypocotyl erect or slightly decumbent,
thickened upwards, glabrous, pale green,
about 4-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate-lanceolate, obtuse,
petiolate, glabrous, slightly mucronate,
distinctly one-nerved, tapered at the base
into the petiole ; lamina about 7 mm. long,
and 3 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above,
convex beneath, perfoliate at the base,
about 3 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, primarily erect,
ultimately decumbent, terete, pale green,
glabrous, somewhat thickened at the
nodes ; 1st internode 4-25 mm., 2nd 6'5
mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
slightly hairy above and occasionally on the midrib beneath (at

Half nat. size.

CARYOPHYLLE^

221

least in seedlings), indistinctly trinerved ; midrib with a few short,
alternate, ascending nerves uniting with the longitudinal, lateral,
slender, wavy submarginal ones ; petioles channelled above, subcar-
inate beneath, slightly hairy, connate at the base.

1st to 3rd pairs spathulate, or often broadly spathulate, obtuse,
mucronate.

Arenaria procumbens, Vahl.

Fruit a capsule, small, ovoid, one-celled, several-seeded, dehisc-
ing by the same number of valves as there are carpels.

Seed reniform, much compressed laterally, with a distinct notch
at the base, very finely reticulated, pale brown ; seed-coat double ;
the testa membranous, pale brown ; the tegmen thinner, whitish ;
hilum and micropyle con-
tiguous, basal in the ^
notch.

Endosperm copious,
farinaceous, white.

Embryo curved round
just within the periphery
of the endosperm, colour-
less ; cotyledons accum-
bent, sometimes some-
what obliquely linear,
obtuse, entire, plano-con-
vex, lying in the broad
plane of the seed with
their edges to the axis
(presumably on account
of the seed being thin and
much compressed later-
ally) ; radicle terete, ob-
tuse, about equal in length
to the cotyledons, and
curved in conformity with
the curvature of the seed.

Sagina procumbens,
L. (fig. 201).

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous slender,
lateral rootlets and abundantly provided with root-hairs.

Hypocotyl very short or completely suppressed.

Cotyledons small, subulate, acute, much broader at the base,

222 ON SEEDLINGS

where they are connate and form a little cup round the stem, about
1-5-2 mm. long, and 1 mm. broad at the base.

Stem herbaceous, with the lower very slightly developed inter-
nodes covered by the connate and sheathing bases of the leaves ;
primary one remaining short and barren ; lateral shoots or branches
elongating and fruiting.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, opposite, exstipulate,
sessile, dilated, connate and sheathing at the base, glabrous, and
covered with numerous, elevated, very minute, hyaline points,
bright green, without discernible venation, or with the midrib indi-
cated by a slightly elevated ridge on the under side.

FIG. 202. — "Buffonia Oliveriana, x 24. A, vertical section of seed :
B, radicle ; H, hilum ; C, cotyledon ; P, endosperm ; 0 T, testa ;
I T, tegmen. B, transverse section of seed : H, radicle , P, endo-
sperm ; C, cotyledon.

1st pair narrowly linear, acute, flattened above.

3rd to 5th pairs narrowly linear, but still much broader than the
first pair, acute, or tipped with a slender hyaline seta or bristle, con-
vex above and minutely revolute at the margins.

Buffonia Oliveriana, Ser. (fig. 202).

Fruit a capsule, obovoid, much compressed laterally, pale-coloured,
glabrous, one-celled, generally two-seeded, dehiscing longitudinally
by two valves.

Seed vertical, oblong, much compressed laterally, obtuse at the
upper end, notched at the base, owing to the curvature of the ovule,
finely and closely rugoso-reticulate and even developed into numerous
small points or teeth round the margin ; hilum and micropyle con-
tiguous, basal ; raphe none.

CABYOPHYLLILE

223

Endosperm central, copious, farinaceous, white.

Embryo much curved round the periphery of the endosperm,
yellowish -white ; cotyledons linear, plano-convex, or semiterete,
obtuse, lying in the hroader plane of the seed, accumbent with their
edges to the hilum and placenta, the two together thicker than they
are wide ; radicle terete, obtuse, as thick at the base as the cotyledons
are broad, but thicker above the middle, and as long.

I figure this species because the cotyledons, like those of B.
brachyphylla and Arenaria procumbens, are accumbent.

Buffonia brachyphylla, B.IL (fig. 203).

Capsule small, ovoid, one-celled, generally two-seeded, but often
one-seeded, dehiscing to the base by two valves.

Seed reniform, much compressed laterally, and comparatively

,-or

-IT

OT IT I C?

FIG. 203—Bu/onia brachyphylla, x 20. A, vertical section of seed :
B, radicle ; H, hilum ; P, endosperm ; C, cotyledon ; 12, tegmen;
O T, testa. B, transverse section of seed : 0 T, testa ; I T, tegmen ;
P, endosperm ; C, cotyledon ; 11, radicle.

thin, with a basal notch, minutely and finely reticulated, brown ;
testa comparatively thick ; tegmen thin, membranous.

Endosperm mealy or farinaceous.

Embryo as in the preceding species.

Spergula arvensis, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-8 mm. long, light green.
Cotyledons linear, semiterete, acute, entire, fleshy, glabrous,
green, no venation apparent.

224 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, opposite, decussate, linear,
cylindrical, acute, sessile, fleshy, glabrous, green, without any apparent
venation ; subsequent leaves in pseudo-whorls of from six to eight.

PORTULACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 155.

Fruit and Seed. — The pistil is syncarpous and free, or half
inferior in Portulaca, one-celled, two- to many-ovuled, and con-
sists of three, rarely two, carpels. The amphitropous ovules
vary from two to many, except in Portulacaria, which has only
one, and arise from the base of the ovary separately, or the
funicles are connate into a central column.

The fruit is a capsule, splitting by as many valves as there
are carpels, or dehiscing circumscissly as in Portulaca ; rarely
indehiscent as in the one-seeded winged fruits of Portulacaria
and Silvsea. The seeds are numerous or solitary by arrest,
and reniform, or lenticular, laterally compressed, or obovoid ;
testa generally crustaceous, shining and smooth or often
granulate as in species of Portulaca, sometimes furnished with
an arilloid, or swelling of the funicle, as in Talinum. The
embryo is nearly always curved round the periphery of a
scanty, farinaceous endosperm, when the cotyledons about
equal the terete radicle in length.

A good type of the Order is furnished by Portulaca grandi-
flora, the seeds of which are reniform, laterally compressed,
with a thick and a thin end, and a minutely granulate crusta-
ceous and shining testa.

As regards means of dispersion, Portulacaria has winged
fruits, and Grahamia winged seeds ; in Anacampseros some
species have seeds with three wings while others are wingless.

The embryo is curved round the periphery of the seed,
enclosing in its sinus a small quantity of endosperm, and
nearly encircling the greatest circumference ; the cotyledons
are plano-convex, linear-oblong, and being situated in the

PORTULACfLE 225

wider end of the seed, are much wider than the terete radicle,
which they equal in length. They are also incumbent and lie
transversely to the wider plane of the seed.

Calandrinia umbellata, C. pilosiuscula, and Spraguea
umbellata agree very closely with Portulaca except that the
seeds of Spraguea are thickest in the middle and taper to
each end, so that the cotyledons are narrower for the size
of the seed than in the type given. A more remarkable excep-
tion occurs in Claytonia perfoliata (fig. 204), the embryo of
which lies in the broader plane of the seed. The cotyledons
are nevertheless very narrow, linear, plano-convex, and ac-
cumbent, perhaps for the reason suggested on page 69. The
embryo seems to originate with its cotyledons in the narrow
plane of the seed while yet straight ; but certainly as soon as
it begins to curve in conformity with the outline of the seed,
the cotyledons lie in the broad plane with their edges to the
axis. When first observable with a simple lens, the embryo
is a small, nodular, obcordate body, but it soon becomes oblong,
and the cotyledons attain such a thickness as to become closely
adpressed to one another ; in the next stage it is cylindrical,
and soon after commences to curve and ultimately attains
a horse-shoe shape.

Exceptions to the general rule occur in Grahamia, Tali-
nopsis, and sometimes in Anacampseros, where the embryo is
almost straight, and the seeds have only a scanty endosperm.
The seeds of Grahamia are also irregularly obovate, subreni-
forrn, very much compressed laterally, and girt with a mem-
branous wing ; in Talinopsis they are obovate-oblong, incurved
and hooked but wingless ; while in some species of Anacam-
pseros they are angled or compressed and three-winged, but in
others wingless.

Cotyledons. — As far as observed there are two distinct types
of cotyledons, namely, a broad and a narrow one. One of
the broadest types occurs in Portulaca grandiflora, notwith-
standing the extreme minuteness of the seeds. The cotyle-
dons however lie in the narrow plane of the seed, but in its
widest part, and they are consequently several times as wide
as the radicle is thick. When fully developed after germin-
ation they are oblong-oval, obtuse, fleshy, shortly petiolate,

Q

226 ON SEEDLINGS

about 17 mm. long, and 4 mm. broad. Calandrinia umbellata
and Spraguea umbellata agree with the above in the re-
lative width of the cotyledons, but the latter are only 2-25 mm.
long and 1'25 mm. broad in Spraguea. They are oblong-
ovate, obtuse, sessile, and subfleshy. There are a few notable
points to be observed in the germination of the seeds. In some
cases the testa splits along the side of the cotyledons, which,
meeting with little resistance, emerge here, contrary to the
usual rule in seeds that the radicle is first protruded.
They continue to grow till the endosperm becomes exhausted
through the medium of the radicle, when the seedling, unable
to make any further progress, dies, unless the conditions are
favourable for the emission of adventitious roots, whereby it
can lay hold of the soil and become established. When how-
ever the seeds have been properly covered with soil the radicle
emerges first, the arching hypocotyl pulls the cotyledons out of
the testa, and after it has become straight these unfold to the
light. The testa is however frequently carried up on the
cotyledons, when it exhibits a vertical cleft of considerable
size, thus allowing the escape of the cotyledons, which are
comparatively broad, oblong, obtuse, and sessile. In the
mature seed the cotyledons are long, narrow, and quite typical
of the Order ; but after germination or during it, they develop
more in breadth than length, and remain comparatively short.
Sown under glass they germinated in ten days.

Several species of Calandrinia, including C. pilosiuscula
and C. speciosa, agree with Claytonia in the narrowness of
their cotyledons, also some species of Talinum, and it is pro-
bable that several other genera of the same habit have similar
cotyledons; in C. umbellata they are broader, and some
other species of Calandrinia which differ in habit and have
broad, fleshy, mostly radical leaves, may possibly have differ-
ent cotyledons.

Portulaca grandiflora, Hook.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, reddish, glabrous, 10-15 mm.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, fleshy, glabrous, stained with
red underneath, shortly petiolate, about 17 mm. long including the
petiole, 4 mm. broad.

Stem herbaceous, erect in the early stages, but afterwards pro-

POETULACELE

227

cumbent, terete, glabrous with tufts of long white hairs springing
from the axils of the cotyledons.

Leaves simple, entire, flat, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, very
shortly petiolate, fleshy, glabrous, often tinged with red beneath ;
petioles very short, slightly channelled above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, obtuse, or faintly mucronate, with small
tufts of white hairs or setae in their axils.

Claytonia perfoliata, Don (fig. 204).

Fruit a capsule, globose or ovoid, membranous, dehiscing by
three valves.

Seed orbicular-subreniform, much compressed laterally, small)
with the auricles on each side of the hilum nearly or quite equal ;
testa glabrous, shining, black, crustaceous ; hilum basal in the sinus,

FIG. 204. — Claytonia perfoliata. A, transverse section of seed: C,
cotyledons; li, radicle, x 15. B, seedling, showing the thickness of
the two cotyledons combined, x C.

and apparently equidistant from apex of cotyledons and radicle ;
funicle partly or wholly persistent.

Endosperm copious, farinaceous, white, forming a thin layer
round the embryo, and a much larger mass inside.

Embryo much curved round the periphery of the seed, just
within a thin layer of endosperm ; cotyledons narrowly linear,
obtuse, entire, colourless, accumbent ; radicle cylindrical or terete,
obtuse, curved round the periphery of the seed, about as long as the
cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 205).

Primary root normal, annual.

Hypocotyl terete, very short, reddish, glabrous, 2'5 mm. long.
Cotyledons linear, elongated, fleshy, flattened, glabrous, pale

Q 2

228

ON SEEDLINGS

green, becoming reddish when old, broadest above the middle, nar-
rowed towards the base, then suddenly dilated, amplexicaul or

slightly perfoliate, 2*3 cm. long,
greatest breadth 1-5 mm.

Stem herbaceous, annual, de-
veloped when about to flower ;
manv primary nodes undeveloped.
Leaves simple, entire, radical
and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, rather fleshy,
bright green ; petioles flattened
above or shallowly grooved, long,
slender, fleshy, glabrous, dilated
and amplexicaul at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Narrowly spathu-
late with a long petiole.
No. 3. Much broader.
Nos. 4-8. Rhomboid, obtuse
or subacute, on long petioles.
Spraguea umbellata, Torr. (fig. 206).

Fruit a globular capsule, compressed, several-seeded, dehiscing
by two valves.

Seed reniform-orbicular, laterally compressed, thickest in the
middle, and narrowed to the edge, especially towards the basal

FIG. 205. — Claytonia perfoliata.
Nat. size.

Jt

ledons ; P, endosperm ; B, radicle.

edge, glabrous, shining, minutely pitted all over ; testa rather thick,
hard and crustaceous ; hilum basal, but lying in a sinus which is

PORTULACE^E 229

not quite central, the radicle lying in the smaller auricle of the
sinus and the cotyledons in the larger one ; micropyle on one side
of the hilum, the chalaza on the other.

Endosperm copious, farinaceous, white, lying in the centre of the
seed and extending to the broader circumference only at the base.

Embryo comparatively large, much curved, occupying the cir-
cumference of the seed, except a small piece at the base peripheral
and entirely outside the endosperm (in the specimens examined),
colourless, but darker than the endosperm ; cotyledons linear, plano-
convex, or serniterete, obtuse, entire, incumbent, lying in the
narrow plane of the seed with their backs to the placenta, about as
long and as broad as the radicle ; radicle terete or cylindrical,
obtuse, abutting with its tip against the micropyle.

Calandrinia pilosiuscula, DC.

Hypocotijl erect, terete, glabrous, colourless or faintly tinged
with red, 8-10 mm. long.

Cotyledons 15-22 mm. long, linear, obtuse, tapering slightly at
the base, entire, covered with a minute scarcely perceptible pubes-
cence, green, without any apparent venation.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate (first pair appa-
rently opposite), exstipulate, linear, obtuse, slightly tapering to the
base, covered with a very minute pubescence, one-nerved, green.

Calandrinia umbellata, DC.

Hypocotyl 4-6 mm. long, stained with red.

Cotyledons fleshy, oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate,
glabrous, dark green, without any apparent venation.

Stem as in C. pilosiuscula.

First leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base but hardly
petiolate, covered with rather long glandular hairs, otherwise as in
C. pilosiuscula.

TAMARISCINE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 159.

Fruit and Seed.— The one-celled ovary consists of from
three to five carpels, and as many parietal placentas, which pro-
ject into the interior and often become more or less united with
one another, thus imperfectly dividing it into loculi. The

230 ON SEEDLINGS

placentas also vary greatly in length in the different species,
some rising but a short way above the base of the ovary,
while in other cases they nearly equal the length of the
cavity. The ovules vary from two to many on each placenta
and are erect and anatropous, with the raphe on the ventral
aspect and an inferior micropyle. The fruit is a capsule de-
hiscing by valves and liberating the seeds, which are furnished
with a curious contrivance for their distribution. In some
cases they are prolonged into a slender beak covered with
long silky hairs, while others have no beak but are covered
all over with long hairs, and a third type is furnished with
wings. The seeds contain a mealy or fleshy endosperm,
sometimes in very small quantity, or there may be none at
all as in Tamarix and Myricaria. The embryo is straight
with flat cotyledons, and a short radicle close to the hilum ;
and where endosperm is wanting it entirely fills the seed, to
which it conforms in shape.

The Tamariscineae include some forty species distributed
amongst five genera, and consist of very finely branched
shrubs, rarely trees or rigid herbs. The leaves are alternate,
minute, and often scale-like.

ELATINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 162.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary contains from two to five cells,
corresponding to the number of the sepals and petals in the dif-
ferent species. The ovules are numerous on the inner angle of
the cells, horizontal or ascending, anatropous, with a lateral or
nearly superior raphe. The fruit in dehiscing splits along the
inner edge of the septa, leaving a central column bearing
the seeds, or often along the outer edge, leaving the septa
attached to the central column. The seeds are numerous,
cylindrical, straight, or slightly curved as in Elatine triandra,
or very much curved like the head of a shepherd's staff as in
E. Hydropiper, strongly and closely striated transversely,
and exalbuminous or with a thin layer only of endosperm. In

ELATINE^E

231

some of the species of Bergia they are smooth, and these
species are sometimes placed in a separate genus, Merimea.

The embryo is cylindrical, conforming in outline to that
of the seed, which it wholly occupies. The radicle is close to
the hilum, much longer than the cotyledons and equalling
them in width.

The Elatinea3 include twenty species of slender aquatic or
marsh herbs or small shrubs, creeping or spreading diffusely.
They are widely dispersed throughout the world, but most
abundant in the Old World, growing in shallow water like our
native Elatine Hydropiper, and E. hexandra.

HYPERICINE2E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 1(53.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels vary from three to five ; rarely
reduced to one, as in Endodesmia calophylloides. The ovules
are usually numerous, ascending or horizontal from parietal
or axile placentas, and anatropous with
a lateral or superior raphe. The fruit
is a capsule in the tribes Hypericeae
and Cratoxylese, but baccate and inde-
hiscent in the Vismiese. That of En-
dodesmia, containing only one pendu-
lous seed, is a drupe, while that of
Haronga forms a drupe with five woody
pyrenes as in Cratsegus. The seeds
are exalbuminous, straight or rarely
curved, with a crustaceous, or more
often membranous, testa expanded into
a wing in Elisea and Cratoxylon. The
embryo is generally straight, but in- BIQ ZQ7f_Hyperieum Andro.
curved in a few of the species of Hy- scemum. Nat. size,

pericum, and always conforms to the

seed. The cotyledons are flat, except in Endodesmia, where
they are thick and fleshy ; they are longer than the radicle

232 ON SEEDLINGS

except in the tribe Hypericeae, where they are usually shorter.
The radicle is close to the hilum.

Hypericum Androsaemum, L. (fig. 207).

Primary root slender, wiry, flexuous, brownish, with few lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, brownish, 3-5 mm. long.

Cotyledonsvery small, ovate, obtuse, cuneateat the base, glabrous,
shortly petiolate; lamina 2 mm. long, 1/5 mm. broad ; petiole 1 mm.
long.

Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, or slightly two-angled by lines
decurrent from the bases of the leaves, glabrous, green or reddish,
ultimately brown ; 1st intemode 1'5 mm. long ; 2nd 1-75 mm. ;
3rd 2-5 mm. ; 4th 2 mm.

GUTTIFEILE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 167.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary of the Guttiferae varies from
two to many cells, except in Calophyllum and Kayea, where
it is one-celled and one-ovuled. There is only one ovule in each
cell of Tovomita and in the tribe Garciniese, otherwise almost
without exception the ovules vary from two to many in each
cell, and are erect and anatropous, attached to a central placenta
or arising from the base of the cavity, with the micropvle
inferior. The fruit is fleshy, leathery, or pulpy, and rarely
dehisces at maturity except in the tribe Clusieae, where it
splits into valves at the septa. The seeds are large, frequently
solitary in each cell, sometimes numerous amongst the species
of Clusia, and often enveloped at the base by a lobed or corru-
gated aril or arillode. The testa is membranous and leathery,
rarely spongy as in some species of Calophyllum ; in the Man-
gosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) it is covered with a thick pulpy
aril, forming the edible part. Endosperm is wanting.

The embryo is large, filling the seed, to which it conforms :
it presents a remarkable and abnormal case, inasmuch as it
often consists mainly of a swollen and fleshy radicle with
small and scale-like inconspicuous cotyledons at its apex as in
the tribe Clusiese, while they are said to be absent in the

GUTTIFER^E 233

Moronobeae and wanting or very minute in the Garcinieee.
The radicle is always inferior, and in the Calophylleae it is very
short with large cotyledons sometimes grown together in a
mass. In Quiina they are large and fleshy but distinct, while
the radicle is very short.

Seedlings. — In the seedlings observed the cotyledons where
present are subterranean in germination, and this generally
obtains where seeds are large, exalbuminous, and contain a
fleshy embryo. The cotyledons of Calophyllum Inophyllum
(fig. 209) occupy a large globular seed, and their fleshy petioles
are just long enough to allow the plumule to get clear out
of the seed. They are also subterranean. The first pair
of leaves are reduced to scales, as are also generally the second
pair, or these are imperfectly developed. Then follow two pairs
of narrowly elliptical, obtuse leaves, after which the seedling
stops growing for the season. The penninerved venation is
remarkable on account of the dense arrangement of the veins
in parallel lines.

Xanthochymus pictorius (fig. 208) and Mesua ferrea agree
with the above in all general particulars ; but in the former
the first four pairs of leaves are reduced to small, ovate,
or subulate, black scales, and only one pair of lanceolate
acuminate leaves are produced in the first year. The veins
of the leaves are parallel but wider apart than in Calo-
phyllum. In Mesua ferrea the first four pairs of leaves are
small, scaly, and caducous, followed by two pairs of lanceolate-
oblong very finely penninerved leaves, after which growth
ceases for a time. When growth recommences the terminal
bud is blind, and two axillary branches are developed bearing
a single pair of narrower, oblong leaves, and again terminate
in a blind bud. The branching is therefore strictly cymose
from a very early stage, that is, from the end of the first
year's growth of the seedling.

Xanthochymus pictorius, Roxb. (fig. 208).

Primary root long, stout, fleshy, yellowish, giving rise to a few
strong adventitious roots near the upper end.

Hypocotyl short and merging into the root, subterranean.

Cotyledons subterranean, large, fleshy, filling the large seed and
not leaving the testa.

234 0^T SEEDLINGS

Stem woody, erect, terete, striate, minutely tuberculate, gla-
brous, deep green ; 1st internode subterranean ; 2nd 1-9 cm. long ;
3rd 2-3 cm. ; 4th 3*7 cm. ; 5th 2-9 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, stipulate, opposite, decussate,
petiolate, glabrous, penninerved, coriaceous, deep green, with a
raised prominent midrib on both surfaces ; petioles short, stout, with
the flattened midrib occupying nearly the whole of its upper surface
and thickened above at the base, covering and protecting the bud,
prominently convex on the back, articulated with the stem; stipules
small, interpetiolar, triangular.

FIG. 208. — Xanthockymus pictorius. Half nat. size.

1st to 4th pair of leaves inclusive reduced to small, ovate, or the
uppermost subulate, acute, carinate, black scales.

5th lanceolate, elliptic, acuminate, with a prominent midrib
and thickened nerve-like margin, 8 cm. long, 3 cm. broad towards
the middle.

Ultimate leaves oblong-elliptic, entire, subacuminate, obtuse,
penninerved, with parallel veins, deep green, coriaceous, evergreen,
stipules small, triangular, interpetiolar.

Calophyllum Inophyllum, L. (fig. 209).
Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining in the testa after ger-
mination, shortly petiolate with strong fleshy petioles, subterranean.

GUTTIFEILE

235

Stem erect, somewhat compressed on opposite sides between
each internode (the greater diameter being in the plane of the pair
of leaves immediately above each internode), glabrous, deep green,
more or less mottled with
minute colourless dots,
ultimately woody; 1st in-
ternode 1-4-1-7 cm. long;
2nd 2-5—2-8 cm.; 3rd
4 cm. ; 4th 1-8-2 cm.

Leaves simple, entire,
cauline, opposite, exstipu-
late, petiolate, densely
and alternately or often
oppositely and ascend-
ingly penninerved, with
slender, parallel nerves,
resembling strife, that
run straight and un-
branched from the mid-
rib to the margin — rarely
do two contiguous ones
coalesce close to the
margin to form a single
nerve — shining on both
surfaces, deep green
above, light green be-
neath, hyaline and finely
glandular-pubescent at the
margin, otherwise glabrous
and soon losing the

FIG. 209

ihyllum Inophyllum.
nat. size.

glands ; petioles short, stout, glabrous, light green, semiterete,
flattened above, slightly thickened at the insertion on the stem.

1st pair small, scale-like and reduced to their midrib.

2nd pair similar or sometimes much better developed, and
sometimes unequal, when the larger one is oblong or oblong-
lanceolate and obtuse.

3rd and 4th pairs narrowly elliptical, obtuse, perfect and
normal.

Mesua ferrea, L.

Hypocotyl subterranean, very short or hardly developed.
Cotyledons large, fleshy, subterranean, and remaining in
broadly amygdaloid seed until they decay.

the

236 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem terete, strong, tapering upwards, glabrous, green, soon
becoming woody, brown and striated longitudinally ; 1st internode
4-3-4-5 cm. long ; 2nd 3'5-3-8 cm. ; 3rd 2-2-5 cm. ; 4th and 5th
about 2-3-2-5 cm. ; 6th 2-5-3 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, stipulate, petiolate,
closely and alternately or almost oppositely penninerved, with the
nerves simple or slightly forked and proceeding almost at right
angles from the midrib to a slender, continuous, and submarginal
nerve, with numerous intermediate, very slender nerves, and finely
almost indiscernibly reticulate, coriaceous, glabrous, deep green
above, glaucous beneath, with the midrib prominent on both
surfaces, evergreen ; petioles short, subterete, slightly flattened
above or obsoletely channelled, glabrous, furnished at the base
with two minute, deltoid, obtuse auricles or stipules, connate around
axillary buds.

1st to 4th pairs of leaves reduced to small, caducous scales.

5th and 6th pairs lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, rounded at the
base.

Here the stem ends in a blind bud and two axillary buds are
developed, which become branches, bearing each a pair of leaves
at their apex, ending in a blind terminal bud, and again developing
a pair of axillary buds. The leaves on these branches are narrower
than those of the stem, oblong, acuminate, obtuse, and rounded at
the base.

TERNSTRCEMIACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 177.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary is free, rarely immersed in the
torus as in Anneslea and Visnea, generally three- to five-celled
except in Ternstroamia and in a few species of allied genera
where it is imperfectly septate. The ovules vary in number
exceedingly from two to many in a cell, rarely solitary as in
Caryocar, Anthodiscus,.0mphalocarpum, Pelliciera, and Hap-
loclathra. They are either erect or horizontal, or pendulous
and anatropous, sometimes campylotropous, or laterally affixed
and amphitropous with the rnicropyle superior or inferior.
The ovary is two-celled in Pelliciera, many-celled in Antho-
discus, Actinidia and Omphalocarpum. The fruit is fleshv,

TERXSTRCEMIACE.E 237

leathery or almost woody, or a loculicidal or septicidal capsule,
the septa often breaking away, leaving a central columella.

The seeds are solitary or more often several or numerous,
and attached to axile placentas, which are usually stout and
spongy or fleshy ; and they also vary exceedingly in size, some
being very large as in Ternstroemia, Caryocar, Pyrenaria,
Pelliciera, Camellia, Kieimeyera, and Caraipa. The woody or
bony character of the testa is very marked in most of these
large seeds ; and their variability in shape and in the direc-
tion of the longer axis is well seen in Camellia reticulata.
Some seeds are more or less winged, as in Pentaphylax,
Stuartia, Schima, Gordonia, Laplacea, Kieimeyera, and Marila,
in the last of which the wing is firnbriate ; while others are
fleshy, and probably adapted for dispersion by animals. The
endosperm is generally scanty or absent, and this may vary even
in the same genus, as in Camellia, for instance, where endo-
sperm is said to be absent. In Camellia theifera it is,
indeed, altogether wanting, as well as in Pyrenaria, Gor-
donia, Laplacea, Caraipa, Pelliciera, Marila, and others. The
testa is so thin in Pelliciera as to be almost evanescent.
Endosperm is, however, very copious in Actinidia, Saurauja,
and Stachyurus. The embryo varies exceedingly ; being short
and straight, curved, replicate, inflexed, horseshoe-shaped, or
spiral, and the cotyledons and radicle also vary in their pro-
portionate lengths, the complications which they undergo,
depending greatly upon the shape and other characters of the
seed.

The embryo is straight and axile with very short cotyledons
in Actinidia, similar or slightly incurved in Saurauja, and
straight, nearly equalling the endosperm, in Stachyurus, with
elliptic cotyledons ; also in Stuartia, where the cotyledons are
oval ; in Laplacea, where they are oblong and flat ; and in
Microsemma, where they are ovate and flat. Linear and slender,
straight seeds (to which the embryo conforms) occur in Bon-
netia, Archytsea, Mahurea, and Marila, but the cotyledons are
generally broad and the radicle short. The seeds are without
endosperm or almost so, and the embryo is slightly curved in
the Marcgraviese. In the tribe Gordonieae, to which the
Camellia belongs, there is considerable variation in the form of

238 ON SEEDLINGS

the embryo, for besides Stuartia, Laplacea, and Microsemma
mentioned above with a straight and flat embryo, it is nearly
flat in Gordonia, or the cotyledons are slightly undulate-plicate,
and slightly curved or oblique. This leads to another group
in which the cotyledons are folded, plaited, or undulated lon-
gitudinally, as in Camellia reticulata. Here the seeds are
extremely variable in outline and variously angled by mutual
compression, flattened on one side and convex on the other,
or flattened on both sides ; again they are more or less falcate
and drawn out to an obtuse three- to four-angled point, at
the opposite end from the hilum, oblong or oblate, with the
broadest end always next the placentas. There are two seed-
coats, the outer woody or bony, and the inner membranous.
The embryo is large, fleshy, straight, colourless, and lies
along the longer axis of the seed whether that is at right angles
or transverse to the placentas. The cotyledons are oblong,
obtuse, somewhat auricled at the base, much plaited longitudi-
nally, lying in the broader plane of the seed, with their edges
to the placenta in the oblate seeds, but with the radicle to the
hilum or placenta in the long and narrow ones. The seeds
in these cases would seem to be amphitropous and anatropous
respectively. Schima and Pyrenaria agree with this type in
having large embryos and corrugated cotyledons ; but the
radicle here is long and incurved or inflexed. Pelliciera has
broad, thick, and fleshy cotyledons with a straight radicle.
The tea-tree (Camellia theifera) offers a remarkable exception
amongst its congeners in having a large, fleshy, and globular
embryo, with the small radicle and plumule completely sur-
rounded or covered by the hemispherical cotyledons. The
radicle of C. reticulata projects considerably beyond the cotyle-
dons. Pelliciera is also remarkable in having a highly e volute
plumule.

Hippocrepiform or much curved embryos occur in Visnea,
Anneslea, Ternstrcemia, Adinandra, Cleyera, Freziera, Eurya,
and Pentaphylax, all belonging to the tribe TernstrcemieEe.
This is due to the seeds, which are curved or horseshoe-shaped,
and generally of no great thickness, the cotyledons being
semiterete and shorter than the radicle. The elongation of
the radicle is carried to excess in Caryocar and Anthodiscus,
where the cotyledons are extremely reduced in length and

TERXSTRCEMIACE/E 239

hamato-inflexed. The radicle is of great size, thick, fleshy,
and bent or incurved in Caryocar, and very long and spirally
coiled in Anthodiscus, with the short cotyledons in the centre
of the helix.

Cotyledons. — Very few of this Order are cultivated in
gardens, and still less often are they raised from seeds. The
Camellia is most common, while Marcgravia and Stuartia
are sometimes grown. The cotyledons of Camellia theifera
(fig. 210) swell up somewhat during germination, bursting the
woody testa, but otherwise do not alter in size and shape.
They form a hemispherical mass occupying the interior of the
seeds, and are subterranean. They assume more or less of
a green colour should they be exposed to light during germina-
tion by the bursting of the testa and removal of the soil.

It is probable that the cotyledons of other species and
genera are subterranean even after germination, as for instance
in the case of Caryocar, Pelliciera, Kielmeyera, and others.

Camellia theifera, Griff.

Capsule woody, dehiscing loculicidally, few-seeded.

Seeds large, globose- ovoid, more or less flattened around the
bilum, and frequently much flattened on one side by mutual
pressure, attached to the axile placentas, and pendulous ; seed-
coat woody brown, of two layers, the inner, tegmen, of a deep shining
chocolate colour ; hilum oval, frequently if not always attended by
three more or less deep and conspicuous depressions which probably
indicate the positions of aborted ovules ; rapbe (best seen when tbe
inner coat separates from tbe outer) consisting of a broad trunk
proceeding from tbe bilum close to tbe upper end of tbe seed, wbere
tbe cbalaza ramifies extensively and spreads over tbe testa on botli
sides of this main trunk ; radicle superior, close to the hilum.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large, flesby, straight, pale yellowish-white; cotyledons
equal and each occupying half tbe interior of tbe seed, to the sbape
of which it conforms, flat on tbe opposed faces and much rounded
on tbe back in tbe round seeds, but more or less and variously
angled when the seed happens to be compressed on one or more
sides ; plumule very small, towards tbe base of the cotyledons ;
radicle very small, included between tbeir base.

Seedling (fig. 210).

Primary root long, stout, tapering very slightly, becoming

240

ON SEEDLINGS

woody, colourless, ultimately giving off numerous flexuose and
branching rootlets.

Hypocotyl similar to the radicle, but stouter, 1-6 cm. long,
8 mm. thick.

FIG. ZlO.^Camellia theifera, var. Assam hybrid. Half nat. size.

Cotyledons opposite, turned on one side, folded or crumpled,
fleshy, and remaining La the testa a long time while the plant gains
strength.

Stem erect, terete, woody, pubescent, pale green, becoming
brown; 1st internode 1-2 cm. long; 2nd 2-5 mm.; 3rd 6 mm.; 4th

TERXSTRCEMIACE^E 241

8mm.; 5th 1-8 cm.; 6th 1-8 cm.; 7th 7 mm.; 8th 8 mm.; 9th
4 mm. ; 10th 3 mm. ; llth 4 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, cori-
aceous, evergreen, glabrous except on the midrib.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblanceolate, obtuse, 7 mm. long, 8 mm. broad.

Nos. 3 and 4. Spathulate, emarginate, obtuse ; largest one 8 mm.
long, 5 mm. broad.

No. 5. Obovate, emarginate, 1'6 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, obscurely
serrate.

No. 6. Elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, obtusely serrate, with api-
culate serratures, 5'5 cm. long, 3'7 cm. broad.

Nos. 7 and 8. Elliptic, subacuminate, emarginate, bullate,
serrate, with apiculate serratures ; petioles 1*5 mm. long ; lamina
of No. 7, 7'7 cm. long, 4-o cm. broad ; lamina of No. 8, 8*8 cm.
long, o'l cm. broad.

Camellia reticulata, Lindl.

Capsule large, but short, woody, three- to five-celled, with one
or more seeds in each cell, dehiscing loculicidally when mature.

Seeds very variable in outline, and variously angled by mutual
pressure, somewhat flattened on one side and convex on the other,
or flattened on two sides, more or less falcate in outline and drawn
out to an obtuse, three- to four-angled point at the opposite end from
the hilum, oblong or oblate, with the broadest end always next the
placenta ; hilum forming a large scar, linear or oblong, or variously
angled in outline, pale coloured ; micropyle contiguous to or on the
basal scar ; seed-coat double ; outer (testa) woody or bony, thick,
brown, and shining externally ; inner (tegmen) thinner, paler, mem-
branous.

Endosperm said to be absent in mature seeds, but in the speci-
mens examined there was an evident though thin layer of fleshy,
white endosperm, lining the inner coat of the testa.

Embryo very large, straight, colourless, lying in the longer axis
of the seed whether that is transverse or at right angles to the
receptacle ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, somewhat auricled at the
base, otherwise entire, much plaited longitudinally, lying in the
broader and longer axis of the seed, and consequently in the oblate
seeds with their edges to the placenta or hilum, and in the long
narrow seeds with the radicle next the hilum ; radicle short, oblong,
stout, obtuse, projecting slightly beyond the auricles of the coty-
ledons, pointing to the micropyle at the hilum or transversely to it
in the oblate seeds.

242 ON SEEDLINGS

DIPTEROCARPE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 189.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is generally three-, rarely two-
or one-celled as in Ancistrocladus and Lophira, the former
having one ascending ovule and the latter eight to twelve erect
ovules from a short central placenta. In all other cases the
ovules are gemmate in each cell, pendulous and anatropous or
inserted on the placenta by their sides and subanatropous with
a ventral raphe and superior micropyle. Almost the same
variability is met with as amongst the Ternstrcemiacese. The
fruit is free or enclosed in the enlarged persistent tube of the
calyx as in Dipterocarpus, two out of the five lobes of which
form wings of considerable size, while the other three remain
small. A third form is met with in Ancistrocladus, Anisoptera,
and Pachynocarpus. The mature fruit contains one, rarely
two, seeds, and dehisces very slowly or not at all. The seeds
are large, pendulous, and anatropous, rarely erect ; they are
exalbuminous.

The embryo is always large, and, when the cotyledons are
thick and fleshy, it conforms to the seed. It varies greatly,
however, in different genera. The cotyledons are equal, or
unequal and straight, or lobed and plaited. In some cases
they are thin, and in the effort to fill the seed become thrown
into remarkably twisted or corrugated folds. The radicle
points to the hilum and is slightly exserted, or in other cases
elongated, but included between the cotyledons.

CHL.ENACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 194.

There are but eight species in this Order, distributed
amongst four genera, and all are natives of Madagascar. The
three-celled ovary contains two pendulous or in a few cases
horizontal anatropous ovules. The fruit is a capsule, nearly

243

always enclosed in an enlarged involucre and three-celled with
one or two seeds in each loculus, or one-celled and one-seeded
by abortion as in Leptolsena. The seeds are pendulous or
attached by the sides, with a coriaceous testa and a fleshy or
horny endosperm.

The embryo is straight and embedded in the centre of the
endosperm, and has foliaceous, flat or wavy cotyledons.

The Chlaenacese are small trees, except Ehodolaena, which
is a shrubby climber supporting itself on tall trees. The leaves
are alternate, generally stipulate, and have a penninerved and
reticulate venation.

MALVACEAE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 195.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels vary from two to many, and
in most cases are arranged in a whorl around the torus. They
are solitary in a few species of Plagianthus, and in Malope,
Palava, and Kitaibelia are very numerous, but confusedly
arranged over the torus. The ovules are solitary and ascending
in each carpel of the subtribes Malopeae and Eumalveae, solitary
and pendulous in Sidese, but vary from two to many in the
Abutilese with the exception of Wissadula divergens. They
also vary in number in the other tribes. They are very
frequently amphitropous, sometimes almost anatropous, and
ascending or horizontal with a ventral, lateral, or superior
raphe ; in other cases they are pendulous with a superior or
dorsal raphe.

The fruit is dry, rarely berried as in Malvaviscus, and
falls away from the axis as indehiscent or dehiscent cocci, or it
is a loculicidal capsule dehiscing by valves. There are a few
exceptions in which the fruits are one-seeded and indehiscent,
as in Cavanillesia and sometimes in Quararibea and Plagi-
anthus.

The seeds are reniform in the more typical Malvaceae;
but in other cases are subglobose or obovoid. The testa
is generally crustaceous, usually more or less wrinkled, and

B 2

244 CLN SEEDLINGS

smooth or pilose or covered with long woolly hairs, as in most
of the species of Gossypium.

In some of the species of the tribe Bombaceae the seed has
a fleshy or pulpy aril. Endosperm is present or absent, but
is generally scanty and mucilaginous ; it is fleshy and plentiful
in a few cases only.

The embryo varies according to the character of the seed,
reniform seeds having a curved and more or less folded embryo
with the back of the cotyledons to the axis, and, as the result
of the folding, their edges also. In obovoid seeds the embryo
is straight as in the subtribe Fremontieae, where the cotyledons
are flat. In most cases however the cotyledons are foliaceous,
of large size, and folded or twisted and plicate, enclosing the
radicle. More rarely they are thick and fleshy as- in Durio
zibethinus.

The radicle in horizontal amphitropous seeds such as those
of the Mallow lies in the lower part of the seed, and following
the outline of the testa becomes more or less upturned towards
the hilum. It is inferior in ascending seeds, and in those that
are pendulous it becomes incurved, pointing downwards to the
hilum.

The simplest and most typical form of seed and embryo is
that seen in Malva sylvestris or Althaea rosea. The seeds are
reniform and the embryo conforms to them in general outline ;
the tip being involute and lying between the outer parts. The
radicle is more or less wrapped round by the base of the coty-
ledons.

The casebecomes more complicated in Gossypium, where the
seed is large and globose or angled. The embryo is short, and
in making an effort to attain a large size to fill the seed, which
contains but a small quantity of endosperm, the cotyledons
have grown excessively in width, and in order to accommodate
themselves to the shape of the seed, have become greatly folded
and plaited, with their bases wrapped round the radicle.
Other instances of large seeds and a complicated embryo may
be seen in Bombax, Eriodendron, and Pachira.

Seeds containing a straight embryo and flat cotyledons
have already been mentioned. In those the radicle is very
short.

MALVACEAE 245

Seedlings.— The cotyledons of the various types which have
come under my notice are nearly all modifications of the same
plan ; but they may be classified under six headings, namely,
cordate, roundly cordate, reniform, ovate, oblong, and trans-
versely oblong.

Malva moschata (fig. 211) may be taken as a good represen-
tative of the first group. The cotyledons are slightly unequal
in size, cordate, minutely emarginate, obsoletely tri-lobed
or -angled towards the apex, and trinerved. The angled
appearance is due to the manner of the folding while yet in
the seed (see ante, p. 41). It is even more distinct in some
species than in this. In species belonging to many other
genera the cotyledons are merely slightly constricted below
the tip instead of being angled. Malva sylvestris, M. rotundi-
folia, Sidalcea malvseflora, Malvastrum peruvianum, Navaa
phcenicea, Lagunaria Pater sonii, Abutilon asiaticum, and
Eriodendron anfractuosum (fig. 216) agree generally with this
type. The last named is notable for the size and persistency
of its cotyledons.

Lavatera trimestris differs only in the depth of the apical
notch or emargination. In several of the above species there
is no apical notch at all. The cordate base is, however, a
very persistent character and runs almost throughout the
Order. It is due to the manner in which the cotyledons fold
round the radicle.

Eoundly cordate cotyledons are represented by Hibiscus
pedunculatus (fig. 213). One feature here is that one of the
cotyledons is inclined to be narrowed to an obsolete blunt point,
while the other, generally the larger, is emarginate. Hibiscus
Abelmoschus, H. brasiliensis, H. vitifolius, Calirrhoe pedata,
Abutilon vitifolium, and Pavonia hastata agree with the above
in all important particulars. The bluntness of the cotyledons
seems to be due to the size of the seed, and the amount of
folding, as seen in Hibiscus Sabdariffa.

The process seems to be carried still further in Hibiscus
phceniceus, which represents the reniform type ; where the
cotyledons have grown more in width than length. Malva-
viscus arboreus differs only in being slightly more rounded.

Modiola multifida (fig. 212) has small, ovate, trinerved

246 OX SEEDLINGS

cotyledons, while those of Sida fallax are larger, and those of
Hibiscus Trionum are inclined to be broadly ovate-elliptic.
The cotyledons of Adansonia digitata and A. Gregorii are
broadly oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly cordate at the base,
strongly five- to seven-nerved, somewhat concave and reticu-
late. Those of Paritium tortuosum are very much smaller
with inconspicuous venation.

The transversely oblong type is represented by Gossypium
barbadense (fig. 215), in which the cotyledons are large, folia-
ceous, transversely oblong, retuse, sometimes broadly and
shallowly emarginate, strongly three- to five-nerved, and re-
ticulate. G. arboreum agrees, while G. tomentosum sometimes
differs in being more or less cuneate at the base. A curious
instance of dimorphism occurs in Hibiscus phoeniceus. One
form of seedling has the first four leaves oblong and tridentate
at the apex, followed by four larger and more oval ones. The
second form has the first leaf oblong and nearly entire, the
second trifid and trinerved, followed by six trinerved and tri-
partite ones. The leaves from the ninth to the sixteenth
inclusive vary with three, four, and five nerves and as many
segments, all of which are linear and entire.

In Pachira aquatica the cotyledons are subterranean.1

Lavatera trimestris, L.

Hypocotyl 12-13 mm. long, erect, terete, glabrous, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons cordate or ovate from a cordate base, unequal, emar-
ginate, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous, green, with a reddish spot near
the petiole, very distinctly five-nerved.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

Urst leaves simple, or roundly reniform, obtuse, cordate at the
base, crenate, wrinkled, glabrous, green, pinnately trinerved, petio-
late, stipulate ; petioles stout, hairy, channelled on the upper side ;
stipules membranous, brownish, deciduous.

Sidalcea malvaeflora, Lindley.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, fleshy, deep red, 3-5 mm. long,
'5-1*5 mm. thick.

Cotyledons opposite, foliaceous, cordate, entire, obtuse, glabrous ;
1 Lynch, Journ. Linn. Soc. 1878, p. 147.

MALVACEAE

247

lamina 11 mm. long, 9 mm. broad ; petiole subterete, channelled
above, glabrous, reddish, about 1*5 cm. long.

Stem undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate ;
stipules subulate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Eeniform, crenate, sparsely pubescent on both
surfaces, palmately five-nerved, reticulate, rather fleshy.

Ultimate radical leaves cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate or
lobulate with obtuse mucronate teeth, radiately seven- to eleven-
nerved.

Cauline leaves gradually developing from the scarcely divided
radical leaves, and each becoming more deeply lobed as the top of
the stem is approached. Lower ones shallowly radiately lobed ;
middle ones five- to seven- to nine-lobed or -partite with oblong
segments, coarsely and irregularly toothed above the middle; upper
ones tripartite, and ultimate ones entire or slightly serrate, lanceo-
late.

Malva moschata, L. (fig. 211).

Primary root normal, tapering, ultimately much branched and
fibrous.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, gla-
brous, pale green, 4-6 mm.
long.

Cotyledons somewhat un-
equal in size, cordate, minutely
emarginate, obsoletely tri-lobed
or -angled towards the apex,
cordate at the base, trinerved,
each nerve running into a lobe,
glabrous, deep green, petiolate ;
lamina of larger cotyledon 1'B
cm. long, 1-05 cm. broad, of
smaller cotyledon I'l cm. long,
•85 cm. broad ; petioles semi-
terete, slightly grooved above,
glabrous, that of larger cotyledon
•85 cm. long, that of smaller FlG.^i,-MaiVa moschata.

cotyledon 1 cm. long. Cf. Cruci- Nat. size.

feras, tribe Brassicese.

Stem herbaceous, developed when about to flower, 12-18 inches
long, ascending, erect or spreading.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate (1st leaf

248 ON SEEDLINGS

exstipulate), petiolate, deep green, glabrous above, ciliate at the
margin, thinly hairy or in young specimens sometimes glabrous
beneath ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, thinly hairy ;
stipules subulate, obtuse or subacute, membranous, thinly hairy,
whitish in seedlings, absent on first leaf.

Nos. 1 and 2. Reniform, five-nerved, irregularly crenate or
incipiently three- to five-lobed.

No. 8. Cordate, more decidedly five-lobed.

Ultimate leaves palmately seven-nerved ; radical ones reniform
or orbicular with a wide sinus at the base, irregularly crenate or
incipiently lobulate ; lower cauline ones more or less deeply lobed
(generally from one-quarter to one-half their radius) ; lobes broad,
oblong, and again lobulate and subacutely toothed ; upper cauline,
seven-lobed nearly to the base — larger lobes rhomboid, pinnatifid,
and acutely toothed, with alternate ascending nerves.

The cotyledons of M. sylvestris and M. rotundifolia resemble
those of M. moschata, but in those I have seen the notch near the
apex was somewhat less marked.

Callirhoe pedata, A . Gray.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-10 mm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons unequal, membranous, rotund-cordate, slightly
emarginate, obtuse, cordate at the base, petiolate, with rather long
petioles, glabrous, light green, distinctly trinerved.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, petiolate, stipulate, cordate
at the base, subrotund, crenate, palminerved, covered with fine
hairs ; petiole rather thick with a furrow on the upper side ; stipules
small and deciduous.

Navaea phoenicea, Webb et Berthelot.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 2-3 cm. long, light green.

Cotyledons unequal, cordate or elongated, ovate and cordate at
the base, subacute, entire, petiolate, covered with minute hairs,
green, five-nerved ; petiole unequal, channelled on the upper side,
hairy.

Stem erect, quadrangular, herbaceous ; 1st internode 1-2 mm.
long ; 2nd about the same length.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, ovate .
acute, cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, pubescent, light green,
palminerved.

MALVACEAE 249

Malvastrum peruvianum, A. Gray.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 1-5-2 cm. long,
light green or colourless.

Cotyledons cordate, obtuse, unequal, petiolate, entire, glabrous,
dark green ; venation distinct, pinnatinerved, giving the cotyledon
almost a variegated appearance.

Stem, primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves suborbicular, simple, cauline, alternate, crenate or
rather bluntly serrated, petiolate, stipulate, pubescent, light green,
pinnatinerved, wrinkled.

Sida fallax, Walp.

Hypocotyl suffrutescent, erect, terete, finely pubescent, pale
green, 1-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons petiolate ; petiole terete, -channelled, pubescent,
5 mm. long ; lamina broadly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, pale green,
8 mm. long, 8 mm. broad near the base.

Stem suffrutescent, erect, terete, thickened upwards, finely
pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode 2 mm. long ; 2nd 2-5 mm. ;
3rd 4 mm. ; 4th 8 mm. ; 5th 1'25 cm. ; 6th 1-4 cm. ; 7th 1-8 cm.

Leaves cauline, simple, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous
above, pubescent on the nerves beneath, ciliate ; petioles subterete,
flattened above, densely pubescent ; stipules filiform, slender, hairy,
deciduous.

No. 1. Rotund-cordate, coarsely serrate-dentate ; limb 1-2 cm.
long, 1-1 cm. broad.

No. 2. Cordate, irregularly dentate-serrate, penninerved, or sub-
palmatinerved at the base.

No. 3. Rotund-cordate dentate-serrate ; nervation like No. 2.

No. 4. Cordate, dentate-serrate.

No. 5. Rotund-cordate, obtuse, coarsely dentate-serrate, more
decidedly palmately five-nerved at the base.

No. 6. Similar to last but larger.

No. 7. Rotund-cordate, obtusely dentate-serrate or crenate-ser-
rate, strongly palmately five-nerved at the base, and strongly penni-
nerved upwards with subopposite nerves.

No. 8. Similar, but undeveloped when examined.

Abutilon asiaticum, Don.

Hypocotyl soon becoming woody, erect, terete, hairy, and glan-
dular-pubescent, pale green, about 2-2 cm. above the soil.

250 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons cordate, obtuse, entire, with long petioles, three- to
five-nerved, with a thin glandular pubescence above ; margin ciliate
with hooked hairs, thinly hairy beneath and glandular-pubescent ;
lamina T25 cm. long, T2 cm. broad ; petiole 1'3-1'S cm. long,
hairy and glandular-pubescent.

Stem woody, erect, subflexuous, hairy and glandular- pubescent ;
pale green ; 1st and 2nd' internodes 2-25 mm. long; 3rd 3 mm.;
4th 2-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, stellately
pubescent on both surfaces, palmately seven-nerved from the first,
ciliate, greyish-green above, pale, almost glaucous, beneath, sub-
reticulate ; petioles subterete, slightly channelled on the upper side,
densely hairy and glandular-pubescent, thickened at the base and
also at the insertion of the lamina ; stipules small, subulate, hairy,
caducous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Rotund-cordate, obtuse, dentate with mucronat'e
teeth.

Nos. 3 and 4. Broadly cordate, subacute, dentate with mucro-
nate teeth.

No. 5. Broadly cordate, subacute, slightly trilobed, dentate.

Pavonia hastata, Cav.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, covered with minute hairs, light green
or colourless, 1-5-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons fleshy, cordate or rotund, oval, entire, obtuse, unequal
(one being much more ovate than the other and cordate at the base),
petiolate with hairy petioles and a very few hairs at the base, pin-
natinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, pubescent ; 1st internode 3-4 mm.
long.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, ovate, obtuse, crenate,
slightly cordate at the base, petiolate, stipulate, pubescent, light
green, pinnatinerved.

Modiola multifida, Moench (fig. 212).

Primary root tapering, flexuous, with lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl subterranean and tapering indistinguishably into the
root.

Cotyledons petiolate, glabrous, somewhat fleshy ; petioles chan-
nelled above, 5 mm. long; lamina ovate, rather obtuse, faintly
trinerved, 4-75 mm. broad, G mm. long.

Stem annual, terete, hairy ; 1st and 2nd internodes undeveloped ;
3rd 2 mm. ; 4th 4 mm. long.

MALVACE^;

251

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
thinly hairy when young, ultimately glabrescent, deep green above,
paler beneath ; petioles subterete, channelled on the upper side,
hairy ; stipules free, subulate, acute, broader upwards, hairy.

No. 1. Rotund, crenate, seven-nerved.

No. 2. Eeniform, crenate, seven-nerved.

FIG. 212. — Modiola multifida. Nat. size.

No. 3. Suborbicula.r, shallowly cordate at the base, seven- to
nine-nerved, deeply crenate.

No. 4. Broadly cordate, nine-nerved, lobulate and crenate.

No. 5. More deeply and decidedly lobed than the last.

Intermediate forms are orbicular, cordate at the base, seven- to
nine-nerved, lobed on the upper half, lobulate towards the base,
serrate-dentate, with obtuse, apiculate teeth.

252 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves palmately seven-nerved, with five or seven lobes
or ultimately reduced to three ; middle lobe rhomboid-oblong, incise-
serrate from the middle upwards ; lateral lobes oblong, oblique,
serrate mostly on the posterior side ; basal lobes always small.

Malvaviscus arboreus, Cav.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 2-5-4 cm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons reniform or transversely oblong, obtuse, entire or
minutely emarginate, cordate at the base, especially the larger one ;
petiolate, glabrous, light green, palmatinerved ; petioles long, terete,
pubescent.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, pubescent ; Istinternode 6-8 mm.

long.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, ovate, acute, serrate,
petiolate, stipulate, pubescent, light green, pinnatinerved ; petioles
short, terete, pubescent ; stipules small, scarious, deciduous.

Hibiscus Sabdariffa, L.

Fruit a capsule, five-valved, many-seeded, dehiscing longitudi-
nally.

Seed reniform, subtrigonous like the segment of an orange,
somewhat biconvex dorsally, that is, longitudinally and transversely,
tapering wedge-like to the ventral edge, glabrous, deep brown,
striated longitudinally or following the curvature of the seed ;
hilum median on the ventral aspect with the remains of the funicle
attached to it ; micropyle inferior ; seed-coat double — outer (testa)
thick, coriaceous ; inner (tegmen) very thin, paler coloured.

Etidosperm scanty, occupying the vacant space about the middle
of the seed, on the ventral aspect, and forming an extremely thin
layer along the ventral side of the cotyledons and radicle, fleshy,
white.

Embryo curved, large, occupying nearly the whole of the seed,
yellowish-white ; cotyledons cordate-orbicular, slightly trilobate, with
deep auricles, emarginate, unequal, reaching the apex of the seed in
the course of their growth, then folding at the sides with the edges
of both towards the placental axis ; at the same time the apex
becomes folded or doubled in between the sides and in this way
grows nearer to the apex of the seed than the sides do. Nerves five
from the base, the two stronger of which proceed to the minute
lateral lobes of the cotyledons and are slightly branched ; the mid-
rib is alternately branched upwards. Radicle cylindrical, tapered to

MALVACEAE

253

an obtuse point and curved round the dorsal aspect of the seed
between the auricles of the cotyledons towards the micropyle.

Hibiscus pedunculatus, Cav. (fig. 213).

Primary root long, brittle, with fleshy, branched, colourless root-
lets.

Hypocotyl about 1-5 cm. long, and a little over 1 mm. thick,
terete, slightly uneven, pubescent, bright green.

Cotyledons shortly petioled, -25-1 cm. long and as broad,
broadly cordate at the base, emarginate, otherwise entire, obscurely

FIG. 213.— Hibiscus pedunculatus. Half nat. size.

trinerved, concave, thin, pubescent, including petioles, yellowish-
green, not very persistent.

Stem rather firm, terete, with stellate hairs ; first few internodes
•5-1 cm. long, 1'5 mm. thick.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, pubescent
all over, crenate in the earlier, and crenate-serrate in the adult
leaves, palmately five-nerved from the base with all the principal
veins ramified upwards, reticulate ; petiole tapering slightly upwards,
subterete, pubescent ; stipules membranous, small, subulate, acute,
deciduous.

No. 1. Rotund-elliptic, crenate, palmately five-nerved.

No. 2. Suborbicular, cordate at the base, crenate.

254 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 8. Somewhat similar.

No. 4. Trilobate, crenate- serrate.

Older plants of this species have trifid leaves, but an undivided
one at the base of each shoot, and .one, two, or more cordate
below the trifid ones.

Hibiscus vitifolius, L.

Hypocotyl as in H. pedunculatus.

Cotyledons rotund, obtuse, trinerved ; lamina glabrous, I'l cm.
long, 1 cm. broad, truncate or subcordate at the base ; petiole sub-
terete, slightly channelled above, pubescent, 8 mm. long.

Stem succulent, erect, terete, pubescent ; 1st internode 8-12
mm. long.

Leaves. — No. 1. Eotund or rotund-oblong, irregularly crenate,
obtuse, with mucronate crenatures, subcordate at the base, glabrous,
ciliate ; petiole terete, pubescent, pale green, succulent, about 1-5
cm. long.

No. 2. Rotund-palmate, cordate at the base, shallowly trilobed,
irregularly crenate, obtuse, otherwise like No. 1.

No. 3. Eotund, cordate at the base, five-nerved, shallowly trifid,
crenate-dentate.

No. 4. Larger, otherwise similar.

No. 5. Broadly cordate, obtuse, seven-nerved, shallowly trifid,
crenate-dentate.

Nos. 6-8. Palmately seven-nerved and shallowly three- to five-
lobulate, crenate-dentate with obtuse, mucronate teeth, reticulate,
stellately pubescent on both surfaces.

Hibiscus Abelmoschus, L.

Hypocotyl stout, terete, pale green, suffused with red, covered
with a deflexed pubescence, 8 mm. thick and becoming woody.

Cotyledons palmately three- to five-nerved and glabrous, very
similar to those of H. pedunculatus ; petiole terete, tapering up-
wards, slightly channelled on the upper side, pubescent, 1-8 cm.
long, curved upwards near the apex to bring the lamina hori-
zontal.

Stem terete, pubescent with deflexed hairs, pale green with purple
blotches at the axils of the leaves, about 2 mm. thick; 1st
internode 1'3 cm. long ; 2nd 1 cm. ; 3rd '7 cm.

Leaves cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate ; stipules small,
subulate, deciduous.

No. 1. Palmately five-nerved, obscurely lobed or merely five-

MALVACEAE 255

angled and crenate, deeply cordate at the base with slightly overlap-
ping auricles, light green above and sparsely pubescent, paler below
and pubescent on the nerves ; petiole semiterete, channelled above,
tapering upwards, pubescent.

No. 2. Larger, palmately five-lobed and -nerved ; lobes triangular-
ovate, basal ones shallow, all obtuse and tipped with a mucro ;
otherwise like No. 1.

No. 3. More decidedly palmate, with deeper and narrower lobes
than No. 2.

No. 4. Similar to the last but smaller.

Buds are present in the axils of the cotyledons as well as in
those of the true leaves.

Hibiscus brasiliensis, L.

The seedling closely resembles that of H. Abelmoschus.

Hibiscus Triomim, L.

Hypocotyl glandular-pubescent, pale green, 2*2 cm. above ground,
2-25 mm. thick.

Cotyledons rotund, ovate, obtuse, trinerved, glabrous, 1-25 cm.
long, 1-1 cm. broad ; petiole subterete, glandular-pubescent, very
pale green, 1*1 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, glandular-pubescent and
hairy, pale green ; 1st internode 1'25 cm. long ; 2nd 1*85 cm. ; 3rd
3-4 cm. ; 4th 3'65 cm.

Leaves sparsely pubescent on the nerves and margin, but almost
glabrous ; petioles subterete, slightly grooved on the upper side,
glandular-pubescent, pale green ; stipules linear-subulate, hairy,
caducous.

No. 1. Rotund, crenate, cordate at the base, five-nerved, with
ascending and incurved nerves.

Nos. 2 and 3. Similar, but larger.

No. 4. Cordate, obtuse, crenate.

No. 5. Cordate, obtuse, crenate, and slightly lobed on one side,
foreshadowing a divided condition of the leaf.

No. 6. Palmately five-nerved and -lobed, cordate at the base; basal
lobes small ; middle lobes subdentate-serrate, oblong ; terminal lobe
oblong, broader above the middle, irregularly dentate-serrate from
the middle upwards.

Ultimate leaves tripartite ; lateral lobes cuneate-ovate, obtuse,
pinnatifid and toothed upwards or almost lobed on the posterior, basal
side ; terminal lobe ovate-oblong, cuneate at the base, pinnatifid,
with oblong somewhat toothed secondary lobes.

256 ON SEEDLINGS

Hibiscus phceniceus, Willd.

Eypocotyl pubescent, 11-15 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons slightly unequal, reniform, emarginate, trinerved
from the base with a few alternate nerves upwards, pubescent all
over, dull green above, paler beneath ; lamina of larger one 10 mm.
long, 13'75 mm. wide ; petiole of larger one semiterete, shallowly
channelled above, slender, pubescent, 5'5 mm. long ; lamina of
smaller one 9-5 mm. long, 13-25 mm. wide ; petiole of smaller one
6' 5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, closely pubescent, pale green, soon becoming
grey, striated longitudinally and woody ; 1st internode 5*5-7 mm.
long ; 2nd 6-8 mm. ; 3rd and 4th 10-12 mm.

Leaves undivided or slightly toothed, or more or less deeply
three- to five-lobed, and -nerved, somewhat reticulate, pubescent on
both surfaces, deep, dull green above, paler beneath, with the midrib
and principal nerves more or less stained red on both surfaces, at
least at certain stages ; petioles subterete, shallowly and narrowly
channelled above, tapering slightly upwards, horizontal or ascend-
ing, slightly thickened at the base of the lamina, pubescent ; stipules
linear, hairy, membranous, pale green or slightly stained with red,
soon falling away.

Seedlings dimorphic.

(1) More advanced type.

No. 1 leaf. Oblong obtuse, generally with a tooth on each side a
little below the apex, rounded at the base.

No. 2. Shortly trifid, with the terminal lobe longest.

No. 3. Deeply trilobed ; lateral lobes oblong, obtuse ; middle
lobe lanceolate-oblong, obtuse.

No. 4. Similar, but segments oblong-linear.

Nos. 5-7. Tripartite, gradually larger, with linear, obtuse seg-
ments ; middle one longest.

No. 8. Similar to seventh, but there is a small lateral lobe on
one side near the base making the leaf four-lobed.

No. 9. Five-nerved and -lobed, with the middle lobe longest, and
the basal ones very small.

Nos. 10 and 11. Trilobed.

Nos. 12 and 13. Four-lobed.

No. 14. Five-lobed.

No. 15. Four-lobed.

Nos. 16 and 17. Five-lobed and similar to the ninth.

(2) The second form retains the simpler form of leaf for a much
longer period.

MALVACEAE 257

Nos. 1-4. Oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base, tridentate at the
apex.

Nos. 5 and 6. Similar, but somewhat larger and broader above
the base, inclined to be oval.

Nos. 7 and 8. Similar, but with one to two teeth on each side
near the apex.

Hibiscus tortuosus, Eoxb.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green, l'S-2'4 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oblong or subcordate, emarginate, deep green,
glabrous ; lamina 1 cm. long, 8-5 mm. broad ; petiole variable in
length both in young and adult conditions, pubescent.

Stem woody, erect or subflexuose, terete, pubescent, pale green ;
1st internode 2 mm. long ; 2nd T65 cm. ; 3rd 1-4 cm. ; 4th 6 mm.

Leaves deep green, glabrous on the upper side, sparsely pubescent
on the nerves beneath ; petioles terete, faintly grooved on the upper
side, pale green, hairy ; stipules slender, subulate or linear, obtuse,
pubescent.

No. 1. Oblong, subcordate at the base, four-nerved, obsoletely
crenate, unequally and obtusely tridentate at the apex.

No. 2. Cordate, obtuse, crenate, four-nerved ; nerves ascending
and incurved.

No. 8. Similar, but much larger.

Ultimate leaves cordate, acuminate, obtuse, five- to seven-nerved,
with a small or obscure lobe on each side above the middle, irregu-
larly crenate-dentate.

Lagunaria Patersonii, Ait. (fig. 214).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, glabrous, 3-4-5 or 5 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, very nearly or quite equal, obsoletely
trilobulate near the apex, subcordate at the base, otherwise entire
or minutely emarginate, five-nerved at the base ; nerves alternate,
ascending, obscurely reticulate, coriaceous, deep green above, paler
beneath, glabrous, petiolate ; lamina 12-5-18-5 mm. long, 10-16
mm. wide ; petioles subterete, shallowly channelled above, slightly
pubescent in the furrow, 1-5 mm. long.

In some seedlings the cotyledons are unequal when young,
but this inequality seems to disappear when they are fully grown.

Stem erect, terete, densely covered with scurfy, peltate scales,
more or less jagged or stellate at the margin, ultimately woody, and

258 ON SEEDLINGS

arborescent ; 1st internode 5-10 mm. long ; 2nd 17-20 mm. ; 3rd
5-8 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
three- to five-nerved upwards, with incurved nerves, slightly branch-
ing and anastomosing within the margin, where the leading ones
unite with one another; coriaceous when fully developed, and opaque,
with a difficultly discernible venation, deep green above, and closely

PIG. 214. — Lagunaria Patersonii. Nat. size.

dotted, but not covered, with peltate, lacerated, fringed, or stellate
scaly hairs, densely felted or tomentose on both surfaces with small
scaly hairs and hoary or white ; petioles short, stout, subterete,
shallowly grooved above, densely felted with stellate, peltate, scaly
hairs, tapering slightly upwards ; stipules obsolete.

No. 1. Lanceolate, obtuse, trinerved at the base.

Nos. 2 and 3. Ovate, obtuse, three- to five-nerved, slightly cordate
at the base.

MALVACEAE 259

Gossypium barbadense, L. American Upland Cotton (fig. 215).

Hypocotyl 7 cm. long, suffrutescent, erect, terete, sparsely
pubescent, punctate with black dots, pale green.

Cotyledonsl&icge, foliaceous, transversely oblong, shortlypetiolate ;
lamina three- to five-nerved, punctate with black dots, subemar-
ginate or shortly and very obtusely pointed at the apex, 2'5 cm.
long, 4-35 cm. broad.

Stem suffrutescent, erect, terete, hairy, punctate with black dots,
pale green ; 1st internode 6'8 cm. long ; 2nd 1-8 cm ; 3rd, 4th, and
5th 1-1 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, five- to

FIG. 215. — Gossypium barbadense. One-fourth nat. size.

seven-nerved and reticulate, hairy on both surfaces and minutely
punctate with black dots on the under surface ; petioles terete, hairy ,
pale green, punctate like the lamina ; stipules lanceolate, acute,
subcarinate, hairy, pale green, and punctate.

No. 1. Ovate, slightly acuminate, subcordate at the base, tri-
nerved, entire.

No. 2. Cordate, entire, subacute, suddenly and shortly subacu-
minate, five-nerved.

Nos. 3 and 4. Palmately five-nerved, trifid, broad, cordate at the
base.

No. 5. Similar, but larger and seven-nerved.

8 2

260 ON SEEDLINGS

Gossypium tomentosum, Nutt.

Hypocotyl woody, and closely punctate, with small, black,
elevated glands 8-5 cm. long, otherwise as in G. barbadense.

Cotyledons 2-4 cm. long, 8-4 cm. broad, transversely suboval,
subcuneate at the base, rather sinuous and almost truncate at the
upper edge, palmately five- to seven-nerved, pale green above, gla-
brous, but closely punctate like the hypocotyl ; petiole subterete,
slightly channelled above, dilated at the base of the lamina, similarly
glandular, 1/5 cm. long.

Stem becoming somewhat woody, erect, terete, pubescent and
covered with black dots and glands like the hypocotyl ; 1st inter-
node 1 cm., 2nd 9 mm. long.

Leaves. — No. 1. Kotund- cordate, cuspidate, obtuse, subpal-
mately five-nerved, glabrous, entire, pubescent at the margin, pale
green and covered with small protuberances above, paler beneath
and covered with black dots ; petiole terete, pubescent, tapering
upwards, covered with small black glands like the stem ; stipules
subulate, acute, pubescent, deciduous.

No. 2. Similar to the last.

Adansonia Gregorii, F. Muell.

Hypocotyl short, stout, soon becoming woody.

Cotyledons rather persistent, large, foliaceous, broadly oblong,
obtuse, entire, strongly seven-nerved from the base and reticulate,
concave from the greater growth of the middle portion, petiolate,
glabrous, or sparingly ciliated on the petiole ; lamina 8'5-3-8 cm.
long, 2-2-5 cm. wide ; petiole very stout, slightly channelled above,
8-9 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, soon becoming woody, green, glabrous ; 1st
internode 3-5 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 1-8-2 cm. ; 4th 2'2-
2-4 cm. ; 5th longer.

Leaves compound, digitate (1st to 3rd simple), cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, glabrous ; stipules subulate, acute, soon becoming
brown, deciduous; petioles subterete, slightly flattened above,
especially at the base ; venation of the leaves ascending, incurved,
anastomosing.

No. 1. Oblong, lanceolate, acute, very small and soon withering
away, entire.

No. 2. Larger, oblanceolate.

No. 3. Large, palmately tripartite, with a strong rib running
into each segment ; segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate above
the middle.

MALVACEAE 261

Nos. 4-7. Digitately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, somewhat oblique on the anterior side, tending to be

FIG. 216. — Eriodendron anfractuosutn, Nat. size.

dimidiate, serrate upwards ; terminal leaflet oblanceolate, acuminate,
serrate above the middle.

262 ON SEEDLINGS

Adansonia digitata, L.

Hypocotyl stout, short, erect, terete, glabrous, green, 6-8 mm.
long.

Cotyledons very large, 4 cm. long by 3'5 cm. broad, broadly or
roundly oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly cordate at the base, petiolate,
glabrous, green, trinerved with numerous lateral veinlets, petioles
thick, scarcely furrowed on the upper side, short.

Stem square, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode 2-5 cm.
long ; 2nd 8-10 mm. ; 3rd shorter.

First leaves simple, entire ; first two lanceolate, acute ; others
spathulate or cuneate, glabrous, light green, pinnatinerved ; petioles
short, with the midrib projecting on the upper face ; stipules small,
acute, brown, deciduous.

The sixth leaf becomes digitate.

Eriodendron anfraetuosmn, DC. (fig. 216).

Hypocotyl erect, 5-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, firm, terete
near the base, obtusely four-angled from the middle upwards,
glabrous, the lower half brownish-green, lighter above.

Cotyledons long-petioled, about 5 cm. long and nearly 3 cm.
broad, subcordate, obtusely acuminate, entire, convex, quite gla -
brous on both sides, palmately seven-nerved and reticulated in a
peculiar, honeycomb -like manner, leathery, dark shining green
above, greyish-white below.

Stem terete, firm, about 2 mm. thick, very short, glabrous,
yellowish-green.

Leaves. — No. 1. Stipulate, digitate with five divisions ; petiole
about 3 cm. long by 1 mm. thick, glabrous; divisions unequal,
from 1-5-5 cm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, remotely serrate ; teeth
adpressed ; penninerved and reticulately veined, with prominent
midrib, glabrous on both sides, somewhat leathery, dark green
above, light green below.

Nos. 2 and 3. Similar to No. 1.

STERCULIACE^E 263

STERCULIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 214.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is free and syncarpous, but
the carpels are frequently only partly united at the base, or so
united as to form a two- to five- rarely ten- to twelve-celled
ovary. The ovary is however reduced to a single carpel in Wal-
theria. The ovules vary in number from two to many, rarely
solitary, and are (Heritiera) fixed to the inner angles of the
loculi, ascending or horizontal, anatropous or amphitropous,
with the raphe ventral or lateral, and the micropyle inferior.
Exceptions occur in Sterculia fcetida, S. Balanghas, and a few
other species, where the ovules are orthotropous with the micro-
pyle superior. The ovule of Heritiera macrophylla is amphitro-
pous, and the radicle superior. The fruit is dry, dehiscing
loculicidally, rarely baccate, or woody and indehiscent, or when
mature it often breaks up into cocci, indehiscent or with valvular
or follicular dehiscence. In Helicteres the carpels are curiously
twisted. The seeds are naked or woolly, or embedded in pulp
in the baccate fruits ; they are often furnished with an aril-
loid, and sometimes laterally compressed and drawn out into a
membranous wing. The testa is coriaceous, crustaceous, or has
a fleshy or succulent external covering as in Sterculia ; and
the endosperm is fleshy and copious, or reduced to a thin
stratum, or entirely wanting.

The embryo is large and straight, or bent according to the
form of the seed ; the cotyledons are generally foliaceous, flat,
plicate-corrugate or spirally convolute, more rarely thick and
fleshy ; the radicle is short, inferior, and pointing to the hilum,
except in some species of Sterculia, which have orthotropous
ovules and seeds, in Heritiera littoralis, with amphitropous
seeds and possibly some others where the radicle is at the
apical end of the seed.

Two well-marked types of seeds occur in the tribe Sterculieae.
In Sterculia itself the ovary consists of five nearly distinct two-
to many-ovuled carpels, which separate when mature into one-

264 ON SEEDLINGS

seeded, indehiscent nutlets, as in S. ramiflorum and S. fcetida
(fig. 217), or in many-seeded fruits the five carpels form as
many rays dehiscing by two valves, or in a follicular manner
along the ventral suture only. The fruit of S. ramiflorum
consists of five achenes or nuts, densely covered with stalked
and stellately-branching hairs. The seed is oblong, and con-
forms closely to the interior of the nutlet, which it entirely
fills. The testa is membranous and creamy yellow; while
the micropyle is superior and apical. The endosperm in the
mature seed is copious, fleshy, white, and almost separated into
two equal halves by the cotyledons ; but the halves are con-
nected by a collar encircling the short radicle. The embryo
is large, straight or nearly so, axile, and of a dirty yellowish-
white. The cotyledons are oblong, obtuse, rounded at the
apex, slightly auricled at the base, otherwise entire, equal in
length and breadth to the endosperm, except the small por-
tion occupied by the radicle, with their dorsal faces closely
applied to the endosperm, and traversed longitudinally by
three indistinct nerves and two other short lateral ones near
the base. The radicle is very short, stout, embedded between
the auricles of the cotyledons, projecting through the endosperm
with its tip, and together with the plumule forming a globular
mass. From this type S. fcetida (fig. 217) differs only in detail.
The nut is bluish-black and glabrous. The cotyledons are
oblong or obovate, slightly emarginate owing to a thickening
of the chalaza, and surround the plumule and radicle by their
bases, leaving only a small opening for the short radicle to
protrude ; five slightly branching nerves pass upwards from
their junction with the hypocotyl. The genus Tarrietia
agrees with Sterculia in having the endosperm divided by the
cotyledons.

The fruit of Heritiera littoralis consists of one to five
obovoid, unequal-sided, shortly stipitate, brown, woody, one-
seeded indehiscent carpels or nuts, composed of a dense mass
of interlacing fibres, packed with brown cortical matter and
laterally compressed, diverging outwards and more nearly in
line with the dorsal than the ventral suture. Each nut is
about the size of a pigeon's egg. The seed is ovoid, conform-
ing to the ulterior of the carpel ; the testa is brown, thick,

STERCULIACE^E 265

and brittle, resembling bark ; the raphe ventral, composed of
tough fibres, separable from the seed, and extending from near
the apex to the base of the cavity of the nut ; micropyle
superior; endosperm absent. Embryo straight, very large
and fleshy, filling the seed, pale pink or flesh-coloured.
Cotyledons thick, plano-convex, sometimes slightly wrinkled,
frequently if not always unequal, broadly oblong-oval in outline,
auricled at the base and embracing the radicle. The largest one
is sometimes placed with its back to the ventral, sometimes to
the dorsal suture, or irregularly. The embryo is frequently
abnormal, assuming various shapes, while the cotyledons are
of different lengths, variously twisted and deformed, or they
may even be deeply lobed, divided or multiplied, and irregular
in size and number. The radicle when normal is short, stout,
and grasped by the auricles of the cotyledons, beyond which it
does not protrude. The plumule is small and densely covered
with short, brown hairs.

The species of Cola and Herrania agree with Heritiera in
having exalbuminous seeds and thick cotyledons, but the
radicle is close to the hilum. Myrodia has exalbuminous seeds
and unequal, conferrurninate or amalgamated cotyledons, the
larger including or partly enclosing the smaller one.

A third type is presented by Eeevesia, in which the seeds
have a fleshy endosperm, a straight embryo, and flat foliaceous
cotyledons. The seeds are also laterally fixed and produced
into a wing on the back. Physodium and Abroma have also a
straight embryo, broad, flat, cordate cotyledons, and albuminous
seeds ; flat, foliaceous cotyledons, and a straight embryo, also
occur in Melochia, Dicarpidium, Waltheria, Eulingia, Com-
mersonia, Seringia, Thomasia, Guichenotia, and Lasiopetalum,
but the embryo varies considerably in shape both before and
after germination.

A fourth type, having exalbuminous seeds and spirally
convolute cotyledons, is presented byKleinhoviaand Buettneria,
the cotyledons being folded round the radicle, at any rate in
the latter. Slightly different from this are those seeds having
a thin layer of endosperm, which is even altogether absent in
all the species of Helicteres, Eriolsena, and Ayenia. The coty-
ledons also vary in being convolute or contorted and plicate.

266 ON SEEDLINGS

They are corrugate or plicate in Pterospermum, and the seeds
are produced into a wing on the top. The seeds are exalbu-
minous in Theobroma, and the cotyledons are lobed and cor-
rugate. Here also may be placed Guazuma, with albuminous
seeds, and a slightly curved embryo with foliaceous, inflexed-
plicate cotyledons.

A fifth very distinct type is represented by Hermannia
and Mahernia, which have reniform albuminous seeds, with
a curved embryo, oblong cotyledons, and the radicle close to
the hilum. Taking Pentapetes phoanicea as a type, we find
that all of the tribe Dombeyeae agree with it in having albu-
minous seeds, foliaceous, bipartite cotyledons, and the rad-
icle close to the hilum. The cotyledons are folded and con-
torted in Cheirolaena, Trochetia, Pentapetes, and Melhania ;
they are rarely flat. It seems probable that the species of
Euizia have also bipartite cotyledons. The fruit of Pentapetes
phcenicea is a crustaceous capsule, shortly globose-oblong,
five-celled, many-seeded, with the anatropous seeds arranged
horizontally in two dense rows ; dehiscing loculicidally with
the valves separating from the plumose midrib. The seed is
obovoid, bluntly trigonous or variously angled, and minutely
reticulated, with the raphe on the upper side, 2*5 mm. long,
2 mm. wide, and as thick. The endosperm is copious, forming
a white layer round the inner face of the seed, while all the
rest lying in the middle of the seed and between the folds of
the embryo is transparent and mucilaginous, swelling up in
water when it becomes white.

The embryo is large, folded, or doubled upon itself a
short way above the insertion of the cotyledons. The
cotyledons grow till they reach the apex of the seed, then
they first become concave on the side towards the raphe (upper
side of the horizontal seed), then strongly folded in the same
direction. Growth at the apex is then arrested for want of
space, but the embryo still grows, and attains a comparatively
large size by lateral extension of the cotyledons, each forming
two long lobes, which extend round the sides of the seed some-
times in one direction sometimes in the other, so that when
mature the cotyledons are deeply bipartite with oblong,
obtuse lobes. They are seven-nerved, the midrib being very

STERCULIACE^E 267

short, and ending in the sinus, which is the real apex of the
cotyledons. A slender nerve is given off from each side of
the apex of the midrib and runs up close to the contiguous
edges of the sinus ; two short lateral ones are also given off
from the base ; and between the two pairs a strong nerve runs
to the apex of each lobe, giving off a few short branches on
each side.

A curious case occurs in Hannafordia, containing a single
species only. The arilloid of the seed is cut up into numerous

Cotyledons. — The seedlings present four well-marked types
— the first, that of Sterculia heterophylla (fig. 218), having
large, leathery, foliaceous cotyledons, which are broadly oblong,
obtuse at either end, petiolate, five-nerved with a well-marked,
reticulate venation, glabrous except the base and petioles,
which are shortly pubescent with glandular hairs. The
hypocotyl is also shortly pubescent and of moderate length.
A considerable number of the Sterculiaceae conform to this
type. Even Hermannia agrees in all the main characteris-
tics except in being much smaller, and in the discernible
venation being reduced to an indistinct midrib.

The cotyledons of Heritiera, being large, thick, fleshy, and
occupying the whole of the exalbuminous seed, are, most pro-
bably, subterranean during and after germination. The con-
ferruminate cotyledons of Myrodia, and the fleshy ones of
Cola and Herrania, doubtless correspond with those of
Heritiera. A third and well-marked type occurs in the tribe
Dombeyeae, with deeply bifid cotyledons, well represented by
Pentapetes phoenicea (fig. 219). The seed-leaves of the latter
after germination are deeply bifid with ovate-oblong, obtuse,
diverging lobes, five-nerved at the base with two lateral ones
given off from the midrib near the sinus, thinly glandular-
pubescent at the margin, as well as on the rather slender
petioles. The cause to which the fission is due has been de-
scribed under ' Seeds.' A fourth type occurs in Lasiopetalum
dasyophyllum and L. ferrugineum (fig. 220). Here the coty-
ledons are linear, entire, acute, sessile, slightly narrowed to
both ends, minutely scaberulous with small elevations, slightly
connate at the base, or forming a shallow ridge around the

268

ON SEEDLINGS

plumule, showing a distinct midrib, but no other venation.
From the structure and form of the seed and embryo of the
other members of the Lasiopetalese they would evidently closely
resemble the species of Lasiopetalum in germination.

E

H

FIG. 217. — Sterculia foetida, x 2. A, ripe carpel or nutlet, one of five
forming the fruit. B, longitudinal section of same through the
cotyledons. C, longitudinal section in the plane of the cotyledons.
D, transverse section : E, endosperm ; C, cotyledon ; R, radicle ; H,
hilum.

Sterculia foetida, L. (fig. 217).

Fruit of five separate carpels, each oblong, broad and obtuse at
both ends, seated on the thickened receptacle, smooth, bluish-black,

STERCTTLIAGM 269

one-seeded, indehiscent ; epicarp thin, membranous, dark-coloured ;
mesocarp much thicker, corky, brown ; endocarp black, hard and
crustaceous.

Seed large, oblong, conforming in outline to that of the carpel,
basal, erect ; testa brown ; raphe immersed ; chalaza thickened,
causing an emargination of the cotyledons ; hilum basal in the
centre of the cavity of the carpel and attached immediately to the
chalaza.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, whitish, divided into two equal
pieces by the cotyledons, to which they adhere, resembling two thick
cotyledons.

Embryo large, straight, central, equal to the length and breadth
of the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons oblong or obovate, obtuse,
emarginate by the thickening of the chalaza, surrounding the
radicle and plumule at the base, and leaving only a small orifice
for the radicle to protrude, five-nerved from near the base, with
ascending slightly branching nerves ; radicle very short, included,
stout, close to the upper end of the seed ; plumule short, stout.

Sterculia heterophylla, Beauv. (fig. 218).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent with glandular hairs, pale
green, soon becoming reddish.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse and rounded at the end, often
truncate or even slightly emarginate, suddenly tapered or almost
truncate at the base, petiolate, five-nerved from the base of the
lamina, with the nerves incurved at the apex forming a series of in-
tramarginal reticulations, glabrous except at the base, subcoriaceous,
deep green above, paler beneath ; lamina 2-3-2-6 cm. long, l-5-l'7
cm. wide ; petiole channelled above, convex beneath, pale green,
pubescent with glandular hairs, 10-12 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, pale green or brownish, pubescent with glan-
dular hairs, ultimately woody ; 1st internode 3-4 cm. ; 2nd 1-3 cm.
long.

Leaves cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, alternately, irre-
gularly penninerved, much reticulated, with pale veins and a pale
subcartilaginous margin, coriaceous, shining, deep green above,
paler beneath ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, convex be-
neath, slightly tapered upwards from a rather stout base, pube-
scent with glandular hairs ; stipules small, subulate, glandular-hairy,
pale-coloured, soon becoming dried up and falling away.

No. 1. Lanceolate, acute, entire, small.

Nos. 2-4. Ovate, elliptic, acute or acuminate, entire, gradually
becoming larger.

270 ON SEEDLINGS

Cola sp.

Primary root long, tapering, stout, giving off few or no lateral
rootlets in the young state.

Hypocotyl very short and indistinguishable from the root, or
undeveloped.

PIG. 218.— Sterculia heterophylla. Nat. size.

Cotyledons four, each forming the quadrant of an oblong-
spherical mass, fleshy, very large, occupying the seed and subter-
ranean during germination, white if left uncovered, or pink,
reddish, or deep green according to exposure to light, petiolate.
Each of the four cotyledons has a roughly trigonal outline owing

STERCULIACE^E 271

to mutual pressure, and each is emarginate or auricled at the
base with the auricles more or less closely applied to one another
while in the seed and hardly separating during germination.
Petioles terete, rather slender (compared with the lamina), 12-
14 mm. long and attached to the inner face of the laminse about 5-
7 mm. above their base, that is at the upper end of the fissure between
the auricles.

Stem erect, stout, woody, more or less scaly, at least in the young
state.

Leaves alternate, stipulate, cauline, penninerved, scaly, petiolate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite or subopposite, scaly, brown.

Nos. 3 to 6. Alternate and similar.

No. 7. Ovate, foliaceous, penninerved.

Heritiera littoralis, Ait.

Fruit of one to three, rarely four to five, obovoid, unequal-sided,
shortly stipitate, brown, rough, woody, one-seeded carpels, composed
of a dense mass of interlacing fibres packed with brown corky loose
matter, and ending in a stout curved beak, which is laterally com-
pressed, diverging outwards and much more nearly in line with the
dorsal than the ventral suture. Hence the ventral side of the fruit
appears almost ventricose.

Seed roughly obovoid and conforming to the interior of the
carpel ; testa brown, thick, brittle, resembling bark ; raphe ventral,
composed of tough fibres separable from the seed, extending from
near the apex to the base of the cavity of the carpel ; micropyle
superior ; hilum large, oblong, ventral, below the apex and extend-
ing downwards.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, when mature very large, fleshy, filling the
whole interior of the seed, pale pink or flesh-coloured ; cotyledons
very thick, plano-convex, slightly wrinkled or uneven, sometimes
furrowed along the back of the midrib, frequently if not always un-
equal, oval or oblong-oval in outline, but often assuming various
shapes, auricled at the base and embracing the radicle. The largest
cotyledon is sometimes placed with its back to the ventral suture,
sometimes to the dorsal suture or irregularly. In some instances
the cotyledons are of different lengths or variously twisted and
deformed or even multiplied, and irregular in size and number.

The radicle when normal is stout, very short, grasped by the
auricles of the cotyledons, beyond which it does not protrude ; it is
superior.

Plumule small, densely covered with short brown hairs.

272 OX SEEDLINGS

Pentapetes phoenicea, L.

Fruit a capsule, shortly globose-oblong, five-celled, many-seeded,
with the seeds arranged horizontally in two rows, dehiscing loculici-
dally from base to apex, separating from a plumose nerve (the mid-
rib of the carpel) ; epicarp crustaceous, brown ; endocarp thinner,
membranous, pale.

Seed obovoid, subtrigonous or variously angled, minutely reticu-
lated ; seed-coat double ; outer (testa) crustaceous, brown ; inner
(tegmen) thin, pale ; micropyle and hilum basal ; chalaza apical ;
raphe on the superior side of the horizontal seed, facing the
apex of the ovary. Seed 2'5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, and 2 mm.
thick.

Endosperm copious, forming a white layer round the inner face
of the seed, while all the rest lying in the middle of the seed and
between the folds of the embryo is transparent and mucilaginous,
swelling up in water, when it becomes white.

Embryo large, folded or doubled upon itself, definitely in the
lower half, but somewhat indefinitely above ; cotyledons deeply bifid,
growing till they reach the apex of the seed, when they become first
concave on the side towards the raphe (upper side), and then strongly
folded in that direction. Growth at the apex is here stopped for
want of space, but the embryo continues to develop and is able to
attain a much larger size by lateral extension of the cotyledons
round the sides of the seed, sometimes in one direction, sometimes
in another, producing the oblong lobes above mentioned. The
venation consists of five nerves, the middle one of which is very
short and ends at the apex, giving off a slender nerve up each side
of the apical sinus ; the two nerves, one on each side of the midrib,
are the strongest and run to the apex of the lobes ; the lateral
nerves are very short and not very conspicuous. Eadicle straight,
oblong, obtuse, occupying the greater part of the length of the
seed.

Seedling (fig. 219).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, thinly glandular-pubescent, pale green,
2-5-4-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons petiolate; lamina deeply bifid with ovate, obtuse,
diverging lobes, each binerved, while the midrib forks in the sinus,
thinly glandular-pubescent at the margin, pale green ; petiole semi-
terete, shallowly grooved above, thinly glandular-pubescent, 4-
7 mm. long ; lamina 8-12 mm. long, 8-10 mm. broad.

Stem herbaceous, erect, thinly glandular-pubescent, pale green ;
1st internode 6 mm. long ; 2nd 1-75 mm. ; 3rd 1 mm.

STERCULIACE^E

273

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate (1st leaf exstipu-
late !), petiolate, glabrous or nearly so ; petioles semiterete, slightly
grooved above, thinly hairy ; stipules
small, subulate, obtuse, glandular-
pubescent.

No. 1. Obovate-cuneate, obtusely
serrate with aristate teeth, five-nerved
at the base.

Nos. 2 and 3. Ehomboid-ovate,
serrate, with aristate teeth ; five-nerved
at the base and alternately nerved up-
wards.

Hermannia cuneifolia, Jacq.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely
pubescent, 7-12 mm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire,
petiolate, glabrous, dark green, fleshy,
indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous,
pubescent ; 1st internode l'5-2 mm.
long.

First leaves simple, cauline, alter-
nate, obovate, obtuse, crenate near the apex, petiolate, stipulate ;
stipules deciduous, pubescent, light green, pinnatinerved.

Lasiopetalum dasyophyllum, Sieb.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, soon becoming brown, 1-1-2-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, entire, acute, sessile, slightly narrowed at both
ends, showing a distinct midrib but no other venation, glabrous,
minutely scaberulous, bright green above, paler beneath, slightly
connate at the base around the plumule, 15-30 mm. long.

Stem erect, somewhat obtusely angled, minutely glandular-
pubescent, scaberulous, pale green, becoming brown ; 1st internode
about 2-5 mm. long ; 2nd 1-25-1-5 mm. ; 3rd 5 mm. ; 4th 9*5 mm. ;
5th and 6th about 1-4-1-6 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately incurvinerved, glabrous, scaberulous on the upper surface
with small, glandular elevations, shiny when young, bright green
above, paler and shiny beneath ; stipules apparently obsolete ;
petioles extremely short or almost none, while the leaf is so much
narrowed towards the base as to resemble a petiole.

T

FIG. 219.- Pentapctes plicenicea.
Nat. size.

274

ON SEEDLINGS

Nos. 1-8. Cuneate-obovate, obtuse, serrate or dentate along
the apex, gradually tapering or cuneate at the base, where it is more
or less glandular-dentate, with small or minute teeth.

No. 4. Narrowly obovate-cuneate, much narrowed at the base,
irregularly dentate near the apex, minutely so below.

Nos. 5 and 6. Oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, with a few large
teeth, or minutely dentate only.

No. 7. Linear-lanceolate, obtuse, tapering to both ends, but
especially to the base, slightly revolute at the margin as is the one
below it, but more especially the younger ones above, which gradu-
ally become narrower and more elongated.

Lasiopetalum ferrugineum, Sm. (fig. 220).
Hypocotyl erect, terete, more or less scabrous, soon becoming
brown and losing its epidermis by splitting in longitudinal fissures.
Cotyledons tapering to a narrow base and forming a very

slender line around the
first and somewhat thickened
node, not very distinctly pe-
tiolate, slightly channelled
above, 1-7-2-4 cm. long, T5-
2-5 mm. wide, otherwise as
in L. dasyophyllum.

Stem as in L. dasyophyl-
lum ; 1st internode 2-8 mm.
long ; 2nd l-6'5 mm. ; 3rd
1-12-5 mm.

Leaves as in L. dasyo-
phyllum; petioles very short,
channelled above, gradually

FiG.MO.-Lasiopetalumferrugineum. becoming shorter, as the
Half nat. size. leaves develop, from the first

one upwards.

Nos. 1-4. Obovate-cuneate, tapering to a long base, variously
and obtusely dentate along the obtuse apex.

No. 5. Ehomboid or cuneate, variously and obtusely dentate
for the greater part or the whole of its length, tapering much to
the base.

No. 6. Spathulate, obtuse, tapering to a long base, with one to
two coarse teeth at the apex and small ones throughout the greater
part, or at the base only.

Nos. 7-9. Linear, obtuse or cuspidate, graduaUy tapered to the
base and minutely toothed throughout or subcrenate.

TILIACE^E 275

TILLAGES.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 228.

Fruit and Seed — The ovary in the Tiliacese is superior, syn-
carpous, two- to ten-celled. The ovules are solitary or geminate
in each cell, inserted at the inner angle, and pendulous from the
top, or ascending from the base ; sometimes the ovules are
few, attached to the middle of the placenta and ascending or
pendulous, or in other genera they are numerous and arranged
in two to many ranks, anatropous or subanatropous with the
raphe ventral or lateral. An abnormal form occurs in Spar-
mannia, where the ovary is half inferior, and almost one-
celled by the abortion or suppression of the septa. The
carpels are nearly free in Christiana and Brownlowia. The
fruit varies in different species from two- to ten-celled, or may
be one-celled by abortion ; sometimes the loculi are spuriously
divided by longitudinal or transverse divisions developed
between the seeds. AYhen mature it is a nut as in Tilia, a
drupe as in Grewia and Elseocarpus, or a berry as in Aristotelia
and Muntingia. In all these cases it is indehiscent ; but in
Columbia it divides or splits into cocci, or it is capsular and
dehisces loculicidally, more rarely septicidally as in Dubouzetia.

The seeds vary from one to many in each cell and are
ascending, pendulous, or transverse. The testa is leathery,
crustaceous, and smooth or densely hairy or pilose as in Berrya,
Carpodiptera, and at the margin only in Belotia : in certain
genera it is thickened and hardened at the chalaza as in
Tilia, Berrya, and others. The endosperm is fleshy and
copious or thin, very rarely entirely absent as in Brownlowia.
The embryo varies, but is generally straight, with ovate or
roundly-cordate foliaceous rarely fleshy and almond-like coty-
ledons ; and a short radicle, rarely longer than the cotyledons,
close to the hilum.

The seeds may be roughly divided into four groups accord-
ing to the form and other characters of the embryo. The
first group has fleshy or almond-like cotyledons as in Brown-
lowia, in which endosperm is absent. Others in this cate-
gory are Sloanea and Prockia. The radi le in Prockia is

276 ON SEEDLINGS

longer than the cotyledons, and the latter are very small in
Muntingia, continuous with, and scarcely broader than, the
thick and fleshy radicle.

A large number of genera have a copious endosperm
surrounding a slightly shorter embryo with broad, foliaceous,
and ovate or rotund-cordate, straight and flat cotyledons
which are foliaceous in germination. This group would
include Christiana, Columbia, Erinocarpus, Triumfetta, Helio-
carpus, Honckenya, Luhea, Glyphsea, Apeiba, Echinocarpus,
Tricuspidaria, and others. There is, however, some variation
even in the same genus, as in Elseocarpus and Aristotelia,
the cotyledons of which are flat in some species and un-
dulate in others. These latter lead to a third group in
which the embryo is not entirely flat but has the cotyledons
variously curved or bent. Berrya Ammonilla may be taken
as a type of this group. The seed is obovoid, pale brown,
much thickened and black at the chalaza, and contains a
copious, colourless endosperm, which becomes white and
swollen when steeped in water. The cotyledons are obovate
or orbicular in different seeds and deeply cordate at the base,
including the hypocotyl in the notch, five-nerved from the base,
the nerves giving off smaller branches ; from being longer
than the endosperm they are sharply curved or bent to one
side below the apex. They are, however, otherwise flat,
closely adpressed face to face till they come in contact with
the thickening of the chalaza, when they bend towards the
dorsal aspect of the seed. The hypocotyl and radicle together
are about twice the length of the blunt auricles of the cotyle-
dons, beyond which they project. A transverse section of the
seed shows that the cotyledons are sometimes at least slightly
incurved so as to be concave along the median line. Several
others may be placed in this group inasmuch as the embryo is
more or less bent. Entelea has the cotyledons nearly flat and
the radicle inflexed or but slightly bent ; the embryo of Spar-
mannia is plicate or nearly flat and straight ; in Corchorus it
is incurved ; and in Schoutenia the margins of the cotyledons
are involute.

The above are scattered through different tribes, several of
them belonging to the Tiliese, in which the extreme limit of

TILIACE.E 277

comparative size and complication is met with in the genus
Tilia itself, which may be taken as the type of a fourth group.
The ovary is five-celled with two ovules in each cell, but as it
matures into fruit, one seed generally takes the lead, outgrowing
all the others, which, together with four out of the five cells of
the ovary, remain small and get crushed on one side. The
fruit is an indehiscent nutlet, with one, rarely two seeds ; the
latter are obovoid or subglobose, deep brown, and have the
testa thickened at the chalaza. The endosperm is copious,
fleshy, pale yellow, or nearly white. The embryo is at first
obtusely ovate, with entire undivided cotyledons, which as
growth goes on become deltoid and subpalmately five-lobed.
When the apex comes in contact with the testa in the chalazal
region of the seed, the cot}iedons bend and then become folded
or doubled upon themselves with the loop of the fold sharply
deflected on the ventral aspect. The terminal lobe then grows
in the opposite direction, and curves round the apex of the
seed, with the tip so nearly exposed as to be quite visible
through the endosperm. The two pairs of lateral lobes reach
the sides of the seed, and become curved round it to the dorsal
aspect, where their tips also become quite visible through the
endosperm. The lobes are narrowly ovate, obtuse, and each
has a strong median nerve running through it ; the lower
pair springs from the base of the lamina, while the pair above
them arises from the side of the primary nerve ; the basal pair
and the terminal lobes are considerably larger and longer than
the middle pair. The hypocotyl and radicle are cylindrical and
obtuse or somewhat clavate. The above characters have been
taken from T. vulgaris (fig. 223, which shows the form of the
embryo separated from the endosperm). T. petiolaris differs
only in minute particulars ; a section of the fruit shows
(fig. 224) the relative position of the embryo and seed to the
fruit ; the embryo as a whole is less folded than in T. vulgaris.
The basal and terminal lobes of the cotyledons are shorter,
blunter, and more rounded, while the median pair is relatively
very small. The median nerve of the latter sometimes arises
from the base of the lamina, in which case the venation and
divisions are truly palmate.

The folding of the various parts of the embryo is easily

278 ON SEEDLINGS

accounted for, since it grows too large to lie flat in the seed.
An indication of this condition is seen in Berrya Ammonilla,
•where the cotyledons become slightly curved at the apex, while
in Schoutenia they are involute at the margin. This is
precisely what happens in Tilia, and the differences consist in
the larger embryo, the greater amount of folding, and above
all in the division of the cotyledons into five lobes. The only
apparent reason for the lobing is to facilitate folding, not only
at the apex, but all round the sides. The seed being obovoid
or globose, the embryo assumes the form of a half-closed fist
in order to accommodate itself to that shape.

Cotyledons. — The cotyledons may be grouped under four
headings, namely, obovate, ovate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
and lobed. The first type is seen in Berrya Ammonilla (fig. 221),
which has rotund-obovate, obtuse cotyledons, suddenly tapered
into the petiole, five-nerved, reticulate, glabrous except on the
principal nerves and the petiole, which are finely pubescent.
The hypocotyl is also similarly pubescent — not a common
occurrence. Before germination they vary according to the
shape of the seed from obovate to orbicular with a deeply
cordate base, but subsequently lose the latter peculiarity,
as in many or most of the Labiatse and in Cuphea among
the Lythrarieae.

Ovate cotyledons are more common, perhaps the commonest
form in the Order. Those of Corchorus olitorius (fig. 222) are
ovate, obtuse, five-nerved at the base, subfleshy, glabrous
except the petiole, which is occasionally thinly pubescent like
the hypocotyl. Those of C. capsularis differ in being broadly or
rotundly ovate and, sometimes at least, turned to one side of
the stem, which would indicate a tendency to become fleshy and
functionless, except as a storehouse for reserve-material. Ari-
stotelia racemosa agrees more nearly with Corchorus olitorius
except in being membranous, indistinctly nerved, and glabrous.

In some species of Elseocarpus the cotyledons after leaving
the seed grow to a considerable size. Those of E. oblongus
(fig. 226) are oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, very shortly petio-
late, trinerved in the lower half, reticulate, subcoriaceous,
glabrous, with red veins, very persistent like the true leaves,
about 6 cm. long, and 2-5 cm. wide at the base. Those of

279

E. cyaneus are also foliaceous, but much smaller, lanceolate,
obtuse, opaque, coriaceous, obscurely penninerved and reticu-
late, 1*9 cm. long, and about 7'25 mm. broad ; the petiole is
only 1 mm. long.

The fourth type is that of Tilia vulgaris (fig. 223) and
others of the same genus. The cotyledons of the former after
germination are foliaceous, rhomboid-subtriangular, five-lobed,
five-nerved at the base with the two lower pairs of nerves run-
ning into the basal pair of lobes, alternately nerved upwards
with two strong nerves running into the middle and small pair
of lobes, thinly pubescent on both surfaces, !• 5-2*1 cm. long,
and 1-7-2-5 crn. from tip to tip of the basal pair of lobes ; the
petiole is rather slender, semiterete, and pubescent. Occasion-
ally three perfect cotyledons occur, and, corresponding exactly
in shape to those of normal seedlings, indicate that the 5-lobed
character is of long standing and has become thoroughly fixed
by heredity ; otherwise if they depended directly upon the con-
formation of the seed for their peculiar shape, the presence of
three would have caused some modification of the normal type.

The Tiliacea) include some 330 species, dispersed over the
whole world, most numerous within the tropics of both hemi-
spheres, less so in temperate regions both north and south
of the equator.

Berrya Ammonilla, Roxb.

Fruit a capsule, subglobose, three-celled, each cell one- to two-
seeded ; dehiscing loculicidally by three valves.

Seed obovoid, glabrous, pale brown and often with darker brown
stripes from the hilum upwards ; seed-coat double — testa thin,
membranous, easily separable from the tegmen which is much
thicker, crustaceous, deeper brown, much thickened and hardened
at the chalaza where it is nearly or quite black ; micropyle and
hilum contiguous, basal ; raphe ventral, separable from the testa ;
chalaza apical.

Endosperm copious, colourless, and shrunk away from the
dorsal aspect when dry, white when moist.

Embryo central, curved or bent above the middle owing to its
being slightly longer than the endosperm, pale yellow ; cotyledons
cordate-orbicular, five-nerved from the base, with a few short altern-
ate nerves proceeding from the midrib, broad, flat, closely adpressed
face to face, straight until they come in contact with the thickening

280

ON SEEDLINGS

at the chalaza, when they bend towards the dorsal aspect of the
seed ; auricles rounded, obtuse ; radicle stout, oblong, obtuse, about
twice as long as the auricles of the cotyledons, with its tip embedded
in the endosperm close to the micropyle.
Seedling (fig. 221).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, densely and finely pubescent, pale green,
1-8-2-1 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons rotund-obovate, obtuse, entire, suddenly tapered into
the petiole at the base ; five-nerved and reticulate, glabrous except

on the principal nerves
and the petiole, which are
pubescent, light green ;
lamina 10-13 mm. long,
9-11 mm. broad ; peti-
ole semiterete, flattened
above, densely pubescent,
2-5-3 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete,
densely and finely pubes-
cent, pale green, ultimately
woody ; 1st internode 4-5
mm. long; 2nd 4-6 mm. ;
3rd 5-7 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline,
alternate, stipulate, petio-
late, five- to seven-nerved
and reticulate, light shin-
ing green, pubescent on the
nerves on both surfaces ;
petiole terete, tapering up-
wards from a rather stout
base, densely pubescent,
pale green ; stipules small, subulate, slender, green, deciduous,
inserted at the very base of the petiole of the leaf or on the stem.

No. 1. Ovate, with a cordate base, five-nerved, and obsoletely
toothed above the two large lateral obtuse teeth, into which the
middle pair of strong nerves is directed.
No. 2. Similar, but broader.

No. 3. Acuminate, and (at least in the young stage) narrower
than the first and second ; venation the same.
Corchorns olitorins, L. (fig. 222).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, rather fleshy, thinly pubescent, about
8 mm. long.

PIG. 221. — Berrya Ammonilla. Nat. size.

TILIACE^E

281

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, five-nerved at the base, rather fleshy,
glabrous, petiolate ; lamina 7 mm. long, 5 mm. broad ; petiole thinly
pubescent or glabrous, flattened above, convex beneath, 3-25 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, thinly pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode
6'5 mm. long, 2nd and 3rd each T5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
plicate in vernation, alternately penninerved, a deep shining green
above, paler beneath ; petioles
semiterete, flattened on the upper
side, pubescent; stipules subulate,
slender, entire, free, glabrous.

No. 1. Small, ovate, serrate,
subcuneate at the base.

Nos. 2-4. Ovate, acute or sub-
acute, round and trinerved at the
base, serrate.

Tilia vulgaris, Ilaync (fig.
223).

Fruit an ovoid or subglobosc
nut, fifteen-angled, tomentose,with
somewhat rufous hairs, one-celled
by the rupture of the septa, one-
seeded, tipped with the persistent
base of the style, attached to a
large deciduous bract which en-
sures dispersion by aid of the wind.

Seed ascending or erect, ob-
ovoid or subglobose, deep brown,
smooth with a firm or crustaceous
coat of two distinct layers ; hilum,
raphe, &c. as in T. petiolaris.

Endosperm copious, firm, fleshy, pale yellow or nearly white,
surrounding the embryo, which pierces it in several places, and is
almost naked at those points.

Embryo primarily straight, ultimately large, bent, divided, with
its parts curved or arched ; cotyledons applied face to face, originally
ovate, obtuse, entire, ultimately five-lobed from an ovate or deltoid sub-
cordate base, deflexed bodily downwards towards the ventral aspect of
the radicle, then again upturned with the tips of the segments arched
over to the dorsal aspect and piercing almost through the endosperm
at those points. Each cotyledon has two basal subopposite nerves
running into the basal segments, and two alternate ones running

FIG. 222. — Corchorus olitorius.
Nat. size.

282

ON SEEDLINGS

into the middle segments, and also a strong median nerve ; segments
narrowly ovate, obtuse — terminal one longest and narrowest ; radicle
cylindrical, obtuse, about 2'5-2'75 mm. long.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent or almost glabrous, pale green,
or afterwards red, 2-8 to 4-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons broad, foliaceous, rhomboid and palmately five-lobed,
five-nerved at the base, with the outer and lower pair of nerves
slender, alternately nerved upwards, reticulate, shining and thinly
pubescent on both surfaces, deep green above, paler beneath, petiolate ;
lobes oblong, obtuse, with a strong nerve running into each, the basal
ones always largest and sometimes ovate, the middle pair of lobes
always the smallest and oblong or subulate ; lamina 1-5-2-1 cm. long,

PIG. 223.— Tilia vulgaris. A, seedling, nat. size. B, embryo, x 8.

1-7-2-5 cm. from tip to tip of the basal pair of lobes ; petiole semi-
terete, shallowly channelled above, pubescent, 6-8 mm. long.

Stem erect, flexuous or bent at each node, densely pubescent ;
hairs simple or stellate, pale green, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
•75-1 mm. long ; second 2-5*5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, five- to

TILIACE^E

283

seven-nerved at the base, and alternately nerved upwards, reticulate,
pubescent on both surfaces in the seedling stage, becoming glabrous
in the adult plant, with woolly tufts at the junction of the lateral
nerves and the midrib on the under side, more or less shiny on both
surfaces, deep green above, paler beneath ; stipules oblong, obtuse,
seated at the union of the petiole with the stem, pale-coloured or
scarious, deciduous ; petioles terete, tapering upwards from a stout
base, densely pubescent with simple or stellate hairs.

No. 1. Cordate-ovate, acuminate, five- or faintly seven-nerved
from the base, irregularly serrate, slightly oblique at the base or
almost equal, with strong axillary buds.

No. 2. Cordate, acuminate, obtuse or subacute, more or less
oblique at the base, irregularly serrate, with strong axillary buds.

Tilia petiolaris, DC. (fig. 224).

Fruit five-celled, one-seeded, globose, tomentose or downy and
pale greenish-white, thick-walled, woody or corky internally, inde-
hiscent.

Seed globose or subobovoid, pale white, pushing the other cells
aside and monopolising the greater part of the fruit ; hilum
ventral somewhat above the base;
raphe ventral ; chalaza apical or rather
towards the dorsal aspect of the upper
end of the seed, marked externally with
a clear or nearly transparent space, but
very prominent internally, forming a
shortly conical projection with a broad
base ; radicle inferior.

Endosperm in the young seed pale,
transparent, and soft or fleshy, according
to age.

Embryo in a very young stage
straight, with a stout, obtuse, radicle
and two ovate, obtuse, plano-convex, Fl
fleshy, pale green cotyledons.

-IT

224. — Tilia petiolaris, x 4.
Longitudinal section of fruit:
Ch, chalaza ; C, cotyledons ; OT,
testa; IT, tegmen ; P, endo-
sperm ; PC, pericarp ; H, hilum ;
AO, aborted ovule.

Aristotelia racemosa (fig. 225).

Boot long, woody, branched, with
many brown fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl woody, 1-2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete, smooth,
yellowish-brown.

Cotyledons shortly stalked, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad,
broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at base and apex, entire, flat,

284

ON SEEDLINGS

indistinctly nerved, membranous, dull green above, paler below,
glabrous.

Stem, lower part like the hypocotyl, upper somewhat succulent,
downy, terete.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate or mostly opposite or suboppo-
site, exstipulate (?), petiolate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath,
coriaceous, alternately penninerved and reticulate ; stipules appa-
rently obsolete.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, shortly stalked, 1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, prominently penninerved, thin, with a

few hairs on the deeply serrated
margin and on the pale lower
surface ; upper surface glabrous
and dull green.

Nos. 3-8. Alternate, larger.
Nos. 9-12. In pairs, 4-5
cm. long, 2' 5 cm. broad, with
long, stout, pubescent petioles,
coloured like the stem ; lamina
cordate-ovate, acuminate or cus-
pidate, irregularly and very deeply
serrated, with acute teeth ; penni-
nerved, with very distinct, reticu-
late veins, upper surface as in the
first pair, lower with red midrib

FIG. 225. — Aristotelia racemosa.
Nat. size.

and nerves.

Elaeocarpus oblongus, Sm. (fig. 226).

Hypocotyl about 8 cm. long, 4 mm. thick near the base, 2-5 mm.
just beneath the cotyledons, firm, terete, glabrous, red, brownish
towards the root.

Cotyledons very persistent, subsessile, nearly equal, 6 cm. long,
2-5 cm. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute at the base,
rounded at the apex, entire, trinerved, the two lateral nerves very
short in comparison with the very prominent midrib, reticulate, sub-
coriaceous, glabrous, light green with raised venation on the upper
surface, paler, smooth, and shining below ; nerves and veins red on
both surfaces.

Stem firm, terete, pubescent, red, the first few internodes 5 mm.
long, 2-3 mm. thick.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite or subopposite, stipulate, shortly
petiolate, ciliate, pubescent on the upper surface and on the nerves
beneath when young, alternately incurvinerved and reticulate,

FIG. 1W>.—Ela>ocarpus ollongus. Nat. size.

286 ON SEEDLINGS

coriaceous ; petioles very short, semiterete ; stipules very small,
black, bristle-like, inconspicuous.

No. 1. A little smaller than the cotyledons, shortly stalked,
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, shallowly serrate with adpressed
apiculate teeth, and one black mucro at each side of base of the
lamina ; venation incurvinerved and reticulate with the nerves and
veins red on both sides, silky with adpressed hairs on the margin
and upper surface, as well as on the nerves of the lower, coloured
like the cotyledons, but showing the nervation and venation equally
well on both sides.

Nos. 2-5. Similar, only larger and more elliptic, subacuminate.

Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Sm.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, pale brownish, 1-8 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons persistent, lanceolate, obtuse, opaque, coriaceous,
obscurely penninerved and reticulate, glabrous ; lamina 1*9 cm.
long, 7'25 mm. broad ; petiole broad, semi-amplexicaul, 1 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale brown ; 1st internode
8 mm. long ; 2nd 2 mm. ; 3rd 5'25 mm. ; 4th 5'25 mm. ; 5th
7 mm. ; 6th 5 mm. ; 7th 5 mm. ; 8th 7'5 mm. ; 9th 7 mm.

Leaves alternate, serrate ; teeth incurved ; mucronate, thinly
pubescent when young, ultimately coriaceous, glabrous, alternately
penninerved, reticulate prominently above, but not prominently
beneath, with the midrib prominent on both surfaces ; petioles
very short, stout, flattened above with a prominent midrib, much
thickened beneath at the very base and decurrent on the stem
forming a ridge, pubescent when young, ultimately glabrous ;
stipules minute, tooth-like.

No. 1. Smaller than the cotyledons, lanceolate, acute, deep
green above, paler beneath, as are the others.

Nos. 2-5. Lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate.

Nos. 6-9. Lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, obtuse, mucronate.

Ultimate leaves oblong, shortly acuminate, acute, tapered a little
to both ends ; petiole rigid, channelled above, thickened at its inser-
tion both with the lamina and the stem.

LIXE^E 287

LINE/E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. L 241.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, syncarpous. and
typically five-celled, but often becoming spuriously ten-celled
by an outgrowth from the inner face of each carpel. Excep-
tions to the general rule occur in Eadiola millegrana, where the
flower is tetramerous. The ovary of Eeinwardtia tetragyna is
also typically four-celled, but that of E. trigyna and Anisadenia
is three-celled. The ovules are geminate and collateral, rarely
superposed, suspended from the inner angle of each cell near
the top, and are anatropous, with the micropyle superior,
and the raphe ventral. The loculi of several species of
Erythroxylon and Durandea are one-ovuled.

The fruit is a capsule breaking up into as many cocci as
there are carpels, and dehiscing along the ventral suture or
separating along the dorsal suture, thus forming twice as many
pieces as there are carpels. It is membranous, one-seeded by
abortion, and said to be indehiscent in Anisadenia. The fruit
of the tribes Hugoniese and Erythroxyleae is drupaceous or
baccate, with as many pyrenes as there are carpels, or with
one only by suppression and then one-seeded. The fruits of
the Ixonanthese are subdrupaceous, but ultimately dehisce at
the apex. The cocci of Phyllocosmus are not septate. The
seeds are solitary or geminate in each cell, pendulous, anatro-
pous, often compressed laterally with the ventral edge and raphe
to the placenta, obovoid or oblong, with the testa sometimes,
though rarely, drawn out into a membranous wing. The
endosperm is fleshy or cartilaginous, copious, scanty, or alto-
gether wanting ; and the embryo is straight or rarely incurved,
almost equalling the cavity in length ; the cotyledons are flat,
plano-convex, ovate, elliptic, or linear, and foliaceous, and the
superior radicle nearly equals them in length, with some
exceptions such as Anisadenia and Sarcotheca, in which it is
short.

The seeds are always laterally compressed when the car-
pels number three, four, or five with twice as many seeds, but
when the carpels are reduced to one, they are thick, obovoid,

288 ON SEEDLINGS

and even or angled. Winged seeds are met with in Hebe-
petalum and some species of Ixonanthes, while those of Phyllo-
cosmus and occasionally of Ixonanthes are furnished with a
lacerated, mitriform aril. Normally the embryo is axile, that
is, it lies in the centre of the endosperm, but there is an
exception in Ixonanthes, where it is lateral. Hugonia and
Eoucheria are exceptional in their embryo being sometimes
more or less incurved ; in the mature seeds of Anisadenia
and Linum it is green.

Linum may be taken as a type of those with a dry capsular
fruit. In the early stage of the ovary it is five-celled, with
two ovules in each of slightly different ages and slightly
superposed. The ovules at first are represented by small
papillae, and as the integuments are developed and they
become anatropous, a false partition begins to grow towards
the interior from the inner face of the carpel and separates
the ovules immediately they have become anatropous. Endo-
sperm is wanting in the mature seed, and the cotyledons
of the embryo are elliptic, conforming in shape to that of
the seed. The drupaceous type is represented by Hugonia
Mystax. The fruit is globose, fleshy externally, with a bony
endocarp, spuriously ten-celled with one or two seeds in
each true cell. As it ripens the interior becomes pulpy,
and the dissepiments obliterated. The laterally flattened
seeds differ from those of Linum in containing endosperm.
The embryo almost equals the latter in length, and is pale
yellow, and slightly incurved ; the cotyledons are oblong, flat,
foliaceous, thin, and alternately penninerved. The seeds of
Linum when moistened emit a copious mucilage, which at-
taches them to the soil, and probably serves to facilitate the
exit of the young plant.

Cotyledons. — Just as there is very little variation of any
importance amongst the seeds, so with the cotyledons of those
seedlings coming under my notice. They are broadly oval or
roundly obovate, trinerved, suddenly narrowed into a very
short petiole. Those of Linum perenne are oval, rather opaque,
with an obscure venation, about 5-25 mm. long, including the
petiole, and 3-25 mm. wide. They are longer and several
times wider than the primary leaves. Those of L. campanu-

latum agree, except in being rather smaller, while those of L.
monogynum (fig. 227) and L. Leoni are very much larger.
Those of the latter are entire or inclined to be slightly emargi-
nate, fleshy, and indistinctly trinerved.

Linum perenne, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, white below ground and pur-
plish-brown above it, 1*5 cm. long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, tapering
to a very short petiole, glabrous, deep green,
often stained brown, about 5 '25 mm. long
including the petiole, 3'2o mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous,
minutely scabrous, pale green or brownish ;
internodes very short, 1st and 2nd unde-
veloped ; 3rd 4 mm. long ; 4th 1 mm. long ;
5th -75 mm. ; 6th, 7th, &c., 1 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, sessile, or slightly
narrowed to the base, deep glaucous green,
glabrous, subfleshy, one-, ultimately three-
nerved, minutely scabrous at the margin,
convex on the back, slightly concave above by
reason of the upturned margins.

Nos. 1 and 2. Decussating with and close
to the cotyledons, appearing opposite, linear-
oblong, obtuse, or subacute.

Nos. 3-20. Linear-oblong, obtuse, alter-
nate, separated by short internodes, minutely
scabrous beneath, one-nerved.

Ultimate leaves on barren shoots linear,
obtuse, generally minutely cuspidate, one-
or obscurely three-nerved, subfleshy ; on flowering shoots linear,
acute, rather elongated, trinerved.

Linum monogynum, Forst. (fig. 227).

Primary root a long tap-root, colourless, unbranched in its early
stages.

Hypocotyl as in L. perenne, about 2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, firm.

Cotyledons subsessile, 1-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, rotund-
obovate, trinerved, entire, glabrous, thin, light greyish-green.

Stem like the hypocotyl ; 1st internode I mm. ; 2nd undeveloped ;
3rd 2 cm.

U

FIG. 227.

Linum monogynum.
Nat. size.

290 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves very similar to those of L. perenne, sometimes opposite (as
in the first two to three pairs), tapering to the base in the seedling
stage, ultimately more strictly sessile, generally one-nerved, pale green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Only 1 mm. above the cotyledons, subsessile,
7'5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, oblanceolate, subacute at the apex,
entire, with distinct midrib, glabrous, thin, light greyish-green.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar.

Linum campanulatum, L.

Hypocotyl mostly subterranean, tapering indistinguishably into
the root.

Cotyledons obovate, otherwise as in L. monogynum, petiolate ;
lamina 7' 5 mm. long, 5 mm. broad ; petiole flattened or slightly
grooved above, convex on the back and subscabrous, 3' 5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, brown ; 1st internode
1*7 cm. long ; 2nd 3 mrn. ; above this 1 mm. each or crowded.

Leaves tapering to the base, trinerved from base almost to apex,
obscurely alternately penninerved above the middle, opaque, deep
glaucous-green on both surfaces, crowded, ascending.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, opposite, spathulate, obtuse, apiculate.

All above this obovate, obtuse, apiculate, crowded.

HUMIRIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 24(5.

The five-, rarely six- to seven-celled ovary contains a soli-
tary, pendulous, anatropous ovule in each cell, or two, rarely
three, in Vantanea, while Humiria has sometimes two super-
posed ovules. The raphe is ventral. The fruit is drupaceous
with a bony endocarp, one- to three-celled and -seeded by
abortion, and indehiscent. Where two seeds occur in a loculus
of Humiria they are separated from one another by a spurious
transverse septum. The seeds are oblong, with a membranous
testa, and contain a copious, fleshy endosperm.

The embryo is straight in the axis of the endosperm, and
has short, blunt cotyledons and generally an elongated,
superior radicle.

The Order contains about twenty species of large or small
trees, with alternate, entire or crenulate, exstipulate leaves.

MALriGIIIACE/E 291

MALPIGHIACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 247.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, generally consisting
of three carpels, rarely two or four, more or less connate into a
three-celled ovary, or apocarpous, with one ovule in each cell ;
the ovule is almost orthotropous or semianatropous in Hiptage
Madablota, ascending from a broad pendulous funicle, and
straight or curved ; the raphe is on the ventral aspect, and the
micropyle is superior. The mature carpels are three in num-
ber or fewer, one-seeded and coherent into a fleshy or woody
drupe, distinct and separating into usually winged samaras,
rarely two-valved. The seed is obliquely suspended from the
inner angle of each cell, and is exalbuminous. The seed-coat
is double, both coats being as a rule membranous. The embryo
varies in being straight, curved, or hooked, very rarely cir-
cinate ; and the cotyledons are flat, or fleshy and thick, filling
the seed, and often unequal. The radicle is short, superior, and
the plumule is but little developed.

The seeds may be roughly classified into six groups ac-
cording to the form of the embryo, which is exceedingly
variable. Those characteristics however by which the groups
are distinguished are not constant, while in many cases two or
three of them apply to one genus, or to different species of a
genus, so that the groups frequently overlap one another. The
embryo is straight in Bunchosia, Aspidopterys, Jubelina, and
some species of Malpighia. More often however the cotyledons
are more or less curved, as in Lasiocarpus, Verrucularia,
Acridocarpus, Eyssopterys, Peixotoa, Aspicarpa, Camarea,
Janusia, Schwannia, and in some species of Hiptage, while in
Banisteria they may be straight, incurved, or inflexed. This
forms a transition to the next group, in which the cotyledons are
inflexed or uncinate about the middle or towards the apex.
Some of the species of Malpighia, Tristellateia, and Tetrapterys
also have their cotyledons inflexed at the apex. The species
generally of Diacidia, Clonodia, Lophanthera, Ptilochseta,
Triaspis, Triopterys, Hiraea, and Diploptcrys have the cotyle-

c 2

292 ON SEEDLINGS

dons inflexed ; while those of Janusia are fleshy and curved,
but are somewhat exceptional in having the inner one uncinate
at the tip. A fourth type has the cotyledons circinate, those
of Byrsonima and Dinemandra being linear and semiterete.
Pterandra is very exceptional in the Order in having the seed-
leaves flattened and convolute, while the inner one is longer and
rolled up in a spiral of many coils.

The seeds are often large, and as they contain no endosperm,
the embryos in numerous cases are thick and fleshy. The
gyncecium in Hiptage Madablota consists of three carpels, and
is three-celled, with one ovule in each cell. The ovule is cam-
pylotropous or semi-anatropous, suspended from the middle by
a broad obliquely attached funicle. The fruit is samaroid with
three strong wings diverging from its upper edges, and when
mature splits into three pieces. The seed is transversely and
broadly oblong-reniform, large, and conforming to the seed-
cavity of the samara. The embryo is large, slightly curved,
thick, fleshy, pale yellow or white, and the cotyledons are un-
equal, plano-convex, with the smaller one uppermost, lying in
the sinus of the curve ; both lie in the narrow plane of the
seed, with their edges to the ventral suture of the carpel. The
radicle is superior, and so short as to be hardly noticeable,
just serving to unite the cotyledons. Other genera agreeing
with Hiptage in having fleshy seed-leaves are Acmanthera,
Acridocarpus, Brachypterys, Stigmaphyllon, Tetrapterys, and
Hirsea.

Hiptage Madablota may be again referred to as a type
having unequal cotyledons. Others agreeing with it in
this respect are Burdachia, Dicella, Thryallis, Galphimia,
Heteropterys, Stigmaphyllon, Tetrapterys, and Pterandra.
This inequality is sometimes carried so far that one of the
cotyledons becomes quite minute, as in Hirasa. The embryo of
Brachypterys appears undivided, but one cotyledon becomes
aborted, and the other thick, and hooked at the apex. Ac-
cording to Grisebach l this is what takes place in Glandonia,
a genus containing a single species from northern Brazil.
According to other authorities 2 the cotyledons have become

1 Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Malpigh. p. 23.
* Gen. Plant, i. 252.

M ALPIGHI ACE^E 293

amalgamated or conferruminate. These three cases may be
considered exceptional in the Order or abnormal, and the
gradual outcome of the curved or twisted condition of the ovary,
which is neither strictly anatropous nor orthotropous, but
partly both. The outer cotyledon becomes the larger, and
folded round the inner one to a greater or less extent, and the
latter therefore becomes gradually smaller and finally more or
less aborted, as in Abronia belonging to the Nyctagineas. Other
curious cases occur in several species of Banisteria, Heteropterys,
and Stigmaphyllon.

The seeds of Stigmaphyllon are also remarkable in con-
taining two or three embryos.

Hiptage Madablota, Gaertn.

Fruit separating when mature into three samaras, each one-
celled, one-seeded, and furnished at the upper edges with three
strong diverging wings and an apical much smaller one ; walls of
ovary dry, coriaceous to woody, and tough.

Seed transversely and broadly oblong-rem'form, comparatively
large, conforming to the interior of the samara, suspended at or
near its centre by a broad funicle, which arises from the ventral
side of the samara, below the middle of the cell, and is obliquely
and slightly attached to the testa ; raphe short, broad at the upper
edge of the ventral aspect of the seed ; micropyle superior, con-
tiguous to the hilum ; chalaza on the opposite side of the hilum
from the micropyle ; testa and tegmen both thin and membranous,
pale brown.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large and conforming to the interior of the seed, which
it closely fills, slightly curved, fleshy, pale yellowish or white ; coty-
ledons unequal, curved, plano-convex, fleshy, filling the seed, obtuse,
entire, with the smaller one uppermost and in the inner angle of
the curve, both lying in the narrower plane of the seed, which is
deeper than wide, so that both the cotyledons go to make up the
depth of the seed, and have their edges to the ventral suture of the
carpel ; radicle extremely short, superior, hardly prominent.

294 ON SEEDLINGS

ZYGOPHYLLE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 262.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary of the Zygophylleae is four- or
five-, rarely two- to twelve-celled, and the ovules vary from two to
many in each cell. They are pendulous and anatropous or
sometimes ascending with a ventral raphe, have a superior
micropyle, and are often filiform. A remarkable exception
occurs in a few species of Tribulus, where the carpels opposite
the petals are transversely three- to five-locellate, both in the
young and the mature state, so that the seeds lie in an ascending
direction one above the other with partitions between them.

The fruit is very variable in the Order, coriaceous or
crustaceous, dividing into dehiscent or indehiscent cocci, which
are connate, or separate from the placental axis ; at other times
it is a capsule dehiscing loculicidally, and in a few the endocarp
is horny. The fruit of Nitraria is drupaceous when mature,
one-celled and one-seeded although two- to six-celled in the
young state. The seeds are pendulous, and solitary in most
cases, oblong or linear, with a membranous, crustaceous, or
thick and slimy testa. They contain a thin layer of endosperm,
often fleshy or horny, and are rarely exalbuminous.

The embryo is straight or nearly so, green, and equalling
the endosperm in length. The cotyledons are foliaceous and
oblong or linear, the radicle rather short.

GERAXIACEyE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 269.

Fruit and Seed. — The gyncecium of the Geraniacese is
superior and syncarpous, consisting of three to five, rarely two
carpels. The ovary is three- to five-lobed, three- to five-celled,
and in the tribes Geranieae and Pelargonieae the carpels are in
most cases prolonged above into a long beak, attached to the
central axis, which is also greatly prolonged between and beyond
the seed-bearing portion : in the other tribes the beak is usually
absent. The ovules are geminate and contiguously superposed,

GERANIACE^ 295

or solitary and pendulous, with the micropyle superior and the
raphe ventral, or transverse with the raphe lateral. Where the
thalamus is flat, as in Limnanthes, the ovule is solitary and
ascending with the micropyle inferior. The ovules vary from
two to many in the tribes Wendtiese and Oxalideae, are hori-
zontal or pendulous, and arranged in a single or double series
along the placenta. The fruit is a schizocarp in many cases,
three- to five-lobed, and breaking away from the axis in as
many one-seeded pieces, the beak of which becomes revolute
carrying the seed upwards with it. In other cases, such as that
of Limnanthese and Tropseolum, the fruit breaks up into three
to five indehiscent, hardened cocci. The two- to many-seeded
fruits are capsular, dehiscing loculicidally with persistent
valves, as in Oxalis, or the valves break away with elasticity
from the placentas, as in Impatiens. In a few cases the fruit
is baccate, many-seeded, and indehiscent, as in Averrhoa.

The seeds are pendulous, horizontal, or ascending, the
first and last being characteristic of one- or few-seeded fruits.
The testa is thin, rarely somewhat crustaceous. Endosperm
is absent or rarely present in some quantity and fleshy. The
embryo is curved or straight, often green, and the cotyledons
are foliaceous and variously convolute longitudinally or twisted,
flat, plaited, or plano-convex, or they are thick and fleshy as
in Tropseolum. The radicle is short in straight embryos, and
pointing to the hilum, or, as in the Geraniese and Pelargoniese,
is long and incumbent upon the back of the cotyledon next to
the raphe, and, together with the tips of the cotyledons, points
to the base of the fruit. The whole Order may be roughly
divided into five groups according to the form of the embryo
and the presence or absence of endosperm. On the amount
of the latter present in the seed depends to a large extent the
size, form, and modification of the embryo. The larger the
quantity present, the smaller and simpler the embryo. The
groups may be characterised as follows : — (1) endosperm
present, embryo straight; (2) endosperm present, embryo
curved ; (3) endosperm present, cotyledons plicate ; (4) endo-
sperm absent, embryo fleshy, straight ; (5) endosperm absent
or rarely present in small quantity, cotyledons convolute
or induplicate-plicate. These characters do not in all cases

296 ON SEEDLINGS

indicate the genera which are regarded as most closely allied,
but they are all well marked in the seeds, and the members
of different tribes do not much overlap one another.

To the first group belong Ehynchotheca, Oxalis, Averrhoa,
and perhaps Dapania. The seed of Rhynchotheca contains a
small quantity of endosperm, a straight embryo, flat cotyle-
dons, and belongs to the tribe Wendtieas ; Wendtia itself does
not seem to have been described, and I have had no opportunity
of examining it. The others belong to the tribe Oxalidese.
Oxalis has a capsular, loculicidally dehiscent, five-celled fruit
with one or many seeds in each cell. The outer integument
of the seed is fleshy and breaks away elastically in the form of
an aril, while the testa is crustaceous. The endosperm is
fleshy, and the small embryo straight with broadly ovate coty-
ledons. The fruit of Averrhoa is baccate and indehiscent,
containing numerous naked or arillate seeds, with a small
quantity of fleshy endosperm, and a straight embryo. The
fruit of Dapania is fleshy and five-lobed, and the seed it con-
tains is covered by a lacerated, somewhat two-lipped aril, and
has a fleshy endosperm. The embryo is slightly curved,
leading to the next group ; and the oval cotyledons are cordate
at the base.

2. The curved embryo is represented by Biebersteinia and
Viviania, belonging to distinct tribes (Geranieae and VivianesB
respectively). The seed of the former is curved and contains
a thin, fleshy, somewhat one-sided layer of endosperm. The
arched or bent embryo has rather thickened cotyledons, a
scarcely shorter, superior radicle, and conforms in outline to
that of the seed. Viviania has closely superposed geminate
ovules in each cell, and when both mature into seeds, the one
is ascending and the other descending, and they contain a
fleshy endosperm. The embryo is narrow, linear, and strongly
curved or circinate.

3. The third type, represented by Balbisia, also contains a
thin fleshy layer of endosperm in its seeds, which are small,
many-angled by mutual compression, and arranged in a double
series. Its chief distinction consists in the cotyledons being
plicate and in the radicle being laid over the back of them or
enclosed in their folds.

GEKANiACE^E 297

4. Endosperm is wanting and the embryo straight and
fleshy in Tropaeolum, Limnanthes, Flcerkea, Impatiens, and
Hydrocera, belonging to three different tribes, which some
authors consider distinct Orders. The ovary of Tropseolum is
trilobed, three-celled, and contains a single pendulous ovule
in each cell, with a superior micropyle. The fruit is at first
fleshy, but when mature becomes a schizocarp, breaking up
into three indehiscent cocci, which fall away from the short
persistent axis, and have hardened, rugose walls, ultimately
becoming dry and cortical. The seed is exalbuminous, and
the straight embryo consists of two thick and fleshy closely
applied or almost conferruminate cotyledons, which, together
with the extremely short radicle, completely fill the cavity of
the seed, which again fills the carpel.

When the embryo is still very young, the cotyledons are
oval or transversely oblong, entire, deep green, and diverging
widely. Later on they become broadly cordate, and deeply
concave on the inner faces. At a further stage they become
fleshy, and form more or less completely a sphere, while the
notch at the base becomes deeper until distinct auricles are
produced. Finally they become closely applied to one another
but separable, while the basal auricles become quite close,
embedding the radicle, and leaving only its extreme tip exposed.
At the same time they lose their green colour, and, being
globose, completely fill the seed. The fruit, seed, and embryo
of Flcerkea conform very closely in structure to those of Tro-
pseolum, while Limnanthes differs in having five carpels. The
fruit of neither is fleshy, and the receptacle or tbalarnus is
nearly flat, while the carpels are beakless. The cotyledons are
thick, fleshy, and cordate at the base, enclosing the very short
radicle. The fruit of Impatiens is a five-celled capsule, the
valves of which on maturity spring elastically from the pla-
centas, from the base upwards, and roll backwards or down-
wards from the top inwards. The seeds of I. parviflora (fig. 233)
are pendulous, anatropous, obovoid, and marked longitudinally
with lines of minute protuberances. The chalaza is apical,
forming a small thickened knob externally to the testa, which
is here slightly indented. The embryo is straight, and the
cotyledons obovate-oblong, fleshy, plano-convex, subcordate at

298 ON SEEDLINGS

the base, partly surrounding the radicle, and minutely emar-
ginate, apparently owing to the indentation of the testa at the
thickened chalaza. In I. chinensis there is sometimes a slight
depression at the chalaza, which occasionally is quite marked.
The seeds of I. Roylei are pyriform with a small depression at
the broad apical end, and rough with small points. The
embryo is similar to that of I. parviflora, and the cotyledons
are broadly obovate with the apical notch well marked.

5. The fifth group, in which endosperm is absent, and
the cotyledons convolute or induplicate-plicate, is represented
by Geranium, Erodium, Monsonia, and Sarcocaulon, of the
tribe Geranieae, and Pelargonium of the Pelargonieae. The
various species of Geranium have the most complicated embryo
of the three better known genera, and constitute the best typfe
of the group. The ovary consists of five carpels, is deeply
five-lobed, five-celled, and ten-ovuled. The axis is greatly pro-
longed between the carpels, and each of the latter is produced
into a long beak attached to the axis, except near the top
where they separate into five branches, which are stigmatose
along their inner face. The geminate ovules are slightly
superposed, incurved, and semianatropous. The hilum is
ventral, and above the middle of the seed, and the micropyle
is on the upper side of this. One of the two ovules only
becomes fertilised, and in a number of specimens examined it
has always been the upper one. The seed is oblong or sub-
cylindrical, finely tuberculated, about equally thick at both
ends, and fixed to the placenta a little above its middle. The
chalaza is at the lower end close to the base of the carpel.
Endosperm is absent, and the curved embryo, which is green,
at least while fresh, occupies the whole of the seed.

Taking G. Wallichianum as a type, we find that the
radicle is the only part that is curved ; and assuming that
the embryo starts from near the micropyle above the middle
of the seed, then it would grow until it reached the upper
end, when the apex curves downwards until it reaches the
base, and here we always find the apex of the cotyledons
pointing to the base of the carpels or ovary. There still
being room for the cotyledons to develop laterally, they com-
mence to coil longitudinally round the sides of the seed in the

GEKANIACEvE 299

direction of the sun when the seed is held in its natural
position.

The result is that one longitudinal half of each cotyledon
grows faster than the other, and grows over, enclosing the
smaller half of the other, so that when the embryo is fully
grown, a transverse section shows each of the cotyledons
coiled in the shape of the letter s, but the small coil of each
is inserted in the large coil of the other, thus —

The coils are, however, closely drawn together so as to fill the
seed compactly, and the radicle is incumbent on the back of
the cotyledons, but on the ventral face of the seed ; there is a
small notch or cavity in the centre of the bundle or coil at its
lower end into which the rather prominent chalaza fits.
When flattened out the cotyledons are transversely oblong
or reniform, slightly sinuate at the apex, with the midrib
excurrent, forming a small tooth, and five nerves radiating
from the base of the lamina and becoming slightly incurved.
The base is deeply cordate, and the deep green radicle on
the ventral aspect points towards the base of the ovary.
The two halves of the cotyledons are unequal, the smaller
one occupying the interior of the coil. The cotyledons are
even already petiolate, and examination shows that this is
necessary in order to allow of their becoming convolute. The
inner or upper faces of the cotyledons are always applied to
one another, but the coils or smaller enfolded half of each
prevents the two midribs from coming in contact as they
would do if the cotyledons were flat. Hence the necessity
for petioles while yet in the seed. Other species agreeing
with G. Wallichianum in the form of the embryo are G.
pratense, G. sylvaticum, G. sanguineum, and G. bohemicum.
It is more than probable that none of the species differ very
widely from the type. There seems to be, however, a varia-
tion in the insertion of the ovule, for whereas G. Wallichianum
has the hilum on the ventral face a little above the middle,

300 OX SEEDLINGS

according to a figure of Le Maout and Decaisne ' a species of
Geranium has the hilum close to the base. G. Endresii has
the ovule attached as near as possible at the middle, and the
radicle is of moderate length. In G. Wallichianum, the ovule
being attached above the middle and campylotropous, the
radicle is very short. In Le Maout and Decaisne's figure
above-mentioned the ovule is practically erect and anatropous,
while the radicle elongates until it almost equals the cotyle-
dons in length.

In Erodium there is the same variation in the attachment
of the seed. It is pendulous and attached above the middle
in E. trichomanefolium, which is half anatropous, with the
radicle and the apex of the cotyledons uppermost, while that
of E. Manescavi is attached almost by the base, while the
radicle is greatly elongated and reaches to the hilum, the seed
being erect and almost anatropous with the micropyle inferior.
The seed of E . Manescavi tapers downwards, whereas that of
E. trichomanefolium tapers upwards. The wider end always
includes the radicle, which in this genus is greatly thickened.
There is a corresponding reduction in the width of the coty-
ledons, which taper somewhat towards the apex and are much
less perfectly convolute than in Geranium. In E. trichomane-
folium the two cotyledons are folded separately with their
edges towards one another, or they slightly overlap with the
thick radicle squeezed in the hollow between them. While
yet in the seed there is a moderately deep notch on the margin,
but below the middle on each side of both cotyledons, or the
longer side only may be so notched.

The cotyledons are petiolate while yet in the seed for the
same reason as in Geranium. In Erodium Manescavi one
cotyledon folds over and almost completely encloses the other,
which is accordingly somewhat smaller, while the much
thickened radicle is flattened against the back of the outer
and larger one. The embryo of E. gruihum is nearly as con-
voluted as that of Geranium ; but both cotyledons are some-
what foreshortened on the edges next the radicle, which is
thick, fleshy, subtrigonous, and occupies a considerable
amount of space.

1 Le Maout and Decaisne, Eng. edit. 1876, pp. 306-7.

GEKANIACE.E 301

The ovule and seed correspond to those of E. Manescavi.
The cotyledons of E. moschatum are convolute, plicate, and
pinnatindly lobed.1 The ovules of Pelargonium australe are
gemmate in each cell, suspended from the inner angle and
anatropous, with the micropyle considerably above the middle
on the ventral face. The seed is broader at the end farthest
from the hilum as in the case of Erodium, a circumstance
due to the radicle being thickest at that point and to the fact
that the cotyledons taper to the apex like those of Erodium.
The cotyledons are convolute longitudinally with one folded
over the other. Both are shaped like the letter L at the
apex, but only the outer one towards the base, the inner being
hooked or crumpled inside the angle of the outer. They taper
to the apex, which is minutely emarginate beneath the thick-
ened portion of the chalaza ; the margin is crenate, and they
are shortly petiolate for the same reason as Pelargonium
and Erodium. The radicle is incumbent on the cotyledons
on the ventral aspect, where the testa is bulged out to accom-
modate it, the inflated portion tapering to a point above the
middle.

Cotyledons. — -About half a dozen distinct types of cotyledons
may be noted, and modifications are frequent in that repre-
sented by Erodium and Pelargonium. The simplest are those
occurring in exalbuminous seeds, and especially where the
embryo is straight and has its cotyledons simply thickened so
as to fill the seed. The least complex of the types observed
is represented by Oxalis corniculata (fig. 232). The cotyle-
dons are small, oblong-ovate, very obtuse, shortly petiolate,
glabrous, and have a very indistinct venation. Those of 0.
sensitiva are sessile, and slightly pubescent at the margin, but
otherwise similar to the above. Some species have broadly
oblong, slightly emarginate, trinerved, petiolate cotyledons,
dependent probably on the robustness of their growth and the
enlargement of all parts.

The seeds of Impatiens all seem to be modelled upon the

same plan ; they are pendulous and anatropous, with the

radicle superior and the cotyledons always occupying the

lower broader end of the seed. Hence the cotyledons vary

1 Gaertner, DC Fructibus ct Seminibus, i. 383, and t. 79, iig. 5.

302 ON SEEDLINGS

in breadth and the shape of their apex according to the cor-
sponding variations of the seed. The general outline is
obovate or roundly obovate and emarginate, tapering gradu-
ally or suddenly into the moderately long petiole. Those of
I. fruticosa (fig. 235) are broadly, almost roundly, obovate, gla-
brous with hairy petioles, ciliate at the margin, and obscurely
trinerved with the lateral nerves incurved so as to join the
middle one in the notch. This notch, as has already been
observed, is due, at least partly, to the thickening of the
chalaza and the indentation of the testa at that part. There
can be little doubt, however, that it deepens by a subsequent
more rapid development of the parts on each side of the apex,
where the three principal nerves end in the water-gland. A
small or minute tooth is also observable in the notch. The
cotyledons of I. Balsamina (fig. 234) are also obovate, with a
tendency to be broadly ovate or oval, emarginate, slightly
narrowed towards the apex at times, more or less cuneate at
the base, and glabrous. They are three- or faintly five-nerved.
Five slender or indistinct nerves also occur in a species with
lilac flowers, and the lateral ones join the midrib in the rather
prominent notch. The lamina is obovate-orbicular, and
appears sessile from the fact that the petioles are erect and
closely applied to the stem throughout their length. The
cotyledons of I. tenella are very broadly obovate, emarginate,
and trinerved, while those of I. tricornis appear to be some-
what anomalous in being obliquely emarginate or shallowly
and obtusely trilobed at the apex and indistinctly one- to
two -nerved.

A third and somewhat more complicated type occurs in
Linmanthes Douglasii (fig. 230), which evidently bears con-
siderable affinity with Tropaeolum, the type of the next group.
The cotyledons are roundly cordate, nearly always minutely
emarginate, and marked at the apex with a small black scar,
tipped with white, rather succulent, glabrous, convex above,
and striated with numerous broad, shallow, ridge-like veins
curving off laterally from the midrib. The petioles are
rather deeply inserted in the basal notch of the lamina, and
are broad at the base, sheathing the plumule. The hypocotyl is
stout and subterranean, so that here again there is a necessity

for petioles, which when full grown are about 1-2 cm. long.
Geranium Wallichianum (fig. 228), G. polyanthus and Pelar-
gonium australe (fig. 229) afford other good instances in this
Order, and Delphinium elatum, already mentioned in Kanuncu-
lacese, is also a case where petioles are required to carry up
the lamina of the cotyledons to the light.

A fourth type is represented by Tropseolum majus (fig. 231).
Here the cotyledons are subterranean even after germination,
large, fleshy, filling the testa, and shortly petiolate, so as to
facilitate the exit of the plumule.

The seed then lies on one side of the seedling, and the
hypocotyl is undeveloped as in the case of other seedlings with
subterranean cotyledons. In this respect T. aduncum, T.
minus, and other species agree with the type just given.

The fifth type is represented by Erodium and Pelargonium,
which have broadly ovate-oblong or suborbicular cotyledons,
generally distinctly narrowed towards the apex. This type
varies exceedingly however indifferent species, from cotyledons
of nearly equal or symmetrical form to others that are strongly
asymmetrical, while in a third modification they are lobed or
pinnatifid. The least complicated type may be represented
by Pelargonium bipinnatifidum, which has broadly oblong or
oval, finely pubescent cotyledons, rounded or faintly emarginate
at the apex, and cordate at the base, but otherwise entire, with
rather long slender petioles, and a symmetrical lamina. P.
humifusum agrees with the last, while P. vitifolium has sub-
orbicular but otherwise similar cotyledons. A more generally
typical form occurs in Erodium verbenae folium, in which the
cotyledons are broadly ovate-oblong, emarginate, unequally
cordate at the base, where they are five-nerved, penninerved
upwards, unsymmetrical, glandular, ciliate, and glandular-
pubescent beneath. The auricle on one side is about 1 mm.
longer than the other, a circumstance due to its being on the
outside of the coil of the seed, where it has more room to
develop. The channelled petioles are also of unequal length,
in the proportion of 8'75 to 5*25 mm. E. gruinum and E.
malacoides have altogether larger cotyledons, more deeply
emarginate and more asymmetrical, but otherwise similar to
the last. Lobed cotyledons are represented by Erodium

304 ON SEEDLINGS

trichomanefolium. Here they are oblong, incipiently emargin-
ate, cordate at the base, asymmetrical, entire at the sides, or
with a deep incision on one or both sides at or below the
middle, usually very unequal at the base, fleshy, glandular-
pubescent above and on the petioles. E. moschatum agrees
with this, and E. cicutarium merely differs in being perhaps
more deeply lobed with one or two incisions on each side. E.
Manescavi merely differs in being very shallowly crenate along
the sides. Pelargonium australe (fig. -229) is comparable to
the last in being shallowly crenate at the sides, but is sub-
lobate at the base. The fission, toothing, or lobing seems to
be intended to facilitate folding in the seed. It will be noticed
that the fission is always most pronounced towards the base
where the cotyledons are broadest, and that the lobes are
directed towards the narrower apex, so that by this means the
greater width at the base is reduced. One large lobe or deep
incision would accomplish in this respect what a number of
smaller ones would, so that both types answer the same
purpose.

The sixth type is represented by Geranium, the difference
between which and Erodium has perhaps reference to the fact
that while the seeds of Erodium are arranged so as to be self-
sowing, and terminate in a sharp point, which more readily
pierces the ground, this is not the case in Geranium, the
seeds of which are rounded at both ends. The different
species, as far as my observations go, agree in the relatively
large size of the cotyledons, and the amount of folding which
they undergo in the seed. They differ chiefly in size and
vigour, and in the relative length of the hypocotyl and the
petioles of the cotyledons. G. Wallichianum (fig. 228) may
be taken as a representative of seedlings with a short hypocotyl
and long petioles. The cotyledons are obliquely reniform,
asymmetrical, deeply cordate at the base, shallowly sinuate at
the apex, with the midrib excurrent, forming a small tooth,
five-nerved, thinly pubescent above, ciliate at the margin,
equalling one another in size, but the two halves of each un-
equal. The average length of the longer half of five cotyledons
is 12-8 mm. and the width 8-6 mm. ; on the contrary the
average length of the shorter half is 11-5 mm. and the width

GERAXIACE/E

305

8-15 mm. The petioles are long, terete, or slightly flattened
on the upper surface near the base, and mostly equal in length.
In the short hypocotyl and long petioles, G. polyanthus agrees
with G. Wallichianum, whereas G. hohemicum and G. san-
guineum are types with elongated hypocotyls and short petioles,
while in G. amphuloideum both hypocotyl and petioles are
elongated. All the above-mentioned however agree in general
characters including asymmetry. Others agreeing with the
above are G. Traversii, G. pratense, and G. tuberosuin.1

The cotjdedons are all broader than long, a circumstance
due to the manner of folding in the seed. The larger auricle
is on the outside of the coil, and has consequently more room
to develop. The apical sinus is due in part at least to a
thickening of the chalaza, against which it abuts. Petioles are
necessary to admit of the folds of the smaller half of each coty-
ledon being accommodated inside the coiled embryo, and after
germination to carry the cotyledons up to the light, especially
if the hypocotyl is but little developed.

Geranium Wallichianum, Sioeet
(fig. 228).

Primary root stout, fleshy, colour-
less, tapering, furnished with fleshy
flexuose lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout,
fleshy, hairy or downy, pale towards
the base and reddish upwards, partly
or quite subterranean, about 5'5 mm.
long.

Cotyledons obliquely reniform,
deeply cordate at the base, sliallowly
sinuate at the apex with the midrib
excurrent in the form of a small
tooth, unequal- sided, five-nerved (the
three inner nerves the strongest),
thinly pubescent above, glabrous be-
neath, densely ciliate at the margin,
light opaque green, obscurely reticulate; lamina I'l cm. long,
1-9 cm. wide, about equal, but the two halves of each cotyledon are
unequal.

1 See Irmisch, Bol. Zcitung, 1874, p. 545.

FIG. 228.

Geranium Wallichianum.
Nat. size.

306 ON SEEDLINGS

Average length of five longer halves 12'8 mm.
,, width ,, ,, „ 8'6 mm.

„ length „ smaller „ 11' 5 mm.
width „ ,, „ 8-15 mm. ;

petioles long, terete, hairy, the dilated base slightly flattened on the
upper side, perfoliate, mostly equal in length.

Stem herbaceous, developed when about to flower, procum-
bent.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
palmatinerved, eight-lobed, and reticulate, hairy all over ; stipules
ovate, membranous, seated on the base of the petiole or attached for
half its length, but in adult specimens attached to and surrounding
the node of the stem.

No. 1. Palmately seven-nerved and -lobed, reticulate ; lobes
cuneate — terminal one deeply tridentate or trifid ; lateral lobes
generally tridentate ; teeth obtuse, mucronate.

The cotyledons of G. sanguineum differ from the present ones
only in their smaller size.

Geranium sanguineum, L.

There are two ovules, of which only one, usually the upper, is
fertilised. The hilum is on the ventral face of the ovule a little
below the middle. The raphe is also ventral and proceeds from the
hilum to the base of the seed, where it terminates in the chalaza.
The micropyle is close to the hilum on its upper side. The embryo
originates about the middle of the ventral face of the seed with its
radicle embedded in a separate cavity or tube ending in the micro-
pyle. It grows to the upper end of the seed, and, curving round the
apex, commences to grow downwards till the cotyledons rest with
their apex against the chalaza. The cotyledons commence to fold
by the time they reach the upper end and while there is yet plenty
of room in the young seed, which is occupied by a copious, pulpy,
and watery endosperm. The embryo is bright green or yellowish-
green in the very early stages.

G. pratense conforms very closely to G. sanguineum.

The seedling of this species closely resembles that of G. Wallichi-
anum.

Erodium moschatum, L'Herit.

There are two ovules in each loculus of the ovary ; they are
slightly superimposed, and the upper one seems in all or most cases
to be that which is fertilised and reaches maturity.

GERANIACE^E 307

The carpels are oblanceolate with two oblique, glandular, de-
pressed spots at the apex, and covered with a dense array of
brownish-yellow or fuscous hairs pointing upwards.

The ovule is attached to the axile placenta near the base of the
cavity of each loculus ; the hilum is ventral and very close to the
base of the seed ; the raphe proceeds from the hilum to the base of
the seed on the ventral face, terminating in the chalaza there, so
that it is very short.

The radicle of the embryo is embedded in tissue or a tube close
to the micropyle immediately above the hilum. The embryo grows
to the upper end of the seed as in Geranium, and then bends
towards the base. The curvature takes place in the radicle or
rather the short hypocotyl. The cotyledons are shortly petiolate to
permit of folding. They are deeply concave only on the inner face,
not rolled round one another as in Geranium. This is due to the
narrowness of the fruit and seed. The thickest part of the seed,
that is the uppermost, is occupied by the bent part of the hypocotyl,
the petioles, and base of the cotyledons. The latter are deeply con-
cave on the inner face, and fit into one another edgeways ; they are
also pinnatifid with the lobes more or less imbricated and pointing
towards the apex. They are nearly, although not quite, of equal
width throughout after germination ; but while yet in the seed the
fission admits of their being folded into narrower space. This is
necessary on account of the seed being very narrow and pointed like
the fruit ; whereas in Geranium the lower end of the fruit and seed
is equally as wide as the upper end.

Erodium trichomanefolium, L'llerit.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, or somewhat decumbent at the base
owing to the horizontal position of the seed from which it emerged,
and which persists around the base of the seedling after it has
attained some size, stout or somewhat succulent, glandular-pubes-
cent, 5-9 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous or suffruticose, very short.

Cotyledons cordate or oblong-cordate, obtuse, entire at the
apex or incipiently emarginate, entire at the sides or with a deep
incision on one or both sides about the middle or lower down,
usually very unequal at the base, thick, fleshy, glandular-pubescent
above and on the petioles, glabrous beneath ; lamina, 7-1O5 mm.
long, 5-6 mm. wide ; petiole subterete, slightly grooved above,
glandular-pubescent, T2-1-35 cm. long.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate (1st leaf

308 ON SEEDLINGS

almost or quite exstipulate and stipules usually very small in the
2nd leaf), petiolate, much divided, glaucous-green or somewhat
cinereous, glandular-hairy all over ; petioles subterete, channelled
above, dilated and amplexicaul at the base, glandular-pubescent ;
stipules mostly adnate to the petioles, with membranous, colourless
free tips.

No. 1. Ovate-cordate in outline, pinnatifid, with two to three
oblong slightly toothed segments on each side.

Nos. 2 and 3. Cordate in outline, deeply bipinnatifid ; basal
pair of primary segments unequally ovate, the others oblong ;
secondary segments oblong or lanceolate, obtuse.

Ultimate leaves cordate-ovate, obtuse, interruptedly bipinnati-
sect ; primary and basal pair of segments unequally or half ovate,
the others subelliptic in outline, interrupted with small, irregular-
sized, entire or cut segments between ; secondary segments some-
what similar, smaller ; tertiary segments small, subulate or lanceo-
late, obtuse or subacute, mucronate.

Erodium verbenaefolium, Del.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glandular-pubescent, pale green, 8t5 mm.
long.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, emarginate, unequally cordate at the
base, where they are five-nerved, and alternately penninerved
upwards, glabrous above except towards the base, glandular-ciliate,
and glandular-pubescent beneath, light green ; lamina 9 mm. long
on one side and 8 mm. on the other, 7'5 mm. broad ; petiole chan-
nelled above, dilated at the base and amplexicaul or perfoliate,
glandular-pubescent and hairy, very unequal in length, one being
sometimes twice as long as the other.

Average length of two long ones 8'75 mm.
,, „ short „ 5-25 mm.

Stem herbaceous, annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, greyish ; petioles semiterete,
shallowly grooved above, dilated at the base and amplexicaul, glan-
dular-pubescent and hairy ; stipules adnate to the petiole, with
rounded, hyaline, or membranous, glandular-ciliate, free points.

No. 1. Ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, bifid at the apex,
deeply pinnatifid, alternately or suboppositely penninerved with
the nerves directed straight into the lobes ; segments obtusely den-
tate.

GERANIACE^E

309

^ No. 2. Similar but emarginate with a tooth in the notch or

tridentate at the apex.

Pelargonium australe, Willd. (fig. 229).

Primary root normal, tapering, fibrous, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glandular-pubescent or -hairy, pale green
or suffused with red, 6-8 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, emarginate, minutely mucronate in the
notch, unequally subcordate at the base, shallowly crenate at the
sides, glandular-hairy all
over, light green ; lamina 9-
15 mm. long, 7'5-10-5 mm.
broad ; petiole subterete,
shallowly grooved above,
glandular-hairy, 1-5-2-1 cm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, an-
nual, developed when about
to flower.

Leaves simple, radical
and cauline, alternate, stipu-
late, petiolate, light green,
glandular-hairy all over,
alternately and ascendingly
penninerved ; stipules ad-
nate to the petiole for more
than half their length, with membranous, free, whitish, glandular-
ciliate, tooth-like tips ; petioles semiterete, channelled above,
glandular-hairy and villous, pale green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, pinnatifid ;
segments again alternately penninerved, coarsely and obtusely-
toothed or the lower sublobulate.

Pelargonium bipinnatifidum, L'Herit.

Primary root fibrous, well developed.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, pubescent, red-
dish-green.

Cotyledons oval or obovate ; lamina 1-25-1-5 cm. long, T25 cm.
broad, cordate at the base, slightly emarginate at the apex, otherwise
entire, with obscure midrib, succulent, pubescent, bright green above,
paler and reddish beneath ; petiole pubescent and shallowly chan-
nelled, 1 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.

FIG. 229.— Pelargonium australe.
Half nat. size.

310

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem undeveloped in the early stage of the plant.

Leaves alternate, or more often opposite, three- to five-nerved
at the base and alternately nerved upwards, reticulate, pubescent,
membranous ; petioles generally long, tapering upwards.

No. 1. Long-stalked, cordate-ovate, obtusely serrate, lower half
with palmate nerves, upper pinnatinerved, 3-4 cm. long, 1*75 cm.
broad, pubescent, thin, bright green above, paler beneath.

Nos. 2 and 3. Pinnatifid with three to five lobes, otherwise as in
No. 1.

Linmanthes Douglasii, E. Br. (fig. 230).

Primary root tapering, small, furnished with lateral rootlets at
the base, or these are adventitious on the end of the hypocotyl.
Numerous strong adventitious roots also given off at the end of the
hypocotyl close to the base of the cotyledons ; annual.

Hypocotyl stout, subterranean, terete or more or less flattened,
colourless, succulent, l'4-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons petiolate, rotund-cordate,
usually minutely emarginate, and marked
at the apex with a small black scar, tipped
with white, rather succulent, convex
above and striate with broad shallow
ridge-likeveins, glabrous, deep green, sub-
concave beneath and minutely wrinkled,
paler green; petiole semiterete, chan-
nelled above, dilated and sheathing at
the base, seated rather deeply in the
sinus of the leaf, glabrous. Lamina
variable in size, 5-7 mm. long and as
broad.

Stem herbaceous, annual and de-
veloped when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and-cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, gla-
brous, rather succulent, simply or bi-pinnatifid or -sect; petioles
semiterete, channelled above, dilated and sheathing at the base,
glabrous.

No. 1. Ternately pinnatisect, often with five segments, which
are shortly stalked but inarticulated, with the rachis rotund ; mucro-
nate, obscurely alternately veined.

Nos. 2 and 3. Pinnatisect, each with five or more segments ;
segments rotund, mucronate.

Ultimate radical leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, bipinnati-

FIG. 280.

Linmanthes Douglasii.
Nat. size.

GERANIACE^E

311

sect ; primary segments triangular or ovate, stalked ; secondary
segments, oval, mucronate, narrowed to the base, or rather indis-
tinctly stalked.

Tropseolum majus, L. (fig. 231).

Primary root long, tortuose, succulent, colourless, giving off

FIG. 231. — Tropccolum majus. Nat. size.

stout, fleshy, tortuose adventitious roots from near the top, which
like the primary one are frequently notched or cut into as if by con-
tact with some object.

Ilypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons subterranean, large, fleshy, filling the testa, shortly

312 ON SEEDLINGS

petiolate and allowing the plumule to pass out between them on
one side.

Stem herbaceous, perennial, succulent, flexuose, ultimately
climbing or scrambling amongst other vegetation, glabrous, terete,
pale green ; first internode very variable in length according to the
depth the seed is buried in the soil ; second undeveloped, bringing
two leaves opposite.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), exstipulate
(first two stipulate), petiolate, peltate, radiately-nerved, lobulate,
deep green above, with a narrow, red or yellow margin, pubescent
on the nerves, ultimately glabrous, glaucous beneath, glabrous, and
densely covered with sessile glands ; petioles succulent, terete, gla-
brous, shining, tapering from a very stout base to the thinnest part
immediately at the insertion of the blade ; stipules of the first two
leaves small, subulate, coloured like the stem, 1-5 mm. long.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, peltate, with eight radiating nerves,
shallowly trilobulate ; lobes rounded, entire or minutely emar-
ginate.

No. 8. Peltate, eight-nerved, seven-lobulate, with the eighth
nerve running into the sinus at the base of the leaf ; lobes shallow,
rounded, emarginate.

Nos. 4 and 5. Similar to No. 3.

Ultimate leaves peltate, seven-nerved and lobulate, with two
short nerves running into the broad shallow basal sinus ; lobes
broad, shallow, emarginate.

Tropaeolum aduncum, Sm.

Primary root long, fleshy, colourless, with few lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl and cotyledons as in T. majus.

Stem erect, otherwise as in T. majus ; 1st internode in the
specimen examined 4*6 cm. long, but variable according to con-
ditions and capable of elongating considerably if the seed is deeply
buried in the soil ; 2nd internode varying from l-3'5 mm. or
more.

Leaves palmately or subpedately nerved and lobed, reticulate,
glabrous, light green above, paler beneath ; petiole terete, tapering
upwards from a stout base, glabrous, pale green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Tripartite, with the lateral lobes again deeply
bifid ; middle segment oblong-oval, obtuse, entire ; ultimate lateral
lobes oblong, obtuse, entire.

No. 3. Tripartite ; middle segment cuneate, trifid, with obtuse
lobes ; lateral segments again bifid with the anterior lobe more or
less toothed, teeth obtuse.

GERANIACEyE

315

knob externally to the testa, which is slightly indented at this point,
thus apparently causing the emargination of the cotyledons.

Endosperm none, or forming an extremely thin membranous
covering adhering to the inner surface of the testa.

Embryo straight, large, filling the cavity of the seed and con-
forming to it in shape, pale yellowish-white ; cotyledons obovate-
oblong, minutely emarginate, subcordate at the base, plano-convex,
and rather fleshy ; radicle very short, subglobose, stout, obtuse,
much shorter than the cotyledons, which envelope half of it together
with the plumule, the other half protruding.

Impatiens Balsamina, L. (fig. 234).

Primary root a short tap-root, succulent, colourless, unbranched,
while many nearly horizontal rootlets spring from base of the hypo-
cotyl.

Hypocotyl about 4 cm. long, 2 mm.
thick, terete, succulent, glabrous, red-
dish near the base, greenish-white
above.

Cotyledons shortly stalked, not
quite equal, 2-2'5 cm. or more long,
about 1-5 cm. broad, broadly ovate,
cuneate at the base, apex rounded and
emarginate, otherwise entire, obscurely
palmatinerved with sunk midrib, con-
vex, quite glabrous, light green above,
paler below, somewhat succulent, not
very persistent.

Stem erect, herbaceous, annual,
stout, succulent, terete, densely
pubescent, pale greenish-yellow ; 1st
internode l-5-2or 3 cm. long, 2*5 mm.

,1 . , „ , _ 0 , FIG. 234. — Impatiens Balsamina.

thick ; 2nd 2-3 mm. long. Hajf nat size

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite

or subalternate, petiolate ; stipules obsolete ; lamina lanceolate-
elliptic, acute, acutely serrate, with small, subincurved, gland-tipped
serratures, pale green above and shining, paler beneath, glabrous ;
nerves ascending and incurved, mostly alternate ; petiole rather
broad and widening towards the leaf, flattened above, convex and
pubescent beneath, 2-3 mm. long ; pubescence often extending on
to the midrib of the leaf underneath.

1st to 3rd pairs lanceolate-elliptic, subacuminate, acutely ser-
rate, cuneate or tapering at the base.

316

ON SEEDLINGS

Impatiens fruticosa, Lesch. (fig. 235).

Hypocotyl succulent, terete near the base, obtuse- quadrangular
just below the seed-leaves, glabrous, about 5 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
thick, brownish.

Cotyledons very similar to those of I. Balsamina, obscurely
trinerved, plane, fleshy, glabrous except the broad, reddish,
slightly downy petiole, yellowish-green above, pale and shining
beneath.

FIG. 235. — Impatiens fruticosa. Nat. size.

1st internode

Stem succulent, terete, glabrous, light green ;
2 or 3 cm. long, 3 mm. (or more) thick, 2nd shorter.

Leaves. — Nos. 1-6. All alike ; 5-6 cm. long, including the stout,
hairy, short petiole ; 2'5 cm. or more broad, ovate -elliptic, subacute
at base, acuminate at apex, equally shallowly serrate, teeth niucro-
nate ; very distinctly penninerved, covered all over with a long soft
pubescence (woolly to touch), bright green above, paler beneath.

RUTACE^E 317

RUTACE^E,

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 278.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels forming the ovary in this
Order vary from three to five, rarely more or less as in Tham-
nosma and Atalantia, some species of which have dimerous
ovaries. Whatever the number of carpels, they are united into
an ovary with as many cells, except in Galipea, Zanthoxylum,
and a few others, where the carpels are quite free. The ovules
in each cell are very frequently two and superposed, but they
also vary from three or four to many. They are pendulous,
anatropous, or semianatropous. The raphe is ventral, the mi-
cropyle superior. The fruit varies greatly, but is capsular in
the more typical Eutaceas, opening by valves along the back or
at the top as in Euta, or breaking up into cocci which dehisce
along the ventral suture. In many cases the exocarp breaks
away elastically from a coriaceous, horny, crustaceous, or car-
tilaginous endocarp. In the tribe Toddaliese the fruit is often
baccate or drupaceous ; instances of the latter are to be seen
in Skimmia, Toddalia, and Phellodendron. The fruit of Ptelea,
belonging to this tribe, is an orbicular samara, and in Helietta
it consists of three samaras. That of the tribe Aurantieae is
most often pulpy with a coriaceous separable rind.

The seeds are oblong as in Ptelea trifoliata, or often reni.
form as in Monnieria, Euta, and Boenninghausenia, or obovoid
as in Dictamnus, Skimmia, Citrus, and others. They are
usually suspended from the top or the middle of the pla-
centas. The testa is spongy, or more often crustaceous and
shining as in Dictamnus, or it is pitted and granular. The
outer coat is said to resemble an aril in Hortia. Endosperm
is scanty or wanting in a large number of genera ; but in the
tribes Euteae, Boronieae, Toddalieaa, and in most of the Zan-
thoxyleae it is present in some quantity and fleshy, sometimes
also oily. The embryo is very frequently curved according to
the shape of the seed, or straight where the latter is obovoid.
The radicle is superior and varies in length, being as long as

318 ON SEEDLINGS

the cotyledons in Euta, with a reniform seed, and very short
in Citrus and Dictamnus with obovoid seeds.

A very abnormal condition prevails in the seed of the
Orange (Citrus Aurantium). Each contains from two to four
embryos sufficiently developed to germinate and grow into
plants, besides a similar or even greater number of very small
ones that are unable to germinate. The large ones are
fleshy, colourless, and nearly always have very unequal cotyle-
dons of various shapes owing to mutual compression. There
is usually one large cotyledon in each seed, belonging probably
to the true embryo, while all the rest are smaller, and packed
on to the face of the large one, completely filling the seed.
The large cotyledon is often deeply concave with the others
packed into the cavity. Strasburger states that the super-
numerary embryos are developed by prolification from the
tissue of the nucellus bordering on the embryo-sac.

A similar case occurs in Triphasia trifoliata, and is pro-
bably due to the same cause. The seed is exalbuminous as
in the Orange, and generally contains two embryos of different
sizes, with usually very unequal cotyledons. The larger cotyle-
don is concavo-convex or in some cases infolded at the sides.
Three embryos are also not unusual, when one or other of the
cotyledons is infolded and often more or less deeply lobed.
This is due sometimes to one cotyledon becoming folded over
the edge of the other.

Seedlings.— The seedlings I have met with all belong to
the shrubby or arboreal types of Butacefe. Amongst them
two leading types of cotyledons may be observed, namely, an
aerial and a subterranean one. Those of Correa Colvillei are
lanceolate, one-nerved, and taper to a very short petiole. The
cotyledons of C. viridiflora differ in being narrower and linear-
oblong. Ptelea trifoliata has more foliaceous, unequally
oblong, finely crenulate cotyledons. Those of P. aptera differ
in being proportionately longer and oblong-lanceolate. In
Limonia acidissima we have a type that is intermediate between
those having strictly aerial and strictly subterranean cotyle-
dons. Although they are carried to a considerable height
above the soil they are fleshy, pale green, and fall away
early. Their function is evidently to constitute a storehouse

RUTACE/E 319

for reserve-material and not to assimilate after germination.
They are nearly always alternate, and two, rarely three in
number. Murraya exotica agrees in the deciduous nature of
its cotyledons.

The subterranean type may be represented by Caloden-
dron capense, which has very large seeds and fleshy, shortly
petiolate cotyledons. Those of Citrus Aurantium are much
smaller, opposite or frequently alternate, colourless, fleshy,
often compressed and of variable shape owing to the presence
of several embryos in the seed, and strictly subterranean.
In C. decumana they are oblong-elliptic, slightly falcate,
plano-convex, fleshy, greenish-yellow, and both directed to one
side of the stem as in some other cases where the cotyledons
are subterranean. zEgle Marmelos has similar, but smaller,
rounder seeds with cotyledons like those of the Pea.

There is considerable variation in the first leaves. The
first one of Correa Colvillei is oval, the three succeeding ones
roundly-elliptic. Those of C. viridiflora are obovate ; and
they differ but little in the adult stage, as the leaves of all
the Correas are of very simple forms and quite entire. The
leaves of Ptelea trifoliata are digitately trifoliolate from the
first, or the primary leaf may be imperfect and have only two
leaflets. Their margins are doubly and bluntly denticulate or
crenulate, bearing some resemblance to those of the cotyledons,
but the latter differ in being merely simply crenulate with
distinctly rounded crenatures. The first leaf of P. aptera
is simple and acuminate-lanceolate, followed by one that is
digitately trifoliolate or imperfectly so, and that again by
one having four or five leaflets. The first two or three leaflets
of Limonia acidissima are ovate and alternate, opposite, or
verticillate ; the second and third digitately trifoliolate or
pinnate, in other individuals with five opposite elliptic leaflets,
and winged midribs. Murraya exotica differs in the first
two leaves being opposite and triangular-ovate, and in the
succeeding ones being pinnate with three or four alternate
entire leaflets.

The first six leaves of Calodendron capense are reduced
to small scales, a case of frequent occurrence where the seeds
are large with subterranean cotyledons. Those that succeed

320 ON SEEDLINGS

are opposite, lanceolate, and entire, whereas those of the
adult are acutely crenulate. The first two leaves of Citrus
Aurantium are opposite, orbicular, emarginate, while suc-
ceeding ones are elliptic. C. decumana differs only by some-
times having the first four leaves in a whorl. The first and
second of Mg\e Marrnelos are nearly opposite, broadly ovate,
and doubly crenate.

Calodendron capense, Thunb.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons large, thick and fleshy, occupying the whole interior
of the seed, subterranean, and remaining in tbe seed till they are
absorbed or decayed, shortly petiolate ; petioles stout and subfleshy,
their presence being necessary to allow tbe plumule to emerge from
the seed.

Stem erect, terete, densely pubescent, pale green, soon becoming
brownish, and dotted with small corky spots, ultimately woody and
arborescent ; primary internodes variable, with the primary leaves
undeveloped.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite or verticillate in threes, exstipu-
late, petiolate, decussate, alternately penninerved (with the nerves
in the young plant at least irregularly disposed), reticulate, closely
punctate, with pellucid glands, and a marginal, rather conspicuous
row of larger ones, deep green above, much paler beneath, minutely
pubescent on both surfaces ; petioles very short, subterete, flattened
or convex on the upper side, densely pubescent.

First six leaves in the specimen described reduced to scales.

Nos. 1-3. On the same level, falling away early, very small.

No. 4. Alternating with the others, small.

Nos. 5 and 6. Alternate or nearly opposite, green, lanceolate,
obtuse, densely pubescent, about 3 mm. long.

4th to llth pairs opposite.

4th pair foliaceous, lanceolate, obtuse, minutely auricled at the
base.

5th pair much larger, lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse, slightly auricled
at tbe base.

6th to llth pairs lanceolate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, obtuse,
narrowed to both ends but especially to the base, where they are
distinctly auricled. Younger ones developing unequally.

Correa Colvillei, Hort.

Primary root long, slender, flexuous, with much branched, long,
lateral rootlets.

RUTACE^E 321

Hypocotyl l'5-2'5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete, glabrous, light
green, firm.

Cotyledons nearly equal, 1-5 cm. long, -5 cm. broad, obtuse, lanceo-
late, entire, with obscure nervation but distinct midrib, glabrous,
dark green on the upper surface, pale on the under, coriaceous, with
large brownish buds in the axil.

Stem firm, terete, with scattered brown stellate hairs, giving it
a woolly appearance ; internodes only a few millimetres long, 1 mm.
thick.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite or sometimes alternate
in individual plants, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, more or less
densely covered with a stellate pubescence, at least in the young
state, obscuring the not very distinct venation, coriaceous, deep
green above when the stellate tomentum is removed, whitish be-
neath ; petioles short, stellately tomentose.

Nos. 1 and 2. More or less opposite, shortly petioled, with
swollen light brown buds in the axil of the woolly petiole ; lamina
1'25 cm. long, '5 cm. broad, obtuse, elliptic, entire, with sunk midrib
and covered with whitish dots formed by woolly stellate hairs,
coriaceous, flat, with revolute margin, dark green above after dis-
appearance of hairs, whitish below.

Nos. 3-5. Similar, but alternate and suborbicular.

Correa viridiflora, Andr.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, about 10-12 mm. above the soil.
Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base
to a short petiole about 15 mm. long, 2-5-3 mm. wide.

Ptelea aptera, Parry.

Hypocotyl about 2 cm. long, 1-1 '5 mm. thick, firm, quadrangular
at the base, terete just under the seed-leaves, verrucose, green.

Cotyledons subsessile, 3-3'5 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, oblong-
lanceolate, acute at the base, obtuse at the apex, minutely crenate,
with distinct midrib and verrucose, glandular surface, dark green
above, rather paler beneath.

Stem terete but scabrous-verrucose, green ; 1st internode '5 cm.
long, 1 mm. thick, 2nd and 3rd 1 cm. long, less than 1 mm.
thick.

Leaves compound, digitately trifoliolate or pinnately five-folio-
late, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alternately penni-
nerved with the nerves somewhat incurved towards the tip, re-
ticulate, coriaceous, glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath, with

Y

322 ON SEEDLINGS

characteristically strong-smelling stems and leaves ; petioles semi-
terete, channelled above.

No. 1. 2-5-3 cm. long (including petiole 5 mm.), 6-8 mm.
broad, lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, crenulate or bicrenulate,
pinnatinerved, rugose, firm, not very thick, dark green above, light
shining green beneath, with a tomentose bud in axil of petiole.

No. 2. Similar, but larger, and with a small leaflet at base of
blade.

No. 3. Similar, ternately pinnate with large terminal leaflet,
sometimes two large and two small leaflets.

Ptelea trifoliata, L.

Hypocotyl finely and minutely pubescent, 8-15 mm. long.

Cotyledons unequally oblong, obtuse, shortly petiolate, finely
crenulate, deep green, rather opaque, alternately and ascendingly
penninerved, glabrous except on the midrib beneath ; lamina 10-15
mm. long, 5-7 mm. broad ; petiole slightly grooved above, pubescent
beneath only, 2-2-75 mm. long.

Stem pubescent with curved or curled hairs, ultimately woody ;
1st internode 3'5-5'5 or 6 mm. long, 2nd -5-1-25 mm.

Leaves trifoliolate, hairy on the midrib and margins of leaflet and
petiole when young, ultimately glabrous ; leaflets alternately and
ascendingly penninerved ; petioles semiterete, channelled above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Usually trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet elliptic, obtuse,
irregularly and obtusely dentate ; lateral leaflets smaller, sometimes
very much smaller, oblong- elliptic, obtuse, irregularly and obtusely
dentate. Sometimes one of the lateral leaflets of the first leaf is
wanting.

Limonia acidissima, L.

Hypocotyl becoming woody, erect, terete, finely pubescent, wiry,
pale green, 2-3-2-9 cm. long.

Cotyledons two, rarely three, mostly alternate, fleshy, oblong,
obtuse, pale green, finely pubescent, sessile or subsessile, somewhat
notched at the base.

Stem woody, erect, terete, finely pubescent, wiry ; 1st internode
variable, 1-6-2-3 cm. long ; 2nd 2 mm. ; 3rd 3 mm. ; 4th 7*5 mm.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, gla-
brous, deep green, shining, pubescent on the nerves beneath when
young, permeated with translucent glands, doubly crenulate, emar-
ginate; petioles subpubescent, winged with a prominent midrib,
and tapering towards the base.

RUT ACE jE 323

Nos. 1 and 2. Unifoliolate, frequently also Nos. 3 and 4. All
alternate at greater or less distances from each other, or in
pairs, or all four verticillate, ovate, obtuse, emarginate, articulated
at the top of their petioles, or the lowest pair articulate at the base
only.

Nos. 3 and 4. Frequently digitately trifoliolate, the terminal
leaflet being lanceolate-elliptic, attenuate at the base ; the lateral
leaflets arise by segmentation from the terminal one.

No. 4. In some instances five-foliolate ; the rachis between the
basal and next pair of leaflets winged and tapering towards the base
in the same way as the primary petiole ; leaflets sessile, lanceolate-
elliptic, emarginate, minutely and doubly crenulate, smaller than
the leaflets of unifoliolate leaves.

Murraya exotica, L.

Stem woody, pubescent and verrucose when young, becoming
corky ; 1st internode 3'1 cm. long ; 2nd 1'4 cm. ; 3rd 7 mm. ;
4th 4 mm. ; 5th 5-5 mm.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate, cauline, alternate (Nos. 1 and
2 opposite and simple), exstipulate, petiolate, evergreen, glabrous,
deep green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Triangularly ovate, obtuse, entire, penninerved,
with a sunk midrib, convex above, provided like the rest with internal
resin or oil glands ; petiole deeply channelled above, 4 mm. long.

No. 3. Pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets rotund-elliptic ; ter-
minal one elliptic ; all obtuse, coriaceous ; petiole flattened above,
pubescent, subverrucose ; rachis between leaflets similar to petiole
and articulated with the leaflets.

No. 4. Similar to No. 3, but much smaller.

No. 5. Imparipinnate ; leaflets four, alternate, irregular in size
and shape, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, entire — the terminal one
much the largest.

No. G. Imparipinnate ; leaflets four, irregular oval, oblong, or
subelliptic, obtuse.

Ultimate leaves three- to five-foliolate ; leaflets alternate, ovate,
subacuminate, emarginate, slightly narrowed to the base, coriaceous,
evergreen, petiolulate, shining ; petioles, petiolules, and midrib
pubescent on both surfaces.

Citrus Aurantium, Eisso. .

Primary root, stout, tapering, twisted, furnished after a time
with a few lateral rootlets, longitudinally ridged and furrowed, at
least when dry.

T 2

324 ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl subterranean, short, stout, curved, longitudinally
ridged, colourless, 2-3' 5 mm. long.

Cotyledons two, opposite or frequently alternate, colourless,
fleshy, not leaving the testa, but very often compressed and shape-
less owing to the presence of two, three, or four embryos in the
seed.

Stem woody, erect, terete (striate when dried and somewhat
twisted), pale green, glabrous or minutely pubescent ; 1st internode
2-5-4 cm. long ; 2nd, and sometimes the 3rd and 4th, undeveloped,
or the 3rd 3 mm. and the 4th 2-25 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, evergreen,
shining, coriaceous, thickly dotted with immersed glands, strongly
odoriferous when bruised, glabrous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Generally opposite by the non-development of the
internode, more or less obliquely obcordate and appearing deformed
very shortly petiolate.

Nos. 3 and 4 (in specimen examined). Alternate, elliptic, obtuse,
obsoletely serrate, minutely emarginate, with alternate, ascending,
lateral nerves ; petioles channelled above, narrowly winged, articu-
lated with the stem below and the leaf above.

Ultimate leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, emarginate, minutely
and obsoletely serrate, pellucidly punctate, with a thin marginal
line of larger glands ; lamina articulated with the winged petiole,
which is ovate in outline, with a short, stout, not winged base.

Citrus decnmana, L.

Hypocotyl very short, subterranean.

Cotyledons subterranean, and remaining in the seed till they
decay, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, plano-convex, fleshy, sessile and both
directed to one side, greenish -yellow above, yellowish beneath,
somewhat falcate, 13 mm. long, and 6 mm. wide.

Stem soon becoming woody, covered with a short, very fine
pubescence ; 1st internode 5-5-5 cm. long ; the one to three follow-
ing ones suppressed, or from two to four of the leaves on the same
level ; succeeding ones again elongated.

Leaves as in C. Aurantium.

1st pair opposite, orbicular, emarginate, subsessile, not arti-
culated with the short petiole, crenate.

2nd pair often on the same level as the first two, so that
there is a whorl of four. When distinct oblong or elliptic, obtuse,
otherwise like the two preceding.

5th (where the first four are whorled) elliptic, cuneate at the
base.

RUTACE^E 325

6th obovate-elliptic, more elongate and cuneate at the base,
with a swelling of the midrib some distance above the base, corre-
sponding to articulation.

7th leaf ovate, bluntly pointed, articulated with an oblanceolate,
winged petiole, obsoletely crenate.

Mgle Marmelos, Corr.

Hypocotyl short, subterranean.

Cotyledons subterranean, fleshy, plano-convex, rotund-oval in
outline, 7'25 mm. long including the very short petiole, 5-25 mm.
broad.

Stem erect, terete, woody, pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode
3*1 cm. long ; 2nd 1 mm. ; 3rd 8 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate or sub-
sessile, glabrous, alternately penninerved and reticulate, perforated
with glands, deep green above, paler beneath, tapering to the base ;
petioles short or none.

Nos. 1 and 2. Broadly ovate, obtuse, emarginate, doubly crenu-
late, nearly opposite.

No. 3. Elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, doubly crenulate.

Further stages show leaves obovate and rotund-elliptic, large,
obtuse, emarginate, doubly crenate.

Ultimate leaves digitately trifoliolate, lateral leaflets ovate or
ovate-elliptic, crenate ; terminal one slightly larger, elliptic, obtuse,
emarginate, crenate, or obscurely doubly crenate, penninerved and
reticulate.

SIMARUBE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 306.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary in this Order is made up of
two to five carpels, rarely one as in Cneoridium and Amaroria,
and is more or less deeply two- to five-lobed, or the carpels are
altogether free. When the carpels cohere they form an ovary
with as many cells as there are carpels ; the cells in Cneorum
tricoccum are sometimes spuriously bilocellate with superposed
ovules and cavities. The ovules are generally solitary, rarely
four to five as in Dictyoloma or numerous as in Kceberlinia ;
and they are pendulous, anatropous, amphitropous, or variously
curved. The raphe is ventral, and the micropyle superior as a

326 ON SEEDLINGS

rule, but there are cases where it is inferior as in Suriana and
<}neoridium. In Dictyoloma and Koeberlinia they are numerous,
ascending, with the raphe dorsal. The fruit is drupaceous or
dry and indehiscent,' sometimes with a woody endocarp as
n Cneorum and Simaba, or it is capsular and dehiscent as in
Dictyoloma and Brunellia, or samaroid as in Ailanthus and
Soulamea. The seeds are generally solitary and pendulous,
with a membranous or sometimes crustaceous testa as in
Cneorum. Endosperm is copious and fleshy, or scanty, or al-
together wanting. The embryo is straight with flat or plano-
convex cotyledons, more or less semiterete. In rare cases they
are twisted, and in the large-seeded Simaba they are thick,
fleshy, and plano-convex.

A longitudinal section of one of the cocci of Cneorum tri-
coccuni shows the curious manner in which the seed and
embryo are curved so as to accommodate themselves to the
interior of the bony endocarp. The testa is not folded, while
the tegmen containing the fleshy endosperm and the embryo
is doubled up on itself. A transverse section of another coccus
shows two seeds occupying the cavity. In Dictyoloma the
seed is winged. The fruit of Ailanthus glandulosa consists
of one to five samaras, but, in Britain at least, only one is
usually brought to maturity although two are not unusual.
The samara is oblong or oblanceolate, nearly straight on the
ventral edge with a small indentation above the middle, where
the solitary seed is located, and more or less rounded on the
back, laterally compressed and membranous. The seed lies
in a slightly elevated cavity of the samara, and is obliquely
pendulous, anatropous, and laterally flattened. The embryo
lies in the broader plane of the seed, embedded in endosperm,
which it nearly equals in length and width. The cotyledons
are obovate, nearly flat, and conform to the shape of the seed,
with their edges to the placenta. The superior radicle is
several times shorter than the cotyledons.

Seedlings. — This Order is mainly tropical, and with excep-
tion of a few species of some medicinal importance, together
with the hardy Ailanthus glandulosa and Cneorum tricoccum,
are seldom seen in a living state in this country, consequently
seedlings seldom come under observation. The cotyledons of

SIMARUBE/E 327

Cneorum tricoccum are sessile, linear, one-nerved, and sub-
coriaceous. The primary leaves are lanceolate-elliptic or
oblong, obscurely penninerved, and entire, as they are in the
adult state.

The cotyledons of Ailanthus glandulosa are also aerial,
foliaceous, obovate, and shortly petiolate. The first two leaves
are pinnately trifoliolate, and remind one of those of Ehus
typhinus. Young trees are vigorous ; the leaves vary from
eighteen inches to three feet in length, with numerous pairs of
leaflets.

Ailanthus glandulosa, Desf.

Fruit consisting of one to five samaras comparable to those of
Fraxinus. Samaras indehiscent, thin or membranous, strongly
winged, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering downwards and sud-
denly narrowed to the receptacle on the dorsal edge at the base,
notched on the ventral aspect close to the attachment of the seed, and
elevated into a hemispherical swelling where the latter is situated.

Seed obovate, biconvex, flattened, conforming to the cavity pretty
closely when fresh, but shrinking considerably when dry, pale
whitish, descending obliquely ; hilum a little below the pointed
upper end, and on the ventral edge of the seed ; raphe ventral ;
chalaza pale brown at the lower and broader end of the seed ; testa
thin, membranous.

Endosperm moderately copious, fleshy, surrounding the embryo.

Embryo straight, colourless, large, almost as long as the endo-
sperm.

Cotyledons broadly obovate, slightly auricled at the base so as to
accommodate the radicle ; the latter stout, obtuse, several times
shorter than the cotyledons, embedded in endosperm close to the
pointed end of the seed, and consequently a little above the hilum.

A. glandulosa, var. rubra.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2'3-3 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse, entire, shortly
petiolate, glabrous, light green, distinctly and alternately pinnati-
nerved.

Stem erect, herbaceous, ultimately woody, slightly flattened,
covered with fine hairs, light green ; 1st internode 5-8 mm. long.

First leaves compound, trifoliolate, petiolate, exstipulate ; ter-

328 ON SEEDLINGS

minal leaflet acuminate, subacute, entire ; lateral ones slightly
toothed, ultimately glabrescent, petiolulate, light green, alternately
pinnatinerved ; petioles ribbed or striated, covered with short, glan-
dular hairs ; the young leaves are also covered with fine silky hairs
near their edges.

Cneornm tricoccum, L.

Fruit separating from the gynophore into three cocci, each
ovoid, with a free projecting base, which is by far the thickest part ,
and from which it gradually tapers to the tip, where it is crowned
by the base of the persistent style ; one- to two-seeded, indehiscent ;
epicarp deep green before maturity, and retaining that colour if
picked ; mesocarp fleshy, moderately thin ; endocarp very thic k,
bony, brown when dry, and deep reddish-brown when mo ist.

Seed obovoid, suspended obliquely from near the top of the inner
angle of the cell ; testa thick-walled, crustaceous, adhering closely
to the endocarp and deeper than it in colour ; tegmen thin, mem-
branous, adhering more to the endosperm; micropyle and hilum
basal at the upper end of the seed ; chalaza at the apex of the curve
of the endosperm, leaving a brown mark there when the latter
containing the embryo is removed from the testa.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white, curved nearly in the middle
so as to bring the apex near to a level with the basal end containing
the radicle, surrounding the embryo.

Embryo much curved, surrounded on all sides by endosperm,
colourless when moist ; cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, plano-
convex, curved, about equal in length to the radicle, accumbent, and
placed with their edges to the placental axis or slightly obliquely to
it ; radicle cylindrical, obtuse, less curved than the cotyledons, which
about equal it in length, extending a little beyond the cotyledons
and nearer the hilum.

Seedling.

Primary root long, wiry, tapering, colourless, with a few lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, green above ground,
I" 5-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons sessile, linear, plano-convex, or with the sides some-
what upturned, making them grooved, subacute, cuspidate, or sud-
denly and obtusely pointed, subcoriaceous, not very persistent, deep
green above, paler beneath, 1'5 cm. long, 2'5 mm. broad.

Stem shrubby, flexuous, much branched from an early stage

SIMARUBE^ 329

onward, terete, minutely pubescent, green ; 1st internode 7 mm.
long ; 2nd 4'5 mm. ; 3rd 3 mm. ; 4th 4 mm. ; 5th 5'75 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, sessile,
coriaceous, evergreen, with a prominent midrib on both surfaces,
glabrous or minutely pubescent at the base of the midrib beneath,
slightly revolute at the margin, shining, deep green above, paler
beneath.

Nos. 1-5. Lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse, gradually larger from the
base upwards.

Ultimate leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, about
3-4 cm. long.

OCHXACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 316.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is central or excentric, short
and two- to ten-lobed, or elongated and one- to ten-celled, with
axial or parietal placentation, or the ovules are inserted on the
inflexed margins of the carpels. Instances of the short ovary
are seen in Gromphia and Ochna, a few of which are grown as
stove-plants in this country. The carpels are seated on a large
receptacle, round the sides of which they are arranged and
connected at the extreme base with the central style. They
are so widely separated in the ripe fruit of Ochna that they
appear apocarpous. The usual number of ovules in each cell
is one or two, sometimes many ; they are ascending and ana-
tropous, with an inferior micropyle and ventral raphe, rarely
pendulous with a superior micropyle. A one-celled ovary with
three parietal placentas occurs in Wallacea.

The fruit consists of three to ten drupes arranged in a
whorl, as in Ochnese, with one ovule in each cell, and exal-
buminous seeds. In Euthemis it consists of five portions
having a woody endocarp, and albuminous seeds. It is capsular
in the tribe Luxemburgieae with albuminous seeds. Where
present the endosperm is fleshy. The testa is membranous in
most cases, but is winged in Luxemburgia, thick in Wallacea,
and produced into a linear sheath in Cespedesia.

The embryo is generally straight and terete, but there are
exceptions, especially amongst the exalbuminous seeds. The

330

ON SEEDLINGS

cotyledons are very thick and plano-convex in Ochna, Gomphia,
and Elvasia, with an exceedingly short radicle. Both the seed
and the embryo are annular in Brakenridgea, while the coty-
ledons are linear. Where endosperm is wanting, as in the
Ochnese, the embryo conforms in outline to that of the seed ;
and when the latter is solitary it is large, and conforms to the
cavity of the carpels. In albu-
minous seeds the embryo where
known is generally slender.

A good instance of the
exalbuminous type is Ochna
Kirkii.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons
of Ochna Kirkii (fig. 236) are
thick, fleshy, subterranean, and
represent the exalbuminous
type. Here it will be noted
that the first two leaves are
reduced to scales.

Ochna Kirkii, Oliv.
Fruit of three to ten drupes
arranged around a central, large,
elevated torus or disk, with a
gynobasic style, best seen in the
young condition ; drupes shortly
oblong, slightly laterally com-
pressed, fixed to the torus by an

oblique lateral scar near the base, and diverging outwards, glabrous
and shining black when mature, and falling away separately ;
walls of drupe comparatively tbin with very little pulp ; endocarp
subcrustaceous, dull greenish, and reticulated internally wben
fresh.

Seed solitary in each cell, large, and conforming to tbe interior
of tbe drupe, wbicb it closely occupies ; testa tbin, membranous,
brown ; bilum and micropyle contiguous, close to or at tbe lateral
scar of the drupe, where it is fixed to the axis.

Seedling (fig. 236).

Hypocotyl short or none, subterranean.

Cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, filling tbe seed, whicb fills the

FIG. 236.
Ochna Kirkii. Nat. size.

OCHNACE^E 331

carpel, remaining in the ground attaching the seedling to the fruit
till the latter is exhausted.

Stem woody, shrubby, erect, terete, pale green, glandular-pubes-
cent ; 1st internode 1-2 cm. long ; 2nd 1-4 cm. ; 3rd 5 mm. ;
4th 6 mm. ; 5th 2'5 mm. ; 6th 1-5 mm. ; 7th to 10th crowded or
undeveloped.

Leaves simple, gland ular-ciliate, serrate, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, subsessile, thickened at the base and articulated with a
raised knob or projection of the stem, glabrous, deep shining green,
and finely reticulate above, paler beneath and shining ; midrib pro-
minent on both surfaces; stipules small, brown, scarious, rigid,
subulate, connate by their edges for two-thirds of their length or
throughout, and lying between the leaf and the stem.

Nos. 1 and 2. Reduced to small, subulate scales.

No. 3. Small, foliaceous, oblanceolate-linear.

No. 4. Much larger, lanceolate, serrulate.

Nos. 5-9 inclusive. Lanceolate-elliptic, acute, serrulate.

BURSERACE/E,

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 321.

Fruit and Seed. — The typical Burseraceae have two to five
carpels, united to form an ovary with the same number of cells.
Amyris and Hemprichia are exceptional, inasmuch as the ovary
is one-celled. The ovules are attached to an axial placenta,
above the middle and generally near the top, and are pendu-
lous, anatropous, collateral, with a ventral raphe and superior
micropyle ; rarely ascending. The usual number is two, but
there is only one in each cell of Filicium, and one in the
unilocular ovary of Hemprichia. The fruit is drupaceous,
consisting of two to five connate or separable pyrenes. The
epicarp is persistent, or splits open by two to four valves,
leaving the pyrenes naked. The latter consist of the woody
or bony endocarp. In some cases, however, the endocarp is
not bony, and may even dehisce irregularly.

The seeds are generally if not always solitary in each
loculus, by abortion, very large, and exalbuminous with a
membranous testa. The seed of Santiria is peltate, and the

332 ON SEEDLINGS

fruit of species of that genus grows very unequally, so that the
style is sometimes turned on one side till close to the pedicel.
As might be expected, the seed generally conforms in shape to
the loculus of the bony endocarp. The embryo is large, and
occupies the whole of the seed. The cotyledons are in most
cases foliaceous, aerial, and more or less contorted or twisted
so as to occupy the whole of the available space ; the short
radicle is superior. Hedwigia and Amyris have thick, fleshy,
plano-convex, or almond-shaped straight cotyledons.

Some genera present still more remarkable exceptions ;
such as Trigonochlamys, which has deeply lobed cotyledons ;
Santiria, with irregularly cut cotyledons; Bursera, where
they are sometimes trifid ; and Boswellia, where they are
multifid. In Canarium commune they are tripartite, auricled
at the base, where they clasp or sheathe the radicle, which is
stout, fleshy, and projects slightly beyond them. Two of the
cotyledonary lobes occupy the dorsal aspect of the seed, while
the rest occupy the ventral part, and are confusedly contorted
or twisted one with another. In the mature seed they are
soft, fatty, and taste like the kernel of the Brazil Nut (Berthol-
letia excelsa). One species of Bursera has the cotyledons
curved like a horse-shoe, while the embryo of Crepidospermum
Sprucei is green and similarly curved.

Seedlings. — The Order consists of about 150 species, natives
of the tropical parts of both hemispheres, and, not being very
popular for horticultural purposes, seedlings are seldom to be
seen in this country. 1 have only met with those of Canarium
strictum (fig. 237).

In this species the first and several succeeding leaves
are simple, ovate, acuminate, and serrate. The adult ones
are imparipinnate, with opposite and very coriaceous, serrate
leaflets. A few species have leaves consisting of one or three
leaflets in the adult stage, and in some cases the leaflets
are entire.

Canarium commune, L.

Fruit drupaceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous, three-celled but
only one-seeded by abortion of all the ovules except one, which con-
forms to the single cell, outgrowing and crushing the others ; epicarp

BURSERACE^E 333

fleshy, thin ; endocarp bony, 3-4-5 mm. thick, brown and nearly
smooth externally, smooth or slightly uneven internally, shining
red, closely amalgamated with the small cord-like axis.

Seed oblong, compressed, almond-shaped, two-edged, even or
variously indented, furrowed sometimes along the ventral aspect by
pressure against the axis ; testa thin, brown, easily broken ; hilum
round, near the apex on the ventral aspect of the seed and collateral
with the remains and point of attachment of the abortive ovule ;
raphe ventral, double, forming a slightly depressed, black line!
diverging from the hilum.

Endosperm wanting.

PIG. 237. — Canarium strictum. Half nat. size.

Embryo large, fleshy, conforming to the shape of the seed, fatty,
pale yellowish-white, soft, and tasting like the kernel of the Brazil
Nut ; cotyledons tripartite, depressed at the base and grasping
the radicle, then ascending, oblong — two segments occupying almost
the whole of the dorsal aspect with their tips incurved and grasping
the top of the other lobes, which are also decurved at the base and
then ascend on the ventral aspect, becoming confused and variously
twisted together ; radicle stout, fleshy, projecting slightly beyond
the cotyledons and compressed antero-posteriorly.

Canarium strictum, Eoxb. (fig. 237).

Hypocotyl 6-8 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, terete, succulent,
glabrous, pale green.

334 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons stalked, tripartite ; segments 5-6 cm. long, 1-1-25 cm.
broad, the middle one lanceolate, lateral ones oblique-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, entire, with slightly undulate margin, distinct mid-
rib, and alternate, incurved nerves and veins, quite glabrous, light
shining green, somewhat persistent.

Stem terete, shaUowly ridged and furrowed, covered with a dense
patent pubescence, pale green, becoming woody ; 1st internode
2 cm. long, T5 mm. thick ; 2nd internode 6 mm. long.

Leaves cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate ; petiole terete,
slightly channelled above, tapering upwards, ascending, densely
pubescent, 2*7 cm. long ; lamina ovate, acuminate, or almost oval
with an acuminate, subacute point, serrate, penninerved, with
alternate ascending nerves ultimately curving forwards, coarsely
hairy and pale green on both surfaces, shining above, horizontal.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 327.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels vary from three to five, and
are united into an ovary of as many cells. The most frequent
number of ovules is two, and they are collateral or superposed,
pendulous or ascending, with a ventral raphe and a superior
micropyle. Exceptions to the above characters occur in
Elutheria, which has a one- or imperfectly four-celled ovary ;
and in Chisocheton, which has one ovule in each cell ; the
same thing sometimes occurs in Aglaia, Milnea, Amoora, and
Guarea. The ovary of Turreea varies in different species with
from five to twenty loculi. Numerous ovules occur in each
cell of the ovaries of the species belonging to the tribes
Swieteniese and Cedreleae. The fruit is baccate, capsular, or
less often drupaceous. Instances of the latter occur in Melia,
Mallea, and Owenia.

The seeds are albuminous or exalbuminous, varying how-
ever in the same genus in some cases ; the endosperm when
present is fleshy. The testa is drawn out into a wing in
Soymida, Chickrassia, Cedrela, Chloroxylon, and Flindersia. A
curious case occurs in Swietenia and Khaya, where the coty-
ledons and endosperm are closely adherent. The cotyledons are
fleshy and more or less flattened. They are bipartite in Milnea

MELTACE.E

335

apiocarpa and others ; in several cases they lie transversely
to the seeds ; and in Carapa, Trichilia, and some others the
cot}'ledons are conferruminate. They are unequal-sided in
Chickrassia, which has flattened seeds winged on the back.
The flattening is due to the mutual compression of the large
seeds, which vary from two to five in each cell of the capsule.
An aril is present in many genera, and in some cases it is
united or confluent with the testa; hut more frequently it
simply surrounds the whole
seed.

Seedlings.— This Order
numbers some 270 species,
but few are of frequent oc-
currence in this country,
with exception perhaps of
Melia Azedarach (fig. 238).
There are several types of
seedlings. In Walsura pis-
cidia (fig. 239) the coty-
ledons are fleshy, shortly
petiolate, and strictly sub-
terranean. The first pair
of leaves in Melia Azedarach
is tripartite, with cuneate,
cut, or deeply toothed seg-
ments. Succeeding ones
vary in the amount of divi-
sion till they become bi- to
tri-pinnate. Although the
first four are in opposite pairs, the rest are alternate. A notice-
able point in Walsura piscidia is that the first pair of leaves is
small and scaly, followed by two pairs of small but foliaceous
ones. Succeeding ones to the ninth are larger, alternate, and
entire. Some species of Walsura have trifoliolate or pinnate
leaves.

Melia Azedarach, L. (fig. 238).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, pubescent, about 3'4 cm.
above tbe soil.

PIG. 238. — Melia Azedarach.
Half nat. size.

336

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed to a short petiole,
glabrous except the upper side of the petiole, ultimately revolute at
the sides, falling away early, about 1-2 cm. long including the
petiole, 2-5 mm. broad.

Stem erect, terete, pale green, covered with short upwardly
incurving hairs ; 1st internode 1'65 cm. long ; 2nd 1-5 cm. ; 3rd
I'l cm.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate (1st and 2nd and sometimes
the 3rd and 4th in almost opposite pairs), exstipulate, petiolate,
thinly and finely pubescent above, slightly revolute at the margin,
deep or bright shining green above, pale and glabrous beneath ;
petioles convex on the back, with a
slender channel on each side of the
prominent midrib on the upper face,
pubescent with upwardly incurving
hairs.

Nos. 1 and 2. Subopposite, tri-
partite ; lateral segments oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, with a large tooth
on the middle of the posterior side ;
terminal lobe cuneate-rhomboid, pin-
natifid.

Nos. 3 and 4. Alternate or sub-
opposite, pinnate, pinnatifid ; basal
pair of leaflets ovate, acute, deeply
pinnatifid at the base and less deeply
so or toothed upwards ; terminal leaflet
triangular pinnatipartite at the base
and pinnatifid upwards, with the basal
and larger segments lobed, the rest
entire.

No. 5. Pinnately five-foliolate ; basal pair of leaflets pinnatipar-
tite at the base and less deeply cut upwards ; middle pair ovate,
cuneate at the base, pinnatifid ; terminal leaflet triangular, acu-
minate, cuneate, and pinnatipartite at the base, becoming gradually
less deeply cut upwards.

Ultimate leaves bipinnate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely
and obtusely serrate, frequently lobed or segmented on the posterior
basal side.

Walsura piscidia, Boxb. (fig. 239).
Hypocotyl generally subterranean.
Cotyledons fleshy, remaining in the seed.

FIG. 239. — Walsura piscidia.
Nat. size.

MELIACE^E 337

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent, soon becoming brown and
throwing off the epidermis; 1st internode 2-9 cm. long; 2nd
3-45 cm. ; 3rd 1-5 mm. ; 4th 3'75 mm. ; 5th 1-5 mm. ; 6th 2-25 mm. ;
7th 5 mm. ; 8th 6 mm.

Leaves simple, ultimately pinnate, cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, coriaceous, penninerved, deep green above, paler
beneath ; petioles channelled above, pubescent, short.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, reduced to small, brown scales.

Nos. 3-6. Small, aggregated, oval, emarginate, entire.

Nos. 7-9. Much larger, oval, emarginate, otherwise entire.

ILICINEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 355.

Fruit and Seed. — The Order contains some 150 species, all
of which belong to the genus Ilex with four exceptions. The
ovary is mostly made up of three to five carpels, rarely six
to eight as in some species of Ilex. The three species of
Byronia however vary with ten to eighteen carpels. The
ovules are solitary or geminate in different species of Ilex,
pendulous from the tip of axile placentas, collateral and ana-
tropous; in Nemopanthes they are solitary. The raphe is
dorsal, rarely lateral, with a superior radicle. The fruit is
drupaceous, with a very thin succulent layer surrounding a
bony, crustaceous, or rarely cartilaginous endocarp. When
the carpels are mature they are separable into as many pyrene s,
each containing a solitary pendulous seed conforming to the
cavity. The testa is membranous, surrounding a copious
fleshy endosperm, in which the minute embryo is embedded
close to the superior hilum. The embryo is straight. The
common Holly (Ilex Aquifolium) is a good type. The fruit
consists of four pyrenes, and is small, as in all other species of
the Order. The embryo is globose or obovoid, with the coty-
ledons about equal to the blunt radicle. The funicle forms a
little cap surmounting the upper end.

Ilex Aquifolium, L. (fig. 240).

Primary root long, tapering downwards, colourless, with a few
lateral rootlets.

338

ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, colourless at the base
and green upwards, 3*8 cm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, cori-
aceous, glabrous, deep green, shortly
petiolate ; petiole about 1 mm. long ;
lamina 13 mm. long, 6 mm. broad.

Stem woody, erect, terete or slightly
angled from the decurrent nature of the
petioles, glabrous, green ; 1st internode
3 mm. long ; 2nd 1 mm. ; 3rd and 4th, both
belonging to a second year's growth, each
1 mm. long ; 5th 4 mm. ; 6th 3'5 mm.

FIG. 240. — Hex Aquifolium.
Nat. size.

FIG. 241.— Hex myrtifolia.
Nat. size.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, evergreen,
coriaceous, glabrous, dark green above, somewhat paler beneath ;
petiole shoit, channelled above, thickened at the margin, as are the
eaves ; stipules small, ovate, acute, black, deciduous (stipules are

ILICIXE.E 339

said to be absent from the Order, but in seedlings and in the young
growth of the above-named species small stipule-like bodies are
present as described).

No. 1. Oblong-ovate, serrate, teeth acute, spiny.

No. 2. Lanceolate-oblong, teeth similar.

End of growth of first season.

Nos. 3 and 4. Spathulate, serrulate scales.

No. 5. Broadly oblong, obtuse, cuneate at the base, serrate,
teeth spiny.

No. 6. Oblong, acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate, teeth
rather distant and spiny.

Ilex myrtifolia, Lam. (fig. 241).

Hypocotyl woody, erect (or decumbent — accidental?), dull green,
1*3 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, emarginate, persistent, shortly petio-
late, glabrous, deep green, alternately but obscurely penninerved ;
lamina 7-9 mm. long, 3-4-5 mm. broad ; the cotyledons of some of
the seedlings are so narrow as to be oblong, otherwise they do not
differ from the type ; petiole flattened or slightly grooved above,
1-25-2-25 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, dull green, minutely pubescent ; 1st
internode 4 mm. long ; 2nd 2 mm. ; 3rd 3 mm. ; 4th 4 mm. ; 5th
5-25 mm. ; 6th and 7th each 8 mm. ; 8th 9 mm. ; 9th 1-2 cm. ;
10th 1-5 cm.

Leaves obscurely, alternately penninerved, with the midrib and
primary veins somewhat of a milky-white, paler beneath ; petioles
very short, channelled above ; stipules small, subulate, acute, black,
deciduous, or rather caducous.

Nos. 1-5 inclusive. Oval, obtuse, apiculate, with a few acute
serratures on each side.

Nos. 6-10 inclusive. Oblong, obtuse, apiculate, distantly and
acutely serrate on the upper half.

CELASTRINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 357.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is two- to five-, very frequently
four- celled as in many species of Euonymus, although this is
not constant even on the same tree. One-celled ovaries are ex-
ceptional, but occur in Llavea, Glossopetalum, and Cathastrum.

340 ON SEEDLINGS

The ovules generally number two in each loculus, ascend-
ing from the base of an axile placenta, anatropous, with a
ventral raphe and an inferior micropyle. In other cases they
vary with one to many ascending ovules, while another type has
pendulous ovules with a dorsal raphe and superior micropyle.
Solitary erect ovules occur in Hartogia, Ptelidium, Myginda,
Fraunhofera, Schaefferia, and Caryospermum. From four to six
or more ovules occur in a number of genera, including Lopho-
petalum, Cathastrum, Kokoona, Alzatea, Putterlickia, Den-
hamia, Wimmeria, and Goupia. The number varies consider-
ably in different species of Euonymus, although two are most
common. In Cassine the solitary ovule is pendulous from the
top of the placenta. The fruit is capsular (more or less
winged in Euonymus) or baccate, drupaceous, or samaroid and
indehiscent with one-seeded cells. The testa is crustaceous,
membranous, fleshy, or spongy, and in Perrottetia it is many-
ribbed, with a moderately prominent raphe and more or less
covered with a large cap- or boat-shaped arilloid funicle, or
sometimes it is winged, as in Kokoona, Alzatea, and Hippocratea.
The seeds of many of the genera, including Caryospermum,
Schsefferia, Mortonia, Tripterygium, Elaeodendron, and some
species of Myginda, are not furnished with an aril. The endo-
sperm is generally copious and fleshy. The embryo is usually
very large, flat, and straight, often nearly equal to the endo-
sperm in length and breadth. Sometimes it is linear and
axile, and in Perrottetia it is minute and basal. An exceptional
case occurs in Euonymus fimbriatus, which has more or less
undulated or twisted cotyledons, and a curved radicle. In
some genera the embryo is green. The cotyledons are mostly
flat and foliaceous ; and the radicle is generally inferior with
the exceptions mentioned in which the ovules and seeds are
pendulous.

Euonymus europaeus (fig. 242) may be given as a good
type of the Order. Euonymus latifolius has larger seeds and
a relatively broader embryo. To this type belongs E. fim-
briatus. Both have pendulous ovules.

Maytenus boaria agrees with Euonymus europseus in the
insertion and direction of its ovules, but the seeds are oblong
or oval ; and the coty edons are oblong, rounded at both ends,
and trinerved.

CELASTRINE^E

341

Seedlings. — The seedlings observed were all similar inhabit
and agree in all main particulars, having aerial, foliaceous,
rather persistent cotyledons alternately penninerved and reti-
culate with incurved veins. In Euonymus europseus (fig. 243)
they are entire ; in Maytenus boaria (fig. 244) broadly ob-
long, blunt, shortly petiolate, and emarginate. They are
also emarginate in Celastrus paniculatus, in which they

-Ra,

•Jf

FIG. 242. — Euonymus europaus.

A, vertical section of seed, x 8. B, transverse section of seed, x 8 (from below
middle). C, ventral aspect of seed, x 8 : H, hilum ; Ha, raphe.

do not otherwise materially differ from those of Euonymus
europseus. The leaves of the seedlings in all the three cases
are very similar to those of the adult plant. The stipules of
the primary leaves are more evident in Celastrus paniculatus
than in the other cases where they seem to be absent.

Euonymus europseus, L. (fig. 242).

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary of four to five carpels, four- to
five-, usually four-celled, with two collateral ovules in each cell ;

342

ON SEEDLINGS

ovules erect, anatropous, surrounded at the base by a funicular aril,
cupular at first, but after fertilisation growing up and entirely sur-
rounding the seed.

Fruit a capsule four- to five-celled, two- to five-seeded, as one of
the ovules, sometimes both, is always abortive, four- to five-lobed,
subturbinate, glabrous, green, becoming red as it matures, dehiscing
loculicidally.

Seed obovoid, slightly compressed laterally, smooth, white
and shining, closely and entirely invested with a scarlet, slightly

B

c

A, seedling.

PIG. 243. — Euonymus europceus.
Half nat. size. B and C, ultimate leaves, showing two shapes.

wrinkled, funicular aril, which is attached to the oblong-linear
hilum stretching along nearly the whole side of the seed to the inner
angle of the cell ; raphe pale yellow, continued from the hiluin along
the broad upper end of the seed to the chalaza seated at the top of
the dorsal aspect. Seed albuminous.

Endosperm abundant, fleshy, firm, and white, entirely surround-
ing the embryo.

Embryo straight, flat, central, pale green, extending from the
micropyle to within -25 mm. of the apex of the endosperm ; cotyledons

CELASTRINEJS

343

foliaceous, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, flat, applied to each other
face to face, pale green, 4-25 mm. long, 8 mm. broad; radicle
cylindrical, obtuse, 1'25-1'5 mm. long.

Seedling (fig. 243).

Primary root tapering, flexuous, giving off flexuous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, deep green, with
scattered white points and short lines, about 3-8 cm. long.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, oval-oblong, rounded at the end,
alternately penninerved and reticulate, petiolate, glabrous, deep
green above, pale beneath, cori-
aceous, rather persistent ; lamina
21 cm. long, 1*3 cm. broad ; petiole
grooved above, 2-5 mrn. long.

Stem woody, erect, subangled,
deep green, glabrous, marked with
white spots (lenticels) ; 1st inter-
node 1'5 cm. long ; 2nd 3'5 mm.

Leaves simple, serrulate, cauline,
opposite, stipulate, petiolate, gla-
brous, irregularly penninerved, reti-
culate, deep green above, paler be-
neath ; petioles semiterete, grooved
above ; stipules very small, lacerated,
brownish.

1st pair lanceolate-elliptic, acute,
irregularly serrulate.

2nd pair similar but smaller.

Ultimate leaves ovate-oblong or
oblong, suddenly narrowed at both
ends, or lanceolate-elliptic, tapering
to both ends and acute, slightly
irregularly crenate-serrulate, gla-
brous, deep green above, paler
beneath.

FIG. 244.
Maytenus boaria.

Celastrus paniculatus, Willd.

Ilypocotyl woody, erect, terete, densely pubescent, soon becom-
ing brown, To cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons foliaceous, oblong, obtuse, more or less distinctly
emarginate, petiolate, coriaceous, obscurely penninerved with alter-
nate, ascending nerves, glabrous, green above, much paler, almost

344 ON SEEDLINGS

yellowish, beneath ; lamina 2'6 cm. long, 1-6 cm. broad ; petiole
grooved above, pubescent on the back, 2-5 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, much kneed and flexuous in a zigzag
manner, densely pubescent, pale green, soon becoming brown ;
1st internode 5 mm. long ; 2nd 6'75 mm. ; 3rd 1-2 cm. ; 4th 1/7 cm. ;
6th 2-15 cm. ; 6th 3 cm. ; 7th 2-65 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, deep green
and glabrous above, paler and pubescent beneath, alternately and
incurvedly penninerved, reticulate, serrate, the serratures with in-
curved glandular or mucronate tips ; stipules small, triangular,
serrate or lacerated, soon becoming brown, caducous ; petioles short,
channelled above, rounded on the back, pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, elliptic, subacuminate, obtuse, apiculate.

Nos. 3-6 inclusive. Gradually and successively larger, elliptic,
acuminate, obtuse, tapering almost equally to both ends, apiculate.

Maytenus boaria, Molin. (fig. 244).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 3-6 cm. long, reddish.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, emarginate, shortly petiolate, coriaceous,
1-5-2 cm. long, glabrous, dark green, reticulate, like the first
leaves.

Stem herbaceous, erect, square, rough with minute hairs ; 1st
internode 4-10 mm. long ; 2nd and succeeding ones 2-4 mm.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, shortly petiolate, oval,
dentate or slightly serrate, acute, glabrous, bright green, somewhat
paler beneath ; midrib with numerous branched veinlets.

RHAMNEJL

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 371.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is usually three-celled, but two
to four cells also occur. The ovules are solitary, erect, and ana-
tropous. Exceptions occur in Karwinskia, where there are two
ovules in each cell, and the same thing happens in Condalia
when two cells of the ovary become confluent in one. The raphe
is dorsal or rarely lateral, and the micropyle inferior. The
fruit is superior or more or less submerged in the receptacle,
and when mature is three-, rarely one- to four-celled, and cap-
sular, drupaceous, or separating more or less into cocci with a
woody endocarp opening at the top. The seeds are ovoid or

RHAMNE^E

345

more or less flattened, sometimes arillate at the base. The
testa is loose and membranous, or crustaceous or leathery.
Endosperm is nearly always present, and fleshy. The embryo
is large and straight, with flat, rarely curved or bent cotyledons>
as in Ehamnus davuricus ; and the inferior radicle is short.
Striking exceptions in the Order occur in Yentilago and
Smythea, which have a one-celled, one-seeded fruit, and ex-
albuminous seeds. Those of Ventilago are globose, and the

PIG. 245. — Ehamnus davuricus. Half nat. size.

cotyledons are thick and fleshy ; but the seeds of Smythea are
more flattened. The fruit of Ventilago is produced into a long
wing.

Seedlings. — There are several types of seedlings in this
Order judging from the variation amongst the seeds and their
contained embryos, but they do not often come under ob>
serration in this country. Ehamnus davuricus (fig. 245)
may be given as one type having aerial foliaceous cotyle-
dons. The broad, shallow sinus at their apices seems to be

346

OX SEEDLINGS

due to the form of the seed and the way they are bent
in conformity \vith it. Colletia cornuta (fig. 246) differs
chiefly in the cotyledons being suborbicular and rounded at
the apex.

Ehamnus davuricus, Pall. (fig. 245).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, rather short, soon becoming brown and
woody, 12-18 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broader than long, almost obreniform, with a broad
shallow apical sinus, suddenly cuneate at the base, five-nerved, the
middle nerve bifurcate some distance below the apex, and the lateral
ones much branched laterally and incurved at the apex, where they
unite with the middle one, enclosing an obcordate space, the basal
ones short and slender, uniting upwards with the lateral branches
of the last two, glabrous, much reticulated, as seen when examined
by transmitted light, shining on both surfaces, deep green above,
ler beneath; lamina 10-12 mm. long, 14-16 mm. wide ; petiole
semiterete, flattened above, 3-4 mm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous,
green, soon becoming brown and
striated or reticulated by splitting of
the bark, woody ; 1st internode about
15-16 mm. long ; 2nd 4-6 mm. ; 3rd
18-20 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, alternately in-
curvinerved, subcoriaceous, shining
on both surfaces, deep green above,
paler beneath, and closely reticulated,
glabrous, or glandular-pubescent at
the margin when young ; petiole
short, semiterete, flattened above ; stipules slender, subulate, acu-
minate, pale green, seated on the junction of petiole and stem, soon
becoming brown, deciduous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblong-lanceolate, shallowly and distantly serrate
with intermediate minute serratures or sets.

Nos. 3 and 4. Oblong, otherwise similar, but larger.

Nos. 5-9. Oblanceolate-oblong, acuminate, tapering at the base.

Colletia cornuta (fig. 246).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 10-14 mm. long, green, almost
colourless near the soil.

FIG. 246.— Colletia cornuta, x 2.

RHAMNEJE 347

Cotyledons subrotund or oval, obtuse, entire, sometimes slightly
cordate at the base, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, glabrous, dark
green, pinnatinerved, the lower veins much longer than the others.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, herbaceous at first ; 1st internode
3-6 mm. long, 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, opposite, cauline, lanceolate, acute, serrate,
petiolate, stipulate, glabrous, light green, pinnatinerved.

AMPELIDE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 386.

The ovary here is also more or less sunk in the receptacle,
and consists of two to six carpels united so as to form as many
cells. In the genus Vitis, which includes by far the largest
number of species, the ovary is mostly two-, rarely three- or
four-celled. The ovules are gemmate, collateral, ascending,
and anatropous in Yitis and Pterisaiithes, where the ovary is
most frequently bilocular ; but in Leea, where the ovary is from
three- to six-celled, the ovules are solitary and erect. The
raphe is ventral and the micropyle inferior. The fruit is
always baccate with from one to six cells according to the
genus, or it may become one-celled by the destruction of the
septa during ripening ; each cell contains one or two seeds.
The latter are always solitary in the loculi of Leea. The
outer coat of the seed is bony, the inner one membranous, and
both are often pushed into the endosperm, making it ruminate.
In Vitis vinifera, there are two longitudinal furrows or inden-
tations of this kind on one side of the seed with a corresponding
ridge between them. The embryo is minute with oval coty-
ledons, and lies embedded in the cartilaginous endosperm close
to the hilum. The seeds of Leea have a more decidedly
ruminate albumen, and the straight or slightly curved embryo
although small has subfoliaceous cotyledons.

The cotyledons are ovate or subcordate, obtuse or acute,
and five-nerved. The middle pair of nerves does not, however,
always spring from the base of the lamina, but sometimes at
a greater or less distance above it. Vitis cebennensis (fig. 248)

348 ON SEEDLINGS

may be given as a good type of those with short-petioled coty-
ledons. V. cebennensis and V. Cynthiana agree both in the
cotyledons and the primary leaves. The first one is cordate
and coarsely dentate-serrate, the second subtriftd. The first
leaf of V. Cynthiana is sometimes at least as far advanced
as the second in other cases. A very distinct type is met
with in V. hypoglauca (fig. 247), where the hypocotyl remains
undeveloped and the broadly cordate, obtuse cotyledons are
carried up on very long petioles. The first leaf is a small
scale.

Parthenocissus tricuspidata is probably a species of Vitis,
as its cotyledons agree very fairly with those of V. cebennensis.
The first leaf is tripartite, with cuneate, serrated, hairy seg-
ments.

Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Planch.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-2-5 cm. long, red.

Cotyledons almost triangular, with rounded edges, obtuse, entire,
petiolate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved, with the nerves near the
base more prominent ; petioles I1 5-2 cm. long, channelled on the
upper side.

Stem erect, herbaceous, ultimately woody, red; 1st internode
1-1-5 mm. long.

First leaves simple, digitate, cauline, alternate, petiolate, stipu-
late, trifoliolate, trinerved ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, coarsely
serrate, ciliate, covered with short stiffish hairs, green with a reddish
tinge, pinnatinerved ; petioles long, reddish, channelled on the upper
side, slightly hairy ; stipules membranous, reddish, oblong, entire.

Vitis hypoglauca, F. Muell. (fig. 247).

Hypocotyl short and subterranean, terete, tapering downwards.

Cotyledons large, unequal, cordate or rotund-cordate, obtuse,
strongly trinerved with two lateral, shorter ones at the base, reti-
culate, petiolate, glabrous, shining on both surfaces, deep green
above, paler or subglaucous beneath ; lamina of the larger one
2-9-3-9 cm. long, 2'6-S-l cm. wide ; lamina of the smaller one
2-8-8-4 cm. long, 2-4-2-9 cm. wide ; petioles long, semiterete,
shallowly grooved above, glabrous, colourless or pinkish, 6-8-5 cm.
long, often slightly unequal, with the larger one having the longest
petiole by 3-7 mm.

Stem erect at first, terete, slender, glabrous, pale green, ulti-

AMPELIDE^E

349

mately climbing and woody, zigzag or flexuose at the nodes ; 1st
internode 1-9 mm. long ; 2nd 7-31 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, three- to
five-nerved at the base, strongly alternately nerved upwards, reticu-
late, shining on both surfaces, at least when young, deep green above,
paler or glaucous beneath, glabrous ; stipules half-ovate, membranous

FIG. 247. — Vitis hypoglauca. Half nat. size.

colourless, small ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, tapering
slightly upwards, glabrous, pale green or stained with red.

No. 1. (following a short internode). Very small or minute,
lanceolate, acute, entire, or one- to two-
toothed at the sides, much reduced and
scale-like.

No. 2. Triangular acute, cordate or
almost truncate and five-nerved at the
baser and alternately nerved upwards,
irregularly dentate with rather cuspidate,
acute teeth.

Vitis cebennensis, Jord. (fig. 248).

Hypocotyl suffrutescent, erect, terete,
soon becoming brown, glabrous, 1-2 cm.
long.

Cotyledons ovate, entire, subacumi-
nate, glabrous, five-nerved, nerves incurved, 2*35 cm. long, 1'65 cm.
broad ; petiole deeply grooved above, suberect, 8 mm. long.

FIG. 248. — Vitis cebennensit.
Half nat. size.

350 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem erect at first, afterwards climbing, suffrutescent, pale green
suffused with red when young, glabrous, flexuose, thickened at the
nodes, succulent when young; 1st internode 1'35 cm. long; 2nd
7 mm. ; 3rd 9 mm. ; 4th 1-5 cm.

Leaves palmately five-nerved, glabrous except for the minutely
ciliate margin, subrugose ; petioles subterete, reddish ; stipules
ovate, subacute, serrulate at the margin, hyaline, deciduous, mem-
branous.

No. 1. Cordate, subacuminate, with large mucronate teeth.

No. 2. Cordate, subtrilobate, otherwise like No. 1.

No. 3. Broadly cordate, palmately five-lobulate.

No. 4. Similar to the last.

Ultimate leaves broadly cordate, mucronate, palmately five-
nerved and -lobulate, serrate-dentate with mucronate serratures,
pubescent on the principal nerves on both surfaces ; petiole pubes-
cent, terete, striate, crimson, as are the principal nerves.

SAPINDACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 388.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels vary from one to four, but
three is the most common number. There are usually two in
the species of Acer and Negundo, although three occasionally
occur. In Dodonsea there are five or six. Dobinea is a re-
markable exception, inasmuch as the ovary consists of a single
carpel with a solitary erect ovule. In other cases the carpels
are united to form an ovary of many cells with axile placentas,
or the ovary may be deeply lobed, sometimes divided to the
base into as many lobes as carpels, arranged excentrically
around a gynobasic style, as occurs in some Ochnaceae and
Phytolaccacese. The ovules are one or two, rarely more,
in each cell, anatropous, campylotropous, or amphitropous,
attached to an axile placenta, and ascending with a ventral
raphe and inferior micropyle. They are very rarely horizontal
and numerous, or inverted. The fruit contains as many cells
as there were carpels in the ovary, but is sometimes one-celled
by abortion, and in Dobinea is always one-celled. When

SAPIXDACKE 351

mature it forms a woody, coriaceous, or membranous capsule
dehiscing in various ways, or is indehiscent. In other cases
it is baccate or drupaceous, undivided or lobed, or consists of
two or three samaras as in Acer and Negundo. The fruit of
Dobinea is an achene. The seed is globose, or laterally com-
pressed, sometimes arillate ; exalbuminous in Sapindeae,
Acerineae, and Dodonsese ; and albuminous in Melianthese and
Staphylese. The testa is woody, crustaceous, or membranous.
The embryo is generally very large and flat, or more often
spirally or circinately coiled or conduplicate, transversely
biplicate, wrinkled or wavy, with green or yellow foliaceous
cotyledons, or the cotyledons are thick and fleshy, sometimes
conferruminate, and occasionally unequal. The radicle is
short and inferior, sometimes elongated and straight, or
curved upwards, or ascending towards the micropyle.

The leading types of the Order may be roughly classified
by the form and characters of their fruits. Capsular, inflated,
or bladdery fruits with exalbuminous seeds occur in Cardio-
spermum, Valenzuelia, Kcelreuteria, and Aitonia. The fruits
of Erythrophysa differ in being indehiscent. The seeds of
Cardiospermum Halicacabum (fig. 249) are perfectly globular,
with a large reniform hilurn and a transversely twice folded
embryo completely filling them. Staphylea pinnata, having
bladdery capsules, and globose or obovoid, albuminous seeds
and a straight embryo, may be noted as a striking contrast to
the above.

Spiny capsular fruits occur in Castanella and /Esculus,
excluding the species belonging to the old genus Pavia. The
fruit of /Esculus Hippocastanum is globose, larger than a
pigeon's egg, densely covered with strong spiny emergences
and dehiscing loculicidally. Each of the three cells is two-
ovuled (one ovule being erect and one pendulous). Either one
or the other may get fertilised ; and each cell matures one seed
only. Sometimes only one ovule gets fertilised in the whole
ovary, and the cell containing it grows at the expense of the
others, which remain small. The seed is large, depresso-globose,
or variously flattened by compression, and its shining chestnut-
brown testa is thick and leathery. The embryo occupies the
whole of the interior, and has thick, conferruminate cotyledons,

352 ON SEEDLINGS

separable with difficulty when mature. The latter are petio-
late; the two-leaved plumule is well developed, and the large
conical radicle lies in a separate cavity in the thick testa.
Spiny indehiscent fruits consisting of one to three globose, free
or connate cocci occur in some species of Nepheliurn, and
N. Litchi, having a crustaceous, brittle, tuberculated pericarp
and a pulpy, edible aril, is often met with in British fruit
markets. The embryo is fleshy, and the cotyledons plano-
convex.

Fleshy indehiscent fruits are met with in Sapindus and
others, while those of Spanoghea are fleshy, but burst open
transversely. Those of Melicocca, Lecaniodiscus, and Lepi-
santhes are drupaceous and indehiscent. The fruits of
Euphoria and Schmidelia break up into indehiscent cocci,
while the cocci of Diplopeltis are dehiscent. Triangled and
trilobed fruits are very frequent , but those of Bridgesia and
Paullinia are three- winged.

Samaroid fruits are not unusual, and, although not typical
of the Order, are frequent and important. Bridgesia, Urvillea,
Toulicia, Serjania, Thouinia, and Atalaya have fruits consist-
ing of three samaras, while those of Acer and Negundo
have only two. With exception of Thouinia, all are inde-
hiscent.

The species of Acer l may be grouped into five or six very
distinct types according to the form of the fruit, seed, and
embryo, but more particularly of the latter. The ovules are
eampylotropous in all cases, with the micropyle inferior,
except in A. circinatum, where it is variable, ascending or
horizontal, with the raphe ventral, and ascending more or less
along the upper edge or surface.

The first type may be represented by A. Pseudo-Platanus.
The seed-vessel is tumid on both surfaces, and the seed
ovoid, slightly compressed laterally. The embryo commences
by coiling round the circumference of the seed, but the
cotyledons finally become transversely twice folded with
their backs to the placenta and the incumbent radicle in
the lower part of the seed. In rare cases the cotyledons

1 See an interesting memoir on this group by Pax, Engler's Bol. Jahrb.
1885.

SAPINDACKE 353

become circinately coiled with their tips in the centre of the
coil.

Other species agreeing with this type are A. monspessula-
num, A. opulifolium, A. neapolitanum and A. obtusatum. The
embryo is sometimes more folded in large seeds of the same
species.

A. macrophyllum may be given as another type. The
seed-vessel is rather tumid and densely covered with bristly
or spiny spreading hairs. The interior of the seed is fur-
nished with an irregularly conical outgrowth of the inner coat
from the region of the hilum, and although the embryo
originates in the same way as that of A. Pseudo-Platanus, its
growth is obstructed by the process above mentioned, around
which it coils, with the edges and not the backs of the cotyle-
dons to the placenta. The cotyledons are eircinately coiled or
imperfectly biplicate transversely. A. insigne behaves in the
same way, but the cotyledons are more decidedly twice folded
transversely, and the outgrowth from the region of the hilum
is much smaller.

A third type is represented by A. pennsylvanicum. The
seed-vessel is inflated or gibbous on one side, and concave
on the other, the seed conforming to this peculiarity. The
embryo originates in the same way as that of A. Pseudo-
Platanus, but, owing to the thinness or flattening of the seed-
vessel and seed, the cotyledons during their development
become twisted round into a vertical position with their tips
close to the hilum. The cotyledons are generally flat, but
sometimes become folded at the tip. A. montanum, A.
tataricum, and A. hircanum agree with this type, but the
cotyledons generally become more or less undulated longi-
tudinally owing to the seed-vessel and seed being more deeply
concave. They are even sometimes longitudinally plicate and
more or less folded at the tip.

A fourth type is seen in A. campestre. This agrees in
general particulars with A. pennsylvanicum ; but the embryo
is larger and undergoes a greater amount of longitudinal
and oblique folding, so that in transverse section a number of
folds of the cotyledons are cut through. The seed-vessel is
much compressed laterally, but not, however, concave on

354 ON SEEDLINGS

either side. A. campestre, A. austriacum, A. platanoides, and
A. Lobelii agree pretty closely with this type, except that the
last-named undergoes a considerable amount of longitudinal
folding or plaiting.

A. dasycarpum seems to constitute a fifth type, but only
dried herbarium specimens were examined. The seed-vessel
is laterally flattened, with the seed conforming to the interior.
The embryo originates like all the foregoing, and during
its development it becomes twisted round, so that the coty-
ledons place themselves in the broad plane of the seed with
their edges vertical; but they are flat, as shown in trans-
verse section, and often oblique or not exactly opposite one
another, or the tip is, sometimes at least, again reversed
from the hilum towards the end of the seed away from the
placenta.

The sixth type is shown in A. circinatum. The seed-
vessel is tumid, not indented, and the oblong seed conforms
to the interior. The curved portion of the seed containing
the radicle is inferior, or in other seeds is twisted round
to the side, rising obliquely, and in some cases is lateral
or in others almost or quite superior. The raphe is in this
case often lateral or inferior, passing round the lower instead
of the upper side of the seed. The cotyledons have their
edges vertical, with their backs to the radicle (incumbent), and
are more or less transversely biplicate. The folds are less
regular or compact than in A. Pseudo-Platanus, owing to the
greater length and different shape of the seed, which conforms
to the cavity containing it.

Seedlings. — There is considerable variety in this extensive
Order ; but the seedlings coming, under my notice may be
classed into three distinct groups, namely, those where the
cotyledons become aerial and more or less foliaceous, those
where they are subterranean, and those where they are aerial
but do not leave the testa.

The strictly aerial kinds exhibit four or more forms.
The cotyledons of Cardiospermum Halicacabum (fig. 250)
are small, oblong, truncate, and very caducous, which may
be ascribed to their character and mode of folding in the
seed. The fact of their falling early points to their losing

SAPINDACE^E 355

the faculty of assimilation, acting chiefly as a store-house
of reserve-material, and to a tendency to become subter-
ranean. The first two leaves are opposite and tripartite
with the middle segment again trifid. Succeeding leaves
are alternate and more deeply divided; the fifth one being
biternate.

The oblong or strap-shaped, sessile, five-nerved cotyledons
of Acer Pseudo-Platanus (fig. 252) present quite a distinct type
in the Order. Their shape and size are due to the manner of
folding in the seed and the shape of the latter.

The first pair of leaves of A. Pseudo-Platanus are ovate,
acuminate, and cordate at the base, near which they are
doubly serrate-dentate. The cotyledons of A. campestre are
shorter than those of its congener and proportionately broader.
The same may be said of the first pair of leaves.

The cotyledons of Dodonsea viscosa (fig. 253) in being
linear-lanceolate and one-nerved remind us very forcibly of
those of Billardiera amongst the Pittosporese. The first three
or four cuneate, trifid leaves also point in the same direction.
The fifth, sixth, and seventh leaves are elliptic and nearly
entire.

The broadly obovate, emarginate, five-nerved and reticulate
cotyledons of Melianthus major constitute a well-marked type.
The foliaceous stipules, in being intrapetiolar and connate in
the upper portion, are also very striking. The first two
leaves are digitately trifoliolate, and succeeding ones impari-
pinnate with more or less winged petioles.

The subterranean type of cotyledons is represented by
Sapindus insequalis (fig. 251). The petioles are of some con-
siderable length, although the cotyledons do not leave the
large globular seed. The first four leaves are greatly reduced
and scale-like, while eight succeeding ones are lanceolate, acu-
minate, and quite entire. In the adult state some species of
Sapindus have leaves consisting of one entire leaflet, while
others are abruptly pinnate. The cotyledons of Atalaya
diver sifolia are also strictly subterranean. The form of the
leaves is rather remarkable for this Order. The first three
are lanceolate and small, succeeded by two linear-lanceo-

A A 2

356 ON SEEDLINGS

late ones, and those by at least nine others which are linear-
lanceolate, very narrow, and of great length.

The third group or type of cotyledons is met with in
^Esculus Hippocastamim. The large fleshy cotyledons are
petiolate, but do not leave the seed ; and the latter is carried
some considerable height above ground during germination
owing to the great length of the hypocotyl. The case is quite
unusual, because in the majority of seedlings, where the
cotyledons do not leave the testa, the hypocotyl remains un-
developed. The first pair of leaves is compound and digit-
ately five-foliolate. This high development may be due to the
amount of reserve in the fleshy cotyledons ; and the elonga-
tion of the hypocotyl is necessary to carry the true leaves up
to the light, because the primary ones are not reduced to scales,
as most frequently occurs where the cotyledons are fleshy
and do not leave the testa. The opposite leaves of ^Esculus,
Acer, and Negundo are quite unusual in the Order.

Blepharocarya involucrigera, F. Muell.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, green, soon becoming woody,
brown, and covered with pale brown lenticels, 1-5-2-8 cm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons subovate, obtuse, falcate, somewhat unequally and
sballowly cordate at tbe base, slightly cut away on one side and
witb a shallow sinus about tbe middle of tbe otber, obscurely, but
quite evidently alternately incurvinerved and reticulate, glabrous,
deep green above, paler beneatb, petiolate ; lamina 1-3-1-5 cm. long,
7-8'25 mm. wide near tbe base ; petiole slender, semiterete, chan-
nelled above, glabrous, or nearly so, sb'ghtly connate at tbe base in
tbe early stages, about 1-5-2 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, covered witb a silky, adpressed, persistent
pubescence, pale green, soon becoming brown, woody, and covered
witb small, pale brown, elevated lenticels ; first twelve internodes
varying from 3-8 mm. long, increasing in length upwards.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate (first seven or eight simple
and entire), cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous except
tbe petioles and petiolules, coriaceous, deep shining green above,
paler beneatb and shining ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, rounded
or suddenly and slightly tapering at tbe very base, alternately in-
curvinerved and reticulate with the lateral nerves slightly ascend-
ing, incurved, branched, and anastomosing near tbeir summit

SAPINDACE^E 357

with the branches ending in a colourless cartilaginous margin ;
petioles tapering upwards from a very stout base, which is flattened
above, while upwards it becomes more slender and nearly terete,
deep brownish-red, and more or less densely covered with adpressed
pubescence ; petiolules short, subterete, narrowly channelled above,
otherwise like the petioles.

Nos. 1-7 or 8. Simple, entire, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse,
having a pulvinus at the base of the lamina, which is articulated
with the petiole, proportionately broader than the leaflets of the
following compound leaves.

No. 8. Uni- to tri-foliolate.

No. 9. Trifoliolate.

No. 10. Five-foliolate.

Nos. 11 and 12. Five- to seven-foliolate, and gradually larger.

Cardiospermuin Halicacabum, L. (fig. 249).

Fruit a capsule, triangular, with globose, membranous lobes,
each one-celled, one- seeded, dehiscing loculicidally.

Seed globose, deep brown, shining, glabrous, very hard ; hilum
broad, reniform, transverse, whitish ; raphe none ; chalaza very
large, broad, lunate, lying along the upper side of the hilum, and
indicated by a slight elevation or thickening ; testa very hard, crus-
taceous ; tegmen thin, closely adhering to the testa.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo filling the interior of the seed, transversely plaited ;
cotyledons cuneate-spathulate, entire, minutely auricled at the base,
with a few large transverse folds to accommodate themselves to the
globose seed, thick and fleshy, pale yellow. In the transverse section
two segments of the cotyledons appear thicker than the central two
lobes, owing to the former being cut obliquely ; radicle very short,
oblong-ovoid, obtusely pointed, seated in a small, shallow notch at
the base of the cotyledons, and forming an impression near the tip
of the back of the inner cotyledon, embedded in the testa at its tip.

Seedling (fig. 250).

Primary root vertical, with a few thin, lateral, branched, hori-
zontal rootlets, firm, colourless.

Hypocotyl herbaceous at first, 3-4 cm. long, a little over 1 mm.
thick, round, pubescent, light green.

Cotyledons sessile, about 1 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, thick, ligu-
late, truncate and broad at the apex, yellowish-green, glabrous,
caducous.

herbaceous, terete, 1 mm. thick ; 1st internode 1-5-2 cm.

358

ON SEEDLINGS

long, obtusely four-angled from the decurrent petioles, twisted,
pubescent.

Leaves.— Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, petiolate, ternatisect ; petiole

B
A Ch,

Jf

Jf

Jf

FIG 249.— Cardiospermum Halicacabum. A, seed, ventral aapect, xlO: #, hilum;
M, micropyle. B, longitudinal section of seed, x 10 : B, radicle ; M, micropyle ;
H, hilum ; Ch, chalaza. C, transverse section of seed, x 10 : H, hilum ; Ch,
chalaza. The outer lobes seem broader, being rather obliquely cut. D, embryo
removed from seed, x 10: A, auricle of cotyledon; B, radicle.

SAPINDACE^E

359

about 1-5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, shallowly channelled, pubescent ;
terminal segment of lamina about 2'5 cm. long, 1'25-1'To cm. broad,
cuneate at base, trifid, with a few coarse teeth ; lateral segments
about 2 cm. long, -75 cm. broad, obliquely oblong, cuneate at
base, obtuse at apex, entire or obtusely serrated, or bi- or tri-fid ;
the common margin pubescent, and a
few hairs on the nerves of the lower
surface of the segments, otherwise gla-
brous, thin, bright green above, a little
paler below.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar, but more
deeply cut, and with acuminate apices.

Nos. 5 and 6. Similar, bi-ternatisect,
with rhomboid, acuminate, serrate
lobes.

Leaves biternate or decomposite in
the adult state, cauline, alternate (first
two opposite), exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately or oppositely penninerved,
with ascending, branching nerves, mem-
branous, pubescent on the margins and
nerves beneath ; petiole semiterete,
channelled above, somewhat dilated at
the base.

FIG. 250.

Cardio&permum Halicacabum.
Two-thirds nat. size.

Atalaya diversifolia, ? F. Muell.

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons subterranean.

Stem woody, erect, terete, flexuous, leafy, pale green, pubescent ;
1st internode 2*3 cm. long ; 2nd -5 mm. ; 3rd undeveloped ; 4th
8 mm. ; 5th 2'5 mm. ; 6th 4 mm. ; 7th 6'75 mm. ; 8th 3'5 mm. ; 9th
4-75 mm. ; 10th 3 mm. ; llth 8 mm. ; 12th 2 mm. ; 13th 3 mm. ;
14th 4 mm. ; 15th 3 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, very shortly
petiolate, glabrous, alternately penninerved and reticulate, with the
midrib prominent on both surfaces, thin, coriaceous, deep green
above, paler beneath ; petioles very short, thickened at the articula-
tion, flattened above with a prominent midrib.

Nos. 1-3. Small, lanceolate, obtuse.

Nos. 4 and 5. Small, linear-lanceolate, subacute.

Nos. 6-8. Linear-lanceolate, acute.

Nos. 9-14. Long, linear, acute, arching.

360

ON SEEDLINGS

Sapindus insequalis, DC. (fig. 251).

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons large and fleshy, filling the seed, which they do not
leave in germination; petioles thick,
fleshy, colourless, semiterete, pushed
out of the seed or elongated to conveni-
ence the radicle and plumule.

Stem erect, terete, green, hairy, soon
becoming glabrous, ultimately woody ;
1st internode 2-5 cm. ; 2nd -95 cm. ;
3rd 2 cm. ; 4th -95 cm. ; 5th 2'1 cm. ;
6th '55 cm. ; 7th '75 cm.

Leaves cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, irregularly and alternately pen-
ninerved with ascending nerves, thinly
hairy on both sides, soon becoming gla-
brous above, pale green and shining
above ; petioles short (in the seedling),
semiterete, furrowed above on each side
of the midrib, slightly hairy.

Nos. 1-4. Linear-lanceolate, acute,
small and scale -like.

Nos. 5-7. Lanceolate, broadest above
the middle, cuspidately acute or shortly
acuminate, tapering into a short pe-
tiole.

Nos. 8-11. Lanceolate, acuminate,
petiolate, much larger than any of the

PIG. 251. — Sapindus inaqualis. preceding.
Half nat. size.

Acer Pseudo-Platanus, L.

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary of two carpels, two-celled,
each cell two-ovuled ; ovules collateral or slightly superimposed,
ascending, campylotropous ; radicle inferior, close to the hilum.
Only one ovule in a cell is habitually fertilised, generally, if not
always, the upper one when they are superimposed.

Seed ovoid, slightly compressed laterally, somewhat narrowed to
an obtuse point at the upper end ; testa thin, ultimately membra-
nous ; hilum about the middle of the ventral aspect ; micropyle
inferior but pointing slightly upwards and contiguous to the hilum ;
chalaza very large, superior, covering nearly or quite the whole of
the upper part of the seed.

SAPINDACE^E 361

Endosperm, from the earliest stages till it is wholly absorbed,
thin, watery, or jelly-like. (See Linn. Journ. xxii. 399, fig.
133.)

Embryo originating in a short tubular prolongation near the
micropyle, and at first straight, with an extremely short, turbinate
radicle, and ovate, obtuse, closely adpressed cotyledons. It then
continues to grow along the lower side of the seed, close to the
testa, and, the outline of the seed being curved, the embryo gradually
curves also. The cotyledons are now lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late. When the cotyledons have reached the upper and narrow
end of the seed they curve rather suddenly downwards. This is
continued until the tips reach the radicle, leaving the front and upper
part of the seed under the chalaza empty except for the endosperm.
The embryo is now a considerable size, with an elongated radicle
and oblong, obtuse cotyledons. The next stage is characterised by
a second curving of the cotyledons, and it depends whether the latter
now curve inwards or outwards, as to the form the embryo shall
ultimately assume. If they curve inwards the mature embryo will
be circinate. If they now curve outwards the mature embryo will
be transversely twice folded (conduplicate, ' Genera Plantarum '),
and this is the commoner form.

In this case the tips of the cotyledons curve outwards and
upwards to the chalaza. The embryo enlarges considerably after
this, and the double portion of the cotyledons is now pushed into
the centre of the seed, with the radicle on the lower side and the
middle of the cotyledons on the upper side abutting against the
chalaza, while the tips, still continuing to elongate, grow outward
and upwards, reaching as far as the lower end of the chalaza.

In August the embryo is well formed, but the endosperm not
yet all absorbed.

Seedling (fig. 252).

Primary root tapering, flexuous, rather stout, with a few lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl 3-4 cm. long, 1-5 mm. broad (because of its being
slightly compressed), glabrous, firm, reddish-brown.

Cotyledons two, often three (when two, one of them is fre-
quently split), sessile, 8'5-5 cm. long, about 8 mm. broad, strap-
shaped, obtuse, entire, obscurely trinerved, glabrous, pale green,
rather persistent.

Stem soft, but soon becoming woody, erect, terete, glabrous, pale
or brownish-green; 1st internode 2-3'5 cm. long; 2nd 1*5-2 cm. ;
3rd 6-8 mm.

362 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, rarely three at the same level
and verticillate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous except at the very
base on the under side ; petioles terete, generally slightly channelled
on the upper side when young, ultimately not channelled.

1st pair ovate, acuminate, cordate, and palmately five-nerved at
the base, reticulate, irregularly and obtusely serrate.

2nd pair palmately five-nerved and lobed or lobulate, irregularly

FIG. 252. — Acer Pseudo-Platanus. Half nat. size.

and coarsely dentate-serrate ; terminal lobe triangular ovate, obtuse ;
middle lobes very broad and short, obtuse ; basal lobes small or
merely tooth-like and obtuse.

3rd pair similar.

Ultimate leaves large, palmately five-nerved and -lobed, subcor-
date at the base ; lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate, obtuse, rather
coarsely, irregularly, and distantly serrate ; basal lobes smallest.

Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.

Fruit of two, rarely three samaras ; wings ascending, oblong, ob-
tuse, asymmetrical or half-elliptic, reticulate, nearly glabrous except
on the thickened portion along the lower side, which is covered with
adpressed hairs or bristles ; seed-bearing portion of fruit ovoid, densely
covered with rigid spreading bristles or spiny hairs, rather tumid.

Seed nearly horizontal or slightly ascending, short, deep, some-
what obovate in vertical section at right angles to the placenta, and
triangular in vertical section parallel with the placenta, rather
tumid and conforming to the cavity of the fruit, exalbuminous ;
tegmen enormously thickened near the hilum, forming an irregularly
conical process projecting into the middle of the seed.

SAPINDACE^E 363

Embryo originating in the apical, neck-like, curved portion of
the seed ; cotyledons ascending with their backs to the placenta
as in A. Pseudo-Platanus, till they reach the thickening and en-
larging process of the inner seed-coat, round which they twist
across the cavity of the seed with their edges to the placenta, as do
those of A. insigne, with their broad plane in consequence at right
angles to the placenta and conduplicate as in A. Pseudo-Platanus ;
radicle rather long, terete, bluntly pointed, inferior, and slightly
descending or nearly horizontal.

Acer insigne, Boiss. et Buhse.

The two samaras are often or always of unequal size, owing to
the non-development of the ovules in one of the cells ; wings
ascending or suberect, obliquely or half obovate, rounded at the
apex, reticulate, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous ; seed-vessel
tumid, ovoid in outline.

Seed slightly ascending, ovoid, obtuse, somewhat flattened late-
rally from the base towards the end distant from the hilum, con-
forming to the cavity of the fruit ; tegmen thickened in proximity
to the hilum and chalaza, but the outgrowth much smaller than in
A. macrophyllum.

Embryo behaving in the same way as in A. macrophyllum, but
the cotyledons are more decidedly transversely biplicate.

Acer pennsylvanicum, L.

Fruit. — The portion of the fruit containing the seed is rather
inflated or gibbous on one side and concave on the other ; this con-
cavity sometimes occurs on the same side of both halves of the
fruit, or on alternate sides of them.

Seed broadly oblong in outline, more or less compressed laterally
but conforming to the cavity of the ovary and therefore concave
towards its indentation and convex to its gibbous side ; seed-coat
double ; hilum on the basal end of the seed.

Embryo large, filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons straight
and plane or nearly so, but often folded back at the tip ; concave
in conformity with the fruit and seed ; radicle about equal to the
seed in length, terete, straight, or curved at its base only, the fold
being chiefly in the base of the cotyledons.

A. tataricum conforms to the same type, but the cotyledons are
thrown into one or two folds, owing to the greater concavity of the

A. hircanum also agrees, but the seed being considerably flattened

364 ON SEEDLINGS

and the linear-oblong cotyledons broader than its width, these are
thrown into various contortions, lying in the broad plane of the seed.

Acer campestre, L.

Seeds suborbicular, rather broader on the attached side, much
compressed laterally, and conforming to the shape of the cavity of
the samara ; seed-coat double ; hilum on the basal edge.

Embryo large, filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons incum-
bent, with their backs to the placenta, originating in the narrow
plane of the seed ; but as they get too large for the space, becoming
twisted round so as to lie in the broad plane with their edges
to the placenta ; finally getting too long for the seed, they form two
large folds in the middle, and the tips are thrown back over the
basal portion close to the radicle, between which and the edges of
the basal portions they always lie ; radical inferior, terete, rather
pointed, curved at its base, or gradually throughout its length.

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh.

Seed broadly oblong, laterally flattened, conforming to the cavity
of the carpel, exalbuminous ; seed-coat double ; testa moderately
thick and black ; tegmen thin and membranous.

Embryo large, filling the seed, yellowish ; radicle terete, occupy-
ing the lower side of the seed ; cotyledons incumbent originally,
that is with their backs to the placenta, but ultimately turning
round with their edges vertical to the axis of the fruit and their
tips towards the placenta ; by so doing they place themselves in the
broad plane of the laterally compressed seed. After reaching the
base of the seed close to the hilum they become folded back again
towards the farther end, and in so doing one apical half is folded
inside the other. In the specimen examined, the two cotyledons
were not strictly opposite, but placed obliquely. There was,
however, no plaiting or folding. Radicle filiform, straight, occupy-
ing the lower edge of the compressed seed. Petioles of the
cotyledons slightly curved.

Acer circinatum, Pursh.

Seed oblong, obtuse at either end, tumid, conforming to the
cavity of the ovary ; seed- coat double ; hilum at one end of the seed ;
raphe encircling the whole basal portion of the seed ; funicle' short,
thick, and with a development of cortical tissue.

Embryo originating in the neck-like portion of the ovule, which
is curved round against a cortical development of tissue from the
funicle ; radicle terete and stout, equal to the neck of the ovule

SAPIXDACE.E

365

in length, obtuse, somewhat constricted where the cotyledons com-
mence, horizontal and occupying the base of the seed, or rising
obliquely, or almost superior (contrary to the usual rule), and hence
lying on the upper side of the seed. Hence the cotyledons and
radicle are not always in the same vertical plane.

Cotyledons usually vertical, that is, lying on their edges in the
base of the seed, incumbent, following the outline of the cavity of
the seed as they grow, curving round the end distant from the
hilum, and then growing into the cavity of the endosperm some-
what loosely till they touch the end next the hilum, and, growth
continuing, become too long for the space, and so get doubled up
against their own basal portion and the infolded portion of the
seed. Their apex then recurves and grows backwards away from
the hilum.

The cotyledons still have their backs to the placenta, as in
A. Pseudo-Platanus, although they are in this particular instance
vertical to the axis of the pistil.

Dodonsea viscosa, L. (fig. 253).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely and rather densely pubescent,
pale green or reddish, 1-5-8 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons linear-lanceolate, acute or subacute, entire, sessile,
or appearing shortly stalked by being narrowed at the base, with a
distinct midrib but no other discern-
ible venation, horizontal, glabrous,
light green above, paler beneath,
1-9-2-5 cm. long.

Stem erect, terete, flexuous, densely
pubescent with upcurved and incurved
hairs, and more or less densely dotted
with sessile glands, pale green, becom-
ing reddish, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 2-4 mm. long; 2nd 1-5-2
mm. ; 3rd 3-4'5 mm. ; 4th 4-6 mm. ;
5th and 6th each 5-6 mm.

Leaves simple (at least in the
seedling), cauline, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, alternately and ascend-
ingly penninerved, more or less pub-
escent on both surfaces, especially on the nerves, slightly scabrous on
the principal nerves, light or deep green above, paler beneath and
shining, often with a glaucous hue ; petiole short, stout at the
base and more slender upward, slightly channelled above with an

FIG.

3. — Dodonesa viscosa.
Half nat. size.

366 ON SEEDLINGS

elevated midrib, pubescent, winged upward by the decurrent lamina
of the leaf.

No. 1. Cuneate, trifid or tripartite, with obtuse segments.

Nos. 2 and 3. Similar, but larger — terminal lobe largest, cuneate,
and generally again more or less trifid.

No. 4. Ehomboid, obtuse, cuneate or decurrent at the base on
the petiole, with two to three coarse obtuse teeth on each side.

Nos. 5-7. Ehomboid or elliptic or oblong, variable, obtuse,
obtusely toothed or shallowly sinuate or entire, tapering into the
petiole at the base, forming a wing to the latter.

Melianthus major, L.

Primary root a vertical, succulent, colourless tap-root ; stout,
colourless adventitious roots spring from the thickened base of the
hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl about 2 cm. long, 1'5-2'S mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
brownish above ground, colourless below.

Cotyledons subsessile, nearly equal, about 2-5 cm. long and
l-75 cm. broad, obovate, cuneate at the base, emarginate with a
short blunt mucro, with very distinct whitish incurved nerves on
each side of the midrib, quite glabrous, thin, rather firm, bright
green above, paler and shining beneath.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, succulent, stout, pale green ; 1st
internode 1*2 cm. long, 3 mm. thick ; 2nd internode 6 mm. long,
2 mm. thick.

Leaves cauline, compound, pinnate, alternate, stipulate, glabrous,
petiolate.

No. 1. Lamina digitately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets sessile, ob-
long, acute, serrate, unequal on the posterior basal side, penninerved,
bright green above, paler or subglaucous beneath with prominent
nerves ; nerves alternate or opposite ; serratures acute, tipped with
a yellow mucro ; terminal leaflet obovate-elliptic, acutely serrate,
narrowed to the base, penninerved with opposite or alternate nerves ;
free part of petiole terete, pale green ; stipules large, foliaceous, and
amplexicaul at the base, adnate to the petiole for more than half
their length, then connate by their edges, leaving only their two
acute tips free.

No. 2. Exactly similar; petiole similar; stipules forming a
sheath to the next younger leaf and bud. In some plants the
petiole of the first and second leaf has a foliaceous, decurrent
wing, somewhat toothed or distantly serrate, and its uppermost
part produced into a semi-triangular acuminate lobe.

No. 3. Five-foliolate ; basal leaflets oblong, incise and irregularly

SAPINDACE^E 367

serrate, oblique on the posterior basal side ; middle pair of leaf-
lets similar but decurrent on the petiole ; terminal leaflet oblong,
cuneate at the base, grossly serrate.
No. 4. Seven-foliolate.

Staphylea pinnata, L.

Fruit a large, inflated, membranous capsule, strongly reticu-
lated, with a strong midrib to each carpel, glabrous, two- to three-
celled with generally one large horizontal seed in each cell, dehiscing
at the apex on the ventral side of the persistent styles.

Seed large, globoso-obovoid, horizontal, shining, pale brown,
glabrous ; testa bony, thick ; tegmen thin; membranous, pale-
coloured ; hilum large, forming a circular depression in the outer
coating of the seed ; micropyle conspicuous, contiguous to the
depressed hilum, and terminating a basal ridge or lobe of the seed,
into which the radicle is directed ; raphe lateral, forming a ridge
along the side or edge of the slightly horizontally compressed seed ;
chalaza broad, apical.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, colourless.

Embryo large, straight, pale green, embedded in the axis of the
endosperm ; cotyledons broad, somewhat obliquely obovate, obtuse,
shallowly auricled at the base, otherwise entire, plano-convex, fall-
ing a little short of the length and breadth of the endosperm, lying
across the seed obliquely ; radicle very short, globose, obtuse, or
more or less flattened horizontally, pointing into the micropyle at
one side of the hilum, inferior in ascending seeds but apparently
always horizontal in this species like the seeds.

SABIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 413.

Fruit and Seed. — The two- to three-celled ovary contains
one or two superposed or collateral ovules in each cell, which
are horizontal or pendulous with a ventral raphe and an infe-
rior micropyle. The fruit consists of one or two drupaceous,
or dry, indehiscent pieces, which in the typical genus Sabia are
reniform and compressed. The endocarp is bony or crustaceous,
nut-like, and contains a single nut-like seed. The latter con-
forms to the cavity of the endocarp and is compressed or globose
with a membranous or leathery testa. It is exalbuminous or

368

ON SEEDLINGS

contains a small quantity of endosperm adhering to the testa.
The embryo is large, with rather fleshy, wavy, conduplicate, or
variously twisted cotyledons, and a fleshy, descending, incurved
or flexuous radicle, pointing upwards to the hilum. The latter
is broad and conspicuous.

Ophiocaryon paradoxum is known as the Snake Nut, from
the manner in which the embryo is coiled up in the seed
resembling a snake. The cotyledons are membranous and
foliaceous.

Seedlings. — The species of this Order are natives of tropical
and subtropical countries north of the equator, and seedlings
do not often come under observation. The cotyledons of
Meliosma pungens (fig. 254) are foliaceous, aerial, and penni-
nerved with incurved veins. They are oblong in outline and
glabrous, whereas those of M. Arnottiana are oval or elliptic

and ciliated at the margin.
The first leaf of M. pungens
is cuneate-elliptic, that of
M. Arnottiana lanceolate
and simple.

Meliosma pungens, Wall.
(fig. 254).

Hypocotyl somewhat
woody, terete, 3-4 cm. long,
1-5 mm. thick, pubescent,
brownish-grey.

Cotyledons unequal, sub-
sessile, 2-5-3'5 cm. long,
1-5-2 cm. broad, oblong,
obtuse, rounded at tbe base,
penninerved, with incurving
veins, reticulate, glabrous,
coriaceous, dark green with
brownish spots above, paler and shining beneath, rather persistent.
Stem sbort, like the bypocotyl, but with longer bairs. 1st inter-
node 1 mm. long.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately perminerved, hispid or hairy above, and deep sbining
green, tomentose beneath ; petioles sbort, at least in early stages of
the plant.

FIG. 254. — Meliosma pungens.
Two-thirds nat. size.

SATJIACE^E 369

No. 1. 8-4 cm. long, 1-5-2 cm. broad, elliptic, narrowed to both
ends, sinuate-serrate, with reclined points, penninerved, thin, his-
pid above, toraentose on the margin and beneath, shining green.

No. 2. Ditto.

Meliosma Arnottiana, Wight.

Hypocotyl as in M. pungens, but minutely pubescent and green-
ish or slightly tinged with red.

Cotyledons oval-oblong or elliptic, acute, entire, shortly petio-
late, ciliate, otherwise glabrous, light green, pinnatinerved as in the
leaves.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent, herbaceous ; 1st internode 2-3 mm.
long.

First leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, almost acuminate, coarsely
serrate, coarsely hairy, green, pinnatinerved.

ANACARDIACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 415.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary in this Order generally consists
of one carpel and is therefore one-celled; but in the tribe
Spondiese the ovary is syncarpous, consisting of two to five
carpels and containing as many cells. From the occurrence
sometimes of several distinct carpels in one flower, the one-
celled ovaries may be considered as reduced types. This is
strengthened by the fact that a three-celled ovary occurs, though
rarely, in some of the species of Pistacia, where the one-celled
condition is the rule. The flowers are polygamo-dicecious or
unisexual, and in some of the potentially male flowers there are
four or five aborted carpels or a four- to five-partite ovary in
the same condition. The ovules are solitary in each ovary or
in each cell of the pmrilocular ovaries, and pendulous, or
attached to the side walls of the carpels or suspended by a
furiicle arising from the base of the cell. The micropyle is
inferior and the raphe dorsal or passing round one end of the
horizontal seed and along the dorsal edge for some distance, as
in Buchanania latifolia, where it is very thick and prominent.
In Pistacia the ovule is erect, with a ventral raphe and an
inferior micropyle.

370 OX SEEDLINGS

The fruit is superior or partly submerged in the receptacle,
one- to five-celled and nearly always drupaceous and inde-
hiscent. The endocarp is bony, crustaceous, or leathery,
and sometimes bursts open by two valves, as in Mangifera
indica and Buchanania. In some of the species of Pistacia it
behaves in the same way. The tissue of the fruit often con-
tains large cavities filled with an oily or caustic juice as in
Schinus Molle and Schinus terebinthifolius. A curious case
occurs in Anacardium occidentale, where the receptacle be-
comes very large, pyriform, and fleshy, forming a pseudo-fruit,
bearing at its apex the very much smaller, reniform, true fruit.
The other five species, as well as those of Gluta, have also a
stipitate fruit.

The seed is horizontal and lies across the receptacle,
or erect, or pendulous, with frequently a swollen or umbilicate
funicle.

The testa is generally if not always membranous, and is
occasionally united firmly with the endocarp. Endosperm is
nearly always absent, or forms a thin layer as in some species
of Schinus and in Smodingium. The cotyledons are thin and
plano-convex, or of great thickness and fleshy. The short
radicle is straight or variously curved, pointing upwards or
downwards to the micropyle.

Types with comparatively thin cotyledons are represented
by Schinus Molle (fig. 259) and S. terebinthifolius (fig. 260).
Then- thinness is explained by the narrowness of the cavity of
the endocarp and by the presence of a moderate quantity of
fleshy endosperm. Thick cotyledons of peculiar form are ex-
hibited by Buchanania latifolia (fig. 258). A stout cord-like
funicle runs along the basal end and half-way round the upper
edges of the cotyledons, forming a deep furrow.

Seedlings.— There are two leading types of seedlings,
namely, those with aerial and those with subterranean coty-
ledons. The most prevalent form of cotyledons is ovate,
obtuse, trinerved, shallowly sinuate on one side, otherwise
entire and shortly petiolate. This is well represented by
Schinus terebinthifolius (fig. 260) ; the cotyledons besides show-
ing the characters above mentioned are more conspicuously
reticulate than happens in many others which are more opaque.

ANACAKDIACE^E 371

Schinus Molle (fig. 259) and Duvaua dependens agree in all
essential points. The mode of germination of the seed from
the drupaceous fruit is shown in Schinus Molle. Duvaua
dependens differs in the obscure venation and the cotyledons
not being sinuated on one side. This shallow sinus owes its
origin to the indentation of the lower side of the horizontal
seed in Schinus by a thickening or elevation of the receptacle
in that region.

The trinerved character and the shallow sinus of the
cotyledons prevail in species of other genera, where the outline
differs considerably from that of Schinus. This is BO in
the case of Ehus typhina (fig. 256), with epathulate- oblong
cotyledons, and in Odina Wodier, having long, lanceolate,
falcate cotyledons with short broad petioles.

A departure from the strictly aerial and foliaceous coty-
ledons is met with in Anacardium occidentale. Here they are
large, fleshy, falcate, and directed to one side of the young
stem, plano-convex, trinerved, and slightly reticulate on the
back, but showing no trace of nerves on the upper surface.
Another nearly similar case occurs in Buchanania latifolia (fig.
258), having obovate, unequal-sided, fleshy cotyledons with a
thick and a thin edge. They conform to the interior of the seed
and that again to the endocarp, to which they owe their pecu-
liar shape. Immediately after germination they are both
directed to one side of the stem as in subterranean cotyledons ;
but they ultimately spread out right and left. Thick, fleshy,
and truly subterranean cotyledons occur in Ehus Thunbergiana
(fig. 255), a South African species with almost dry, one-celled,
one-seeded fruits from three-quarters to one inch broad. A
more remarkable instance occurs in Mangifera indica (fig. 257),
the fleshy, oblong, subterranean cotyledons of which are often
lobed and sometimes proliferous, as shown in the figure.

The primary leaves of the seedling show considerable
variation in the different types of the Order. Those observed
may be grouped under three very distinct types, namely,
(1) those reduced to scales, (2) simple but foliaceous leaves,
and (3) compound leaves. The first five leaves of Ehus
Thunbergiana are minute scales ; while all succeeding ones
are simple, and penninerved. The first six at least of

B B 2

372

ON SEEDLINGS

Mangifera indica are scale-like ; the ultimate ones long, simple,
and entire.

Where the primary leaves are foliaceous and simple, the
first two are opposite, although succeeding ones are alternate.
Examples of this occur in Buchanania latifolia, Schinus tere-
binthifolius, Odina Wodier, and Duvaua dependens. An
exception occurs in Anacardium occidentale, where the first
four leaves are crowded together and oblong- elliptic. The
ultimate ones are also simple and entire, while those of Duvaua
are entire or sinuate. The third leaf of Schinus terebinthifolius
is trifoliolate, while the eighth one in Odina Wodier is the
first to attain that state of development.

The only case of the primary leaves being compound coming
under my observation, occurs in Ehus typhina, where the first
three at least are trifoliolate, with the terminal leaflet much

the largest and deeply incised.

The first two only are opposite.

Compare this with the seedling of

Ailanthus glandulosa amongst the

Simarubeae.

Rims Thunbergiana, Scliult. (fig.

255).

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledonsl&Tge, fleshy, persistent,
plauo-convex, subterranean, wrinkled,
pale yellow, petiolate, and both lying
on the same side of the stem, 2-6 cm.
long, 1-3 cm. wide, 8-10 mm. thick;
petiole about 6 mm. long,

Stem woody, erect, terete, gla-
brous, reddish at first, then becoming
FIG. 256.-m«, Thunlergiana. covere(1 with a glailCOUS-white bloom,
Half nat. size. 1.1-1

then pale green, ultimately brown ;

internodes short : 1st 1'7 cm. long ; 2nd 5'75 mm. ; 3rd 1-15 cm. ;
4th 6 mm. ; 5th 7'5 mm ; 6th 4 mm. ; 7th 6 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
coriaceous, rigid, horizontal, alternately penninerved with numerous
parallel veins at right angles to the midrib and running straight to
the margin, simple, or more often forked and sometimes forking again
near the margin, brown and glossy at first, becoming covered with

ANACAKDIACEyE

373

a glaucous bloom, ultimately light green; petioles very short, sub-
terete, shining.

Nos. 1-5. Keduced to small, subulate, acute, discoloured scales.

Nos. 6-22. Oblong-oval, obtuse, ernarginate, otherwise entire,
gradually larger in order of development.

Rhus typhina, L. (fig. 256).

Primary root tapering downward at an obtuse angle into the soil,
dark-coloured, with a few lateral rootlets, and soon equalled or
superseded by strong lateral rootlets immediately beneath the soil,
covered with root-hairs.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, crimson, 12-28 mm. long.

Cotyledons spathulate-oblong, obtuse, tipped with a glandular
mucro, slightly falcate, petiolate, trinerved from the base, gla-
brous except the petioles, dull green
above, paler beneath, when fading
of a rusty red or crimson colour ;
lamina 5-9*5 mm. long, 2'5-4'5
mm. wide ; petioles channelled
above, convex beneath, dilated and
slightly connate at the base, and
again dilated into the lamina,
slightly hairy on the margins
above, 1-75-4-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, hairy, with
simple glandular hairs ; green,
reddish, or crimson, ultimately
shrubby ; 1st internode 2-25 mm.
long ; 2nd and 3rd each about -5
mm.

Leaves compound, imparipin-
nate, cauline, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, alternately and
ascendingly penninerved with the
nerves running straight into the
teeth and divisions, somewhat hairy above and at the margins ; hairs
simple, glandular ; deep green above, glaucous beneath, when fading
of a rusty red or yellow and crimson colour ; petioles senaiterete,
channelled above, coarsely hairy with simple glandular hairs,
generally red.

Nos. 1-3. Trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, acute or subacute, more or less distinctly serrate in the lower
half, sessile ; terminal leaflet rhomboid-lanceolate, acuminate, sub-

FIG. 256. — Bhus

374 ON SEEDLINGS

acute, cuneate at the base and very shortly petiolate, coarsely serrated
on the lower half, with two ovate, subacute, decurrent serratures on
each side on the first two leaves, and three or more on the third
leaf.

Anacardium occidental, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, fleshy, covered with minute points, 2' 5-
3 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons aerial, large, fleshy, falcate, directed to one side of
the seedling stem, plano-convex, but deeply channelled at the base
on the upper side, glabrous, yellowish-green, trinerved on the
back, where they also distinctly show the short lateral nerves, and
are slightly reticulate, nerveless on the upper surface, sessile,
4'4 cm. long in the bent condition, 10-12 mm. wide.

Stem erect, tapering upwards very much in the seedling stage,
covered with minute glandular points, fleshy, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 4-4'5 cm. long, appearing as if jointed to the apex of the
hypocotyl above the cotyledons, where a bud is given off in the axil
of each, thickened on one side with two elevated processes as if
furnished with a sheath ; 2nd and 3rd internode 2-3 mm. long ; 4th
shorter.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly
petiolate, closely and alternately incurvinerved, bronze-coloured in
the young state, and ultimately deep green, shining, glabrous.

Nos. 1-4. Oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, crowded.

Mangifera indica, L, (fig. 257).

Primary root very stout, tapering downwards, and giving off
slender, lateral rootlets, dark- coloured.

Hypocotyl very short, stout, terete, glabrous, pale-coloured, with
dark markings, 6-8 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, thick, fleshy, plano-convex, subter-
ranean, cut away on the upper side at the base, and slightly auricled
on the under and basal side, very shortly petiolate, about 5 '7 cm. long,
2-5 cm. wide ; petioles stout, fleshy, plano-convex, curved at right
angles to the radicle to accommodate the latter in germination,
12-13 mm. long, 7'5 mm. wide.

They often become lobed, and sometimes proliferous, splitting
transversely and forming a second embryo with two cotyledons
corresponding to half the original ones or less.

When this is the case, a second plumule and radicle are developed
similar to the original.

ANACARDIACEJE

375

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, stout, tapering upwards, ultimately
woody ; 1st internode 5'4 cm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. long ; 3rd 4 mm.
Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate.
Nos. 1-6. Small, reduced to scales.

FIG. 257. — Mangifera indica. P, plumnle
of a second embryo or proliferation of
the first or true embryo ; B, the radicle
of the same.

Buchanania latifolia, Eoxb.

Fruit a drupe, with a small quantity of fleshy sarcocarp, one-
celled, one-seeded, solitary by abortion ; endocarp hard, bony, late-

376

ON SEEDLINGS

rally compressed, especially near the apex, splitting vertically into
two pieces during germination.

Seed transversely oblong, much compressed laterally, especially
near the top, and conforming to the interior of the endocarp ; testa
thin, pale brown, marked on both sides by the branching chalaza,
where the seed is discoloured ; funicle stout, lying in an indenta-
tion round one end of the seed ; micropyle superior.
Endosperm none.

Embryo large, curved, transverse to the axis, pale greenish-
yellow or almost colourless, fleshy ; cotyledons conforming to the
interior of the seed and each occupying about a half of it, lying
transversely to the basal placenta with their very much thickened
edges towards it, and their thin indented edges to the apex of the
endocarp, which is also indented and always much compressed, caus-
ing the cotyledons to be more or less asymmetrical ; radicle at one

end of the embryo, terete,
obtuse, curved round the
basal end of the cotyledons
and pointing upwards.

Seedling (fig. 258).

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
fleshy in a very young
state, glabrous, pale green,
or tinged with red, soon
becoming brown, 18 mm.
long.

Cotyledons fleshy and
soon falling away, ob ovate,
very oblique or unequal -
sided and also having one
edge thin and the other
thick, petiolate, glabrous,
wrinkled or corrugated on
the upper surface and
margin, ribbed more or less

FIG. Z58.-Buchanania latifolia, showing thin conspicuously On the under-

edge of cotyledons. Nat. size.

surface ; lamina 6'5-7'5
mm. long, 5-5*5 mm.

wide, 2 mm. thick at one edge and -25 mm. thick at the other;
petioles connate at the base, grooved above, convex on the back,
2-4 mm. long.

A NAG AUDI AGILE

377

Stem erect, terete, succulent, ultimately woody, finely pubescent,
pale green or reddish, soon becoming brown ; 1st internode l45-3'3
cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (first two opposite),
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, or thinly glandular-pubescent on the
midrib on both surfaces, alternately incurvinerved, with the nerves
branching towards the margin and ending in a colourless cartila-
ginous line surrounding the leaf, shining green above, paler and
shining beneath ; petioles short, semiterete, channelled above, thinly
glandular-pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Lanceolate, obtuse, suddenly tapering to the base.

Schinus Molle, L. (fig. 259).

Fruit a drupe, one-celled, one-seeded ; mesocarp fleshy or pulpy,
very scanty ; endocarp of two layers, of which the outer on the sides
of the fruit is hollowed in several places forming oil receptacles ;
inner hard and bony.

Seed transverse to the receptacle of the fruit, irregularly oblong
or subovate, suspended
from the side of the cell,
laterally compressed and
conforming to the interior
of the endocarp ; testa
thin ; hilum and micropyle
at one side of the ovary
and superior or nearly so.

Endosperm irregular,
surrounding the embryo,
thick in some places and
thin at others, fleshy,
white.

Embryo comparatively
large, nearly equalling the
length and breadth of
the endosperm, yellowish ;
cotyledons ovate, obtuse,
entire, nearly or quite of
the same thickness across
the breadth of the seed,

trinerved, often undulated in accordance with the undulated or
wavy interior of the endocarp, with their basal edges to the

PIG. 259. — Schinus Molle, x 3. A, germinating
seed. B, seedling four days after germination.

378 ON SEEDLINGS

placenta ; radicle terete, obtuse, ascending at the basal ends of the
cotyledons.

Germination. — The primary root in germination pushes out at
the side of the fruit through a narrow longitudinal slit between
two of the numerous obtuse ridges formed by the swollen vittse or
oil-containing cavities. The primary root and hypocotyl are already
stout, and the former is well furnished with root-hairs. The hypo-
cotyl, having elongated and straightened, pulls the cotyledons out
of the fruit.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, finely pubescent, pale brown,
about 13 mm. above soil.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, tri-
nerved, reticulate ; lamina slightly unequal at the base, 14 mm.
long, 7'5 mm. broad; petioles channelled above, pubescent, 1'5 mm.
long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, finely pubescent, pale brown ; 1st inter-
node 14-5 mm. long ; 2nd 11 mm. ; 3rd 8 mm. ; 4th 11 mm. ; 5th
8 mm. ; 6th 18 mm. ; 7th 14-5 mm. ; 8th 18'5 mm. ; 9th 13'5 mm. ;
10th 11 mm.

Leaves compound (primary simple), cauline, alternate (first two
opposite), exstipulate, petiolate, pubescent on the petiole and midrib
above ; leaflets alternately penninerved, subreticulate, deep green
above with paler nerves, paler beneath ; petioles semiterete, chan-
nelled above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate, as are
all the succeeding ones.

No. 3. Alternate, lanceolate, with a lobe on one side at the
base.

No. 4. Lanceolate, with a lobe on each side at the base.

Nos. 5 and 6. Digitately trifoliolate ; leaflets lanceolate, with
the terminal one many times larger than the lateral ones.

No. 7. Imperfectly trifoliolate.

Nos. 8-12. Digitately trifoliolate ; lateral pair small, lanceolate ;
terminal one lanceolate, elongate or oblong-lanceolate, many times
larger than the lateral ones.

Ultimate leaves imparipinnate with eight to thirteen pairs of
opposite or alternate, lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate leaflets ; sessile
and frequently cut away at the base on the posterior side ; basal ones
longest, gradually becoming smaller to the uppermost pair ; terminal
leaflet longest of all, lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate.

ANACARDIACE.E 379

Schinus terebinthifolius, Eaddi.

Fruit a drupe, globose, glabrous, bright scarlet when mature,
tipped with the persistent base of the terminal style ; epicarp thin,
crustaceous ; mesocarp pulpy ; endocarp with oil receptacles as in
S. Molle.

Seed conforming to the interior of the endocarp, transverse to
the fruit, reniform, with the sinus lateral, laterally compressed
and somewhat undulated, glabrous, pale brown ; testa thin,
membranous ; funicle suspending the seed at one end ; hilum
and micropyle contiguous ; raphe ventral as well as the chalaza,
both lying in the sinus, deeper brown than the rest of the
testa.

Endosperm as in S. Molle but much thicker at the backs of the
cotyledons.

Embryo curved, large in proportion to the size of the seed,
greenish-yellow, lying in the broadest plane of the seed, transversely
to the axis of the fruit ; cotyledons oblong or ovate- oblong, slightly
cordate at the base, otherwise entire, accumbent, trinerved at the
base, flat and closely applied face to face, often slightly twisted,
lying with their edges to the base of the fruit and their lower edges
obliquely to the lateral placenta ;
radicle terete, rather elongated, de-
scending and parallel with the funicle
and with its tip close to the micropyle.

Seedling (fig. 260).

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, subfal-
cate, very similar to those of S. Molle.

Stem as in S. Molle.

Leaves. — Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite,
simple, ovate, acute, acutely serrate,
alternately penninerved with the FlG-

nerves running straight into the ^r
teeth.

No. 3. Alternate, trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet much the largest,
lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate ; lateral ones similar, much
smaller.

Odina Wodier, Boxb.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 2'5-3'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons lanceolate, falcate, obtuse, petiolate, entire, with a

wide very shallow sinus on one side ; lamina trinerved from base

380 OX SEEDLINGS

to apex, subcoriaceous, glabrous, deep green above, much paler
beneath, 2-3-2-7 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide about or below the
middle ; petiole flattened above, convex on the back, 3-3-5 mm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, green in the young state ; 1st inter-
node about 11-5 mm. long; 2nd 7'5 mm. ; 3rd 6'5 mm. ; 4th 8 mm. ;
5th 8 mm. ; 6th 6 mm. ; 7th 2 mm.

Leaves simple at first, ultimately imparipinnate, cauline, alter-
nate (first two opposite), exstipulate, petiolate, alternately incurvi-
nerved and reticulate, glabrous, deep shining green above, much
paler beneath ; leaflets opposite (crenate-serrate in specimen, said
to be entire) ; petioles semiterete, channelled above with rather
acute edges, narrowed upwards from a stout base, glabrous, green.

Nos. I and 2. Lanceolate, subacuminate, obtuse, opposite,
crenate-serrate, as are the following.

Nos. 3-7. Broadly ovate, subacuminate, obtuse, varying in size,
rounded at the base or sometimes shallowly cordate.

No. 8. Trifoliolate ; leaflets subelliptic, obtuse, sometimes
shortly acuminate.

Duvaua dependens, Kunth.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, pale green or usually
reddish ; l-6-3'5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong-oval or subovate, entire, obtuse, glabrous,
deep green above, paler beneath, shortly petiolate, indistinctly tri-
nerved at the base and with a few short alternate nerves upwards,
all of which are seen only from the under side of the cotyledon ;
lamina 6-10 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide ; petiole about l'5mm. long,
flat or slightly grooved above.

Stem woody, erect in seedling, terete, finely pubescent with de-
curved hairs, pale green or reddish ; 1st internode 1-15-1-55 cm.
long ; 2nd generally undeveloped ; 3rd 1-1-8 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first and second opposite), ex-
stipulate, shortly petiolate, glandular-pubescent on the petiole and
midrib, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, alternately penninerved,
deep green, shining ; petioles short, slightly channelled above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, acute, irregularly serrate.

Nos. 3-9. Ovate, acute, doubly serrate.

MORIXGE.E 381

MORINGE/E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 429.

Fruit and Seed. — The one-celled ovary of this Order is
syncarpous, consisting of three carpels, with as many pari-
etal placentas, and numerous, pendulous, anatropous ovules
arranged in a double series. The raphe is ventral, and very
prominent. The fruit is a long, torulose, three- to six- to
twelve-angled, * one-celled pod, bursting by three valves when
mature.

The seeds are large, ovoid, three-winged or wingless, seated
in a single row upon each of the placentas, and separated
by a spongy development of the same ; the wings and chalaza
are corky or membranous. Endosperm is wanting, and the
large fleshy embryo with almond-shaped cotyledons occupies
the whole interior of the seed. The extremely short radicle
is included between the bases of the cotyledons, and lies
close to the micropyle at the hilar end of the seed. The
plumule is well developed, and shows the primary leaves,
which are compound.

Seedlings. — The Moringeae constitute a very small Order, in-
cluding only three species belonging to Moringa, the only genus.

The fleshy cotyledons of Moringa aptera are subterranean,
and never leave the testa. The first six leaves are pinnately
trifoliolate with entire or tridentate leaflets and linear, caducous
stipules that appear filiform from being longitudinally revolute.

In other species the stipules are absent, or consist of glands
sometimes stipitate.

The leaves of the adult are bipinnate, or simply pinnate
towards the end of the branches, and ultimately simple and
spathulate. All fall early, and the tree becomes leafless. The
root of the seedling forms a fleshy tuber with a pungent taste
like a radish, and is edible.

Moringa aptera, Gartn.

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons subterranean and remaining in the testa, plano-
convex, flesliv.

382 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem succulent in the seedling stage, soon becoming woody,
erect, terete, glabrous, pale green suffused with red ; 1st internode
varying in length from 5-8'5 cm. ; 2nd about 2*3 cm. ; 3rd 1-2 cm. ;
4th 8 mm. ; 5th 5 mm. ; Gth 3 mm.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate, stipulate, glabrous, glau-
cous ; leaflets articulated, deciduous, or caducous ; petiolules
minutely stipellate ; petioles terete, tapering upwards, glabrous,
glaucous ; stipules linear or re volute longitudinally and appearing
filiform, acute, reddish, caducous, and quite free from the petiole.

Nos. 1 and 2. Trifoliolate, less often five-foliolate ; lateral
leaflets oval, cuspidate, entire ; terminal leaflet rhomboid, cuspidate,
obsoletely serrate along the upper half.

Nos. 3 and 4. Trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets as in Nos. 1 and 2 ;
terminal leaflet obovate or subelliptic, minutely cuspidate, entire.

Nos. 5 and 6. Trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets as before ; terminal
leaflet subrhomboid, trinerved, trifid, with triangular cuspidate
lobes or teeth, the middle one of which is much the largest, other-
wise entire.

Leaves of adult (a tree of 12 feet) bipinnate or simply pinnate
towards the apex of the branches ; ultimately on the slender
branches they are opposite, simple, spathulate, entire, shortly
petiolate, and hoary.

LEGUMINOSJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 434.

Fruit and Seed. — The pistil is monocarpellary with a few
exceptions such as Swartzia dicarpa, Pultensea obovata, and a
few of the Caesalpinieae where there are two carpels. From two
to five occur in Affonsea. The ovary is one-celled, and bears
usually several or numerous ovules, arranged in one or two rows
along the ventral suture, rarely only one ovule is present. The
ventral suture faces the odd petal termed the vexillum in
papilionaceous flowers. The ovules are superposed, arnphi-
tropous, or anatropous, and transversely ascending or pend-
ulous. The fruit is termed a legume, and is strictly so when
it is dry and dehisces along both the ventral and dorsal
suture ; but it is sometimes fleshy or pulpy, as in Tamarindus

LEGUMIXOSJi 383

indicus, or dry, thick, leathery, and indehiscent, as in Ceratonia
Siliqua, nut-like as in Arachis hypogaea, or rarely drupaceous.
Sometimes it dehisces by the ventral suture only, like a
follicle ; in other cases, as in Hedysarum and in some species
of Desrnodium, it is lomentaceous. The internal cavity is
continuous, or divided transversely by spurious septa, as in
Entada, Tamarindus, some of the Cassias, Ceratonia Siliqua,
and others.

The testa is coriaceous, bony, or greatly thickened, rarely
membranous. The funicle is thickened, or arillate in many
instances, or there is a thickened process near the hilum,
termed a strophiole. Endosperm is wanting or scanty in the
suborders Papilionacese and Mimoseae ; when present it is Un-
equally distributed, and collected in greatest quantity round
the radicle, so as to occupy the space not filled by the embryo.
Swartzia madagascariensis, belonging to the Papilionaceae, is
exceptional in having small seeds with a copious endosperm.
Albuminous seeds are the rule in the suborder Csesalpiniese,
and in many of the species belonging to it the endosperm is
copious and cartilaginous.

The embryo is large and occupies the whole of the seed
where endosperm is wanting. The cotyledons are flat or
plano-convex, and foliaceous, or thick, fleshy, and frequently
subterranean in germination. The radicle in this case is
superior, incurved, accumbent, and where it is of appreciable
length it is so much curved as to come down on the ventral
face. In such cases the ovule and seed are amphitropous. In
some rare cases the radicle is inferior. The embryo is gene-
rally straight in the Csesalpinieas, particularly where a copious
endosperm is present.

The seeds observed may be divided into two groups, namely
those with, and those without, endosperm. This does not
always indicate the closest affinities, although in most cases
the two groups belong to different suborders. It may be con-
venient to subdivide the latter group into two, according to
some peculiarity of the cotyledons. Phaseolus multiflorus
(fig. 289) may be given as a type where the cotyledons are
slightly unequal at the base, owing to the space being occupied
by the radicle. This is more markedly the case in many

384 ON SEEDLINGS

or most species of Lupinus both before and after germination,
including L. mutabilis, L. micranthus, and L. sulphureus.
The cotyledons of the latter are also connate at the base.
To this type the following agree in all general particulars,
namely, Hedysarum neglectum, H. coronarium (fig. 280),
Lathyrus macrorhizus, Vicia sativa, Astragalus galegiformis,
and Canavalia virosa.

The seeds of those mentioned vary considerably in size
and shape, in the amount of space occupied by the radicle,
and the shape of the latter. In Lupinus mutabilis the radicle
is trigonous, and in L. micranthus it is flattened and biconvex
owing to pressure. In most cases the seeds are laterally flat-
tened, and many of them are oblong, while others, such as
Lathyrus odoratus, and L. macrorhizus, are globular. Those
of Canavalia virosa and Phaseolus multiflorus are notable for
their size. A rather exceptional case occurs in Caragana
arborescens, where the cotyledons, although normally accum-
bent, are often obliquely so, and sometimes even incumbent.
The cotyledons are occasionally unequal in thickness. The
segments of the lomented fruit of Hedysarum coronarium and
others are remarkable for the number of outgrowths or ex-
crescences, often hooked, from their surface and sutures.

The second subgroup includes a considerable number of
species the cotyledons of which are more or less indented on
one side owing to a thickening or indentation at the hilum.
This type may be represented by Clitoria Ternatea (fig. 286),
which has a transversely oblong seed. The base of the coty-
ledons is also more or less unequal, or cut away on one side,
owing to the space being occupied by the radicle as in the last
subgroup. Here may be classed Ononis arvensis, Medicago
sativa, M. rigida, ^Eschynomene aspera, and Swainsonia
galegifolia.

In all these cases the seeds vary greatly in shape. Those
of Ononis arvensis are nearly globular, and covered with small
tubercles ; in the species of Medicago there is a special develop-
ment of the testa on one side of the seed to accommodate the
radicle. The indentation on the side of the seeds of ^Eschy-
nomene aspera is so deep as to make them curved or reniform.
Those of Swainsonia galegifolia are broadly cordate and

LEGOIIXOS.E 385

laterally compressed, unequally auricled at the base. The
cotyledons are oblong, plano-convex, and unequal-sided, owing
to the basal notch of the seed ; the radicle is bent at right angles
to the cotyledons along the basal edge of which it lies, and
then projects beyond them into the smaller auricle of the seed,
where it becomes embedded in a thickened portion of the testa
at the micropyle.

Seeds containing endosperm may be subdivided into those
having a curved or bent radicle, and those having an entirely
straight embryo. The first is represented by Laburnum
vulgare (fig. 266), Sesbania segyptiaca, and Kennedya rubi-
cunda. The cotyledons of all are unequal at the base owing
to the position of the radicle, and indented at the sides owing
to a thickening at the hilum. All three belong to the suborder
Papilionacege, and have a small quantity of endosperm, except
in the case of Sesbania aegyptiaca (fig. 276), where there is a
considerable quantity on the backs of the cotyledons, which
are therefore thin. A remarkable exception occurs in Scor-
piurus sulcata, and other species, in which the embryo is
variously twisted and narrow, with the intervening spaces
occupied by endosperm.

The seeds having a straight embryo belong to the suborder
Csesalpmiese. The radicle is slightly bent or curved in Cassia
Sophora, and accurnbent, thus forming a transition state be-
tween this and the last subgroup. A good type of the sub-
group is shown in Cassia Fistula (fig. 301) . The cotyledons
are here more or less twisted. The outer coat of the seed
becomes separated from the rest, forming a broad, white,
torn band down the middle of both surfaces. Cassia Absus
and Cercis Siliquastrum have orbicular cotyledons, notched
at the base to accommodate the radicle. Cassia obovata is
remarkable for the small size of its embryo, which may
be due to the fact that the seeds are ruminated to a con-
siderable depth from the periphery. The cotyledons are
orbicular. In all the species of Cassia mentioned the endo-
sperm is rather copious and cartilaginous or horny when
dry.

Seedlings. — The prevailing type of cotyledons throughout
the Order is oblong ; but there are several important modifica-

c c

386 ON SEEDLINGS

tions, such as those having an indentation at the sides making
them falcate, while others are unequal at the base. A third
modification consists in cotyledons which are cordate or
auricled at the base. Others are worthy of note, but it may be
convenient to class them under the head of exceptional cases.
Even in the typical oblong form there are numerous minor
variations such as linear-oblong, broadly-oblong, oval-oblong,
obovate-oblong, or spathulate-oblong. In all cases they con-
form to the shape and size of the seed, and the modifications to
some peculiarity of the same, the development of the embryo,
the presence or absence of endosperm in the seed, or in a few
cases to subsequent growth, i.e. during or after germination.
Forms of one, two, or three kinds are peculiar to certain
tribes, so that in the subjoined classification it would be con-
venient to notice the various kinds occurring in their respective
tribes as far as they have come under observation, and to note
there the exceptional cases. This applies more particularly
to the suborder Papilionaceae than to the Caesalpinieae and
Mimoseae, where endosperm is more frequently present, and
the embryo is often straight.

SUBORDER PAPILIONACE^E.

Tribe Podalyriea. — The cotyledons of Chorizema cordi-
foliurn (fig. 261) and C. ilicifolium are narrowly oblong and
one-nerved. The first two leaves are sometimes opposite
and obovate, emarginate, or obcordate, succeeding ones being
alternate. Four pairs of the primary leaves of Pultensa
daphnoides are opposite, narrowly obovate, generally apicu-
late, and aU are simple. Podalyria australis has broadly
oblong cotyledons and alternate leaves, the first being obovate
and simple, while succeeding ones are digitately trifoliolate.
A very striking exception occurs in Viminaria denudata (fig.
262), with linear cotyledons. The leaves show a curious case
of the gradual abortion of the lamina and the elongation of
the petioles. The seventh, eighth, and ninth have three
minute teeth at the apex of the petiole as the representatives
of as many aborted leaflets.

Tribe Genifttea.— Cotyledons conforming to the leading,

LEGUMINOS^E 387

oblong type are shown by Hovea longifolia, Goodia lotifolia,
Eetama Eoetam, Ulex europseus (fig. 268), and species of
Cytisus. The first three leaves of Goodia lotifolia are pseudo-
verticillate, a very rare circumstance. Two are broadly ovate
and simple, while the third leaf is pinnately trifoliolate
and inserted at right angles to the other two, but on the
same level, owing to the internode not being developed. The
first seven leaves of Eetama Bcetam are simple, alternate,
and smaller than the cotyledons. A remarkable amount of
variation is noticeable in the leaves of different seedlings of
Ulex europseus. In some the leaves are all simple, in others
the primary leaves are simple, while those that succeed them
are trifoliolate ; in other cases the leaves are all trifoliolate.
They are opposite or alternate apparently indiscriminately.
All ultimately become modified into simple spines, or may be
altogether aborted, while the branches form compound or
branching spines.

Two of the leading modifications occur in this tribe, with
some exceptional cases. Bossisea linophylla (fig. 263) shows
oblong cotyledons slightly indented at the sides, a peculiarity
due to a thickening or an indentation at the chalaza of the
seed. Others agreeing with this type are B, rufa, Laburnum
alpinum, L. vulgare (fig. 267), Genista, Crotalaria quinque-
folia, and other species of Crotalaria. The indentation is
very marked in the last genus. Spartocytisus nubigenus has
spathulate cotyledons and is somewhat exceptional in that
respect; the first four leaves are digitately trifoliolate with
narrowly linear leaflets. Bossirea linophylla has the first
three leaves like those of Goodia lotifolia except that the odd
one, like the two following, is simple. All the five are obcor-
date, while the ultimate leaves are linear. The first five leaves
of B. rufa are oval-elliptic, the first pair being opposite, the
rest alternate. The first leaf of Crotalaria quinquefolia is
obovate, obsoletely trifid, and alternate, but in other species
the first pair are opposite. The leaves of the two common
species of Laburnum are alternate and digitately trifoliolate
from the first. A second well-marked modification is met with
in the genus Lupinus. The cotyledons are unequal at the
base, a peculiarity due to the radicle being sharply bent round

388 ON SEEDLINGS

their basal end in the seed, thus occupying the space that
would otherwise be appropriated by them. Lupinus arboreus
(fig. 264), L. elegans, L. micranthus, and others represent
this type. The cotyledons are generally petiolate; but in
L. linifolius they are subsessile and strongly falcate, being
quite exceptional. A more unusual case occurs in L. sul-
phureus (fig. 265) and L. recurvatus, where the cotyledons
are strictly sessile and connate along the whole of their basal
edges. Those of the former are suborbicular, and the peculiari-
ties exist while the embryo is still in the seed. The leaves of
the various species of Lupinus are digitately compound from
the first, with linear or lanceolate leaflets varying greatly in
number.

Tribe Trifoliea. — As far as shape is concerned, the leading
type of cotyledons is the prevalent one in this tribe; they
are usually small and narrowly oblong. The first leaf is
simple or consists of one leaflet, while succeeding ones are
pinnately trifoliolate. To this tribe belong Pocockia cretica,
Trigonella corniculata, T. gladiata, Medicago maculata, M.
orbicularis (fig. 271), Melilotus ofiicinalis, M. parviflorus, M.
albus, M. leucantha, Trifolium Boissieri (fig. 272), T. repens,
T. redenakum, T. minus, T. subterraneum, and others. The
lamina of the cotyledons is often articulated with its petiole,
notably in the species of Trigonella, Melilotus, and Trifolium.
A slight departure from the above type is met with in Ononis
Natrix (fig. 270) and 0. ornithopodioides, where the cotyledons
are broadly oblong or broadly ovate and hairy, or glandular-
pubescent. The first three leaves of Ononis rotundifolia and
first four of 0. ornithopodioides and 0. Natrix are simple,
while those that succeed are pinnately trifoliolate ; but these
numbers may vary in different individuals. The cotyledons
of Trigonella Fcenum-graecum are chiefly notable for their
size.

Cases of severe competition amongst the seedlings of a
single fruit occur in species of Medicago where the indehiscent
spirally coiled pod contains a large number of seeds. This is
well represented by M. orbicularis.

Tribe Loteee. — A few cases occur in this tribe, as in the
Genisteae where the cotyledons are falcate, as in Lotus biflorus,

LEGUMINOS^E 389

or indented on the sides, as in Anthyllis Vulneraria (fig. 273).
The first three leaves at least of the latter species are elliptic
and entire. An exception to the prevalent form occurs in
Lotus peliorhynchus, where the cotyledons are linear or linear-
oblong, and the first leaf is digitate with five narrowly linear
hairy leaflets. A more remarkable deviation, not only from the
type in the tribe, but from the Papilionacea3 generally, occurs in
Lotus Tetragonolobus, where the cotyledons are broadly oblong
and cordate at the base. The leaves are pinnately trifoliolate
from the first. Instead of one axis taking the lead in this
species, two stems, apparently of equal strength, are developed,
together with a pair of smaller ones, as if the plumule before or
during germination divided into four. This was so in the case
of seventy-six out of one hundred and nine seedlings observed.
It is most probable, however, that the supernumerary axes
arise from the axils of the cotyledons. A similar thing takes
place in L. biflorus, where four or more axes are developed at
an early stage of the seedling. A better illustration is afforded
by L. peliorhynchus, where the primary axis becomes decum-
bent, but maintains its supremacy while other axes vary-
ing in number from three to seven spring up in succes-
sion, apparently by adventitious budding from the same
level as the primary. one or even below it, displacing the
latter.

Tribe Galegecs. — A large number of species belonging to
this tribe have cotyledons of the prevailing type of the Order.
A number of them resemble those of the Trifolieae generally in
being narrowly oblong ; and a good proportion recall Laburnum
by the cotyledons being indented on the sides. Narrowly
oblong types are represented by Indigofera australis (fig. 274)
and other species, also by Galega officinalis, Carmichaelia pilosa,
Sesbania segyptiaca, S. coccinea, and Swainsonia oncinotropis.
The elongated and oblong-spathulate cotyledons of the latter
appear to be due to growth after germination. A curious case
occurs in Sesbania coccinea, where the cotyledons have an inter-
petiolar, subulate stipule. Out of thirty seedlings twenty-one
had the first pair of leaves simple and opposite, while the other
nine had the first leaf only simple. The solitary leaflet always
terminated the petiole, but from the third leaf onwards the

390 ON SEEDLINGS

leaves are abruptly pinnate. The first pair of leaves in this
species and in Indigofera australis (fig. 274) being opposite and
simple recalls what occurs in the tribe Phaseoleae as described
below. The early stage of Galega officinalis recalls that of a
Trifolium or Melilotus. This is also the case with Carmichaelia
pilosa, but the first four leaves at least are simple, obcordate,
and small. The leaves of the adult plant are often exactly
similar to the primary ones, but some of them are pinnately
trifoliolate or imperfectly so. Broadly oblong-oval cotyledons
occur in Kobinia Pseud-Acacia (fig. 275) and in some species
at least of Colutea. The first leaf of the former is simple and
the second pinnately trifoliolate. Both this species and In-
digofera australis as well as Galega officinalis show a gradual
evolution of the leaves.

Large and broadly oblong cotyledons more or less falcate
and sinuate on the sides or unequal at the base occur in
Psoralea sp., Sesbania tomentosa (fig. 277), S. grandi-
flora, Calophaca grandiflora, in a new, unnamed species of
Calophaca, Astragalus juvenalis, and A. thianschanicus (fig.
278). Those of A. sulcatus are much smaller, and both turned
to one side of the stem, as are also those of the unnamed species
of Calophaca, and Astragalus juvenalis. This phenomenon,
together with the shortness of the petioles and the fleshy
character of the lamina generally, indicates a tendency on
the part of the cotyledons to become subterranean. The
first leaf of Astragalus sulcatus is generally digitately tri-
foliolate, while the second bears only the terminal leaflet,
but individuals may vary ; and there is a gradual evolu-
tion of the leaves from those of the small or weak seedling
to the adult plant which has imparipinnate leaves with very
numerous leaflets. The other species of Astragalus above-
mentioned also show a very gradual evolution of the leaves.
The two first leaves of Psoralea sp. are cordate and oppo-
site. All the four species of Sesbania above-mentioned
show a remarkably abrupt form of evolution. The first leaf
of S. grandiflora is lanceolate-oblong, of considerable size,
and simple, while the second leaf is abruptly pinnate with
four pairs, and the third with five pairs of narrowly oblong
leaflets. The first leaf of S. tomentosa is obovate-oblong

LEGUMINOS^E 391

and simple, while the second and third are abruptly pinnate
with three and four pairs of small, oblong leaflets respectively.

Two well-marked exceptions in this tribe occur in Amorpha
glabra and Indigofera hirsuta, which have oblong trinerved
cotyledons with a cordate or auricled base. The first four
leaves of Amorpha glabra bear only one suborbicular leaflet,
while the fifth and sixth are pinnately trifoliolate. All
have stipules at the base of the petiole and stipellse near
the base of the leaflets. The first two leaves of Indigofera
hirsuta are lanceolate and opposite, and succeeding ones
alternate.

Tribe Hedysarece. — Two wrell-marked types of cotyledons
occur in this tribe as well as some remarkably abnormal
forms. In the species of Hedysarum the cotyledons are
rotund-obovate, very broad, fleshy, and opaque, with rather
obscure venation, and both very strongly directed to one side.
They owe their size and shape to that of the seeds, which
again is due to the interior of the one-seeded segments of the
lomented indehiscent fruits. In these respects Hedysarum
coronarium (fig. 281), H. capitatum, H. obscurum, H. den-
ticulatum, and H. flexuosum agree. The first leaf of H. flexu-
osum and H. capitatum is pinnate with five small lanceolate
and oblong leaflets respectively. The first three leaves of
H. coronarium are simple, entire, and orbicular to oval-oblong ;
but the third one is pinnately three- to five-foliolate, with
similar-shaped leaflets.

In germination the radicle pushes itself through the end
of the lomentum or through one suture, while the cotyledons
make their exit by the other, as in H. coronarium (fig. 281)
and H. obscurum. The wall of the fruit in H. denticulatum
(fig. 279) is thin or membranous and reticulate, and the radicle
generally pierces one valve, while by the swelling of the coty-
ledons and the elongation of the hypocotyl the lomentum is
burst open and the upper valve pushed upwards, permitting the
exit of the seedling. The testa is frequently carried up on the
cotyledons, but the breadth of the latter and their increasing
size soon splits it open and gets rid of it. Whatever the mode
of exit of the radicle and cotyledons, the wall of the fruit nearly
always gets pinned to the ground while the seedling rises clear.

392 ON SEEDLINGS

above it. Thick- walled fruits last a long time in good condition
after the germination of the embryo. Desmodium canadense
has ovate-oblong, subfalcate cotyledons, and behaves exactly
in the same way as Hedysarum during germination, but
more frequently carries the fruit and seed above ground before
it divests itself of them. Broadly-oblong subfalcate cotyledons
with the sinus on one side occur in ^Eschynomene aspera
(fig. 282), Lourea Vespertilionis (fig. 283), Lespedeza striata,
and L. angustifolia. The leaves of 2Eschynomene aspera
are abruptly pinnate from the first with numerous oblong
leaflets. The first five at least of Lourea are transversely oval
or oblong, gradually increasing in size. Those of the adult
are simple or trifoliolate, with the lateral leaflets very small
and as a rule falling very early. The cotyledons of Lespedeza
are turned to one side and densely pubescent. The two
primary leaves of L. striata and L. juncea are simple and
opposite, followed by alternate and trifoliolate ones. In the
other two species the first leaf only is simple. Several
remarkable exceptions to any of the prevalent types of the
Order occur in this tribe. The cotyledons of Lespedeza juncea
are subterranean, or if they rise above ground they perish
early. Those of Coronilla juncea and Ornithopus repandus
are obovate-spathulate, tapering to the base and shortly
connate there, reminding us of what occurs in Pocockia
cretica amongst the Trifolieae and in Swainsonia oncinotropis
amongst the Galegese, but here more pronounced, and evi-
dently due to the same cause. The first leaf of the Coronilla
is obovate and simple, while that of the Ornithopus men-
tioned is oval-oblong. The second leaf in both cases is tri-
foliolate, but the lateral leaflets of Ornithopus are minute
and suborbicular and quite distinct from the subulate stipules,
which are connate by their posterior edges and sheathe the
stems. The cotyledons of Adesmia muricata are cordate-
oblong and succulent. The first leaf is five-foliolate, while
succeeding ones are abruptly pinnate with a varying number
of leaflets.

The cotyledons of Hippocrepis ciliata are narrowly linear,
fleshy, tapering downwards, and from 1-8 to 3 cm. long.
Their shape seems to be due to that of the seed and to sub-

LEGUMINOS^E 393

sequent growth in length while still retaining a similar shape.
The first leaf bears three leaflets, and succeeding ones a greater
number, on the imparipinnate plan. The most remarkable
exception, however, occurs in Scorpiurus sulcata, where the
cotyledons are cylindrical, fleshy, and deeply furrowed on
the upper side. The primary cause of this is the manner in
which they are twisted about in the albuminous seed. They
elongate greatly during and after germination, but retain their
original form. Two days after leaving the seed they measure
from 1-8-2 -2 cm. in length, and after twenty-four days from
7-5-8-2 cm.

Tribe Viciete. — Of all the seedlings belonging to this group
and coming under my observation, Abrus precatorius is the
only species observed which conforms to the prevalent type of
the Order in having oblong-obovate, aerial cotyledons. Even
these show a tendency to become subterranean in being fleshy,
opaque, sessile, and both slightly directed to one side. The
first two leaves are opposite, and all are abruptly pinnate, with
numerous opposite pairs of oval or oblong leaflets.

Other members of the tribe have globose or oblong seeds
with fleshy, hemispherical or plano-convex subterranean coty-
ledons. Species conforming to this type are Vicia andicola,
V. Faba, V. sativa, Lathyrus Nissolia (fig. 284), L. Aphaca
(fig. 285), L. sylvestris, L. latifolius, L. odoratus, L. brachy-
pterus, and L. articulatus. The first three leaves of Vicia
andicola are small and tridentate, the lateral teeth being the
stipules. The next three leaves are abruptly pinnate with one
pair of leaflets, the midrib of the fourth ending in a curved
point, and succeeding ones in a tendril. The cotyledons of
V. Faba are oblong as are those of Lathyrus brachypterus.
The first four leaves of the latter are trifid, small and scale-
like, while the next one bears a pair of leaflets. The stem of
L. Nissolia is erect, and generally if not always hooked or
twisted at the apex. The first two leaves are scale-like, sub-
ulate, and carinate. Succeeding ones are narrowly linear,
entire, sessile, stipulate, and convolute in bud, enclosing the
younger leaves. A very similar case is presented by L. arti-
culatus, but the leaves gradually increase in length from the
first (which is very short) to the fifth ; and as the stem

394 ON SEEDLINGS

increases in length, requiring support, the tip of the leaf from
the fifth or the sixth onwards forms a small, simple tendril.
The stem is four- winged owing to the leaves being decurrent
at their bases. The stipules on the lower leaves are more or
less adnate to the edges of the latter, with subulate, free
points, becoming triangular higher up, and ultimately becom-
ing wholly adnate or entirely aborted.

Tribe Phaseolece. — As far as the cotyledons are concerned,
there are two very distinct types of seedlings in this tribe, with
several intermediate forms. All, however, agree in the first
two leaves being simple and opposite, with generally very short
petioles. The ultimate leaves are pinnately trifoliolate.

The type with aerial cotyledons is represented by Clitoria
Ternatea (fig. 286). They are oblong, falcate or indented on
one side, a peculiarity already described. Others agreeing
with this are Butea frondosa, Pueraria Thunbergiana (fig.
288), and Centrosema Plurnieri. Dolichos falcatus differs in
having oval, fleshy cotyledons ; Erythrina monosperma in
having oblong, fleshy, and slightly concave cotyledons ; and
Phaseolus vulgaris (fig. 290) in having them oblong, falcate,
fleshy, and directed to one side of the stem. In all three cases
they exhibit a tendency to become subterranean, but are carried
above ground by the extraordinary vigour of the plants and
the elongation of the hypocotyl. The first pair of leaves in
Dolichos falcatus are cordate ; those of Erythrina monosperma
are very much larger and rotund-cordate, emarginate, and very
deeply auricled, almost sagittate at the base, with the third
leaf compound. Phaseolus vulgaris conforms very nearly to
the latter. Those of Pueraria Thunbergiana are roundly
rhomboid, and those of Centrosema Plumieri oblong-cor-
date. A case of more gradual evolution occurs in Clitoria
Ternatea, which has the first pair of leaves small and lanceo-
late, while the third is obovate, emarginate, and much larger.
The fourth is broadly oblong, emarginate, and many times
larger than the first two, but in some individuals the fourth
leaf is trifoliolate or imperfectly so. The fifth and sixth leaves
are pinnately trifoliolate, with small oval or elliptic leaflets.

The cotyledons are strictly subterranean in Erythrina
Vesp_ertilio, Phaseolus multiflorus, Vigna lutea, V. vexillata,

LEGUMINOS^E 395

Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rhynchosia viscosa, Flemingia Gra-
hamiana, &c. The first pair of leaves in the last species are
small and rotund, while those of Rtrynchosia viscosa are cor-
date. The lamina of the first pair in Pachyrhizus angulatus
is broadly triangular. Immediately above these the stem
becomes slender and twining, as also in Vigna vexillata. The
first pair of leaves and the leaflets of the succeeding ones in
the latter are comparatively small and lanceolate. The first
pair in V. lutea are ovate-subcordate. Lateral shoots from the
axils of the cotyledons in Phaseolus multiflorus are produced
if the primary axis gets destroyed, and the first leaf on them
is simple and subrotund. The first four leaves of Erythrina
Vespertilio are transversely rhomboid ; the fifth has small
rhomboid leaflets. Many of the above species have small
subulate stipules and stipellae. A very curious case occurs
in a plant questionably named Erythrina suberosa (fig. 287).
The cotyledons are subterranean, and the first pair of leaves
opposite ; but four at least of the primary ones are simple,
trifid, or trilobed, subpalmate and palmately five-nerved.

The most striking exception observed in the tribe occurs
in Kennedya Marryattas. The cotyledons are linear-oblong,
fleshy, sessile, furrowed beneath, and 2-6-3 cm. long. The
first pair of leaves are suborbicular, simple, and often un-
equal in size.

Tribe Dalbergiece. — Few of the species of this tribe have
come under my notice, and those show modifications of the
leading type. Dalbergia hupeana has obliquely ovate cotyle-
dons cut away at the base on one side. The first two leaves
are opposite with five obovate leaflets. The cotyledons of
Lonchocarpus latifolius (fig. 292) are fleshy, but aerial and
falcate by an indentation on one side. The first two leaves
are opposite, ovate, and simple, reminding one of what occurs
in the Phaseolese. The third leaf is alternate. The sixth to
the eleventh inclusive have eleven leaflets.

Tribe Sophorete. — All the species observed in this tribe
have subterranean, fleshy cotyledons, varying considerably
with the seed in shape, size, and thickness. Sophora
secundiflora (fig. 293) has obovate somewhat oblique cotyle-
dons, and the first seven leaves at least are alternate, simple,

396 ON SEEDLINGS

entire, and variable in shape and size. The cotyledons of
Edwardsia chilensis (fig. 294) are fleshy and green ; and the
leaves show a gradual evolution from the first, which is small,
obovate, and simple. A rather exceptional case occurs in Cas-
tanospermum australe (fig. 295), which has depresso-globose,
fleshy cotyledons of enormous size. It is comparable to a
species of Cola,1 one of the Sterculiaceae, but in the latter
there are four cotyledons.

Myroxylon peruiferum has also subterranean cotyledons.
The two first leaves are five-foliolate and opposite, succeeding
ones have more numerous leaflets, the uppermost of which are
the largest and the basal ones the smallest. The leaflets are
all lanceolate.

SUBORDER C^SALPINIE^:.

Tribe Eucasalpiniea. — In the suborder Papilionacefe
cotyledons with a cordate base are comparatively rare, while
in the Csesalpinieae they are very frequent. This is due to a
difference in the seed and embryo, the former generally con-
taining endosperm, while the latter is straight, and the radicle
is included between the auricles of the cotyledons, or projects
slightly beyond them. The embryo is nearly as long as the
endosperm, but differs considerably in outline in different
species according to the shape of the seed.

The cotyledons of Csesalpinia tinctoria (fig. 297) are orbi-
cular with a cordate base, strongly trinerved, with the nerves
branched. The leaves are stipulate and stipellate ; the first
two are abruptly pinnate with four pairs and three pairs of
leaflets respectively. The third leaf is abruptly bipinnate,
with one pair of pinnae, each of which bears three pairs of
leaflets. The cotyledons of Poinciana Gilliesii (fig. 298) differ
in being oblong and five-nerved. The first leaf is abruptly
pinnate.

One of the most remarkable exceptions occurring in the
whole Order is met with in Haematoxylon campechianum
(fig. 296). The cotyledons are bipartite, with divaricate un-
symmetrical lobes of membranous texture.

Tribe Cassiea. — The various species of the genus Cassia
1 Vide supra, p. 270.

LEGUMINOS.E 397

differ considerably amongst themselves. The cotyledons of
C. mimosoides represent the typical form of the Order in being
oblong, and those of C. Fistula (fig. 302) differ only in being
obovate-oblong. In both cases the primary leaves are abruptly
pinnate. A departure from the type is met with in Cassia
obovata (fig. 300), which has broadly obovate, retuse, tri-
nerved cotyledons. C. Absus is more in accordance with the
type of the suborder, having orbicular trinerved cotyledons
with a cordate base. C. circinata (fig. 299) differs from the
latter only in the cotyledons being entire. The leaves are
abruptly pinnate, the first having a single pair of leaflets, and
the next four two pairs.

Tribe Bauliiniece. — There is a considerable similarity
amongst the seedlings of the representative genus Bauhinia,
the chief differences being in minor details. The cotyledons
are broadly oblong or obovate-oblong, usually sessile and
three- to five-nerved, sometimes indistinctly. Bauhinia to-
mentosa (fig. 303) and B. Carronii are good representative
types. The shape of the cotyledons is due to that of the
seed, which is oblong or suborbicular and flattened, with the
contained cotyledons flat, but rather fleshy. Those of B.
Carronii show a tendency to become subterranean. The seeds
of this species measure 9-10*5 mm. long, 6-8-5 mm. wide, and
2'25-2-75 mm. thick, while those of B. tomentosa, having
decidedly aerial cotyledons, are smaller in every way. The
cotyledons of B. corymbosa and B. Hookeri agree in general
particulars with the above, but are rather fleshy and do not
readily unfold to the light.

The leaves of B. Hookeri and B. Carronii are abruptly
pinnate from the first, and consist of one pair of obovate,
sessile leaflets, differing only from those that succeed them in
being smaller. Those of B. corymbosa and B. tomentosa
consist of one pair of leaflets united in a single bifid or bipar-
tite piece ; and in all or most cases the midrib projects as a
short bristle between the leaflets or lobes. The cotyledons of
Cercis Siliquastrum (fig. 304) are orbicular, entire, shortly
petiolate, and trinerved ; while the leaves are reniform, or
roundly cordate and five-nerved.

Tribe Amherstiece. — The only seedlings of this tribe which

398 ON SEEDLINGS

have come under my notice are Hymenaea Courbaril (fig. 305)
and Peltogyne sp., having plano-convex, fleshy, erect, oblong,
and emarginate cotyledons, with auricles at the base clasping
the stem. Cotyledons possessing the last-named character are
met with amongst the Acacias. The leaves in Hymenaea
Courbaril are compound, and consist of one pair of leaflets.
Those of the first leaf are suborbicular, emarginate, exstipulate,.
and sessile, owing to the adhesion of the petiole to the stenV
giving them the appearance of simple, opposite leaves ; but
they are both inserted towards one side of the stem. The
second leaf is stipulate with a pair of obliquely-ovate leaflets,
while the adult one has obliquely-oblong or falcate leaflets.
The first two leaves of Peltogyne are opposite and abruptly
pinnate, with three pairs of lanceolate leaflets and the midrib
prolonged between them.

Tribe Cynometrea. — The cotyledons of Copaifera officinalis
are very similar to those of Hymenaea Courbaril. The leaves
are abruptly pinnate, coriaceous, glabrous, evergreen and full
of pellucid dots, and penninerved, with short, stout, cylin-
drical petioles. The first leaf has three pairs of lanceolate,
falcate leaflets, oblique on the posterior and more or less cut
away on the anterior side at the base, especially the upper-
most pair. Succeeding leaves have more numerous leaflets.

SUBORDER MIMOSE.E.

Tribe Adenantherce. — The cotyledons of Adsnanthera Pavo-
nina (fig. 306) are broadly obovate, sessile, erect, fleshy,
auricled at the base, and in this respect resemble those of the
two above-mentioned species. The leaves are alternate except
the first pair, which are opposite and abruptly pinnate, with
numerous alternate leaflets. The leaves of the adult are
large, and abruptly bipinnate with three to four pairs of
pinnae. The cotyledons bear small buds in their axils. Those
of Prosopis juliflora are broadly oblong, subsessile, and cadu-
cous. The first leaf is abruptly pinnate, with four pairs of
small, oblong leaflets like those of an Acacia. The second to
the seventh leaves inclusive are abruptly bipinnate, with
numerous small 'leaflets, and the midrib generally prolonged
as a small bristle beyond the pinnae. The cotyledons of

LEGUMINOS^E 399

Dichrostachys cinerea are oblong-ovate, cordate at the base,
shortly petiolate, and in this respect unusual in the tribe. The
first leaf is inserted nearly on the same level as the cotyledons,
and is abruptly pinnate with numerous very small leaflets.
The second leaf is abruptly bipinnate with one pair of pinnae,
but the number of the latter increases in succeeding leaves.

Tribe Eumimosea. — The cotyledons of Leucaena glauca
(fig. 307) are obovate, sagittate at the base, shortly petiolate,
five-nerved, and horizontal, differing in this respect from most
of its allies. The first leaf is abruptly pinnate, with numerous
pairs of unequal-sided leaflets. The three succeeding ones
are bipinnate with a pair of pinnae each.

The cotyledons of Mimosa lanata are roundly oblong,
three- to five-nerved, truncate at the base and auricled. The
first leaf has three pairs of leaflets ; the second is like that of
Leucaena glauca.

Tribe Acaciece. — The species of Acacia differ remarkably
even in the shape and character of the cotyledons ; indeed, no
two species have the latter exactly alike. In A. dodoneaefolia
they are broadly oblong, sessile, and connate at the base,
recalling those of Lupinus sulphurous. The first leaf is
abruptly pinnate with four pairs of leaflets, as happens
also in A. acanthocarpa. The cotyledons of the latter have
a broad shallow sinus at the base. The first leaf is also
abruptly pinnate in A. dealbata (fig. 310), A. lophantha,
and A. Oswaldi. Two succeeding leaves in the latter case
are pinnate, but it seems that subsequent ones gradually or
immediately lose all their pinnae, and their leaves are repre-
sented by lanceolate trinerved phyllodes.

The second leaf in A. lophantha, and A. dealbata (fig. 310),
is bipinnate. The short, linear-oblong, caducous cotyledons
of the latter seem quite unusual in the genus. Those of A.
Oswaldi are obovate-oblong, and sagittate at the base. A most
remarkable development of the basal auricles occurs in A. Bur-
kittii (fig. 308). The first six leaves are bipinnate, with one pair
of pinnae each and numerous pairs of narrowly oblong leaflets.

Tribe Ingece. — The cotyledons of Pithecolobium Saman are
caducous. The first leaf is abruptly pinnate, and succeeding
ones bipinnate, with one pair of pinnae and a varying number

400

ON SEEDLINGS

of leaflets. The latter are chiefly noticeable on account of the
much greater size of the terminal ones compared with those
towards the base of the pinnae, where the pairs are often un-
equal. Their size, shape, and arrangement seem planned so as
to economise space and at the same time expose a maximum
surface to light.

TBIBE PODALYKIE^;.

Podalyria australis, Vent.

Hypocotyl short, 3-4 mm. long, erect, terete, glabrous, bluish.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous,
green, one-nerved ; petioles short, broad, furrowed on the upper side.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately shrubby ; 1st inter-
node 3-3-5 cm. long ; 2nd ratber shorter.

First leaf simple (rarely bi- or tri-foliolate), entire, cauline, stip-
ulate, petiolate, obovately oblong, obtuse,
glabrous, green, pinnatinerved ; subse-
quent leaves trifoliolate, cauline, alternate ;
leaflets obovately oblong, obtuse, petio-
lulate, occasionally slightly emarginate ;
petioles very sbort, furrowed on the upper
side ; stipules free, linear-lanceolate, acute,
ratber large.

Chorizema cordifolium, F. Muell. (fig.
261).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale
green, 1-3-2-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, fleshy,
shortly petiolate, deep green above, paler
beneath, shining on botb surfaces, falling
away early ; lamina 8'5 mm. long, 3 mm.
broad ; petiole 1-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent, ulti-
mately woody ; 1st internode 1-8 cm. long ;
2nd 5 mm. ; 3rd 1 cm. ; 4th 7 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipu-
late, petiolate, thinly pubescent on both
surfaces and ciliate, ultimately glabrous or

pubescent beneath and spiny -serrate, obscurely alternately penni-
nerved, deep green above, subglaucous beneath; petioles terete,
very short ; stipules linear, slender, pubescent, caducous.

FIG. 261.

Chorizema cordifolium.
Nat. size.

LEGUMINOS^E

401

No. 1. Small, narrowly obovate, retuse, apiculate.

No. 2. Broadly obovate, emarginate, apiculate.

No. 3. Similar, and larger.

Nos. 4 and 5. Broadly oval, subemarginate, apiculate.

Ultimate leaves cordate, apieulate, spiny- serrate, irregularly
alternately penninerved, with the nerves incurved and uniting with
each other at or near the margin, reticulate, especially when dry,
glabrous above or thinly pubescent, but pubescence denser be-
neath.

The seedling of Chorizema ilieifolium, LabilL, closely resembles
the preceding, but the cotyledons are quite sessile.

Viminaria denudata, Sin. (fig. 262).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green : 1-3-2 cm. above
the soil.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, sessile, articulated with the
stem, glabrous, subfleshy,. subconnate at the base or forming a ring
round the plumule or stem ;
about 8-9 mm. long, 2-2*5 mm.
wide, deciduous at the joint.

Stem erect, terete, some-
what thickened at the nodes
from the decurrent foot of the
petiole, glabrous, deep shining
green, ultimately shrubby ; 1st,
2nd, and 3rd internodes each
about 3 mm. long; 4th 3*25
mm. ; 5th 9-10 mm. ; 6th 21
mm. ; 7th 13' 5 mm. ; 8th
8'5 mm.

Leaves simple or compound
(uni- to tri-foliolate), cauline,
alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
glabrous, three- to five-nerved at
or close to the base, altern-
ately incurvinerved upwards,
obscurely reticulate, deep green
above, paler beneath or glau-
cous ; stipules small, subulate,
subfleshy, glabrous, partly or al-
most wholly adnate to the stem

and foot of the petiole ; petioles subterete, shallowly grooved above
in the lower leaves and short, but gradually attaining a considerable

FIG. 2C2. — Viminaria denudata.
Half nat. size.

402

ON SEEDLINGS

length (6-11*4 cm.) about the fourth and fifth leaf and upwards,
nearly or quite terete, slightly angled or striate, bright green,
glabrous, articulated to the stem with a foot-like process and also
with the lamina.

No. 1. Small, oval, obtuse, emarginate, trinerved at the

No. 2. Similar, somewhat larger, and emarginate at both ends.
No. 3. Oblong, obtuse and slightly notched at both ends, three-
or faintly five-nerved.

No. 4. Lanceolate, obtuse, cuspidate, faintly five-nerved.

No. 5. Linear-lanceolate, sud-
denly narrowed to a subulate acute
tip, trinerved.

No. 6. Linear, otherwise as
No. 5.

No. 7. Reduced to a petiole tipped
with three small, subulate, acute
points or processes, diverging above
the middle and corresponding to
three reduced leaflets.
Nos. 8-10. Similar.

TRIBE GENISTE.E.
Bossisea linophylla, R. Br. (fig.
263).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous,
tapering upwards, green at first,
soon becoming stained with red,
6-14 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire,
petiolate, slightly indented on one
side a little above the middle, fleshy,
deep green and shining above, glau-
cous beneath ; lamina 3*5-4-5 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide ; petiole grooved
above, convex on the back, per-
foliate at the base, 1-1*25 mm. long.
Stem erect, terete, glabrous, pale
g16611. ultimately woody ; 1st inter-
node 5-13-5 mm. long ; 2nd and
3rd undeveloped ; 4th 2-5-7 mm. ; 5th 4-8 mm.

Leaves simple, entire or merely slightly emarginate, cauline,
alternate (first three on same level), stipulate, petiolate, alternately

FIG. W3.-Bo8aicea linophylla,

LEGUMINOSvE 403

and ascendingly penninerved, reticulate, glabrous, deep subglaucous-
green above, glaucous beneath ; petioles biconvex or subterete (those
of first pair flattened), glabrous, green or slightly tinged with
red, very short, especially those of the first pair of leaves ; . stipules
small, subulate, acute, glabrous, green, absent from the third leaf or
amalgamated with those of the first two leaves.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, broadly obovate, shallowly and broadly
emarginate, with a small deltoid tooth in the sinus.

No. 3. On the same level as the first two, but at right angles to
them, with a slightly longer petiole and somewhat narrower, but
otherwise similar.

Nos. 4-6. Similar both in shape and size, or somewhat larger
and having longer stipules.

Bossisea rufa, B. Br.

Hypocotyl as in last species but only 2-3 mm. above ground.

Cotyledons very similar to those of last species ; lamina 5 mm.
long, 2-25 mm. wide ; petiole -5 mm. long.

Stem as in last species ; 1st internode 6 mm. long ; 2nd 1 cm. ;
3rd 1-3 cm.

Leaves. — Nos. I and 2. Opposite, oval, entire, apiculate, deep
glaucous-green above, glaucous beneath.

Nos. 3-5. Alternate, obovate, apiculate, coloured like the first
two.

Hovea longifolia, B. Br.

Hypocotyl 1-5-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, firm, terete, glabrous,
colourless near the base, bright green under the cotyledons.

Cotyledons sessile, inserted above the free base, *75 cm. long,
•5 cm. broad, 1 mm. thick, oblong, split at base, rounded and re-
flexed at apex, obscurely nerved, glabrous, light green, not very
persistent.

Stem terete, firm, tomentose, bright green ; 1st internode 1-2 cm.
long, 1 mm. thick ; 2nd and 3rd longer or shorter.

Leaves simple, entire, at least in early stages, cauline, alternate
(first pair opposite), stipulate, very shortly petiolate, alternately
and ascendingly penninerved, reticulate, a few hairs on both surfaces,
at least when young, deep green above, paler or glaucous beneath ;
stipules small, subulate, inconspicuous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Nearly opposite, shortly stalked, 1-5 cm. long,
and as broad, suborbicular or broadly ovate, retuse, with sunk
pinnate nervation and beautifully reticulate, thin, with a few hairs

404 ON SEEDLINGS

scattered over both surfaces, dark green above, almost glaucous
beneath.

Nos. 3 and 4. Nearly opposite, more elongated, ovate, pubescent.

Nos. 5 and 6. Tomentose when young.

Goodia lotifolia, SaUsb.

Primary root very long, tapering finely, with lateral rootlets on
which are a few ovoid fleshy tubercles.

Hypocotyl suffrutescent, erect, terete, glabrous, about 9 mm.
above ground, 1'5 mm. thick, proportionately very succulent and
thick shortly after germination.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, subobovate-oblong, shortly petiolate,
flat on the upper faces, with a cavity at the base, in which the
young plumule was at first protected, convex on the back, with a
median longitudinal ridge and two furrows, purplish-green, 6'5 mm.
long, 3 mm. broad.

Stem erect, terete, suffrutescent, glabrous, pale green, and suffused
with red at the base ; 1st internode 3-35 cm. long ; 2nd undeveloped ;
3rd 1-6 cm. ; 4th 8 mm. ; 5th 1-8 cm. ; 6th 1-35 cm.

Leaves compound, pinnately trifoliolate (first two unifoliolate
resembling foliaceous cotyledons), alternate (first three on the same
level or almost so in a great number of specimens), stipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, deep green above, paler and subglaucous be-
neath, folding downwards at night as well as the leaflets ; petiole
terete, smooth, reddish, with a green pulvinus at the base ; stipules
subulate, attenuate, free.

Nos. 1 and 2. Unifoliolate; leaflets large, broadly ovate,
obtuse or minutely emarginate, subcordate at the base, otherwise
entire.

No. 3. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets obovate, minutely apicu-
late, otherwise entire, with a small pulvinus, and articulated with
the rachis, folding downwards at night ; rachis between the leaflets,
4 mm. long.

Nos. 4-9. Similar, but successively larger.

NOTE.— The leaflets ultimately become broadest about the middle,
and consequently change gradually from obovate to elliptic.

Crotalaria quinquefolia, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, downy, 1-1-5 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons oblong, falcate, obtuse, fleshy, shortly petiolate
glabrous, except on the petioles, dark green, indistinctly tri-
nerved.

LEGUMINOS^E

405

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, downy ; 1st internode 4-7 mm.
ong ; 2nd 6-10 mm.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, obovate, obtuse, almost
trilobed, downy, especially on the
under side, finely ciliated, light
green, petiolate, exstipulate, al-
ternately pinnatinerved ; petiole
terete, downy.

Crotalaria sp.

Hypocotyl more slender than
in preceding species, 4-8 mm.
long, and reddish-green.

Cotyledons rather narrower
and constricted about the middle,
with a prominent midrib only.

Stem, 1st internode from
1-5-2 cm. long ; 2nd internode
only 2-4 mm.

Leaves opposite, acutely
ovate, ciliate ; hairy petioles
about half the length of the
leaf, exstipulate, slightly droop-
ing.

Lupinus arboreus, Sims. (fig.
264).

Primary root a rather long,
fleshy, colourless tap-root, with a
few thick lateral rootlets, often
tuberculated.

Hypocotyl 2-8 cm. long, 2-3
mm. thick, fleshy, terete with
horizontal ridges or articulations,
shining white where covered by
soil, purplish-red above, quite

FIG. 264. — Lupinus arboreus.
Nat. size.

Cotyledons equal, or nearly
so, including the petiole 1-5-2
cm. long, 6-8 mm. broad, oblong,
oblique at the base, rounded
at the apex, entire, obscurely
penninerved, fleshy or succulent, glabrous and dark green on

406 ON SEEDLINGS

both sides, somewhat persistent ; petiole glabrous, 1-5 mm. thick,
channelled, purplish-red.

Stem very short, ultimately elongated and woody.

Leaves digitate, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
pubescent, with a distinct midrib and other inconspicuous venation ;
petiole semiterete, channelled above, sheathing at the base by its
adnate stipules, which have a subulate, free point.

Nos. 1-3. With reddish, pubescent petiole, 2, 4, or more cm. long,
1-2 mm. thick, and sheathing at base, with a digitate lamina com-
posed of four, six, or more obovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent,
deep green leaflets, -5-1*5 cm. or more long, by 3-5 or more mm.
broad.

Lupinus micranthus, Douglas.

Primary root similar to that of L. arboreus.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, very short, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons very similar to those of L. arboreus, with a flexuose
midrib and alternate, flexuose, and anastomosing lateral veins, all
sunk in the tissue, deep opaque green above, paler beneath ; lamina
9-11 mm. long, 6-7 mm. broad ; petiole semiterete, channelled above ,
dilated and perfoliate at the base.

Stem annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves glabrous above or nearly so, ciliate at the margin, silky
beneath, thick and subfleshy ; petiole terete, slightly flattened on
the upper side, dilated and amplexicaul at the base, slightly hairy ;
stipules, in the seedling at least, adnate to the petiole for two-thirds
their length, with narrowly subulate, obtuse, or subacute free points
and hairy where free.

No. 1. Digitate, with three linear, obtuse leaflets, involute at
the sides so as to be deeply channelled, as are all the others, at any
rate up to the seventh.

Nos. 2 and 3. With four linear, cuspidate leaflets.

No. 4. With five acute or aristate leaflets.

No. 5. With six acute leaflets.

Nos. 6 and 7. Similar.

Lupinus sulphureus, Douglas (fig. 265).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-2-5 cm. long, light green.

Cotyledons suborbicular, thick, fleshy, connate at the base,
slightly denticulate, glabrous, dark green, very indistinctly tri-
nerved.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

LEGUMIXOS.E

407

First leaves compound, digitate, five-foliolate, petiolate, with
rather long petioles, alternate, with small stipules ; leaflets simple,
entire, lanceolate, acute, ciliate,
hairy, green, apparently one-nerved.

Laburnum vulgare, Griseb. (fig.
266).

Fruit a legume, linear, acute,
stipitate, much compressed laterally
and torulose when mature, irregu-
larly veined longitudinally or sub-
reticulate, thickened at the sutures,
silky, dehiscing longitudinally by
both sutures and somewhat twisted,
many-seeded.

Seed persisting for some time on
the placentas of the unopened or
opened legume, horizontal, oblong,
tumid, hooked at the upper end ;
seed-coat crustaceous or very hard ;
testa black or deep brown, shining ;
tegmen pale-coloured, membranous ;
chalaza below the middle ; hilum

FIG. 265. — Lupinus sulphurous.
Nat. size.

near or at the middle ; the micropyle above it on the ventral
aspect.

Endosperm in the mature seed forming a thin layer surrounding
the embryo, but much thicker at the sides, that is on the backs of
the cotyledons, almost transparent
or colourless when dry, and very
hard, almost horny.

Embryo comparatively very large,
curved, fleshy, yellow ; cotyledons
oblong, subfalcate, obtuse, slightly
notched or indented at about the
middle on one edge, unequal at the
base, with the larger auricle on the
same side as the radicle, while the
other side is cut away at the base
owing to the shape of the seed, plano-
convex, fleshy, each filling about
half the interior of the seed, except
that occupied by the radicle and endosperm, notched at one side
owing to a mass of endosperm under the hilum, and also slightly to

\um vulgare, x 6.
Longitudinal section of seed : Ch,
chalaza ; H, hilum ; m, micropyle ;
R, radicle; OC, outer coat
(testa) ; 1C, inner coat (tegmen) ;
P, endosperm.

408

ON SEEDLINGS

a thickening of the chalaza, accumbent, lying in the broader plane of
the seed with their edges to the placenta ; radicle cylindrical-oblong,
obtuse, passing round the upper end of the seed and pointing down-
wards to the micropyle on the ventral aspect, much shorter than
the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 267).

Primary root tapering downwards, long, with a few lateral root-
lets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, very stout, slightly tapering upwards,
passing suddenly below into the primary root, glabrous, pale green
or stained with red, 1-3-2-5 cm, long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly falcate and
shallowly indented on one side (by a thickening in the testa of the
seed), entire, slightly asymmetrical at the
base, on one side of which they are gradu-
ally tapered, and on the other truncate,
owing to the position of the radicle in the
seed, shortly petiolate, thick, fleshy, deep
green, opaque, and obscurely trinerved
at the base, glabrous ; lamina 1*4-1-5 cm.
long, 7'75-8'25 mm. wide ; petiole deeply
grooved above, convex on the back, about
•5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, silky, pale green or
somewhat hoary, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 5-8 mm. long.

Leaves compound, digitately trifoliolate,
cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, silky
on the under side with adpressed hairs,
ciliate at the margin, glabrous above or
nearly so ; leaflets closely and alternately
penninerved, with the nerves branching
and uniting within the margin, forming
numerous reticulations; stipules small,
subulate, silky, at the very base of the
petiole.

No. 1. Digitately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets elliptic or ovate-
elliptic, often, if not always, unequal in size with a difference varying
from -5-4 mm. in length, acute or cuspidate, shortly petiolate ;
terminal leaflet lanceolate-elliptic, acute, longer and larger than
the lateral ones, shortly petiolate.

Ultimate leaves digitately trifoliolate ; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate,

FIG. 267.

Laburnum vulgare.
Nat. size.

LEGUMINOS^E 409

cuspidate, narrowed to both ends, but especially to the base ; lateral
ones often slightly unequal in length ; terminal one always the
largest.

Retama Roetam, Webb et Berth.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 4-4-5 cm. long, light green
or colourless with a reddish tinge near the base.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, thick, fleshy,
glabrous, light green, indistinctly pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem erect, ribbed, herbaceous, hairy ; 1st internode 2'5-2'6 cm.
long ; 2nd 5-7 mm. ; 3rd l'S-1'6 cm. ; 4th 4-7 mm.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly
petiolate or subsessile, oval-lanceolate, subacute, covered with long
silky hairs which give it a white appearance, pinnatinerved.

Genista sp.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, about l'S-2'4 cm .
long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, very shortly
petiolate, showing a midrib but no other venation, horizontal on
erect petioles, very slightly indented on one side, glabrous, light
green ; lamina 10-5 mm. long, 8 mm. wide ; petiole erect, grooved
above, '5-1 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, striate, hairy, pale green when young ; 1st
internode 17mm. long; 2nd 5 mm.; 3rd 10*5 mm. ; 4th 4 mm.;
5th 11-5 mm.

Leaves simple and compound, cauline, alternate, stipulate, with
the first one petiolate, the others very shortly so or subsessile,
alternately penninerved and obscurely reticulate, with the lateral
nerves uniting at their apices to form a submarginal nerve, hairy
above, silky beneath, with loosely adpressed whitish hairs, glaucous
on both surfaces ; petiole of first leaf subterete, channelled above,
hairy, articulated with the stem ; above the first leaf the petioles are
reduced to a minimum and articulated with the stem ; stipules
small, tooth-like, ovate or subulate, obtuse, hairy.

No. 1. Digitately trifoliolate, with oblanceolate, acute leaflets,
petiolate.

No. 2. Subsessile, digitately trifoliolate, and similar to the first.

Nos. 8-6. Oblong-elliptic, cuspidate, simple, entire, subsessile.

TJlex europaeus, L. (fig. 268).

Primary root long, tapering, with lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl glabrous, terete, green or whitish, 5 mm. to 1 cm. long.

410

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, fleshy, deep green, 8 mm. to
1/1 cm. long, 4-6 mm. broad.

Stem succulent, soon becoming shrubby, pale green, very hairy,
ridged and furrowed ; 1st and 2nd, or even to the 4th internode,
undeveloped ; 5th 2 mm. long ; 6th undeveloped ; 7th 2 mm. long ;
8th 1 mm. ; 9th 4 mm. : 10th 2 mm. ; llth-13th 3-25 mm. ;
14th 2 mm. ; 15th 3'25 mm. ; 16th 3 mm. ; 17th 2*5 mm. ; 18th
and 19th each 2 mm. ; 20th 4 mm. ; 21st and 22nd each 2-25 mm. ;
23rd 1'75 ; 24th To mm. Different specimens vary in these lengths,
but specimens that bear a close resemblance
to one another fairly coincide in the lengths
of the internodes.

Leaves simple or digitately trifoliolate (in
the seedling stage soon becoming simple), and
ultimately reduced to spines, alternate, or the
first four or six in opposite decussate pairs,
hairy, deep green, or subglaucous on the upper
surface ; leaflets or simple leaf incurved at
tbe margins and grooved or concave on the
upper face, with the lower ones petiolate, the
upper sessile ; petioles grooved above, convex
beneath.

First Specimen. — Leaves all simple, spathu-
late, with the first four in two opposite pairs.
Second Specimen. — 1st pair linear-oblong,
obtuse, simple.

2nd pair bifoliolate (one terminal and one
lateral leaflet).
No. 5. Spathulate, entire.
No. 6. Trifoliolate.
No. 7. Spathulate.
No. 8. Bifoliolate.
No. 9. Bifoliolate.
No. 10. Spathulate.

Third Specimen.— Nos. 1-6. Trifoliolate ; the first four in two
opposite pairs.

Nos. 7-11. Spathulate.

Fourth Specimen.— Nos. 1 and 2. Trifoliolate, opposite.

Nos. 3 and 4. Spathulate, opposite.

No. 5. Bifoliolate, alternate.

No. 6. Spathulate.

Nos. 7 and 8. Bipartite.

Nos. 9-18. Spathulate or lanceolate, linear.

Nat. size.

LEGUMIXOS^E

411

Fifth Specimen. — Nos. 1-6 in three opposite pairs. One of 1st
pair bipartite, the other trifoliolate ; of 2nd pair one is spathulate
the other bipartite ; 3rd pair trifoliolate.

No. 7. Tripartite.

No. 8. Bifid.

No. 9. Bipartite.

Nos. 10-14. Spathulate.

Nos. 15-25. Linear-lanceolate, spiny-pointed.

The branches are spinous from the first, their leaves spiny-
pointed, and the secondary branches small and also spinous.

Spartocytisus nubigenus, Webb et Berth., var. roseus,

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 3-3'5 cm. long, dark brownish-
red.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, unequal, glabrous,
brownish-red, indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem erect, striated, herbaceous, ultimately woody, covered with
rather silky hairs ; 1st internode 7-8 mm. long ; 2nd rather shorter.

First leaves compound, trifoliolate, cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, very shortly
petiolulate or subsessile, hairy, light green, one-nerved ; petioles
long, hairy, slightly channelled on the upper side.

FIG. 269. — Ononis altissima, x 16. A, longitudinal section. B, trans-
verse section : B, radicle ; C, cotyledons ; o c, outer coat of testa ; i c,
inner coat of testa.

TRIBE

Ononis altissima, Lam. (fig. 269).

Seeds almost orbicular, with a prominent basal notch ; testa
tubercled, dark brown. Seed exalbuminous, T5-2 mm. in dia-
meter.

412

ON SEEDLINGS

Embryo curved or rounded on itself, filling the whole interior of
the seed, yellowish- white.

Cotyledons oval or nearly round, fleshy, sessile with their edges
to the hilum ; radicle accumbent on the edges of the cotyledons,
angled, obtuse, rather longer than the cotyledons. Owing to the
thickening of the testa near the basal notch there is probably a
slight oblique emargination in the cotyledons.

\ J

FIG. 270. — Ononis Natrix. Nat. size.

Ononis Natrix, DC. (fig. 270).

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons shortly and broadly oblong, obtuse, densely hairy,
8'5 mm. long, 7 mm. broad ; petiole 1 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, glandular-hairy, suffruticose at the base
mostly covered by the large sheathing stipules ; 1st internode 2 mm.
long ; 2nd 8'5 mm. ; 3rd 4-5 mm. ; 4th 7'5 mm. ; 5th 9 mm. ; 6th
8 mm. ; 7th 1-15 cm. ; 8th 1-15 cm.; 9th 1-25 cm. ; 10th 1-05 cm.

LEGTJMINOS^E 413

Leaves compound, pinnately trifoliolate, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, glandular-hairy, smelling strongly ; petioles
channelled above, glandular-hairy ; stipules adnate to the petioles
for three-quarters their length, glandular-hairy, with ovate-subulate
free points, entire or distantly serrate on the upper part of the
stem.

Nos. 1-4. Unifoliolate ; the three lower ovate, entire or slightly
serrate towards the apex ; the upper one ovate, oblong, cuspidate,
serrulate with ascending parallel veins running into the serratures,
as in all the other leaves.

No. 5. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong, cuspidate, serrulate
above the middle ; terminal leaflet twice as broad as the lateral
ones.

Nos. 6 and 7. Similar, but leaflets serrulate for three-quarters
of their length.

Nos. 8-12. Leaflets more nearly equal in size and inclining to
be oblong-elliptical.

Pocockia cretica, Ser.

Primary root long, tapering, fleshy, colourless, giving off nume-
rous lateral rootlets which frequently have little white fleshy
tubercles attached to them, annual.

Hypocotyl stout, tapering downwards, slightly wrinkled trans-
versely, white, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous.

Cotyledons : lamina oblong, obtuse, articulated with its petiole,
fleshy, bright green above, much paler beneath, 1-2 cm. long,
7 mm. broad, glabrous ; petioles fleshy, slightly channelled above,
dilated at the base and connate, 5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual.

Leaves compound, pinnately trifoliolate (first one simple or rather
unifoliolate), radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
fleshy, glabrous, bright green above, glaucous or almost white
beneath ; petiole subterete, channelled, reddish and minutely pubes-
cent above, pale green beneath, articulated above the stipules ;
stipules large, sheathing, adnate for two-thirds of their length to
the petiole, with the upper third free, ovate, lacerated or deeply and
sharply toothed, very pale, almost colourless.

No. 1. Unifoliolate ; leaflet rotund, entire, or obsoletely dentate,
bright green above with a crimson spot at its base, convex above,
concave below and glaucous, articulated with the petiole.

No. 2, and all following it, pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets rotund-
cuneate, emarginate with a tooth in the notch, obsoletely dentate,
bright green above with a crimson spot at the base, glaucous beneath ;
terminal leaflet largest ; rachis between the leaflets 4 mm. long.

414 ON SEEDLINGS

Trigonella corniculata, L.

Primary root a short colourless tap-root with a few fibrous
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, 2 cm. long, -75 mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
greenish-grey.

Cotyledons sessile and semi-amplexicaul, 1-25-1-5 cm. long,
3 mm. broad, linear-obovate, rounded at the apex, entire, with no
visible nerves, glabrous, stout but not thick, light green.

Leaves pinnately trifoliolate (the first simple), cauline, alter-
nate, stipulate, petiolate, alternately and ascendingly penninerved
with the nerves running out into teeth, glabrous, pale or deep green
above, paler beneath ; petioles slender, glabrous ; stipules small,
adnate to the petiole with a free point.

No. 1. With a long slender petiole, simple ; lamina 1 cm. long,
and as broad ; orbicular, mucronate, slightly denticulate, penni-
nerved, glabrous, thin, uneven, yellowish-green above, slightly paler
below ; petiole about 2 cm. long, '5 mm. broad, articulated near the
apex, glabrous.

Trigonella Foemun-graecuin, L.

Hypocotyl much stouter than in T. corniculata, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, fleshy, petiolate, glabrous,
green, indistinctly pinnatinerved ; petiole thick, short, channelled on
the upper face, sheathing and connate at the base, suddenly becom-
ing thin near the base of the leaf, so that the cotyledon appears
articulated with it.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous ; primary internodes but slightly
developed.

Leaves trifoliolate, as in preceding species ; leaflets obovate,
shortly petiolulate, green, pinnatinerved.

No. 1. Simple, slightly toothed, obovate, shallowly emarginate ;
petiole hairy, deeply channelled on the upper side, becoming sud-
denly thin near the base of the lamina with which it is articulated ;
stipules thin, rather large, hairy, ending in a point.

Trigonella gladiata, Stev.

Primary root long and tapering, colourless, fleshy, throwing off
numerous secondary rootlets towards its growing point, with occa-
sionally small white fleshy tubercles, annual.

Hypocotyl subterranean, fleshy, tuberous, colourless, about 3 cm.
long.

LEGUMINOS^E 415

Cotyledons very similar to those of T. Foenum-grsecum, articu-
lated with the petiole, 13 mm. long, 6 mm. broad ; petiole 4 mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect or flexuous, terete, pale green
hairy ; 1st internode 4-5 mm. long ; 2nd 10 mm. ; 3rd 5 mm.

Leaves as in other species, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath
when young, glabrescent ; petiole subterete, channelled above,
articulated above the sheathing stipules, hairy, pale green slightly
tinged above with red ; stipules adnate to the petiole for two-
thirds their length, hairy, pale green or almost colourless, with
ovate, acuminate, free tips, entire.

No. 1. Unifoliolate ; leaflet articulate with its petiole, rotund,
entire, succulent like all the rest.

No. 2, and all succeeding. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets obovate-
cuneate, emarginate, finely serrulate from the middle upwards, with
numerous ascending, parallel nerves ending in the serratures, bright
green above with a red midrib, glaucous beneath ; middle leaflet
largest ; rachis between the leaflets 4 mm. long.

Medicago saliva, L.

Fruit a legume spirally twisted into two or three coils, several-
seeded.

Seeds oblong with a notch near the hilum, exalbuminous, 2-3
mm. long ; testa smooth, yellowish ; hilum inconspicuous, near the
micropyle.

Embryo curved or rounded on itself, filling the whole of the
seed, colourless ; cotyledons oblong with a tendency to become fal-
cate, fleshy, entire, sessile, with their edges towards the hilum ;
radicle square or triangular, acute, considerably shorter than the
cotyledons and accumbent.

M. lupulina, L.

Legume small, kidney-shaped, not spirally twisted, black.
Seed smaller than in M. sativa, rather more orbicular, 1-5-2-5 mm.
in diameter.

Medicago orbicularis, All. (fig. 271).

In germination the spirally coiled legume splits readily along
the dorsal suture, and the radicles of the various seeds seem all to
make their exit along one side, while the cotyledons push out
along the opposite side. By this means the fruit is effectually fixed
to the soil while the embryos have no difficulty in getting out. The

416

ON SEEDLINGS

testa is, however, sometimes carried up by the cotyledons and splits

irregularly as the coty-
ledons expand.

Twelve to sixteen
seedlings from one fruit
are not infrequent. A
few instances occur (two
to three out of fifty- six)
where the radicle and
cotyledons emerge to-
gether at one side of the
fruit, and consequently
stand out free from it.
One instance occurred
amongst fifty- six seed-
lings where the cotyle-
dons got clear away from
the fruit and seed, but
the radicle failed to get
out and consequently
the seedling did not
make the same pro-
gress as the rest and
most likely perished.
The cotyledons at this
stage are oblong, obtuse,
entire, petiolate, nar-
rowed to the base, gla-
brous, somewhat fleshy,
showing a midrib in-
distinctly, but no other
venation, deep green
above, paler beneath,
but often suffused with
purple. Hypocotyl gla-
brous, slender, purplish
or ultimately green.

Melilotus officinalis,

Willd.

Primary root nor-

Fm. zn.-Medieago orlicularis, x 2. m&1' ^^ ^erculat-

Nine seedlings, all from one fruit. ed, annual or biennial.

LEGUMINOS^E 417

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, colourless when subterranean,
red when rising out of the soil, tapering gradually into the
root.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, fleshy, petiolate, glabrous, deep green ;
lamina 7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad ; petiole articulated with the
lamina, fleshy, channelled above, 1 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous or thinly pubescent,
green or purplish ; 1st internode 2-4 cm. long ; 2nd 2*7 cm. ; 3rd
1-15 cm.

Leaves pinnately trifoliolate (1st unifoliolate), cauline, alter-
nate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous above, thinly pubescent on the
under surface, deep or intensely glaucous-green above, glaucous
beneath, alternately penninerved, with numerous, ascending, parallel,
simple or forking veins ; petioles trigonous, channelled on the upper
side, thinly pubescent ; stipules subulate, attenuate, entire, minutely
ciliate.

No. 1. Unifoliolate, rotund, subemarginate, minutely notched
at the base, obsoletely crenate, with the tips of the nerves de-
pressed.

No. 2. Trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet obovate, emarginate, ob-
scurely toothed in the notch, obsoletely crenate ; lateral leaflets
obovate-oblong, otherwise like the terminal one.

Nos. 3-5. With rather longer, narrower, more evidently ser-
rulate or denticulate leaflets.

Ultimate leaves pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets emarginate,
toothed in the notch, denticulate ; terminal one ovate, lateral ones
oblong-elliptic.

Melilotus leucantha, Koch, closely resembles the preceding
species but has rather larger cotyledons.

Trifolium Boissieri, Guss. (fig. 272).

Primary root long, tapering, with lateral rootlets and a few
tubercles.

Hypocotyl tapering, fleshy, terete, colourless below the soil and
purple above, glabrous, tapering insensibly into the root.

Cotyledons glabrous, fleshy ; lamina oblong, obtuse, deep green,
articulated with its petiole, 8 mm. long, 3'75 mm. broad ; petioles
dilated and connate at the base, channelled above, 2*5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, flexuous, wiry and purple at the base,
stouter upwards, angled, pale green, sparsely pubescent ; 1st inter-
node 1'2 cm. long ; 2nd 1-2 cm. ; 3rd 6 mm.

Leaves pinnately trifoliolate (No. 1 unifoliolate), cauline, stipu-

418

ON SEEDLINGS

late, alternate, petiolate, minutely and sparsely pubescent, at least
when young ; stipules very shortly adnate to the petiole, one- or
two-toothed at the basal posterior side, with
a long, linear, subulate point.

No. 1. Unifoliolate ; leaflet large, trans-
versely oval, apiculate, obsoletely crenulate ;
petiole like the others, subterete, chan-
nelled above, subamplexicaul at the base.

No. 2, and the rest. Pinnately trifolio-
late; leaflets obovate, emarginate, with a
tooth in the notch, serrulate, except on the
basal third or half, rounded or emarginate
at the base, deep green above and obscurely
nerved, glaucous beneath, with parallel,
ascending nerves running into the serra-
tures ; rachis between the lateral and ter-
minal leaflets 3 mm. long.

Trifolium subterraneum, L.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, petiolate.
Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, radical and
cauline, villous on both surfaces as well as
the petiole, with ascending, parallel, simple,
or forked veins.

No. 1. Unifoliolate, rotund, emargi-
nate, toothed in the notch, obsoletely
denticulate.

No. 2. Trifoliolate ; leaflets rotund-
obovate, otherwise as in No. 1.

Ultimate leaves pinnately trifolio-
late ; leaflets obovate, emarginate.

FIG. 272.

Trifolium Boissieri.
Half nat. size.

TRIBE LOTEJB.

Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. (fig. 273).
Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous,
pale green, 6 mm. to 1'7 cm. long.

Cotyledons large, fleshy, glabrous,
obliquely oval, obtuse, suddenly nar-
FIG. zn.—Anthyiiis Vulneraria. rowed at the base to a short petiole,
1-1-4 cm. long, 6-9'25 mm. wide;

petiole shallowly grooved above, subperfoliate, about 3 mm-
long.

LEGUMINOS/E 419

Stem short, herbaceous.

Leaves compound (the first few are simple), radical, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, silky at the margin, otherwise glabrous, some-
what fleshy, thick, alternately and ascendingly penninerved, deep
subglaucous-green ; petioles deeply channelled above, gradually
dilated to a wide amplexicaul base, hairy ; stipules almost wholly
adnate to the petiole (in young seedling) with small, subulate, brown
free tips.

No.l. Simple, entire, narrowly obovate-elliptic, minutely cuspidate

No. 2. Simple, oblong-elliptic, minutely cuspidate.

Lotus Tetragonolobus, L.

Primary root stout, fleshy, tapering downwards, with a few fleshy
lateral rootlets, and comparatively large flesh-coloured tubercles.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout, colourless, glabrous, partly sub-
terranean, 2-8-3-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, cordate at the base, rounded at the
apex, petiolate, fleshy, glabrous, five-nerved but very indistinctly
and seen only on the under side, deep opaque green above, paler
beneath and shining ; lamina directed slightly to one side, 1'3-1'S
cm. long, 1-1-1 cm. wide ; petiole very broad, grooved above,
convex beneath, connate at the base, pale green almost colourless,
minutely dotted with red, glabrous, articulated with the lamina,
5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, dividing into four immediately
above and between the cotyledons, pale green, densely hairy, almost
villous ; two branches take the lead and are the strongest ; primary
internode of the stronger pair of branches 1-1.4 cm. long ; of the
weaker pair 4-7 mm.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, some-
what hoary with pale-coloured or whitish hairs on both surfaces,
glaucous-green above, paler beneath ; leaflets alternately and ascen-
dingly penninerved with the nerves discernible by transmitted light
only, articulate with the petiole, the lateral one sessile, the terminal
one shortly petiolulate ; stipules foliaceous, obliquely triangular,
obtuse, radiately nerved from the base, hairy on both surfaces like
the leaves, sessile, not articulated with the petiole, but seated at its
base and partly on the stem, semi-amplexicaul.

No. 1 on the larger branches. Ternate ; terminal leaflet obovate,
obtuse, entire or minutely emarginate, petiolulate ; lateral leaflets
sessile, obliquely obovate, unequal-sided, with the broadest half on
the posterior side of the midrib, minutely cuspidate.

No. 2. Similar, but the terminal leaflet entire.

420 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 1 on the smaller pair of branches similar to those of the
larger pair of branches.

NOTE. — Out of one hundred and nine seedlings, seventy-six had
the plumule divided into four stems or branches immediately it
emerged from between the base of the cotyledons. The remaining
thirty-three were either damaged or not sufficiently advanced to
determine whether they would have two or four stems. There is
every appearance, however, that it is a constant character of this
species to have four instead of one primary stem.

Lotus peliorhynclius, Hort.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, 2-3-5 cm. long, greenish -brown, gla-
brous.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, entire, petiolate, obtuse, glabrous,
greyish-green, with no apparent venation.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, downy, greyish ; 1st internode
4-8 mm. long.

First leaves compound, digitate, shortly petiolate, downy ;
leaflets five, linear, acute, entire, sessile, greyish.

TRIBE GALEGE.E.
Fsoralea sp.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-5-2-5 cm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons subfleshy, oblong, obtuse, falcate, petiolate, glabrous,
light green, pinnatinerved; petioles 1-5-2 cm. long, channelled
on the upper side.

Stem erect, square, herbaceous, with a few short silky hairs ;
1st internode 1-1-2 cm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, ovate or cordate,
obtuse, petiolate, stipulate, ciliate, covered with minute hairs, dark
green, pinnatinerved, with the lateral veins very much branched ;
petiole 2-3 cm. long, covered with minute hairs, channelled on the
upper side ; stipules small, acute, entire, hairy.

Succeeding leaves are pinnate and alternate.

Indigofera australis, Willd. (fig. 274).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, suffruticose, 8-12 mm. long.

Cotyledons caducous.

Stem erect, terete, suffrutescent, pale green ; 1st internode
1 cm. long ; 2nd 1-8 cm. ; 3rd 2 cm. ; 4th 2-2 cm., minutely
pubescent when young.

LEGUMINOS.E

421

Leaves compound, imparipinnate (first two opposite and uni-
foliolate), alternate, stipulate, petiolate, deep green, glabrous,
minutely pubescent at the mar-
gin, but all over when young ;
petioles subterete, channelled
above as well as the rachis ;
stipules small, subulate, acute ;
leaflets stipellate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, uni-
foliolate ; leaflets oblong-obov-
ate, emarginate.

No. 3. Sometimes unifolio-
late, but most frequently pin-
nately trifoliolate ; terminal
leaflet obovate, emarginate ;
lateral leaflets oval.

No. 4. Pinnately trifoliolate ;
leaflets oblong, emarginate ; ter-
minal one largest.

No. 5. Pinnately five-folio-
late ; lowest pair of leaflets oval,
the rest larger and oblong.

No. 6. Pinnately seven-folio-

Cotyledon
scar. '

late.

FIG. 274. — Indigofera australis.
Two-thirds nat. size.

Galega officinalis, L.

Primary root long, tapering, fleshy, colourless, giving off numer-
ous lateral rootlets, and furnished with numerous oblong-ovoid,
fleshy tubercles.

Hypocotyl subsucculent at first, erect, terete, glabrous, mostly
subterranean, tapering gradually into the root.

Cotyledons obovate-oblong, obtuse, subfleshy, tapering at the
base to a short broad petiole, glabrous, spreading or arching, 1/4 cm.
long including the petiole, 6 mm. broad.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete at the base and angled upwards
and striate, slightly thickened at the nodes, glabrous and shining,
green suffused with purple, especially at the nodes ; 1st internode
2 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 1-2 cm. ; 4th 1-2 cm. ; 5th 1-8 cm.

Leaves imparipinnate (1st unifoliolate), cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, glabrous, glaucous-green on both sides, paler
beneath ; petioles subterete, channelled above, sparsely pubescent ;
stipules free, subulate, attenuate, acute, pale green, glabrous, be-
coming broader upwards, and many-veined ; leaflets entire with

422

ON SEEDLINGS

numerous parallel, ascending veins, forking towards the margin,
obtuse or retuse and apiculate at the tip.

No. 1. Unifoliolate ; lamina obovate-elliptic.

No. 2. Abruptly bifoliolate ; terminal leaflet wanting ; lateral
leaflets oval or elliptic.

Nos. 3 and 4. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets elliptic.

Nos. 5 and 6. Pinnately five-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-elliptic,
upper three subapproximate.

Ultimate leaf of five or more pairs of leaflets and a terminal
one ; leaflets mostly opposite, ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the base,
apiculate, glabrous, glaucous-green above, glaucous beneath ; stipules
ovate, acuminate.

Robinia Pseud- Acacia, L, (fig. 275).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, slender, T6-2 cm.
long.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, equal or very slightly
unequal at the base, alternately incurvinerved, petiolate, thick with

very obscure venation, glabrous,
light green on both surfaces ;
lamina 8-9 mm. long, 5'5-6'5
mm. wide ; petiole ascending,
semiterete, channelled above, gla-
brous, 1 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, zigzag or
flexuous, thinly pubescent in
seedling stage with upwardly ad-
pressed hairs, pale green, ulti-
mately arborescent ; Istinternode
5-7 mm. long, 2nd 2-3 mm.

Leaves compound (first one
unifoliolate), imparipinnate, cau-
line, alternate, stipulate, petio-
late, alternately and ascendingly
penninerved and finely reticulate,
thinly or more or less conspicu-
FIG. ws.-Robinia Pseud-Acacia, x 2. ously pubescent on the margins
and petioles, deep glaucous-green

above, paler and glaucous beneath ; leaflets entire, more or less
conspicuously stipellate in the adult plant, articulated with the
rachis ; stipules small, subulate, inconspicuous or sometimes
wanting ; petioles subterete, shallowly channelled above, more or
less pubescent, articulated with the stem and also with the leaflets.

LEGUMINOS.E 423

No. 1. Rotund, obtuse, entire or shallowly emarginate (appa-
rently deformed in specimen sketched).

No. 2. Pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets opposite, elliptic,
small, shortly petiolulate ; terminal leaflet similar but much larger
and with a longer petiolule.

Nos. 3-5. Pinnately trifoliolate, very similar to the 2nd.
Branches in the axils of the first and second leaves similar to those
of the primary stem.

Carmichaelia pilosa, Col.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, slender, about 7 mm. long.

Cotyledons opposite or subalternate (perhaps accidental), oblong-
spathulate, obtuse, entire, narrowed to the base.

Stem shrubby, slender, spreading, or diffuse and branching at
the base, striate, terete at the base, and becoming dilated and
flattened upward, deep brown and covered with an ascending, ad-
pressed, white pubescence.

Leaves cauline, simple and ternately compound, alternate, stipu-
late, distichous, petiolate and petiolulate, pubescent on both surfaces
as well as the petioles, becoming glabrous on the upper surface
when old ; pubescence adpressed upwards ; petiole subterete, chan-
nelled above, about 5-8 mm. long, articulated at the base and apex
below the leaf or leaflets ; stipules small, scarious, and greyish,
triangular or rounded and toothed, adpressed to the stem and
petiole.

No. 1 to some indefinite number. Simple, obcordate, entire,
articulate with the petiole, indistinctly penninerved.

Ultimately some leaves show a terminal with one lateral leaf-
let. Occasionally a few leaves have three leaflets ; lateral ones
similar but much smaller than the terminal one ; petiolule of terminal
leaflet about 2 mm. long ; lateral ones much shorter. As the branch
weakens towards the tip, the leaves are again reduced to a single
leaflet.

Sesbania aegyptiaca, Pers, (fig. 276).

Fruit a legume, linear, terete or tetragonous, transversely
septate between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves or not at all.

Seed transversely oblong, terete, obtuse at each end, smooth,
shining, pale yellow ; testa thin ; hilum conspicuous above the
middle on the ventral aspect, thickened, brown ; chalaza ventral,
towards the opposite end, but not quite basal.

Endosperm in the mature seed rather copious, cartilaginous,

424 ON SEEDLINGS

subtransparent, forming a thick layer at the back of each cotyledon,
and a thin continuous layer at their edges and ends.

Embryo large, curved, nearly equal in length to the endosperm,
central, conforming in general outline to that of the seed, pale
yellow ; cotyledons linear-oblong or oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly
A R.

FIG. 276. — Sesbania cegyptiaca, x 13. A, longitudinal section of
seed : B, radicle ; H, hilum. B, transverse section of seed near
the end containing the radicle, B : P, endosperm ; C, coty-
ledons. C, transverse section of seed towards end opposite
the radicle : P, endosperm ; C, cotyledons.

indented near the middle owing to a thickening at the hilum, and
somewhat unequal at the base owing to the position of the radicle,
rather thick, but flat, and both taken together presenting a some-
what rectangular appearance in transverse section ; radicle stout,
oblong, obtuse, accumbent and curved round to the micropyle at the
base of the ventral aspect and outside the cotyledons.

Sesbania tomentosa, Hook, et Arn. (fig. 277).

Primary root long, nearly vertical, with many lateral branches
thickened near their ends.

Hypocotyl erect, woody, 3-4 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick, terete
near its base, ridged higher up by reason of the decurrent petioles
of the cotyledons, densely covered with red dots especially below,
otherwise of a paler green below.

Cotyledons subsessile, 1-5-2 cm. long, 8-10 mm. broad, unequal,1
one oblong, the other oblong-obovate, entire, convex, obscurely
penninerved, rather thick, glabrous, dull green above, paler beneath,
not very persistent.

1 Inequality of cotyledons probably accidental.

LEGUMINOS^E

425

Stem herbaceous, ultimately woody, erect, about 1 mm. thick ;
1st internode 1*5 cm. long ; 2nd and third shorter ; otherwise much
like the hypocotyl.

Leaves compound, abruptly pinnate (1st
one entire), cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, alternately incurvinerved and re-
ticulate, pubescent in the young state, ulti-
mately glabrous ; leaflets oblong, entire,
shortly petiolulate, opposite ; stipules small,
subulate, acute, caducous.

No. 1. Stipulate, petiolate, resembling
the seed-leaves but larger, 8-3-5 cm. long,
1-25-1-5 cm. broad, oblong-obovate, acute
at base, truncate and mucronate at apex,
entire, irregularly penninerved and reticu-
lately veined, with sunk midrib, flat, thin,
glabrous.

No. 2. Abruptly pinnate, 8-5 cm. long,
2 cm. broad, with three pairs of subsessile,
linear-oblong, oblique, mucronate leaflets,
slightly pubescent beneath, '75-1-25 cm.
long and 2-5-5 mm. broad ; rachis ter-
minating in a long mucro, channelled, as
well as the petiole.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar, but with four pairs
of leaflets.

Youngest leaves pubescent on the under side of blade and
petiole.

Sesbania grandiflora, Poir.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, mottled with purple,
5'7 cm. long or shorter, 1-5-2 mm. thick.

Cotyledons petiolate, oblong, obtuse, entire, falcate, thick, fleshy,
deep green, glabrous, 2-7 cm. long, 1/2 cm. broad; midrib sunk
above, prominent beneath ; petiole about 1 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, mottled with purple ;
1st internode variable in length, 1-4 cm. long, 2 mm. thick ; 2nd
2-5 mm. long.

Leaves cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate.

No. 1. Simple, articulated at the base of the petiole and at the
base of the lamina ; petiole terete, channelled above, purplish, 8'5
mm. long ; lamina oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, obscurely
penninerved with ascending nerves, glabrous and deep green above,

Pm. 277.

Sesbania tomentosa.
Half nat. size.

426 ON SEEDLINGS

glabrous and glaucous beneath ; stipules subulate, acute, falcate or
recurved, reddish.

No. 2. Compound, abruptly pinnate, petiolate, glabrous ; leaflets
in four (sometimes five) pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, penni-
nerved, entire, deep green above, paler beneath, rather fleshy, oppo-
site, petiolulate ; petiolules slender, 1 mm. long, articulated at both
ends ; primary petiole and primary midrib subterete, channelled
above, ending in a mucro between the last pair of leaflets ; stipules
as above.

No. 3. Abruptly pinnate, with five pairs of leaflets.

Swainsonia oncinotropis, F. Muell.

Hypocotyl I cm. long, 1 mm. thick, herbaceous, terete, glabrous,
greyish-green.

Cotyledons subsessile, 1-5 cm. long, -5 cm. broad, -5 mm. thick,
obovate-spathulate, rounded at apex, entire, obscurely nerved, gla-
brous, light green, rather persistent.

Stem herbaceous, terete, pubescent, light green ; internodes 1-3
cm. long, 1 mm. thick.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, alternately penninerved with ascending nerves, thin or
membranous ; leaflets entire, exstipellate ; stipules herbaceous,
generally broad at the base.

No. 1. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets -5 cm. long, -25 cm. broad,
obcordate ; terminal one twice as large, obcordate ; petiole slender.

No. 2. Similar or imparipinnate, like the rest.

Calophaca, sp. nov.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, soon becoming woody, with a
dry, white appearance, 2-3 cm. above the soil, stout.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, falcate, with a shallow indentation or
sinus on the contiguous sides, otherwise entire, petiolate, fleshy,
with a few obscure, alternate, ascending nerves, deep opaque green
above, lighter green beneath, glabrous, both rather conspicuously
directed to one side of the plumule ; lamina 1'5-1'7 cm. long, 7'5—
8'5 mm. wide ; petioles grooved above, convex on the back, glabrous,
pale green, soon becoming pale or colourless, 4-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, glandular-pubescent and hairy or villous, pale
green, soon becoming woody and white ; 1st internode 8 mm. long ;
2nd about -5 mm. ; 3rd 3'5 mm. ; 4th 3-5-4 mm.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
exstipellate, petiolate and shortly petiolulate, villous beneath and
more or less dotted with sessile glands on the nerves, glaucous above

LEGUMIXOS^E 427

paler beneath and glaucous ; leaflets emarginate, with a tooth in the
notch, or entire and cuspidate, with numerous alternate, ascending,
pale-coloured nerves ; stipules linear or linear-subulate, obtuse,
acute, or acuminate, soft, pale green, glandular-pubescent and villous,
fringed or ciliated with gland-tipped hairs, shortly adnate to the
stem by one edge and also the base of the petiole, but mostly below
the articulation ; petioles terete, glandular-hairy and villous, taper-
ing upwards from a stout articulated base.

Nos. 1-4. Pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets narrowly obovate,
obtuse, entire, minutely cuspidate ; terminal leaflet larger and
broader, obtuse or minutely cuspidate ; all very shortly petiolulate.

Nos. 5-7. Pinnately five-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, cuspidate or
emarginate, with a tooth in the notch ; terminal one largest.

Caragana arborescens, Lam.

Fruit a legume, cylindrical, sessile, terete or turgid, glabrous,
pale green, or straw-coloured when mature, dehiscing elastically
along both sutures and twisting longitudinally, glabrous internally ;
seeds many, or few by abortion.

Seed transversely oblong, rounded and obtuse at both ends,
glabrous, shining, pale yellow ; testa coriaceous ; micropyle and
hilum contiguous on the ventral aspect above the middle ; raphe
elongated, forming a deep green line ; chalaza at the lower end very
conspicuous and prominent in the young growing seed, but shrink-
ing considerably and distinguishable in the mature seed by a dark
spot.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large and occupying the whole interior of the seed, green
when mature ; cotyledons oblong or oval in outline, plano-convex,
and usually, if not always, unequal, and, together with the radicle,
conforming in outline to the interior of the seed, entire at the apex,
not auricled, but variously indented or impressed by the radicle
according to its position, lying in the slightly broader plane of the
seed, which is influenced by the shape of the legume, with their
edges directly or obliquely to the placenta ; radicle very short,
obtuse, compressed or subterete according to position, accumbent
or obliquely or wholly incumbent, very much shorter than the
cotyledons, and only reaching from their upper and basal end to
the micropyle near the upper end of the ventral aspect of the
seed.

The different positions of the radicle are apparently due to
there being no defined and allotted space for it ; it is accom-
modated merely by being squeezed against the edges of both

428

ON SEEDLINGS

cotyledons, or the edge or the back of one, which is impressed by
its outline accordingly.

Astragalus tManschaniciis, Begel (fig. 278).
Primary root tapering downwards, flexuous, furnished with short
lateral rootlets, and producing more or less numerous sessile, fleshy,
tubercules ; sometimes the primary root is overpowered by strong

lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, te-
rete, glabrous, subterranean,
colourless, 1'75 cm. long.

Cotyledons obliquely ob-
ovate, obtuse, glabrous,
petiolate, subfleshy, deep
subglaucous - green above,
paler beneath ; lamina 9
mm. long, 5 mm. broad ;
petiole subchannelled above,
3-5 mm. long, connate at
the base and sheathing.

Stem erect or ascending,
herbaceous, terete at the
base, angular upwards,
covered with a pale ad-
pressed pubescence, ulti-
mately glabrous or nearly
so, and shining ; 1st inter-
node 1*5 mm- long, some-
times longer ; 2nd 7 mm. ;
3rd 6-5 mm. ; 4th 1-2 cm. ;
5th 2-15 cm. ; 6th 3'2 cm. ;
7th 2-7 cm.

Leaves compound, im-
paripinnate, cauline, alter-
nate, stipulate, petiolate,
deep subglaucous-green and
glabrous above, glaucous beneath and thinly pubescent with ad-
pressed hairs ; petioles subterete, slightly channelled on the upper
surface, pubescent, as well as the rachis ; stipules subulate, acumi-
nate, slender, hyaline, with a few scattered hairs, connate by their
posterior edges, and forming a kind of sheath opposite to the leaf in
the seedling stage, sometimes, though rarely, splitting apart in the
adult plant ; leaflets petiolulate.

FIG. 278. — Astragalus thianschanicus.
Half nat. size.

LEGUMINOS^l 429

No. 1. Trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets broadly oval, rounded at both
ends ; terminal leaflet broadly oblong-obovate, emarginate.

No. 2. Sometimes trifoliolate, at other times five-foliolate.

No. 3. Five- or seven-foliolate ; leaflets broadly oblong, obtuse,
sometimes minutely apiculate ; terminal one largest.

No. 4. Seven-foliolate.

No. 5. Nine-foliolate ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, subcordate at the
base ; terminal leaflets broadest above the middle.

No. 6. Nine-foliolate.

No. 7. Fifteen-foliolate ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, apiculate, sub-
cordate at the base ; those on the middle of the leaf largest.

No. 8. Seventeen-foliolate.

No. 9. Seventeen-foliolate.

Ultimate leaves with twenty-one to twenty-nine or more leaflets,
which are oblong-lanceolate, minutely cuspidate, petiolulate, penni-
nerved with alternate ascending nerves, deep green and glabrous
above, glaucous and slightly pubescent with adpressed hairs be-
neath.

Astragalus sulcatus, L.

Primary root tapering, flexuose, reddish, giving off fleshy, colour-
less lateral rootlets, which soon become stouter than the primary
one.

Hypocotyl wiry, terete, 2-6 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, fleshy, most frequently oblique or
falcate.

Stem undeveloped.

Leaves simple and compound, radical when described, alternate,
somewhat silky with long whitish hairs, especially when young.

No. 1. Digitately trifoliolate ; leaflets oval — the terminal one
largest and emarginate ; petiole subterete, channelled above, hairy ;
petiolules *5 mm. long ; stipules ovate or oblong, obtuse, hairy.

No. 2. Most frequently with the terminal leaflet only.

No. 3. Similar or digitately trifoliolate.

Intermediate forms are pinnately three- to five-foliolate ; terminal
leaflet obovate or oblong, emarginate ; lateral leaflets obovate-oblong
or oval, emarginate.

Ultimate leaves with many pairs of opposite (rarely alternate),
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, emarginate, shortly petiolulate leaflets,
glabrous, deep green ; stipules subulate, acute, thinly pubescent,
small.

430 ON SEEDLINGS

TBIBE HEDYSARE.E.

Scorpiurus sulcata, L.

Primary root tapering downwards, with a few lateral root-
lets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, about 1-1-25 mm. long,
colourless below ground, yellowish-green above.

Cotyledons cylindrical, fleshy, from 4-4-5 mm. long, with a deep
longitudinal furrow on the upper side, obtuse at the apex, dark green,
one-nerved.

First leaves arising immediately between the cotyledons, oval or
slightly obcordate, tapering to the base or subpetiolate, entire, sub-
acute, with a few minute hairs on the edges, reticulate, dark
green.

Coronilla juncea, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-2-2 cm. long, pale green or
almost colourless.

Cotyledons fleshy, entire, obovate-oblong, petiolate, obtuse,
glaucous-green, glabrous, indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, glabrous ; 1st internode 3-4 mm.
long ; 2nd considerably shorter.

Leaves cauline, alternate.

No. 1. Simple, obovate, emarginate, obtuse, petiolate, stipulate,
glabrous, light green, pinnatinerved.

No. 2. Compound, digitately trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong or
slightly obovate, obtuse or sometimes subacute, opposite, sessile ;
sometimes the first leaf is similar to the second.

Ornithopus repandns, Lam.

Primary root annual, long, slender, thread-like, with a few
lateral rootlets, and numerous ovoid, fleshy tubercles.

Hypocotyl tapering downwards, terete, glabrous, colourless at
base and brownish upwards, 2 cm. long.

Cotyledons foliaceous, fleshy, spathulate, oblong, obtuse, tapering
into a short petiole, glabrous, deep green, 2-7 cm. long including the
short petiole, 8 mm. broad.

Stem annual, slender, erect (at least when young), terete, glabrous,
pale green ; 1st internode 2-2 cm. long ; 2nd 1-3 cm.

Leaves compound, digitately trifoliolate (first leaf unifoliolate),
cauline, alternate, stipulate, sessile, glabrous, deep subglaucous-green,

LEGUMINOS^E

431

succulent ; stipules subulate, subacute, connate two-thirds of their
length on the side of the stem opposite to the leaf.

No. 1. Oblong, obtuse, entire, minutely apiculate, 2-4 cm. long,
1-2 cm. broad.

No. 2. Digitately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets sessile, rotund,
minutely apiculate, 3 mm. long, 4 mm. broad ; terminal leaflet large,
rotund, elliptic, obtuse, 1'8 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad.

Branches from axils of cotyledons similar to the stem ; 1st and
2nd leaves also precisely the same.

Hedysarum denticulatum, Eegel (fig. 279).

Fig. 1 shows the embryo germinating and splitting open the
pericarp of a segment of the fruit. The radicle has pierced the lower
valve of the pericarp.

Fig. 2. A case in which two segments have remained united.
One embryo is dead ; the other has forced open the pericarp of both

FIG. 279. — Sedysarum denticulatum, x 2£.

segments, and its radicle has pierced the lower valve, a frequent
occurrence.

Fig. 3. Another segment of the fruit where the radicle has already
advanced considerably through the wall ; the two halves of the fruit
have just commenced to split open.

Fig. 4. Another mode of germination similar to what occurs in

432 ON SEEDLINGS

H. coronarium, the radicle emerging at one side of the fruit and the
cotyledons at the other ; cotyledons at this stage oblong, obtuse,
entire. One day after germination.

Fig. 5 shows the ragged margin of the fissure made by the radicle
through the walls of the fruit during germination.

Hedysamm coronarium, L. (fig. 280).

Legume linear or oblong-linear, much compressed laterally,
constricted between each seed, and consequently moniliform, covered
all over with short, stout, straight or hooked bristles, and having
the edges of both ventral and dorsal sutures produced into revolute
or hooked teeth, many-celled by the constrictions between each seed,
and falling into separate, indehiscent pieces each containing a seed.

PIG. 280. — Hedysarum coronarium, x 6. A, longitudinal section of seed :
Cav, cavity of the legume, and the only part where the internal cavity is
nearly but not quite continuous; PC, pericarp; OT, testa; IT, tegmen;
.B, radicle; F, funicle. B, transverse section of seed: VS, ventral suture;
D S, dorsal suture ; PC, pericarp ; 0 T, testa ; I T, tegmen ; C, cotyledon ;
V, empty space.

Seed reniform, somewhat laterally compressed in conformity
with the hiterior of the segment of the fruit, thicker in the middle
than at the sides and in transverse section accordingly elliptic,
glabrous, obtuse at either end, pale yellow ; testa pale brownish-
yellow, rather thin, closely applied to the tegmen and embryo ; teg-
men thin, membranous, paler ; hilum small, annular, situated in a
small sinus formed by the curvature of the ovule about the middle
of the ventral edge of the seed ; micropyle and chalaza contiguous
to, and'on each side of, the hilum, with the former on the upper
side, that is towards the apex of the ovary.

Endosperm absent.

LEGUMINOS^E

433

Embryo transverse to the placenta, large and completely filling
the seed, curved, pale yellow ; cotyledons more or less distinctly
obovate in outline, sessile,
plano-convex, rounded at
the apex, somewhat tapered
towards the base, lying in
the broader plane of the
seed, with their edges to the
placenta ; radicle about half
as long as the cotyledons,
oblong, obtusely pointed at
the upper end of the seed
and consequently superior,
but again curved downwards
to the micropyle close to the
hilum.

Pericarp and testa,

Seedling (fig. 281).

Primary root long, flesh)7,
tapering slightly downwards,
colourless, with a few lateral
rootlets at irregular intervals.

Hypocotyl very short or
soon indistinguishable from
the root, emerging between
the valves of the fruit, which
remain attached to it long
after germination.

Cotyledons oblique,
broadly rotund-obovate, en-
tire, fleshy, convex above,
subrevolute at the margins,
sessile, perfoliate at the base,
forming a short turbinate
tube, alternately penninerved
with few incurved nerves, car-
tilaginous and subscabrousat
the margin, 1-1-2 cm. long,
1-1-2 or 1-3 cm. broad.

Stem herbaceous, elongated when about to flower, arising from
a perennial rootstock.

Leaves compound, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate (leaflets petiolulate, exstipellate), alternately and incurvi-

FIG. 281. — Hedysarum coronarium.
Nat. size.

434 ON SEEDLINGS

penninerved, with the tips recurved and uniting, each with the one
above it, glabrous and deep glaucous-green above, cartilaginous and
ciliate at the margin, hairy beneath with adpressed hairs and paler ;
petioles channelled above, dilated at the base, hairy with adpressed
hairs, semiterete in the seedling, angled and striate in the adult
leaf; stipules scarious, adnate by one edge to the petiole, free only
at the apex in the seedling stage, but having a subulate-ovate, acumi-
nate free part in the adult plant, and one- to three-nerved or more.

No. 1. Orbicular, slightly cordate at the base, otherwise entire.

No. 2. Rotund-oblong, emarginate, cordate at the base.

No. 3. Broadly oval-oblong, cordate at the base, emarginate at
the apex.

No. 4. Pinnately three- to five- foliolate ; leaflets broadly oval or
oblong-oval, slightly emarginate at the apex, terminal one the largest.

Radical leaves on the adult plant simple and cordate-orbicular,
or much more frequently imparipinnate, with cordate, minutely cus-
pidate, entire, alternate or opposite pinnules ; terminal one largest.

Hedysarum capitatum, Desf.

Hypocotyl erect or decumbent, terete, glabrous, pale green
mottled with crimson, 8 mm. to 2 cm. above ground and projecting
between the valves of the prickly seed-pod, which is often borne up
by it.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, glabrous, subcoriaceous or fleshy,
rising above ground, petiolate ; lamina obliquely obovate, obtuse,
obscurely trinerved or binerved, entire, 1*4 cm. long, 1 cm. broad ;
petioles connate by then: contiguous edges and lying to one side of
the stem, broad, 2-4 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, short, decumbent or suberect, pubescent, terete,
slightly ridged, pale green, mottled with crimson ; internodes irregu-
lar and frequently undeveloped.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate, cauline (at first appearing
radical from the non-development of the internodes), alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, glabrous above but pubescent or almost silky on
the underside, and also on the rachis and petioles ; petioles subterete,
channelled above, dilated at the base ; stipules adnate to the petiole
for one-half their length, with ovate -subulate, acuminate points,
crimson ; leaflets shortly petiolulate.

No. 1. Five-foliolate ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, apiculate, opposite.

No. 2. Seven-foliolate ; leaflets opposite, oblong-oval, obtuse,
apiculate.

t No. 3. Ten-foliolate ; leaflets alternate ; lower obovate, small ;
upper larger, oblong, obtuse, apiculate.

LEGUMINOS^:

435

late.

No. 4. Thirteen-foliolate ; leaflets opposite, oval, obtuse, apicu-

No. 5. Fifteen-foliolate, otherwise like the last.

FIG. 282. — JEschynomene aspera, x 2.

-ffischynomene aspera, L. (fig. 282).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-5-2 cm. long light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons oblong, falcate, obtuse, fleshy, sessile, glabrous, light
green, one-nerved.

F F 2

436 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, light green,
glabrous.

First leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, petiolate, alternate,
stipulate; leaflets entire, oblong, obtuse, shortly petiolulate, opposite,
from seven to nine in number ; stipules ovate-subulate, acute, rather
broad at the base and tapering to a sharp point.

Desmodium canadense, DC.

Germination. — The radicle emerges at the dorsal suture of the
fruit, or breaks through the side walls. It fixes itself in the
ground, and the lengthening hypocotyl generally carries the
lomentum and seed up with it. All the coverings, however,
finally drop off, leaving the seedling free. Where the radicle
pierces the sides of the lomentum the latter is fixed to the soil.
The cotyledons on becoming free are ovate-oblong, obtuse,
subfalcate, or rounded on the upper edge and with a shallow
sinus on the lower edge, subfleshy, pale yellowish-green, shining,
glabrous.

Lourea Vespertilionis, Desv. (fig. 283).

Hypocotyl terete, pubescent, pale green, 2-4 mm. above soil.

Cotyledons shortly oblong, falcate, or subreniform, pubescent
on both sides, pale green, shortly
petiolate, 6 mm. long including
the petiole, 3-5 mm. broad.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous,
pubescent, pale green ; 1st inter-
cede 2-5 mm. long ; 2nd 1-5 mm. ;
3rd 4 mm. ; 4th 9 mm.

Leaves compound (first ones
unifoliolate, ultimately trifolio-
late), cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, pubescent on both sur-
faces and ciliate ; petioles slender

^i&^& Qr filiform> shaUowly

channelled on the upper side,

pubescent, pale green ; stipules subulate, acute, hairy ; secondary
stipules small, -subulate, acute, pubescent.

Nos. 1-5. Unifoliolate ; 1st leaflet transversely oval, penni-
nerved, 4 mm. long, 1 cm. broad.

No. 2. Transversely oblong, penninerved and closely reticulate
with reddish veins.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar but larger, pendent from an ascending

LEGUMlNOS-t-E 437

petiole, with a rather stout pulvinus ; leaflet of No. 4, 9'5 mm. long,
2'65 cm. broad.

Ultimate leaves uni- or tri-foliolate ; terminal leaflet very broad
and short, apiculate, falcate, trinerved and reticulate, bronze-green
suffused with red and white along the principal nerves, thinly
pubescent on both surfaces and covered with minute hooked hairs ;
lateral leaflets small, most frequently absent, their stipules being
present or absent.

Lespedeza angustifolia, Ell.

Hypocotyl terete, pubescent, very short.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, fleshy, subfalcate, turned to one side,
faintly trinerved, densely pubescent, sessile, 6 mm. long, 4-25 mm.
road.

Stem herbaceous, ultimately shrubby, erect, terete, pale green,
ultimately reddish or brown, densely covered with patent hairs ; 1st
internode 4'5 mm. long ; 2nd 7 mm. ; 3rd 1'5 cm. ; 4th 2'9 cm. ;
5th 1-8 cm.

Leaves compound, pinnatelytrifoliolate(lst unifoliolate),cauline,
alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous above, ciliate, thinly pubes-
cent beneath ; petioles slender, subterete, channelled above, hairy
like the stem ; stipules free, slender, subulate, acute, hairy, scarious,
brownish ; leaflets petiolulate, having a pulvinus and folding down-
wards at night.

No. 1. Unifoliolate ; leaflet rotund, emarginate, shortly petiolu-
late, minutely apiculate, deep green.

No. 2. Pinnately trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet rotund-obovate,
emarginate ; lateral leaflets oblong-obovate, emarginate, much
smaller than the terminal one — all deep green.

No. 3. Pinnately trifoliolate, deep green ; leaflets obovate, apicu-
late, more nearly equal than those of No. 2 ; rachis between the
leaflets 1-5 mm. long ; nerves of leaflets ascending, parallel, slightly
forking and anastomosing upwards ; pulvini prominent.

No. 4. Pinnately trifoliolate, pale green (because very young) ;
terminal leaflet obovate, apiculate ; lateral leaflets oblong-obovate,
apiculate ; pulvini prominent.

TKIBE VICIE^:.

Lathyrus Nissolia, L. (fig. 284).

Primary root long, tapering, fleshy, colourless, with short, stout,
fleshy lateral rootlets, and occasionally fleshy tubercles.

438

ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl subterranean, fleshy, colourless, very short (about
1-75 mm. long).

Cotyledons subterranean, plano-convex, fleshy, each occupying
half the interior of the seed, unequal-sided, so that the petioles or
point of attachment to the plumule are at one side, horizontal, rotund,
about 2 mm. in diameter, yellow and wrinkled after germination ;

petioles unequal or the
lower one undeveloped,
while the upper one is
developed and curved just
as much as will allow the
cotyledons to lie hori-
zontally. The cotyledons
do sometimes stand ver-
tically on their edges and
then both petioles are
equally developed.

Stem erect, but always
hooked, curved or twisted
at the tip, together with
the youngest visible leaf,
by which it hangs on to
an object for support,
with the internodes al-
ternately flattened and
angled on opposite sides,
the angle running down
the centre of the flattened
face of the internode
beneath it, pale green,
glabrous ; 1st internode
4-5 mm. long; 2nd 7'5
mm. ; 3rd 1*9 cm. ; 4th
1'5 cm. ; 5th 1'85 cm.

Leaves simple, entire,
cauline, alternate, dis-
tichous, stipulate, sessile
and slightly decurrent, thinly and minutely ciliate at the margin,
otherwise glabrous, light green ; stipules small, subulate, acute,
inserted where the leaf is free from the stem, except in the case of
the first two scale-like leaves, where they are seated above the base,
or may be altogether inconspicuous in the first.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, subulate, acute, scale-like and adpressed to
the stem, carinate.

FIG. 284. — Lathyrus Nissolia. Nat. size.

LEGUMINOS.E 439

Nos. 3-6. Linear acute or acuminate, five-nerved, convolute at
first and rolled round the growing point, gradually becoming nearly
or quite flat.

Lathyrus articulatus, L.

Primary root very similar to that of L. Nissolia.

Hypocotyl undeveloped or scarcely elongated.

Cotyledons rotund-obovate, very similar to those of L. Nis-

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, ultimately climbing by means
of its leaves, tetragonous at the base and narrowly winged upwards
as in L. Nissolia, glabrous, pale glaucous-green ; 1st internode 9-5
mm. long ; 2nd 1-35 cm. ; 3rd 2-9 cm. ; 4th 3'12 cm. ; 5th 4-5 cm. ;
the rest gradually longer.

Leaves very like those of L. Nissolia, glaucous, linear, acute, or
afterwards acuminate and finally cirrhous at the apex, seven-nerved
longitudinally (three strong and four intermediate nerves), slightly
scabrous at the margin ; stipules adnate to the sides of the leaves for
some little distance above their insertion, with slender, subulate, free
points, becoming triangular on the leaves a short way up the stem,
and finally wholly adnate, obsolete, or inconspicuous.

No. 1. Subulate, acute, carinate, concave above, inconspicuously
five-nerved.

No. 2. Ditto, but a little larger.

No. 3. Linear, acute, five-nerved.

No. 4. Linear, acuminate, trinerved with four intermediate,
inconspicuous ones.

No. 5. Linear, produced at the apex into a short, simple cirrhus.
Sometimes the 6th is the first to attain this stage, which represents
apparently the ultimate form of the leaf.

Lathyrus Aphaca, L. (fig. 285).

Primary root long, tapering, fleshy, with numerous fleshy or
succulent tubercles, and long lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons subterranean, fleshy, persistent, plano-convex or
almost hemispherical, very unequal-sided by the petioles being
attached to one corner, mostly vertical during and after germination,
rarely horizontal, yellowish-white, afterwards more yellow and
wrinkled ; lamina truncate, 4 mm. long, 4'5 mm. wide ; petioles
very short, developed equally when the cotyledons are vertical, but
when these are horizontal one petiole becomes longer than the other
to allow the upper cotyledon to assume this position. There are

440

ON SEEDLINGS

intermediate positions where the cotyledons are oblique, and one
petiole becomes somewhat elongated accordingly.

Stem annual, erect, tetragonous, with obtuse angles, glabrous,
a pale glaucous-green above ground, while the subterranean part is
colourless ; 1st internode subterranean or partly so, 1-2 cm. long ;
2nd 3-5-6 mm. ; 3rd 7-10 mm. ; the rest similarly short.

Leaves simple and compound, or reduced to scale-like organs or
elongated, forming a slender, filiform, or obtusely-angled tendril,
cauline, alternate, distichous, stipulate, petiolate or sessile, or reduced
to a petiole, glabrous, glaucous-green ; petiole of third and fourth leaf
convex on the back, channelled above, and projecting beyond, or
rather between, the leaflets in the
form of a small, subulate, acute point ;
stipules of the first and second leaf sub-
ulate, acute, attached by one side for
about one-third their length to the
leaf, entire or furnished with an
acute, ascending tooth on the side
away from the leaf — those of the third
and fourth leaf half-ovate or sagittate,
acuminate, with one to two acute teeth
at the lower angle on the posterior side,
entire on the anterior side — those of
the rest of the leaves large, foliaceous,
performing the functions of leaves,
deltoid, subhastate, cuspidate or apicu-
late, with one to two minute teeth at
the base on each side, otherwise entire,
FIG. 285. — Lathyrus Aphaca. A, glaucous, furnished with numerous
fToe±I^a^ofdpLTdBoKS parallel nerves that are directed first
nat. size. outward from the base, and upward,

then somewhat inward, where they unite with those immediately
above them close to the margin, while the few lowest are directed
into basal teeth or angles, and are entire or forked ; a branch from
the lowest curved nerve is frequently directed straight into the tooth.
Nos. 1 and 2. Subulate, acute, very small, and appearing trifid
owing to the adnate and similar stipules.

Nos. 3 and 4. Compound, pinnate, with one pair of leaflets and
a subulate point ; leaflets oblong-elliptic, acute, trinerved longi-
tudinally with smaller intermediate nerves, concave owing to the
upcurved sides, entire, glaucous.

Immediately above this the leaves are reduced to small subulate
points concealed by the foliaceous stipules.

LEGTJMlNOSyE 441

When the stem has attained some length the leaves on the upper
part are developed into tendrils (fig. 285, B) as described above, and
enable the plant to climb.

TRIBE PHASEOLE.E.

Clitoria Ternatea, L.

Fruit a legume, linear, compressed, more or less thickened at
the sutures, dehiscing longitudinally by two valves, many-seeded.

Seed transversely oblong, rounded at either end, much compressed
laterally, thicker along the ventral aspect, smooth, black, somewhat
shining, minutely reticulate ; hilum a little below the middle of the
seed on the ventral aspect, forming a depression and partly overlying
a thickened part of the testa corresponding to the chalaza ; micropyle
contiguous to the hilum on the ventral aspect, inconspicuous ; raphe
none.

Seed 7'25 mm. long, 4'75 mm. wide.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo curved, large, and occupying the whole interior of the
seed to which it conforms, brownish-yellow ; cotyledons accumbent
with their edges to the placenta, oblong, obtuse, entire, minutely
and rather unequally auricled at the base, rather unequal-sided owing
to the radicle and the thickening of the chalaza on the ventral aspect,
closely applied face to face, thicker along the ventral than the dorsal
aspect, equal in length to the interior of the seed ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, curved round the ends and along the ventral aspect, partly
beneath the edges of the cotyledons and having its tip slightly em-
bedded in the micropyle.

In specimens examined the bases of the cotyledons were obliquely
cut away owing to the curvature of the seed on the opposite side to
that followed by the radicle, so that the auricles on that side were
smaller than the others.

Seedling (fig. 286).

Hypocotyl 3 or 4 cm. long, T5-2 mm. thick, terete, slightly
pubescent, greyish-green, herbaceous.

Cotyledons nearly equal, shortly petioled, about 2 cm. long, T25
-1-5 cm. broad, 1 mm. thick, oblong, oblique at both ends, entire
(one half of blade forming a sector or semicircle with the midrib as
base, the other a very long, obtuse rectangle), obscurely penninerved,
glabrous, fleshy, yellowish-green on the upper, whitish on the lower
surface.

Stem herbaceous, nearly terete, pubescent, light green ; inter-
nodes 1 or 2 cm. long, 1-1'5 mm. thick.

Leaves.— Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, 1-5 cm. above the cotyledons

442

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 286— Clitoria Ternatea.
Half nat. size.

and decussating with them, subsessile or shortly petiolate, stipulate,

2-3 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, lanceolate, cuneate at base, ob-
tuse at the apex, entire, penni-
nerved with sunk nerves, thin,
pubescent, dark green above, dull
green below ; stipules setaceous.

No. 3. Inserted either at same
level with Nos. 1 and 2 or '5 cm.
above those, stipulate, long-peti-
oled ; blade sub-bilobed or more
generally simple, 2-3 cm. long,
about 2 cm. broad, palmatinerved,
in nearly all cases showing more
or less complete coalition of
parenchyma between terminal
and lateral leaflets, otherwise like
Nos. 1 and 2 ; petiole 1 or 2 cm.
long, 1 mm. thick, with a 2-3 mm.
long, thickened, semitransparent
articulation at either end, and two
setaceous stipules at the base,

somewhat channelled, pubescent.

No. 4. As No. 3, only two or three times larger ; or as No. 5 &c.,

which are trifoliolate.

Sometimes only one of the lateral leaflets is free and the other

united to the terminal one.

Erythrina suberosa, Boxb. (fig. 287).

Hypocotyl undeveloped, or subterranean, and very shprt.

Cotyledons fleshy and remaining in the oblong testa under the
soil until they become exhausted.

Stem erect, stout, tapering upwards, pubescent with spreading
or variously directed hairs, pale green, more or less warted or
tuberculated from an early stage, with the brownish tubercules
very small, soon becoming woody; 1st internode 3'4-4'2 cm. long;
2nd -8-1 cm.

Leaves simple in the seedling state, cauline, alternate (1st and
2nd opposite), stipulate, petiolate, palmately five- to seven-nerved, or
only the three primary and stronger nerves straight, while the others
arise from their base, are more slender, and curve round in confor-
mity with the broad, rounded auricles, much reticulate, pubes-
cent on both surfaces, light green above, with somewhat prominent
nerves, paler beneath with much more prominent nerves ; petioles

LEGUMINOS^E 443

terete, slightly thickened at the apex under the leaf without any
pulvinus, much thickened at its union with the stem ; stipules
slender, linear-subulate, acute, pale green, hairy, soon becoming
brown and falling away early.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, trilobed, with deltoid, acute, or subacute
lobes, cordate at the base ; middle lobe much the largest.

Nos. 3 and 4. Alternate, simple, much larger, trilobate, cordate
at the base, strongly five-nerved ; middle lobe somewhat constricted
at the base making it rotund, cuspidately acuminate, sometimes

FIG. 287. — Erythrina suberosa. One-fourth nat. size.

showing an obtuse, small, or obsolete tooth on each side ; lateral
lobes triangular, cuspidately acuminate, with sometimes a small
lateral tooth.

Erythrina Vespertilio, Benth.

Hypocotyl and cotyledons as in E. suberosa.

Stem soft and succulent, rather thin, erect, terete, glabrous, pale
green ; 1st internode 10 cm. long ; 2nd 1'8 cm. ; 3rd 5 mm. ; 4th
4 mm.

Leaves compound, alternate (first four simple, two opposite),
glabrous, or pubescent in a very young state, pale green.

Nos. 1-4. Broadly deltoid, cuspidate, obtuse, entire, penninerved,
glabrous ; stipules ovate, acute, subserrulate ; petioles terete, pale
green, striped with darker green, glabrous, 1*5-1*8 cm. long ;

444 ON SEEDLINGS

secondary stipules minute, glandular ; pulvinus cylindrical, 3 mm.
long.

No. 5. Compound, alternate, pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaf-
lets rhomboid, acute, petiolulate ; terminal leaflet larger and more
acuminate ; petiolules about 1-5 mm. long ; rachis between the leaf-
lets 7 mm. long.

Erythrina monospenna, Lam.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout, woody, pale green, 7'8 cm. long,
and 1 cm. thick.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, thick, fleshy, flat or slightly concave
above, convex beneath, pale yellow, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.

Stem woody, erect, thick, tapering upwards, pubescent when
young, pale green ; 1st internode 6'5 cm. long ; 2nd 2*5 cm. with
a few small spines, as have also those above it ; 3rd T35 cm. long ;
4th 8 mm.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (first two simple and
opposite) ; petiole terete, much thickened at the point of insertion,
pubescent with brownish, stellately branching hairs ; stipules slender,
subulate, acute, pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Simple, opposite, entire, rotund-cordate, obtuse or
emarginate with a minute tooth in the notch, penninerved and
reticulate, glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves beneath (at least
when young), deep green above, paler beneath.

No. 3 and succeeding. Pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets
triangularly ovate, obtuse, frequently subcordate at the base, penni-
nerved and reticulate, glabrous above, stellately pubescent on the
nerves beneath, petiolulate ; petiolule stout, cylindrical, covered with
a stellately branched pubescence, 5 mm. long ; terminal leaflet reni-
form obtuse, often subcuspidate, entire, truncate at the base, other-
wise like the lateral ones ; rachis between the leaflets 1-9 cm. long ;
petiole as in Nos. 1 and 2.

Pueraria Thunbergiana, Benth. (fig. 288).

Hypocotyl ascending or suberect, terete, pubescent, pale green,
1-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons thick and rather succulent, oblong, obtuse, shortly
petiolate, glabrous, pale green, 1-5 cm. long including petiole, 8 mm.
broad.

Stem succulent and tender, terete, zigzag or flexuous, hirsute,
pale green ; 1st internode 2 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 4 mm.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (first pair simple and
opposite), stipulate, petiolate.

LEGUMINOS^E

445

Nos. 1 and 2. Subrbomboid-rotund, obtuse, apiculate, penni-
nerved, pubescent on botb surfaces ; petiole subterete, channelled
above, hirsute, articulate at tbe base and apex, 1*8 cm. long ;
stipules slender, subulate, acute, hirsute.

No. 3. Pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets obliquely subelliptic,
acute, irregularly penninerved, pubescent on both surfaces, entire ;
terminal leaflet rotund-elliptic acute, subtrinerved at the base, and
penninerved upwards, pubescent on both surfaces, entire, petiolulate
as are the lateral leaflets ; petiolules about 1 mm. long ; rachis

PIG. 288. — Pueraria Thunbergiana, Nat. size.

between the leaflets 8'5 mm. long ; petiole subterete, channelled
above, hirsute, much thickened at the base, 3'7 cm. long.

No. 4. Similar to No. 3 but larger ; leaflets stipellate, stipellae
filiform, slender, hirsute, deciduous ; lateral leaflets very oblique
with a strong nerve running into the oblique side.

Ultimate leaves large, pinnately ternate ; terminal leaflet ellip-
tic, cuspidate, acute, rounded at the base ; lateral leaflets very ob-
lique on the posterior side where a large nerve enters from the base
of the leaflet.

446

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 289. — Phaseolus multiflorus. A,
longitudinal section of seed through
the cotyledons : r, radicle ; c, coty-
ledon ; t, testa. B, longitudinal section
of seed in plane of cotyledons, with-
out removing a cotyledon : a a, auricles
of cotyledons ; r, radicle ; ar, minute
arilloid. Three-quarters nat. size.

Phaseolus multiflorus, Willd. (fig. 289).

Fruit a legume, linear, laterally compressed, many-seeded, de-
hiscing along both sutures.

Seed transversely oblong, with unequal ends (the larger con-
taining the apical ends of the cotyledons), much compressed laterally

but convex on both surfaces,
smooth, shining, with black
markings on a pink ground
especially conspicuous towards
the hilum, with two minute aril-
loid processes near the hilum on
the ventral edge ; hilum oblong-
linear, pale-coloured, near the
middle of the ventral edge ;
micropyle rather conspicuous,
near one end of the hilum.
Endosperm absent.
Embryo very large, curved,
conforming in outline to that of
the seed, pale creamy white ;
cotyledons large, fleshy, obovate
and plano-convex, or subconcave on the inner contiguous faces
when dry, forming a hollow between them ; radicle stout, tapering
to an obtuse point, and curved round towards the micropyle,
protruded from and accumbent to the cotyledons ; plumule large
and well developed, lying between the cotyledons.

Phaseolus vulgaris, L., var. (fig. 290).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, abundantly furnished with
lateral rootlets, rather fleshy, colourless, annual.

Hypocotyl stout, fleshy, terete, pubescent, rooting at the base
and suddenly narrowed into the root, 7 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick.

Cotyledons carried above ground by the hypocotyl, fleshy, oblong,
obtuse, falcate, turned to one side of the stem, longitudinally
wrinkled, pale green, thick, never foliaceous.

Stem herbaceous, erect, subterete or slightly ridged by lines de-
current from the base of the petioles, pubescent ; 1st internode
2-4 cm. long.

Leaves compound, pinnately trifoliolate (first pair opposite and
unifoliolate), cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, pubescent,
petioles subterete, pubescent, channelled on the upper side, pale
green ; stipules lanceolate, acute, entire (those of the primary and

LEGUMINOS^E

447

opposite leaves interpetiolar and connate into a subulate acute,
entire or bifid piece).

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, unifoliolate ; leaflets subtriangular,
obtuse, strongly five-nerved and reticulate, with a large wide open
sinus at the base ; nerves ascending and incurved, the basal ones
branching into the auricles.

No. 2. Alternate, pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets stipellate.

FIG. 290. — Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Half nat. size.

Vigna lutea, A. Gray.

Hypocotyl none.

Cotyledons subterranean.

Stem erect, terete below, then angled from the leaf-base down-
ward with three decurrent nerves, pale green, frequently suffused
with purple ; 1st internode 5'5 cm. long ; 2nd 4 mm.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (Nos. 1 and 2 simple and
opposite), stipulate, petiolate, glabrous or with a few scattered ad-
pressed hairs underneath when young, pale green and shining.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, acute, entire, subcordate and trinerved
at the base, reticulate ; petiole flattened and pubescent above,

448 ON SEEDLINGS

4 mm. long ; stipules of first pair interpetiolar and connate, ovate,
acute, entire or emarginate.

No. 3. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acute, or apiculate,
petiolulate, stipellate ; petiolules 2 mm. long ; stipellse small, ovate,
acute ; stipules triangularly ovate, acute, subauricled at the base ;
petiole angled, channelled above, 2 cm. long.

Ultimate leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets oblong-ovate or
oval, obtuse, apiculate, entire, terminal one generally somewhat the
largest.

Vigna vexillata, Benth.

Hypocotyl and cotyledons as in V. lutea.

Stem herbaceous, terete and striate or shallowly furrowed, pube-
scent, erect at first, climbing above the third internode ; 1st inter-
node 6 cm. long ; 2nd 1'9 cm. ; 3rd 2'7 cm. ; 4th and others climb-
ing or rather twining from right to left.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (first two simple, opposite) ;
petiole subterete, channelled above, pubescent; stipules short, ovate,
acute, subauricled at the base, pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Lanceolate, acute, entire, penninerved, pubescent
on both surfaces, caducous ; petiole about 2 mm. long ; stipules
interpetiolar, subulate, connate into one.

No. 3 and succeeding leaves. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets
about equal, lanceolate, acute, penninerved, pubescent on both
surfaces; petiole subterete, channelled above, pubescent; rachis
between leaflets 3'5 mm. long ; secondary stipules minute, subulate,
acute.

Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rich.

Primary root tuberous ; lower part tapering and giving off lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl undeveloped, or subterranean.

Cotyledons reniform, subterranean, conforming to the shape of
the seed.

Stem annual, twining against the sun, terete, striate, covered with
an adpressed pubescence, green ; 1st internode about 3'5 cm. long ;
2nd when developed, 1-9 mm. ; 3rd l'5-3'5 mm., commencing to
twine and lengthening.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (first and second frequently
opposite, always simple), stipulate, petiolate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Simple, opposite or alternate ; petiole subterete,
channelled on the upper side, pubescent ; stipules and stipellse

LEGUMINOS^E

449

subulate, slender; lamina triangular, cuspidate, truncate at the
base, five-nerved, sparsely pubescent on both sides ; nerves in-
curved.

No. 3. Pinnately trifoliolate, silky when young ; lateral leaflets
ovate, acuminate, entire ; terminal leaflet triangularly ovate, entire
or with one or two teeth.

Ultimate leaves pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets very
obliquely triangular acuminate, entire, angled, or toothed on the
posterior, oblique side ; terminal one very broadly deltoid, suddenly
acuminate, entire, or angled at the sides, or trifid and toothed.

Atylosia Candollei, W. et Am. (fig. 291).

Primary root vertical, firm, long, with
a few lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons subterranean, minute, 4
mm. long, 2 mm. broad, sessile, oblong,
obtuse.

Stem terete, pubescent, grey near the
base, green higher up.

Leaves digitately or pinnately trifolio-
late, cauline, alternate (first two opposite),
stipulate, petiolate, alternately incurvi-
nerved, reticulate, pubescent or hairy all
over, but especially when young, bright
green above, paler beneath, membranous,
dotted beneath with resin glands ; stipules
thin, subulate, acute.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, equal, simple,
entire, subsessile, 2-3 cm. long, about 1'5
cm. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sub-
cordate at base, more or less obtuse at
apex, pubescent all over, thin, bright green.

Nos. 3-5. Ternate, alternate, more hairy
sessile.

FIG. 291.

Atylosia Candollei.
Three-fifths nat. size.

leaflets elliptic, obtuse,

Flemingia Grahamiana, W. et Am.

Hypocotyl none or subterranean.

Cotyledons subterranean.

Stem wiry, erect, terete, pubescent, and closely dotted with red
sessile glands, as are the leaves on both sides and the petioles ; 1st
internode 3 cm. long ; 2nd 6 mm. ; 3rd 1 mm. ; 4th 4 mm. ; 5th
4-5 mm.

G G

450 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (first two simple and oppo-
site), stipulate, petiolate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Simple, opposite, rotund-ovate, obtuse or apiculate,
ciliate, covered on both sides with small sessile red glands, opaque,
subtrinerved ; petiole 2 mm. long ; stipules free, interpetiolar, linear-
subulate, acute, slender.

No. 3. Digitately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets oblique, oval, obtuse,
mucronate, penninerved with a strong nerve on the oblique side ;
terminal leaflet elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, trinerved, nerves ascend-
ing or slightly incurved ; petiole deeply channelled above, dilated into
a fleshy foot at the base, variable in length, averaging about 1-8 cm.
long ; petiolules about 1 mm. long ; stipules opposite the leaf and
more or less connate for two-thirds or three-fourths of their length,
adpressed to the stem with ovate acute free teeth.

Nos. 4-6. Similar, but larger.

Ultimate leaves digitately or subpinnately trifoliolate; lateral
leaflets obliquely ovate, apiculate ; terminal one elliptic, obtuse at
both ends, apiculate, trinerved.

Galactia glabella, Michx.

Cotyledons just emerging from the soil, shortly oblong, fleshy,
convex on the back, flat on the face.

Leaves. — Nos. 1 and 2. Simple, cordate, cuspidate, entire, deep
green, opposite.

No. 3. Alternate, pinnately trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet oblong,
obtuse, emarginate ; lateral leaflets oblong or ovate, obtuse, emar-
ginate.

TRIBE DALBERGIEJE.

Dalbergia hnpeana, Auct.

Hypocotyl 3 cm. long, erect, terete, glabrous, light green.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, obtusely and obliquely ovate, wrinkled,
dark green, glabrous, very shortly petiolate or subsessile, 8 mm. long,
5 mm. wide, distinctly one-nerved.

Stem herbaceous, ultimately becoming woody, erect, terete,
slightly hoary ; 1st internode from 2'5-3'5 cm. ; 2nd considerably
shorter, about 1 mm.

Leaves compound, pinnate, with seven or more leaflets, alternate,
but so near together that they appear opposite, stipulate, though
this genus is usually exstipulate.

Leaflets entire, alternate, obovate, with short petiolules, almost
sessile, bright green, rather reflexed, slightly cuspidate ; midrib
with numerous ascending branched veinlets.

LEGUMINOS^E 451

Pterocarpus Rohrii, Vahl.

Primary root stout, long, tapering, unbranched in the younger

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-7 cm. long.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, unequal at the base, the longer
side being rounded, and the other hastate, fleshy, glabrous, three-
to five-nerved, but the venation obscure owing to their opaque
character, ascending, flat at first, but soon becoming revolute at the

FIG. 292. — Lonchocarpus latifolius. Half nat. size.

sides and falling early, subsessile with a petiole or narrowed portion
only 1 mm. long.

Stem erect, bluntly subquadrangular in the young state, soon
becoming woody, glabrous ; 1st internode 4-5 cm. long.

Leaves alternate, imparipinnate except the first pair, stipulate,
petiolate, glabrous ; leaflets alternate or irregularly opposite, exsti-
pellate, thinly coriaceous, shining above ; petioles slender, semiterete,
narrowly channelled above, slightly thickened at the base and pulvi-
nate ; stipules subulate, acuminate, slender, acute.

1st pair opposite, each leaf consisting of one cordate, strongly
acuminate leaflet, with a slender point, and alternate, long, incurved
lateral nerves not reaching the margin ; there is a pulvinus at the

G C 2

452

ON SEEDLINGS

base of the petiole, and another at the base of the lamina or leaflet ;
stipules interpetiolar and connate.

I have seen but few examples of the Dalbergieae, and the semi-
hastate cotyledons of this species are unique in the Order as far as
observed. The first pair of leaves being opposite and consisting of
only one leaflet point to an affinity with the Phaseoleae, the tribe
coming immediately before the Dalbergieae in the arrangement of
the ' Genera Plantarum.'

Lonchocarpus latifolius, H. B. et K. (fig. 292).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, deep green, 3-4-3-8 cm. long.
Cotyledons falcate, obtuse, subsessile, both directed to one side
cf the stem, aerial but fleshy, plano-convex, enlarging but slightly
after germination, and deciduous at an early date, before which they
become bright yellow, 1-5-1-8 cm. long, 7-8-25 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, deep green, densely and finely pubescent,
ultimately woody and arborescent ; 1st
internode 3-25 cm. long ; 2nd unde-
veloped ; 3rd 1-15 cm.

Leaves simple and compound, im-
paripinnate, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, pubescent at the margin and
on the nerves above, alternately incurvi-
nerved and reticulate, dull deep green
above, paler beneath ; stipules small,
subulate, erect, or tooth-like and shorter,
pubescent ; petioles subterete, shallowly
channelled above, densely pubescent,
of the first two leaves short, of the rest
much longer.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, ovate, cuspi-
dately acuminate, obtuse, simple and
entire, or minutely emarginate.

No. 3. Alternate, ovate, acuminate,
acute or subacute, simple and entire.

TRIBE SOPHORE.SJ.
Sophora secundiflora, Lag. (fig. 298).
Seeds scarlet, with a shell as hard
as ivory.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.
Cotyledons remaining below the ground with their faces closely

LEGUMINOS^E

453

adpressed, 1-1'5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. broad, 8-5 mm. thick,
fleshy.

Stem slightly curved, terete, firm, glabrous, greyish-green ; 1st
internode 3-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick ; 3rd about the same ; 2nd
and 4th very short.

Leaves imparipinnate (or one or more of the primary ones simple),
cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, alternately incurvinerved and
reticulate, glabrous, deep green above ; stipules minute, apparently
caducous.

No. 1. Shortly stalked,
2-5-3 cm. long, 5-6 mm.
broad, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, more or less acute, thinly
coriaceous, glabrous, dark
green.

No. 2. Ditto.

Nos. 3 and 4. Ditto, but
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate
at both ends with articulation
between blade and petiole.

Edwardsia chilensis,Mers
(fig. 294). ,

Hypopotyl subterranean.

Co ft/ /03dlfs not rising above
ground, thick, fleshy, flat on
one side and very convex
on the other, conforming to
the shape of the seed, green-
ish, 1*5 cm. long, 1 cm.
broad.

Stem erect, terete, woody,
verrucose, pubescent, deep
green; 1st internode 6 mm.
long ; 2nd 3 mm. ; 3rd 4 mm. ;
4th 7 mm. ; 5th 7 mm. ; 6th
9-5 mm. ; 7th 1-2 cm.

Leaves compound, impari-
pinnate, cauline, alternate,

stipulate, petiolate, glabrous above and dark green, sparsely pubescent
on the under side, petiole and rachis paler green ; petiole-semiterete,
channelled on the upper side ; stipules small, tooth-like, incon-
spicuous.

FIG. 294. — Edwardsia chileiisis. Nat. size.

454

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 1. Unifoliolate, small; leaflet obovate.

No. 2. Trifoliolate ; leaflets unequal.

No. 3. Quadrifoliolate ; an extra, small, lateral leaflet present at
the base of the terminal one, but probably a malformation.

No. 4. Trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, minutely emarginate ;
terminal leaflet largest. This applies to most or all of the leaflets
that follow.

Nos. 5 and 6. Five-foliolate.

Nos. 7-10. Seven -foliolate.

Castanospernmm australe, A. Cunn. (fig. 295).

Primary root long,
tapering, stout, giving
off lateral, branched
fibres.

Hypocotyl unde-
veloped.

Cotyledons enor-
mously large, semiglo-
bose, fleshy, filling the
seed and conforming to
it in shape, persistent
and subterranean, re-
maining in the testa
which splits irregularly.

Plumule very large
and well developed,
fleshy.

Stem erect, terete,
ultimately woody, and
forming a tall tree.

Leaves compound,
imparipinnate, cauline,
alternate, stipulate, peti-
olate ; leaflets large,
leathery, exstipellate.

FIG. 295. — Castanospermum australe. Nat. ei

Myroxylon pemiferum, L. fil.
Hypocotyl usually subterranean.

Cotyledons fleshy and remaining in the large seed till they are
exhausted and decay.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green, ultimately grey,

LEGUMINOS^E

455

slightly warted ; 1st internode 7'65 cm. long ; 2nd 1-4 cm. ;
3rd 1-05 cm ; 4th 1-1 cm. ; 5th 1'25 cm. ; 6th 8 mm.

Leaves compound, pinnate with alternate leaflets (those of the first
four to five leaves mostly opposite), cauline, alternate (first two op-
posite), stipulate, petiolate, permeated with small, linear-oblong,
dot -like glands, ciliated on the margin, pubescent on the petiole
and on the rachis and midrib of leaflets on both surfaces, deep green
above, paler beneath, shining on both surfaces, evergreen, coriaceous,
thin ; leaflets slightly undulate, and subrevolute at the extreme
margin, shallowly wavy or subcrenulate in the adult leaves ; petioles
terete, thickened at the base
and articulated with the
stem ; stipules small, linear,
obtuse, pubescent, tending
to become obsolete as they
proceed from the first pair of
leaves upward.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite ;
leaflets five, lanceolate, ob-
tuse, emarginate, as are those
of the third to seventh leaf.

No. 3. With eight leaflets.

No. 4. With nine leaflets.

No. 5. Deformed.

No. 6. With nine leaflets.

No. 7. With eleven leaf-
lets.

Ultimate leaves pinnate,
with nine to thirteen alter-
nate leaflets and a terminal
elliptic, obtuse, emarginate
one ; lateral leaflets oblong,
obtuse, emarginate, or a few
of the lower ones ovate.

FIG. 296.
Hcematoxylon campechianum, x 2.

Hsematoxylon campechianum, L.

Fruit a legume, much flattened dorsally, one-seeded.

Seed oblong-oval, 8-12 mm. long, exalbuminous, very much
laterally flattened; testa straw-coloured, smooth, thickened near
the hilum ; hilum rather conspicuous, ventral.

Embryo straight, filling the whole interior of the seed, yellowish ;
cotyledons deeply bilobed, transversely oblong, consisting chiefly of
two large auricles, obtuse, veined while still in the seed, lying the

456 ON SEEDLINGS

broad way of the seed, with their edges to the axis ; radicle short,
subquadrangular, subacute, lying between the two lobes of the
cotyledon, but not incumbent on them.

Seedling (fig. 296).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-2-5 cm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons membranous, unequal, unsymmetrical, deeply bipar-
tite, shortly petiolate; segments obliquely oblong, ovate, obtuse,
entire, glabrous, dark green, distinctly pinnatinerved ; the lateral
veins very long.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, herbaceous, ultimately woody.

TRIBE EUC^SALPINIE^E.
Caesalpinia tinctoria, Domb. (fig. 297).

Hypocotyl long, woody, striated, 5-6 cm. long, brownish.

Cotyledons obovately rotund, subfleshy, obtuse, entire, slightly
auricled at the base, subsessile or very shortly petiolate, glabrous,
dark green, trinerved, with the principal nerves again pinnati-
nerved.

Stem erect, square, herbaceous (ultimately woody) minutely
pubescent ; 1st internode 5-6 mm. long ; 2nd internode 7-9 mm.

First two leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, cauline, alternate,
petiolate, stipulate, ending in a short point; third leaf bipin-
nate ; leaflets simple, opposite, oval-oblong, acute, ending in a
sharp point ormucro, shortly petiolulate, stipellate, glabrous, green,
pinnatinerved ; petioles long, terete, pubescent ; stipules and stipellae
straight, acute, thorn- or bristle-like.

Tubeuf 1 figures and describes the seedling of Gleditschia tri-
acanthos, which somewhat resembles the above, but the cotyledons
are oval, 2-5 cm. long, and 1-2 cm. broad, and sessile. The first
leaves have ten pairs of pinnaa, which are shortly stalked, have a
delicate pointed apex, and are hairy.

Poinciana Gilliesii, Hook. (fig. 298).

Hypocotyl erect, square, with slightly winged ribs, and a few
short brown hairs on the upper part, 4-5 cm. long ; light subglau-
cous-green.

Cotyledons broadly or obovately oblong, obtuse, entire, very
1 Samen, FrUchte u. Keimlinge (Berlin, 1891), p. 127.

LEGUMJNOS^E

457

shortly petiolate, glabrous, light subglaucous-green, five-nerved at
the base, with the main nerve forking near the apex ; petioles
connate at the base.

FIG. 297. — Ccesalpinia tinctoria. Nat. size.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, covered with short brown hairs ;
1st internode 2' 5-3 mm. long.

First leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, cauline, alternate with

458

ON SEEDLINGS

long petioles, stipulate ; leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly
petiolulate, opposite (sometimes alternate), glabrous, light green,

FIG. 298.— Poinciana Gilltesii. Nat. size.

pinnatinerved ; petioles terete, with a few scattered hairs ; stipules
obovate, jagged or denticulate, minutely hairy.

LEGUMINOS^E

459

TKIBE CASSIE^E.

Cassia circinata, Benth. (fig. 299).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, wiry, suffrutescent, pubescent, 2'5-
4-5 cm. long, pale green at first, ultimately brown.

PIG. 299. — Cassia circinata. Nat. si

Cotyledons foliaceous, shortly petiolate, rotund, deep green above,
indistinctly three- to five-nerved, paler beneath ; petiole about 1 mm.
long.

Stem wiry, suffrutescent, terete, pubescent, pale green ; 1st inter-
node 1'8 cm. long ; 2nd 9 mm. ; 3rd 6'5 mm. ; 4th 7 mm.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate, stipulate, petiolate.

460

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 1. Pinnate, abrupt, with one or sometimes two pairs of
leaflets ; leaflets oblong, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, pale green above,
glaucous beneath, ciliate, petiolulate ; petiole subterete, channelled
above, pubescent, 1-5 cm. long; petiolule 1 mm. long; stipules linear,
acute, pubescent.

Nos. 2-5 of two pairs of leaflets; leaflets opposite; rachis
abrupt ; otherwise similar to No. 1.

Cassia obovata, Coll. (fig. 300).

Hypocotyl stout, glabrous, light green, 1-5-2 cm. long, stout.

Cotyledons broadly obovate,
obtuse, entire or widely emar-
ginate, nearly sessile, glabrous,
light subglaucous-green, dis-
tinctly trinerved.

St&m erect, terete, herb-
aceous, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 4-5 mm. long ; 2nd
shorter.

First leaves abruptly pinnate,
petioles long ; leaflets oblong,
obtuse, entire, opposite, shortly
petiolulate, glabrous, green, alter-
nately pinnatinerved ; stipules
small, setaceous, deciduous.

Cassia mimosoides, L.

Hypocotyl slender, T5 cm.
FIG. BOO.— Cassia obovata. Nat. size, long, '5-'75 mm. thick, uneven
but glabrous and terete.

Cotyledons horizontal, subsessile, about 9 mm. long and 5 mm.
broad, obliquely oblong, rounded at the apex, entire, obscurely
nerved, with a revolute margin, glabrous but showing dark brown
dots on both surfaces, pale green.

Stem pubescent, not very firm, red ; first internode 2-8 cm. long
and '5 mm. thick.

Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets small, linear-oblong, obtuse,
entire with an evident midrib ; stipules small, scarious, subulate,
acute.

No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, 1-2 cm. long, '75 cm. broad, with
about seven pairs of oblique, linear-oblong, sessile leaflets 3-4 mm.
long and 1-2 mm. broad.

No. 2. Similar.

LEGUMINOS^E

461

Cassia Fistula, L. (fig. 301).

Fruit a legume, linear, slightly compressed laterally, divided
into many cells transversely by ingrowths of the carpel, many-seeded,
thick, indehiscent.

Seed rotund-obovate, much compressed dorso-ventrally, glabrous,
hard, shining ; testa thin, pale-coloured, and separating from
the tegmen, forming a broad white band down the middle of the

C.

PIG. 301. — Cassia Fistula. A, oblique longitudinal section of seed,
x 6 : US, uncut surface ; EC, edges of cotyledons ; P, endosperm ;
OC, testa; 1C, tegmen. B, longitudinal section of seed at right
angles to the plane of the cotyledons, x 5 : R, radicle ; P, endo-
sperm. C, transverse section of seed, x 5 : P, endosperm ; C, coty-
ledons.

ventral aspect, and a broader one along the dorsal aspect, while
round the edges it remains attached and appears deep buff
or brownish-yellow ; tegmen much thicker and brownish-yellow ;
micropyle and hilum contiguous, basal at the upper end of the
seed ; raphe ventral, forming a brown line almost obscured by
the white testa ; chalaza apical, at the farther end from the
hilum.

462

ON SEEDLINGS

Endosperm copious, very tough and almost colourless when moist,
hard and cartilaginous when dry, occupying the greater part of the
interior of the seed.

Embryo large and nearly as long as the endosperm, straight,
central, but obliquely twisted, so that in transverse section it
traverses the endosperm diagonally by two curves, the edges of the
cotyledons abutting against the inner wall of the seed and cutting
the endosperm in two ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly

cordate at the base, trinerved
longitudinally, while short,
alternate, ascending nerves
are given off from the mid-
rib, closely applied face to
face, thick, flat, rather fleshy,
pale yellow ; radicle very
short, stout, obtuse, subovoid,
lying hi a cavity of the en-
dosperm close to the micro-
pyle, straight, many times
shorter than the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 302).
Hypocotyl woody, erect,
terete, substriate by the burst-
ing of the epidermis, finely
pubescent, glabrescent, green
and afterwards becoming
brown, 4-6 cm. long.

Coft/Zedowsfoliaceous, short-
ly petiolate, oblong or obovate-
oblong, rounded at the end, tri-
nerved and reticulate, 2-4 cm.
long, 1'4 cm. broad.

Stem woody, erect, flexuous
or zigzag at the joints, terete,
pubescent, green ; 1st inter-
node 5 mm. long ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th each about 1 mm. ; 5th
2 mm. ; 6th 3*5 mm. ; 7th 4 mm.

Leaves cauline, alternate, compound, stipulate, petiolate, abruptly
pinnate ; petioles and under side of leaflets pubescent ; upper side
glabrous, deep green ; under side pale or glaucous.

No. 1. Consisting of one pair of deformed, unequal-sized leaf-
lets.

FIG. 302.— Cassia Fistula. Nat. size.

LEGUMINOSyE

463

No. 2. Of two pairs of oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute
leaflets.

Nos. 3 and 4. Very small, each with two pairs of leaflets.

Nos. 5-7. Of two pairs of leaflets ; lower pair ovate, obtuse,
penninerved and reticulate, entire, petiolulate ; upper pair ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, otherwise like the lower pair ;
petiole subterete, slightly channelled above, 9-15 mm. long ;
primary rachis 8-9 mm. long, ending in a mucro between the
upper pair of leaflets ; petiolules about 1 mm. long.

TRIBE BAUHINIE^.

Bauhinia tomentosa, L. (fig. 303).

Seeds oblong, subrotund or orbicular, much compressed laterally,
6'5-8 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, 2-2-25 mm. thick, not transverse
to the placenta.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, subgla-
brous, pale green, 1-25-1'S cm. long.

Cotyledons foliaceous, obovate-
oblong, obtuse and rounded at both
ends, five-nerved from the base in
a somewhat radiating manner, gla-
brous and shining on both surfaces,
light green above, paler beneath,
subfleshy, sessile, 2'1 cm. long,
1-2 cm. wide.

Stem shrubby after a time,
erect, terete, hairy, pale green when
young; 1st internode 1*45 cm. long.

Leaves simple, bilobed (appa-
rently consisting of two united leaf-
lets), cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, more or less hairy on
both surfaces (in the seedling), five-
nerved, reticulate, with the median nerve prolonged or aristate in the
apical sinus, with strong branches running to the apex of the lobes,
and the lateral ones ascendingly penninerved ; petioles semiterete,
channelled above, hairy ; stipules small, subulate, acute, colourless.

No. 1. Broadly obcordate, rounded at the base, divided at the
apex for about one-fourth its length, with the lobes rounded and
obtuse.

Nos. 2 and 3. (Deformed in specimen).

Nos. 4 and 5. Similar to No. 1, but smaller.

FIG. 303. — Bauhinia tomentosa.
Nat. size.

464

ON SEEDLINGS

BauMnia Carronii, F. Muell.

Pods 8-10 cm. long, 2-5-3 cm. broad, scarlet when young,
the colour of the flowers, which they resemble at a distance.

Seeds oblong or broadly oblong, much compressed laterally,
smooth, shining, deep chestnut brown, glabrous, 9-10-5 mm. long,
6-8-5 mm. broad, 2-25-2-75 mm. thick.

Hypocotyl subterranean.

FIG. 804.— Garcia Siliquostrum, x 2.

Cotyledons sessile, one below the earth, about 1'5 cm. long,
1 cm. broad, oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, trinerved, sub-
concave, glabrous, succulent, light green above.

Stem herbaceous, terete, about 2 mm. thick, very pale green ;
1st internode 8'2 cm. long ; 2nd 2-1 cm. ; 3rd 2 cm. ; 4th
1-7 cm.

Leaves. — No. 1. Very small, cauline, compound, of two leaflets ;

LEGUMINOS^ 465

petiole 1 mm. long ; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 5 mm.
long, 2 mm. broad, otherwise like No. 2.

No. 2 &c. Compound, cauline, stipulate, petiolate, of one pair of
leaflets, glabrous, palmatinerved, reticulate ; leaflets opposite,
obovate, slightly oblique, entire, obtuse and rounded at the apex,
subcuneate at the base, pale green and subglaucous on both sides,
1-5 cm. long, 7 mm. broad ; stipules free, small, subulate, acute;
petiole terete, or faintly channelled on the upper side, minutely
pubescent, 3 mm. long, produced beyond the bases of the, leaflets
into a slender, subulate, acute point.

Cercis Siliquastmm,1 Willd. (fig. 804).

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, 5-6 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons rotund, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, coriaceous,
dark green, glabrous, pinnatinerved or rather trinerved, with
numerous branched veinlets to the principal veins.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
1-1*2 cm. long ; 2nd 5-7 mm.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, petiolate, stipulate,
cordate or ovate from a cordate base, obtuse, glabrous, light green,
pinnatinerved or five-nerved ; petioles rather long, slender, terete ;
stipules small, acute, setaceous, deciduous.

TRIBE AMHEBSTIE^;.
Peltogyne sp.

Primary root long, tapering, giving off numerous short lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, obtusely tetragonal owing to the lines running
down from the cotyledons, 13'5-14'5 cm. long, glabrous, soon becom-
ing woody.

Cotyledons broadly oval, obtuse, fleshy, green but opaque, with
obscure or indiscernible venation, sessile, rather strongly auricled
at the base with the auricles connate for most of their length along
the dorsal aspect, and deeply grooved in front so that they appear
to be attached to the axis about 4-5 mm. above their base, erect for
some time after germination, then recurved and spreading a little
above their insertion, rather caducous.

Stem soon becoming woody ; 1st internode about 4 mm. long.

Leaves compound, consisting of one pair of leaflets, like some
species of Bauhinia, cauline, stipulate, petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous,
shining ; leaflets very unequal-sided or half-ovate, obtuse, sessile,
1 Cf. Tubeuf, loc. cit. p. 128, fig. 174.

H H

466 ON SEEDLINGS

with the midrib near the inner edge or anterior margin, and a few
strong incurved nerves (not reaching the margin) on the posterior
side ; petiole short, semiterete, grooved above in the first pair, and
about l-5 cm. long ; stipules slender, short, subulate, soon becoming
brown.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, with the characters as above given.

Hymenaea Courbaril, L. (fig. 305).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout, succulent, glabrous, pale brownish-
green, 8'5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick at the base.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, plano-convex, oval in outline, slightly
emarginate, pale brownish on the back, light green above (the green
part being bordered by a narrow rim), glabrous, red on the back
when quite young, semi-erect, auricled at the base behind, and
forming a short sheath, 2*2 cm. long including the sheath, 1-4 cm.
broad, 7 mm. thick a little above the base.

Stem succulent at first, ultimately woody, green, glabrous ; 1st
internode 3*3 cm. long ; 2nd 4'15 cm.

Leaves. — Nos. 1 and 2. Simple, opposite, exstipulate, cohering
nearly throughout the whole length of their petioles and adnate to the
stem ; lamina obliquely rotund, emarginate, 5-6-nerved longitudinally
and finely reticulate, 5 cm. long, 5'5 cm. broad, ascending.

No. 3. Alternate, abruptly pinnate, stipulate, with one pair of
leaflets ; leaflets obliquely ovate, acuminate, obtuse, conduplicate in
bud, and adpressed to each other by the backs of their narrow anterior
sides, the posterior side being the broader.

Ultimate leaves abruptly pinnate with one pair of very shortly
petiolulate leaflets, articulated with the petiole ; leaflets obliquely
oblong, or subfalcate, acuminate, obtuse, unequal -sided, glabrous,
coriaceous, light or deep green, densely dotted with immersed glands
on the under side, with a row of submarginal, larger, suboblong or
oval ones, all of which are translucent when held up to the light ;
petioles thickened at the base and apex ; stipules oblong-lanceolate,
acute, pale green, with translucent glands and a finely ciliate margin ;
caducous.

TRIBE CYNOMETRE.ZE.

Copaifera officinalis, L.

Hypocotyl aerial, erect, terete, stout, covered with short, minute
hairs, soon becoming woody and deep brown, 4-5 cm. above
ground.

Cotyledons aerial, but very fleshy, oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile,
shortly auricled at the base, rounded on the back, flat on the inner

FIG. 805. — HijmencEa Courbaril. Nat. size. H H 2

468 ON SEEDLINGS

face or becoming concave by shrivelling, 1-4-1-6 cm. long, 8-10 mm.
wide, reddish or tinged with yellow.

Stem erect, terete, green, densely covered with short incurved
hairs, soon becoming woody ; Istinternode 3*5-4 cm. long, together
with the hypocotyl constituting the whole of the first season's growth
and terminating in a small bud that appears to be lateral owing to
the size of the first leaf.

Leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, evergreen, glabrous, full of pellucid glands, leathery, penni-
nerved, reticulate, bright green and shining ; stipules small, deci-
duous ; petiole very short, stout, cylindrical, finely pubescent between
the leaflets like the midrib and the petiolules.

No. 1. Of three pairs of lanceolate, obtuse, falcate leaflets, oblique
on the posterior side, and more or less cut away on the anterior side
at the base, especially the uppermost pair.

SUBORDER MIMOSEJE.
TEIBE ADENANTHERE^:.

Adenanthera Pavonina, L. (fig. 806).

Hypocotyl soft, succulent, erect, terete, glabrous, green, 1'5 cm.
long, afterwards woody.

Cotyledons sessile, erect and clasping the stem with subsagittate
auricles at the base, fleshy, thick, margin slightly undulate, olive
green, with buds in their axils.

Stem erect, terete or substriate, glabrous, green, ultimately
woody ; 1st internode 2'4 cm. long.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), stipulate,
petiolate ; stipules minute, glandular.

Nos. 1 and 2. Pinnate ; leaflets alternate, lanceolate-oblong,
acute or cuspidate, entire, glabrous, pale green, largest about the
middle of the leaf, and gradually smaller to each end ; petiole sub-
terete, channelled on the upper side, 8 mm. long ; rachis of leaf
terete, slightly channelled on the upper side at the base, ending in
a slender, filiform point beyond the uppermost leaflet ; point 4 mm.
long.

No. 8. Alternate.

Nos. 4-6. Alternate, paripinnate ; leaflets alternate.

Nos. 7-9. Bipinnate with two pairs of opposite pinnae ; apex of
rachis abrupt ; leaflets alternate.

No. 10. Bipinnate, abrupt, with three pairs of pinnae ; leaflets
alternate, unequal in size, rotund or oval at the base of pinna, oblong,
obtuse and minutely cuspidate on upper part of pinna, pale green,

LEGUMINOSJ3

469

glabrous ; apex of pinnae abrupt ; petiole terete, subchannelled on
the upper side, 2'8 cm. long ; rachis between the first and second
pair of pinna 1/7 cm. long ; between second and third pair 1/9 cm.
long.

Ultimate leaves bipinnate and large, with three to four pairs of
pinna).

Prosopis juliflora, DC.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, suffrutescent, slender, pale green becom-
ing brownish, 1/6 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, subsessile, falling away rather
early, glabrous.

Stem erect, suffrutescent, terete, glabrous, subflexuous, wiry ; 1st

FIG. 306. — Adenanthera Pavonina. Nat. size.

internode 1*75 mm. long ; 2nd 6 mm. ; 3rd 4 mm. ; 4th 5'5 mm. ;
5th 3 mm. ; 6th 4 mm. ; 7th 6'5 mm.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, gla-
brous, glaucous-green ; petioles slender, terete, almost filiform, gla-
brous, glaucous ; stipules subulate, acute, pale green, glabrous.

No. 1. Abruptly pinnate with four pairs of oblong, obtuse, apicu-
late leaflets, the basal and uppermost pairs small.

No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate with one perfect pinna of four pairs
of oblong leaflets and an abortive pinna ; petiole terminating in a
small subulate point between the pinnae.

Nos. 3-8. Bipinnate with one pair of pinnoa ; pinnae abruptly

470 ON SEEDLINGS

pinnate ; leaflets opposite, oblong, obtuse, apiculate, folding up face
to face and imbricating longitudinally on their own rachis when the
temperature is low or towards evening.

Dichrostachys cinerea, Wight et Arn.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, thinly pubescent, soon losing it s
epidermis and becoming greyish.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, cordate and three- or faintly
five-nerved at the base, deep subglaucous-green above, paler bene ath,
glabrous, erect, very shortly petiolate, 1 cm. long, 8 mm. broad.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode
undeveloped; 2nd 1-25 cm long ; 3rd T6 cm.; 4th 1*1 cm.; 5th
1-15 cm. ; 6th 9 mm.

Leaves abruptly uni- to bi-pinnate, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, ciliate on the margins of the leaflets, deep glaucous -green
above, glaucous beneath ; leaflets folded upwards and forwards, im-
bricate with lower ones always outside the upper when the temper-
ature is low ; petioles subterete, channelled above, pubescent, articu-
lated with a large swollen base, excurrent between the pinnae with
a small subulate point ; rachis with a small cylindrical gland on the
upper side between each pair of pinnae ; stipules slender, subulate,
attenuate.

No. 1. Pinnate with about ten pairs of opposite, linear-oblong,
acute leaflets.

No. 2. Bipinnate with one pair of pinnae.

No. 3. Bipinnate with two pairs of pinnae.

No. 4. Ditto.

No. 5. With three pairs of pinnae.

No. 6. With four pairs of pinnas ; leaflets linear-oblong or oblong,
acute, fewer than those of the four leaves immediately below ; lower
pair of pinnae unequal, one pinna linear-oblong, acute, undivided,
the other pinna divided into four leaflets on the posterior side, and
undivided on the anterior side or that next the rachis.

This reversion is pretty frequent.

TBIBE EuMmosE-as.

Leucaena glauca, Benth. (fig. 307).

Hypocotyl rather woody, about 2-5 cm. long and 1-1-5 mm. thick,
terete, with a corky collar just above the surface of the ground,
pubescent, whitish-green.

Cotyledons with short, connate, pubescent petioles, 1'5 cm. long,
1 cm. broad, and 1 mm. thick, oval or obovate, sagittate at the

LEGUMINOS^E

471

base, rounded at the apex, entire, slightly convex, five-nerved,
glabrous on both sides, dark green above.

Stem erect, herbaceous, terete, glabrous, dark green ; 1st inter-
node 1 cm. long, and 1 mm. thick ; 2nd shorter and thinner.

Leaves. — No. 1. Abruptly
pinnate, about 4 cm. long and
2 cm. broad ; leaflets linear-
lanceolate, oblique, in about
seven pairs, obscurely nerved
and veined, thin, bright green
above, paler below ; leaflets 1 cm.
long and 2-3 mm. broad.

No. 2. Abruptly bipinnaie,
petiole 1'5 cm.long, -5 mm. thick,
ending in a setaceous mucro ;
primary pinnre two, about 2 cm.
long and 1-25 cm. broad, with
about six pairs of secondary
ones ; the latter subsessile, 6-8
mm. long and 2 mm. broad,
otherwise like those of No. 1.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar to No. 2.

PIG. 307. — Leucczna glauca. Nat.

TKIBE ACACIEJE.

Acacia Burkittii, F. Muell (fig. 308).

Hypocotyl suffrutescent, erect, glabrous, pale green, suffused
with purple at the base, 5'5 cm. above the soil, 2 mm. thick.

Cotyledons foliaceous, broadly triangular, obtuse, deeply auricled
at the base, sessile, with half-ovate auricles, convex above, and deep
subglaucous-green, rigid and fleshy, pale beneath with numerous
irregular tortuose ridges along the middle, none of which are half
the length of the leaf.

Stem succulent, ultimately fruticose, terete, stout immediately
above the cotyledons, then suddenly becoming slender, pubescent
with somewhat adpressed curved hairs, pale green ; .1st internode
1-5 mm. long; 2nd 4 mm.; 3rd I'l cm.; 4th T35 cm.; 5th
1-15 cm.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, bright
green above, paler beneath ; petioles subterete, channelled above,
densely pubescent as well as the rachis of pinnaa when young, less
so when older ; stipules subulate, acute, free.

Nos. 1-6 inclusive. Bipinnate with one pair of pinnae and nume-

472 ON SEEDLINGS

rous pairs of opposite, oblong, or obovate-oblong, minutely apiculate
or subacute, shortly petiolulate leaflets ; petiole excurrent between
the pinnse, with a subulate slender point ; rachis of pinnae excurrent
in the form of a small subulate point.

PIG. 308.— Acacia BurUttii. Nat. size.

Acacia Oswaldi, F. Muell.

Eypocotyl as in last species, substriate, 1-8 cm. to 2-7 cm. above
ground, 1 mm. thick.

Cotyledons obovate-oblong, obtuse, auricled or sagittate at the
base, sessile, thickened at the margin, deep green above, paler
beneath and wrinkled longitudinally, glabrous, fleshy, 1 cm. long,
6 mm. broad.

Stem suffrutescent, erect, terete, glabrous pale green ; internodes
differing in length in different individuals.

LEGUMINOS^E 473

Plant No. 1. — 1st internode 3 cm. long; 2nd 2 mm.; 3rd
I'D mm. ; 4th 2-25 mm. ; 5th 7'5 mm. ; 6th 3 mm. ; 7th I'l cm. ;
8th 5 mm. ; 9th 4 mm. ; 10th 5-5 mm.

Plant No. 2. — 1st internode 1*5 mm. long ; 2nd 1 mm. ; 3rd
5 mm. ; 4th I'lo cm. ; 5th 5 mm.

Leaves compound and abruptly pinnate or reduced to phyllodes,
cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous ; stipules small,
slender, subulate, acute.

Plant No. 1. — No. 1. Pinnate, with one pair of pinnae and ex-
current at the apex to a filiform point ; leaflets oblong, obtuse,
subcuspidate.

No. 2. Dropped or broken off.

No. 3. Pinnate with three pairs of leaflets.

No. 4. With two small, ovate, acute, and one oblong leaflet ;
petiole laterally compressed.

Nos. 5-10. Reduced to lanceolate-oblong, acute phyllodes with
their edges placed vertically, equally deep green on both sides, and
longitudinally multinervecl.

Plant No 2. — Nos. 1 and 2. With three pairs of oblong subcuspi-
date leaflets with subinvolute margins and unequal at the base on
the posterior side.

No. 3. With two pairs of leaflets ; petiole slightly compressed
laterally and in a less degree than those of Nos. 1 and 2.

No. 4. With one pair of leaflets and a strongly projecting rachis ;
petiole laterally compressed, linear-lanceolate with its edges vertical.

No. 5. Reduced to a phyllode.

Acacia verticillata, Willd. (fig. 309).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, green, soon becoming woody.

Cotyledons obovate, oblong, obtuse, subfleshy, deep green and
shining, 4'5 mm. long ; 3'5 mm. broad.

Stem woody, erect, terete, ribbed and furrowed or deeply striate,
closely and minutely tuberculated, very sparsely pubescent, bright
green at least when young ; 1st iuternode undeveloped ; 2nd 3 mm.
long ; 3rd 6 mm. ; 4th 6'5 mm. ; 5th 2*5 cm. ; 6th 1-6 cm. ; 7th
8'5 mm. ; 8th 7 mm. ; 9th 4'5 mm. ; 10th 3 mm.

Leaves at first pinnate, then bipinnate, then reduced to
phyllodes, cauline, alternate (the phyllodes more or less verti-
cillate, sometimes scattered), stipulate, petiolate, deep glaucous-
green above, glaucous beneath (phyllodes deep green like the
petioles of the leaves), glabrous except the slightly pubescent
petioles and midrib ; petioles laterally compressed but less so than
the phyllodes, deep green and shining, and projecting beyond the

474

OX SEEDLINGS

Fio. 309. — Acacia verticillata.
Half nat. size.

FIG. 310. — Acacia dealbata.
Half nat. size.

pinnae with a subulate acute
aristate point; stipules small,
subulate, acute, or lanceolate and
aristate, reduced to small dark
hairs where the phyllodes are ver-
ticillate or suppressed, but usually
well developed where these are
scattered.

No. 1. Pinnate with two pairs
of leaflets.

Nos. 2-5 inclusive. Bipinnate
with one pair of pinnae ; leaflets
varying from obovate-oblong to
oblong (the commoner form),
obtuse, aristate, folding upwards
and forwards face to face at
night.

No. 6 (in specimen sketched). Re-
duced to a small laterally compressed
phyllode, about 8 mm. long.

Nos. 7-11. Forming a half whorl of
phyllodes.

Nos. 12-16. Forming a broken or in-
terrupted whorl.

No. 17. A solitary phyllode.
Nos. 18-23. A whorl of phyllodes.

Acacia dealbata, Link. (fig. 310).

Primary root tapering, with a few
colourless lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl terete, firm, glabrous,
brownish, 3-4 cm. long, '5-1 mm.
thick.

Cotyledons sessile, 6 or 7 mm. long,
1*25 mm. in diameter when rolled up,
3 mm. when opened out, revolute,
oblong, entire, obscurely nerved on the
outer side, with a very prominent midrib
below, thin, light green.

Stem firm, terete, but slightly uneven
and downy, brownish -green ; 1st inter-
node undeveloped ; 2nd about 1 cm.
long, -5-1 rnm. thick.

LEGUMINOS.E 475

Leaves. — No. 1. Pinnate ; leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse, entire,
sessile or subsessile.

No. 2. Bipinnate ; leaflets linear, obtuse, entire.

Acacia acanthocarpa, Willcl.

Hypocotyl 2-5 mm. long, light green or colourless.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, broadly oblong, entire, slightly cordate
at the base, obtuse, shortly petiolate, glabrous, trinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous at first, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 2-3 mm. long, finely pubescent.

First leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, petiolate, stipulate,
alternate, cauline ; leaflets opposite, shortly petiolulate, entire, oval-
oblong, obtuse, eight in first leaf; the petiole and petiolules are
slightly hairy.

NOTE. — The cotyledons are often three in number ; out of eleven
plants four had three cotyledons.

TEIBE

Pithecolobium Saman, Benth.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, 6'5 cm. long, 2 mm.
thick, pale green.

Cotyledons (dropped).

Stem becoming woody, erect, terete, striate, densely hairy and
almost woolly on the younger parts, pale green ; 1st internode
2'5 mm. long ; 2nd 9 mm. ; 3rd 1-1 cm.

Leaves cauline, compound, alternate (first two opposite), petio-
late, stipulate and stipellate, ciliate, pubescent beneath and on
the petioles, ultimately becoming glabrous except the petioles and
apparently the margin.

No. 1. Simply and abruptly pinnate, with three pairs of opposite
leaflets ; lowest pair lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal at the
base ; second pair oblong, obtuse, cuspidate ; third pair obovate, ob-
long, obtuse, cuspidate, all petiolulate ; stipules free, subulate, acute.

The primary rachis of the first leaf frequently ends in a
small, lanceolate, acute leaflet, thus making the leaf imparipinnate.

No. 2. Bipinnate, consisting of one pair of pinnas or primary
divisions, and terminating abruptly ; pinnfe of two pairs of leaflets
with sometimes an odd one at the base laterally, terminating in a
subulate acute mucro, stipellate at the base ; leaflets unequal in
size, oval, oblique, obtuse, or subcuspidate, unequal at the base ;
one of the basal ones is frequently very small, namely the one on
the basal, anterior side of the pinna.

476 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 3. Similar to No. 2.

N.B. — The odd leaflet on the posterior basal side of the pinna
is accounted for by the suppression of the corresponding anterior
one.

ROSACES.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 600.

Fruit and Seed. — The carpels of which the ovary is com-
posed in this Order vary from one to many, and are free or in
some genera more or less connate and adherent to the tubular
or variously concave receptacle. A monocarpellary type is
represented by Prunus, while a two- to five-celled ovary is
characteristic of the tribe Poineae.

Polycarpellary ovaries occur in Eubus, Potentilla, Fragaria,
Geum, Spiraea, Rosa and others. Each carpel is one-celled
or spuriously two-celled. The ovules are generally geminate,
pendulous and anatropous, and superposed ; and in this case the
raphe is ventral and the micropyle superior. They are, how-
ever, solitary in the Potentilleae, Roseae, Poterieae, and Neura-
dese. In some cases they are ascending with a dorsal raphe
and inferior micropyle, as in the Chrysobalanese, Quillajeae and
others. Numerous ovules occur in Pyrus and others of the
Quince type and in Spiraea. The fruit is extremely variable,
being drupaceous in the Chrysobalaneae, Pruneae, and Rubese ;
in the latter the torus is elevated and conical. It is follicular
in many of the Spiraeese, consists of achenes in the Potentilleae,
Poterieae, and Roseae, and forms a pome in the Pomeae. The
receptacle of Fragaria is of considerable size and pulpy or
succulent, while in Rosa ! it is urceolate, fleshy, and termed a
' hip,' while in the Poterieae it is dry, concave, cup-shaped or
almost urceolate. In the Pomese it is fleshy and adherent
to the ovary ; and in certain cases is capsular, dehiscing by

1 There is some difference among botanical writers as to the use of these
terms in the Kosaceae, the concave receptacle being sometimes regarded as part
of the calyx, and styled calyx-tube.

ROSACES 477

valves. When greatly enlarged, as in Fragaria, Rubus, Rosa,
some species of Potentilla and others, the carpels are numerous
and small. In drupaceous and pomaceous fruits the endocarp
is bony or woody, crustaceous or cartilaginous.

The seed is erect or pendulous in accordance with the
ovule, with a membranous or coriaceous testa, occasionally
winged. Endosperm is wanting in most cases, but not in all.
The embryo is almost absolutely straight, with fleshy plano-
convex cotyledons, resembling the almond, though in most
cases very small. Rarely are the cotyledons large and folia-
ceous. The micropyle is close to the hilum, and the short
radicle points to it.

All the seeds coming under notice are entirely exalbu-
minous, and their embryos anrygdaloid. They may be classi-
fied according to relative size, character of the fruit, or
peculiarities in the development of the receptacle. For
instance, the species of Primus, including the old genera
Persica, Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus and Laurocerasus,
all have very large amygdaloid embryos and a bony endocarp,
and may be considered as the typical representatives of the
Order as far as shape and general features of the seed and
embryo are concerned. A very small type is met with in
Spiraea, and endosperm occurs in some genera belonging
to the same tribe, such as Neillia, Stephanandra, Gillenia, and
Neviusa, as well as in Canotia, Eucryphia, and Euphronia
belonging to the Quillajese.

The separate drupels of Rubus Balfourianus may be
compared to those of Primus on a small scale, and similarly
the embryo which conforms closely to the shape of the seed
and that again to the interior of the endocarp which is inde-
hiscent and bony. The achenes of Potentilla insignis are
laterally compressed, ridged and somewhat oblique, causing
the embryo to assume the same general outline and the radicle
to be bent on one side, a very unusual circumstance in the Order.
The fruit of the Poteriese consists of one to three achenes en-
closed in the concave, urceolate or closed receptacle. When
only one achene is enclosed it conforms to the interior of the
cavity, but when two or three share the space they are more
or less angled by mutual pressure. The receptacle of Agrimonia

478 ON SEEDLINGS

Eupatoria is turbinate and terminated by a great number
of hooked processes. That of Acsena ovalifolia (fig. 318) is
small, elliptic, and furnished below the apex with two to four
strong, spine-like processes with barbed tips. The elliptic
receptacle of Acsena myriophylla is covered all over with
smaller barbed processes. That of Poterium Sanguisorba
(fig. 320) is ovoid and smooth. The cotyledons of all the
four types belonging to the Poteriese are slightly auricled at
the base so as to fill the space in the seed while at the
same time accommodating the radicle. In the tribe Roseae we
have a higher development of what occurs in the Poteriese
unless we regard the latter as degraded forms of the Eosacese,
which is not unlikely, and is, indeed, suggested by several
circumstances in addition to those affecting the fruit. The
achenes of the different species of Eosa are very numerous and
included in an urceolate, ultimately baccate receptacle. The
seed in the tribe Prunese is protected by a bony endocarp ;
but in the Rosese the enlarged receptacle only is fleshy,
while the whole of the ovary wall in Eosa is bony, suberous,
or coriaceous in order to protect the seeds. The achenes
are covered with short bristly hairs along the dorsal suture
in many species. The embryo resembles the Almond in
miniature, and the seed being solitary in each achene
conforms to the interior of the latter. The seeds and embryos
in the tribe Pomese have much in common with all of the
foregoing, but they vary somewhat in different genera and
species according to modifications of the true fruit or walls of
the ovary. In Eosa, as already noted, the achenes or fruits are
quite free from one another and from the surrounding hollow
receptacle. The carpels in the Pomese vary from two to five and
are generally quite free from one another or ultimately separ-
able, but they are closely adnate to or united with the inner sur-
face of the greatly enlarged, fleshy receptacle. We find two
very distinct modifications of the ovary walls of Pyrus. Those
of P. Malus are cartilaginous, those of P. communis often
very thin and easily broken, while in P. Aria this is
always the case. P. germanica and Mespilus grandiflora,
often classed together under the genus Mespilus, have a bony
endocarp, and the shape of the seed is modified by it.

KOSACE.E 479

This may be seen by reference to Crataegus Pyracantha,
where a similar condition prevails. The globose fruit con-
sists of five carpels surrounded by the fleshy receptacle.
The walls of the carpels become greatly ossified or, properly
speaking, lignified and thickened; and seeing that each carpel
or pyrene constitutes the fifth part of a sphere, they are
trigonous or wedge-shaped in transverse section, and modify
the shape of the seed and embryo in conformity with their own.
The loculi in the fruits of the species of Pyrus generally are
proportionately large so that they do not affect the shape of
the seed. In Pyrus Cydonia, P. japonica, and P. chinensis,
the ovules, and afterwards the seeds, are very numerous in
each loculus, a most unusual circumstance in the Order.

Seedlings. — As in the seeds so in the seedlings we find a
great similarity prevailing amongst the cotyledons of different
species and genera throughout the Order. The embryo is
amygdaloid, varying for the most part in size, dependent upon
the size of the seed, and that again upon the size of the
endocarp or the achene. The cotyledons in the seedling stage
are nearly all of the same general outline, varying between
oval and oblong. They are for the most part shortly petiolate
with a slender, rarely a broad petiole, and being either thick
or opaque they do not often exhibit much of the venation
beyond the midrib. Those which are more or less deeply
emarginate form a second type ; while a third form has the
lamina cordate at the base. Taking the type, which varies
between oblong, oval, and suborbicular, two species might be
singled out as extreme modifications. These are the Cherry
and Kosa berberidifolia (fig. 322). The first has spathulate-
oblong, fleshy, entire cotyledons with glands at the base. The
second has narrowly oblong, glandular-ciliate cotyledons with
a rather broad petiole. The Spiraeas, having generally very
small seeds, have small cotyledons. S. callosa (fig. 311) re-
presents one of the shrubby tribe. The primary leaves are
small and vary from cuneate to broadly ovate. The ultimate
leaves are lanceolate and unequally serrate.

The cotyledons of Rubus are moderately large, owing to
the size of the seed. Those of Rubus phcenicolasius (fig. 312)
are shortly oblong, while those of R. rugosus are broadly oval.

480 ON SEEDLINGS

Both show a very gradual evolution of the leaves, but par-
ticularly E. phoenicolasius where the first is ovate, the
second and third reniform, and the fourth to the seventh
inclusive are oblong-cordate, and more or less lobed.

The Potentilleae have mostly small seeds and small cotyle-
dons, but some striking variations in this respect may be found
amongst the species of Geum as represented by G. Free-
montii (fig. 313) and G. coccineurn, the latter of which
has broadly oblong trinerved cotyledons. G. urbanum is
intermediate between these extremes. All have pinnate leaves
ultimately, while the first one is reniform or triangular with
many intermediate forms in the seedling stage. The fourth
leaf of G. coccineum is cordate, and the fifth lyrate-pinnatifid.
The cotyledons of all the species of Potentilla observed are
small and vary from oval to oblong-oval and suborbicular.
As far as the leaves are concerned two very distinct types may
be noticed, namely, those with pinnate leaves such as Potentilla
anserina (fig. 316), P. fulgens (fig. 315), and P. bifurca (fig.
317), and those with digitate leaves represented by P.
argyrophylla and P. reptans (fig. 314). The species of Rosa
conform to the general type in having oval or oblong cotyle-
dons. R. berberidifolia, as already mentioned, is an extreme
type. The cotyledons are generally moderately large, and in
E. moschata this is particularly the case; they are also
minutely emarginate, trinerved and ciliate. All the leaves
of R. berberidifolia are cuneate, simple and doubly serrate.
The first three of R. moschata are trifoliolate. More typical
examples are met with in E. rugosa and E. macrocarpa.
The cotyledons are oval, the first leaf cuneate and simple,
the second trilobed or trifoliolate, while a number of succeeding
ones are trifoliolate.

The members of the tribe Pomeae have moderately large
cotyledons varying from oblong-oval to obovate in conformity
to the seeds containing them. They are generally very shortly
petiolate, sometimes subsessile, and more or less evidently
trinerved though rather opaque. Pyrus Aucuparia (fig. 323)
shows the trinerved character. The first leaf is ovate and
trifid ; the second tripartite, and succeeding ones pinnate.
The cotyledons of Cratsegus Oxyacantha (fig. 324) and C.

ROSACE^E 481

mexicana are also trinerved. The primary leaves of the
first named are trifid, gradually increasing in size ; the
first two of the latter are oblong, succeeded by two other
oblong-elliptic ones. The cotyledons of Cotoneaster Simonsii
(fig. 325) agree strictly with the type. The leaves are ovate
and entire from the first to those of the adult.

The second group includes a number of species belonging
to different genera, the cotyledons of which do not differ
materially from those of the last group except in being more
or less deeply emarginate. This type is well represented by
Spiraea opulifolia, having oblong-obovate, emarginate coty-
ledons. The first leaf is broadly ovate, succeeded by two
broader trifid ones ; all are palmately trinerved. The
cotyledons of Agrimonia viscidula are transversely oblong or
suborbicular, rather deeply emarginate, and cordate at the
base. The first leaf is cordate-orbicular, and the second one
pinnately trifoliolate. The cotyledons of Eucryphia cordifolia
are broadly-oblong, trinerved, but very slightly emarginate.
The first four leaves are oblong. Eosa moschata might
have been placed here, but its cotyledons are only slightly
emarginate. The same might be said of Eubus thyrsoi-
deus, which has broadly oblong or oval, minutely emar-
ginate, glandular-ciliate cotyledons. The first three or four
leaves are broadly ovate, and others show gradual evolution.

The most distinct divergence from the type is that found
in a number of closely allied plants constituting the tribe
Poterieae, and therefore forming a very natural group. The
cotyledons are broadly oblong and short, or oblong-orbicular,
deeply notched or cordate at the base, slightly emarginate,
and petiolate. This type is well exemplified in Acaena myrio-
phylla (fig. 319). The first leaf is pinnately five-foliolate, and
the ultimate leaves pinnate, pinnatisect with linear or sub-
ulate acute segments. To this may be added A. ovalifolia,
Agrimonia Eupatoria, and Poterium Sanguisorba (fig. 321).
The latter shows numerous incurved, slender veins proceed-
ing from the midrib of the cotyledons. The two primary
leaves are trifoliolate, the ultimate ones imparipinnate with
numerous orbicular or shortly oblong, deeply toothed leaf-
lets. The basal notch is due to the cotyledons becoming

i i

482

ON SEEDLINGS

prolonged at the base in order to occupy the available space
in the bluntly pointed upper end of the seed, while they at the
same time accommodate the stout radicle in the sinus. Alche-
milla aphanoides, also belonging to the Poterieae, has oval,
obtuse, entire, petiolate cotyledons, with the petioles connate
and sheathing at the base, and therefore agrees with the pre-
vailing type of cotyledon
in the Order rather than
with its allies. The first
leaf is trifid with entire
segments ; the second
more deeply so with the
middle lobe tridentate ;
and the next three are
tripartite with cuneate,
variously toothed seg-
ments;

Spiraea callosa, Thunb.
var. (fig. 311).

Primary root slender,
flexuous, giving off secondary
rootlets, yellowish.

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
or ascending, short, glabrous,
pale green, 3-6 mm. long,
very slender.

Cotyledons small, petio-
late, glabrous, pale green ;
lamina 2*5 mm. long, 1*5
mm. broad; petiole 1P5 mm.
long.

Stem shrubby, wiry
erect, flexuous, pubescent

with upcurved and incurved hairs, pale green, soon becoming
yellowish, ultimately brown ; 1st internode T25 mm. long ; 2nd
2 mm. ; 3rd 5 mm. ; 4th 7 mm. ; 5th 7 mm. ; 6th 1 cm. ; 7th
6'5 mm. ; 8th 5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, sparsely
pubescent, ultimately subglabrous except on the principal nerves and
the margin ; stipules obsolete or very caducous ; petioles sbort,
sballowly channelled on tbe upper side, pubescent.

FIG. 811. — SpireBd callosa. Nat. size.

ROSACES 483

No. 1. Small, cuneate, tridentate.

Nos. 2 and 3. Cuneate and serrate along the upper half.

No. 4. Subelliptic, cuneate at the base, serrate along the upper
half.

No. 5. Elliptic-cuneate, unequally serrate along the upper half.

No. G. Broadly ovate, obtuse, becoming doubly serrate along
great part of its length, somewhat oblique at the base and scarcely
cuneate, subtrinerved.

No. 7. Ovate, becoming doubly serrate, subtrinerved.

No. 8. Broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, becoming doubly serrate.

Ultimate leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate and doubly so
above the middle, with numerous ascending nerves, reticulate, deep
green above, glaucous beneath, subglabrous except on the margins
and principal nerves.

Spiraea opulifolia, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, green or reddish, 5-7 mm.
above the soil, and becoming stouter upwards.

Cotyledons oblong-obovate, emarginate, with two pairs of alter-
nate, ascending, branching nerves, the uppermost incurving and
uniting with the midrib under the apical sinus, petiolate, glabrous,
rather opaque, and showing the venation best by transmitted light ;
lamina horizontal or decurved, 5-6'25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide ;
petiole ascending or suberect, channelled above, slightly convex on
the back, slightly connate at the base, about 1 mm. long.

Stem erect, two-edged or two-winged by the decurrent edges of
the petioles, pale green, soon becoming brown, glabrous, ultimately
shrubby ; 1st internode 2-25-6'25 mm. long ; 2nd 4-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, alternately
or suboppositely penninerved, with the nerves running straight into
the tips of the lobes, glabrous and bright green above, paler beneath,
shining when young; petioles semiterete, channelled above, widening
upwards, slightly winged at the edge on the upper half, glabrous ;
stipules half-ovate, acuminate, serrated on the posterior side, attached
to the very base of the petiole.

No. 1. Broadly ovate, obtuse, palrnately trinerved, dentate-
serrate, with obtuse, gland-tipped teeth.

Nos. 2 and 3. Trilobulate, dentate-serrate with obtuse, gland-
tipped teeth, palmately trinerved with strong alternate nerves above.

Eucryphia cordifolia, Cav.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 1-5-2 cm. long,
reddish.

484

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons coriaceous, slightly emarginate, broadly oblong or
oval, shortly petiolate, minutely pubescent, dark green above, tinged
with red beneath, trinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous at first, pubescent ; 1st in tern ode
2-3 mm. long ; 2nd 5-6 mm.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, oblong, acute, serrate,
shortly petiolate, stipulate, pubescent, glabrous beneath, light green
above, subglaucous-green or tinged with red beneath, pinnatinerved ;
venation very distinct on the under side.

Rubus phcenicolasius, Maxim, (fig. 312).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, sparsely glandular-pubescent or subgla-
brous, green, soon becoming brown and suffrutescent, 5-7 mm. above

the soil.

FIG. 312. — Rubus phcenicolasius. Nat. 'size.

Cotyledons petiolate, sparsely glandular-hairy ; lamina shortly
oblong, obtuse, 7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad ; petiole slender, tapering
to a broadish base, channelled above, 3*5 mm. long.

Stew suffrutescent, erect at first, terete, glandular-hairy, ultimately
8-12 feet long ; 1st internode undeveloped ; 2nd 1 mm. long ; 3rd
1 mm.

ROSACES 485

Leaves at first simple, ultimately trifoliolate, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, felted beneath
with a white tomentum, penninerved with alternate or subopposite
nerves ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, densely glandular-
hairy and glandular- setose, the hairs and setae of a reddish-purple
hue ; stipules slender, subulate, attenuate, glandular-hairy.

No. 1. Small, ovate, tridentate, trinerved.

No. 2. Eeniform, five-nerved, dentate.

No. 3. Kotund-cordate, obtuse, irregularly dentate.

No. 4. Cordate, irregularly or doubly dentate.

No. 5. Cordate, acute, doubly dentate.

Nos. 6 and 7. Oblong-cordate, acute, doubly dentate or sub-
lobulate with acute teeth.

Ultimate leaves pinnately trifoliolate, pubescent and dark green
above, felted with white tomentum beneath, glandular-hairy and
setose on the principal nerves ; terminal leaflet very large, rotund-
cordate, acuminate, trifid and doubly dentate-serrate, strongly penni-
nerved, much reticulate with the stronger nerves running into the
lobes or large teeth ; lateral leaflets broadly ovate, subacuminate,
deeply dentate-serrate, oblique on the posterior side, smaller but
otherwise like the terminal one, rather unequal but not cordate
at the base.

Leaves on the flowering branches similar to the above, but gra-
dually becoming smaller in size as the inflorescence is approached ;
petioles terete, very narrowly channelled on the upper side, densely
glandular-hairy and setose ; stipules subulate or linear, attenuate,
slender, shortly adnate to the petioles.

Rubus rugosus, Sm.

Primary root tapering, slender, soon becoming wiry, and giving
off numerous strong as well as small lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl terete, suffrutescent, thickened upwards, glandular-
hairy, 9 mm. long.

Cotyledons shortly and broadly oval, glandular-hairy on the
margin, otherwise glabrous, and similar to last species.

Stem as in last species, glandular-setose ; 1st internode unde-
veloped ; 2nd 1-5 mm. long ; 3rd 6' 5 mm. ; 4th 3 mm.

Leaves simple, coarsely hairy on both sides and glandular-setose
on the nerves and petioles ; stipules free, linear, coarsely hairy.

No. 1. Subtriangular, coarsely dentate-serrate.

No. 2. Cordate, coarsely dentate-serrate.

No. 3. Cordate, lobulate, and coarsely dentate-serrate, palmately
trinerved.

486 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 4. Cordate elongated, lob ulate but scarcely pinnatifid, coarsely
serrate with mucronate serratures, palmately five-nerved.

Ultimate leaves simple, palmately five- to seven-lobed and -nerved,
cordate at the base, closely covered with bulbous-rooted hairs ; lobes
deltoid, acute or obtuse and more or less rounded, acutely and more
or less doubly serrate.

Geum Freemontii, Hart. (fig. 313).

Primary root slender, tapering, brownish, with fibrous lateral
rootlets, perennial.

Hypocotyl tapering, whitish, glandular-hairy, 4 mm. long.
Cotyledons small, glandular-pubescent, lamina 2'7o mm, long,
2 mm. broad ; petiole 2*5 mm. long, dilated and sheathing at the base.
Stem herbaceous.

Leaves radical, simple, ultimately imparipinnate, alternate, stipu-
late, petiolate, glandular-hairy with hairs of very unequal length ;
petioles slender, channelled above, and sheathing by means of the
stipules ; stipules wholly adnate to the petiole by
one side.

No. 1. Reniforrn, palmately five-nerved, with
rounded or obtuse teeth.

No. 2. Rotund-cordate, palmately seven-nerved
and -fid, with suboval, mucronate lobes.

No. 3. Cordate, pahnately seven-nerved and -fid,
with oblong-ovate, mucronate lobes.

Ultimate leaves imparipinnate, oblanceolate
in outline, hairy on both sides, light green above,
paler beneath ; leaflets gradually becoming smaller
FIG. 313. from tbe a of the leaf towar(js the base with
Geum Freemontii. . , . , , . . ,

Nat. size. occasional minute, lanceolate, entire ones niter-

posed, deeply incise-serrate, cut or subpinnati-
fid especiaUy on the basal posterior side, with alternate, strong
nerves running into the lobes and teeth ; terminal leaflet elliptic ;
the pair below that obliquely ovate, cut away on the anterior basal
side ; below this the leaflets are ovate, then rotund-ovate, gradually
becoming rotund and cuneate at the base ; petiole semiterete, chan-
nelled on the upper side ; stipules hyaline, ciliate, adnate to the
petiole, with ovate, acute, free points.

The cotyledons of G. urbanum resemble those of G. Freemontii.

Geum coccineum, Sibth. et Sm.

Primary root and hypocotyl very similar to those of last species,
but larger and flexuous.

ROSACES 487

Cotyledons hairy ; lamina broadly oblong, obtuse, 8 mm. long,
6 mm. broad ; petioles thin, grooved, dilated and connate at the base.

Stem herbaceous and always short, ultimately developing a flower-
stem.

Leaves radical, hairy all over ; petioles channelled above,
semiterete ; stipules mostly adnate to the petiole.

No. 1. Triangular, obtuse, crenate-serrate.

No. 2. Rem'form, crenate-dentate, three- to five-nerved.

No. 3. Rotund-cordate, palmately five-nerved, crenate-dentate.

No. 4. Cordate, obtuse, crenate-dentate, palmately five-nerved,
faintly lobulate, with a small isolated lobe on the petiole.

No. 5. Lyrate-pinnatifid ; terminal lobe cordate, obtuse, lobulate ;
lateral segments small, irregular in size and shape.

Ultimate leaves lyrate-pinnatifid.

Potentilla reptans, L. (fig. 314).

Hypocotyl mostly subterranean, tapering into the root, short.

Cotyledons rotund, glabrous ; 3 mm. in length and breadth ;
petiole channelled above, 2-25 mm. long.

Stem never developing, but throwing out long axillary branches
or runners, bearing rosettes of leaves at definite points which re-
produce the plant vegetatively.

Leaves compound, digitate (first two small, simple), radical and
cauline, hairy on both sides ; leaflets with alternate, ascending nerves
running into the teeth ; petioles subterete, channelled above, dilated
at the base, hairy, reddish at the base and green upwards ; stipules
adnate to the petiole for two-thirds their length, reddish, hairy with
ovate, acuminate free points.

No. 1. Simple, reniform, three- to five-nerved, toothed.

No. 2. Rotund-rem'form, subtruncate at the base, three- to five-
nerved, deeply toothed.

Nos. 3-G. Digitately trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet cuneate, bluntly
and rather deeply toothed on the upper half ; lateral leaflets obliquely
cuneate, and toothed like the terminal or subbifid, with two strong
nerves foreshadowing further division on the posterior or basal
side.

Ultimate leaves digitately or subpedately five-foliolate, hairy
on both surfaces as well as the petioles, very variable in their size
according to the conditions of cultivation ; leaflets oblanceolate,
serrate, or in vigorous specimens oblanceolate-oblong, coarsely incise-
serrate ; basal pair obtained by fission from the middle pair, to the
petiolules of which they remain attached ; stipules attached to the
petiole for half their length, with subulate, acuminate, free points.

488

ON SEEDLINGS

Potentilla fulgens, Wall. (fig. 815).
Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons small, oval or obovate, 2-5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad ;
petiole channelled above, 1'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous and elongated when about to flower. No
runners present.

KOSACE.E 489

Leaves mostly radical, compound (except a few primary ones),
alternate, hairy all over ; petioles semiterete, channelled above ;
stipules hyaline and thin, with a green nerve, adnate to the petiole
for about three-fourths of their length, with ovate, acute, free points,
hairy.

No. 1. Simple, rotund-ovate, dentate-serrate.

No. 2. Simple, rotund, truncate at the base, dentate-serrate.

No. 3. Ternate ; lateral leaflets oblong, subdimidiate, serrate on

FIG. 315—Potentillafulgens. Nat. size.

•

the posterior side, and almost entire on the anterior side, subsessile ;
terminal leaflet cuneate, serrate at the apex.

No. 4. Five-foliolate ; basal pair of leaflets small, distant from
the rest, lanceolate, acute ; the other three similar to those of No. 8,
but a little more serrate.

No. 5. Seven-foliolate ; basal pair small, unequal, subalternate,
one lanceolate, acute, the other subovate and trifid ; next pair small,
ovate, serrate ; terminal three similar to those of No. 4.

No. 6. Eleven-foliolate ; terminal three large, oblong, serrate ;
the pair next below minute, lanceolate, acute, entire ; next pair

490 ON SEEDLINGS

larger, ovate, serrate ; 4th pair below terminal leaflet small, ovate,
serrate ; basal pair minute, lanceolate.

No. 7. Eleven-foliolate ; second pair below the terminal leaflet
very small, lanceolate, acute, entire. All the others serrate and
decreasing in size from the terminal one downwards.

Ultimate leaves long, linear-lanceolate, imparipinnate with very
numerous leaflets, generally opposite in the upper part of the leaf
and alternate lower down, silky on both sides ; many of the upper-
most leaflets decurrent on the rachis by their posterior basal side,
oblong, serrate with long, subulate, acute, serratures ; middle ones
smaller and not decurrent ; lower ones gradually becoming smaller
towards the base, ovate and serrate, or the lowermost minute, lanceo-
late, acute, entire ; stipules hyaline and hairy, one-nerved, attached
for some distance to the petiole, with the free part oblong- subulate,
acute.

Potentilla argyrophylla, Wall.

Hypocotyl 3-5 mm. long, -5-'75 mm. thick, sparsely pubescent.

Cotyledons similar to those of P. reptans, but rotund-oval.

Stem herbaceous, deciduous,

Leaves radical, toothed, lobed or ternate, or digitately five-folio-
late.

No. 1. In weak seedlings trifid, in stronger ones five-fid, pale
green above, and sparsely hairy, subglabrous below and pale,
almost glaucous ; lobes obtuse, naucronate ; petiole terete, slightly
channelled above, sparsely hairy ; stipules adnate throughout their
length to the petiole, and sheathing the younger leaves.

No. 2. Five- to seven-fid, palmately five-nerved.

No. 3. Seven- to nine-fid, and similarly palmately nerved, more
densely clothed with long silky hairs.

Ultimate leaves digitately three- to five-, rarely seven-foliolate,
pale green and silky above, felted with white tonientum beneath ;
leaflets obovate or more often oval, acutely and deeply serrate, basal
pair obtained by fission from the middle pair ; when seven leaflets
are present, the three terminal ones are ob tamed by fission of the
original one into three, and the uppermost pair are attached by their
whole width to the primary midrib.

Eadical leaves with small scarious stipules • adnate to the long
petioles for a great part of their length ; cauline leaves with gradually
shortening petioles, the uppermost almost sessile, and having large,
foliaceous, toothed stipules.

ROSACE/E 491

Potentilla anserina, L. (fig. 316).

Primary root tapering, wiry, with short lateral rootlets, sub-
flexuous.

Hypocotyl short, tapering indistinguishably into the root.

Cotyledons small, oval, obtuse, glabrous, 3'5 mm. long, 2-25 mm.
broad ; petiole flattened above or slightly grooved, convex beneath,
3 mm. long.

Stem short, herbaceous, throwing off procumbent, stoloniferous
flowering branches.

Leaves compound (No. 1 simple), radical, green above and hairy
in a young state, more or less densely silky and silvery below and
on both surfaces in the adult, very densely beneath ; petioles semi-
terete, channelled above, silky, ultimately densely so ; stipules
adnate to the petiole for two-thirds of
their length, and connate throughout
the other third, forming a sheath around
the bud or next younger leaf, ultimately
splitting and becoming lacerated along
their edges on the side of the bud or
leaf opposite to the leaf to which they
belong, pale brown, scarious, glabrous
or thinly hairy.

No. 1. Eeniform-triangular, rounded
at the base, obscurely five-nerved, three-,
five-, to seven-toothed.

No. 2. Subpinnately or digitately tri-

foliolate. FIG. 316.— Potentilla anserina.

No. 3. Pinnately five-foliolate ; basal Half nat- size-

pair of leaflets much the smallest, deeply tridentate ; terminal
leaflet oval, incise-dentate, or serrate.

No. 4. Pinnately seven- foliolate ; leaflets incise-serrate, decreasing
in size from the terminal three to the basal pair, which are small
and three- to four-toothed.

No. 5. Interruptedly pinnate ; leaflets incise-serrate except the
miniature ones ; terminal leaflet oval, next pair oblong, next pair
minute, lanceolate, aristate, entire ; fourth pair from apex oblong,
then a minute leaflet, then an ovate pair, and at the base two minute
ones.

Ultimate leaves obovate-oblong or oblong, interruptedly impari-
pinnate, with numerous alternate and opposite leaflets, which attain
their maximum size above the middle of the leaf, and are smallest
at the base with the exception of the miniature intermediate ones,

492

ON SEEDLINGS

which are entire or incise-serrate according to their size ; terminal
three leaflets imperfectly divided at the base and decurrent on the
primary midrib, acutely incise-serrate ; middle ones and all the
larger oblong, rounded at the apex, deeply and acutely incise-ser-
rate.

Potentilla bifurca, L. (fig. 317).

Primary root fleshy and stout, suddenly tapering to a long
slender point, and throwing off numerous branching adventitious
rootlets.

Hypocotyl scarcely developed.

Cotyledons small, ovate-oblong, very obtuse, glabrous, 4'5 mm.
long, 3*5 mm. broad ; petiole dilated,
sheathing at the base, 4'5 mm. long.
Stem herbaceous.

Leaves simple, more or less pin-
nati-fid or -sect, radical when the plant
is young, sparsely hairy on both sur-
faces, bright green above, paler be-
neath ; petioles subterete, flattened
above or subchannelled, hairy, pale
green ; stipules adnate to the petiole
nearly to the top, strongly ciliate at
the margin, colourless, with an ovate-
acute greenish tip.

No. 1. Rotund, shallowly trifid.
No. 2. Similar, larger, more deeply
trifid.

No. 8. Ternately pinnatisect ;
lateral lobes oval, obtuse ; terminal
lobe cuneate, trifid.

No. 4. Similar to No. 3, but larger,

and the lateral lobes oblique, deeply bifid on the posterior side, with
a tooth on the anterior side.

No. 5. Pinnately five-foliolate ; basal pair of lobes small, ovate,
entire ; middle pair of lobes obliquely trifid ; terminal lobe large,
cuneate-oblong, pinnatifid.

No. 6. Bipinnatisect with narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire segments.

Alchemilla aphanoides, Mutis.

Primary root very long and branching freely.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, glabrous, petiolate ; lamina 2-5-

FIG. 817.— Potentilla bifurca.
Half nat. size.

ROSACE.E 493

8 mm. long, 2-2-25 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above, connate and
sheathing at the base, To-2 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect with the lower internodes scarcely at all
developed, thinly and coarsely hairy.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate, palmately nerved and
divided, ciliate, sparsely pilose or almost glabrous, pale glaucous-
green above, paler and glaucous beneath ; stipules adnate to the
petiole for more than half their length, with the free portion subulate,
acute, ciliate, green, sheathing the stem ; petiole channelled above,
thinly hairy.

No. 1. Trifid with entire segments.

No. 2. More deeply trifid, with its terminal segment cuneate and
trifid, and the lateral ones bifid.

No. 3. Tripartite, with the lateral segments more divided and
toothed.

Nos. 4 and 5. Tripartite with cuneate segments ; terminal one
trifid and cut with obtuse segments ; lateral ones unequally bifid
and variously cut.

Agrimonia viscidula, Bunge.

Primary root long, tapering, colourless, giving off strong lateral
fibres.

Hypocotyl extremely short, subterranean, colourless, glandular-
pubescent.

Cotyledons transversely oblong or suborbicular, rather deeply
emarginate, cordate at the base, petiolate, thickened and rather
fleshy, glandular-pubescent on both surfaces and on the petiole, green
above with an indistinct indication of three nerves, whitish under-
neath and gibbous with three or four incurved nerves on each side
of the midrib ; lamina 5-6'5 mm. long, G-7'5 mm. wide ; petiole
channelled on the upper side, connate at the base, 6-7'25 mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, hairy and glandular-pubescent ;
1st internode undeveloped; 2nd 1'8 cm. long, or shorter, varying
as the seedlings are more or less crowded.

Leaves compound (No. 1 simple) radical and cauline, alternate,
penninerved, coarsely hairy and rather densely glandular on both
surfaces ; glands sessile ; petiole channelled on the upper surface,
semiterete ; stipules in the seedling ovate, obtuse, hairy and gland-
ular.

No. 1. Simple, orbicular, cordate at the base, radiately nerved,
shallowly lobed or coarsely toothed with the teeth numerous and
tipped with a mucro.

494

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 2. Pinnately trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet obovate, cuneate,
coarsely serrate ; lateral leaflets unequally or obliquely ovate.

Acsena ovalifolia, Euiz et Pav. (fig. 318).

Pistil apocarpous, superior, of one carpel which is one-celled,
one-ovuled ; ovule pendulous from near the apex of the ventral
suture, anatropous ; radical superior.

Fruit an achene, oblong-fusiform, enclosed in the receptacle
which grows up around it, one-seeded, in-
dehiscent, glabrous, dark-coloured ; recep-
tacle obovoid or obconical, much narrowed
to the base, and again contracted at the
orifice enclosing the fruit, tipped with the
small persistent calyx-teeth, subtetragonal
and produced at its upper end into two
to four unequal spine - like appendages
tipped with small reversed barbs, glabrous,
loosely reticulate, dark brown.

Seed conforming to the ulterior of the
achene, oblong, suddenly tapered to a
conical point just above its greatest
diameter, which is considerably above its
middle, pale straw-coloured, glabrous ;
testa thin, membranous ; micropyle and
hilum contiguous, inconspicuous, basal,
superior ; raphe forming a slender, slightly
darker line passing along one side ;
chalaza apical and inferior, forming a
brown spot on the lower end of the seed.
Endosperm absent.
Embryo straight, filling the whole of
FIG sia.-Acvna ovalifoUa, the interior of the seed, colourless ; coty-

x 10. Longitudinal section ; •

of the fruit: Ac, achene; ledons oblong, obtuse, entire, minutely

Saut^P-el^/au-' auricled at the base> ^no-convex with

ride; B, barbs or bristle- their edges generally to the two larger

spines of the pericarp, but sometimes

obliquely to them ; radicle turbinate or shortly conical, obtusely
pointed, lying in the conical tip of the seed, about a third or a
quarter as long as the cotyledons.

Acaena myriophylla, Lindley (fig. 319).
Primary root simple, tapering.

Hypocotyl mostly subterranean, terete, glabrous, colourless below
and green where exposed, 7-9 mm. long.

EOSACE/K

495

Cotyledons shortly and broadly oblong, or oblong-orbicular, ob-
tuse, deeply cordate at the base, petiolate, minutely emarginate,
radiately seven-nerved from the base, the two upper lateral nerves
incurved and uniting with the midrib at the apex, finely reticulate
(venation seen by transmitted light only) deep opaque green above,
paler beneath, glabrous ; lamina 4-5 mm. long, 3'5-4*5 mm. wide ;
petiole semiterete, channelled above, subperfoliate at the base, thinly
and minutely hairy, 7-9 mm. long, the margin narrow and colourless
with openings into the interior.

Stem herbaceous, procumbent ; pri-
mary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves compound, radical and
cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
thinly and coarsely hairy, light green
above, paler beneath ; petioles semi-
terete, channelled above, hairy, but
sparsely in the seedling, dilated and
amplexicaul at the base, proportion-
ately much shorter in the adult plant
than in the seedling ; stipules none in
the seedling or carried up a consider-
able way on the petiole and resembling-
two small, lanceolate, slightly lobed
leaflets, adnate for some distance to
the petiole in the adult plant with free
lanceolate, acute, green and foliaceous
tips, more or less cut.

No. 1. Trifoliolate or, from the
position of the stipular segments, appa-
rently five-foliolate ; terminal leaflet
cuneate, pinnatifid with narrow, sub-
ulate or lanceolate, subacute segments ;
lateral leaflets opposite or nearly so,
subovate, deeply pinnatifid with narrow, subacute or aristate seg-
ments.

Ultimate leaf oblanceolate-oblong in outline, pinnate ; leaflets
oblong, alternate, pinnatisect with numerous alternate, linear-subu-
late, acute, aristate segments cut nearly to the midrib.

The seedling of Acsena millefoliata is very similar to the last, but
the hypocotyl is very short and the cotyledons are oval-oblong.

Poterium Sanguisorba, L. (fig. 320).

Pistil apocarpous, superior, enclosed in the hollow receptacle ;

FIG. 819. — Accena myriophiilla,
x2.

496 ON SEEDLINGS

ovary of one, two, or three free carpels, each one-celled, one-ovuled ;

ovule pendulous, anatropous ; radicle superior.

Fruit an achene, enclosed in the ovoid, tetragonal receptacle,

ovoid, coriaceous and somewhat fibrous, glabrous, pale brownish,

one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent, closely conforming to the interior
of the receptacle both when solitary
and when two or three achenes are
present.

Seed obovoid, suspended from the
apex of the achene to the interior of
which it closely conforms, pale straw-
coloured, except at the chalaza which
is pale brown ; testa thin, mem-
branous ; tegmen thinner, paler, al-
most white ; hilum and micropyle

FIO. aao.-Poterium Bangui- basal, superior ; raphe ventral ; chalaza

sorba. Longitudinal section of apical.

Side9; Vae; £ffiJ£S! Endosperm absent.

tacie ; ch, chalaza. Embryo straight, comparatively

large, obovoid, colourless, conforming

in shape to the seed ; cotyledons rotund-obovate, plano-convex,
retuse, minutely emarginate, cordate or shortly auricled at the base,
fleshy in the seed ; auricles closely adpressed to the radicle, and pro-
duced to fill up the space in the seed caused by the cotyledons
terminating rather abruptly at the base ; radicle turbinate, obtuse,
stout, protruded into the narrow conical base of the seed and ex-
tending about two-thirds its length beyond the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 321).

Primary root slender, tapering, furnished with lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, or with a few papillose hairs,
colourless or stained red, passing insensibly into the root, about
7 mm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oval, obtuse, minutely emarginate, deeply
cordate at the base, faintly striate with numerous nerves arising
from the indistinct midrib, glabrous, subfleshy, deep green ; lamina
5-25-5*5 mm. long, 4-4 '75 mm. wide ; petiole subterete, channelled
above, hairy, perfoliate at the base, 6'5-7'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, the persistent portion very short ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves compound, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petio-
late, glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath, deep glaucous- green ;
petioles semiterete. channelled above, dilated and clasping at the

ROSACE.E

497

FIG. SZl.—Poterium
Sanguisorba. Nat.
size.

base, hairy in the young stage, glabrous, or nearly so, in the adult ;
stipules almost wholly adnate to the petiole and membranous with
a minute free tip in the seedling, foliaceous in
the adult, more or less ciliate at the margin.

No. 1. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets petio-
lulate, rotund, incise-serrate, alternately penni-
nerved and reticulate with the nerves running
directly into the subacute serratures — lateral
ones subcordate at the base.

No. 2. Trifoliolate; leaflets shortly and
broadly oblong, with the lateral ones subcordate
at the base.

Ultimate leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets
numerous, alternate or opposite, varying even
on the same leaf, rotund, cordate at the base and
overlapping the rachis, and also one another
when opposite, subacutely incise-serrate, with
minutely mucronate serratures, the terminal
one smaller and shorter than the lateral ones, all
decreasing in size from the apex of the leaf
downwards, and often having small green pinnatifid segments near
the base representing the free ends of the stipules.

Rosa berberidifolia, Pall (fig. 822).

Primary root very long, tapering gradually downwards, with a
few very short slender fibrils or none.

Hypocotyl tapering insensibly into the root.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, rather thick and fleshy, min-
utely glandular-ciliate, otherwise glabrous, pale green, shortly
petiolate, I'l cm. long including the petiole.

Stem suffrutescent, flexuose, glandular-pubescent and prickly ;
prickles mostly in whorls immediately beneath the insertion of the
leaves where the internodes are developed ; 1st to 5th internode
inclusive undeveloped ; 6th 2 mm. long ; 7th 1 mm.

Leaves simple (hi specimen sketched), cauline, alternate,
exstipulate (or stipules reduced to glands), shortly petiolate,
glandular-ciliate, otherwise glabrous, equally glaucous on both sur-
faces ; petioles very short, 1-2 mm. long, dilated at the base and
amplexicaul.

No. 1. Cuneate, three-toothed at the apex.

No. 2. Cuneate, five-toothed at the apex.

No. 3. Similar.

No. 4. Cuneate-obovate, six-toothed.

E E

498

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 5. Narrowly obovate, six-toothed, much narrowed towards
the base.

Nos. 6 and 7. Similar to No. 5.

Rosa rugosa, Thunb. var. floribunda.

Hypocotyl suffruticose, erect, terete, glandular-pubescent, brown-
ish, 1'4 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons glandular- ciliate, oval-oblong, obtuse, with a mucro-
like intramarginal mark at the apex, 7'5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad ;
petiole glandular-pubescent, channelled above, 3'5 mm. long.

FIG. 822. — Rosa berberidifolia. Nat. size.

Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, glandular-pubescent, setose with
the setae mostly arranged in verticils immediately below the insertion
of the leaves, pale green, ultimately brownish with white set® ;
1st and 2nd internodes undeveloped ; 3rd and 4th each 3 mm. long ;
6th 1 mm. ; the rest hidden by the sheathing stipules.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate ; leaflets serrate, glandular -
ciliate, rugose, glabrous above and deep green, paler and subglaucous
beneath, glandular-pubescent on the nerves in a young state ; petioles
channelled above, glandular-pubescent ; stipules small arid almost

ROSACE^E

499

wholly adnate to the petioles of the first three leaves ; above that
they are foliaceous, almost crescent-shaped and free for the upper
third of their length, glandular-ciliate, deep green, reticulate, semi-
amplexicaul.

No. 1. Very small, unifoliolate ; leaflet cuneate, incise-dentate.

No. 2. Trifoliolate ; leaflets small obovate-cuneate, serrate mostly
above the middle.

No. 3. Similar, but larger and more serrate.

No. 4. Trifoliolate ; leaflets oval or subelliptic.

Nos. 5 and 6. Trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets broadly oblong ; term-
inal one elliptic.

No. 7. Trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets broadly oblong-ovate ; term-
inal one elliptic.

No. 8. Five-foliolate ; basal pair of leaflets small, subovate ;
middle pair unequal — one oblong and the other subelliptic ; terminal
leaflet elliptic.

Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaertn. (fig. 323).

Primary root tapering, slender, very flexuose, with short, rather
stout lateral, rootlets, dark-coloured.

Hypocotyl soon becoming woody, erect, terete, glabrous, sub-
flexuose, brown, 8 mm. to 1*5 cm.
long.

Cotyledons shortly petiolate, gla-
brous, deep green ; lamina oblong-oval,
obtuse, 6 mm. long, 4 mm. wide ;
petiole grooved above, 1*5 mm. long.

Stem soon becoming woody, erect,
terete, hairy, slightly flexuose, pale
green, ultimately becoming brown ; 1st
internode 1-5 mm. long ; 2nd 1-5 mm. ;
3rd 2 mm. ; 4th 2-5 mm.

Leaves compound, ultimately im-
paripinnate, cauline, alternate, stipu-
late, petiolate, glabrous except on the
petioles, under surface of the midrib
and the rachis ultimately glabres-
cent ; petioles subterete, channelled
on the upper side ; stipules small, ovate, acute, tooth-like.

No. 1. Triangular- ovate, trifid, lobes serrate.

No. 2. Triangular, tripartite ; lateral divisions ovate, acute,
serrate ; terminal larger, obovate-cuneate, trifid and slightly ser-
rate.

X K 2

Fie, 828. — Pyrus Aucuparia.
Nat. size.

500

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 824.

Cratcegua Oxyacantha
(from dry specimen).
Nat. size.

No. 8. Pinnately five-foliolate ; lateral
leaflets ovate, acute, serrate ; terminal
leaflet cuneate, trifid and serrate.

No. 4. Similar ; lateral leaflets acutely
serrate ; terminal leaflet triangular- ovate,
acute, tripartite, acutely serrate.

Ultimate leaves pinnate, of seven to
fifteen pairs of leaflets, deep green and gla-
brous above, whitish and downy on the
underside and on the petioles and midrib ;
leaflets oblong, acute, unequal at the base
of the posterior side, acutely and rather
evenly serrate, in opposite pairs.

Tubeuf (I.e. p. 71) describes fruit
and seeds of Pyrus communis (Pear),
P. Malus (Apple), and Cydonia vulgaris
(Quince), and also on page 125 the seed-
lings with figures of the two last. P.
Malus has thick, rotund-ovate, almost ses-
sile cotyledons, and doubly serrate, acute
primary leaves. Cydonia vulgaris has
roundly obovate cotyledons, an obtuse apex,
and gradually tapering base. The primary
leaves are oval to ovate and very finely
serrate.

Crataegus Oxyacantha,1 L. (fig. 324).

Primary root long, slender, tapering,
wiry, with slender lateral fibres, flexuose.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, brown,
glabrous, 2'5^4'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons subfoliaceous, subcoriaceous,
obovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, green,
changing to brown, rather persistent, nar-
rowed at the base or shortly petiolate, 1-1-2
cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, obscurely tri-
nerved.

Stem woody, erect, terete or subangled,
hairy, brownish ; 1st internode 6*5 mm.
long ; 2nd 3'5 mm. ; 3rd 2-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipu-

Cf. Tubeuf, I.e. 124, fig. 168.

ROSACES

501

late, petiolate, hairy on both surfaces, ultimately glabrescent, sub-
coriaceous, deciduous ; stipules foliaceous, variable, lanceolate or
semi-ovate, acutely and more or less deeply serrate, with gland-
tipped serratures ; petioles very short.

No. 1. Small, cuneate, trifid and
slightly serrate (in some specimens
oblanceolate, acute, and simply or
slightly doubly serrate).

No. 2. Cuneate, trifid ; terminal
lobe doubly serrate ; lateral lobes
simply serrate.

No. 3. Cuneate, trifid, and becom-
ing doubly serrate ; terminal lobe
again subtrifid.

No. 4. Ovate-oblong, cuneate at
the base, lobulate and serrate.

No. 5. Triangular-ovate, trifid or
almost tripartite, lobulate and serrate,
cuneate at the base.

Ultimate leaves variable in dif-
ferent individuals, cuneate, trifid or
pinnatifid and few- or many-lobulate,
serrate.

Crataegus mexicana, DC.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, slender,
3-3'5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, with about
two alternate incurved nerves on each
side of the midrib, reticulate, thin,
horizontal, 1'3-1'5 cm. long, 7-8 mm.
wide.

Stem erect, terete, woody ; 1st in-
ternode 9-10 mm. long ; 2nd, 3rd, and
4th very short.

Leaves shortly petiolate, alternately
penninerved, nerves ascending, reticulate ; petioles very short or
almost none in the primary leaves ; stipules small in the seedling,
subulate, acute.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblong, acute, rather acutely, simply or doubly
serrate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Oblong-elliptic, more or less cuneate at the base,
acute, acutely and doubly serrate.

FIG. 825.

Cotoneaster Simonsii
Nat. size.

502 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotoneaster Simonsii, Hort. (fig. 325).

Primary root tapering, wiry, flexuose, with numerous flexuo se
wiry rootlets, red or brownish.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, brownish, 2-4 cm. long.

Cotyledons oval-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, shortly petiolate, 1 cm.
long including the petiole, 5 mm. broad.

Stem shrubby, erect, terete, densely hairy, brownish ; 1st inter-
node 2-5 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 3-5 mm. ; 4th 3 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, sparingly
hairy on both surfaces, densely so on the margins, coriaceous,
evergreen, deep green and shining above, paler beneath ; petioles
channelled above, hairy ; stipules subulate, attenuate, free, hairy,
brownish, entire.

Nos. 1-6. Ovate, acute, mucronate.

Ultimate leaves ovate, or elliptic-ovate, acute, mucronate.

SAXIFRAGES.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 629.

Fruit and Seed. — The more typical members of this Order
have an ovary consisting of two carpels, or occasionally three ;
but in many, especially the shrubby and arboreal types belong-
ing to the Escallonieae and Hydrangese, the ovary consists of
three to five carpels, very rarely more.

In the vast majority of cases the ovary is sunk in the
receptacle and syncarpous, with as many cells as there are
carpels, rarely one-celled ; it is rarely free. We find all inter-
mediate stages between a perfectly inferior, and a perfectly
superior ovary in the genus Saxifraga alone. There are only
a few species in that genus where the ovary is perfectly apo-
carpous, and not sunk in the receptacle ; but this also happens
in Astilbe, Tetracarpsea, Cephalotus follicularis, Pancheria, and
Spiraeanthemum. The ovules are generally very numerous,
and arranged in a double series on the axile, rarely parietal,
placentas; frequently they are few, but very rarely solitary
and ascending from the base of the cavity of the ovary as in
Eremosyne, or pendulous from the top of it as in Whipplea, or
geminate and pendulous as in Ixerba.

SAXIFRAGES 503

The fruit is capsular, or baccate, more rarely truly folli-
cular or nut-like. Examples of the last type are met with in
Ceratopetalum with a four-winged, bony nut, and in Aphano-
petalum and Codia with nuts of a softer or less woody nature,
and all one-seeded. The seeds are generally very numerous,
and small or minute especially in the herbaceous types, with
a membranous or leathery, smooth or pilose testa. Frequently
they are more or less evidently winged ; and in Brexia mada-
gascariensis the testa is crustaceous. Endosperm is nearly
always present in considerable quantity, but in a few it is
scanty, or sometimes altogether wanting in Brexia and
Ixerba.

The embryo is in the majority of cases very small and
ovoid, cylindrical or terete, with plano-convex cotyledons, often
scarcely broader than the radicle. Exceptions occur in Brexia
and Ixerba, which have a large embryo and flat cotyledons,
and in Geissois with flattened seeds, and a large embryo with
subfoliaceous cotyledons, equalling the length of the endo-
sperm.

A moderately large embryo is met with in Saxifraga peltata,
having linear-oblong cotyledons, which with the radicle are
more or less three-fourths as long as the copious endosperm.
A similar case is met with in S. orassifolia, which has oblong,
longitudinally ribbed seeds from -75-1-25 mm. in length, and
an embryo nearly as long as the endosperm. A very
different type is met with in Eibes, the species of which
have numerous more or less angled seeds lying in the pulp
of a berry. The fruit is one-celled with parietal placentas.
The, testa is very thick, the outer layer being cartilaginous
and bard when dry, but swelling up and mucilaginous in
water, while the inner coat is thin and rather crustaceous,
ojf brittle and black. The embryo is ovoid and very minute,
lying close to the hilum embedded in a copious endosperm.
Bibes glutinosum (fig. 330) represents this type.

Seedlings.— The cotyledons in this Order vary within very
narrow limits from ovate to oblong and spathulate. They
may also for convenience sake be classified under two heads,
namely, large and small. Most if not all of the herbaceous
types have very small seeds and small cotyledons. The leading

504 ON SEEDLINGS

form may be described as ovate, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate,
showing a midrib more or less distinctly, or without any dis-
cernible venation in the fresh state. Species agreeing with
this type are Saxifraga greenlandica, S. Stracheyi (fig. 827),
Eodgersia podophylla (fig. 826), Mitella Breweri, and Escal-
lonia Berteriana (fig. 829). A slight divergence from this
is met with in Saxifraga rotundifolia having minute oblong-
spathulate cotyledons, and in Heuchera Drummondi with
minute, narrowly oblong cotyledons.

Saxifraga greenlandica is one of the mossy-leaved types
with cuneate and divided or palmate leaves. The first four
are spathulate and entire, followed by two which have each
one lateral tooth, and by seven others which are cuneate and
trifid. The first leaf of S. Stracheyi is oval and glabrous, while
the second is larger and ciliate, and the third obsoletely serrate.
The ultimate leaves are obovate, dentate-serrate, and very
large. Eodgersia podophylla shows a more striking evolution.
The first leaf is cordate with a few distant serratures, the
second and third are roundly cordate, shallowly five-lobed and
serrate. The ultimate form is peltate, and five-partite with
obovate or cuneate, serrated segments, trifid near the apex,
sometimes of immense size, and resembling a compound leaf.
The first three leaves of Mitella Breweri are suborbicular,
tapering to the base, and glandular-ciliate ; while the ultimate
form is suborbicular, shallowly five-lobed, crenate, deeply
cordate at the base with overlapping auricles and a palmate
venation. The first two or three leaves of Saxifraga rotundi-
folia are roundly cuneate and entire, followed by a number of
obsoletely trifid ones. The ultimate form is reniform or rotund
with an open sinus, dentate and showing numerous veins
radiating from the base of the lamina. A very gradual
evolution of the leaves is shown by Heuchera Drummondi.
Sometimes as many as six of the primary leaves are roundly
spathulate, and succeeding ones become larger by degrees, and
finally assume a form similar to that of Mitella Breweri. A
shrubby type is represented by Escallonia Berteriana having
the first five leaves cuneate.

A shrubby type with much larger and more highly developed
cotyledons is represented by Eibes saxatile (fig. 381) and B.

SAXIFRAGES

505

glutinosum. The primary or leading ovate form is still pre-
served, but the cotyledons are rather distinctly five-nerved.
Of the former the first two leaves are trifid, while succeeding
ones are more or less deeply five-lobed. The cotyledons of
E. nigrum are oblong, and the first two leaves are cuneate
or lanceolate, often shallowly trifid ; the ultimate form is
palmately five-lobed and five-nerved.

The variety E. nigrum laciniatum has similar but much
smaller cotyledons. A well-marked modification of this type
occurs in Philadelphus gracilis (fig. 828) with broadly ovate
and emarginate cotyledons. The first two leaves are ovate
and entire, whereas the next two are serrulate.

Rodgersia podophylla, A. Gray (fig. 326).

Primary root slender, tapering downwards, flexuose, giving off
slender lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl undeveloped or indistin-
guishable from the root.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire,
shortly petiolate, with a distinct midrib,
glabrous, light green ; lamina 1 '5-2-25
mm. long, T25-2 mm. wide ; petiole
grooved above, convex on the back,
dilated at the base and connate, forming
a little cup around the plumule, about
1 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, producing under-
ground a stout, scaly rhizome, and throw-
ing up a stem when about to flower ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, trilobed on the stem,
five-sect on the rhizome, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, palmatinerved at the
base in the seedling, alternately nerved
upwards, palmately or peltately nerved
in the adult leaves, glabrous or nearly so
in tbe seedling stage ; petioles semiterete,

channelled above, more or less hairy, short in tbe seedling, very long
on the rhizome of the adult plant, dilated and sheatbing at the
base ; stipules membranous, attached to tbe petiole, fringed at the
apex in tbe seedling stage.

FIG. 326.
Rodgersia podophylla, x 8.

506 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 1. Cordate, cuspidate, with two to three small serratures on
each side, trinerved at the base with one to two alternate nerves
upwards.

No. 2. Kotund-cordate, cuspidate, serrate with glandular mucro-
nate serratures, five-nerved at the base with a few alternate nerves
upwards.

No. 3. Similar, rather more deeply cut.

Saxifraga Stracheyi, Hook.f. et Thorns, (fig. 327).

Primary root slender, tapering, with slender lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl terete, pink, 2'25 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, coriaceous,
glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath ; lamina 3 mm. long,
1-75 mm. wide ; petiole '75 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, stout, slowly developed.

Leaves simple, radical and ultimately ele-
vated on the short stem, alternate, stipulate,
very shortly petiolate (or the petiole reduced to
a sheath margined and topped by the stipules),
glabrous, ciliate-serrate, coriaceous, obscurely
alternately penninerved, deep green and shin
ing above, pale and punctate beneath ; petioles
very short and almost reduced to the sheaths ;
FIG 327. stipules mostly adnate to the sheaths with free

Saxifraga Stracheyi. _ \ . .. .
Nat. size. fimbnated tips.

No. 1. Ovate-oval, obtuse, entire, not ciliate.

No. 2. Oval, obtuse, entire, distantly ciliate.

No. 3. Oval, obtuse, distinctly ciliate, obsoletely serrate at the
apex.

Further stages are developed by many successive gradations in
shape and size, till the leaves become obovate, closely ciliate and
obtusely serrate along the upper end or half.

Ultimate leaves very large, obovate, tapering to the base, dentate-
serrate, ciliate, with mucronate serratures, distinctly alternately
penninerved, thick, coriaceous, deep green above with paler nerves,
pale green beneath and more or less punctate, sublucid on both
surfaces, 37 cm. long, 16 cm. wide including the sheath ; serratures
largest about the middle of the leaf ; petioles almost reduced to
the large sheath ; stipules adnate to the petiole nearly throughout,
then connate by their contiguous margins in front of the leaf
forming a hood, entire at the margin, and glabrous or thinly
ciliate.

SAXIFRAGES 507

Saxifraga rotundifolia, L.

Primary root as in last species.

Hypocotyl subterranean, very short.

Cotyledons minute, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, 2 mm. long, 1mm.
wide.

Stem herbaceous with undeveloped internodes, throwing up
annual leafy flowering stems.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, hairy on both surfaces, pale green, paler beneath, often suffused
with red ; petioles terete, very hairy, dilated and sheathing at the
base.

No. 1. Rotund, cuneate at the base, 2 mm. long, 2-25 mm. wide,
entire.

Nos. 2 and 3. Rotund, subcuneate at the base, slightly longer
than broad, entire.

No. 3. Rotund, subcuneate at the base, with a tooth on one side.
Other and numerous intermediate forms are reniform, entire or
triangled or trinerved at the base and crenate with three to five
rounded, broad teeth .

Ultimate leaves reniform or rotund, deeply cordate at the base,
with rounded, more or less overlapping auricles, hairy on both sur-
faces, crenate-dentate, with broad, shallow, deltoid, obtuse, mucro-
nate crenatures or teeth, and broad, radiating, entire or forked
nerves.

Mitella Breweri, A. Gray.

Primary root slender, flexuose, giving off flexuose, branching
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, reddish, about 3 mm. long.

Cotyledons minute, ovate or oval, obtuse, subsessile, 2-25 mm.
long, 1-5 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, very short, with stoloniferous branches.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, coarsely
hairy and glandular-pubescent, radiately nerved from the base, pale
green above, paler beneath ; petioles subterete, slightly channelled
above, coarsely hairy and pubescent.

Nos. 1-3. Spathulate-rotund, or rotund with a cuneate base,
coarsely hairy and glandular-ciliate.

First one 3 mm. long including the petiole, 2 mm. wide. Sue -
ceeding forms are small, reniform, entire or tridentate and tri-
nerved ; then five- to seven-nerved, and crenate, with obtuse
mucronate teeth.

508 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves rotund, subpalmate, deeply cordate at the base,
five- to seven- to nine-nerved, shallowly lobed, and shallowly crenate
with mucronulate crenatures, reticulate, pale green, thinly hairy,
paler beneath and thinly hairy with prominent nerves ; petioles
terete, with a slender channel on the upper side, thinly hairy, dilated
and clasping at the base ; stipules adnate to the petiole, and connate
by their edges near the top with two small, free, brownish points.

Heuchera Drummondi, Hort.

Primary root as in last species.

Hypocotyl short and indistinguishable from the primary root.

Cotyledons minute, narrowly oblong, obtuse or subacute, 2 mm.
long, '5 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, very short, with hairy internodes where deve-
loped in the seedling.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, radiately
nerved from the base, thinly glandular-hairy and glandular-pubescent
above, densely glandular-ciliate with unequal-sized hairs, glandular-
pubescent beneath, paler and more conspicuously reticulate than on
the upper surface ; petioles terete, glandular-pubescent, dilated and
sheathing at the base ; stipules ovate, small, toothed and glandular-
hairy, hyaline or reddish.

No. 1. Rotund-spathulate, glandular-ciliate and -hairy, entire,
1*75 mm. long, 1-5 mm. wide.

No. 2, sometimes to No. 6, gradually larger than the first, rotund,
spathulate, entire.

Other stages are reniform, entire or minutely tricrenate with
mucronulate crenatures ; then reniform, obviously tricrenate, tri-
nerved ; then reniform, five-nerved, five-crenate, and unequally and
densely glandular-ciliate.

Larger forms are cordate, obtuse, and crenate with mucronulate
crenatures.

Ultimate leaves palmate, deeply cordate at the base, five- to seven-
to nine-nerved and -lobed, simply or becoming doubly toothed, with
obtuse, mucronate teeth, glandular-pubescent above, glandular-cili-
ate and paler beneath, coarsely hairy on the nerves and reticulate ;
stipules adnate to the petiole for more than half their length, with
ovate, free, glandular, fringed points.

Philadelplms gracilis, Hort. (fig. 328).

Hypocotyl erect, striated, glabrous, 4-8 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

SAXIFRAGES

509

Cotyledons small, membranous, ovate, emarginate, shortly petio-
late or subsessile, glabrous, green, indistinctly one-nerved.

. — Philadelphus gracilis, x

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, hairy ; 1st internode 3-6-5 mm.
long ; 2nd 2-5 mm.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, ovate, subacute,
slightly serrate or almost entire in the first pair, petiolate, exstipulate,
covered with rather long silky
hairs, light green, pinnati-
nerved.

Escallonia Berteriana, DC.

(fig. 329).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale
green, pubescent with adpressed
or incurved hairs, 3-6 mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse,
glabrous, shortly petiolate ;
lamina 2-25 mm. long, 1-75
mm. wide ; petiole *5 mm.

Stem erect, terete, ultimately
shrubby ; 1st internode -5 mm. ; 2nd '75 mm. ; 3rd 1 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous

FIG. 329. — Escallonia Berteriana, x 4.

510

ON SEEDLINGS

at least in the seedling state, evergreen; petioles very short,
shallowly grooved above.

No. 1. Cuneate, trinerved, obtusely tridentate towards the apex,
very small.

No. 2. Larger, cuneate or broadly subelliptic, obtusely three- to
five-toothed.

Nos. 8-5. Cuneate -ellip tic, obtusely or acutely serrate, gradually
larger La each successive leaf, alternately penninerved and reticu-
late.

Ribes glutinosum, Jacq. (fig. 330).

Pistil syncarpous, inferior ; ovary of two carpels, one-celled with
numerous ovules on two parietal placentas ; micropyle basal ; ovules
anatropous.

Fruit a berry, globose, one-celled, many-seeded, pulpy internally

IT

IT f

FIG. 880. — Ribes glutinosum, x 14. A, longitudinal section of seed;
B, transverse section of seed: OT, testa; IT, tegmen; P, endo-
sperm ; C, cotyledon.

with numerous horizontal seeds embedded in the pnlp on two parietal
placentas.

Seed subobovoid, variously angled with obtuse angles, glabrous,
deep brown ; testa thick, hard when dry, but swelling up and gela-
tinous when moist ; tegmen thin, black, crustaceous ; hilum and
micropyle basal, contiguous.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, firm, colourless.

Embryo minute at the base of the endosperm, straight, colour-
less ; cotyledons short, oblong, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, sessile ;
radicle stout, blunt, shorter than the cotyledons.

Eibes saxatile, Pall. (fig. 331).

Primary root long, tapering, with a few fibrous lateral rootlets,
becoming brown and wiry.

SAXIFRAGES

511

Hypocotyl woody, terete, brownish, sparsely glandular-pubes-
cent, merging into the root.

Cotyledons foliaceous, rather persistent, petiolate, sparsely glan-
dular-pubescent ; lamina
ovate, obtuse, mucronate,
11 mm. long, 7 mm.
wide ; ' petiole slightly
channelled above, 7 mm.
long.

Stem suffrutescent,
erect, terete, sparsely
glandular-pubescent ; 1st
internode 1'5 mm. long ;
2nd 6 mm.; 3rd 1-5
mm.

Leaves simple, cau-
line, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, sparsely
glandular-pubescent, pale
green ; petioles subterete,
channelled above, pale
green, sparsely glandular-
hairy, dilated and am-
plexicaul at the base.

No. 1. Triangular-
ovate, trifid, irregularly
serrate.

No. 2. Palmately tri-
nerved and shallowly five-
lobed, and serrate.

No. 8. Eeniform
palmate, trinerved and
sub-five-lobed, serrate.

No. 4. Eeniform, pal-
mate, five-nerved, five-
lobed, serrate.

No. 5. Similar.

Ribes nigrum, L.

Hypocotyl erect, ter-
ete, glabrous, pale green,
soon losing its epidermis and becoming brown and woody.

Cotyledons smaller than in the last species and oblong, obtuse,

FIG. 881. — Bibes saxatile. Nat. size.

512 ON SEEDLINGS

thinly pubescent at the margin only ; lamina 9 mm. long, 5 mm.
broad ; petiole 4 mm. long.

Stem woody, and similar to that of R. saxatile ; 1st internode
1 mm. long ; 2nd 1'75 mm. ; 3rd 2 mm. ; 4th 2 mm. ; 5th 7 mm. ;
6th 9 mm. ; 7th 13 mm.

Leaves very similar to those of E. saxatile, exstipulate (or stipules
adnate to the petiole and margined with long, somewhat feathery
hairs), thinly glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, and dotted
with sessile glands beneath, light green above, paler beneath, highly
odoriferous, especially when bruised.

No. 1. Small, ovate, trifid, trinerved.

No. 2. Ovate, trinerved, slightly serrate, with a small lobe on
one side.

No. 8. Triangular-ovate, five-nerved, trifid and slightly serrate.

No. 4. Palmately five-nerved and shallowly five-lobed, serrate.

Nos. 5-8. Similar, larger, more definitely lobed and serrate, with
glandular -mucronate serratures.

Ribes nigrum, var. laciniatum.

Cotyledons smaller and narrower than in the type, and the leaves
more deeply divided.

CRASSULACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 65G.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary consists of a varying number
of carpels from three or five to thirty. The number corre-
sponds to that of the petals, which in Semper vivum sometimes
reaches as many as twenty. They are free, or more or less
connate or sunk in the receptacle, and one-celled. The ovules
are small, numerous, anatropous, and arranged in two or
several series upon the ventral suture ; more rarely are they
few or solitary, as in a few species of Sedum and Tillsea. There
are also few ovules in the carpels of Dinacria. When few they
may be erect or pendulous. The fruit consists of as many
follicles as there are carpels, dehiscing along the ventral suture
or, where the carpels are connate, along the dorsal suture. The
seeds are minute, oblong, with a membranous or subcoriaceous
finely reticulated testa, and contain a fleshy endosperm. The

CRASSULACE^: 513

embryo is small and generally shorter than the endosperm,
but that of Crassula magnolieefolia occupies the whole of the
seed, and has plano-convex cotyledons. As a rule the latter
are very short and obtuse, while the radicle is also short, or
sometimes elongated and terete.

The cotyledons in Sedum album are narrowly oblong, and
about equal the terete radicle in length.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons observed are all succulent like
the plants themselves, and vary in shape from broadly oval or
ovate to orbicular. Like the leaves, the cotyledons of Crassula
quadrifida are covered with glands secreting a white sub-
stance. They persist for a long time, attain considerable size,
and generally are very unequal. Cotyledon Silversii is not-
able for the fleshy rootstock it produces while the cotyle-
dons are still present. The first leaf is suborbicular with
a cordate base, and the second is cordate. The cotyledons
are rather unsymmetrical. Those of Sedum Ehodiola vary
considerably in outline from oval or ovate to obovate, are tri-
nerved and generally slightly emarginate. The first leaf
is spathulate and very much smaller than the cotyledons.
The two primary leaves of Sedum nicaeense are elliptic, suc-
ceeded by others that become gradually oblong and then
linear, and crowded owing to the non-development of the
internodes. Sedum crassipes shows a considerable amount
of evolution. The cotyledons are very small, and the first
four leaves roundly cordate, almost or quite entire, while the
ultimate leaves are linear, distantly toothed and densely
arranged on the fleshy stems.

Crassula quadrifida, Baker (fig. 332).

Primary root slender, tapering, with slender secondary rootlets
and most frequently supplanted by strong adventitious roots from
tlie base of the hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl most frequently very short (in some cases almost
none), generally about 1-2 mm. long, succulent, glabrous.

Cotyledons persistent and becoming foliaceous, succulent, glabrous,
pitted on both surfaces with gland-like organs secreting a white
substance, rotund, obtuse, shortly petiolate, most frequently very
unequal in size, green above, purplish beneath ; smaller cotyledon

L L

514

ON SEEDLINGS

including petiole 8'5 mm. long, 6 mm. wide ; larger cotyledon in-
cluding petiole 1*1 cm. long, 8 mm. wide.

Stem succulent, erect,
perennial or shrubby, terete,
minutely pubescent ; 1st in-
ternode 5-8- 5 mm. long ;
2nd 1-4-1-8 cm. ; 3rd about
1-9 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline,
opposite, decussate, exstipu-
late, petiolate or subsessile,
glabrous, succulent, deep
green above, paler beneath,
covered on both surfaces
with gland-like organs
secreting a white substance ;
petioles flattened above,
convex beneath, connate at
the base around the stem.

First pair rotund-spath-
ulate or spathulate-elliptic,
obtuse.

Second pair oval or
rotund-oval, obtuse, cuneate
at the base.

Third pair oblong, ob-
tuse.

Fourth pair rotund, ob-
tuse.

These forms vary greatly in individual seedlings.
Ultimate leaves oblong, very obtuse, faintly nerved, or ovate-oblong
or rotund, shortly petiolate, covered on both sides with glands secret-
ing a white substance ; petioles short, convex beneath, and grooved
on the upper side.

Sedum Rhodiola, DC. (fig. 333).

Primary root slender, tapering, with a few lateral rootlets, soon
equalled, or even superseded, by strong adventitious roots from the
base of the hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl short, glabrous, soon becoming ovoid or globose, and
forming the primary rootstock of the plant, colourless or purplish,
2-5 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.

Cotyledons variable, ovate or rotund-ovate, obovate or elliptic,

FIG. 832. — Craseula quadrifida.
Nat. size.

CRASSULACE^E

515

cuneate at the base, entire or shallowly emarginate, succulent, and
continuing to grow for some time, glabrous, subglaucous-green
above, paler beneath and glaucous, trinerved, with the lateral
nerves curved and enclosing an elliptic space, arising near the base
of the lamina and proceeding round the cotyledon parallel with
the margin, and again uniting with the midrib close to the apex,
best seen on the under-
side or by transmitted
light, petiolate ; lamina
4-9 mm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide ; petiole flattened
above, convex on the back,
dilated upwards into the
lamina, suddenly dilated
to a wide base, slightly con-
nate around the plumule,
pale green, almost colour-
less, 6-11 mm. long.

Stem forming a fleshy,
thickened rootstock, from
which it sends up annual,
succulent, flowering stems ;
primary internodes unde-
veloped.

Leaves simple, radical
and cauline, alternate, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, gla-
brous, succulent, glaucous, PIG. 888.— Sedum Bhodiola, x 2.
palerbeneathandglaucous,

with alternate, ascending nerves, discernible with difficulty ; petioles
in the seedling grooved above, convex on the back, short, and as the
plant grows gradually becoming shorter till the leaves are quite

No. 1. Much smaller than the cotyledons and both narrower and
shorter, spathulate, obtuse, entire, with one to two short, alternate
nerves on each side.

Sedum asiaticum, DC.

Primary root as in last species.

Hypocotyl stout, succulent, glabrous, purplish, 4 mm. long.

Cotyledons succulent, glaucous, glabrous ; lamina broadly oval,
obtuse, 3 mm. long, 2'25 mm. wide ; petiole flattened on the upper
side, G mm. long.

L L 2

516 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem herbaceous, succulent ; persistent part stout, developing
slowly.

Leaves. Arrangement &c. as in last species ; petioles succulent,
flattened slightly on the upper side, convex beneath.

Nos. 1-4. Rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, but having marks on the
under side foreshadowing teeth.

Ultimate leaves very densely arranged on the flowering stem
only, scattered or almost pseudo-verticillate, lanceolate or linear,
acute, with a median nerve, distantly serrate, horizontal, light green.

Grammanthes gentianoides, DC.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, glabrous, 1-2-2 cm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons subrotund, thick, fleshy, entire, very shortly petiolate,
light green, glabrous, without any apparent venation.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous ; 1st internode 5-6 mm. long ;
2nd imperceptible at first,

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, oblong, thick, fleshy,
green, glabrous, without any apparent venation.

DROSERACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 661.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is one- to five-celled, the ovules
are usually very numerous, anatropous, axile or parietal, some-
times basal, but very rarely suspended from the apex of the
cavity. The raphe and micropyle vary accordingly. The
fruit is a capsule with as many cells as the ovary, and dehisces
loculicidally. The usually numerous seeds are small and albu-
minous, with a loose and reticulate or close-fitting testa, which
is sometimes covered with granular elevations as in Drosera
anglica, or is crustaceous, smooth, and shining. The embryo
is straight in the centre of a fleshy endosperm, cylindrical,
and about equal to the endosperm in length, with the radicle
sometimes projecting beyond the latter. In Drosera anglica,
and some other species, as well as in Dionaea muscipula, it is
minute, and lies at the base of the endosperm close to the
hilum.

DROSEEACE^E 517

Seedlings. — According to Nitschke,1 Drosera rotundifolia
does not start with a rosette of leaves. The young plant
works its way up through the Sphagnum, and the first
leaves are similar in shape to those of D. anglica. The
behaviour of the seedling appears to be dependent upon the
medium upon or in which the seed germinates, or, in other
words, to the convenience offered the plant to spread out its
leaves in a rosette with full exposure to sunlight. It is
a case of adaptation to surroundings. Seedlings belong-
ing to other Orders and having large seeds are enabled to
carry up their cotyledons or leaves, or both, to the light by
the elongation of the hypocotyl or the lower internodes of the
stem, while the primary leaves may be reduced to the condi-
tion of scales.

The cotyledons of D. rotundifolia are small and spathu-
late. Those of D. binata are minute and linear-spathulate.
The first six or more leaves have an orbicular glandular-hairy
lamina, followed by some which are obreniform or broadly
triangular. The ultimate leaves are bifurcate with narrowly
linear, glandular-hairy segments.

Drosera binata, Labill.

Primary root short, -stout, blunt, covered with brown root-hairs,
with one or two short stout lateral rootlets.

Cotyledons minute, linear-spathulate, glabrous, pale green, about
1-1-5 mm. long.

Stem undeveloped.

Leaves simple, entire at first, then forked, ultimately bifurcate,
radical, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glandular-hairy and grooved
above, thickened at the margin, glabrous, grooved beneath, green and
shining ; glandular hairs with the lower half pale green, the upper
half more or less purple and tipped with purple globose glands ;
petioles compressed with rounded edges, glabrous, grass-green ;
stipules in the adult plant connate by their contiguous margins in
front and at the base of the leaf, fimbriated at the margin, brown,
scarious.

Nos. 1-6 or more. Very small with an orbicular glandular-hairy
lamina that catches flies even in this small state ; the glands secrete
a fluid, and the stalks of the hairs incurve on the insect.

1 Bot. Zdt. 1860, p. 57, taf. ii.

518 ON SEEDLINGS

Further stages of the leaves are broadly cuneate, then obtusely
triangular ; the upper two angles of the leaf gradually elongate
until they become acute and slender. The elongated points even
at this early stage are involute in vernation, with unusually long
hairs very sensitive to contact with an insect. The glands however
are quite dry until the points of the leaf are fully expanded.

Ultimate leaves bifurcate, with long petioles, dividing at the
apex of the glabrous petiole into two branches which again divide
into two branches about 1-1 cm. above the first fork; branches
linear, attenuate, glandular-hairy above, grooved on both surfaces,
thickened at the margin — two anterior branches shortest, diverging
— two posterior ones ascending, and diverging upwards.

Drosophyllum lusitanieum, Link.

Primary root long, slender, blackish or brown, with numerous
brown root-hairs, but unbranched when young.

Hypocotyl subterranean, colourless, naked, 2 mm. long.

Cotyledons subterranean, and remaining in the seed after germi-
nation, petiolate ; petioles directed to one side of the stem, colour-
less, short, but sufficiently long to readily permit of the plumule
escaping from the seed.

Stem erect, terete, pale green and glabrous in the early stages ;
1st internode 1-1'2 cm. long ; 2nd very much shorter.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate except the first pair,
stipulate, sessile, linear, circinate in vernation and rolled backwards,
with numerous sessile glands apparently immersed in the tissue of
the edges and upper surface, and with stalked and capitate glands
on the back and edges but particularly on the latter in the seedling

First pair opposite or on slightly different levels, slightly connate
at the base, linear, acute, shallowly grooved above, with a distinct
midrib, and stalked glands on the edges, and a few on the back.

Nos. 2 and 3. Alternate, but otherwise very similar, and at this
early stage circinate at the tip.

Seedlings with four leaves like the above were densely covered
with flies of various sizes both dead and alive, often fixed to the
glands by their feet only and struggling to escape. The viscid
secretion of the glands may be drawn out to a length of some inches.

HAMAMELIDE^E 519

HAMAMELIDE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 664.

Fruit and Seed. — Ovary of two carpels forming a more
or less perfectly two-celled fruit, more or less inferior, seldom
quite superior.

The ovules are numerous, few or solitary, pendulous,
anatropous, and fixed to axile placentas in one or more series,
with a superior micropyle and ventral raphe. The woody
capsule is bilobed at the apex and dehisces by two bifid
valves to the middle or base of the fruit. Sometimes the
exocarp separates from the horny endocarp which contains
the seeds. Where these are numerous they are imbricated,
angled, compressed and winged ; but when solitary in each
cell they are oblong with a bony or crustaceous testa. A
small or moderately thick fleshy layer of endosperm is pre-
sent embedding the large embryo which is straight with
foliaceous cotyledons, and a terete radicle. The latter is
equal to, shorter, or longer than the flat cotyledons in different
species.

Winged seeds containing the large embryo characteristic
of this Order are represented by Ehodoleia Championi (fig. 334).
The cotyledons in this case, as in Hamamelis, are subcordate
at the base.

Seedlings. — The size and shape of the cotyledons after
germination in those cases where the embryo is of propor-
tionately large size while still in the seed, seem to alter less
than those with a small embryo embedded in endosperm. An
example of this is met with in Bucklandia populnea (fig. 335) ,
which has oblong, entire, subemarginate petiolate cotyledons.
They are oblong and flat while still in the seed.

Ehodoleia Championi, Hook. (fig. 334).

Pistil syncarpous, inferior ; ovary of two carpels, two-celled,
many-ovuled ; ovules pendulous or horizontal ; micropyle superior
or horizontal.

Fruit a capsule, cuspidate, glabrous, woody, two-celled, many-
seeded, dehiscing by two bifid valves.

Seeds imbricate in two rows, much compressed, variously shaped

520

ON SEEDLINGS

and angled, sometimes slightly winged, glabrous, pale brown ; testa
thicker than the tegmen, subcrustaceous when dry, cortical ulteriorly ;
tegmen thin, membranous, pale brown, closely applied to the endo-
sperm ; hilum and micropyle basal, contiguous.

Endosperm moderately copious, fleshy, colourless when moist.

Embryo large, straight and axile, embedded in the endosperm,
and falling a little short of it in length and breadth, colourless ;
cotyledons oblong-ovate, very obtuse, rounded at the base, entire,
plano-convex, lying in the broader plane of the seed with their backs
to the placenta if the seed is pendulous, but with the radicle pointing
in that direction if the seed is horizontal, with a distinct midrib and

PIG. 334. — Bhodol<eia Championi, x 7. A, longitudinal section of seed.
B, transverse section of same: OT, testa; IT, tegmen; C, cotyle-
don ; B, radicle ; P, endosperm , W, wing.

a few alternate ascending lateral nerves ; radicle oblong or cylin-
drical, obtuse, several times shorter than the cotyledons, imbedded
in endosperm close to the micropyle.

Bucklandia populnea, R. Br. (fig. 335).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, pubescent or covered with short,
fleshy, hyaline hairs, 8 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire or minutely emarginate, petio-
late, coriaceous, glabrous, deep green above, purplish-red beneath ;
lamina T25 cm. long, 6'5 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above,
pubescent like the hypocotyl, 3 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, purplish, densely covered with brown
hairs ; first internode T15 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,

HAMAMELIDE^E

521

thinly hairy and deep green above, ciliate at the margin, paler beneath
and glabrous except on the midrib, coriaceous ; petioles subterete,
slightly channelled above, purplish and covered with brown hairs ;
stipules ovate-oblong or oblong,
obtuse, pale green or reddish, thinly
hairy along the midrib and mar-
gin, enclosing and protecting the
younger bud or leaf, very large in
the adult plant, obliquely oval with
three to four nerves on one side of
the midrib, and four to five on the
other, deciduous.

No. 1. Ovate-subcordate. sub-
acute, trinerved and slightly reticu-
late.

Ultimate leaves large, cordate,
acuminate, five- to seven-nerved,
nerves incurved, reticulate, coria-
ceous, glabrous, cartilaginous at the margin and subundulate, light
green, often suffused with crimson ; petiole subterete, slightly flat-
tened above, thickened at base and apex, glabrous.

FIG. 335. — Bucklandia populnt
Nat. size.

HALORAGE.E,

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 673.

Fruit and Seed. — Ovary of one to four carpels with as many
cells, but a three-celled condition is rare. Ovules pendulous,
anatropous, and solitary in each carpel. Fruit small and
nut-like or baccate, compressed, ribbed, angled, or winged,
one- to three-celled, indehiscent, or breaking up into as many
cocci as there are carpels. The testa is thin and mem-
branous, enclosing a copious layer of fleshy endosperm. The
embryo is somewhat cylindrical, straight, and almost equal
to the endosperm in length. The radicle is elongated and
stout, the cotyledons proportionately very short and blunt, as
in Hippuris vulgaris. In Gunnera scabra and other species
the embryo is minute, obcordate, and embedded in endosperm
close to the upper end of the seed. In Loudonia the seeds
are comparatively very large.

522

ON SEEDLINGS

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of Gunnera chilensis (fig. 336)
are oblong, trinerved, petiolate, and ciliated. The first leaf is
cordate and crenate-serrate.

Gunnera chilensis, Lam. (fig. 336).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely
pubescent, greenish, 5-10 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse,
entire, petiolate with flat petioles,
ciliated, minutely pubescent, light
green, indistinctly trinerved.

Stem with primary internodes un-
developed.

First leaves simple, radical, alter-
nate, petiolate, exstipulate, ovate,
obtuse, cordate at the base, obtusely
serrate, ciliate, pubescent, light green,

palminerved ; petioles long, furrowed
FIG. 336.— Gunnera chilensis. v t.

Nat size on the upper side.

COM BRET ACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 693.

Ovary inferior, one-celled. Ovules two or rarely five, pend-
ulous from the top of the cell, with long funicles, short in the
tribe Gyrocarpeae, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, often winged
longitudinally. Seed usually solitary by arrest ; testa mem-
branous, thin ; tegmen swollen, intruded between the folds of
the cotyledons. Embryo exalbuminous, straight ; cotyledons
foliaceous, rolled into a spiral, or thick, folded lengthwise, or
crumpled. Eadicle near the hilum, superior.

Combretum sundaicum, Miq.

Hypocotyl undeveloped or very short and subterranean, cotyle-
dons subterranean.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent, soon becoming woody, first inter-
node very short, or more often elongated.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate with short petioles,
nerves alternate and incurved, entire, glabrous, except the pubescent
petiole.

COMBRETACE^E 523

No. 1. Sometimes small, subterranean and colourless, or
aerial and green, or the first as well as the second is foliaceous,
small and ovate.

No. 3. Generally considerably longer and ovate- elliptic, acuminate.

Nos. 4 and 5. In strong seedlings elliptic and generally acumi-
nate, but with an obtuse apex. Much longer than the preceding.

MYRTACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 690.

Fruit and Seed.-— The syncarpous ovary is entirely sunk in
the receptacle, rarely half or wholly superior with the exception
of its broad base. The exceptions are Fropiera with a wholly
superior ovary, while it is also almost superior in several species
of Tristania, Hypocalymna, Basckea, and Xanthostemon. It is
most often two- to many-celled with axile placentas, but some -
times it is one-celled owing to an imperfect dissepiment, with
a basal placenta, or the latter is filiform and fixed to the base
and apex of the cavity. Very rarely is it one-celled with two
parietal placentas. The ovules are campylotropous or anatro-
pous, and vary from two to many, and are arranged in two or
more series on each placenta.

The fruit is sometimes capsular, dehiscing vertically by
as many valves as there are cells. In other cases it is dry,
baccate or drupaceous, one- or many-seeded and indehiscent.
The seeds vary greatly in size and form even in the same genus.
They have sometimes a membranous (as in the case of Eucalyp-
tus), crustaceous, fleshy, or woody testa. Endosperm is nearly
always absent, or when present occupies a small portion of the
seed close to the hilum ; it is said to be copious in a few cases.
The embryo is straight, curved in a circinate manner, or spiral ;
sometimes it is thick and fleshy with minute cotyledons at
the smaller end of the seed, or hooked or almost absent. In
other cases the cotyledons are foliaceous, longer than the
radicle, sometimes coiled round it ; and sometimes they are
fleshy, flat, twisted, plaited, or thick and free, or soldered
together in a solid mass.

An exceptional case occurs in the genus Feijoa which

524 ON SEEDLINGS

contains a solitary Brazilian species with angled, albuminous
seeds and a straight embryo with flat, foliaceous cotyledons.

The embryos of species of Eucalyptus coming under my
notice are remarkable for the way in which the cotyledons
are deflexed and become folded or coiled round the radicle.
The latter is straight in E. Globulus (fig. 338), as are the petioles
for part of their length, while the upper portion is bent at
right angles to reach the base of the cotyledons. The whole
length of the seed is occupied by the radicle, the straight
portion of the petioles, and the real length of the cotyledons
which is not great. The size of the latter and then: lobed ap-
pearance is due to their being deflexed and growing in a lateral
direction till they reach the base of the seed while their apical
edge becomes coiled round the radicle. The middle portion
through which the midrib runs cannot coil round the radicle
and is therefore short, thus giving rise to the apical sinus.
This will be better understood by reference to the seedlings.
A closely similar or identical case occurs in E. marginata,
a transverse section of which shows the manner of coiling
round the radicle. Although the section showing the coil is
transverse to the seed, it is really through the longitudinal
plane of the cotyledons. E. stellulata (fig. 341) has very
much smaller and narrower seeds, and the coiling is therefore
less extensive. The radicle is club-shaped, thickest at the
point, and central to the cotyledons.

A very different case is met with in Couroupita guianensis
(fig. 347), where the clavate radicle occupies the periphery of
the seed, passing entirely round it and girdling the foliaceous,
much plaited, or folded and crumpled cotyledons. The seed
is large, suborbicular, laterally compressed and oval or elliptic
in transverse section.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons in the seedling stage differ
greatly according to the size and shape of the seed. Amongst
those observed, three types with some remarkable exceptions
may be cited ; but there can be little question that if an ex-
haustive series of species were examined the number both
of types and exceptions would be considerably increased.
The simplest type is that represented by Callistemon rigidus
(fig. 337), having small, elliptic or subrhomboid cotyledons.

MYRT AGILE 525

This type is also exemplified in C. speciosus, C. Cunninghamii,
Psidium, and strikingly so in Tristania conferta (fig. 345).
There is a slight departure or modification of the type in
Callistemon Cunninghamii where the cotyledons present the
appearance of being obscurely trifid. Those of Psidium are
much larger than usual, and leaf-like, and those of Melaleuca
hypericifolia obovate or roundly ovate.

All of the above species agree in having the first pair of
leaves opposite, while a number of them have several pairs
with this arrangement. In the seedling stage the species of
Callistemon have small, myrtle-like leaves, very different from
the adult form which is linear or lanceolate, and rather rigid,
with the edges vertical by a twisting of the very short petiole.
The primary leaves of Tristania conferta and Psidium are
also small and myrtle-like. Those of Melaleuca hypericifolia
are small and lanceolate.

Most of the species of Eucalyptus observed have characters
in common in the form of the cotyledons. Thev are trans-
versely oblong, with or without a shallow sinus at the apex, with
a short midrib terminating in the sinus, and a longer lateral
nerve running along the centre of the lateral lobes. They
are practically, therefore, trinerved ; but the whole of the
venation is sometimes obscure or indiscernible owing to the
opacity of the cotyledons. The real apex of the latter is in
the notch ; and the length of the lateral lobes together with
the origin of the sinus is explained below. Species agreeing
in the main with the above particulars are Eucalyptus Globu-
lus (fig. 339), E. rostrata, E. cordata, E. leucoxylon (fig. 340)
and E. stellulata. A slight modification of the above is seen
in E. coccifera having small, obcordate cotyledons with a
cuneate base. A greatly exaggerated form is met with in E.
occidentalis (fig. 342) where the lateral lobes are ascending
or suberect so as to give the cotyledons a furcate appear-
ance strongly resembling those of Pentapetes puniceus amongst
the Sterculiacese, with similar venation. The cotyledons of
E. ficifolia are transversely oblong-reniform, with a moder-
ately deep notch at the base, a very shallow apical sinus,
the three nerves copiously branched, and long ascending
petioles. On the whole they may be compared to those of a

526 ON SEEDLINGS

Geranium. The long petioles show a transition to a still
more remarkable type occurring in E. marginata (fig. 343), in
which the hypocotyl is subterranean and extremely short,
while this deficiency is compensated for by the length of the
petioles. The lamina is obcordate, cuneate and trinerved,
resembling a Brassica. A striking departure from the common
type occurs in E. calophylla (fig. 344) having reniform-orbi-
cular, incipiently emarginate, foliaceous cotyledons of great
size. The three nerves are copiously branched, the lateral
ones again having three main divisions.

They all agree in having the primary leaves opposite and
entire, but these differ slightly in form. Those of E. Globulus
are linear- lanceolate ; of E. rostrata, E. cordata and E.
leucoxylon, lanceolate; of E. stellulata, oval; of E. coccifera,
E. marginata, and E. ficifolia, ovate; of E. occidentalis, ob-
long ; and of E. calophylla, cordate, covered on both surfaces
with crystalline glands. The primary leaves of many indi-
vidual specimens of E. ficifolia are more or less distinctly
alternate.

Amongst the species with aerial cotyledons are some which
must be considered exceptions to the above-mentioned types.
Khodomyrtus tomentosa has oblong-ovate, obtuse, shortly
petiolate, penninerved cotyledons which are much longer
than the first two pairs of roundly ovate leaves. A most re-
markable case occurs in a species of Lecythis, seeds of which
were sent to Kew from Trinidad under the name of L. Ollaria
(fig. 349). The cotyledons are palmately five-nerved and
seven- to nine-lobed with finger-like, bluntly pointed seg-
ments. The first five or more leaves are lanceolate, finely
serrated and much smaller (especially the first two) than the
foliaceous persistent cotyledons.

In a third type the cotyledons where present are sub-
terranean and shortly petiolate as in Eugenia bracteata (fig.
346). The embryo of Lecythis Zabucajo (fig. 348) consists
of a solid piece while still in the seed, to the Ulterior of which
it strictly conforms. It is narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform, and
is evidently homologous with the hypocotyl which has become
thickened and fleshy in this remarkable way in order to con-
stitute a storehouse of reserve-material. By remaining in the

MYRTACE.E 527

thick and woody testa both during and after germination it
would be protected from the depredations of animals. Coty-
ledons are absent or very minute. This being the case it
follows that the seedling must behave differently from those
having cotyledons which are also generally if not always
petiolate when they are subterranean or remain in the testa
in germination, as in Eugenia bracteata and others mentioned
above. The petioles in these cases allow the whole of the
embryo to escape from the testa, with exception of the fleshy
laminse of the cotyledons. On the contrary the fleshy
hypocotyl of Lecythis Zabucajo is held fast while the plumule
splits the testa and pushes its way out at one end of the
seed and the radicle at the other. The allied Bertholletia
excelsa (fig. 350) behaves in the same way, as well as Barring-
tonia speciosa.

That there is good ground for considering this fleshy un-
divided embryo as homologous with the hypocotyl may be
inferred from species belonging to other genera. For instance
in Couroupita the radicle (so called) is long, clavate and
curved round the outside of the cotyledons ; in Couratari it is
very large and cylindrical ; in Planchonia it is very long,
clavate and spirally convolute, while the cotyledons are short ;
but in Careya, Barringtonia, Lecythis and Bertholletia the
embryo is quite undivided, with a bud at one end and the
radicle proper at the other.

It is usual for some of the primary leaves to be reduced
to colourless or brown scales when the cotyledons are subter-
ranean. The first two pairs of Eugenia bracteata are in this
condition. A great number of the primary leaves of Berthol-
letia excelsa are very small and completely cover the lower
part of the stem owing to the non-development of the inter-
nodes. They gradually change from sheathing organs to
perfect leaves, of gradually increasing length. The first eight
are colourless, the next five are oblong, followed by one or
more lanceolate ones, while the fifteenth and sixteenth are
oblong-obovate, but very moderate in size. Only three or
four of the first leaves of Lecythis Zabucajo are scale-like.
In all three species the colourless leaves would act as a pro-
tection to the plumule while pushing its way through the soil,

528

ON SEEDLINGS

or whatever else might have accumulated above the seeds in
a state of nature. The second four leaves of Lecythis are
roundly cordate followed by four that are ovate, and then by
others which are lanceolate. The ultimate form is oblong-
lanceolate, serrate, and the leaves are alternate, distichous,
and arranged on the half plan.

Callistemon rigidus, E. Br. (fig. 837).
Primary root fibrous, tapering downwards, normal.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, reddish, 4-7'5 mm. long.
Cotyledons elliptic or rather rhomboid, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous,
with what appear to be alternate, ascending, very obscure nerves in
the fresh state, entire, rather tbick, light green above, paler beneath,
tapering into the petiole ; lamina 1'5-
3'5 mm. long, 1-25-2-5 mm. wide ;
petiole flattened above, convex beneath,
1-25-2-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, somewhat flexu-
ose, reddish at a very early stage, hairy
or subvillous ; 1st internode 1*25-2-5
mm. long ; 2nd not developed or rarely
slightly; 3rd 9-15 mm. long; 4th
4-5-6-5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
alternate (first two opposite or almost
so), exstipulate, very shortly petiolate
in the seedling, but as tbe plant reaches
the adult state tbe petiole becomes
shorter and shorter until tbe leaves
become sessile, merely tapering to tbe
base, trinerved from base to apex, and
in the seedling stage showing alter-
nate, ascending nerves that connect tbe median with tbe marginal
or submarginal ones, pubescent, or silky with adpressed or slightly
spreading whitish hairs, dotted with pellucid glands ; petioles in tbe
seedling plant short, flattened beneatb, convex above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite or nearly so, rhomboid-elliptic, obtuse,
obscurely trinerved in tbe lower half.

Nos. 3 to 12. Elliptic, acute or subacute, more or less dis-
tinctly trinerved, ligbt green above, paler beneatb and shining.

Ultimate leaves linear, acute, or ending in a spine, trinerved,
with tbe marginal ones sunk in tbe thickened marginal tissue,

FIG. 337.— Callistemon rigidus.
Nat. size.

MYRTACE^ 529

suddenly tapered at the apex into the spine, narrowed to the base
where by a slight twist the leaf is turned through an angle of 90°,
and becomes more or less vertical, that is, with its edges perpen-
dicular to the surface of the earth, silky on both surfaces with
adpressed hairs.

Callistemon speciosus, DC.

Hypocotyl as in C. rigidus.

Cotyledons rhomboid, obtuse, deep green, and clothed with
minute scales ; lamina glabrous, 4'5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide ;
petiole 1*5 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect ; early internodes very short or hardly
developed.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly
p etiolate, glabrous in the young stage and minutely scaly, deep
green, opaque, obscurely alternately penninerved, coriaceous, per-
forated with translucent glands ; petioles very short, flattened
above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, ovate, obtuse.

U Itimate leaves lanceolate, acute, ascending, placed vertically,
trinerved, glabrous, coriaceous, pale green, somewhat reticulated ;
petiole very short, twisted, together with base of leaf, through an
angle of 90°.

Callistemon Cunninghamii, ? F. Muell.

Primary root as in other species.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, glabrous, 3-4 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, shallowly trilobed, glabrous, green,
one-nerved ; petioles rather long, shallowly channelled on the upper
face.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous ; 1st internode 1-1-5 mm. long ;
2nd, 3rd, 4th, rather longer.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline (first two opposite), others
alternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate, exstipulate,
glabrous, green, trinerved ; petioles short, flat, shallowly channelled
above.

Melaleuca hypericifolia, Sm.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, red, 5-10 mm. long.
Cotyledons ovate or rotund, or minutely emarginate, entire,
small, petiolate, glabrous, dark green, indistinctly one-nerved.

M M

530 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, glabrous,
tinged with red ; 1st internode '75-1-25 mm. long ; 2nd, 3rd, etc.
varying about the same length.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, oblong,
obtuse, tapering to the base, sessile, glabrous, light green, one-
nerved.

Eucalyptus Globulns, Labill. (fig. 338).

Fruit a capsule, three- to four-celled, many-seeded, sunk in the
truncated receptacle dehiscing along the middle of the valves.

Seed horizontal, flattened, compressed and angled laterally or
dorsally into very various shapes ; testa deep brown or black ;
hilum ventral, paler in colour than the rest of the seed.
Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight or nearly so, fleshy, colourless, occupying the

whole interior of the seed, and conforming to it in general outline ;

cotyledons broader than long, deflexed

2, and convolute over the radicle, which

the lobes equal in length ; half of one
cotyledon lies over half of the other,
and consequently only one half of each
cotyledon lies against the testa ; radicle
long, stout, fleshy, truncate at the end
PIG, ass,— Eucalyptus Globulus. where it lies against the testa, otherwise

££»£?££& *J*tt wholly enclosed by the longitudinally

attachment ; p , petiole from coiled cotyledons, parallel with the axis
Lt^att-rrS1"8 and consequently some distance from
the hilum.

Seedling (fig. 339).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, about 3¥5 cm. long.

Cotyledons deeply bifid, trinerved, the middle nerve ending in
the sinus ; lobes obovate-oblong, diverging ; lamina 5 mm. long,
9 mm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete at the base, and quadrangular upwards,
warted on the angles and faces, covered with a glaucous-white
bloom, then becoming pale green and ultimately brown ; 1st inter-
node 1*2 cm. long ; 2nd 1-1 cm. ; 3rd 1'45 cm. ; 4th 1 cm. ; 5th
1-35 cm. ; 6th 1-1 cm. ; 7th 1-35 em. ; 8th 9 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, and sessile in
the young plant, alternate and petiolate in the adult, exstipulate,
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, perforated with glands, covered with a
glaucous bloom, becoming pale green, ultimately dying off brown.

MYRTACE^E 531

First and second pairs linear-lanceolate, acute, tapering to both
ends.

Third and fourth pairs lanceolate-oblong, subacute.

Fifth to eighth pairs (inclusive) oblong, acute.

Lower leaves on branches rotund-oblong, or rounded, then
oblong-obtuse, afterwards oblong-
acute, — all subcordate at the base.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlecht.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous,
red, 5-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons small, transversely
oblong, obtuse, entire, sometimes
almost cordate at the base, glabrous,
green, indistinctly one-nerved, with
short and rather flat petioles.

Stem erect, square, herbaceous,
ultimately woody, stained with red ;
1st internode 2-4 mm. ; 2nd, 3rd and
4th 6-10 mm.

First leaves as in E. Globulus,
but oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, light
green above, deep red beneath.

Eucalyptus cordata, Labill.

,T , . FIG. 889. — Eucalyptus Globulut.

Hypocotyl erect, quadrangular, Half nat. size.

glabrous, red, 3-4-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons very similiar to last species, shallowly emarginate,
trinerved.

Stem terete, covered with tubercular or fleshy protuberances,
otherwise as in E. rostrata ; 1st to 4th internodes l-5-2'8 cm.
long.

First leaves as in E. rostrata, but sometimes entire, or slightly
crenate, sessile, or in the case of the first pairs subsessile and acute.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, F. Muell. (fig. 340),

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, gradually tapering into the radicle,
6-9 mm. long.

Cotyledons as in E. rostrata, but truncate at the end, or some-
times possessing a small apical tooth, 1*25-2 mm. long, 3-4-25 mm.
wide; petiole tapered downwards, slightly grooved above, 1'75-
2-5 mm. long.

H If 2

532

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 340.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon,
x2.

Stem square, glabrous, pale green or reddish, ultimately woody ;
1st internode 4-5 mm. long ; 2nd 5'5 mm. ; 3rd 4-5 mm.

Leaves as in E. Globulus but oblong-lanceolate and petiolate ;
petioles tapering towards the base, channelled or grooved above.

First pair narrowly oblong, obtuse, small,
tapered to the base.

Second and fourth pairs oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, tapering at both ends, but mostly at
the base.

Eucalyptus stellulata, Sieb. (fig. 841).

Fruit a many-seeded capsule, dehiscing
loculicidally at the apex.

Seed small, from '75-1 mm. long,
variously angled and shaped, exalbuminous ;
testa brownish, smooth ; hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the interior of
the seed, colourless ; cotyledons transversely
oblong, convolute and folded round the radicle ;
radicle long, stout, truncate at the apex,
occupying the centre of the seed and enveloped
by the cotyledons.

Eucalyptus coccifera, Hook. f.

Hypocotyl terete, woody, glabrous, dark
purple near the base, 1-5-2 cm. long, '5-1 mm.
thick.

Cotyledons shortly stalked, -5-'75 cm. long,
•5 cm. wide, obcordate, cuneate at base, retuse
at apex, obscurely nerved, glabrous, not very
thick, dark green above, dark purple beneath,
rather persistent.

Stem firm, terete, scabrous, dark purple ; internodes varying
from 1-3 cm. in length, 1 mm. thick.

Leaves as in E. Globulus, but ovate, deep green above, purplish
beneath at least in the seedling stage.

Nos. 1 and 2. Including the short scabrous petiole, 1-1 '5 cm.
long, -5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, entire, with sunk midrib and
obscurely penninerved, glabrous, thin, dark green above, dark
purple beneath in the early stages.

Nos. 3 and 4. The same, but more oblong, rounded at both ends.
Nos. 5 and 6. The same, but larger.

--T.

FIG. 341. — Eucalyptus

stellulata, x 15.
Transverse section of

seed. C, cotyledons;

B, radicle ; T, testa.

MYRTACE/E

533

FIG. 342.
Eucalyptus occidentalis, x 2.

Eucalyptus occidentalis, Endl. (fig. 842).

Hypocotylereot, terete, glabrous, 1-5-2-2 cm. long, stained with red.

Cotyledons deeply bifid, petiolate, glabrous, dark green, indis-
tinctly nerved ; lobes oblong, narrow,
obtuse.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, herba-
ceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
4-5 mm. long.

First leaves linear-oblong, obtuse,
petiolate, glabrous, light green,
distinctly pinnatinerved.

Eucalyptus ficifolia, F. Muell.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, covered with
short bristly hairs 2*5-3 cm. long,
reddish.

Cotyledons rem'form, obtuse, entire
or slightly emarginate, cordate at the
base, coriaceous, petiolate, glabrous
except on the petioles which are covered
with short bristly hairs, dark green, reddish beneath, palminerved.

Stem as in last species, but covered with bristly hairs ; 1st inter-
node 2-3'5 cm. long ; 2nd 1-2 cm.

First leaves as in E. coccifera, but covered with numerous
bristly hairs, tinged with red below, pinnatinerved.

The leaves in many specimens are alternate, not opposite, the
internodes between the pairs of leaves at first being very short, but
increasing in length after the second pair.

Eucalyptus marginata, Sm. (fig. 343).

Hypocotyl short, subterranean.

Cotyledons subrotund or transversely oblong, obtuse, emarginate,
asymmetrical, petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green, reddish
beneath, distinctly trinerved ; petioles long, plano-convex, stained
with red.

Stem as in E. ficifolia.

First leaves sessile, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, subacute, gla-
brous, light green, distinctly pinnatinerved.

Eucalyptus calophylla, B. Br. (fig. 344).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, reddish, densely covered with blunt,
warty, glandular processes, about 1'3-1'S cm. above the soil.

534

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, reniform-orbicular, petiolate, blunt,
entire except at the base or incipiently emarginate, glabrous, deep
opaque green and punctate above, much paler beneath and more
conspicuously punctate, strongly trinerved from the base with the
lateral nerves trifurcate a little above the base, and ascending
while the midrib proceeds nearly straight to the apex with a few
alternate, ascending branches ; lamina 2-3 cm. long, 8 cm. wide ;
petiole subterete, flattened on the upper side above the base and

FIG. Z&.—Eucalyptu* marginata. Nat. size.

shallowly grooved upwards, much thickened and perfoliate at the
base, densely covered with small glandular processes, about 1-6 cm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, ultimately woody, green in the young state,
densely covered with irregular crystalline, glandular processes;
1st internode 2-25 cm. long ; 2nd 5-6 mm.

Leaves opposite in the young plant, covered on both surfaces and
at the margin, but especially on the petioles and midrib beneath,
with various sized crystalline, glandular processes, rather closely
and ascendingly penninerved and reticulate ; petioles dilated and
slightly flattened on the upper side at the base, otherwise nearly
terete and tapering upwards.

MYRTACE^E

535

First pair broadly cordate, obtuse, tipped with a glandular
mucro.

Second pair cordate-ovate, obtuse, tipped with a glandular mucro,

alternate.

Tristania conferta, R. Br. (fig. 845).

Primary root tapering downwards, sending off numerous lateral
fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, quadrangular, glabrous, red, 1-1-8 cm. long.

FIG. 344. — Eucalyptus calophylla. Nat. size

Cotyledons small, rhomboid, ovate, obtuse, entire somewhat
fleshy, green, glabrous, petiolate, trinerved ; petiole rather long and
flat, glabrous.

Stem erect, quadrangular, slightly hairy, green ; 1st internode
1'2-1'5 cm. long ; 2nd internode 3-4 mm.

First leaves entire, opposite, decussate, lanceolate, oval, obtuse,
slightly ciliate, minutely hairy, green, pinnatinerved ; petioles short,
slightly furrowed above.

Psidium sp.

Hypocotyl erect, terete or obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, pale
green, about 1'8 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons aerial, ovate, acute, cuneate at the base, glabrous,

636

ON SEEDLINGS

shortly petiolate, coriaceous, thin, light green on both surfaces ;
lamina 1-8 cm. long, 8 mm. wide ; petiole about 1 mm. long.

FIG. 345.— Tristania conferta, x 2.

MYRTACE.E

537

Stem woody, erect, acutely quadrangular or almost four-winged,
glabrous, pale reddish ; 1st internode 1'4 cm. long ; 2nd 1*9 cm. ;
3rd 7'5 mm.

Leaves entire, opposite, glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath ,
shining on both surfaces ; petioles very short, glabrous, channelled
above.

First to third pairs small, elliptic, obtuse, minutely cuspidate, or
apiculate.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-10 mm. long, light green.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, gla-
brous, shiny green, pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem erect, somewhat quadrangular, herbaceous, ultimately
woody ; 1st internode 3-4 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, ovate, obtuse, gla-
brous, shiny green, coriaceous with pellucid glands, exstipulate,
pinnatinerved ; petioles short, shal-
lowly furrowed above.

Eugenia bracteata, Rausch
(fig. 346).

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons subterrannean and
remaining in the seed.

Stem woody, erect, terete, densely
pubescent, pale green, ultimately
brown ; 1st internode 1 cm. long ;
2nd 1-15 cm.; 3rd 1-5 cm.; 4th
8 mm.

Leaves as in last species,
obscurely penninerved, deep green
above, pale below, shining on both
surfaces, perforated with glands ;
petioles very short, channelled above,
pubescent.

First and second pairs reduced to small scales, green, ultimately
brown.

Third pair oval, obtuse, foliaceous.

Fourth pair elliptic, obtuse, much larger.

FIG. 346. — Eugenia bracteata.
Four-fifths nat. size.

538

ON SEEDLINGS

Ji.

Couroupita guianensis, Aubl. (fig. 347).

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary of five to seven carpels, many-
ovuled ; ovules campylotropous.

Fruit subglobose,
coriaceous or almost
woody, many-seeded,
indehiscent.

Seed large, villous,
transversely oblong,
-ji considerably flattened;
' testa crustaceous by a
. Z.C' thickening and harden-
ing of the inner layer of
the outer coat, villous ;
hilum rather conspicu-
ous.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo curved or
rounded on itself, or
involute, rather com-
pressed, filling the whole
of the seed, and pinkish-
white ; cotyledons large,
oblong, contorted and
plicate with numerous
intricate folds ; radicle
very long, curved all
round the seed and en-
closing the cotyledons
in the centre, clavate,
obtuse.

FIG. 847.— Couroupita guianensis, x4. _ ,,. „ !,,,„„;-

A, longitudinal section of seed. B, transverse LecythlS ZabUCajO,

section of seed. H, hilum; B, radicle; C, coty- Aubl. (fig. 848).
ledons; OC, testa; 1C, tegmen.

Primary root very

long, stout, woody, giving off a few lateral fibres, and leaving the
seed at the opposite end to the plumule.

Hypocotyl remaining in the seed, subterranean, large, fleshy,
colourless, forming an oblong mass conforming to the shape of the
cavity of the seed, and tapering to each end.

Cotyledons probably absent.

MYRTACE.E

539

Stem erect, terete, soon becoming woody, tapering gradually
upwards, glabrous, light green.

Leaves always simple, alternate, cauline, exstipulate, sessile in
the seedling, but ultimately shortly stalked, distichous, serrated,
glabrous, light green, penninerved and reticulated.

^L ,^*~~-*£^)

FIG. 348.— Lecythis Zabucajo. A, transverse section of seed: OT, testa;
IT, tegmen ; C, fleshy hypocotyl. B, germinating embryo removed from
seed. C, seedling: S, seed; R, radicle; L, scale-like leaf. Half nat.
size.

Nos. 1-3 or 4. Small, scale-like, clasping the stem at its base.

Nos. 4-7. Broadly cordate, obtuse, clasping and decurrent on
the stem, forming a slender line for some distance, or, on the upper
portion of the seedling, running down as far as the next internode.

Nos. 8-11. Ovate, acute or acuminate, slightly toothed; No.
11 slightly stalked.

540

ON SEEDLINGS

Nos. 12-14. Lanceolate, acuminate, distantly serrulate, shortly
petiolate.

Lecythis Ollaria, L. ? (fig. 849).

The seedling figured below (fig. 349) was grown under the above
name, but I do not feel clear about it. Possibly it is a species of

PIG. 849.- Lecythis Ollaria. Nat size.

Couratari. I figure it, however, on account of the remarkable coty-
ledons, which resemble those of Tilia.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 5-9 cm. or more
above the soil.

MYRTACE^E 541

Cotyledons very large, foliaceous, aerial, palmately seven- to
eleven-nerved and -lobed, reticulated, glabrous, membranous, sbining,
shortly petiolate, 5-6 cm. long including the petiole, 4-5-5 -2 cm.
wide ; middle segment lanceolate, obtuse, by far the longest, the

FIG. 350. — Bertholletia excelsa. Nat. siz

others gradually becoming shorter towards the base ; petiole 2-5-
3 mm. long.

Stem erect or arching, terete, pubescent, more or less flexuose,
ultimately woody; Istinternode 4 mm. long; 2nd 7 mm.; the others
gradually becoming a little longer.

542 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly petiolate,
serrate, alternately incurvinerved, glabrous, bronze-coloured in a
young state, ultimately bright green and shining, distichous and
arranged on the half plan.

No. 1. Very small, lanceolate, obtuse, 7-9 mm. long including
the petiole.

No. 2. Lanceolate, three times as large as No. 1.

Nos. 3-8. Lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse, and gradually larger,

Bertholletia excelsa, H. B. K (fig. 350).

Eadicle emerging towards the opposite end of the seed to that
whence the plumule emerges.

Hypocotyl, as in Lecythis, very thick and fleshy, conforming to
and filling the interior of the seed, subterranean.

Cotyledons absent.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, stout, colourless beneath the soil and
deep brown above it, ultimately woody ; first eight to ten internodes
very short and covered by scale-like leaves, mostly beneath the
soil ; 11-1 5th gradually elongating from 6-14 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, or the lower ones appearing
opposite owing to the suppression or shortening of the internodes,
exstipulate, petiolate, or the lower sessile and clasping the stem and
scale-like, alternately incurvinerved and reticulate, glabrous, shining
on both surfaces, at least when young, and in that condition more
or less stained with brownish-red ; petioles wanting in a great
number of the primary leaves, or short and sheath-like.

Nos. 1-8 (in specimen examined). Small, colourless, subterranean,
scale-like.

Nos. 9-18. Green, oblong, acute, aerial, carinate owing to the
stout midrib, entire, ascending or spreading.

No. 14. Lanceolate-oblong, subacuminate, entire or slightly
serrulate, much larger than the previous ones.

Nos. 15 and 16. Oblong-obovate, acuminate, serrulate, narrowed
at the base into a short sheath-like petiole, clasping the stem on one
side.

MELASTOMACE^E 543

MELASTOMACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 725.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is free or more or less adnate
to the receptacular cup ; when it matures into the fruit the
free portion, if any, is nearly always enclosed in the cup. It
varies with two to many carpels cohering to form as many
cells. The members of the suborder Memecyleae constitute
an exception, inasmuch as the septa often disappear making
the ovary one-celled, with the ovules arranged verticillately on
a free central columella. In the suborder Melastomeae the
ovules are very numerous and inserted on placentas that
project far into the interior of the ovary ; while in the suborder
Astronieae the numerous ovules are ascending and inserted
on prominent basal or parietal placentas. In all cases they
are anatropous. They are very few and definite in the tribe
Miconieae of the Melastomeae and in the suborder Memecyleae.

The fruit is baccate or capsular, dehiscing by valves or
bursting irregularly. The seeds are varied in outline from
cuneate, cochleate, or pyramidal to filiform and are very small,
except in the cases mentioned where the ovules are few
when they are large, globose or hemispherical. The testa is
membranous, leathery, crustaceous and smooth or rugose, in
Huberia and Acanthella it is winged. The raphe is sometimes
enlarged and spongy. The seed is exalbuminous, and whether
large or small the embryo occupies the whole of the interior,
to which it conforms. In the suborder Memecyleae the embryo
is large with plano-convex or subfoliaceous cotyledons.

Seedlings. — The seedlings observed all belong to the sub-
order Melastomeae having numerous small seeds, consequently
the cotyledons even after germination are very small, or even
minute in Ehexia Mariana (fig. 352). The lamina is only
about 1-5 mm. long, by 1-2-5 mm. wide, shortly petiolate
and rhomboid in outline. The first three or four pairs of
leaves are broadly ovate, trinerved and gradually increase in
size from the first pair which is very small or even minute.
Several succeeding pairs are inclined to be elliptic and are

544 ON SEEDLINGS '

serrate. Bhomboid cotyledons also occur in other genera
and species, including Osbeckia rubicunda where they show a
distinct midrib but no other venation. The latter species is
notable for the length of the first internode. The first pair of
leaves is roundly ovate, subcordate at the base and trinerved,
while two or more succeeding pairs are inclined to be elliptic.
Osbeckia capitata (fig. 351) has broadly ovate, one-nerved
cotyledons ; and the two forms given are likely to be the
prevailing ones throughout a large number of the species with
numerous small seeds. The first three pairs of leaves are
ovate, while succeeding ones are inclined to be cordate at the
base, and from the third pair onward they are five-nerved.
Strong nerves proceeding from the base to the apex of the
leaf are very prevalent and characteristic of the Order ; but
in Medinilla magnifica and M. amabilis, strong nerves are
given off at various points along the midrib, and possibly in
other species, where the venation is pinnate.

Osbeckia capitata, Benth. (fig. 351).

Primary root long, slender, tapering very gradually downwards,
flexuose, and provided at an early stage with very short lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent with very minute incurved
hairs, almost colourless, and becoming pale red at an early stage,
about 1 mm. long when the first leaves have appeared, and elongat-
ing little or none at all after this.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, minutely pubescent, at least at
the edges, petiolate, showing an indistinct midrib, but no other
venation, deep green above and red beneath ; lamina 1-5 mm. long,
1-25 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above, convex on the back, rather
broad, -75 mm. long.

They do not increase much beyond these dimensions, but drop
away after a time.

Stem erect, quadrangular; angles obtuse and densely covered
with closely and upwardly adpressed, bulbous-rooted hairs, the
intermediate faces smooth or more or less densely and irregularly
covered with similar hairs, red, and ultimately shrubby ; 1st inter-
node 1-25-5 mm. long ; 2nd 1-3-2 cm. ; 3rd 1-1-1-6 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, entire, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
covered more or less densely on both surfaces with bulbous-rooted

MELASTOMACE^E 545

adpressed hairs directed towards the apex, deep green above, pale
beneath or often stained with red ; petioles very short, channelled
above, densely hairy, slightly connate at the base, or forming a ring
round the stem, with one to three or more stronger, erect bristles
on the ring.

First pair of leaves small, ovate, obtuse, entire, trinerved, with
comparatively longer petioles than succeeding ones.

Cotyledons droned-

FIG. 351. — Osbeckia capitata. A, young seedling, x 4. B, older seedling. Nat. size

Second pair ovate, obtuse, strongly trinerved.

Third pair ovate, obtuse, strongly trinerved with sometimes two
other slender nerves.

Fourth to sixth pairs similar, but gradually wider and subcordate
at the base.

Rhexia Mariana, L. (fig. 352).

Primary root very long, slender, flexuose, colourless, furnished
with numerous lateral rootlets.

N N

546

ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl short and indis-
tinguishable from the root.

Cotyledons minute, rhom-
boid, obtuse, glabrous, shortly
petiolate, bronze red ; lamina
1'5 mm. long, 1*25 mm. wide ;
petiole grooved above, 1 mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, sub-
terete, grooved on two sides
from between the bases of the
petioles downwards to the axils
of the two lower leaves, coarsely
hairy, or glandular-hairy when
young, red ; 1st internode T5
mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd
1-4 cm. ; 4th 2-05 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, op-
posite, decussate, petiolate, ex-
stipulate, coarsely and thinly
glandular-hairy on both sur-
faces, trinerved, with the lateral
nerves describing an ellipse,
bronze green above, deep red
and shining beneath ; petioles
channelled above, rounded on
the back, red, very thinly glan-
dular-hairy.

First pair very small,
broadly ovate, obtuse, entire,
indistinctly trinerved.

Second pair larger, similar.

Third pair broadly ovate,
obtuse, minutely emarginate,
and minutely apiculate in the
notch when quite young, dis-
tantly serrulate.

Fourth to sixth pairs ovate-
elliptic, obtuse, minutely emar-
ginate and apiculate in the
notch when young, serrulate.

FIG. 852.— Rhexia Mariana. Nat. size.

LYTHRAKIM 547

LYTHRARIE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 773.

Fruit and Seed. — The two- to six-celled ovary composed of
as many carpels is mostly superior or free, rarely girt at the
base by one or more glands, and still more rarely wholly
immersed in the receptacle as in Punica and Axinandra.
One-celled ovaries may arise by the destruction of the septa,
or by one out of two carpels becoming suppressed. The ovules
are numerous, multiseriate, anatropous, inserted on axile or
basal, rarely parietal placentas. They are solitary in the
cells of Axinandra, reduced to two in the one- celled ovary of
Strephonema, and inserted on a free basal placenta in the
one-celled ovary of Antherylium.

The fruit is capsular, two- to six-celled with axile placentas,
or one-celled by the destruction of the septa when the placentas
become free and central. Baccate fruits occur in Punica and
Sonneratia which are in many respects anomalous for the
Order. The first named has the walls of the fruit of a thick
and leathery nature, while the seeds are surrounded by a deep
layer of watery pulp. The interior is many-celled with the
cells arranged in two tiers, one above the other. In other
and more typical cases the seeds are smaller, and terete,
angled or winged, exalbuminous or with a small quantity of
endosperm. The testa varies in different species both in
thickness and texture, and in some cases it is pilose or hispid.

The embryo is generally straight, with oblong or orbicular,
flat, auricled cotyledons, varying in conformity with the shape
of the seed. An exceptional case occurs in Dodecas which has
small hispid seeds resembling sawdust, containing a slender,
elongated embryo with linear cotyledons, and a terete radicle.
The cotyledons of Punica are spirally convolute in the seed,
and auricled at the base. A good type is represented by
Cuphea silenoides (fig. 353). The cotyledons are suborbicular,
deeply auricled at the base and distinctly emarginate, the
emargination being due to a pronounced thickening at the
slightly indented chalaza. The auricles are produced in order;

548 ON SEEDLINGS

to occupy the space on each side of the radicle, which terminates
abruptly in three rounded lobes. The reason for this peculiar
form of the radicle is not very evident. The seed in transverse
section is thinly elliptic.

Seedlings. — At least two well-marked types of cotyledons
occur as well as a few striking exceptional instances. One
type is represented by Cuphea silenoides (fig. 354). The
cotyledons are roundly-triangular, emarginate, truncate at
the base and faintly five-nerved. A remarkable point about
them is that they are auricled at the base while still in the
seed as above noticed, and for some time after germination ;
but as growth proceeds and they become fully developed the
auricles become lost or obliterated by the more rapid growth
of the lamina in the neighbourhood of their attachment to
the petiole than in the auricles themselves. Similar examples
are met with in species of Salvia belonging to the Labiatse,
but the obliteration of auricles already well- developed in the
seed is by no means of frequent occurrence. They usually
increase in size after germination. The primary causes of
the auricles, and the emargination, are referred to above.
The abrupt and sublobate condition of the hypocotyl in the
seed shows itself after germination in the form of an annular
thickening. C. Eoezlii agrees generally with the type given,
but the cotyledons are much smaller and subcuneate at the
base when full grown ; and the latter characteristic is no
doubt due to growth subsequent to germination. This is
carried to a still greater extent in Cuphea coccinea where the
cotyledons are broadly obcordate with a cuneate base and
trinerved. The first pair of leaves in all three cases is ovate
and entire, and subsequent ones vary between oblong-elliptic
or lanceolate, or remain unaltered except in size.

The second type is met with in Lythrum flexuosum and
other species which have oblong-oval, obtuse cotyledons with
a cuneate base. In L. flexuosum they are small, often slightly
constricted near the apex and appearing obsoletely trinerved.
Venation seems restricted to a faint midrib. The primary
leaves at least are opposite, oblong-ovate, and decurrent on
the stem, making it quadrangular or narrowly four- winged.

An exceptional case to the above types is met with in

LVTIIRAKIE.E 549

Punica Granatum (fig. 355) which has transversely oblong,
deeply emarginate, five-nerved cotyledons, rounded at the
sides. The outer pair of nerves follows the outline of the
cotyledons, parallel to the margin. Their great width is due
to their being convolute in the seed, which is unusually large
for the Order. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate, shortly
petiolate and decurrent upon the stem, making it narrowly
four-winged as in Ly thrum. The thick testa of the seed splits
open during germination owing to the rapid growth and
expansion of the cotyledons.

Cuphea silenoides, Necs (fig. 353).

Fruit a capsule, oblong, straight or oblique, one-celled by rupture
of the septum, with the free columnar placenta bearing numerous
seeds on one side only, while the side representing the placenta of
the smaller and empty coll is naked ; dehiscing longitudinally along
one side.

Seed shortly and broadly obovate, retuse, generally shallowly
emarginate, much compressed, glabrous, dull slaty-blue marked
with black dots ; bilum and
micropyle basal ; cbalaza
apical, thickened for a short
way internally, causing the
cotyledons to be emarginate ;
raphe forming a visible ridge
along one flattened face ; testa
thick, coriaceous ; tegmen thin,
membranous, whitish.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, confor-

, , ,-, • , • FIG. 353. — Cuphea silenoides, x 10 A,

mmg closely to the interior longitudinal "section of seed: cA,chalaza|

Of the seed wllich it fills, CO- OP, testa ; and ic, tegmen; r, radicle; m,

. , ,11 1-1 micropyle. B, Transverse section of seed.

lourless ; cotyledons orbicular,
emarginate, rather deeply auri-

cled at the base, plano-convex or nearly flat ; auricles evidently
produced to fill up the space in the seed, and give room for the
radicle and plumule ; radicle protruding slightly beyond the coty-
ledons, trilobate with the middle point turbinate and generally
longer than the obtuse lateral points.

Seedling (fig. 354).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, much branched.

550

ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glandular-hairy towards the upper end
with red hairs, and densely covered with a minute, colourless, papil-
lose pubescence, l'6-2'8 cm. long.

Cotyledons rotund-triangular, ob-
tuse, emarginate, more or less trun-
cate at the base, petiolate, minutely
puberulous at the margin and slightly
glandular-hairy on the midrib be-
neath, light green ; lamina 4'5-5'5
mm. long, 5*5-7 mm. wide ; petiole
widening slightly upwards, convex on
the back, channelled above, glan-
dular-hairy on the back, densely and
minutely pubescent, 4-7 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect,
terete, densely glandular-hairy with
red hairs, and minutely pubescent
with short, recurved, colourless
hairs ; 1st internode 7-13 mm. long,
second shorter.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately and ascendingly incurvi-
nerved, covered on both surfaces
with red glandular hairs, which
afterwards become colourless, and
minutely pubescent on both surfaces
as well as the margin with colour-
less hairs directed towards the apex
of the leaf ; petiole short, channelled above, convex on the back,
hairy like the leaf.

First pair ovate or oblong, obtuse.

Second and third pairs oblong or elliptic- oblong, obtuse.

Cuphea Roezlii, Carr.

Primary root normal.

Hypocotyl slender, erect, terete, glabrous.

Cotyledons as in last species, but slightly cuneate at the base
and glabrous ; lamina 3'75 mm. long, 4 mm. wide.

Stem shrubby, otherwise as in last species, pale green; 1st
internode scarcely developed or short.

Leaves as in last species, but finely scabrous on both surfaces
with minute bristly hairs ; petioles scabrous, channelled and green

FIG. 854. — Cuphea silenoide
Nat. size.

LYTHRARIEvE 551

above, paler on the back and rounded, glandluar-hairy on the
margins of the channels, and slightly so all round at the base.

First pair ovate, acute, small.

Ultimate leaves ovate, acuminate, acute, or the upper lanceolate,
all tapering to the base, rather opaque green, paler beneath.

Cuphea coccinea, DC.

Hypocotyl similar to that of C. silenoides, 3-5 cm. long, light
green, colourless, or tinged with red.

Cotyledons broadly obcordate, emarginate, petiolate, glabrous
except on the petioles, indistinctly trinerved.

Stem erect, herbaceous, hairy ; 1st internode about 1 mm. in
diameter.

First leaves as in C. silenoides, hairy, light green, very shortly
petiolate.

Lythrum flexuosum, Lag.

Primary root very long, slender, flexuose, fibrous.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, red, 4-12 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, cuneate at the base, petiolate,
often slightly constricted near the apex and hence appearing obso-
letely tridentate, glabrous, showing a midrib on the lower two
thirds of its length only, 5-8 mm. long including the petiole, 3-
4-5 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, erect (in the seedling stage at least), quadran-
gular or somewhat four- winged, glabrous, reddish ; 1st internode
1-4*5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite in the seedling, exstipulate,
sessile, glabrous, with a distinct midrib, and a few lateral, ascending
indistinct nerves.

First and second pairs oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile, with
their bases decurrent on the stem forming the wings.

Punica Granatum, L.

Fruit very large, globose, baccate, glabrous, somewhat roughened
on the exterior, many-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent, crowned
with the persistent tube and five- to seven-lobed lamina of the calyx
on which the numerous stamens are persistent ; exocarp subcrusta-
ceous, yellowish ; style persistent.

Seeds very large, variously angled by mutual pressure, and tapered
more or less to a cuneate base, glabrous ; outer layer of testa resolved
into a deep mass of watery, reddish pulp ; inner layer coriaceous
or subcrustaceous when fresh, ultimately hard ; hilum and micro-
pyle contiguous, basal ; chalaza apical.

552

ON SEEDLINGS

Endosperm absent.

Embryo very large, straight, spirally convolute, colourless,
occupying the whole interior of the seed ; cotyledons broad, spirally
convolute, unequally auricled, varying in the manner of folding in
different seeds, one half of each cotyledon being turned inwards, the
other half round the exterior of the coil and next to the testa, un-
equal-sided, but when spread out flat broadly oblong, obtuse, entire,
with the exception of the basal auricles, or somewhat emarginate ;
larger auricle external to the coil ; smaller one rolled up internally ;
radicle about half the length of the cotyledons, or a little more,
fusiform and thinnest at the upper end which is covered with the
cotyledons, tapered to a very obtuse point, and extending about
1-1*6 mm. beyond the cotyledons, and lying in the basal and pointed
end of the seed.

Larger half of the cotyledon 4-5-5-5 mm. long ; smaller one
3-25-4-5 mm. long ; together 3-4-5 mm. wide. Radicle 3-3-5 mm.
long.

Germination. — Immediately, or soon after the radicle makes its
appearance, the testa is split longitudinally into two valves by the
energy of the swelling cotyledons . Root-hairs
are already present from the base of the
hypocotyl downwards. When not very deeply
buried, the testa is carried up by the elongat -
ing hypocotyl.

Seedling (fig. 855).

Hypocotyl long, erect, subquadrangular,
glabrous, 2-5-3 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons transversely oblong, emargi-
nate, glabrous, with short flattened petioles,
dark green, 1-1*3 cm. long including the
short petioles, 1'4-1'55 cm. wide, with a
prominent midrib and two lateral nerves
running parallel to the sides, meeting the
midrib at the apex, also two faint nerves
between these and the midrib.

Stem herbaceous, ultimately becoming
woody, erect, square, with winged edges,
glabrous, pale green ; 1st internode 5-15
mm. long.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, shortly petiolate,
glabrous, light green ; pinnatinerved.

FIG. 855.

Punica Granatum.
Nat. size.

OXAGRARIE.E 553

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 785.

Fruit and Seed. — The inferior ovary is four-celled in the
more typical forms, but the number of cells varies from one
to six, the ovary being one-celled when the septa are incom-
plete. The ovules are generally very numerous, anatropous,
ascending or pendulous, and arranged in a single or double
series, rarely in many series, upon the axile placentas. In
Diplandra, Circsea, Trapa, Gaura, Heterogaura and Gongylo-
carpus the ovules are solitary and pendulous or ascending, in
each cell, while the one-celled ovary of Stenosiphon, a mono-
typic genus from Texas, contains four pendulous ovules. The
fruit is capsular, less often baccate as in Fuchsia, or nut-like
as in Trapa. Capsular fruits are very frequently elongated
and cylindrical, or quadrangular, dehiscing septicidally, or
loculicidally by four longitudinal valves.

The seeds are numerous or few according to the number
of ovules, but vary in number, and somewhat in size, even
within the limits of a genus, as, for instance, in (Enothera ;
they are for the most part comparatively small, those of Trapa
being exceptionally large. The testa is thin, membranous
or coriaceous, and smooth or papillose, with the papillae hard
when the seeds are mature. The seeds of Epilobium are
comose at the apex as frequently occurs in the Asclepiadese,
or at one or both extremities of the seeds of the Apocynaceae
and Salicineae. Endosperm is wanting or is reduced to a thin
stratum as in some species of (Enothera and Eucharidium.
The embryo is generally obovoid, and conforms to the interior
of the seed. The cotyledons are plano-convex, compressed,
sometimes slender, rarely curved and very rarely convolute ;
and the radicle is short and straight, rarely curved as in
Trapa.

The fruit of the last-named genus is very exceptional, being
nut-like, turbinate, and terminated by two or four spines, one-
celled, one-seeded and indehiscent. The testa is spongy, and
very much thickened in the upper part. The embryo is very

554 OX SEEDLINGS

remarkable in having one very large cotyledon, and one
minute scale-like one.

A good type of the Order is represented by Clarkia sp. (fig.
356) which has amygdaloid cotyledons slightly emarginate and
cordate at the base. The emargination is due to a slight
thickening at the chalaza, and the basal auricles are produced
to occupy the space on each side of the base of the radicle.
The seeds of (Enothera Lindleyana are similar, but show
greatly elongated papillae at the chalaza. In <E. biennis (fig.
364) the embryo is generally amygdaloid and entire. Instances
occur where the cotyledons are slightly convolute with the edge
of the one folded within that of the other. The testa shows a
remarkable thickening hi places, while elsewhere it is com-
paratively thin. The embryo of Eucharidium grandiflorum
is like those of Clarkia sp. and (Enothera Lindleyana, except
that the base of the cotyledons is more deeply auricled.
There is a strongly developed crest at the apex of the seed,
passing round the chalaza, and extending nearly to the hilum,
and it is fringed at its margin with papillae throughout.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of the various seedlings of this
Order show great variation, both in size and outline, and in
being entire or variously crenate, dentate, serrate or con-
stricted at the margin, even within the limits of a single
genus, so that it is often impossible to classify species of allied
genera under any one group. Two very distinct kinds, how-
ever, may be noted, namely those which are small or generally
so and entire, and secondly, those which attain a compara-
tively large size by intercalary growth whether entire or
variously cut. To the first group belongs Epilobium angusti-
folium which has small ovate, entire, obtuse, shortly petiolate
cotyledons, showing no other venation than the midrib. Here
also may be grouped a number of species of (Enothera ; but
for the sake of comparison with other species it is convenient
to describe them under that genus.

Cotyledons that exhibit intercalary growth, and especially if
they attain any size, partake of two natures, and that often in
a marked manner. The upper part is the true cotyledon,
while the lower part, which is generally much the larger, is of
the nature of a true leaf, and varies in shape according to that

ONAGRAKIE.E 555

of the latter as exhibited in the primary leaves with the margin
similarly entire or toothed, and smooth or hairy. Most often
also there is a distinct constriction between the true cotyle-
donary portion and the foliar one ; and the former retains the
apical notch or emargination it may have possessed while still
in the seed.

One of the simplest forms coming under observation and
showing a marginal constriction where intercalary growth
commences, is that of Lopezia coronata with ovate cotyledons,
the basal and foliar portion of which widens so as to produce
a tooth on each side. Fuchsia corymbifolia is somewhat
similar, but the cotyledons are emarginate. A very different
form is met with in Clarkia pulchella (fig. 361) which has
ovate, minutely emarginate, but otherwise entire cotyledons.
The foliar portion is indicated only by being minutely ciliate
at the margin like the first true leaves, and by the petiole ;
the cotyledons proper in the early stages being sessile, as in
all the types mentioned below. The cotyledons of Clarkia
sp. (figs. 357, 358) after germination are sessile, suborbicular,
emarginate, and vary to obcordate with a tooth in the notch,
gradually becoming petiolate and then oblong, constricted
in the middle, then panduriform, and ultimately rhomboid-
ovate and serrate below the constriction. The upper
portion retains its original form almost to the last, and con-
stitutes but a very small portion of the cotyledon when fully
developed. By unequal growth of the two sides of the stem
the cotyledons in many individual seedlings become alternate.
A similar development obtains amongst many of the species
of (Enothera and other genera. C. integripetala (fig. 362)
differs chiefly in the upper surface of the cotyledons being
minutely and papillosely pubescent all over, and in the two
portions being separated by a transverse brown line. The
pubescence is present in C. rhomboidea (fig. 360), but the
minute, marginal cilia are carried entirely round the cotyle-
dons which are oblong-ovate and entire in the foliar portion,
thus corresponding to the primary leaves as in all other cases
where intercalary growth prevails. The cotyledons of Eucha-
ridium concinnum differ from those of the last named in being
broadly ovate, obsoletely crenate below the constriction, and

556 OX SEEDLINGS

ciliolate there only. Those of E. grandiflorum differ from those
of its congener in the upper surface being glabrous except at
the very base. It will thus be seen that the species of Clarkia
and Eucharidium differ from one another either in the shape
of the cotyledons, the marginal toothing, or the distribution
of the cilia or pubescence.

The seedlings of (Enothera exhibit a great amount of varia-
tion in different species ; but they may be arranged in groups,
possessing well-recognised bonds of affinity. Those observed
may be grouped under six types. The first is represented by
(E. fruticosa. The plants are perennial with yellow flowers,
small, pale brown, smooth seeds, and diminutive slow-growing
seedlings, with broadly or roundly ovate, or rotund-elliptic,
entire cotyledons that scarcely differ from one another, and
exhibit no distinct foliar innovation or intercalary growth.
Other species agreeing with (E. fruticosa are (E. pumila, (E.
glauca, (E. serotina, (E. linearis and CE. rosea. The cotyle-
dons of the latter are more truncate at the base of the lamina
in some stages than the rest.

The second type is represented by (E. taraxacifolia (fig. 363).
Both the seeds and seedlings are large, the plant perennial,
and the cotyledons oblong, emarginate, cuneate at the base with
long petioles, glandular-pubescent all over, and mostly entire.
In this latter respect they are very exceptional, inasmuch as
the primary leaves are obsoletely dentate. Sometimes a small
tooth is discernible on each side giving an indication perhaps
of the foliar nature of the lower portion.

The third group consists of biennials with comparatively
large variously compressed and angled seeds, and an irregularly
thickened subcrustaceous testa as mentioned under ' Seeds '
(p. 554). The seedlings are robust, and the cotyledons are
broadly ovate, obtuse, and indicate foliaceous, intercalary
growth in the lower portion by the venation, the ciliated
margin, and more or less by a shallow constriction above the
middle or a small tooth on each side. The constriction and
the teeth are rather obscure however in many cases. This
type is exemplified by (E. biennis (fig. 365). An exception to
the general form of the cotyledons while yet in the seed was
mentioned above, and in the seedling state individuals occur

OXAGIIARIE.E 557

with unequal cotyledons due to contortion or folding in the
seed. (E. Lamarckiana agrees with this type, but the coty-
ledons are generally quite entire.

The fourth type consists of annuals represented by (E.
stricta (fig. 366). The seeds are of medium size with a mem-
branous reticulate testa, and the seedlings are vigorous, exhibit-
ing a distinct foliar development in the lower portion of the
cotyledons by the venation, the finely ciliate margin, and by a
distinct tooth above the middle on each side. The cotyledons
at different stages of growth vary from oblong to ovate, broadly
ovate, spathulate, and finally oblong-obovate or subrhomboid.

The fifth type consists of annuals with purple flowers, large
rugose or papillosely punctate seed, margined or winged at the
chalaza, and sometimes around the raphe. The seedlings are
large, vigorous and rapid in growth, while the large cotyledons
show a marked foliar, intercalary growth such as occurs in
Clarkia sp. and C. integripetala above mentioned. This type
of (Enothera is well exemplified by (E. Lindleyana. The coty-
ledons exhibit the same phases of growth as Clarkia sp. (figs.
357-8), and ultimately become broadly ovate, emarginate with
a tooth in the notch, constricted about the middle with two
or three teeth on each side below that and finely ciliate.
(E. amcena agrees pretty closely with this type, but the cotyle-
dons are finely pubescent all over. (E. tenella quadrivulnera
has somewhat variable cotyledons. The commoner forms are
obovate-cuneate and frequently alternate in the ultimate stage
as in Clarkia sp. (figs. 357-8). Another form has obovate-oblong
cotyledons with the other characters of the type given. (E.
Bornanzowii has obovate cotyledons, considerably tapered to
the base in the ultimate stage, and often alternate. The upper
or true portion of the cotyledons is much the broader in this
species as well as in (E. tenella quadrivulnera, a condition
contrary to the general rule in the group. (E. purpurea and
(E. cheiranthifolia agree with the other species of this group
in all main particulars, and particularly in the lower portion
of the cotyledons being of a foliaceous nature.

The sixth group corresponds to the subgenus Sphsero-
stigma, as the fifth did to that of Godetia. (E. macrantha (fig.
369) shows the foliar evolution of the cotyledons in this group.

558

ON SEEDLINGS

The true portion remains small and nearly orbicular and
glabrous from first to last, while the leafy portion is linear,
obscurely dentate, ciliate and gradually increases in length so
as to resemble the true leaves, except in being somewhat
narrower. (E. contorta differs somewhat in the foliar portion
being very narrow, distinctly crenate- dentate with opposite
teeth, in all respects, however, resembling the primary leaves.
(E. bistorta (figs. 367, 368) strongly resembles (E. macrantha,
but more stages of development are shown. (E. hirta bears
some resemblance to (E. contorta, but the foliar portions of the
cotyledons like the true leaves are very hairy, while the upper
or true portion is smooth.

Clarkia sp. (fig. 356).

Fruit a capsule, linear, quadrangular, attenuated at the apex,
dehiscing to the middle by four longitudinal valves, four-celled,

Seed narrowly obovoid, small, flattened on that side to which
the raphe is attached ; testa thick, coriaceous, papillose all over,

PIG. 356.— Clarkia sp., x 24. A, longitudinal section of seed : Ch,
chalaza ; 1C, tegmen ; OC, testa ; Au, auricle ; E, radicle. B, trans-
verse section of seed : Ba, position of raphe ; C, cotyledon.

dark brown; raphe running along a flattened surface; chalaza
apical, somewhat thickened externally and internally to the seed ;
hilum and micropyle basal, contiguous.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large for the seed which it completely fills,
colourless ; cotyledons broadly oblong, minutely emarginate with a

ONAGRAKIE^E

559

tooth in the notch, auricled or cordate at the base, plano-convex,
and conforming to the interior of the seed, lying in the broader way
of the slightly compressed seed, with their backs to the raphe ;
radicle much shorter than the cotyledons, turbinate, obtuse, lying
in the basal and pointed end of the seed, much longer than the
auricles of the cotyledons.

Seedling (figs. 357, 358).

Primary root long, tapering downwards, and giving off short
lateral rootlets, colourless, annual.

FIG. 357. — Clarkia sp., x 2.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, densely and minutely pubescent, deep
red, 2-5-3-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons rhomboid-ovate, emarginate, with a tooth in the
notch, distantly toothed at the sides, and constricted some distance
below the apex, with narrow rounded notches, and a distinct midrib
but no other discernible venation in the fresh state, petiolate,
glabrous excepting the petiole, deep green above, glaucous beneath ;
lamina 8-14 mm. long, 6-5-10 mm. wide ; petiole subterete,

560

ON SEEDLINGS

shallowly grooved above, minutely pubescent, pale green or reddish
especially on the midrib.

Stem erect, terete, minutely pubescent, pale green, annual ; 1st
internode 9-12 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, lower opposite, upper alternate, exstipu-

FIG. 858.— Clarkia sp., x 2.

late, petiolate ; glabrous or very nearly so excepting the petioles,
alternately incurvinerved, deep green above with a deep red or
crimson midrib, paler beneath or glaucous ; petiole semiterete,
rather deeply channelled above, minutely pubescent, slightly connate
at the base, or forming a ring round the stem where the leaves are
opposite.

OXAGRAEIE^E 561

First pair of leaves ovate, obtuse, alternately incurvinerved,
distantly and shallowly serrate-dentate, often minutely tricuspidate
or tridentate at the apex.

Second pair narrower, oblong-ovate, otherwise similar to the first.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTYLEDONS.

The cotyledons immediately after germination are oblong-
orbicular, minutely emarginate, with a small tooth in the notch,
slightly auricled at the base, sessile, with a scarcely discernible
midrib.

They then enlarge, become orbicular or broadly obovate, sub-
cuneate at the base, and shortly petiolate. Fig. 357, A, shows a
specimen three days after germination.

A change now occurs at the base of the cotyledons, which is at
first narrower and soon becomes conspicuous by the presence of a
small tooth on each side, as is shown in Fig. 857, B, which repre-
sents a seedling five days after germination.

The new portion elongates, bearing two to four teeth on each
side, and the whole cotyledon becomes oblong, with a broad emar-
ginate upper half consisting of the true cotyledon, and a basal nar-
rower half which is truly foliolar with the characteristic white and
reddish midrib of the true leaves, and the marginal teeth ; petiole
now 1-5-2 mm. long. (Ten days after germination.) (Fig. 357, C.)
The cotyledons now become broadly ovate, cuneate at the
base, petiolate, and all or most of them more or less distinctly
alternate ; the lower part or innovation has four to six small
obtuse teeth on each side, and is broadly subelliptic in outline,
minutely ciliate at the margin. The upper part or true cotyledon
is comparatively small, suborbicular, emarginate, with a tooth in
the notch. (Eighteen days after germination.)

Clarkia rhomboidea, Douglas (figs. 359, 360).

Seeds 1 -25-1 '5 mm. long, and as wide near the apex.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

The cotyledons are at first orbicular, entire or faintly emar-
ginate with a prominent apical tooth, sessile, and like the hypocotyl
purplish, glabrous, but soon become minutely papillosely pubescent.

Nine days after germination (fig. 359) they are obovate or sub-
panduriforrn, emarginate with a small tooth in the notch, constricted
below the middle, denoting the line between the upper part or true
cotyledon which is minutely pubescent, and the lower part or
innovation which is much more conspicuously pubescent with a

o o

562

ON SEEDLINGS

pale pink or purplish midrib ending in a broader purple blotch on
the base of the true cotyledon. Hypocotyl densely pubescent.

The lower foliar portion soon becomes
broader and longer than the upper coty-
ledonary part which is also only very slightly
pubescent.

Thirty-five days after germination (fig.
360) the cotyledons are oblong, distinctly
petiolate, constricted near the apex at the
union of the foliaceous and cotyledonary
part, emarginate with a minute tooth in the
notch, cuneate at the base, with a distinct
midrib throughout, and a few rather in-
distinct alternate nerves on each side, minutely pubescent all over
the upper surface but more sparingly on the under surface, which

FIG. 359.
Clarkia rhomboidea, x 3.

FIG. 360.— Clarkia rhomboidea, x 2.

is reddish-purple ; petiole semiterete, channelled above, densely
pubescent.

First pair of leaves opposite, ovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base,
alternately incurvinerved, entire, shortly petiolate, densely pubes-
cent all over ; petiole convex on the back or semiterete, channelled
above, densely pubescent.

Second pair similar.

ONAGRARIE^E

563

Clarkia pulchella, Pursh (fig. 361).

Primary root as in C. sp., p. 559.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, or thicker under the cotyledons, and
tapering downwards, glabrous, 1-1-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons two rarely three, ovate, obtuse, foliaceous, glabrous,
opaque green with a strong midrib, pale beneath ; lamina 14 mm.
long, 8 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above, semiterete, minutely
pubescent on the mid-
rib beneath and at the
margins above, about
4 mm. long.

Stem as in C. sp. ;
1st internode 2- 5 mm.
long.

Leaves cauline, op-
posite, decussate, gla-
brous or minutely pu-
bescent, especially on
the nerves, subfleshy,
opaque green, with a
stout midrib ; petioles
semiterete, minutely pu-
bescent, slightly chan-
nelled above.

First pair oval -el-
liptic, obtuse, with two
very small lateral nerves
visible near the base.

Second pair oval, obtuse, with two or four distinct lateral nerves
near the base, ultimately as they approach the full size narrowly
elliptic.

Third to sixth pairs, ditto.

When there are three cotyledons, the leaves are in whorls of
three, and there are axillary buds in the axils of both cotyledons
and leaves.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTYLEDONS.

Immediately after germination the cotyledons are oblong-oval,
entire with a slightly prominent colourless tooth at the apex of
the midrib, sessile and very shortly auricled at the base.

Eleven days after germination they are broadly ovate, emar-
ginate with a tooth in the notch, almost rounded at the base and
very shortly petiolate. The innovation is distinguishable from the true

o o 2

PIG. 301.— Clarkia pulchella, x 2.

564 ON SEEDLINGS

cotyledon only by being minutely ciliate at the margin and by pos-
sessing a distinct sunken midrib like the true leaves.

Finally they become elliptic, emarginate with a minute tooth in
the notch, tapering most to the base and petiolate, minutely ciliate
on the margin and petiole, without any toothing (fig. 361).

Clarkia integripetala, ? Hort. (fig. 362).

Seeds l-25-l'7o mm. long, '75-1 mm. wide.

Cotyledons immediately after germination shortly oblong, obtuse,
emarginate with a minute tooth in the notch, shallowly auricled at
the base, sessile, glabrous.

Hypocotyl with a few minute glands.

Primary root furnished with root-hairs.

The day after germination the cotyledons have become trans-
versely oval, and a shallow semicircular depression, and a grey
midrib have appeared at the base of each.

Next day a tooth on each side near the cuneate base denotes
the point where the true cotyledon ends, and the foliar portion
begins, and four days after germination they are obovate and very
shortly petiolate ; upper part oblate, emarginate, with the apical
tooth now almost obsolete : lower part rotund-subcuneate with one
to two small teeth on each side, shorter and narrower than the upper
part, minutely and papillosely pubescent.

Eight days after germination they are as a whole oblong, dis-
tinctly petiolate ; upper part oblate, emarginate with the tooth in
the notch almost obsolete ; lower part broadly oblong with three
to four minute teeth on each side, and a distinct reddish or silvery
midrib, minutely pubescent and ciliolate, suddenly narrowed into
the petiole. Hypocotyl long, minutely pubescent.

Seventeen days after germination (fig. 362) the lower part is
broadly ovate with three to five teeth on each side and one to two
pairs of very faint somewhat curved nerves running towards the
marginal teeth, and a silvery midrib terminated above by a trans-
verse brown line, papillosely pubescent all over ; upper part oblate
or oval, emarginate, with a tooth in the notch, minutely and
much less conspicuously pubescent than the lower part ; petioles
semiterete, channelled above, shortly pubescent all over. Hypocotyl
pubescent.

First two leaves opposite, equal, obtusely serrate, ovate, obtuse,
oppositely and alternately incurvinerved, pubescent all over, petiolate.

(Enothera frnticosa, L.

Seeds 1'25-rS mm. long, '33-*5 (rarely '75) mm. wide.

ONAGRARIE^E

565

Primary root tapering downwards and furnished with lateral
fibres, ultimately superseded by strong adventitious roots from
below and above the cotyledonary node.

Hypocotyl very short and soon becoming indistinguishable from
the root.

Cotyledons variable in outline, with two or three alternate,
flexuose, incurved nerves on each side of the midrib discernible only
by transmitted light, glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath ;
lamina 4-5-5 mm. long, and about as broad except when ovate;
petiole semiterete, shallowly channelled above, glabrous, slightly
connate at the very base, 2' 5-6 mm. long.

FIG. 362. — Clarkia integripetala, x 2.

Stem herbaceous, and developing when about to flower, firm and
suffruticose ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, almost entire, or obsoletely dentate with the
teeth often hardly evident, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, alternately incurvinerved, obscurely reticulate, glabrous
or with a few scattered hairs on the margins of the leaves and
petioles in a young state ; deep green above, paler beneath, thin
but subcoriaceous and shining on both surfaces ; petioles semiterete,

566

ON SEEDLINGS

channelled above, dilated and semiamplexicaul at the base of the
radical ones, thinly ciliate at the margin with incurved hairs.

Nos. 1 to 4. Elliptic, or broadly oval, obtuse, the first or second
sometimes apiculate, more or less cuneate at the base.

Nos. 5 and 6. Gradually
more oblong, obtuse, tapering
to the base.

Cotyledons immediately
after germination rotund-
ovate, entire, sessile or sub-
sessile.

Eight days after germi-
nation they are rotund-ovate,
or very broad, and deltoid,
obtuse, rounded and entire at
the apex, slightly cordate or
almost truncate at the base,
with a distinct channelled
petiole about 1-1-5 mm. long.
The ultimate form of the
cotyledons of this species is
evidently subject to variation,
but they never attain any
great size as in the annual
species. They vary from
rotund to broadly elliptic, or

ovate or deltoid, obtuse, more or less suddenly cuneate at the base,
petiolate, and sometimes angled at the sides- in the larger ones,
which is the only evidence or trace of an innovation in this species.
Like the leaves they are glabrous.

(Enothera rosea, Ait., resembles the foregoing very closely.

(Enothera taraxacifolia, Sw. (fig. 363).
Seeds 2-5-3 mm. long, 1-25-1 '5 mm. wide.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

The cotyledons immediately after germination are oblong, obtuse,
entire, sessile, glandular-pubescent on the upper surface.

Eight days after germination they are oblong and obtuse, very
shallowly emarginate, with long petioles, glandular-pubescent all
over, tapering to the base; petiole semiterete, channelled above,
densely and shortly glandular-pubescent.

FIG. 363. — (Enothera taraxacifolia, x 2.

ONAGRARIELE 567

Sixteen days after germination (fig. 363) the cotyledons are
much larger, with longer petioles, and rarely show a minute tooth
towards the base, otherwise the same.

Hypocotyl glandular-pubescent.

First leaf alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, petiolate, alternately
incurvinerved in the upper half, and suboppositely incurvinerved in
the lower, obtusely and obsoletely dentate at the margin, glandular-
pubescent.

(Enothera biennis, L. (fig. 364).

Fruit a capsule, oblong or cylindrical, four-celled, many-seeded,
dehiscing by four valves longitudinally and loculicidally, separating
also from the axis, rigid or becoming woody when dry.

Seeds extremely variable in outline, oblong, obovoid, variously
compressed and angled, often short, deep brown ; testa variously
thickened on one or two sides, but especially at all the projecting
angles, corky, brown or almost black ; tegmen thin, membranous,
whitish ; hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal ; raphe passing
along one of the thickened sides ; thickening corresponding to the
chalaza, not quite apical, but a little on one side.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, comparatively large and filling the interior of
the seed, colourless ; cotyledons normally oblong, obtuse, minutely
auricled at the base, sessile, plano-convex, lying in the broader way
of the seed when the latter is in any way compressed, with their
backs to the raphe or their edges to it, variable ; radicle shorter
than the cotyledons, or about one third the length of the whole embryo,
turbinate, obtuse, and projecting beyond the auricles of the cotyledons,
lying in the generally pointed base of the seed.

NOTE. — Another very prevalent form of embryo has one of its
cotyledons, or sometimes both, involute.

Seedling (fig. 365).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, furnished with flexuose fibres.

Hypocotyl partly subterranean, terete, glabrous, reddish, 2-4 mm.
long (when germinated in the open ground).

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, glabrous, with a pro-
minent midrib, and ascending incurved anastomosing lateral nerves
(the latter seen only when the cotyledons are colourless and decay-
ing), deep green or stained red in cold weather, 3-25-6 mm. long
exclusive of petiole, 2-4 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above, per-
foliate at the base, -75-1-5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous and developed when about to flower, biennial.

568

ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous in seedling, hairy on both sides in the adult,
alternately and ascendingly or subincurvedly penninerved, with a

Jnv.Cf.

FIG. 364. — (Enothera biennis, x 28. A, longitudinal section of
seed : 0(7, testa ; 1C, tegmen ; R, radicle. B, transverse section of
seed : OC, testa ; 1C, tegmen ; C, cotyledon. C, transverse section
of another common form of embryo and seed : Inv. C, involute
cotyledon.

PIG. 365. — (Enothera biennis,

prominent midrib ; petioles flattened above or subchannelled on the
cauline leaves, somewhat dilated at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, obtuse or subacute, shortly petiolate.

Ultimate radical leaves oblong, acute, tapered for some consider-
able distance at the base into the petiole ; cauline shortly tapered

ONAGRARIE^E 569

at the base, oblong, acute, with a short petiole, all having the
nerves ascending and incurved towards the tip where they unite
with those next above them after having become exceedingly fine.

DEVELOPMENT OP THE COTYLEDONS.

(a) Immediately after germination the cotyledons are broadly
ovate or oval-ovate, obtuse, entire, with a slightly prominent colour-
less tooth at the apex of the midrib, flat and subsessile.

(a) Another form about equally common at this stage has the
cotyledons involute, with one edge inside and the other outside—
rarely with both edges inside the other cotyledon.

(b) Nine days after germination they become broadly ovate,
obtuse, and entire with an innovation at the base not separated from
the true cotyledon by a constriction as in several other species, but
by a minute tooth on each side, and distinguished by being ciliate
with incurved hairs, while the upper part is glabrous. Petiole 1-25-
1-5 mm. long, and ciliate or pubescent.

(b') The unequal ones still maintain their inequality. Larger
one deltoid or rotund, very obtuse, shallowly cordate at the base,
with the innovation ciliated with incurved hairs, while the upper
part is glabrous, marked with a minute or obsolete tooth on each
side. Smaller cotyledon narrower and less rounded.

(c) Sixteen days after germination the equal cotyledons are still
ovate, obtuse, equal at the base, petiolate with the innovation thinly
ciliate at the margin.

(c') The unequal cotyledons are broadly ovate or deltoid, obtuse,
entire, generally very unequal at the base, but the two are often
dissimilar in that respect, ciliated with incurved hairs on the lower
larger part corresponding to the innovation (fig. 365).

(Enothera Lamarckiana, DC.

Seeds 1-5-2 mm. long, 1-1-5 mm. wide.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

The cotyledons immediately after germination are oblong or
broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile and glabrous. Hypocotyl
short and glabrous. Primary root simple, with root-hairs.

Ten days after germination the cotyledons are ovate, obtuse,
entire, shortly petiolate, ciliate in the lower part with incurved short
hairs. Petioles pubescent. Hypocotyl pubescent.

Twenty-three days after germination they are broadly ovate,
obtuse, entire, rather suddenly narrowed above the middle, with
rather long petioles ; upper part glabrous, without a discernible mid-
rib ; lower part pubescent at the margins with incurved hairs, and

570 ON SEEDLINGS

a distinct midrib ; petiole semiterete, channelled above, pubescent
with incurved hairs. Hypocotyl short, now rather stout, glabrous.
First and second leaf very broadly ovate, sometimes broadly ob-
long, obtuse, entire, alternately incurvinerved, thinly pubescent all
over and at the margin with incurved hairs, petiolate.

(Enothera stricta, Ledeb. (fig. 366).

Seeds "5-1 mm. wide or thick, 1'25-1*5 mm. long.

DEVELOPMENT OP COTYLEDONS.

The cotyledons immediately after germination are oblong, obtuse,
slightly auricled at the base, otherwise entire, sessile, thinly glan-
dular-pubescent on the upper surface and ciliate. Hypocotyl thinly
and minutely glandular-pubescent, short. Primary root simple,
furnished with root-hairs.

Five days after germination they have become oblong-ovate,
obtuse, shortly petiolate, thinly glandular-hairy.

Eight days after germination they are more distinctly petiolate,
cuneate at the base, and sometimes with a minute but distinct tooth
below the middle on each side, denoting the line of demarcation
between the upper part or true cotyledon and the lower leaf- like part,
thinly glandular-hairy and ciliate.

Twenty-nine days after germination they become spathulate-
obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, with a tooth at the union of
the foliar with the cotyledonary part on each side, glabrous except
the petioles ; upper part without a distinctly visible midrib ; lower
part tapering much to the base ; petiole semiterete, flattened above,
or shallowly channelled towards the apex, minutely and thinly
puberulous, connate at the base. Hypocotyl stout, thinly pubescent.
First five leaves at least radical, alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, taper-
ing into the petiole, obsoletely and distantly toothed at the margins,
alternately incurvinerved, with a conspicuous whitish or colourless
midrib, glabrous except the petioles which are semiterete, flattened
above or shallowly channelled, dilated at the base.

(Enothera Lindleyana, Douglas.

Fruit a narrowly oblong capsule.

Seed small, varying in shape and size, obovoid or obi ong-ob ovoid,
proportionately broad, or on the other hand narrow, sometimes
angled ; testa thin, dark-coloured, marked with black spots and pale
on the ventral aspect, with two decurrent lines of papillae from the
chalaza at the apical end of the seed where the papillas are longest
and form an appendage or crest ; micropyle at the narrow and basal
end of the seed ; raphe ventral.

ONAGRARIE.E 571

Endosperm forming a very thin layer surrounding the embryo,
thickened somewhat at the chalaza.

Embryo straight, large, nearly occupying the whole interior of
the seed, and conforming to it in shape, more or less obovoid, fleshy,
colourless ; cotyledons plano-convex in the broader way of the seed!
but sometimes reversed, broadly obovate, oblong or more elongated

FIG. SGG.— CEnothera stricta, x 2.

and proportionately narrower, slightly notched at the apex by the
thickening of the endosperm at the chalaza, more deeply notched
at the base where the radicle and plumule lie ; radicle short, straight,
turbinate, obtuse, close to the hilum.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

Immediately after germination the cotyledons are oblong-oval,
entire with a slightly prominent, colourless tooth at the apex
of the midrib, or minutely emarginate with a sunk tooth, sessile
or subsessile. Sometimes one cotyledon is entire, the other
emarginate.

572 ON SEEDLINGS

Six days after germination they are orbicular, slightly narrowed
at the base, with a small tooth on each side above the subtruncate
innovation, shortly petiolate, emarginate with a small tooth in the
notch.

In ten days from germination they become ovate-oblong, or
simply oblong ; the lower half below the constriction has two or
three small teeth on each side and is suddenly narrowed, almost
truncate at the base with a pale-coloured midrib ; the upper half
representing the true cotyledon remains slightly elongate-orbicular
with a minute tooth in the notch, and no discernible midrib in the
fresh state. Petiole 1*5-2 mm.

Finally they become ovate, cuneate at the base, the innovation
forming now slightly the larger part, with generally three acute or
slightly incurved teeth on each side, and a ciliate margin and petiole ;
the upper half or true cotyledon is elongate-orbicular or rhomboid-
orbicular, emarginate, with a tooth in the notch.

Seedling.

Primary root normal.

Hypocotyl erect, tapering downwards, glabrous, reddish, 9-12
mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, minutely emarginate and mucronate
in the notch, constricted above the middle, causing the lamina to
be somewhat trilobed, petiolate, alternately and ascendingly pen-
ninerved, with the lateral nerves of the upper lobe incurved and
uniting at the mucro, and a strong branch entering each of the
gland-tipped lateral lobes, minutely ciliate at the margin, other-
wise glabrous except on the petiole ; lamina 7-10 mm. long,
5-6'25 mm. wide ; petiole semiterete, channelled above, minutely
hairy at the margin and beneath the midrib. Apex and small
teeth of lateral lobes each tipped with a glandular, colourless
mucro, having a few large, more or less discoloured openings into
the interior.

Stem annual, erect, terete, minutely pubescent, reddish ; 1st
internode 4-8 mm. long ; 2nd similar.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite in the lower part, alternate up-
wards, exstipulate, petiolate, alternately and ascendingly incurvi-
nerved, finely pubescent on both surfaces, bright green above, paler
beneath ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, finely pubescent.

First and second pairs ovate, obtuse, obtusely or obsoletely
dentate.

Ultimate leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, more or less tapering or
cuneate at the base, obtusely dentate.

ONAGRARIEJE 573

(Enothera tenella, Cav., rar. quadrivulnera.
Seeds 1-5-1-75 mm. long, 1-25-1-5 mm. wide.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

The cotyledons are at first very similar to those of OE. Lindley-
ana, but gradually become more cuneate at the base.

Eighteen days after germination they are obovate, emarginate
with a minute tooth in the notch, and a more or less evident midrib
extending to the apex, petiolate, cuneate at the base, with the upper
part or true cotyledon suborbicular, and much larger than the lower
foliaceous portion which is characterised by being cuneate, nar-
rower, with two small teeth on each side, and minutely ciliate at the
margin ; petiole slender, semiterete, channelled above, densely
pubescent.

First pair of leaves opposite, oblong or finally ovate, obtuse,
mucronate, with a few small teeth on each side.

Ultimately there are two slightly different forms.

(a) The commoner form is obovate-cuneate, emarginate with a
tooth in the notch, finely ciliate below the constriction, and having
two to three small teeth there, more often slightly alternate than
strictly opposite.

(b) The other form is obovate-oblong, considerably broader in
the lower part than in the commoner form, otherwise exactly
similar.

See (Enothera Komanzowii, which is said to be a variety of
(E. tenella.

(Enothera Romanzowii, Ledeb.

The stages of growth correspond closely to those of (E. tenella,
as does also the ultimate form of the cotyledons, the cuneate inno-
vation tapering much more gradually into the petiole.

(Enothera purpurea, Curt.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 2-5-3 cm. long, light
green, tinged with red.

Cotyledons oblong-obovate, constricted above the middle, emar-
ginate, obtuse, petiolate, with a few hairs on the petiole and base of
the leaf, otherwise glabrous, light green, distinctly one-nerved.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, minutely pubescent ; 1st inter-
node 2-2-5 cm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves cauline, opposite, ovate or oblong, acute, denticulate,
shortly petiolate, hoary, light green, pinnatinerved.

574 ON SEEDLINGS

(Enothera bistorta, Nutt. (figs. 367, 368).
Seeds 1-1*25 mm. long, '33-'5 mm. wide.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

Immediately after germination the cotyledons are oblong, obtuse,
entire, sessile with a few long, scattered, glandular hairs, especially
at the base. Hypocotyl with a few glandular hairs at its apex.
Cotyledons often unequal, owing to their greater or less development
in the seed, and one folding over the other.

Six days after germination the base has become elongated,
petiole-like, and glandular-pubescent, suddenly narrowed to a short
petiole or subsessile ; the upper half remains rotund and glabrous
except at the base and possibly a few short hairs underneath.

Eight days after germination (fig.
367) they have elongated considerably,
the upper true cotyledonary part en-
larging, but otherwise remaining un-
altered, while the foliar basal and
narrow part has become linear, entire
or sometimes with a minute tooth on
either side, glandular-pubescent, sud-
denly narrowed at the very base.

The lower portion elongates greatly,
FIG. 367. -(Enothera bistorta. and ^ ^timate stage of the cotyledons
(fig. 368) is linear, tapering at the base

into a petiole ; upper part or true cotyledon rotund or oval, en-
tire, glabrous, very short, without an evident midrib ; lower part
linear, terminating abruptly in the upper part, tapering gradually
to the base, with one or two minute and distant teeth on each
side, thinly hairy, greyish-green with an evident midrib sunk on
the upper surface, and prominent beneath ; petiole semiterete, flat-
tened above, very thinly hairy, or at length nearly glabrous.

First eight leaves radical, alternate, linear, obtuse, tapering at
the base into the petiole, thinly silky with adpressed pubescence,
minutely and distantly toothed at the margin, greyish-green, more
or less distinctly marked near the margin with black dots, with a
very distinct, colourless midrib, flattened above and prominent
beneath ; petioles semiterete, flattened above, thinly hairy at the
margins, colourless. (Thirty-four days after germination.)

(Enothera macrantha, A. Gray (fig. 369).

Primary root tapering downwards and furnished with lateral
fibres, annual.

ONAGRARIE^E 575

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons immediately after germination oval, obtuse, with a
slightly prominent, apical tooth, entire, very shortly petiolate, soon
becoming spathulate, with an oval, entire tip representing the true
cotyledon and a linear-cuneate innovation at the base, generally
with a minute or obsolete tooth on each side, distinctly but shortly
petiolate, glandular-pubescent, ultimately (nineteen days after ger-
mination) (fig. 869) they become narrowly spathulate or linear,
with an oval tip, sometimes narrower than the innovation, which

PIG. 3G8.—CEnothera bistorta, x 3.

has one to four or more obsolete teeth on each side, and gradually
tapers into a long petiole-like base, with a short true petiole ; the
lamina is glabrous at the apex and thinly hairy elsewhere, with a
distinct midrib and obscurely reticulate in a fresh state, tapering
down into the petiole, dull green slightly spotted with black, 5-10
mm. long, T5-2 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above, convex on the
back, suddenly dilated at the base and forming a little cup round
the plumule, somewhat pubescent.

576

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem herbaceous, annual, developed when about to flower, with
many of the primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, first
few petiolate, then sessile as far as the radical ones go, with diffi-
culty discernible, alternate, ascending nerves on each side of a

distinct midrib, some-
what hoary with a whit-
ish pubescence above,
more thinly pubescent
beneath, dull green on
both surfaces, slightly
dotted with black ; peti-
oles of the first two leaves
semiterete, flattened or
convex above, dilated
and subconnate at the
base, thinly pubescent ;
of the third to sixth
™7 &<**> and tlie °ther

Nos. 1 and 2. Linear-lanceolate, petiolate, minutely and distantly
denticulate.

Nos. 3-11. Linear- oblong, obtuse, minutely and distantly denti-
culate, shortly petiolate, or gradually becoming subsessile, with a
very distinct whitish midrib, downy.

(Enothera contorta, Hook.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-10 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons at first rotund-oval, obtuse, with short petioles,
but soon the petiole-like lower part develops considerably, and they
assume the character of the true leaves, glabrous, indistinctly one-
nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, minutely pubescent ; 1st internode
2-3 mm. long.

Leaves simple, ceuline, opposite, decussate, linear, obtuse, ex-
tremely narrow, with numerous obtuse teeth, glabrous, indistinctly
one-nerved.

Eucharidium grandiflomm, Fisch, et Meyer.
Fruit a capsule, linear- oblong, four-celled, many-seeded, dehisc-
ing loculicidally by four valves which break away from the placental

ONAGKARIELE 577

axis, covered especially in the young state with pale-coloured or
white papillae.

Seed obovoid, slightly compressed, flattened on one side and
produced into a wing at each edge, and a broader wing or crest
round the apical end, with the lateral wings ultimately incurved,
producing a deep groove or concavity, and the crest crenate or
toothed at the margin ; testa subcrustaceous, deep brown, tubercu-
lated ; hilum and micropyle basal, inferior, contiguous ; chalaza
apical; crest and wings readily separable from the rest of the
seed.

Endosperm forming a thin white film lining the interior of the
seed.

Embryo comparatively large, straight, colourless, filling the
entire cavity of the seed to which it conforms in general outline;
cotyledons oblong, slightly emarginate from a thickening of the
chalaza, auricled at the base, plano-convex, occupying the greater
part of the length of the seed, and lying in its broader plane with
their backs to the placenta ; radicle turbinate, obtuse, several times
shorter than the cotyledons, but protruded a little way beyond the
auricles, and filling up the basal and narrow end of the seed.

Eucharidium concinnum, Fiscli. et Meyer.
Seeds 1-5-2-25 mm. long, '75-1 mm. wide.

DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

Cotyledons immediately after germination shortly and broadly
oblong, obtuse, emarginate, with a small purple tooth in the notch,
shallowly auricled at the base, sessile, minutely dotted all over the
upper surface with glands. Hypocotyl minutely glandular. Pri-
mary root simple, furnished with root-hairs.

Seven days after germination they are oblong-obovate, emargi-
nate, constricted below the middle, with the upper part or true
cotyledon transversely oblong, and the lower similar, but smaller and
shortly ciliate at the margin, very shortly petiolate.

Sixteen days after germination they have become broadly ovate,
blunt, emarginate with the apical tooth very small and incon-
spicuous, shortly petiolate ; upper part or true cotyledon transversely
oblong, much shorter and narrower than the lower or foliaceous part,
minutely and inconspicuously pubescent ; lower part with three to
four crenatures on each side and more conspicuously pubescent all
over the upper surface than the upper part. Midrib distinct to
the apex.

Twenty-five days after germination the upper part or true

578 ON SEEDLINGS

cotyledon has become proportionately much shorter and narrower
than the lower part, and is inconspicuously and minutely pubescent ;
lower part very broad with three to five shallow crenatures on each
side, pubescent all over the upper surface ; under surface purple, or
by transmitted light almost green and slightly suffused with purple ;
midrib distinct to the apex. Hypocotyl densely pubescent. Petioles
elongated, semiterete, channelled above, densely pubescent. First
two leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, obtuse, with a distinct midrib but
indistinct, incurved lateral nerves, minutely glandular-pubescent all
over the upper surface.

Lopezia coronata, Andr.

Primary root tapering downwards, with fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, subquadrangular, glabrous or with two rows of
hairs, one on each side, reddish, l'S-2'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, rather unequal, obsoletely or
shallowly trilobed, petiolate, glabrous, green, one-nerved as far as
the middle, after that with no apparent venation ; petioles reddish,
shorter than the cotyledons, deeply furrowed on the upper face.

Stem erect, square, herbaceous ; 1st and 2nd internodes about
1 mm. long.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, petiolate, exstipulate, ovate-
oblong, acute, serrate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved ; petioles
short, furrowed on the upper face.

LOASE^.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 801.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary is inferior, rarely half-superior,
one- very rarely two- or three- celled, with parietal placentas,
and few or numerous or indefinite anatropous ovules sus-
pended from the apex of the cell or from parietal placentas, and
arranged in one or many series. The fruit is capsular, often
ribbed with the ribs straight or spirally twisted, dehiscing at
the apex with three to five valves or longitudinally with three
to ten openings or slits and few- or many-seeded. The seeds
are generally minute, oblong or variously angled, in Mentzelia
angled, flattened, or even winged ; the testa is membranous or
thickened and subcrustaceous, or sometimes loose and reticu-

LOASE^E

579

late. Endosperm is absent or present in variable quantity
and fleshy or very rarely horny. The embryo is straight or
hooked as in Mentzelia, and linear, oblong, or terete with
plano-convex foliaceous or hemispherical cotyledons, and a
short or elongated radicle. When endosperm is wanting the
cotyledons are fleshy. The ovule is solitary in Petalonyx,
Gronovia and Cevallia, and when it has changed to a mature
seed it conforms to the single cavity of the ovary. In a few
species of Loasa the seeds are large, globose or oblong, with a
horny albumen and minute embryo.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons, like the seeds, differ consider-
ably. Those observed vary between roundly or broadly ovate
and oval, and are generally emarginate.

Loasa prostrata, Gill. (fig. 370).

Hypocotyl 4-6 cm. long, erect, terete, covered with numerous
hairs, some of which are much longer than the rest, and stinging,
almost colourless.

Cotyledons broadly and ovately oblong,
obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, mem-
branous, hairy with many stinging hairs,
light green, five-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, hairy ;
1st internode 5-6 mm. long.

Loasa lateritia, Gill, et Hook. (fig.
371).

Primary root tapering downwards, long,
slender and rather sparingly furnished
with lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green,
almost colourless, hispidly pubescent, 5-7
mm. long.

Cotyledons smaU, rotund, emarginate, petiolate, thinly hispidly
pubescent, pale green above, paler beneath, with a midrib discernible
only by transmitted light ; lamina 2-2-5 mm. long and wide ;
petiole flattened or slightly grooved above, convex below, -5-1-5 mm.

°Stem herbaceous, ultimately twining ; primary internodes unde-
veloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite (or at least the lower
ones), exstipulate, petiolate, hispidly pubescent and coarsely hairy

p p 2

FIG. 370. — Loasa prostrata-
Half nat. size.

580

ON SEEDLINGS

with long, hyaline, bulbous-rooted stinging hairs, alternately and
ascendingly penninerved, ultimately pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, with
the ultimate segments similarly veined, and the nerves running
directly into the teeth ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, glan-
dular-pubescent and setose with stinging hairs, dilated and amplexi-
caul at the base.

First pair broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly dentate or entire, with a
distinct midrib and one or two lateral ascending nerves on each side.

Second pair much larger, triangular, obtuse, crenate, with more
numerous nerves, and glandular, mucronate teeth.

Third pair lyrately pinnatifid or pinnatisect with three segments ;

FIG. 871. — Loasa lateritia. Nat. size.

lateral segments unequally ovate, obtuse, crenate -dentate ; terminal
segment much larger, rhomboid-obtuse, crenate-dentate and often
subtrifid ; teeth mucronate.

Fourth pair lyrately pinnatisect, with three or more, generally
five, segments ; lateral segments ovate, obtuse, obtusely and mucro-
nately dentate, more or less petiolate ; terminal segment larger,
lobed or pinnatifid and mucronately dentate.

In L. papaverifolia, H. B. et K., the hypocotyl is erect, terete,
finely pubescent, and 1-5-2-5 cm. long.

The cotyledons are broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly emarginate,
petiolate, and finely pubescent.

LOASE.E 581

Loasa vulcanica, Andr.

Hypocotyl finely glandular-pubescent, variable in length accord-
ing as the seeds are germinated in heat or out of doors.

Cotyledons ovate-rotund, glandular-pubescent on both surfaces,
and 4-5 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a slender petiole channelled
above, 1-75-7 mm. long.

Stem annual, erect, terete, densely covered with patent, glandular
hairs of different lengths ; 1st internode 1-4 mm. long.

Leaves cauline and very similar to those of L. lateritia.

First pair ovate, obtuse, distantly serrate-dentate.

TURNER ACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 806.

Fruit and Seed. — This small Order has a superior one-
celled ovary and three parietal placentas on which the numerous
ascending anatropous ovules are arranged in a double series.
The fruit is capsular, many-seeded, and dehisces loculicidally
throughout its length by three valves. The seeds are oblong-
cylindrical, sometimes with a prominent raphe and chalaza,
reticulate or covered with small depressed areas and slightly
curved. They are furnished with a membranous aril along
the same side as the raphe. The endosperm is copious and
fleshy. The embryo is straight, axile, and narrow, with
plano-convex cotyledons and an elongated radicle.

Seedlings. — The only seedling of this Order coming under
my notice is Turnera elegans (fig. 372) . The cotyledons are
ovate, petiolate, with a distinct midrib and two faint lateral
nerves. The first two leaves are opposite, oblong-lanceolate,
incise-serrate, while succeeding ones are alternate. A peculiar
feature of the venation is that the primary veins run into the
sinuses, not the teeth of the leaves. In some species of
Turnera and Wormskioldia the ultimate leaves are pinnatifid.

Turnera elegans, Otto (fig. 372).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent or hairy with upcurved and
incurved hairs, pale green, 1-1'5 cm. above soil.

582 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous except the petioles
with a distinct midrib and two slender, rather indistinct lateral
nerves, light green ; lamina 6'5-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide ; petiole
slightly grooved above, hairy, 3 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, hairy with patent and
ascending incurved hairs, pale green ; 1st
internode 8-8 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (1st and
2nd opposite), exstipulate, petiolate, thinly
hairy on both sides, alternately penninerved
with the nerves running into the sinus of the
serratures, light green ; petioles shallowly
grooved above, hairy, pale green, with usually
FIG 872 two tooth-like glands on the margins above

Turnera elegans. the middle.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, oblong-lanceolate,
incise-serrate, with obtuse or subacute serratures.

Nos. 3 and 4. Alternate, lanceolate-oblong, incise-serrate, with
obtuse serratures.

PASSIFLORE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 807.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is syncarpous, quite free from
the receptacle, and one-celled with three to five parietal pla-
centas denoting as many carpels. The ovules are numerous,
rarely few, pendulous, anatropous with a superior micropyle,
and ventral raphe, and arranged in one to numerous series
on the placentas. The funicle sometimes attains considerable
length, and usually becomes widened or dilated at the apex
forming a cup-shaped aril. The fruit is baccate or capsular,
indehiscent or dehiscing loculicidally, and usually containing
a large number of seeds. The latter are ovate or oval, much
compressed, rarely oblong, or much thickened, covered with a
fleshy or pulpy aril. The testa is leathery or often greatly
thickened, crustaceous, black and pitted or indented so deeply
in some cases that it forms small pointed processes projecting
into the endosperm. The latter is fleshy and scanty or
copious. The embryo is of large size, embedded in the endo-

PASSIFLORE^E 583

sperm, straight with broad foliaceous cotyledons, and an
elongated radicle.

Basananthe is exceptional in having only three ovules in
the ovary. In some species of Carica the ovary is five-celled
by the development of spurious septa. A curious case occurs
in Ceratiosicyos where the stipitate capsule is elongated,
terete, membranous and greatly resembling a siliqua. Passi-
flora, Tacsonia and several other genera have also a stipitate
ovary and fruit resembling that of the Capparidese, where the
capsule is also siliquiforni in a number of genera.

A good type of the Order is furnished by Passiflora macro-
carpa (fig. 373) which has a greatly thickened testa slightly
indented and pushing blunt points into the endosperm. There
is a groove in the edges of the seed and the raphe passes along
it on one edge.

The cotyledons are broadly oblong-oval, slightly inclined
to be cordate at the base. Tacsonia ignea (fig. 376) differs
chiefly in the relatively smaller size of the embryo, the
absence of a groove on the edges of the seed, and in the testa
being rather deeply depressed in places but hardly indented.
The cotyledons are trinerved. The seeds of Tacsonia tubiflora
are obovate, rather thickened, not grooved at the edges, but
deeply indented internally, and running into the endosperm.
In other respects it agrees with the two former species.

Seedlings. — The prevailing types of cotyledons belonging
to different genera and species of the Passiflorese vary from
oblong to oval, and are foliaceous, entire, or slightly emar-
ginate, three- or faintly five-nerved, reticulate and shortly
petiolate. A fairly representative type of the Order is that of
Passiflora caerulea (fig. 375). The first eight leaves are entire
and vary from broadly ovate to the eighth which is lanceolate.
From the ninth to the eleventh inclusive they are palmately
tri-nerved and -partite. The ultimate leaves are five- to
seven-lobed with linear lobes. In Passiflora Leschenaultii
the third, in Tacsonia ignea the second, and in T. Van
Volxernii the first leaf is already trilobed. P. rnacrocarpa
(fig. 374) has broadly or roundly oblong much reticulated
cotyledons. All the leaves are entire and oblong-ovate from
first to last. The cotyledons of P. Leschenaultii are inclined

584 ON SEEDLINGS

to be oblong-ovate. The first leaf is transversely oval ; the
second roundly ovate ; the next three shortly trifid and three-
or faintly five-nerved.

A slight modification from the above types is met with
in P. maliformis which has broadly oblong, emarginate coty-
ledons. Its first three leaves are lanceolate and acuminate
with a shallowly cordate base. In P. edulis the cotyledons
are oval, and the first three leaves oblong- elliptic, and obtusely
acuminate.

The oval cotyledons of T. Van Volxemii (fig. 378) are tri-
nerved, but the lateral nerves give off each a strong branch.
The first leaf is oblong, shortly trifid, and is followed by five
others which are trinerved and tri-lobed or -partite, with
narrowly oblong, or lanceolate, finely serrulate lobes. The coty-
ledons of Carica cundinamarcensis (fig. 380), and those of C.
Papaya maxima differ but slightly from the type in being
broadly oblong, and cuneate at the base. The first two leaves
of the former are oblong-cordate, shallowly and coarsely
toothed ; these are succeeded by six others which show a few
large teeth as if they were inclined to become pinnatifid.
The first leaf of C. Papaya maxima is small, lanceolate, and
entire.

The most remarkable variation from the type occurs in
Modecca trilobata (fig. 379). The cotyledons are unusually
large, broadly ovate and obtuse, with a wide sinus or inden-
tation near the apex on one side, trinerved and copiously
reticulate. The first leaf is ovate, subcordate at the base,
distantly and irregularly toothed, and strongly acuminate.
The second and third ones are deeply trilobed with ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate, entire lobes.

Passiflora Leschenaultii, DC.

Hypocotyl glabrous, about 1 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, subemarginate ; limb 9 mm.
long, 6 mm. wide ; petiole 3 mm. long.

Stem flexuose, suffrutescent, striate or somewhat furrowed,
pubescent, green ; 1st internode 3 mm. long ; 2nd 3*5 mm. ; 3rd
4*5 mm. ; 4th 5-5 mm. ; 5th 4'5 mm.

Leaves. — No. 1. Transversely oval, cuspidate, three- to five-
nerved, subciliate at the margins, and pubescent on the nerves on

PASSIFLORE^E 585

both surfaces, T75 cm. long, 1-1 cm. wide ; petiole slender, sub-
terete, subchannelled on the upper side, pubescent, 1-5 cm. long.

No. 2. Eotund-ovate, acute, trinerved ; lamina 2 cm. long,
1'75 cm. wide.

No. 3. Rotund-ovate, subtrifid, palmately trinerved ; lateral lobes
small, triangular, cuspidate ; middle lobe large, triangular, acute.

Nos. 4 and 5. Similar but proportionately broader and more
decidedly palmate.

Passiflora macrocarpa, Mast. (fig. 373).

Fruit oblong, obtuse at both ends, stipitate, glabrous, one-celled,
many-seeded, baccate or fleshy when mature, large and thick,
indehiscent.

Seeds obovate, much compressed, bidentate at the base, tri-
dentate at the apex, margins irregularly crenate, with the testa
produced all round into a double wing, convex in the middle, and
pitted with round or angular depressions, arillate ; chalaza basal,
forming a turbinate, yellow thickening, hidden by the wings or

FIG. 373. — Passiflora macrocarpa. A, seed. B, longitudinal section

Ch, chalaza ; Ra, raphe. C, transverse section of seed. All x 3.

produced edges of the testa, and in close contact with the endosperm ;
raphe passing round from near the emargination of the base, and
beneath or between the wings of the testa to the chalaza lying
beneath the middle tooth at the basal end ; micropyle superior ;
funicles stout, elongated, produced into a cup-shaped or sub-
cylindrical aril, enclosing the seed but open at the upper end ; hilum
a little to one side of the emarginate base.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, pitted by the indentations of the
testa, and surrounding the embryo.

Embryo straight, large, colourless, nearly equalling the endo-
sperm in length ; cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, slightly

586

ON SEEDLINGS

cordate at the base, alternately and ascendingly penninerved;
radicle cylindrical, obtuse, slightly thinner at the base of the
cotyledons, and much shorter.

Seedling (fig. 374).
Hypocotyl stout, erect, terete, but
obtusely quadrangular beneath the coty-
ledons, glabrous, pale green, tapering
upwards, 2-3-2-7 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons foliaceous, oblong-rotund,
entire, very obtuse and rounded at the
apex, shortly petiolate, three- or slightly
five-nerved at the very base, reticulate,
glabrous, shining on both surfaces, light
green above, paler beneath ; lamina
1-4-1-6 cm. long, 1-3-1-35 cm. wide;
petiole flattened above, convex on the
back, broadest at the base of the lamina,
2 mm. long, with their edges decurrent
on the hypocotyl.

Stem erect, slightly angled, pale
green, glabrous, ultimately climbing by
means of cirrhi from the axils of the
petioles, acutely quadrangular or winged ;
1st internode 2'25-3'5 mm. long ; 2nd
2*5-4 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, alternately incurvi-
nerved, subreticulate, glabrous, light or bright shining green above,
paler beneath ; petioles short, flattened above or shallowly grooved
on each side of a raised midrib, obtusely carinate beneath ; stipules
small, subulate, acute, entire or slightly serrate at the apex, pale
green, glabrous, seated at the very base of the petiole or close to the
stem.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, obtuse, minutely apiculate, minutely and
distantly serrulate.

No. 3. Subelliptic, otherwise similar to the first two.

Passiflora cserulea, L. (fig. 375).

Primary root long, tapering, abundantly furnished with adven-
titious rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, suffrutescent, terete, longitudinally ribbed with
elevated tuberculated lines, reddish, 3 to 4 cm. long.

FIG. 374.

Passiflora macrocarpc
Nat. size.

PASSIFLORE^E

587

Cotyledons foliaceous, petiolate, glabrous; lamina oblong-oval,
obtuse, trinerved, 13'5 mm. long, 8'5 mm. wide ; petiole chan-
nelled above, 7'5 mm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, ulti-
mately climbing, suffru-
tescent, marked with lines
of small tubercular bodies,
glabrous, green, becoming
stained with red ; 1st in -
ternode 1/6 cm. long ; 2nd
9 mm. ; 3rd 9 mm. ; 4th
1 cm. ; 5th 1-5 cm. ; 6th
2-5 cm. ; 7th 2-25 cm. ;
8th 3-35 cm.; 9th 5'85
cm. ; 10th 6'4 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline,
alternate, stipulate, petio-
late, glabrous, dark green
above, pale beneath, red
or violet at the margin;
petioles subterete, taper-
ing upwards, pale green,
suffused with red, often
bearing capitate, stalked
glands on the upper side
which secrete a viscid,
transparent liquid ; sti-

FIG. 375. — Passiflora ccerulea.
One-third nat. size.

pules on the lower part of the stem, subulate, acute, attenuate,
reddish, on the upper part of the stem, half cordate, acuminate,
foliaceous, green, reticulate with a reddish margin.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, broadly ovate, obtuse.

Nos. 3 to 5. Ovate, obtuse, mucronate.

Nos. 6 and 7. Ovate, attenuate, obtuse, mucronate, serrulate at
the base.

No. 8. Lanceolate, attenuate, obtuse, mucronate or rather
apiculate, serrulate at the very base, with ascending subincurved
nerves as have all those below it.

Nos. 9-11. Palmately tri-partite and -nerved, or five-nerved at
the base ; lobes linear, attenuate, obtuse, apiculate, reticulate.

Cirrhous tendrils equivalent to branches are given off in the
axils of the eleventh, twelfth and succeeding leaves.

5S8

ON SEEDLINGS

Tacsonia ignea, Hort. (fig. 376).

Fruit globose or oblong, baccate, stipitate, one-celled with three
parietal placentas, many- seeded, indehiscent.

Seed obovate, much compressed laterally, tridentate at the apex,
blunt or emarginate at the base, enclosed in a cup-shaped funicular
aril ; testa thick, crustaceous, glabrous, black, deeply pitted on both

FIG. 376. — Tacsonia ignea, x 12. A, seed. B, longitudinal section of seed.
C, transverse section of seed : M & H, position of micropyle and hiliim ;
Ch, chalaza ; -Ba, raphe ; P, endosperm ; C, cotyledons.

sides with the impressions so deep as to affect the aril ; chalaza
apical and passing through the testa, where it abuts against the
endosperm in a dull yellow conical mass ; raphe ventral passing
along one edge of the seed from the hilum in the basal notch to the
chalaza seated in the middle tooth at the apex of the seed.
Seed 4-25-4-75 mm. long ; 2-75-3 mm. wide ; 1-75-2 mm. thick.

PASSIFLORE.E

589

Endosperm rather copious, fleshy, white, brittle, embedding
the embryo.

Embryo straight, flat, nearly equal in length to the endosperm,
colourless ; cotyledons broadly oblong-oval, entire, and rounded at
both ends, closely applied face to face, embedded in the endosperm,
and a little narrower than it, about twice as long as the radicle ;
radicle oblong-elliptical, suddenly pointed, embedded in the endo-
sperm close to the micropyle.

Seedling (fig. 377).

Hypocotyl subwoody, erect,
terete, glabrous, pale green, l-l'o
cm. long, 1 mm. thick.

Cotyledons petiolate, rotund-
oval, obtuse, trinerved, pale green,
glabrous ; lamina 9 mm. long, 6
mm. wide ; petiole channelled
above, 2- 5 mm. long.

Stem soft and succulent at first,
erect, terete, glabrous or almost so,
pale green; first three internodes
each about 1 cm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate.

No. 1. Oval, cuspidately acute, serrulate, with gland-tipped
serratures, obscurely penninerved ; petiole subterete, faintly chan-
nelled above, glabrous ; stipules free, subulate, acute, small.

No. 2. Palmately tri-lobed and -nerved, finely serrulate at the
margin ; lateral lobes oblong, apiculate ; terminal lobe oblong-oval,
obtuse, apiculate.

Nos. 3 and 4. With longer, more pointed and apiculate,
lateral lobes ; terminal lobe oblong, longer and more acuminate
than that of leaf No. 2.

Tacsonia Van Volxemii, HooJe.f. (fig. 378).

Primary root suddenly tapering to a fine point and furnished
with numerous strong lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, subflexuose, terete, suffrutescent, glabrous, pale
green suffused with red, 4'7 cm. long.

Cotyledons foliaceous, petiolate, glabrous, entire ; lamina oval,
obtuse, trinerved, deep green, shining, 11 mm. long, 7 mm. wide;
petiole subchannelled above, 6 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect at first and subflexuose, somewhat angular,

I

FIG. 377.— Tacsonia ignea.
Nat. size.

590

ON SEEDLINGS

glabrous, pale green ; 1st Intel-node 7-6 mm. long ; 2nd 5-5 mm.
3rd 9 mm. ; 4th 1-5 cm. ; 5th 1-8 cm.

Learns simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, glabrous
lobed and glandular-serrulate ; petiole subterete, channelled above
glandular towards the top, and glabrous, pale green or tinged with
red on the upper side ; stipules lanceolate or subulate, subacute
glabrous, pale green, free.

No. 1. Oblong, trinerved, shortly trifid; lateral lobes ovate,
mucronate ; middle lobe ovate,
elongate, mucronate.

No. 2. Tri-partite and -nerved ;
lobes lanceolate, apiculate ;
middle one slightly longest.

No. 3. Tri-partite; lateral
lobes oblong ; middle lobe lanceo-
late-elliptic.

Nos. 4-7. Tri-partite and
-nerved ; lobes linear- oblong,
obtuse ; middle one longest.

Modecca trilobata, Boxb.
(fig. 379).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, gla-
brous, stout, pale green, shining,
4-6 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons very large, folia-
ceous, broadly ovate, obtuse,
subcordate at the base, much
cut away near the apex on one
side, petiolate, glabrous, bright
green and shining above, pale or
subglaucous beneath and shin-
ing, with five ascending and in-
curved nerves arising in the top of the petiole ; lamina 3-9 cm. long,
about 3-2 cm. wide in the middle, in average seedlings ; petiole
stout, channelled above, convex on the back, about 1-2 cm. long.

Stem erect at first, ultimately twining, terete or slightly and
obtusely angled, especially about the nodes, glabrous, pale green,
shining ; 1st internode 1-27 cm. long ; 2nd 8'5 mm.

Leaves simple, more or less lobed, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, shining green above, subglaucous and shining
beneath, five-nerved from the base, more or less strongly and
alternately nerved upwards, reticulate, biglandular at the base of

fl

FIG. 378. — Tacsonia Van Volxemii.
Half nat. size.

PASSIFLORE/E

591

the lamina ; petiole subterete, narrowly and shallowly grooved on
the upper side, pale green, shining, tapering upwards from a stoutish
base ; stipules small, subreniform, lacerated at the margin, glabrous,
transparent or hyaline except at the very base, seated on a short
pedestal. The glands are always on two small basal auricles, and
together form a small arch over the top of the petiole.

No. 1. Ovate-cordate, strongly acuminate, irregularly and
coarsely dentate below the middle, often trilobed, five-nerved from

. Fio. 379. — Modecca trilobata. Half nat. size.

the base, and alternately nerved upwards, reticulate. The two
basal nerves are always slender, while those next are always strong
and like those above them incurved, giving off branches only to the
teeth and to the higher nerves.

Nos. 2 and 3. Deeply trilobed, subcordate and five-nerved at the
base; lowest pair of nerves slender; second pair strong, ascending
towards the margin of the leaf and partly into the base of the
lateral lobes, giving off lateral branches which form a series of
submarginal arches continuous with the lowest pair of nerves,
and continuing in the same manner to the apex of the strongly

592

ON SEEDLINGS

acuminate lateral lobes of the leaf. The third pair of nerves,
originating below the middle of the leaf, are subopposite, strong,
and run longitudinally to the very apex of the lateral lobes, giving
off branches that curve and unite at their apex ; midrib running
to the apex of the middle lobe and similarly branching.

FIG. 880. — Carica cundinamarcensis. Half nat. size.

Carica cnndinamarcensis, Lind. (fig. 380).

Hypocotyl stout, erect, terete, fleshy, tapering upwards, glabrous,
pale green, becoming brown, 4-0-4-7 cm. long, or sometimes
more.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire, subcuneate at the
base, petiolate, trinerved at the base, alternately nerved upwards
with the nerves uniting and forming an intramarginal wavy line,
reticulate, at least when old, not very persistent, glabrous ; lamina
2-5-2-8 cm. long, 1-6-1-8 cm. wide ; petiole rather slender, chan-
nelled above, 1-0-1-2 cm. long.

Stem erect, stout, fleshy, flexuose in the young state, and more
or less angled by the decurrent bases of the leaves, slightly hairy

PASSIFLOBE^ 593

just beneath the petiole, brownish-green, ultimately shrubby,
fleshy ; 1st internode 8 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm ; 3rd 6 mm ; 4th
3-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, three- to
seven-nerved at the base, alternately nerved upwards, reticulate,
hairy on the nerves beneath, and subglandular-ciliate, deep shining
green above, glaucous or whitish beneath, with numerous small
glands at the junction of lamina and petiole on the upper side, and
a few small scattered ones on the midrib and principal nerves ;
petioles tapering upwards from a stout base, subterete, channelled
on the upper side, glabrous except on the under side especially at
the base ; stipules small, tooth-like, tipped with a pale-coloured
gland, seated on the somewhat decurrent base of the petiole.

No. 1. Oblong-cordate, obtuse, five-nerved at the base, with
about two sinuate or repand obtuse teeth on each side.

No. 2. Similar, but angled or bilobulate on each side below
the middle.

No. 3. Cordate-ovate, with one to two teeth on each side towards
the base.

Nos. 4 and 5. Cordate, elongate, with two to three repand teeth
on each side.

Nos. 6-8. Palmate, elongate, five-nerved at the base, three- or
slightly five-lobed ; basal lobes small, triangular, or tooth-like ;
middle lobes larger, triangular, subacute ; terminal one much the
largest, triangular-ovate, subacute, entire or slightly toothed.

CUCURBITACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 810.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary, consisting for the most part
of three carpels, is inferior, in a few cases free at the apex.
It is three-, rarely one- or two-celled, or spuriously four- to
five-celled. The species belonging to the tribe Elaterieae are
altogether abnormal ; some have a one- or two-celled ovary,
others are many-celled by the development of spurious septa
between the seeds. Normally the placentas are parietal,
fleshy, very often confluent in the axis of the ovary, and again
reflexed towards the circumference. The ovules are pen-
dulous, horizontal, or ascending and anatropous ; and in
ovaries consisting of one carpel they vary from one to two and

Q Q

594 ON SEEDLINGS

are inserted at the base or suspended from the apex of the
cavity. To be basal and erect is however unusual. In
ovaries of three carpels and three cells, they are inserted on
the sides of the placentas nearest the peripheral walls.

The fruit is in most cases baccate, and fleshy or cortical,
and botanically termed a pepo ; very often it is one-celled by
the destruction of the septa which become pulpy ; hence the
seeds are nearly always embedded in pulp. It is mostly in-
dehiscent, rarely opening by valves or by an operculum, and
many-seeded. In Elaterium and its allies the fruit separates
from its peduncle, leaving an opening through which the pulp
and seeds are ejected with some force by the elastic contrac-
tion of the walls. The seeds, like the ovules, vary in direction
and are very often flattened as in the Passiflorese. The testa
is membranous, cartilaginous or crustaceous, granular, tuber-
culate, or smooth, sometimes covered with a watery epidermis,
and toothed or lobed at the edges. The tegmen also varies
in thickness and other characters. Endosperm is wanting;
and the embryo therefore conforms to the cavity of the seed.
The cot3'ledons are foliaceous and flattened, or plano-convex
according to the thickness of the seed ; and the radicle is
comparatively short.

Besides the anomalous or unusual forms mentioned above,
Sechium edule is remarkable for its large, obovoid, fleshy, one-
celled, one-seeded fruit. The seed is also large, subglobose,
with a woody testa, and conforms to the interior of the indehis-
cent fruit. The embryo is very large and germinates in the fruit
before the latter drops from the plant. The ovules and seeds
of Hodgsonia heteroclita are connate in pairs, of which one is
large and fertile, and the other small and empty.

A type of an obovoid and rather thickened seed is furnished
by Bryonia dioica. It is surrounded by a slightly raised
margin and is somewhat compressed laterally with a pale,
crustaceous testa. The cotyledons are plano-convex, but
otherwise characteristic of the Order. The average size of the
seeds is 4*4 mm. long by 3'08 mm. wide and 2'2 mm. thick.
The seeds of B. laciniosa (fig. 389) are somewhat larger, being
5 mm. long by 3 mm. wide. They are surrounded at the edges
by a narrow ridge, and have a large mass of cortex projecting

CUCURBIT ACE^E 595

from each side and corresponding in position to the back of
the cotyledons which are rather more flattened here than
in the case of Bryonia dioica. The embryo as a whole is
amygdaloid.

The seeds of Trichosanthes Anguina are very variable in
shape, even in the same fruit, being oblong, oval, or sub-
orbicular, much flattened laterally and irregularly jagged or
crenate at the edges, presenting a gnawed appearance. The
embryo conforms to the shape and size of the seed, and even
when in the latter sometimes shows the effect of the indenta-
tions. This may be compared with the behaviour of the
testa in Passiflora, where however the indentations affect the
endosperm only. The fruit is very remarkable, being snake-
like, more or less twisted, two to three feet long, green, striped
with grey and scarlet when mature.

Seedlings. — Owing to the relatively uniform character of
the seeds of this Order and the absence of endosperm, there is
a very moderate amount of variation in the shape and appear-
ance of the cotyledons. The seeds on the whole are relatively
large, sometimes very large ; and throughout the Order, so
far as observed, the seedlings are correspondingly large and
vigorous from the earliest stages of germination onwards.
Generally speaking, the largest cotyledons come from the
largest seeds ; but there are cases where the cotyledons of some
species greatly exceed in size those of another species of the same
genus, even although there is comparatively little difference
in the size of the seeds. This arises in consequence of the
growth after germination being more vigorous in some than in
others. The shape of the seed would have some bearing upon
the ultimate shape of the cotyledons, but modifications occur
where these become much widened near the apex ; and
although the cotyledons as far as observed are always entire
in the seed, they ultimately become more or less emarginate
in some species by growth after germination. The simplest
type appears to be that of Momordica involucrata, the seed-
lings of which have oblong-spathulate cotyledons, slightly
connate at the base, of moderate size and sessile. The first
two leaves are roundly cordate, opposite and five-nerved.
Succeeding ones are three- to five-lobed and alternate. M.

Q Q 2

596 ON SEEDLINGS

muricata (fig. 384) differs in having somewhat larger cotyledons
and two pairs of opposite leaves, the first pair being obsoletely
trilobed at the apex and seven- to nine-nerved. Trichosanthes
palmata (fig. 382), T. Anguina, and Cucumis utilissimus have
obovate-spathulate, three- to five-nerved cotyledons of much
greater size than those of Momordica. The first named has
the first leaf reniform and inserted close to the cotyledons
owing to the non-elongation of the first internode. The
primary leaves of Trichosanthes Anguina are cordate and also
alternate, but all the intemodes are elongated. A very re-
markable instance of variability occurs in this species, for
although the usual type is that just given, seedlings occur in
which the two first leaves are opposite, and in rare cases
there are three cotyledons followed by three leaves also in a
whorl.

A second type is that in which the cotyledons are oblong
or obovate-oblong, and narrowed at the base into short, more
or less channelled petioles. They are also three- to five-nerved,
although the intermediate pairs of nerves are not strictly
basal.

Cucumis sativus (fig. 386) is an instance with entire
cotyledons. The first leaf is cordate, incipiently lobed, and is
inserted on the axis close to the cotyledons, a circumstance of
very frequent occurrence, as for instance in Trichosanthes
palmata mentioned above and Acanthosicyos horrida (fig. 383),
Citrullus Colocynthis, Cephalandra palmata (fig. 388), Bryonia
laciniosa (fig. 390) and Cionandra. In all the last five the
cotyledons are large and more or less deeply emarginate. The
primary leaves of most of them are very characteristic of the
Order and show a greater or less amount of evolution. A
good instance is that of Citrullus Colocynthis, the first leaf
of which is rotund, truncate at the base, and obscurely
crenate ; the second is oblong-cordate, five-nerved and
shallowly five-lobed, followed by others that are more deeply
and sharply divided. The first leaf of Cephalandra palmata
is cordate ; the second and third palmately three- to five-
nerved and -lobed. The first six leaves of Bryonia laciniosa
are five-nerved and deeply tripartite, the divisions being
narrow from the third leaf onwards. The most striking case

UUCURB1TACE.E 597

occurring in this group, or indeed in the whole Order, is that
of Acanthosicyos horrida which bears organs that are morpho-
logically leaves but are functionally useless as such. The
first leaf is small, linear, entire, concave and carinate. From
the second to the fifth inclusive they are gradually smaller
and subtended by a pair of spines, but otherwise similar
to the first. This, the only species of the genus, is a native
of the dry sandy deserts of Angola and Dammara Land;
and the reduction in size or almost entire abortion of the
leaves is the expression of the adaptation of the plant to its
environment.

Besides the above types a few others may be mentioned
which differ so much from the leading ones and from one
another as far as the cotyledons are concerned that they may
be regarded at any rate for the present as exceptional. The
cotyledons of Bryonia dioica (fig. 391) are suborbicular, entire,
suddenly euneate at the base, with slender, considerably
elongated petioles. They are small compared with those of
B. laciniosa, and altogether different in shape. The elongation
of the petioles would appear to be necessary owing to the
hypocotyl being almost suppressed or scarcely rising above
ground. Thladiantha dubia (fig. 385) has a relatively short
hypocotyl, suborbicular, broadly and shallowly emarginate
cotyledons, with comparatively long petioles, all of which are
rather thickly strewn with stiffish hairs.

An extraordinary instance of another kind occurs in
Megarrhiza californica, the hypocotyl of which is short,
subterranean, and together with the upper portion of the
root becomes developed into an enormously thickened and
fleshy tuberous structure. The cotyledons are large, fleshy,
plano-convex, and never leave the large, oblong, tumid seed
although they are carried two or three inches above ground
by the petioles. The latter appear further to be connate into
a cylindrical tubular body tapering upwards, but they are
really separable. The plumule proceeds from a slit between
the petioles close to the base of the latter at the level of the
ground or below it. The first three or four leaves are reduced
to small scales. All this growth preliminary to the develop-
ment of normally expanded leaves is produced at the expense

598 ON SEEDLINGS

of the fleshy cotyledons. This behaviour shows that the plant
is adapted to germinate and rise through a considerable depth
of superincumbent sand, or other material. The fleshy coty-
ledons and the large subterranean tuberous root would also
show an adaptation to a dry climate or soil.

Trichosanthes Anguina, L.

Root fibrous.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, 5-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, twisted ,
suberect, multiangular, slightly pubescent, pale green.

Cotyledons opposite, sometimes but rarely 1-3 and whorled
(probably liable to still further modification), sessile, oblong-spathu-
late, obtuse, often emarginate, with entire, undulated and recurved
margins, obscurely trinerved above, outer nerves showing veins
running towards the margin if seen from below, thick, scabrous,
rather persistent.

Stem ridged, suberect ; 1st internode 3-4 cm. long, 2 mm. thick,
slightly pubescent and scabrous ; 2nd 5-7 cm. long, 1/5 mm. thick,
with swollen buds in the axils of the first leaves and more hispid ;
in some the first two internodes are very short and stout, while
the third elongates considerably.

Leaves usually alternate, but often opposite or even whorled,
long-petioled, 7-12 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide (the alternate ones being
the largest, cordate-ovate, with deep base and acute or acuminate
apex, sinuate-dentate, or doubly dentate, often irregularly lobed,
scabrous on both surfaces as well as on the margin, palmatinerved
and very distinctly veined, slightly convex, thin, yellowish-green
above, less shining and lighter below.

The second pair, or tbe tbird alternate leaf, or the first one above
the lower pair of the usual palmatilobed form, have a tendril in the
axil of the petiole.

Trichosanthes cucumerina, L. (fig. 381).

Primary root long, tapering, much branched especially near the

Hypocotyl undeveloped, subterranean.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, plano-convex, fleshy, narrowed
at the base to very short petioles, bursting tbe testa during germi-
nation, and partly or not at all expanded, strictly subterranean,
conforming in outline to tbe shape of the seed.

Stem terete, hairy, climbing by means of tendrils ; 1st inter-
node elongated.

CUCUKBITACE/E

599

Leaves simple, palmately five-lobed, and three- to five-nerved
hairy or downy on both surfaces, alternate, exstipulate.

No. 1. Ovate, three- or incipiently five-lobed, five-nerved with
the middle pair of nerves arising at
some distance above the base.

Nos. 2-5, inclusive. Palmately
five-lobed, trinerved with the nerves
of the lower lobes arising as branches
from above the base of the middle
. pair.

FIG. 381. — Trichosanthes cucumcrina.
Nat. size.

FIG. 382. — Trichosanthes palmala.
Nat. size.

Trichosanthes palmata, lloxb. (fig. 382).

Hypocotyl succulent, 3-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, channelled
above, round near the base, glabrous, whitish-green.

Cotyledons sessile or subsessile with connate, decurrent petioles,
2-5-3 cm. long, 1-1-25 cm. wide, elliptic, obtuse, scabrous, margin
recurved, yellowish-green above, whitish below, rather persistent ;
nerves distinct and pinnate.

Stem suberect at first, ultimately climbing, quadrangular or

600

ON SEEDLINGS

ridged with dark green, edges hairy ; the first few internodes very
short, nearly as thick as the hypocotyl, the subsequent ones several
centimetres long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, petio-
late, palmatinerved and reticulate, toothed,
ultimately palmately three- to five-lobed,
scabrous, deep green above, paler beneath ;
petiole semiterete, channelled above, taper-
ing slightly upwards from a stout base.

No. 1. 4-6 cm. long and 3'5-5 cm.
wide, with a stout, channelled petiole
nearly half as long as the blade, broadly
cordate, sinuate-dentate, often irregularly
palmatilobed, each tooth and the acumin-
ate apex ending in a mucro, palmatinerved
and obscurely, although closely reticulated,
scabrous, rather thick.

No. 2. Similar.

No. 3. With a tendril from the axil and
more palmatilobed, also with a deeper notch
at the base, and sunk nerves and veins.

Acanthosi.cyos horrida, Welw. (fig. 383).
Hypocotyl very variable in length, erect ,
succulent, pale green with two short lines
of glandular hairs running down from the
base of the cotyledons, otherwise gla-
brous.

Cotyledons ovate or obovate, obtuse,
subemarginate, three- to five-nerved, convex
above and covered with a short, dense,
white, scabrous pubescence, pale, or sub-
glaucous-green, paler beneath, glabrous,
shining, five-nerved and subreticulate, 3-15 cm. long, 2'2 cm. wide.
Stem erect when young, succulent, terete, ridged and furrowed,
thinly hairy with jointed hairs ; ridges pale and furrows deep
green ; 1st internode undeveloped ; 2nd 5'1 cm. long.
Leaves simple, cauline, alternate.

No. 1. Oblong, linear, acute, concave, carinate, entire, 8*25 mm.
long.

Nos. 2 and 3. Similar but smaller with a spine on each side at
the very base in the position of stipules ; spines ridged, furrowed
and hairy like the stem.

FIG. 888.

Acanthosicyos horrida.
Half nat. size.

CUCURBITACE^E
Nos. 4 and 5. Similar, but more reduced in size.

601

Momordica muricata, Willd. (fig. 384).

Hypocotyl suberect, herbaceous, 5-8 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick
slightly twisted, glabrous, colourless.

Cotyledons sessile,
about 1*6 cm. long, 6-8
mm. wide, oblong, ob-
tuse and recurved at the
apex, entire, very ob-
scurely nerved, generally
concave, thick, fleshy,
glabrous, dark green
above, somewhat paler
below, rather persistent.
Stem somewhat twist-
ed, slightly pubescent;
1st internode 3*4 cm.
long, 2 mm. thick ; 2nd
and 3rd shorter and
thinner.

Leaves. — First pair
opposite, 6-9 cm. long,
including the petiole,
4-5 cm. wide, long-
petioled, rectangular,
cordate at the base, the
apex and the two adjacent lobes acuminate, sinuate-dentate, palm-
ately seven- to nine-nerved, and richly veined, nearly flat, not very
scabrous, bright green above, slightly paler beneath, not very per-
sistent.

Second pair palmately five-lobed and -nerved.
No. 3. and all the rest alternate, and assuming the ultimate
shape of the leaf.

Momordica involucrata, E. Meyer.

Hypocotyl succulent, 3 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
pale green.

Cotyledons sessile, about 1'2 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, 1 mm
thick, spathulate, subconnate at base, rotund at apex, entire, ob-
scurely nerved, glabrous, pale green on both sides.

Stem suberect at first, succulent, terete but compressed near
the base, quadrangular just under the first two leaves, with a few

FIG. 884. — Momordica muricata.
Half nat. size.

602

ON SEEDLINGS

scattered hairs, light green ; 1st internode 3-4 cm. long, 1-5 mm.
thick,

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first pair opposite), exstipulate,
petiolate, palmati-nerved and -lobed, reticulate, pubescent, rather
membranous, deep green above, paler beneath ; petioles semiterete,
tapering slightly upwards, channelled above.

First pair opposite with channelled, slightly pubescent petioles,
2 cm. long and T25 mm. thick ; lamina 4-5 cm. long, 3-4 cm.
wide, broadly cordate with truncate apex, irregularly repand-
dentate, palmatinerved and reticulate with sunk nerves, pubescent
and dark green above, slightly paler and pubescent on nerves only
beneath, not very thick.

Nos. 3-5. Alternate, palmati-nerved and -lobed, cordate at base.

Thladiantha dubia, Bunge (fig. 385).

Hypocotyl erect, square, stout, minutely hairy, 1-2 cm. long,
light green.

Cotyledons subrotund or orbicular, emarginate (entire at first),

petiolate, covered with stiffish
hairs on the upper side, gla-
brous beneath, green, in-
curvinerved; petioles broad,
deeply channelled on the upper
side.

Stem erect, terete, hairy,
herbaceous ; 1st internode
3-4 mm. long.

First leaves simple, cau-
line, alternate, petiolate, ex-
tipulate, subrotund, obtusely
crenate or bluntly serrate,
cordate at the base, hairy,
green, pinnatinerved.

FIG. 385.— Thladiantha dubia, x 2.

Cucumis sativus, L. (fig.

Hypocotyl quadrangular with obtuse angles and a median furrow
along each face, succulent, pale green, pubescent or scabrous on the
angles, erect, 5 cm. long, lengthening as it develops to 9 cm.,
4 mm. thick.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base into short,
broad, deeply-channelled petioles, with ascending nerves, pale green

CUCURBITACE^E 603

above and scabrous, paler beneath, shining and glabrous, 3 cm. long,
lengthening to 6*5 cm., 1 cm. wide, widening to 2 cm.

Stem erect, deeply angled and furrowed, pale green, succulent,
coarsely pubescent and scabrous, ultimately flexuose, or zigzag at the
nodes, climbing; hairs usually deflexed ; Istinternode undeveloped ;
2nd 4-5 cm. long ; 3rd 1-8 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, cirrhose or not, petiolate,
coarsely pubescent or hairy on both sides and scabrous ; petioles
subterete and channelled above, frequently ridged and furrowed

PIG. 386. — Cucumis sativus. Nat. size (very young).

especially at the sides. A tendril occurs in the axil of the second
or third and succeeding leaves.

No. 1. Lamina broadly cordate, acute, palmately five-nerved,
angled or shallowly lobed about the middle at the termination of the
nerves, irregularly repand-dentate between the angles or lobes,
entire towards the base on each side of the sinus, pale green above
with sunk nerves, paler green beneath with prominent nerves and
reticulations.

No. 2. More decidedly five-lobed, and toothed almost to the
base.

No. 3. Similar.

604

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 4. Seven-nerved and -lobed ; lobes more decidedly acumi-
nate.

Citrollus Colocynthis, Schrad. (fig. 387).

Hypocotyl herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, l'7cm.

long.

Cotyledons oblong, ob-
tuse, subglandular on both
surfaces, convex above, more
or less concave beneath, taper-
ing to a broad, short petiole,
2*1 cm. long, 1 cm. wide.

Leaves cauline, simple,
alternate, petiolate.

No. 1. Rotund, obtuse,
truncate at the base, ob-
soletely crenate with many
strong nerves, pubescent and
scabrous on both surfaces,
but chiefly at the margin and
on the under side ; petiole
subterete, channelled above,
scabrid with coarse short
hairs.

No. 2. Oblong-ovate, sub-
palmately five-nerved and
-lebed; lobes and serratures
obtuse, mucronate, otherwise like No. 1.

No. 3. Palmately oblong, five-nerved and -lobed ; lobes distinct
with obsolete and mucronate serratures ; middle lobe largest,
ovate.

Cephalandra palmata, Schrad. (fig. 388).

Hypocotyl succulent, about 2 cm. long, l'5-2 mm. thick, obtusely
quadrangular, slightly pubescent, light green.

Cotyledons shortly stalked, about 2'5 cm. long and nearly 1/5 cm.
wide, oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, emarginate or bluntly
mucronate at the apex, entire, with sunk midrib and two pairs of
sunk nerves, rather thick, glabrous, light green above, pale beneath.

Stem with very short internodes (1'5 mm. long), succulent,
angular, pubescent, light green, about 1 mm. thick.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, palmately
nerved and lobed, scabrous, pubescent beneath, light green above,

FIG. SSl.—CitrulIus Colocynthis.
Nat size.

CUCURB1TACE.E

605

paler beneath ; petioles tapering slightly upwards, semiterete,
channelled on the upper side.

No. 1. With a channelled pubescent petiole 2-2-5 cm. long by
1-5 mm. wide, and a cordate, acuminate, irregularly serrate-dentate
lamina, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, light green, thin,

FIG. 388.— Cephalanclra palmata. Three-quarters nat. size.

palmatinerved and reticulately veined, 3-4 cm. long and about
3 cm. wide.

No. 2. Distinctly palmately trilobed.

Nos. 3 and 4. Palmately five-lobed like those of the Vine.

Bryonia laciniosa, L. (fig. 389).

Fruit baccate, globose, indehiscent.

Seed obovoid, entirely surrounded at the edges with a shallow
ridge, compressed at the sides where they are protected by a large
semi-obovoid mass of corky-brown matter ; micropyle and hiluni
basal ; raphe and chalaza inconspicuous.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, occupying the whole interior of the
cavity to which it conforms ; cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, entire,
thick or subfleshy, plano-convex, and closely occupying the cavity
of the seed, pale yellow ; radicle short, turbinate, obtuse, close to
the hilum.

Seedling (fig. 390).

Hypocotyl erect, obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, shining, pale
green mottled with darker green, and with green lines on the angles
and sometimes between, 5-6 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons foliaceous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, emarginate, tri-
nerved in the basal half, and alternately penninerved in the upper,
glabrous on both surfaces, green above, pale beneath, with short

606

OX SEEDLINGS

petioles ; lamina 3*5 cm. long, 2-1 cm. wide ; petiole grooved above,
2 mm. long.

Stem erect at first, herbaceous and zigzag, ultimately climbing,
five-angled and furrowed, glabrous or slightly bristly, pale green
with dark markings ; 1st internode undeveloped ; 2nd and 3rd each
9'5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, palmate, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,

oc

PIG. 889. — Bryonia laciniosa. A, seed, x 10. B, longitudinal section of
seed : OC, testa : 1C, tegmen, x 10. C, transverse section of seed, x 10.

thinly hairy and scabrous above and deep green, paler beneath,
scabrous on the principal nerves, otherwise glabrous ; petiole sub-
terete, slightly bristly, channelled above, pale green with darker
nerves, shining.

No. 1. Five-nerved, tripartite ; middle segment lanceolate-
elliptic, acute, distantly dentate ; lateral segments obliquely oblong
or lanceolate, acute, slightly dentate especially on .the oblique side,
where a large tooth indicates further division.

No. 2. Similar, but more decidedly dentate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Palmately five-nerved, five-lobed ; middle lobe

CUCURBITACE.E

GOT

lanceolate-ell ptic, acuminate, acute, serrate-dentate, revolute at the
margin ; lateral lobes lanceolate, serrate-dentate especially on the
posterior side; basal lobes small, developed by fission from the
lateral or those lobes immediately above them, ovate, acute, dentate
mostly on the posterior side, which is somewhat oblique.

FIG, 390, — Bryonia laciniosa. Half nat. size.

Bryonia dioica, Jacq, (fig. 391 ).

Primary root succulent, oblique, colourless, with a few fibres.

Hypocotyl very short, succulent, ridged, about -o cm. long, 1'5
mm. thick.

Cotyledons unequal, 1-5-2 cm. long, '75-1 cm. wide, with pub-
escent petiole as long as blade, 1-1-5 mm. wide, orbicular or nearly
so, suddenly cuneate at the base, rounded at the apex, entire,
palmatinerved and coarsely reticulate, pubescent, thin, light green,
not very persistent,

Stem suberect at first, ultimately climbing by means of tendrils,
not quite 1 mm. thick, angular, pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode
about 1 cm long ; the others l'5-2 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, ultimately
palmately nerved and lobed, reticulate, pubescent, scabrous, deep

608

ON SEEDLINGS

green above, paler beneath; petiole rather slender, semiterete,
channelled above, hairy.

No. 1. Long petioled, 2-3 cm. long, 1-1-5 cm. wide, cordate
or subcordate, sinuate-dentate or lobed, with part of the blade
often aborted, acuminate, palmatinerved, pubescent approaching to
scabrous, dark green above, very slightly paler below.

FIG. 891. — Bryonia dioica. Nat. size.

No. 2. Similar, but more ovate and uniformly sinuate-dentate
and lobed.

No. 3 or 4. As in the preceding species.

Tendrils do not appear as a rule before the sixth or seventh
node.

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME

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