THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

SEEDLINGS

VOL. II.

CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE

OF

SEEDLINGS

BY THE RIGHT HON.

SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART.

M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D.

WITH 6S.'t FIGURES IN TEXT
IN TWO VOLUMES

YOL. II.

LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNEE & CO. LTD.

PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD
1892

(TJie rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved]

v.fc

A CONTRIBUTION

TO OUK

KNOWLEDGE OF SEEDLINGS

BEGONIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PZ. i. 841.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary of the Begoniaceae is as a rule
wholly inferior. That of Hillebrandia forms an exception,
being free for a short distance at the apex. Most frequently
it is three-celled with three wings or angles, rarely one-, two-,
four-, or many-celled. The placentas are axile and simple,
or consist of two plates, or are branched and project into
the cavity of the ovary ; in the case of one-celled ovaries they
are thick and spongy. The ovules are very numerous, most
often covering the whole surface of the placentas and ana-
tropous. The fruit is capsular, dehiscing loculicidally or rarely
septicidally ; but a few species of Begonia have baccate fruits
bursting irregularly. Those of Hillebrandia dehisce by a
large opening between the styles and above the calyx-
segments. The capsule of this genus also differs from the
prevailing type by being hemispherical and wingless. The
mature fruit has the same number of cells as the ovary,
and contains very numerous minute seeds of an oblong
or cylindrical outline, with a membranous reticulate testa.
Endosperm is wanting, or is reduced to a thin layer sur-
rounding the embryo. The latter conforms to the outline of
the seed, and has very short cotyledons, with an elongated

II. B

624974

2 ON SEEDLINGS

radicle, or both may be comparatively stout and of equal
length.

Seedlings. — Where the seed is minute the seedling must
also necessarily be small, but the outline of the cotyledons
depends greatly upon the presence or absence of endosperm.
The latter has also a great influence upon the size of the
seedling both during and after germination. As endosperm
is generally absent the seedlings are minute and of slow
growth in the early stages. The cotyledons of Begonia villosa
(fig. 392) are roundly elliptic, entire, shortly petiolate, and
close to the ground owing to the shortness of the hypocotyl.
The first leaf is cordate, entire, and the second reniform-
orbicular and crenate, followed by others which are gradually
larger, broader and more or less oblique, the latter character
being very prevalent in the Order. The seedlings of B. parvi-
flora, B. boliviensis, B. Veitchii, B. Pearcei and other tuber-
ous species agree pretty closely in general characters with the
above. The cotyledons of B. modesta (fig. 393) are small,
oval, shortly petiolate and both directed to one side of the
axis. The first leaf is subreniform, entire and oblique, fol-
lowed by a second that is larger, serrate at the base and very
oblique. The third is still more oblique and irregularly den-
tate. The behaviour of the cotyledons is apparently due to
their being connate by their petioles at the base.

Begonia villosa, Lindl (fig. 892).

Primary root slender, with comparatively strong adventitious
lateral roots near the upper end at a very early stage.

Hypocotyl very short or undeveloped, or suddenly tapered to a
blunt point and giving off adventitious roots.

Cotyledons very small, rotund, obtuse, very shortly petiolate,
glabrous, light green, with a slender midrib but no other discernible
venation; lamina 1-1-25 mm. in diameter; petiole dilated and
slightly connate at the base, about -5 mm. long above the connate
part.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, slightly pubescent; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
more or less pilose on both surfaces when young, with jointed
hairs, unequal- sided, with alternate, ascending or incurved nerves, all

radiating from near the base, also with the midrib and the principal
nerves again giving off alternate ascending smaller branches, bronzy
green on the upper surface when unfolding, becoming green with a
shining metallic lustre, more or less red beneath ; petioles terete,
succulent, pale in the young state,
becoming reddish, coarsely hairy with
jointed hairs ; stipules ovate or deltoid,
acute or aristate, entire or more or less
dentate.

No. 1. Cordate, obtuse, entire,
deeply auricled at the base, more or
less oblique or unequal-sided.

No. 2. Rotund-cordate, more or less
oblique, deeply auricled at the base,
five- to seven-nerved, shallowly crenate.

No. 3. Broadly and obliquely cor-
date, obtuse, deeply auricled at the
base, crenate, about eight-nerved —
three on one side of midrib and four
on the other.

No. 4. Similar, but much larger,

more elongated with the principal nerves branched, or sometimes
having three nerves on one side and five on the other.

No. 5. Similar to the last but more decidedly oblique, and more
elongated at the apex where it becomes much narrower.

FIG. 892. — Begonia villosa, x 4.

FIG.

!. — Begonia modesta. Nat. size,

Begonia modesta, Liebm. (fig. 398).
Primary root fibrous, very short.

4 OX SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl 3-4 mm. long, 1-5 mm. thick, succulent, terete,
glabrous, brownish.

Cotyledons directed to one side of the axis, shortly stalked,
3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtuse lozenge-shaped or oval, rounded
at apex, oblique, entire, with obscure midrib, glabrous, pale green.

Stem succulent, terete, pubescent ; 1st internode 1-2 mm. long,
1-5 mm. thick; 2nd 3-4 mm. long, 1-5 mm. thick.

Leaves.— So. 1. Lamina 1-5 cm. long, 1'75 cm. wide, broadly
cordate, obtuse at apex, entire, palmatinerved, membranous, pub-
escent, bright green above, paler and glabrous below ; petiole 1-5-
2 cm. long, pubescent.

No. 2. Obliquely cordate, obtuse, obscurely serrate, ciliate and
pubescent on both surfaces as well as the petioles.

No. 3. Serrate, and more oblique.

CACTE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 845.

Fruit and Seed. — The one-celled ovary is quite inferior.
The exterior is smooth or more often covered with scaly
bracts or little tufts of bristly hairs or prickles. The pla-
centas are variable in number, but are usually numerous,
and parietal, bearing numerous horizontal and anatropous
ovules. The fruit is smooth or variously covered with the
aborted remains of adnate sepals, and baccate or pulpy when
mature. The placentas also form a pulpy mass in which the
seeds He embedded. The latter are oblong or reniform and
laterally compressed, or thick and rounded. The testa is crus-
taceous or bony, of great thickness and dark brown or black,
smooth, granulate or covered with small depressions as in some
of the Passifloreae. Endosperm is scanty, copious, or almost
wanting, and is generally unequally distributed especially in
reniform or curved seeds. The embryo varies greatly in
different species, being curved, hooked or straight, club-
shaped or cylindrical. The cotyledons are of some length, or
short, or the embryo may be merely emarginate, making them
appear as if they were connate. In other cases they are fleshy,
plano-convex or foliaceous. The stout radicle is conical and

CACTEJE 0

short, or cylindrical and elongated. The simplest type of
embryo observed is that of Mamillaria longimamma. The
seed is obovoid, often more or less compressed laterally, and
its interior is entirely occupied by the embryo which conforms
to it. There is no separation into radicle and cotyledons, but
the whole forms an obovoid mass slightly narrowed at the end
next the hilum, which may be considered as representing the
radicle. The presence of cotyledons is merely indicated by a
shallow triangular notch at the apex. From these circum-
stances and from the behaviour of the seedlings after germina-
tion, the greater part of this thick, short and fleshy embryo
must be considered as the hypocotyl which has assumed a
succulent state, and acts as a storehouse of reserve-material
for the use of the young plant. More differentiation is shown
by Echinocactus Wislizeni. The obliquely oblong or subreni-
forrn seed contains a small quantity of subfarinaceous endo-
sperm round one end of which the cotyledons are curved or
bent so that the embryo presents an oblong, stout, fleshy body
hooked at one end. The embryo of Cereus Napoleonis (fig. 395)
is very similar to that of Echinocactus Wislizeni, but the
cotyledons are more bent, and the seed is suborbicular and
much compressed with a deep indentation at the hilum. The
walls of the testa are very unequally thickened, the greatest
thickening taking place round the end of the seed distant from
the hilum. Endosperm is wanting, and the curvature of the
embryo is brought about by a thickening of the testa and the
indentation at the hilum. In Opuntia Rafinesquii the seed is
reniform or suborbicular, subcompressed, and the embryo is
curved round the greater part of the periphery of the seed,
enclosing in the curve a quantity of farinaceous endosperm,
and greatly resembling what occurs in most of the Caryo-
phyllese, Phytolaccaceae, ChenopocUaceae, and other allied
Orders. The cotyledons are plano-convex and linear. There
is more complication in Qpuntia Dillenii (fig. 399), where the
embryo is on the whole curved, but bent or angled three times
transversely, enclosing a small quantity of endosperm. The
cotyledons are plano-convex and subulate-linear. The large
orbicular and compressed seed is very much thickened round
the periphery.

6 ON SEEDLINGS

Seedlings. — The form of the embryo and its parts in the
seed have a direct bearing upon the form of the seedling with
its cotyledons. We meet with cotyledons of various lengths
and shapes, and in some cases they may be considered as
absent, or at all events functionless, although morphologically
represented. In the seeds of Mamillaria longimamma they
appear as the edges of a three-cornered cleft, and in the
seedling of M. Goodrichii they are not more conspicuous and
soon become indiscernible. Similar instances are furnished
by Echinocactus viridescens (fig. 394) and E. Orcuttii. The
seedling of the first named, eleven months after sowing of
the seed, appears as a small obovoid body representing a
short fleshy turbinate hypocotyl bearing minute tooth-like
cotyledons, above which the short stem is even stouter,
leafless, and covered with small spines in tufts arranged
in five or six longitudinal rows. Seven months after the
sowing of the seeds, E. Orcuttii is similar to E. viridescens,
but smaller.

The cotyledons of Echinocactus Wislizeni attain some size
in the seed, but after germination they become merged in the
succulent stem by the swelling of the latter, so that seven
months after sowing they appear as small triangular teeth
about 1 mm. long, and of the same breadth, projecting from
the sides of the seedling. About four months after sowing,
the cotyledons of Cereus tilophorus borne by the clavate
succulent hypocotyl were 1*25 mm. long, and 2 mm. wide.
Those of Cereus Napoleonis after three months were 1*5
mm. long, 2' 5 mm. wide, triangular and succulent. The
hypocotyl in this case is turbinate and very short. The
seeds of this species are comparatively small, and so is the
seedling during and after germination. Seven months after
sowing it is much larger, with the cotyledons about 3 mm.
long, and as wide. Strikingly different from all of the above
are the seedlings of Opuntia basilaris (fig. 398). The hypo-
cotyl is cylindrical or slightly compressed, but much less
succulent than any of the above except that of Cereus tilo-
phorus. The cotyledons are subulate, bluntly pointed,
1-5-3-5 cm. long, and after a time become disarticulated from
the axis. They are also of unequal lengths. Abnormal forms

CACTE.E 7

occur, having only one cotyledon, while one of them in other
cases is bifid. Other species of Opuntia observed not only
differ from most members of the Order, but also remarkably
from the last species mentioned. The hypocotyl of 0.
Labouretiana is subterranean, and the cotyledons are ovate,
obtuse, fleshy, and very unequal, the larger one being about
2 cm. long, and 1-5 cm. wide, and the shorter one 1-5 cm.
long, and 1 cm. wide. They are deep green and persistent.
Those of 0. occidentalis (fig. 400) are similar, but smaller in
every way. In both of these species true leaves occur— a
very unusual occurrence in the Order. They are small, subu-
late, succulent, seated on little elevations of the stem,
surrounded by fascicles of spines and arranged in ascending
spiral rows ; but as they become yellow and fall away early,
they are comparatively functionless. Large foliaceous and
persistent leaves occur in the species of Pereskia. The
cotyledons of Phyllocactus stenopetalus (fig. 397) are similar
to those of Opuntia occidentalis and 0. Labouretiana ; but are
very much larger. The hypocotyl is terete and unusually
elongated, while the stem is much flattened and leafless, with
fascicles of short bristles at the nodes along the edges. The
genus Nopalea is closely allied to Opuntia, and N. dejecta
resembles Opuntia basilaris in its hypocotyl, which is cylin-
drical and 1-6 cm. long ; but the large ovate fleshy cotyledons,
the conical fleshy stem, and the small caducous leaves resemble
those of Opuntia Labourtiana.

Mamillaria Goodrichii, Scheer.

Primary root small, tapering, with very few lateral rootlets, but
numerous root-hairs.

Hypocotyl succulent, ovoid at first and afterwards globose,
glabrous, pale transparent green, suffused with pale purple, 2'5 mm.
long, 3'75 mm. broad.

Cotyledons represented by the margins of a cleft at the apex of
the hypocotyl, and soon becoming indiscernible.

Stem succulent, developing very slowly and crowned in the
seedling stage with tufts of short slender spines ; spines pink, ulti-
mately white, pubescent, about equal in size.

Leaves none or represented by the above-mentioned spines or
bristles.

8

OX SEEDLINGS

l—Cffl.

FIG. 394.

Echinocactus

viridescem.

Nat. size.

Echinocactus viridescens, Nutt. (fig. 394).
Primary root short, tapering, with a few fleshy lateral rootlets,
and abundance of root-hairs.

Hypocotyl succulent, short, erect, but distinctly
thinner than the stem, pale transparent green, suf-
fused with purple, and mottled with pale markings,
4-5 mm. long, 6 mm. thick.

Cotyledons reduced to minute, scarcely elevated
green teeth.

Stem succulent, erect, oblong or globose in the
seedling stage, glabrous, shining, coloured like the
hypocotyl, slightly five- or six-angled and furnished
with tufts of spines in as many rows ; spines unequal
with usually the central one much longer, red or
pink when young, ultimately white, pubescent and
seated on the top of little elevations of the stem in
a cushion of short cottony or woolly hairs.
Leaves none.

The seedling of Echinocactus Orcuttii, Engelm., closely re-
sembles that of the last species.

Cereus Napoleonis, Hook. (fig. 395).

Fruit baccate, scaly, one-celled, many-seeded ; pericarp pulpy.
Seed irregularly suborbicular, and angled, compressed, glabrous,
black, minutely tuberculated all over, but
most conspicuously along about half its margin
which is bordered with a ring of thickened
tissue ; testa much thickened, crustaceous or
almost bony ; tegmen much thinner, mem-
branous, pale-coloured, finely reticulated ;
hilum very large and conspicuous, forming a
deep bordered pit at the base of the seed;
micropyle contiguous, inconspicuous, and ap-
pearing lateral owing to the size of the hilum.
Endosperm wanting.

Embryo bent or hooked, or hammer-like,
occupying the whole interior of the seed,
fleshy, colourless; cotyledons short, oblong,
obtuse, entire, semiterete, fleshy, placed with
their edges to the compressed sides of the seeds and consequently
in the narrow way of the latter, bent at right angles to the radicle ;
radicle about as long as the cotyledons, oblong, suddenly tapered

FIG. 395.

Cereus Napoleonis.
Longitudinal section of
seed, x9: h, hilom;
m, micropyle ; oc,
testa ; ic, tegmen ;
c, cotyledon.

CACTE.E 9

to a turbinate obtuse point, fleshy, lying close to the micropyle
where the wall of the seed is thinner.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl succulent, turbinate or obconical, glabrous, pale
transparent green, suffused with pale purple, and mottled with pale
grey markings, 3 mm. above ground, tapering to a long more slender
base, altogether 1 cm. long.

Cotyledons triangular, obtuse, succulent, horizontal, tapering
into the stem with a convex surface both above and below, coloured
like the stem, and projecting about 1'5 mm. from it, 2'5 mm. wide
at the base, persistent.

Stem succulent, obtusely five-angled, glabrous, coloured like the
hypocotyl, with rows of slender, pink or white, minutely pubescent
bristles on the angles.

Leaves none.

Cereus Emoryi, Engelm. (fig. 396).

Primary root tapering, stout with lateral
rootlets closely clinging to the soil.

Hypocotyl turbinate, very stout and fleshy,
glabrous, purple, mottled with white, about 5 mm.
long.

Cotyledons short, very fleshy, perfoliate, amal-
gamated with the hypocotyl and the stem, with
spreading or slightly decurved, triangular, acute
points, convex on both surfaces and coloured like
the hypocotyl ; free points about 3 mm. long, and -, FlG-'

'r * ' r Cereus Emoryi.

as wide or wider at the base. Nat. size.

Stem fleshy, or succulent, erect in seedling
stage, oblong-ovoid, glabrous and glossy, green, slightly suffused
with purple, covered with stellate tufts of white, or pale brownish
bristles in seven to eight longitudinal rows; about 1* 5-2 mm.
between each tuft, and T5-3 mm. between the rows.

Leaves none.

Cereus tilophorus, Pfeiff.

Hypocotyl succulent, clavate, pale purple mottled with pale
grey, glabrous, about 7 mm. above ground.

Cotyledons succulent, triangular, obtuse, horizontal, 1*25 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide at the base, coloured like the hypocotyl,
persistent.

Stem succulent, erect, glabrous, coloured like the hypocotyl, and

10

ON SEEDLINGS

furnished with tufts of slender, white, glabrous bristles seated on
the top of little woolly-capped elevations, in five or six rows.
Leaves none.

Phyllocactus stenopet-
alus, Salm-Dyck (fig. 397).

Hypocotyl stout, erect,
terete, glabrous, 1-8-2-4
cm. long, green.

Cotyledons ovate or
oblong, fleshy, acute, en-
tire, sessile, connate at the
base, very unequal, gla-
brous, green, without any
venation.

Stem fleshy or succu-
lent, erect, much flattened,
leafless, with small tufts
of hairs or bristles at the
nodes, otherwise glabrous,
crenate or notched along
the edges.

Opuntia Rafinesquii
Engelm.

Fruit a fleshy pulpy
berry, many-seeded.
Seed subrotund or oblate, much flattened laterally ; testa hardr
bony, rugose ; hilum rather conspicuous.

Endosperm scanty, farinaceous, surrounded by the embryo and
white.

Embryo curved, lying on the outside of the endosperm ; cotyle-
dons linear, curved at the end, obtuse, entire, lying the narrow
way of the seed with their faces to the axis ; radicle slightly longer
than the cotyledons, incumbent, terete, obtuse.

Opuntia basilaris, Engelm. et Big. (fig. 398).

Primary root short, succulent, woolly, tapering downwards, with
a few short, lateral, fibrous rootlets.

Hypocotyl succulent, 1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, slightly
compressed, glabrous, of a dull bronze colour, reddish later.

Cotyledons sessile, 1-5-3-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick near
the base, subulate, similar to the hypocotyl in outer appearance,

FIG. 897. — Phyllocactus stenopetalus.
Nat. size.

CACTE.E

11

showing no pulvinus till after the suberect position is changed to a
horizontal one, not very persistent.

One of the two cotyledons is sometimes bifid, and occasionally
only one is present.

FIG. 398. — Opuntia basilaris.
A and B, stages in germination. C, seedling. All nat. size.

Stem conical, succulent, about 5 mm. thick at first, green, with
acicular spines projecting in a substellate manner from slightly
tomentose protuberances arranged spirally around the young
stem.

Opuntia Dillenii, Haw. (fig. 399).

Fruit baccate, pyriform, tuberculate, one-celled, many-seeded,
with the seeds embedded in pulp.

FIG. 399. — Opuntia Dillenii. A, longitudinal section of seed, x 9 : 7?, radicle ;
M, micropyle ; P, endosperm ; OC, testa ; 1C, tegmen. B, transverse sec-
tion of seed near base, x 9 : B, radicle ; P, endosperm.

12 ON SEEDLINGS

Seed large, orbicular, laterally compressed, pale brown or
whitish ; testa thickened, hardened, almost bony, forming a
strong marginal ridge all round the seed except at the hilum and
micropyle, and also a submarginal ridge on each face; tegmen
black, crustaceous, closely adhering to the testa, brownish on its
inner face and finely reticulate ; micropyle and hilum contiguous,
basal.

Endosperm in the mature seed scanty, white, subfarinaceoup,
generally forming a thin layer surrounding the embryo, but thickest
in the angle formed by the curve of the latter and leaving an
evident trace there when it has all been absorbed elsewhere.

Embryo curved or hooked, large, assuming this shape from
the enormous thickening of the testa, almost colourless when dry,
white when moist ; cotyledons subulate, linear, obtuse, entire, plano-
convex or semiterete, considerably narrowed to the sharply incurved
tip, incumbent ; radicle short, oblong, obtuse, bent nearly at right
angles to the cotyledons, lying close to the micropyle where the
testa is thinnest.

Opuntia occidentalis, Engelm. (fig. 400).

Hypocotyl subterranean, stout, tapering downwards, pale purple.
Cotyledons succulent, unequal,
ovate, obtuse or tipped with a carti-
laginous point, nearly flat above, con-
vex on the back ; glabrous, shining,
deep green, mottled with minute pale
grey markings ; larger one 1'85 cm.
long, 9 mm. wide ; shorter one 1*4 cm.
long, 7'5 mm. wide, persistent.

Stem succulent, erect, glabrous,
deep green, shining, leafy, ultimately
PIG. 400. — Opuntia occidentalis. naked or without leaves, and fur-
nished with tufts of long, slender,

glabrous, bristly, white spines, springing from woolly cushions, in
numerous rows ; internodes very short, each about 2 mm. long.

Leaves small, numerous, succulent, forming longitudinal spiral
rows on the stem, subulate, or narrowly conical, acute, glabrous,
dull green, seated on little elevations of the stem, 1-5-2-25 mm.
long, -5-- 75 mm. wide, deciduous.

The seedling of Opuntia Labouretiana, ? Auct., closely resembles
the last, but has its unequal cotyledons wider, and the young stern
clavate.

FICOIDE/E 13

FICOIDEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 851.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior in Mesembryan-
themum and Tetragonia, but in other genera it is usually
surrounded by the persistent calyx. The carpels vary from four
to twenty, and unite so as to form an ovary of as many cells.
The ovules are solitary and basal, or suspended from the top
of the cell, or they are numerous and arranged on placentas
attached to the inner angles of the cells, and amphitropous.
The fruit is capsular, dehiscing longitudinally, or transversely
at the apex. In comparatively few cases it is an achene, or
drupe, or consists of several lignified pieces, while in other
cases it breaks up into cocci or utriculi. The seeds are solitary
or indefinite, reniform, globose, or obovoid, with a membranous
or crustaceous testa. Endosperm is present in greater or less
quantity and in most cases is of a farinaceous character. The
embryo is most often more or less curved or subannular,
peripheral, and terete, with linear, plano-convex, incumbent
cotyledons and a terete radicle.

There are several exceptional forms in the Order, the most
marked of which is Adenogramma, consisting of seven species
of South African plants having a one-celled, one-ovuled ovary,
and a fleshy endosperm.

The ovary of Gisekia is apocarpous, and consists of five
carpels, while in Trianthema and sometimes Galenia there is
only one carpel. A type of the Order is represented by Tetra-
gonia expansa (fig. 403), having somewhat flask-shaped seeds
suspended one from the apex of each cell by a slender funicle.
The embryo is terete, and surrounds nearly the whole of the
periphery of the endosperm, with the radicle occupying the
neck of the seed. The fruit is many-celled, woody, and inde-
hiscent, with generally a seed in each cell. The mode of ger-
mination is shown in fig. 404 : the embryo pushes its way
through the apex of the fruit, where the walls are very thin
in places. In order to make their exit through these narrow
openings, it is necessary that the cotyledons should be linear.

14 ON SEEDLINGS

Owing to the number of seeds and embryos in each fruit there
must be a great competition amongst the seedlings in a state
of nature, since there is no means of dissemination, as in
fruits which dehisce.

Seedlings.— In. general characters there seems to be very
little variation amongst the cotyledons of this Order, although
they vary slightly in detail. Those of Tetragonia expansa,
above-mentioned, are the longest and narrowest. Amongst the
species of Mesembryanthemum they are broadly or narrowly
oblong, rounded at the apex, sessile and connate, or perfoliate
at the base, and so succulent that no venation is discernible,
except sometimes a faint indication of a midrib.

Mesembryanthemum tricolorum (fig. 401) presents a short
and comparatively broad type. The leaves are linear or
semiterete, and succulent with the first pair developed close
to the cotyledons, or if the seedlings are crowded at some
distance from them. The leaves of M. capitatum are also
semiterete. The cotyledons of M. serratum and M. echinatum
(fig. 402) closely conform to those of M. tricolorum ; and the
primary leaves are subulate, semiterete or obtusely trigonous
and succulent.

A modification of the above type is exhibited in the cotyle-
dons of M. cordifolium, which are broadly oblong, foliaceous,
flat but succulent, minutely wrinkled or areolated, 1-2-1 -5 cm.
long, and 7-9 mm. wide. It is a significant fact that the
leaves are also flat and ovate, or subcordate, from the first
pair onwards. The cotyledons are however slightly connate
at the base. A type with narrow cotyledons occurs hi M.
pinnatifidum where they are linear-oblong. The primary
leaves are radical, but the stem ultimately becomes elongated
and procumbent or trailing, with cauline leaves. The first
pair are spathulate and entire, followed by others which are
sinuately pinnatifid with rounded alternate segments.

Mesembryanthemum tricolorum, Haw. (fig. 401).

Primary root short, tapering, giving off a few lateral fibrils ;
upper part succulent.

Hypocotyl succulent, stout, tapering from the cotyledons down-
ward, variable in length and subsequently giving off a few short
rootlets.

FICOIDE.E

15

Cotyledons connate at the base or perfoliate, sessile, oblong,
obtuse, glabrous, pale green, succulent, 5-8-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, ultimately decumbent, thickened upwards
from the pair of leaves below to the pair above, deep red, soft,
succulent and watery ; 1st internode 8-10 mm. long.

Leaves cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, sessile, connate

\l

FIG. 401.

Mesembryanthemum tricolorum.
Nat. eize.

Pio. 402.

Mesembryanthemum echinatum.
Nat. size.

at the base or perfoliate, linear, obtuse, watery, and succulent,
glabrous, covered with longitudinal glandular lines which exude a
liquid, at least when young, pale green or suffused with red, and more
or less crystalline in appearance.

First pair distant from the cotyledons, possibly owing to crowding
in the seed-bed.

Second and third pairs crowded when young.

Mesembryanthemum echinatum, Ait. (fig. 402).

Primary root slender, tapering, with very slender lateral fibrils.

Hypocotyl subterranean and short, indistinguishably merging
into the root.

Cotyledons short, rounded at the end, flattened horizontally,
perfoliate, succulent, glabrous.

Leaves simple, entire, radical, opposite, exstipulate, sessile,
glabrous, subulate, acute, or subaristate in the young condition,
deeply convex on the back and smooth or slightly elevated into
rounded and shallow prominences with corresponding depressions
between them, flattened on the upper surface and slightly uneven,
bright green and shining on both surfaces.

16 ON SEEDLINGS

First pair T65-2 cm. long.
Second pair 4-6'5 cm. long.
Third pair 4-6 cm. long.

Mesembryanthemum pinnatifidum, L. fil.

Primary root fleshy, tapering and giving off lateral rootlets,
annual.

Hypocotyl succulent, stout, red, glabrous, about 8 mm. long,
2 mm. thick.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, flattened above, convex
beneath, connate and perfoliate at the base, green often suffused
with red, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide.

Stem annual, ultimately elongated, procumbent.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite, exstipulate,

PIG. 403.— Tetragonia expansa, x 14. A, longitudinal section of seed :
P, endosperm; F, funicle ; M, micropyle; R, radicle; OT, testa;
IT, tegmen. B, transverse section of seed : C, cotyledons.

petiolate, glabrous, succulent, crowded with glands which cover
all parts of the plant, like crystalline papilla?; petioles stout,
succulent, channelled above, convex beneath, much dilated at the
base and amplexicaul.

First pair spathulate, obtuse, entire.

Second pair sometimes similar or somewhat broader, but more
frequently oblong, obtuse, shallowly and repandly lobed ; lobes
rounded, alternate.

Third and fourth pairs oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; lobes rounded
or oblong, entire, alternate, largest at the upper half of the leaf,
and smallest towards the base.

17

Tetragonia expansa, Ait. (fig. 403).

Ovary inferior, of many carpels, many-celled, with one pendulous,
campylotropous ovule in each cell ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a nut, more or less compressed on two sides when dry,

FIG. 404. — Tetragonia expansa, x 4 A, seedling from a seed that had
been removed from the fruit before sowing. B, fruit soaked in water before
sowing. C, another, soaked in water before sowing. D, seedling after it
has left the fruit.

variously angled, free at the apex, furnished above the middle with
four to five horns, with the three- to five-lobed calyx a little higher
up, glabrous or nearly so, but somewhat scabrous, hard and woody
when dry, many-celled with one seed in each cell, indehiscent.
, Seed suspended from the top of the cell by a long slender funicle,

18 ON SEEDLINGS

curved and somewhat flask-shaped, owing to the greatly elongated
part containing the radicle and micropyle, conforming to the interior
of the cell, pale brown, glabrous ; testa and tegmen both thin and
membranous ; hilum at the notch on one side formed by the curva-
ture of the seed ; micropyle at a much higher level, being carried
up by the elongation of the part containing the radicle.

Endosperm central, of moderate quantity, farinaceous or mealy,
pure white.

Embryo large, curved, peripheral, and nearly entirely surround-
ing the endosperm, almost colourless ; cotyledons incumbent, linear,
obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying in the narrow plane of the seed
with their backs to the axis of the fruit ; radicle terete, obtuse,
somewhat longer than the cotyledons, and nearer to the axis of the
fruit.

(A) Seedling appearing above ground from a seed taken out of
the fruit before sowing.

(B) Fruit that had been soaked in water before sowing. It is
many-celled and many-seeded, and the radicles of two germinating
embryos are shown. The upper end of the fruit is shown in the
sketch.

(c) From another fruit showing upper end, two sides, and the
turbinate base, B. The embryo is further advanced in this case.
(The fruit had been soaked.)

(D) Whether seed or fruits are sown, the embryo rises clear out
of either if properly covered with soil. At this stage (four days
after germination) the hypocotyl is glabrous, colourless or reddish
at the top, and the cotyledons are linear, obtuse, entire, glabrous
and slightly narrowed to the base where they are stained with
red.

UMBELLIFER.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI i. 859.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior and consists of two
carpels united so as to form two cells ; it is rarely one-celled by
abortion. The ovules are solitary in each cell, suspended
from the top, and anatropous. The fruit is a cremocarp,
ultimately splitting into equal portions called mericarps, each
furnished with five primary ridges and sometimes four

UMBELLIFER^ 19

secondary ones, with the ridges at the commissure slender or
less often developed into wings, sometimes separating from
an axial carpophore, and each one-seeded and indehiscent.
The walls of the fruit are always dry, and the outer or exocarp
is membranous, crustaceous, or thickened and corky. The
seed conforms to the cavity of the cell, to the inner wall of
which it is adnate, and is flattened, or longitudinally furrowed
or concave along the ventral face, or is altogether free. The
testa is thinly membranous ; and the interior is occupied with
a copious cartilaginous endosperm. The embryo is small,
close to the hilum, often minute, and ovoid, or larger with
ovate or linear cotyledons which may be equal or unequal.
The radicle also varies somewhat in length, but is usually
short and always superior.

A few exceptional cases occur in the Order, as for instance
in Actinotus and Petagnia where the ovary is one-celled, and
one-ovuled by abortion, and in Lagoecia which is mono-
carpellary. In various species three carpels occasionally
appear, while in others, one of the two carpels is imperfect or
becomes aborted. The exocarp of Apleura is fleshy, while the
endocarp is lignified. The embryo being very small is not of
much use in classifying the species of this large Order. The
fruits and seeds themselves are however very variable, and
although they never attain any great size relatively, their
characters are constant, and in systematic classification the
form and the flattening, whether dorsal or lateral, the ridges
both primary and secondary, and the number of oil cavities
or vittse in the interstices are of the greatest importance for
arranging the species into tribes and genera. The tribes
again are grouped into three primary series according to the
characters of the inflorescence, the ridges and the vittse.

The fruits appear to fall into five groups according to the
form of the mericarps, and the seeds they contain. In all of
these groups the cotyledons have their backs to the axis, a few
only their edges, but these may be considered as exceptions to
the general rule, and will be mentioned by themselves. The
groups merely represent types with strongly marked cha-
racteristics. The first contains those fruits where the meri-
carps are more or less distinctly pentagonal. A good type of

c 2

20 ON SEEDLINGS

this kind is furnished by Ptychotis Ajowan (fig. 411). The
fruit as a whole is ovate and laterally compressed ; and the
embryo is shortly linear, and less than half the length of the
endosperm. Bupleurum ranunculoides differs chiefly by its
oblong fruits and minute obovoid embryo. The primary
ridges are acute and much more strongly marked in B. fruti-
cosum than in its congener. The fruit of Fceniculum vulgare
has strong blunt ridges and the commissure is by far the
broadest face of the mericarp. The embryo is slender and
more elongated than in Bupleurum.

The second group is characterised by the triangular outline
of the mericarp in transverse section. This is represented
by Eryngium giganteum. The fruit as a whole is ovoid,
subquadrangular, with four double rows of ascending stiffish
scales, and covered with others that are adpressed in the
intervening spaces.

The third group is well characterised by fruits much com-
pressed dorsally. The three dorsal ridges of the mericarps
are slender ; but those at the edges of the commissure are
considerably drawn out, yet united with one another so as to
form a single whig encompassing the lateral margins of the
fruit. They ultimately separate from one another when the
mature cremocarp splits into its component halves. The
embryo is minute. The mericarps of Peucedanum Schottii
are oblong-oval or elliptical and plano-convex, with a narrow
wing. Those of Ferula communis are larger and even more
decidedly flattened, seeing that they are scarcely convex on
the back, and the marginal whig is much broader. Here
may be placed Dorema, Lefeburia, Heracleum, Polytaenia,
Opopanax and others. A slight modification is exhibited by
Levisticum, Angelica, Archangelica and others, in which the
lateral ridges are not united, but form a double wing encom-
passing the mericarps. In some genera all the five ridges of
each mericarp are drawn out, forming wings as in Pleuro-
spermum and some others. The fruit of Pleurospermum is
however more convex or but little compressed dorsally.

In the fourth group the lateral edges of the mericarps are
more or less contracted or incurved, making them fluted, or
furrowed along the ventral or commissural face. The seeds

CMBELLIFER.E 21

also conform closely to this peculiar outline, as is best seen in
transverse section. This type is well illustrated by Scandix
Pecten-Veneris. The fruit is prolonged at the apex into a
long, slender, tapering or subtapering beak ; the portion con-
taining the seed is linear-oblong. The embryo is slender and
rather elongated. Myrrhis odorata differs in having a larger
fruit with a shorter beak, the primary ridges prominent and
acute ; and the embryo seems to be situated near one edge of
the seed. The dorsal and lateral ridges of Cuminum Cyminum
are the most prominent, while the intermediate ones are small,
making the mericarps triangular in transverse outline. The
ventral face of mericarp and seed are but slightly grooved ; and
the embryo is axial. On the other hand, the mericarps of
Caucalis nodosa are much infolded at the sides and deeply
grooved on the ventral face. The fruits are chiefly re-
markable for their dimorphic character. Those on the cir-
cumference of the umbel have the outer or most exposed
mericarp furnished with a double row of spreading, curved,
and hooked bristles on each of the secondary ridges, while the
corresponding more protected centripetal carpel as well as
all the rest of the fruits are only muricate on the secondary
ridges.

The fifth group includes those fruits which are involute
not merely at the sides but also at either end, forming a deep
cavity on the ventral aspect in each of the two mericarps.
This is strongly suggestive of what occurs in Galium amongst
the Rubiaceae. The fruit is didyrnous, and each mericarp is
somewhat globular in Smyrnium perfoliatum. The embryo is
axial as usual, but owing to its shortness and to the curvature
of the seed it is horizontal with its radicle close to the sub-
lateral micropyle. It is straight or slightly curved and of
comparatively large size ; and during germination or growth
previous to germination it must become considerably curved
in order to accommodate itself to the peculiar shape of the
seed. A very exceptional case occurs in Trachymene pilosa
(fig. 406). The fruit is laterally very much compressed, with
the commissure of the mericarps correspondingly narrow.
The most striking feature of the seeds, which conform to
the shape of the mericarps, is that the embryo has the edges

22 ON SEEDLINGS

of its cotyledons turned towards the axis, in order to find
accommodation during the process of germination in the
laterally flattened fruits. The embryo in the transverse
section of the mericarp appears to be eccentric, but this
phenomenon is due to the mericarp being suddenly narrowed
on the dorsal edge near the apex. The fruit of Chaerophylluin
aureum is narrowly oblong, and dorsally compressed, with the
commissural face much the broadest. Contrary to what we
should expect, the cotyledons have their edges instead of their
backs to the axis, notwithstanding the fact that they He in
the narrowest plane of the seed. Owing to the seed being
deeply grooved along the ventral face, the species belongs
naturally to the fourth group of which it is an anomalous
member. In like manner Carum Carvi (fig. 410) should be-
long to the first group, seeing that its mericarps are almost
regularly pentagonal. The embryo is nearly half the length
of the endosperm, but it is very erratic in its behaviour
inasmuch as the cotyledons sometimes have their backs to
the axis (which is probably the most typical case), sometimes
their edges, or again are placed obliquely, that is, diagonally
to it. The various inclinations seem to be assumed indiffer-
ently, and the embryos even frequently occupy different posi-
tions in the two halves or mericarps of each fruit.

Seedlings. — While still in the seed the width of the coty*
ledons is limited by that of the seed itself.

After germination, however, they may become more or less
modified by further growth ; but the form they attain in the
seed becomes deeply impressed upon them, and the chief
alteration is in length, especially in that of the petioles.

Those observed may be arranged in five groups more for
convenience' sake than from absolute distinction between the
several types, for there is every intermediate gradation. In
the first may be classified all those in which the lamina of
the cotyledons is short and relatively broad. It varies from
ovate, spathulate, and oblong to oval, and is generally if not
always distinctly petiolate with the petioles free, or connate
at the very base only. The cotyledons of Hydrocotyle vulgaris
(fig. 405) are ovate, subsessile, and very small. They exactly
correspond with the size and shape of the mericarps. The

UMBELLIFER^E 23

leaves are peltate, orbicular, and crenate from the first, or,
the first one is sometimes reniform and nearly or quite entire.
The cotyledons of Trachymene pilosa are oblong-spathulate,
trinerved and minutely emarginate. Those of T. pusilla are
slightly broader ; and both correspond fairly to the shape of
the carpels. In their herbage they bear a striking resem-
blance to the mossy-leaved Saxifrages. The first leaf is trifid,
followed by some that are tripartite with cuneate, trifid seg-
ments, and ultimately by others that are tripartite with entire
segments. The cotyledons of Eryngium paniculatum (fig. 407)
are also spathulate, but very small, while the primary leaves
vary from suborbicular through spathulate to elliptic with
spiny-serrate margins. The first leaves of E. pandanifolium
are similar but less prominently spiny-serrate. The first two
of Bifora Biebersteinii are broadly triangular and trifid,
•followed by a pinnatisect leaf, then by another that is two to
three times cut in the same way.

The cotyledons are oblong, and trinerved with long
petioles ; and those of Coriandrum sativum are closely similar.
There is also a marked similarity between the primary leaves
of both species, as well as the ultimate ones. The cotyledons
of Eryngium giganteum are broadly oval and trinerved.

The first two leaves are reniform, followed by others which
are cordate in outline, but somewhat variable in detail.
The petioles of the cotyledons are elongated and slender.
Heracleum Sprengelianum connects this group with the
next, for the difference is only one of degree. The elliptic
lamina of the cotyledons is three- to five-nerved. The first
leaf is cordate, five-nerved, and shallowly five-lobed. The
first leaf of Heracleum villosum (fig. 416) is roundly cordate
and crenate, while the laminae of the cotyledons are linear-
oblong and sometimes very unequal. Those of Peucedanum
sativum (fig. 415) are similar, but occasionally there are three
cotyledons, sometimes two and bipartite.

The third group includes a number of species where the
lamina of the cotyledons is short, broad and trinerved, but
the petioles are elongated and connate into one cylindrical
piece, or are much less decidedly connate, sheathing the
younger leaves. This peculiar behaviour is due to the

24 ON SEEDLINGS

hypocotyl being very short or undeveloped and subterranean.
The long petioles carry the lamina up to the light, and their
union gives strength or rigidity while the material necessary
for the production of two strong petioles is economised. This
type is well represented by Smyrnium perfoliatum (fig. 408).
The combined petioles strongly resemble a slender, terete
hypocotyl, and while we are expecting to see the plumule
emerge from between the free portions, a leaf makes its
appearance from the soil. Examination shows that it pro-
ceeds from a cleft at the very base of the united petioles and
directly abutting upon the hypocotyl which soon becomes
fleshy and tuberous in its nature. The first leaf has a tri-
partite lamina. During the germination of the embryo
the broad cotyledons are able to make their exit from the
globular concave seed by the splitting of the crustaceous
exocarp. Both this species and S. rotundifolium have
emarginate cotyledons, and they, together with S. Olusatrum,
closely agree in all main particulars. Ferula foetida and F.
communis may be placed here because their petioles are
connate at the base. The petioles with the linear-lanceolate
lamina of the former measure about 14 cm. long ; but the
petioles are connate for a distance of 8-10 mm. only. The
first two leaves have a tripartite lamina. The cotyledons of
F. communis are very much shorter, trinerved, linear ; and
the petioles are connate for 7-8 '5 mm. at the base. The first
leaf is bi- to tri-pinnatisect. The long narrow cotyledons do not
correspond with the large oval or elliptic dorsally compressed

In the fourth group may be included all those species
having linear petiolate cotyledons of moderate length, as
represented by Bupleurum fruticosum. The first four leaves
are obovate, the ultimate ones oblong-obovate. B. longifolium
and B. falcatum agree in all respects except in having narrower
leaves. The species belonging to this genus are remarkable
amongst the Umbelliferse for their entire leaves. Other species
agreeing with the above in respect of the cotyledons are
Ammi glaucifolium (fig. 409), Chaerophyllum aureum, Carum
Carvi, Ptychotis Ajowan, and Daucus Carota. Ammi
glaucifolium shows well-marked evolution of the leaves, the

UMBELLIFER.E 25

first one being suborbicular and dentate ; the second and third
oblong, subcordate, and finely serrate ; while the fourth is
tripartite with leaflet-like segments. The first leaf of Carum
Carvi is ternately cut nearly to the base ; that of Ptychotis
Ajowan (fig. 412) is tripartite with cuneate segments ; and
Daucus Carota is closely similar.

The fifth group includes a number of species with linear
or narrowly linear greatly elongated cotyledons. Those
of Fosniculum vulgare (fig. 413) are 3-3*5 cm. long. The
primary leaves generally show a high state of division.
In this case the first is bipinnatisect at the base with
linear segments; and the second is three or four times
pinnatisect. Cuminum Cyminum, Myrrhis odorata, Scandix
Pecten-Veneris and Aciphylla squarrosa (fig. 414) also agree
in having narrow cotyledons. Those of Myrrhis odorata vary
from 9-11-2 cm. in length, and are distinctly widened above
the middle, beneath which they taper into the greatly elon-
gated petiole. The first leaf is bi- to tri-pinnatifid. That of
Scandix Pecten-Veneris is tripinnatifid, with short, lanceo-
late segments ; and the second is even more divided. The
cotyledons are exceedingly narrow and 6'4-6'8 cm. long.
Those of Aciphylla squarrosa are 3'6-4'3 cm. long, narrowly
linear, scarcely tapered to the sheathing base, coriaceous and
persistent, a very unusual circumstance in the Order. A
considerable number of the primary leaves of this remarkable
plant resemble the cotyledons, but are several times longer
and tipped with a spine. The first three are linear and entire ;
the fourth with one lateral segment ; the fifth with two lateral
segments, followed by a number which are again entire.
Divided leaves may, however, vary in their sequence in
different seedlings. The ultimate leaves are bipinnatisect
with linear, entire, spiny-tipped divaricate segments, arranged
at least in two different planes.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L. (fig. 405).

Primary root slender, flexuose, with a few lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl pale greenish, tapering downwards, about 3 mm. long.
Cotyledons small, subsessile, ovate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous,
2-75 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, petiole about -5-1 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, procumbent, creeping and rooting, terete,

26

ON SEEDLINGS

glabrous, pale green ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd internodes undeveloped ;
4th 5'5 mm. ; 5th 9-5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
peltate, orbicular, crenate.

No. 1. Orbicular, entire, or obscurely crenate, or frequently

FIG. 405. — Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Nat. size.

dentate, sometimes reniform, or if orbicular with a more or less
open sinus and not peltate, obscurely five-nerved.

No. 2. Peltate, seven-nerved and shallowly crenate.
No. 3. Similar but larger.

Ultimate leaves orbicular, peltate, seven- to nine-nerved, and
lobulate-crenate or doubly crenate, glabrous and bright shining
green above, paler beneath, and very thinly hairy or glabrous ;
A veins slightly branching

and reticulate towards the
apex ; petioles variable hi
length according to posi-
tion and moisture, terete,
hairy near the top, other-
wise glabrous. The plant
grows in marshy places.

FIG. 406. — Trachymene pilosa, x 10.
A, longitudinal section of mericarp. B, trans-
verse section : E, embryo ; PC, pericarp ; OT,
testa; IT, tegmen; En, endosperm; C, coty-
ledons.

Trachymene
Sm. (fig. 406).

pilosa,

Fruit a cremocarp of
two mericarps ; commis-
sure very narrow ; meri-
carps laterally compressed.
Seed laterally much compressed, flat, conforming to the fruit.
Embryo minute, straight ; cotyledons rounded, short and com-
paratively broad, lying in the broad plane of the seed with their
edges to the placenta, plano-convex ; radicle very short, blunt.
This position of the embryo is very exceptional in the Order.

UMBELLIFEE.E 27

Seedling.

Primary root long, tapering downwards, more or less flexuose ,
with a few lateral rootlets, colourless, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, thinly hairy, and densely covered with
small, elevated, gland-like points, deep red, tapering insensibly into
the root, 2'4-2'S cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-spathulate, petiolate, obtuse, minutely emar-
ginate, with a distinct midrib, alternately trinerved from the
middle upwards, but the nerves only visible on the under side,
densely pubescent, and more or less glandular on both surfaces,
dull green above, paler beneath or stained with red ; lamina 9*5-11
mm. long, 5 '5-7 mm. wide, tapered into the petiole ; petiole grooved
above, convex on the back, connate at the base, pubescent and
more or less glandular, 6*5-7'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, branching and flexuose,
or zigzag, densely glandular-hairy ; 1st and 2nd internodes un-
developed ; 3rd -5 mm. long ; 4th 3-4 mm. ; 5th 1-8-2-2 cm.

Leaves simple, tri-fid, -lobed or -sect, cauline, or the first two
radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, palmately trinerved from
the base, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, deep green above
and shining, much paler beneath ; petiole semiterete, channelled
above, glandular-hairy, tapering upwards from a broadish, semi-
amplexicaul base.

No. 1. Cuneate, trifid ; segments short, oblong, minutely cuspid-
ate, obtuse.

No. 2. Broadly cuneate, trifid ; middle segment oblong, obtuse
minutely cuspidate ; lateral segments oblong, bidentate at the apex ;
apices minutely cuspidate.

No. 3. Palmately tripartite ; middle segment spathulate-cuneate,
tridentate at apex ; lateral segments obliquely cuneate and un-
equally trifid.

No. 4. Palmately tripartite ; middle segment spathulate-cuneate,
trifid and slightly dentate ; lateral segments cuneate, unequally
trifid, and slightly dentate.

Nos. 5 and 6. Deeply tripartite, with narrower segments than
the fourth.

The specimens after this were showing flower, while the leaves
gradually became reduced, palmately tripartite, with linear, trifid,
or tridentate or entire segments.

Like its congener, T. pusilla, it resembles a species of Saxifrage.

Eryngium paniculatum, Cav. (fig. 407).
Hypocotyl subterranean.

28 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse or emarginate, pale or grass-green
7 mm. long, 8'5 mm. wide, glabrous.

Stem herbaceous and elongated when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical andcauline, alternate, exstipulate, sessile,
dilated and sheathing at the base, glabrous, grass-green and lucid.

FIG. 407. — Eryngium paniculatum. Nat. size.

No. 1. Small, spathulate-rotund, acutely dentate.
No. 2. Small, oblong-elliptic, acutely spiny-serrate.
No. 3. Spathulate, acutely spiny- serrate.

No. 4. Spathulate-obovate, acutely spiny-serrate, and sparsely
setose between the serratures.

No. 5. Oblong-elliptical, acute, otherwise like No 4.

Eryngium gigantemn, M. Bleb.

Hypocotyl very stout, fleshy, colourless, tapering downwards.

Cotyledons foliaceous, petiolate, glabrous ; lamina oval, minutely
emarginate, trinerved and reticulate, grass-green, shining, 6 cm,
long, 1 cm. wide ; petiole slightly grooved above, T6 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous and developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, glabrous, bright green, shining, five-nerved and reticulate ;
petioles subterete, channelled above, dilated and clasping at the base.

No. 1. Suborbicular, cordate at the base, crenate.

No. 2. Broadly cordate, very obtuse, crenate,

Nos. 3 and 4. Cordate, subelongate, very obtuse, unequally
crenate.

Ultimate leaves, both the radical and lower cauline ones, cordate,
obtuse or subacute, irregularly crenate-dentate, with long petioles.
Middle cauline, cordate-elongate, upper ones cordate, and both
sessile, amplexicaul, deeply and acutely spiny-serrate.

UMBELLIFER/E

29

Smyrnium perfoliatum Mill. (fig. 408).

Primary root very stout, forming a long tapering tap root,
biennial.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons oblong-elliptic, emarginate, obtuse, generally un-
equal-sided or subfalcate, with long petioles, trinerved from the
base and finely reticulate, with the lateral
nerves becoming incurved and uniting with
the midrib close to the apex, glabrous,
light green above, paler beneath, shining
on both surfaces; lamina l'8-2'4 cm. long,
8'5-ll mm. wide ; petioles 6-10 cm. long,
connate into one terete piece for 5-5-7-5 cm.
of their length, split a little way at the
base to allow the plumule to emerge, free
in the upper part, semiterete and slightly
.channelled above, glabrous, dull brownish-
green.

Stem developed when about to flower ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, trisect, ultimately ter-
nately pinnatisect, radical and cauline, alter-
nate, exstipulate, petiolate with the principal
nerves opposite or subopposite, the others
alternate, all ascending, glabrous, shining on
both surfaces, bright green above, paler
beneath ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, glabrous, shining,
dilated and sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Pinnately trisect; lateral segments broadly cuneate,
unequal at the base on the posterior side, obtusely dentate-serrate
on the upper half ; terminal segment equal at the base, otherwise
like the lateral ones.

Bupleurum fruticosum, L.

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, colourless, with a few
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, purplish -brown or green
1-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse or subacute, petiolate, glabrous, deep
green with ascending petioles and a spreading or horizontal lamina,
2*4 cm. long including the petiole, 3 mm. wide about the middle of
the lamina, slightly tapering to each end.

?1

FIG. 408.

Smyrnium perfoliatum.
Half nat. size.

30 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem shrubby, erect, terete, glabrous, green stained with purple
where exposed, covered with a glaucous bloom ; 1st internode 5 mm.
long ; 2nd and 3rd each 5'5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire or merely emarginate on the adult plant,
cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, finely alternately
penninerved, and finely reticulate, deep green above, paler and
glaucous beneath, cartilaginous at the margin, apiculate ; petioles
channelled above, rounded on the back, glabrous, semiamplexicaul,
rather long in the seedling, and almost or quite reduced to the
sheath in the adult plant.

Nos 1 to 4. Obovate, obtuse, entire, apiculate.

Ultimate leaves oblong- obovate, emarginate, apiculate, with a
midrib and two slender submarginal nerves, also two slender nerves
at the base on each side of the midrib extending for half to three-
quarters of an inch up and uniting each pair into one, which again
runs along each side of the midrib till a little above the middle of
the leaf, where it unites with the midrib, forming one nerve.

Bupleurmn longifolium, L.

Primary root and hypocotyl as in last species.

Cotyledons linear, subacute, widest about the middle, deep
green, glabrous, about 1-3 cm. long including the petiole.

Stem herbaceous, annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, scabrous on the margin and midrib beneath ;
petioles dilated and sheathing at the base, ridged and furrowed, chan-
nelled above, scabrous on the ridges.

No. 1. Small, obovate- spathulate, apiculate.

Nos. 2. and 3. Obovate, apiculate.

Ammi glaucifolium, L. (fig. 409).

Primary root stout, tapering downward, and soon furnished with
slender, short lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl stout, tapering insensibly into the root, glabrous, flesh-
coloured.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous, tapering
gradually into the petiole, dilated and connate at the base, forming a
cup around the plumule, at length splitting on one side, alternately
penninerved, with some of the nerves suddenly curved upwards and
running parallel with the margin, while others proceed to the mar-
gin almost horizontally, 2-5-2-8 cm. long including the petiole, 2-3
mm. wide about the middle of the lamina which tapers to each end.

UMBELLIFER/E

31

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green ; 1st inter-
node undeveloped, 2nd 4 mm. long ; 3rd 2-5 mm.

Leaves compound, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, alternately penninerved with flexuose, much
branched anastomosing nerves, shining on both surfaces, bright
grass-green above, lighter green beneath ; petioles semiterete, deeply
channelled above, tapering slightly upwards, dilated at the base and
forming a long clasping sheath with broad hyaline edges, articulated
with the lamina.

No. 1. Rotund,
subtrifid and irregu-
larly dentate-serrate,
three- or five-nerved
towards the base.

No. 2. Oval, obtuse,
subcordate at the base,
rather finely and
acutely serrate.

No. 3. Oblong, sub-
acute or acute, finely
and acutely serrate.

No. 4. Similar, or
in strong plants pin-
nately trifoliolate ;
lateral leaflets lan-

FIG. 409. — Ammi glaiicifulium. Half nat. size.

ceolate, acute, sharply

serrate, unequal at the

base, sessile but articulated with the petiole ; terminal one much

larger, lanceolate-ovate, acute, finely and acutely serrate.

Carum Carvi, L. (fig. 410).

Cremocarp ovate or oblong, obtuse, tipped by the small per-
sistent calyx-teeth, and the stylopodium, glabrous, laterally com-
pressed, attached to a shortly bifid carpophore and falling away in
two pieces (mericarps) when mature ; mericarp oblong, slightly curved
longitudinally, five-angled and five-sided with the commissural face
slightly the broadest, the primary ridges filiform and rather pro-
minent and a comparatively large vitta between each ridge with two
on the flattened commissural face, one on each side of a slender
median ridge, one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent.

Seed five-angled, flat on the commissural or ventral face, or
showing a scarcely prominent median ridge, shallowly sulcate
between the other ridges, filling and closely conforming to the

32

ON SEEDLINGS

interior of the mericarp ; hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal
and superior.

Endosperm in the mature seed copious, fleshy, white, or
nearly so.

Embryo large for the size of the fruit and the Order, straight,
colourless ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, slightly
longer than the radicle, lying with their backs or their edges to the
axis of the fruit, or diagonally ; these positions seem to be taken
indifferently, and two of them frequently in the same cremocarp ;
radicle oblong-terete, suddenly tapering to an obtuse point, close to
the micropyle, but with a layer of endosperm surrounding it.

FIG. 410. — Carum Carvi, x 10. A, longitudinal section of fruit : St, stylo-
podium ; E, embryo ; PC, pericarp ; T, testa ; P, endosperm. B, trans-
verse section of fruit : V, vitta or oil canal ; Cs, cotyledons transversely
to th« axis of fruit. C, transverse section of fruit : Cs, cotyledons at right
angles to the axis of fruit. D, transverse section of fruit : Cs, cotyledons,
obliquely to the axis of fruit.

Ptychotis Ajowan, DC. (fig. 411).

Cremocarp ovate, laterally compressed, covered especially on the
ridges with hardened protuberances or dried papillae, tipped by the
angled or knotty stylopodium and separating when mature into two
mericarps. Carpophore bifid.

Mericarp ovoid with the commissural face the broadest, some-
what curved longitudinally ; five-ridged, with the ridges slender,
three dorsal and two on the edges of the ventral commissure, with
a solitary vitta between each ridge, one-celled, one-seeded, in-
dehiscent.

Seed oblong, subterete, slightly flattened on the ventral aspect,
with a shallow, median, longitudinal ridge, closely conforming

UMBELLIFER^E 33

to the interior of the mericarp, and adhering to it; testa thin,
membranous, brown, inseparable from the pericarp ; hilum and
micropyle contiguous, basal, at the upper end of the seed.

Endos^ierm in the mature seed copious, fleshy, firm, white.

Embryo minute, straight, colourless, embedded in the endosperm
close to the basal end of the seed; cotyledons oblong, obtuse,
entire, plano-convex, lying in the centre of the endosperm, with
their backs to the central axis of the fruit, and their edges to its
compressed sides ; radicle oblong-terete, obtuse, about as thick and
as long as the cotyledons.

FIG. 411. — Ptycliotis Ajowan, x 24. A, longitudinal section of fruit : PC, peri-
carp ; T, testa ; P, endosperm ; E, embryo ; Stl, stylopodium. B, trans-
verse section of fruit : P, endosperm ; Cs, cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 412).

Primary root small, colourless unbranched (at first).

Hypocotyl herbaceous, 3-4 cm. long, less than 1 mm. thick,
glabrous, pale green.

Cotyledons 2-25 cm. long including the petiole ; 2-2-5 mm.
wide, lanceolate, tapering at the base, subacute at the apex, entire,
with obscure midrib, glabrous, thin, light green ; petiole long and
slender.

Stem very short, glabrous, light green ; 1st internode 3-4 mm.
long, -75 mm. thick.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, ultimately ternately or pinnately multisect, with acute seg-
ments, glabrous, light green ; petioles semiterete, channelled above,
glabrous.

II. D

34

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 1. With a glabrous petiole 3'5 cm. long, -75 mm. thick, and
a ternatisect lamina 1 cm. long and as wide, obscurely nerved,
glabrous.

No. 2. Ternatisect. Both are
frequently much simpler than in
the accompanying sketch.

No. 3. Pinnately multisect ;
pinnae cuneately palmate, bi-
tri-sect with subulate or linear-
subulate, acute or minutely apicu-
late segments.

Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.

Primary root long, tapering
downwards, with slender, second-
ary rootlets.

Hypocotyl tapering insensibly
into the root.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, en-
tire, tipped with a mucro, tapering
gradually into the petiole, gla-
brous, shallowly grooved above,
showing a distinct midrib on the
under side, but no other discern-
ible venation when fresh, but after
a time slender alternate nerves ;
'I 6'4-6'8 cm. long, including the

( petiole, T5-2 mm. wide about the

FIG. 412.— Ptychotis Ajouxin. Nat. size, middle of the lamina which tapers

to both ends, but more especially

the lower ; petiole shallowly grooved above, dilated and connate at
the base, forming a short sheath or cup around the plumule, and
split a little more deeply on one side.

Stem herbaceous, erect, annual, produced only when about to
flower ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves pinnately multisect, radical and cauline, alternate, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, minutely pubescent or scaberulous at the edges
of the segments, otherwise glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath,
with a multifid branching venation corresponding to the segments
into each of which a nerve runs ; primary nerves opposite, second-
ary and higher ones alternate ; petioles semiterete, channelled
above, tapering somewhat upwards, dilated and sheathing at the
base, minutely pubescent at the margins of the groove.

UMBELLIFEILE

35

No. 1. Ovate-triangular in outline, tripinnatisect with small
subulate or lanceolate, cuspidate segments.

No. 2. Triangular in outline, three to four times pinnatisect,
with very small subulate or lanceolate, acute, segments.

Foeniculum vnlgare, Gaertn. (fig. 413).

Primary root long, tapering downwards and giving off lateral
fibres, colourless.

Hypocotyl undeveloped, or subterranean and indistinguishable
from the root.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, petiolate, deep green, glabrous,
with inconspicuous or indiscernible vena-
tion ; lamina hardly broader than the petiole,
and tapering insensibly into it, and together
with the petiole 3-8'5 cm. long ; petioles
flattened or shallowly grooved above, dilated,
and connate at the base forming a sheath
or cup around the plumule, covered with
earth at the base.

Stem herbaceous, forming a perennial
rootstock, and throwing up annual flowering
stems ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, pinnately multisect,
radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, deep glaucous-green,
with primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary, alternate, ascending nerves ;
petioles much dilated and sheathing at the
base, glabrous, deep glaucous-green ; first
one channelled above ; second terete and
slightly channelled towards the apex, sub-
striate.

No. 1. Triangular, acute, bipinnatisect
with linear acute segments, generally widest
about the middle.

No. 2. Three to four times pinnatisect, with slender, linear,
acute segments.

Aciphylla squarrosa, Forst. (fig. 414).

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons linear, acute, coriaceous, flattened above, convex on
the back, glabrous, lucid, dilated and sheathing at the base, pale
green, 3'6-4'3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide.

B 2

FIG. 413.

Fceniculum vulgare
Half nat. size.

36 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem not elongating till about to flower.

Leaves simple, entire in the first few of the seedling, ultimately
bipinnatisect, glabrous, radical, alternate, exstipulate, sessile,
scabrous at the margins and densely dotted with sunken glands,
green or glaucous, rigid with divaricate spiny-tipped segments.

Nos. 1-3. Linear, spiny-tipped, entire.

No. 4. With one lateral segment.

No. 5. With two lateral segments ; all linear.

Nos. 6-9. Linear, entire ; but individual seedlings vary to some
extent.

FIG. 414. — Aciphylla squarrosa. Half nat. size. C C, cotyledons ; S, seed.

Ferula communis, L.

Primary root long, tapering downwards, stout and furnished
with lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, subterranean or undeveloped, or indistinguish-
able from the root.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, with long petioles, tapering slightly
to an obtuse point and gradually into the petiole, appearing tri-
nerved from the union of two to three alternate nerves on each side
of and parallel with the midrib, glabrous and shining on both sur-
faces, deep green above, paler beneath ; lamina 2-7-4'5 cm. long,
4-5-5'5 mm. wide ; petiole 3'4-4'4 cm. long, plano-convex, dilated

UMBELLIFER^E 37

at the base, connate and sheathing the plumule for 7-8'5 mm. at
the base, and often splitting there on one side.

Stem herbaceous, forming a perennial rootstock, and sending up
annual flowering stems ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves pinnately multisect, chiefly radical, the cauline smaller,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, with a venation corresponding to
the divisions of the leaf, each segment of which has a primary nerve,
glabrous, shining on both surfaces, deep green above, paler beneath ;
petiole subterete, or laterally compressed, shallowly channelled
above, thicker dorso-ventrally than in the other direction, glabrous,
covered with a glaucous bloom, striated longitudinally, dilated and
sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Pinnately tri- or slightly quadri-sect with the ultimate
divisions subulate or linear, acute, with colourless tips.

Ferula foetida, Bunge.

Primary root as in last species.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, gradually tapering
into the long petiole, glabrous, shining on both surfaces, deep green
above, paler beneath, with a distinct midrib but no other discern-
ible venation in the fresh state, about 14 em. long including the
petiole, and 6 mm. wide about the middle of the lamina ; petioles
semiterete, flattened above, with obtuse edges connate for 8-10 mm.
at the base, forming a sheath around the plumule and afterwards
splitting on one side, glabrous, green, stained with red.

Stem herbaceous, perennial, developing in length only when about
to flower ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, alternately and ascendingly penninerved, reticulate, glabrous
except the petioles, deep green above, paler beneath, shining on both
surfaces ; petiole subterete, slightly flattened on the upper side, or
subchannelled towards the apex, dilated and sheathing at the base,
minutely and thinly pubescent, at least in the young state.

No. 1. Triangular, tripartite, with a long petiole; terminal lobe
rhomboid-cuneate, trifid and serrate above the middle or towards
the apex; lateral lobes spathulate-cuneate, serrate towards the apex.

No. 2. Similar, but having the lateral lobes broader and some-
what bifid.

Peucedanum sativum, L.

Primary root fleshy, or stout, tapering, colourless, with lateral
fibres.

38

OX SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl very short or indistinguishable from the radicle.
Cotyledons linear or oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, with a strong
midrib, and alternate, lateral, ascending nerves, reticulate, petiolate,
and tapering into the petiole, glabrous ; lamina 1'5-1'S cm. long,
3' 5-5 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above, or shallowly grooved,
convex on the back, dilated at the base and perfoliate, glabrous,
4'5-ll mm. long. Individuals occur very frequently in which one
or both (fig. 415) of the cotyledons are bifid, bipartite, or divided
to the base, appearing in the last case double, that is, simulating
three or four cotyledons, instead of two. Where fission occurs
there is a distinct midrib to each lobe
of the cotyledon.

Stem elongated the second season when
about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, al-
ternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous or
variously pubescent or hairy in wild plants ;
petioles more than half terete, narrowly and
shallowly grooved above, glabrous or hairy,
green or stained with purple, much dilated
and sheathing at the base, striated with
slender ridges.

No. 1. Cordate, obtuse, palmately five-
nerved, obtusely crenate-dentate.

No. 2. Similar but trilobulate, and with
overlapping auricles at the base.

Ultimate leaves pinnatisect ; lateral lobes
or segments cordate- or oblong-cordate, ob-
tuse, with overlapping auricles at the base
covering the primary midrib, alternately and ascendingly penni-
nerved, lobulate, obtusely and cuspidately serrate-dentate, subreticu-
late, especially on the under surface.

Heracleum Sprengelianum, Wight et Am.

Hypocotyl subterranean, or 4-6 mm. exposed.

Cotyledons oblong, oval, or elliptic, entire, obtuse, l'T-1'9 cm.
long, 8-10 mm. wide, three- to five-nerved, glabrous, pale green,
shining ; petiole 1-2-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flattened or sub-
channelled above, convex beneath, glabrous.

Leaves radical, alternate, petiolate ; petiole dilated and sheathing
at the base.

No. 1. Cordate, obtuse, shallowly five-lobed, obtusely dentate
or crenate, with mucro-tipped crenatures, palmately five-nerved

PIG, 415.

Peucedanum sativum.
Nat. size.

UMBELLIFER^E

39

(in small or weakly seedlings tri-lobed and -nerved), pale green
above and coarsely hairy, paler and almost villous beneath, ulti-
mately pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole subterete, shallowly
channelled on the upper side, pale green and subvillous on the
upper half, reddish and coarsely hairy on the lower, long, but
length variable.

Intermediate forms are trifid, tripartite or trisect, with lobulate
and dentate-serrate divisions. Further developed leaves are tri-
angular, acute, pinnatisect and deeply pinnatifid ; primary divisions
triangular, acute, deeply pinnatifid and lobulate, dentate-serrate ;
terminal division broadly triangular, acute, deeply tripartite,
lobulate and dentate-serrate.

Heracleum villosum, Fisch. (fig. 416).

Primary root stout, fleshy, tapering downwards and giving rise
to short lateral fibrils, biennial.

Hypocotyl stout, fleshy, merging into the root.

Cotyledons sometimes rather unequal, linear-oblong, obtuse,
tapering into the petiole, which is
dilated and sheathing at the base, chan-
nelled above, glabrous, 2-6-3-9 cm. long,
5 mm. at the widest.

Stem herbaceous, undeveloped till it
flowers.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, hispid,
glandular and odorous ; petiole chan-
nelled above, convex and ridged be-
neath, coarsely hairy, reddish at the
base and pale green upwards, much
dilated and sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Eotund-cordate, obtuse, pal-
mately five-nerved, rather deeply cre-
nate ; crenatures mucronate,

No. 2. Palmately five-nerved, tri-
lobed, cordate at the base, dentate- serrate
with acute or mucronate serratures.

Intermediate forms are first triangu-
lar, trilobed, cordate at the base, and dentate-serrate.

Another stage in advance would be tripartite ; lateral segments
ovate, irregularly dentate-serrate ; terminal lobe trifid and dentate-
serrate.

Ultimate leaves pinnatipartite and deeply pinnatifid in the lower

FIG, 416.— Heracleum villosum.
Half nat. size.

40 ON SEEDLINGS

half, and deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid in the upper, shortly pubes-
cent on both sides ; ultimate lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate,
irregularly dentate.

ARALIACE^:.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. i. 931.

Fruit and Seed. — In the last Order the ovary was in all
cases bicarpellary, and always two-celled except where the dis-
sepiment ultimately became lost or aborted. The ovary in this
case is also inferior, but possesses from two to many cells and
as many carpels. In a few cases the number is reduced to
one. The ovules are solitary in each cell, suspended from
the apex of the cavity, and anatropous, with the raphe usually,
if not always, ventral. The fruit is baccate or often drupa-
ceous, with a fleshy, or rarely membranous exocarp. The
endocarp is woody, crustaceous or cartilaginous, rarely mem-
branous, and whatever the number of carpels making up
the ovary, the endocarp of each is separately lignified, so that
the fruit can be broken up into as many pieces as there were
carpels. In multicarpellary fruits the seeds are more or less
compressed laterally or subtriquetrous owing to the mutual
pressure of the carpels to the interior of which they con-
form. The testa is always thin and membranous, and often
closely applied or adnate to the endosperm which is copious
and fleshy or cartilaginous, sometimes ruminated as in Hedera.
The embryo is always minute and embedded in the endo-
sperm close to the hilum ; the cotyledons are rounded, ovate
or oblong, and generally about the same breadth as the radicle.

Amongst the more exceptional cases in the Order are
Cuphocarpus and Arthrophyllum with ovaries consisting of a
single carpel, and Tupidanthus with nearly one hundred carpels.
The fruit of Horsfieldia when mature separates into as many
pieces as there are component carpels, and the parts of the
fruit in several other genera are readily separable.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons amongst the few seedlings
observed in this Order are ovate, petiolate and distinctly
or indistinctly trinerved. Those of Aralia edulis (fig. 417)

ARALIACE^E

41

are minutely but distinctly mucronate. The first leaf is
reniform-cordate and serrate, followed by at least two others
which are cordate and acuminate. The ultimate leaves
are very large and bipinnate with serrate leaflets. The first
two leaves of Hedera Helix (fig. 418) are trifid and palmately
five-nerved, with the basal pair very slender. The next two
give an indication of five lobes. The cotyledons are coria-
ceous, entire, and very persistent. The leaves of the first
year's growth of H. palmata in the specimen noted by us
differed from those of the type in the first one being reduced
to a petiole (possibly accidental). The second showed an
indication of five lobes ; the third was small and terminated
the first year's growth ; the fourth and fifth were palmately
five-lobed, very similar to those of the adult. A slight
variation is shown by Tupidanthus calyptratus inasmuch as
the cotyledons are relatively broader and distinctly emar-
ginate. The first leaf is ovate, acute, tridentate and trinerved.

Aralia edulis, Sieb. et Zucc. (fig. 417).

Primary root tapering, fiexuose, colourless, giving off a few
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, gla-
brous, pale green, suffused with
purple, 6 mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse,
mucronate, petiolate, glabrous,
trinerved, subreticulate, lucid ;
lamina 8 mm. long, 6 mm. wide ;
petiole 3'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annually
dying down to the rootstock.

Leaves compound (seedling
or primary ones simple), radical
and cauline, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, thinly hairy on
the nerves beneath, also pubes-
cent above when young, deep
green above, paler beneath, shin-
ing on both surfaces ; petioles semiterete, deeply channelled above,
slightly hairy, dilated and sheathing at the base ; sheaths somewhat
laciniate.

FIG. 417. — Aralia edulis. Nat. size.

42

OX SEEDLINGS

No. 1. Cordate-reniform, acute, acutely and irregularly serrate,
five-nerved.

No. 2. Cordate, acute, seven-nerved, irregularly and acutely
serrate.

No. 3. Cordate, acuminate, seven-nerved, irregularly and acutely
serrate.

Hedera Helix, L., var. palmata.

Primary root tapering, flexuose, giving off numerous lateral,
flexuose fibres.

Hypocotyl subflexuose, terete, glabrous, subverrucose, brownish,
2-2 cm. long, woody.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, petio-
late, subtrinerved and reticulate,
foliaceous, deep green above, paler
beneath, glabrous ; petiole flattened
above with a longitudinal median
ridge, 6 mm. long.

Stem woody, terete, zigzag or
subflexuose, pubescent with stel-
lately branching hairs, pale green ;
1st internode 1 mm. long; 2nd
5 mm. ; 3rd 3 mm. ; 4th 9 mm. ;
5th 12 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alter-
nate, exstipulate, petiolate (petiole
with sheathing base), evergreen,
pubescent with stellately branching
hairs when young and unfolding,
glabrescent when old except for a
few hairs on the nerves, deep green
above, reticulate, paler beneath.

No. 1. Reduced to a petiole, or
limb, small.

No. 2. Palmately tri-fid and
-nerved with a lateral tooth on each
side foreshadowing two other lobes ;
lobes and teeth obtuse, mucronate.

No. 3. Very small, trifid.

No. 4. Palmately five-nerved
and -lobed, subcuneate at the base ;
lower nerve on each side slender and supported by a large lateral
branch from the nerves above ; two lateral lobes small, triangular ;
three middle lobes triangular- elongate, subacute or mucronate.

FIG. 418. — Hedera Helix. Half nat. size.

ARALIACE.E 43

No. 5. Similar to No. 4, but not yet developed.

This variety differs from the type, Hedera Helix (fig. 418), in the
fourth leaf, in the narrower and more elongated lobes, and the nerves
ascending at a more acute angle.

Tupidanthus calyptratus, Hook.f. et Thorns.

Hypocotyl erect, thickest near the soil, square, glabrous, 3'5-4'5
cm. long, light green or almost colourless.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, emarginate, with short petioles,
glabrous, light green, distinctly trinerved, like the foliage leaves.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaf simple, tridentate, cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, ovate, acute, glabrous, subshiny green, trinerved ; petiole
comparatively long, channelled on the upper side.

CORNACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL i. 947.

Fruit and Seed. — As in the two preceding Orders, the ovary
here also is inferior. It has from one to four cells, with a
solitary anatropous ovule in each, suspended from the top of the
cavity, except in Garrya where there are two ovules in the one-
celled ovary which is formed from two carpels. The raphe is
lateral or dorsal, and the membranous testa is confluent with ,
or inseparable from the endosperm. The fruit is most often
drupaceous with a fleshy or pulpy exocarp and a one- to four-
celled woody endocarp, more rarely separable into two boriy
or crustaceous one-seeded pieces. The seed is large, oblong,
or elongated cylindrical, sometimes compressed as in Marlea,
ovoid as in Aucuba, or linear as in Toricellia. Endosperm is
copious and fleshy ; in Alangium it is ruminate. The embryo
is comparatively large, cylindrical, and nearly as long as the
endosperm, or the cotyledons are much wider, in some cases
about equal to the width of the endosperm ; it is fleshy in
Kaliphora, but minute in Griselinia, Aucuba and Toricellia.
The radicle is superior and terete when elongated.

Cornus alba is a fairly representative type. The oval
cotyledons are trinerved and opposite, but sometimes oblique
and slightly shorter than the terete radicle. One of the two

44

ON SEEDLINGS

cells of the ovary is generally aborted while the greater part
of the drupaceous fruit is occupied by one large seed. The
ovary and fruit of Aucuba japonica are one-celled, and the
latter contains a very large ovoid seed enclosing a minute
embryo close to the upper end of the endosperm. The
blunt radicle constitutes by far the larger part of the
embryo and is much wider than the cotyledons. The latter
are narrowly oblong in Curtisia, linear in Corokia, foliaceous,
twisted and plicate in Alangium.

Seedlings. — Few of the members of this Order are often
grown from seed, with ex-
ception of Cornus, Aucuba,
Griselinia, Garrya and Coro-
kia, and but a few species
even of these. Seedlings
are still less common. The
seedlings of Aucuba japonica
(fig. 419) are large and
vigorous notwithstanding
the diminutive size of the
embryo while in the seed.
This is to be accounted for by
the large quantity of endo-
sperm available during ger-
mination. The hypocotyl is
very stout and elongated ;
and the cotyledons are ovate,
obtuse, three- to five-nerved
and entire. They seem to
be exceeded in size by those
of the variety named A. j.
ilicifolia, which sometimes
attain a length of 3'5 cm.,
and a breadth of 2*1 cm.
The first two pairs of leaves
are opposite, and ovate, with
a few coarse teeth. The

seedling of A. japonica observed produced only one pair of
leaves and went to rest with its bud covered by two pairs of

FIG. 419. — Aucuba japonica. Nat. size.

CORNACE^E 45

leaves reduced to scales. After a short time the latter
dropped, and growth was resumed.

Aucuba japonica, Thunb. (fig. 419).

Primary root stout, fleshy, subflexuose, ultimately producing
strong, fleshy lateral roots also subflexuose.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, about 3 cm.
long.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, three- or sub-five-nerved, shortly
petiolate ; lamina 2*15 cm. long, 1-1-4 cm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete, glabrous, hairy when young, pale
green; 1st internode 1*35 cm. long; 2nd 1 mm.; 3rd 5'5 mm.;
4th 1-05 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate,
glabrous, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, marked on
both surfaces with yellow or creamy yellow blotches ; petioles semi-
terete, channelled above in seedling plants, flattened in the adult,
pale green or purplish.

First pair ovate, acute, serrate-dentate with about two teeth on
each side.

Growth stopped here, and recommenced after a time.

Second and third pairs reduced to small ovate-subulate, acute,
deciduous or caducous scales, decussating with the normal-sized
leaves.

Fourth pair oblong-lanceolate, acute with about two teeth on
each side.

Ultimate leaves large, lanceolate-oblong, gradually narrowed to
an obtuse point and cuspidate, distantly serrate-dentate on the
upper half, alternately penninerved, rather obscurely reticulate.

CAPRIFOLIACE^C.

Benth, et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 1.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary in this Order is inferior and
consists of two to six carpels, most frequently three, and as
many cells, except in the case of Viburnum which has only one
cell or is spuriously two- to three-celled. Here as in other
cases there is evidence of a reduction of the original number of
perfect cells. The ovules are usually solitary, and suspended
from the apex of each cell or they are numerous and inserted

46 ON SEEDLINGS

on the inner angles of the cells as in Leycesteria and Diervilla,
and anatropous with a dorsal or lateral raphe. The fruit is
variable in different genera and either baccate, drupaceous,
or dry and indehiscent, or capsular. In several species of
Lonicera the baccate fruits are united laterally in pairs.
When mature the number of cells is the same as in the ovary,
or may be reduced to one by the breaking up of the septa ;
each cell is one- to many- seeded. In some genera the fruit
is in a transition state, as the seeds in some of the cells
become aborted when quite young ; in some cases some
of the cells contain only one seed, while other cells of the
same fruit have many seeds. When the seeds are solitary
they are generally large and conform to the shape of the cell ;
but when numerous they are small and subglobular or
variously angled. The endocarp is sometimes leathery or
subwoody in baccate fruits, and the testa membranous, as in
Viburnum, or the testa may be leathery, crustaceous or spongy,
or winged along one side. Endosperm is copious and fleshy.
The embryo is generally very small, and embedded in the en-
dosperm close to the hilum, or it may elongate till it nearly
equals the endosperm in length, with ovate or oblong coty-
ledons and an elongated terete radicle.

The last case is illustrated by Sambucus nigra, the fruit
of which is baccate and three-celled, with the endocarp of
each carpel forming a long thick layer enclosing and protect-
ing a solitary, oblong seed, with a very thin testa and a
lateral raphe.

The fruits of Viburnum are baccate or dry and indehis-
cent, globose or variously compressed or terete, and one- or
spuriously three-celled. The endocarp is leathery or bony ;
and the solitary seed varies greatly in shape ; the testa is
membranous, the raphe lateral, and the embryo minute.
They may be divided into three groups, the first of which is
typified by V. Opulus. Although the fruit is globose, the
endocarp and seed are much compressed. In a few ex-
ceptional cases the fruit is bluntly trigonous with a rather
sharply trigonous endocarp and seed, pointing to the ancestral
condition of the tricarpellary ovary.

In the young fruit the endocarp and seed seem to be gene-

CAPRIFOLIACE.^ 47

rally slightly trigonous. The lateral raphe (see p. 50) almost
entirely encompasses the seeds, a very exceptional case in any
Natural Order of Phanerogams. The cell of the young ovary
greatly exceeds the ovule in size ; and the latter hangs sus-
pended from the top of the cavity with the raphe already
passing along one side, across the end and partly up the
opposite side to the chalaza. The ultimate condition of the
raphe seems to be due to a localisation of growth in the
lower part of the seed ; so that while the latter is making
an effort to occupy the cell which it ultimately completely
fills, the chalaza and that part of the seed above it remain
stationary, while the lower part lengthens. The raphe in
fact does not creep round the edge of the seed, but its great
length is due to the inequality of growth in the upper and
lower halves. The endocarp and seed of V. Lantana and
V. Lentago (fig. 423) agree with those of V. Opulus in all
main particulars, but the fruits are much compressed. The
seed of V. Lantana is suborbicular and dorso-ventrally much
compressed ; that of V. Lentago is more oblong and as
much compressed except at the apex, where there is a short
ridge or elevation, opposite which is the embryo, and the
seed conforms to it at that point. The raphe here is even
more extraordinary, for it encircles the seed almost back
again to the hilum.

The second group is typified by V. dentatum (fig. 421), the
seed of which is ovoid or subglobose, ridged on both sides at
the top as in V. Lentago, but strongly inflexed at the sides,
makirg it rather deeply concave on one side. This it does in
conformity with the cavity of the endocarp, which indicates
an ancestral three-celled condition of the ovary. The raphe
almost completely encircles the seed, and is not strictly
marginal except at the lower end. Elsewhere it is irregular
and undulatory at some distance from the margin. The
ovule and young seed behave in a similar manner to those of
V. Opulus. The fruit, endocarp and seed of V. montanum
(fig. 425) are very much like those of V. dentatum. The
raphe differs chiefly in being distant from the much incurved
edge of the seed at the lower end. The third group is repre-
sented by V. lantanoides (fig. 424).

48 ON SEEDLINGS

The fruit is oblong-oval in outline, somewhat compressed,
ridged at the top, and longitudinally furrowed on both sides.
A transverse section shows that the endocarp, and seed are
infolded at the sides. The raphe touches the edge of the seed
at the lower end only. The strongest character of this type
is the ruminated endosperm.

The ovary of Symphoricarpus racemosus is four-celled, and
contains four to five ovules in each of two cells, with one in
each of the other two. The latter only mature into perfect
seeds, having a bony, white testa with a membranous inner
layer. The endosperm is fissured or slightly hollow along the
centre, and the embryo is minute with ovate-oblong cotyledons.
The fruit is globose and baccate as in Lonicera Periclymenum ;
in the latter, although originally three-celled, it becomes
one-celled by the destruction of the septa and contains few
seeds. These are oblong, subcompressed and biconvex, with
a crustaceous testa. The embryo is small, with oblong or
ovate cotyledons.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of the different species of this
family observed attain a considerable size during and after
germination, depending doubtless in a great measure upon the
size and shape of the seed, together with the quantity of reserve-
material. There is comparatively little variation amongst
them, and typically they may be described as oblong, obtuse,
entire, or incipiently emarginate, petiolate with two to three
pairs of nerves arising from different points of the midrib,
running longitudinally along the lamina, and some of them
again as a rule uniting with the midrib below the apex. The
petioles are slightly connate at the base. A good representa-
tive type is furnished by Sambucus nigra (fig. 420) having
oblong-ovate cotyledons. An interesting case of evolution is
shown by the primary leaves of the seedling. They are
opposite, and the two first pairs are cordate, serrate, and
simple. Those of the third pair are pinnately trifoliolate
with broadly ovate leaflets. The cotyledons of Viburnum
punctatum (fig. 426) differ chiefly from those of Sambucus
nigra in being seven-nerved. The leaves are all simple,
opposite and decussate, with the first pair ovate-elliptic and
bluntly serrate. The succeeding five pairs are more decidedly

CAPRIFOLIACE^] 49

elliptic. The cotyledons of Triosteum pinnatifidum are
broadly oblong and trinerved, with the petioles connate, so
as to form a short tube around the axis. The leaves are
dimorphic. The two first pairs are lanceolate, while those
produced on the seedling when growth is resumed the
following spring are broader and lanceolate-elliptic, while
others are rhomboid and deeply trilobed on one side only,
with rounded sinuses, ovate lateral lobes and broadly tri-
angular terminal ones. The cotyledons of Lonicera Munroi
(tig. 427) are oblong-oval, with two pairs of lateral incurved
nerves arising at different levels on the midrib. The first four
pairs of leaves are broadly oval, entire, and suddenly, cuneate
at the base. The cotyledons of Viburnum Opulus (fig. 422)
differ from any of the above in being oblong, relatively longer,
narrower and sessile. They have two pairs of lateral nerves
.with a considerable interval between them, and they suddenly
taper to a connate base. The first pair of leaves are ovate
with two pairs of coarse lateral teeth or lobes each with
a strong nerve, arising alternately from the midrib. The
seedlings took nearly seven months to germinate in a green-
house temperature, from the 9th of October to the 1st of May
following. The leathery or subwoody endocarp splits along
the edges for the lower half of its length in order to favour the
exit of the cotyledons.

Sambucus nigra, L.

Ovary of two to five, usually three, carpels, two- to five-, usually
three-celled, each cell one-ovuled ; ovules pendulous, anatropous ;
micropyle superior.

Fruit baccate, globose, glabrous, tipped with the persistent,
lobes of the calyx, two- to five-, usually three-seeded ; epicarp thin ;
mesocarp pulpy or juicy ; endocarp bony, whitish, acting as a pro-
tection to the seed.

Seed narrowly oblong, obtuse at either end, conforming rather
closely to the interior of the bony endocarp ; testa very thin,
membranous ; raphe lateral, forming a ridge on the testa ; micropyle
and hilum basal at the upper end of the seed chalaza apical, at
the lower end of the seed.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, transparent, white.

Embryo straight, narrow, central, nearly as long as the endo-

JI. B

50

ON SEEDLINGS

sperm, colourless ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, many times
shorter and slightly broader than the radicle ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, slightly narrower in the middle or at the end next the coty-
ledons, with its tip close to the micropyle, but within the endo-
sperm.

Seedling (fig. 420).

Primary root slender, tapering, with a few fibrous lateral root-
lets.

Hypocotyl tender, succulent, glabrous, or with a few short
papillose hairs, erect, terete, pale green, 2-5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.
Cotyledons foliaceous, glabrous ; lamina oblong-ovate, obtuse,
subcuneate at the base, bright
green above, paler beneath, 1-5
cm. long, 8 mm. wide ; petiole
channelled above, connate around
the stem at the base.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous,
green, succulent in the seedling
stage, ultimately woody ; 1st in-
ternode 2 mm. long, or hardly
developed, and several succeed-
ing ones similar.

Leaves simple (ultimately
irnparipinnate), cauline, opposite,
stipulate ; petiole subterete, chan-
nelled above.

First pair cordate, acute,
acutely serrate, with five to seven
ascending and incurved nerves, thinly pubescent in the young
state.

Second pair similar.

Third pair pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets broadly ovate, acute,
acutely serrate ; terminal leaflet much the largest.

Viburnum, L.

EAKLY DEVELOPMENT OF FBUIT AND SEED (fig. 421).

The position of the raphe in this genus is interesting and pecu-
liar.

At the time of flowering or immediately after the corolla has
dropped, it passes (fig. 421, A) along one side of the ovule, across the
lower and apical end, and a little way up the other side to the
chalaza, which at this time is a little below the middle of the ovule.

FIG. 420. — Sambucus nigra.
Half nat. size.

CAPRIFOLIACE^E 51

Owing to a localisation of growth in the young seed, the lower and
apical end including the raphe attains (fig. 421, B, C) great develop-
ment. The seed being attached at the apex of the cell, is encou-
raged to grow at its lower end only, in order to completely occupy
the cavity of the ovary. The distance between the chalaza and the

FIG. 421. — Viburnum dentatum. A, B, and C, longitudinal sections
of the fruit in three stages, x 5 : R, raphe; Ch, chalaza.

hilum or micropyle remains unaltered, consequently as growth goes
on the raphe seems to creep farther and farther round the seed,
whereas it is only the lower part of the seed, and the raphe which
grow and develop together till the cavity of the ovary is completely
filled, when the raphe surrounds nearly the whole of the mature seed.

Viburnum Opulus, L.

Ovary of three carpels, one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovule pendulous
from the top of the inner angle of the cell, anatropous ; micropyle
superior.

Fruit a globose drupe, red when mature ; mesocarp pulpy ;
endocarp horny.

Seed ovate-rotund, cuspidate at the apex, shallowly emarginate
at the base, much compressed or flattened laterally, conforming to
the interior of the endocarp, brownish-red, with a thin adherent
testa ; raphe lateral, passing along the edge of the seed, round the
base and half way up the other side ; hilum and micropyle superior,
forming the cuspidate tip of the seed ; chalaza about the middle of
one edge.

Endosperm in the mature seed abundant, horny, white.

Embryo small, straight, embedded in the endosperm close to
the hilum ; cotyledons spathulate- oblong, obtuse, entire, about as
long as the stout, obtuse radicle, and slightly broader than it,
with their backs to the placenta in the broader plane of the seed.

B 2

52 ON SEEDLINGS

EABLY DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT AND SEED.

Fruits frequently occur that are obtusely trigonous, indicating
the ancestral form of the tricarpellary ovary, while in the young
condition the cavity of the ovary is perhaps always slightly
trigonous.

When the fruit has grown to some size, but long before maturity,
the young growing seed is rotund-obovate or almost orbicular and
very much shorter than the cell which it occupies.

The raphe at this stage passes round one side, along the apex,
and a short way up the other side of the seed.

Further growth proceeds below the chalaza ; the raphe also
keeps pace with this localised growth and consequently attains
its great length, nearly surrounding the margins of the flattened
seed.

When the seed has attained full size, it is orbicular, or nearly
so, biconvex or lenticular, and much compressed dorso-ventrally,
rather acutely two-edged, and completely fills the cavity of the
ovary; the raphe encompasses all but a short part of the edge,
corresponding to the part above it in the ovule or exceeding it
but a very little.

Seedling (fig, 422).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, reddish, stout at the base and
tapering upwards, 1-1'5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse or submucronate, entire, sessile, deep
shining green, glabrous, tapering to the base and connate, tri-
nerved at the base, with the nerves incurved about or below the
middle, and uniting with other two that run nearly parallel with
the midrib and margin, becoming incurved and uniting with the
midrib close to the apex, slightly reticulate, 9-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide.

Stem erect, two-angled in the earliest seedling form with the
angles running down from the edges of the pair of leaves next above
them, ultimately four- or many- angled or ridged and furrowed,
glabrous, pale green, ultimately shrubby ; 1st rnternode 6-15 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, first few pairs exstipulate,
ciliate, pubescent beneath, at least when young (first pair ciliate
only), strongly palmately trinerved and lobate, coarsely, acutely and
irregularly dentate, with the principal nerves again strongly alter-
nately nerved and reticulate, deep green above, paler and shining

CAPKIFOLIACILE

53

beneath ; petioles semiterete, deeply channelled above, dilated at

the base, amplexicaul and connate, thinly pubescent in the young

state, glabrescent, furnished at the margins in the upper part with

large, stipitate or sessile,

green glands ; stipules

forming one to two

linear, obtuse, or acute

processes seated on the

margin of the petiole

and near its base,

green, glabrous.

First pair of leaves
ovate, acute, trilobed,
with two large teeth
near the base, alter-
nately and ascendingly
penninerved, with a
"strong nerve running
into each lobe or tooth,
ciliate, otherwise gla-
brous, light green and
shining on both sur-
faces, exstipulate, with
short red margined
petioles.

Ultimate leaves pal-
mately tri-nerved and
-lobed, with the three
principal nerves again
strongly and ascend-
ingly penninerved, re-
ticulate ; lobes acute,
coarsely and irregularly

dentate, with deltoid acute teeth ; middle lobe the largest and on
strong growing shoots often trifid.

Viburnum Lentago, L. (fig. 423).

Fruit a drupe, globose or oblong, slightly compressed dorso-ven-
trally, glabrous, black ; mesocarp pulpy, very dark-coloured ; endo-
carp thick, tough, horny, separable into halves longitudinally along
the edges, very much compressed dorso-ventrally, rounded at its
lower end, cuspidate at the apex.

Seed orbicular or oblong, rounded at the lower end, but some-

FIG. 422. — Viburnum Opulus, x 2.

54

ON SEEDLINGS

times emarginate owing to a small indentation or inflection of the
endocarp to which it conforms, cuspidate at the apex where the
radicle lies ; testa thin, membranous, minutely alveolate or honey-
combed over great part of its surface, deep brown ; hilum and
micropyle contiguous, superior, or basal
to the seed ; raphe commencing at the
hilum and forming a distinct line almost
all round the margin of the seed.

Endosperm and embryo very similar
to those of V. Opulus, but the oval-
oblong cotyledons are a little longer than
the radicle.

FIG. 423. — Viburnum Lentago.
Longitudinal section of en-
docarp and seed, x 2 : F,
funicle; E, embryo; T&Ba,
testa and raphe combined;
P, endosperm ; En, endo-
carp.

Viburnum Lantana, L.

Drupe oblong, dorso-ventrally com-
endoearp pale- or straw-co-
loured, ridged and furrowed longitu-
dinally in conformity with the seed ;
otherwise as in the last species.

nearly orbicular, much compressed dorso-ventrally with a
median longitudinal ridge along one face and a corresponding furrow
along the other, pale brownish-orange ; raphe lateral, passing from
the hilum round one edge of the seed and half way up the other to
the chalaza ; otherwise as in the last species.

Endosperm and embryo as in previous species ; cotyledons ovate ;
radicle about half their length.

Viburnum lantanoides, Michx. (fig. 424).

Drupe oval-oblong, slightly compressed dorso-ventrally, narrowed
A 3

FIG. 424. — Viburnum lantanoides. A, longitudinal section of endocarp
and seed, x8: Em, embryo; T, testa; P, endosperm; En, endo-
carp. B, seed, x 8 : Ba, Ba, Ba, raphe ; M, micropyle, C, trans-
verse section of endocarp and seed near its apex, x 6 : P, endosperm
T, testa ; Ba, raphe.

to the apex and tipped with the persistent base of the style ; meso-
carp pulpy, dark-coloured ; endocarp crustaceous, oblong, narrowed

CAPRIFOLIACE^ 55

at the upper and basal end into an obtuse tip, somewhat compressed
dorso-ventrally, and raised on one face into four stout ridges with
intermediate depressions, and having on the other a deep impression
with a ridge in the centre, pale-coloured.

Seed conforming to the endocarp, dark brown, minutely pitted,
glabrous ; testa thin, membranous, carried in folds into the endo-
sperm ; raphe a reddish line passing from the hilum down the side
of the seed, and winding round the end and up the opposite side for
two-thirds of its length ; chalaza within one-third of the base of
the seed.

Endosperm as before, but ruminate.

Embryo as before ; cotyledons oblong- ovate.

Viburnum montanum, ? Auct. (fig. 425).

Drupe obovoid ; endocarp crustaceous and variously involuted
owing to indentations or cavities of the seed, as well as its infolded
margins.

FIG. 425. — Viburnum montanum, x 4. A, longitudinal section of
fruit: E, embryo; Me, mesocarp ; En, endocarp; T, testa ; P, endo-
sperm. B, longitudinal section through the narrow plane of the seed :
F, funicle ; E, embryo ; Me, mesocarp ; En, endocarp ; T, testa ;
P, endosperm.

Seed somewhat obovoid, suddenly narrowed at its upper end,
deeply infolded at the sides on the ventral aspect, and shallowly on
the dorsal aspect near, or at the top, leaving a median ridge which
contains the embryo ; raphe lateral, passing round the seed just
within the infolded margins and consequently appearing ventral ;
chalaza a short distance from the hilum ; testa thin, membranous,
pale yellowish.

Endosperm fleshy, pale yellowish or transparent, occupying
almost the whole of the seed.

Embryo minute, ovoid-oblong, embedded in a thickened and
pointed part of the endosperm close to the micropyle and hilum ;
radicle very blunt, subturbinate, about equal to the cotyledons in
length ; cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, applied to
each other face to face.

56

ON SEEDLINGS

Viburnum punctatum, Hamilt. (fig. 426).

Hypocotyl scurfy with deciduous scales, pale green, 3-6 cm.

long.

Cotyledons foliaceous, oblong-ovate, obtuse, seven-nerved, with
scurfy scales ; lamina 1'7 cm. long, 9 mm. wide ; petiole grooved
over 2-5 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, quadrangular, densely scurfy with brown
scales ; 1st internode 9 mm. long ;
2nd and 3rd each 3- 5 mm ; 4th 6
mm. ; 5th 7'5 mm.

Leaves opposite, decussate, ex-
stipulate, shining above and thinly
scurfy, densely so beneath, alter-
nately penninerved ; petioles grooved
above, subcarinate beneath with the
carina continuous with the angles of
the stem.

First pair ovate-elliptic, obtuse,
mucronately serrate-dentate on the
upper half.

Third, fourth, and fifth pairs
elliptic, obtuse, mucronately ser-
rate-dentate on the upper two-
thirds.

Ultimate leaves oblong-elliptic,

obtuse or acuminate, nearly smooth on the upper surface, and closely
dotted with round scales beneath, alternately incurvinerved.

Triosteum pinnatifidum, Maxim.

Hypocotyl 4-8 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire with a prominent ter-
minal gland or slightly emarginate, petiolate, conspicuously reticu-
lated, with three nerves running from near the base to the apex of
the lamina, light green above, paler beneath, glabrous ; lamina
1-1 '3 cm. long, 7-9 mm. wide ; petiole erect, grooved above,
connate at the base, forming a cylinder or tube round the stem.

Stem erect, terete, coarsely hairy, the shorter hairs bearing
orange-coloured glands ; 1st internode variable, 1-4-2 cm. long.

Leaves exstipulate, incurvinerved and prominently reticulated,
hairy on both surfaces ; petiole winged, owing to the decurrent
lamina, slightly connate at the base, channelled above.

First and second pairs lanceolate, obtuse, or subacute, mucro-
iiate.

Fio. 426. — Viburnum punctatum.
Half nat. size.

CAPRIFOLIACE-E 57

On one year old seedlings the leaves are broader and lanceolate
to elliptic ; some of them are rhomboid and deeply trilobed or
cut on one side only with rounded sinuses, and the, lateral lobes
ovate, while the terminal ones are broadly triangular ; base much
decurrent on the shortened petiole. These cut leaves also appear
irregularly amongst others, both above and below, which are entire.

Symphoricarpus racemosus, Miclix.

Ovary of four carpels, four-celled — two cells each with four to
five aborted ovules — the other two each with a solitary pendulous
anatropous perfect ovule ; rnicropyle superior, close to the hilum.

Fruit a berry, globose, white, surmounted by four to five small
teeth, the remains of the calyx, four-celled, with two perfect seeds.

Seed oval-oblong, slightly compressed dorso-ventrally, smooth,
white ; testa bony ; tegmen thin, membranous, pale brown ; hilum
near the base (otherwise the upper end of the seed) forming a shallow
cavity ; raphe inconspicuous.

Endosperm and embryo as in Viburnum ; cotyledons oblong -
ovate ; radicle cylindrical, equal to the cotyledons in length.

Lonicera Periclymenum, L., var. serotinum.

Ovary crowned with the persistent calyx, of two to three carpels,
two- to three-celled, many-ovuled ; ovules pendulous from the apex
of the cell, anatropous ; rnicropyle superior.

Fruit a berry, globose, glabrous, red when mature, two- to three-
celled or one-celled by the destruction of the septa, few-seeded ;
exocarp and endocarp thin, membranous ; mesocarp pulpy.

Seed oblong, plano-convex, or somewhat biconvex, obtuse at
each end, generally broadest at the apex, often appearing obliquely
notched at the base owing to the hilum being slightly lateral ; testa
pale brownish -yellow, thick, crustaceous ; tegmen thin, membranous ;
micropyle basal ; raphe and chalaza inconspicuous.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, almost colourless, split down the
centre a considerable way, but occupying the greater part of the seed.

Embryo small, straight, embedded in the endosperm close to the
base of the seed ; cotyledons oblong or ovate ; radicle shortly oblong,
suddenly narrowed to an obtuse point, nearly or quite as long as the
cotyledons,

Lonicera Munroi, ? Hort. (fig. 427).

Primary root very long, wiry, slender, with numerous slender
lateral rootlets.

58

ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, slender, purplish, 1-2-2'! cm.
long.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse,
entire or obsoletely emarginate, alter-
nately nerved with one or two of the
lower pairs stronger than the rest, if
one pair they become incurved and
unite with the midrib near the apex,
while if two pairs are strongly de-
veloped they unite about the middle
of the cotyledon and then proceed to
the apex, shortly petiolate, glabrous,
subglaucous-green, often stained be-
neath with purple ; lamina 6-8 mm.
long, 4-5 mm. wide ; petiole chan-
nelled above, convex on the back, con-
nate at the base around the plumule,
purplish, 1-1-25 mm. long, ciliate at
the margin.

Stem erect, terete, thinly hairy or
pubescent, green or purplish, ulti-
mately shrubby ; 1st internode T25-
2 mm. long ; 2nd 1-75-6 mm. ; 3rd
6-10 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, op-
posite, exstipulate, petiolate, young
ones densely ciliate. and hairy on both
surfaces, with the hairs curved or
bent towards the apex, alternately and
incurvedly penninerved, the nerves
uniting and forming a series of large
reticulations towards the margin,
glaucous-green at least in the young
state ; petioles short, grooved above,
subcarinate or merely convex be-
neath, slightly connate at the base,
more or less hairy.

First and second pairs small, oval,
obtuse, suddenly tapering to the base.

Third and forth pairs oval, obtuse,
often cuspidate, suddenly tapering to
the base, somewhat larger than those

FIG. 427. — Lomcera Munroi. . , ,

Nat. size. below them.

CAPKIFOLIACE.fi 59

Lonicera media, Murr.

Hypocotyl 8-12 mm. long, stained with red.

Cotyledons subrotund or ovate-oblong, obtuse, emarginate, peti-
olate, glabrous, subglaucous-green, distinctly trinerved, the nerves
with numerous branched veinlets ; when emerging from the seed
some appear convolute, others not.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
2-3 mm. long.

First leaves entire, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous, green,
distinctly pinnatinerved, exstipulate ; petioles short, very shallowly
furrowed on the upper side.

RUBIACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 7.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, crowned by a disc,
and from one- to ten-celled. The ovules are numerous, twin,
or solitary in each cell, and inserted on, or immersed in the
placentas, or concave and surrounding them as in Galium,
erect, ascending, horizontal, or pendulous, anatropous, semi-
anatropous or arnphitropous. The fruit is baccate, drupaceous,
capsular or consists of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci, and
varies with from two to ten, very rarely one cell. The seed
varies greatly in size, and is immersed in the receptacle, or in
pulp, or is quite free with a membranous, leathery, crustaceous
or very rarely woody testa ; it is however sometimes winged or
appendiculate. Endosperm is usually copious, fleshy or horny,
very rarely reduced to a thin layer or entirely wanting ; it is
either solid or ruminated. The embryo varies greatly in size,
and is curved, straight or clavate. The cotyledons are flat,
or semiterete, ovate or cordate, foliaceous, with a terete or
clavate, superior or inferior radicle.

There are several distinct types of seeds in the Order.
Exalbuminous seeds occur in species of Henriquezia, Platy-
carpum, and several of the tribe Guettardese. Kuminated
seeds are met with in Coptosperma, Galiniera, Eutidea, Poly-
spheeria, and in species of Psychotrieae.

60 ON SEEDLINGS

The seeds of Gardenia Thunbergia vary greatly in outline,
being oval, oblong, orbicular or more or less angled, but
always much compressed and surrounded or embedded in the
pulp of the baccate, one-celled fruit. They owe their shape to
mutual compression while still young. The embryo is about
half the length of the endosperm, but much narrower, with
roundly triangular cotyledons and a terete radicle. Genipa
clusisefolia (fig. 430) also belongs to this type. The seeds of
Alberta magna (fig. 433) are oblong, bluntly trigonous and
conform to the cells of the ovary, of which there are four,
two barren and two fertile, each containing a single ovule.
The embryo nearly equals the endosperm in length, and is
situated near the dorsal aspect of the seed. The cotyledons
are shortly and bluntly ovate, while the terete radicle is
many times longer. The fruit is dry and surmounted by five
very unequal, foliaceous, coloured sepals, of which generally
two are larger than the rest, trinerved, reticulate, and rose-
coloured in the dry state. They seem to assist in the dis-
persion of the fruit.

In two widely distinct groups of plants represented by
Ixora and Galium, the seeds are deeply concave or umbilicate
on the ventral aspect. The globular drupaceous fruit of Ixora
congesta (fig. 434) is two-celled with a semiorbicular seed in
each cell conforming in shape to the cavity. The embryo is
curved in conformity with the shape of the comparatively
thin seed ; but in other respects it closely resembles that
of Gardenia Thunbergia. The half-fruits of Galium Aparine
(fig. 439) and G. saccharatum (fig. 441) are subglobular and
deeply concave. The embryo is embedded in the copious horny
endosperm, close to the ventral aspect. The pericarp of
G. Aparine is dry, membranous and thin, while that of G.
saccharatum consists of a dense layer of dry corky tubercles.
The embryo of the latter is considerably narrower than that
of the former ; and this circumstance seems to have reference
to the mode of exit of the respective embryos during ger-
mination.

A fourth type of seed is represented by that of Coffea
arabica. The fruit is oblong, drupaceous, and two-celled with
each cell one-seeded. The seed is large, oblong, plano-convex,

RUBIACE.E 61

corresponding in outline to one half of the fruit, and has a
hard crustaceous testa. When mature, it shows a longi-
tudinal slit or furrow in the middle or a little to one side of
the ventral face. A transverse section of the seed shows
that it grows much too wide for the cavity of the fruit,
and becomes strongly infolded longitudinally with its lateral
edges meeting on the ventral aspect. The embryo is like that
of Gardenia Thunbergia and is located on the dorsal aspect at
the lower end of the seed, with the radicle inferior as in the
species of Galium and Ixora.

Seedlings. — There are many differences in matters of
minor detail in seedlings of this Order ; but the prevailing type
of cotyledon is ovate and three- to five-nerved, while broadly
ovate-triangular and elliptic forms may be considered as modi-
fications. Those observed may be conveniently classified into
four groups according as the species are herbaceous with ovate
cotyledons ; shrubby with ovate and generally larger coty-
ledons ; thirdly, have more or less elliptic cotyledons ; and,
fourthly, orbicular or transversely oblong cotyledons. The
first type is well represented by Eubia cordifolia (fig. 438).
The cotyledons are ovate, five-nerved, and petiolate. The
first pair of leaves are ovate-cordate, three- to five-nerved, and
the stipules are similar but smaller, with less conspicuous
venation. Galium tenuissimurn has similar, but very small
cotyledons, and the first three pairs of leaves are obovate and
similar to, but slightly larger than, their stipules. Crucian-
ella EBgyptiaca (fig. 443) differs from the last named in the
cotyledons being larger and emarginate. The first pair of leaves
are lanceolate, and the four succeeding pairs linear-subulate
with similar stipules. The seedling of Galium Aparine is
almost as vigorous as that of Rubia cordifolia, but the coty-
ledons differ in being broadly oblong-ovate, trinerved, and
emarginate. The broad cotyledons emerge from the thin-walled
fruit by the splitting of the latter after the endosperm has
been absorbed ; the emargination is sometimes quite evident
as soon as they have escaped from the seed, but as a rule it
is not noticeable till later ; it is due to the more rapid
growth of the sides as compared with the apex where the
water-pores, or at least the principal ones, are situated. The

62 ON SEEDLINGS

increase in size that takes place after germination is shown
at fig. 440, representing the exact nature of the venation in a
bleached specimen. The lateral nerves, at first close to the
margin all round, are ultimately distant from it. Galium
saccharatum (fig. 442) differs remarkably from its congeners
and others in this group, in having linear-oblong einarginate
cotyledons. The venation (fig. 442, B), drawn from a bleached
specimen, is strikingly different from that of G. Aparine, a
fact apparently due to growth in the basal portion of the
lamina subsequent to germination. The narrowness of the
lamina is necessary to facilitate the escape of the embryo
from the narrow opening of the fruit, which has a thick warted
and cortical pericarp as above mentioned.

The shrubby type is represented by Eandia Mussaendse
(fig. 428) having large ovate cotyledons tapering to the base,
with a penninerved, incurved venation resembling that of
the leaves, the first pair of which are elliptic. Leptodermis
lanceolata conforms pretty closely to this type, and an un-
named species of Psychotria (fig. 437) differs chiefly in the
cotyledons being shorter, broader, and almost truncate at
the base. The latter also furnishes a remarkable instance of
the presence of stipules to the cotyledons. The first two
pairs of leaves are elliptic, and, like the cotyledons, have
incurved nerves.. Coffea arabica (fig. 436) has roundly ovate
strongly trinerved and reticulate cotyledons, larger than any
others of the Order coming under my notice. The first
four pairs of leaves are lanceolate-elliptic. Ixora parvi-
flora has roundly triangular cotyledons with a cordate base
and very prominent venation. As amongst the herbaceous
types, so here we have a strong divergence from the usual
form. The cotyledons of Plectronia ventosa are linear-oblong,
obtuse, penninerved, sessile, and leathery like the leaves.
The two first leaves are ovate. Another exceptional instance
occurs in Eudgea Hostmani which has broadly reniform cotyle-
dons, but in the specimen noted they were evidently malformed.
The first pair of leaves are oblong ; the second broader.

A few constituting a third group have elliptic cotyledons.
Taking Genipa clusiaefolia (fig. 432) as a type, it will be seen
that the cotyledons possess no very marked characters separat-

RUBIACE^E 63

ing this from the last group, and while still in the seed and in
the course of germination they are strictly ovate. After
leaving the testa they elongate or become cuneate at the base
and are then broadly oval or elliptic and trinerved. They
are remarkable although not unique in being stipulate like the
species of Psychotria above mentioned. While the cotyledons
are still in the germinating seed (fig. 431) the stipules form
minute protuberances covered with unicellular hairs. After
germination and while the cotyledons are still broadly ovate,
the stipules enlarge, and although still very small they
serve to protect the plumule lying as a little bud between
them. A more marked type is represented by Morinda
tiiictoria, the cotyledons of which are broadly elliptic and
penninerved with ascending nerves as happens more com-
monly in true leaves. The first pair of the latter in this case
are linear-lanceolate and many times narrower than the coty-
ledons. Pavetta speciosa may also be placed here. The
cotyledons are penninerved and stipulate.; and the two first
pairs of leaves are oblong, tapering at the base. A fourth
type includes those species having orbicular or transversely
oblong cotyledons. An herbaceous type is represented by
Sherardia arvensis (fig. 444) having orbicular entire tri-
nerved cotyledons. The leaves closely correspond to those of
Galium ; the first pair are obovate, with smaller but similarly
foliaceous stipules. In the next two whorls the leaves and
stipules more nearly approximate in size, and there are only
two stipules. As the plant assumes the adult form, the leaves
become lanceolate and each pair possesses two pairs of stipules
similar to themselves, making a whorl of six. Pavetta mada-
gascariensis (fig. 435) is a shrubby type with transversely
oblong or suborbicular cotyledons and triangular interpetiolar
stipules. The two first pairs of leaves are elliptic-oblong. The
cotyledons of Gardenia globosa are similar and trinerved, and
the first three pairs of leaves are oblong, obtuse, and more
or less pubescent. In Gardenia Thunbergia (fig. 429) the
cotyledons are obovate, emarginate and penninerved. The
first five pairs of leaves are obovate, penninerved and tapered
to the base. The ultimate ones are lanceolate-elliptic,
attenuated at the base and opposite, or in whorls of three.

64

ON SEEDLINGS

Eandia Mussaendae, DC. (fig. 428).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green, about
1-4 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, ovate, rounded at the apex, tapering
to the base, alternately penninerved, but most conspicuously on the
lower half, glabrous, coriaceous but thin, deep green and shining

above, paler beneath,
2*1 cm. long, l-o cm.
wide.

Stem woody, erect,
terete, pubescent,
pale green ; 1st inter-
node 1'2 cm. long.

Leaves simple, en-
tire, cauline, oppo-
site, stipulate, shortly
petiolate, bright green
and shining above,
thinly pubescent, ci-
liate, paler beneath
and thinly pubescent
on the nerves, alter-
nately penninerved ;

stipules interpetiolar, united and forming one subulate, attenuate
piece between each pair of leaves ; petioles flattened above, convex
beneath, thickened at the base, very short, pubescent.

First pair lanceolate, subacute, tapering most at the base.

Gardenia Thunbergia, L. fil.

Fruit baccate, globose or ellipsoid, ultimately more or less cortical
externally when dry, and crustaceous internally or somewhat bony,
one-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent ; placentas ultimately forming
a pulpy mass in which the seeds are embedded.

Seed oblong, oval, or orbicular, variously and obtusely angled,
thin, much compressed and more or less flattened on both sides, or
turgid or convex on one side and flattened on the other, immersed
in pulp, and comparatively large, 6-7 mm, long, 4-5'5 mm. broad,
and 1-2 mm. thick in a dried state ; testa thin, membranous, pale
brown or whitish ; hilum and micropyle basal, contiguous.

Endosperm copious, horny, almost colourless, and subtransparent.

Embryo straight, colourless, about half the length of the seed,
but several times narrower; cotyledons rotund - triangular, very
obtuse and rounded at the apex, flat or nearly so, closely applied

FIG. 428.- Randia Musscendce. Nat. size.

RUBIACE^E

65

face to face and thin, lying in the broader plane of the seed and
consequently horizontal to the base of the fruit ; radicle terete,
suddenly narrowed to an obtuse point towards the micropyle and
close to the hilum, rather longer than the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 429).

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
soon becoming woody, 1*4
cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons large, foli-
aceous, obovate, emargin-
ate, tapering to a narrow
subpetiolate base, and
clasping the stem between
them, about 2'5 cm. long,
1*2 cm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, te-
rete, pubescent, afterwards
becoming glabrous or near-
ly so, bright green and
afterwards grey when the
epidermis becomes torn
longitudinally ; 1st inter-
node undeveloped ; 2nd
2'5 cm. long ; 3rd T3 cm. ;
4th 9 mm. ; 5th I'l cm.

These lengths vary with
the specimen. Another
stem measured : 1st inter-
node undeveloped ; 2nd 8
mm. long; 3rd T6 cm.;
4th 1-65 cm. ; 5th 1'25 cm.
9th 2-5 cm.

Leaves opposite or in whorls of three, frequently undulate, but
quite entire, penninerved with alternate, ascending nerves, deep
green above and glabrous, but scabrous at the margins and on the
midrib, shining, paler beneath and shining, scabrous on the nerves,
with a white midrib prominent on both surfaces ; petioles very short
and thickened at their insertion ; tufts of hairs in the axils of the
leaves ; stipules interpetiolar, closely clasping the stem, and forming
a sheath which splits somewhat irregularly on one or two sides.
The latter are not very conspicuous, and I see that the artist has
unfortunately overlooked them.

FIG. 429. — Gardenia Thunbergia.
Nat. size.

6th 1-6 cm. ; 7th 2-2 cm. ; 8th 2 cm. ;

66

ON SEEDLINGS

Lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering much to the base ;
those about the eighth or ninth pair or whorl lanceolate-elliptic, ob-
tuse, undulate at the margin especially in the upper part of the leaf,
tapering very much towards the base with straight, even margins.

Ultimate leaves generally in whorls of three, and most frequently
one or two are much smaller than the third. Large leaves lanceo-
late-elliptic, much narrowed to both ends, or broadly elliptic, sub-
rhomboid and suddenly narrowed to both ends, obtuse or acute,
deep green and shining, margins much undulated.

Genipa clusiaefolia, Griseb. (figs. 430, 481).

Fruit baccate, fleshy, ovoid, with a thick or corky pericarp, and
the numerous seeds embedded in pulp.

Seed very much flattened and rather thin, suborbicular or
variously angled, albuminous ;
testa pale brown, thin, subtrans-
parent as well as the endosperm,
and showing the outline of the
embryo very distinctly when the
seed is held up to the light ; raphe
forming a black line running
round the edge of the seed.

Embryo comparatively large,

'ia. 430. — Genipa clusicefolia, x 2£.

A, longitudinal section of seed : En,
endosperm ; C, cotyledon ; R, radicle.

B, transverse section of seed :

C, cotyledons,

P G. 431. — Genipa clusi&folia. Germinat-
ing seedling with side of seed and one
cotyledon removed, x 4 : En, endosperm ;
T, testa; St, little protuberance covered
with unicellular, blunt hairs ; G, ground
line.

and about a third the length of the seed, colourless ; cotyledons
roundly cordate, closely adpressed to one another, lying in the
broader plane of the seed, trinerved with a prominent midrib,
situated towards the micropylar end of the seed, surrounded by
endosperm, with their basal edges towards the hilum ; radicle about
equal to the cotyledons in length, terete, obtuse, slightly stouter
where the cotyledons are inserted.

RUBIACE.E

67

Seedling (fag. 432).

Hypocotyl erect,
terete, minutely sca-
brous, pale brownish,
1 -8-2-4 cm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons ovate
or obovate-elliptic, ob-
tuse, entire, shortly
petiolate, tapering in-
to the petiole, tri-
nerved from the base,
with the lateral nerves
incurved and uniting
with the midrib at
its apex, with altern-
ate, incurved nerves
between, coriaceous,
slightly revolute at
the margins, glabrous,
deep green above,
paler beneath, and
shining on both sur-
faces ; lamina 1-5-1-65
cm. long, 1-1-2 cm.
wide ; petiole flattened
above, 1-2 mm. long ;
stipules interpetiolar,
united into one ovate,
acute piece, colourless
and subscarious.

Stem erect, terete,
ultimately woody,
densely pubescent ;
1st internode 1-2 mm.
long ; 2nd shorter.

Leaves entire,
shortly petiolate or
subsessile, decussate,
somewhat leathery,
bright green and shin-
ing above, glabrous,

FIG. 432. — Genipa clusi&folia
Nat. size.

68

ON SEEDLINGS

except a band along the margin, appearing reticulate by trans-
mitted light; petioles very short or almost none; stipules inter-
petiolar, subulate-ovate, acute, the hairs united in one piece, pale
brown or grey.

First and second pairs oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, subacute,
entire, revolute at the margin.

Alberta magna, E. Hey. (fig. 433).

Fruit two-celled, each cell one-seeded, or sometimes empty,
dry, woody, indehiscent, oblong, ten-ribbed, surmounted by the per-
sistent calyx, two to four, generally two, segments of which become
greatly enlarged, leaf-like, and coloured (rose in the dry state) ;
enlarged calyx-lobes unequal, trinerved and much reticulated,
with the three primary nerves running down the fruit, forming as

many ribs to the latter,
c while the three small

calyx-lobes have a pro-
minent midrib.but nearly
obsolete lateral ones.

Seed oblong, rather
slender, conforming to
the cavity of the ovary,
albuminous ; endosperm
fleshy, dirty- white, occu-
pying the greater part of
the seed ; testa thin,

adhering to a fleshy

FIG. 433. — Alberta magna. A, fruit, nat. size : A and
B, two of the calyx-lobes developed into wings ;
part of B is broken off. B, transverse section of
fruit, x 4 : PC, pericarp ; T, testa ; B, radicle of
embryo; En, endosperm; V, cavit;

embryo; En, endosperm; K, cavity appearing

like an aborted cell in dry fruit. C, longitudinal layer of the endosperm.
section of fruit, x 4 : Ca, calyx ; PC, pericarp ; tfmhrnn noavlv aa

B, radicle ; T, testa ; C, cotyledon ; En, endo- -Umoryo nearly as

sperm. long as the endosperm,

but thin and occupying

only a very small portion of it, straight, colourless ; radicle terete,
blunt, slightly thickened at the apex, pointing to the upper end of
the seed with its tip just within the endosperm, several times longer
than the cotyledons, which are shortly and very bluntly ovate, flat,
closely adpressed to one another and embedded in the endosperm
with their faces to the axis of the fruit, and therefore in the slightly
broader plane of the seed.

Plectronia ventosa, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2*5-3 cm. long, green.
Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, coriaceous,
glabrous, shining green, penninerved like the leaves.

RUBIACE^E

69

Stem erect, terete, hairy, herbaceous; 1st internode 1*5-8 mm.
long.

First leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, acuminate, shortly petio-
late, exstipulate, with a few scattered hairs, shiny green, distinctly
and alternately penninerved.

Ixora parviflora, Vahl.

Hypocotyl very firm, 2'5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
purplish-red.

Cotyledons unequal, with connate, rather short petioles, 1*2-
1*5 cm. long, and 1*5-1*8 cm. wide ; lamina horizontal, obtusely
triangular or oblate, cordate at base, very obtuse at apex, entire,
palmatinerved, with copious anastomosing veins, glabrous, coria-
ceous, dark shining green above, paler beneath.

Stem very short, pubescent at first, marked with red stride.

Leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile, alternately incurvinerved,
coriaceous, evergreen, deep green above, paler beneath ; stipules
interpetiolar, connate, with a broad base, and an acute, more or less
acuminate point.

First pair subsessile, 1-1*5 A

cm. long, and about 6 mm. wide,
spathulate-obovate, penninerved.

Second pair remaining very
minute for a long time after the
unfolding of the first.

Ixora congesta, Eoxb. (fig.
434).

Ovary two-celled, two-ovuled ;
ovules peltate, amphitropous ; mi-
cropyle inferior.

Fruit baccate, subdidymous
when both carpels are fertilised
and come to maturity, but globose
if only one is fertilised and perfect,
glabrous, one- to two-celled and
one- to two-seeded ; endocarp hard
and tough, convex or rounded dorsally, concave with an orbicular
ventral orifice, pale brown, marked with darker spots ; mesocarp
fleshy ; epicarp dark purple or black.

Seed conforming to the endocarp, rounded on the back, deeply
concave on the ventral aspect at its insertion on the placenta, and
peltate, glabrous ; testa thin, membranous ; hilum forming a large

FIG. 434. — Ixora congesta. A, longi-
tudinal section of seed, x 8 : E, em-
bryo; En, endosperm; H, hilum.
B, embryo, x 8.

70

ON SEEDLINGS

peltate disc, covering over the concavity of the seed ; micropyle
inferior.

Endosperm copious, cartilaginous and very hard when dry.

Embryo central in the endosperm, curved longitudinally and
also transversely in conformity with the shape of the seed ;
cotyledons triangular-ovate, obtuse, entire, thin ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, pointing to the micropyle at the lower side of the hilum,
longer than the cotyledons.

Pavetta madagascariensis, ? AiLct. (fig. 435).
Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, scabrous, pale green,
1-1 '5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons semiorbicular or
oblate, entire, glabrous, shining,
coriaceous, horizontal, petiolate,
penninerved ; lamina 1-1 cm. long,
l-5 cm. wide; petiole 2 mm. long,
flattened above, convex beneath ;
stipules short, triangular, acute,
interpetiolar.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubes-
cent, scabrous, green ; 1st internode
6 mm. long ; 2nd 3 mm.

Leaves entire, glabrous, shining,
deep green above, paler beneath,
alternately penninerved, coriaceous ;
stipules interpetiolar, ovate, acute,
connate in one piece.

FIG. 435. — Pavetta madagascariensis.
Nat. size.

First and second pairs elliptic -oblong, obtuse.

In Pavetta speciosa the cotyledons are rotund-cuneate ; lamina
1 cm. long, 1-1 cm. wide.

Coffea arabica, L. (fig. 436).

Primary root a long taproot, woody, with a great many branched ,
greyish, fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl woody after a time, about 6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick,
round, with a greyish-brown coriaceous rind bursting open in broad
longitudinal fissures, and showing the green layer below.

Cotyledons sessile, frequently three in number, about 3'5 cm. long,
4*5 cm. wide, oblate, apex obtuse, margin sinuate, with five sunk
nerves and distinctly reticulate, coriaceous, glabrous and shining
on both sides, dark green above, paler beneath.

RUBIACE.E

71

Stem. — 1st and 2nd internodes 2 cm. long, resembling the
hypocotyl.

Leaves entire, lanceolate-elliptic, alternately incurvinerved and
reticulate, glabrous, evergreen, subcoriaceous, deep green above,
paler beneath ; petioles very short, flattened above ; stipules inter-
petiolar, connate, very
persistent, with a
broad base and one
or both tips free and
more or less acumi-
nate, closely applied
to the stem.

Morinda tinctoria,

Boxb.

Hypocotyl erect,
flattened, glabrous,
short, about 5 mm.
long, light green or
almost colourless.

Cotyledons ob-
tusely ovate, glabrous,
shortly petiolate, about
1'5 cm. long by 1
cm. wide, dull green,
entire ; midrib with
numerous ascending
veinlets, as in the
leaves.

Stem herbaceous,
erect, quadrangular,
ultimately woody, glabrous, light green ; Istinternode 1-2 mm. long.

Leaves entire, linear, acute, shortly petiolate or subsessile, with
connate interpetiolar stipules, glabrous, dark green above, lighter
below ; midrib prominent with ascending veinlets.

Psyehotria sp. (fig. 437).

Primary root long, tapering, much branched.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, 2-5-3'5 cm. long, glabrous.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse, petiolate, alternately incurvi-
nerved, somewhat coriaceous, glabrous, shining, stipulate ; lamina
9-12 mm. long, 9-11 mm. wide at the base ; petiole flattened above,
3 mm. long ; stipules interpetiolar and united so as to form one ovate,

FIG. 486. — Coffea arabica. Half nat.

72

ON SEEDLINGS

acuminate piece between each petiole, soon becoming dry, brown,
and scarious.

Stem erect, and in the seedling stage at least having ridges
running downwards from the base of the interpetiolar stipules.

Leaves opposite, decussate, alternately incurvinerved, subcori-
aceous, shining, deep green above, paler beneath, shortly petiolate ;

stipules interpetiolar, sub-
scarious.

First and second pairs of
leaves ovate, obtuse, entire.

Rubia cordifolia, L. (fig.
488).

Primary root tapering
downwards, flexuose, with
numerous lateral rootlets,
orange -red.

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
glabrous, minutely scaberu-
lous, yellowish, 3-3*5 cm.
long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse,
entire, trinerved from the base
or sometimes five-nerved, with
the two stronger laterals in-
curved and uniting with the
midrib near the apex of the
lamina, reticulate, glabrous,
petiolate, light green or stained
with dull red ; lamina 1-4-1-65
cm. long, 9-10-5 mm. wide ;
petiole semiterete, channelled
above, minutely pubescent at
the edges, or scaberulous,
glandular at the base and
slightly connate, 4-5 mm.
long.

Stem erect in the seedling

stage, ultimately climbing, herbaceous, rather acutely quadrangular,

with transparent cartilaginous edges, glabrous, shining, green ; 1st

internode 2-2-5 cm. long.

Leaves opposite (described in ' Genera Plantarum ' as in whorls

of four, rarely six), three- to five-nerved like the cotyledons, ob-

FIG 437. — Psychotria sp. Nat. size.

RUBIACE^E

73

PIG. 438.

scurely reticulate, thinly pubescent above, with short hairs directed

towards the apex, less so beneath, and glabrescent when old

stipules similar to the leaves but smaller, at least

in the early stage ; petioles short, semiterete,

slightly tapered upwards, channelled on the upper

side, slightly scaberulous with short hairs, and an

interpetiolar transverse line of hairs or small

bristles.

First pair of leaves ovate, obtuse, cordate at
the base, three- or less distinctly five-nerved ;
stipules similar but much narrower and less dis-
tinctly nerved, petiolate, cordate at the base.

Gralium Aparine, L. (figs. 489, 440).

Fruit didymous, densely covered with hooked
prickles, indehiscent, falling away in two separate
•pieces.

Seed subglobose, ventrally attached and peltate,
with a deep round hollow on the ventral aspect
caused by the indentation of the testa, dark brown
or black, finely reticulate ; raphe ventral in the
interior of the cavity ; radicle inferior, close to the edge of the
cavity.

Endosperm copious, pale subtransparent white, horny.

Embryo curved and reaching from the micropyle near the outer
edge of the ventral cavity for about three-quarters the distance to
the other side, colourless, embedded in the endosperm ; cotyledons
oblong-ovate, obtuse, emarginate, covered on the upper surface with
clear colourless or crystalline points or prickles directed towards the
apex, trinerved at the base with stronger lateral nerves upwards,
all of which are incurved, the basal ones uniting with those above
them, which then converge and unite in the apical sinus.

During germination the endosperm is absorbed, and the coty-
ledons increasing at the same time fill the internal cavity of the
seed ; the radicle pushes its way into the soil where it throws out
lateral rootlets ; the hypocotyl is the first to appear above ground
and pulls the now largely developed cotyledons out of the soil,
without the testa if the seed is buried sufficiently deep, other-
wise the testa is carried up on their tips. The cotyledons were
folded over the large indented process of the pericarp, and are thus
necessarily concave, the emarginate apex abuts on the upper side
of the same indentation, and they are undulated or crisped in the
middle owing to the resistance at their apex and base. The testa

74

ON SEEDLINGS

and pericarp at the latter place finally give way and the cotyledons
are drawn out.

Galium saccharatum, All. (fig. 441).

Fruit deeply bilobed, almost separated into two pieces, two-

FIG. 439. — Galium Aparine. A, longitudinal section of seed, x 8:
m, micropyle ; t, testa ; pc, pericarp ; e, embryo ; p, endosperm.
B, transverse section, x 8.

FIG. 440. — Galium Aparine, x 2. A, young seedling. B, the same, a few
days older. , (Bleached to show venation.)

celled, two-seeded, indehiscent ; pericarp densely covered with corky
tubercles.

Seed adhering to the pericarp, convex on the back, deeply

RUBIACE^E 75

hollowed on the ventral aspect ; testa thin, membranous ; hilum on
the middle of the concave ventral aspect.

Endosperm abundant, horny.

Embryo curved, following the convexity of the hollow with
the greater part of the endosperm towards the periphery, and
only a thin layer between it and the inner or ventral . aspect of the
seed, colourless, and three-quarters the length of the seed ; coty-
ledons linear, obtuse ; radicle inferior, curved round nearly but not
quite to the edge of the concavity.

FIG. 441. — Galium saccharatum. A, longitudinal section of seed, x 8 ;
c, cotyledons ; r, radicle. B, transverse section of seed, x 8 : c, coty-
ledons, C, germinating seedling, x 4.

Seedling (fig. 442).

Primary root long, tapering, fibrous, annual, yellow with red-
dish lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, scabrid with short deflexed prickles, pale
green, about T85 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, minutely emarginate, margin with
minute deflexed prickles, surface glabrous, tapered to the base, 2-1 cm.
long, 4 mm. wide. Three to five buds are ultimately developed in
the axils of the cotyledons.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, ultimately climbing by means
of the minute prickles, quadrangular, with minute deflexed prickles

76

ON SEEDLINGS

on the angles, swollen at the nodes; 1st internode 1-6 cm. long;
2nd 5 mm.

Leaves opposite or verticillate, narrowed to a short petiole,
ciliate at the margin with minute prickles directed towards the apex,

FIG. 442.— Galium saccharaium. Seedlings in three stages: A, very young, x4;

B, cotyledons from a slightly older seedling, x 2 (bleached to show venation);

C, older seedling, nat. size.

RUBIACE.E 77

light rather opaque green ; petioles very short, channelled above,
subcarinate beneath ; stipules interpetiolar, similar to the leaves in
every respect, but smaller in the seedling stage.

First pair oblanceolate, cuspidate, channelled above, with the
midrib prominent beneath ; stipules interpetiolar and single between
the leaves.

Second pair decussating with the first and similar ; stipules
similar to the leaves, two on one side of the stem and one on the
other, making in all with the leaves five.

Third pair ditto, but sometimes with all the four stipules de-
veloped.

Fourth pair with the four stipules present.

Galium tenuissimum, M. Bieb.

Primary root similar to that of the last species.

Hypocotyl erect, tapering insensibly into the root, green above
"soil, glabrous.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, with one median nerve
shortly petiolate, glabrous ; lamina 2'75 mm. long, 2 mm. wide ;
petiole flattened above, about 1 mm. long.

Stem annual, erect, quadrangular, glabrous or with a few minute
scattered prickles on the angles; 1st internode 5mm. long; 2nd
5- 5 mm. ; 3rd 7 mm.

Leaves opposite and verticillate, with large interpetiolar foli-
aceous stipules, shortly petiolate, glabrous or with a few minute
scattered prickles on the upper surface and margin, acute or apicu-
late, one-nerved only in seedling stage ; stipules exactly similar to
the leaves but smaller (at least in the seedling).

First whorl of two leaves and two stipules, obovate or sub-
elliptic, shortly petiolate.

Second whorl similar, the larger members (leaves) decussating
with those below them.

Third whorl of two leaves and four stipules.

Crucianella segyptiaca, L. (fig. 443).

Primary root long, wiry, tapering, flexuose, brownish-red, with
short lateral fibres, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, very short, tapering indistinguishably
into the root, scaberulous.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, emarginate, shortly petiolate, with a
distinct midrib, and one to two alternate, ascending, incurved nerves
on each side, but difficultly discernible in the fresh state, glabrous,
dull deep green above, paler beneath; lamina 4'5-5'5 mm. long,

78

ON SEEDLINGS

2-75-3-25 mm. wide ; petiole broad, dilated and subconnate at the

base, 1-1-25 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, quadrangular, angles prominent,

acute, scaberulous with decurved hard points or prickles, glaucous-
green, minutely dotted with pale-coloured
markings, otherwise glabrous, thickened at
the nodes ; 1st internode 3-5-4 mm. long ;
2nd 9-11 mm. ; 3rd 1-9-2-2 cm.

Leaves opposite, decussate or with the
stipules appearing verticillate, sessile, with
a distinct midrib prominent on the under
side, but no other discernible venation hi the
fresh state, scabrous and deep green above,
glabrous, and paler beneath with a cartila-
ginous, re volute margin, connate and together
with the stipules forming a little cup round
the stem ; stipules one between each pair
of leaves, subulate or linear -subulate,
acute, revolute at the margin, similar in
venation and other respects to the leaves
but generally shorter, with their midribs as
in the case of the leaves continuous with
the angles of the stem, interpetiolar and
connate.

First pairs of leaves lanceolate, longer
and much broader than the stipules.

Second to fifth pairs linear-subulate,
acute, similar to the stipules but slightly
longer.

Sherardia arvensis, L. (fig. 444).
Primary root long, slender, tapering,
with numerous lateral fibres, all bright
red.

Hypocotyl bent or procumbent, suddenly
tapering downwards, glabrous, pale green,
7 mm. long.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, fleshy,
rotund, minutely emarginate, scabrous at
the margin and minutely so all over the
upper surface, trinerved and indistinctly reticulate, with the lateral
nerves incurved and uniting with the midrib near the apex;
lamina 9 mm. long, 8 mm. wide ; petiole short, flattened above and

FIG. 448.
Crucianella cegyptiaca.

Nat. size.

RUBIACE^E

79

shallowly grooved, often both directed to the upper side of
the procumbent stem, so that the cotyledons may be fully
exposed to light, about 1'5
mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, an-
nual, procumbent, quad-
rangular ; angles obtuse,
smooth, glabrous, but in the
adult state with deflexed
prickles and pubescent ; pale
green ; 1st internode 1 cm.
long ; 2nd 6'5 mm.

Leaves scabrously hairy
on both surfaces, subfleshy
in the seedling, light or
dark green; petioles short,
shallowly grooved above ;
stipules interpetiolar, foli-
aceous, equal to or smaller
than the leaves and
similar to them in most
particulars.

First pair obovate, round-
ed, cuspidate ; stipules simi-
lar, slightly smaller, one
on each side of the stem, at
all events in the first three
pairs of leaves.

Second and third pairs
similar, with stipules nearly
the size of the leaves.

Ultimate leaves in pairs,
lanceolate, acute, hairy on
both surfaces ; stipules four,

similar and about the same vm. m.-8herardia arvmrit xS.

size as the leaves, and re-
volute at the margin as are the leaves, especially when dry.

80 ON SEEDLINGS

VALERIANE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 151.

Fruit and Seed. — As in the Composite, with which this
Order has much affinity, the ovary is inferior, but it is three-
instead of one-celled. One of the cells is perfect while the
other two may be fertile or empty and represented by slender
ribs which are sometimes appendiculate on one side. There
is a solitary pendulous anatropous ovule in each fertile cell.
The fruit is an inferior achene crowned by a many-rayed
pappus-like calyx, or the latter is represented by a few-lobed
cupular crown or minute inconspicuous teeth. The empty
cells during the growth of the fruit remain unchanged or
become drawn out upon one side. The solitary seed is com-
paratively large, conforming to the fertile cell of the fruit ;
and has a thin membranous testa. Endosperm is generally
wanting, or reduced to a thin stratum. The embryo con-
forms in outline to that of the seed, and is straight with
oblong cotyledons, and a rather elongated superior radicle.
A very characteristic type of the Order is represented by
Valeriana officinalis. The ovate, dorso-ventrally compressed
fruit has only one fertile cell which is wholly occupied by
the seed. It is surmounted by a many-rayed feathery
pappus-like calyx, the segments of which are united at the
base, forming a little cup which readily becomes disarticulated
from the mature achene. The embryo conforms to the in-
terior of the seed, but is nevertheless surrounded by a thin
stratum of endosperm, and has plano-convex cotyledons.
The fruit of Valerianella coronata is surmounted by a five- to
six-lobed, cup-like calyx ; but the segments are not feathery.
That of V. Auricula is naked or furnished with very small
teeth only.

Seedlings. — There is comparatively little variation in the
form of the seed and embryo, so that the cotyledons seem to
be pretty constant throughout the Order. They are shortly
and broadly oblong, emarginate, petiolate, and trinerved.
Valeriana officinalis may be regarded as typical as far as the

VALERIANE.E 81

cotyledons are concerned. The first leaf is rotund, slightly
cordate at the base, and obtusely angled. The second is
larger, five-nerved and dentate. The ultimate leaves are
opposite and pinnatisect. The cotyledons of Centranthus
macrosiphon (fig. 445) are broader and relatively shorter.
The first five pairs of leaves are broadly ovate, serrate-den-
tate, and the ultimate ones scarcely differ. The first pair of
Patrinia rupestris are spathulate, obtuse, and entire, while
succeeding ones vary from lanceolate to elliptic, and are
bluntly serrate.

The germinating seedling of Valerianella coronata (fig. 446)
shows a remarkable contrivance for fixing the fruit or achene
to the soil while the embryo makes its escape. The embryo
swells up and bursts through the side of the fruit beneath the
calyx-limb ; then the radicle pierces through the latter, enter-
ing by the outer face and pushing through both sides enters
the ground, thus pinning the fruit to the soil, while the
cotyledons are pulled out in a comparatively short time and
spread out to the light. At this stage they are shortly oblong,
entire and sessile.

Valeriana officinalis, L.

Fruit an inferior achene, ovate, dorso-ventrally compressed,
crowned with a conspicuous feathery, pappus-like calyx, which is
articulated with the achene, one-nerved on the back and trinerved
on the face ; the two lateral nerves are filiform, and represent the
two aborted cells.

Seed narrowly obovate, pendulous from the top of the cavity of
the fertile cell, dorsally compressed, and otherwise conforming to
the interior of the cell ; hilum basal at the upper end of the seed ;
micropyle close to the hilum and superior ; chalaza inconspicuous,
apical.

Endosperm forming a thin film, surrounding the embryo, white.

Embryo straight, large, colourless, more or less filling the seed,
and conforming to it in outline ; cotyledons obovate-oblong, rounded
at the apex, entire, tapering at the base ; radicle short, stout,
obtuse.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering, slender, fibrous.

Hypocotyl very short, terete, glabrous, 1-5 mm. long.

II. G

82

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons rotund or oblong, short, emarginate, petiolate, tri-
nerved from the base and alternately penninerved upwards, glabrous,
light green ; lamina '5-1 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide ; petiole rather
broad, grooved above, dilated at the base and clasping, 8-11 mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, perennial portion very short ; elongated when
about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite (primary ones alter-
nate), exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous in seedling, thinly hairy in the
adult ; petioles grooved above, semiterete, dilated and sheathing at
the base.

No. 1. Rotund, subcordate at the base, slightly angled, but not
cut, five-nerved at the base and suboppositely nerved upwards.

No. 2. Rotund, obtuse, cordate and five-nerved at the base, den-
tate with the nerves ending directly in the teeth.

Ultimate leaves ovate, or subtriangular in outline, pinnatisect,
often unequal-sided, thinly hairy ; seg-
ments alternate or sometimes opposite,
frequently unequal on opposite sides of
the midrib, lanceolate, obtuse, much
narrowed at the base, coarsely, obtusely
and irregularly serrate, three- to five-
nerved longitudinally from the base,
strongly reticulate with nerves sunk on
the upper surface and prominent beneath.

Centranthus macrosiphon, Boiss. (fig.
445).

Primary root stout, tapering, with
fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl mostly subterranean, pale
or colourless, glabrous, terete, passing in-
sensibly into the root.

Cotyledons broadly ovate and trun-
cate, emarginate, or almost square, petio-
late, glabrous, one-nerved ; lamina 7'5
mm. long 7 mm. wide ; petiole convex on
the back, channelled above, about 6 mm.
long.

Stem annual, developed when about to
flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite, decussate, glabrous,
alternately or suboppositely incurvinerved, reticulate, deep green ;

FIG. 445.

Centranthus macrosiphon.
Nat. size.

VALERIANE.E

83

petioles ridged or subcarinate beneath, rather acutely channelled
above, dilated towards the base and subperfoliate.

First pair broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate.

Second pair ovate or oval, dentate.

Third, fourth, and fifth pairs broadly ovate, obtuse, more or less
deeply, irregularly, obtusely, and mucronately dentate.

Valerianella coronata, DC. (fig. 446).

The radicle in germination usually bursts through the side of the
fruit, and then pierces the limb of the calyx,
thus fixing the fruit in the soil, as happens
also in Scabiosa.

When free and above soil the cotyledons are
shortly oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile and gla-
brous. One embryo only out of twenty-eight
made its exit at the apex of the fruit, and from
"the centre of the calyx-limb. The radicle in
this case pierced the calyx from its inner
face outwards, and not from the outer face
inwards, as is the usual method.

The fact of the radicle bursting through
the side of the fruit is accounted for by two
of the three cells of the ovary being small
and empty, the third containing a seed is
accordingly excentric, and therefore in germi-
nation its radicle naturally pushes through one
side of the fruit.

Valerianella Auricula, DC.

FIG. US.— Valerianella

When the fruits have been moderately well coronata, x 4.
covered with soil the embryo in most cases gets
clear out of the fruit simply by the elongation of the hypocotyl.

The cotyledons are shortly oblong, obtuse, minutely emarginate,
otherwise entire, sessile, convex above, concave beneath, glabrous,
light green.

84 ON SEEDLINGS

DIPSACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 157.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary of the Dipsaceas is simple,
inferior and one-celled, with a solitary, pendulous, anatropous
ovule ; but in addition to the true calyx with which it is sur-
mounted, each flower of the capitulum is surrounded by an
involucel which completely encloses it, and appears like a
second or a double calyx. The fruit is an achene surmounted
by the persistent rarely deciduous calyx, and is completely en-
closed by the involucel, also persistent and either surmounted
by a lamina varying greatly in size, or truncate at the apex.
The solitary seed, suspended from the apex of the cell, is
covered by a thin membranous testa, and contains a thin
or thick stratum of fleshy endosperm. The embryo is straight
with a superior radicle and oblong or ovate cotyledons.

The pendulous anatropous ovule characteristic of the Order
is represented by a vertical section of the ovary of Scabiosa
atropurpurea (fig. 454, A) just after the expansion of the flower.
For comparison with this Order the erect anatropous ovule of
the Composite is represented in the two kinds of flowers of
Chrysanthemum coronarium (fig. 454, B, C).

The reason for the ovule of the Dipsacese being pendulous
and anatropous with a superior radicle has reference perhaps
to the exit of the embryo during germination. The involucel
is often or always more thickened and coriaceous, and
often contracted at the base, making egress there difficult
or impossible. The pericarp is thin and easily ruptured at
the apex, or is actually open in cases where the calyx is
deciduous. This idea is supported by the structure of the
fruits in the following species, namely, Scabiosa palsestina
(fig. 451), S. atropurpurea (fig. 454), S. australis (fig. 449),
S. Gramuntia (fig. 453), S. graminifolia, S. Columbaria,
S. Parnassi, S. arvensis, and S. caucasica (fig. 455) ; also by
Cephalaria leucantha, C. rigida, Dipsacus sylvestris, D. ferox,
and D. inermis.

A fruit with the calyx deciduous is represented by Dipsacus

DIPSACE/E 85

sylvestris with a characteristic embryo. Scabiosa australis
(fig. 449) has a small funnel-shaped four-toothed calyx-limb,
and its embryo is similar to that of Dipsacus sylvestris, but
the seed contains a larger quantity of endosperm. The embryo
of Scabiosa palaestina has broadly ovate cotyledons nearly
dividing the endosperm into two equal portions. The fruit (fig.
451) is also notable both for the long slender beak into which
it is prolonged at the apex, and the ten to twelve long, slender,
feathery rays of the calyx. The involucel is also one of the
most highly developed in the Order ; its tube has eight strong
ribs alternating with as many membranous portions actually
perforated in the upper part ; and the lamina is broadly
expanded, flat or nearly so, membranous, and traversed by
numerous nerves, excurrent as small teeth along the margin.
The lower coriaceous portion would protect the seeds against
drought, while the membranous lamina would serve to disperse
the fruit.

Seedlings. — The structure and shape of the fruit and
seed in this Order are very constant, varying chiefly in size,
and so are the cotyledons as far as they have come under my
observation. The prevailing form is broadly oblong, entire or
emarginate, sessile, or tapering into a short broad petiole, and
trinerved, but the lateral nerves are often indistinct. Most
of them are narrow and linear or oblong when they emerge from
the seed, but they generally increase considerably in size and
sometimes undergo a little modification after germination by
becoming emarginate, oblong-oval, somewhat obovate, or
almost spathulate owing to their tapering into a broad
petiole.

The involucel surrounding the fruit on the contrary varies
considerably, and, together with the different modes of germi-
nation, offers a ready means of classifying most of the seed-
lings observed. The involucel of Dipsacus sylvestris is trun-
cate at the apex, and the fruit crowned by a deciduous calyx.
The seedling (fig. 447) has oval-oblong cotyledons, and the
first six leaves are spathulate and crenate. D. ferox is
another type of this group, but its mode of germination
(fig. 448) is not common to all the species. The seedlings
nearly always carry up the seed, fruit, and involucel on the

86 ON SEEDLINGS

tips of the cotyledons, which are rather broad and burst their
investments during germination. Those of Scabiosa australis
are linear-oblong, and do not burst the fruit and involucel
during germination (fig. 449), and if the latter are fairly well
covered with soil they are left in the ground when the embryo
makes its exit. The cotyledons ultimately become broadly
oblong and distinctly emarginate. The two primary leaves
are broadly oval, and shortly petiolate (fig. 450). The fruit
and involucel of this species closely resemble those of Dipsacus
ferox, and its different behaviour during germination is ac-
counted for by the fact that there is a small tooth-like pro-
jection on one side of the base of the hypocotyl (fig. 449, B),
and this, fixing itself in the small rim or lamina of the
involucel, holds it down while the cotyledons are drawn out.

A second distinct type is represented by Scabiosa Gram-
untia (fig. 453). The involucel has a well- developed cup-like
lamina, and the radicle on germination pierces it, and holds it
firmly to the soil by means of a thickening at the base of the
hypocotyl while the latter on lengthening draws out the coty-
ledons. This thickening is symmetrical or equal all round,
not unilateral as in S. australis. The fruit of S. Columbaria
is rather thicker and shorter, while the cotyledons are also
shorter, but in no other respect do they or the germinating
seedling differ from S. Gramuntia.

In the third type the radicle of the germinating seedling
pushes through the sides of the involucel, beneath the thick-
ened rim at the base of the lamina. The base of the hypocotyl
also has a symmetrical, annular thickening as in the second
group. The involucel of Scabiosa palaestina (fig. 451) is
salver-shaped and attains a much greater size than that of any
other species observed. The lamina is particularly large,
membranous and traversed by straight radiating nerves ex-
current at the margin, forming a deeply fringed border.
Beneath the thickened rim at the base of the lamina are
numerous perforations, through one of which the radicle finds
its way, fixing the fruit to the ground. The cotyledons
ultimately become obovate-spathulate and slightly emarginate.
S. graminifolia has likewise a perforated involucel. The
thickening of the hypocotyl is well shown by S. atropurpurea

DIPSACE.^ 87

(fig. 454, D). The cotyledons are oval-oblong and shortly
petiolate. The first four pairs of leaves vary from spathulate
to oblong or elliptic, while the fifth to the seventh pairs
inclusive are pinnatipartite. The lamina of the involucel is
smaller than in S. palaestina, but there are no perforations in
any part of it. The radicle easily pushes its way through the
membranous portions at the sides between the greatly thick-
ened ribs of the involucel, thus demonstrating the economy of
the unequal thickening. A peculiar anomaly presents itself
in the germinating seedling of Scabiosa caucasica (fig. 455).
The base of the hypocotyl is more or less thickened as in
the other species, but it generally if not always pushes itself
right through one or other of the membranous portions of
the involucel, and the thickening appears therefore to be now
functionless so far as its original purpose is concerned. The
lamina of the involucel is reduced to a rim crowned by numerous
coarse bristle-like segments. The seedling is different from all
others I have noticed. The hypocotyl remains short, the oblong
entire cotyledons are sessile, and the first pair of leaves are
oblanceolate and entire. The radical leaves of the adult plant
are spathulate, entire and decurrent upon the long petiole, but
most of the cauline ones are pinnatisect with linear segments.

The seedlings of S. rutaefolia (fig. 456) exhibit a similar
evolution of the foliage to S. atropurpurea, but I have not
seen either the fruit or germination. Furthermore the seed-
lings are dimorphic ; some have opposite leaves with the first
three pairs spathulate and bluntly serrated near the apex,
and the fourth pair more or less lobed, while others have
the leaves in whorls of three. Those of the first three whorls
resemble the leaves of the first type, but in the fourth
and fifth whorls they are irregularly and deeply pinnatifid.
The cotyledons of S. maritima are obovate-oblong and emar-
ginate, while the first pair of leaves are oval or obovate.

It will be noticed that in all of the above-mentioned seed-
lings the cotyledons are sessile on leaving the seed, but after-
wards petiolate, Scabiosa caucasica alone forming an exception.

Dipsacus sylvestris, L.

Fruit an achene enclosed in a tetragonal involucel, having an
intermediate set of smaller ridges, one on each face, free from the

88

ON SEEDLINGS

involucel, oblong, apex conical, base obtuse, crowned with the
ultimately deciduous calyx and marked longitudinally with eight
ridges ; pericarp extremely thin and membranous except on the
ridges.

Seed oblong, conical at the tip, conforming to the outline of the
ovary, which it completely fills ; testa extremely thin and mem-
branous ; hilum at the extreme upper end of the seed and incon-
spicuous.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white, surrounding the embryo.

Embryo straight, large, nearly equal in length to the seed;
cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, embedded in the
endosperm which is thinnest at the edges of the cotyledons and the
radicle ; radicle very stout, slightly and suddenly narrowed at the
tip which is close to the apex of the seed, about one-third as long
as the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 447).

Primary root stout, long, tapering,
with numerous lateral fibres, biennial.

Hypocotyl subterranean, stout,
colourless, about 1 cm. long.

Cotyledons subfoliaceous, gla-
brous, petiolate ; lamina oval-oblong,
entire or minutely emarginate, 12 mm.
long, 7 mm. wide ; petiole flattened,
7 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, and
elongating the second year when
about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and ulti-
mately cauline, opposite, exstipulate,
radical ones petiolate, cauline ses-
sile, and connate by their bases, hairy
on both sides, pale green, nerved and
reticulate with ascending and sub-
incurved nerves, entire or toothed ;
petioles rather broad, channelled,
slightly winged upwards.
First pair spathulate, obtuse, subentire or shallowly and obso-
letely crenate.

Second pair similar, shallowly crenate with long petioles.
Third pair oblong- spathulate, obtuse, shallowly crenate, decur-
rent on the long petioles.

FIG. 447. — Dipsacus sylvestris.
Half nat. size.

DIPSACE/E

Ultimate leaves cauline, sessile, connate by their broad bases,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly and obtusely toothed except
at the base and tip, penninerved with numerous subparallel nerves,
glabrous, spiny along the midrib beneath with recurved prickles ;
teeth deepest and coarsest about the middle of the leaf.

Dipsacus ferox, Lois. (fig. 448).

Germination. — The radicle emerges at the apex of the fruit
through the mouth of the involucel. Numerous root-hairs are
produced on the radicle and the base of the
hypocotyl.

The fruit enclosed in the involucel is
then usually carried up with the coty-
ledons (fig. 448), which by widening have
split the involucel along one side (about
the second day after their first appearance
above ground).

Whether the fruit and involucel are
carried up or not, the energy of the expand-
ing cotyledons is generally, if not always,
able to extricate them from such invest-
ments, and the cotyledons spread out to the
light.1 They are oblong, obtuse, entire with
a slightly prominent, apical, colourless
tooth, narrowed into a short petiole, with
a few alternate, ascending, obscure, lateral
nerves, glabrous, pale green but soon be-
coming deep green. Hypocotyl glabrous.

Scabiosa australis, Wulf.

Aclienc conical- oblong, terminated by the small funnel-shaped,
four-toothed lamina of the calyx, and surrounded by an involucel,
thin-walled, membranous, ribbed, glabrous ; involucel flask-shaped,
with a narrow neck and funnel-shaped mouth, strongly eight-ribbed,
with the ribs obtuse and the alternate ones smaller, remaining as a
covering to the fruit till its germination and decay.

Seed oblong, obtuse at the lower end, narrowed to a short obtuse
point at the upper end, closely conforming to the interior of the
achene ; hilum and micropyle superior, contiguous ; testa thin,
membranous, very pale-coloured ; chalaza apical and inferior.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white when moist.

1 Ninety-eight to a hundred per cent, of the seedlings carry up the fruit
and involucel during germination.

FIG. 448. — Dipsacus ferox.
The fruit enclosed in the
involucel carried up by
the cotyledons in germi-
nation, x 3. (Second day
after first appearance
above ground.)

90

ON SEEDLINGS

Embryo comparatively large, but falling short of the endosperm,
straight, axial, yellowish ; cotyledons plano-convex, oblong, obtuse,
entire, sessile, lying in the broader plane of the seed ; radicle oblong,
obtuse, with a slightly turbinate point, about half as long as the
cotyledons, lying close to the upper end of the seed.

Germination and Seedling (figs. 449, 450).
The achene closely occupies the interior of the involucel, so that
in germination the radicle gets outside immediately and pushes
down straight into the soil for a considerable depth, at the same
time giving off numerous root-hairs.
There are no perforations below the rim
of the involucel, nor are they needed,
on account of the shortness of the
neck and the small lamina.

If the involucel is fairly well
covered with soil the cotyledons, after
the long radicle has established itself,
are easily and readily pulled out clear
of the seed and its investments. The
cotyledons in this species are not very
broad, because the seed itself is not
very thick.

The base of the hypocotyl has a
thickened projecting ledge which
presses against the rim of the involucel
and pins it to the earth while the
arching upper part grows upwards and
extricates the cotyledons (fig. 449, B).
About two days after germination
the latter become free, and are linear,
obtuse, emarginate, and tapering
sh'ghtly to the base.

About four days after germination
they are oblong, obtuse, much broader and more distinctly emargi-
nate, tapering at the base into a short petiole, with a distinct midrib,
and glabrous.

The cotyledons ultimately become broadly oblong, distinctly
emarginate, cuneate at the base, petiolate, trinerved at the base, or
for the greater part of their length, and alternately nerved upwards
(the venation is best seen on the under surface), glabrous, bright green
above, paler beneath ; petiole flattened above, very slightly connate
at the base.

FIG. 449. — Scabiosa australis, x 6.
Commencement of germination.

DIPSACE.E 91

The first pair of leaves are broadly oval, slightly emarginate,
suddenly narrowed at the base into short, channelled petioles, ob-
scurely alternately incurvinerved on the upper surface, bright green
and shining, but distinctly nerved underneath and paler, glabrous.

On the upper side of the cotyledon, close to the edge of the sinus,
are about three large water-pores in connection with the vas-
cular system at the apex of the midrib. The smaller cells of the
tissue in that region seem to determine the slower rate of growth
resulting in the emargination of the cotyledons.

FIG. IbO.-Scabiosa australis, x 6. Seedling, forty-four days after germination.

Scabiosa palaestina, L. (fig. 451).

Achcne closely surrounded and enclosed in an involucel, thin-
walled, membranous, pale-coloured, eight-ribbed longitudinally,
pubescent, produced into along slender beak or neck, expanding into
a short cup from which spread ten to twelve long feathery rays.

Involucel turbinate, longitudinally eight-ribbed, perforated with
as many openings near the top, above which it expands into a broad,
nearly or quite flat, many-ribbed, scarious lamina, with the ribs
exserted as marginal teeth, more or less hairy.

Seed broadly ovoid, conforming in outline to that of the achene

92

ON SEEDLINGS

in its lower and thickened part ; testa membranous ; hilum basal,

close to the base of the beak of the ovary.

Endosperm copious, fleshy,
white, forming a very thin layer
at the edges of the cotyledons,
but much thickened at their backs.
Embryo large, straight, nearly
equal in length to the endosperm,
and nearly as wide in the plane
of the cotyledons, pale yellow ;
cotyledons obovate, or broadly
oval, obtuse or rounded at the
end, entire, suddenly narrowed

FIG. 451. — Scabiosa palceatina. . *

Invoiucel, containing fruit, x 3. into the radicle ; radicle short,
stout, turbinate, obtuse, lying in

the conical base of the seed, and in the basal part of the beak of
the ovary.

Germination (fig. 452).

The involucel of this species is very large, and plays an important
part in the economy of the plant.

The limb is salver-shaped, membranous with numerous radiating
nerves running out at the margin and forming a deeply fringed
border. Immediately beneath the rim are numerous perforations
between the strong ribs. The radicle in germination always emerges
through the opening at the apex of the involucel, easily rupturing
the thin and membranous pericarp.

If the involucel with the fruit is placed mouth downward in the
earth (an unnatural position), and but lightly buried or lying on
the surface of the soil, the whole may be carried up with the coty-
ledons. If, on the other hand, the involucel is lying on its side or
with its mouth upwards, the radicle proceeds freely a short distance,
and then turning downwards makes its exit through one of the
openings, and grows to a great depth straight down into the
earth. Some seedlings in the course of germination showed a
radicle measuring 2-4 cm. in length, seven days from the time
of sowing. This conduct of the radicle is of great importance in a
country with the dry climate of Syria, where the plant is indigenous,
not only in its depth of penetration, but in effectually fixing the
involucel, pericarp, ovary and testa of the seed to the earth while
the cotyledons emerge and rise up free.

The cotyledons afterwards become more or less spread out, oblong,
petiolate and tapering into the petiole, showing indistinctly on each

DIPSACE/E

93

side of the midrib one or two subopposite or alternate nerves, and
faintly emarginate at the apex.

Ultimately they are obovate-spathulate, shallowly emarginate,
petiolate, fleshy, glabrous, with a distinct midrib, and a few alter-
nate, ascending nerves, best seen on the under surface. Hypocotyl
glabrous.

Scabiosa Gramuntia (fig. 453).

The radicle makes its exit at the
upper end of the fruit, and then gene-
rally pierces the lamina of the involu-
cel, fixing it to the soil by the thicken-
ing at the base of the hypocotyl,
•which then pulls the cotyledons out
(fig. 453).

These, as soon as they have made
their exit from the fruit and spread
out to the light, are narrowly oblong,
obtuse, entire, sessile, glabrous, nar-
rowed to the base, pale green, with

FIG. 452. — Scabiosa palcEStina, x 2.
Germination.

FIG. 453. — Scabiosa Gramuntia, x 4.
Germination.

an evident midrib, and about two alternate, incurved, indistinct
nerves on each side.

S. atropurpurea, Wulf.

Germination and Seedling (fig. 454, D).

The sides of the involucel are moderately thick, but the middle

94

ON SEEDLINGS

w-

FIG. 454. — Scabiosa atropurpurea . A, vertical section through involucel and ovary,
x 5 : I, involucel ; F, wall of ovary. B, Chrysanthemum coronarium, vertical
section through ovary of hermaphrodite floret, x 5 : W, wing. C, vertical section
through ovary of female floret, x 5 : W W, wings ; It, ray floret with part of ligulate
corolla cut away. D, Scabiosa atropurpurea, germination, x 8: Cal, the five seg-
ments or bristles of the calyx.

DIPSACE^E 95

layer consists of woody or prosencbymatous tissue, and the base is
thicker. Above the lamina of the involucel the woody and com-
pact tissue thins out and its place is taken by parenchyma, and in
the young state very watery-looking tissue. The pericarp is thin
and contains but a moderate amount of vascular tissue, and is there-
fore easily burst through when decaying by the germinating embryo.

The radicle emerges at the apex of the fruit, and immediately
turns towards the earth, where it comes in contact with the involucel
and pushes through one of the thin membranous parts between the
ridges. The hypocotyl has an annular thickening at its base by
which the fruit is held down when the radicle enters the ground.
The hypocotyl then elongates and pulls the cotyledons out of the
fruit as shown in the accompanying sketch (fig. 454, D).

When the cotyledons have spread out to the light about two days
after germination, they are oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, narrowed
slightly to the base, sessile, glabrous, and light green ; the hypocotyl
is glabrous and colourless.

Ultimately the cotyledons are oval-oblong, obtuse, shortly petio-
late, 1*3 cm. long including the petiole, 7 mm. wide.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, or the
upper sessile, sparingly hairy ; petioles channelled above, dilated,
amplexicaul and connate at the base.

First pair obovate-spathulate, crenate-serrate.

Second pair similar, but much larger.

Third pair spathulate-elliptic, obtuse, attenuate at the base, ser-
rate.

Fourth pair elliptic-oblong, coarsely incise-serrate.

Fifth pair oblong, pinnatipartite ; segments oblanceolate, acute,
entire or slightly toothed.

Sixth and seventh pairs oblong, pinnatipartite ; segments long,
linear, acute, entire or sparingly toothed.

Scabiosa caucasica, M. Bleb. (fig. 455).

The radicle emerges at the apex of the fruit and, immediately
turning towards the earth, penetrates the thin membranous part of
the involucel between the thickened ridges directly beneath the
thickened rim. The radicle is long and strong, fixing the seedling
firmly in the soil. The base of the hypocotyl is thickened as in the
other species described, but this thickening seems generally if not
always to push through the involucel and is consequently function-
less.

The cotyledons are gradually pulled out of the fruit by the
energy of the growing hypocotyl.

96

ON SEEDLINGS

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, herbaceous,
5-5 mm. long, green, reddish at the base,
1-5 mm. thick, sometimes subterranean.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, entire, sessile,
glabrous, 1'2 cm. long, 9 mm. wide, amplexi-
caul.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite,
exstipulate, shortly petiolate, penninerved.
~Ji. First pair oblanceolate, entire, glabrous, 4-1
cm. long, and about 6 mm. wide, with a strong
midrib sunk on the upper side and prominent
beneath.

Radical leaves of adult plant spathulate,
acuminate, decurrent for some distance on the
edges of the broad, channelled, pale-coloured
petiole, penninerved with ascending and slightly
anastomosing nerves, glabrous, ciliate, deep green
above with the midrib sunk above and pro-
minent beneath.

Cauline leaves variable, like the radical
ones, but the greater
A number pinnatipartite,

with linear, acuminate,
segments, sessile ; ter-
minal lobe or segment
large, lanceolate, acu-
minate, entire or
slightly cut at the
base. Otherwise like
the radical leaves.

Scabiosa rutaefolia,
Vahl (fig. 456).

Hypocotyl subter-
ranean.

Cotyledons oblong,
obtuse or emarginate,
one-nerved, tapering in-
to a short petiole, gla-

Fio 455 -Scabiosa caucasica,x 3. A, commence- brOUS, 1'3 cm. long

ment of germination. B, day after commence- including the petiole, 6
ment: B, thickened base of hypocotyl; C, coty- .,

ledons mm' wme>

DIPSACE.E

97

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, hairy in lines decurrent from the
basal edge of the petioles, purplish ; 1st internode undeveloped ;
2nd 2 mm. long ; 3rd 6 mm. ; 4th 2 cm. ; 5th 1'7 cm.

Leaves opposite or verticillate (in threes), simple, cauline, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, ciliate and sparsely hairy. When the leaves
are verticillate those of the first whorl are spathulate, obtuse,
slightly serrate near the apex, gradually narrowed into the slender
channelled petioles.

FIG. 456.— Scabiosa rut&folia.
Nat. size.

In the second whorl they are similar but larger.

Those of the third whorl are oblanceolate, obtuse, serrate along
the upper third, narrowed gradually into slender petioles.

In the fourth whorl they are pinnatipartite with 1-2 segments
on each side, and a terminal one ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse,
smallest towards the base and the terminal one largest.

Those of the fifth whorl have two linear segments at each side,

II. H

98 ON SEEDLINGS

and a terminal, larger and oblanceolate one, decurrent with a narrow
margin nearly or quite to the base.

In seedlings with opposite leaves the first pair (as shown in fig.
456) are spathulate, obtuse, and slightly serrate near the apex.

The second pair are oblanceolate, serrate near the apex.

The third pair are oblong-oblanceolate, incise and rather obtusely
serrate, gradually narrowed into long slender petioles, channelled on
the upper side.

The fourth pair are similar, but have an oblong, obtuse, entire
lateral segment near the base.

COMPOSITE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 163.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior and syncarpous,
consisting of two carpels, as appears from the two divisions of
the style, but it is one- celled and contains a solitary, basal,
erect, anatropous ovule with an inferior micropyle. The fruit
is an achene, dry, rarely fleshy, crowned with an exceedingly
varied persistent pappus or calyx in different genera, or some-
times the pappus is entirely absent. The solitary seed is erect
and straight or curved in conformity with the size and shape
of the cavity of the achene. The testa is membranous,
rarely thickened and generally free from, but sometimes ad-
herent to, the walls of the ovary. No endosperm is present ;
and the embryo occupies the whole interior of the seed to
which it conforms. The cotyledons are semiterete or flattened
or rarely slightly convolute, and although frequently more or
less curved in conformity with the achene, they are seldom
unequal in length, as occurs for instance in Coreopsis
Atkinsoniana. The radicle seems always to be short and
inferior.

Exceptional cases occur in Balbisia where the cotyledons
are conduplicate, in some species of Robinsonia ; and in some
species of Gymnolomia, Sclerocarpus, Baltimora, and possibly
in a few other genera where they are concave or channelled

COMPOSITE 99

on the inner face, or in cases where they are unequal, the
apex of the longer one is inflexed.

The seeds observed may be most readily classified accord-
ing to the shape of the embryo, and that part of the achene
which contains it, regardless of the numerous modifications
of the pappus or calyx which have no direct bearing upon
this. One of the simplest types of the embryo is that seen in
the species of Senecio. The fruit of S. erucsefolius is short
oblong-cylindrical and suddenly narrowed or contracted at the
base. It is surmounted by a pappus of long scaberulous
hairs, and the embryo conforms to the internal cavity. The
achene of Senecio cruentus is covered with small papillae in
numerous apparently double lines. The fruit and embryo of
Odontospermum spinosum are more decidedly obovoid, and
the pappus consists of a few, short, stout teeth. The achenes
of Lonas inodora and Moscharia pinnatifida (fig. 485) are also
short and obovoid, but they are more or less compressed with
the embryo conforming. The cotyledons of the latter are
emarginate, owing apparently to the more rapid growth of the
tissues on each side of the apex. The pappus consists of
unequal hairs placed obliquely on the achene which is enclosed
by a large and curious bract.

Many species belonging to different natural groups agree
in possessing narrow spathulate, linear or cylindrical fruits
with correspondingly narrow and elongated embryos. The
achene of Ursinia speciosa (fig. 478) is cylindrical, slightly
curved and narrowed towards the base. The pappus consists
of five oval or ovate, entire, hyaline scales. The fruit of
Tragopogon minor is cylindrical, slightly curved, more or less
ridged and prolonged at the apex into a long slender beak,
bearing the pappus. That of Ehagadiolus stellatus is also
elongated, terete or compressed. The fruits of Dahlia varia-
bilis, Lasthenia glabrata and Layia platyglossa are spathulate,
more or less compressed and narrowed to the base. Those of
Bidens humilis are linear, obtusely tetragonal, and much
elongated with a corresponding embryo. The pappus consists
of two horn-like processes. The fruits of Tagetes erecta, T.
patula and others, are thin, and much compressed like those
of Dahlia.

100 ON SEEDLINGS

The species of Helianthus and perhaps some other of their
allies may constitute another group characterised by their
large seeds and oblong-obovate, obtusely tetragonal fruits
which in transverse section appear of rhomboid outline. The
cotyledons of Helianthus annuus are broadly oblong, plano-
convex, and entire, and suddenly narrowed into a short
radicle. Those of H. cucumerifolius differ in their much
smaller size, and in being slightly emarginate, sometimes owing
to a depression at the apex of the achene.

The species of Coreopsis are notable for their short, flat-
tened, winged or variously but unequally thickened fruits.
The winged condition is well shown in Coreopsis auriculata
(fig. 462), the fruits of which are obovate or, with the wings,
often suborbicular. The latter sometimes form a continuous
border to the lateral margins of the achene, but more often
are interrupted or broken in various places. The embryo
is broadly oval with a very short radicle. The fruit of
C. Atkinsoniana (fig. 460) is similar in outline, but the
wings are absent, and instead of being biconvex it is con-
cavo-convex owing to the inrolling of the thickened margin.
The embryo is somewhat curved longitudinally, and has
short roundly obovate cotyledons. C. filifolia (fig. 463)
differs markedly from either, in the seed being subcylindrical,
and slightly compressed, with the fruit greatly thickened
on the dorsal surface by means of cortical outgrowths
or blunt protuberances. The embryo is curved with linear
cotyledons.

The relative size, shape, and number of fruits on a recep-
tacle have all a direct bearing upon one another.

For instance, if the receptacle is narrow and flat it will
bear but a few fruits, or if they happen to be numerous then
a large number of them fail to reach maturity. This is well
shown in C. filifolia, which has from sixty-five to seventy-six
fruits on a narrow flat receptacle. Few of them reach
maturity, and those are narrow, as may be seen by reference
to fig. 463.

On the other hand, C. auriculata bears from seventy to
one hundred and ten fruits on a receptacle which is broader
than in C. filifolia and elevated into a distinct torus, The fruits

COMPOSITE 101

are very broad and winged, and, notwithstanding the width
and elevated character of the receptacle, comparatively
few reach maturity. On the other hand, the distribution of
the fruits which do mature is aided by wing-like develop-
ments of their edges. These facts are borne out by other
species examined, of which a description is given below7.
Another very noticeable fact is that a larger proportion of
the fruits of annual species seem to reach maturity than in the
case of perennials. The fruits of Bidens humilis and B. leu-
cantha are very narrow, and a large percentage of them reach
maturity. Both are annual species, and the barbed character
of the pappus of some, including B. leucantha, is well adapted
to ensure the distribution of the fruits.

The polymorphic forms of the fruits of Calendula even on
• the same receptacle are very remarkable. In C. officinalis
at least three very distinct types may be noted. Two or three
rows round the margin of the receptacle consist of greatly
elongated, curiously constructed, curved achenes, muricate on
the back, often beaked at the apex and produced into a hook-
like process near the base on the inner face. The middle set
of fruits is furnished with broad wings involute at the mar-
gin, but neither beaked at the apex nor produced into a foot
at the base. Those about the centre of the receptacle are
greatly incurved, often forming a complete ring, and have
narrow wings involute at the margin. Transverse sec-
tions of each series give a good idea of the structure of the
three different forms. The embryo is cylindrical in all three
cases, curved, gradually tapered into the radicle, and other-
wise similar except that the middle series is not so strongly
curved.

It would seem as if we have here three devices for pro-
moting dispersion — this being effected in the outer seeds by
the presence of a hook, the intermediate ones by means of a
wing, and those in the centre by resemblance to an insect.

During germination all three kinds behave in a similar
manner, except that in the broadly winged fruits of the middle
series the radicle (fig. 477) runs along the groove formed by
the strongly involute wings till it reaches the apex of the fruit
when it turns downwards and enters the soil, firmly fixing the

102 ON SEEDLINGS

fruit to the ground while the elongating hypocotyl extricates
the cotyledons. In all three cases the radicle emerges at the
base of the fruit which splits longitudinally by three valves,
thus facilitating the exit of the embryo. The splitting of the
fruit is brought about by the force of the rapidly swelling
cotyledons. When the latter have got quite clear, they
are spathulate-oblong, obtuse, entire and tapered to the
base.

The fruits of Calendula pluvialis are dimorphic. Those at
the periphery of the receptacle are broadly obovate or suborbicu-
lar, flattened, and smooth with broad flat wings. The embryo
is straight in conformity with the fruit, and has linear-oblong
or spathulate cotyledons. The other fruits are obovoid, not
flattened, and muricate all over the surface. In C. hybrida
the fruits are also dimorphic. The outer ones of the receptacle
are obovate, much flattened with broad flat wings. Those of
the centre of the receptacle are obovoid, slightly curved or
straight, trigonous and toothed on all the three angles. The
embryo is straight or nearly so in both cases with linear-
oblong rather fleshy cotyledons. The fruits of C. gracilis are
also somewhat dimorphic judging from the specimens observed.
One kind is curved so as to form a complete annulus, and it
is muricate in transverse wavy ridges. In the other case the
annulus is not complete and the muricate ridges on the back
are nearly obsolete.

There are three or four different forms of fruit in C. algar-
biensis. Those on the periphery of the receptacle are oblong,
straight or slightly curved, not winged but prolonged at the
apex into a slender beak. The next series consists of fruits
with narrow, strongly involute wings, muricate along the back
with three rows of teeth, and coiled so as to form a complete
annulus. In a third set of fruits the annulus is less complete,
the wings are absent, and the back is merely rugose hi trans-
verse obtuse ridges. In the fourth or central series the fruits
are very small, apparently imperfect, and not completely
annular.

Seedlings. — The prevailing type of the cotyledons in the
seedling stage is spathulate, a shape due to that of the seed,
which in turn conforms strictly to the interior of the fruit,

COMPOSITE 103

Thus in some species the cotyledons are linear, sometimes of
considerable length ; in others the fruits widen until we have
obovate cotyledons ; while in a few cases they are ovate and
pointed. We may comprise in the first division those which
are relatively short in proportion to their width. This is fairly
well represented by Chrysanthemum segetum, which has
spathulate-oblong, obtuse, short, sessile cotyledons, slightly
connate at the base forming a little cup round the plumule or
axis. This latter character is widely prevalent amongst the
Composite. The primary leaves are oblong, and more or less
deeply pinnatifid and toothed. C. carinatum (fig. 472) differs
chiefly in the first two leaves being narrower and pinnatifid
with oblong, entire segments. The seedling of Anacyclus
radiatus is much taller with all its parts more elongated. The
two primary leaves are divided to the midrib with bifid and a
few entire segments. Achillea Millefolium (fig. 470) has
shorter cotyledons and the first two leaves are opposite,
tapering into a petiole, with one or two teeth on each side
above the middle. The cotyledons of Matricaria Parthenium
are also small. The first leaf is small, spathulate, and entire
or nearly so, while the second is cuneate and trifid. The
other leaves show great increase in size and an interesting
evolution as far as division is concerned. The division of the
foliage of Matricaria globifera is even more complicated, with
the ultimate segments linear. The first two leaves are
small, spathulate-cuneate and five-toothed. The first two
of Matricaria nigellaefolia (fig. 473) are opposite, narrowly
lanceolate and entire, the third is cuneate, trifid, alternate,
and the fourth pinnatifid. The cotyledons are considerably
elongated. Lonas inodora (fig. 469) has a superficial resem-
blance to the last, but the cotyledons are short and oval, while
the first three pairs of leaves at least are opposite, the first
pair being lanceolate and entire, followed by two cuneate and
trifid pairs.

Another group of plants belonging to the same extensive tribe
as the last, namely the Anthemidese, has the cotyledons short
or narrow and small. Those of Anthemis sp. (fig. 471)
are linear-oblong and 5 or 6 mm. long. The first pair of
leaves are pinnatisect with linear segments and very different

104 ON SEEDLINGS

from the first pair of A. mixta, which are linear, entire, long,
slender, and narrower than the cotyledons. The third leaf of
the latter is pinnatisect and alternate. The cotyledons of
Artemisia Mutellina are linear-spathulate, and the first four
or five leaves are linear and entire. Strikingly different is
A. annua, having oblong cotyledons about 2-5 mm. long, and
the first two leaves short, cuneate and tri-fid or -dentate.
The ultimate leaves are tripinnatisect with toothed segments.
The first two of Pentzia virgata are linear, entire, and slightly
broader upwards, while the cotyledons are spathulate-oblong
and 3-4 mm. long. The first pair of leaves of Cenia sub-
heterocarpa are linear, slender, entire, followed by three other
pairs which are more or less divided. Cotula coronopifolia is
somewhat similar in its early stages, but only the first pair of
leaves are linear and entire, and the cotyledons are narrowly
spathulate.

A group of plants belonging to several other tribes may be
mentioned here on account of the similarity of the cotyledons
to those of Chrysanthemum and its allies. The shortly oblong
cotyledons of Brachycome iberidifolia (fig. 457) very nearly
resemble those of Achillea Millefolium. The first two leaves
are linear and entire, while the third has one or two teeth on
each side near the apex. The first three pairs of leaves of
Charieis heterophylla are oblong or spathulate-oblong, some-
times pinnatifid and hairy, while the cotyledons are oblong or
often almost obovate. The same, or nearly the same, characters
apply to Madia corymbosa, except that the seedling is stronger,
or the hypocotyl longer. Lactuca laevigata (fig. 488) presents
no affinity with the above, but the cotyledons are spathulate,
tapering into a short petiole. The first leaf is oval with a long
petiole, the second lanceolate with a much longer petiole,
while the third leaf is lyrate-pinnatifid with the lateral seg-
ments slender.

A second type of short cotyledons is represented by Bellis
perennis (fig. 458). The cotyledons are rotund or orbicular,
petiolate, emarginate, or less frequently entire. As in the first
type the petioles are more or less connate at the base. The
two first leaves are rotund and nearly or quite entire.
Around this type a number of species belonging to widely

COMPOSITE 105

different tribes may be grouped. The cotyledons of Eudbeckia
serotina are shortly petiolate, while the first three leaves are
ovate or lanceolate, and trinerved, with long petioles. The
cotyledons of Guizotia abyssinica are pubescent as are the two
lanceolate primary leaves. The first two of Senecio erucse-
folius (fig. 475) are oval, smooth and entire, while the ultimate
leaves vary from pinnatifid and pinnatipartite forms to those
that are twice divided. The cotyledons are oval and entire
immediately after germination, but they soon become emar-
ginate and ultimately orbicular. The emargination is due to
the more rapid growth of the sides as compared with the apex.
Those of Leuceria senecioides are rotund, emarginate, cuneate
at the base and ciliate when young. The two primary leaves
are obovate or cuneate and repandly dentate or shallowly
lobed, penninerved and finely pubescent. The cotyledons of
Odontospermum spinosum are oblong-orbicular, entire, gla-
brous, and much larger than the first two leaves which are
oblanceolate and coarsely hairy. A striking departure from
the above is met with in Senecio cruentus which has oblong-
ovate or roundly ovate, subemarginate cotyledons, also auricled
at the base, or slightly cordate, with slender petioles. The
hypocotyl is very short. This differs widely from all other
species of Senecio observed, and is evidently a rare type
amongst the Composite. The first three leaves are cordate,
repandly dentate, and also constitute an exception in the
Order. The cotyledons of Moscharia rosea (fig. 486) are
oblate, emarginate and truncate at the base greatly resembling
those of Cuphea silenoides, a species of Loasa, or a Labiate.
The two first leaves are sinuately pinnatifid. The form
of the cotyledons is already well marked in the seed, but
they widen considerably and change their form after ger-
mination.

The second division — including the elongated or large
cotyledons — is the largest, and apparently contains the more
typical forms occurring in the Order. The species may be
grouped into those having linear, narrowly spathulate,
broadly spathulate, obovate, ovate and lanceolate cotyledons.
There is, however, every intermediate gradation between
these types, so that the one merges insensibly into the

106 ON SEEDLINGS

other. In many cases, however, a large number of the species
belonging to the different types constitute groups which are
more or less closely allied and belong to the same genus or
tribe.

As a fairly representative seedling with linear cotyledons,
I may refer to that of Ursinia speciosa with linear, entire,
fleshy, glabrous and sessile cotyledons. The first two leaves
are opposite and pinnatisect with linear segments ; succeeding
ones are more or less divided; and the ultimate ones are
again like the first. They are auricled at the base from the
fifth leaf onward and superficially appear to be stipulate. The
cotyledons of U. anthemoides are broader and longer, while
the first two leaves are like those of U. speciosa. The allied
Coreopsis gigantea (fig. 464) has much longer cotyledons than
either of the last two, and they are slender and somewhat
undulated. The primary pair of leaves are similar to those
of Ursinia speciosa, but the linear segments are longer. The
ultimate leaves are bipinnatisect with long, linear, slender
segments. The cotyledons of Bidens humilis (fig. 465) are
linear and very small. The leaves are opposite, dimorphic
and present a very interesting case of evolution. The first
pair are pinnatisect with linear segments, and succeeding ones
are two or three times pinnately cut or multisect. In a batch
of plants about half grown, many of them will produce leaves
on the upper part of the stem of a different character
from those described. They are ternately pinnatisect, with
triangular or ovate segments, generally cuneate at the
base, the terminal one largest and simply or doubly incise-
serrate.

A number of species belonging to different genera may be
grouped together here on account of the resemblance of the
seedlings both as regards the cotyledons and the primary
leaves. They are mostly annual and the cotyledons are
narrowly linear, frequently semiterete, and the first pair of
leaves are opposite and'similar to the cotyledons, but longer
and rather broader especially above the middle. Coreopsis
filifolia and C. Douglasii are instances, at least as regards
the first pair of leaves. Eelhania sessiliflora has the first
seven pairs of leaves linear, entire, and gradually longer

COMPOSITE 107

and broader than the cotyledons. The first three or four
pairs of the leaves of Burrielia gracilis are precisely similar
to, but larger than, the cotyledons. The same may be said
of Bseria chrysostoma. The leaves of Microseris Bigelovii
are alternate, and the first six at least are linear and
slightly widened above the middle. The primary leaves of
Tragopogon crocifolium are also linear and slender and the
ultimate ones are never very wide. The cotyledons vary from
7'5-8'5 cm. in length. The two species last mentioned be-
long to the tribe Cichoriacese and therefore have no affinity
with those previously mentioned with linear cotyledons and
leaves. Tussilago Farfara (fig. 474) has linear cotyledons,
but they are small, and possibly do not exceed 5 or 6 mm.
in length. The first leaf is spathulate ; the second ovate ;
the third similar or triangular ; and the fourth and fifth
are cordate, recalling the primary ones of Senecio cruentus,
to which it is more closely allied than to any other in the
group of species with linear cotyledons. The narrowness
of the cotyledons as far as I have observed bears a direct
relation to that of the fruit and seed in which they were
developed. Lasthenia glabrata has linear cotyledons, and
the two first pairs of leaves are similar but larger. The
cotyledons of L. obtusifolia Bridgesii show a tendency to
be spathulate-linear, and while yet in the seed are spathu-
late-obovate. The species may be regarded as an inter-
mediate type tending towards those having strictly spathulate
cotyledons.

A fairly representative type of the spathulate cotyledons
is furnished by Cryptostemma calendulaceum. The first two
leaves are spathulate and slightly dentate. Succeeding ones
are broader, and from the fourth onward they are lyrate-
pinnatifid. Evolution of the leaves is also exhibited by Dahlia
variabilis, the first four pairs of which are ovate, and the fifth
pair more or less pinnatisect. Tagetes patula (fig. 467) and
T. glandulifera have also very typical cotyledons, with the
primary leaves opposite, pinnatisect, and their segments
extremely unequal in size. A peculiarity of T. patula is that
the under side of the cotyledon has a submarginal line of
glands similar to those on the leaves. The first pair of leaves

108 ON SEEDLINGS

of Bidens ferulsefolia are pinnatifid, and the cotyledons linear-
spathulate. Those of Heterospermum diversifolium are
spathulate while the leaves are opposite, or verticillate in
threes, and the first pair linear-spathulate, as is the first
one of Haplopappus, all the others being alternate and the
cotyledons linear-spathulate. Those of Urospermum are
broader and more typical ; and the first leaf is oval, entire,
and ciliated. The cotyledons of Ehagadiolus stellatus (fig.
487) conform to the type, but the species belongs to the tribe
Cichoriaceee, and has runcinate leaves decurrent upon the
petiole ; the first one has a broadly-elliptic and short lamina
suddenly cuneate at the base and decurrent upon the petiole.
Gerbera lanuginosa (fig. 484) forms a rather distinct type with
spathulate-oblong cotyledons and slender petioles. The first
leaf is rhomboid and angled while the second is cordate,
and the ultimate ones lyrate-pinnatifid, or slightly runcinate.
The cotyledons of Coreopsis laciniata, C. tinctoria, C. coronata
and others have shortly and rather broadly spathulate coty-
ledons, tapering into long petioles. The leaves of the first
pair are spathulate, rather broader than the cotyledons, and
those of the second often similar but broader, and C. coronata
may have several pairs which are oval or bluntly elliptic and
entire. A striking departure from the type, and a rare
form amongst the Compositae is presented by C. Atkin-
soniana (fig. 461). The cotyledons are unequal, a character
due to the fruit being considerably curved and concave. Im-
mediately after germination they are broadly oval, tapered
to the base and sessile, but they gradually become petiol-
ate. Other rather exceptional cases are met with in Layia
heterotricha (fig. 466) and L. elegans, the cotyledons of which
are spathulate, emarginate, rather retuse and cuneate at
the base.

With the exception of Senecio erucsefolius and S, cruentus,
and the two rare types above given, all the other species
coming under my notice agree pretty closely with one another
in the shape of their cotyledons, which may be described as
oblong- spathulate, and as a rule suddenly tapered into a
rather long petiole. S. vulgaris represents this type pretty
fairly. The first leaf is spathulate, obsoletely serrate; the

COMPOSITE 109

next four are oblong-spathulate, irregularly dentate ; and the
rest mostly lyrate-pinnatifid. S. squalidus has rather broader
leaves, but the first five do not otherwise greatly differ from
those of S. vulgaris. Two species are notable for the short-
ness of their hypocotyl, namely S. viscosus and S. poly-
cephalus. The first four leaves vary between ovate and oblong-
oval. The cotyledons of the second species are rather the
broader. Those of S. elegans are narrowly spathulate and
more like the general type of the extensive group with spathu-
late cotyledons reminding us of Tagetes. The first four leaves
are rotund and more or less angled or obsoletely dentate, while
succeeding ones are lyratf -pinnatifid with a rounded sinus.
The first twelve leaves of S. neelgherianus are spathulate and
merely differ in size and depth of toothing. Possibly the ulti-
mate leaves are also spathulate. An uncommon form is met
with in S. speciosus which has spathulate cotyledons, connate
at the base. The first leaf is broadly elliptic, while the four
succeeding ones are more decidedly elliptic and obsoletely den-
tate. The ultimate leaves are strap-shaped, pinnatifid and
dentate. The cotyledons of S. pulcher are inclined to be
elliptic. The first leaf is spathulate ; the second and third
rotund ; the fourth oblong, and the ultimate ones oblong or
elliptic, fleshy and unequally dentate. An unusual type occurs
in S. tetranthus where the cotyledons are broadly oval or
elliptic with long slender petioles, and the first leaf is broadly
ovate, slightly dentate and hairy.

I pass on now to the broadly spathulate type. It is diffi-
cult to define the exact limits of this group, considering that
in rich soil or under otherwise favourable conditions seedlings
of many species sometimes attain exceptional vigour, and the
cotyledons develop greatly in length or breadth, or both. The
species of Centaurea and Carduus, or most of the tribes repre-
sented by these genera, have large seeds and embryos, and
their cotyledons therefore often attain a large size. The
Centaureas are represented by C. Clementei (fig. 482), which
has broadly spathulate leafy cotyledons. The first leaf is also
spathulate, entire, and trinerved, but is acute at either end.
Two or more of the primary leaves of C. ragusina are spathu-
late and entire, followed by some that are ovate and dentate.

110 ON SEEDLINGS

The ultimate ones are lyrate-pinnatifid. The cotyledons of
Gaillardia pinnatifida (fig. 468) are oblong- spathulate and very
variable in size according to vigour. The first three leaves are
similar but larger and petiolate, while the ultimate ones are
entire or sublyrate-pinnatifid.

The cotyledons of Carduus giganteus are obovate-oblong
or spathulate, petiolate, connate at the base, slightly penni-
nerved, and shallowly emarginate. The first two leaves are
lanceolate-elliptic, spiny, hairy and rather smaller than the
cotyledons. Silybum Marianum (fig. 481) has very similar
cotyledons. The leaves are variously blotched and reticulated
with silvery white. The two first ones are oval succeeded by
two or three oblong, and all are doubly spiny-toothed at the
margin. Cnicus syriacus has leaves somewhat similarly
blotched to those of the last named, and the first six are
elliptic or oblong-elliptic and spiny -toothed. The cotyledons
are broad and slightly emarginate. Cnicus diacanthus (fig.
480) has also broadly spathulate cotyledons, and the first three
leaves are oblanceolate and slightly spiny-toothed. The ulti-
mate ones are strongly spiny, and all have the midribs and
principal nerves of a silvery white. The cotyledons of Tyrim-
nus leucographus are oblong and subfleshy. The leaves are
irregularly blotched with silvery white as in the case of
Silybum Marianum ; the first two are oval and minutely
spiny-toothed, succeeded by three others which are oblong or
oblong-obovate, lobed and spiny. The cotyledons of Zolliko-
feria are spathulate-obovate, trinerved and slightly emar-
ginate, and the first two leaves are oval and finely repand-
dentate.

There is no exact line of demarcation between broadly
spathulate cotyledons and those which may more rightly
be termed obovate, as the one type gradually merges into
the other. The obovate type is represented by Venidium
calendulaceum. The cotyledons have also a well-marked
emargination and the first two leaves are lanceolate, trinerved,
hairy and entire. Gitndelia Tournefortii may also be placed
here. Its cotyledons have a curious longitudinal furrow, which
may or may not be median, and appears to be due to folding
while yet in the seed. The seedling of Berkheya purpurea

COMPOSITE 111

(fig. 479) strongly resembles that of a Carduus or Cnicus, but
the cotyledons are shorter and less tapered at the base. The
first two leaves are elliptical and spiny- serrate, while the
ultimate ones are ligulate or oblanceolate, undulately lobed
and spiny. Sonchus squarrosus and S. arvensis belonging to
the tribe Cichoriacese have obovate emarginate cotyledons.
The first leaf of S. squarrosus is roundly ovate and dentate.
Helianthus cucumerifolius (fig. 459), also belonging to a very
different affinity from Carduus, or Venidium, has obovate,
entire or slightly emarginate, shortly petiolate cotyledons.
The first pair of leaves are oblong and entire ; the second
pair lanceolate ; and from thence they pass through ovate
to cordate or triangular forms all more or less distinctly
dentate-serrate.

The ovate type of cotyledon is well represented by Mutisia
ilicifolia (fig. 483). Here the cotyledons are ovate, acute,
fleshy, both turned upon one side and recurved. The first
three leaves are ovate or cordate, and repandly spiny-toothed.
The cotyledons of M. copiapina are oblong-ovate, acute, of
great size, spreading, with numerous, faint, incurved nerves.
The first three leaves are oblong, sessile, and repandly
spiny-toothed. In Ainslisea fragrans the cotyledons are
much smaller, ovate, obtuse and trinerved beneath. The first
leaf is roundly cordate and pubescent. Gamolepis annua has
broadly oblong-ovate, emarginate cotyledons, and the first
two leaves at least are deeply pinnatifid with linear or
narrowly lanceolate segments. G. Tagetes differs consider-
ably from the last named in having oval cotyledons with a
cuneate base. The first leaf is deeply trifid and all succeed-
ing ones are pinnatisect with linear segments. Both species
are annuals.

The only species having truly lanceolate cotyledons coming
under my notice is Gonospermum fruticosum. The cotyledons
are linear-lanceolate, trinerved, sessile, subacute, and 6'5 to
7*5 cm. long. The first leaf is narrowly ovate, and serrate.
The three following are pinnatisect with three segments each,
of which the lateral ones are very small, and the terminal
ones like the first leaf, except that they are more cuneate at
the base.

112

ON SEEDLINGS

Haplopappus pectinatus. Auct.

Primary root very long, gradually tapering, slightly branched.

Hypocotyl tapering indistinguishably into the root, 2-5-3 cm.
long.

Cotyledons linear-spathulate, obtuse, entire, slightly connate at
the base, glabrous, 1-4-1-5 cm. long, 2-2-5 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, thinly glandular ; 1st internode
2-5 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, thinly glandular,
tapering into the petiole which is slightly channelled above, and
semiamplexicaul at the base ; principal veins traversing the leaf
longitudinally.

No. 1. Narrowly spathulate, entire, obtuse, mucronate.

Nos. 2 and 3. Narrowly spathulate, tapering into a slender
petiole, with one or two teeth on each side near the apex.

No. 4. Spathulate, deeply incise-dentate with distant teeth.

Nos. 5-9. Deeply pinnatifid with linear-oblong, horizontally
spreading segments.

Brachycome iberidifolia, Benth.
(fig. 457).

Primary root tapering down-
wards, with lateral fibres, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, very
short, tapering indistinguishably
into the root.

Cotyledons short, oblong, obtuse,
entire, fleshy, convex on both sur-
faces or nearly flat above, tapering
to the base, then connate and form-
ing a cup around the plumule, with
an indistinctly discernible midrib,
glabrous, light green or stained
with red beneath, 4-4-5 mm. long,
1-75-2 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect ;
primary internodes short or not
developed.

Leaves simple, radical and cau-
line, alternate, exstipulate, pelio-
late, or narrowed to the base and not truly petiolate, alternately
but indistinctly penninerved, fleshy or subsucculent, glabrous, light
green above, paler beneath, petiole or petiole-like base, channelled

FIG. 457. — Brachycome iberidifolia.
Nat. size.

COMPOSITE

113

above, obtusely subcarinate beneath, dilated at the very base and
subaniplexicaul.

Nos. 1 and 2. Linear, obtuse, entire.

No. 3. Linear, obtuse, with one to two obtuse teeth or segments
near the apex, gradually tapering with a long petiole-like base.

No. 4. Pinnatifid with two to three alternate, oblong, obtuse
segments on each side.

No 5. Pinnatisect with linear-oblong, obtuse, entire segments.

No. 6. Pinnatisect with narrow, linear, obtuse, entire segments.

Bellis pereimis, L. (fig. 458).

Primary root tapering downwards, flexuose with numerous
lateral, flexuose, simple or branching fibrous rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, very short, mostly subterranean and passing
insensibly into the root.

Cotyledons rotund, entire, or more frequently
minutely and shallowly emarginate, petiolate,
light green above, paler beneath, with an indis-
cernible venation, glabrous ; lamina horizontal,
3-5-8-75 mm. long, 3'5-4 mm. wide ; petiole
broad, flattened above, convex on the back, dilated
and connate at the base, pale green or almost
colourless, ascending, T5-2 mm. long.

Stem creeping and rhizomatous, seldom
ascending, but undeveloped in the young state,
ultimately branching ; primary internodes unde-
veloped.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, alternately incurvinerved and obscurely
reticulate, hairy on both surfaces, bright or deep
green above, paler beneath ; petioles obtusely keeled or rounded on
the back, channelled above, dilated at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Rotund, nearly or quite entire.

No. 3. Rotund, obsoletely glandular-dentate, or denticulate.

Charieis heterophylla, Cass.

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl obconical, short, 6-7 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, fleshy, sessile, gla-
brous, green, one-nerved, slightly unequal.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, hirsute ; 1st internode 7-8 mm.
long ; 2nd about the same ; 3rd shorter.

ii. I

Bellis perennis.
Nat. size.

114 ON SEEDLINGS

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate ; later
ones alternate, oblong or spathulate, tapering at the base to a broad -
ish petiole, hirsute, green, very indistinctly pinnatinerved ; some of
the later leaves appear sessile and slightly toothed.

Belhania sessiliflora, Thunb.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-9 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons linear, acute, sessile, subfilifonn or terete, glabrous,
green or stained with purplish-brown, l-2-l*5 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, glandular-hairy ; 1st inter-
node 4-7 mm. long ; 2nd similar.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate,
sessile and slightly connate at the base, glandular-hairy, with the
midrib slightly furrowed above and prominent beneath.

First to seventh pairs linear, acute, gradually longer, and broader
than the cotyledons.

Odontospermum spinosnm, Auct.

Athene hairy ; pappus simple.

Seed obovoid, about 2 mm. long ; testa smooth, thin, dark brown ;
hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the entire cavity of the seed, greyish or
colourless ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, oblong, obtuse, sessile, entire ;
radicle inferior, terete, obtuse, very much shorter and rather narrower
than the cotyledons.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, short, about 7*5-10 mm. long, light
green or colourless, glabrous.

Cotyledons almost orbicular, entire, obtuse, glabrous, shortly
petiolate, dark green ; venation indistinct.

Stem with the first intemodes undeveloped, the leaves appearing
immediately above the cotyledons.

Primary leaves simple, entire, narrow, obovate or obtusely ob-
lanceolate, tapering at the base but scarcely petiolate, exstipulate,
ciliate and covered all over with bristly hairs ; venation represented
by a prominent midrib.

Rudbeckia serotina,
Hypocotijl short, hardly appearing above the surface of the soil.
Cotyledons subrotund, obtuse, minutely emarginate, fleshy, gla-
brous, green, with no apparent venation, very shortly petiolate.
Stem with primary intemodes undeveloped.

COMPOSITE

115

First leaves simple, radical, entire or slightly serrate, alternate,
petiolate, exstipulate, broadly lanceolate, subacute, hirsute, green,
trinerved ; petiole very long, covered with stiff bristles, deeply
channelled on the upper side.

Helianthus anmms, L.

Achene obovoid, much compressed, but thickest near the apex,
tipped with the persistent base of the flower, glabrous, brown, striped
or mottled with grey ; outer coat thin, membranous ; inner thick-
ened or subwoody at the lateral edges.

Seed obovate, much flattened but obtusely tetragonal, conforming
in outline to the achene, but shrunk when dry ; testa thin, mem-
branous, white, closely applied to the seed.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large, straight, conforming in outline to the seed ; coty-
ledons obovate, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, closely applied to each
other face to face, colourless ; radicle short, turbinate, obtuse.

Helianthus cucumerifolius, A. Gray (fig. 459).

Achene differs from that of H. amiuus in being
much smaller, oblong-obovate, and obtusely tetra-
gonal with the lateral angles smaller and more
obtuse, while the apex is more truncate, and some-
times depressed, causing an emargination of the
cotyledons.

Primary root slender, colourless, with a few
fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, terete, glabrous, about
3 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, brownish-green.

Cotyledons subsessile and semiamplexicaul, 1*2-
1-5 cm. long, over 5 mm. wide, obovate-spathulate,
rounded at the apex, entire or slightly emarginate,
obscurely nerved, glabrous, thin, light green.

Stem with the first internode 5 mm. long, terete,
succulent, green, covered with silky hairs.

Leaves cauline, opposite, exstipulate, simple, con-
nate and clasping the bases of their petioles.

First pair entire, oblong, obtuse, obscurely tri-
nerved, coarsely pubescent on both sides, tapering into the chan-
nelled petiole, 2-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide ; petiole 3-5 mm. long.

Second pair lanceolate-ovate, obtuse or subacute, trinerved,
serrulate with gland-tipped serratures, coarsely pubescent above,
almost villous beneath, with short petioles.

i 2

FIG. 459.

Helianthus

cucumerifolius.

Half nat. size.

116 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves cordate-acuminate or more often triangular,
acute or subacuminate, more or less cordate at the base, tri-
nerved in the lower half and alternately penninerved upwards,
coarsely and irregularly toothed, scabrous on both surfaces.

Guizotia abyssinica, Cass.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 8-15 mm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate-orbicular, obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, pube-
scent, dark green, pinnatinerved, like the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous ; 1st internode 2-3 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, lanceolate, obtuse,
shortly petiolate, exstipuiate, pubescent, light green, pinnati-
nerved.

Heterospermum diversifolium, H. B. K.

Primary root soon giving off very strong lateral rootlets which
keep the primary one in check, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, entire, sessile, tapering to the
base and slightly connate, glabrous, with a distinct midrib, 1-1-3
cm. long, 2-2-75 mm. wide above the middle.

Stem annual, herbaceous, erect, terete, somewhat striate, with
rows of hairs from the edges of the leafstalks downwards ; 1st inter-
node 3-4 mm. long ; 2nd 7-11 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate or verticillate in threes,
exstipuiate, somewhat hairy on both surfaces, with strong, sharply-
ascending nerves ; petioles channelled above, slightly connate at
the base.

First pair linear-spathulate, obtuse, entire, or sometimes sub-
cuneate, rather deeply trifid.

Second pair ovate, pinnatifid, with about five segments.

Third to sixth pairs ovate-elliptic or subrhomboidal, cuneate at
the base and shallowly serrate, not pinnatifid.

Coreopsis Atkinsoniana, Dougl. (fig. 460).

Achene oval in outline, convex both in a longitudinal and
transverse direction dorsully, but involute at the margins and con-
cave ventrally, with a small, somewhat elevated scar at either end,
smooth on the back and minutely dotted or reticulated, or distinctly
echinulate, black.

Seed obovate, curved longitudinally and compressed dorso-ven-
trally, conforming to the interior of the fruit ; testa pale or whitish,

COMPOSITE

117

thin, membranous ; hilum and micropyle inferior, contiguous ;
chalaza apical, superior.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large, straight or slightly curved longitudinally, con-
forming to the interior of the seed, colourless ; cotyledons rotund-

FIG. 460. — Coreopsis Atkinsoniana, x 20. A, longitudinal section of
achene : E, embryo ; T, testa ; PC, pericarp ; B, radicle. B, trans-
verse section of achene : C, cotyledon ; PC, pericarp ; T, testa.
C, embryo, showing edges of cotyledons and their relative length to
the radicle.

obovate, entire, plano-convex and closely applied face to face, lying
in the broader plane of the seed with their back towards the axis of
the receptacle or inflorescence, much longer than the very short,
turbinate, obtuse radicle at the base of the seed.

Germination (fig. 461).

The fruit splits vertically along each side, that is right and left
corresponding with the position of the
cotyledons in the broader plane of the
seed and fruit.

The radicle emerges at its base and
fixes itself in the ground while the
cotyledons increase in size and escape
from the fruit. The cotyledons are
tinged with purple.

When the fruit has been insufficiently
covered, it is often carried up by the
germinating embryo.

The figure shows the seedling as
it appears three days after germination. The cotyledons are
broadly oval, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base into a short

FIG. 461.
Coreopsis Atkinsoniana, x 6.

118

ON SEEDLINGS

petiole, glabrous, pale green, more or less stained with purple, some-
what unequal in size owing to their position in the curved seed and
fruit. In twelve out of fifteen seedlings the cotyledons were
markedly unequal ; in the other three only slightly.

Coreopsis auriculata, L. (fig. 462).

Achene obovate, winged, wings nearly entire or oftener more
or less cut into shreds or short filaments, convex on the dorsal
aspect and somewhat curved, subconcave when dry and curved
longitudinally on the ventral aspect, with a callosity at its base
and a large one at the apex, or two more or less combined,
smooth on the dorsal aspect, minutely tuberculated on the ventral,
black.

FIG. 462. — Coreopsis auriculata. A, longitudinal section of achene, x 14 :
r, radicle. B, transverse section of achene, x 14.

Seed conforming in outline to the cavity of the achene, rounded
at the end, suddenly tapered to an obtuse point, much compressed
dorso-ventrally, surrounded by a dark line on the middle of both
dorsal and ventral aspect, slightly curved longitudinally like the
achene ; hilum basal ; chalaza apical ; testa thin, pale, membra-
nous.

Endosperm absent. *

Embryo large, slightly curved in accordance with the achene and
seed, colourless ; cotyledons obovate or broadly oval, rounded at the
apex, entire, suddenly narrowed to the radicle ; radicle very short,
obtuse.

COMPOSITE

119

Coreopsis filifolia, Hook. (fig. 463).

Achene linear or subcylindrical, narrow, biconvex, smooth on the
ventral aspect, obtusely muricate on the dorsal, curved outwards in
the middle or away from the central axis,
shortly two-horned at the apex, with a
slightly oblique, somewhat thickened basal
scar.

Seed cylindrical, conforming to the shape
of the achene, curved ; testa thin, mem-
branous, white ; raphe and chalaza incon-
spicuous ; micropyle and hilum basal.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo slightly curved, filling the seed,
pale yellowish-white ; cotyledons linear, ob-
tuse, entire, plano-convex ; radicle turbinate,
obtuse, about one-fourth the length of coty-
ledons.

FIG. 463. — Coreopsis fili-
folia. Longitudinal sec-

Coreopsis gigantea, Benth. (fig. 464).

Primary root slender, tapering down- tion of achene, x 14
wards.

Hypocotyl erect or ascending from a thickened base, terete, gla-
brous, shining, red at the base and pale green above, and more
slender, 2'5-4'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, subundu-
late, subsucculent, flattened and slightly
channelled along the midrib, horizontal,
2'5-3 cm. long.

Leaves simple, pinnatisect, cauline,
opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, subsuccu-
lent, glabrous ; petioles subterete, chan-
nelled above.

First pair pinnatisect with two pairs
of lateral, and one terminal, linear, obtuse
segment. The ultimate leaves are tri-
angular in outline, two to three times
pinnatisect ; segments all slender, filiform, slightly channelled
above.

Coreopsis laciniata, Auct.

Primary root short, suddenly tapering, branched, annual.
Hypocotyl very short, tapering indistinguis.hably into the root,
5-8 mm. long.

FIG. 464.

Coreopsis qiqantea.
Half nat.'size.

120 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons shortly spathulate, tapered into a long petiole, entire
with a black gland at the apex, an indistinct midrib and a marginal
nerve best seen on the under surface, glabrous ; lamina 4-5 mm.
long, 2-5-3 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above, connate at the base
round the stem, 5-5-5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous ; 1st internode 4-5 mm.
long ; 2nd 1-6-1-8 cm.

Leaves nearly or quite glabrous, with indistinctly reticulate
venation ; petiole connate at the base, channelled above, with a few
hairs on the margin at the base.

First pair spathulate, obtuse, entire, with long petioles.

Second pair spathulate, or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, entire, with
long petioles.

Third pair pinnatifid ; with about two pairs of lateral lobes,
linear, obtuse, entire ; terminal lobe lanceolate, obtuse, entire,
tapered to the base, much longer than the lateral ones.

COMPARATIVE SIZE AND NUMBER OF FRUITS IN COREOPSIS.

Coreopsis auriculata, L. — Receptacle considerably elevated like
a torus, 3-25-5 mm. in diameter, bearing seventy to one hundred
and ten fruits or achenes, of which only five to fifteen ripened in the
specimens examined. Achenes 3-25-3-5 mm. long, 2-5-3-5 mm. wide,
•75-1 mm. thick, slightly curved longitudinally and concave on the
ventral face.

G. filifolia, Hook. — Eeceptaele flat or slightly convex, 3-4-5 mm.
in diameter, bearing sixty-five to seventy-six achenes, of which four
to fifteen ripened in the specimens examined. Achenes narrow,
somewhat curved longitudinally, 3-75-4-25 mm. long, 1-25 mm. wide,
1 mm. thick.

C. lanceolata, L. — Receptacle convex, 4-5 mm. in diameter,
bearing seventy to eighty-five achenes. Achenes flattened, or
convex on the back, ciliated at the margins, terminating in two
teeth.

C. latifolia, Michx.— Receptacle flat, 3-4-25 mm. in diameter,
bearing eighteen to thirty achenes, of which very few (one to two
or more) ripened in specimens examined. Achenes oblong, com-
pressed, two-edged, with a ridge along each face, ending in two
very short blunt teeth, slightly curved longitudinally, 7-8 mm.
long, 2-25-2-75 mm. wide,*l-l'3 mm. thick.

C. tinctoria, Nutt. — Receptacle 3-5-5 mm. in diameter,
slightly convex, bearing one hundred to two hundred achenes,
of which forty to one hundred and forty-five ripened in speci-
mens examined. Achenes longitudinally curved, rounded and

COMPOSITE 121

echinulate on the back, flattened and slightly convex on the face,
minutely reticulate, 1*5-2 mm. long, '75-1 mm. wide, '25--33 mm.
thick.

C. Atkinsoniana, Dougl. — Receptacle elevated, 2-5-6'75 mm.
in diameter, bearing eighty to one hundred and thirty-six achenes,
of which fifty to ninety-four ripened in specimens examined.
Achene almost semiglobose, concave on the ventral aspect,
echinulate dorsally, 2-2-25 mm. long, 1-5-1-75 mm. wide, '5-1 mm.
thick.

C. bicolor, Rchb. — Receptacle convex, 3-5-6 mm. in diameter,
bearing one hundred and eighty to two hundred and sixteen
achenes, of which one hundred to one hundred and sixty ripened
in the specimens examined. Achene 2-2-33 mm. long, '75-1 mm.
wide, -25 mm. thick, oblong, slightly curved longitudinally, and
generally tapering slightly to the ends, with a small white basal
callosity, minutely echinulate on both surfaces.

Dahlia variabilis, Desf.

Achene narrowly obovate or spathulate, notched at the apex
with a little tooth in the sinus, giving the whole a tridentate
appearance, compressed, obtusely ancipitous, disarticulated at the
base transversely, with a shallow oval areola, black.

Seed conforming to the interior of the fruit, but readily separ-
able from it ; testa thin, pale or colourless, longitudinally striate.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, occupying and conforming to the interior of
the seed, fleshy, colourless ; cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, entire,
tapering gradually to the short radicle, plano-convex and applied to
each other, face to face ; radicle inferior, obtusely pointed, close to
the hilum.

Seedling.

Primary root long, tapering, with lateral rootlets, ultimately
supplanted by more or less fusiform tubers springing from below the
cotyledons, and in close proximity to them.

Hypocotyl subterranean or indistinguishable from the root.

Cotyledons spathulate-linear.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, hairy, ultimately glabrous or
thinly hairy, greenish -purple, striated with darker lines ; 1st inter-
node 14 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 2-5 mm. ; 4th 5 mm.

Leaves opposite, pinnatisect, glabrous above except on the nerves,
deep green, ciliate at the margins, paler beneath and hairy ; petioles
channelled on the upper side, and more or less winged.

122 ON SEEDLINGS

First pair ovate, obsoletely serrate, cuneate at the base.

Second pair ovate, rather coarsely dentate-serrate.

Third pair similar but more rounded at the base.

Fourth pair unequal ; one leaf ovate, serrate ; the other tripartite
•with ovate, serrate segments ; the lateral ones much the smallest.

Ultimate leaves pinnatisect, with three to five or more segments ;
segments ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, opposite, the lower pair
generally stalked with or without two small segments on their basal
posterior side. Upper leaves tripartite ; uppermost undivided and
shortly stalked or sessile or reduced to bracts.

Bidens humilis, H. B. K.

Achene linear, very narrow, obtusely tetragonal with shallow
ridges and furrows between, glabrous, black ; two of the angles pre-
dominate and are produced into two horns surmounting the fruit.

Seed linear, slightly broader than thick, conforming to the
interior of the achene, only falling short of the length of the
cavity ; testa thin, membranous, white or nearly so ; micropyle
and hilum contiguous, basal, inferior ; chalaza superior.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo comparatively large, filling the entire seed, straight,
colourless ; cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, closely
applied face to face, lying in the broader plane of the seed with
their backs to the axis of the receptacle, narrowed somewhat towards
the base ; radicle terete, obtuse, slightly shorter than the cotyledons,
pointing to the base of the fruit but some distance above it.

Receptacle somewhat concave, 3-3'5 mm. in diameter, bearing
forty to sixty achenes, of which thirty-five to fifty ripened in the
specimens examined. Achenes linear, slender, straight, 5-7 mm.
long, exclusive of the awns or teeth, -75 mm. wide, '5 mm. thick,
four-ribbed longitudinally.

Seedling (fig. 465).

Primary root long, flexuose, with numerous lateral rootlets,
annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, reddish, about 8 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, subfleshy, flattened above with a sunk
midrib, convex beneath, broadest above the middle, amplexicaul
and connate at the base, attbut 1 cm. long, 1-1*25 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, densely covered with
hyaline, coarse, jointed hairs, and densely pubescent especially .when
young ; 1st internode 5'5 mm. long ; 2nd 9 mm. ; 3rd 1-1 cm. ; 4th
1-8 cm. ; 5th 4 cm. ; 6th 2'5 cm.

COMPOSITE 123

Leaves simple, bi- to tri-pinnatisect, or by reversion pinnatisect,
opposite, more or less hairy on both surfaces with a line of short
incurved hairs along the sunk median nerve
of every segment, deep green above, pale
beneath ; petioles hairy, channelled above,
convex on the back, dilated and amplexicaul
at the base.

First pair trifid or pinnatifid with two
linear obtuse segments on each side.

Second pair with a short broadly tri-
angular limb, pinnatisect with the basal
segments largest and trifid.

Third pair triangular, bipinnatisect,
with oblanceolate-linear segments.

Fourth pair triangular-ovate, bipinnatisect with the secondary
segments slightly cut.

Fifth pair triangular-ovate, bipinnatisect.

Ultimate leaves triangular-ovate, bi- to tri-pinnatisect with the
ultimate segments oblanceolate-linear or oblong, entire or slightly
cut, acute. By reversion many of the stems and branches produce,
towards the top, leaves that are merely ternately pinnatisect with
triangular or ovate pinnatifid or merely incise -dentate segments,
and broad slightly toothed lobes.

Nearer the top of these branches the leaves are ternately pinnati-
sect with ovate, acute incise-serrate segments.

B. leucantha, Willd. — Eeceptacle slightly concave in the early
stages, ultimately flat or somewhat convex, 4*25-7 mm. in diameter,
bearing fifty to seventy-one achenes of which thirty-seven to sixty-
four ripened in the specimens examined. Achenes linear, slender,
obtusely tetragonal, with a few ascending bristles towards the apex,
and terminated by two to four awns, of which two are nearly always
the strongest and all furnished with reflexed bristles, 6-5-13-5 mm.
long, -75-1-25 mm. wide, -75-1 mm. thick.

Bidens ferulsefolia, DC.

Hypocotyl as in B. humilis, but 2-3-5 cm. long, and light
green or colourless with occasionally a faint reddish tinge.

Cotyledons linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, tapering to the base,
but not petiolate, fleshy, glabrous, light green, one-nerved.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, finely pubescent ; 1st internode
about 2-4 mm. long.

First leaves cauline, petiolate, pinnatifid, lobes 3-5 mm. long,
the end one, considerably the largest, acute, light green, pinnati-

124 ON SEEDLINGS

nerved with a lateral nerve running up each lobe, surface with a few
hairs. The first pair as in many other Composite are opposite.

Madia elegans, Don.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-6 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons broadly spathulate, emarginate, obtuse, sessile, con-
nate at the base, fleshy, glabrous, dark green, one-nerved, the nerve
only apparent at the base of the lamina.

Stem ascending, herbaceous, pubescent ; 1st internode about
2 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, linear,
subacute, cilia te, thickly covered with hairs, with those on the
under side much smaller, light green, distinctly one-nerved.

Layia platyglossa, A. Gray.

Achene obovate or spathulate, ribbed and covered with numerous
hairs ; pappus short, coronate.

Seed conforming in shape to the achene, exalbuminous ; testa
membranous, thin ; hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the interior of the seed, colourless ; coty-
ledons spathulate, obtuse, emarginate (on account of a depression of
the pericarp beneath the style), sessile ; radicle terete, obtuse, not
quite so long as the cotyledons.

Layia heterotricha, Hook, et Arn.
(fig. 466).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous,
1-2-1-5 cm. long, light green or colour-
less.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse,
emarginate, tapering to a long nar-
row base but hardly petiolate, fleshy,
light green, indistinctly one-nerved,
glabrous.

Stem with the primary internodes
but slightly developed.

'~Laterotricha- First leaves linear- spathulate ; the

first pair are opposite, acute, denticu-
late, tapering to the base but hardly petiolate, hairy, with a distinct
midrib.

The seedling of Layia elegans, Torr. et Gray, closely resembles
the above.

COMPOSITE 125

Burrielia gracilis, DC.

Primary root slender, fibrous, annual.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, 8-12 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, connate at the base and sheath-
ing the stem, glabrous, 1-1'G cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect or procumbent, terete, glabrous'
or nearly so at the base, and covered with an adpressed pubescence
upwards ; 1st intemode 1-2*7 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, sessile and connate at
the base, very thinly pubescent, semiterete, channelled on the upper
side.

First to third or fourth pair precisely similar to the cotyledons,
but larger.

Baeria chrysostoma, Fisch. et Mey.

Primary root annual, long, tapering gradually and giving off
only a few slender rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, terete, glabrous, tapering indistinguishably into
the root.

Cotyledons linear, semiterete, slightly flattened above, obtuse or
subacute, connate at the base and sheathing the stem for 3 mm.,
very sparsely pilose, 4-4- 5 cm. long, about -5 mm. wide, recurved
at the tip.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous or thinly pilose ; 1st
internode 1'4-1'7 cm. long ; 2nd 1-1-2 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, sessile and sheathing at the
base, pilose and ciliate at the margin, subsequently more or less
glabrescent.

First pair linear, obtuse, or subacute, semiterete, slightly flattened
above and curved at the tip like the cotyledons, which they resemble
in general appearance.

Second pair broader, linear, obtuse, channelled above, slightly
carinate beneath, coarsely and thinly ciliate at the margin, recurved
at the tips.

Third pair similar, but broader and recurved at the tips.

Lasthenia glabrata, Lindl.

Primary root long and gradually tapering downwards, but slightly
branched, annual.

Hypocotyl short, or tapering indistinguishably into the root.

Cotyledons linear, connate at the base, sheathing the stem, flat-
tened above, 2-2'5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide.

126

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, glabrous, green and shin-
ing ; 1st internode 2-2'5 cm. long ; 2nd 1-5-1-8 cm.

Leaves as in last species, connate and sheathing at the base,
bright green and glabrous, entire.

First pair linear, obtuse, entire, flattened above, slightly broader
, above the middle, resembling the cotyledons.

Second pair linear, obtuse, flattened above, entire.

Third pair much broader, linear, obtuse, slightly channelled
above, entire.

Lasthenia obtusifolia, Cass., var. Bridgesii.

Achene obovate-oblong, suddenly narrowed to the base, com-
pressed, slightly keeled on one side, glabrous, 3-3*5 mm. long by 1-25-
1-5 mm. wide about or above the middle.

Seed conforming to the shape of the achene.

Embryo conforming to the shape of the seed ; cotyledons

spathulate-obovate, blunt or slightly emarginate at the apex ;

radicle conical, nearly as long as the cotyledons. The cotyledons

after germination are linear or spathulate-linear, a shape attained

by elongation after germination.

Tagetes patnla, L. (fig. 467).

Primary root tapering, flexuose
colourless, with many fleshy, colourless,
flexuose, fibrous rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, deep dull
purple, closely striate with scabrid lines
of papillae-like hairs, 1-5-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons narrowly spathulate, sub-
fleshy, pale green above, paler beneath,
with a prominent midrib and a sub-
marginal row of brownish glands ; petiole
slightly furrowed above, scabrous be-
neath, 6 mm. long ; limb oblong-obtuse,
glabrous, T3 cm. long, 4 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, annual, terete, gla-
brous, dull purple ; early, internodes
very short.

Leaves simple, pinnatisect, cauline,
opposite, sessile, glabrous, with a sub-
marginal line of brownish glands on the lobes or segments.

First and second pairs much alike ; basal segments very small,
spathulate, acutely tri-dentate or -fid ; middle segments lanceo-

FIG. 467.— Tagetes patula.
Nat. size.

COMPOSITE 127

late, acute, serrulate above the middle ; terminal segment lanceolate-
elliptic, acute, serrate from the middle upwards ; lateral segments
alternate ; rachis and midrib of segments channelled.

Tagetes glandulifera, Schrank.

Primary root very similar to that of T. patula.

Hypocotyl minutely scabrid, pale purple, 2'1 cm. long, 1 mm.
thick.

Cotyledons very similar to those of T. patula, tapering into a
short petiole, connate at the base, 1*6 cm. long, 8'5 mm. wide.

Stem angled and furrowed ; 1st internode 4 mm. long.

Leaves very similar to those of the last species, pinnatisect with
mostly alternate segments, and with submarginal, clear, translucent
glands.

First pair pinnatisect, tapering much to the base with very
unequal segments ; basal ones small, slender, spathulate, triden-
tate, with the teeth often tipped with a bristle ; upper segments
lanceolate, subserrate ; terminal segment lanceolate-elliptic, serrate
above the middle.

Second pair similar, except that the terminal segment is very
much the largest and oblong, acute, serrate.

Gaillardia pinnatifida, Torr. (fig. 468).

Primary root tapering, rather stout, colourless, giving off a few
lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl 2-8 mm. above ground, 1-1*5 mm.
thick, fleshy, red, frequently surrounded by the husk
of the achene.

Cotyledons oblong- spathulate, sessile, rather
fleshy, obtuse, glabrous, variable in length according
to vigour of specimen, 6-13 mm. long, 4-5 -5 mm.
wide.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate,
coarsely hairy on both surfaces ; petioles channelled
above, convex beneath or somewhat ridged, pubes-
cent.

No. 1. Spathulate, obtuse, or sometimes narrowly FIG 468

elliptic, entire. Gaillardia

No. 2. Oblong, obtuse, entire. fijfSf'riS

Ultimate radical leaves entire or sublyrate-
pinnatifid, spathulate, obtuse, tapering to the base, alternately penni-
nerved, with the nerves ascending and entering the lobes when

128 ON SEEDLINGS

present, dull subglaucous-green, more or less hairy on both sur-
faces; petioles channelled above, shallowly ridged on the back,
dilated, sheathing and crimson at the base, subscabrously hairy.

Anacyclus radiatus, Lois.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 3-4 cm. long, light green tinged
with red.

Cotyledons oblong- spathulate, obtuse, entire, tapering to the
base but scarcely petiolate, connate at the base, fleshy, glabrous,
light green, indistinctly pinnatinerved.

Stem herbaceous ; primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves pinnatifid, cauline, alternate, with a few hairs,
tapering to the base, pinnatinerved ; lobes acute, entire or bifid,
light green.

Gonospermum fruticosum, Less.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, covered with very minute hairs, 3-5-
S'75 cm. long, brownish.

Cotyledons very long, linear-lanceolate, subacute, entire, tapering
to the base, glabrous, green, trinerved, sessile.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately shrubby ; 1st internode
2-3 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd about the same.

First leaf simple, ovate-oblong or almost lanceolate, acute,
coarsely serrate, covered with minute hairs, green, pinnatinerved ;
leaves after the first one alternate, pinnatisect ; terminal segment
similar to the first leaf; lateral segments small, serrate, oblong,
acute ; petioles short, thick, deeply channelled on the upper face.

Lonas inodora, Gaertn.

Seed narrowly obovoid, subcompressed, readily removable when
fresh from the achene to the interior of which it conforms.

Embryo conforming to the seed which it wholly occupies ; coty-
ledons plano-convex, obtuse, entire, closely occupying the interior
of the upper and broader end of the seed, and applied face to face ;
radicle tapering to an obtuse point and occupying the narrow end of
the seed, nearly equalling the cotyledons in length but much narrower ;
plumule minute and scarcely, if at all, discernible.

Seedling (fig. 469).

Primary root tapering downwards, giving off slender lateral
rootlets, colourless, flexuose, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout, tapering into the radicle, pale green,
glabrous, 3'5-5'5 mm. long.

COMPOSITE

129

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, sessile, connate at the base and
forming a cup round the plumule, glabrous, pale green, succulent
and without any discernible venation, 4-5*5 mm. long, 3-3*5 mm.
wide at the middle.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, annual, pale green ; 1st
internode 7-9 mm. long ; 2nd 3-10 mm.

Leaves. — Lower opposite, upper alternate, sessile, with a few alter-
nate, ascending nerves on each side
of the midrib, glabrous, subsuccu-
lent, light green above, paler be-
neath.

First pair spathulate, subacute
or cuspidate, tapering gradually to
the base where they are again
slightly dilated and connate and
grooved on the upper side, many
times longer than the cotyledons,
decussating with them, entire, with
a distinct midrib but no other dis-
cernible venation.

Second pair spathulate-cuneate,
trifid with ovate, acute, entire teeth
or lobules, or the lateral ones some-
times furnished with one or two
teeth on the posterior side, with a
lateral nerve proceeding straight
into each tooth, tapering gradually
to the base where they are again slightly dilated and furnished
with a number of slender, subulate or setiform teeth, carinate
beneath.

Third pair cuneate, tapering to the base, deeply trifid, with oblong,
slightly toothed segments, each with a strong lateral nerve, carinate
on the back, somewhat dilated and connate at the base, for some
distance above which they are furnished with slender, subulate, or
setiform teeth.

Seventh leaf alternate in specimen examined

Achillea Millefolium, L. (fig. 470).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green or almost colourless,
6-14 mm. long.

Cotyledons shortly spathulate, tapering to the base and perfoliate,
with an indistinct midrib and two lateral nerves arising from the base
and passing round the cotyledon immediately within the margin to

II. K

?. — Lonas inodora.

Nat. size.

130

ON SEEDLINGS

unite with the midrib near the apex, glabrous, light green above,

paler beneath, 5-6 mm. long, 2-25-3 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, procumbent at the base or creeping, with erect
flowering stems ; primary inter-
nodes undeveloped.

Leaves radical and cauline,
alternate (first two opposite or
equally developed), more or less
hairy or tomentose when young,
minutely scaly, deep greyish-
green ; petioles semiterete, deeply
channelled above, dilated and
clasping at the base, more or less
hairy.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, spath-
ulate, acute, tapering into the
petiole, always having one to two
subulate, acute teeth on each
side.

Ultimate leaves oblanceolate-
linear in outline, two to four
times pinnatisect primary and
secondary segments or divisions
FIG. 470.— Achillea Millefolium, x 2. ovate ; tertiary and quaternary
divisions slender, subulate or

lanceolate, acute, more or less acuminate or subaristate.

Anthemis sp. (fig. 471).

Primary root comparatively short, tapering rather suddenly to
a fine point and giving off long, lateral, adventitious roots.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, twisted very frequently or curved,
pale green, almost colourless, 1-1*5 cm. long.

Cotyledons shortly linear- oblong, obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide.

Stem herbaceous, terete or slightly angular, glabrous or minutely
scabrous on the slender ridges, pale green ; 1st internode 2 mm.
long ; 2nd undeveloped ; 3rd 3'5 mm. ; 4th 2 mm.

Leaves multisect, alternate, with amplexicaul petioles, pale green,
odorous, glabrous or minutely and sparsely pubescent, chiefly on the
nerves.

Nos. 1 and 2. Almost or quite opposite ; lamina oblong, pin-
nati-fid or -sect, with lanceolate, acute segments ; petiole flat above,
convex beneath, 1*3 cm. long.

COMPOSITE

131

No. 8. Pinnatisect ; lower segments small, linear, acute, entire ;
upper segments lanceolate, acute, frequently cut again.

Nos. 4-6. Bipinnatisect
with slender, linear-lanceo-
late, acute or bristle-tipped
segments.

These characters are
fairly constant throughout

a great
lings.

number of seed-

FIG. 471. — Anthemis sp.
Nat. size.

Anthemis mixta, L.

Primary root slender
and fibrous.

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
glabrous, reddish, 1-1-5
cm. long.

Cotyledons linear-spath-
ulate, tapering to a narrow
petiole-like base, obtuse,
slightly connate at the base,
glabrous, 1-1-6 cm. long,
2-2-5 mm. at the widest.

Stem herbaceous, erect,
terete, glabrous ; 1st internode 2-12 mm. long, according to circum-
stances, and whether the seedlings are crowded or not.

Leaves alternate (first pair opposite), sessile, glabrous, uni- tobi-
pinnatisect, more or less sheathing or clasping at the base.

First pair opposite, entire, long, slender, linear, acute, convex
above and obtusely carinate beneath, narrower than the cotyledons
and several times longer.

No. 3. Pinnatisect with a few distant, linear, acute segments
by far the longest towards the apex of the leaf.

No. 4. Similar, rather more divided.

Nos. 5-7. Two to three times pinnatisect ; ultimate segments
linear or linear-lanceolate, acute.

Chrysanthemum carinatum, Schousb. (fig. 472).

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, giving off long lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, herbaceous, glabrous,
shining, pale, slightly suffused with purple.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, fleshy, convex above, subrevolute at
the margins, 1-1-5 cm. long.

12

132

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem herbaceous, annual.

Leaves. — Nos. 1 and 2. Linear, obtuse, distantly toothed or lobed
about the middle of the lamina, amplexicaul at the base.

No. 3. Linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; lobes
obtuse.

No. 4. Oblong, pinnatifid ; lobes oblong,
subacute or mucronate, fleshy.

No. 5. Similar, larger and toothed along
the narrow petiole-like part to the amplexicaul
base.

No. 6. Oblong in the upper part and pin-
natisect, other-wise like No. 5.

No. 7. Pinnatisect ; lobes pinnatifid or
toothed. This and the younger leaves more
or less glandular on the upper surface.

Chrysanthemum segetum, L.
Primary root as in last species, annual.
Hypocotyl fleshy, colourless, tapering into
the root, T65 cm. long.

Cotyledons very similar to those of the last
species, 1'35 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick.
Stem herbaceous, annual.
Leaves simple, radical and cauline, oppo-
site, sessile, glabrous, more or less lobed or
pinnatifid, subglaucous-green above, paler be-
neath.

First pair oblong, obtuse, deeply toothed with obtuse or acute,
ipiculate teeth, decurrent on the broad petiole-like base ; margin
entire ; midrib prominent.

Second pair oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, de-
current and serrate on the broad petiole-like
base ; lobes oblong, obtuse, dentate-serrate with
obtuse or acute, apiculate serratures.

Matricaria nigellaefolia, DC. (fig. 478).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-5 mm.
long, light green.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, entire, sessile,
but tapering towards the base, glabrous, 4-6 mm.
long, light green.

Stem erect, short, herbaceous.
Leaves. — First pair opposite (the others alternate), entire, cauline,

COMPOSITE 133

linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering at the base, glabrous,
glaucous-green, midrib with numerous ascending branches.
Second and third pairs alternate, and tri-lobed or -fid.

Matricaria Partheuium, L.

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, with numerous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl short, stout, merging into and indistinguishable from
the root.

Cotyledons small, subobovate, sessile, 5 mm. long, 8 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, elongated when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and ultimately cauline, alternate ; pubes-
cent on both surfaces, and densely covered with sessile glands,
highly odorous, more or less pinnately divided ; petioles pubescent,
channelled above, dilated and amplexicaul at the base.

No. 1. Spathulate, entire or one-toothed.

No. 2. Cuneate, obtuse, trifid or merely toothed.

No. 8. Shortly and broadly oblong, pinnatifid.

No. 4. Triangular, pinnatifid.

No. 5. Pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite ; lobes subcuneate, toothed
at the apex, or slightly cut.

No. 6. Triangular, obtuse, pinnatipartite ; lobes subpinnatifid
or toothed.

No. 7. Ditto ; but lobes alternate, ovate and oblong, deeply pin-
natifid.

Nos. 8 and 9. Triangular, almost pinnatisect ; lobes ovate, pin-
natifid and toothed, lower ones deeply cut on the basal, posterior side.

The far. laciniatum has its larger leaves pinnatisect, pinnatipartite
and pinnatifid ; ultimate segments subulate or lanceolate, and acute.

Matricaria globifera, Fzl.

Hypocotyl as in M. Parthenium, subterranean.

Cotyledons falling away early.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, slightly pubescent ; internodes
crowded or many of the lower ones undeveloped.

Leaves simple, ultimately pinnately multisect, radical and caul-
ine, lower petiolate, upper sessile, glabrous, deep green with the
segments convex above, minutely revolute at the margins, making
a shallow channel on each side of the rather prominent midrib in
the primary divisions, — the midrib is absent in the smaller divisions ;
petioles glabrous, flattened on the upper surface or convex, dilated
and slightly channelled at the amplexicaul base, convex or deepen-
ing into a ridge beneath.

134 ON SEEDLINGS

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, spathulate-cuneate, and five-toothed.

Nos. 8 and 4. Pinnatifid, short, subcuneate at the base, with
entire segments.

No. 5. Short, broad, irregularly bipinnatifid.

No. 6. Bipinnatisect, the lower segments scattered.

No. 7. Shortly oblong, obtuse, bipinnatisect ; lowest segment
small.

No. 8. Ditto, tripinnatisect ; middle segment largest and most

cut.

No. 9. Oblong, obtuse, tripinnatisect with most of the primary
divisions nearly equal ; base of petiole with a few linear segments.

Nos. 10 and 11. Oblong, obtuse, tri- to quadri-pinnatisect, with
a small detached segment about the middle of the petiole, and a few
linear, mostly entire ones towards or close to the base ; ultimate
segments linear, acute rather thin but fleshy.

Cauline leaves sessile ; larger ones bi- to tri-pinnatisect to the very
base with mostly alternate segments — the middle ones largest with
long, linear, slender, subfiliform acute segments.

Cotula coronopifolia, L.

Hypocotyl slender, 8-10 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, or slightly spathulate,
entire, connate into a cylindrical sheath at the base for about one-
third of their length, and surrounding the plumule, glabrous, sessile,
a midrib faintly visible, 3-4*5 mm. long in the upper free part, and
1-5-2 mm. wide.

Stem terete, glabrous; 1st internode -9-1-5 cm. long; 2nd
shorter and often entirely covered with the leaf-sheaths.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first pair opposite), sheathing
at the base, glabrous, at least in the seedling.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, linear, entire, obtuse, elongated, taper-
ing to the base, indistinctly petiolate, but sheathing the stem with
a cylinder from 3-4-5 mm. long, showing a midrib only, minutely
punctate.

No. 3. Similar, and sheathing in the same way, entire or with a
narrow linear, lateral segment, about or below the middle.

No. 4. Similar to the last or having a segment on each side, the

Cenia subheterocarpa, Less.

Leaves simple, uni- to bi-pinnatifid, cauline, lower opposite,
upper alternate, sessile, hairy on both surfaces.
First pair opposite, linear, slender, entire.

COMPOSITE 135

Second pair opposite, pinnatisect, linear-oblong in outline.

Third pair opposite, linear-oblong, pinnatisect with the segments
pinnatifid in the upper half.

Fourth pair pinnatisect, segments pinnatifid.

Nos. 9-11. Alternate, pinnatisect, segments pinnatifid; ultimate
divisions linear-lanceolate, acute, small.

Ultimate leaves oblong-linear, pinnatisect in the lower third,
with slender, linear, acute segments, pinnatisect, segments again
pinnatifid in the upper two-thirds, with subulate, lanceolate, acute
divisions.

Pentzia virgata, Less.

Hypocotijl erect, or more or less decumbent, terete,. glabrous,
pale green, 5-10 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons spathulate-oblong, obtuse, entire, glabrous, light
green, sessile, 3-5-4 mm. long, 1'25-1'75 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, silky or almost hoary from loose or adpressed
hairs, ultimately becoming shrubby ; internodes short and several
of the primary ones hardly developed.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, more or less hoary with
cottony, loosely adpressed hairs, light green when young, ultimately
pinnatisect, with alternate segments corresponding to the venation ;
petioles channelled above in the lower half, convex on the back,
dilated towards the base and semiamplexicaul, hairy, pale green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Linear, subacute or obtuse, entire, slightly wider
towards the top and narrowed to the base, or petiolate.

Nos. 3-6. Cuneate, trifid at apex, with acute segments, long,
petiolate.

Nos. 7-9. Pinnati-fid or -sect, with one or two lateral and one
terminal segment ; segments linear, acute.

Nos. 10-12. Similar but with more numerous pinnaa.

Nos. 13-17. Pinnatisect, pinnatifid ; ultimate segments linear-
lanceolate or subulate, acute.

Artemisia annua, L.

Primary root normal, with a few lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl tapering into and indistinguishable from the root,
colourless, fleshy.

Cotyledons small, shortly oblong, obtuse, 2-5 mm. long, T5 mm.
wide.

Stem developed when about to flower, herbaceous, annual.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, thinly pubescent,
bright green above, paler beneath and rather prominently nerved,

136 ON SEEDLINGS

ultimately multisect ; petioles channelled above, dilated at the base,
and after the leaves have attained some size auricled with irregularly
cut laciniae.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, spathulate-cuneate, tridentate at the apex.

No. 3. Cuneate, obtusely five-toothed.

No. 4. Shortly and broadly oblong, five-lobed ; lobes obtuse,
mostly bidentate.

No. 5. Oblong-ovate, obtuse, pinnatifid ; lobes subcuneate,
dentate.

No. 6. Triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnatisect ; lower lobes pin-
natifid on the posterior side, coarsely dentate ; upper lobes coarsely
dentate.

No. 7. Triangular-ovate, pinnatisect ; lobes pinnatifid and
dentate.

Radical leaves numerous, ultimately triangular, bipinnatisect,
ultimate segments pinnati-fid to -partite ; primary segments oblong
— the lower two longest ; secondary segments oblong, most developed
on the posterior side of the primary segments ; ultimate divisions
oblong, cuspidate, entire, or the larger ones dentate.

Artemisia Mutellina, Vill.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, 3-5 mm. above ground.

Cotyledons linear-spathulate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, sessile,
recurved, 4-5 mm. long, 1-5-1-75 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, nearly or quite glabrous in the
young state, and then having the primary internodes undeveloped,
or the first 2-3 mm. long, and the succeeding ones shorter.

Leaves hoary, with a silky adpressed pubescence, tapering
gradually into the petioles ; petiole flattened above or biconvex.

Nos. 1-4 or 5. Linear, entire, acute, the third to fifth slightly
broader above the middle. In strong seedlings the fourth and fifth
may be unequally bifid or subequally trifid.

Nos. 6-10. Trifid with linear, obtuse, or subacute segments, the
terminal one being longest.

Tussilago Farfara, L. (fig. 474).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, soon supplanted by strong
lateral roots from the base of the hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl very short, subterranean, reddish.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, shortly petiolat e, dilated
at the base, amplexicaul and subconnate, 5 mm. long including the
petiole.

Stem creeping, subterranean.

COMPOSITE 137

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, fleshy, obscurely subpalmati-
nerved, white and cottony above when young, felted with a white
cottony tomentum beneath ; petioles semiterete,
channelled on the upper side, at first cottony, ulti-
mately nearly glabrous.

No. 1. Small, spathulate, obtuse, entire, mu-
cronate.

No. 2. Ovate, with a tooth on each side or in
stronger seedlings broadly ovate with two teeth on
each side, mucronate.

No. 3. Similar to the last or in robust seedlings
broadly ovate or triangular, obtusely five-angled,
obscurely five-nerved.

No. 4. Cordate, obtusely seven-angled and
sparingly and obscurely toothed between the angles.

No. 5. Similar, but more decidedly toothed between the angles.

Senecio cruentus, DC.

Achene terete, or the outer ones slightly compressed, longitudin-
ally ribbed, and minutely transversely wrinkled or marked, glabrous,
but covered between the ridges with a double row of white papillae,
dark brown, crowned with the easily removable bristly or setaceous
pappus, slightly contracted at the top and forming a little cup on
which the pappus is seated.

Seed closely conforming to the achene ; testa thin, brownish ;
hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal ; chalaza apical.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, conforming to the shape of the seed, and occu-
pying the whole of the interior, pale yellow or nearly colourless ;
cotyledons oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, entire, tapering
into the radicle at the base and not auricled ; radicle short, about
half the length of the cotyledons, turbinate at the tip, obtuse, some-
times slightly contracted at the base of the cotyledons, close to the
micropyle.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl very short.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate or subrotund-ovate, obtuse, subemargi-
nate, mucronulate, fleshy, pale green above, tinted with violet be-
neath, glabrous ; lamina 7 mm. long, 6 mm. wide ; petiole flattened,
glabrous, 5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, elongated when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, dull green and thinly hairy

138 ON SEEDLINGS

above, green or more often violet beneath, and very hairy, palmately
five- to seven-nerved at the base and alternately penninerved upwards ;
petioles semiterete, channelled above, dilated and amplexicaul at the
base, densely hairy or villous.

No. 1. Cordate, obtuse, five-nerved, distantly dentate with tri-
angular, mucronate teeth.

Nos. 2 and 3. Cordate, acute, five- to seven-nerved at the base,
coarsely dentate with occasional smaller intermediate teeth, deeply
auricled at the base ; teeth mucronate. The ultimate leaves differ
little except in size,

Senecio erucaefolius, Huds.

Achene oblong-cylindrical, narrowed at the very base, constricted
immediately beneath the base of the pappus, pubescent with lines
of short ascending hairs ; pappus copious, with thinly puberulous
hairs.

Seed oblong, obtuse, narrowed slightly to the base, smooth, pale

FIG. 475. — Senecio eruccefolius. Two stages of seedling.

brown ; hilum small, basal ; raphe forming a deeper brown line along
one side to the apex of the seed.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo colourless ; cotyledons as in S. cruentus ; radicle stout,
obtuse, close to the base of the seed, slightly narrower than the
cotyledons, but about equal in length.

Seedling (fig. 475).

Hypocotyl glabrous, 5-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons immediately after germination small, oval, obtuse or
rounded at both ends, entire. After they have become three or four
times as large, they are still oval but emarginate. Finally they
become rotund, deeply emarginate, and 5-7 mm. long and wide.

The apex has three or four large open pores, which are visible
under the microscope at an early stage and continue more or less
distinct till the cotyledon becomes old and thick.

The cotyledon is trinerved immediately after germination. The
lateral nerves and midrib are distinct in both lamina and petiole,
and are continued down to the vascular bundles of the hypocotyl ;

COMPOSITE 139

in the lamina they curve round nearly parallel within the margin, but
are more or less irregular or undulated, and unite with the midrib
close to the apical sinus. The midrib is also undulated or zigzag,
and gives off from its angles alternate, ascending, lateral branches that
unite with the lateral nerves and form a series of large reticulations.

Stomata on the under surface tolerably numerous and large ; few
on the upper surface, but similar to those on the under.

Stem herbaceous and elongated when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, petiolate or sessile towards
the upper part of the stem, glabrous in the seedling, pubescent and
cottony above in the adult plant, densely pubescent beneath ; petioles
somewhat channelled above, dilated and clasping at the base, gradu-
ally becoming shorter on the stem till the leaves are sessile.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oval, obtuse, entire, with a few alternate, ascending
nerves, glabrous, bright green.

The leaves on the lower part of the stem are oblong, obtuse,
pinnatifid, or coarsely dentate. The median ones are sessile, oblong,
obtuse, narrowed to the base, pinnatisect : segments oblong, obtuse,
more or less coarsely dentate or incise-dentate principally on the
posterior side. The upper ones are shorter, sessile, much less nar-
rowed at the base, pinnatisect with linear or oblong segments, again
subpinnatifid or coarsely cut, especially on the posterior side.

Senecio pulcher, Hook, et Arn.

Primary root stout, colourless, tapering downwards, with lateral,
adventitious roots which soon become stronger than itself.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, minutely emarginate,
fleshy, petiolate ; venation obscure, comprising a midrib with irre-
gular lateral branches which branch again, anastomose and unite
with a slender submarginal nerve, glabrous, deep green, suffused
with violet beneath ; lamina 1-1-8 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide ; petiole
semiterete, flattened above or shallowly grooved, dilated and connate
at the base, ri-1'9 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, and developed when about to flower ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline ; venation irregular ; nerves
alternate and incurving, obscurely reticulate, deep opaque green
above, paler, but often suffused with violet beneath, glabrous ; petiole
semiterete, grooved above, dilated and clasping at the base, gla-
brous.

No. 1. Broadly oval or rotund-oval, obtuse, obsoletely dentate.

No. 2. Similar, but more decidedly serrate-dentate.

140 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, unequally dentate or
frequently lobulate, fleshy, alternately penninerved, glabrous or
slightly woolly at the margin, with long petioles.

Senecio tetranthus, DC.

Hypocotyl erect, becoming stouter upwards, glabrous, almost
colourless or reddish, 5-7 mm. long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, generally tipped with a small
mucro, glabrous, with a barely discernible midrib seen only by
transmitted light ; lamina 5-6 mm. long, 3'25-4'25 mm. wide ;
petiole flat above or slightly grooved, convex on the back, 4-6 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternately and ascendingly
penninerved, hairy all over, light green ; petiole semiterete, chan-
nelled above, coarsely hairy all over with many-jointed, whitish
hairs, dilated and clasping at the base.

No. 1. Broadly ovate, cuspidately subacute, with a few glandular-
mucronate teeth on each side, and alternate, bent or wavy nerves
not running directly into the teeth.

Senecio vulgaris, L.

Primary root normal with numerous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, succulent, deep purple and shining, about
8 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong- spathulate, obtuse, entire, tipped with a glan-
dular mucro, trinerved, with the lateral nerves parallel with, and
close to the margin, incurved and uniting with the midrib close to
the apex ; midrib giving off lateral, alternate short branches ascend-
ing irregularly, and forming a series of reticulations with the
lateral nerves. The stomata are about equal in number on both
surfaces, and the epidermal cells very wavy in outline. At the very
tip of the cotyledon and at its apical edge are some large open pores
in the glandular mucro. There are no openings on the upper or
under surface corresponding to those close to the apex in Galium
Aparine and Lithospermum officinale.

Stem herbaceous, annual, fleshy, erect, terete at the base, angled
and furrowed upwards, sparsely hairy or woolly when young,
ultimately almost or quite glabrous ; 1st internode 4 mm. long ;
2nd 2 mm. ; 3rd 10 mm. ; 4th undeveloped ; 5th 8 mm. ; 6th
5 mm.

Leaves cauline, lower petiolate, upper sessile, woolly or hairy at
the base on both sides when young like the buds, ultimately
glabrous or nearly so, deep green above, paler or subglaucous

COMPOSITE 141

beneath ; lower petioles as well as the midribs of the sessile leaves
grooved on the upper side, dilated at the base and amplexicaul.

No. 1. Spathulate, obsoletely serrate.

No. 2. Similar, but oblong- spathulate.

Nos. 8 and 4. Oblong- spathulate, irregularly doubly dentate.

No. 5. Spathulate, oblong, pinnatifid and dentate, sessile, sub-
auricled at the base.

No. 6. Oblong, broadest at the apex, auricled at the base, sessile,
more deeply pinnatifid and dentate than No. 5.

No. 7. Sublyrate, deeply pinnatifid, and irregularly incise-
dentate, narrowed to the base, but sessile, auricled and decurrent on
the stem.

Nos. 8-10. Deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, with linear-oblong, deeply
dentate or cut segments, almost bipinnatifid, sessile, auricled and
subdecurrent ; margins revolute.

Senecio squalidus, L.

Primary root tapering downwards with numerous adventitious
fibrous rootlets, colourless.

Hyrjocotyl 2 cm. long, -75-1 mm. thick, becoming thickened up-
wards, deep dull purple.

Cotyledons spathulate, entire, petiolate, 1-3 cm. long ; limb
3 mm. wide, glabrous, green, suffused with purple beneath.

Leaves cauline, petiolate, thinly pubescent on both sides, deep
green above and more or less suffused with purple beneath.

No. 1. Oval, sometimes spathulate, obtuse, and cuneate at the
base, obsoletely serrate ; petiole somewhat dilated at the base and
subamplexicaul, more or less pubescent, especially at the edges,
channelled above.

No. 2. Oval, obtuse, obtusely and distantly serrate.

No. 3. Oblong, obtuse, lobed ; lobes short, subserrate.

No. 4. Oblong, obtuse, more deeply lobed than the last ; lobes
subserrate, penninerved with alternate nerves.

No. 5. Oblong, pinnatifid, obtuse ; lobes more decidedly serrate.

The stem in the young state is covered by the semisheathing
petioles.

Senecio viscosus, L.

Hypocotyl terete, about 4 mm. long, glabrous, deep purplish-
red.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, entire, glabrous ; petiole slightly
channelled above, 8-10 mm. long.

Leaves radical in the seedling ; petiole subamplexicaul, channelled

142

ON SEEDLINGS

above, hairy with glandular jointed hairs ; limb hairy on both sides
with glandular jointed hairs.

No. 1. Oval, obtuse, obscurely penninerved, obsoletely dentate-
serrate ; each serrature tipped with a gland or mucro.

No. 2. More distinctly dentate-serrate, oval.

No. 3. With broadly triangular, shallow and gland- tipped ser-
ratures, broadly oblong, obtuse.

Senecio elegans, L. (fig. 476).

Primary root tapering, with numerous lateral rootlets, annual.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, greenish, succulent, 1'25 cm. long.
Cotyledons spathulate-oblong, obtuse, subfleshy, 9 mm. to 1-2 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. wide, glabrous.
Stem herbaceous, annual.

Leaves cauline, sparsely hairy at least
when young ; lamina subdecurrent on
the petiole ; petiole channelled above,
convex beneath, hairy at the margin,
dilated and sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Rotund, obsoletely dentate-
serrate.

No. 2. Subobovate, obtusely dentate.
No. 3. Larger and foreshadowing
division at the base.

No. 4. Broadly oblong, obovate, ob-
tusely and shallowly lobate.

No. 5. Irregularly pinnatifid, with a
small lateral obovate lobe, and a large
unequally triangular, obtuse, shallowly
lobulate terminal segment ; lobes very obtuse, obsoletely mucronate-
dentate along the ends, revolute at the margin.

No. 6. Similar with two small alternate, lateral segments,
revolute at the margin.

No. 7. Lyrate-pinnatifid, revolute at the margin, with four
alternate segments ; terminal segment much smaller than in the
preceding leaves ; lobes angled or dentate along the apex.

No. 8. Lyrate-pinnatifid, oblanceolate in outline, revolute at the
margin ; segments gradually smaller from the terminal, to the very
small, basal ones, angled and mucronately dentate along the ends.

Senecio neelgherianus, DC.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, tapering to the base, glabrous,
pale green, 1-1 cm. long, 4*5 mm. wide.

FIG. 476. — Senecio elegans.
Half nat. size.

COMPOSITE 143

Stem subshrubby, erect, terete, slightly flexuose near the base,
dull purple and densely covered with spreading jointed white hairs ;
Istinternode 7 mm. long ; 2nd7'5 mm. ; 3rd 7mm. ; 4th 7'5mm. ;
5th 9-5 mm. ; 6th 13-5 mm. ; 7th 1O5 mm. ; 8th 8 mm. ; 9th
5 mm.

Leaves cauline, sessile, densely covered on both surfaces with
spreading or patent, jointed, white hairs, ascending, patent, or older
ones recurved, revolute at the margin from the fourth onward.

No. 1. Spathulate, entire, or obsoletely denticulate, 1'75 cm.
long, 9 mm. wide above the middle, tapering to a narrow base.

No. 2. Spathulate, tapering to a narrow base, obsoletely and
mucronately dentate.

No. 3. Spathulate, subserrate above the middle, tapering to a
rather broad base.

No. 4. Broadly spathulate or subobovate, more decidedly serrate
above the middle.

No. 5. Broadly spathulate, serrate above the middle, tapering to
a broad base.

No. 6. Spathulate, with a broad base, serrate nearly throughout,
apex subacute.

No. 7. Spathulate, acute, serrated to the base and subauricled ;
serratures largest above the middle of the leaf.

Nos. 8-12. Spathulate, acute, serrate throughout, auricled at the
base and amplexicaul.

Senecio speciosus, Willd.

Primary root slender, tapering, much branched, with longs
slender, very numerous rootlets, at length overpowered by strong
adventitious roots arising immediately below the leaves.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, rather succulent, pale
green, 1 cm. long, tapering gradually into the connate petiole ;
petioles ascending, 7 mm. long.

Leaves radical, coarsely hairy on both sides and villous on the
midrib beneath ; pale green above and paler beneath.

No. 1. Rotund, entire, obscurely trinerved, and suddenly tapering
into a broad channelled petiole ; petiole subvillous, dilated and
sheathing at the base.

No. 2. Broadly elliptic and rounded at the apex, distantly and
obsoletely dentate at the sides, otherwise like the first.

No. 3. Obovate, obtuse, distantly serrate-dentate, obscurely
penninerved.

Nos. 4 and 5. More decidedly serrate ; serratures obtuse, sub-
mucronate.

144 ON SEEDLINGS

Ultimate leaves linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; lobes shortly oblong,
toothed in an irregular or jagged manner ; apex and long sub-
channelled base irregularly toothed, not lobed.

Senecio polycephalus, Ledeb.

Hypocotyl subterranean or none.

Cotyledons as in S. speciosus but with a distinct petiole, about
1-3 cm. long including the petiole ; lamina 5 mm. wide.

Leaves radical in young specimen, covered on both surfaces of
the petiole and lamina with coarse, jointed, subglandular hairs ;
petiole subamplexicaul at the base.

No. 1. Ovate-oblong, obtuse, obsoletely dentate-serrate ; petiole
channelled above, convex below, about 1 cm. long.

No. 2. Oblong, obtuse, cuneate at the base, distantly dentate-
serrate, with broadly triangular acute or mucronate serratures, suf-
fused with purple on the under surface.

No. 3. Oblong, apex mucronate, otherwise similar to No. 2.

Gamolepis Tagetes, DC.

Primary root short, tapering, flexuose, throwing out strong
branches at an early stage, which soon supersede it.

Hypocotyl suberect, terete, glabrous, deep purple, 1P8 cm. long,
1-25-1-5 mm. thick.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, shortly petiolate, glabrous, deep purple ;
lamina 7 mm. long, 5*5 mm. wide ; petiole 2*5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, glabrous, with angles decurrent
from the base of the petioles ; 1st internode 2 mm. long ; 2nd 1 mm. ;
3rd 3 mm. ; 4th 3 mm. ; 5th 6-5 mm. ; 6th 1-6 cm. ; 7th 2'2 cm.

Leaves simple, pinnatisect (after the first one), cauline, glabrous ;
petioles fleshy, channelled above, dilated at the base and amplexi-
caul.

No. 1. Tripartite, subcuneate, with flat, linear segments.

No. 2. Pinnatisect ; segments in three nearly opposite pairs with
a terminal one, flat, linear, subacute.

No. 3. Segments seven, fleshy.

No. 4. Segments nine, alternate, fleshy, frequently with a tooth
on the posterior side.

Nos. 5 and 6. Segments linear, slightly dilated upwards, fleshy,
slightly channelled on the upper side, frequently folded up face to face.

Gamolepis annua, Less.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, slightly hoary, 1-5-2 mm. long, reddish-
green, minutely pubescent.

COMPOSITE 145

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, very slightly eruarginate, fleshy,
somewhat incurved, light green above, tinged with red below,
glabrous, one-nerved, with short petioles.

Stem short, erect, herbaceous ; primary internodes very slightly
developed.

First leaves simple, deeply pinnatifid, petiolate ; segments oppo-
site, sessile, linear, acute, glabrous, light green, one-nerved.

Calendula officinalis, L.

Achene polymorphic — those of the ray incurved, in two to
three series, varying greatly in length and outline, muricate on the
back, pubescent, the outermost ones often narrow and greatly elon-
gated or drawn out into a beak, and more or less produced into a
hooklike appendage at the base. The next set within this is similar
but furnished with broad wings, which are involute at the margin
and more or less pubescent as well as muricate ; the inner ones are
strongly incurved, often forming a complete ring, narrowly winged
with the wings involute at the margin, or wingless, short, muricate
at the back, smooth on the ventral face, with the hooklike appendage
still present at the base.

Seed terete or oblanceolate, and tapering to the base, more or
less compressed dorso-ventrally, and conforming to the outline of
the achene, glabrous ; testa thin, pale, membranous ; hilum and
micropyle inferior, contiguous ; chalaza apical, superior.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo large and filling the entire seed, colourless, more or less
curved in conformity with the achene and seed ; cotyledons spathu-
late, obtuse, entire, or the outer dorsal one sometimes minutely
emarginate, tapering into the radicle and lying in the broader dia-
meter of the seed with their backs to the axis or centre of the disc,
plano-convex, subfleshy ; radicle tapering to an obtuse point, lying
in the narrow basal part of the seed, about half the length of the
cotyledons or less.

Germination.

A. The outermost achenes of the capitulum.

The radicle pushes out at the base of the fruit, and the energy
of the swelling cotyledons is sufficient to split the achene into two
or three valves longitudinally, that is, dorso-ventrally, or along
the back and along the front on either side of the basal hook-like
process. The hypocotyl has then no difficulty in extricating the
cotyledons. If moderately covered with soil during germination,
the seed is so loaded owing to the extent of its superficial area, that

II, L

146 ON SEEDLINGS

it is rarely carried up on the cotyledons. The cotyledons when they
emerge are oblong, obtuse, entire, and narrowed to the base. Of
twelve fruits of this series sown, seven germinated, or 58-3 per
cent.

B (fig. 477). The achenes from the middle series of the capitu-
lum are more or less broadly winged. The radicle pushes out at the
base of the fruit apparently most frequently on the
ventral aspect, and not being able to get clear of
the infolded margin of the wing, runs along the
groove, and emerging at the apical end of the
achene enters the soil, fixing down the achene
while the hypocotyl pulls the cotyledons out. The
achene splits longitudinally as in outer fruits of the
receptacle into three valves, and seems to be rarely,
if ever, carried up by the cotyledons. The figure
shows the seedling two days after germination
commenced.

Of twelve fruits sown, nine germinated, or 75
per cent.

C. The innermost achenes of the capitulum are
much curved. In germination they become deeply
split, and the hypocotyl in elongating and
straightening pulls the cotyledons out. The achene is sometimes
carried up on the cotyledons, which immediately after emergence are
narrowly spathulate-oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed to the base,
glabrous, pale yellowish-green. Of twelve fruits of this series, nine
germinated, or 75 per cent.

Calendula hybrida, L.

Achene dimorphic, obovate-oblong, flattened and furnished with
a broad membranous wing, or scarcely flattened and wingless with
rows of teeth.

Seed conforming to the shape of the fruit, exalbuminous, 8-
10 mm. long ; testa membranous, smooth ; hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the whole seed, dirty grey ; cotyledons
linear, obtuse, entire, rather thick, closely adpressed, lying the broad
way of the seed ; radicle tapering downwards, subacute, much shorter
than the cotyledons.

Calendula pluvialis, L.

Achene dimorphic, some winged, broadly obovate or subrotund,
(including wings), considerably flattened, smooth and brown ; the
others wingless, obovate, scarcely flattened, tubercled, black.

COMPOSITE 147

Seed conforming to the shape of the fruit, 4-5 mm. long ; testa
thin, membranous ; hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the seed, colourless ; cotyledons linear
or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, closely adpressed, lying the broad
way of the seed ; radicle tapering to the base, acute.

Calendula algarbiensis, Boiss.

Achene at least trimorphic ; those of the outer whorl linear-
oblong, straight or slightly curved, wingless, covered with glandular
hairs, 5-5'5 mm. long, surmounted by a beak from 5-7 mm. in
length.

The second whorl consists of curved fruits, often forming a com-
plete coil, winged, the wings bent downwards, covered with about
three rows of pointed tubercles, and slightly glandular-hairy, 3-5-
4 mm. in diameter.

The third whorl consists of wingless coiled fruits, forming almost
a closed curve 2-5-8 mm. in diameter, extremely rugose, without
hairs.

The fourth whorl is similar to the third, but the fruits are much
smaller, being about 1 mm. long, and the coil is not closed.

Ursinia speciosa, DC. (fig. 478).

Achene cylindrical-clavate, somewhat curved about the middle
and narrowed at the base, longitudinally ten-ridged with the ridges
in five contiguous pairs, transversely
and minutely rugose, brown, sur-
rounded at the base with white
cottony hairs, and surmounted by a
paleaceous pappus consisting of five
ovate, obtuse pieces, hyaline or white
and penninerved, with a linear-
lanceolate, acute, pale brown midrib.

Seed basal, erect, conforming in
outline to that of the achene, pro-
longed at the base ; testa membranous, FIG. 478.— Ursinia speciosa.
pale, much thinner; hilum basal; A, longitudinal section of achene,

, , . * 2£. B, transverse section of

Chalaza apical. achene, x 5.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo slightly curved, owing to the curve of the achene, large
and filling the interior of the seed to which it conforms ; cotyledons
linear-spathulate, narrow, truncate at the apex or rounded, or incipi-
ently emarginate ; radicle tapered to a narrow or subacute point, a
little shorter than the cotyledons.

L 2

148 ON SEEDLINGS

Seedling.

Primary root tapering downwards, wiry, flexuose, colourless,
annual.

Hypocotyl ascending or erect, terete, glabrous, about I'l cm.
long, purplish-green.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, fleshy, glabrous, persistent and
green, 1'5 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, angled, glabrous, pale green,
shining ; 1st internode 3'5 mm. long ; 2nd 5*5 mm. ; 3rd 1 mm. ;
4th 1-4 cm. ; 5th 5'5 mm. ; 6th l'G5 cm. ; 7th 1-45 cm. ; 8th
1-35 cm. ; 9th 1-45 cm.

Leaves simple, alternate (first two opposite), glabrous, deep green,
fleshy, pinnatisect ; petioles channelled above, convex or subcari-
nate beneath, the lower dilated and semiamplexicaul at the base, the
upper amplexicaul, and auricled with a number of filiform, slender,
acute lacinias.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, pinnatisect, with two alternate pairs of
lateral segments and a terminal one ; all are linear and entire.

No. 3 and all above it. Alternate, pinnatisect ; segments linear
and entire, or slightly toothed.

No. 4. Pinnatisect ; segments alternate and subpinnatifid.

No. 5. Pinnatisect, slightly auricled at the base ; segments pin-
natifid.

Nos. 6 and 7. Bipinnatisect, auricled at the base with slender
lacinise ; primary divisions of leaf oblong-linear in outline ; secondary
divisions narrow, small, subulate-lanceolate, suddenly pointed.

Nos. 8-10. Pinnatisect with linear, entire, cuspidate segments,
channelled on the upper side, as are all the primary divisions of the
leaves.

TJrsinia anthemoides, Poir.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-3 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons very similar to those of U. speciosa, but subacute ;
indistinctly one-nerved.

First leaves pinnatisect, with a few scattered hairs ; segments
linear, acute.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

Cryptostemma calendulaceum, R. Br.

Primary root tapering, flexuose, succulent, colourless, with
fibrous lateral rootlets, annual.

COMPOSITE 149

Hypocotyl subterranean and with difficulty distinguishable from
the root, stout, fleshy, and tapering downwards.

Cotyledons fleshy, oblong, obtuse, tapering into a short petiole,
connate and amplexicaul at the base, 1'45 cm. long including
petiole, 4 mm. wide above the middle, glabrous.

Stem undeveloped in the seedling stage, and always very
short.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, densely covered on the upper
surface with short, jointed, crystalline hairs, woolly on the under
surface ; petioles flattened above or subchannelled, convex beneath,
angled and furrowed, coarsely hairy or becoming woolly.

Nos. 1 and 2. Spathulate, irregularly and obsoletely dentate,
tapering to both ends, subacute, with a strong median longitudinal
nerve.

No. 3. Oblong, obtuse, repand-dentate, especially at the un-
symmetrical base.

Nos. 4 and 5. Oblong, obtuse, lyrate-pinnatifid, unequal at the
base ; lateral lobes oblong, obtuse or cuspidate ; terminal lobe
large, oblong, somewhat lobed at the base and toothed upwards.

Ultimate leaves oblanceolate, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, thinly
woolly or subglabrous above, with a hoary tomentum beneath ; lower
lobes small, oblong, with small teeth ; middle lobes broadly oblong
in outline with small teeth on the anterior side, and larger on the
posterior, and one large oblong, acute, basal lobe ; terminal lobe
large, broadly triangular, lobulate, coarsely dentate and denticulate.

Venidium calendulaceum, Less.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, '5-2 cm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons obovate, obtuse, emarginate, fleshy, slightly petiolate,
glabrous, light green, almost colourless in some specimens, indis-
tinctly one-nerved.

Stem short, erect, herbaceous ; the primary internodes very
slightly developed.

First leaves alternate, cauline, lanceolate, subacute, tapering to
the base, scarcely petiolate, thickly pubescent with glandular hairs,
entire, slightly ciliated, light green ; with a midrib and two lateral
nerves running parallel to the edges.

Berkheya purpurea, Mast. (fig. 479).
Primary root tapering, giving off a few lateral fibrils.
Hypocotyl short, mostly subterranean, purplish-red, rather
succulent.

150 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons broadly obovate-oblong, entire, glabrous, 1'05 cm.
long, about 9 mm. wide, amplexicaul.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, sessile.

Nos. 1 and 2. Elliptical, irregularly spiny-serrulate with small
prickles between the larger ones, pilose and
bright green above, rather woolly and paler
beneath, penninerved.

Ultimate leaves sessile, linear-oblan-
ceolate, decurrent on the stem, lobulate
with the margin undulate and densely
spiny, the lobes tipped by a larger spine,
covered with coarse jointed hairs above, and
woolly or cottony beneath ; upper cauline
leaves much narrower, linear and some-
what broader above the middle, more
deeply lobulate, with somewhat stronger
spines.

Chmddia ToUTnefortii, L.

Nat< 9ize- Hypocotyl very stout, buried in the soil

or rising from 3-15 mm. above it, emerging from one end of the
fruit in germination while the radicle emerges from the other.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire and rounded at the base, and
flat, or variously and unequally emarginate at the apex with a deep
longitudinal channel or furrow along the centre or towards one
side, and bluntly keeled beneath, fleshy, glabrous, with very diffi-
cultly discernible reticulate venation, sessile, connate at the base
and forming a long sheath from whence the first leaf emerges while
the plumule is still hidden, 2'5-3'2 cm. long, 1-1-5 cm. wide,
(sometimes though rarely toothed near the apex). The furrow in
the cotyledons is probably due to their being folded longitudinally
in the seed.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate.

First leaf strap-shaped, involute at the base, where it emerges
from the sheath of the cotyledons, thickly and unequally serrate
with small spiny bristles or teeth ; venation incurved and reticu-
late.

Carduus giganteus, Desf.
Hypocotyl very short, erect, terete, glabrous.
Cotyledons long, obovate-oblong, fleshy, obtuse, slightly emar-
ginate, petiolate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved.
Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

COMPOSITE

151

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, petiolate, acute, spiny, hairy,
light green, reticulate. The first two are lanceolate-elliptic.

Cnicus diacanthus, Benth. (fig. 480).

Primary root a fleshy, colourless taproot, with a few lateral
fibres.

Hypocotyl succulent, suberect, terete, 1-2 cm. long, 2 mm.
thick, quite glabrous, greenish-white, mostly subterranean.

Cotyledons connate,
2-2-5 cm. long, 1-1-25
cm. wide, obovate or
spathulate, produced at
the base, rounded at the
apex, entire, with distinct
midrib, quite glabrous,
rather thick, yellowish-
green above, paler be-
neath.

The stem is developed
when about to flower.

The first three leaves
are 5-8 cm. long, and
1 cm. wide, lanceolate,
much narrowed to the
base, acute at the apex,
with three or more pairs
of nerves springing from
a broad sunk midrib, and
terminating in setaceous

teeth, and tomentose, especially on the under side, slightly succu-
lent, bright green above, tomentose beneath.

Ultimate leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, sessile
or the radical ones elongated into a petiole-like base, alternately
incurvinerved, toothed, or lobed, or subpinnatifid, spiny, deep green
above with silvery midrib and principal nerves, somewhat felted
or cottony, colourless and tomentose beneath ; radical ones dilated
and sheathing at the base.

Cnicus syriacus, Willd.

Primary root very long, stout, tapering downwards, with short
lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl very short, and hardly distinguishable from the
root.

FIG. 480. — Cnicus diacanthus. Half nat. size.

152

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons obovate, obtuse, slightly emarginate or nearly entire,
tapering into the broad petiole, which is connate at the base, alter-
nately and ascendingly penninerved, but venation discernible with
difficulty, light green above with a purple midrib, much paler be-
neath, glabrous, 3'5-6'2 cm. long including the petiole, 2-2*5 cm.
wide near the apex.

Stem erect, herbaceous, annual, developing when about to flower ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate (first pair opposite), nerves
alternately incurving, strongly reticulate, and giving off short more
slender branches into the marginal lobes or teeth, margin spiny,
subsucculent, thinly hairy on both sides with soft, whitish, jointed
hairs, deep green above, with a purple midrib, and marked with
broad grey or whitish bands ; petioles semiterete with broad shallow
channels above which are generally purple with green margins,
green beneath, thinly hairy or slightly woolly at the margins, dilated
at the base and semi-amplexicaul or those of the first pair connate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ellip-
tic, obtuse, margin un-
equally spiny-toothed.

Nos. 3-6. Elliptic or
oblong-elliptic, very ob-
tuse, lobulate and spiny-
toothed.

Silybum Mariana m,
Gartn. (fig. 481).

Primary root long,
tapering, fleshy, colourless,
giving off lateral fibres,
biennial.

Hypocotyl subterra-
nean, stout and scarcely
distinguishable from the
root.

Cotyledons large, foli-
aceous, obovate - oblong,
obtuse, tapering into the
broad, flattened petiole,
penninerved, nerves alter-
nate ; petiole about 1-7 cm.
long, connate and amplexicaul ; lamina 2-6 cm. long, 1-8 cm. wide.
Stem developed in the second year.

FIG. 481. — Silybum Marianum.
Half nat. size.

COMPOSITE 153

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate, petiole dilated and sheath-
ing at the base, more or less hairy or villous at the margin and
beneath, variegated on the upper surface with ascending and
anastomosing, broad, milk-white veins on a bright green ground,
paler green on the under side.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oval, obtuse, cuneate at the base, doubly spiny-
toothed, sparsely setose on the upper surface, and villous on the
midrib beneath.

Nos. 3 and 4. Oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, cuneate at the base,
doubly spiny-toothed. Otherwise like Nos. 1 and 2.

Ultimate leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, decur-
rent on the petiole and auricled at the base, woolly on the midrib
and papillose on both surfaces, ultimately glabrous, bright green,
reticulated with milky-white veins ; lobes broadly deltoid, lobulate,
and spiny-serrate, with a large spine terminating each lobe and
large tooth.

Tyrimnus leucographus, Cass.

Primary root strong, tapering downwards, normal, annual.

Hypocotyl short or hardly developed.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, tipped with a pale gland, sub-
fleshy with a strong midrib and indistinctly discernible, alternate,
ascending nerves finely but very indistinctly reticulate, tapering at
the base into a short broad petiole which is connate with the other
one, glabrous, shining on both surfaces, light green above, paler
beneath, l'8-2'2 cm. long including the petiole, 9-10'5 mm.
wide.

Stem erect, annual, developed when about to flower, and winged
by the decurrent bases of the leaves ; primary internodes unde-
veloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, a few of the
primary leaves petiolate, the rest sessile ; nerves alternate and
incurving, strongly reticulate ; thinly hairy on both surfaces, with
soft, whitish, jointed hairs, bright green, shining, and irregularly
blotched with white markings on the upper surface, uniformly pale
green, almost glaucous beneath ; petioles of first few leaves very
short, flat above, convex on the back, thinly hairy.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oval, obtuse, shortly petiolate, irregularly and
minutely spiny-toothed.

Nos. 8-5. Oblong, or oblong-obovate, lobulate, and irregularly
spiny-toothed.

Cauline leaves sinuately lobate or pinnatifid, irregularly spiny-
toothed, decurrent on the stem, forming wings.

154

ON SEEDLINGS

Centaurea Clementei, Boiss. (fig. 482).

Primary root pale yellowish, stout or fleshy, tapering, with short
stout lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl stout, glabrous, cylindrical, red above ground and
yellowish beneath, 1-8 cm. long, 2-25 mm. thick.

Cotyledons foliaceous, spathulate, obtuse, entire, tapering into
the petiole which is dilated and connate with the other one at the
base, 3-9 cm. long including the petiole, 1-1 cm. wide near the top,
pale green, glabrous.

'

FIG. 482. — Centaurea Clementei.
Half nat. size.

Stem herbaceous,
elongating when about
to flower.

Leaves radical and
ultimately also cauline,
alternate, whitish and
cottony on both sides,
especially when young;
petioles slightly chan-
nelled on the upper side,
dilated and sheathing at
the base.

No. 1. Spathulate,
acute, entire.

No. 2. Ovate, sub-
acute, unequally dentate -serrate (deformed in specimen described).

No. 3. Oblong- elliptic in outline, acute, pinnatifid ; lower seg-
ments small, usually unequal ; middle segments larger, ovate,
acute, with a strong nerve running into them ; terminal seg-
ment much the largest, oblong-ovate, trinerved, more or less
serrate.

No. 4. Similar but more deeply cut.

Centaurea ragnsina, L.

Hypocotyl 8-14 mm. long, 1-1-5 mm. thick, pale green, almost
wiry in texture.

Cotyledons as in C. Clementei.

Stem herbaceous, very short.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate, petiolate.

No. 1. Spathulate, obLuse or apiculate, entire, thinly tomentose
on both sides, pale green or nearly colourless, thick and soft ; petiole
4 mm. long, slightly channelled above.

No. 2. Similar, whiter and more tomentose.

Succeeding forms are gradually larger, spathulate, entire or

COMPOSITE 155

slightly dentate ; then oblong-ovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base,
more or less irregularly dentate.

Ultimate leaves oblong, petiolate, lyrate-pinnatifid, felted on
both surfaces with a dense white tomentum ; terminal segment
ovate or triangular-ovate, large, pinnatifid at the base and toothed
upwards ; lateral segments alternate or subopposite, spathulate-
oblong, narrowed to an obtuse point, entire.

Mutisia ilicifolia, Hook. (fig. 483).

Hypocotyl extremely short, hardly appearing above the ground,
almost square, downy.

Cotyledons ovate, thick,
fleshy, acute, recurved, with
their points penetrating the
ground, glabrous, dark green,
indistinctly nerved, with short
petioles.

Stem erect, herbaceous,
almost square, thickly covered
with down ; 1st internode
very short ; 2nd longer.

First leaves simple, cau-
line, alternate, ovate with a FIG. 483.— Mutisia ilicifolia.

cordate base, toothed or spiny, Half nat- size-

sessile, clasping the stem, glabrous, light green, with a distinctly
reticulate venation. The buds are covered with a thick white down.

Mutisia copiapina, Auct.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, 7'5-10 mm. long, hoary, greenish, or
stained with red.

Cotyledons oblong or slightly ovate, large, from 3'5-4 cm. long,
ascending, otherwise as in last species.

Stem short, erect, terete, glabrous, light green ; 1st internode
1-2 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

Leaves oblong, otherwise as in the last species.

In an abnormal specimen one of the cotyledons was divided down
to the base, forming two linear leaves, giving the plant the appear-
ance of having three cotyledons.

Ainslisea fragrans, Champ.

Hypocotyl rather succulent, 5-10 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete,
glabrous, reddish.

Cotyledons shortly stalked, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, ovate-

156 OX SEEDLINGS

oblong, cuneate at the base, with an obtuse apex, entire, glabrous,
obscurely nerved and dull greenish-grey above, bronzed beneath, with
distinct midrib and two long nerves running just within the margin,
thin.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate, with the principal nerves
of the radical leaves radiating from the base of the blade and in-
curved, hairy ; cauline small ; petiole semiterete, hairy.

Nos. 1 and 2. Roundly cordate, cuspidate or mucronate, pubescent
and hispid, with bristly upcurved teeth at the margin and a pube-
scent petiole.

Gerbera lanuginosa, Benth. (fig. 484).
Primary root normal, tapering, flexuose, branching.
Hypocotyl short, colourless, succulent, 2 mm. long.
Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide ; petiole
channelled above, convex beneath, 7 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate,
glabrous above and felted with white
tomentum beneath, decurrent on the
petiole ; petioles dilated and sheathing at
the base, deeply channelled above, gla-
brous, except where the lamina is decur-
rent, woolly in the adult.

No. 1. Roundish-rhomboid, cuneate
at the base, subrepand-denticulate, teeth
almost reduced to mucros.

No. 2. Rotund-cordate, acute, repand-
'FIG 484 denticulate, with mucronate teeth.

Gerbera ianuginosa. Ultimate leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, ob-

long-obovate in outline, petiolate, gla-

brescent above, felted beneath with white tomentum ; lateral lobes
alternate, short, rounded, becoming very much smaller towards the
base ; terminal one much the largest, oblong, obtuse, distantly and
mucronately dentate, frequently truncate at the base, very short and
broad ; petioles channelled above, woolly.

Leuceria senecioides, Hook, et Am.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 1-1-5 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons subrotund, emarginate, obtuse, fleshy, petiolate,
green, very indistinctly pinnatinerved ; petioles and margin with a
few short hairs, otherwise glabrous.

COMPOSITE

157

FIG. 485. — Moscharia pin-
natifida. A, longitudi-
nal section of achene,
showing embryo, x 8.
B, transverse section of
achene, x 8.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, sinuate, subacute, obo-
vate-oblong, petiolate, finely pubescent, light green, pinnatinerved,
with alternate or subopposite, obtuse or acute
lobes. A

Moscharia pinnatifida, Ruiz et Pan. if w*

(fig. 485).

Achene enclosed in an oblique or sub-
carinate bract, which springs from the re-
ceptacle and entirely surrounds it ; obovate,
suboblique, with a short pappus of feathery
unequal hairs springing apparently from one
corner and fitting into the cavity of the
receptacular bract.

Seed obovoid, obtuse at both ends, brown, smooth, small ; hilum
basal ; chalaza apical.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo obovoid, fleshy, colourless, filling the cavity of the seed,
straight ; cotyledons plano-convex, closely applied face to face,
minutely emarginate ; radicle subturbinate, stout, obtuse, short,
close to the hilum.

Moscharia rosea, Ruiz et
Pav. (fig. 486).

Primary root vertical,
slender, colourless, with a
few fibres.

Hypocotyl succulent,
about 1 cm. long, 1*5 mm.
thick, terete, pubescent,
colourless.

Cotyledons oblate, 6 mm.
long, 8 mm. wide, retuse
or emarginate at the apex,
obscurely nerved, pubescent,
thin, yellowish-green ; peti-
oles about 8 mm. long, 1-5
mm. wide, connate, pubes-
cent.

Stem short, succulent, pubescent and reddish when quite
young.

The first leaf is lyrately pinnatifid, penninerved, pubescent, thin,

FIG. 486. — Moscharia rosea. Nat. size.

158 ON SEEDLINGS

including the long pubescent petiole about 8 cm. long, nearly
I cm. wide, yellowish-green. The next two are similar.

Ultimate leaves simple, radical, and cauline, alternate, petio-
late or sessile, alternately penninerved, pinnatifid, hairy ; petiole of
the radical leaves semiterete, hairy, dilated and sheathing at the

Microseris Bigelovii, A. Gray.

Primary root annual, tapering, slender and branched.

Hypocotyl glabrous, terete, red, 9-12 mm. long, tapering into
and hardly distinguishable from the root.

Cotyledons linear, slender.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, thinly glandular-hairy,
reddish or purplish ; 1st internode '5-1 mm. long ; 2nd about
1 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, sessile, sheathing at the base,
and ciliate there with white hairs, especially on the sheathing
part.

Nos. 1-6. Linear, entire, acute, shallowly channelled above,
slightly keeled beneath, and very slightly widened above the
middle, so that they do not greatly differ from the cotyledons.

Rhagadiolus stellatus, DC.

Achene almost enclosed by a partially lignified bract ; lanceolate
or subulate, straight or curved, prolonged into a beak, or in others
crowned by a pappus.

Seed conforming in shape to the fruit, somewhat laterally flat-
tened or terete ; testa smooth ; hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the whole of the seed ; cotyledons
linear, obtuse, entire, yellowish-white, plano-convex, closely ad-
pressed face to face, sessile, lying the broad way of the seed, with
their edges to the axis of the disc; radicle short, terete, much
shorter than the cotyledons, obtuse.

Seedling (fig. 487).

Primary root long, slender, tapering, giving off numerous lateral
rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl short, stout, fleshy, passing into the root.

Cotyledons oblong- spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, 1'5 cm. long;
petiole flattened above, scarcely channelled, 1 cm. long.

Stem annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical, ultimately cauline, alternate, light green,
rather coarsely hairy, especially on the under side and the petioles ;

COMPOSITE

159

petioles short or none, winged for a great part by the decurrent
lamina, flattened above, dilated at the base.

No. 1. With a short, broadly elliptic lamina, decurrent nearly
to the base of the petiole, obsoletely, distantly, and mucronately
dentate.

No. 2. With a rotund lamina decurrent on the petiole ; wing
with a few deltoid mucroiiate teeth.

Nos. 3-6. Irregularly runcinate ; terminal segment rotund,
obsoletely, mucronately dentate ; lateral segments of Nos. 3 and 4
deltoid, mucronate, decurved ; lateral segments of Nos. 5 and 6
broadly oblong, mucronate, obtuse, subdecurved.

FIG. 487.— Bhagadiolus stellatus.
Half nat. size.

FIG. 488. — Lactuca Icevigata.
Half nat. size.

Lactuca laevigata, DC. (fig. 488).

Primary root a short, stout, fleshy or tuberous taproot, colourless,
giving off numerous lateral branching fibres.

Hypocotyl subterranean.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, 8 to 10 mm.
long.

Leaves radical, alternate, glabrous, with petioles sheathing at
the base.

No. 1. Oval, obtuse, entire, cuneate at the base, obscurely penni-

160 ON SEEDLINGS

nerved and reticulate, pale green above, glaucous beneath ; petiole
terete, slender, pale green mottled with purple, sheathing at the
base.

No. 2. Lanceolate, obtuse, entire, five-nerved and reticulate,
deep green above, glaucous beneath; petiole terete, pale green,
closely mottled and streaked with purple, sheathing at the base.

No. 3. Lyrate-pinnatifid of seven segments ; segments Linear,
obtuse or subacute, glaucous-green suffused with purple, the lowest
pair smallest ; terminal segment much the largest, oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, irregularly serrate, penninerved and reticulate, glaucous-
green suffused with purple, glaucous beneath ; petiole terete, pale
green mottled and streaked with purple.

Sonchus squarrosus, DC.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-1*5 mm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons oblong-obovate, obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, gla-
brous, light green, pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem herbaceous, erect ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Primary leaves simple, alternate, subrotund, obtuse, dentate -
serrate, with a few scattered bristly hairs above, glabrous beneath,
light green with a faint tinge of violet, pinnatinerved.

Sonchus arvensis, L.

Leaves simple, ultimately more or less pinnatifid and spiny-
toothed, thinly glandular-hairy or pubescent on both surfaces, at
least in the seedling stage.

No. 1. Obovate-spathulate, entire, 1*7 cm. long.

Nos. 2 and 3. Oblanceolate-spathulate, irregularly spiny-den-
ticulate.

No. 4. Spathulate, subdecurrent on the petiole, with margin
undulate, spiny-toothed.

No. 5. Spathulate -oblong, margin undulate, spiny- toothed.

No. 6. Linear- oblong, sessile, broadest near the tip, tapering to
the base, irregularly doubly spiny-toothed.

No. 7. Linear-oblong, lobulate and spiny-toothed, margin undu-
late, sessile, tapering to the base.

Nos. 8 and 9. Linear-oblong, subpinnatifid with undulate, spiny-
toothed lobes.

Zollikoferia sp.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, light green
or colourless.

COMPOSITE 161

Cotyledons spathulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly emarginate,
glabrous, light green, indistinctly trinerved.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, or in some plants the
first pair are opposite, dentate, oblong-obovate, obtuse, petiolate,
glabrous, light green, reticulate.

Tragopogon crocifolium, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long, tinged with
red.

Cotyledons long, linear, acute, clasping the stem, sessile, gla-
brous, light green, one-nerved like the first leaves.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, linear, narrow,
acute, light green, glabrous, one-nerved.

STYLIDIEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 534.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior and two-celled, or
one- celled at the very base. The ovules are very numerous
in each cell, attached to the middle of the axile placentas and
anatropous. The fruit is capsular and two-celled, or one-celled
by the disappearance of the dissepiment, generally dehiscing
by two valves parallel to the septum, more rarely indehiscent.
The seeds are numerous, rarely solitary by abortion, and always
small with a membranous testa and a fleshy endosperm. The
embryo is minute, embedded in the endosperm, with the
radicle close to the hilum.

The species of Levenhookia have generally a one-celled
ovary with a few seeds arising from a basal placenta and
more or less attached to the side walls.

Seedlings. — This Order is a small one, containing about
one hundred species or slightly fewer, of which the typical
genus Stylidium numbers about eighty- four, of various habit
but always herbaceous, and often with small densely ar-
ranged leaves somewhat resembling a Heath. S. adnatum
(fig. 489) is the only species observed. The cotyledons are

II. M

162

ON SEEDLINGS

small, obovate, minutely cuspidate, sessile,
tapering to the base and slightly connate.
The leaves are somewhat similar, but narrower
and densely arranged.

Stylidium adnatum, E. Br. (fig. 489).

Primary root tapering downwards, flexuose,
slender, with slender lateral rootlets, perennial.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, more or less rough,
with little tuberculated elevations, pale flesh-
coloured or colourless, 6*5-11 mm. long.

Cotyledons obovate, obtuse, indistinctly petio-
late, entire, minutely cuspidate, glabrous, light
green, with a difficultly discernible midrib, 2*75-
3-5 mm. long including the petiole-like base,
1-75-2 mm. wide.

Stem erect, subterete or obtusely angled,
glabrous, but roughened with numerous small
colourless elevations, leafy; 1st and 2nd inter-
nodes undeveloped ; 3rd very variable, 2-6 mm.
long ; the rest generally very short with the leaves
close together.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (the
first two opposite, decussating with the cotyle-
dons), exstipulate, petiolate, with a midrib, but no
other discernible venation in the fresh state,
scaberulous or minutely ciliate at the margin with
colourless hairs or short points, otherwise gla-
brous, light green ; petiole biconvex, narrowly
channelled above, thickened at its insertion on
the stem, short, glabrous, pale green.

Nos. 1-30. All similar, small, spathulate or
oblanceolate, minutely cuspidate, narrowed into
the petiole, very numerous and closely aggregated.

CAMPANULACE.4] 163

CAMPANULACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 541.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior or half, rarely wholly
superior, and generally 2-5-, rarely 6-10-celled, and consisting
of as many carpels ; a one-celled condition is rare and then
probably occurs through the abortion of one out of two carpels,
or more generally by the disappearance of the septa during
growth. The placentas are mostly axile, somBtimes attached to
the middle of the septa where they become stalked or peltate.
The ovules are numerous, rarely two, and attached either at the
top or base of the cell, erect, horizontal, or pendulous and ana-
tropous. The fruit is capsular or baccate, dehiscing variously by
pores or valves beneath or above the calyx-limb, or indehiscent
and liberating the seeds by decay. The seeds are mostly very
small and numerous with a membranous or leathery testa.
The embryo is also minute and embedded in the axis of the
endosperm with the radicle close to the hilum.

Exceptions occur in species of Lysipoma, Clermontia and
Delissea, which have a one-celled ovary with parietal placentas,
but even here these conditions are very rare. In Merciera
the one-celled ovary has a pair of basal erect ovules ; and in
Siphocodon the ovary is three-celled, but the ovules are sus-
pended from the apex of the cavities. Baccate fruits occur
in Pratia, Colensoa, Kollandia, Cyanea, Delissea, Clermontia,
and others both of the tribes Lobelieae and Campanuleae.

Seedlings. — Amongst the seedlings observed are three
different types of cotyledons, namely, subulate, ovate, and
rotund or suborbicular, frequently emarginate. As the
embryo is very small wThile yet in the seed, the ultimate
form of the cotyledons is due to growth or development during
and after germination.

The subulate type may be represented by Downingia
pulchella (fig. 490). The cotyledons are subulate-linear, 6-
7 mm. long, and precisely similar to the first pair of leaves. The
upper leaves become gradually wider and 3-5-nerved. The
ovate type is fairly represented by Lobelia Erinus (fig. 492).

164 ON SEEDLINGS

Although very small they are mostly if not always slightly
emarginate and shortly petiolate, not only in this species but
the -whole group. The first two leaves of L. Erimis are ovate
or elliptic with slender petioles. The cotyledons of Lobelia
tenuior are much larger, ovate, and emarginate with longer
petioles. The first two leaves are rhomboid, while the third is
shallowly five-lobed.

Another type is furnished by Campanula bononiensis (fig.
493). The cotyledons resemble those of Lobelia tenuior.
The first leaf is spathulate-ovate, the second oval, and the
third and fourth obovate. The cotyledons of C. thyrsoides are
smaller, and the first leaf is also relatively small, ovate, and
obscurely dentate. Succeeding leaves vary through ovate, oval,
obovate and elliptic forms, at the same time greatly increasing
in size, and much exceeding in that respect any of the above
mentioned.

Suborbicular and emarginate cotyledons are met with in
Campanula gummifera. They are also more markedly reticu-
late than is generally the case. The first leaf is cordate, cre-
nate, and hairy. The cotyledons of Specularia castellana are
emarginate and rather broader than long. Three or four of
the primary leaves are suborbicular, shallowly crenate and
hairy. The seedling of Colensoa physaloides (fig. 491) recalls
that of Campanula thyrsoides to some extent in its small entire
cotyledons and the graduation of the leaves from the first
small one to the fifth, and onwards. The internodes are,
however, much more elongated. A slightly different type
occurs in Specularia biflora which has comparatively large
oblong-obovate emarginate cotyledons tapering into a long
petiole.

The first four leaves are obovate- spathulate, and obscurely
crenate, with glands in the notches, not on the crenatures.

Downingia pulchella, Torr. (fig. 490).

Primary root slender, colourless, soon giving rise to a fascicle of
strong colourless roots from its base.

Hijpocotyl herbaceous, strong, erect, terete, glabrous, l'S-2'2 cm.
long and 1 mm. thick, or more.

Cotyledons subulate-linear, slender, acute, deep green and

CAMPANULACE^E

165

shining, 6-7 mm. long, precisely similar to the first four pairs of
leaves.

Stem herbaceous, erect, stout, glabrous, green ; internodes short ;
1st 4-5 mm. long ; 2nd 2*5-3 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (lower opposite), exsti-
pulate, glabrous, slender at least in the young plant.

Nos. 1-8 or 10. In decussate pairs, linear-subulate, acuminate,
and showing a midrib only.

FIG. 490. — Downingia pulchella.
Nat. size.

FIG. 491. — Colensoa physaloides.
Nat. size.

Above this they are gradually broader, and three- to five-nerved
from the base.

Colensoa physaloides, Hook,/, (fig. 491).
Primary root densely fibrous.

Hypocotyl 5 mm. long, 1-5 mm. thick, terete, herbaceous, gla-
brous, usually purplish-green.

Cotyledons 4-5 mm. long, 2-5-3 mm. wide, broadly petiolate,

166

OX SEEDLINGS

suborbicular, entire, glabrous, very obscurely nerved, dark dull green
above, paler beneath.

Stem. 1st internode 1-2 mm. long, and as thick ; 2nd-4th

about 5 mm. long, ridged owing to the decurrent petioles of the
leaves.

Leaves.— No. 1. About I cm. long including petiole, 5 mm.
wide, elliptic, oblique, acute, slightly serrate, penninerved, glabrous
except a few hairs on lower side of the petiole and midrib, thin,
slender, dull green.

Nos. 2-5. More deeply mucronate- serrate.

Ultimate leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately incurvinerved, reticulate, glabrous or nearly so, simply
or doubly serrate.

lobelia Erinns, L. (fig. 492).

Primary root fibrous, slender, colourless.

Hypocotyl 5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete, slender, colourless.
Cotyledons 4 mm. long including the short petiole, 2-5 mm.
wide, ovate, slightly emarginate, cuneate
at base, glabrous and very obscurely
nerved, light green.

Stem. — 1st internode 5 mm. long,
1 mm. thick ; 2nd 1*5-2 cm. long,
slender, terete, glabrous, almost colour-
less.

The two first leaves are like the coty-
ledons but larger; petiole, 1*5-2 cm.
long, -75 mm. wide, glabrous ; blade
1 cm. long, nearly as wide, entire.

The second is often serrate-crenate
near the base, penninerved, with a few
hairs on the petiole.

Ultimate leaves simple, cauline,
alternately penninerved, glabrous or
slightly hairy on the petiole, thin,
membranous, with milky juice, deep
green ; petiole slender, rather brittle.

FIG. 492.— Lobelia Erinut.
Nat. size.

Lobelia tenuior, B. Br.

Primary root as in L. Erinus.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, purple above ground, colourless
beneath, 2-2-6 cm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, emarginate, glabrous, stained with

CAMPANULACEJ3

167

purple ; lamina 3-3'5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, with indistinct
venation ; petiole slightly flattened above, the two sometimes slightly
alternate, 2-5-4 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, at least in the seedling stage, terete,
striated, glabrous with the exception of some lines of hairs running
down from the decurrent bases of the leaves, stained with purple ;
1st internode 3-4 mm. long ; 2nd 2-3 mm.

Leaves glabrous, with ascending nerves running into the teeth
or lobes ; petiole flattened or slightly channelled above, rough on
the back and margin.

No. 1. Rhomboid, obtuse, obsoletely dentate at the margin.

No. 2. Larger, similar, but with five blunt teeth.

No. 3. Shallowly five-lobed.

Campanula bononiensis, L. (fig. 493).

Primary root vertical, small, slender, colourless, with a few
fibres.

Hypocotyl 2-2*5 cm. long, •? mm. thick,
terete, glabrous, nearly colourless.

Cotyledons nearly equal, about 7 mm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide, shortly stalked, ovate,
cuneate at the base, obtusely emarginate, ob-
scurely nerved, entire, glabrous, light green.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, hairy ;
1st internode 3'5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy on
both sides, but chiefly on the margins and
the nerves beneath ; petioles channelled
above, convex beneath, dilated and am-
plexicaul at the base, coarsely hairy.

No. 1. Spathulate-obovate, entire.

No. 2. Oval, obtuse, tapering to the base,
obsoletely crenate-serrate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Obovate, obtuse, serrate-
crenate, subreticulately veined.

Campanula gummifera, Willd.

Hypocotyl glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate-rotund, slightly emarginate, obtuse, petiolate,
glabrous, light green, indistinctly pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

FIG. 493.

Campanula bononie
Nat. size.

168 ON SEEDLINGS

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, cordate, crenate- serrate,
hairy with rather long stiff hairs, green, pinnatinerved ; petiole
long, furrowed above.

Campanula thyrsoides, L.

Primary root tapering, twisted or flexuose near the top, and
giving off numerous lateral fibres, biennial.

Hypocotyl subterranean, short, stout, fleshy , colourless, glabrous,
5 mm. long.

Cotyledons small, ovate, obtuse, subpetiolate, 3'5 mm. long,
2*5 mm. wide, hairy.

Stem herbaceous, developed when about to flower.

Leaves radical and cauline, sessile (or the first two to four
shortly petiolate), light green and shining above, paler and shining
beneath, densely hairy on both surfaces, penninerved with alternate
nerves ; petioles of first four leaves, short, broad, flattened
above.

No. 1. Ovate, obtuse, slightly dentate, 7'5 mm. long, 5 mm.
wide.

No. 2. Similar, larger.

No. 3. Oval, obtuse, serrulate, cuneate at the base.

No. 4. Ovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, serrulate.

No. 5. Elliptic, obtuse, serrulate, cuneate at the base and
sessile.

No. 6. Oblong- elliptic, obtuse, serrulate, cuneate at the base,
sessile.

No. 7. Obovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate.

Nos. 8 and 9. Oblong-elliptic, obtuse, crenate-serrate.

Ultimate leaves obovate-spathulate, subacute, tapering to the
base, mucronately serrulate, bright green, shining and hairy above
especially towards the margin, paler beneath, shining and nearly
glabrous, flat or concave.

Specularia castellana, Lge.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-4-1-8 cm. long, light green,
or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate-rotund, small, emarginate, glabrous, green,
indistinctly one-nerved ; petioles rather broad, very slightly chan-
nelled on the upper face

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

Primary leaves broadly oblong or subrotund, radical, alternate,
obtuse, crenate, finely pubescent, green, pinnatinerved ; with broad
hairy petioles, channelled above.

CAMPANULACE^E 169

Specularia biflora, A. Gray.

Primary root long, with short lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl 2-2-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-obovate, 5-6'5 mm. long, 4-4-5 mm. wide ;
tapering into the long petiole, which is slightly channelled above,
9-11 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, striate, pubescent, herbaceous, twisted ; 1st
internode 1 cm. long ; 2nd longer.

Leaves thinly pubescent, tapering into and slightly decurrent on
the petiole which is channelled above, venation reticulate but very
indistinct.

Nos. 1-4. Obovate-spathulate, obtuse, obsoletely crenate, with
glands in the notches, and in the apical one when the leaf is emar-
ginate.

ERICACEAE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 577.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and consists of two to
twelve carpels united so as to form as many cells ; the union
may be complete or the carpels may be partly free at the top,
making the ovary lobed as occurs in many of the Rutaceae and
Labiatae. The ovules are numerous and inserted on axile pla-
centas, or suspended from the apex of the cells and anatropous ;
they rarely ascend from the base of the cells. The fruit is cap-
sular, rarely baccate as in Arbutus and Pernettya or drupaceous
as in Arctostaphylos, and dehisces loculicidallyor septicidally by
as many valves as there are carpels, or the carpels may break
away from the axial placentiferous column. Fruits breaking
up into cocci are very rare. The seeds vary from one to many,
but they are usually minute and very numerous, angled or
compressed, with a closely fitting or sometimes a loose testa
prolonged at either end. The embryo is embedded in a fleshy
endosperm, with short cotyledons and a rather elongated radicle.

Seedlings.— The, seeds are minute in most cases, and the
cotyledons generally small. The seedlings of Ehododendron
arboreum (fig. 494) and Erica Tetralix represent therefore the
more typical forms of the Order. The cotyledons of Rhodo-

170 ON SEEDLINGS

dendron arboreum are small, oval and pubescent. The two
primary leaves are also oval, but several times larger. The
ultimate ones are oblong-lanceolate, entire, and attain a length
of six to nine inches. The genus Erica is represented by E.
Tetralix which has minute oval cotyledons, and always very
small leaves. In a seedling observed the first pair of leaves
were opposite, followed by four whorls of three each, above
which were a few scattered ones, those again followed by whorls
of four leaves each as in the adult plant. In the seedling
they are flat, in the adult strongly revolute at the margins.

A curious type occurs in Enkianthus japonicus, the coty-
ledons of which are oblong-ovate and crenulate, as in Ptelea
trifoliata amongst the Eutaceae. The first four leaves are
elliptic and serrulate. Another unusual form occurs in
Clethra arborea which has relatively large and broadly oblong-
ovate, slightly emarginate cotyledons. They are finely pube-
scent, as are the first pair of coarsely serrated leaves.

Enkianthus japonicus, Hook.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, ultimately glabrous, 8*5 mm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, minutely mucronate, alter-
nately penninerved, shallowly crenate, glabrous, shining on both
surfaces, bright green above, paler beneath ; lamina 8'5 mm. long,
5 mm. wide; petiole flattened above, 1 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, with short decurrent wings from the
base and under side of the petioles, pubescent ; 1st and 2nd inter-
nodes undeveloped ; 3rd -5 mm. ; 4th 2-5 mm. ; 5th 3 mm. ; 6th
2-25 mm. ; 7th 3 mm. ; 8th 1-5 mm. ; 9th 1-75 mm. ; 10th 1 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, ciliate-
serrulate, pubescent above, hairs with short fleshy bases and hooked
tips, ultimately glabrous or pubescent on the midrib, paler beneath
and pubescent on the principal nerves only, and slightly woolly near
the base, alternately penninerved with ascending subincurved nerves ;
petioles deeply channelled above, subcarinate, pubescent with hairs
on the margins and carina like those of the lamina.

Nos. 1-4. Elliptic, acute, serrulate or ciliate-serrulate.

Nos. 5-19. Lanceolate-elliptic, acute, ciliate-serrulate.

Ultimate leaves obovate, apiculate, tapering much to the base,
ciliate-serrulate with the hairs booked forwards as in the coty-
ledons.

ERICACEAE

171

Erica Tetralix, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, filiform, glabrous, reddish, 8 mm. long.

Cotyledons minute, oval, obtuse, glabrous ; lamina 1*25 mm. long,
1 mm. wide ; petiole '5 mm. long.

Stem erect, filiform, ultimately woody, finely pubescent ; 1st
mternode undeveloped ; 2nd 3'5 mm. long ; 3rd 4*5 mm. ; 4th 4 mm. ;
5th 3 mm. ; 6th 3 mm. The plant was raised in heat ; probably the
internodes would be much shorter if raised in the open air.

Leaves entire, verticillate, shortly petiolate, glabrous in the
seedling stage and frequently aristate, ciliate on the lateral nerves
in the adult plant, not on the revolute margins, flat in the seedling
stage and strongly revolute
at the margins in the adult
plant, deep green above, glau-
cous beneath, convex above
in the adult, concave beneath ;
petioles about 1 mm. long,
channelled above, ciliate at
the margins.

First pair of leaves oppo-

/s—^—r^r*^ ,

P

site, obtuse.

Second to fifth nodes
with the leaves verticillate in
threes, and ovate, subacute.

Then in the seedling
noted, five scattered, ovate,
aristate leaves occurred ;
then two nodes each with
four verticillate leaves.

Ultimate leaves verticil-
late with four in a whorl,
oblong - ovate, obtuse, tri-
nerved, ciliate on the lateral
nerves and strongly revolute
at the edges.

Khododendron arboreum,

Sm. (fig. 494).

Primary root slender,
wiry, with numerous lateral rootlets, flexuose.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, glabrous, about 3 mm. long.

Cotyledons small, oval, obtuse, pubescent above, 8 mm. long in-
cluding the short petiole, 2 mm. wide.

FIG. 494. — Rhododendron arboreum.
Nat. size.

172 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem woody, erect, terete, glandular-pubescent, reddish ; 1st
internode 8'5 mm. long ; 2nd 2-5 mm.; 3rd 5 mm.; 4th 3 mm.;
5th 5-5 mm. ; 6th 3'25 mm.

Leaves alternate, evergreen, pubescent above and on the prin-
cipal nerves beneath, glandular-ciliate, revolute at the margin in
vernation, alternately penninerved ; petioles channelled above, red-
dish and pubescent with rufous hairs.

No. 1. Oval, mucronate ; lamina 6*5 mm. long, 4'5 mm. wide.

Nos. 2 and 3. Broadly oval, obtuse, mucronate.

Nos. 4-7. Oblong, obtuse, mucronate.

Ultimate leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, tapering to
both ends, slightly revolute at the margin, and somewhat chan-
nelled, thinly scurfy and deep green above, densely felted with
white or sometimes rusty scales beneath, with a prominent midrib.

Clethra arborea, Ait.

Hypocotyl covered with minute hairs, 1-5-2-5 cm. long, light
green.

Cotyledons broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly emarginate.
entire at first, minutely pubescent above, glabrous beneath, green,
pinnatinerved like the leaves ; petioles rather short and flat, shal-
lowly channelled on the upper side, minutely pubescent.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
4-5 mm. long.

First leaves opposite, decussate, oblong, acute, coarsely serrate,
pubescent, green, pinnatinerved, with short petioles.

PLUMBAGINE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 623.

Fruit and Seed.— The syncarpous ovary is superior, and
consists of five carpels cohering to form one cell. The ovule
is solitary, anatropous, and suspended from a long slender
funicle arising from a basal placenta, so that the micropyle is
superior. The fruit is dry and included in the persistent
calyx, more rarely elongated and somewhat protruding. It is
indehiscent, or in some cases the hardened apex falls away

PLUMBAGINE^E 173

like an operculum leaving the cavity open, or the pericarp
is circumscissile near the base, while the portion that falls
away is more or less divided into five valves. The seed fills
the cavity of the ovary to which it conforms, and is suspended
by a long funicle to which it is sometimes adnate, and
its testa is membranous. The endosperm is copious, or
scanty and farinaceous, or altogether wanting. Where it is
present the embryo is straight, axile, and almost equals it in
length ; but where there is no endosperm the terete or
slightly compressed embryo fills the seed. The cotyledons
are linear or oblong and equal to or larger than the terete
radicle.

In Plumbago the cotyledons are much wider than the
radicle, and the endosperm is generally scanty. The seeds of
.ZEgialitis are linear, exalbuminous and conform to the fruit.
The cotyledons of Armeria grandiflora are linear-oblong and
surrounded by a small quantity of endosperm. The radicle is
very short.

Seedlings. — Two moderately distinct types of cotyledons
were observed, namely, spathulate and linear ; but the
two are connected by intermediate forms. The tendency
to elongation is due to the form of the seed, and that
again conforms to the narrow and elongated character of the
fruit. Both fruit and seeds vary in width in different species,
and so do the cotyledons both before and after germin-
ation.

The cotyledons of Statice speciosa (fig. 495) are spathulate,
obtuse and entire. The first four leaves are also spathulate,
more acute, and much larger, and the ultimate ones hardly
differ except in their much greater size. The cotyledons of
S. macrophyllavflabellata differ in being obtuse and slightly
emarginate. The first two leaves are rotund and cuneate at
the base, followed by three others which are obovate. Inter-
mediate forms between these and the linear type are fur-
nished by Armeria chilensis and Statice Suworowi (fig. 496).
The cotyledons of the former are linear-spathulate and
wider than the first pair of leaves. Those of the latter are
smaller and narrower than the first leaf which is spathulate-
linear. The second and third leaves are also spathulate and

174 ON SEEDLINGS

larger, while succeeding ones are scalloped or repandly pinna-
tifid. The cotyledons of Statice leptostachya are long and
narrowly linear, while all the leaves are pinnatisect with linear
segments.

Statice speciosa, L. (fig. 495).

Primary root slender, tapering, with a few lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl usually subterranean, tapering downwards, 4 mm.
long.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, glabrous,
fleshy, dotted on the upper surface with a white
excretion, otherwise deep green, T25 cm. long
including the petiole, 4 mm. wide about the
middle of the lamina.
Stem very short.

Leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, ex-
stipulate, sessile, glabrous, opaque, coriaceous,
glaucous-green above, and closely dotted with
a white excretion, much paler beneath, taper-
ing gradually to the base, forming a broad-
winged petiole-like stalk, shallowly grooved
above, dilated and sheathing at the base.
No. 1. Spathulate, obtuse, obscurely apiculate.
Nos. 2 and 3. Spathulate, obtuse, apiculate, tapering to a narrow
base.

Ultimate leaves obovate- spathulate, cuspidately acute, sub-
cartilaginous at the margin, obscurely alternately penninerved with
the nerves ascending, then spreading and lastly somewhat in-
curved.

Statice macrophylla, Brouss., var. flabellata.

Hypocotyl very short, erect, terete, glabrous, reddish.

Cotyledons spathulate, obtuse, minutely emarginate with a dis-
tinct midrib, glabrous, light green, 1-7 cm. long.

Stem very short, developing slowly, and becoming woody ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves radical and ultimately cauline, ciliate, otherwise glabrous,
aristate at the apex, with i distinct midrib, and indistinctly alter-
nately penninerved, light green ; petioles flattened above, dilated
and clasping at the base, ciliate at the margin.

Nos. 1 and 2. Rotund, cuneate at the base.

No. 3. Broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneate or tapering
at the base.

PLUMBAGINEJ']

175

Statice Suworowi, Eegel (fig. 496).

Primary root as in S. speciosa ; annual.

Hypocotyl subterranean, tapering, 3 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear- spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, narrowed to a
petiole, 7'5 mm. long including the petiole, T75 mm. wide near
the apex.

Stem herbaceous, annual.

Leaves as in last species ; soft,
fleshy in the young state ; petioles
grooved above, convex on the back,
dilated and sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Small, spathulate-linear.

No. 2. Nai'rowly spathulate, ob-
tuse.

No. 3. Spathulate, subacute.

No. 4. Spathulate, aristate, scal-
loped at the base with a rounded lobe
on each side ; lobes always alternate
on all the following leaves.

No. 5. Oblong, aristate, constricted
below the middle ; terminal lobe ovate ;
lower one subrhomboid, slightly de-
current on the petiole.

Nos. 6-8. Narrowly oblong, scalloped with rounded lateral lobes,
ajid an ovate aristate terminal one.

Ultimate leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, aristate at
the apex, scalloped or subpinnatifid, with alternate or sub-oppo-
site, obtuse lobes, obscurely and alternately penninerved, with
ascending nerves running into the lobes.

Statiee leptostachya, Boiss.

Primary root slender, tapering downwards, with numerous
slender lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl not developed or tapering into, and indistinguishable
from the root.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, tapering into a long petiole-like base,
slightly channelled above, and much dilated at the extreme base,
glabrous but with small depressions on the upper surface, and pro-
minences towards the top, green with a reddish base, 1-4-1-6 cm.
long, -5-1 mm. wide.

Stem extremely short, herbaceous, annual, and throwing up a
scape when about to flower. Internodes undeveloped.

Leaves radical, glabrous, but covered with minute, scale-like

FIG. 496. — Statice Suworowi
Nat. size.

176 ON SEEDLINGS

dots, obscurely alternately penninerved, pinnatisect with linear,
obtuse, entire segments, revolute at the margins so as to make them
convex above, and concave or furrowed beneath ; petioles semi-
terete, glabrous, channelled above with rather acute edges, reddish,
dilated and clasping at the base.

No. 1. Linear, pinnati-fid or -sect, with a few subulate, obtuse,
alternate segments ; middle ones longest ; terminal one triangular-
hastate.

Nos. 2-6. Gradually longer and larger, pinnatisect with alter-
nate, obtuse, subulate and linear segments ; terminal lobe becoming
less and less conspicuous until it is almost absent, the leaf ending
in two lateral segments.

Armeria grandiflora, Hort.

Fruit a one-celled utricle, one-seeded.

Seed narrow, oblong 1-1-25 mm. long, testa thin, membranous,
smooth ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm scanty, surrounding the embryo, white, farinaceous.

Embryo straight, whitish-green ; cotyledons linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, entire, plano-convex, lying face to face ; radicle short, subacute,
terete, considerably shorter than the cotyledons.

Armeria chilensis, Boiss.

Primary root long, tapering downwards, fibrous.

Hypocotyl extremely short and subterranean, or indistinguish-
able from the base of the root.

Cotyledons linear- spathulate, obtuse, entire, tapering to the base
and connate, forming a sheath to the plumule, the midrib indistinct,
glabrous, bright green, ri-1'6 cm. long.

Stem with undeveloped internodes.

Leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, tufted, very thinly
pubescent in the young state or almost glabrous, sessile or at least
the primary ones.

Nos. 1 and 2. Linear, obtuse, showing a midrib only which is
shallowly furrowed on the upper surface and more conspicuously so
beneath, narrower than the cotyledons.

PRIMUL ACE.fi 177

PRIMULACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 628.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior or rarely more or
less inferior as in Sarnolus ; and consists of five or six
carpels cohering so as to form one cell. The ovules are
numerous or few, but never less than two and inserted upon
a free-central, sessile, or stalked placenta, on the surface of
which they are placed or are immersed in it, semianatropous
with a ventral attachment or rarely anatropous as in Hottonia.
The fruit is a capsule dehiscing by two to six valves (very
frequently five) with the valves entire or bifid, very rarely is it
circumscissile as in Anagallis, or indehiscent as in a few species
of Lysirnachia. The seeds are few or numerous, arranged on
the surface of the central placenta or immersed in it, peltate
or attached by the ventral face and very frequently depressed
and variously angled. The membranous testa is smooth, fur-
rowed or granular, sometimes winged and adnate to a copious
fleshy endosperm. The embryo is small, terete or cylindrical,
and lies embedded in the endosperm parallel or crosswise
to the hiluin, rarely pointing to it and often uncertain in
its direction. The cotyledons are blunt and very small, but
become foliaceous during germination.

Seedlings. — In the Primulaceae, three distinct types of
cotyledons were observed. The leading and most characteristic
type is ovate ; a few are spathulate or show some modifica-
tion of that form; and in Cyclamen we have a reniform,
foliaceotfs and solitary cotyledon. One of the most highly
developed forms is that of Lysirnachia ciliata (fig. 501), the
cotyledons of which are ovate, acute and greatly resemble
the first pair of leaves although smaller and with a less evident
venation. Those of Anagallis arvensis are lanceolate-ovate,
while the leaves from the first are broadly ovate, opposite,
decussate, glabrous, but marked with black spots beneath. A
considerable number of the species of Primula have ovate
cotyledons, including P. veris and P. denticulata. The first
leaf of the former is cordate, entire or slightly toothed, while

178 ON SEEDLINGS

that of the latter is widely and shallowly crenate. P. den-
ticulata is also notable for the shortness of its hypocotyl
and the length of the petioles of the cotyledons which com-
pensate for this deficiency. The cotyledons of P. elatior
(fig. 497) differ in being ovate-oblong and trinerved. The
first leaf is reniform, and the second is rotund-cordate ; both
are dentate. The cotyledons of Androsace rotundifolia
on the other hand are broadly ovate and short. The first
leaf is somewhat triangular and entire or tridentate ;
and succeeding ones vary between reniform and orbicular,
palniately nerved and lobed. A modification of the ovate
type occurs in P. vulgaris and P. sinensis. Those of the
former (fig. 498) are ovate, emarginate, three- or faintly five-
nerved, and finely glandular-pubescent. The first two leaves
are ovate. This species is remarkable for the behaviour of
the radicle and hypocotyl under different conditions and in
different soils. In sand the radicle strikes down vertically, but
in soil of a stiffer nature it generally grows along the sur-
face for some little way before striking downwards, and the
hypocotyl generally bends in the same way and throws out
lateral rootlets, abundantly provided with root-hairs. The
radicle soon ceases to elongate and, gradually dying away as a
procumbent stem or rhizome is formed, gives rise to the
popularly so-called praemorse root. The cotyledons of P.
sinensis (fig. 499) are normally broadly ovate and emarginate,
but they frequently behave in an irregular manner, one of
them often being bifid or bipartite and sometimes divided
to the base of the petiole making apparently three cotyledons.
In those that are bifid the midrib becomes forked at some
distance below the sinus. Both cotyledons are bifid -in some
cases ; and they are coarsely hairy and glandular. The
primary leaves are cordate and more or less lobed and toothed.
A second type is met with in Soldanella. The cotyledons are
oval and obtuse at either end. The first three leaves are
reniform and entire. Spathulate cotyledons are met with in
Androsace nana. The primary leaves are narrower, linear-
lanceolate, entire and arranged in a dense rosette. Those of
Asterolinum splendidum are similar in shape but opposite and
decussate, with the internodes more elongated. The cotyledons

PEIMULACE^E 179

are linear-spathulate or oblong. A fourth type is presented by
Cyclamen. This genus has only one cotyledon which soon
becomes foliaceous and of large size resembling a true leaf. The
cotyledon of Cyclamen persicum is cordate and more or less
crenate, greatly resembling the first true leaf. In a batch of
seedlings, individuals may frequently be found having the
cotyledons consisting of two reniform, sessile, or stalked pieces
resembling a compound leaf with a pair of leaflets. The
apparently compound character is perhaps due to the union of
the petioles of the cotyledon and the first true leaf, as occa-
sionally happens in the case of the peduncles and the leaves.

Primula elatior, Jacq. (fig. 497).

Primary root normal, ultimately giving way to the strong
adventitious roots developed below the cotyledons and the rosette
of leaves.

Hypocotyl slender, about 6 mm. long, colourless.

Stem a short, persistent, fleshy, or almost
woody rhizome with undeveloped or slightly
developed internodes.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, somewhat
succulent, pale green, glabrous ; lamina 5-7 mm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide ; petiole slightly chan-
nelled above, slightly pubescent, 3'5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, rugose, glabrous above, hairy
beneath ; petioles (in young plant) deeply
channelled above, not winged, hairy, almost
villous on the under side.

No. 1. Eeniform, repand-dentate, with short, FIG 497

broad, mucronate teeth, and a diverging basal Primula elatior.
sinus, reticulate.

No. 2. Kotund-cordate, dentate-serrate, convex above with re-
curved mucronate teeth.

Ultimate leaves oblong-ovate, abruptly decurrent on the petiole,
shallowly and subrepandly dentate, alternately penninerved, reticu-
late, rugose.

Primula denticulata, Sm.

Hypocotyl subterranean or short.

Cotyledons apparently springing straight from the root, ovate,

N 2

180

OX SEEDLINGS

obtuse, with ascending petioles, from 8-4 mm. long, finely ciliated ;
midrib indistinct.

Stem apparently none.

Leaves radical, petiolate ; the first one is ovate, obtuse, cordate
at the base, crenate, ciliate and covered with small hairs, light
green ; midrib with numerous branched lateral veinlets.

Primula vnlgaris, Ends. (fig. 498).

Primary root behaving differently in different soils. In silver
sand a number of specimens examined penetrated the soil per-

PIQ. 498. — Primula vulgaris. A, grown in sand. Nat. size.
B, grown in loam and sand, x 2.

pendicularly. In loam with a mixture of sand the radicle or base
of the hypocotyl bends or becomes procumbent in many instances
before penetrating the soil. In some cases it soon ceases to
elongate and throws out strong lateral rootlets furnished with an
abundance of root-hairs.

Hypocotyl erect (at least primarily), terete, densely clothed
with a glandular pubescence, pale green, throwing out strong
adventitious roots at its base with an abundance of root-hairs.

PRIMULACE^ 181

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, emarginate, finely glandular-pubescent
all over, petiolate, alternately incurvinerved, with two strong nerves
from near the base on either side the prominent midrib, the two
upper are stronger, and incurving unite with the midrib in the apical
sinus ; lamina 5-7 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide ; petiole channelled
above, glandular-pubescent, 2*5-3*5 mm. long.

Stem always short, with undeveloped internodes, fleshy, ulti-
mately forming a persistent rhizome.

Leaves radical, alternately penninerved, reticulate, rugose, with
more or less branched and flexuose nerves running into the mar-
ginal teeth, finely glandular-pubescent in the seedling stage, and
more or less coarsely hairy in the adult plant or subvillous beneath,
light green ; petioles semiterete, dilated towards the base, deeply
channelled above, coarsely hairy and glandular-pubescent, or sub-
villous in the adult plant.

No. 1. Ovate, obtuse, suddenly tapering at the base into the
petiole, irregularly dentate, with the teeth tipped with a gland-like
mucro, even or slightly rugose.

No. 2. Similar but more rugose,

Primula sinensis, LindL (fig. 499).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, with fibrous lateral rootlets,
somewhat bent or curved at its junction with the hypocotyl, from
which strong adventitious roots are generally developed at an early
age — all abundantly provided with root-hairs.

Hypocotyl as in P. vulgaris.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse, emarginate, mucronate in the
notch, subcordate and trinerved at the base, the lateral nerves
branching so as to form five ; alternately nerved and reticulate up-
wards (nervation indiscernible except by transmitted light), glan-
dular-pubescent on. all parts, but especially on the upper surface ;
lamina 5*5-8 mm. long, or more when fully developed, 5-7 mm.
wide ; petiole 1-5-2-25 mm. long, semiterete, channelled above,
glandular-pubescent, pale green.

When the cotyledons divest themselves early of the testa and
remains of the endosperm it is seen that there is no emargination,
and the mucro is the most prominent point of the cotyledon. This
mucro consists of clear, colourless tissue embedded in the tissue of
the cotyledon with its lower and cuneate end in direct communica-
tion with the midrib, and that again with the vascular bundle run-
ning down the hypocotyl and entering the root. The midrib tipped
with the mucro ceases to develop after a time while the surrounding
tissue grows, resulting in emargination. Variations from the above

182 ON SEEDLINGS

type occur irregularly in different individuals. There are a few
large openings in the mucro, confined to the very tip.

The midrib in some cases forks a little way above the base of
the cotyledon, diverges and runs to the margin where each fork ends
in a mucro. Fission occurs between these two mucronate tips in
one, or occasionally both cotyledons while yet in the seed. After
germination the mucronate tip ceases after a time to elongate, and
growth of the surrounding tissue causes the emargination of both
halves of the cotyledon. In this case there is a median fissure,
and two shallower lateral ones.

The forking of the midrib in other seedlings may arise below the
base of the lamina when the cotyledon becomes more or less deeply
bifid. Again this forking may be carried down so far that one
(seldom or never both) cotyledon is divided nearly to the base of
the petiole, when there appear to be three distinct cotyledons with
laminae and petioles.

When the seed is carried up on the tips of
the cotyledons, the latter as they develop make
a great but unsuccessful effort to divest them-
selves of the now dried-up testa and remains of
the endosperm. The sides of the laminae become
revolute longitudinally at an early stage so as
to present their outer surface to the light. At
length only the tip of the cotyledons is held fast ;

Primula smensis. , ,. . . , 7 • , i • • -\

With bifid cotyledon, and the petioles twist so as to bring the upper
Nat. size. surface of the lamins outwards to the light.

In deeply bifid cotyledons the division of the central vascular
bundle takes place low down in the petiole ; a branch runs down
the centre of each half to the apex, where it is tipped with a mucro.

Stem short, stout, fleshy with scarcely developed internodes.

Leaves coarsely hairy on both surfaces and dotted with sessile
glands, dull green above, paler beneath, sometimes suffused or
coloured brownish-red ; petioles semiterete, channelled above,
coarsely hairy and glandular, dilated and sheathing at the base.

No. 1. Cordate, obtuse, five-nerved at the base, and alternately
penninerved upwards, becoming doubly dentate-serrate.

No. 2. Cordate, subacute, lobulate with the lobes somewhat
dentate. No. 3 is similar, or more decidedly lobulate.

Androsace rotundifolia, Hardw. (fig. 500).
Primary root quite normal.

Hypocotyl very short, tapering downwards, slightly pubescent,
very pale and marked with red dots ; 1-5-2 mm. long.

PRIMULACE.E

183

Cotyledons short, ovate, obtuse, entire, thinly glandular-
pubescent, tipped with a minute tooth, without discernible venation
when fresh ; lamina 2-3 mm. long, 1-75-2-25 mm. wide ; petiole
flattened or slightly grooved
above, thinly glandular-
pubescent, 1-1*25 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, de-
veloped when about to
flower ; primary internodes
undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical,
alternate, palmately three-
to five-nerved, and lobed or
toothed, glandular-pubes-
cent (with the hairs tipped
by a red gland), dull opaque
green above, suffused and
mottled with red beneath ;
petioles semiterete, chan-
nelled above, densely gland-
ular - pubescent with red
glands, very pale green,
mottled and striated with
red, dilated and clasping at
the base.

No. 1 (and in small
seedlings sometimes No. 2).
Cordate-triangular, obtuse,

entire or with a minute glandular tooth on each side, tipped with
an obtuse glandular tooth, obscurely trinerved.

No. 2. Similar or larger and reniform, five-nerved and five-
toothed.

No. 3. Rotund-reniform, five-nerved, obtusely five-toothed.

No. 4. Rotund-cordate, five- to seven-nerved, and toothed or sub-
lobulate.

Androsace nana, Hornem.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 8-12 mm. long, pale green or
colourless.

Cotyledons slightly obovate or spathulate, 6-7 mm. long includ-
ing the short petiole, glabrous, dark green ; venation very indistinct.

Stem as in last species.

First leaves radical, arranged in a rosette, entire, linear-lanceo-

FIG. 500. — Androsace rotundifolia, x 3.

184 OX SEEDLINGS

late, acute, hispid (hairs very short and stiff), tapering to the base,
almost petiolate, with a midrib, but no lateral nerves apparent.

Soldanella sp.

Primary root long, slender, tapering somewhat abruptly below
the cotyledons, with numerous fibrous rootlets.

Hypocotyl not appearing above the soil, scarcely developed.

Cotyledons minute, ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous,
green, without any distinct venation ; the surface is covered with
numerous minute pit-like depressions.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, oblate or almost
reniform, obtuse, slightly and shallowly cordate at the base, ex-
stipulate, glabrous, dark green, trinerved ; petioles long, shallowly
furrowed or channelled on the upper side.

Cyclamen persicum, Mill.

Primary root simple, flexuose, with numerous root-hairs, and
soon assisted by numerous adventitious rootlets as strong as itself,
springing from the base of the hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl globose, fleshy, almost colourless at first, becoming
afterwards pinkish, then darker, ultimately brown, covered at an
early stage with minute brown hairs, forming the persistent rootstock
of the plant, and gradually attaining a considerable size.

Cotyledon one, cordate, obtuse, gradually enlarging and perform-
ing the functions of a leaf which it resembles in all respects, alter-
nately and incurvedly penninerved, each lateral nerve uniting with
the one above it, and giving off branches towards the margin which
form a series of reticulations as the lamina enlarges, crenate, fre-
quently bearing smaller teeth between, and sometimes glandular
papillae, glabrous above, deep opaque green, or finally with pale green
or greyish markings, minutely pubescent beneath, and generally
deep red ; petiole long, terete at the base, shallowly channelled up-
wards, minutely pubescent, pale green or more often stained with red.

Exceptions occur where the cotyledon assumes the appearance
of a compound leaf. Occasionally there are two reniform laminse on
a common petiole united to the very apex, while at other times the
petiole is separated into two for some considerable way down, each
bearing a reniform, crenate or angled lamina. Sometimes three
leaves are thus united with the cotyledon instead of one, and when
the lower pair is small they appear like stipular organs at the top
of the petiole. The venation of each lamina is similar to that of an
ordinary cotyledon. In a pot of eighteen seedlings, eight showed

PRIMULACE.E 185

some such monstrosity. The petioles of the adult plant are occasion-
ally adnate to the peduncles, which thus assume a caulescent
appearance.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, radiately
five-nerved in seedlings, ultimately seven- to nine-nerved, irregularly
crenate at the margin, glabrous above and deep green marked with
grey, paler beneath, or more or less suffused with red, minutely and
papillosely pubescent ; petiole subterete, shallowly grooved towards
the base, papillosely and minutely pubescent.

No. 1. Eeniform, five-nerved with the nerves radiating and in-
curved towards their tips where they branch and anastomose.

Ultimate leaves broadly cordate, obtuse, seven- to nine-nerved,
with the midrib and some of the stronger nerves more or less
alternately penninerved ; all the lateral nerves incurve towards their
tips, and give off strong branches on their posterior side towards the
margin, forming large reticulations. Small branches are given off
into the crenatures.

Gressner (Bot. Zeit. 1874, p. 837) says there is a slight eminence
which represents the second cotyledon, and which subsequently
develops into a leaf, so that Cyclamen has two cotyledons which
resemble leaves. Eichard, Treviranus, and Gaertner (who first
wrote about it) say only one.

The germination of Cyclamen has been described by Gaertner,1
Eichard,2 Mirbel,3 Treviranus,4 Gressner,5 and Darwin.

The cotyledons first appear as two small eminences, one of which
makes no further growth, while the other develops into a green coty-
ledon resembling the true leaf of the plant.

Dr. M. T. Masters (Gardener's Chron. 1887, p. 596) agrees with
Gaertner and Treviranus, as against Mirbel, that there is only one
cotyledon, but the first two, three, or even four leaves sometimes
have their petioles connate.

Lysimachia ciliata, L. (fig. 501).

Primary root tapering downwards and flexuose, giving off a few
lateral rootlets, but soon superseded by strong adventitious roots
from the hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl short, erect, thickened upwards, glabrous, closely and
minutely dotted with red, 4-5 mm. long.

Carpologia, vol. iii. p. 25.

Analyse du Fruit, Paris, 1808, p. 83. English translation by Lindley,
Frt its and Seeds, London, 1819, p. 71.

Ann. du Musee, vol. xvi., 1811, p. 454, tab. xvi.

Symb. Phyt. Fasc. L, 1831, p. 86, and tab. iii., figs. 66-71.

Bot. Zeit. 1874, pp. 801, 17, 31.

186

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons ovate, acute, entire, glabrous, with a distinct midrib,
but no other venation discernible, deep green above, paler beneath ;
lamina 4-7 mm. long, 8-6 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above,
convex on the back, 2-5-6 mm. long, slightly connate at the base,
glabrous, dotted with red.

Stem herbaceous, throwing up
annually leafy, flowering stems from
a persistent rootstock, quadrangular,
densely covered with a glandular
pubescence ; 1st internode '5-1*25
mm. long ; 2nd l-3'5 mm. ; 3rd 1-
10 mm.

The internodes are more de-
veloped when the seedlings are
crowded than when they have plenty
of space.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
opposite, alternately incurvinerved,
obscurely reticulate, minutely glan-
dular and deep green on the upper
surface, paler beneath ; petioles
semiterete, channelled above, more
or less thinly ciliate along the edges
in the seedling stage, but more
decidedly so in the adult plant with
coarse hairs or fringes, slightly con-
nate at the very base.
First pair ovate, obtuse, similar to the cotyledons, but slightly
larger.

Second to fourth pairs ovate, gradually larger and more acute.

FIG. 501. — Lysimachia ciliata.
Nat. size.

Asterolinum splendidum, Auct.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, colourless below the soil, green
above it, 1-1-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear- oblong, obtuse, glabrous, tapering at the base
but scarcely petiolate, entire, 8-10 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, bright
green, lighter beneath, buds which develop into branches are formed
in their axils.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green ; 1st inter-
node 3-3-5 mm. long ; 2nd only from 1-5-2 mm.

Primary leaves cauline, simple, opposite, decussate, sessile, entire,
linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, light green.

PRIMULACE^E 187

Anagallis arvensis, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-8 mm. long, almost colour-
less, with occasionally a slight reddish tinge.

Cotyledons ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, green with
brown spots beneath, indistinctly one-nerved ; petioles short, very
slightly flattened above.

Stem erect, or procumbent in rich soils, quadrangular, herba-
ceous ; 1st internode 5-6 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, broadly
ovate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, green with dark spots beneath,
trinerved at the base.

MYRSINEJ1.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 639.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovoid or globose ovary is superior,
or inferior in Maesa, one-celled with few or numerous ovules
inserted on a free-central globose placenta or deeply immersed
in it, amphitropous or anatropous. The fruit is globular, dru-
paceous or baccate, with a pulpy exocarp and a crustaceous
endocarp, one- or few- very rarely many-seeded. The seed
is nearly always solitary and globose, conforming to the
interior of the cavity, often umbilicate at the base with a
shallow or deep cavity owing to a thickening or swelling of
the placenta the sides of which are prolonged into a cup-shaped
membrane surrounding the base of the seed. Much more
rarely the seeds are numerous and small or relatively large,
tumid, bluntly angled and obliquely affixed to the placenta.
The testa is membranous and closely adheres to the copious,
fleshy or horny, smooth or ruminated endosperm. The em-
bryo when normal is transverse to the placenta in all cases
where the seed is solitary; but where the seeds are more
numerous in a fruit, the embryo is more or less axile or
excentric, and cylindrical, curved or arcuate. The cotyledons
are small and of the same width as the radicle, which is
elongated and terete ; in some cases they are foliaceous.

The fruits observed all belong to the genus Ardisia,
and are globose, drupaceous, and one-seeded. The seed is

188 ON SEEDLINGS

shallowly indented at the base, while on the other hand there
is a slight swelling at the micropyle caused by the radicle
being closely pressed against it. The embryo when normal
is transverse to and parallel with the placenta, but there are
exceptions when more than one embryo occurs in a seed.

The fruit of Ardisia polycephala is depresso-globose, and
considerably flattened on the top. The embryo is terete and
thickened or clubbed at the tip of the radicle, with the back
of the cotyledons to the placenta. The fruit of A. japonica
(fig. 504) is perfectly globular with exception of the basal in-
dentation. The seed presents the remarkable peculiarity of
often containing several embryos, as many as six being
sometimes present. The radicle in such a case points in
various ways, and in germination each embryo makes its exit
at different places. Even although the embryo is solitary
in a seed of A. crenulata, it is nearly always excentric and
ascending. The cotyledons of this species never leave the
seed, but during germination they attain a considerable size,
and become slightly convolute with the edge of one within
that of the other.

Seedlings. — There is considerable variation amongst the
seedlings of this Order, and of the four genera and eight
species observed hardly any two are exactly alike in form as
far as the cotyledons are concerned. Those of Maesa argentea
are small, oval, and entire. The first leaf is ovate and
serrate, the size rapidly increasing in succeeding ones. The
cotyledons of Jacquinia ruscifolia are oblong-ovate, coriaceous,
and very persistent. The first pair of leaves are opposite,
elliptic, and larger than the cotyledons. The second pair
are also opposite, smaller, and sometimes at least very un-
equal in size. After this the leaves are lanceolate-elliptic,
and whorled.

A very remarkable case occurs in Embelia Eibes (fig,
502) the cotyledons of which are ovate, acute, glandular-
ciliate and finely serrate along the whole margin in the young
state, but ultimately on the upper half only, owing apparently
to intercalary growth at the base. The venation of the full-
grown cotyledons would seem to indicate the same fact, for
the trinerved condition of the upper part is evidently

MYRSIXE.E 189

that most commonly characteristic of cotyledons, while the
venation of the lower half corresponds to that of the leaves.
The first leaf is similar in shape to the cotyledons but smaller.
Succeeding ones are larger and gradually pass through ovate
and elliptic to lanceolate forms. The plant itself is shrubby,
erect at first, but ultimately climbing.

The cotyledons of Embelia viridiflora are large, elliptic,
somewhat undulated, entire, and persistent. The growth
of the stem is very much interrupted, and at the lower part
of each growth some of the leaves are small and scale-like,
followed by a few that are similar in shape to the cotyledons
but larger.

The four species of Ardisia examined have cotyledons
widely different in form, and differ more or less widely in
their mode of germination. The cotyledons of A. polycephala
(fig. 506) are elliptic, emarginate, foliaceous, and persistent,
with an incurved penninerved venation like that of the
leaves, the first two of which are similar, but larger and en-
tire. Succeeding ones rapidly increase in size, but especially
in length.

In A. mamillata (fig. 505) the hypocotyl is short but
very stout and fleshy. The cotyledons are aerial but small,
oblate, bifid and hairy. Those of A. crenulata (fig. 503)
are small, spathulate, and petiolate, but never leave the
seed. The latter if fairly well covered with soil remains
underground, when the petioles of the cotyledons attain a few
millimeters in length ; but if the fruit with its seed is uncovered
the cotyledons are almost sessile, and the seed gets carried up
by the elongating hypocotyl. This is more decidedly the case
in A. japonica (fig. 504), the hypocotyl of which varies from
1*3-3 cm. in length. The cotyledons are small, ovate and
never leave the seed, which therefore gets carried up with the
growth of the seedling. The petioles of the cotyledons are
both directed to one side of the axis, flattened, pubescent,
and become undulated as they lose substance and fade. The
first three leaves vary from oval to rotund and ovate, and
are serrate like the adult leaf which is evergreen. Several
seedlings often proceed from the same seed, as mentioned
above.

190

ON SEEDLINGS

Msesa argentea, Wall

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, glabrous, -75-1 mm. long

Cotyledons small, ovate or oval, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous,
green, one-nerved ; petioles short, channelled above.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, stout, pubes-
cent; 1st internode about 1 mm. long; 2nd l-5-2mm. ; 3rd, 4th,
and 5th rather longer.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, covered when young with a
minute pubescence, afterwards apparently glabrous, green, distinctly
pinnatinerved ; petioles stout, deeply channelled on the upper face.

Embelia Bibes, Burm. (fig. 502).

Primary root normal, but soon superseded by strong adventitious
roots from its base, or from the base of the hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, densely and finely glandular-pubescent,
pale green spotted or striped with brown, 2-2*5 cm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse or subacute, indistinctly alternately

incurvinerved and reticulate,
distantly serrate in the upper
half, tapering into a petiole,
bright green and shining
above, much paler beneath,
and dotted with sunken black
glands, thinly glandular-
pubescent at the margins
when young ; lamina 1*4— 1*5
cm. long, 9-5-11-5 mm.
wide ; petioles semiterete,
slightly furrowed above, finely
glandular-pubescent, forming
a slight rim around the
stem at their base, 2-5-8-5
mm. long.

Stem erect in the young
state, terete, finely glandular-
pubescent, subflexuose, pale
green minutely dotted witn brown, ultimately woody and scandent ;
1st internode 2-25-5 mm. long ; 2nd 3-5-5 mm. ; 3rd 2-5-4 mm.

Leaves alternate, alternately incurvinerved, and indistinctly
reticulate, rather thick, shining on both surfaces, bright green
above, paler beneath and glandular, thinly glandular-pubescent on

FIG. 502.— Embelia Bibes. Half nat. size.

MYRSINE^E 191

both surfaces ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, thickly glan-
dular-pubescent, tapering downwards and articulated with the
stem.

No. 1. Broadly ovate or short elliptic, acute, serrate except
towards the base.

No. 2. Elliptic, otherwise like the first.

Nos. 3 and 4. Lanceolate-elliptic, acute, tapering and entire at
the base.

Nos. 5-7. Lanceolate, acuminate, otherwise similar to Nos. 8
and 4.

Embelia viridiflora, ScJieff.

Ilypocotyl woody, 8-5 cm. long, about 8 mm. thick, terete,
glabrous, lenticelled, greyish-brown.

Cotyledons shortly petioled, 2'5-3'5 cm. long, nearly 2 cm.
wide, elliptic-lanceolate, subacute at the base, penninerved, with
sunk midrib and an entire undulate margin, quite glabrous, some-
what leathery, shining dark green above, very slightly paler beneath,
very persistent.

Stem like the hypocotyl, with internodes of very unequal length ;
the younger part succulent and bright green.

Leaves entire, glabrous, coriaceous, intense green on both sides,
beset with black translucent glands of two forms, round and ob-
long or linear ; petioles short, flat or channelled above, somewhat
margined in the upper part by the decurrent lamina.

The first leaf is very little above the cotyledons, and exactly like
them except for the translucent glands.

Succeeding ones are only larger and more distant from each
other — most of the glands are round, but some are oblong or
linear.

This interesting plant presents interrupted growth within a small
space of time similar to that of many fruit trees. In the present
case four distinct growths occurred in the primary axis not more
than 10 cm. long, namely, one growth ending in the seed leaves
4*8 cm. long ; a second consisting of the first four internodes
8 mm. long ; the next about 2-8 cm. ; and the last only 1-5 cm.

Furthermore the shoots of the stem bear one, two or more alter-
nate small leaves or scales on their lower part, and generally only
two well-formed leaves at the top.

Ardisia crenulata, Vent.

Fruit a drupe, globose, indented or umbilicate at the base,
minutely so at the apex, glabrous, deep bright red when mature ;

192

ON SEEDLINGS

epicarp thin ; mesocarp pulpy, pale pink or almost colourless ;
endocarp crustaceous, marked longitudinally from base to apex
with strong, simple or somewhat forking nerves ; placenta promi-
nent, causing a slight indentation in the base of the seed, and
thinned away towards the sides, forming a cup round the base of the
seed.

Seed solitary, globose, slightly in-
dented at the base, conforming to the
cavity of the ovary ; testa thin, pale
brown, membranous.

f \ \^\Nr i jy*C_ y Endosperm fleshy, subtransparent,

Vy"""^*^ I \f~:~~J^ firm, but when dry horny, constitut-
v. -/ J-S\ ! / /Ov ing the greater bulk of the seed.

Embryo straight, transverse to the
seed, or more often ascending, more
than half the width of the seed, but
proportionately much shorter than
that of A. japonica or A. poly-
cephala, 2-75-3-25 mm. long ; coty-
ledons minute, ovate, obtuse, entire,
colourless, lying with their edges per-
pendicular to the hilum ; radicle cylin-
drical, stout, obtuse, abutting against
the testa and causing a slight eleva-
tion, pale greenish, several times
longer than the cotyledons, horizontal
or more often ascending.

Seedling (fig. 503).
Primary root long, fleshy, gradu-
ally tapering, giving off a few scattered
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl terete, fleshy, stout, pale
or dirty white beneath the soil, and
pale green dotted with red above it,
minutely pubescent, about 2 cm.
long, 1*5-2 mm. thick.
Cotyledons spathulate, remaining in the testa until the endo-
sperm is exhausted, and carrying up the testa with them, ultimately
perishing and falling away.~

Stem erect, terete, fleshy and soft, ultimately frutescent, minutely
pubescent, pale green dotted with red, subverrucose ; 1st internode
6-5 mm. long ; 2nd 2 mm. ; 3rd 1'5 mm. ; 4th 3'5 mm.

PIG. 503. — Ardisia crenulata.
Nat. size.

MYRSINRffl 193

Leaves alternate, evergreen, crenate, obtuse or emarginate, deep
green above, paler beneath, glabrous, with a row of submarginal red
glands evident on both surfaces, sometimes also developing scattered
glands all over the upper surface ; petioles very short, flattened
above or subchannelled.

No. 1. Small, spathulate or obovate, truncate.

Nos. 2 and 3. Oval, obtuse.

No. 4. Elliptic, narrowed somewhat to both ends, minutely
emarginate.

Ardisia japonica, Blum. (fig. 504).

Fruit a globose drupe, scarlet, glabrous ; epicarp thin; mesocarp
pulpy ; endocarp pale brown, crustaceous, marked longitudinally
with strong nerves ; placenta prominent,
thickened, causing an indentation at
the base of the seed, thinning away
towards the sides and forming a cup
surrounding the base of the seed.

Seed as in A. crenulata.

Endosperm copious, constituting
nearly the whole bulk of the seed, sub-
transparent.

Embryo similar to that of the last
species, but reaching almost across the
seed, the cotyledons, which are equal in
width to the radicle at their base and F™- 50i.— Ardisia japonica.

. 5,11.1. • Germinating seed, showing

tapering towards the tip, lying just six embryos, x 2.
within the endosperm on one side of the

seed, or directed towards the base in cases where the radicle ascends ;
radicle many times longer than the cotyledons.

When the embryo is solitary it is transverse to the axis, but the
number of embryos varies from one to six ; when several they assume
various directions, ascending, erect or suberect, and nearly or quite
perpendicular to the placenta.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl similar to that of A. crenulata.

Cotyledons small, ovate, with long petioles, remaining in the
seed; petioles flattened above and channelled, glandular-pubescent
or ciliate.

Stem erect, terete, densely glandular-pubescent and red, at least
when young, ultimately woody ; first interuode undeveloped ; 2nd
and 3rd each about 45 mm. long.

194

ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves alternately penninerved and reticulate, minutely glandu-
lar-pubescent on both surfaces, and beset with orange-coloured,
pellucid glands in the tissue all round the margin of the leaf, deep
green above, paler beneath, more or less shining on both surfaces,
evergreen ; petioles short, semiterete, channelled above, finely
glandular-pubescent, reddish.

No. 1. Transversely oval, serrate, small.

No. 2. Rotund, irregularly serrate.

No. 3. Obliquely ovate, obtuse, unequally serrate, appearing
rather deformed.

Ardisia mamillata, Hance (fig. 505).

Primary root very long, stout, tapering down-
wards and giving off numerous lateral branches.

Hypocotyl erect, very stout, fleshy, cylin-
drical or tapering somewhat to either end,
minutely pubescent, 1 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblate, emarginate or obreni-
form, sessile, subfleshy, deep green, very hairy
on both surfaces with transparent jointed
hairs, which are longest on the upper sur-
face and on the margin, convex above, revolute
at the margin and concave beneath, showing a
midrib very distinctly, but no other venation.

The emargination of the cotyledons appears
to be due to their being convolute and closely
wrapped or rolled round the plumule before
emerging from the albuminous seed. The
latter is round like a small pea, and the coty-
ledons, after attaining their full length, grow
greatly in width and are accommodated in the
seed by becoming convolute, as in Geranium,
Eucalyptus, and others.

Leaves shortly penninerved, densely covered
on the upper surface with mamillate out-
growths or emergences, upon which long
coarse hairs are seated, oblong, obtuse, subcoriaceous, persistent.

Ardisia polycephala, Wall.

Fruit a drupe, depresso'globose or considerably flattened at the
top, smooth, deep black ; epicarp thin ; endocarp crustaceous and
marked from base to apex with strong longitudinal nerves ; meso-
carp pulpy, reddish or pinkish ; placenta basal, prominent and

FIG. 605.

Ardisia mamillata.
Seedling, showing
emarginate coty-
ledons. Nat. size.

MYRSINE^E 195

protruding into the ovary, where it causes a cavity at the base of
the seed, and thinning away towards the sides forms a cup round the
same ; it becomes brown and membranous when mature.

Seed globose, immersed in the basal placenta, and closely filling
the cavity of the ovary, depressed or rather indented at the base by
the prominent thickened placenta ; testa extremely thin and mem-
branous, pale brown.

Endosperm copious, subtransparent, fleshy when mature, horny
when dry.

Embryo straight, cylindrical, transverse to the seed and parallel
with the placenta, nearly equalling the width of the seed, colourless ;
cotyledons minute, ovate, obtuse, lying with their backs to the basal
placenta and their tips just inside the periphery of the seed, and
embedded in the endosperm ; radicle nearly constituting the whole
embryo, cylindrical, stout, obtuse, abutting against the testa on one
side of the seed and even causing a slight prominence there.

EAKLY DEVELOPMENT OF COTYLEDONS.

During germination the seeds, if but lightly buried, are carried
up on the tip of the seedling ; but if moderately deep in the soil, the
hypocotyl rises with a curve and finally pulls itself out of the seed
and becomes erect.

The cotyledons are now oblong, obtuse, concave and closely ap-
plied to each other by their edges or more or less distinctly convolute
one over the other, densely glandular, sessile or subsessile, becoming
shortly but distinctly petiolate, and greatly enlarged by the twenty-
third day after germination.

They then unfold or unroll, becoming flat, elliptic-ovate, obtuse
or subapiculate, obsoletely dentate at the margin, alternately and
irregularly penninerved, reticulate with the principal nerves running
into the minute teeth by a straight or zigzag course, or often send-
ing strong lateral branches into them.

Seedling (fig. 506).

Hypocotyl 8-4 cm. long.

Cotyledons ultimately elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, coriaceous,
evergreen, glabrous, persisting for about a year, petiolate, about
2-8 cm. long and 1-6 crn. wide.

The midrib is strong, traversing the leaf and tapering upwards
till near the apical sinus, where it bifurcates, a branch passing
on each side of the sinus also giving off numerous lateral, ascending,
slightly wavy veins, furnished with branches uniting with one ano-
ther towards the margin, and forming a series of large reticulations.

o 2

196 ON SEEDLINGS

Apex ending in a few large pores and forming a small, somewhat
crustaceous and brittle mucro crumbling away in old specimens,
while the margin elsewhere remains intact.

Stomata large, numerous on the under side, fewer on the upper.

FIQ. 506. — Ardisia polycephala. Half nat. size.

Resin or oil cavities rather numerous, brownish -orange, scattered
and sunk in the tissue of the leaf.
Leaves coriaceous, persistent.
No. 1. Elliptic, obtuse, entire.
The ultimate ones exactly similar, but much larger.

Jacquinia mscifolia, Jacq.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, shortly pubescent, dull green,
2 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, undulate or curling, rigid, mucronate
cartilaginous at the margin, deep green above, paler beneath, gla-
brous, sessile, 1'5 cm. long, 7 mm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete, subscabrous, pale green ; 1st and 2nd
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves verticillate, entire, glabrous, rigid, shining, deep green
above, paler beneath, subrevolute at the margin, tipped with a spine,
slightly subchannelled above, more or less carinate beneath ; petioles
rigid, 1-2 mm. long.

First pair opposite, elliptic.

Second pair opposite, scarcely decussate, elliptic, unequal, the
smaller one lanceolate.

Here the first growth terminates, and several small brown scale-
leaves are produced.

When growth recommences five narrqwly lanceolate leaves are
produced in a whorl ; above this two small, narrowly lanceolate,
opposite ones.

Here growth is again arrested, and the bud is protected with
small scales.

SAPOTACE^E 197

SAPOTACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 650.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, and consists of two
to five, rarely many, carpels cohering to form as many cells.
The ovules are solitary in each cell, attached near the apex or
at least some distance above the base of the axile placentas, and
amphitropous. The hilum is ventral and usually very large.
The fruit is baccate, pulpy, fleshy, more rarely thickened and
dry or rarely thin, but always indehiscent. It contains as
many cells as there are carpels, or by abortion it may be one-
celled and one-seeded, in which case the seed is very large and
conforms to the cavity. When the seeds are more numerous
they are arranged around the central axis and flattened on
their sides by mutual pressure. The hilum is often of great
size, linear, oblong, or elliptic and frequently at least equalling
the seed in length. Sometimes it is broad and confined to an
area near the base of the seed. The testa is crustaceous or
lignified, smooth and shining as in Lucuma. The embryo is
straight with large cotyledons, and when endosperm is present
they are flat and at right angles or parallel to the axis. When •
endosperm is wanting as in Lucuma the cotyledons are of
great size and convexo-concave or variously squeezed into or
overlapping one another at the edges. The radicle is always
inferior and as a rule very minute compared with the cotyle-
dons. The latter may be described as conferruminate in
cases where endosperm is wanting and they attain a large
size, as in a few species of Lucuma, but more decidedly in the
genus Sarcosperma where the embryo is homogeneous and
inseparable into its component parts. Other exceptions occur
in Argania, in which the septa and axile placentas disappear
during growth, and the whole of the seeds become agglomerated
into a central mass. The testa of the seeds in Labatia and
Argania is very thick and lignified, as is the case also in
Lucuma mammosa. Endosperm is wanting in the latter and
the large embryo conforms to the interior of the seed. The
cotyledons are very fleshy and closely applied to one another,

198 ON SEEDLINGS

but readily separable, and in germination swell up so as to
burst the woody testa in halves.

In Butyrospermum Parkii the ovary consists of eight to ten
carpels with as many cells, each of which contains one ovule.
The fruit is one- or few-seeded by abortion. The fleshy coty-
ledons are plano-convex and inseparable from one another,
forming a mass conforming to the seed, which is variable in
outline, ovoid, oblong-ovoid, or almost globose, with an oblong
or elliptic hilum broadest at the upper end. The radicle is
short and scarcely protruded from between the cotyledons.

Seedlings. — There are two leading types in this Order
according as the cotyledons are aerial or subterranean. The
cotyledons vary in shape in both cases in conformity with the
seed in which they were developed. Those of Sideroxylon
tomentosum are broadly ovate, rounded at the base, obtuse at
the apex, coriaceous, with an incurved penninerved venation
similar to that of the leaves, and very persistent. They
probably endure as long as the first leaves, seeing that they
were still in perfect health a year and a half after germi-
nation. The cotyledons of Mimusops Balata are oblong-ovate,
obscurely penninerved, coriaceous and also very persistent.
The first four leaves are obovate-lanceolate.

The seedling of Eostellaria abyssinica is much smaller
than either of the foregoing, with a finely pubescent hypocotyl.
The cotyledons are suborbicular, emarginate, and faintly tri-
nerved. The primary leaves are oval, entire, penninerved
and opposite.

A strikingly different type is represented by an unnamed
species of Lucuma (fig. 507). The cotyledons are oblong,
plano-convex, or slightly concave on the upper surface, very
fleshy and narrowed to a short petiole which is connate and
forms an annulus around the axis. They are subterranean
or partly so, but split the testa into halves and spread out
horizontally, or one is directed upwards and the other down-
wards. When the upper surface is exposed to the light, it deve-
lops chlorophyll and becomes green. The extreme hairiness of
the young stem and lanceolate-elliptic penninerved leaves in
the seedling stage at least is very noticeable. The seedling of
Lucuma mammosa is very similar to the last in all the

SAPOTACE^E 199

leading particulars. The cotyledons are subterranean and
fleshy, but split open the woody testa during germination.
The stem is very stout and is notable for the length of the first
internode which measures 7-10 cm., and compensates for
the want of the hypocotyl. The leaves are sometimes pseudo-
verticillate, but as a rule alternate, and the first six are closely
aggregated above the first internode, oblong or lanceolate-
elliptic and penninerved.

The cotyledons of Butyrospermum Parkii are fleshy and
subterranean like those of Lucuma ; but the first three or four
leaves are small, scale-like, and caducous, while their stipules
are more persistent. The next two or three are foliaceous,
elliptic and penninerved.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lam.

Primary root long, tapering, with lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, soon becoming woody, 8'5-
4- 5 cm. long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, obscurely tri-
nerved, opaque, fleshy, deep olive-green and convex above, much
paler beneath and sometimes slightly concave, glabrous, often
irregular in outline, often shortened at the apex, and in other
cases somewhat oblique ; petiole plano-convex or slightly grooved
above.

Stem erect, terete, or slightly compressed in the seedling,
covered with a pale brown or yellowish, adpressed pubescence ; 1st
internode 4 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate except the primary
ones, shortly petiolate, exstipulate, penninerved, with the nerves
incurved and not reaching the margin ; petiole subterete, channelled
above, covered with an adpressed pubescence.

No. 1. Lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate at the margin, slightly
bairy on the ribs above at least when young, and covered with a
silky adpressed pubescence beneath.

Lucuma mammosa, Gaertn.

Seed very large, elliptic, with a smooth woody testa.

Hypocotyl undeveloped, or short and subterranean.

Cotyledons conforming to the interior of the testa, fleshy, plano-
convex, or slightly concave above, splitting open the testa during
germination, but remaining in it and subterranean.

200

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem stout, erect, purple-brown, pubescent, soon becoming
woody ; 1st internode 7-10 cm. long ; several succeeding ones
short. The long first internode is to make up for the non-develop-
ment of the hypocotyl.

Leaves thinly pubescent.

Nos. 1-6. Oblong or lanceolate-elliptic, rather crowded above
the first internode.

Lucuma sp. (fig. 607).

Primary root long, stout, tapering
downwards and quite unbranched in
the early stages.

Hypocotyl very short, stout, sub-
terranean.

Cotyledons very large, fleshy, plano-
convex or slightly concave on the upper
surface, sessile or narrowed to very
short petioles which are connate around
the axis, subterranean or appearing
just at the surface of the soil, bursting
the woody testa into two halves and
spreading horizontally, or often one be-
comes suberect while the other is de-
flexed; lamina 3-3-6 cm. long, 1-8-2
cm. wide, about 1-2 cm. thick, and
becoming deep green on the upper sur-
face when exposed to light.

Stem erect, stout from the earliest
stages, and soon becoming woody,
densely hairy or subvillous, terete or
tapering upwards ; 1st internode 5-6
cm. long ; 2nd very much shorter.

Leaves as in Chrysophyllum but
with parallel slender veins, showing
most prominently on the under surface,
ultimately coriaceous; petioles terete
or subterete, densely hairy.

First pair opposite, rather small,
unequal, showing that they are not
truly opposite, lanceolate-elliptic, acute,
slightly undulated at the margin at least when young.
No. 3. Alternate.

FIG. 507. — Lucuma sp. Showing
the two halves of the testa
attached to the cotyledons.
Half nat. size.

SAPOTACE^E 201

Sideroxylon tomentosum, Eoxb.

Hypocotyl 3-4 cm. long, 2-5-3'5 mm. thick, terete, woody,
glabrous, greyish-brown.

Cotyledons nearly equal, shortly stalked, about 8 cm. long
and 2 cm. wide, ovate, rounded at the base, very obtuse at the
apex, entire, pinnatinerved, coriaceous, glabrous, dark dull green
above, light green beneath, very persistent, for when examined
eighteen months after germination they were still in perfect con-
dition.

Stem like the hypocotyl, decreasing in thickness and increasing
in pubescence towards the top ; internodes 5-15 mm. long, flexuose.

Leaves entire, alternate, subreticulate, coriaceous, tomentose
when young, glabrous when old ; petioles short, flattened above.

Nos. 1-12. Elliptic or oblanceolate, acuminate, entire, pinnati-
nerved, coriaceous, pubescent when young, dark green ; lamina
4-6 cm. long, and T5-2 cm. wide ; petiole short, stout, pubescent,
often reddish, with a spine in its axil.

Ultimate leaves lanceolate-elliptic, acute, glabrous and shining
on both surfaces, deep green above, lighter beneath, evergreen,
alternately penninerved with ascending nerves. Many of the
branches are reduced to spines one-half to three-quarters or one inch
long.

Mimusops Balata, Gaertn.

Hypocotyl well developed and woody at an early stage.

Cotyledons very large, foliaceous, broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse,
sessile, obscurely penninerved with slender ascending nerves, coria-
ceous, dark green, glabrous, very persistent.

Stem woody.

Leaves simple, entire, alternate, exstipulate, shortly petiolate,
obscurely penninerved with slender nerves, coriaceous, persistent.

Nos. 1-4. Inclusive, obovate-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, some-
what acuminate.

Butyrospermum Parkii, Kotschy.

Ovary of eight to ten carpels, eight- to ten-celled, each cell
one-ovuled ; ovules fixed by their ventral aspect to the axis, amphi-
tropous ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit ellipsoid, baccate, one- or few-seeded by abortion ; pericarp
thin, fleshy.

Seed ovoid or oblong-ovoid, or sometimes almost semigloboso
when it is flattened on the ventral aspect by pressure or con-
tact with other seeds or parts of the fruit ; testa brown, smooth,

202 ON SEEDLINGS

shining, crustaceous, and brittle ; hilum on the ventral aspect, very
large, oblong or elliptic, narrowed to an acute point at the lower end,
but always broader and rounded at the upper end, and nearly or
quite equalling the length of the seed ; raphe ventral ; radicle and
micropyle inferior ; chalaza subapical on the ventral aspect.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, entirely filling the interior of the seed
and conforming to its shape when mature, or loose and free by
shrinking; cotyledons very thick, fleshy, plano-convex, applied
to each other face to face and (in old seeds at least) inseparable,
each occupying half the space in the seed, of variable outline like
the seed, but always broadest at their bases, which rest on the lower
end of the seed ; radicle very slightly protruded from between their
bases, short, stout.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, subterranean.

Stem erect, woody, hairy.

Leaves slightly coriaceous, persistent, covered with rusty hairs
when young.

Nos. 1-3 or 4. Alternate, small, scale-like, caducous, linear-
subulate, stipulate ; stipules more persistent than the leaves.

Nos. 4-6. Much larger, foliaceous, elliptic, penninerved with
incurved nerves, glabrous, with short hairy petioles channelled
above. Stipules very hairy, protecting the sides of the bud.

EBENACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 662.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, sessile or rarely
stipitate, consisting of two to eight carpels uniting to form
as many cells, or twice the number by development of
spurious and perfect or imperfect septa. The ovules are
geminate in each, or twice the number of the carpels ; but
when false dissepiments are present the ovules are solitary in
each cell ; in all cases they are inserted upon axile placentas,
pendulous and anatropous. The pericarp is coriaceous or
fleshy and indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, and the fruit often

EBENACE^ 203

few-celled by abortion and one- or few-seeded. The seeds
are pendulous, more or less compressed and oblong, or if
solitary globose, two- to three-furrowed on the back, with
a membranous or coriaceous testa. Endosperm is copious,
cartilaginous, and in many cases ruminated. The embryo
is axile, and straight, oblique or slightly curved, and half
the length of the endosperm or longer. The cotyledons are
foliaceous and much wider than the superior cylindrical
radicle.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of Diospyros Embryopteris
(fig. 508) are lanceolate-oblong, entire, trinerved, the nerves
giving off short branches. The first pair of leaves are oppo-
site, obovate-oblong, with a closely anastomosing venation.
The ultimate leaves are lanceolate-oblong, coriaceous, entire,
with ascending slightly incurved venation. In an unnamed
species of Diospyros the cotyledons are ovate, trinerved from
a little above the base, and 2-5 cm. long exclusive of the
short petiole. The first twelve internodes of the stem are
short, after which the primary axis becomes arrested and
branches are developed horizontally from axillary buds a
little below the apex which bears minute scale-like leaves.
Previous to this ten ovate leaves are produced with incurved
venation.

Diospyros Embryopteris, Pers. (fig. 508).

Hypocotyl erect, subcompressed, but possibly accidentally, lon-
gitudinally ridged and furrowed, glabrous, straw-coloured, about
4 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed somewhat
to the base and sessile, glabrous, three- or faintly five- to seven-
nerved with slightly branching nerves, thin, T9-2-2 cm. long, 6-7'5
mm. wide.

Stem erect, subcompressed, densely covered with ascending pale
brown hairs, ultimately woody ; 1st internode 9 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite in the seedling stage,
ultimately alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alternately and ascend-
ingly penninerved, much reticulated, glabrous above, ciliate at the
margin, and thinly covered beneath with adpressed hairs, coriaceous,
evergreen ; petioles very short, semiterete, flattened and shallowly
grooved or channelled above, densely hairy in the seedling but less
in the adult plant or glabrescent.

204

ON SEEDLINGS

First pair obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed towards the base.

Ultimate leaves lanceolate-oblong, subacuminate, obtuse, shortly
petiolate, subundulate at the margin, coriaceous, alternately and
sharply ascendingly penninerved, very reticulate, glabrous above,
thinly covered with adpressed hairs beneath or glabrescent, shining
on both surfaces, deep green above, lighter green with a few large
glands beneath.

Diospyros sp.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, pubescent, soon becoming brown
or almost black, 3'8 cm. or more above soil.

PIG. 508. — Diospyros Embryopteris. Nat. size.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, ovate, obtuse, trinerved, shortly
petiolate, coriaceous, thin, pubescent on the midrib above, otherwise
glabrous, deep green above, much paler beneath ; lamina 2-5 cm.
long, 1'6 cm. wide ; petiole grooved and pubescent above with a
prominent mibrib, shallowly convex on the back, 2 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, densely pubescent, pale green, soon
becoming arrested and producing long, lateral, horizontal or slightly
ascending, flexuose branches; 1st internode 1-5 mm. long; 2nd
1 mm. ; 3rd 4-25 mm. ; 4th to 7th inclusive 3-5 mm. ; 8th 3 mm. ;
9th 4 mm. ; 10th T5 mm. ; llth and 12th undeveloped. Here

EBENACE.E 205

growth becomes arrested in this specimen, and a branch is produced
in the axil of the ninth and tenth leaf respectively.

Leaves alternate and scattered on the stem, alternate and dis-
tichous on the branches, alternately penninerved with ascending
nerves, ciliate, pubescent, dull green above, paler beneath ; petioles
very short, 1-1-5 mm. long, flattened or slightly grooved above,
densely pubescent.

Nos. 1-10. Small, ovate, obtuse, much smaller than the coty-
ledons.

Nos. 11 and 12. Minute and scale-like.

Lower branch leaves small, obtuse ; upper ones larger, ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse.

STYRACE^.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 666.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, or half, or wholly
superior, consisting of two to five carpels cohering to form an
ovary with as many cells, or the septa may become torn away
from the axis while the plants are yet in flower, making one
cavity. The ovules are solitary or few in each cell, attached to
axile placentas, erect or pendulous and anatropous. The fruit
is often baccate or drupaceous, and one-seeded by abortion,
or it may contain from two to four seeds in one cell. In
some cases the pericarp becomes hardened and ultimately
splits open by three valves as in some species of Styrax. The
testa of the seed is membranous or coriaceous, with frequently
a broad hilum. Endosperm is more or less copious and fleshy
or almost horny. The embryo is axile and straight, or more
or less curved in some species of Symplocos, nearly equalling
the endosperm in length, with the two cotyledons linear,
plano-convex or together forming a terete body, or broad and
flat with a short or elongated radicle.

The fruit of Halesia hispida is inferior and dry when
mature, one- to three-celled and one- to three- seeded and
indehiscent. The seeds are pendulous, with a large straight
embryo, with oblong cotyledons rather narrower than the endo-
sperm, plano-convex and somewhat flattened. The radicle is

206 ON SEEDLINGS

terete and slightly longer, but narrower than the cotyledons.
In Symplocos paniculata (fig. 509) the seed is reniform and
the embryo curved in conformity with it. The cotyledons are
linear and not broader than the radicle. Only ten out of one
hundred and sixty species have the seed and embryo so de-
cidedly curved as in this instance. The fruit of Styrax is almost
or wholly superior, and three-celled with a few seeds in each cell,
attached near the base of the axile placentas. It is sub-
drupaceous and globose, but when mature may readily be
split into three valves. It becomes one-celled and one-seeded,
however, at an early stage by abortion. The seed is large,
and globose with a thick crustaceous or woody testa. The
embryo is straight and nearly equals the length and width of
the endosperm. The cotyledons are broadly ovate, five-nerved
and reticulate, somewhat longer than the terete radicle and
several times wider.

Seedlings. — Few of these have been observed, but the
character of the seedling may generally be surmised from
that of the seeds. Two very distinct types at least may be
noticed. The embryo is terete and straight or curved in Sym-
plocos and the endocarp is frequently lignified. This is the
case in S. paniculata (fig. 509), and the germinating embryo
has to make its exit through a small round hole at one end of
the endocarp. The cotyledons are slightly unequal in length,
owing to their being strongly curved in conformity with the
seed, and they are also narrowly linear, owing to its narrow-
ness. This shape is also necessary in order to permit of
their escape from the endocarp and seed. The leaves are
alternate and the first two are elliptic and distantly serrate.

The cotyledons of Styrax japonica are foliaceous, broadly
oblong-oval or elliptic, and trinerved, with all the nerves
branching upwards similar to those of the leaves. The first
three leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and distantly serrated on
the margins.

Symplocos paniculata, Watt. (fig. 509).

Primary root of great length, with a few rootlets only in the
young stage near the base.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, arched at the top
in germination, ultimately 2-2-7 cm. long.

STYEACE^E

207

Cotyledons unequal in length, linear, obtuse, sessile and slightly
connate at the base, glabrous with a channelled midrib above, and
slightly convex on the back ; the longer 8-9*5 mm. long ; the shorter
7-8 mm. long ; both 1-1-25 mm. wide.

The endocarp of the fruit is obovoid, woody, and does not burst
during germination. The radicle emerges by a small hole at the
narrow end, the hypocotyl elongates, becoming curved and finally
straightening, carrying up with it the endocarp containing the seed.
As the cotyledons elongate they push out at the small hole in the
endocarp, and finally get free and spread out to the light.

The cotyledons owe their shape to that of the seed which is

FIG. 509. — Symplocos paniculata. A, germinating seedling with vertical
section of endocarp and seed, showing mode of exit of embryo, x 2. B,
seedling (nat. size).

reniform or curved, and contains a large quantity of fleshy endo-
sperm. If a seed is cut open during germination the cotyledons
are found to be linear, obtuse and, together with the apex of the
hypocotyl, curved like the head of a shepherd's staff. Their shape
then might be accounted for by the shape of the seed, the quantity
of endosperm originally surrounding them, and thirdly by the
difficulty that broad cotyledons would experience in getting out of
the indehiscent endocarp.

Stem erect, terete, hairy with upwardly incurving colourless
hairs ; 1st internode 2-4 mm. long ; 2nd much shorter.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, very shortly petiolate,
penninerved with ascending, incurved nerves, hairy on both surfaces.

208 ON SEEDLINGS

Nos. 1 and 2. Elliptic, acute, shallowly and distantly serrate
above the middle, tapering at the base, decurrent and forming a
narrow wing to the short petiole.

Halesia hispida, Benth. et Hook.

Pistil syncarpous, inferior ; ovary of three carpels, three-celled,
many-ovuled ; ovules seated on the middle of the placenta with the
superior ones ascending, and the lower ones pendulous, anatropous ;
micropyle inferior and superior accordingly.

Fruit subfleshy when young, becoming dry when mature,
indehiscent, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth, densely covered
with stiff, bristly, spreading, more or less brittle and easily detached
hairs, one- to three-celled, one- to three-seeded by abortion ; when
reduced to one or two, the seeds do not occupy the whole interior
of the fruit. The pendulous anatropous ovules in the lower part
of the ovary seem to be most often fertilised and to reach maturity.
Endocarp hard and woody.

Seed oblong, slightly narrowed at either end, conforming to the
interior of one cell, and often somewhat oblique to the longitudinal
axis of the fruit : testa comparatively thin, and much more so than
the endocarp ; hilum and micropyle superior and contiguous in the
pendulous seeds.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white.

Embryo comparatively large, straight, embedded in and falling
a little short of the endosperm, colourless ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse,
entire, slightly narrowed towards the apex, plano-convex, and
closely applied face to face, lying in the broader axis of the seeds
when the latter are in any way compressed, with their backs to
the axis ; radicle terete, obtuse, stout, somewhat longer than
the cotyledons, and lying with its point close to the base of the
endosperm.

Styrax officinale, L.

Pistil syncarpous, almost or wholly superior, fixed with a broad
base to the receptacle ; ovary of three carpels, three-celled with each
cell five-ovuled ; ovules basal, erect from the inner angles of the
cells, anatropous ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit globose, splitting when mature into three valves, glabrous,
fixed with a broadish bas^ to the receptacle, and surrounded there
by the calyx, one-celled at^an early stage by the rupturing of the
septa, one-seeded ; epicarp and endocarp subcoriaceous ; mesocarp
fleshy.

Seed subglobose, slightly depressed and a little broader than

STYRACE^E 209

deep, basal, erect, marked longitudinally or in a radiating manner
from the hilum to the apex by three shallow furrows and three
slender intermediate and equidistant ridges ending in a small
elevated point, and all corresponding to their counterparts on the
inner face and apex of the pericarp ; testa very thick, crustaceous or
almost horny or bony, pale brown and shining ; tegmen thin, pale,
membranous ; hilum basal, depressed, pale-coloured, rather con-
spicuous ; raphe and chalaza indiscernible in the mature seed.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white when moist and becoming pale
yellow, prominent at the micropyle and pushed a little way into the
testa.

Embryo nearly as long as the endosperm, slightly curved, similar
to the endosperm in colour ; cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse,
entire, flat or nearly so, about equalling or slightly longer than the
radicle and less in diameter, lying in the endosperm with their
backs to the placenta, and somewhat transverse or obliquely trans-
verse to the latter with five incurving nerves at the base, anastomos-
ing towards the margin ; radicle cylindrical, pointing to the micro-
pyle, contiguous to and on one side of the hilum, its tip projecting
into the projecting part of the endosperm, piercing the testa at the
micropyle.

Styrax japonicum, Sieb. ct Zucc.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, about 4 cm. long, with a few minute
hairs, light green or colourless.

Cotyledons broadly oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, petiolate with
short flat petioles, glabrous, dark green, distinctly pinnatinerved like
the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, hispid ; 1st
internode 1 cm. long ; 2nd about 5-6 mm.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, shortly petio-
late, lanceolate, acuminate, rather serrated on the edges, obtuse,
hispid, distinctly pinnatinerved.

210 ON SEEDLINGS

OLEACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 672.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, of two carpels,
syncarpous and two-celled. The ovules are usually geminate
in each cell, rarely solitary or four to eight, attached to the base
or the apex of the dissepiment and amphitropous or more often
anatropous, with a superior micropyle when inserted at the apex
of the septa. The fruit is capsular, dehiscing loculicidally by
two valves, or baccate or drupaceous. The seeds vary from two
to four, but are usually solitary by abortion in each cell, and
erect or pendulous. The testa is usually membranous, rarely
slightly thickened. Endosperm is usually abundant, and
fleshy, hardened or somewhat horny, or oily ; rarely is it
entirely absent as in Schrebera or in some species of Linociera.
The embryo is straight and axile with flat and ovate or
oblong cotyledons when endosperm is present, and thick and
fleshy ones when the latter is absent. The radicle is generally
short and sometimes surrounded by the cotyledons, rarely
elongated, and superior or inferior according to the insertion
of the seed. A few exceptions to the above characters are met
with in some species. A tricarpellary ovary sometimes occurs
in Fontanesia and Nyctanthes. Endosperm is wanting as
above mentioned in Schrebera, and the cotyledons are plano-
convex but much twisted. The radicle is inferior and con-
siderably elongated in Myxopyrum. The seed is pendulous
and anatropous in Syringa vulgaris, and solitary by abortion in
a capsular fruit. The embryo nearly equals the endosperm in
length and has oblong flat cotyledons about twice the length
of the radicle. The embryo is much shorter, and in fact
scarcely half the length of the endosperm in the mature seed
of Fraxinus excelsior (fig. 511), and the cotyledons are oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or entire with numerous alternate,
incurved nerves uniting with one another within the margin.
This latter character is best seen in the embryo (fig. 511) which
is preparing for germination and has almost filled the seed.
The latter is very much flattened laterally and fills the cavity

OLEACE^E 211

of the seed-vessel which develops into a samaroid fruit with a
wing at the apex in line with its longitudinal axis. The narrow
septum becomes ruptured from the walls of the cells during
growth and appears like a greatly elongated funicle in the
mature fruit. Three out of four ovules become atrophied at
an early age, and their remains may be seen close to the short
true funicle.

The characters of the young ovary of Ligustrum japonicum
are very similar to those of Fraxinus, but the ovules are
inserted a little below the apex of the placenta.

The fruit, however, is globose and drupaceous, with a
globular seed conforming to the interior of the cavity. The
embryo is nearly as long as the endosperm, with orbicular
cotyledons about equalling the slightly curved radicle.

Seedlings. — The shape of the cotyledons and their length
have direct relation to the seeds from whence they are derived,
but they may undergo some slight alteration during and after
germination. They are enabled to increase greatly in size by
feeding upon the endosperm before leaving the seed, and may
also profit from the latter by storage of plastic material. At
least three fairly distinct types have come under my notice,
namely, ovate, oblong, and oval cotyledons.

Those of Forsythia suspensa (fig. 510) are ovate or oblong-
ovate, emarginate and obscurely penninerved. The first pair
of leaves are ovate and serrate. The majority of the adult
leaves are ovate, but many pinnately trifoliolate ones occur
on the same plant or even the same shoot bearing the
more typical form. They are, therefore, rather strikingly
dimorphic.

The second type, with oblong cotyledons, is met with in
Fraxinus excelsior (fig. 512). The first pair of leaves are
ovate and serrate, but the second pair are pinnately trifoliolate,
while succeeding ones gradually acquire a greater number of
leaflets making an imparipinnate leaf. The cotyledons of
F. Sogdiana are broadly oblong and penninerved with a
branching venation. The first pair of leaves are like those of
F. excelsior, but the second pair are lanceolate-cuneate and
serrated above the middle.

The, cotyledons of Ligustrum japonicum represent the oval

p 2

212

ON SEEDLINGS

type, and the penninerved venation is similar to that of the
leaves in the last case. The first pair of leaves are oblong -
oval and obtuse ; but the ultimate leaves are ovate or elliptic,
more pointed and coriaceous. The seedling of L. robustum
is similar in all important points to that of L. japonicum, but
the cotyledons are perhaps more distinctly emarginate. The
first two pairs of leaves are lanceolate-elliptic.

Forsythia suspensa, Vahl (fig. 510).

Primary root a perennial, woody, long taproot, with long, distant
horizontal fibres, almost smooth.

Hypocotyl firm, l'5-2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
brown.

Cotyledons with swollen buds in their axils equal, 1-5-2 cm.
long, 6-9 mm. wide, emarginate, oblong-ovate, cuneate at the
base, concave, obscurely pinnatinerved,
firm but not very thick, glabrous, dull
yellowish-green.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, ulti-
mately woody, rough with lenticels.

Leaves simple or compound, serrate,
cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
with alternate or sometimes subopposite,
ascending nerves, glabrous, deep green
above, paler or subglaucous beneath ;
petioles channelled above, semiterete,
dilated at the base, and articulated with
the stem.

The first and second pairs are broadly
ovate, obtuse, serrate, and penninerved.

Ultimate leaves very variable on the
same branch, and simple or compound
often mixed even on vigorous branches ;
simple ones ovate or subcordate, acute,
or in some instances rotund-ovate,
obtuse ; compound ones pinnately tri-
foliolate ; terminal leaflet ovate, acute, cuneate at the base ; lateral
leaflets much smaller, elliptic, acute, unequal at the base, or obovate
and obtuse or acute, variable.

Syringa vulgaris, L.

Ovary two-celled, with one ovule in each cell ; ovules anatropous ;
micropyle superior.

FIG. 510.

Forsythia suspensa.
Nat. size.

OLEACE/E

213

Fruit a two-celled capsule, dehiscing at the apex, one seed in
each cell.

Seeds oblong, smooth, winged, laterally flattened, 8-10 mm. long ;
hilum inconspicuous, basal.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white, surrounding the embryo.

Embryo straight, nearly equal in length to the endosperm,
colourless ; cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, rather narrow, plano-
convex ; radicle terete, obtuse, slightly shorter than the cotyledons,
close to the hilum and pointing to the upper end of the seed.

Fraxinus excelsior, L. (fig. 511).

Ovary two-celled, each cell two-ovuled ; ovules pendulous from
the top of the cells, anatropous ; micropyle superior.

Frwt a samara, linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly always obliquely
emarginate, laterally much compressed and thin, produced at the
apex into a thin wing, glabrous, striated
longitudinally with nerves, one-celled by
the rupture of the septum, one-seeded
by abortion, indehiscent ; septum in the
narrow way of the fruit, soon becoming
ruptured and bearing at its apex three
aborted ovules and one fertile seed.

Seed oblong, obtuse, slightly narrowed
at both ends, much compressed laterally,
thin, striated or shallowly furrowed lon-
gitudinally, deep brown, conforming in
shape to the interior of the fruit, sus-
pended from the apex of the septum or
placenta by a curved funicle which is
persistent ; raphe dorsal, passing round
the dorsal edge to the chalaza at the
apex of the seed ; micropyle and radicle
superior.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, pale or
colourless, and subtransparent.

Embryo straight, flat, comparatively
small, embedded in the endosperm at the

upper or basal end of the seed ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire,
narrowed somewhat to the base, flat, closely adpressed, face to face ;
radicle stout, obtuse, somewhat shorter than the cotyledons, close
to the micropyle at the upper end of the seed, but within the endo-
sperm.

FIG. 511. — Fraxinus excel-
sior. A, samara with half
removed and the seed pulled
out (nat. size):^>a, placental
axis ; ao, aborted ovules ;
/, funicle; ra, raphe;
ch, chalaza. B, longitu-
dinal section of seed, x 2 :
/, funicle ; p, endosperm ;
e, embryo ; ra, raphe ; ch,
chalaza.

214

ON SEEDLINGS

Seedling (fig. 512).

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous flexuose,
fibrous, lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, soon becoming woody and grey,
variable in length, 4-6 cm. long or more.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, shortly petioled, entire, alternately
but obscurely penninerved, with a distinct midrib, glabrous, variable
in size ; lamina l'7-2 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide.

PIG. 512. — Fraxinus excelsior. A. Nat. size. B. An older seedling ;
the cotyledons have dropped. Two-thirds nat. size.

Stem woody, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, becoming grey ;
1st internode 6-10 mm. long ; 2nd 6-8 mm.

Leaves compound (first simple), cauline, opposite, exstipulate,
petiolate, minutely ciliate, ultimately glabrous at the margin, but
in the leaves of the adult tree woolly at the junction of the lateral
veins with the midrib beneath on the basal quarter of the leaflets,
bright green and shining above, pale beneath and finely reticulate ;
petioles flattened above, dilated and thickened at the base, scarcely
grooved.

OLEACE.E

215

First pair ovate, acute, serrate, simple, rarely lobed at the base.

Second pair pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets elliptic, acute, serrate
above the middle, articulated with the rachis ; terminal one largest.

Ultimate leaves imparipinnate, with three to five or more pairs
of leaflets and a terminal one ; lowest pair of leaflets lanceolate ;
terminal one lanceolate-elliptic ; the rest oblong ; all acuminate, with
a narrow cartilaginous margin, rather distantly and unequally ser-
rate, with acute serratures, hooked inwards at their tips, alternately
penninerved, sessile, cuneate at the base ; rachis narrowly channelled
above, or margined, or winged, rounded on the back, much thickened
at the insertion of the leaflets.

Fraximis Sogdiana, Bge.

Ilypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long, brown.

Cotyledons very similar to those of F. excelsior.

Stem erect, quadrangular, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 7-10 mm. long ; 2nd about the same.

First leaves simple, opposite, decussate, ovate or almost lanceo-
late, acute, coarsely serrate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved ; petioles
rather short and broad, channelled on the upper face.

Olea cuspidata, Wall. (fig. 513).

Ilypocotyl shrubby, erect, terete, glabrous, brownish, 1-2 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, en-
tire, or usually slightly obliquely
emarginate, penninerved, coria-
ceous, persistent, deep opaque
green, paler beneath, glabrous,
shortly petiolate ; lamina 1'85 cm.
long, 7' 5 mm. wide ; petiole chan-
nelled above, '5-1 mm. long.

Stem shrubby, erect, terete,
densely and shortly pubescent,
greyish ; 1st internode 8'5 mm.
long ; 2nd 5 mm. ; 3rd 7 mm. ; 4th
9-25 mm. ; 5th 11 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
opposite, decussate, exstipulate,
shortly petiolate, scaly on both
surfaces when young, ultimately

glabrous or nearly so except the shortly ciliate margin, deep _
and shining above, paler beneath, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate,

FIG. 518. — Olea cuspidata.
Two-thirds nat. size.

216 ON SEEDLINGS

acute or cuspidate, usually all similar in seedling stage, at any rate
up to the sixth pair.

Olea cuspidata belongs to the type with ovate cotyledons, which
closely resemble those of Forsythia suspensa. They are remarkable
although by no means unique amongst the Phanerogamia in being
broader than the first six pairs of leaves. Other instances of this
relation of the cotyledons to the primary leaves may be found
amongst the Cactese, AsclepiadeaB and Proteaceae.

Ligustrum japonicum, Thunb.

Fruit a globose, one- seeded berry.

Seed obovate or globose, conforming hi shape to the fruit,
slightly flattened laterally, 3-4 mm. in diameter ; hilum rather con-
spicuous ; testa brownish.

Endosperm copious, surrounding the embryo, greyish-white or
colourless.

Embryo straight, embedded in the endosperm, colourless ; coty-
ledons suborbicular or oblong, obtuse, entire, closely adpressed ;
radicle, terete, obtuse, situated with its tip near the hilum.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, covered with very minute hairs, light
green or almost colourless, 2-3 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire or minutely emargi-
nate, petiolate, glabrous, light green, pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, covered with minute hairs, herbaceous, ulti-
mately woody ; 1st internode 6-10 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, shortly petiolate,
exstipulate, oblong-oval, subacute, covered with minute hairs, light
green, pinnatinerved.

APOCYNACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 681.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and free, or more
rarely half immersed in the receptacle, consisting of two carpels
united by their edges, forming one cell with parietal placentas,
or completely uniting to form axile placentas, while in a third
type they are connate by their bases only or quite separate,
with the placentas on the middle of the ventral suture. The

APOCYNACE.E 217

ovules in each carpel are usually geminate or few and arranged
in a double series, or indefinite and arranged in many series,
very rarely solitary. They are frequently inserted by the
ventral surface, peltate and amphitropous, or almost ana-
tropous and pendulous, very seldom erect as in some species
of Acokanthera and Vallesia. The fruit may consist of one
undivided piece, and be indehiscent, fleshy or rarely dry and
hard or samaroid ; in many other cases the two carpels are
merely united at the base or are entirely free, and the
fruit is baccate, drupaceous and indehiscent, or follicular and
dehiscing by the ventral suture, liberating the linear placentas.
Rarely the fruit is united into one piece or the carpels dehisce
by two valves. The seed is very variable in outline, and is
sometimes peltate and sessile, but oftener more or less com-
pressed with the ventral face flat or concave, and affixed to
the placenta by the middle or higher up by a filiform funicle.
The testa is membranous or subcoriaceous and occasionally
produced into a wing, or develops at one or both ends into a
tuft of long cottony hairs. The endosperm is fleshy or almost
cartilaginous, but is often restricted to a thin layer and some-
times entirely absent. The embryo is large, straight, and
almost equals the endosperm in length as well as width, with
foliaceous and flat, concave, rarely convolute or twisted coty-
ledons. The radicle is terete and shorter, rarely longer than
the cotyledons and superior, very rarely pointing to the base
of the fruit. There are several exceptions to the general rule
in the Order. Undivided and dehiscent fruits occur in Chilo-
carpus and Allamanda, with distinct carpels dehiscing by two
valves in Aspidosperma. Endosperm is wanting in Aspido-
sperma, Willughbeia, Cerbera and allied genera, Leuconotis
and Carpodinus ; it is ruminated in Alyxia and in several
other genera of the tribe PlumeriaB. The margins of the coty-
ledons are infolded in Adenium, folded together in Holarrhena,
convolute in Wrightia, and much twisted in Kickxia. The
radicle is inferior in Vallesia and some species of Eauwolfia.
Acokanthera Thunbergii is notable for its baccate two-celled
fruit, containing a large peltate seed in each cavity. The coty-
ledons of the embryo are foliaceous, roundly ovate and petiolate,
about equalling the radicle and petioles in length.

218 ON SEEDLINGS

Seedlings. — At least three or four different types of cotyle-
dons may be observed amongst seedlings of this Order, and
speaking generally they may be described as large and folia-
ceous, a fact to be accounted for by the large and flattened
seeds and the great size of the embryo. The cotyledons
of Thevetia neriifolia are suborbicular and compressed while
yet in the seed, but they had dropped before the seedling
was observed. The first ten leaves are linear-lanceolate
and acuminate, longer and no doubt narrower than the
cotyledons. A type with oblong, penninerved and reticu-
late cotyledons is met with in Echites umbellata (fig. 515).
The first two pairs of leaves are ovate, larger than the coty-
ledons, but have a very similar venation. The cotyledons
of Wrightia tinctoria are also oblong with a penninerved
venation similar to that of the leaves, but they are unequal,
a fact probably to be accounted for by their being convolute
in the seed. The first five pairs of leaves are lanceolate,
obtuse, larger and broader than the cotyledons. Parameria
glandulifera represents a type with ovate cotyledons. The
first three or four pairs of leaves are lanceolate-elliptic,
acuminate. The first two or three pairs of Mandevilla
suaveolens are lanceolate and narrower than the broadly
ovate cotyledons which have a similar incurved venation.
The ultimate leaves are oblong-cordate and finely acumi-
nate.

The fourth type to be noted is represented by Plumeria
alba (fig. 514) which has oblong-cordate, trinerved cotyle-
dons, the basal auricles of which are frequently unequal. They
attain this shape while yet in the seed. The first pair of
leaves are oblong-lanceolate and opposite, followed by four
others which are similar but larger, and alternate. The coty-
ledons of Taberneemontana amygdalifolia differ from those
of the last in being broadly triangular and subcordate at the
base, with a venation similar to that of the leaves. The first
two pairs of the latter are opposite, and broadly lanceolate or
ovate.

Acokanthera Thunbergii, Benth. et Hook.
Ovary syncarpous, superior, two-celled, each cell one-ovuled ;
ovule ventrally attached, amphitropous ; micro pyle superior.

APOCYNACE.E 219

Fruit baccate, ellipsoid, glabrous, black when mature or suffused
with a glaucous bloom, two-celled, two-seeded.

Seed oval in outline, concavo-convex, peltate, ventrally attached
to the middle of the placenta, pale, subtransparent and whitish ;
testa closely adhering to the endosperm ; radicle superior and close
to the micropyle ; hilum large, oval, occupying the greater part of
the concave ventral face.

Endosperm abundant, pale subtransparent white, fleshy and
tough or subcartilaginous and easily cut, occupying the greater part
of the seed.

Embryo straight, thin, falling a little short of the length of the
seed, and slightly curved or concave towards its inner base, and con-
forming to its dorsal convexity ; cotyledons thin, closely adpressed
face to face, rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, occupying a median position
in the seed, a little nearer the dorsal than the ventral aspect, sur-
rounded by endosperm ; radicle very short, but the radicle and
petioles together are about 3-4-5 mm. long, and nearly or quite
equal to the cotyledons in length.

Thevetia neriifolia, Juss.

Hypocotyl 2-3 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, terete, glabrous, woody,
colourless.

Stem woody, glabrous, light green ; 1st internode 5-6 cm.
long, 2-2-5 mm. thick ; 2nd 1 cm. long ; 3rd to 10th much
shorter.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate or the earlier ones
nearly or quite opposite, exstipulate, shortly petiolate or subsessile,
decussating in the seedling stage, subcoriaceous, glabrous, bright
green.

Nos. 1 and 2. Nearly opposite, subsessile, 3-5 cm. long, 6*5
mm. wide, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with a distinct articula-
tion at the base, entire, penninerved, straight or slightly recurved
at the apex, channelled, quite glabrous, bright green, somewhat
leathery.

Nos. 3-6. Nearly opposite, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; the
rest alternate.

Plumeria alba, L. (fig. 514).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, fleshy, glabrous, pale green,
shining, ultimately becoming grey, about 2-8 cm. above the soil.
Juice milky.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, broadly oblong-cordate, obtuse,
shortly petiolate, with the basal auricles frequently unequal ; lamina

220

ON SEEDLINGS

1-7 cm. long, 1-05 cm. wide ; petiole about 1 mm. long. Juice
milky.

Stem woody, erect, terete, tapering upwards, glabrous, pale
green becoming grey, fleshy, smooth or frequently warted, especi-
ally under the leaves ; 1st internode T5 cm. long; 2nd 1*3 cm. ; 3rd

9 mm. ; 4th 1 cm. Juice
milky.

Leaves simple, en-
tire, cauline, alternate
(1st and 2nd opposite),
exstipulate, petiolate,
glabrous, alternately
penninerved, deep green
above, paler beneath,
shining on both sur-
faces ; petioles convex
on the back, flattened
above or slightly chan-
nelled on each side
of a prominent mid-
rib, glabrous ; midrib
of leaf prominent on
both surfaces. Juice
milky.

Nos. 1 and 2. Op-
posite, oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, minutely
apiculate.

No. 3. Lanceolate, acute, tapering to both ends.
Nos. 4-6. Narrowly oblong, acute, tapering at the base.

Tabernsemontana amygdalifolia, Jacq.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, scabrous, 5-6 cm. long, green.

Cotyledons broadly triangular or subcordate, obtuse, entire,
somewhat wavy, petiolate, glabrous, green, distinctly pinnatinerved
as are the leaves ; petioles comparatively short, furrowed on the
upper face.

Stem erect, striated, scabrous, herbaceous, ultimately woody ;
1st internode about 3 cm. long ; 2nd about 5 mm.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, broadly
lanceolate or ovate, almost acuminate, obtuse, petiolate, exstipulate,
glabrous, green, paler beneath, distinctly pinnatinerved ; petioles
comparatively short, channelled on the upper face.

FIG. 514. — Plumeria alba. Half nat. size.

APOCYNACE^E 221

Wrightia tinctoria, B. Br.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, woody, 3-5-4 cm. long,
brownish.

Cotyledons unequal, membranous, oblong, obtuse, entire, petio-
late, glabrous, green, distinctly pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
3'5 cm. long ; 2nd about 3 cm. ; 3rd rather shorter.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, petiolate, exstipulate, glabrous, green with a sub-
glaucous hue above, pinnatinerved; petioles short, flat, slightly
furrowed above.

Parameria glandulifera, Benth.

Hypocotyl woody, terete, pubescent, 1'7 cm. long, 2 mm. thick,
pale ashy grey.

Cotyledons shortly petiolate, ovate, obtuse, entire, coriaceous,
pale green, 1-6-2-2 cm. long.

Stem erect, terete, thickened at the nodes, 2 mm. thick, and
gradually tapering upwards, shortly, finely and densely pubescent ;
1st internode 4-8 mm. long ; 2nd 1-5 cm. ; 3rd 1-8 cm. In different
specimens these lengths are variable.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, shortly petio-
late, subacuminate, obtuse, coriaceous, penninerved, pale green,
shining, finely pubescent on the midrib beneath ; petiole 3 mm. long,
flattened above and convex beneath, finely and densely pubescent,
apparently connate at the base and surrounding the stem, forming
a transverse scar with small black, stipuliform teeth on its upper
edge.

First pair falling early, even before the cotyledons.

Second to fourth pairs lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, obtuse,
finely penninerved.

Echites umbellata, Jacq. (fig. 515).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, slender, finely and minutely pubescent,
about 8-10 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous,
coriaceous, alternately and ascendingly penninerved, with the nerves
incurved and uniting at the tip, appearing somewhat reticulate, deep
green above, with generally pinkish veins, paler beneath and often
reddish, horizontal from ascending or suberect petioles ; lamina
9-5-10-5 mm. long, 5-5'5 mm. wide ; petiole semiterete, channelled
above, slightly connate at the base, finely and minutely pubescent
like the stem, dull purplish, about 1 mm. long.

222

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem erect, terete, slender, almost filiform, ultimately woody and
twining, finely and minutely pubescent when young, and purplish ;
1st internode 4-4*5 mm. long ; 2nd l'45-l-6 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate,
shortly petiolate, alternately incurvi-
nerved and more or less reticulate,
glabrous, coriaceous or subcoriaceous,
deep green above, generally rather closely
reticulated with red or pink, paler beneath
and more or less suffused with pale red ;
petioles very short, semiterete, shallowly
channelled above, finely and minutely
pubescent, and reddish like the stem.

First pair ovate, obtuse, slightly cor-
date at the base, or almost rounded.

Second pair ovate, more elongated
and somewhat more pointed.

FIG. 515. — Echites umbellata.
Nat. size.

Mandevilla suaveolens, Lindl.

Primary root fleshy, tapering, flexu-
ose, colourless, and giving off lateral rootlets freely.

Hypocotyl erect or frequently flexuose, pale green, finely and
minutely pubescent, 3-4-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons foliaceous, ovate, obtuse, alternately penninerved,
reticulate, bright green and shining above, paler and shining beneath,
finely pubescent on the petiole and midrib beneath and at the mar-
gin, otherwise glabrous ; lamina 2'2 cm. long, 1'2 cm. wide ; petiole
erect, channelled above, 5 mm. long.

Stem erect and soft, ultimately twining and woody, minutely and
closely pubescent, pale green ; 1st internode 1'8 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
minutely and finely pubescent on the petioles, the under sides of the
midrib especially at the forkings of the veins and at the base of the
leaf and at the margins, otherwise glabrous, alternately penninerved
with ascending nerves slightly incurving at the tip, reticulate ;
petioles semiterete, shallowly channelled above, ultimately glabrous
except in the channel, green or deeply stained with crimson.

First pair lanceolate, acute.

Second and probably the third pairs similar.

Ultimate leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, acute.

ASCLEPIADE^E 223

ASCLEPIADE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 728.

Fruit and Seed. — The orary is superior and consists of two
distinct carpels, with their placentas on the ventral suture.
The stigmas are however confluent into one. The ovules
are numerous in each carpel, arranged in many series and
imbricated, the uppermost being outermost, pendulous, ana-
tropous, from a slightly prominent placenta. The fruit consists
of two erect or widely spreading follicles, or one of them may
be aborted, sessile, oblong, ovoid, or elongated, or fusiform,
smooth, nauricate, or many-winged, dehiscing by the ventral
suture, often breaking away from the placentas. The seed is
ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic, dorsally much compressed and
often surrounded with a thin margin. The testa is mem-
branous or coriaceous and often crowned with a long silky tuft
of hairs as occurs in Apocynaceae. Endosperm is present,
usually copious and cartilaginous. The embryo is straight
and axile, nearly equalling the endosperm in length with
broad flat cotyledons and a short superior radicle. An ex-
ception to the above characters occurs in Atherandra where
the ovary is half inferior. The terminal pencil of hairs is
absent from the seeds of Finlaysonia and Sarcolobus (tropical
Asia) and of Gonolobus stenopetalus (Mexico).1

The embryo of Periploca laevigata nearly equals the endo-
sperm in length and has foliaceous, broadly oblong cotyledons.
Several seeds examined contained two embryos. The seeds
are surmounted by a coma which falls early. The same may
be said of Stephanotis floribunda, the comose tuft of hairs of
which is long, white and silky. The object of the coma is
evidently for the distribution of the seed, but the thin and
almost winged character of the latter renders the coma of
less importance than it otherwise would be. The fruit
consists of two very large fleshy follicles with exceedingly
numerous seeds. The cotyledons are suborbicular.

1 A. Gray, Proc. Amcr. Acad. xxi. 398.

224 ON SEEDLINGS

Seedlings. — Oblong and ovate cotyledons predominate in
this Order, but oval and subrotund ones are also met with.
Those of Calotropis gigantea (fig. 518) are broadly oblong,
obtuse, and entire, with an incurved venation similar to that
of the first pair of leaves which are more elliptic in outline.
Asclepias obtusifolia, Tylophora asthmatica, and Gyrnnolaema
viride agree pretty closely with this type in having oblong,
obtuse cotyledons with a venation resembling that of the
primary leaves ; they vary somewhat in width, but are always
wider than the first pair of leaves. The first pair in Tylo-
phora asthmatica are oblong-lanceolate, while the first five
pairs of Gymnolaema viride are narrowly lanceolate and acute,
or even acuminate. The cotyledons of Schubertia grandiflora
are shortly oblong, obtuse, and of the same width as the ovate
first pair of leaves.

A slightly different type of seedling is met with in Gompho-
carpus campanulatus (fig. 517), which by its slender stems and
long internodes shows a tendency to climb. The cotyledons
are oblong with an incurved venation like that of the first
three pairs of leaves which are ovate or subcordate and hairy.
The cotyledons of a species of Microloma (fig. 516) are also
oblong with incurved nerves, but they are notable for the great
length of their petioles. The latter characteristic is due to
the unusual shortening of the hypocotyl and probably to the
nature of the situation in which the plant grows, neces-
sitating the lengthening of the petioles in order to bring the
lamina up to the light. The two first pairs of leaves are
small and scale-Like, while the succeeding three are Linear-
lanceolate with a few alternate, ascending, indistinct nerves
on each side of the more evident midrib.

The ovate type of cotyledons is represented by Periploca
laevigata where they are broader than the primary leaves
with a similar venation. The first three pairs of leaves are
ovate-elliptic. Some succulent types of seedlings have ovate
cotyledons broader and larger than the leaves that follow
them. Those of Sarcostemma brevistigma (fig. 519) are
oblong-ovate and sessile. The first two pairs of leaves are
ovate, but they are reduced to minute, scale-Like organs.
This plant like the species of Stapelia is notable for the stout

ASCLEPIADE^E 225

fleshy character of the hypocotyl in its early stages. The
seeds of Stapelia bufonia germinated in the remarkably short
space of three or four days. The cotyledons are small, ovate,
plano-convex, and after germination assume an ascending
direction, placed obliquely to the axis or slightly twisted
with the faces of the two turned in different directions.
Those of Stapelia mutabilis and S. variegata (fig. 522) are
similar and behave in the same way. The primary leaves
of S. mutabilis are very small, conical, acute, opposite,
decussate, very numerous on the short stem, and decurrent
at the base, forming angles on the stem. The hypocotyl of
S. variegata is remarkably large, clavate, fleshy, and com-
pressed in a different plane from that of the cotyledons. The
leaves are more shortly conical even than those of S. muta-
bilis, but are otherwise similar. The internodes of the young
stem are slightly more elongated. Seedlings raised from
seeds sent from Bangalore under the name of Hoya viridiflora
(fig. 520) had broadly oval cotyledons with an incurved vena-
tion, and rather more numerous veins than in the first five
pairs of leaves which are elliptic. Eoundly oblong and emargi-
nate cotyledons are met with in Stephanotis longiflora. The
two first pairs of leaves are small and elliptic, followed by three
pairs that differ only in being much larger. The cotyledons
of a species of Ceropegia (fig. 521) from South Africa are
roundly triangular and truncate at the base. The first four
pairs of leaves vary from oblong to elliptic and are wavy at
the margin.

Gymnolsema viride, Benth.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-1 '7 cm. long, light green.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous, dull
green, pinnatinerved like the leaves ; the nerves are raised on the
upper side, giving them a wrinkled appearance.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, green, glabrous ; 1st internode
8-13 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd 1*2-1-8 cm.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, shortly
petiolate, linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, light green, pinnati-
nerved, clothed with short silky hairs when young.

Periploca Isevigata, Ait.

Seed triangular or plano-convex, obovate, considerably laterally

n. Q

226

ON SEEDLINGS

flattened, about 5-6 mm. long ; testa membranous, smooth, brownish,
slightly winged at the edges and thickened near the hilum, comose ;
hilum rather conspicuous.

Endosperm surrounding the embryo, whitish-grey, and rather
copious.

Embryo straight, embedded in the endosperm, yellowish-white ;
cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, plano-convex,
lying face to face in the broad way of the seed with their edges
to the axis ; radicle considerably shorter than the cotyledons.
In two out of three seeds there were two embryos, the cotyledons
lying obliquely in the broad way of the

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, covered with
minute hairs, l-2'5 cm. long, brownish-
green.

Cotyledons ovate, subacute, entire,
shortly petiolate, covered with minute
hairs, dark green, pinnatinerved like the

FIG. 516. — Microloma sp.
One-third over nat. size.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ulti-
mately woody, covered with minute hairs ;
1st internode 1-1'5 cm. long ; 2nd
1-1-2 cm.

First leaves simple, entire, eauline,
opposite, decussate, ovate-elliptic, acute,
shortly petiolate, exstipulate, ciliate,
covered with minute hairs, dark green,
pinnatinerved.

Microloma sp. (fig. 516).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, very short, almost colourless.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, with long petioles, glabrous with a few
alternate, ascending nerves, two of the larger of which curve round
or inwards to the midrib near the apex, deep green ; lamina 9-
10 mm. long, 3'5-4 mm. wide ; petiole semiterete, slender, slightly
channelled above, about 1'85 cm. long.

Stem erect, terete, pale green, pubescent, ultimately twining
and subshrubby ; 1st internode 5 mm. long ; 2nd 8'5 mm. ; 3rd
1-1 cm. ; 4th 1-6 cm.

Leaves simple, entire eauline opposite, exstipulate, with short

ASCLEPIADEJE 227

petioles, alternately and ascendingly penninerved, thinly hairy (at
least when young) ; petioles very short, thinly hairy, semiterete,
slightly channelled above.

First and second pairs very small, almost scale-like, but green,
lanceolate, obtuse.

Third and fourth pairs much larger, but still narrower than the
cotyledons, linear-lanceolate, acute, with a few alternate, ascending

Schubertia grandiflora, Mart, et Zucc.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, hoary, about 2 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons entire, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse, dark green above,
subglaucous beneath, petiolate with petioles 1 cm. long, glabrous,
but the petioles slightly hoary, 1-5 cm. long, 1*25 mm. wide, with
a prominent midrib from which ascend numerous
veinlets ; the venation is the same as in the primary
leaves.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, slightly pubes-
cent, pale green ; 1st internode 1 cm. long ; 2nd
much shorter.

Leaves entire, cauline, simple, exstipulate, petio-
late, ovate, acute, dark green above, lighter beneath,
glabrous with minute hairs on the edges ; midrib
with numerous ascending veinlets.

Gomphocarpus campanulatus, Harv. (fig. 517).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green
(herbaceous when sketched), 3-8 mm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous,
deep green above, shining; lamina 11 mm. long,
6*5 mm. wide ; petiole glabrous, grooved above,
convex on the back, 6'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous at least in the early stages,
erect, terete, ultimately twining, hairy with patent
hairs, pale green or suffused with pale purple; 1st Half nat. size.
and 2nd internodes each 5 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
hairy on both surfaces, dull green above and dotted with the swollen
bases of the hairs, pale green and shining beneath ; petioles very
short, semiterete, channelled on the upper side, hairy.

First three pairs small, ovate-subcordate, obtuse.

0 2

228

ON SEEDLINGS

Calotropis gigantea, B. Br. (fig. 518).

Primary root long, flexuose, somewhat woody, with long, un-
branched colourless fibres.

Hypocotyl firm, 3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, terete, glabrous

and whitish near the
base, slightly tomen-
tose, and bluish-
brown above.

Cotyledons shortly
petiolate, oblong, pro-
duced at the base
and forming a chan-
nel on the petiole,
rounded at the apex,
entire, penninerved,
glabrous, dull yellow-
ish - green above,
slightly paler and
shining beneath, not
very thick ; petiole
semiterete, channel-
led above, connate at
the base.

Stem woody ; 1st
internode about 6
mm. long, slightly
compressed, green,
tomentose.

Leaves simple,
entire, cauline, op-
posite, exstipulate,
shortly petiolate, al-
ternately incurvi-
nerved, tomentose,
greyish or hoary,
subcoriaceous.

FIG. M.-Calotropi* gigantea. Nat. size

obtuse, entire, penni-

nerved, subsessile, 2-2'5 cm. long, and 1-1-25 cm. wide, not very
thick, slightly tomentose, dull greyish-green, slightly paler and
shining beneath.

ASCLEPIADE^E

229

Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2'5-4'5 cm. long, light green
tinged with red.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous,
green, pinnatinerved as in the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, covered with minute hairs ; 1st
internode 1-1-2 cm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, oblong, obtuse,
shortly petiolate or subsessile, exstipulate, covered with minute
hairs, light green, pinnatinerved.

Sarcostemma brevistigma, Wight et Ai*n. (fig. 519).

Hypocotyl erect, thickening upwards, glabrous or with a
few scattered hairs, glaucous-green and dotted all over with very
minute colourless markings, 2-2'5 cm.
long.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire,
subfleshy, glabrous, deep shining green
above, paler beneath, with an indistinct
midrib, sessile, 5-5*5 mm. long, 2'5-2'75
mm. wide, caducous.

Stem erect in the seedling stage, terete,
slightly downy, glaucous-green, dotted with
minute colourless markings, ultimately
shrubby, scandent or procumbent ; 1st in-
ternode 1-3-2 cm. long ; 2nd 1-2-1 '7 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite,
decussate, exstipulate, sessile, all reduced to
ovate or subulate, acuminate scales so
small as to give the stems a leafless ap-
pearance.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, minute, with an
acute or acuminate, slender tip, pale green,
slightly downy with a brown tip.

FIG. 519. — Sarcostemma
brevistigma. Nat. size.

Stephanotis floribunda, A. Brongn.

Fruit very thick, fleshy, oblong, obtuse, many -seeded, consisting
of one to two follicles.

Seed much compressed dorso-ventrally, flat, winged, comose,
oblong-obovate, retuse at the base where the coma is attached, this
consists of exceedingly numerous, long, white, silky hairs ; hilum
minute on the base of the ventral aspect ; raphe ventral and passing

230 ON SEEDLINGS

along more than half the length of the seed ; micropyle superior ;
wing narrow.

Endosperm copious and fleshy, surrounding the embryo.

Embryo straight, flat, large, colourless, nearly as long as the
endosperm ; cotyledons flat, broadly oval or suborbicular, central,
entire ; radicle cylindrical, obtuse, about one-half to two-thirds as
long as cotyledons, close to the apex of the endosperm, pointing to,
but some little distance from the hilum.

Stephanotis longiflora, ? Hort.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, finely pubescent, pale green,
about 7-10 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons foliaceous, rotund-oblong, emarginate, rigid, cori-
aceous, glabrous, shortly petiolate, pale green and shining above,
paler beneath ; lamina I'l cm. long, 1 cm. wide ; petiole slightly
grooved above, 1 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect in the seedling stage, terete or slightly flat-
tened in the opposite way to the leaves, finely pubescent, shining,
green or subglaucous-green ; 1st internode 4-5 mm. long ; 2nd
4-25 mm. ; 3rd 1-5 cm.; 4th 1-95 cm. ; 5th 3-65 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, thick, rigid or coriaceous, alternately and ob-
scurely penninerved, even and shining on both surfaces, with the
midrib slightly prominent beneath, and a pale hyaline or pink
cartilaginous margin ; petioles short, stout, slightly grooved above,
rounded on the back and thickened at the base.

First pair elliptic, obtuse.

Second pah* larger, subacute.

Third pair much larger, elliptic, acute.

Fourth pair small, unequal in size, acute.

Fifth pair large, elliptic, acute.

Hoya viridiflora, B. Br.? (fig, 520).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 6-12 mm. above
the soil.

Cotyledons foliaceous, broadly oblong or oval, rounded at the
apex, tapered to the base, petiolate, alternately and ascendingly
penninerved with the tips only incurved and uniting with those
next above them, shortly pubescent on the midrib above, otherwise
glabrous, thin and membranous, light green above, and marked
with pale-coloured dots ; lamina about 1*8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide ;
petiole grooved above, convex on the back, dilating upwards, 6'5-7
mm. long.

ASCLEPIADE^E

231

Stem erect, terete, pubescent with curved hairs, pale green,
soon becoming almost colourless, ultimately climbing ; 1st internode
3-5-3-8 cm. long ; 2nd 2-2-4 cm. ;
3rd 1-8-2-2 cm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
opposite, decussate, stipulate, petio-
late, alternately and ascendingly
incurvinerved with the principal
nerves giving off numerous anasto-
mosing branches, thin and subcoria-
ceous in the seedling stage, thinly
pubescent on the nerves on both
surfaces with curved hairs, but
denser towards and on the margin,
deep green above, paler beneath ;
petiole semiterete, channelled
above, pubescent on the edges
and back with curved hairs ; stipules
minute, glandular, subulate, soon
becoming brown and scarious,
deciduous.

First to fifth pairs elliptic,
obtuse, the upper ones shortly
acuminate and more elongated or tapered to each end.

Ceropegia sp. (fig. 521).

Hypocotyl succulent, scarcely 1 cm.
above ground, 3-4 mm. thick, slightly com-
pressed, glabrous, pale green.

Cotyledons subsessile, nearly equal, about
1 cm. long and wide, and 1-2 mm.
thick, roundly triangular or almost orbicular,
with a truncate base and very obtuse apex,
entire, nearly flat, marginate, obscurely
nerved, succulent, glabrous, glossy green.

Stem succulent, suberect, terete, half as
thick as the hypocotyl in the young stage,
minutely verrucose, dark green.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite,
decussate, exstipulate, very shortly petiolate
or subsessile, succulent, glabrous, with a midrib but an otherwise
indistinct venation, green more or less suffused with a purplish tint.

First pair oblong, cuneate at the base, obtuse, glabrous with a

FIG. 520. — Hoya viridiftora*
Half nat. size.

FIG. 521—Ceropegia sp.
Half iiat. size.

232 ON SEEDLINGS

sunk midrib, shortly petiolate, about 2 cm. long, and 1'5 cm. wide,
succulent, purplish on both surfaces.

Second pair ovate, acuminate, with short, broad petioles, differ-
ing also from the first in the undulated margin and the silvery
nerves and veins.

Third and subsequent pairs more lanceolate-ovate and much
larger ; fourth pair about 3'5 cm. long and 1'5 cm. wide.

Stapelia variegata, L. (fig. 522).

Hypocotyl erect, clavate, succulent, compressed the opposite
way to the cotyledons, glabrous, pale subglaucous-green, 1*7 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, twisted obliquely
and each facing an opposite way, ascending,
coloured like the petiole, 3*5 mm. long, 2*5
mm. wide, sessile, persistent.

Stem succulent, erect, obtusely quadrangular
by the decurrent bases of the leaves, glabrous ,
coloured like the hypocotyl ; 1st internode
6 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 3'5 mm.

Leaves succulent, simple, entire, small,
cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, ses-
sile, coloured like the stem, shortly conical,

PIG. 522. acute, decurrent at the base, forming angles on

Stapelia vanegata. . , . r

Nat. size. the stem, horizontal, To-1/75 mm. long.

Stapelia bufonia, Jacq.

Seeds ovate or oval in outline, surrounded by a corky rim,
germinating in three or four days.

Primary root tapering, abundantly covered with root-hairs,
colourless, rather stout.

Hypocotyl as in S. vanegata, 2-05 cm. long, 3 mm. wide on
the flattened faces, and 2 mm. on the narrow.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, sessile, plano-convex, and applied to
each other obliquely in the seed by their flattened faces, which
afterwards remain in an oblique position, each facing a different
direction, 3 mm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, persistent.

Stapelia mutabilis, Jacq.

Hypocotyl as in S. variegata, T15 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons as in S. bufonia, horizontal or placed obliquely, each
facing a different way, pale subglaucous-green faintly mottled with
paler markings, 2 mm. long, 1-25 mm. wide.

Stem as in S. variegata, ' pale glaucous-green mottled with

ASCLEPIADE.E 233

minute paler markings ; 1st internode 4 mm. long ; 2nd to 8th
inclusive each about 2-2-5 mm.

Leaves as in S. variegata, but longer and more acute, and tipped
•with a cartilaginous point ; 2'5 mm. long.

GENTIANE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 799.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, syncarpous, con-
sisting of two carpels generally uniting by their edges so as to
form one cell, with two parietal single or double placentas
which are slender or prominent and project into the cavity ;
sometimes the margins of the carpels project into the centre
of the ovary, forming two cells with axile placentas, as in the
tribe Exacese. The ovules are generally numerous in each
cavity or on each placenta, and arranged in one or more series,
anatropous or amphitropous. The fruit is a thin or hard,
rarely a fleshy capsule, dehiscing in most cases by two valves
at the sutures, rarely bursting irregularly. Sometimes the
whole inner surface is placentiferous. The seed is globose
or angled, rarely compressed. The testa is membranous or
crustaceous, smooth or rugose, and sometimes produced into
a marginal wing all round, or at the base and apex only.
Endosperm is copious, surrounding a small and short em-
bryo, the radicle of which is superior or points in various
directions according to the species.

Seedlings. — The most common form of the cotyledons in
this Order is ovate, and they are small like the seeds. In
Exacum bicolor (fig. 523), which maybe given as a type, they
are roundly ovate, petiolate, 3 mm. long and the same in
width. The first pair of leaves is lanceolate-elliptic and tri-
nerved, followed by two other pairs which are very much
larger, with longer lateral nerves, but otherwise similar. The
cotyledons of E. macranthum are broadly and roundly ovate,
one-nerved, 3-5 mm. long, and 2-4 mm. wide. The first two
pairs of leaves are broadly ovate, obtuse, and trinerved
with the lateral ones incurved and joining the midrib close to

234 ON SEEDLINGS

the apex. The same type of cotyledon is seen in Gentiana
verna (fig. 525), but the lamina is cuneate at the base and
tapers into the petiole, which unites with its fellow and forms a
little cup round the axis. The first five pairs of leaves are
precisely like the cotyledons except in being slightly larger.
In each case a midrib is the only apparent venation. The
cotyledons of Swertia corymbosa are small, triangular-ovate
and subtruncate at the base. Those of Erythrjea pulchella
are oblong-ovate and very small.

The seedling of Orphium frutescens (fig. 524) is remark-
ably distinct from any of the above. The cotyledons are
shortly linear, without any apparent venation. The first five
pairs of leaves are linear- spathulate and one-nerved, increasing
in size from the first onwards. The primary internodes of the
stem, which ultimately becomes shrubby, are elongated.

Exacum bicolor, Eoxb. (fig. 523).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 1-3 mm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons rotund-ovate, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous ; lamina
3 mm. long, 3 mm. wide at the base ; petiole channelled above,

1-5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, elon-
gated when about to flower,
glabrous, two - edged, pale
green ; 1st internode unde-
veloped; 2nd and 3rd each
about 1'5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire,
radical and cauline, opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, gla-

FIG. 523. — Exacum bicolor. Nat. size. brOUS, shining On both SUT-

faces, deep green above, paler
beneath ; petioles convex on the back, channelled on the upper side.

First pair small, lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse, trinerved at the
base, tapering into the petiole.

Second and third pairs elliptic, obtuse, trinerved, tapering into
the petiole.

Exacum macranthum, Arn.

Hypocotyl colourless, 2-3 mm. long, with a slight ridge.

Cotyledons very similar to those of E. bicolor.

GENTIANE^E

235

Stem slightly ribbed ; internodes of the seedling mostly of the
same length, from 8-10 mm. long.

Primary leaves cauline, opposite, decussate, obtusely ovate
shining, green, trinerved, with a midrib and two lateral nerves
parallel to the edges, and meeting at the apex.

Orphium frutescens, E. Hey. (fig. 524).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 4-11 mm. long.
Cotyledons shortly linear, obtuse, flattened above, convex on the
back, sessile and slightly connate at the base, glabrous, deep green
shining when young, 5-6 mm. long, 1-1-25 mm. wide, frequently
carrying up the seed on their
tips during germination.

Stem erect, terete, light
green when young, thinly
pubescent, with a shallow
furrow on alternate sides
from where the edges of the
leaves unite at their bases
and seem to be decurrent on
the stem down to the next
node, ultimately shrubby ;
1st internode 4-6*5 mm.
long ; 2nd 5-10*5 mm. ; 3rd
1-3-2 cm.

Leaves simple, entire,
cauline, opposite, decussate,
exstipulate, sessile, with an
evident midrib but no other
discernible venation, fleshy,
deep shining green in the
young state, thinly pubescent
and densely marked all over
with minute pale grey or

colourless dots, tomentoso-pubescent or glabrous in the adult state,
spreading, often curving upwards above the middle, and sometimes
slightly twisted.

First pair linear-spathulate, suddenly tapered to a subacute tip.

Second to fifth pairs linear-spathulate, gradually longer, more
obtuse, and the uppermost more decidedly linear, gradually taper-
ing to a subclasping and very shortly connate base.

Ultimate leaves linear or oblong, thick and rather fleshy.

FIG. 524. — Orphium frutescens. Nat. siz

236

ON SEEDLINGS

Erythraea pulchella, Fr.

Primary root short, fibrous, branched.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, short and tapering indis-
tinguishably into the radicle.

Cotyledons oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, gla-
brous, very small, l'5-2 mm. long including the petiole, and 1-
1'25 mm. wide.

Stem herbaceous, angled, ridged and furrowed, glabrous ; 1st and
2nd internodes undeveloped ; 3rd 5-7 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, opposite-decussate,
exstipulate, sessile or the first pair shortly petiolate, glabrous, longi-
tudinally nerved.

First pair spathulate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, one-nerved.

Second pair oblong-elliptic, trinerved, sessile.

Third pair obovate-oblong, trinerved, sessile.

Oentiana verna, L. (fig. 525).

Primary root slender, fibrous, perennial.
Hypocotyl erect or decumbent, terete,
filiform, deep purplish-red, glabrous, 6-9 mm.
long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, petio-
late, showing a midrib but no other venation
hi a fresh state, glabrous, deep green, some-
what shining; lamina 1 '75-2-25 mm. long,
1'5-1'75 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above,
convex on the back, green or with a red
midrib, glabrous, connate at the base, about
1 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, procumbent or creep-
ing, and with ascending flowering shoots,
terete, glabrous, pale green or reddish ; 1st
internode 2-4'5 mm. long ; 2nd undeveloped
or from '5-2 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, deep green
above, paler beneath, trinerved at least
in the seedling, with the lateral nerves in-
curved and uniting with the midrib at the
apex ; petiole convex on the back, channelled above, connate and
clasping at the base.

First to fifth pairs small, ovate, obtuse or, by tapering into the
broadish petiole, subelHptic.

FIG. 525.
Gentiana verna, x 3.

GENTIANE.E 237

Swertia corymbosa, Wight.

Hypocotyl scarcely appearing above the soil.

Cotyledons triangular-ovate, obtuse, entire, subtruncate at the
base, petiolate, glabrous, green, one-nerved ; petioles short, flat,
shallowly channelled above.

Stem erect, square, glabrous, herbaceous ; 1st and 2nd (sometimes
3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th) internodes undeveloped, later ones con-
siderably elongated.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline or radical, decussate, exstipulate ;
radical ones on rather long petioles, the cauline, sessile ; oval-oblong,
obtuse, glabrous, green, trinerved ; petioles flat, considerably chan-
nelled on the upper face.

First and second pairs ovate-elliptic.

Third to fifth pairs broadly oval.

POLEMONIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 820.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and consists of three
carpels united to form three cells with axile placentas ; but a
dimerous ovary occurs in some species of Collomia and other
genera. There are two or more ovules in each cell, but they
are rarely numerous, inserted by the middle on axile placentas
and amphitropous. The fruit is capsular and dehisces loculi-
cidally, rarely septicidally as in Cobsea scandens and other
species of that genus. In these the placentas are flat and of
great width and thickness ; but in other cases the valves burst
away carrying more or less of the septa and placentas on their
middle. The seeds are ovoid, angled or dorsally flattened.
The testa is sometimes developed into a wing at the margin, or
in other cases covered with mucilage sometimes growing out
into spiral tubes. The endosperm is copious and fleshy, or thick
and cartilaginous or reduced to a very thin layer. The embryo
is straight and axile, rarely one half shorter than the endosperm,
with flat and generally rather broad cotyledons, and a short
inferior radicle.

The three cells of the ovary of Collomia coccinea contain
but a single ovule each, although other species have numerous

238 ON SEEDLINGS

ovules. The seeds are oblong, solitary and erect from the base of
the inner angle of each cavity. The embryo occupies the greater
part of the seed, and has thick, oval, plano-convex cotyledons
and a well-developed radicle. Gilia laciniata is somewhat
similar, but the seeds are very much smaller and the embryo
relatively narrower with narrowly oblong, plano-convex coty-
ledons, considerably longer than the radicle. The ovules of
Polemonium caeruleum are numerous, pendulous, and ana-
tropous. The seeds are oblong and rather acutely trigonous
by mutual pressure. The embryo almost equals the seed in
length, but it is relatively very narrow, with linear-oblong
cotyledons about the same length as the radicle. The ovules
of Cobsea scandens are very numerous and arranged in a
double series on each side of the middle line of the placental
axis which is flattened with the placentas separated from one
another but by no means prominent. The seeds (fig. 529) are
the largest and most distinct of the Order observed ; but they
are exceptional rather than characteristic of the Polemoniacese.
The fruit is a very large oblong capsule of three to four carpels
with six to eight single placentas formed by separation of
two that are usually united into one in other Orders. The
seeds are large, oval or elliptic, much compressed dorsally,
and nearly filled by a large embryo. The cotyledons are
ovate-cordate, foliaceous and flat, with numerous incurved
veins ; and the terete radicle is very short.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons in this Order are all of simple
types, and as a rule moderate hi size. They vary from ovate
to oval, spathulate and linear. In Polemonium cseruleum
they are oblong-ovate. The first leaf is pinnate and trifolio-
late ; the second and third five-foliolate. The cotyledons of
Collomia coccinea (fig. 526) are broadly ovate-oblong, gener-
ally minutely emarginate, with numerous alternate, ascending,
incurved nerves, uniting in a submarginal line. The first
pair of leaves are lanceolate-elliptic and entire; the. second
similar or with one to two teeth on each side. Cobsea
scandens is very exceptional in the Order. The seeds are
unusually large and so is the seedling. The cotyledons are
large, foliaceous and ovate, subacute with a prominent midrib
and primary lateral nerves. The first pair of leaves are

POLEMONIACE.E 239

opposite and imparipinnate with three pairs and an odd leaflet,
all of which are oblong-lanceolate and penninerved. The
second pair of leaves are opposite or slightly alternate, pari-
pinnate and ending in a compound alternately branching
tendril. They have each three pairs of leaflets. The fifth and
sixth leaves are similar but alternate.

The seedling of Navarettia involucrata closely resembles
that of Polemonium casruleum, but the cotyledons are more
oval, the first two leaves are quinquefoliolate, and the hypo-
cotyl is more elongated.

The cotyledons of Gilia crassifolia (fig. 527) are spathulate
with rather long petioles, dilated and connate at the base.
The primary internodes being undeveloped a large number of
the leaves are radical, and exhibit a considerable amount of
evolution. The first pair are pinnatisect with five segments ;
the second pair have eleven to thirteen segments, and from
the third pair onwards many of the primary ones are again
divided at the base, making the leaves bipinnatisect. In Gilia
lutea (fig. 528) belonging to the subsection Leptosiphon, the
cotyledons are also spathulate but very small. The leaves
also show a very distinct character in being palmately divided
into linear segments, and being opposite they present a
verticillate appearance. The first and second pairs are tri-
partite ; the third pair have five segments, and the ultimate
leaves are cut into seven to eleven linear diverging rays.

In Gilia squarrosa we have a seedling resembling that of
G. crassifolia in habit, with a somewhat similar evolution of
the leaves. The cotyledons are short and linear, and the first
pair of leaves are like them but longer. The second pair
have five segments ; the third pair have five to seven segments ;
and the fourth pair are somewhat bipinnatisect with linear
segments.

Collomia coccinea, Lehm.

Ovary of three carpels, surrounded at the base with a small
annular disk, three-celled, with one ovule in each cell ; ovule basal
from the inner angle of the cell, erect, anatropous ; micropyle in-
ferior.

Fruit an obovoid-trigonous or trilobed capsule, glabrous, pale
green, ultimately pale, colourless or dirty white, thin, brittle when

240

ON SEEDLINGS

dry, three-celled, three-seeded, dehiscing loculicidally, and also
separating from the septa in three pieces, giving them the appearance
of valves bearing the septa along their middle.

Seeds oblong, slightly compressed on the ventral aspect, solitary
in each cell, erect, pale green, ultimately brown and slightly uneven ;
raphe ventral, somewhat shorter than the seed ; hilum small, basal
or slightly above the base on the ventral aspect ; radicle at the
extreme base, forming a slight prominence ; testa consisting of
somewhat pulpy adhesive matter when young, firm, brown and
fibrous when mature.

Endosperm scanty, fleshy, colour-
less or nearly transparent.

Embryo always straight in the axis
of the fleshy endosperm, comparatively
large and occupying the greater part
of the interior of the seed and nearly
as long, deep green, pale yellow when
mature; cotyledons closely applied
face to face, plano-convex, oblong or
oval, obtuse, entire ; radicle well de-
veloped.

Seedling (fig. 526).
Primary root long, tapering, with
numerous lateral, flexuose fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, tapering down-
wards, pubescent, white beneath the
soil, brown above, 6-14 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, minutely
emarginate, very slightly wider at the
base, with a distinct midrib terminat-
ing in a water-gland, a colourless,
cuneate mass of tissue sunk in the
apex of the cotyledon and even with its surface. The midrib has
many lateral, alternate, ascending nerves incurving towards their
tip and uniting each with the next one above it, giving the appear-
ance of two intramarginal nerves, and end finally like the midrib
just beneath the water-gland. Tertiary nerves are given off along
the anterior side of the secondary nerves and unite with the
secondary nerve immediately above them. All this forms a per-
fectly continuous framework throughout the cotyledon, and in
direct communication with the water-gland.

Around the apex of the leaf are numerous water-pores, seen

FIG. 526.—Co1lomia coccinea.
Nat. size.

POLEMONIACE^E

241

from the upper surface, but better from beneath. A few are found a
little way below the apex, but not so many nor so conspicuous as in
Galium Aparine. The tissue immediately beneath the apex con-
sists of polygonal cells with numerous small chlorophyll granules
arranged round their sides, covered with wavy-outlined epidermal
cells. The epidermal cells on the rest of the cotyledon are larger and
very wavy, while the chlorophyll granules immediately beneath are
very large and globose-ovoid, glabrous, deep opaque green above,
paler beneath, subfleshy ; lamina 8-10 mm. long, 6'5-7'5 mm. wide ;
petiole channelled above, glandular-pubescent, subperfoliate at the
base, 4-5 mm. long.

Stem annual, branched, elongated when about to flower ; primary
internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate (lower ones oppo-
site), exstipulate, petiolate, obscurely and alternately incurvinerved
with the nerves uniting close to the margin, glandular-pubescent on
both sides, deep opaque
green above, paler be-
neath ; petioles short,
broad, channelled above,
dilated at the base and
subperfoliate in the op-
posite leaves.

First pair lanceolate-
elliptic, entire, mucro-
nate, obtuse.

Second pair lanceo-
late, subacute, mucro-
nate, entire or having
one to two teeth on each
side.

Gilia crassifolia,
Benth. (fig. 527).

Primary root long,
slender, tapering, with
numerous lateral root-
lets, annual.

Hypocotyl tapering
downwards, colourless,
subterranean and merging into the root.

Cotyledons spathulate, petiolate, glabrous; petiole flattened
above, convex beneath, dilated and connate at the base, 6 mm. long ;

n. R

FIG. 527 — Gilia crassifolia. Nat. size.

242 ON SEEDLINGS

lamina oblong, obtuse, tapering at the base, subfleshy, 6 mm. long,
3 mm. wide.

Stem annual, developed when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical (and ultimately cauline), opposite, exsti-
pulate, petiolate, glabrous except the petiole, deep green, subfleshy ;
petioles channelled above, ciliate on the upper edges, dilated at the

UBC.

First pair oblong, pinnatisect with two lateral pairs and a ter-
minal segment, all oval or oblong.

Second pair linear, pinnatisect with numerous oval segments ;
terminal one obovate.

Third pair linear, pinnatisect ; segments small at the base,
gradually lengthening towards the apex where they are oblanceolate ;
larger ones each with a segment on the posterior basal side.

Fourth and fifth pairs similar to the last, but rather longer and
more equally developed.

Gilia squarrosa, Hook, et Arn.

Primary root as in G. crassifolia, colourless but with a few short
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl as in G. crassifolia.

Cotyledons short, linear, obtuse, fleshy, glabrous, 6 mm. long.

Stem as in G. crassifolia.

Leaves simple, radical (and ultimately cauline), opposite, exsti-
pulate, sessile, glandular-hairy, rather densely aggregated.

First pair linear, obtuse, fleshy, similar to the cotyledons but
longer and glandular-hairy.

Second pair pinnatifid with two pairs of shortly linear, lateral
segments above the middle.

Third pair similar, or with three pairs of segments.

Fourth pair linear-oblong in outline, with numerous alternate or
eubopposite, linear, slender, aristate segments.

Fifth pair more or less pinnatisect with pinnatifid segments ; the
ultimate segments or secondary lobes arise from the basal posterior
side of the primary segments.

Gilia lutea, Steud. (fig. 528).

Primary root as in G. crassifolia, with small lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl as in G. crassifolia.

Cotyledons small, spathulate, obtuse, rather fleshy, 5 mm. long
including the petiole, glabrous.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, slender, apparently

POLEMONIACE^

243

branching dichotomously, sparsely and minutely pubescent and sca-
brous, pale green suffused with red; 1st internode 6 mm. long; 2nd
1 cm. ; 3rd 9 mm.

Leaves simple, digitately or
radiately tri- to multi-sect, caul-
ine, opposite, exstipulate, ses-
sile, deep green, subfleshy,
minutely ciliate at the margin,
otherwise glabrous.

First pair tripartite with
acute segments ; lateral seg-
ments linear ; terminal one
much larger, oblanceolate.

Second pair similar, but
much larger.

Third pair five-sect ; ter-
minal segment oblanceolate ;
two lateral pairs slender, ob-
lanceolate-linear.

Ultimate leaves seven- to
eleven-rayed ; segments linear ;
basal ones shortest and narrow-
est ; all ending in a common
subcuneate base.

Polemonium caeruleum, L.,
var. album.

Primary root slender, taper-
ing, colourless, giving off a few
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl very short, tapering into the root, greenish-white.

Cotyledons petiolate ; lamina oblong-ovate, obtuse, 7 mm. long,
4 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above, 6 mm. long.

Stem ultimately stout and short, with very shortly developed
internodes.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate, radical (and ultimately cauline),
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, bright green above, paler
beneath ; petioles subterete, channelled above, dilated and subclasp-
ing at the very base.

No. 1. Pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate ; terminal one
largest.

No. 2. Pinnately five-foliolate, otherwise like the first ; pairs
of leaflets frequently unequal.

B 2

FIG. 528. — Gilia lutea. Nat. size.

244 ON SEEDLINGS

Navarettia involucrata, Buiz et Pav.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2'5-4 cm. long, light green,
colourless or stained with red.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, with very long petioles, glabrous
or with a very few hairs on the petioles, green, rather distinctly
pinnatinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, glabrous, almost colourless or
reddish ; 1st internode 3-6 mm. long.

First leaves compound, pinnate ; petioles long, with sometimes
a few hairs, exstipulate ; leaflets ovate, cuspidate, acute, sessile or
shortly petiolate, opposite, glabrous or with a few hairs, light green,
one-nerved.

Cobsea scandens, Cav. (fig. 529).

Ovary of three to four carpels, surrounded at the base by a
large-lobed wavy disk, three- to four-celled, many-ovuled ; ovules
attached by the ventral aspect, ascending, amphitropous, arranged
in two rows, one on each side the middle line of the placental axis
and equidistant between that and the margin ; micropyle inferior.
Capsule large, oblong, smooth, deep green and suffused with a
glaucous bloom, ultimately brownish -
yellow, three- to four-valved, three- to
four-furrowed, dehiscing septicidally at
the furrows ; placental axis large, form-
ing a triangular or sometimes quadran-
gular mass occupying the greater part
of the interior.

Seed large, much compressed dor-
sally, oval or subelliptic in outline or
somewhat irregular, generally broader
FIG. 529.— Cobcra scandens. an(j aiwavs emarginate at the lower end,

L°pniganeU Ky£±.°f t£ and na™wed to an obtuse point at the
dosperm; n, notch caused upper end, winged, brown, overlapping

by hilum of another seed, , , ,, . i r -i

x2. one another from the base upwards;

radicle at the basal end ; hilum ventral

below the middle of the seed, spathulate in outline ; raphe ventral,
extending from the hilum to the inner edge of the wing ; testa com-
posed of slender fibrous material, mixed with pulpy matter when
young.

Endosperm in young seed soft, dirty white, enveloping the embryo
entirely, ultimately fleshy in the mature seed.

Embryo in the centre of the endosperm, straight from first to
last, large occupying almost the entire length and breadth of the

POLEMONIACE^E 245

interior of the seed ; cotyledons flat, rotund-cordate in the early state,
ultimately ovate-cordate, obtuse, entire, alternately penninerved,
colourless, but large, green and foliaceous after germination ; radicle
short, cylindrical, somewhat pointed.

Seedling.

Primary root normal, long, tapering, with lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl becoming woody, erect, terete, glabrous, suffused with
purple, 8 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, giving off adventitious roots from
its base.

Cotyledons shortly petiolate, large, ovate, obtuse, entire, penni-
nerved, convex above and green suffused with purple, concave beneath,
with prominent midrib and primary nerves, 6 cm. long, 3'5 cm.
wide ; petiole channelled above, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, and having two decurrent lines on each side,
running down from the base of the petioles, purplish, sparsely
pubescent with short white or crystalline hairs, flexuose at the nodes ;
1st internode undeveloped ; 2nd 7'2 cm. long, 1-5 mm. thick ; 3rd
5 mm. ; 4th 3'5 mm. or longer. Stem ultimately climbing by ten-
drils consisting of modified leaflets.

Leaves cauline, lower pair opposite, the rest alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, pinnately compound.

Nos. I and 2. Opposite, imparipinnate, consisting of three pairs
of leaflets and a terminal one ; leaflets half folded up face to face,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, subrevolute at the margins and
convex above, unequal at the base, petiolate, with a prominent sunk
midrib and primary lateral nerves, closely reticulate, sparsely pub-
escent on the upper surface ; primary midrib channelled above,
sparsely pubescent ; petiolules subterete, tapering upwards from a
stout base, pubescent, channelled above, 1*6 cm. long.

Nos. 3 and 4. Nearly opposite, sessile, pinnate and terminating
in a tendril instead of a leaflet, otherwise similar to Nos. 1 and 2 ;
tendril at first straight, alternately branched, slightly scabrous,
purple, tapering towards the tip ; branches slender, dichotomous,
the ultimate branchlets hooked or clawed.

When the slender tip and branchlets have grappled or coiled round
an object, an impulse is communicated to the lower unbranched part,
causing it to coil up spirally and draw the plant to the supporting
object.

246 ON SEEDLINGS

HYDROPHYLLAGEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 825.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and s}Tncarpous,
consisting of two carpels united by their edges only, forming
a one-celled ovary with free or parietal placentas, or the
latter are protruded into the centre, and touching one an-
other form two spurious cells, or the septa cohere and form
two distinct cells with prominent axile placentas. The ovules
vary from two to many on each placenta and are anatro-
pous or amphitropous. The fruit is capsular, dehiscing along
the middle of each carpellary leaf with the valves bearing
the placentas along then: faces, or the placentas are erect
and parallel with the valves. It more rarely happens that
the fruit dehisces at the septa, or irregularly and separating
from the axile placentas. The seeds vary in number from
two to several, and are oblong, globose or angular. The testa
is tubercular or rugose, smooth in one genus, Conanthus,
with only one species. The endosperm is usually copious,
fleshy and sometimes ruminated, surrounding a small em-
bryo. The latter is straight with plano-convex or subterete
cotyledons ; the radicle is superior or points in various direc-
tions hi different species.

The seeds of Nemophila parviflora are subglobose and
variously angled with a rugose testa. The copious endosperm
is ruminated. The embryo is small with orbicular cotyledons
much shorter than the terete radicle. N. maculata has much
larger, similarly angled seeds, ruminated endosperm, and a
correspondingly large embryo of the same shape as that of
N. parviflora. The seeds of Phacelia tanacetifolia are oblong,
obtusely trigonous, and rather small. The embryo is rather
elongated and slender, with linear cotyledons in the broader
plane of the seed or obliquely to it. The terete radicle is
rather elongated.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of this Order are all of simple
types, but they show a considerable amount of variation in

HYDKOPHYLLACE.E 247

different species even of the same genus. Orbicular, obovate,
oval, ovate and linear types occur, with some slight modifica-
tions.

A number of species of Nemophila, including N. maculata
(fig. 530), have orbicular or suborbicular cotyledons, the
petioles of which are dilated and more or less connate.
The first two leaves are pinnatisect with three segments, the
terminal one of which is the largest and more or less deeply
trifid. The following four or more leaves have five segments,
the terminal one of which is the smallest. N. parviflora agrees
somewhat with the above type, but the primary leaves are
more distinctly in pairs, and the first two are less deeply
divided. The seedling of N. phacelioides is chiefly notable
for the much greater size of all its parts. The cotyledons
are rather strongly penninerved, reticulate and hairy. The
first two leaves are pinnatisect with oblong and cuneate,
sometimes emarginate segments. The segments of the next
two leaves are more or less deeply toothed or lobed ; and all
are hairy like the cotyledons.

A different type of seedling is met with in Nemophila
insignis. The cotyledons are obovate-oblong, emarginate, tri-
nerved and hairy. The first four leaves are pinnatifid with
rounded segments. The cotyledons of Phacelia bipinnatifida
are oval. The first leaf is triangular, subcordate at the base,
and shallowly lobed. The next leaf is more decidedly charac-
terised in this way, and has sometimes a separate segment or
two cut away from the main portion of the lamina. The third
leaf is more oblong and more deeply divided.

The whole seedling of Eomanzoffia sitchensis closely re-
sembles that of a Eanunculus. The base of the petioles of
the cotyledons and leaves is dilated and sheathing. The
lamina of the cotyledons is roundly-ovate or triangular, tri-
nerved and glabrous. The first four leaves are palmately
five-nerved and lobed with rather deep auricles. Wigandia
Vigieri (fig. 532) is notable for the very small size of its ovate
or rhomboid cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are ovate
and entire, while the second pair are serrate. Succeeding
leaves are much larger, oblong with a cordate base, and
ultimately attain a great size.

248

OX SEEDLINGS

The cotyledons of Phacelia tanacetifolia (fig. 531) are linear,
petiolate and one-nerved. The first two pairs of leaves are
opposite and twice divided with ovate-oblong primary segments.
The secondary divisions are entire or toothed. The first three
leaves of Phacelia Wrangeliana are small and ovate.

Nemophila maculata, Benth.

Ovary two- to twelve-ovuled ; ovules pendulous, anatropous.
Fruit a one-seeded capsule.

Seed variously angled, generally almost subrotund, from 3-4 mm.
in diameter ; testa rugose, dark brownish ; hilum inconspicuous ;
seed slightly flattened laterally.

Endosperm light brown, fleshy, copious, ruminated.
Embryo straight, embedded in the endosperm, colourless, coty-
ledons suborbicular or oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, plano-convex,
closely adpressed with their edges to the axis ; radicle terete, obtuse,

rather longer than the coty-

/} ledons, which lie in the

broader way of the seed.

Seedling (fig. 530).
Primary root suddenly
terminating in a slender point
and furnished with a few
lateral fibres, annual.

Hypocotyl tapering down-
wards, subflexuose, terete,
sparsely pubescent, mostly
subterranean and colourless,
brownish at the top.

Cotyledons foliaceous,
harry ; petiole channelled
above, dilated and connate at
the base, 1 cm. long ; limb
rotund, concave on the upper
side, about 8 mm. in diameter.
Stem annual, internodes
undeveloped in the young
state.

Leaves simple, pinnatisect, radical (and ultimately cauline also),
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, coarsely hairy on all parts, deep
green, sublucid.

No. 1. Pinnatisect; terminal segment largest, tridentate ;
lateral segments obovate.

FIG. 530. — NemopJiila maculata.
Nat. size.

HYDROPHYLLACEJS 249

No. 2. Pinnatisect ; terminal segment transversely broader than
long, trifid with rounded, obtuse, apiculate lobes ; lateral segments
obovate.

No. 3. Pinnatisect ; basal lobes broadly subrhomboid, tri-
dentate ; middle pair of lobes irregular, subobovate, apiculate ; term-
inal lobe small, obovate, apiculate.

Nos. 4 and 5. Similar to the last.

No. 6. Pinnatisect ; basal pair of segments deeply dentate, ovate,
with apiculate teeth ; middle pair of segments tridentate with
apiculate teeth ; terminal segment obovate with a tooth on one
side.

More segments are added to the leaf by segmentation of the
terminal lobe as the plant gains in size and strength.

Nemophila insignis, Benth.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, short, from 5-8 mm. long,
almost colourless.

Cotyledons obovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly emarginate, rather
unequal, petiolate, hairy on the upper side, glabrous on the lower,
green, indistinctly trinerved ; petioles flat, hairy.

Stem as in N. maculata.

First leaves pinnatifid, radical, opposite, oblong, obtuse, ex-
stipulate, petiolate ; lobes obovate or subrotund, entire or slightly
lobed, pubescent, green, pinnatinerved ; petiole flat, pubescent, very
slightly channelled on the upper side.

Nemophila phacelioides, Nutt.

Hypocotyl short, terete, glabrous, hardly appearing above the
soil.

Cotyledons large, subrotund, from 3-3*5 cm. in diameter, with
a long petiole, obtuse, entire, sub-fleshy, covered with minute hairs
on the upper side, glabrous beneath, light green, distinctly pinnati-
nerved.

Stem as in N. maculata.

First leaves simple, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, petiolate, exstipu-
late, radical, alternate, covered with bristly hairs above, glabrous
beneath ; lobes alternate, almost petiolate, obovate-oblong, entire or
bi- to tri- lobed, light green, pinnatinerved.

Nemophila parviflora, Benth.

Ovary and fruit as in N. maculata.

Seed smaller than in N. maculata ; testa yellowish-red, thin,
becoming almost transparent near the apex.

250 ON SEEDLINGS

Endosperm as in N. maculata, but almost colourless.
Embryo as in N. maculata.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering downwards and giving off strong lateral
rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl very short, erect, terete, slightly hairy or scaberulous,
4-6 mm. long, and tapering indistinguishably into the radicle.

Cotyledons more or less orbicular, petiolate, entire and tipped
with a glandular mucro, or appearing sometimes slightly emarginate,
rigid, subfleshy, usually concave owing to the centre growing faster
than the margins, scabrido-pubescent on both sides, with an in-
distinct midrib but no other venation, deep green above, paler
beneath or violet ; lamina 6'5-9 mm. long, 5'5-8'5 mm. wide ;
petiole semiterete, flattened above, scabrido-pubescent, horizontal,
dilated and connate at the base, 4-6 mm. long.

Stem diffuse, annual, with the primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, or lower opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, lobed, pinnatifid and pinnatisect, with alter-
nate ascending nerves running into each of the principal segments
and lobes, scabrido-pubescent all over, more or less concave or in-
curved at the margin or flat when young, deep green above, paler
beneath ; petioles semiterete, flattened above or shallowly grooved,
dilated at the base and amplexicaul.

First pair pinnatifid, with one obovate, lateral lobe on each side,
and a terminal broadly cuneate trifid one.

Second pair pinnatifid, with a pair of broadly cuneate, slightly
dentate lateral lobes, and a broadly cuneate or transversely rhom-
boid, deeply trifid and slightly toothed terminal segment.

Third and fourth pairs pinnatisect at the base, and pinnatifid
upwards, with the segments mostly trifid.

Phacelia tanacetifolia, Benth.

Ovary few-ovuled ; ovules erect, anatropous ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit a capsule, two-celled, two- to three-seeded.

Seed oblong, 1-1-5 mm. long, considerally flattened laterally ;
testa rugose, membranous ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, almost colourless.

Embryo straight, embedded in the endosperm, either at or very
near the centre of the seed ; cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, almost
flat, closely adpressed, lying either in the broader way of the seed,
or obliquely to it ; radicle long, terete, obtuse, narrow, shorter than
the cotyledons.

HYDROPHYLLACILE

251

Seedling (fig. 531).

Primary root long, tapering downwards, with a few lateral
rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely and thinly pubescent, pale
green or almost colourless, 1-8-2-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, petiolate, minutely pubescent, with a
distinct midrib but no other venation visible in the fresh state ;
lamina 1-3-1-5 cm. long, 8-3-5 mm. wide, narrowed into the petiole;
petiole semiterete, channelled above, pubescent on the edges above,
or nearly glabrous, 7-9 mm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, thinly
glandular - pubescent with de-
curved hairs, pale green ; 1st
internode about 1-3 cm. long ;
2nd about 2-3 cm.

Leaves simple, pinnatisect,
cauline, opposite (at least in the
lower part of the plant), exstipu-
late, petiolate, pubescent on both
surfaces with bulbous - rooted
short hairs directed towards the
apex of the leaf and densely
dotted with sessile glands ;
primary nerves opposite or alter-
nate, ascending; secondary nerves
alternate, ascending ; petioles
semiterete, shallowly channelled
above, pubescent or more or less
glandular - pubescent, tapering
upwards from a broadish, semi-
amplexicaul base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, oblong in outline, pinnatisect, pinnatifid ;
primary segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, shortly stalked ; secondary
segments short, rotund-oblong, obtuse, entire.

Nos. 3 and 4. Opposite, lanceolate or linear in outline, pinnati-
sect, pinnatifid ; primary segments oblong, obtuse, narrowed to-
wards the base and shortly stalked ; secondary segments oblong,
obtuse, slightly toothed.

Phacelia bipinnatifida, Michx. ?

Primary root as in P. tanacetifolia.

Hypocotyl short, obconical, suddenly tapering into the root.

PIG. 531. — Phacelia tanacetifolia.
Half nat. size.

252 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons oval, submucronate, 1-1 cm. long, 8 mm. wide,
sparsely hairy on the nerves, petiolate ; petiole channelled above,
dilated and connate at the base, 1 cm. long.

Stem ultimately developed when about to flower, annual.

Leaves radical (and ultimately cauline), alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, coarsely hairy especially when young and on the petioles ;
petioles channelled above, dilated and subamplexicaul at the base.

No. 1. Triangular-subcordate, coarsely dentate or lobulate, rather
indistinctly nerved above, more prominently beneath.

No. 2. More elongated and pinnatifid or pinnatisect ; terminal
segment very large, nve-lobed ; lateral segments one or two, very
small, oval or elliptic.

No. 3. Pinnatisect with one to two small lateral segments, and
a large terminal sub-bipinnatifid one.

Ultimate leaves lyrate-pinnatisect, pinnatifid ; lateral segments
alternate, very irregular in size and division, ovate or oblong,
acutely incise-serrate or pinnatifid, frequently exhibiting small
intermediate segments cut away from the posterior basal side ;
terminal segment much the largest, triangular, trinerved, lobed
or pinnatifid, and coarsely incise-serrate, often with small oval, or
elliptic, acute, entire segments cut away from its base.

Romanzoffia sitchensis, Cham. ?

Primary root tapering downwards and giving off a few lateral
rootlets, soon superseded by numerous, strong adventitious roots
from the base of the cotyledons and leaves.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledons rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, trinerved,
with the lateral nerves incurved and uniting with the midrib below
the apex, minutely glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, deep
opaque green above, paler beneath, tipped with a gland ; lamina
3-4-25 mm. long, 2-5-4-25 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above,
convex on the back, tapering upwards from a broad, dilated and
slightly connate base, minutely glandular-pubescent, reddish-purple,
2-5-6 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, and developed only when about to flower,
about six inches long ; primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, pal-
mately nerved and toothed or lobulate, slightly hairy on both sur-
faces with pale-coloured jointed hairs, deep opaque green above,
paler beneath ; petioles semiterete, slightly flattened above, much
dilated and clasping at the base, hairy or almost villous with pale
jointed hairs, especially in the hollow dilated bases.

HYDROPHYLLACE.E 253

No. 1. Cordate, palmately three- to five-nerved, and toothed with
glandular-mucronate, obtuse teeth.

Nos. 2 and 3. Eeniform, five- or six-nerved with glandular-mucro-
nate, obtuse teeth.

No. 4. Eeniform, palmately seven-nerved and toothed or sub-
lobulate.

Wigandia Vigieri, Hort. (fig. 582).

Primary root tender, succulent, flexuose, frequently giving off
rootlets at the angles.

Hypocotyl short, tapering downwards, colourless under the soil,
red above it and hairy, 3-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons very small, petiolate, pubescent, pale green; lamina
rhomboid, acute, 2 mm. long, T5 mm. wide ;
petiole 1-1-25 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, densely and coarsely
hairy, succulent in the young stage, purple ; in-
ternodes very variable, bringing the early leaves
nearly or quite opposite.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (or a few
of the seedling leaves opposite), exstipulate,
petiolate, coarsely hairy on both sides, deep
green above with a purple midrib and fre-
quently splashed with purple, paler beneath
and irregularly splashed with purple, alter-
nately penninerved ; petioles subterete, narrowly channelled above,
tapering upwards from a stout base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, opposite, ovate, obtuse, entire.

Nos. 3 and 4. Opposite, ovate, subacute or obtuse, serrate.

No. 5. Alternate, oblong, acute, cordate at the base, irregularly
or somewhat doubly dentate.

No. 6. Cordate-oblong, obtuse, doubly dentate.

No. 7 and 8. Cordate, elongate, acute, doubly dentate.

BORAGINEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 832.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary is superior, syncarpous, and
consists of two carpels each of which is two-ovuled. Some-
times it is entire, or again more or less deeply four-lobed and
two-celled, or the cells may be divided by spurious septa or

254 ON SEEDLINGS

strongly involute placentas, thus making the ovary more or
less distinctly four-celled, each cell with a single ovule. In
other cases the ovary is four-lobed and four-celled, with
the central part entire and together with the gynobasic
style persistent. It more rarely happens that the lobes are
connate in pairs, and each two-celled, or that there are two
lobes, each containing one ovule. The ovules are erect, oblique
or horizontal, and inserted at the base or towards the apex of
axile placentas. The micropyle is superior or faces the axis.
The fruit is drupaceous, and two- to four-celled with a woody
endocarp, or breaks up into two to four pyrenes, or fewer
by abortion. In these cases the exocarp is fleshy, baccate or
thin. There are many familiar instances where the fruit
breaks up into four nutlets, or fewer by abortion, with a hard
or sometimes fleshy exocarp or shell, one-seeded and in-
dehiscent. The seed like the ovule is erect or oblique, rarely
horizontal, straight or incurved, and conforming to the ulterior
of the cells, pyrene, or nutlet as the case may be. The
testa is membranous. Endosperm is copious and fleshy, or
scanty, and at other times entirely wanting. The embryo
is straight or curved in conformity with the seed, while the
cotyledons vary greatly, being flat, plano-convex, thick and
fleshy, and entire. A few cases occur where the cotyledons are
bifid, and others where they are much plaited. The radicle is
generally short and superior, or facing the axis.

The cotyledons are plaited in the tribe Cordieae, bipartite
in the genus Amsinckia, and the radicle is subinferior in some
members of the subtribe Cynoglosseae.

The plaited character of the cotyledons is well shown by
Cordia subcordata (fig. 534). The folds are longitudinal and
deep, causing the cotyledons to be toothed or notched at the
apex. The fruit is undivided, nut-Like and four-celled, but
three out of the four cells are usually empty or contain aborted
ovules only. The endocarp is woody or bony, elevated on its
outer surface into longitudinal and transverse ridges, and
covered by a fleshy exocarp, becoming cortical when dry.
The plaiting of the cotyledons in the nut of C. subopposita
is less deep and perhaps more irregular. A section shows
two small and two large but empty cells, while a fifth con-

BORAGINEAE 255

tains a perfect embryo. This number of cells is however
probably quite abnormal. An imperfect fruit of C. grandi-
folia (fig. 533) shows three small cells towards one side of
the endocarp, while there is a larger but empty one in the
centre.

The most familiar examples of the Boragineae have fruit
which breaks up into four one-seeded nutlets to the interior of
which the seeds and embryo conform. Endosperm is usually
wanting and the cotyledons are plano-convex and rather fleshy.
Borago oflficinalis is an example of this type. The embryo is
straight and ovoid, with oval plano-convex cotyledons. The
nutlets of Cynoglossum vulgare are larger, covered with coarse,
hooked bristles, obovoid and somewhat compressed. The
cotyledons are broadly obovate. The epicarp of Symphytum
asperrimum is unequally thickened, one side having a thick
wall, but it is quite smooth. The cotyledons are oval or
oblong, rounded at the end and plano-convex. The nutlets
of Myosotis arvensis are ovoid, smooth, and very small. The
cotyledons are broadly obovate or oval and otherwise quite
typical. The nutlets of Lithospermum omcinale are also
ovoid and polished as in Myosotis, but they are much
larger. The walls are very thick and bony, and the seed with
the embryo conforms closely to the interior. The cotyledons
are broadly oval or obovate and entire. The nutlets of
Echium vulgare are ovoid, subconical, slightly incurved up-
wards, keeled on the dorsal aspect and covered all over with
little warts or protuberances. The hilum of the seed is above
the middle of the ventral aspect. The seed and embryo
are slightly incurved in conformity with the nutlet. The
cotyledons are broadly oblong or oval. In all of the above cases
belonging to this type the radicle is superior and very short.

A third type is met with in Amsinckia, the cotyledons of
which are bipartite. The nutlets of A. longifolia are ovoid,
elongated, somewhat trigonous and rugose or warted on the
surface. The cotyledons have oblong lobes so arranged as
to occupy the angles of the seed and fruit. The angular
character of the nutlet may explain the necessity for fission
of the cotyledons which would otherwise fit awkwardly into
the angles.

256 ON SEEDLINGS

Seedlings. — There are at least five or six different types of
cotyledons amongst the Boraginese. One of the most remark -
able is that represented by Cordia latifolia which has broad
subrhomboid-cuneate, somewhat plaited, five-nerved coty-
ledons. The three primary nerves are much branched with
the branches terminating in the notches between the crena-
tures of the apical margin of the lamina. The crenatures are
due to the way in which the large cotyledons are longitudinally
folded or plaited in the seed. Other instances are met with
in which the midrib ends in an apical sinus, such as Brassica
and Convolvulus as well as all or most cases where the coty-
ledons are bifid or emarginate, but the case of numerous cre-
natures with the stronger secondary as well as the primary
veins ending in the notches is probably unique as far as the
genus Cordia is concerned. The hypocotyl of C. latifolia is very
short. The first leaf is small, oblong and entire, while the two
following leaves are much larger and thinly serrated above the
middle. The seedling of C. subcordata (fig. 535) is altogether
taller and more robust with a long hypocotyl. The cotyledons
are transversely oval, longitudinally plicate, and otherwise
like those of C. latifolia. The first leaf is ovate, acuminate,
and the second cordate, The cotyledons of C. decandra
are obovate-elliptic, plicate, crenate at the apical margin,
pubescent and penninerved. An exceptional case occurs in
C. ferruginea which has broadly obovate-cuneate, trinerved,
entire cotyledons. The first two leaves are oblong-lanceolate
and subopposite.

A third type occurs in Lithospermum officinale (fig. 538)
which has obovate or roundly-elliptic, emarginate cotyledons ;
hairy on the upper surface. The first two leaves are opposite
but unequal in size, oblong-elliptic and entire. The cotyledons
of Echium canescens are suborbicular or oblate and hairy,
with a wide shallow apical sinus.

The cotyledons of some species vary between obovate,
oblong-obovate and spathulate. Those of Anchusa capensis
are broadly obovate, entire, penninerved and hairy. The
first leaf is lanceolate-oblong, tapering to the base, penni-
nerved and hairy. Those of Echium violaceum differ chiefly
in having a more oval lamina. The first pair of leaves are

BORAGINE^E 257

oblong-oval and opposite. The seedling of Eritrichium bar-
bigerum is altogether smaller, with spathulate hairy cotyledons
showing only a somewhat obscure midrib.

Suborbicular cotyledons occur in a number of species
including Tournefortia ferruginea (fig. 536). They are sub-
truncate at the base, trinerved, finely pubescent with rather
slender petioles. Those of Omphalodes linifolia are smaller,
glabrous, glaucous and one -nerved. In the case of Echium
Decaisnei they are small, rotund, and concave. The leaves
are all lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, finely and densely
hairy on both surfaces, and appear to vary only in size
from the seedling onward to the adult state.

A most remarkable type is met with amongst the species
of Amsinckia in which the cotyledons are bifid or bipartite.
In A. intermedia (fig. 537) they are cut down to the petioles,
with spathulate, hairy, one-nerved, entire, somewhat stalked
and divaricate lobes. Two or more of the primary leaves are
linear and hairy.

Cordia subopposita, DC.

Fruit a nut, or drupe according to some authors, oblong-ellipsoid,
tipped with the remains of the terminal style, glabrous, dark-
coloured, four- rarely three- or five-celled, or by abortion reduced
to one or more fertile or seed-bearing cells, while the others are
empty ; exocarp in the dried state forming a layer of dry, softish,
cellular material ; endocarp bony, ellipsoid, subtetragonal, taper-
ing above and below the middle, with four slightly excavated or
sculptured sides above the middle, slightly notched at the base and
shortly bifid at the apex, pale brown or straw-coloured.

Seed obovoid, somewhat compressed laterally, and subconical at
the tip ; testa thin, membranous, smooth, white, micropyle at the
upper and pointed end of the seed ; hilum lateral and attached to
the inner angle of the cell.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, filling the entire cavity of the seed,
colourless ; cotyledons very broad, rounded, crenate, much plaited
from the testa towards the centre of the seed so as to occupy the
whole of the space, thick and subfleshy ; radicle short, stout, tur-
binate, obtuse, lying in the conical tip of the seed, and pointing
to the base of the style.

IT. S

258

ON SEEDLINGS

Cordia grandifolia, DC. (fig. 533).

Fruit a drupe, or rather a nut when mature and dry, four-celled,
but usually only one cell contains a perfect embryo, which is
transverse to the axis and oblong-subreniform, closely covered with
fine adpressed hairs, lying in the broad, almost flattened, five-lobed
calyx ; pericarp crustaceous when dry or subcoriaceous ; endocarp
bony, except at the receptacle where a cavity is left filled with
rather soft, cortical, pale-coloured tissue, nearly smooth except on

'AR

FIG. 533. — Cordia grandifolia. A, fruit, x 4 : Ca, calyx ; ap, apex of fruit.
B, endocarp and seed, or nut, x 4 : AS, attachment to receptacle ; ap, apex
of nut ; ac, ac, aborted cells of ovary. C, transverse section of nut, x 4 :
ac, ac, ac, aborted cells of ovary ; Ic, large cell usually containing a seed,
but here empty.

the upper side which is raised into numerous tooth-like elevations,
smooth and differently coloured on the ventral aspect near the top,
denoting the presence of the three aborted lobes of the ovary. A
transverse section of this part showed one large and three small
cavities, the latter of which were empty.

Cordia subcordata, Lam. (fig. 534).

Fruit a nut (by some called a drupe) enclosed in the enlarged

BORAGINE^E

259

En,

calyx-tube, four-celled, four-seeded, or by abortion fewer, indehiscent,
and not separating into nutlets as in the more typical Boraginefe ;
epicarp forming a thick cortical pale brown stratum ; the bony endo-
carp with longitudinal and a few more or less acute transverse
ridges, embedded in the cortical layer. In the fruit examined one
cell had a perfect embryo or seed, while all the other ovules were
aborted and the cells
very small. -s

Seed conforming to
the interior of the cell
which it fills, ovoid-
conical, glabrous, pale-
coloured ; testa very
thin, soft, separable
into an outer cortical
layer, and an inner
white layer ; micropyle
superior at the pointed
end of the seed, and
indicated by a small
dark-coloured spot.

Endosperm absent. Flo. 5S4._Cordia subcordata. Transverse section
Embryo large, of nut, x 4: T, testa; C, cotyledon; TB, TB, testa

qtrniVht nprnnvino- tliP °f barren Seeds in empty cells ; En' endocarP; s>
Stiaignt, occupying til barren cell with testa, T ; S, sutural line.

whole interior of the

seed ; cotyledons large, much plicate longitudinally and crenate at
the margin, folded from the circumference towards the centre of the
seed, and from thence back again, and this is continued all round
the interior of the seed, rather thick, fleshy, and colourless ; radicle
very short, stout, turbinate, obtuse, lying externally to the coty-
ledons and occupying the conical tip of the seed, close to the micro-
pyle which is dark-coloured.

Seedling (fig. 535).

Hypocotyl suffruticose, densely covered with short stiff hairs,
7 cm. long.

Cotyledons petiolate, soft and succulent, becoming coriaceous,
transversely oval, roundish or oblong, crenate, plicate, subcordate at
the base, palmately three- to five-nerved with numerous strong
lateral veins ascending from the primary ones, pale green above
and covered with a dense adpressed pubescence, paler beneath and
glabrous except on the nerves ; petiole somewhat flattened above*
convex beneath, densely pubescent, 8'5 mm. long.

s 2

260

ON SEEDLINGS

Stem erect, terete, becoming woody, densely covered with an
adpressed or ascending pubescence, pale green ; 1st internode 2-3
cm. long, 1'5 mm. thick ; 2nd (when sketched) 5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, al-
ternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
sparsely pubescent on both sur-
faces with short, adpressed,
white, rather stiff hairs, quite
entire.

No. 1. Ovate, acuminate,
very unequal at the base, sub-
concave, involute and wavy at
the margin, penninerved and
reticulate, acute ; petiole flat-
tened above, convex beneath,
covered with a dense adpressed
pubescence pointing towards
the apex, 6 mm. long.

No. 2. Cordate, acute, slightly
unequal at the base, subtrinerved
Fio.sss.-Cordiasubcordata. and reticulate; petiole 5 mm.

Half nat. size. long.

Cordia latifolia, Eoxb,

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout, fleshy, glabrous, green.

Cotyledons very large, and similar to those of C. subcordata.

Stem erect, terete, hairy, pale green, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 5 mm. long ; 2nd 1-25 mm. ; 3rd 1 mm.

Leaves alternately and ascendingly penninerved (with the nerves
ending in marginal serratures), reticulate, minutely cilia te, and
hairy on the midrib, otherwise glabrous, membranous, light green ;
petiole stout, short, semiterete, channelled above, hairy.

No. 1. Oblong, obtuse.

No. 2. Cuneate, obovate, mucronate, cuspidate, irregularly ser-
rate above the middle, with obtuse mucronate serratures.

No. 3. Oblong-obovate, otherwise like the last.

Cordia decandra, Hook, et Am.

Hypocotyl long, stout, 2-5-3 cm. long, pubescent, terete, light
green or almost colourless.

Cotyledons obovate -elliptic, obtuse, crenate, wrinkled, wide,
subsessile, pubescent, green, very distinctly pinnatinerved.

BOKAGIXE.E

Cordia ferruginea, Eoem. et Schult.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 1-2-5 cm. long,
light green or almost colourless.

Cotyledons broadly obovate, obtuse, entire, cuneate at the base,
petiolate, glabrous, green, brighter beneath, trinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, minutely pubescent ; 1st inter-
node 1-25-2 mm. long.

Leaves. — First pair simple, entire, cauline, subopposite, lanceo-
late, acute, with short petioles, exstipulate, hairy, green, pinnatinerved.

Tournefortia ferruginea, Lam. (fig. 536).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, stoutish, 1-5-2-2 mm. long,
light green or almost colourless.

Cotyledons broadly subrotund, somewhat
truncate at the base, obtuse, entire, petio-
late, minutely pubescent, green, trinerved ;
petioles rather flat. The cotyledons in some
cases appear to have considerable difficulty
in freeing themselves from the woody testa.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, pubescent,
ultimately woody ; 1st internode 6-10 mm.
long ; 2nd 5-6 mm.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, oppo-
site, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate, ovately
oval, obtuse, ciliate, densely pubescent, green,
somewhat wrinkled, pinnatinerved ; petioles long, pubescent, chan-
nelled above.

Omphalodes linifolia, Moench.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, light green or colourless, 6-
8 mm. long.

Cotyledons rotund, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous, pale sub-
glaucous-green, one-nerved ; petioles broad, rather flat and shallowly
channelled on the upper face.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped, annual.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, afterwards alternate,
broadly spathulate or obovate, obtuse, petiolate, exstipulate, glabrous,
pale glaucous-green, very indistinctly pinnatinerved ; petioles broad,
flat, shallowly channelled on the upper face.

Cynoglossum vulgare, Giildenst.

Ovary of two carpels, each two-ovuled ; ovules anatropous, pen-
dulous or almost horizontal ; micropyle superior.

FIG. 536. — Tournefortia

ferruginea.
Half nat. size.

262

ON SEEDLINGS

Fruit consisting of four nutlets, the pericarps of which are covered
with coarse hooked bristles.

Seed conforming in shape to the fruit, obovate, obtuse, exalbumi-
nous, considerably flattened ; testa smooth, membranous ; hilum
conspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the seed, colourless ; cotyledons broadly
obovate, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying face to face the broad
way of the seed with their faces to the axis ; radicle short, obtuse,
terete, much shorter than the cotyledons.

In C. furcatnm, Wall., the seed is similar in all respects to that
of C. vulgare, but much smaller, more flattened, and the pericarp
is covered with proportionally longer bristles.

Eritrichium barbigemm, A. Gray.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, 1-1 '5 mm. long, green or almost
colourless.

Cotyledons subfleshy, spathulate, obtuse, entire, tapering to the
base, covered with rather stiff hairs on the upper side, glabrous

beneath, green, indistinctly one-
nerved.

Stem erect, terete, hairy,
herbaceous ; 1st internode '75-
1-25 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, entire,
cauline, opposite, decussate, ses-
sile, tapering to the base, ex-
stipulate, spathulate-linear, ob-
tuse, covered with rather stiff
hairs or bristles, green, dis-
tinctly one- nerved.

Amsinckia intermedia, Fisch.
et Hey. (fig. 537).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, gla-
brous, 1-6-2 cm. long, light
green.

Cotyledons deeply bipartite,
divided nearly to the base, with
spathulate, obtuse, somewhat stalked, one-nerved, hairy, divaricate
divisions. When the seedling first appears above ground the
segments are linear, erect, but soon diverge, widen and lengthen till
they become spathulate.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, hairy.
Nos. 1 and 2. Linear, suba ute, entire.

PIG. 537. — Amsinckia intermedia, x 2.

BORAGINE^E 263

Borago officinalis, L.

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary of two carpels, deeply divided
into four parts, which ultimately fall away from the receptacle as
four nutlets ; nutlets erect, oblong, terminated by an acute shallow
ridge that runs along the apex and down the inner angle, con-
stricted a little above the base giving the latter a tumid appear-
ance, striated longitudinally with shallow, more or less toothed or
muricated ridges on all sides, pale green when immature, ulti-
mately brown ; style gynobasic ; ovules solitary in each of the four
parts of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous ; micropyle close to or
at the apex.

Fruit breaking up into four indehiscent nutlets, which before
maturity are seated on a tumid or fleshy body, rounded on all sides
except where the seed comes in contact with it.

Seed ovoid-oblong, smooth, with a broad base and suddenly
tapered to a small point at the apex, pale green when immature,
conforming to the smooth inner surface of the pericarp from which
it never escapes ; radicle superior or at the apex of the seed, forming
a small turbinate point.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo always straight, oval or elliptic in outline, fleshy, milk-
white, suspended from the narrow apex of the seed; cotyledons
plano-convex, applied face to face, oval or elliptic in outline, perfectly
straight and entire, rather rounded at the apex and tapering to the
small turbinate radicle.

Anchusa capensis, Tliunbg.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, 4-5 mm. long, light green or colourless,
glabrous.

Cotyledons broadly obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, shortly petio-
late, hispid above, glabrous beneath, green, indistinctly pinnatinerved
like the leaves.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, oblong, obtuse,
tapering at the base to a broad petiole, exstipulate, hispid, green,
pinnatinerved.

Myosotis arvensis, Iloffm.

Fruit of four nutlets, each one-seeded and oval, with their peri-
carps smooth and greenish.

Seed conforming in shape to the nutlets from '75-1 mm. long,
slightly laterally flattened ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm wanting.

Embryo straight, filling the seed, colourless ; cotyledons broadly

264

ON SEEDLINGS

obovate, obtuse, entire, lying in the broad way of the seed with their
edges to the axis ; radicle short, terete, obtuse, much shorter than
the cotyledons.

Lithospermum officinale, L.

Fruit of four nutlets, or fewer by abortion, each one- seeded,
ovoid ; walls of nutlet thick, woody, externally bluish-white, of stony
hardness and appearing enamelled.

Seed ovoid, conforming to the interior of the nutlet, to which it
is closely applied, occupying the whole of the interior except a small
empty space at the ventral suture, laterally attached to the placenta,
and by growth subsequent to fertilisation appearing basally attached
or nearly so ; radicle superior.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, obovoid, pale yellowish-white, occupying
the whole interior of the seed ; cotyledons oval, rounded and entire
at the apex, plano-convex and thick ; radicle turbinate, obtuse,
much shorter than the cotyledons and directed into the obtusely
conical point of the nutlet and seed.

Seedling (fig. 538).

Primary root normal, tapering, fibrous.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, pubescent,
3-9 mm. long.

Cotyledons obovate or subrotund-elliptic,
emarginate, tapering into the petiole, light green,
with short, bulbous -rooted hairs on the margin and
upper surface, nearly glabrous beneath, with a dis-
tinct midrib but no lateral nerves ; lamina 1-5 cm.
long, 1-1'3 cm. wide; petiole broad, shallowly
grooved above, perfoliate at the base, closely
pubescent, pale green, 6-8 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, closely covered
with adpressed pubescence, directed upwards, pale
green ; 1st internode 1-8-2-7 cm. long ; 2nd un-
developed ; 3rd slightly elongated.
Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (first two opposite),
exstipulate, petiolate, covered all over with subadpressed, bulbous-
rooted hairs, pale green ; petioles rather broad, flattened; shallowly
grooved above, hairy like the leaf, semiamplexicaul at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oblong-elliptic, minutely cuspidate, opposite, but
unequal in size, with a few alternate, ascending nerves.

Nos. 3 and 4. Slightly alternating with each other, lanceolate-

BORAGINE.E 265

elliptic or narrowly elliptic, minutely cuspidate, with a few alternate,
ascending nerves.

Ultimate leaves narrowly lanceolate.

By bleaching the cotyledons it may be seen that two pairs of
nerves arise in the petiole, the lower of which is short, but the next
pair follows the curve of the cotyledon at some distance from the
margin, and unites with a third pair arising below the middle of
the cotyledon, and describing a curve joins the midrib close to
the apical sinus. Smaller branches anastomose copiously with all
these.

Stomata are numerous on the under side, fewer on the upper.
The epidermal cells are very wavy on the under side, but less so
above.

The margin of the cotyledon and the base of the sinus especially
have large open pores. The thickened apex of the midrib shows a
few discoloured openings on the upper surface, but more numer-
ous and conspicuous below. They are rounder than the stomata,
and some of them at least are surrounded with four guard cells.
The emargination of the cotyledons takes place after germination,
and is due to the tissues on each side of the sinus growing more
rapidly than the portion bearing the water-gland and the water
stomata.

Echium vulgare, L.

Fruit breaking up into four (or fewer by abortion), one-celled,
one-seeded nutlets which are ovoid-subconical, slightly incurved
upwards, somewhat constricted above the horizontal attachment at
the base, and again above the part occupied by the cotyledons,
scabrid all over the surface or raised into little prominences, carinate
along the upper part of the dorsal aspect, and along the whole
length of the ventral suture, brown.

Seed ovoid, subcompressed dorsally, and slightly curved, owing
to the curvature of the nutlet which it closely occupies ; testa thin,
membranous, yellowish ; hilum above the middle on the ventral
aspect ; raphe and chalaza consisting of nerves, radiating from the
hilum to the broad lower part of the seed ; micropyle and radicle
superior in the tip of the nutlet and some little distance above the
hilum.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo slightly incurved owing to the shape of the seed and
nutlet, large, and occupying the whole of the seed, yellowish ; coty-
ledons broadly oblong, short, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, closely
adpressed face to face ; radicle occupying the conical tip of the

266 ON SEEDLINGS

seed and conforming to it in shape, less than half the length of the
cotyledons.

EcMum canescens, Presl.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, hairy, 2'5-3 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons broadly rotund or ohlate, obtuse, shallowly emar-
ginate, petiolate, pubescent, green, indistinctly trinerved or almost
pinnatinerved ; petiole broad, flat, shallowly channelled above.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

Echium violaceum, L.

Hypocotyl as in E. canescens, 1-1-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oval, entire, obtuse, with broad flat petioles,
hairy, green, pinnatinerved as hi the leaves.

Stem as in E. canescens.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, opposite, oblong-oval, obtuse,
petiolate, exstipulate, hispid, green, pinnatinerved ; succeeding ones
alternate.

Echium Decaisnei, Webb et Berth.

Hypocotyl wiry, about 1'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons rotund, concave, shortly petiolate, about 8 mm. long,
4'5 mm. wide.

Stem erect or subflexuose, terete, and thickening upwards, woody,
hispid with white, broad-based hairs ; internodes numerous, short,
4-8 mm. long.

Leaves cauline, alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate, petiolate,
numerous ; limb lanceolate, obtuse or acute, penninerved, tapering
to both ends, softly and densely hairy above with sunken nerves, pale
green on both surfaces, densely hairy beneath with prominent mid-
rib and lateral ascending nerves ; petiole channelled above, convex
beneath, dilated at the base and half amplexicaul, hispid, varying
in length according to the size of the leaf which gradually increases
successively from the base of the stem upwards.

COXVOLVULACE.-E 267

COXVOLVULACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 865.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and syncarpous,
consisting usually of two carpels, rarely of three, five, or ten,
and cohering so as to form as many cells as there are carpels.
In some cases there are spurious septa interposed dividing
the ovary into as many cells as there are ovules. The ovary
is generally entire, but in rarer cases is divided into distinct
erect lobes. The ovules are usually geminate in each cell,
rarely one or four, sessile, basal, erect from the inner angle of
each cell, anatropous or nearly so. The fruit is generally
entire and globose, rarely oblong or conical, fleshy, baccate,
pulpy and indehiscent, or capsular as in the typical genus,
with hardened, crustaceous or membranous walls, indehiscent
or dehiscing by two to four valves, rarely bursting irregularly
or transversely operculate. In other cases the fruit is divided
into two to many lobes, each piece constituting an indehiscent
one-seeded nutlet ; or it may be divided into as many cells as
there are seeds when the latter are numerous. The seeds are
as numerous as the ovules or fewer by abortion, basal from
the inner angles of the cells and erect. When solitary they
conform to the cavity of the fruit, but when there are two or
more they become angled by mutual compressure. The testa is
membranous or crustaceous, rarely fleshy and smooth, villous
or woolly. Endosperm is present and fleshy or more usually
forms a thin layer occupying the space between the various
parts of the embryo. The latter is large and variously folded
with thin and foliaceous cotyledons which are entire, emargin-
ate, bifid or bipartite. More rarely the embryo is terete, curved
and subspherical, or spiral with elongated semiterete or
obsolete cotyledons. The radicle is inferior, directed towards
the hilum and often more or less curved round the dorsal
aspect of the seed. An exceptional case occurs in Nephro-
phyllum where the embryo is terete and much curved, with
spiral cotyledons scarcely wider than the radicle. In the
same category Nolana, Alona, and Dolia may be placed. The

268 OX SEEDLINGS

species of Cuscuta have an embryo consisting of a terete spiral
body with inconspicuous or obsolete cotyledons. A well-marked
type of seed occurs in the numerous species of Convolvulus
and Ipomcea, and as they correspond pretty closely they may
be taken together. "When more than two seeds reach maturity
in a capsule, they are bluntly trigonous with the hilum basal,
and facing the inner angle of the cell obliquely. The interior
of the seeds is remarkable for an invagination of the tegmen
along the ventral angle. The extent to which it is infolded
varies greatly in different species ; in all cases it is perhaps
most marked at the apical end of the seed, and from thence it
is continued towards the base. The seeds of some species are
almost two- celled owing to the excessive development of this
pecuh'ar process, and a small opening is left just sufficient to
permit of the embryo pushing half of each cotyledon into
each of the halves of the seed. There is also a singular
invagination of the micropyle close to the hilum, forming with
the dorsal integument of the seed a tubular cavity hi which the
embryo arises, and which ultimately accommodates the radicle
only. This is not so rare an occurrence as the first mentioned
process, as we meet with it hi species belonging to various
Orders, although generally it is much less marked. Some-
thing like it occurs in Acer and ^Esculus belonging to the
Sapindaceae. The embryo is large, and during development
the cotyledons grow till they reach the apex of the seed or till
they meet the invagination of the tegmen when the growth of
the primary axis or midrib is stopped ; or if it continues to
grow, then the cotyledons become folded transversely upon
themselves in the dorsal region of the seed. Sooner or later
however the cotyledons become concave on the ventral aspect,
and obliquely lateral lobes are developed so as to occupy the
cells on each side of the invaginated tegmen. This causes
the cotyledons to become emarginate, bifid or bipartite
according to the length of the lateral lobes. "When the latter
attain great length they become very much folded, plicate or
crumpled, giving the cotyledons the characteristics which mark
them after germination. "When the seeds are large and the
cotyledons but little folded, the latter are but shallowly bifid
or merely ernarginate after germination ; but when the seeds

CONVOLYULACE^E 269

are small and the cotyledons are much folded, they appear
deeply bifid and bipartite after germination. The species of
Convolvulus and Ipomoea observed may for convenience sake be
divided into those which have merely emarginate, and those
which have bifid, deeply bifid, and bipartite cotyledons. Con-
volvulus Soldanella may be given as a type having the coty-
ledons merely emarginate. The amount of the invagination of
the tegrnen is small ; the cotyledons undergo little folding in the
seed, and they are seen to be five-nerved at the base even at a
very early stage. The midrib forks a little way before reaching
the sinus of the cotyledon, and this is what occurs in many, if
not in all of the species coming under my notice. There is a
more or less direct relation between the length of the midrib
and the depth of the lobing, for the longer the lobes are the
shorter the midrib which represents the real length of the axis
of the cotyledon.

Convolvulus sepium agrees pretty closely with this type, as
does also C. tricolor.

The cotyledons of Ipomcea purpurea are shallowly bifid,
and the amount of folding is moderate in the seed ; but the
infolding of the tegmen is considerable.

The seed of Ipomoea Pes-caprae is almost two-celled owing
to the ingrowth of the tegmen on the ventral aspect, and
the invagination of the micropyle is also considerable. The
cotyledons are deeply bifid, but the amount of folding of
the lateral lobes is moderate, and the length of the midrib
is considerable owing to transverse folding on the dorsal
aspect of the seed just after leaving the tube from the micro-
pyle and before the lamina divides. This particular folding
is due to growth in length of the lamina after the apical
sinus comes in contact with the obstruction caused by the
tegmen. The advantage or economy of the latter may be to
prevent the lobes of the cotyledons from getting intricately
confused with one another, thereby rendering exit from the
seed during germination more difficult or even impossible.
I. Eoxburghii agrees pretty closely with this type. I. Qua-
moclit (fig. 539) also agrees with it as far as the invagination
is concerned and the length of the lateral lobes of the cotyle-
dons, but the latter are very much folded transversely so that

270 ON SEEDLINGS

its axial length is considerable, and this is well seen after
germination as well as before it. The seed is comparatively
small.

I. dasysperma represents the fourth type in which the coty-
ledons are bipartite. The real length of the midrib, and therefore
the lamina, is almost nil ; but, on the contrary, we have an
unusual development of the lateral lobes. The invagination of
the micropyle and the tegmen is considerable. The radicle is
long, in fact nearly equalling the length of the seed, bringing the
apical sinus in contact with the prominent tegmen. The lamina
is little or not at all transversely folded, but the folding is ex-
cessive in the long lateral lobes. The basal auricles are more-
over well pronounced in this species. Two long lateral nerves
traverse the lobes, and there is a third short one at the
base. Convolvulus Cneorum might almost constitute a fifth
type, so much does it differ from the last. The cotyledons
are bipartite, in fact cut into the petiole, and they are folded
transversely, but not to any great extent. The invagination of
the tegmen is very slight, in fact almost obsolete. That of the
micropyle is, however, normal. This divided state of the coty-
ledons may have arisen in an ancestral form having the inner
coat of the seed strongly infolded as in the above cases, and the
invagination may have become obsolete in more recent times,
while the fission of the cotyledons has persisted. The fission
would however favour or facilitate transverse folding, seeing
that broad undivided cotyledons would have difficulty in folding
into or adapting themselves to the peculiar shape of the seed.
The seeds of this species are shortly and densely pubescent ;
those of Ipomcea dasysperma are silky, those of I. Quamoclit
pubescent, of I. Pes-caprae densely so.

The seeds and embryos of Nolana atriplicifolia are built
upon quite a different plan and strongly resemble those of a
Solanum, a Chenopodium, or their allies. The ovule and seed
are campylotropous. The embryo is terete and very much
curved or circulate, passing round the periphery of the seed
and covered merely by a very thin layer of endosperm, with
a greater quantity of the latter in the middle of the seed.
The cotyledons are incumbent, plano-convex, and lie in the
narrow way of the seed which is angled but slightly compressed.

CONVOLVULACE^E 271

Seedlings. — The greater number of the seedlings observed
are modelled on the same plan, but vary considerably in the
depth of fission of the cotyledons, in the number of nerves
radiating from the base of the lamina, and in size. Seedlings
of the tribe Nolaneae have cotyledons resembling those of
a Solanum. All those noticed may be conveniently divided
into five or six groups according to the division of the coty-
ledons and their venation.

The first group may be represented by Convolvulus Solda-
nella which has broadly oblong or squarish, shallowly emargi-
nate cotyledons with seven nerves radiating from the base.
The hypocotyl is very short and the petioles of the cotyledons
greatly elongated. The first two leaves are reniform-orbicular.
The cotyledons of C. sepium are very similar but narrower
and longer, with shorter petioles and a longer hypocotyl.
The shoots proceeding from their axils are geotropic. The
first two leaves are cordate and subhastate, acute and widely
separated by the lengthening of the internodes. The first and
second leaves of a seedling of this species curiously enough
were almost the counterpart of the cotyledons, but were rather
smaller and more deeply emarginate. Something similar is of
frequent occurrence in Ipomcea Pes-caprae ; in fact such a form
is the most common one. The cotyledons of Convolvulus tricolor
are obcordate or cuneate, bifid, trinerved at the base, and re-
markably similar to those of Brassica, both in shape and
venation. The first five leaves are spathulate, the sixth
linear-oblong, and the seventh to the fourteenth inclusive,
oblong. The cotyledons of Convolvulus triflorus are similar,
but more deeply bifid. The two first leaves are oblong-ovate.

A third type is met with in Ipomcea Pes-caprae which
has deeply bifid cotyledons, trinerved at the base as in the
last case, while a pair of strong lateral nerves are given off
from the midrib higher up, so that two strong lateral nerves
traverse each lobe of the lamina. The primary leaves are
very variable in different individual seedlings. In the one
described the first one is oblong, and seven suceeding ones
are oblong-obcordate, or shortly bifid as in the typical leaf of
the adult plant which is not unlike the impression made
by a goat's foot on the ground, hence the specific name. The

272 ON SEEDLINGS

leaves of the adult plant in the Kew specimens are more poly-
morphic than those of the seedling ; they are broader than long,
or suborbicular or oblong-emarginate. sometimes subcordate at
the base, or they are ovate, or obovate-oblong. The cotyledons
of Ipomoaa Nil are also trinerved from the base, but they are
rather less deeply divided, unequal in size and have wider lobes.
The first three leaves are cordate, acuminate, and five-nerved
from the base. I. dissecta (fig. 542) has also unequal, tri-
nerved cotyledons, but they are more deeply auricled at the
base, and a second pair of lateral veins arise a little above the
base making them almost five-nerved. Their petioles are
considerably elongated to compensate for the shortness of the
hypocotyl above the soil. The first internode of the stem is
but little developed, and the first leaf five-toothed and almost
or quite rudimentary. The second leaf is five-lobed and
several times larger, but yet very small. The third to the
sixth inclusive are palmately five-nerved and -partite with
rhomboid-lanceolate segments.

A fourth type is exhibited by those species having five
to seven nerves proceeding from the base of the lamina.
Ipornoaa hispida (fig. 541) has cotyledons resembling those of
I. Nil in outline and depth of division, but they are more
nearly equal, and five-nerved at the base. The first two leaves
are cordate, acute and seven-nerved at the base. The cotyle-
dons of I. Eoxburghii are larger, rather more deeply bifid,
and seven- nerved at the base. The first leaf is cordate,
acute, and the next two are similar, but angled at the
sides or incipiently lobed. All are five- to seven-nerved at
the base. The cotyledons of Argyreia speciosa are remark-
ably similar to those of Ipomcea Eoxburghii. The first
leaf is however cordate-acuminate, and the second cordate-
acute. The hypocotyl of Argyreia cuneata is subterranean,
fleshy, stout and inseparable from the upper part of the root.
The cotyledons are faintly seven-nerved at the base, and have
long, slender petioles partly buried in the soil. The inter-
nodes of the slender, flexuose stem are elongated. The first
leaf is broadly oval and rounded at either end ; the following
three are more elongated and proportionately narrower. The
cotyledons of Lettsomia aggregata are divided more than half-

COXVOLVULACE^E 273

way to the base. The first two leaves are roundly ovate ; the
second spathulate ; and the third obovate, and emarginate.
A fifth very distinct group centres around Ipomcea Quanioclit
(fig. 540) which has deeply bipartite cotyledons with linear,
widely divaricate segments traversed by two nerves each.
The real length of the lamina is from the apex of the petiole
to the middle of the sinus, and is really very short. The
lobes represent lateral growth after the cotyledons can no
longer grow in length ; they are very much folded transversely
while still in the seed. The first two or more leaves are
deeply pinnatisect with linear lobes appearing as if pinnate.
I. dasysperma closely corresponds to this type, but the leaves
are different from those of I. Quamoclit. The cotyledons of
I. palmata are scarcely so deeply divided, and are rather
irregularly four- to five-nerved at the base, with strongly
ascending segments. The first three leaves are cordate, five-
to seven-nerved at the base, and trifid at the apex, or they
show a few more lateral teeth. The cotyledons of an
unnamed, subshrubby, and apparently climbing species of
Convolvulus are deeply bipartite with linear one-nerved seg-
ments. The first two leaves are lanceolate, while succeeding
ones up to the ninth differ chiefly in their much greater
length. An extreme limit of division is met with in Convol-
vulus Cneorum, an upright shrubby species with hoary and
silky foliage. The cotyledons are cut or divided, not only
to the base of the lamina, but into the petiole, giving rise to
four diverging, one-nerved segments resembling as many coty-
ledons. The first four leaves are oblanceolate, and narrowed
into a short petiole.

The simplest type of cotyledons in the Order as far as
I have observed is that of the Nolaneae, whose peculiar cha-
racteristics have already been mentioned under seeds. Those
of Nolana atriplicifolia (fig. 543) are lanceolate-oblong, fleshy,
and indistinctly one-nerved. The first leaf is ovate and the
four succeeding ones are more elliptic. The cotyledons of a
Nolana from Santiago are narrowly spathulate, petiolate,
one-nerved, and pubescent. The first seven or eight leaves
exactly resemble the cotyledons in size, length, and hairi-
ness.

274 ON SEEDLINGS

Argyreia cuneata, BoL Beg.

Primary root perennial, fleshy, subglobose, smooth, and together
with the hypocotyl forming a tuberous rootstock,

Cotyledons equal, with glabrous, green or reddish petioles, 4-
•5 cm. long, To mm. thick, with their basal ends 1 cm. or less be-
low the surface of the ground on the broad collar of the hypocotyl,
and surrounding six or more buds in the two axils ; lamina 2'5 cm.
long and as wide, bilobed, cordate at the base, obtuse at the apices,
otherwise entire, palmatinerved, with a short midrib and two
primary nerves meeting within the apex of each lobe, glabrous, thin,
Light green, rather persistent, and presenting a strange appearance
through being partly buried.

Stem suberect, firm, terete, pubescent ; 1st internode 4-6 cm.
long, 1-5 mm. thick ; 2nd and 3rd shorter.

Leaves simple, entire (at least in the seedling stage), cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alternately incurvinerved, with the
bases of the nerves decurrent on the midrib, smooth and deep
green above, pubescent on the margin and covered with a silvery
or silky tomentum beneath; petioles short, grooved on the upper
side.

No. 1. Shortly petiolate, 3'5-4 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, oval,
rounded at both ends, with entire, pubescent margin, sunk midrib
and pinnate nerves, coriaceous, smooth and dark green above,
woolly and paler beneath.

Nos. 2-4. Oval, slightly more tapered to both ends and larger,
6-7 cm. long, and 3 cm. wide.

Argyreia speciosa, Sweet,

Primary root a long taproot with a large number of long, thick,
much branched, white fibres.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, 6-8 cm. long, 2-2-5 mm. thick, terete,
pubescent, dull green, purplish about the middle.

Cotyledons long-petioled, about 6 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide,
bilobed, deeply cordate at the base, obtuse at the apex, otherwise
entire, with a short forked midrib and two strong primary nerves on
each side, sunk and forming a very narrow ellipse in each lobe,
quite glabrous, bright green above, paler beneath, thin, somewhat
persistent ; petioles semiterete, channelled.

Stem herbaceous, short, terete, tomentose ; first few internodes
about 5 mm. long, and 2-2'5 mm. thick.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, cordate,
alternately incurvinerved, reticulated, glabrous and deep green

COXVOLVULACE^B 275

above, covered with a silky tomentum beneath, conduplicate in bud ;
petioles hairy, tomentose or woolly, subterete.

No. 1. With a tomentose subterete petiole 3-5 cm. long, and
1-5 mm. in thickness, and a cordate blade 4 cm. long, and
3 cm. wide with deep base and cuspidate apex, plane, pinnati-
nerved, with entire, pubescent margin, glabrous and bright green
above, tomentose and paler beneath, not very thick ; vernation con-
duplicate.

No. 2. Similar but larger.

Lettsomia aggregata, Eoxb.

Hijpocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, very short, about 6-8 mm.
long.

Cotyledons bifid for more than half their length with diverging
lobes, subcordate at the base, with the midrib very short and bifur-
cate some distance below the base of the sinus representing the true
length of the cotyledon, and giving off two strong and one slender
lateral nerve into the ascending and diverging lobes, petiolate,
glabrous except the petiole, deep green above, paler beneath ;
lamina to the base of the sinus 1 cm. long, and the oblong-ovate
lobes 1-5-1'G cm. longer; width from tip to tip of the lobes
2-2 cm.; petiole subterete, channelled and downy above. 1-1-1-3
cm. long.

Stem stout, erect at first, ultimately twining, densely silky or
hairy with adpressed hairs ; 1st internode 5-8 mm. long ; 2nd
3-5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
irregularly and alternately, ascendingly penninerved, with the ends
of the nerves incurved and uniting one with another, subreticulate,
densely silky hairy and subhoary on the under side, and pubescent
above, deep green and shining with a silky margin ; petioles sub-
terete, channelled above, densely silky hairy.

Nos. 1 and 2. Rotund-ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the base.

No. 3. Spathulate, obtuse, entire, cuneate at the base.

Nos. 4 and 5. Obovate, emarginate, cuneate at the base.

Ipomoea Pes-caprae, Sweet.

Ovary of two to three carpels, two- to three-celled, four- to six-
ovuled ; ovules two in each cell, erect from the base of the inner
angle of the cell, anatropous ; micropyle inferior.

Capsule globose, two- to three-celled, four- to six-seeded, dehisc-
ing by valves.

Seed obtusely trigonous, forming a segment of a sphere, convex

T 2

276 OX SEEDLINGS

longitudinally and transversely on the back, blunter at the basal
end, deep brown, almost black, densely pubescent ; hilum incon-
spicuous ; tegmen very much invaginated from the inner angle of
the seed which is almost divided in two internally ; micropyle also
invaginated, containing at first the whole embryo, ultimately only
the radicle.

Endosperm in the mature seed copious, clear or subtransparent,
embedding the embryo, swelling up and mucilaginous in water.

Embryo large, curved, pale yellowish ; cotyledons broad, deeply
bifid, condu plicated and variously folded or plaited, one half of each
lying on each side of the deep imagination of the tegmen ; radicle
large, curved, lying in the invagination of the micropyle towards or
at the base of the dorsal aspect of the seed.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, about 1-6-2 cm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons deeply bifid with diverging lobes, petiolate, thick and
subcoriaceous and more or less shining, glabrous, deep green above,
paler beneath, with a midrib reaching nearly to the sinus, and giving
off from each side towards the base two strong nerves running
nearly to the apex of the lateral lobes where they join ; there is
often present a third but more slender nerve from each side near
the apex which runs along the inner edge of the lobes ; lamina
about 1 cm. long to the apex of the midrib, and about 2-2 cm.
to the apex of the ascending lateral lobes, 2-6— 2'8 cm. from tip
to tip of the lobes ; petiole semiterete, channelled above, glabrous,
6—8 mm. long.

Stem erect at first, terete or slightly furrowed from the base of
the petioles downwards, flexuose or zigzag, dull brownish-green,
glabrous ; internodes often extremely irregular in the early stages
of the plant ; 1st one undeveloped or 5 mm. long ; 2nd 2*5 mm.-
2-1 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, but often opposite, or irregu-
larly fascicled in the younger state of the plant, exstipulate, petio-
late, alternately and ascendingly penninerved, or oppositely nerved
towards the base with numerous slender nerves branching and
anastomosing with one another within the margin of the leaf, sub-
coriaceous, glabrous, more or less shining on both surfaces, deep
green above, bright green beneath ; petioles subterete, slightly
channelled above, stout, somewhat decurrent on the stem, dull
brownish-green, glabrous, tapering somewhat upwards.

Early leaves very variable in outline.

CONVOLVULACE.E 277

No. 1. In the specimen described, oblong, obtuse, slightly emar-
ginate.

Nos. 2 and 3. Obovate-oblong, broadly emarginate with a tooth
in the notch.

Nos. 4-7. Broadly obcordate, or widely bifid, slightly cuneate at
the base, with a tooth in the apical sinus.

The leaves on adult plants are very variable, as the following
instances will show.

No. 1. Deeply obcordate, and on the upper part of plant almost
transverse, with oblong, obtuse, diverging lobes, having numerous
ascending parallel veins — four from the base on each side and a
few alternate ones upwards, with the midrib excurrent, much reti-
culated. The lower leaves were like the cotyledons.

No. 2. Eotund or oblong, emarginate, subcordate or rounded at
the base, alternately penninerved with four contiguous pairs at the
base ; midrib slightly excurrent. Upper leaves broadly subovate,
less cordate at the base. The midrib in both these plants was much
in advance of the lamina in young unfolded leaves, but it gradually
falls behind the lateral lobes as the leaf becomes ready to unfold.

No. 3. In another form the leaves were ovate or obovate- oblong,
retuse, rounded or emarginate, and apiculate, irregularly alternately
penninerved, more or less cuneate or wavy at the base, and having
the midrib excurrent at the apex in all cases.

Ipomcea purpurea, Lam.

Ovary surrounded at the base by an annular, hypogynous disc,
of three carpels, three-celled, two ovules in each cell ; ovules as in
I. Pes-capras.

Capsule globose, even and glabrous externally and internally,
three-celled, two- to six-seeded, and containing the remains of the
aborted ovules when less than six-seeded, tipped with the conical
remains of the persistent style, dehiscing by three valves.

Seeds when six occupying the whole fruit, trigonous with the
two outer angles acute, the inner one blunt, and the lateral faces
flat and much broader than the dorsal aspect which is convex or
rounded, both longitudinally and transversely, pale whitish, ulti-
mately deep brown, rounded at the extreme base which projects a
little beyond the hilum ; hilum orbicular with a basal notch, brown
before the seed is mature, seated on an oblique depression of the
seed facing the inner angle of the cell. "Where two seeds only
occupy the fruit, they are ovoid or more or less hemispheric, occupy-
ing two cells of the ovary, while the third is nearly squeezed up
close to the outer wall.

278

OX SEEDLINGS

Endosperm plentiful, like a transparent jelly, occupying all the
interior of the unoccupied space in the growing seed and surround-
ing the embryo, ultimately becoming dry and cartilaginous, occupying
the space between the folds and wrinkles of the mature embryo,
and still transparent where quite thin, mucilaginous and swelling up
considerably when placed in water.

Embryo quite straight at first and lying in the conical hollow
process near the hilum which forms a passage for the radicle to the
micropyle ; but later on as growth proceeds the cotyledons are pro-
jected beyond this process and commence to become concave towards
the inner angle of the seed. They soon become doubled sharply
over the end of the process, extending to the apex of the seed and
both doubling over and abutting against the prominent ingrowth of
the tegmen, become deeply bifid at the apex, more or less cordate at
the base, and much wrinkled.

Ipomoea Quamoclit, L. (fig. 539).

Ovary of two carpels, two-celled or by the interposition of
spurious septa four - celled ;
ovules as in I. Pes-caprae.
Fruit a capsule.
Seed trigonous, flat on the
sides in contact with the others,
rounded on the dorsal aspect
both longitudinally and trans-
versely, deep brown almost
black, pubescent ; hilum small,
brown, facing the placenta ob-
liquely ; tegmen invaginated
rather deeply but squeezed down
by the growing embryo, so that
in cross-section it resembles the
letter J.

Endosperm in the mature
seed forming a layer surround-
ing the embryo, subtransparent,

FIG. 539.— Ipomeea Quamoclit, x 13.
Seed laid open, showing the dorsal face of
the embryo in situ : I, invagination of
the tegmen; oc, testa, and ic, tegmen
of seed; a, auricles of cotyledons; B,
radicle.

when

becoming mucilaginous
placed in water.

Embryo large, conduplicate
and curved, pale yellowish ;

cotyledons large, foliaceous, bifid, cordate at the base, bent back at
the end of the invagination of the micropyle and doubled in beneath
it, then recurved upwards and proceeding to the apex of the seed ;
radicle subfusiform or cylindrical, obtuse, curved towards the

CONVOLVULACILE

279

micropyle, following the outline of the basal and dorsal aspect of
the seed.

Seedling (fig. 540).

Primary root a short, succulent taproot, with a few branched,
colourless, fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, about 6 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, two-
furrowed, from the decurrent bases of the petioles of the cotyledons,
glabrous, bright green.

Cotyledons very short but trans-
versely linear, 3'5-5 cm. long from
tip to tip, the broadest part about
4 mm. and the middle 3 mm. wide,
cordate at the base, rather obtuse at
the apex of each lobe, with a midrib
1 mm. long, giving off two strong
lateral nerves on each side running
parallel for some distance, and the
upper one to the apex of the lobes, gla-
brous, pale green in the earlier stage,
with undulate entire margin, thin,
somewhat persistent.

Stem herbaceous, suberect, fur-
rowed, glabrous, shining, light green ;
the first few internodes about 5 mm.
long, 1 mm. thick.

Leaves uni- to bi-pinnatisect, deep
green, glabrous, with slender linear
segments.

No. 1. About 3'5 cm. long, 2 cm.
wide, with a glabrous petiole 7'5 mm. FlG-
long and -75 mm. thick, distinctly pin-
natisect, with the lowest pair of segments shortly bipinnatisect, the
other three pairs with the terminal segment narrowly linear, about
1-5 cm. long, 1-25-1-5 mm. wide, acuminate, glabrous, dark green,
with sunk midrib.

No. 2. Similar, with five pairs of segments, most of which are
bipinnatisect.

Ipomcea hispida, Eoem. et Schult. (fig. 541).

Primary root long, with a few branched white fibres.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, suberect, about 6 cm. long, 2 mm. thick,
terete, glabrous, with decurrent lines from the base of the cotyledons,
green with a light purplish hue.

ia Quamodit.

Nat. size.

280

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 541. — Ipomcea hispida.
Half nat. size.

Cotyledons unequal, with petioles 3-5-4-5 cm. long, 2-8 cm.
wide, quadrangular, bilobed, cordate at the base, rounded at the
apex of each lobe, five-nerved at the
base or, more correctly, giving off
two strong primary nerves from each
side of the midrib, the latter termi-
nates in a small fork near the sinus,
and the nerves become incurved and
join near the apex of the lobes ;
strong secondary nerves are given off
from the basal pair of primary ones ;
reticulated, quite glabrous, thin, yel-
lowish-green above, paler beneath.
Stem herbaceous, twining, with
long internodes about 1 mm. thick,
terete, pubescent, with deflexed
hairs, pale green.

Leaves alternately incurvi-
nerved or radiately at the base,
reticulate, more or less pubescent,
deep green above, paler beneath.

Nos. 1-3. Long-petioled, simple,
3-5-5 cm. long, cordate or subcordate, acute, entire, palmatinerved
at the base, alternately nerved along the midrib, slightly pubescent,
thin, bright green above, paler beneath ; petiole slightly pubescent,
pinkish.

Ipomcea Roxburg-hii, Steud.

Ovary as in I. purpurea.

Capsule dehiscing by the three valves separating from the septa,
almost invariably six-seeded ; valves thin, rather brittle, pale
brown.

Seeds trigonous, testa rather cartilaginous when dry, pale or
dirty white, with the micropyle close to the round basal hiluin, which
faces obliquely the inner angle of the cell, somewhat marked by the
crumpled cotyledons within.

Endosperm surrounding the large embryo, colourless- while the
seed is yet immature, afterwards cartilaginous when dry, thin and
membranous at places where the cotyledons press upon it, and
forming larger solid masses between the folds of the embryo.

Embryo large, green at first and becoming dirty white when
mature and dry ; cotyledons deeply bifid, cordate at the base, five-
nerved, with the midrib becoming forked a little below the sinus,

COX VOL VUL AGILE 281

one fork entering each lobe, superposed face to face, and then
doubled longitudinally, the midrib and radicle following the curved
back of the seed and the lateral margins of the cotyledons turned
towards the inner angle, at first merely convex on the back and
concave on the inner side, but ultimately becoming much crumpled
transversely ; radicle lying in a grooved process attached close to
the micropyle on the dorsal aspect.

The sinus of the cotyledons seems to facilitate their doubling
upon each other longitudinally, or may even be the effect of that
act and the intrusion of the tegmen, for the lobes become longer
and more developed as the seed progresses to maturity ; the whole
embryo which is very large conforms to the shape of the seed which
with its fellow shares equally one cell of the ovary, while the six
seeds fill the globose capsule.

Seedling.

Primary root nearly vertical, a short taproot, with long, colour-
less, branched fibres.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, 6-8 cm. long, 2-2-5 mm. thick, terete,
glabrous, seldom slightly pubescent, bright green.

Cotyledons seven-nerved at the base, 3'5-4'5 cm. long, 3'5-4
cm. wide, pubescent otherwise like those of I. hispida.

Stem herbaceous, suberect, terete, pubescent, the rather long
hairs pointing downward ; first few internodes about 1"5 cm. long,
1/5 mm. thick.

Leaves. — No. 1. Long-petioled, 5-6 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide,
cordate, acuminate, entire, radiately incurvinerved at the base,
and alternately along the midrib, pubescent all over, thin, bright
green above, paler beneath.

No. 2. Similar, but the apex cuspidate with one small lateral
lobe.

No. 3. Similar, but slightly trilobed.

Ultimate leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petio-
late, radiately incurvinerved at the base, and alternately upwards,
reticulate, pubescent all over, membranous, bright green above,
paler beneath ; petioles rather slender, semiterete, channelled above,
pubescent or hairy.

Ipomoea Nil, Roth.

Hypocotyl suberect, herbaceous, 6-9 cm. long, 1-5-2 mm. thick,
terete and reddish near base, ridged and pale green higher up,
glabrous.

282 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons like those of I. Roxburgh!! in size and shape, but only
trinerved, and sometimes asymmetrical.

Stem herbaceous, terete, glabrous, shining light green ; 1st
internode 1 cm. long, T5 mm. thick ; 2nd 3 cm. long, 1 mm.
thick ; next longer and thinner.

Leaves. — No. 1. About 8 cm. long, 3 cm. wide (including
the channelled glabrous petiole), cordate or subcordate, acuminate
or cuspidate, entire, palmately incurvinerved, glabrous, thin, light
green.

No. 2. Narrower in proportion to its length.

Ultimate leaves as in I. Eoxburghii, but glabrous.

Ipomcea dissecta, Willd. (fig. 542).

Hypocotyl above ground very short, stout, fleshy, glabrous, pale
or colourless.

Cotyledons foliaceous, very large, bifid for more than half their
length, very broad transversely,, with broadly oblong, obtuse, divari-
cate lobes, cordate at the base, glabrous, deep green, petiolate \
venation consisting of a slender median nerve, bifurcate near its
apex, and giving off a strong lateral nerve on each side near the

FIG. 542. — Ipomcea dissecta. Half nat. size.

base, and a stronger pair at the base of the lamina, and all four
with ascending branches which again divide more or less ; larger
lamina 1-15 cm. long, 8'9 cm. wide (each lobe 2*7 cm. long) ;
smaller lamina I'l cm. long, 3'6 cm. wide (each lobe 2'5 cm. long) ;
petioles unequal, semiterete, channelled above, glabrous, purplish,
the longer 5 cm. long, the shorter 4'1 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, soon twining, terete, glabrous, marked
with small distant, papillose elevations, pale purplish ; 1st inter-

COXVOLVULACE.E 283

node 3 mm. long ; 2nd hardly developed ; 3rd 1'8 crn. ; 4th 5 mm. ;
5th 6-2 cm.

Leaves palmately five- to seven-nerved and -lobed, glabrous, light
green ; petioles slender, nearly terete, slightly channelled above,
glabrous, pale green or tinted with purple.

No. 1. Very small, almost rudimentary, five-fid or -toothed.

No. 2. Much larger, but still very small, palmately five-lobed ;
middle lobe much the largest ; basal smallest.

Nos. 3-6. Palmately five-sect with the basal and smallest lobes
again divided on the posterior side into a more or less distinct lobe ;
middle lobes rhomboid-lanceolate, acute, alternately penninerved
and subreticulate, with a few irregular sized teeth, about the middle
on each side — middle lobe largest, but similar to the rest in shape
and margin.

Ipomcea palmata, Forsk.

Hypocotyl 2-3 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, terete, smooth
near the base, somewhat warty under the cotyledons, herbaceous,
purplish-brown.

Cotyledons with glabrous, channelled, purplish-green petioles
1 cm. long, 1-25 mm. thick ; lamina deeply bifid, 2-5 cm. long, with
a short midrib forking a little below the sinus, and giving off two,
rarely three, primary nerves into each lobe, running nearly parallel
to each other, without distinct union within the apex of the lobe,
glabrous, thin, light green, paler beneath, somewhat persistent.

Stem short, terete, slightly scabrous or warty, herbaceous, pur-
plish ; first few internodes 2 mm. long, 1*25 mm. thick.

Leaves radiately incurvinerved at the base, alternately nerved
upwards, and reticulate, glabrous, membranous, light green above,
paler beneath ; petioles rather long and slender, subterete.

No. 1. With channelled, glabrous, purplish petiole 3 cm. long,
1 mm. wide, and a broadly cordate blade, 2-5 cm. long, and as
wide, acuminately trifid at the apex, obtusely angled near the
cordate or subcordate base, with seven radiately incurving nerves,
glabrous thin, yellowish -green above, paler beneath.

No. 2. Similar.

No. 3. Similar, but more palmatifid.

No. 4. Nearly palmatilobed, all the lobes being mucronate-
acuminate.

Convolvulus sepium, L.

Pistil surrounded at the base by an annular disk ; ovary of two
carpels, two-celled or by the early rupturing of the septum one-

284 OX SEEDLINGS

celled, four-ovuled, sessile ; ovules erect, inserted at some distance
from the centre of the fleshy placentas which occupy all the hase
of the ovary, anatropous, the raphe running along the inner
angle and forming a stout ridge in the upper interior half of the
ovary ; radicle next the hilum but on the dorsal aspect.

Fruit a capsule, globose, tipped by the persistent remains of the
style, one-celled, two- to four-seeded, pale brown, brittle, glabrous
externally, silky with adpressed pubescence internally.

Seeds trigonous when four are matured, with the lateral faces
flat, or more or less shrunk or somewhat wrinkled, and the dorsal
aspect longitudinally and transversely convex or rounded, obtusely
and minutely tridentate at the base of the dorsal aspect, the radicle
close to the middle tooth containing the micropyle, nearly white,
ultimately brown, glabrous, albuminous ; hilum renifonn, on
the oblique basal scar with the convex side towards the inner
angle.

When two seeds mature, even if in the different though un-
divided compartments of the ovary, they share the space and become
nearly or quite hemispheric.

When one seed only is produced it becomes ovoid or subglobose
and variously but obtusely angled.

Endosperm plentiful, of a clear jelly-like consistency and muci-
laginous when the seed is in a growing state and completely sur-
rounding the embryo. As the seed matures it diminishes, adapting
itself to the various wrinkles and folds of the embryo, at the same
time becoming hard and horny, but preserving a clear colour where
still thin and membranous.

Embryo straight at first with flat cotyledons which ultimately
become very large and variously wrinkled, adapting themselves to
the internal construction of the seed. When the embryo is only
2 mm. long and T5 mm. broad, it is nearly, if not quite, straight and
flat ; the cotyledons are rotund, entire, and triiierved, and the whole
embryo is embedded in jelly- like endosperm and rests in an invagi-
tion of the micropyle, which increases in size with the embryo.
The cotyledons project beyond this and become at first concave
towards the inner angle of the seed ; they soon become much con-
cave and slightly emarginate, doubling sharply over the point of the
supporting process, and down behind it where the liquid endosperm
offers no resistance. The cotyledons up to this stage are green.
As they attain full size they become much wrinkled, and pale
yellowish or dirty white. They have previous to this ultimate stage
grown to the full length of the seed, and the shallow notch in the
cotyledons abuts against a ridge at the apex of the seed formed by

CONVOLVULACE^E 285

the invaginated tegmen extending some way down the interior of the
dorsal aspect of the seed where it becomes shallow and extends to
the hilum. Hence the notch in the cotyledons is caused by their
growing at the sides after their apex has reached this ridge.

Seedling-.

Primary root elongated, tapering, with numerous lateral branch-
ing fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, green or purplish, stout, 7-
15 mm. long.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, broadly oblong, truncate and shal-
lowly emarginate above, truncate or abruptly cuneate at the base
where they are five-nerved, alternately nerved upwards ; nerves
strong, forking, the midrib generally though not always proceeding
to the tip, sometimes forking a little way below it, light green,
glabrous ; lamina 2-2'8 cm. long, l'9-2'65 cm. wide ; petiole semi-
terete, channelled above, 2 to 2'5 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, at first erect, afterwards twining from right to
left or against the sun, above the first or second true leaf, terete,
glabrous, twisted after commencing to twine ; internodes very vari-
able, 1st 3'4-6'5 cm. long ; 2nd almost undeveloped to 3 cm. ; the
rest longer.

The first two branches originating in the axils of the cotyledons
are geotropic, deep red, and resolve themselves into underground
rhizomes or creeping stems, with small scale-like leaves. If the
main axis should by any accident be broken off, the branches from
the cotyledons assume the appearance and characters of the primary
stem, and perform the same functions.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
light green, five-nerved at the base, alternately nerved upwards with
somewhat incurved, anastomosing nerves ; petioles semiterete, gla-
brous, channelled above, frequently twisted at the base to bring the
blade of the leaf to the light.

No. 1. Cordate-subhastate, cuspidately acute, with the lower pair
of lateral nerves running into the obtuse angles.

No. 2. Cordate, elongated, cuspidately acute or having an odd,
obtuse angle on one side.

Nos. 3 and 4. Cordate, elongated, cuspidately acute.

These characters are liable to variation, and sometimes all the
early leaves are simply elongated-cordate. In one specimen noted
the first two leaves were exactly like the cotyledons, but smaller and
rather more deeply emarginate.

Ultimate leaves hastate or sagittate, always with a deep basal

286 OX SEEDLINGS

sinus, obtuse or acute with the basal lobes frequently angled or
obtusely dentate.

Convolvulus Soldanella, L.

Fruit, seeds, and embryo similar to those of C. sepium ; seeds a
deep, dull, purplish-black colour.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl short, subterranean, gradually and indistinguishably
tapering into the root.

Cotyledons very similar to those of C. sepium, but rather wider
and with longer petioles.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, marked with two raised, somewhat
muricate lines running down from the base of each leaf, one on each
side, green, heavily mottled with purple in the young stage, glabrous,
ultimately procumbent, trailing or slightly twining, considerably
twisted, pale green and mottled with pale purple ; interuodes vari-
able ; 1st 3-8 mm. long ; 2nd 3'5-4*5 mm. ; 3rd 4'5-10 mm.
Ultimate ones 2-3 cm.

Leaves exstipulate (or adult ones with stipule-like excrescences
at the base of the petiole which are constant), trinerved from the
base, each nerve branching considerably on the lamina of the leaf ;
petiole as in C. sepium.

Nos. 1 and 2. Reniform-orbicular, minutely emarginate, other-
wise entire or rarely incipiently angled at the sides towards the
base, cuneate in the basal sinus, deep green, shining.

Ultimate leaves reniform, shortly cuspidate, shallowly and ob-
tusely angled at the ends of the principal nerves and shallowly
crenate between, cuneate in the basal sinus, the three primary nerves
much branched, giving rise to reticulate venation.

Convolvulus tricolor, L.

Capsule two -celled, one- to four -seeded, pale brown, brittle,
dehiscing by the separation of the valves from the septum.

Seed where four occupy the capsule obtusely trigonous, forming
the fourth part of a sphere, equal at the base, murieate or covered
with little elevations on all sides, pale whitish, ultimately brown ;
hilum oblong- subreniform, small, seated about the centre of the small
horizontal depression at the base of the seed, with the slightly
convex side to the inner angle.

Endosperm thin and membranous where in close contact with
the folds of the embryo, but forming masses in the unoccupied spaces?
swelling up and becoming mucilaginous in water.

CCXXVOLVULACE^E 287

Embryo straight in the early stages and lying in a truncate,
hollow invagination of the micropyle, becoming curved at an early
period, after the cotyledons project beyond the hollow process, then
becoming concave on the side towards the axis of the ovary ; as
growth proceeds it reaches the apex of the seed and then becomes
sharply doubled transversely over the end of the supporting process
where there is no resistance. After this it extends to the inner
angle of the seed with its edges on each side of the slightly pro-
minent invagination of the tegrnen. The cotyledons become trans-
versely oval and slightly emarginate at a very early age, a shape
which they retain to the last, and are deep green from the time
they become visible till mature, when they become pale yellow ;
radicle in the mature embryo at right angles to the midrib of the
cotyledons.

Convolvulus tricolor, L., var. robustus unicaulis.

Primary root long, flexuose, with numerous lateral rootlets,
annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, thickened under the cotyledons, glabrous,
a deep blood-purple.

Cotyledons obcordate, suddenly tapering at the base, trinerved,
subcoriaceous, glabrous except the petiole, which is channelled above
and slightly pubescent on the margins of the channels, and dull
blood-purple; lamina green, 1-45 cm. long, 1-55 cm. wide; petiole
1-5 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, terete, pubescent, deep blood-
purple at the base and green upwards ; 1st internode 6 mm. long ;
2nd undeveloped; 3rd G'5 mm.; 4th 4-5 mm,; 5th 9 mm. ; 6th
7-5 mm. ; 7th 9 mm. ; 8th 9 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate (first two opposite or
subopposite), exstipulate, sessile, sparsely villous when young, ulti-
mately glabrous or minutely pubescent, with a median nerve and a
few lateral, alternate, ascending nerves.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite or subopposite, spathulate, rounded at
the end and tapered to a long, narrow, petiole-like base.

Nos. 3-5. Spathulate, obtuse, narrowed to the base.

No. 6. Linear-oblong, cuspidate, not much narrowed to the
base.

No. 7. Oblong, acuminate, acute, with a broad base.

No. 8. Oblong, cuspidate, broadest about the middle.

Nos. 9 and 10. Broadly oblong, obtuse, apiculate, broad and
subcordate at the base.

Nos. 11-14 inclusive. Oblong, acute, rounded at the base.

288 ON SEEDLINGS

Convolvulus Cneorum, L.

Ovary of two carpels, two-celled, four-ovuled ; ovules ascending
or erect, anatropous ; micropyle inferior.

Capsule one-celled by the early rupturing of the septa, ovoid or
subglobose, membranous, dehiscing irregularly, one- to two-seeded.

Seed ovoid, somewhat pointed, angled, slightly prolonged and
truncate on the posterior basal side, deep brown, shortly and densely
pubescent ; hilum small, round, facing the basal placenta obliquely ;
chalaza inconspicuous ; tegmen thin, membranous, white.

Endosperm clear, subtransparent, surrounding the embryo and
filling up the interstices, mucilaginous and swelling up when placed
in water.

Embryo large, twice folded, or once folded when the upper third
is reversed upon the middle one, embedded in the endosperm, pale
yellow ; cotyledons shortly petiolate, bipartite or cut into the petiole,
with oblong, obtuse, one-nerved lobes ; one lobe of each cotyledon
lies on either side of the median line of the seed ; radicle large,
curved, tapering to an obtuse point, incumbent, lying in an ovate
process of the micropyle.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, colourless, about 1*85 cm.
above soil.

Cotyledons bisected to the petiole with oblong, obtuse, diverging
segments, each with a central midrib, uniting with one another
in the common petiole at or above its middle, alternately penni-
nerved, narrowed at the base to a secondary petiole, glabrous,
pale, somewhat greyish-green above and covered with minute scales,
pale, but clearer green beneath and minutely scaly ; lamina 1'3-
1-45 cm. long, 4*5-5 mm. wide ; primary petiole semiterete, chan-
nelled above, glabrous, pale green, 345-4 mm. long ; secondary petiole
1-1-5 mm. long.

Stem becoming shrubby, erect, terete, thinly hairy in the seedling,
pale green ; 1st internode 9'5 mm. long ; 2nd 3'75 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately penninerved ; nerves incurving, hoary and silky on both
surfaces with adpressed hairs ; petioles semiterete, short, channelled
above, covered with adpressed silky hairs.

Nos. 1-4. Oblanceolate, cuspidate, narrowed into the petiole.

Nolana atriplicifolia, Don.

Ovary of five, rarely ten, carpels, one- to four-ovuled ; ovules
campylotropous ; micropyle inferior.

CONVOLVULACE^E

289

Capsule few-seeded.

Seed variously angled and shaped, rather compressed laterally,
3-3' 5 mm. in diameter ; testa slightly rugose, thick, almost corky ;
hilum rather conspicuous.

Endosperm fleshy, copious, white.

Embryo curved or rounded on itself, embedded in endosperm ;
cotyledons long, linear, circinately curved,
obtuse, plano-convex, lying the narrow way
of the seed with their faces to the axis, not
much wider than the radicle ; radicle ob-
tuse, terete, incumbent on and about as
long as the cotyledons.

Nolana atriplicifolia var. subcasrulea
(fig. 543).

Primary root long, tapering downwards,
stout, with slender lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl very short, suddenly tapered
into and indistinguishable from the root,
colourless.

Cotyledons lanceolate-oblong, obtuse,
with a very indistinct midrib, flattened
above and convex beneath, fleshy, tapered
to a short petiole, glabrous, light opaque
green, fading to yellow with age ; lamina
7'5-lO5 mm. long, 2'5-3'25 mm. wide ;
petiole *5-l mm. long, connate at the base
round the plumule.

Stem developed when about to flower ;
primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, fleshy, flat or convex above, glabrous except towards base of
the petiole, indistinctly alternately incurvinerved, venation best seen
on the under side of young leaves, light yellowish-green above, paler
beneath ; petioles semiterete, channelled or shallowly grooved above,
dilated towards the base and thinly hairy.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, obtuse, somewhat convex above.

Nos. 2-5 inclusive. Subelliptic, obtuse, flattened above or slightly

FIG. 543. — Nolana atri-
plicifolia var. subccerulea.
Nat. size.

Nolana sp.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glandular-pubescent, pale green, 1-5-
2 cm. long.

II. U

290 OX SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons narrowly spathulate, obtuse, glandular-pubescent,
petiolate, subfleshy with an indistinct midrib, but no other nerves
discernible, pale green, l'G-1'9 cm. long including petiole, 3-3*5 mm.
at the widest, similar to the primary leaves in every respect.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately shrubby, glandular-
pubescent, pale green ; primary internodes irregular, short.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, glandular-
pubescent on both surfaces, subfleshy, pale green, with a midrib
slightly sunk on the upper, and slightly prominent on the under
surface, no other nerves discernible in the seedling stage, tapering
into the petiole ; petiole slightly channelled above, similar to the
tissues of the leaf and similarly pubescent.

Nos. 1-17 inclusive. Narrowly spathulate, obtuse, entire, some-
what convex above and concave beneath, narrowed insensibly into
the petiole.

SOLANACE.E.

Bentb. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 882.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and two- or rarely
three- to five-celled or four-celled by the development of spu-
rious septa as in Datura Stramonium and others. The ovules
are nearly always very numerous in each cell and attached to
large peltate, or massive, solid, and fleshy axile placentas ; they
are also arranged in many series, and anatropous or sometimes
amphitropous. Sometimes but rarely they are few, and very
rarely solitary and fixed to the middle of the septa. The
fruit is very often baccate, but is sometimes capsular, dehiscing
eircumscissly above the middle, or septicidally by two entire
or bifid valves, leaving the placentas naked or cohering more
or less with them. The seeds are mostly very numerous, with
a membranous or crustaceous rugose or sometimes almost
muricate testa ; more rarely the testa is dilated into a wing
surrounding the seed. A fleshy endosperm is present. The
embryo is most frequently narrow, terete, strongly incurved,
circular, or subspiral with cotyledons shorter than the radicle
and in the more typical members of the Order not broader
than it. In the Cestrineae and the Salpiglossidae the embryo
is straighter, more central, and the cotyledons are often con-

SOLANACE.E 291

siderably broader than the radicle. The radicle is generally
close to the hilum. Some abnormal forms occur in the Order
such as Nicandra and Jaborosa, as well as a few species and
varieties belonging to other genera in which the ovary is three-
to five-celled.

The two cells of the ovary are subdivided by the develop-
ment of spurious septa in Datura, Solandra, and Grabowskia.
The ovules are few in the last named genus and solitary in each
cell of Sclerophylax, the latter being very anomalous in other re-
spects, including the one- to two-seeded indehiscent fruit. The
fleshy fruit of Grabowskia contains four woody pieces, each
with one or two seeds. The capsules of Hyoscyamus, Sco-
polia and Physochlaina dehisce by an operculum. The fruits
of some species of Oestrum, Lycium and Eetzia are baccate
and contain but few seeds or sometimes only one.

Two leading types of embryo are met with in the Order,
namely, the subperipherical and more or less curved form,
and a nearly straight flat embryo. A very common type is
that represented by Datura Stramonium which has a terete
embryo surrounding the periphery, but slightly within the
endosperm of the flattened and reniform-orbicuJar seed. The
semiterete cotyledons lie in the narrow plane of the seed
which has a crustaceous testa. The hilum is situated in a
deep cavity at the base of the seed. A transverse section
shows the radicle and the cotyledons, the latter being cut
through once or twice. A similar section of Solanum Dul-
camara often shows the radicle cut through twice, and the
short cotyledons only once. S. capsicastrurn has an embryo
considerably less curved, and the reniform and much com-
pressed seed is girt by a woody mass on each edge. The
flattened and reniform seed of Datura Stramonium may be
compared with that of Barleria repens which has a large
embryo with flattened orbicular cotyledons. The seed of the
latter is orbicular, exalbuminous, and belongs to the Acan-
thaceae. The seed of Nicotiana rustica is subreniform, and
contains an embryo much less curved and forming only a
semicircle.

The seed of Oestrum fasciculatum is amphitropous and
dorsally much compressed. It contains a nearly straight

292 ON SEEDLINGS

embryo with broadly ovate or subtriangular cotyledons. The
terete radicle is slender and nearly twice as long as the coty-
ledons. The seed is attached ventrally to the placenta, and
is more or less angled by mutual pressure with its fellows.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons are all of simple types and vary
from subulate to linear, lanceolate, oblong, ovate, oval, and sub-
orbicular. Species with emarginate cotyledons occur only
where the latter are short and broad. The commonest type
is lanceolate or narrowly oblong in accordance with their shape
while yet in the seed.

One of the most typical forms is represented by Lycoper-
sicum esculentum and Solanum Fontanesianum (fig. 544)
which have lanceolate cotyledons. In the first named the
cotyledons are hairy and one-nerved. In S. Fontanesianum
they are glabrous with the exception of the petiole. The coty-
ledons of S. Jacquinii are more broadly lanceolate, indis-
tinctly penninerved and finely pubescent. A species of
Capsicum (fig. 545) is notable for the great size of its coty-
ledons, the length of the petiole, and the three pairs of nerves
in the lamina ascending at an acute angle.

A slightly different form is met with in Solanum Dulcamara
which has narrowly oblong, obtuse, one-nerved cotyledons. The
widest cotyledons noticed are those of Solanum quitoense,
which are broadly ovate and glandular-hairy on both surfaces.

The cotyledons of species belonging to the tribes Cestrinese
and Salpiglossidse present a number of short, wide, and often
emarginate cotyledons more characteristic of the Scrophu-
larinese than of the Solanaceae proper, and owe their shape in
great part to that of the seed. Where emarginate cotyledons
occur they probably owe this modification to growth. Brow-
allia elata (fig. 549) presents a type very unlike the rest of
the Order. The cotyledons are oblate, that is, transversely
oblong. They are also very small, one-nerved and distinctly
emarginate. The first two leaves are small, oblong-ovate,
deeply and bluntly serrate.

Lycopersicum esculentum, Miller.

Primary root tapering vertically downwards or diverging at an
obtuse angle, giving off lateral adventitious rootlets.

SOLAXACE.E 293

Hypocotyl variable in length, 8 cm. or more, 1*5 mm. thick,
terete, coarsely pubescent or hairy.

Cotyledons oblanceolate-liiiear, obtuse, entire, tapering towards
the broad clasping base, 3-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, hairy.

Stem terete, coarsely hairy, about 1 rnm. thick when showing
two leaves above the cotyledons, but rapidly becoming much stouter ;
1st internode 8 mm. long ; 2nd almost suppressed, thus bringing
the first two leaves nearly, but not quite, opposite ; 3rd and 4th
gradually longer.

Leaves cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, more or less
pinnatisect, coarsely hairy and glandular-rugose.

No. 1. Unequal at the base, consisting of a large terminal
unequally trilobed segment, and a small, oval, entire, obtuse
lateral one.

No. 2. More perfect ; terminal segment ovate, trilobed ; lobes
obtuse ; basal pair small, lanceolate.

No. 3. Pinnately trisect ; terminal segment triangularly ovate,
shallowly trilobed, subcordate at the base ; lateral segments
narrowly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base and falcately curved,
entire.

No. 4. Pinnately four-sected ; the terminal and the lowermost
segments solitary.

No. o. Pinnately five-sected ; basal pair of segments small,
ovate, entire, obtuse, cordate at the base ; middle pair ovate, elon-
gate, entire, obtuse, cordate at the base ; terminal segment ovate-
elongate, obtuse, shallowly lobed, somewhat twisted towards the
top.

No. 6. Similar ; the two lateral pairs ovate, obtuse, entire,
unequallj subcordate at the base ; terminal one much larger, ovate,
elongated, obtuse, shallowly lobed and somewhat involute at the
margins longitudinally on the upper entire part ; petiole terete, stout,
furrowed somewhat on the upper side.

Stem, leaves and petioles are covered with two kinds of hairs at
least in the younger state ; longer hairs coarse and non-glandular ;
shorter hairs fine and tipped with glands.

Ultimate leaves irregularly and interruptedly pinnatisect ; seg-
ments stalked, not articulate (therefore not pinnate), obtuse or sub-
acute, opposite ; lowest pair usually small, ovate, entire ; second
pair oblong, ovate, pinnatifid or coarsely dentate ; third pair very
small, ovate, scarcely opposite ; fourth pair oblong-ovate, shallowly
lobed, very unequal at the base ; fifth pair very small, oval, alter-
nate ; terminal leaflet or segment oblong, pinnatifid.

The adult leaves, moreover, are extremely variable in size in the

294

ON SEEDLINGS

division of the lamina as well as its component parts. This variation
depends greatly on the luxuriance of the plant or otherwise, brought
about by cultivation.

Solanum Fontanesianum, Dun. (fig.
544).

Primary root slender, oblique,
colourless, with many slender, branched,
fibrous, lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl succulent, 2 cm. long,
1 mm. thick, terete, glabrous, colour-
less, with the petioles of cotyledons
forming a kind of sheath around the
base of the stem.

Cotyledons stalked, 1-5-2 cm. long,
4 mm. wide, lanceolate, tapering to
the base, acute at the apex, glabrous
except the pubescent petiole, with sunk
midrib, succulent although thin, yel-
lowish-green, not very persistent.

Stem succulent, terete, ciliate,
colourless ; 1st internode 5 mm. long,
1 mm. thick.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
exstipulate, petiolate, alternately and
ascendingly penninerved, pubescent, hairy, setose and bristly or
subspiny, membranous, pale green ; petiole semiterete, channelled
above, hirsute.

No. 1. 2-5 cm. long, 7'5 mm. wide, oblong, oblique and cuneate
at the base, rounded at the apex, with a sinuate margin, alternately
penninerved, hirsute, pubescent, thin, light green ; petiole 1'25
cm., semiterete, shallowly channelled, pubescent or ciliate.

Nos. 2 and 3. Similar, but scolloped or repandly pinnatifidj and
showing a few spines on the midrib and primary nerves.

Solanum Dulcamara, L.

Primary root tapering finely, flexuose, with a few similar root-
lets.

Hypocotyl as in last species, but dull green, ultimately woody.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, tapering to the base, glabrous ;
lamina 1'4 em. long, 5-5 mm. wide ; petiole somewhat grooved
above, 5 mm. long.

.Stem erect at first, ultimately decumbent or trailing, flexuose,

FIG. 544.

Solanum Fontanesianum.
Two-thirds nat. size.

SOLANACE^E 295

succulent, ultimately woody, dull green, pubescent ; 1st internode
4 mm. long ; 2nd 5 mm. ; 3rd 5 mm. ; 4th 6 mm.

Leaves thinly pubescent and ciliate, ultimately glabrescent except
at the margin, where the hairs are more persistent ; petioles
channelled on the upper side tapering downwards from their point
of insertion.

No. 1. Ovate, entire, obtuse, cuneate at the base.

No. 2. Cordate-ovate, obtuse, entire, having ascending incurved
nerves.

No. 3. Cordate-ovate, slightly unequal at the base, obtuse.

No. 4. Ovate, acute, unequal at the base.

Ultimate leaves more or less pubescent but variable, cordate-
ovate, subacuminate, obtuse, equal or unequal at the base ; other
forms are triangular-ovate, acuminate, obtuse, deeply pinnatifid at
the base with two to three basal lobes, and a large, ovate, acuminate,
terminal lobe ; lateral lobes obliquely oblong, or ovate, obtuse,
binerved.

Solanum giganteum, Jacq.

Hypocotyl finely pubescent, light green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate lanceolate, acute, entire, ciliate, shortly petio-
late, minutely pubescent, light green, indistinctly pinnatinerved like
the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, pubescent, light green ; 1st inter-
node 2-4 mm. long.

First leaves ovate-oblong, acute or subobtuse, ciliate, sprinkled
over with a few short hairs, light green, distinctly pinnatinerved.

Solanum Jacquinii, Willd.

Hypocotyl as in S. giganteum, but 3-4 cm. long.

Cotyledons lanceolate, acute, unequal, petiolate, minutely pubes-
cent with distinct midrib and indistinct lateral nerves.

Stem as in S. giganteum ; 1st internode 4-5 mm. long.

First leaves lanceolate-ovate, serrate, acute, pubescent, light
green, distinctly pinnatinerved. Subsequently they become lyrate.

Solanum quitoense, Lam.

Primary root comparatively short, tapering downwards and
branched.

Hypocotyl glandular-pubescent or hairy, 1'3-1'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, acute or subacute, glandular-hairy on
both surfaces, with a distinct midrib ; lamina 1-1*2 cm. long,
6-8 mm. wide ; petioles channelled above, 4 mm. long.

296 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.
Leaves radical as well as cauline, densely glandular-hairy, in-
curvinerved ; petiole rather deeply channelled above.
No. 1. Broadly ovate, obtuse, entire.
No. 2. Cordate-ovate, obsoletely angled at the sides.

Capsicum sp. (fig. 545).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, thinly pubescent or nearly glabrous,
pale green, 2-2 '5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong-lanceolate, acute, tapering considerably to
both ends, foliaceous, subfleshy, with a few alternate ascending
nerves, hardly discernible except on the
under side, glabrous or very thinly
pubescent, deep shining green above,
pale beneath, 6-8' 4 cm. long including
the petiole, 5-7' 5 mm. at the widest
part ; petioles long, semiterete, slightly
channelled above, pale green, thinly
glandular-pubescent.

Stem erect, terete, striate, thinly
pubescent with upcurved hairs, pale or
light green ; 1st internode 2-2*4 cm.
long ; 2nd 1-4-1-8 cm. ; 3rd 1-8-1-6 cm.
Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,

exstipulate, petiolate, alternately, irregularly, ascendingly incurvi-
nerved, faintly reticulate, thinly pubescent on the nerves or gla-
brous, thinly interspersed with sessile glands when very young, deep
shining green above, paler beneath and shining, suddenly narrowed
to a cuneate base, or even decurrent on the petiole ; petiole semi-
terete, shallowly channelled on either side of a central obtuse ridge,
slightly winged at the upper end, pale green, thinly glandular-
pubescent.

No. 1. Narrowly ovate, acuminate, obtuse, minutely, erosely and
irregularly dentate at the margin.

No. 2. Larger, similar or oblong-ovate, acuminate, obtuse,
erosely dentate like the first.

Nos. 3-7. Lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse or subacute, often
rather irregular in outline, pubescent at the margin, almost or quite
entire.

Lycium afrum, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-3 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

SOLANACEJB

297

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, linear-oblong, obtuse, tapering to the
base, entire, glabrous, one-nerved, with young buds in their axils.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, herbaceous, ultimately woody,
internodes from 7'5-10 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, alter-
nate, fleshy, oval, obtuse, petiolate,
glabrous, one-nerved like the coty-
ledons, exstipulate, but some of
them have a small stipule-like leaf
at the base.

Datura gigantea, Hort. (fig.
54G).

Primary root long, tapering,
colourless, giving off a few adven-
titious rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, succu-
lent, erect, terete, glabrous, purple,
and shining, about 3 cm. long,
2-4 cm. thick, when the plant has
developed two or three leaves.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, peti-
olate, glabrous, succulent, one-
nerved ; lamina 2'5 cm. long, 4 mm.
wide ; petiole 7'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, succulent, erect, terete, glandular when young,
ultimately glabrescent, green, stained with purple ; 1st internode
9 mm. long ; 2nd 2 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy on
both surfaces when young, glabrescent when mature, alternately
penninerved, deep green stained with purple, at least in the young
state.

No. 1. Ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, cuneate at the base.

No. 2. Triangular-ovate, subacute, subtruncate at the base, with
two angles or blunt teeth on each side, foreshadowing lobing.

No. 3. Oblong, subacute, constricted near the base, trilobulate
on each side.

Ultimate leaves large, triangular-cordate, subacuminate, obliquely
pointed, lobulate and coarsely dentate, slightly unequal and trinerved
at the base, with strong, branching, alternate nerves above, reticu-
late, pubescent on both surfaces; petiole terete with a shallow
groove above the base on the upper side.

FIG. 546. — Datura giyantea
Half nat. size.

298

OX SEEDLINGS

Oestrum Parqui, L'Herit. (fig. 547).

Primary root long, stout, with fine lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, thinly pubescent, pale green.

Cotyledons broadly oval, ob-
tuse, with a broad shallow sinus
at the apex, petiolate, obscurely,
alternately incurvinerved and
reticulate, with the midrib and
two laterals proceeding from
above the base much stronger
than the rest, glabrous except on
the midrib beneath , membranous ,
pale green ; lamina 1'9-2'1 cm.
long, and 1" 5-1-6 cm. wide ;
petiole semiterete, flattened
above, pubescent.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent ;
1st internode 4*5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
glabrous except the midrib be-
neath and the petiole which are
somewhat pubescent, alternately
incurvinerved and reticulate ;
petiole semiterete, grooved
above, short in the seedling
stage.

Nos. 1 and 2. Cordate, cus-
pidate, obtuse, smaller than the

FIG. 547.— Oestrum Parqui. Nat size. cotyledons.

Cestrnm elegans, Schlecht.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long, light green.

Cotyledons ovate-rotund, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous,
light green, without any apparent venation ; petioles short, flat,
shallowly furrowed on the upper side.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
5-7 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd shorter.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, broadly lanceolate,
almost acuminate, acute, hairy when young, afterwards clothed
with a very minute bloom, petiolate, exstipulate, green, pinnati-
nerved ; petioles short, furrowed on the upper side.

SOLAXACE.E

299

Schizanthus retusus, Hook. (fig. 548).

Primary root long, tapering, stout, colourless, with a few lateral
fibres, annual.

Hypocotyl mostly subterranean, glabrous, terete, colourless in
the lower half, purple above, To cm. long.

FIG. 548.— Schizanthus retusus. Nat. size.

Cotyledons foliaceous, bright green, glabrous, petiolate ; lamina
subulate-oblong, obtusely pointed, 1 cm. long, 3'5 mm. wide ;
petiole convex beneath, grooved above, 7 mm. long.

Stem annual and developed when about to flower.

Leaves pinnatisect, radical and cauline, opposite at least in seed-
ling, exstipulate, petiolate, bright green, slightly pubescent when
young, glabrescent ; petioles channelled above, convex beneath,
dilated at the base.

First pair slightly unequal, pinnatisect at the base, pinnatifid
upwards, ovate in outline, obtuse ; segments entire or slightly
toothed.

Second pair ovate-oblong in outline, pinnatisect ; lateral seg-
ments oblong, serrate ; terminal lobe trifid with mostly entire
segments.

Third pair similar but much more cut, with subpinnatifid seg-
ments.

300

OX SEEDLINGS

Browallia elata, L. (fig. 549).

Primary root small, tapering downwards, with lateral fibres,
annual.

Hypocotyl about 1 cm. long, -5 mm. thick, terete, slender,
pubescent.

Cotyledons nearly equal, petiolate, 5 mm. long including the

FIG. 549. —Browallia elata. Nat. size.

petiole, 3'5 mm. wide, oblate, emarginate, obscurely nerved,
slightly pubescent, pale green.

Stem very short, until it commences to grow for flowering.
Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately incurvinerved and reticulate, hairy all over, membranous,
deep green above, paler beneath.

Nos. 1 and 2. About 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide at first, ovate,
deeply serrate, rounded at the base
and apex, hairy all over, distinctly
incurvinerved and reticulate, bright
green, thin.

Brunfelsia sp. (fig. 550).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete,
pubescent, soon becoming grey and
throwing off the epidermis, about
1-8 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, ro-
tund-obovate, emarginate, coriaceous,
petiolate, deep green above and
thinly hairy, pubescent beneath, shin-
ing on both sides ; laminae variable
in size from l'S-1'9 cm. long, T5-
1'8 cm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubes-
cent, pale green mottled with purple ; 1st internode 8 mm. long ;
2nd 6 mm. ; 3rd 9 mm. ; 4th 8 mm. ; 5th 10 mm. ; 6th 7 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
thinly glandular-pubescent on both sides, coriaceous, shining, deep

FIG. 550. — Brunfelsia sp.
Half nat. size.

SOLAXACE.E 301

or bright green above, paler beneath ; petioles short, channelled
above, convex on the back, densely glandular-pubescent, brownish.

Nos. 1-3. Elliptic, obtuse, tapering most to the base.

Nos. 4-8. Lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse, tapering more or less to
both ends.

SCROPHULARIXE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 913.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and two-celled,
sometimes imperfectly, with large placentas adnate to the
septa, or stalked and peltate or bipartite. The ovules are
usually very numerous in each cell, rarely reduced to two, and
cover the placentas in many series. They are anatropous or
amphitropous, both types sometimes occurring even in one
genus. The fruit is capsular, rarely baccate. During dehis-
cence the placentas are left in the centre where they form a
column, or they are liberated from the septa, or at other times
remain adnate to valves carrying two half-septa each. The
seeds are usually very numerous with a basal or ventral
hilurn and sessile, or they have a short and slender or some-
times a dilated funicle hidden by the incurved margin. The
testa is membranous or crustaceous and reticulate, foveolate,
strongly ribbed or pitted, rarely smooth ; in some cases it is
hyaline and loose, while the endosperm is covered with a
thin inner integument. Endosperm is generally copious and
fleshy, rarely reduced to a thin layer or almost wanting.
The embryo is comparatively large, and varies from half to
nearly the whole length of the endosperm ; rarely minute ;
it is generally straight but sometimes slightly curved, very
rarely curved in the form of a ring. The cotyledons are
shorter or longer, but not as a rule very much broader than the
radicle which is superior or horizontal and directed towards
the hilum.

Some cases occur in the Order — as in Melampyrurn,
Tozzia, Leptorhabdos, and a few species of Veronica — where
the ovary has two ovules in each cell. The fruit is baccate

302 ON SEEDLINGS

in Teedia, Dermatocalyx, Halleria, and Leucocarpus, and
the one-seeded capsule of Tozzia dehisces rather tardily.
Endosperm is very scanty in Melosperma and a few others ;
and is altogether wanting in Monttea and Wightia.

The seeds are generally numerous and comparatively
small ; but sometimes large and much modified in form. One
of the simplest types is that occurring in Scrophularia nodosa.
The seed is oblong or oval, undulated or rugose on the surface.
The embryo is nearly as long as the endosperm with narrowly
oblong cotyledons, shorter than the radicle. The seed of
Pedicularis gracilis is obovoid and reticulate with the reticu-
lations considerably elevated so as to form deep areolse. The
embryo is three-fourths the length of the seed, and the coty-
ledons are roundly oval, about equalling the radicle in length.
The seeds of Collinsia violacea are broadly oval and flattened
or slightly concave on the ventral face on which the hilum
is situated.

The seeds of Paulownia imperialis are small, oblong, very
numerous, and girt by a broad hyaline lacerated wing re-
sembling a number of distinct appendages.

At least three very distinct types are met with in the genus
Linaria. The seeds of L. vulgaris (fig. 552) are pendulous,
anatropous, much flattened with the testa produced into a
wing all round the margin except at the hilum where they
are notched. The embryo is as long as the endosperm, and
lies in the broader plane of the seed. The cotyledons are oval-
oblong, shorter but much wider than the radicle, with their
backs to the placental axis, but nearly always more or less
oblique to it as if they had become twisted into this position
owing to the flattening of the seed.

The ovules of L. genistifolia are horizontal and anatropous,
while the mature seeds are oblong-obovoid and variously
angled by being densely packed ; they are always broadest at
the end abutting on the pericarp. The embryo is straight
and nearly equals the endosperm in length, and the oval
plano-convex cotyledons have their longitudinal axis at right
angles to the placental axis. The latter character, however,
varies somewhat according to the position of the seed on the
placenta. In general characters, L. Cymbalaria (fig. 554)

SCROPHUL ARINE.E 303

agrees with L. genistifolia, but the seeds are globoso-ovoid,
and the crustaceous testa is deeply ridged and furrowed longi-
tudinally. The embryo is little more than half the length
of the endosperm and has very short cotyledons. In L. re-
ticulata the seed is slightly curved and transversely ridged.
The embryo is also slightly curved in conformity with the
seed.

A third type is represented by L. purpurea andL. repens.
The seeds are peltate and transverse to the placenta, oval
in outline, somewhat compressed dorsally, and variously angled
by mutual pressure. The testa is thick, crustaceous, variously
ridged, furrowed, and reticulate. The embryo is straight,
nearly equalling the endosperm in length, while the oval
cotyledons are much shorter than the terete radicle.

A somewhat similar variation of the seeds is met with in
the genus Veronica. Four different types have come under my
notice. The simplest is that met with in V. serpyllifolia (fig.
567). The seeds are anatropous, but the radicle may be
superior, horizontal or inferior according to the position of
the seed on the elevated cushion-like placenta. The seeds are
also very minute and much flattened, but in transverse section
oval or oblong according to their stage of maturity and other
causes. The embryo varies from one-half to three-fourths
the length of the endosperm, and the short cotyledons are
scarcely wider than the radicle.

The ovules of V. arvensis are amphitropous and the seeds
(fig. 562) peltate, dorsally flattened, variable in outline owing
to mutual pressure and overlapping one another. The ventral
face is somewhat concave with a central elevation on which
the hilum is situated. The embryo is more than half the
length of the endosperm, with ovate cotyledons much shorter
than the radicle. V. salicifolia agrees pretty closely with
V. arvensis notwithstanding the fact that the former is an
erect shrub, while the latter is a procumbent annual herb.
The seeds are however slightly less elevated on the ventral
face, and the embryo is considerably shorter.

The ovules of Veronica Buxbaumii are pendulous, hori-
zontal or ascending, and semianatropous, and the hilum varies
accordingly. The seeds (fig. 563) vary from eight to twelve

304 OX SEEDLINGS

in each cell, and are oblong, rounded at either end, deeply
concave on one face and deeply ridged and furrowed on the
dorsal or convex aspect. The short funicle is partly bidden
at one end of the groove. The embryo is very similar to that
of V. salicifolia, but relatively to the seed is very much
shorter.

A fourth type occurs in V. hederaefolia (fig. 564) which
bears only two ovules in each cavity of the ovary. The seed
is large compared with any of the above, V. Buxbaumii excepted :
it is deeply concave on the ventral face by the inrolling of the
edges and the stout funicle arising from the centre of the
cavity is almost or quite concealed. The seed both in
longitudinal and transverse section greatly resembles that of
a species of Galium. The embryo is much larger than that
of V. Buxbaumii, situated at the upper end of the seed, and
slightly curved in conformity with it.

In Melampyrum the seeds closely resemble, in form,
size and colour, the pupae of Ants ; and I have observed that,
whether by mistake or design, they are sometimes carried off
by Ants into their nests. It is possible therefore that the
similarity may be of use, as assisting in their dispersion.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons in this Order are generally
moderate in size, and sometimes even small. The largest
observed are some of the annual species of Veronica, the seeds
of which are large and few in a capsule. They also become
greatly elongated in many species of Linaria by intercalary
growth after germination. They are always of simple types,
and about half a dozen rather distinct kinds were observed.

The cotyledons of Veronica salicifolia are ovate or almost
lanceolate and very small. The first two pairs of leaves are
small, lanceolate and entire. Succeeding ones are more or
less serrate and gradually increase in size, but retain the
same shape. The ultimate ones are oblong-lanceolate, serrate
and trinerved. The cotyledons of an unnamed species of
Scrophularia are lanceolate and rather elongated. The first
pair of leaves are broadly ovate and entire.

Scrophularia chrysantha may serve as a type with broadly
ovate and entire cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are
elliptic, and entire. The cotyledons of Ehodochiton volubile

SCROriIULARINE.E 305

(fig. 556) are very similar. The first two pairs of leaves are
cordate and serrate, succeeded by three pairs which are larger,
more acuminate, and very unequally serrate. An unnamed
species of Pedicularis differs in having smaller and more
obtuse cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are ovate-oblong,
shallowly pinnatifid with rounded serrulate lobes.

The cotyledons of Calceolaria chelidonioides (fig. 551) are
very small, suborbicular and entire. The first two pairs of
leaves are broadly ovate and serrate ; the third pair are tri-
angular and pinnatifid. Linaria Cymbalaria (fig. 555) differs
very much from all other species of the genus noticed. The
cotyledons are small, rotund, entire, mucronate, and unequal
in size. The hypocotyl remains very short and does not
develop adventitious buds as in most other species. Branches
are, however, given off from the axils of the cotyledons, and
the stems are procumbent. The first pair of leaves are
cordate-reniform and shallowly crenate ; but the second pair
are rather more acutely toothed.

A large proportion of seedlings have suborbicular and ernar-
ginate cotyledons. Those of Collinsia bicolor (fig. 559) are
shallowly tridentate, and three- to five-nerved, but the venation
is descernible only when the cotyledons begin to decay or dry
up. The first three pairs of leaves are ovate, serrate, and
subcordate at the base. C. parviflora and C. multicolor agree
pretty closely with C. bicolor, except that the cotyledons are
rather more decidedly emarginate. The first pair of leaves
of C. parviflora are incipiently trifid ; those of C. multicolor
are crenate and emarginate. The cotyledons of Paulownia
imperialis (fig. 558) conform to this type, but are very small.
The first pair of leaves are roundly ovate and distantly dentate,
succeeded by three pairs that are successively much larger,
more decidedly cordate, and more deeply dentate. Alonsoa
incissefolia has the cotyledons and hypocotyl pilose, and the
first pair of leaves are incise-serrate and relatively broader
than in the adult. Veronica Waldsteiniana is notable for its
dwarfed hypocotyl and the breadth of the first pair of leaves.
An unnamed species of Veronica closely allied to V. hederaefolia
is notable in the Order for the size of its cotyledons which are
orbicular, trinerved throughout their length, with the lateral

II. X

306 OX SEEDLINGS

nerves uniting with the midrib at its apex. They are also con-
spicuously emarginate -with a tooth in the notch. The first
pair of leaves are suhorbicular and deeply incised with rounded
teeth. V. hederaefolia (fig. 566) has also exceptionally large
cotyledons, but they differ somewhat from any of the above in
being oblong-oval and only slightly, if at all, emarginata. The
large, concave seed and the mode of germination are shown in
fig. 565. Pentstemon Mackayanus has entire or slightly
emarginate cotyledons, and the first pair of leaves are broadly
ovate and entire. Another slight departure from the type is
met with in an unnamed species of Calceolaria, where the
cotyledons are somewhat broader than long, and the two first
leaves are broadly ovate and rather acutely serrate.

The seedling of Scrophularia sambucifolia (fig. 557) closely
resembles that of some species of Salvia. The cotyledons are
roundly triangular and obtuse. The two first pairs of leaves
are cordate and crenate. The ultimate leaves are interruptedly
pinnatisect and lyrate ; the lower segments are small and
roundly cordate and crenate, while the terminal one is very
large and oblong-cordate; minute intermediate segments often
occur between the larger ones. The cotyledons of Torenia
Fournieri (fig. 561) are emarginate and slightly cordate at
the base, but otherwise shaped like those of the last species.
As they get very old they appear to lose the basal sinus and to
become more reniform. The leaves are all ovate and serrate.

One of the most remarkable types is that in which the
cotyledons greatly enlarge by intercalary growth, and alter
their shape after germination, as happens in Streptocarpus,
and in several genera belonging to the Onagrarieae already
mentioned. I have noted it in Mimulus luteus (fig. 560) and in
Linaria. The cotyledons of the former are triangular and
incipiently trifid when full grown. The terminal tooth repre-
sents the original and true lamina of the cotyledons soon after
germination. The seedling itself is dimorphic according to
circumstances. If it has plenty of room to develop in the
seed-bed the primary leaves are triangular, while the inter-
nodes of the stem are hardly developed ; but if the seedlings
are crowded, the primary internodes elongate considerably and
the leaves become oval.

SCROPIIULARINE^E 307

The cotyledons of Linaria become greatly elongated and
are incipiently trifid. Those of L. tristis are cuneate-linear.
The cotyledons of L. genistifolia are lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate and slightly constricted about the middle. The
cotyledons of L. striata are elliptic and 3'5-4'25 mm. wide
in the middle ; and the primary leaves are in pairs. Those
of L. bipartita (fig. 553) are linear and entire. The first five
pairs of lea.ves are lanceolate and trinerved at the base.

A remarkable peculiarity of all the species of Linaria noticed
except L. Cymbalaria is that the hypocotyl develops a group
of adventitious buds from a point near the surface of the
giound. The primary stem after producing a few pairs of
leaves ceases to elongate. The adventitious buds or a number
of them grow strongly and soon overtop the primary axis which
they supersede, and constitute the flowering stems. Both
annuals and perennials, with the exception above mentioned,
behave in this way. The cotyledons often bear a close re-
semblance to the leaves of the primary axis. The tip above
the constriction constitutes the original and true lamina of
the cotyledon ; all below it is developed as a result of inter-
calary growth subsequent to germination.

Calceolaria chelidonioides, H. B. K. (fig. 551).

Primary root short, tapering, succulent and soft, with a few
lateral fibres, annual.

Hypocotyl succulent, glandular - pubescent,
merging into the root.

Cotyledons small, soon withering, pale green,
petiolate ; petiole 1'5 mm. long ; lamina small,
rotund, 2 mm. in diameter.

Stem erect, soft, succulent, green or purplish
by exposure, sparsely glandular-pubescent ; 1st
internode 2 cm. long ; 2nd 3 mm. ; 3rd 5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate,
petiolate, glandular-pubescent or hairy, deep green
above, paler beneath ; petioles convex, and gla- FlG 551

brous on the under side, channelled above and Calceolaria
glandular-hairy. ^1S±f"

First pair very small, ovate, subacute, serrulate.

Second pair ovate, subacute, serrate, much larger than the first
pair.

x 2

308 ON SEEDLINGS

Third pair triangular, subacute, pinnatifid at the base with the
lobes oblong, obtuse, and like the upper part of the leaf simply or
doubly serrate.

Alonsoa incisaefolia, Euiz et Pav.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent or hairy, l-S-2'5 cm. long,
light green or colourless.

Cotyledons membranous, ovate-rotund, obtuse, emarginate
(though very young ones seem almost entire), petiolate, covered
with rather long glandular hairs, light green, one-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous ; 1st internode 3-5 mm. long.

First leaves simple, deeply and obtusely serrate, cauline, oppo-
site, acute, petiolate, exstipulate, covered with hairs, light green,
pinnatinerved.

Linaria purpurea, Mill.

Ovary two-celled, with about ten ovules in each cell ; ovules
peltate, amphitropous ; micropyle at one end of the horizontal ovule.

Capsule obovoid, emarginate, postero- anteriorly furrowed at the
junction of the carpels, two-celled, with six to eight seeds in each
cell, dehiscing at the apex by two openings each with three teeth
or valves, 3-3'5 mm. long, 3'5-4'25 mm. wide, 2*5-3 mm. thick.

Seeds peltate, or transverse to the receptacle, broader right and
left of the attachment than above and below, somewhat compressed
dorsally, variously angled by mutual pressure, reticulate and
variously ridged and furrowed ; testa thick, crustaceous, black when
mature ; hilum inconspicuous, ventral ; micropyle transverse and
either right or left of the axis.

Seed 1-1-25 mm. wide, '5-f6 mm. long and thick.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white.

Embryo straight, colourless, nearly equal in length to the endo-
sperm, transverse to the placenta; cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire,
sessile, plano-convex, vertical to the axis with their backs to it ;
radicle terete, obtuse, horizontal, and pointing right or left of the
placental axis.

Linaria repens, Steud,, conforms to this type.

Linaria vulgaris, Mill. (fig. 552).

Ovary two-celled, ovules many, seated all over a peltate enlarged
placenta, pendulous, anatropous or semianatropous, radicle superior.

Capsule short, oblong, dehiscing at the apex by four to six valves,
two-celled, many-seeded (seeds about one hundred and twelve). When
fresh 8-10 mm. long and 5-7 mm. in diameter.

SCROPIIULARINE/E

309

Seed orbicular, much imbricated, winged with a basal notch,
sessile on a little projection of the placenta, flattened on the ventral
aspect or slightly concave by the recurving of the marginal wing,
convex and compressed laterally, with the central part containing
the endosperm and embryo the thickest. Testa furnished with scat-
tered minute raised points, finely and minutely reticulate especially
towards the margin of the disc, the wing substriate, pale green
when young, becoming white, ultimately black ; hilum inconspicu-
ous, superior and close to the micropyle, in or close to the basal
notch of the wing of the seed, 1-75-2-25 mm. in diameter.

O.T. v
I IT. ?

FIG. 552. — Linaria vulgaris, x 20. A, longitudinal section of seed. B, trans-
verse section of seed: EN, basal notch; W, wing; OT, testa; IT, tegmen;
jR, radicle ; Cs, cotyledons ; P, endosperm.

Endosperm copious, colourless, occupying the central disc of the
seed, which is more or less oval, and lies obliquely to the hilum or
basal notch.

Embryo curved, in most cases nearly equalling the diameter of
the endosperm, colourless ; cotyledons oval-oblong, obtuse, entire,
plano-convex or nearly flat, closely adpressed face to face, and most
often obliquely to one another, sessile, lying in the broader way of
the seed with their backs to the axis ; radicle terete, obtuse,
superior, and close to the micropyle, much thinner than the width
of the cotyledons and searly twice as long.

The two following Species agree with this Type.
L. saxatilis, DC.

Capsule 3-4 mm. long, 3'4 mm. wide, and 2'75-3'25 mm. thick
when fresh.

310 ON SEEDLINGS

Seeds twenty to twenty-eight in a capsule about 1-5-1-75 mm.
in diameter, much more decidedly echinulate all over the disc than
those of L. vulgaris.

I. alpina, DC.

Capsule opening by six valves, three- to six-seeded, twelve- to
twenty-ovuled, S'25-3'5 mm. long, 2-5-3 mm. wide, and 2-2-25 mm.
thick.

Seeds orbicular, concave on the ventral aspect, 2-2-25 mm. in
diameter.

Linaria genistifolia, Mill.

Ovary two-celled, many-ovuled ; ovules horizontal, anatropous,
seated on an elevated or enlarged placenta ; micropyle horizontal
and abutting against the placental axis.

Fruit a capsule, broadly ovoid, obtuse, glabrous, subglaucous-
green, two-celled, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex by four valves.

Capsule 5'5-6 mm. long, 5-5'5 mm. wide, 4-5-5 mm. thick, con-
taining one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty-six seeds.

Seeds oblong-obovoid, variously shaped and angled by mutual
pressure, reticulate, densely packed horizontally all over the axis,
broadest at the end abutting on the pericarp ; testa thick, crusta-
ceous ; hilum basal, inconspicuous ; micropyle contiguous to the
hilum.

Seed 1-1-25 mm. long, about '75 mm. wide, and -5 mm. thick.

Endosperm comparatively copious, but occupying only a small
portion of the seed, fleshy, white.

Embryo straight, nearly equal in length to the endosperm,
colourless, small ; cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, sessile, plano-
convex, with their long axis at right angles or perpendicular to the
placental axis ; radicle terete, obtuse, considerably longer than the
cotyledons, close to the hilum and pointing to the placenta.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering downwards, fibrous, perennial.

Hypocotyl terete, slender, glabrous, green or glaucous-green,
1-2 cm. or more above the soil, ultimately decumbent, sometimes
proliferous immediately above the soil, and giving off one to six or
more branches that soon become stronger and longer than the
primary stem or plumule. This it is able to do even if the coty-
ledons and plumule should be broken off.

Cotyledons lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into
a short petiole, slightly constricted about the middle of the lamina,

SCROPHULARINEJE 311

glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces ; lamina 4-6*75 mm. long,
2*25-4 mm. wide ; petiole slightly channelled above, convex be-
neath, -5-1-75 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, glaucous-green ; 1st
internode 4-7'5 mm. long ; 2nd shorter. First internode of branches
from the hypocotyl 1-1-5 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, with the lower and primary ones
opposite or in. whorls of three to four, shortly petiolate, deeply
glaucous on both surfaces, glabrous, trinerved at the base with a
few alternate, ascending nerves upward, rather opaque, and best
observed by transmitted light ; petioles very short, tapering down-
wards, slightly channelled above, convex beneath.

First and second pairs lanceolate-elliptic, obtusely pointed.

First node on the branches bearing two, or on strong branches
three elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic obtusely pointed leaves.

linaria reticulata, Desf.

This species agrees with L. genistifolia in the horizontal
anatropous ovules and seeds, but differs in the latter being slightly
curved and transversely ribbed, not angled. The embryo is also
similar, but slightly curved in conformity with the seed.

Capsules 3'5-4 mm. long, 3-3-25 mm. wide, 2'75-3'25 mm.
thick, containing one hundred and thirty-three to one hundred and
thirty- six seeds.

Seeds -75 mm. long, -2S--5 mm. wide, but variable and thickest
at the end farther from the hilum.

Linaria striata, DC.

Hypocotyl as in L. genistifolia ; 1-2-2-7 cm. above the soil,
becoming early proliferous at the surface, and bearing three to five
or more branches soon exceeding it in length and strength.

Cotyledons elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, glaucous-green and rather
opaque above, paler beneath, with the midrib only discernible ;
lamina 7 mm. long, 3'5-4-25 mm. wide in the middle ; petiole
channelled above, convex beneath, glabrous, 1-5-3 mm. long.

Stem. — 1st internode 1-1*3 cm. long; 2nd 1'65 cm.; 3rd 1-
1-2 cm.

Leaves as in L. genistifolia.

First pair elliptic, obtuse.

Second pair narrower, lanceolate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, obtuse.

First, second and third whorls on the branches. similar to those on
the primary stern, and wide or narrow according to the strength of
the seedling.

312

ON SEEDLINGS

—Cotyledon

Linaria bipartita, Willd. (fig. 558).

Primary root tapering downwards and giving off fibrous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl long, erect, slender, becoming thickened upwards,

thinly glandular-pubes-
cent, 2-3-5 cm. long,
shining, green or more
or less stained with
red, proliferous at the
surface of the soil, giv-
ing off buds that even-
tually grow stronger
than the primary stem,
and elongate from 2-
6 cm. before producing
any leaves, appearing
thus as a continua-
tion of the hypocotyl.
If the upper part of the
hypocotyl and cotyle-
dons are removed after
germination, the seed-
ling has still power to
grow and establish it-
self by means of this
proliferation.

Cotyledons linear,
obtuse, entire, tapered
at the base to a short
petiole, glabrous, bright
green above, paler or
subglaucous beneath,
often recurved or more
or less revolute at the
tip, ri-1'3 cm. long
including the very short
petiole, 2-25-2-75 mm.

PIG. ^.-Linaria bipartita. Nat. size. ™*e> rather flesbv> &S~

tinctly one-nerved.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, thinly glandular-pubescent,
green or more or less stained with red at the base ; 1st internode
2-2-6 cm. long ; 2nd about 1-6 cm. ; 3rd shorter.

SCROPIIULARIXE.E 313

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, the lower opposite, or verticillate
in whorls of three or more, the upper alternate, exstipulate, very
shortly petiolate or subsessile, glabrous, light or dark shining green
above, subglaucous beneath, rather fleshy, trinerved at the base,
with a few alternate ascending nerves upwards.

First to fifth pairs lanceolate, obtuse, trinerved at the base with
a few indistinct alternate ascending nerves upwards, very shortly
petiolate.

Leaves on the stems from the proliferous hypocotyl much narrower
than those on the primary stem, linear and opposite, or in whorls of
three, gradually tapered to the base.

Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. (fig. 554).

Capsule 4*5-6 mm. long, 4-5*5 mm. wide, and 3-4*5 mm. thick,
containing forty-two to eighty seeds.

A
JC

FIG. 554. — Linaria Cymbalaria, x 40. A, longitudinal section of seed. B, trans-
verse section of seed: .S, radicle; P, endosperm; OT, testa; IT, tegmen;
Cs, cotyledons ; H, hilum.

Seeds oval or globose-oval, deeply ridged and furrowed longi-
tudinally with a very thick testa, 1 mm. long, '75 mm. in diameter.

Embryo. — The cotyledons with their edges vertical to the axis,
out varying apparently according to the position of the seed in the
capsule.

Seedling (fig. 555).

Primary root slender, flexuose, with very fine lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl decumbent, subflexuose, thinly pubescent, tapering
indistinguishably into the root, not giving rise to adventitious buds.

Cotyledons rather unequal, thinly pubescent, pale green, rotund
or subreniform, mucronate, entire, 4*5 mm. long, 5 mm. wide ;
petiole thinly pubescent, channelled above, about 7-9 mm. long.

314

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. 555. — Linaria Cymbalaria.
Nat. size.

Stem herbaceous, trailing, terete, thinly pubescent, green or
purplish, brittle, succulent ; 1st internode 6 mm. long.

Leaves alternate (first four to six in opposite pairs, but developing
unequally from the bud), thinly pubes-
cent in seedling stage but glabrous or
almost so in the adult plant, green or
stained with purple on the under side,
and especially the petioles ; petioles
slightly channelled on the upper side,
subterete, thinly pubescent in the
seedling stage, glabrous or almost so
in the adult stage, green or purplish.

First pair cordate-reniform, mucro-
nate, shallowly three- to five-crenate,
obscurely trinerved.

Second pair cordate, rather acutely
five- to seven-toothed, obscurely five-
nerved.

Ultimate leaves alternate on the
trailing stems and branches, reniform,
five- to seven-nerved, with five to seven large, rounded, mucronate
crenatures on the lower and larger leaves, and five to seven tri-
angular or ovate, deep, acute teeth on the smaller and upper leaves.

Linaria tristis, Mill.

Hypocotyl colourless, becoming proliferous at the surface of the
ground, and throwing out from one to many buds which develop
into branches with verticillate leaves, three to four in the first
whorl, 1-5-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons cuneate-linear, narrowed gradually to the base, con-
stricted above the middle or towards the apex, and appearing tri-
dentate there with the lateral teeth rudimentary and the terminal
subulate, obtuse or subacute, opaque, deep subglaucous-green and
convex above, paler beneath and concave, 9-12 mm. long, 2-5-3 mm.
wide immediately beneath the constriction where they are widest.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green ; 1st internode
3-9 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

Leaves verticillate, narrowed to the base but scarcely petiolate,
glabrous, deep opaque green or glaucous above, paler beneath.

First whorl of four leaves linear, obtuse, flat or subrevolute at
the margins, glaucous in the seedling.

Second whorl very frequently consisting of five leaves similar to
the first. The whorl sometimes consists of four leaves. Occasionally

SCROPIIULARINE^E

315

a leaf of the first whorl is carried up on the internode above it, and
occasionally a leaf of the second whorl may be below the level of
the others.

Above this the most frequent number of leaves in a whorl seems
to be four ; but it varies from three to five, and occasionally the
whorls are broken or interrupted.

Ultimate leaves four to five in a whorl, lanceolate-linear, sub-
acute, deep opaque or glaucous-green, with a shallow channel above,
paler beneath with a prominent midrib and two faint lateral nerves
near to and parallel with the margin, and indistinct, alternate,
ascending nerves passing from the midrib to the submarginal nerves.

FIG. 556. — Uliodoclnton volubile. Nat. size.

Rhodochiton volubile, Zucc. (fig. 556).

Hypocotyl subterranean or short.

Cotyledons petiolate, coarsely and thinly hairy ; lamina rotund-
ovate, apiculate, 6 mm. long, 5 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above,
tapering downwards, 3 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, thick and succulent at the base, and becoming
much more slender upwards as it commences to twine, villous,
purplish ; 1st internode 7 mm. long ; 2nd 5'5 mm. ; 3rd 9'5 mm. ;
4th 9-5-10 mm. ; 5th 1-6 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate,

316

OX SEEDLINGS

coarsely hairy on both sides with stiff hyaline hairs ; petioles chan-
nelled above, and hairy like the leaves and stem, purplish.

First pair small, cordate, acute, crenate-dentate with mucronate
teeth ; lamina 1-3 cm. long, 1-1 cm. wide.

Second pair cordate, acute, serrate-dentate with mucronate teeth,
faintly five-nerved.

Third pair cordate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, acute or sub-
lobulate below the middle, strongly nerved with five ascending and
incurved nerves, and subreticulate.

Fourth pair cordate, acuminate, acute, acutely dentate-serrate,
sublobulate on the lower half, nerved like the third pair.

Scrophularia sambucifolia, L. (fig. 557).

Primary root soon ceasing to elongate, and giving off almost
horizontal secondary ones near its base.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, slender, pubescent, pale purplish, 1-
1-3 cm. long, -75 mm. thick.

Cotyledons roundish-triangular, obtuse, gla-
brous, convex above ; lamina 5*5 mm. long,
6 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above, convex
below, pubescent, 6 mm. long.

Stem slender, erect, terete, hairy, pubes-
cent, herbaceous ; 1st internode 2-5 mm. long ;
2nd 1 mm.

Leaves cauline, simple, opposite, decussate,
exstipulate, petiolate, glandular- pubescent or
hairy on both surfaces as well as on the petioles.
Fir^t pair rotund-cordate, obtuse, shallowly
crenate.

Second pah* rotund-cordate, more deeply
crenate than the first pair.

Ultimate leaves lyrate, interruptedly pin-
natisect, crenate with mucronate serratures,
glandular-pubescent above and on the nerves
beneath, and dotted with sessile glands, alternately penninerved,
reticulate, rugose ; terminal segment cordate-oblong, obtuse ; lateral
segments alternate, more or less imbricate, rotund-cordate, obtuse,
unequal at the base, more or less cut away on the anterior basal
side, decurrent on the petiole with a narrow wing, and irregularly
interspersed with minute segments ; larger segments three to five.

Scrophularia chrysantha, Jaub. et Sp.

Hypocotyl covered with numerous glandular hairs, light green
or almost colourless, 5-8 mm. long.

SCROPIIULARINEJ5 317

Cotyledons rotund-ovate, about 5 mm. long including the
petiole.

Stem with primary internodes but slightly developed.

First leaves elliptic, subacute, entire, shortly petiolate, covered
with glandular hairs and ciliated.

Paulownia imperialis,1 Sieb. et Zucc. (fig. 558).

Ilijpocotyl erect, terete, very short, glandular-pubescent, about
5 mm. long.

Cotyledons transversely oval or rotund, petiolate, shallowly
emarginate, showing a midrib only, thinly glandular-pubescent or
glabrous, light green above, paler beneath ; lamina about 4'5 mm.
long, 5'5 mm. wide ; petiole flattened above or slightly grooved,
3-4 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete,
densely glandular-pubes-
cent or shaggy, and almost
villous in a young state,
ultimately woody, forming
a tree ; 1st internode 5'5
mm. long; 2nd T15 cm.;
3rd 1 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline,
opposite, exstipulate, peti-
olate, alternately ascend-
ingly incurvinerved, with
the nerves uniting at their
upper end and giving off

no. OOB.-

Half nat. siz

teeth, reticulate, softly and

densely glandular-hairy on both surfaces, deep green above, paler
beneath; petioles subterete, narrowly channelled above, densely
glandular-hairy and shaggy, tapering upwards from a stout base.

First pair small, broadly ovate or rotund-ovate, obtuse, distantly
glandular-dentate.

Second pair cordate, obtuse, irregularly glandular-dentate.

Third pair much larger, cordate, subacute, dentate, with unequal-
sized teeth generally largest about the middle of the leaf, and tipped
with a glandular mucro.

Leaves on vigorous young trees attain a length of twelve to
twenty-four inches exclusive of the petiole.

1 The seed is figured by Tubeuf, Samen, Frilchte und Keimlinge, p. 74.

i , . , ,-. • i FIG. 558. — Paulownia impenalis.

branches into the marginal — -•

318

OX SEEDLINGS

Pentstemon Mackayanus, KnowL et Westc.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 4-6 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate-rotund, obtuse, entire or sometimes minutely
emarginate, petiolate, glabrous, dark green, with no apparent vena-
tion.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, finely pubescent, light green ; 1st
internode 3-5 mm. long ; 2nd much shorter.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, ovate, obtuse,
petiolate, exstipulate, with a few scattered hairs, trinerved with
indistinct upper lateral veinlets ; the first pair are entire ; the second
crenate.

Collinsia bicolor, Benth. (fig. 559).

Primary root long, tapering, with fibrous lateral rootlets, annual.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, green or reddish-
purple, 1'3-1'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons rotund, or rotund-ovate, rounded at the base,
minutely emargmate at the apex, fleshy, glabrous except the
petioles, dull light green or stained with
red and dotted with white ; lamina 5-10
mm. long, and as wide, or slightly longer
than wide ; petioles semiterete, chan-
nelled above, minutely pubescent, dilated
towards the base and connate, 6'5-9'5
mm. long. Lamina obscurely and al-
ternately incurvinerved, and reticulate,
venation seen only when the cotyledon
is decaying.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect,
terete, minutely pubescent with deflexed
hairs, or subglabrous, pale green or
stained red ; 1st internode 7-13 mm.
long ; 2nd 4-13 mm. according to
strength of plant.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, thinly hairy above,
subglabrous beneath, alternately and
ascendingly penuinerved, deep opaque
green above and dotted with white, much
paler, almost glaucous beneath and
shining ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, hairy, dilated
towards the base and subconnate.

FIG. 559. — Collinsia bicolor.
Nat. size.

SCROPHULARINILE 319

First pair ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the base, crenate-serrate.
This is the most common type, but seedlings occur frequently with
the first pair of leaves deeply trilobed; lateral lobes unequally
oblong or unequally obovate with a few teeth on the posterior side ;
terminal lobe oblong-cuneate or rhomboid-cuneate, crenate or
obtusely dentate.

Second pair ovate, obtuse, shallowly cordate at the base, obtusely
serrate. This is the usual type, but more rarely the second pair
become lobed like the first.

Third and fourth pairs oblong-ovate, obtuse, rounded or sub-
cuneate at the base, coarsely, obtusely, and irregularly serrate.
Karely the third pair are lobed and a detached portion may some-
times be seen on the petiole.

Collinsia parviflora, Dougl.

Hypocotyl very similar to last species.

Cotyledons very similar to those of C. bicolor, almost orbicular,
emarginate, obtuse, dark green, reddish below, very indistinctly one-
nerved.

Stem with primary internodes very slightly developed.

First leaves showing a tendency to become trilobed, slightly
emarginate, ovate, obtuse, petiolate, minutely pubescent, dark green
stained with purple beneath, indistinctly pinnatinerved.

Collinsia multicolor, Paxt.

Hypocotyl as in C. bicolor, but 3-5 cm.
long, and light green or colourless.

Cotyledons fleshy, ovate or almost ro-
tund, emarginate, sometimes almost cordate
at the base, glabrous except on the petioles,
dark green, pinnatinerved like the leaves,
with prominent venation.

Stem. — 1st internode 4-5 mm. long.

First leaves ovate-oblong, emarginate,
crenate, petiolate, pubescent, light green,
pinnatinerved.

Mimulus luteus, L. (fig. 560).

Primary root normal.

Hypocotyl short, tapering insensibly FIG. 560.— Mimulus luteus.
into the root, glabrous.

Cotyledons triangular, obtuse, incipiently tridentate near the
apex with the middle tooth much the largest and longest, traversed

320 OX SEEDLINGS

longitudinally with an indistinct midrib (no other nerves discernible
when fresh), glabrous, light green; lamina 4-5 mm. long, 8'5-
4'5 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above, slender, 2*5-4 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, pale green, glabrous; primary
internodes undeveloped unless the seedlings are crowded when more
or less elongation takes place. Adventitious roots are frequently
emitted from the stem where in contact with the soil.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately penninerved, with the nerves incurved and uniting with
those above them, light green and punctate on the upper surface,
paler beneath, glabrous or thinly hairy on the same plant ; petioles
glabrous, channelled above, dilated at the base and connate.

First and second pairs variable ; in seedlings with sufficient
room to develop they are deltoid, obtuse, obscurely or obsoletely
dentate, with a prominent midrib and a few alternate incurved
lateral nerves ; in crowded seedlings they are oval.

Torenia Fournieri, Lind. (fig. 561).

Primary root normal, short, tapering, giving off short lateral
rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl soft, herbaceous, erect, terete, 1'5 cm. long.
Cotyledons petiolate, persistent ; limb triangular-emarginate,
subtruncate at the base, 4 mm. long, 6 mm. wide ;
petiole 2 mm. long.

Stem erect, square with acute angles, thickened
at the nodes and ciliate at the angles, succulent, pale
green ; 1st internode 6 mm. long ; 2nd 1-2 cm. ; 3rd
2-6 cm. ; 4th 3 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, triangular, or triangular-ovate,
acute, acutely penninerved, with the nerves sunk on
FIG. 561. the upper side, and prominent beneath, pubescent
Torenia on both surfaces, gradually increasing in size from
Nat. size. the seedling stage of the plant to the adult ; average
size of leaf 2*2 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide ; petioles
channelled above, convex beneath, pubescent, increasing in length
from seedling to middle of stem in the adult plant, then again be-
coming shorter ; average length about 1'5 cm.

Veronica arvensis, L. (fig. 562).

Ovary two-celled, many-ovuled ; ovules amphitropous on axile
placentas ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a capsule, obcordate, much compressed laterally, keeled,

SCROPHULARINE.E 321

glabrous except on the keel which is coarsely hairy, two-celled,
many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex with four valves.

Seed peltate, broadly oblong, or of various outlines, convex
dorsally, flattened ventrally with an oblong or obovate, elevated
hilum, imbricating and lying obliquely to the flattened sides of
the ovary, pale straw- or almost amber-coloured ; micropyle at
the upper end.

FIG. 562. — Veronica arvensis, x 30. A, longitudinal section of seed :
M, micropyle ; T, testa ; P, endosperm ; C, cotyledon. B, transverse
section of seed : P, endosperm ; C, cotyledon ; H, hilum.

Endosperm in the mature seed copious, fleshy, white, embedding
and surrounding the embryo.

Embryo rather small, considerably shorter than the endosperm,
colourless ; cotyledons ovate, obtuse, plano-convex, lying in the
broad plane of the seed, with their backs to the placenta ; radicle
terete, obtuse, pointing to the micropyle at the upper end of the
seed, somewhat longer than the cotyledons, and narrower or
thinner.

Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten. (fig. 563).

Ovules pendulous, horizontal or ascending, anatropous or nearly
so, with the micropyle close to the hilum, and consequently superior,
horizontal or inferior.

Capsule much compressed laterally, bifid, with widely diverging,
obtuse, keeled lobes, glandular-hairy all over, dehiscing when
mature by four apical valves, with about eight to twelve seeds in
each of the two cells, attached by a very short pale or colourless
funicle to papillose projecting processes of the placentas which
are deep green before the capsule dries up.

II. Y

322

ON SEEDLINGS

Seed oblong, rounded at both ends, or somewhat narrowed to
the basal and attached end, transversely ridged and grooved on the
dorsal and convex aspect, concave on the sides facing one another,

dffm,

FIG. 563. — Veronica Buxbaumii, x 20. A, longitudinal section of seed.
B, transverse section of seed : M, micropyle ; Em, embryo ; P, endo-
sperm ; Ca, cotyledons ; T, testa.

and containing or surrounding the raphe and funicle in this
groove, glabrous, white before maturity ; raphe lying along the

FIG. 564.— Veronica hederafolia, x 15. A, longitudinal section of seed.
B, transverse section of seed : F, funicle ; E, embryo ; P, endosperm ;
T, testa ; M, position of micropyle ; C, cotyledons.

median line in the groove ; funicle very short ; micropyle con-
tiguous to, but a little higher up than the hilum, on, or towards the
external aspect.

SCROPHULARINE^E

323

Endosperm in the mature seed copious, fleshy, white, occupying
nearly the whole seed.

Embryo small, straight, colourless, at right angles to the pla-
centa ; cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying
in the broader way of the seed with their backs to the raphe on one
side and to the dorsal aspect on the other ; radicle oblong, obtuse,
pointing to the micropyle, but some little distance from the extreme
apex of the seed, slightly longer than the cotyledons.

FIG. 565. — Veronica hedercefolia. A, seed germinating : R, radicle ; ve, ventral
cavity of seed, x 4. B, another seedling, x 4. C, seedling, x 4, showing mode
of germination when the seed is well buried. D, another stage of C, x 4.

Veronica hederaefolia, L. (figs. 564-66).

Ovary with each of the two cells two-ovuled ; ovules peltate,
amphitropous ; micropyle superior.

Capsule broadly obovoid or subglobose, turgid and slightly emar-
ginate, shallowly grooved along the side where the union of the
carpels forms a double partition, with a slender filiform ridge along

T 2

324

OX SEEDLINGS

the dorsal suture, and shallowly grooved or not in that part, gla-
brous, each cell one- or two- (generally two-) seeded, dehiscing at
the dorsal suture and separating or breaking away from the placental
column.

Seed in the early stage forming a little curved or reniform papilla
suspended by a colourless hilum, increasing greatly in length and
breadth but not thickness, till it becomes an oblong, flattened body.
Growth continues in the middle and dorsal region, but not at the
edges, until the seed assumes an oblong- sphaeroid form, peltate on
the funicle and concave on the ventral aspect, completely enclosing
and hiding the colourless funicle, transversely and shallowly grooved
towards the margin, pale amber-coloured or nearly white, glabrous ;
micropyle at the upper end of the seed and external to the ventral
cavity ; funicle stout, colourless, obliquely ascending, enclosed by the
involute edges of the seed ; hilum ventral
in the cavity.

Endosperm in the mature seed co-
pious, fleshy, firm, white.

Embryo small, slightly curved in con-
formity with the curvature of the seed,
embedded in the centre of the endosperm
at the upper end of the seed, colour-
less ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire,
trinerved, plano-convex ; radicle terete,
obtuse, a little longer than the cotyle-
dons, close to the micropyle at the upper
end of the seed but completely surrounded
by the endosperm.

Germination.— Seeds sown on the
29th of June commenced to germinate
on the 7th of December.
An early stage (fig. 565, A) shows the radicle pushed out from the
seed and furnished with root-hairs ; the ventral cavity of the seed
is very conspicuous.

Three days later (fig. 565, E) the hypocotyl is straight, thinly
hairy at the very top and on the petioles of the cotyledons. The
latter are trinerved, glabrous except the petioles, and have nearly
got out of the membranous, now empty testa.

When the seed is moderately well buried in the soil, the radicle
pushes out first and fixes the plant in the soil, then the hypocotyl
arches and in straightening pulls the cotyledons out of the seed
(fig. 565, C).

Two days later (fig. 565, D) the cotyledons get clear out of the

FIG. 566.

Veronica hedercefolia.
Seedling, nat. size.

SCROPIIULARINEyE

325

seed, an easy process when the seed is properly covered with soil.
The hypocotyl elongates greatly meanwhile.

Veronica serpyllifolia, L. (fig. 567).

Ovules numerous, pendulous, horizontal, ascending and erect
from an elevated, knob- like axile placenta, anatropous ; micropyle
superior, horizontal or inferior, and next to the hilum.

Capsule broadly obcordate, much compressed laterally and keeled,
glandular-pubescent on the keel, otherwise glabrous, two-celled, with
the septum in the narrow
way of the fruit, many-
seeded, dehiscing by four
valves when mature,
tipped with the slender
persistent style which is
much longer than the
apical notch.

Seeds broadly oval-
oblong or obovate-oblong,
much compressed later-
ally, obtuse-edged, very
small and numerous, pale-
coloured, yellowish-white
just before maturity ;

testa thin ; raphe and chalaza on one of the flattened faces ; funicle
very short ; hilum and micropyle basal.

Endosperm in the mature seed copious, fleshy, whitish.

Embryo small, straight, colourless, about three-fourths the length
of the endosperm ; cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, plano-convex,
lying in the broad way of the seed with their edges to the axis or
placenta ; radicle terete, obtuse, slightly longer than the cotyledons,
embedded in the endosperm near the hilum.

Veronica salicifolia, Forst.

Ovary as in V. arvensis.

Capsule ovate or ovoid, laterally compressed, pubescent especially
towards the edges, two-celled, many-seeded, dehiscing for more than,
half its length into four valves, each of which is acute or subacumi-
nate and more or less conspicuously trinerved.

Seed peltate, closely resembling that of V. arvensis.

Endosperm copious, occupying almost the whole interior of the
seed, whitish.

FIG. 567. — Veronica serpyllifolia, x 40.
A, longitudinal section of seed. B, transverse
section of seed : M, micropyle ; E, embryo ;
P, endosperm; T, testa; Cs, cotyledons.

326 ON SEEDLINGS

Embryo small, less than half the length of the endosperm,
straight, otherwise as in V. arvensis.

Primary root slender, flexuose, soon exceeded in length by the
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl short or indistinguishable from the root.

Cotyledons small, ovate, obtuse or subacute, petiolate, glabrous ;
lamina 2*5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide ; petiole grooved above, '5 mm.
long.

Stem shrubby, erect, terete, pubescent in the seedling, glabrous
in the adult plant, pale green, shining ; 1st and 2nd internodes 2'5-
4 mm. long ; 3rd 2'5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate,
glabrous and shining on both surfaces, coriaceous, evergreen, deep
green above, pale beneath, obscurely alternately penninerved and
reticulate ; petioles short, grooved on the upper side, semiamplexi-
caul, glabrous.

First pair lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse, entire.

Second pair lanceolate-elliptic, entire, subacute.

Third pair lanceolate-elliptic, acute, with one or two serratures
on each side.

Intermediate forms are lanceolate, acute, serrate.

Ultimate leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or tipped
with a mucro, serrulate, minutely pubescent or scaberulous at the
margin, as are the intermediate forms, but not those in the younger
seedling stage, three- or faintly five-nerved in the lower half.

Veronica Waldsteiniana, ? Hort.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, glabrous, 1-1*5 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, emarginate, membranous, petiolate,
glabrous, green, indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, hairy ; 1st internode -75-1 mm.
long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, broadly ovate,
obtuse or subacute, serrate, hairy, petiolate, exstipulate, light green,
distinctly and alternately pinnatinerved.

Veronica sp. (V. hedersefoliae aff.).
Primary root tapering downwards, fibrous, annual.
Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green or colourless, glabrous at
the base and hairy upwards, elongating in heat to 6 or 7 cm.

SCROPHULARINEJS 327

Cotyledons orbicular, foliaceous, emarginate, with a glandular
mucro in the sinus, trinerved from the petiole to the apex where the
lateral nerves unite with the midrib immediately below the mucro,
with a few indistinct reticulations outside and inside of the strong
laterals, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath ; lamina 1-2 mm.
long, and as wide ; petiole slender, semiterete, channelled above,
subperfoliate, hairy, pale green, about 1'7 cm. long.

Stem erect, more or less quadrangular, with obtuse angles, pale
green, densely hairy or subvillous ; 1st internode 1'5 cm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, densely
hairy on both surfaces, trinerved from the base in the seedling, light
green ; petiole short, channelled above, densely hairy.

First pair rotund, obtuse, cordate at the base,crenate-dentate with
obtuse teeth tipped with a glandular mucro, trinerved from the petiole
to the apex, with the primary lateral nerves running into a tooth on
each side of the apical one, and short lateral branches running into
the other teeth from the primary lateral nerves.

Ultimate leaves rotund-reniform or reniform, five- to seven-
nerved, obtusely five- to seven-toothed, rarely nine-toothed, coarsely
hairy on both surfaces but not glandular ; teeth tipped with a glan-
dular mucro. Bracts similar to the leaves and not much smaller,
falling short of the peduncles.

Fruit didymous, turgid and furrowed along the midrib of the
carpels, not carinate, densely hairy but not glandular, with a sunk
cavity at the apex in which the persistent style is situated, two-celled,
each cell two-seeded.

Pedicularis sp.

Boot small, yellowish, with a few rootlets and root-hairs.

Hypocotyl 5 mm. long, '5 mm. thick, terete ; hairs purplish-
red.

Cotyledons equal, 4 mm. long including the glandular-ciliate,
purplish petiole, 2 mm. wide, ovate, rounded at the base, obtuse at
the apex, entire, obscurely nerved, glandular-ciliate, thin, purplish.

Stem with the primary internodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, once, twice, or still further pinnately cut, radical
and cauline, apparently opposite in the seedling, exstipulate, petio-
late, with venation conforming to the divisions, hairy.

First pair oblong-ovate, shallowly pinnatifid with rounded serru-
late lobes, 1 cm. long including the petiole, and 4 mm. wide.

328 ON SEEDLINGS

GESNEEACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 990.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, half or wholly
superior and one-celled with two parietal placentas which are
bifid and slender or strong, and consist each of two broad
revolute plates approaching one another in the centre of the
cell, imperfectly dividing it into two or four locelli ; rarely do
they cohere at the base or beyond the middle of the cell as in
Monophyllsea and Loxophyllum. The ovules are generally
very numerous, and densely cover the placentas on all sides
or at their margins only ; they are also minute and anatropous.
The fruit is capsular, rarely fleshy, and in the Gesnereae
dehisces by two valves between the persistent calyx-lobes, or
rarely at a dorsal slit at the base as in the genus Monopyle.
In the tribe Cyrtandreae it is indehiscent, or bursts trans-
versely, sometimes by two valves along the middle of the
carpels, or at the placentas. In other cases it is four-valved
with the valves bearing both divisions of the placentas on their
middle or a half of the placentas on their margins ; the valves
rarely become entirely separated from the placentas. The
seeds are very numerous and minute, pendulous or horizontal
and ovoid, oblong, fusiform or linear with a striated or reticu-
late testa drawn out into a short point or a long thread-like
process at either end. Endosperm is more rarely scanty and
fleshy, copious or absent. The embryo is straight and nearly
as long as the endosperm when that is present, with short
cotyledons and a radicle pointing to the hilum.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of seedlings in this Order are
always very small unless one or both become foliaceous by
intercalary growth. Those of Sinningia speciosa are small,
rotund and never attain any great size. Gesnera macrantha
has broadly ovate or triangular cotyledons, glandular on both
surfaces and showing a midrib only. The hypocotyl com-
mences to thicken soon after germination and forms a fleshy,
globular and persistent rootstock, as does also Sinningia
speciosa. The first pair of leaves in Gesnera macrantha are

GESXERACE.E 329

roundly ovate and entire ; the second pair are roundly oval with
a few crenatures ; and the third pair are cordate-ovate and
crenate. All the three pairs are developed close to the ground.
A very curious case presents itself in the different species
of Streptocarpus. The cotyledons are quite normal for some
time after germination. They are small or even minute,
orbicular, entire, sessile, and thinly glandular-hairy, or they
develop a very short petiole and become roundly ovate or
triangular, showing a midrib, but no other venation. The
different stages of growth after germination are well shown by
a seedling from S. Kexii crossed with S. lutea (fig. 568).
There are two or not infrequently three cotyledons. The
first leaf is developed from, one of them by intercalary
growth which sets in at the base of the lamina and con-
tinues for a considerable time. The original and true lamina
of the cotyledon is carried up on the apex of the leaf,
and the tip is therefore the oldest part. Finally it withers
and dies away, and the apex of the leaf dies away from
above downwards in the same fashion. In the early stage
the leaf as a whole becomes obovate, then broadly ovate
and obtuse. It retains this shape for some time ; but ulti-
mately becomes oblong or strapshaped with a more or less
cordate base, attaining a length of six to ten inches or more.
This type of Streptocarpus develops a rosette of leaves, the
second one of which seems to arise from the short, thick and
fleshy petiole of the first. S. Eexii var. floribundus is a strong-
growing form of the species. In its early stages it behaves in
the same way as the last, the first leaf being developed from
one of the cotyledons by intercalary growth at the base.
A rosette of leaves is ultimately formed, and when the
plants are strong the leaves vary from six to twelve inches or
more in length. The cotyledons of S. Dunnii are also perfect
and normal in the early stages, small, rotund and entire.
The only leaf the plant produces is developed from one of
the cotyledons and becomes oblong, narrowed toward the
apex, incurvi-penninerved, lobulate and dentate, cinereous
above from the presence of grey hairs, and rusty beneath with
reddish ones ; it varies from twelve to thirty-six inches in
length, and nine to twenty inches in width at the broadest part.

330 ON SEEDLINGS

Gesnera macrantha, Spr.

Primary root slender, terete, apparently branching little if at
all, and soon superseded by strong branching lateral rootlets abun-
dantly furnished with root-hairs, all orange-red.

Hypocotyl short, globose, fleshy, pale reddish, increasing
rapidly, and losing its epidermis which becomes rent into longitu-
dinal stripes, 2-4'5 mm. in diameter sixty-six days after sowing the
seed, forming the persistent rootstock of the plant.

Cotyledons very small, broadly ovate or triangular, obtuse,
entire, petiolate, glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, and ciliate,
pale green with a midrib discernible at the base only by transmitted
light ; lamina suddenly narrowed into the petiole, apex obtuse, 2*25-
2-5 mm. long and the same in width ; petiole about 1-1-25 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, densely glandular-hairy, or
almost villous, dying down annually to the persistent tuberous root-
stock ; 1st internode '5-1 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd similar.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately incurvinerved with the nerves more or less united at their
apex or forming intramarginal not very conspicuous reticulations,
softly hairy or villous especially on the upper surface with shaggy
whitish hairs ; petiole semiterete, channelled above, densely hairy
or villous with more or less glandular hairs.

First pair of leaves small, broadly ovate or rotund-ovate, obtuse,
entire, with a midrib and a few alternate incurved nerves.

Second pair much larger, oval or rotund-elliptic, obtuse, entire
or obsoletely crenate-dentate, with a more evident venation.

Third pair cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate.

Streptocarpus Rexii, LindL, x S. lutea, C. B. Clarke (fig. 568).

Primary root slender, tapering, with a few lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl extremely short and fleshy, merging into the root, or
hardly developed.

Cotyledons small, rotund, shortly petiolate, subtruncate at the
base, apparently nerveless, light green, thinly hairy ; lamina about
1'5 mm. in diameter ; petiole 1 mm. long.

One of these cotyledons afterwards becomes the first true leaf
and is very persistent, attaining a large size. The other one persists
for some months but never gets larger.

The above is the usual origin of the first leaf, but seedlings
frequently occur having three cotyledons ; from one of which the
first leaf is produced apparently at right angles to the others
which soon cease to enlarge.

Stem very short, fleshy, becoming swollen and tuberous, appear-

GESXERACE/E

331

ing continuous with or forming a petiole to the first leaf, and carry-
ing it above the other cotyledon.

Leaves few, simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, sessile, alter-
nately and ascendingly penninerved, densely hairy on both surfaces,
but especially so on the nerves beneath, with fleshy, crystalline,
bulbous-rooted hairs.

No. 1. Originally ovate, obtuse, entire, apparently nerveless,
afterwards alternately penninerved, becoming oblong, and crenate,

FIG. 568. — Streptocarpus Eexii x S. lutea. A, B, C, different stages of
seedling, x. 5. D, older seedling, nat. size : FL, first leaf ; SL, second
leaf ; C, persistent cotyledon. E, Seedling with three cotyledons, from
one of which the first leaf is developed, x. 5.

then panduriform by a wide development near the base, below which
it is cordate and suddenly cuneate to the stalkless base, obtuse at
the tip and thinly hairy denoting the persistence of the cotyledon,
subrugose, with the primary nerves sunk above, prominent beneath
and not terminating directly in the teeth.

332 OX SEEDLINGS

No. 2. Originating at the very base of the first one, and oppo-
site or oblique to it.

Streptocarpus Dunnii, Hook. f.

Cotyledons perfect and normal after germination, rotund, entire,
growing until they reach a certain size (still very small) when one
ceases and the other develops into a large leaf as described below.

Stem very short, fleshy, and scarcely distinguishable from the
base of the leaf.

Leaf developed from one of the cotyledons, solitary, radical,
simple, ovate, elongate, obtuse, obscurely crenate, very persistent
and becoming large, ovate, acuminate, obtuse, cuneate at the base,
but compressed there and appearing cordate where it suddenly
widens, lobulate, ultimately oblong, coarsely dentate, alternately
penninerved, the nerves not entering the lobes directly, but uniting
with a strong branch of the nerve immediately above, and forming
a span which is less than a right angle, reticulate, rugose, fleshy,
densely covered with short fleshy adpressed pale grey hairs with a
few reddish ones intermixed, cinereous above, rufous beneath from
the intermixture of pale and red hairs, with prominent projecting
nerves and prominently reticulated.

Ultimately the leaf is oblong, obtuse, slightly narrowed upwards,
tapering at the base and appearing cordate by the contiguous sides,
doubly dentate or lobular-dentate with gland-tipped teeth, alter-
nately incurvi-penninerved, strongly rugose and reticulate, glandular-
pubescent on both surfaces, cinereous above, rufous or reddish
beneath, twelve to thirty-six inches long and nine to twenty inches
at the broadest.

BIGXOXIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 1026.

FrvAt and Seed. — The ovary is superior, two-celled, with
two parallel, distant or contiguous, but distinct placentas,
adnate to the septum, but sometimes though rarely one-celled
with two parietal bifid placentas. The ovules are numerous,
horizontal, anatropous, and arranged in a single series or
rather irregularly in one to many series. The fruit is capsular,
dehiscing along the middle of the carpels or breaking away
from the septa ; or it is fleshy, indehiscent and more or less
filled with fibrous, spongy or pulpy placentas. The seed

BIGXOXIACE^E 333

is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the fruit, and inserted
on either margin of the septa in one or many series or scattered
over the septa or drawn-out placentas. It is more or less
compressed vertically, often flat, and often girt with a hyaline,
rarely opaque wing which is broad, narrow or interrupted in
many cases at the base and apex. The testa in the centre of
the wing is membranous or leathery, sometimes thickened,
and at the apical end of the seed or at the chalaza it is
intruded or pushed into the cavity of the seed, sometimes
almost dividing it into two cells, thus accounting for the very
prevalent bifid character of the cotyledons. Endosperm is
wanting. The embryo is flattened or rarely thickened, with
flat or rarely folded, bifid, emarginate or rarely entire coty-
ledons, which are often broader than long. The radicle is
always short, often very short, and horizontal. Some excep-
tions occur in the Order, as in Eccremocarpus and in the
Crescentiese where the ovary is one-celled with two parietal
placentas. The fruit is often abnormal in various ways in
the tribes Jacarandese and Crescentieae, and is subfollicular in
Amphicome and Incarvillea. The seed is furrowed or the
testa partly invaginated in species of Stereospermum, and
perfectly intruded between the cotyledons in Kigelia. The
seeds are few and thick in Argylia.

All the seeds noticed are much flattened and winged ; they
may be divided into those which have the wing continuous
round the apex of the seed, and those in which it is absent at
the base and apex. Dolichandrone Cauda-felina is the only
typical instance of the latter observed. The seed is oblate,
perfectly straight at the base and apex, while the testa is
produced into a wing at either side, and obliquely trun-
cate at the two ends. The portion of the seed containing
the embryo occupies the whole of the centre. This peculiar
form of the seed is due to that of the fruit which is a long,
narrow pod with the seed occupying the whole width of
the cavity. The embryo is large, nearly as wide as the
seed, and is oblate, with the cotyledons deeply emarginate
or shallowly bifid at the apex. The lobes are rounded in
conformity with the seed, and the extremely short radicle
occupies a shallow basal notch. The latter is due to the

334 ON SEEDLINGS

presence of the radicle which has to be accommodated. The
apical emargination or fissure is due to the intrusion of the
testa at that point where the chalaza is situated, as explained
under Bignonia speciosa. Catalpa speciosa most nearly ap-
proaches to the above, inasmuch as the seed is oblate and
strongly winged at either end, but the wing is continuous
at the apex, though not very wide, and is also continuous at
the basq except for a deep notch at the hilum. It is deeply
fringed or lacerated at either end. The greatly widened seed
and its short longitudinal axis are due to the narrowness
of the long, slender, cylindrical fruit. The embryo is oblate
and mi/ch constricted in the middle, almost dividing the
cotyledons into two equal suborbicular portions. The radicle
occupies one notch.

A good type of a seed with a continuous wing is furnished
by Pithecoctenium Aubletii. The thickened portion of the
testa containing the embryo is not central, and the really
membranous portion is absent at the linear or oblong hilum.
The embryo is oblate, deeply constricted in the middle with
open notches and an extremely short radicle. Oroxylum in-
dicum is another instance of a broadly winged seed, and the
wing is slightly but irregularly dentate at the margin. The
embryo differs from that of the last by having the lobes im-
bricated at the apical fissure, almost hiding the latter. The
radicle is deeply seated in the basal notch which is otherwise
open. The fruit of Bignonia speciosa is oblong, flattened and
densely covered with tubercular spines or emergences. The
seeds are arranged in two rows in each cell upon widely sepa-
rated placentas, and are much imbricated, the lower ones always
overlapping the upper. They are oblate and broadly winged ;
and the embryo is constricted in the middle with rather wide
notches. Bignonia insignis differs by having its cotyledons
fleshy, amalgamated in one piece, and subterranean even after
germination. The embryo, however, conforms in shape to the
other species in all general particulars. Pajanelia multijuga has
rather narrowly winged seeds. The embryo is deeply bifid at
the apex but hardly notched at the base, while the radicle is
inconspicuous. It is not central. This also occurs in Stereo-
spermum suaveolens, but the wing is broader at each side

BIGXONIACPLE 335

than it is at the base or apex of the seed. The embryo is
similar to that of the last.

The fruit of Incarvillea Olgae is a linear, slender and terete
capsule. The seeds are pendulous in two rows, and imbri-
cated, the uppermost being outermost ; they are also numerous
and small. The wing is continuous except at the base. The
embryo is central or nearly so, with oval, shallowly emar-
ginate cotyledons distinctly auricled at the base. The radicle
projects considerably beyond the base of the auricle. The
fruit of Eccremocarpus scaber is an inflated capsule ovate-
oblong in outline. The seed is orbicular and compressed
with the wing continuous round the margin except at the
hilum where there is a small notch. That part of the testa
in which the embryo is situated is black and obovate in
outline. The embryo is broadly obovate or oblate in outline
when mature, and the cotyledons are suborbicular and entire.
The oblate outline is more developed after germination. This
species is one of the few cases occurring in the Order of a
one-celled ovary with two parietal placentas.

Seedlings. — About half a dozen different types of cotyledons
have come under my notice, but only one of them is of very
frequent occurrence, and most of the others are more or less
evidently modifications of it. This leading type may be repre-
sented by Catalpa Ksempferi (fig. 571). The cotyledons are
oblate and deeply bifid with rounded entire diverging lobes.
The midrib terminates in the sinus, and represents the real
length of the lamina. The lobes are lateral developments
dependent upon the shape of the seed, and that again is
due to the shape of the capsule which is long, narrow, sub-
cylindrical and pod-like. The seeds being inserted on the
placenta at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the capsule,
they attain a larger size than they otherwise could, by growing
in breadth. The cotyledons therefore develop the lateral lobes,
which gives them their characteristic form, in order to occupy
the additional space afforded them, right and left of their longi-
tudinal axis. The cotyledons of C. syringaefolia are divided
nearly to the base of the lamina. Those of C. speciosa
are not quite so deeply divided, but are otherwise similar
and show the venation. They are trinerved from the base,

336 ON SEEDLINGS

and the lateral nerves run down the centre of the lateral
lobes, giving off a few strong branches. The midrib forks or
gives off two lateral branches close beneath the sinus, and
these pass along the contiguous edges of the lobes a short way
within the margin. The first pair of leaves of C. Kaempferi
are ovate followed by two subcordate pairs. All the three pairs
in C. syringsefolia are cordate. The first pair in C. speciosa
are subcordate followed by three cordate pairs. In all cases
these primary leaves are slightly dentate. The ultimate leaves
are entire or sometimes shallowly trifid in C. Kaempferi.

The cotyledons of Tecoma stans closely correspond to
those of Catalpa syringaefolia and are also trinerved. The
first five pairs of leaves are however lanceolate, acuminate
and sharply serrate. The cotyledons of Tecoma Manglesii
are similarly divided, but without discernible venation in
the fresh state, and the lobes overlap one another at the
sinus. The first pair of leaves are small, ovate and entire.
The second pair are digitately trifoliolate, and the third pair
pinnately trifoliolate, both with more or less toothed leaflets.
The fourth and fifth pairs have five leaflets ; the sixth and
seventh have seven leaflets ; and the eighth and ninth have
nine. The cotyledons of Spathodea adenophylla may be
compared with those of Tecoma stans. The first pair of leaves
are oblong-lanceolate and serrate.

A slight modification of the above is met with in Spath-
odea campanulata (fig. 572). The cotyledons are oblate and
shallowly bifid or deeply emarginate. An obscure midrib is
the only venation apparent. The first three pairs of leaves
are elliptic, serrated except in the lower third of their length,
and hairy. Tecoma radicans differs only in showing three
branching nerves in the cotyledons. Those of Kigelia pinnata
have five branching nerves from the base. The hypocotyl
is subterranean or very short ; and the first three leaves are
rather large, lanceolate-oblong and serrate. The cotyledons
of Eccremocarpus scaber (fig. 574) are broadly emarginate
with a tooth in the notch, trinerved at the base with a pair
of strong lateral nerves about the middle, thinly glandular-
hairy on both surfaces and glandular-ciliate. The hypocotyl
is also finely glandular-pubescent. The first pair of leaves

BIGNONIACEyE 337

are rotund and five- to seven-angled with a strong nerve
running into each angle or tooth. The ultimate leaves
are bipinnatisect.

Crescentia Cujete (fig. 575) represents a third type having
broadly oblong-ovate, emarginate, three- or faintly five-nerved
cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are elliptic, and the
ultimate ones are greatly elongated and vary from linear-
lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate.

The cotyledons of Pithecoctenium muricatum (fig. 570)
are triangular, slightly emarginate, and obsoletely trifid. The
first two pairs of leaves are pinnately trifoliolate with elliptic
leaflets.

A fifth type is met with in Incarvillea Olgae (fig. 573)
which has triangular, emarginate cotyledons, truncate at the
base and faintly multinerved or striated. The two first pairs
of leaves are ovate with a few serratures about the middle.
I. compacta differs in having reniform, trinerved, broadly
and shallowly emarginate cotyledons. The first leaf is oblong,
slightly emarginate, cordate at the base, but otherwise entire
and unsymmetrical.

The sixth type occurs in Bignonia insignis (fig. 569) and
is the only instance of the kind observed. The cotyledons
are thick, fleshy, and amalgamated in one piece, and remain
in the seed after germination, keeping fresh for many weeks
even if they fail to germinate. The first pair of leaves
are small and scale-like ; the second, third and fourth pairs
are cordate, foliaceous and simple ; while the fifth pair
have each a pair of leaflets and a terminal tripartite hooked
tendril.

Bignonia insignis, Hort. (fig. 5G9)..

Sypocotyl undeveloped or short and subterranean.

Cotyledons oblate, more or less emarginate, deeply subter-
ranean and remaining in the oblate winged seeds until these
decay, shortly petiolate, with the petioles unequally developed to
accommodate the exit of the plumule.

Stem in the early stages erect, terete, finely and minutely
pubescent, pale, dull or brownish-green, sometimes rosy red, ultim-
ately woody and climbing ; 1st internode 2-2'4 cm. long ; 2nd
8-14 mm.

n. z

338

ON SEEDLINGS

FIG. m.—Bignonia insignis.
Nat. size.

Leaves cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately incurvinerved and reticulate, glabrous except at the margin

and on the principal
nerves where they are
shortly and minutely
pubescent, deep green
above, very pale or
whitish beneath ; peti-
ole terete, with a
slender channelled line
on the upper side,
densely and minutely
pubescent, articulated
with the stem, and
slightly thickened at
the insertion.

First pair of leaves
reduced to lanceolate-
acuminate, pale green,
minutely pubescent
scales.

Second and third pairs cordate -ovate, apiculate, entire, foliaceous.
Fourth pair simple but sometimes articulated with the petiole.
Fifth pair compound with one pair of leaflets, and terminating
in a tripartite, slender, hooked tendril by which the plant is
enabled to climb.

Pithecoctenium muricatuin, Hoc. (fig. 570).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 1-1'G cm. long,
light green.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly emarginate, obsoletely
and obtusely tri-lobed or -angular, increasing considerably in size
after emerging from the seed, petiolate, minutely pubescent, dark
green, five-nerved ; petioles short, thin, pubescent, deeply furrowed
on the upper face.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, pubescent ;
1st internode 8-10 mm. long ; 2nd about the same.

First leaves cauline, opposite, compound, trifoliolate, petiolate,
exstipulate, pubescent ; leaflets obovate- oblong, obtuse, entire or
minutely emarginate, petiolulate, often unsymmetrical, ciliate,
green, pinnatinerved ; petioles long, thin, pubescent, channelled on
the upper side.

BIGXONIACE^E

339

Catalpa Kaempferi, Sieb. et Zucc. (fig. 571).

Primary root normal, tapering, flexuose, and abundantly fur-
nished with lateral rootlets,
erect,

Hypocotyl woody,
terete, finely pubescent, pur-
plish, 1-2 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons deeply bipar-
tite, with rotund, entire, di-
varicate segments ; petiole
somewhat flattened horizon-
tally, or slightly convex on
both surfaces, shallowly
grooved above, finely pubes-
cent ; lamina glabrous, 7 mm.
long, 13 mm. from tip to tip
of the lobes.

Stem woody, erect, terete,
finely pubescent, pale green
or tinged with purple ; 1st
internode 11'5 mm. long ; 2nd
8'5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, op-
posite, orverticillate in whorls
of three, exstipulate, petiolate,
pubescent above, at the mar-
gins and on the nerves be-
neath or all over, three- to
five-nerved at the base (the
two anterior of the basal four
much the stronger and run-
ning into the side lobes of the
leaf in the adult plant), rather
dark green above, and stained
with purple when unfolding,
paler beneath ; petioles of the
first pair slightly grooved
above, of the second pair flat-
tened above, of the third pair
terete or subterete, pubescent
— of the adult leaves terete or
sometimes slightly channelled
on the upper half.

PIG. 571. — Catalpa Kcempferi.
Half nat. size.

340 ON SEEDLINGS

First pair ovate, obtuse, unequal at the base, with one or two
obsolete teeth on each side.

Second pair ovate-cordate, obtuse, submucronate, five-nerved,
and shallowly dentate in the lower half.

Third pair ovate, cordate, acuminate, five-nerved in the lower
half and dentate along two-thirds of their length.

Ultimate leaves large, cordate, entire or triangular or shortly
trifid above the middle, five-nerved at the base ; lateral lobes small,
triangular, obtuse or acuminate ; middle lobe short, broad, tri-
angular, suddenly acuminate.

Catalpa syringaefolia, Bunge, var. speciosa.

Hypocotyl as in C. Krempferi ; 3 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons very similar to those of C. Kaempferi but larger,
trinerved at the base with the middle one terminating in the
notch ; lobes broadly obovate, 2 cm. long, 3'15 cm. from the tip
of one to the tip of the other.

Stem sparingly pubescent and covered with lenticels, green,
and purplish towards the base; 1st internode 2-65 cm. long; 2nd
2-7 cm. ; 3rd 2-4 cm.

Leaves similar to those of C. Kaempferi, opposite, decussate.

First pair of leaves subcordate, acuminate, distantly and
minutely dentate.

Second and third pairs cordate, acuminate, entire.

Fourth pair cordate, acuminate, distantly dentate on the lower
half.

Catalpa bignonioides, Walt.

Hypocotyl as in C. Kfempferi.

Cotyledons deeply bipartite nearly to the base of the lamina,
glabrous except the basal part and both surfaces of the petiole ;
real length of the lamina about 3 mm. ; lateral lobes 1 '3-1-5 cm.
long, 1-1-15 cm. wide ; width across both lateral lobes 2-4-2-6
cm. ; midrib ending below the sinus and giving off from each side
two lateral nerves which run into the lobes and, uniting some distance
below their apex, give off numerous smaller anastomosing branches ;
petiole cuneate, tapering to the base, grooved on the upper surface
by the upturning of the edges, convex on the back, strongly tri-
nerved, finely and densely glandular-pubescent or papillose, about
5 mm. long.

Leaves opposite, decussate, and ternately verticillate, unequal,
alternately incurvinerved and reticulate, papillosely glandular on
the nerves on both surfaces and margin, deep green above, paler

BIGXOXIACE^] 341

beneath ; petioles subterete and shallowly grooved, or terete and
obsoletely channelled above, glandularly papillose especially on the
upper surface.

First, second and third pairs cordate, acute or subacute, unequal,
entire.

Tecoma stans, Juss.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent with short, spreading or
deflexed hairs, green, about T6 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons deeply bi-fid or -partite with rotund-obovate, divari-
cate lobes, trinerved with the middle nerve ending in the sinus,
glabrous, pubescent at the margin, green above and covered with
minute grey dots, very pale beneath, tapering into the petiole ;
lamina 1'2 cm. long, 2-2 cm. from the tip of one lobe to that of the
other ; petiole grooved above, tapering to the base.

Stem erect, terete, green, pubescent ; 1st internode 3'2 cm.
long ; 2nd I'l cm. ; 3rd 7 mm. ; 4th 8 mm.

Leaves simple, ultimately compound, cauline, opposite, decussate,
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, shining, penninerved with alternate,
ascending nerves, subincurved towards their apex ; petioles semi-
terete, deeply channelled above, sparingly pubescent.

First and second pairs lanceolate, incise -serrate.

Third and fourth pairs lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the
base, incise-serrate.

Tecoma Manglesii, ? Hort.

Hypocotyl very short.

Cotyledons small, deeply bi-lobed or -partite ; lobes oblate, over-
lapping without any discernible venation, minutely pubescent 011
the upper side ; lamina "75-1 "25 mm. to the base of the sinus ;
lobes about 4'5 mm. long and 6 mm. wide; petiole about -5 mm.
long.

Stem erect at first, rather acutely quadangular, pale green and
straight for the first five nodes, above which it commences to twist
and then to twine, glabrous except at the nodes where the bases
of the petioles are connected by a ridge furnished with hairs,
purple above the fifth node ; 1st internode 1*75 mm. long ; 2nd
3-25 mm. ; 3rd I'l cm. ; 4th 1'45 cm. ; 5th 2-15 cm. ; 6th 3'25 cm. ;
7th 5'15 cm.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate (first pair simple), cauline,
opposite, exstipulate with a horizontal rim or plate connecting the
bases of the petioles, scaberulous on both surfaces, deep green and

342

ON SEEDLINGS

shining above, paler beneath or glaucous ; rachis of leaf narrowly
winged ; leaflets articulated with the rachis, alternately penni-
iierved with the nerves incurved at the top and uniting one with
another forming a few large reticulations ; petiole semiterete,
rather deeply grooved above, or very narrowly winged at the edges,
thinly pubescent.

First pair of leaves small, ovate, obtuse, simple, entire.

Second pair digitately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets obovate,
slightly crenate or entire ; terminal one elliptic, crenate-dentate,
tapered to the base.

Third pair pinnately trifoliolate ; lateral leaflets cuneate, coarsely
and obtusely dentate ; terminal one rhomboid, shallowly lobulate or
coarsely dentate.

Fourth pair pinnately five-foliolate ; lateral leaflets cuneate,
the terminal one elliptic, all coarsely dentate, undulate at the margin.

Fifth pair similar but larger.

Sixth and seventh pairs seven-foliolate ; lateral leaflets rotund,
cuneate, flat, irregularly crenate or obtusely dentate.

Eighth and ninth pairs pinnately nine-foliolate ; lateral leaflets

cuneate, crenate, often almost
entire ; terminal one lanceo-
late-elliptic, obtuse.

Spathodea campanulata,
Beauv. (fig. 572).

Hypocotyl 1-2 cm. long,
2-3 mm. thick, woody,
terete, glabrous, greyish.

Cotyledons nearly equal,
1*5 cm. long including the
short petiole, 1-25 cm.
wide, broadly oblate, shortly
bifid with the apex of the
two short lobes rounded,
glabrous, light green, rather
caducous ; midrib obscure.
Stem with internodes 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, terete, pubescent,
green with white bands.

Leaves simple in the early stage of the seedling, ultimately com-
pound, pinnate, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, alternately
and ascendingly penninerved, hairy ; early leaves simple and serrate ;
leaflets of the leaves of adult plants said to be entire.

First pair elliptic, irregularly serrated, with sunk midrib, penni-

FIG. 572. — Spathodea campanulatc
Nat. size.

BIGNONIACEJ3

343

nerved, shortly petiolate, hispid or slightly scabrous, membranous,
not very persistent.

Second, third and fourth pairs inclusive or a smaller number,
similar but larger.

Fifth pair with one or two small leaflets at base of blade quite or
partly detached.

Sixth pair pinnate.

Incarvillea Olgae, Eegel (fig. 573).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 1-1-7 cm. long.

Cotyledons triangular, obtuse, shallowly emarginate, truncate at
the base, obscurely and alternately incurvinerved,
deep opaque green, petiolate ; lamina 5-6 mm.
long, 4-7 mm. wide ; petiole slightly channelled
above, glabrous, almost biconvex, connate at the
base, 6-10 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, glabrous, pale
green or stained with red ; 1st internode 2*75 mm.
long ; 2nd 4 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate,
petiolate, alternately penninerved, glabrous, deep
green above, paler beneath, shining on both sur-
faces ; petioles semiterete, glabrous, channelled
above, subconnate at the base.

First pair ovate, obtuse, minutely cuspidate,
with one to two small serratures on each side,
about the middle.

Second pair similar, but more acutely cuspi-
date.

Incarvillea compacta, Maxim.

FIG. 573.

Hypocotyl short, not appearing above the soil. Incarvillea Olgce.

Cotyledons almost reiiiform, broadly cordate

at the base, emarginate, obtuse, with long petioles, fleshy, dark
green, glabrous, indistinctly trinerved.

First leaves simple, radical, alternate, minutely emarginate, cor-
date at the base, oblong, unsymmetrical, one side of the leaf extend-
ing farther down the petiole than the other, exstipulate, with very
long petioles, bright green on the upper side, subglaucous beneath,
glabrous, pinnatinerved.

Eecremocarpus scaber, Buiz et Pav. (fig. 574).
Primary root slender, fibrous, giving off lateral branches.

344

ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glandular-pubescent, almost colourless,
1-1-3 cm. long.

Cotyledons subreniform, deeply and
broadly emarginate with a mucro in the
sinus, two alternate incurved nerves on each
side, thinly glandular-hairy on both surfaces
and glandular-ciliate ; lamina 4-5 mm.
long, 6-7'5 mm. wide ; petiole semiterete,
decurrent on the hypocotyl or subconnate,
glandular-pubescent, channelled above,
3-4-5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, slender, erect, ulti-
mately climbing ; 1st internode -5-1 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, alternately penninerved,
glandular-hairy on both surfaces, bright
green ; petioles semiterete, channelled
above, somewhat dilated at the base,
glandular-hairy.

First pair rotund, obtuse, five- to
seven-angled or -toothed, with a strong
nerve entering each tooth, which is tipped
with a mucro.

Ultimate leaves bipinnatisect and terminating in a simple or
branched cirrhus, by which the plant is enabled to climb.

Crescentia Cujete, L. (fig. 575).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely and finely pubescent, pale green,
1'5-1'8 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly ovate-oblong, very obtuse, rather deeply and
narrowly emarginate, appearing subcordate from a sudden curvature
at the base of the lamina, petiolate, trinerved with a few short alter-
nate nerves directed upwards, light green above, paler beneath,
glabrous ; lamina l'2-l-35 cm. long, 1*15 cm. wide ; petiole with
a shallow furrow on each side of a median ridge, minutely pubescent,
pale green, connate at the base, ascending and bearing the lamina
horizontally, 4 mm. long.

Stem erect, subterete in a very early stage with a shallow furrow
on two sides, very shortly pubescent, pale green, ultimately woody,
with a pale-coloured, rough and knotty bark ; 1st internode 8-
10 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, entire, fascicled or opposite on the seed-

FIG. 574.

Eccremocarpus scaber, :

BIGNOXIACE.E

345

ling, exstipulate, shortly petiolate or almost sessile, alternately in-
curvinerved, deep green above, paler beneath, with the nerves
sunk on both surfaces, ob-
scurely reticulate, glabrous ;
petiole very short or almost
absent, grooved on the upper
side by the decurrent margin
of the leaf.

First pair of leaves obovate-
elliptic, tapered to the base,
obtuse and tipped with a small
mucro.

Ultimate leaves irregularly
grouped or fascicled, lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, linear-lan-
ceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
very variable in length, gene-
rally much tapered to both
ends, obtuse, alternately penni-
nerved, with the nerves in-
curved and giving off recurved
branches, forming an arch, and
in all cases uniting with one another, and anastomosing some distance
within the margin, much punctate beneath, decurrent almost to the
very base, reducing the petiole to its much thickened base.

FIG. 575. — Cre-scentia Cujete.
Nat. size.

FED ALINED

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 1054.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, sometimes one-
celled with two parietal placentas each divided into two lamellae
projecting into the cavity ; sometimes two- rarely three- or
four-celled with the cells undivided, or in other cases sub-
divided by spurious septa or ingrowths from the wall. The
ovules are solitary in each cell or numerous and superposed
in a single series, horizontal, ascending, pendulous, or erect
from the base and anatropous. The fruit is capsular, nut-
like, or more rarely subdrupaceous, with a fleshy endocarp.
The endocarp as well as the placentas or even the whole

346 OX SEEDLINGS

fruit becomes very much hardened at maturity, and is often
also prickly, dehiscing loculicidally by two valves at the apex
or almost throughout its length or it is indehiscent. Internally
it is two-celled or divided into locelli twice as numerous as the
carpels. The seeds vary in number as the ovules, arise from
the inner angles of the cells, and are obovate, oblong, or orbi-
cular and often compressed. The testa is smooth or depressed
into little areolae, and sometimes though rarely it is expanded
into a hyaline wing. As endosperm is wanting, the embryo
conforms to the seed and has flat or plano-convex some-
what fleshy cotyledons, with a short straight radicle close to
the hilum.

The seeds of Sesamothamnus are compressed or flattened
and winged ; in some species of Sesamum they are also some-
what compressed and narrowly two- winged.

The ovary of Marty nia proboscidea consists of two carpels,
and is one-celled with numerous ovules superposed on two
parietal placentas. The fruit is somewhat baccate, but ulti-
mately dehiscent. The seed is obovate, compressed and rugose,
with the external coat very much thickened and hardened.
The inner coat is membranous, hugs the embryo pretty
closely, and is shorter, as a rule, than the testa when the
seed is dry, leaving an empty space at the end next the
hilum. The embryo is straight with obovate, three- or faintly
five-nerved cotyledons slightly auricled around the radicle, and
shallowly emarginate owing to a thickening at the chalaza.

Seedlings. — The seedlings of Martynia are glandular-hairy
all over and notable for their great size, particularly for
the length of the hypocotyl. The cotyledons of Martynia
fragrans are roundly oblong, broadly and shallowly emargi-
nate, and auricled at the base, with several ascending branch-
ing nerves on each side of the midrib. The first pair of leaves
are oblong-oval, much smaller than the cotyledons, and like
them densely and coarsely glandular-hairy. The cotyledons
of M. proboscidea are comparatively narrower than the last,
and oblong, deeply auricled at the base, and five-nerved.
They fall away rather early. The leaves are opposite and
densely glandular-hairy. The first pair are oblong-cordate and
five-nerved. The second pair are roundly cordate and five-

FED ALINED 347

nerved, while the third pair are similar but very much larger
and five- to seven-nerved.

Martynia proboscidea, Gloxin.

Pistil surrounded at the base by a disc ; ovary one-celled, many-
ovuled ; ovules pendulous, anatropous ; radicle superior.

Fruit a subdrupaceous or rather sub-baccate capsule, one-celled,
with two broad or lamellate parietal placentas, many-seeded, dehis-
cing loculicidally. It terminates in two long curved horns, which
attach themselves to animals and so disseminate the plant. I have
already figured it in ' Flowers, Fruits and Leaves ' (fig. 51).

Seed obovate, dorso-ventrally compressed, rugose and raised into
numerous short, blunt projections round the margins, but especially
of the upper half ; testa thick, cortical, rough, black ; tegmen thin,
almost membranous, white ; hilum close to the apex on the ventral
aspect, forming an open cavity when dry ; micropyle basal and con-
tiguous to the hilum ; chalaza more or less prominent and thickened
externally, and also forming a more or less evident thickening on
the inner coat, most evident when moist and discoloured.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, obovoid, dorso-ventrally compressed,
conforming closely to the tegmen, colourless ; cotyledons obovate,
plano-convex, emarginate at the chalaza, three- or indistinctly
five-nerved from the base upwards, thick and fleshy, auricled at
the base to fill the seed while accommodating the radicle ; radicle
very stout, blunt, turbinate, short and only slightly protruded
beyond the cotyledons.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous lateral rootlets
immediately at the base of the hypocotyl, brownish-orange, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, densely glandular- hairy or pubescent,
pale green, stout, fleshy, 6 cm. long.

Cotyledons large, oblong, obtuse, cordate or auricled at the base,
coarsely hairy on both surfaces, petiolate, dull green ; lamina 2 cm.
long, 1'3 cm. wide ; petiole channelled above, about 2 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, stout or fleshy, erect, terete, pale green,
densely glandular-hairy ; 1st internode 2'35 cm. long ; 2nd 1-8 cm. ;
3rd 1 cm. ; 4th 9 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate,
five- to seven-nerved with ascending, slightly incurved nerves, reticu-
late, densely glandular-hairy all over, viscid, odoriferous, dull green ;

3i8 ON SEEDLINGS

petioles subterete, narrowly channelled above, stout, tapering towards
the apex, densely glandular-hairy, pale green.

First pair oblong-cordate, obtuse, entire, slightly wavy at the
margin, five-nerved.

Second pair rotund-cordate, obtuse, entire, five-nerved ; three of
the nerves spring directly from the apex of the petiole and are naked,
that is without parenchyma on the sides at the base.

Third pair rotund-cordate, obtuse, five- to seven-nerved, obscurely
and distantly dentate at the apex of the principal nerves and veins ;
three principal nerves as hi the second pair.

Fourth pair with closed or overlapping auricles at the base, and
more decidedly dentate at the apex, otherwise like the third.

Martynia fragrans, LindL

Hypocotyl as in M. proboscidea, densely glandular-hairy, 7-
10' 5 cm. long.

Cotyledons somewhat fleshy, broadly oblong or subrotund, emar-
ginate, auricled at the base with a long channelled petiole, covered
with glandular hairs, pinnatinerved as in the leaves.

Stem as hi M. proboscidea ; 1st internode 1-1-2 cm. long.

First leaves opposite, oval-oblong, obtuse, shortly petiolate, ciliate,
covered with glandular hairs, light green, pinnatinerved.

ACANTHACEjE.

Benth. et Hook, Gen. PL ii. 1060.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary, consisting of two carpels,
is superior, two-celled, and undivided. The ovules are collateral
in pairs in each cell of Thunbergia ; in the tribe Nelsonieae they
are numerous and superposed in a double series ; and in all
other tribes they vary from two to many, but seldom exceed
eight, and are arranged in a single series or alternately one
above the other. In all cases they are anatropous or shortly
amphitropous. The fruit is a capsule (except in Mendoncea
where it is one-seeded and drupaceous), globose, oblong, oblong-
linear, terete or compressed in various ways, equal from the
base upwards, or contracted at the base forming a solid, seed-
less stalk. It dehisces loculicidally from the apex to the base,
including the solid, seedless portion, and often bursts elastic-

ACANTHACE^E 349

ally with some force, the valves carrying with them the seed-
bearing half-placentas. The seeds vary in number as the
ovules, but are frequently fewer by abortion. In Thunbergia
and in the tribe Nelsoniese they are globose or orbicular and
dor sally compressed with a ventral hilum. In other tribes
they are laterally compressed and ascending, with the hilum
basal and marginal. The funicle is hardened and incurved,
forming the hook-like process (retinaculum) upon which the
seed is borne ; sometimes this hook is produced beyond the
point of attachment to the seed. The testa is membranous or
thickened, often variously corrugated or raised into little points;
it is sometimes smooth or covered with mucilage which when
dry forms a covering resembling adpressed hairs. Endosperm
is wanting except in the species belonging to the tribe Nel-
soniea3. In other groups the embryo occupies the whole of
the interior of the seed, and conforms to its cavity. The
cotyledons are orbicular, flat or plano-convex, and cordate at
the base. The radicle is short and straight or bent obliquely
to the axis of the cotyledons, and occupies the basal notch of
the latter.

The ovule, embryo and seed are often variously abnormal
in the tribes Thunbergieas, Nelsoniea? and the subtribe Andro-
graphidefe. The ovules for instance of Thunbergia fragrans
are amphitropous ; the seeds are orbicular, dorsally compressed
and concave on the ventral face where the hilum is situated. The
embryo occupies the whole interior of the seed and is concave
on the ventral aspect in conformity with the seed. The
cotyledon on the ventral aspect has its edges recurved,
partly covering the outer one on the dorsal aspect.

About four other types have come under my observation.
The ovules of Acanthus spinosus are amphitropous or semi-
anatropous and twin in each cell. The embryo is trans-
versely oval and slightly emarginate in a young state, gradually
becoming more orbicular as it reaches maturity, and the
radicle is wholly included between the close-fitting auricles
of the cotyledons. This is better seen in the longitudinal
section of the seed of A. longifolius (fig. 579) which has trans-
versely oval cotyledons somewhat indented near the chalaza,
and deeply auricled around the radicle. They are piano-

350 ON SEEDLINGS

convex, with the radicle nearly on the opposite side of the seed
from the hilum.

A very common type is represented by Strobilanthes cal-
losus which has orbicular nearly flat five-nerved and reticu-
lated cotyledons, deeply and unequally auricled at the base,
nearly concealing the radicle. The latter is terete and hi
its lower half curved round one edge of the cotyledons. The
seed is slightly and obliquely indented at its insertion on the
retinaculum. The cotyledons are shortly petiolate while yet
hi the seed ; but the strong auricles spread out and partly dis-
appear after germination.

Euellia longifolia (fig. 577) differs from the last in having a
straight radicle and equal or nearly equal auricles. The flat
orbicular seed is not indented at the hilum, but is slightly
prominent at its insertion on the retinaculum. It is also
papillosely hairy round the margin, with hairs of a mucila-
ginous nature which swell in water. The seed of Eranthemum
leuconeurum (fig. 580) is rotund-ovate, flattened and unsym-
nietrical, with a slight indentation above the base on one side.
There is a little tubercle or elevation at the hilum, and the
testa is produced into a little sac at the base to accommodate
the radicle, which is not surrounded by the cotyledons. The
latter are minutely auricled at the base, trinerved and reticu-
late. This peculiar conformation of the seed gives the coty-
ledons a cuneate outline which becomes much more apparent
after germination. In the seedlings examined they were much
more symmetrical than while yet in the seed, and slightly
emarginate.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons in this Order are mostly if not
always large in comparison with the size of the seed and
foliaceous. Although always of simple types, they are exceed-
ingly varied in form.

A somewhat frequent form, represented by Dip teracan thus
micranthus, has suborbicular emarginate trinerved cotyledons
shallowly but generally unequally auricled at the base. In
this instance the hypocotyl is very short ; and the first pair
of leaves are oval. The cotyledons of Ruellia barbadensis
are five-nerved but otherwise similar. Those of Hygrophila
longifolia are almost truncate at the base. The hypocotyl is

ACANTIIACE.E 351

elongated ; and the first pair of leaves are lanceolate. Many
others conform pretty closely to this type. A curious dimor-
phism of the leaves may be noted in Asystasia coromandeliana.
The first two pairs of leaves are ovate, followed by others
which become broader and shorter until they are almost
rotund on the upper part of the plant. The leaves of the
first pair produced on the primary branches are small,
generally very unequal in size and obovate, emarginate, or
broadly ovate and cuspidate, or one of the two may be small,
orbicular and entire. Succeeding ones gradually assume the
normal form.

Another type where the cotyledons are very much shortened
and almost reniform is represented by Blechum Brownei. In
this species they are emarginate, truncate at the base, but
cuneate at their attachment to the petiole and five-nerved. The
cotyledons of Strobilanthes gossypinus differ slightly in being
entire, trinerved, larger and almost truncate at the base.
The primary internodes are very short, and the two first
pairs of leaves are broadly ovate, densely hairy, and overlap
one another in a decussate manner. Dipteracanthus pros-
tratus agrees with the last, but the cotyledons are five-nerved.
The cotyledons of Strobilanthes callosus correspond more
closely to the type ; they are deeply and widely cordate at the
base, foliaceous, and measure 2-5-2'9 cm. long, by 4-2-4*4 cm.
wide. The hypocotyl is of considerable length, and so are
the primary internodes of the stem. This also applies to
Phaylopsis parviflora (fig. 578) although in a less degree.
The cotyledons have a rather longer, trinerved lamina than
in Blechum Brownei ; and the primary leaves are ovate with
finely incurved alternate nerves.

Peristrophe speciosa (fig. 583) represents a third type
having obliquely obovate, cuneate, emarginate, trinerved
cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are ovate with a well-
marked, incurved, penninerved venation. The cotyledons
of P. bicalyculata are similar but smaller and unsym-
metrical. The first pair of leaves are lanceolate. In Eran-
themum leuconeurum (fig. 581) the cotyledons are still
smaller than the last, very slightly emarginate, and sym-
metrical or nearly so. The first two pairs of leaves are

352 ON SEEDLINGS

very broadly oval. The cotyledons of Thunbergia alata (fig.
576) are rotund-oblong, entire, cuneate at the base and tri-
nerved with long petioles, as the hypocotyl scarcely appears
above ground. The first two pairs of leaves are triangular-
hastate, slightly and irregularly dentate, five-nerved and
suddenly decurrent upon the long petioles, forming narrow
wings to them. Asystasia coromandeliana (fig. 582) differs in
having unsymmetrically orbicular slightly emarginate cotyle-
dons, suddenly tapering into their petioles. The leaves of
first pair are ovate with an incurved anastomosing venation
similar to that of Peristrophe speciosa. A very remarkable
type is met with in Thunbergia reticulata ; the cotyledons
are unequal, orbicular, trinerved, cordate at the base and
minutely denticulate at the margin, particularly the larger
one which has a peculiar elevation in the centre. Another
case of unsymmetrical cotyledons is met with in Dicli-
ptera resupinata where they are oblong, emarginate, tri-
nerved and rather deeply sinuated on one side or almost
falcate. Those of Justicia bracteata are obovate-oblong,
emarginate, trinerved, and somewhat reticulated. Another
curious development in the same direction is met with in
Schwabea ciliaris, which has oblong, emarginate, one-nerved,
fleshy, shortly petiolate cotyledons. The hypocotyl is greatly
elongated and finely hairy, as is the first internode of the
stem. The first three pairs of leaves are lanceolate and
penninerved with ascending nerves.

Thunbergia alata, Boj. (fig. 576).

Hypocotyl short, terete, pale green, densely pubescent.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, petiolate, deep green above, paler
beneath, densely pubescent on both surfaces ; lamina rotund-oblong,
trinerved, subcuneate at the base, 2'6 cm. long, 2*5 cm. wide ; petiole
channelled above, pubescent, 2-7 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, ultimately twining, terete, thickened at the
nodes, densely pubescent, green, purple at the nodes ; 1st internode
1-7 cm. long ; 2nd 6-5 cm. ; 3rd 7'2 cm. ; 4th 17 cm. ; 5th
15 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, softly and
densely pubescent on both sides, ultimately rough and scabrous above,
and deep green, paler beneath ; petioles convex on both surfaces,

ACANTHACELE

353

winged nearly to the base, pubescent, ultimately scabrous like the
leaves.

First pair triangular-ovate, obtuse, truncate at the base and sub-
hastate, irregularly dentate, five-nerved.

FIG. o76.—Thunlergia alata. Half nat. size.

Second and third pairs triangular-hastate, subcordate at the base,
irregularly dentate, five-nerved.

Fourth and fifth pairs triangular-cordate, subhastate, slightly
dentate or subentire, five-nerved.

Thunbergia reticulata, Hochst.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 3-4 cm. long, green, with
a reddish tinge.

II. A A

354 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons simple, unequal, orbicular, obtuse, slightly emarginate,
cordate at the base, the larger one slightly denticulate, the smaller
one nearly or quite entire ; the larger has also a raised portion in the
centre caused probably by the funicle, which is central, petiolate,
pubescent on the upper side, glabrous beneath ; midrib with numerous
lateral veinlets.

Stem erect, herbaceous in the seedling stage.

First leaves ovate, acute, simple, entire, opposite, cauline, pube-
scent or hairy, light green, reticulate.

The seeds are dorsally compressed ; the cotyledons lying with
their faces towards the hilum, which is very conspicuous, causing a
deep indentation in the cotyledon, the one which is nearest the hilum
being considerably thicker than the other, almost twice the thickness ;
the seed is exalbuminous.

Hygrophila longifolia, Nees.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, with a few minute hairs, about 2 cm. long,
tinged with red.

Cotyledons large, broadly oblong or almost triangular-rotund,
obtuse, minutely emarginate, petiolate, glabrous except a few hairs
on the petioles, dull green, alternately pinnatinerved as in the leaves,
but more indistinctly.

Primary uiternodes of stem undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, opposite, lanceolate, obtuse,
ciliate, otherwise glabrous, petiolate, exstipulate, light green, dis-
tinctly pinnatinerved.

Ruellia longifolia, T. Anders, (fig. 577).

Ovary stipitate, two-celled, many-ovuled (about six to eight in a
cell) ; ovules erect or vertical, anatropous ; radicle inferior.

Fruit a capsule, oblong, stipitate, dorsally compressed with a
lateral groove and a slightly conspicuous dorsal midrib, tipped with
the shortly conical persistent base of the style, glandular-pubescent,
obtusely subquadrangular, dehiscing loculicidally.

Seed orbicular, laterally much compressed, lying in the hooked
processes of the placenta which are given off right and left alternately,
minutely reticulate or wavy on the flattened faces and papillose at
the margin ; hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal, inferior.

Endosperm in the full grown seed just before maturity, forming
a thin, white layer, entirely surrounding the embryo

Embryo straight, conforming to the interior of the seed, large,
colourless ; cotyledons orbicular, flat, deeply auricled at the base,

ACANTHACE.E

355

FJ1

SAIL

FIG. 577.—Euellia longifolia, x 10. A, longitudinal
section of seed: SAu, smaller auricle; R, radicle;
LAu, larger auricle ; P, endosperm ; T, testa ; FU,
fringe of hairs. B, transverse section of seed : C, coty-
ledon ; T, testa ; P, endosperm ; FH, fringe of hairs.

three- or five-nerved, with the lateral nerves giving off two very
strong branches from their posterior side at the base into the
auricles which are
large, deltoid, obtuse A

and slightly un-
equal, lying in the
broad plane of the
seed, and conforming
in outline to its
interior with their
basal edges to the
hooked process of
the placenta, and
their backs to the
axis ; radicle oblong-
fusiform, tapered to
an obtuse point and
projecting about one-

third of its length or less beyond the auricles, and having its tip
close to the hilum and micropyle.

Ruellia barbadensis, Benth. ct Hook.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, l'Q-1'5 cm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons suborbicular or almost reniform, obtuse, emarginate,
petiolate, glabrous, light green, five-nerved, almost truncate at the
base ; petiole rather long, channelled on the upper side.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent, herbaceous ; 1st internode 1-5-2 mm.
long.

Dipteracanthus micranthus, Engelm. ct Gray.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 3-4 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons broadly oblong, obtuse or triangular, entire or minutely
emarginate, cordate at the base, petiolate with rather long petioles,
glabrous except on the petioles, dark green, pinnatinerved, the lower
nerves much longer than the others.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, pubescent ; 1st
internode 4-5 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, oblong-
oval, obtuse, shortly petiolate, ciliate, pubescent, light green, alter-
nately pinnatinerved.

356

ON SEEDLINGS

Dipteracanthus prostratus, Nees.

Hypocotyl short, scarcely appearing above the soil.

Cotyledons oblate or almost reniform, entire, slightly auricled at
the base, glabrous, green, five-nerved at the base ; petiole long, flat,
hairy, channelled above.

Stem as in last species, but covered with long, dense, white hairs ;
1st internode 2-2'5 cm. long ; 2nd 3-4 cm. ; 3rd about 2 cm.

First leaves opposite, decussate, broadly lanceolate or elliptic,
cuneate at the base, obtuse, shallowly crenate, ciliate, hairy ; petioles
stout, hairy, almost flat, scarcely channelled above.

Phaylopsis parviflora, Willd. (fig. 578).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent with decurved hairs, purplish,
about 1*6 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons semiorbicular, emarginate, truncate at the base or

FIG. 578. — Phaylopsis parviflora. Nat. size.

tapering slightly into the petiole ; lamina glabrous, 7 mm. long
1 cm. wide ; petiole channelled above, pubescent, 7'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, quadrangular, somewhat thickened at the
nodes, pubescent with short decurved hairs, and somewhat bearded

ACANTHACE.E 357

at the young nodes, purplish ; 1st mtemode 2 cm. long ; 2nd 1 cm.
or more when fully developed.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately incurvinerved, pubescent on both surfaces, deep green above,
very pale or subglaucous beneath (at least when young) ; petioles
convex on both surfaces, densely pubescent with upcurved hairs
which are arranged in lines 011 the upper surface, slightly grooved
on each side.

Hairs of leaves glandular at the base (at least when young).

First and second pairs broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, subcuneate
at the base.

Third pair ovate, obtuse, shallowly dentate.

Blechum Brownei, Juss.

Hypocoiyl erect, terete, hairy, 2-2-4 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons oblate, obtuse, almost truncate at the base, entire
or minutely emargiiiate, petiolate, slightly hairy, light green, five-
nerved ; petiole rather long, channelled on the upper face.

Stem erect, square, herbaceous, ultimately woody, pubescent ;
1st internode 6-15 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, broadly
ovate or oval, obtuse, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy and green above,
minutely hairy and subglaucous-greeii beneath, pinnatinerved ;
petioles short, hairy, furrowed on the upper side.

Strobilanth.es callosus, Nees.

Ovary two-celled, with one ovule in each cell ; ovule erect, ana-
tropous, seated on the middle of a twice curved process of the
placenta (retinaculum).

Fruit a capsule, elliptic, dorsally compressed, glabrous, pale
brown, shining, somewhat woody, dehiscing loculicidally and septici-
dally, two-celled with one seed in each cell.

Seed large, flat, laterally compressed, suborbicular, obliquely cut
away at the base on one side of the hilum, where it rests on the free
apex of the retinaculum, 9 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, 1-5-2-25 mm.
thick in the middle, becoming thinner towards the edges, exal-
buminous ; testa thin, membranous, covered with whitish, adpressed
mucilaginous hairs, except a small, ovate, glabrous space on each
side at the base.

Embryo very large, and occupying the whole of the seed, except
a small portion at the obliquely cut base which is occupied with
cortical matter, colourless ; cotyledons large, suborbicular, deeply

358 ON SEEDLINGS

notched at the base, plano-convex with a conspicuous, ramifying
and forked venation, the larger lateral veins being ascending and
incurved and the basal ones recurved to support the large auricles,
very shortly petiolate in the seed; radicle terete, straight in the
upper portion where it lies between the auricles of the cotyledons,
and in the lower portion curved to that side next the base of the
retinaculum, to the middle of which it is attached.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, striate or furrowed, covered with lines
of white hairs, 2-2-5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons reniform, very large, deeply and widely cordate at the
base, glabrous except the petiole and base, deep green above, whitish
beneath ; lamina 2'5-2-9 cm. long, 4-2-4*4 cm. wide ; petiole sub-
terete or slightly flattened at the base on the upper side, hairy, 8'5-
3-8 cm. long.

Stem erect, terete, slightly channelled, hairy ; 1st intemode
5-6 cm. long ; 2nd 6-8 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, alternately
incurvinerved, hairy, crenate-serrate ; petioles biconvex, or with an
elevated midrib above.

First and second pairs ovate, acuminate, obtuse.

Strobilanthes gossypinus, T. Anders.

Hypocotyl pubescent, 3-8 mm. long, reddish-green.

Cotyledons coriaceous, oblate or almost reniform, rather unequal,
obtuse, slightly cordate at the base, entire, glabrous except on the
petioles, dark green, trinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, pubescent ; 1st intemode 3-5 mm.
long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves opposite, decussate, shortly petiolate, ovate, siibacute
or obtuse, densely pubescent, dark green, alternately pinnatinerved.

Acanthus longifolius, Host. (fig. 579).

Ovary two- celled, each ceh1 two-ovuled ; ovules alternately super-
posed, amphitropous ; radicle transverse.

Fruit a capsule, ovoid-oblong, slightly contracted or narrowed at
the base, and suddenly narrowed at the tip, glabrous, shining, pale
brown, two-celled, with each cell one- to two-seeded, dehiscing
elastically when dry along the dorsal suture and placentas from base
to apex into two pieces each of which consists of half each carpel ;
pericarp separating into two coriaceous layers.

ACANTH AGILE 359

Seed large, obliquely oblong or ovate, dorso-ventrally compressed,
but chiefly ventrally, smooth or variously wrinkled and ridged ; testa
coriaceous, deep brown ; tegmen thicker, paler ; hilum obliquely
basal ; micropyle on the opposite
side from the hilum and near the
middle of the seed ; seed 13 mm.
long, 7-10 mm. broad, 5 mm.
thick.

Endosperm absent in the ma-
ture seed ; but previous to ma-
turity forming a layer or cup en-
closing the growing embryo, close
to the hilum and at the base of
the seed, fleshy.

Embryo straight, transverse, FIG. 579,-Acanthus longifoliua, * s.

large and ultimately Occupying Longitudinal section of seed: M,

the whole interior of the seed ; ™^\ &*£$£.*' ^ °f
cotyledons oblate-orbicular, plano-
convex, rather deeply cordate at the base with the auricles closed
over the radicle, and having an oblique impression on one side
near the apex caused by the attachment of the retinaculum, equal
in length and breadth to the seed, closely applied face to face ;
radicle transverse to the seed, short, obtuse, included between the
cotyledons.

Acanthus spinosus, L.

Ovary surrounded at the base with an annular disk, two-celled ;
ovules attached a little above their bases to long retinacula of which
there are two in each cell pointing alternately right and left ; ovules
oblique, amphitropous or semianatropous, with the radicle in the
growing condition, at a point in a diagonal line with the insertion
on the retinaculum.

Capsule obovoid, compressed or subcompressed, antero-posteriorly
tipped with the woody remains of the base of the style, or its whole
length, glabrous, deep green and shining.

Seed elliptic, compressed, with a slender ridge along the dorsal
and ventral flattened aspects, on the latter of which it is grooved
towards the base by pressure against the retinaculum, glabrous,
brown ; hilum obliquely basal ; testa very thick and succulent when
growing.

Endosperm in the growing seed farm, transparent, succulent and
watery, occupying the lower part of the seed, stretching across the
interior diagonally and abutting against the embryo, gradually

360

ON SEEDLINGS

becoming less as the embryo develops, and finally disappearing when
the seed approaches maturity.

Embryo straight in the young condition, plano-convex, colourless,
fleshy ; cotyledons at an early stage transversely oval, entire, gradu-
ally becoming orbicular or occasionally angled.

Eranthemum leuconeurnm, Fisch. (fig. 580).

Ovary two-celled, each cell two-ovuled ; ovules erect, anatropous ;
radicle inferior.

Fruit a capsule, oblong, cuspidately acute, stipitate, dorsally
compressed, pubescent with incurved hairs and tipped with the
persistent style, two-celled, and four-seeded or fewer by abortion,

FIG. 580. — Eranthemum leuconeurum, x 12. A, longitudinal section
of seed : Au, auricle ; R, radicle ; H, hilar process ; T, testa. B, trans-
verse section of seed ; Cs, cotyledons.

dehiscing loculicidally and elastically when mature, scattering the
seeds ; retinacula produced beyond the seed into subulate, acute
points, and curved upwards.

Seed suborbicular, notched at the base, much compressed by
the dorsal flattening of the capsule, lying on the retinaculum
in the broader way of the cell, somewhat unequal at the base, with
the point containing the radicle slightly longer and extending
towards the side of the capsule ; testa rather thin, reticulated or
raised into irregular, wavy, projecting, slender ridges; raphe and
chalaza inconspicuous ; hilum and micropyle basal, inferior, con-
tiguous but separated by a shaUow notch ; hilum surrounded on
two sides by small auricles.

Endosperm in the mature seed represented by a thin white, easily
separable film.

Embryo large, filling the seed to which it conforms, straight,

ACAXTHACE^E

361

colourless ; cotyledons rotund-obovate, minutely auricled at the
base, otherwise entire, plano-convex, or rather flat with rounded
lower edges, lying in
the broader way of
the seed with their
backs to the placen-
tal axis and their
basal edges vertical
to the retinaculum ;
radicle very short,
oblong, obtuse, much
longer than the mi-
nute auricles of the
cotyledons, lying in
the long basal point
of the seed.

Seedling (fig. 581).

Primary root long,
filiform, flexuose,
colourless, with slen-
der lateral rootlets,
but soon equalled or
superseded by strong
adventitious roots
from the base of the
hypocotyl.

Hypocotyl erect or
decumbent, tapering
downwards, striated
longitudinally with
numerous, upwardly
adpressed whitish
hairs, pale green,
9-15 mm. long.

Cotyledons obo-
vate, shallowly em-
arginate, tapering to
a cuneate base, petio- Fm_ 581._jjraw
late, indistinctly, irre-
gularly, alternately incurvinerved with the nerves uniting to form
an irregularly outlined submarginal one, glabrous except the petiole,
deep green above, pale or glaucous beneath ; lamina 8-9 mm. long

themum leuconeurum. Nat. size.

362

ON SEEDLINGS

and as wide ; petiole flattened above or biconvex, thinly hairy, 5-
6'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, dwarf, decumbent, terete, densely hairy with
adpressed hairs, pale green; 1st internode 5-6 mm. long; 2nd
5-5'5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately incurvinerved, reticulate, ciliate, somewhat hairy beneath
and on the midrib above with adpressed hairs, otherwise glabrous,
deep green with irregular white bands on the principal nerves, and
closely marked with minute short striae and little gland-like dots,
much paler beneath or almost glaucous ; petioles biconvex, or sub-
terete, densely covered with adpressed whitish hairs.

First pair of leaves broadly oval, rounded at both ends or slightly
cordate at the base.

Second pair broadly oval, less rounded at the apex than the first
pair, and slightly more cordate at the base.

Asystasia coromandeliana, Nees (fig. 582).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, striated, glabrous, pale green, 1-8-2-2 cm.
long.

Cotyledons obliquely or unequally rotund, entire, petiolate, sud-
denly tapered into the petiole,
alternately incurvinerved, ir-
regularly reticulate, glabrous,
foliaceous, dull green above,
pale or subglaucous beneath ;
lamina 2'2-2'6 cm. long, 2'3-
2-5 cm. wide ; petiole broadly
channelled on the upper side,
convex on the back, pubescent
at the edges, otherwise gla-
brous, about 1'35 cm. long.

Stem erect, terete, bright
green, longitudinally striate,
thinly pubescent with whitish
hairs curved downwards, fur-
rowed on the sides alternating
with the leaves next above ;
1st internode 2'7-3 cm.
long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately incurvinerved, and reticulate with the nerves branching,

FIG. 582. — Asystasia coromandeliana.
Half nat. size.

ACAXTHACE^E 363

uniting and forming a submargiiial wavy line running obliquely to
the margin, pubescent on the midrib above and 011 the principal
nerves beneath, light green and shining above, subglaucous beneath ;
petiole narrowly winged, semiterete, shallowly channelled above
along the central ridge, pubescent with recurved hairs beneath, with
a stout joint at its origin with the stem.

First pair ovate, obtuse, entire, suddenly narrowed at the base
and decurrent, forming a wing to the petiole.

Schwabea ciliaris, Nees.

Hypocotyl long, striated, minutely hairy, 8'25-9 cm. long, light
green with here and there a reddish tinge.

Cotyledons fleshy, oblong, obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, glabrous,
green, one-nerved ; petioles short, slightly hairy and slightly chan-
nelled on the upper face.

Stem erect, striated, hirsute, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 5-5'5 cm. long ; 2nd l'o-2-o cm.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, petiolate,
exstipulate, lanceolate, subacute, ciliate, slightly hairy, green, pin-
natinerved ; petioles short, hairy, channelled above.

Justicia bracteata, Pohl.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, covered with minute hairs, 3-4 cm.
long, light green, tinged with red near the base.

Cotyledons rather fleshy, broadly obovate-oblong, slightly emar-
ginate, shortly petiolate, glabrous, dark green, pinnatinerved like the
leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, minutely hairy ; 1st internode
3-5 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, ovate-oval, obtuse,
ciliated, covered with minute hairs, petiolate, exstipulate, light green,
pinnatinerved.

Justicia procumbens, Wall.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 1-5-2-2 cm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons subrotund, emarginate, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous,
light green, indistinctly trinerved.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent ; primary internodes very short.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, very shortly petio-
late, exstipulate, oval, obtuse, ciliate, pubescent, pinnatinerved, light
green.

364

ON SEEDLINGS

Dicliptera resupinata, Juss.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, covered with minute hairs, 8-12 mm.
long, light green.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, emarginate, rather fleshy, unsym-
metrical, glabrous except on the petioles, light green, trinerved.

Stem erect, herbaceous, striated or ribbed, covered with minute
hairs ; 1st internode 5-6 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, petiolate,
exstipulate, ovate-oval, obtuse, covered with minute hairs, light
green, pinnatinerved.

Peristrophe speciosa, Nees (fig. 583).

Primary root tapering downwards, with numerous fibrous rootlets
ultimately superseded by strong lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pub-
escent with short decurving hairs,
pale green, 2-2*3 cm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons large, obliquely
and broadly rotund - obovate,
slightly emarginate, alternately
trinerved from the base with the
nerves incurved and uniting with
the midrib close beneath the
apical notch, petiolate, glabrous
except the petiole, light green
above, paler beneath, suddenly
tapered into the petiole ; lamina
2-3-2-7 cm. long, 1-9-2-2 cm.
wide ; petiole semiterete, flat-
tened above, dilated upwards
into the lamina, pubescent with
decurving hairs, 1-1*3 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous or sub-
shrubby, erect, shallowly angled
and furrowed, densely covered
with short, decurving hairs ; 1st
internode 1-5-2 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,

unequal, alternately or suboppositely and incurvedly penninerved,
with the nerves becoming more slender, and forming a sub-

FIG. 583. — Peristrophe speciosa.
Half nat. size.

ACANTHACF^E 365

marginal line running to the apex of the leaf, light green above,
paler beneath or subglaucous, pubescent on the nerves on both sur-
faces, with variously curved or bent hairs ; petioles semiterete,
slightly channelled above, rather slender, tapering somewhat
upwards, densely covered with similar hairs.

First pair elliptic-ovate, obtuse, unequal in length, suddenly
tapered at the base into the petiole.

The seedling of P. bicalyculata, Nees, very closely resembles the
above, but has slightly broader cotyledons.

SELAGINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 1126.

Fruit and Seed. —The pistil is superior, consisting of two
carpels which unite to form a two-celled ovary, or the latter
by abortion becomes obliquely one-celled while the plant is
yet in flower. The ovules are solitary in each cell, suspended
from the apex by a shortly filiform funicle, and anatropous.
The fruit is small, indehiscent, included in the calyx, and two-
celled, or breaks up into two cocci, or by the abortion of one
of the original carpels it consists of only one coccus. The
exocarp is thin and fleshy, or crustaceous, or hardened, rarely
membranous. The sides of the seed-bearing cells are some-
times furnished internally with a layer of corky matter, or two
small hollows ; or the fruit between the cocci is furrowed.
The seed is pendulous and solitary from the apex of each coccus
and is oblong or terete, with a membranous testa. A fleshy
endosperm is present. The embryo is axial, straight, and
terete, with the cotyledons slightly broader than the superior
radicle.

The fruit of Hebenstretia varies in width in different species,
and is also affected in this respect according as one or both
carpels mature. The seed is oblong-cylindrical, conforming
to the interior of the cavities, and the shape seems to determine
the narrowness of the cotyledons on germination.

Seedlings. — A number of the Hebenstretias are notable for

366 ON SEEDLINGS

the similarity which prevails between the cotyledons and the
adult as well as the primary leaves. H. tenuifolia has linear
cotyledons slightly broader towards the apex, tapering to a
narrow base and bluntly carinate beneath with a prominent
midrib. The first six leaves are in three opposite or sub-
opposite pairs, followed by a large number of crowded alternate
leaves which are linear and narrower than the cotyledons which
they resemble very closely. The ultimate leaves are similar
but minutely and distantly toothed at the margins. The
cotyledons of H. dentata var. integrifolia are linear, rounded on
the back, with a faint indication of a midrib, 1'6-1*8 cm. long
and 1-1-5 mm. wide. The leaves are alternate with exception
of the first pair, narrowly linear, rounded on the back like the
cotyledons but longer, and entire, or the ultimate ones have a
few blunt teeth near the apex.

Hebenstretia tenuifolia, E. Mey.

Primary root tapering downwards and giving rise to numerous
slender flexuose fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, soon becoming firm in
texture, 2-2'8 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, broadest towards the apex and
tapering gradually into a narrow, petiole-like base, glabrous, slightly
channelled on the upper surface, with a prominent midrib beneath
or somewhat carinate, 2-2'5 cm. long, and 2-2'5 mm. wide above
the middle.

Stem erect, terete, or bluntly quadrangular in the lower part,
finely pubescent ; 1st internode 7-10 mm. long ; 2nd and succeeding
ones very short or hardly developed.

Leaves simple, cauline, the lower subopposite, and the upper
ones crowded and alternate, exstipulate, sessile and tapering to a
narrow petiole-like base, glabrous, opaque, channelled above and
obtusely carinate beneath like the cotyledons, minutely, distantly
and bluntly toothed at the margins.

Nos. 1-6. In three opposite or subopposite pairs ; the rest
crowded, narrower than the cotyledons, and alternate.

Hebenstretia dentata, L., var. integrifolia.

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, and giving rise to numerous
flexuose fibres.

SELAGIKELE 357

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 1-8-2-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear-obtuse, or subacute, entire, channelled above
rounded on the back with a faint indication of a midrib glabrous'
deep green, 1-6-1-8 cm. long, 1-1-5 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, finely pubescent, brownish after a time • 1st
mternode 1-1-2 cm. long; 2nd 4-5 mm.; succeeding ones Very
short.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), exstipulate,
sessile, channelled above, tapering to a narrow petiole-like base'
rounded on the back with a faint indication of a midrib similar to
the cotyledons, glabrous or slightly pubescent at the base on the
under side.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite.

Nos. 3-30. Narrow, linear, subentire or with two or three blunt
teeth near the apex, alternate and crowded, similar to the cotyledons
but longer.

VERBENACE^E,

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 1131.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and undivided, or
four-furrowed or rarely shortly four-lobed. It consists of two
carpels and normally in the young state is one-celled, with
the placentas strongly intruded into the cavity, and re vo-
lute, dividing the ovary more or less perfectly into two cells,
twin-ovuled, or one-ovuled by abortion. The cells after-
wards become bilocellate by the development of spurious
septa, and the four locelli then contain a single ovule each.
In a few genera the ovary consists of four to five carpels
divided into eight to ten locelli; and in the tribes Sym-
phoremesB and Avicenniese the ovary of the young flower is
already four-celled, or one-celled at the apex only. The ovules
are more or less amphitropous except in Phryma, Clerodendron
Kaempferi, and possibly some others. They are inserted on
the involute margins of the carpels, at the base, middle or
towards the apex, with the micropyle inferior ; rarely are they
axial. The fruit is baccate or somewhat capsular, with a fleshy,
succulent or thin and dry exocarp, and generally a hardened

368 OX SEEDLINGS

endocarp. Normally, the whole fruit or the endocarp alone
is indehiscent at maturity, and two- to four-celled, or the
fruit breaks up into one- to two- celled lignified pieces, or four
rarely eight to ten one-celled pieces. The seeds are always in
separate cavities, fixed laterally to the placentas and erect, or
pendulous, oblong, obovoid or subglobose. The testa is mostly
membranous except in Avicennia. A fleshy endosperm is
present in the tribes Stilbeae and Chloanthese, but in all other
cases it is very scanty or entirely absent. The embryo is
straight and equals the length of the endosperm, or fills the
whole seed where endosperm is wanting. The cotyledons are
flat or thickened, quite free to the base or very rarely amalga-
mated for great part of their length into one piece. The radicle
is generally very short and always inferior except in Phryma
which contains a single species only, the ovule and seed of
which are very anomalous.

Subcentral placentas occur in Avicennia as well as in
members of the tribes Symphoremeae and Caryopterideae.
Spurious septa are absent in the fruits of Espadsea. A fleshy,
oily embryo with its cotyledons united to the middle occurs in
Oxera, Amasonia and Symphorema. The embryo in Avicennia
is naked with large plaited cotyledons.

The ovules of Clerodendron Kaempferi are erect and
anatropous with the micropyle inferior. The fruit breaks up
at maturity into four drupe-like pieces, each containing a
solitary oblong seed. The cotyledons are fleshy, plano-convex
and fill the entire cavity of the seed to which they con-
form ; they are, however, slightly auricled at the base in
order to accommodate the minute, globular radicle.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons are all of simple types, and
although five more or less distinct forms were observed,
they may all be described as modifications of one another,
dependent upon the size, and relative length and breadth
of the seed. The simplest form is that seen in Vitex trifolia
(fig. 585) which has small, oblong, obtuse cotyledons with-
out apparent venation. The cotyledons of Verbena officinalis
(fig. 584) are also small, but ovate, obtuse, with a distinct
midrib and a few alternate, very faint lateral nerves. The
petioles are slightly connate at the base. Lippia juncea in the

VERBEXACEJ3 369

seedling state at least bears considerable resemblance to a
Verbena, and has ovate-oblong cotyledons with a venation
similar to that of Verbena officinalis. The first pair of leaves
are lanceolate, followed by two pairs which are oblong. All
are bluntly serrate.

A third and distinct type is that represented by Stachy-
tarpheta mutabilis which has broadly and roundly ovate,
mucronate, and faintly penninerved cotyledons, truncate at
the base. The petioles as well as the hypocotyl are hairy.
The cotyledons of Ehaphithaninus longiflorus do not conform
very closely to the above, but are roundly ovate and one-nerved.

The cotyledons of Callicarpa aniericana are small, roundly
ovate, emarginate, trinerved, pubescent and ciliate.

The fifth type is represented by Clerodendron Ksernpferi
(fig. 586) which has broadly ovate, shallowly and irregularly
dentate, penninerved cotyledons, bearing some resemblance
to the first pair of leaves but smaller.

Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Valil.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, hairy, 2'2-2'5 cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons broadly and roundly ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate,
truncate at the base, glabrous, green, indistinctly pimiatinerved, like
the leaves ; petioles flat, hairy.

Stem erect, terete, hairy ; 1st internode 3-4 mm. long.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite-decussate, exstipulate,
ovate, acute, serrate, pubescent, green, alternately pinuatinerved,
petiolate ; petioles short, channelled, pubescent.

Verbena officinalis, L. (fig. 584).

Primary root tapering downwards and giving off numerous
lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green or colourless,
3-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, obtuse, entire, tapering into the petiole, with
a distinct midrib and a few short alternate ascending nerves dis-
cernible only by transmitted light, glabrous, light green above, paler
beneath ; lamina 3'75-5 mm. long, 2'5-3 mm. wide ; petiole flat
above, convex beneath, glabrous, 2'5-4'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, hairy or pubescent, pale green ;
1st internode 1-5-2 mm. long; 2nd 4-6 mm.

n. BB

370

ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy
with simple or gland-tipped hairs, alternately and ascendingly penni-
nerved, with the nerves slightly incurved towards their apex, uniting

FIG. 584.— Verbena officinalis, x 2.

with one another, and generally giving off branches only into the
marginal serratures, bright green above, paler beneath ; petioles
semiterete, channelled above, hairy, with many of the hairs tipped
with a gland.

VERBENACE.E 371

First pair of leaves oval or elliptic, obtuse, or often subovate,
shallowly or obsoletely serrate-dentate.

Second pair larger, more deeply serrate-dentate with obtuse
teeth the terminal one of which is largest.

Third pair elliptic-oblong, obtuse, incise serrate-dentate.

Verbena Aubletia, L.

Primary root as in V. officinalis.

Hypocotyl subflexuose, pubescent, pale pinkish- white, terete,
11 mm. long, T25 mm. thick.

Cotyledons very similar to those of V. officinalis, 6 mm. long,
8'5 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above, connate at the base, pub-
escent, 6 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, obtusely quadrangular, erect (at least
the primary one), ultimately much branched, with coarse villous
hairs ; 1st internode 1 cm. long ; 2nd 8 mm.

Leaves coarsely villous on both surfaces, as well as on the
petioles ; petioles channelled above, subconnate at the base around
the stem.

First pair ovate, obtuse, subcuneate at the base, subtrifid, penni-
nerved ; lateral lobes mere teeth ; terminal lobe triangular-ovate,,
obtuse.

Second pair triangular-ovate, obtuse, subtrinerved at the base,,
pinnatifid ; basal lobes longest, oblong, obtuse, and entire or again
cut on the posterior or basal side.

Ultimate leaves triangular-ovate, obtuse, deeply pinnatifid, sub-
cuneate at the base, coarsely hairy on both surfaces, deep green
above, paler beneath with prominent venation ; lobes more or less
coarsely serrate on the posterior side ; basal pair distinctly tlu
largest and sublobulate on the posterior side.

Rhaphithamnus longiflorus, Miers.

Hypocotyl erect, square, hoary, almost colourless or reddish -
green, from 1-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons roundly ovate, coriaceous, glabrous, petiolate, entire
6-10 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide ; dark green above, whitish beneath ;
venation indistinct but having one primary nerve.

Stem herbaceous, ultimately woody, erect, square, finely pub-
escent, light green ; 1st internode 1-1-5 cm. long ; 2nd about the
same.

Leaves simple, serrated, upper ones coarsely, lower less so and
sometimes almost entire, cauline, opposite, shortly petiolate, lanceo-

372

ON SEEDLINGS

late, acute, glabrous, shining green above, lighter beneath ; midrib
with numerous ascending veinlets.

Callicarpa americana, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 6-8 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate-rotund, obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, slightly
hairy, green, very indistinctly trinerved ; petioles rather flat, shal-
lowly channelled above.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, thickly pub-
escent or hirsute ; 1st internode 6-8 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite,
decussate, exstipulate, petiolate, ovate-
oblong or elliptic, obtuse, coarsely ser-
rate, pubescent, green, lighter beneath,
pinnatinerved ; petioles hairy, rather
long, shallowly channelled above.

Vitex trifolia, L. (fig. 585).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, somewhat
woody, pubescent, brownish, 2-2-3 cm.
long.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, petiolate ;
lamina 6 mm. long, 2'5 mm. wide ;
petiole 3'25 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous or suffrutescent,
erect, square, pubescent, purplish ; 1st
internode 7P5 mm. long ; 2nd 2-5 mm. ;
3rd 5'5 mm. ; 4th 10 mm. ; 5th 4 mm.
Leaves simple, ultimately digitate,
cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
covered on both surfaces with a short,
dense, adpressed pubescence, and some-
what hoary ; petioles shallowly grooved

on the upper surface, grooved on the back, and pubescent like the
leaves.

First to sixth pairs inclusive, simple, rotund-obovate, emarginate,
otherwise quite entire, alternately penninerved.

Clerodendron Ksempferi, Fisch.

Ovary of two carpels, four-locellate, with each cell one-ovuled ;
ovule erect, aiiatropous ; micropyle inferior.

FIG. 585.
Viiex trifolia. Nat. size.

VERBENACILE

373

Fruit baccate, two- to four-angled or -lobed when mature, gla-
brous, two- to four- celled, with a seed in each cavity that develops
and comes to maturity, and falling away into as many nuts or drupes
as there are locelli.

Seed ascending or erect from the base of the inner angle of the
cell, somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, and slightly curved
longitudinally, and more or less wrinkled in that direction when dry,
glabrous, whitish, exalbuminous ; testa thin, membranous ; hilum
and micropyle basal, contiguous ; funicle short, broad, and thin ;
chalaza apical, superior.

Embryo comparatively large, filling the entire seed and conform -

FIG. 586. — Clerodendron Kcempferi. Nat. size.

ing to it in outline, slightly curved accordingly, colourless ; cotyle-
dons oblong, obtuse, entire, or very shallowly auricled at the base,
lying in the broader plane of the seed with their backs to the axis
of the fruit, thick, fleshy, plano-convex; radicle very minute,
globose, obtuse, lying in the very base of the seed and projecting
only slightly beyond the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 586).

Hypocotyl rather succulent, terete, 2 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick,
pubescent, bright green.

Cotyledons stalked, about 3 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, ovate, oblique
at the base, obtuse, shallowly irregularly dentate towards the apex ;

374 ON SEEDLINGS

lower part entire, pubescent all over (as is the case with the whole
plant above ground), rather thin, penninerved and reticulate, of a
dark metallic green above, slightly paler beneath.

Stem with short internodes, herbaceous, terete, pubescent.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate, petiolate,
thin, dentate, alternately penninerved ; nerves incurving, reticulate,
pubescent all over.

First pair like the cotyledons only larger, and showing transition
to the cordate form.

Second pair cordate, acute, wavy at the margin, dentate.

Third pair cordate, equal and regular, acute, finely dentate, alter-
nately penninerved, reticulate.

LABIATE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 1160.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, syncarpous and
four-partite to the base, more rarely shortly four-fid or -lobed
beyond the middle. It consists of two carpels with their
marginal and dorsal sutures so inflected as to form two pairs of
one-celled cavities. The style is central and gynobasic. The
ovules are solitary in each cell, and with few exceptions erect
and anatropous. The fruit is most often included in the
persistent calyx and consists of four lobes or nutlets or fewer
by abortion ; and each nutlet encloses a single seed and is
indehiscent. The nutlets are dry, crustaceous or hard, rarely
fleshy or drupaceous, smooth, tuberculate, or roughly reticu-
late, rarely surrounded with a wing-like appendage, and
attached near the base by a small oblique or lateral areola to
that part of the ovary bearing the style. The seed conforms
to the interior of the nutlet and is attached by the very base
or laterally near the base to the placenta, and is rarely in-
curved the testa is membranous. Endosperm is scanty or
altogether wanting. The embryo again conforms to the seed
and has flat or plano-convex, slightly fleshy cotyledons parallel
or rarely transverse to the axis of the fruit. The radicle is
short, inferior and straight, or rarely incurved with incumbent
or recumbent cotyledons.

LABIATE 375

The ovary is usually stipitate in Scutellaria as is the shortly
lobed ovary in the tribes Prostanthereae and AjugoideaB.

The nutlet is depresso-globose in Salazaria and Scutellaria,
fleshy in Gomphostemma and subdrupaceous in other members
of the tribe Prasieae. The radicle is long and incurved in
Catopheria, with accumbent cotyledons. The seed is trans-
verse to the axis in Salazaria and Scutellaria with an incurved
radicle and incumbent cotyledons.

About five more or less distinct types of seeds have come
under my notice differing chiefly in shape, dependent upon
that of the nutlet containing them. One of the simplest
forms is that represented by Salvia Sclarea (fig. 589) which
has small obovoid seeds with a straight embryo conforming
to the interior. The cotyledons are oval, plano-convex, and
slightly auricled at the base to accommodate the radicle.
There is a thin film of endosperm in the seed, but so small as
to be practically of no importance. The seed of Thymus
Mastichina differs in being very much smaller and globose
with suborbicular cotyledons.

A second type is that shown by Salvia argentea. The
nutlet and seed are broadly oblong-oval. The cotyledons
are similar in outline, plano-convex and rather deeply auricled
at the base. The transverse section of the nutlet, seed and
.embryo is elliptic, or slightly trigonous. Teucrium multi-
florum conforms pretty closely to this type, but the nutlets
are muricate or covered with little tubercles.

Salvia verbenacoides has a smooth nutlet, broadly oval in
transverse section, but otherwise conforming to S. argentea.

The nutlet of Ocimum Basilicum is oblong-ovate with
rather a notable constriction about the middle. The coty-
ledons conform to this outline and are shortly auricled at
the base. In transverse section the nutlets are broadly
oval.

The nutlets of Nepeta nuda (fig. 593) are notably trigonous
in transverse section, broadly oblong-oval in outline, and
scabrid or muricate all over the surface. The cotyledons in
conforming to this characteristic shape are of different forms
or differently disposed while yet in the seed. That on the
ventral aspect is convexo-concave, with a blunt angle next

376 OX SEEDLINGS

the axis of the fruit, while the other is biconvex and fits
into the bend of its fellow. Both are very deeply auricled at
the base and fold over the back of the radicle nearly conceal-
ing all but the tip. The nutlets of Lallemantia peltata
are obovoid and smooth, but the transverse section is similar
to that of the last, and the cotyledons are broadly obovate,
shallowly auricled, and similarly disposed to those of Nepeta
nuda in order to conform to the shape of the seed. The
nutlets, the seed and the very short stout radicle of Prunella
grandiflora resemble those of Lallemantia peltata.

The nutlet and seed of the species of Scutellaria noticed
differ from all others in the Order. The nutlet of S. gale-
riculata is oval in outline, dor sally compressed with a ridge
on the ventral face to accommodate the radicle, and rugose
or tuberculated all over the surface. The ovule and seed are
camp}Tlotropous. The cotyledons are oval in outline, plano-
convex, entire, and incumbent. The radicle is folded along
the ventral aspect of the seed, and is about half the length
of the cotyledons. S. altissima closely conforms to the above
in every respect, except that the radicle is slightly longer
or about two-thirds the length of the seed. The hilum is
therefore above the middle of the seed on the ventral aspect.
S. peregrina is closely similar to the above, but the radicle is
three-fourths as long as the cotyledons and seed, and is ac-
commodated in a ridge on the ventral face of the latter. The
absence of the auricles at the base of the cotyledons seems
to be peculiar to this genus, and is brought about by the
folding of the radicle on the ventral face of the seed, instead
of this being straight and situated between the bases of the
two cotyledons.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons are all of simple types. They
vary slightly in form according to that of the seed from
which they spring, but often undergo considerable modifica-
tion after germination. Many, though by no means all, of
those observed may be reduced to three types. One of the
more common is that represented by Salvia Columbaria (fig.
590) which has triangular, obtuse, emarginate cotyledons
rather deeply auricled at the base. This form is due to
that of the seed, which the embryo wholly occupied as ex-

LABIAT.E 377

plained above. The basal auricles of the cotyledons although
always present in the seed often become nearly obliterated
by growth after germination when they spread out, making
the base of the lamina more or less perfectly truncate.
This is nearly the case in S. triangularis which has indis-
tinctly penninerved cotyledons, but otherwise conforms to
the type.

The cotyledons of Nepeta tuberosa vary slightly between
triangular and orbicular and are emarginate. The cotyledons
of Salvia hispanica are relatively broader, trinerved and finely
pubescent. Those of Nepeta nuda (fig. 594) and Salvia
argentea differ in being somewhat more rounded at the apex,
and more deeply cordate at the base. Those of the former
are notable for a cavity or depression at the base of the
lamina caused by the radicle and plumule while yet in the
seed.

A second type having reniform emarginate cotyledons
occurs in Nepeta Glechoma. The cotyledons of Ocimum
Basilicum and Perilla nankinensis (fig. 587) are more or
less perfectly truncate at the base and emarginate. The
basal auricles present in the seed get obliterated by spread-
ing out after germination. A slight modification of this
type occurs in Salvia clandestina which has trinerved entire
cotyledons, truncate at the base. A third type is repre-
sented by Dracocephalum peltatum (fig. 592) which has
suborbicular emarginate cotyledons distinctly auricled at the
base.

Elsholtzia cristata, Lallemantia iberica, and L. canescens
agree pretty closely with this type, as also does Monardella
Pringlei. The small size of the cotyledons and the length
of the petioles of the first pair of leaves, as compared with
those that follow, are noteworthy. The cotyledons of Eremo-
stachys laciniata are faintly trinerved and differ from the
type chiefly in being more elongated and roundly oblong.

Acanthomintha ilicifolia (fig. 588) constitutes a fourth
type having small orbicular cotyledons, auricled at the base
but otherwise entire.

The cotyledons of Salvia verbenacoides (fig. 591) differ
slightly from those of the above in being subtruncate at the

378 ON SEEDLINGS

base. Those of Satureia hortensis differ only in having slightly
wider basal auricles. The first pair of leaves are broadly oval
and entire.

The ovate-oblong cotyledons of Teucrium Botrys (fig. 595)
represent a very unusual form and, as far as I am aware,
occur only in the tribe Ajugoideae. The leaves are glandular-
pubescent and cuneate at the base, and show an interesting
evolution somewhat on a ternary plan. The first pair are
simply crenate ; the second pair lobulate ; while the third and
fourth pairs are deeply trifid and tripartite respectively with
the lobes cuneate and more or less distinctly trifid. The coty-
ledons of Ajuga Chamaepitys (fig. 596) are much smaller and
oblong, but otherwise conform to those of Teucrium Botrys.
The first pair of leaves are oblong or spathulate and entire ;
the second pair lanceolate with a tooth on each side; the
third and fourth cuneate and trifid at the ends, while the fifth
and sixth pairs are pinnatifid.

The cotyledons of Galeopsis pyrenaica are obovate or
oblong-obovate, emarginate, with small ovate or triangular
auricles, and thus differ from any of the above types.

Those of G. Ladanum are also unique in being sub-
orbicular, emarginate with a sudden contraction a little above
the base of the lamina. The first pair of leaves are broadly
ovate and crenate ; while the next two pairs are oblong-ovate.
All are penninerved.

Ocimum Basilicum, L.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 1-2 cm. long, with a
reddish tinge.

Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, triangular or reniform, emarginate,
slightly cordate at the base, petiolate, light green, glabrous except
on the petiole ; midrib apparent only at the base.

Stem short, erect, herbaceous ; primary internodes but slightly
developed.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, slightly toothed, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, sessile, glabrous, pale green, pimiatinerved.

Elsholtzia cristata, Willd.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 9-12 mm. long, almost
colourless or stained with red.

LABIATE

379

Cotyledons oblong-rotund, obtuse, emarginate, slightly auricled
at the base, subfleshy, petiolate, glabrous, green, without any apparent
venation ; petioles hairy, short, shallowly channelled on the upper
side.

Stem erect, square, pubescent ; 1st internode 3-5 mm. long.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, shortly petiolate,
exstipulate, ovate, obtuse, crenate- serrate,
covered with hairs, green, pinnatinerved.

Perilla nankinensis, Decne. (fig. 587).

Primary root vertical, slender, grey,
with a few lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl 2-3 cm. long, 1 mm. thick,
terete, pubescent, colourless.

Cotyledons including petiole 1 cm.
long, 1 cm. wide, unequal, shortly stalked,
subreniform, obtuse, emarginate, other-
wise entire, obscurely nerved, pubescent,
dark green above, purplish beneath, flat,
not very thick or persistent.

Stem erect, obtusely angular, sub-
striate, thinly pubescent, deep purplish-
red ; hairs deflexed or hooked back-
wards ; 1st internode 3'3-4 cm. long,
rather variable in length ; 2nd 4-6 mm.

Leaves cauline, opposite, simple, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, sparsely hairy on
both surfaces and pubescent on the mid-
rib ; hairs thickened at the base, hyaline
above and tipped with violet.

First pair rotund-ovate or elliptic, obtuse, obsoletely serrate-
crenate, penninerved, a deep black purple ; petiole flattened above,
convex beneath, pubescent on both surfaces.

Second pair broadly rotund-ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate, penni-
nerved, similar to the first pair except in the larger size and greater
breadth at the base.

Monardella Pringlei, A. Gray.

Hypocotyl short, erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 2-3 mm.
long, reddish-green.

Cotyledons small, subrotund, emarginate, cordate at the base,
petiolate, glabrous except on the petioles, fleshy green, without any
apparent venation.

FIG.

87. — Perilla nankinensis.
Half nat. size.

380 OX SEEDLINGS

Stem erect, square, minutely pubescent; 1st internode about
1*5 cm. long ; 2nd 1-1-2 cm.

First leaves simple, entire or minutely crenate, cauline, opposite,
decussate, petiolate, exstipulate, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely
pubescent, green, distinctly and alternately pinnatinerved ; petioles
of the first pair very long ; 2nd and 3rd considerably shorter.

Satureia hortensis, L. ,

Eypocotyl erect, terete, 6-10 mm. long, reddish-brown, minutely
pubescent.

Cotyledons subrotund, obtuse, entire, auricled at the base,
petiolate, glabrous, green, indistinctly one-nerved ; petioles rather
long, hairy, slightly channelled on the upper side.

Stem erect, square, finely pubescent ; 1st internode 2-3 mm.
long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, petiolate,
exstipulate, broadly oval, obtuse,
minutely pubescent, green, pinnati-
nerved,

Acanthomintlia ilicifolia, Wright
(fig. 588).

Primary root annual, fibrous.

Hypocotyl slender, wiry, terete,
pubescent, purple, frequently bent or
twisted, 1-8 cm. long or shorter.

Cotyledons rather fleshy, rotund,

FIG. 588. subcordate at the base, entire or

^^ emarginate at ^ apex> glft_

brous; petiole pubescent, flattened
above, 4-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, obtusely quadrangular, pubescent, purple ; 1st inter-
node 1'S cm. long ; 2nd 2 mm. ; stem leafy, branched from the
base.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, petiolate, exstipulate,
pubescent, ultimately glabrous ; petioles subterete, flattened above
or channelled, pubescent.

First pair ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, with ascending
nerves.

Second pair ovate, obtuse, obtusely serrate, cuneate at the base,
with ascending nerves.

Third pair ovate, obtuse, more deeply serrate than the second
pan:.

LABIATE

381

Ultimate leaves rotund or ovate-cuneate, nan-owed to a short
petiole, alternately and ascendingly pemiinerved, coarsely and bluntly
toothed.

Bracts opposite, orbicular, often larger than the leaves, finely
reticulate with long, spinous, diverging teeth.

FIG. 589. — Salvia Sclarea. A, ventral aspect of seed, x 8 : H, hilum ; B, raphe.
B, longitudinal section of seed, x 8. C, transverse section of seed, x 8.

Salvia Sclarea, L. (fig. 589).

Fruit separating into four nutlets (or fewer by abortion), each
consisting of an outer soft integument and an inner thick and leathery
one, and containing one seed.

Seed obovoid, pale brown, very finely reticu-
late ; testa thin, membranous ; hilum basal and
slightly oblique ; raphe ventral or on the same
side to which the hilum is directed, passing
along to a point above the middle of the seed ;
chalaza small, punctiform, above the middle of
the seed.

Endosperm forming an extremely thin layer
surrounding the embryo, and adhering to the
testa.

Embryo straight, large, colourless, filling
the interior of the seed and conforming to it ;
cotyledons plano-convex, following the outline
of the seed and accordingly broadly orbicular
or oval in longitudinal section, entire at the apex,
slightly notched at the base ; radicle very short,
stout, almost included between the cotyledons.

FIG. 590.

Salvia Columbaria.
Nat. size.

590).

Salvia Columbarise, Benth. (fit

Primary root small, eventually throwing off a few lateral fibres.
Hypocotyl 2-3 cm. long, '75 mm. thick, terete, glabrous, colour-
less.

382 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons. — Lamina 3-4 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, triangular,
emarginate, cordate at the base, pubescent, very obscurely nerved,
not very persistent; petiole slender, 1-1 '5 cm. long, '5 mm. thick,
finely pubescent.

Stem succulent, slightly pubescent, rounded, light green ; inter-
nodes about 1 cm. long, '75 mm. thick, or altogether undeveloped
in the open ground in the seedling stage.

Leaves radical and cauline, simple, opposite, decussate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, rugose, pubescent or subscabrous from short white
hairs ; petioles channelled above, convex beneath, pubescent.

First pair linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; lobes shallow,
roundish-triangular.

Second pair oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid with shortly oblong, obtuse
lobes.

Salvia Irian gularis, Thunbg.

Primary root tapering downwards with several long, strong
lateral rootlets.

Sypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, 4-6 mm. long, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons very similar to those of S. Columbariae, but glabrous
and indistinctly pinnatinerved, like the leaves in their venation ;
petioles 5-6 mm. long.

Stem short, erect, herbaceous, pubescent, primary internodes but
slightly developed.

First leaves ovate, obtuse, ciliated, simple, crenate, petiolate,
thickly pubescent, light green, distinctly pinnatinerved.

Salvia hispanica, L.

Hypocotyl as in S. triangularis, 8-12 mm. long.

Cotyledons widely triangular, emarginate, cordate at the base,
shortly petiolate, minutely pubescent, light green, indistinctly tri
nerved.

Stem erect, minutely pubescent.

Salvia argentea, L.

Fruit consisting of four dorsally compressed, almost triangular
nutlets.

Seed conforming in shape to the nutlet, exalbuminous, 2-5-3
mm. long ; testa smooth, membranous ; hilum inconspicuous.

Embryo straight, filling the whole of the seed, colourless ; coty-
ledons broadly oblong, plano-convex, obtuse, about the same width

LABIAT.E 383

throughout, with rather large auricles, otherwise entire, lying the
broad way of the seed, with their faces to the axis ; radicle short,
terete, obtuse, lying close to the hilum.

Seedling.

Primary root stout, tapering, giving off lateral adventitious root-
lets.

Hypocotyl terete, stout, fleshy, wrinkled transversely, 6-9 mm.
long, 1-5-2 mm. thick.

Cotyledons rotund, obtuse, auricled at the base, rather fleshy,
glabrous, 1 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide; petiole subterete, channelled
above, coarsely pubescent, 1-2 cm. long.

Stem undeveloped in the early stage of the plant.

Leaves simple, radical, petiolate, rugose, woolly on both surfaces
with long white hairs, especially when young.

First pair oblanceolate, obtuse, obtusely serrate, gradually taper-
ing at the base into a short petiole, nerves ascending.

Second pair ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, with ascending
and much anastomosing veins.

Sal via clandestina, L.

Hypocotyl short, erect, finely pubescent, 4-5 mm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons oblate or subreniform, entire, obtuse, with long peti-
oles, glabrous, dark green, trinerved.

Stem short, erect, herbaceous, quadrangular ; 1st internode
2-2-5 mm. long ; 2nd shorter and so near the first that the second
pair of leaves appear as though they formed a whorl of four with
the first pair.

Leaves cauline, ovate or oval, obtuse or subacute, crenate, some-
what wrinkled, pubescent, with amplexicaul petioles, dark green ;
midrib with numerous ascending veinlets.

Salvia verbenacoides, Brot. (fig. 591).

Primary root long, stout, fleshy, tapering, colourless, with a
few lateral rootlets, especially near the top.

Hypocotyl very short, stout, fleshy, subterranean, colourless,
4'5 mm. long.

Cotyledons roundly triangular, subtruncate or slightly notched
at the base, fleshy, petiolate ; lamina glabrous, 5 mm. long, 6 mm.
wide ; petiole hairy, convex on upper and under sides, 8 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, elongated when about to flower.

384

ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, radical, cauline, rugose, deep green above, paler
beneath, finely pubescent or scaberulous on both surfaces, coarsely

hairy on the midrib when
young, ultimately losing these
hairs ; petioles channelled
above, dilated and clasping
at the base, convex beneath,
coarsely hairy, purplish.

First pair ovate, obtuse,
cuneate at the base, crenate.

Second pair ovate-oblong,
obtuse, cuneate at the base,
crenate.

Third pair oblong, obtuse,
cuneate at the base, rather
coarsely crenate.

Fourth pair developing
unequally and appearing al-
ternate, oblong, obtuse, doubly
crenate.

Ultimate radical leaves ob-
long, obtuse, obtusely lobulate,
crenate, unequal at the base,
reticulate ; petiole long, shallowly channelled with a thickened mar-
gin. Cauline leaves similar, gradually shorter with shorter petioles.

Dracocephalum peltatnm, L. (fig. 592).

Primary root long, flexuose, with numerous lateral rootlets.
Rootstock perennial.

Hypocotyl short, stout, merging into the root.

Cotyledons foliaceous, glabrous, petiolate ; lamina oblong-reni-
form, 9 mm. long, 8 mm. wide ; petiole semiterete, flattened above,
finely pubescent, 12 mm. long.

.Stem herbaceous, elongated when about to flower.

Leaves simple, radical (and ultimately cauline), opposite, exstipu-
late, petiolate, dentate -serrate, finely pubescent on both sides ;
petioles channelled on the upper side, dilated at the base, pubescent.

First pair small, ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base.

Second pair rotund-cordate, obtuse.

Third pair cordate, obtuse.

Fourth pan- oblong, obtuse, cordate at the base.

Ultimate leaves cordate, obtuse, obtusely dentate -serrate, five-
nerved at the base and deeply cordate.

FIG. 591. — Salvia verbenacoides.
Half nafc. size.

LABIATE

385

Nepeta nuda, L. (fig. 593).

Fruit of four nutlets, separating when mature, oblong-oval,
convex and flattened dorsally, obtusely angled on the ventral

FIG. 592. — Dracocephalum FIG. 595.—Nepeta nuda, x 25. Longi-

peltatum. tudinal section of nutlet : S, radicle ;

Half nat. size. A, auricle of cotyledon ; PC, pericarp ;

T, testa ; P, endosperm.

aspect, scabrid, black, with a white, transverse scar a little above
the base on the ventral aspect ; pericarp separable into an outer
rather soft dark layer, and an inner paler leathery one.

Seed conforming to the shape of the nutlet, and filling it entirely
if properly developed, pale grey ; hilum nearly or quite basal ;
micropyle contiguous, basal ; raphe ventral ; chalaza some distance
below the apex on the ventral aspect.

Endosperm forming a thin film lining the interior of the testa,
white.

Embryo straight, filling the entire seed with the exception of
the film of endosperm, colourless ; cotyledons oblong-oval, rounded
at the apex, auricled at the base, one concavo-convex, the other
biconvex, as long as the cavity of the seed ; auricles produced along
the sides and partly over the back of the radicle to fill up the space
in the seed; radicle oblong, obtusely pointed, protruded only a
little way beyond the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 594).

Primary root slender, tapering, normal.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, densely glandular-pubescent, 3-4 mm.
above the soil.

n. c c

386 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons rotund-cordate, obtuse, entire, rather deeply auricled
at the base, petiolate, rather densely glandular-pubescent on both
surfaces, dull opaque green or slightly
hoary with a few alternate incurved
nerves seen with difficulty even by trans-
mitted light ; lamina 3' 5-5 mm. long,
2-5-5 mm. wide ; petiole semiterete,
grooved above, densely glandular-pube-
scent, pale green, 4'5-6'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, densely
glandular - pubescent, obtusely quad-
rangular ; 1st internode 1 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, alternately, as-
cendingly incurvinerved, densely glan-
dular-pubescent on both surfaces, dull
green or somewhat hoary ; petiole
semiterete, channelled above, densely
glandular-pubescent, pale green.
FIG. 5u.-NePeta nuda, x 2. Fm* P^ rotund-obtuse, unequally

crenate suddenly narrowed into the
petiole, almost truncate, few-nerved.

Nepeta Grlechoma, Benth.

Hypocotyl succulent, pubescent, pale green, about 4 mm. above
ground.

Cotyledons reniform, emarginate, pale green, somewhat fleshy,
pubescent, 5*25 mm. long, 6'75 mm. wide ; petiole 5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, ultimately procumbent, throwing out
prostrate branches from the axils of the cotyledons, square, pubescent
with a few coarse interpetiolar hairs at the nodes ; 1st internode
1 mm. long ; 2nd 1-5 mm. ; 3rd 2 mm. Flowering stems short,
erect.

Leaves densely pubescent on both surfaces and thinly covered
with coarse jointed hairs, deep green above, paler beneath ; petioles
channelled above, pale green, densely pubescent with short decurved
hairs intermixed with a few scattered long ones.

First parr reniform, crenate, seven-toothed.

Second pair rotund-cordate, crenate, nine-toothed, five-nerved
at the base with a few alternate ascending nerves on the upper
half.

Ultimate leaves reniform or broadly cordate with a deep basal
sinus, and rounded more or less open or overlapping auricles, crenate,

LABIATE 387

five-nerved, reticulate, rugose, deep green and scabrously hairy above,
paler beneath, punctate and hairy on the nerves.

Nepeta tuberosa, L.

Hypocotyl 3-16 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, soft and herbaceous,
densely pubescent.

Cotyledons petiolate, triangular or rotund, emarginate, truncate
at the base or subauricled, pale green, densely pubescent and sub-
glandular on both surfaces, as is the terete petiole.

Stem erect, herbaceous, pale green or suffused with red, obtusely
quadrangular, densely pubescent and subglandular ; internodes vari-
able in length according to cultivation.

Leaves cauline.

First pair rotund-cordate, obtuse, subcrenate, pemiinerved,
rugose, densely pubescent on both surfaces and subglandular, herb-
aceous and soft in texture ; petiole terete, channelled above, densely
pubescent and subglandular.

Second pair more deeply cordate at the base, and more deeply
crenate.

Lallemantia peltata, Fiscli. et Mey.

Fruit consisting of four dorsally compressed, triangular nutlets.

Seed conforming to the shape of the nutlet, flattened, about 1-
1-5 mm. long, exalbuminous ; testa membranous ; hilum incon-
spicuous.

Embryo straight, colourless, filling the seed ; cotyledons broadly
oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, rather unequal, lying face to face ;
one concavo-convex, the other biconvex, lying the broad way of the
seed ; radicle short, terete, obtuse.

Lallemantia canescens, Fisch. et Mey.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1'2-1'G cm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons suborbicular, auricled or cordate at the base, emargi-
nate, glabrous, pinnatinerved as in the leaves ; petioles long.

Stem erect, square, glabrous ; 1st internode 5-6 mm. long ; 2nd
shorter.

First leaves simple, opposite, one growing faster than another,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate, exstipulate, glabrous, green, pinnati-
nerved ; petioles long.

c c 2

388 ON SEEDLINGS

Lallemantia iberica, Fisch. et Mey.

Hypocotyl minutely pubescent, 3-4-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons very like the last species, rem'form-orbicular, deeply
auricled at the base, glabrous except on the petioles.

Stem.— Primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly toothed, minutely
pubescent, pinnatinerved.

Galeopsis pyrenaica, Bartl.

Primary root an abruptly tapering taproot, giving off numerous
fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, becoming stronger
upwards, 3-6 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong or oblong-obovate, or obovate, petiolate,
emarginate, auricled at the base with two small ovate or triangular
obtuse or subacute auricles, very indistinctly trinerved with the
nerves running from the base and becoming incurved to the apex ;
lamina glabrous, 1-1'5 cm. long, -8-l'2 cm. wide ; petiole slightly
connate at the base, semiterete, channelled above, ciliate at the
margins -9-l'5 cm. long.

The shape of the cotyledons is very unusual for this Order.

Stem herbaceous, erect, obtusely quadrangular, hairy, with
many of the hairs glandular, especially the shorter ones ; 1st inter-
node -8-3 cm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, hairy on both sur-
faces and thinly glandular, petiolate, penninerved, with ascending
nerves running into the sinus, not into the teeth ; petiole semiterete,
channelled above and hairy.

First pair broadly oblong, obtuse, minutely emarginate, bluntly
and rather distantly serrated.

Galeopsis Ladanum, L.

Hypocotyl covered with minute hairs, reddish, 1-1-5 cm. long.

Cotyledon rotund, ovate-obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, glabrous
except on the petiole, green, indistinctly one-nerved, constricted a
little above the base.

Stem erect, square, herbaceous, pubescent, annual ; 1st internode
2-2'5 cm. long ; 2nd 4-5 mm.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, exsfcipulate, petiolate,
varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, obtusely serrate, pubescent,
light green, pinnatinerved ; petioles short, pubescent, channelled on
the upper face.

LABIAT^E

389

Eremostachys laciniata, Bung., var. pinnatisecta.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 2-4 mm. long, light green or
colourless.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, unequal, broadly oblong, emarginate,
obtuse, auricled at the base, petiolate, glabrous, indistinctly tri-
nerved, green. The emargination is due to after-growth, for the
cotyledons are entire at first.

Primary internodes of the
stem undeveloped.

First leaves radical, ovate,
obtusely crenate, covered with
hairs, light green, pinnatinerved ;
petiole long, hairy, channelled on
the upper side.

Teucrium Botrys, L. (fig.

595).

Primary root tapering, long,
slender, colourless, with short
lateral fibres, annual.

Hypocotyl subterranean, ter-
ete, glandular-pubescent, tapering
gradually into the root.

Cotyledons rather fleshy,
glandular-pubescent, petiolate ;
lamina ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub-
mucronate, 5 mm. long, 4 mm.
wide.

Stem annual, short and erect
at first with very shortly developed
internodes, ultimately long arid
procumbent.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, opaque green, densely glandular-pubescent on all
parts ; petioles channelled above, convex beneath, somewhat dilated
at the base ; nerves of leaf all sunk.

First pair triangular, obtuse, nearly truncate at the base, rather
deeply crenate.

Second pair triangular, obtuse, lobulate ; lobes entire, or basal
ones with a tooth on the posterior side.

Third pair triangular, pinnatifid ; basal lobes unequally bifid or
trifid ; next pair of lobes tridentate.

FIG. 595. — Teucrium Botnjs.
Nat. size.

390

ON SEEDLINGS

Fourth pair triangular and similar to the last, but the segments
are more slender and more numerous.

Ajuga Chamaepitys, Schreb. (fig. 596).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, giving off lateral, fleshy, much
branched secondary roots.

Hypocotyl ascending, terete, fleshy, glabrous, reddish, 8 mm. long.
Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, glabrous, petiolate ; lamina 4 mm.

long, 1'5 mm. wide ;
petiole 2 mm. long.
Stem herbaceous
decumbent, branch-
ing.

Leaves simple,
radical and cauline,
opposite, exstipulate,
petiolate, gradually
decurrent on the peti-
ole almost or quite
to the base except in
the primary leaves,
deep green above,
glaucous beneath
and strongly ribbed,
revolute at the
margins.

First pair small,
oblong, obtuse or sub-
acute, entire, distinct-
ly petiolate ; lamina
4-5 mm. long, 2-25
mm. wide.

Second pair lanceolate, obtuse, tapering somewhat to both ends
with generally a small tooth on each side.

Third pair similar to the second but larger, with a deeper blunt
tooth on each side, trinerved.

Fourth pair narrowly cuneate, deeply trifid, with oblong, obtuse
lobes, trinerved.

Fifth pair rather unequal, one leaf pinnatifid with four oblong,
obtuse lobes and a larger terminal one ; the other leaf deeply
trifid.

Sixth pair narrowly oblong, pinnatifid, with linear-oblong, ob-
tuse segments, the terminal one larger and one- to two-toothed.

FIG. 596.-

-Ajuga Clu
Nat. size.

Chamcepitys.

PLANTAGINE^E 391

PLAXTAGIXEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL ii. 1223.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and syncarpous,
consisting of two carpels united to form two cells, or by the
development of spurious septa it becomes imperfectly three- to
four-celled ; in monoecious species it is one-celled. The ovules
are solitary, or vary from two to fourteen in each cell in dif-
ferent species, arnphitropous, and attached ventrally to axile
placentas, the solitary ovule in a one-celled ovary is basal. The
fruit is small, included in the persistent calyx, two-celled, two-
to many-seeded and dehisces circumscissly below the middle, at,
or near the base ; when one-seeded it is indehiscent. The seed
is peltate and attached by or near the middle to axile pla-
centas or to a basal placenta. The testa is mucilaginous, and
swells up in water. Fleshy endosperm is present in variable
quantity according to the species. The embryo is generally
large and straight, rarely curved, parallel to the hilum, and in
one-seeded fruits is erect or transverse. The cotyledons vary
in being ovate, oblong or linear, with their backs or edges to the
placentas in different species. The radicle is generally and
sometimes considerably narrower than the cotyledons, equal
in length or more often shorter and inferior. The seeds
observed may be conveniently divided into those having the
backs and those having the edges of the cotyledons to the
axis. The first group is represented by Plantago media
(fig. 597) which has small, oval, peltate, plano-convex or
subconcavo-convex seeds attached to axile placentas. The
hilum is below the middle of the ventral face of the seed.
The embryo generally lies across the seed diagonally, or
oblique to the median axis, and has oblong-spathulate cotyle-
dons lying in the broader plane of the seed with their backs
to the hilurn or placenta. The radicle is short. The fruit is
two-celled and four-seeded. P. major has two-celled and
eight-seeded fruits with smaller seeds; but the embryo is
similarly disposed to that of P. media. The cotyledons of
P. major are oblong and much wider than the terete radicle.

392 ON SEEDLINGS

The varieties of this species, namely P. m. intermedia and
P. m. asiatica, conform to the type.

Other species have the cotyledons with their edges to
the axis, or placenta of the fruit, as for instance P. lan-
ceolata (fig. 600). The ovary is two-celled and four-ovuled,
but the fruit bears only one perfect seed in each cell. The
seed is comparatively large, occupies the whole of the cell, and
is oblong, peltate and deeply concave on the ventral face. The
embryo is nearly as long as the endosperm and straight.
The cotyledons are linear, semiterete in transverse section,
lying in the narrow way of the seed ; they almost equal the
endosperm in thickness, and have their edges to the placenta.
The radicle is shorter and narrower. The object of this
arrangement of the cotyledons seems to be for the greater
convenience of exit from the seed during germination, be-
cause if they had been placed in the broader plane of the
seed they might become too wide or even be curved in con-
formity with the incurving of the sides of the same, when it
would be impossible for them to get out. In P. media, for
instance, where the seeds are nearly flat, the latter do not
split open during germination, but the embryo escapes by an
opening at one end. In P. stricta it closely resembles that
of P. lanceolata. The fruit of P. Cynops is two-celled with
one seed in each cell. The seed is ovate, peltate, concave on
the ventral face, and has a large suborbicular hilum below
the middle of that aspect. The cotyledons are thicker than
wide, but their arrangement is precisely that of P. lanceolata.
The seeds of P. arenaria are also solitary in each cell and
agree with those of P. Cynops in every respect.

Some species whose cotyledons lie in the narrow plane of
the seed differ in certain respects from those above mentioned.
The seed is not concave on the ventral aspect, but may either
be biconvex or plano-convex, and the embryo is relatively very
large. P. Coronopus is an instance of the former. The
seed is broadly oblong with a small hilum below the middle
of the ventral face, and is elliptic in transverse section. The
cotyledons are linear, as thick as they are wide, and more
than semiterete in transverse section, conforming pretty
closely to the outline of the seed. The radicle is short

PLAXTAGIXE^E 393

and turbinate. The fruit is two-celled and many-seeded.
P. maritima differs from the above by having a two-celled,
two-seeded fruit, and plano-convex seeds. Endosperm is
relatively scanty, and the embryo occupies the greater portion
of the seed. In other respects it is similar to P. Coronopus.

In comparing P. media and P. Coronopus, I find that
although the cotyledons of the embryos are differently placed
with regard to the placentas, they are most conveniently situ-
ated in each case to occupy the greatest amount of the area of the
seed and more especially during germination. The cotyledons of
P. media are thin, wide and placed in the broad way of the
seed so that they can readily grow wider during germination
and also utilise the endosperm around them. The cotyledons
of P. Coronopus have their edges to the placentas, and their
width compared with the combined thickness of the two is as
two to three, so that they really occupy a greater area of the
seed than if they had their backs to the axis. This is even
more evident in P. maritima.

Seedlings. — Just as there are two leading types of seeds, so
are there two distinct types of seedlings with their characteristic
cot}Tledons. The broad general distinction which I adduce from
the seedlings coming under my observation is that species with
broad many-ribbed leaves have flat, spathulate or lanceolate,
but not necessarily very broad cotyledons ; while those with
narrow leaves, whether entire or divided, have linear and thick
succulent cotyledons.

The thin or flat type is represented by Plantago media
(fig. 598) which has linear-spathulate or lanceolate cotyledons
tipped with a dark spot or minutely emarginate, and one-
nerved. One or both cotyledons are liable to fission, so that
they may be emarginate, bifid or bipartite, sometimes appear-
ing as three or four instead of the normal two. This takes
place as a result of growth during germination, and appears
to facilitate their exit from the seed. The first leaf is one-
nerved ; the second trinerved at the base ; and the third
and fourth are trinerved nearly to the apex. All four are
spathulate and hairy. The ultimate leaves are ovate and
seven- to nine-nerved. P. major belongs to this type.

The second group is represented by P. Coronopus (fig. 599)

394 ON SEEDLINGS

which has linear, entire, semiterete, thinly pilose cotyledons
about 8 mm. long and slightly connate at the base. The first
six leaves are similar but larger, longer, and more hairy. The
ultimate ones are long, lanceolate, pinnatisect, with linear or
lanceolate, pinnatifid or toothed segments, and are trinerved
in the lower part, giving off lateral nerves to the segments.

The cotyledons ultimately become succulent and nearly
terete. Those of P. arenaria differ chiefly in their greater
length, measuring from 2-2-6 cm. The leaves are all linear,
acute, hairy or pilose, slightly furrowed along the middle,
entire, and differ from the cotyledons chiefly in size. The
cotyledons of P. gnaphalioides conform to those of P. arenaria
both in shape and size. The leaves are opposite and the first
pair resemble the cotyledons. The second pair have one to
two obsolete teeth on each side, and the third to the seventh
pairs inclusive are linear, broadest above the middle, and
obsoletely glandular-dentate. The cotyledons of P. callosa
vary from 2-8-3'7 cm. in length, and are glabrous, succulent
and terete, but otherwise conform to the type. The leaves are
linear, entire and alternate. The first one is thinly pilose ;
the second is larger and slightly furrowed along the middle ;
the third and fourth are deeply furrowed above and tomentose,
followed by two which are broader, deeply channelled above
and carinate beneath. The ultimate ones are felted with
tomentum and hoary.

Plantago media, L. (fig. 597).

Ovary two-celled, four-ovuled ; ovules peltate, amphitropous ;
A micropyle inferior.

Fruit capsular, dry, membran-
ous, two-celled, two- to four-
seeded, dehiscing circumscissly.

Seeds plano-convex or sub-
concavo-convex, peltate, small,
oval in longitudinal outline, with
FIG. 597.— Plantago media. A, longi- equal obtuse ends, or the basal end
tudinai section of seed, x 8 : .R, radicle, slightly broader : testa thin, pale

B, transverse section of seed, x 16. , ° ,., ,. , , "

brown ; hilum a little below the

middle on the ventral aspect, round, deeper brown than the rest of
the testa ; raphe tapering obliquely from the hilum. towards the
upper end of the seed.

PLAXTAGINE^E

395

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white.

Embryo straight, narrow, colourless, a little shorter than the
endosperm and embedded in it a little nearer the dorsal aspect
of the seed and somewhat oblique to its median axis ; cotyledons
oblong- spathulate, plano-convex, tapering towards the base, obtuse,
entire ; radicle inferior, obtuse, shorter than the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 598).

Primary root slender, tapering, fibrous.

Hypocotyl tapering downwards, -5-1-4 cm. long, glabrous, pale
green.

Cotyledons linear- spathulate, or lanceolate, obtuse, tipped with
a dark spot or minutely emarginate, tapering into the petiole,
glabrous, light green, with a dis-
tinct midrib and obscurely reticulate,
1-1 cm. long including the petiole,
2*75 mm. wide, above the middle.

Out of a batch of eight seedlings
two had one of the cotyledons more
or less deeply bifid or bipartite.

Stem very short, constituting the
persistent rhizome.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate,
exstipulate, petiolate, hairy on both
surfaces, longitudinally five- to seven-
or more -nerved, subplicate longitu-
dinally, and obscurely reticulate be-
tween the nerves, light green ; peti-
oles broad, more or less winged in the
old plant, dilated and sheathing at
the base, broadly and shallowly channelled above.

No. 1. Spathulate, obtuse, entire, with a distinct midrib, and
obscurely reticulate.

No. 2. Similar, but showing three nerves in the petiole.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar, but having three nerves extending nearly
to the apex.

Ultimate leaves ovate, with short petioles or oval- elliptic, more
or less considerably drawn out at the base, five- to seven- or more
nerved longitudinally, plicate, obtuse, distantly and obscurely dentate
on the sides.

Germination. — In eight days fourteen seedlings germinated, and
twelve (a percentage of 85'7) carried the testa up with the coty-
ledons.

PIG. 598.—Plantago media.
Nat. size.

396 ON SEEDLINGS

Out of thirty-six seedlings that germinated, one had the one
cotyledon entire and the other bipartite, i.e. the seedling had
apparently three cotyledons, while another seedling had four such
cotyledons. This gives an average of 5'5 per cent, of seedlings
with cut or divided cotyledons, but the average might possibly be
much greater in a large batch.

Plantago major, L.

Capsule two-celled, eight-seeded, ovoid, obtuse, mucronate, gla-
brous, dehiscing circumscissly about the middle.

Seed peltate, oblong, obtuse at either end, variously angled by
mutual pressure, convex on both surfaces, especially on the back,
smooth, minutely wrinkled or striated, pale green, becoming brownish-
green, ultimately black or nearly so ; hilum oval, ventral, incon-
spicuous ; micropyle and radicle inferior.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, or somewhat horny when dry,
colourless.

Embryo very similar to that of P. media.

Plantago Coronopus, L,

Ovary two-celled, many-ovuled; ovules attached below their
middle.

Capsule ovoid or oblong-fusiform, two-celled, many-seeded,
dehiscing circumscissly.

Seed oblong-oval, suddenly tapered to an obtuse point at the
lower end, small, pale brown, generally suffused with a glaucous
colour, dorsally compressed and obtusely aiicipitous ; hilum forming
a round, darker-coloured mark on the ventral aspect below the
middle of the seed ; raphe and chalaza inconspicuous ; micropyle at
the lower and obtusely pointed end of the seed.

Endosperm in the mature seed moderately copious, fleshy, dirty
white.

Embryo comparatively large, straight, central, nearly equalling
the endosperm in length, dirty white or pale brown in colour ; coty-
ledons linear, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, thick and semiterete or
even thicker, lying in the narrow way of the seed with their edges
to the placenta (the thickening occurring in the broader way of the
seed) ; radicle turbinate, obtusely pointed, much shorter than the
cotyledons, lying in the lower pointed end of the seed.

Seedling (fig. 599).

Primary root tapering, with numerous lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl short, mostly subterranean, tapering into the root.

PLAXTAGIXE.E

397

Cotyledons linear, obtuse or subacute, with hyaline bristle-like
hairs, about 8 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, with undeveloped internodes.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate in the
adult stage, coarsely hairy all over with whitish bristle-like hairs,
trinerved in the adult stage, the nerves branching into the primary
divisions of the leaf ; petiole indistinguishable from the leaf in the
seedling stage, trinerved and grooved in
the adult, hairy, dilated and sheathing
at the base.

Primary leaves linear, similar to but
larger and longer than the cotyledons.

Ultimate leaves lanceolate, entire
or more or less deeply pinnatifid ; seg-
ments oblong, linear or lanceolate,
acute, entire or slightly toothed or
lobed.

Germination. — The seeds germi-
nated in three days.

The radicle is first protruded and
soon establishes itself in the ground,
sending out root-hairs.

The hypocotyl then emerges, and
together with the basal part of the
cotyledons forms an arch by which
(using the radicle as a fulcrum or holdfast) the upper parts of the
cotyledons are pulled out.

The epithelial cells of the seed become mucilaginous in the
presence of moisture, and attaching themselves firmly to the soil
retain the testa there while the cotyledons are being pulled out.
The testa is rarely pulled out of the ground.

The cotyledons emerge from the seed with their edges upward ;
they are at first closely applied face to face, but gradually diverge
and open, and turn their faces upwards to the light, while the tips
retain the curve for a considerable time.

Plantago ar en aria, W. et Kit.

Ovary two-celled, with one peltate, amphitropous ovule in each
cell, attached in a depression of the thickened placenta about half
way between the base and apex of the cell.

Capsule ovoid, dehiscing circumscissly about the middle, two-
celled, two -seeded, glabrous.

Seed oblong or ovate-oblong, tapering slightly upwards but blunt

FIG. 599. — Plantago Coronopus.
Nat. size.

398 ON SEEDLINGS

at either end, concave or boat-shaped on the ventral face, pale green
when immature, becoming deep shining brown, and always semi-
transparent, disclosing the embryo ; hilum about the middle of the
ventral aspect, oval, whitish ; micropyle and radicle inferior.

Embryo straight, colourless, falling a little short of the endo-
sperm transversely to the axis; cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire,
tapering to the base and appearing slightly petiolate, closely applied
face to face with their edges to the placenta ; radicle tapering to an
obtuse point, thinner and shorter than the cotyledons, but lying in
the broader and lower end of the seed.

Endosperm abundant, fleshy, somewhat horny when dry, sub-
transparent, whitish.

Seedling.

Primary root descending, sending off numerous lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl terete, pubescent, 1-2-1-6 cm. long.

Cotyledons long, linear, cylindrical or subterete, acute, entire,
sessile, with a few scattered minute hairs, green, without any apparent
venation.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, opposite, radical, linear-acute, slightly
furrowed, hairy, green, one-nerved, sessile, exstipulate.

Plantago Cynops, L.

Ovary as in P. arenaria.

Capsule broadly ovoid, mucronate, glabrous, pale green, with a
pale line where the two carpels come together, and a dark, slender
one along the middle of the carpel giving the capsule in a young
state the appearance of consisting of four carpels, two-celled, two-
seeded, dehiscing circurnscissly near the base.

Seed ovate, obtuse, peltate, much compressed dorsally, but con-
vex in conformity with the inner surface of the capsule, concave on
the ventral face, smooth, shining, deep green when young with suf-
ficient transparency to show the embryo by transmitted light ; hilum
ventral, large, broadly oval or suborbicular, slightly below the middle
of the seed ; radicle and micropyle inferior.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, rather transparent.

Embryo very similar to that of P. arenaria.

Plantago gnaphalioides, Nutt.

Hypocotyl very similar to last species, glandular-pubescent.
Cotyledons as in last species ; slightly connate at the base, with
a thin glandular pubescence, 2-2-5 cm. long.

PLANTAGINE.E 399

Stem annual, terete, erect, glandular-pubescent ; 1st internode
1-7-2-6 cm. long; 2nd similar, or somewhat shorter.

Leaves cauline, opposite, decussate, tapering to the base, sessile,
and slightly connate, with an indistinct midrib, glandular-pubescent,
exstipulate.

First pair linear, slender, similar to the cotyledons.

Second pair linear, obtuse, entire, or with one or two obsolete
teeth on each side.

Third to seventh pairs linear, broadest above the middle, dis-
tantly and obsoletely dentate, teeth glandular.

Plantago callosa, Coll.

Primary root very long, flexuose, wiry, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, deep purple or red, 1-8-2-8 cm.
long.

Cotyledons linear, acute, terete, glabrous, sessile and connate at
the base, forming a cup surrounding the rosette of leaves, 2-8-3-7
cm. long.

Stem with the iiitemodes undeveloped.

Leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, sessile, clasping at the
base, hoary or felted with a white tomentum.

No. 1. Linear, semiterete, flattened above, very thinly hairy, or
pilose.

No. 2. Larger and shallowly channelled above.

Nos. 3 and 4. Tomentose and deeply furrowed above.

Nos. 5 and 6. Broader, tomentose, with a wide deep channel
above, and obtusely carinate beneath.

Plantago lanceolata, L. (fig. 600).

Ovary two-celled, with axile placentation bearing about midway
between the base and apex of each cell two amphitropous ovules ;
micropyle inferior.

Capsule oblong, obtuse at either end, glabrous, two-celled with
one perfect seed in each cell, dehiscing circumscissly about one-
third above the base.

Seed oblong, obtuse at either end, peltate, equalling the interior
of the cell in length and breadth, concave on the ventral face and
appearing boatshaped, smooth, pale green in the immature state,
then becoming colourless or pale yellow and subtransparent, after-
wards deep shining brown and still semitransparent when fresh,
ultimately deep brown ; hilum oval, forming a white or pale spot
on the ventral aspect about or a little below the middle ; micropyle
and radicle inferior.

400 OX SEEDLINGS

Endosperm abundant, fleshy or somewhat horny when dry,
subtransparent.

Embryo straight, colourless, embedded in endosperm and falling
a little short of the length of the seed ;
cotyledons narrowly oblong or linear,
obtuse, plano-convex, closely applied
face to face transversely to the axis,
but in the narrow way of the seed,
with their edges to the placenta and
FIG. BOO.— Plantago lanceolata, towards the dorsal and ventral face of
xi2. Transverse section of tne see^ shortly petiolate or tapered

seed : C, cotyledon ; T, testa ; ' '.*

E, endosperm; VF, ventral downwards ; radicle oblong, obtuse,
face- shorter and considerably narrower than

the cotyledons, inferior, tapering downwards.

Plantago stricta, Schousb., is very similar to P. lanceolata.

Plantago maritima, L.

Ovary two-celled, with one ovule in each cell.

Capsule narrowly ovoid, two-celled, two-seeded, dehiscing cir-
curnscissly about one-third from the base ; the upper part carrying
with it the placentas and seed.

Seed oblong-lanceolate, biconvex, or slightly flattened on the
ventral face.

Embryo straight, large, and nearly occupying the whole of the
interior of the seed ; cotyledons with their edges to the axis.

NYCTAGINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 1.

Fruit and Seed. — The superior ovary is included in the tube
of the perianth, and is one-celled with a solitary, basal, erect,
carnpylotropous ovule. The fruit is a thin, membranous and
indehiscent utricle, enclosed in the base of the persistent and
now leathery, fleshy or hardened perianth which is termed the
anthocarp. The latter is ribbed, furrowed, angled or winged,
sometimes mucilaginous, sometimes garnished with stalked
glands. The pericarp is sometimes thin and leathery or
fleshy. The seed is erect and has a thin hyaline testa, or

XYCTAGIXILE 401

the latter may be wholly amalgamated with the pericarp.
Endosperm is copious, farinaceous, fleshy or mucous, or scanty,
and sometimes almost wanting. The embryo is sometimes
straight with broad, foliaceous, conduplicate cotyledons sur-
rounding or enclosing the endosperm, with a short inferior
radicle ; in other cases it is doubled upon itself with broad,
foliaceous, incumbent and convolute cotyledons wrapped round
the endosperm ; or the cotyledons are narrow and closely
applied to the latter. When the embryo is doubled upon
itself, the radicle is long, and external to the endosperm, with
its tip close to the inferior basal micropyle.

An unusual character occurs in Cryptocarpus which has
an annular embryo ; and in Abronia one of the cotyledons is
small and almost aborted.

Two different types of embryo occur amongst the seeds
observed. The cotyledons are always unequal, but in some
cases one is nearly aborted. The anthocarp of Mirabilis longi-
flora is obovoid, closed by constriction above the true fruit,
hardened or crustaceous and sculptured on the outer sur-
face. The pericarp is thin and membranous as is the testa
which adheres to it. The embryo is doubled upon itself
with unequal, concave cotyledons occupying the periphery
of the seed and enclosing the farinaceous endosperm. The
radicle is long, terete, stout and occupies the other side
of the seed, and together with the outer cotyledon deter-
mines the smaller size of the inner cotyledon by restricting
its growth. The anthocarp of Oxybaphus nyctagineus is
oblong, obtusely five-angled, hairy and closely invests the
fruit, and that again the seed which conforms to the in-
terior. The outer cotyledon is very broad, almost oblate
and surrounds the endosperm with its edges closely abutting
against the radicle. The inner and smaller cotyledon also
comes close up against the radicle with its edges. In other
respects this species resembles Mirabilis longiflora. The
radicle in both cases is curved at its base and longer than the
cotyledons.

The second type is represented by Abronia umbellata
(fig. 602, B). The anthocarp is strongly five- winged with the
wings broadest at the upper end. The ovary and seed are

n. D D

402 ON SEEDLINGS

narrowly obovoid or oblong-obovoid, the former slightly oblique
at the base where it is attached to the receptacle. The outer
cotyledon is broadly ovate-oblong, concave and surrounds the
endosperm ; the inner one is rudimentary and many times
thinner than the petiole of its fellow. The radicle is slightly
curved about the middle, longer than the larger cotyledon
and occupies the longer side of the seed with its tip occupying
the slightly prolonged base. The fruit of A. arenaria is ellip-
soid and five-angled. The seed is narrowly obovoid. The other
characters (fig. 602, A) correspond to those of A. umbellata.
Occasionally, however, a seed may be found containing an
embryo, the smaller cotyledon of which is of some consider-
able size, and nearly half as long as the other.

Seedlings. — As in the seeds so also after germination the
cotyledons are unequal. Two leading types may be noticed,
namely those which are oblate varying to reniform, and
those which vary between oblong and obovate. The more
common type of cotyledon is oblate and subtruncate at the
base or has a shallow sinus as shown by Mirabilis dicho-
toma (fig. 601). The cotyledons are five-nerved at the base
and reticulate, sometimes emarginate with a tooth in the
notch. The lamina of the larger one measures 2-2 cm. long
and 4 cm. wide, while the smaller one is about the same
length, but only 3-6 cm. wide. The petioles are also unequal.
The cotyledons of M. longiflora are trinerved and reticulate,
with the midrib forking some distance below the apex, and
they are also variously emarginate. The average size of
the larger lamina is 2-38 cm. long and 3-25 cm. wide ; that
of the smaller one is 1-9 cm. long, and 2*76 cm. wide.
The petioles are glandular-pubescent and generally un-
equal in length. In general characters M. multiflora agrees
with its congeners. The cotyledons are glabrous and five-
nerved ; the larger lamina varies in different individuals from
2-4-2-8 cm. long, and 4-4-6 cm. wide; the smaller one is
2-0-2-4 cm. long, and 3-4-3-7 cm. wide.

The seedlings of Oxybaphus agree with the above in general
form of the cotyledons, but the latter are notable for the
shortness of their petioles. Those of 0. viscosus are relatively
small, reniform, trinerved, densely pubescent and unequal

NYCTAGINE.E 403

Those of 0. ovatus are larger, more decidedly auricled at the
base, densely hairy, and sometimes at least unsymmetrical.
The first pair of leaves are lanceolate, showing only a
midrib, and are hairy like the cotyledons. The latter in
0. elegans are more roundly reniform, trinerved, glabrous
and, like the others, very shortly petiolate. As in 0. ovatus
the short hypocotyl becomes fleshy and tuberous at a very
early age. The first pair of leaves are lanceolate, succeeded
by others which are ovate and glabrous like the cotyledons.
A slight variation occurs in 0. nyctagineus which has suborbi-
cular, trinerved, glabrous, unequal cotyledons. The lamina
of the larger ones measures about 1-5 cm. long, and 1*35 cm.
wide, while that of the smaller one is 1-4 cm. long, and 1-3 cm.
wide. Both are cuneate at the base.

The species of Abronia differ considerably from the above,
both in the form of the cotyledons before and during germi-
nation, and in their behaviour afterwards. One of the
cotyledons is almost aborted in the seed and remains small
for some time after germination but in A. umbellata at least
it afterwards becomes the largest and grows like a leaf, attain-
ing the shape of the latter. The lamina of the larger one
eight days after germination is oblong, 8-8-5 mm. long, and
4-5-6 mm. wide; twenty-eight days after germination it is still
of the same shape, but is 1*4-1'45 cm. long, and 9 mm. wide.
The lamina of the smaller one eight days after germination is
obovate, 1'25 mm. long, and 1 mm. wide ; twenty-eight days
after germination it is 1 -4-1*8 cm. long, and 8'75-lQ mm.
wide above the middle. The leaves are alternate, but the
primary ones are nearly opposite. The first four are oblong,
somewhat cuneate at the base, and rounded at the apex. The
full-grown cotyledons of A. arenaria are very unequal. The
larger one is oval, 1-4 cm. long, and 8'75 mm. wide, with
a petiole 3-4 cm. long, while the smaller one is obovate,
5 mm. long, 3'75 mm. wide, and the petiole 2-2-6 cm.
long. The leaves are opposite, but so unequal in size
that they appear alternate during development in the bud.
They are finely glandular-pubescent, and the first four at least
are oval like the larger cotyledon. The ultimate ones are
broadly ovate or suborbicular, unequal both in lamina and

D D 2

404

ON SEEDLINGS

petiole. This is brought about probably in part by the
procumbent or trailing stem interfering with the proper
growth of opposite and decussate leaves.

Mirabilis longiflora, L.

Hypocotyl short, stout, erect or decumbent, terete, glabrous or
glandular-hairy, 1'5-1'S cm. long.

Cotyledons very like those of M. dichotoina, rather fleshy,
frequently emarginate with one or two notches, glabrous except the
petioles ; midrib strong and prominent on the under side ; lamina
of the larger cotyledon in an average of four, 2*38 cm. long,
3'25 cm. wide ; smaller lamina in an average of four, 1*92 cm.
long, 2'76 cm. wide ; petioles mostly unequal in length, the longer
one belonging to the smaller lamina, semiterete, channelled above,
densely glandular-hairy, pale green or reddish, 2'6-5'5 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect at first, ultimately decumbent, ascending
or variable ; 1st intemode 5-5*5 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, exstipulate, petiolate,
irregularly and alternately penninerved and reticulate, with the

nerves forking towards the
margin of the leaf, and
sending a curved branch
downwards and the other
upwards to meet the one
next above it, more or less
glandular - pubescent all
over, deep dull green above
•with a reddish midrib, paler
beneath and suffused with
red ; petioles semiterete,
channelled above, densely
glandular-pubescent.

First pair ovate, obtuse,
suddenly tapered into the
petiole.

FIG. 601. — Mirabilis dichotoina.
Half nat. size.

Mirabilis dichotoma,
L. (fig. 601).

Primary root very

short, apparently ceasing to elongate, and like the hypocotyl giving
off fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl 1-5-2 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, succulent and ulti-

405

mately becoming fleshy and tuberous, gibbous at the base on
one side when young.

Cotyledons unequal, transversely oval, apiculate, subtruncate at
the base ; the larger one 2-2 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, strongly nerved
and reticulate ; the smaller one 2-2 cm. long, 3'6 cm. wide ; petioles
4'8 cm. and 4*8 cm. long respectively.

Stem erect and forking from the first pair of leaves, terete,
glabrous, bright red; 1st internode 6-9'5 cm. long; 2nd (first of
the fork) 1-6-3 cm.

Leaves. — First pair ovate, obtuse, irregularly penninerved and
reticulate, subtruncate at the base and equal, 3 cm. long and
2 cm. wide ; petiole 8-10 mm. long, channelled above, slightly
connate at the base.

First pair of the fork ovate, obtuse, constantly very oblique at
the base, irregularly penninerved ; petiole channelled above, connate
at the base, 1-1-5 cm. long.

Second pair of fork triangularly ovate, obtuse, irregularly penni-
nerved and reticulate, pale green on both surfaces ; nerves most
prominent below ; petiole deeply channelled above, convex beneath.

Mirabilis multiflora, A. Gray.

Hypocotyl very short or subterranean.

Cotyledons unequal, with long petioles, glabrous, pale sub-
glaucous-green, with an oblate lamina ; larger lamina 2'4-2'8 cm.
long, by 4-4-6 cm. wide, with five nerves radiating from the base,
smaller lamina 2-2-4 cm. long and 3-4-3'7 cm. wide, with a similar
venation ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, finely glandular-
pubescent.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, finely glandular-pubescent ; 1st
internode 4-4*5 cm. long.

Leaves petiolate (upper sessile), ciliate at the margins and pubes-
cent on the nerves beneath, otherwise glabrous, glaucous and suffused
with pink ; petioles channelled above, finely pubescent.

First pair ovate, obtuse, penninerved, often slightly unequal
at the base.

Oxybaphus nyctagineus, Sweet.

Hypocotyl very short, subterranean, thickened or tuberous.

Cotyledons suborbicular, obtuse, entire, cuneate at the base,
trinerved, with the lateral nerves incurved and uniting with the
midrib at its apex, unequal, glabrous, rather persistent ; lamina of
the smaller one 1'4 cm. long, 1-3 em. wide, and its petiole shallowly
channelled on the upper side, and 1 cm. long ; lamina of the

406 ON SEEDLINGS

larger one 1'5 cm. long, 1'35 cm. wide, with its petiole strongly
channelled on the upper side, and 1-15 cm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, striate, pubescent, purplish ; 1st
internode about 1-4 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire (at least in seedlings), cauline, opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, incurvinerved, with two strong
lateral nerves proceeding from near the base as hi the cotyledons,
tapering downwards into the petiole which is grooved above.

First pair obovate, obtuse, entire.

Oxybaphus ovatus, Vahl.

Hypocotyl stout, 1-2 mm. long, glabrous, light green, ultimately
tuberous and fleshy.

Cotyledons oblate or reniforrn, unequal, with the larger one
unsymmetrical, obtuse, entire, cordate at the base, petiolate, with
long thick petioles, hispid, dull green, distinctly pinnatinerved.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent ; 1st internode 2-3 mm. long.

First leaves alternate or nearly opposite, lanceolate, subacute,
pubescent, reddish-green ; midrib alone apparent.

Oxybaphus viscosus, L'Herit.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, reddish,. 7-10 mm.
long.

Cotyledons very similar to those of O. ovatus, thickly pubescent,
greenish above, crimson beneath.

The larger cotyledon is cordate at the base, the smaller one
only very slightly so, or not at all.

Oxybaphus elegans, Chois.

Hypocotyl as in 0. ovatus, 3-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons very similar to those of 0. ovatus, very unequal,
glabrous, light green, trinerved ; petiole flat.

Stem erect, quadangular, herbaceous ; 1st internode 1'5-1'S cm.
long ; 2nd 1-2-5 cm.

First leaves opposite, decussate.

First pair lanceolate.

Second and succeeding pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, with
broad, flat petioles, glabrous, light green above, reddish beneath,
distinctly alternately nerved.

Abronia arenaria, Menz. (fig. 602, A).

Acliene enclosed in and adhering to the ellipsoid, five-angled,
persistent base of the perianth.

NYOTAGINE^E

407

Seed narrowly obovoid, narrowed to the base, where it is slightly
unequal, smooth, pale brown, marked from tbe base to near the
apex on each side with a darker brown line ; hilum basal in the
notch ; micropyle close to it, but
occupying the longer lobe of the
seed in which the radicle lies.

Endosperm abundant, mealy or
farinaceous, white, lying in the
centre of the seed and surrounded,
except between the cotyledons and
radicle, by the embryo.

Embryo large, much curved or
doubled upon itself, outside the
endosperm, colourless ; cotyledons
very unequal ; the outer one concave
or scoop-shaped, lying round the
outside of the endosperm which it grasps in its inner concave face,
equal in length to the seed ; the inner reduced to a small elevation
at the base of the petiole of the large one ; radicle cylindrical, lying
on the outside of the endosperm on the opposite side of it from the
cotyledon, slightly tapered to an obtuse tip, pointing to and close to
the micropyle, equalling the length of the seed and somewhat longer
than the large cotyledon. The smaller cotyledon, however, varies
a little in size.

FIG. 002. — A, Abronia arenaria.
Embryo : ic, rudimentary cotyle-
don, x 6. B, Abronia umbellata.
Embryo, x (5 : Ic, larger cotyle-
don ; ic, rudimentary cotyledon ;
r, radicle.

Primary root tapering downwards, flexuose, giving off a few
lateral rootlets, and growing through the remains of the fruit and
anthocarp.

Hypocotyl decumbent, thickened towards base of cotyledons,
glandular-pubescent, 1-2-2-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons very unequal in size of lamina and length of petiole,
glandular-pubescent, fleshy ; lamina of larger one obovate or oval,
1*4 cm. long, 8*75 mm. wide ; petiole 3-4 cm. long ; lamina of
smaller one obovate, 5 mm. long, 3'75 mm. wide ; petiole 2-2-6 cm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, decumbent or spreading on the ground, densely
glandular-pubescent, subsucculent, thickening slightly beneath the
nodes, pale green or suffused with red, or flesh-coloured ; 1st inter-
node 3-2 cm. long ; 2nd 9 mm.

Leaves cauline, simple, entire, opposite, unequal, exstipulate,
petiolate, glandular-pubescent and deep green above, somewhat paler
beneath and densely glandular-pubescent, viscid, penninerved with

408 OX SEEDLINGS

the ascending nerves prominent beneath, or three- to five-nerved
from the base in the lower half of the leaf ; petioles semiterete,
flattened or subconvex on the upper surface, gradually tapering up-
wards, channelled at the insertion of the lamina, densely glandular-
pubescent, viscid, fleshy.

First pair small, unequal ; one obovate, the other similar but
wider.

Second pair unequally developed ; large one oval, obtuse, with a
lamina 2*3 cm. long, 1'7 cm. wide, and a petiole 4*8 cm. long ;
smaller leaf rotund, concave, 9 mm. in diameter with a petiole 3 mm.
long.

Ultimate leaves opposite, distichous, and all turned to the upper
side of the prostrate stem, developing unequally from the bud and
always with laminae of a different shape the one from the other, and
petioles of unequal length ; smaller leaves rotund, slightly cuneate
at the base, trinerved in the lower half and arranged alternately ;
larger broadly ovate, rounded at the end, less frequently broadly
oval, obtuse, three- to five-nerved in the lower half, and also
alternate.

Abronia nmbellata, Lam. (fig. 602, B).

Achene small, narrowly obovoid, slightly compressed on one side,
glabrous, shining, straw-coloured with a brown line running along
each side for the greater part of its length, corresponding to the cur-
vature of the ovule ; anthocarp five-winged with the wings broaden-
ing upwards and tapering cuneately to the base, glabrous ; wings
nerved and subreticulated transversely.

Seed pale-coloured or white ; testa thin, membranous ; chalaza,
hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal ; raphe none.

Endosperm rather copious, farinaceous, white, forming a mass
occupying the centre of the seed.

Embryo as in A. arenaria.

Seedling.1

Primary root very little or altogether unbranched in the early

Hypocotyl erect or curved, or decumbent, terete, pale green or
pinkish, or reddish, stout, shortly glandular-pubescent, 1-1-8 cm.
long, produced into a footlike process at the base on one side, which
probably assists in keeping down the fruit while the germinating
embryo makes its exit.

Cotyledons very unequal immediately and for a considerable time
1 Figured by Darwin in Movement of Plants, p. 95.

XYCTAGIXE.E 409

after germination, dull green, shortly glandular-pubescent ; lamina
of larger one eight days after germination oblong, 8-8*5 mm. long,
4'5-6 mm. wide, and twenty-eight days after germination oblong,
1-4-1 -45 cm. long and 9 mm. wide ; lamina of the smaller one eight
days after germination obovate, 1-25 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, sessile
or subsessile, and twenty-eight days after germination obovate,
tapering to the base, 1-4-1-8 cm. long and 8-75-10 mm. wide above
the middle ; petiole of the larger one eight days after germination
5-25-12-5 mm. long, and twenty-eight days after germination 2-4-
2-8 cm. long, semiterete, flattened on the upper side ; petiole of the
smaller one eight days after germination very small or almost absent,
but twenty-eight days after germination 2- 5-3 cm. long, terete, and
slightly channelled at the apex only.

The larger cotyledon eight days after germination exhibits a
distinct midi'ib and two lateral nerves near the base, but twenty-
eight days after germination the cotyledon becomes rather fleshy,
and has the midrib only discernible ; the smaller cotyledon at first
exhibits a midrib only, and that very indistinctly, but twenty-eight
days after germination it is obovate, tapered to the base and trinerved,
about the same size as the originally large cotyledon or larger, with
a longer or shorter petiole. In all these characters it seems to
behave like a true leaf, but maintains the position of a cotyledon.

Fifty-six days after germination the originally large cotyledon
measured as follows : — Petiole 2'7 cm. long, with the lamina
1-85 cm. long, 1-1 cm. wide ; the originally small one now the
largest, with a lamina 2*3 cm. long, 1*2 cm. wide, and its petiole
4'9 cm. long, faintly trinerved.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect at first, ultimately procumbent ;
primary internodes undeveloped or very little developed in the early
stage, but afterwards the first one elongates in different individuals
from 5-18 mm.

Leaves radical and cauline, alternate, or primary ones almost
opposite, shortly and densely glandular-pubescent, alternately and
ascendingly penninerved, rather fleshy, with the smaller nerves
indistinct or altogether indiscernible ; petioles terete, tapering some-
what upwards, densely and shortly glandular-pubescent.

No. 1. Oblong, obtuse, entire, suddenly tapered into the petiole,
with about two alternate, indistinct nerves on each side of the mid-
rib, best seen on the under surface.

Nos. 2 and 3. Similar, but somewhat larger with three to four
nerves on each side of midrib.

No. 4. Similar, with four to five nerves on each side of midrib.

410 ON SEEDLINGS

ILLECEBRACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 12.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, ovoid, or globose,
one-celled, with sometimes a slender thread running through
it, and contains one, rarely two amphitropous, anatropous,
or semi-anatropous ovules, which are erect, pendulous, or in-
verted and suspended from a basal funicle. The fruit is a
utricle enclosed in the perianth, and is rarely nut-like, crus-
taceous, membranous, indehiscent, or torn at the base, and one-
seeded. The seed is erect or inverted, ovoid, clavate, orbicular
or lenticular. The testa is thinly membranous, without an
aril, enclosing a mealy or fleshy, copious or scanty endosperm.
The embryo is sometimes annular surrounding the endosperm
and has narrow cotyledons. The radicle is elongated and
incumbent, superior or inferior, sometimes dorsal and club-
shaped, straight or slightly incurved and closely applied to
the oblong cotyledons.

The fruit of Corrigiola is a nut with a crustaceous pericarp,
and is globose or ovoid-trigonous. The cotyledons are narrow,
and the radicle is superior. In Achyronychia, Habrosia, and
Pollichia the ovary contains two or four ovules.

The fruit of Herniaria is one-celled and one-seeded. The
seed is roundly obovoid or almost globular, basal, erect, and
anatropous or subanatropous. The embryo (fig. 605) is peri-
pheral to the endosperm and curved round one side of the
seed and across the top where the cotyledons form a sort
of a hook. The cotyledons are linear, semiterete, about the
same breadth and length as the radicle, and lie in the narrow
plane of the seed with their backs facing the hilum. The
ovule of Scleranthus annuus is also solitary but campylo-
tropous and suspended from a filiform basal funicle with the
hilum and micropyle superior. The embryo is peripheral lying
in the narrow way of the seed which it almost entirely
surrounds, with a short superior radicle and linear, semiterete
incumbent cotyledons facing the basal placenta. The cotyle-
dons are slightly broader than the radicle and about twice as

ILLECEBRACE^E 411

long. The seed and fruit are ovoid and conform to the
interior of the urceolate hardened perianth-tube which is
surmounted by the four- to five-lobed lamina.

Seedlings. — As the seeds are small the seedlings arising
from them are also small and the cotyledons of simple types.
Two distinct forms have come under my notice, namely linear-
oblong and broadly ovate cotyledons. Those
of Illecebrum verticillatum (fig. 603) are
linear-oblong and tapered to the base where
they are slightly connate. The leaves are
opposite and the first three pairs linear-
spathulate and tapered to the base like the
cotyledons, which they resemble, except
that they are wider at the apical end. The
cotyledons of Herniaria hirsuta (fig. 606)
are twice or three times as long, more
decidedly petiolate, and show an obscure
midrib, but otherwise conform to the above
type. The persistent perianth-tube is hairy
externally, and serves by that means to
retain itself in the ground, thus holding
down the fruit and testa of the seed while
the embryo is able to get clear. In a few
cases, however, if these investments have
not been fairly well covered with soil, they
are carried up on the cotyledons during verticillatum,
germination. The cotyledons are sessile at first and gradually
develop short petioles by subsequent growth. When the fruit
and seed are carried up, the cotyledons make their exit at first
by the mere act of lengthening, then one gets perfectly clear
by spreading out to the light, while the other carries the
empty husks for some time. A somewhat similar process
takes place in Scleranthus annuus where the cotyledons are
similar in shape to those of Illecebrum verticillatum, but are
more strictly linear and one-nerved. In Paronychia dichotoma
(fig. 604) the cotyledons are broadly ovate. They are distinctly
petiolate, without discernible venation and measure 2*5 mm.
in length, and 2 mm. in width. The leaves are opposite,
glabrous, and the two first pairs are oval or elliptic and

412

ON SEEDLINGS

taper into a petiole which is slightly connate at the base.
They therefore correspond to the cotyledons in being broad,
just as both sets of organs are relatively narrow in the above-
mentioned species.

Illecebrum verticiUatum, L. (fig. 603).

Primary root slender, fibrous,
annual.

Hypocotyl erect, ultimately pro-
cumbent, tapering downwards, gla-
brous, pale green or stained red,
3-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse,
entire, sessile, tapering to the base
and slightly connate, glabrous, light
green, 2-25-2-75 mm. long.

Stem erect, soon becoming pro-
strate, annual, slender, terete, leafy,
glabrous, pale green ; 1st internode
2-5-3 mm. long ; 2nd 2-5-3*5 mm.
Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
opposite and verticillate, stipulate,
sessile, glabrous, narrowed to the
base, with an indistinct midrib,
slightly connate ; stipules small,
scarious, more or less united and
sheathing the stem, in the axils of
the leaves, but interpetiolar in their
insertion.

First, second and third pairs
linear-spathulate, obtuse, tapering
much to the base.

Paronychia dichotoma, Nutt.
(fig. 604).

Primary root very slender, long,
tapering, with fibrous lateral root-
lets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, gla-
brous, but scabrous or covered with
numerous minute crystalline ex-
crescences, short and tapering indistinguishably into the radicle.
Cotyledons broadly ovate or rotund-ovate, obtuse, entire, gla-

ILLECEBRACE^E 413

brous, deep green, opaque, without any distinguishable midrib or
other nerves ; lamina 2-5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide ; petiole flattened
above or slightly grooved, scabrous on the midrib beneath, 1 mm.
long, connate at the base.

Stem annual, erect, terete, glabrous, pale green ; 1st internode
undeveloped ; 2nd 1-2-5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, opposite, stipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, dark opaque green ; petiole flattened above, sca-
brous on the midrib beneath, subconnate at the base ; stipules
interpetiolar, scarious, small, united in pairs.

First and second pairs oval or elliptic, obtuse.

Herniaria hirsuta, L. (fig. 605).

Ovary one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovule basal, erect, anatropous ;
radicle inferior.

Fruit an achene, or utricle, somewhat obovoid, laterally com-
pressed, glabrous, pale-coloured, tipped with the short persistent
style and stigma, enclosed in the persistent, comparatively large,
hairy calyx, one-celled, one-
seeded, indehiscent.

Seed erect on a basal
funicle, obovate-rotund or
almost orbicular, laterally

compressed, very minute, P-'\ j ' J""'r
glabrous, black, shining ;
testa crustaceous, compara-
tively thick ; hilurn close to PIG 603._Herniaria hirsut(lj

the base and oblique ; raphe A> longitudinal section of seed. B, trans-

and chalaza inconspicuous ; ^^ctio^s^P^n^^;
micropyle basal and con- cotyledon,
tiguous to the hilum.

Endosperm farinaceous, pale, subtransparent white, confined to
a space between the embryo and that side of the seed on which is
the hilum.

Embryo comparatively large, curved round one side of the seed,
outside the endosperm, and across the upper end, colourless ; coty-
ledons linear, obtuse, entire, plano-convex or semiterete, lying in the
narrow plane of the seed with their backs to the axis or the hilum,
not broader than the radicle, curved; radicle terete, less curved
than the cotyledons, and equal to them or slightly shorter, suddenly
narrowed to an obtuse point.

Germination— The solitary seed is retained in the achene, and
that again in the perianth when the whole falls to the ground at

414

ON SEEDLINGS

maturity. The hairy perianth serves to retain the fruit in the ground
during germination so that the cotyledons are able in most cases to
pull themselves out, clear of everything. When the seed has been
rubbed out of the perianth before sowing, the testa is usually
earned up. If this happens the cotyledons are then left to their
own resources in making their exit, and by growth in length are
able to push themselves out and then spreading open to receive the
light ; the testa is often carried away on one cotyledon. The testa
splits vertically a little way, and although it gapes somewhat it con-
tinues to hold on to the tip of the cotyledon for some time.

Seedling (fig. 606).

FIG. 606.

Primary root tapering, fibrous, normal.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, almost
colourless, 1-2-1-6 cm. long.

Cotyledons at first lanceolate-oblong,
obtuse, entire, glabrous, somewhat convex
above and curved or Arched, light green,
sessile on germination and 1-25 mm. long,
ultimately oblong-linear from 3'5-8 mm.
long, 1-25 mm. wide, and shortly petio-
late.

Stem herbaceous, procumbent, terete,
scabrous or rough with little points ; 1st
internode undeveloped ; 2nd short, 1-5 mm.
long.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cau-
line, opposite, stipulate, petiolate, with an
indistinct midrib best seen on the under
side, unequally developed (one in advance
of the other) ; petioles plano-convex or bi-
convex, short ; stipules small, toothlike,
scarious, minutely ciliate.

First and second pairs spathulate-linear,
obtuse, tapering to the base, rough on the
midrib beneath, or raised into little tuber-

Herniaria hirsuta, x 2. cieSj m0re or less hairy.

AMARAXTACE.E 415

AMARAXTACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 20.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, ovoid, ellipsoid, or
globose and frequently compressed, one-celled and mem-
branous, rarely coriaceous or fleshy. The ovule is fleshy,
solitary except in the tribe Celosie® where there are two or
many, erect or pendulous from a basal funicle and amphi-
tropous. The fruit is a membranous utricle, rarely fleshy, and
bursts irregularly or circumscissly. The seed is erect or inverted
and suspended from a long funicle, lenticular, oblong or reni-
form-orbicular and mostly compressed laterally. An aril is
sometimes though rarely present. The testa is crustaceous or
coriaceous, frequently black or brown or shining. The endo-
sperm is copious, farinaceous and often adheres to the inner
and membranous coat of the seed. The embryo is slender
and curved round the periphery of the seed with incumbent
cotyledons and an elongated superior or inferior radicle. In
some cases the cotyledons are broad, thin, concave, and un-
equal, the larger one folding over the smaller.

An exceptional case occurs in Digera where the fruit is
nutlike. A good type of the Order is represented by Amar-
antus hypochondriacus (fig. 607) which has a lenticular
broadly elliptic or suborbicular seed with a peripheral circinate
embryo. The cotyledons are linear, plano-convex, of the same
length as the radicle, but slightly wider, and they lie across the
narrow plane of the seed.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons vary between linear and lanceo-
late, and are often tinged or coloured red, pink, or violet, a
peculiarity which is also characteristic of the leaves of many
species in this Order. Those of Amarantus hypochondriacus
(fig. 608) are linear-oblong, subcuspidate, one-nerved and petio-
late as in other species.

The cotyledons of A. polygamus are slightly broader,
lanceolate-oblong, and obtuse. The first two leaves are
roundly ovate, emarginate at the base, and followed by four
others which are larger and tend to be cordate at the base.

416

OX SEEDLINGS

Scleropus amaranthoides has linear-oblong cotyledons and a
hypocotyl varying from 1-2*7 cm. in length. The first four
leaves are oblong, cuneate at the base, emarginate and much
narrower than those of the above species ; in the latter the
venation is strongly incurved.

Amarantus hypochondriacus, L. (fig. 607).

Ovary one-celled, one-ovuled; ovule basal, vertical, campylo-
tropous ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit a pyxidium, small, ovoid, pale- coloured, glabrous, thin-
walled, one-celled, one-seeded, dry, dehiscing transversely about the
middle.

,O.T.

•IT.

FIG. 607. — Amarantus hypocJtondriacus, * 28. A, vertical section of seed :
C, cotyledon ; H, hilum ; E, radicle ; P, endosperm ; OT, testa ; IT, tegmen.
B, transverse section of seed : B, radicle ; C, cotyledon.

Seed lenticular, broadly elliptic or more often orbicular in out-
line with a minute notch at the base, biconvex, deep brown or black
and shining when mature, glabrous ; testa crustaceous, brittle ;
tegmen very thin, membranous, white ; hilum and micropyle con-
tiguous, basal ; raphe none.

Endosperm white, farinaceous, forming a very thin layer at the
periphery of the seed, and surrounding the embryo, but forming a
much larger mass within the curved embryo.

Embryo comparatively long, narrow and slender, much curved
round and just within the extreme circumference or periphery of the
endosperm, colourless ; cotyledons incumbent, linear, obtuse, slender,
plano-convex, lying in the narrow plane of the seed with their backs

AMAKANTACEJ3

417

to the placenta, about equal to the radicle in length ; radicle fili-
form or terete, curved round the periphery of the seed till it almost
meets the tips of the cotyledons at the base of the seed and close
to the hilum.

Seedling (fig. 608).

Radicle long, tapering downwards, slightly flexuose, with fibrous
lateral rootlets, pink or flesh-coloured, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, deep red, 7-12 or 14 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, subcuspidate, glabrous,
one-nerved, petiolate, green and more or less suffused with red or
pink, especially along the
midrib ; lamina tapering into
the petiole, 6'5-10 mm. long,
2-5-3 mm. wide ; petiole flat
or slightly grooved above,
convex beneath ; 2-3go mm.
long.

Stem herbaceous, annual,
erect, terete, or more or less
angled, or ridged and fur-
rowed, slightly hairy, red ;
1st internode 3-0-8'5 mm.
long ; 2nd 2 '5-7 mm.

Leaves simple, entire,
cauline, alternate, exstipu-
late, petiolate, slightly hairy
and glandular on both sur-
faces when young, after-
wards glabrescent, alternately penninerved with the nerves incurved
towards their apex and uniting with one another by slender branches
only ; petioles semiterete, channelled above, and with the edges of
the lamina decurrent and forming a very slender wing on the
upper half, slightly hairy when young, especially on the upper
edges, decurrent on the stem and forming ridges.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oval or elliptic, obtuse, entire or ernarginate,
green, or more or less stained with red.

Nos. 3-6. Oval, emarginate, with a bristle-like mucro in the
notch, gradually larger, undulate at the margin when young, green
or more or less stained with red.

Amarantus polygamus, L.

Primary root long, stout, fleshy, tough, pink, with numerous
lateral rootlets.

II. E E

FIG. 608. — Amarantus Jiypochondriacus.
Nat. size.

418 ON SEEDLINGS

Hypocotyl as in last species, deep violet red, 1-4 cm. long.

Cotyledons violet-red, greenish above, glabrous ; lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse, 1 cm. long, 4 mm. wide ; petiole channelled above,
8'5 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, annual, erect, angled, deep violet-red, pub-
escent ; 1st and 2nd internodes 1 mm, long ; 3rd 3 mm. ; then
numerous crowded internodes follow.

Leaves glabrous, thickened and slightly scabrous at the margin,
subplicate, deep violet-red suffused with green above ; petioles deeply
channelled above, striate on the back, with raised or slightly winged
margins alongside the channels, somewhat curved on the lower
side at their insertion on the stem, slightly pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Eotund-ovate, very obtuse, emarginate, subcuneate
at the base.

Nos. 3-6. Eotund-ovate, very obtuse, emarginate, subcordate at
the base.

Ultimate leaves ovate, retuse, apiculate, subdecurrent on the
petiole at the base, glabrous, crisped at the margin, greenish -purple
with crimson petiole, and nerves beneath.

Scleropus amaranthoides, Schrad.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-2-5 cm. long, stained with red.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate, membranous,
glabrous, green, often tinged with red beneath, distinctly one-
nerved.

Stem erect, terete, angled, herbaceous, glabrous ; 1st internode
4-6 cm. long ; 2nd and 3rd shorter.

First leaves simple, cauline, alternate, petiolate, exstipulate,
oblong, entire or slightly emarginate, glabrous, pale green tinged
with red beneath, distinctly alternately pinnatinerved.

CHEXOPODIACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 43.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, quite free or im-
mersed in the receptacle at the base only, but included in the
perianth when that is present, ovoid, or globose and depressed,
rarely oblong or flask-shaped, and one-celled. It is syncar-
pous and made up of two to three carpels. The ovule is
solitary, basal and erect, or suspended from a long funicle, and

CIIEXOPODI ACKdE 419

amphitropous. The fruit is a utricle, membranous, coriaceous,
or fleshy, generally included in the perianth and falling with it,
indehiscent, rarely circurnscissile, free or adhering to the testa.
The seed is erect, inverted or horizontal, lenticular, subglo-
bose, reniform or ovoid-compressed. The testa is crustaceous,
leathery, fleshy or membranous, sometimes adhering to the
endosperm, and consisting of a single or double layer. The
endosperm is farinaceous, fleshy or wanting. The peripheral
embryo is annular or horseshoe-shaped and surrounds the
endosperm ; it is rod-like and dorsal in the tribe Salicornieae,
or conduplicate and in the absence of endosperm occupies the
whole seed. Endosperm is wanting in the tribe Salsoleee and
others when the embryo is flat or coiled like a shell. The
cotyledons are, however, mostly narrow, plano-convex, or flat
in a few, and slightly wider than the elongated radicle.

The seeds of Chenopodiuni Bonus-Hcnricus (fig. 609) are
reniform, small and black with a crustaceous testa. The
embryo entirely surrounds the periphery of the endosperm
except a small portion at the hiluni. The cotyledons are linear,,
plano-convex, lying in the narrow plane of the laterally com-
pressed seed, incumbent, of the same length as the radicle, but
slightly wider. The seed of Beta trigyna is globoso-reniform,
grooved along one side, laterally compressed and often angular.
It is suspended from near the apex of the utricle, and the
superior radicle is shorter and thinner than the width of the
cotyledons. The basal auricles of the seed are oblique or unequal.

The seeds of Atriplex hortensis are of two sizes, the small
ones being black and similar to those of Chenopodium Bonus-
Henricus, while the larger ones are brown and more orbicular.
The large brown ones germinate much more quickly than the
small black ones, which would seem, under natural conditions,
to be more adapted to remain in a resting condition in the
ground during the winter, and germinate in spring. If such
is the case they would enable the plant to exist in a colder
climate than the large ones would. Of a sowing made on
October 29, one black seed germinated in four days, and
three days later no more had come up, whereas thirty-two of
the large brown seeds germinated in the seven days. On
November 16, a sowing was made of thirty-five each of the black

E K 2

420 OX SEEDLINGS

and brown seeds. In the course of six days, five of the brown
seeds germinated, and only one black seed in the course of
thirteen days, whereas by that time twenty-three of the brown
seeds had germinated. Twenty-three days after being sown,
ten of the black seeds had germinated, and twenty-six of the
large brown ones. The seed of Chenopodiurn petiolare is
small and orbicular and laterally compressed, but in other
respects resembles that of C. Bonus-Henricus.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons coming under my notice are
all of simple types, notwithstanding the difference in the
seeds. Two of the types cannot be separated by hard and
fast lines, as they gradually merge the one into the other.
One of the simplest and widely prevailing forms is repre-
sented by Chenopodiurn Bonus-Henricus (fig. 610) which has
linear-lanceolate cotyledons tapered gradually into petioles
which are slightly connate at the base. The first two leaves
are ovate, the third roundly cordate. The cotyledons of C.
Quinoa are shorter and broader and, like the above, one-nerved.
The first three leaves are oblong and mealy. The cotyledons
of Blitum virgatum minus are small, linear and petiolate. A
rather interesting evolution is shown by the leaves. The first
is linear, the second spathulate, the third oblong, the fourth
and fifth lanceolate-hastate, the sixth and seventh hastate, and
the eighth to .the twelfth inclusive cuneate, trifid, and tri-
nerved. These characters vary, however, in different seedlings
according to the vigour of the same. The cotyledons of
Atriplex hortensis are similar to those of Blitum virgatum
minus. The leaves are opposite, the two first pairs being
oblong-ovate, followed by three other pairs which are tri-
angular and variously toothed, angled, or hastate.

A relatively broader type is represented by Chenopodium
ficifoliurn which has oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, one-nerved
cotyledons. The two first leaves are opposite and oblong,
followed by five which are alternate and lanceolate. The
eighth to the thirteenth are more or less hastate, and in
robust seedlings most of the primary ones show a tendency to
be hastate. The cotyledons of Chenopodium viride are oblong,
obtuse and mealy. The first pair of leaves are similar but
broader. The cotyledons of Blitum virgatum (fig. 611) are

CHENOPODIACEJj! 421

lanceolate with long petioles. The first pair of leaves are
lanceolate and subhastate.

Beta vulgaris has linear-oblong or spathulate cotyledons,
and the first pair of leaves are broadly oval. Atriplex
oblongifolia has elliptic-oblong, obtuse cotyledons, and the
first pair of leaves are sagittate.

A number of seedlings are notable for the great length of
their linear cotyledons. An instance of this is Spinacia
oleracea. The first pair of leaves are broadly oval. The
cotyledons of S. glabra (fig. 612) are much longer, more
truly linear, and measure from 3 to 8 cm. in length. Those
of Threlkeldia rostrata (fig. 613) are linear, fleshy, glandular-
pubescent and recurved. The first thirty leaves at least are
linear, fleshy and narrower than the cotyledons. The latter
in Salsola Tragus are linear, semiterete, fleshy and 2-6-
3-5 cm. long. The leaves are all terete and fleshy.

The most remarkable type I have noticed is that of
Basella alba (fig. 614). The genus according to some authors
constitutes the type of a distinct Order. The cotyledons are
oblong, obtusely pointed, almost sessile, and fleshy with a few
indistinct nerves on each side of the midrib, 5'9 cm. long
and 2'2 cm. wide. The first two leaves are opposite or nearly
so, broadly oval and obliquely emarginate.

Chenopodium petiolare, H. B. K.

Ovule campylotropous.

Seed small, from -25-'5 mm. long, orbicular and somewhat
laterally compressed ; testa smooth ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm rather copious, central, surrounded by the periphe-
rical embryo, greyish.

Embryo as in C. Bonus-Henricus.

Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, L. (fig. GOO).

Ovule vertical or rather horizontal, amphitropous ; micropyle
inferior.

Fruit a utricle, one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent, small.

Seed reniforin, subcompressed laterally, smooth, shining, black ;
testa crustaceous ; hilum basal.

Endosperm floury, white, forming a mass on the basal side and
centre of the seed, and a thin film round the periphery and between
the embryo and the outer ridge of the seed.

422

ON SEEDLINGS

Embryo curved and following the vertical ridge of the seed, and
equal in length to this circumference ; cotyledons linear, obtuse,

FIG. 6Q9.—Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, x 8. A, seed. B, vertical
section of seed. C, transverse section of seed : H, hilum ; R, radicle ;
C, cotyledon ; P, P, endosperm.

plano-convex, lying in narrow plane of the seed ; radicle cylindrical,
obtuse, about equal in length to the cotyledons, with its tip close to
the hilum as are the tips of the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 610).

Primary root tapering downwards, and giving off fibrous lateral

rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
glabrous, red, 1-2 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, entire, tapered
gradually into a long petiole,
which is connate with its
fellow at the base, forming a
little cupule from which the
plumule emerges, glabrous,
green, traversed longitudin-
ally by a distinct midrib,
about 3 cm. long including
the petiole ; petiole flattened
above or slightly grooved,
convex on the back.

Stem herbaceous, de-
veloped when about to flower ;
primary internodes unde-
veloped.

Leaves simple, radical and
cauline, alternate, exstipulate,

petioiate, glabrous, more or less farinose, especially on the under
side, the petioles and the young leaves, alternately and ascendingly

FIG. 6W.—Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus.
Nat. size.

CHENOPODIACE^E 423

penninerved, obscurely reticulate ; petioles semiterete, rather deeply
and narrowly channelled above, dilated and clasping at the base,
tapering upwards.

Nos. 1 and 2. Ovate, obtuse, entire, cuneate at the base with
lateral ascending nerves, incurved at their apices and uniting within
the margin.

No. 3. Roundly cordate, obtuse or cuspidate, with rounded ob-
tuse auricles at the base.

Chenopodium Quinoa, Willd.

Hypocotyl about 4 cm. long, light green or colourless, with a
reddish tinge near the ground.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, entire, 1-1-6 cm. long, tapering to the
base but scarcely petiolate, thick, fleshy, glabrous, dark green, one-
nerved.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, light green, glabrous or slightly
mealy towards the leaves ; 1st internode 9-10 mm. long ; 2nd
considerably shorter.

First leaves entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, shortly petiolate,
oblong, obtuse, mealy, light green ; midrib with numerous lateral
veinlets.

Chenopodium ficifolium, Sm.

Primary root as in C. Bonus-Henricus.

Hypocotyl becoming stouter upwards, glabrous, shining, brownish
red, 1'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons caducous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, fleshy, petiolate,
6 mm. long including petiole.

Stem erect, terete, succulent, herbaceous, glabrous and shining
towards the base, striped with red lines on a pale green ground,
farinaceous upwards ; 1st internode 5'5 mm. long; 2nd 6*5 mm. ;
3rd 3 mm. ; 4th 2'5 mm. ; 5th 3 mm. ; 6th 2 mm. ; 7th 2 mm.

Leaves cauline, alternate (first two opposite), petiolate, densely
farinose when young, glabrescent above at an early period, and later
on the under sides, bright green above when developed, paler be-
neath, subsucculent or fleshy ; petioles subterete, slightly channelled
above, farinose, glabrescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire.

No. 3. Lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, slightly bidentate at the base.

No. 4. Lanceolate, obtuse, with one tooth near the base.

No. 5. Similar, but larger.

No. 6. Lanceolate, obtuse, subhastate, cuneate at the base.

No. 7. Similar, but larger.

424 ON SEEDLINGS

No. 8. Oblong, obtuse, subhastate, cuneate at the base and dis-
tantly serrate above the basal lobes.

No. 9. Hastate, obtuse, cuneate and trinerved at the base.
Nos. 10-13. Similar, or slightly more serrate.

Chenopodium viride, L.

Hypocotyl thin, 2*5-3 cm. long, tinged with a deep red.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, fleshy, petiolate, entire, mealy, dark
green tinged with red or purple beneath, indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem light green, mealy ; primary internodes very short.

First leaves entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, oblong-oval, ob-
tuse, with short petioles, mealy, light green above, tinged with red
beneath, pinnatinerved.

Beta trigyna, W. et Kit.

Ovule pendulous from a basal funicle, campylotropous ; micro-
pyle superior, or pointing a little to one side.

Fruit a utricle, agglomerated in masses owing to the flowers
being sessile, enclosed in and even adnate to the hardened and
persistent perianth, sumranded by its five free persistent segments
of the perianth and the cup-like base of the connate stamens, the
filaments of which are free upwards, persistent, and folded over the
apex of the utricle which is one-celled, one-seeded and indehiscent.

Seed subglobose, or somewhat angled or compressed, conforming
to the interior of the utricle, notched at the base or subreniform
and suspended from a basal funicle, glabrous, shining, black ; teg-
men rather thinner and paler coloured than the thin and subcrus-
taceous testa ; hilum, micropyle, and chalaza contiguous, basal and
superior ; raphe none.

Endosperm forming a mass lying in the middle of the seed,
between the radicle and cotyledons, and also a thin layer between
the embryo and the testa, farinaceous and loose when dry, white.

Embryo peripheral, comparatively large, much curved, colour-
less ; cotyledons oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying
in the narrow way of the seed with their edges to the floral axis,
longer than the radicle, and very little broader than its thickness,
much curved, sometimes twisted ; radicle thick, curved, tapered to
an obtuse point, embedded in a very thin layer of endosperm and
close to the micropyle.

Beta vulgaris, Moq.

Primary root tapering downwards, with a few fibrous lateral
rootlets, red.

CIIEXOPODIACE.-E

Hypocotyl scarcely appearing above ground.

Cotyledons subfleshy, unequal, linear-oblong, cuneate at the base,
shortly petiolate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, green, one-nerved ; petioles
red, furrowed on the upper face.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate, broadly oblong or
oval, petiolate, obtuse, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved ; petioles short,
reddish, furrowed on the upper face.

Blitum virgatum, L. (fig. Gil).

Primary root nearly vertical, small, brownish, with a few fibres.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, terete, glabrous, purplish-red, 1-2 cm.
long, 1 mm. thick.

Cotyledons petiolate, nearly
equal; blade about 1 cm. long,
3 or 4 mm. wide, obtuse, lan-
ceolate, entire, obscurely nerved,
thin but fleshy, glabrous, green
above, pale beneath ; petiole as
long as blade, 1 mm. wide.

Stem very short until about
to flower.

Leaves simple, radical and
cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, subfleshy, obscurely
or distinctly alternately penni-
nerved, more or less glandular-
hairy (at least in the young stage) .

Nos. 1 and 2. With shallow-
channelled, glabrous, reddish
petiole, 1-5 cm. long, 1-1-5 mm.
wide, and an obtuse, lanceolate,

obscurely basilobed blade, 1-5 FIG. Gll.—SlHum virgatum. Nat. size.

cm. long and nearly 1 cm. wide,

produced at the base, obscurely penninerved, glabrous, thin but
fleshy, dull green above, purplish-red beneath, thinly glandular-hairy.
Nos. 3 and 4. Subhastate, sinuate-dentate, glandular-hairy on
blade and petiole.

Atriplex hortensis, L,

This plant has two forms of seed.

1st. Subrotund, flattened laterally, 2-5-4 mm. in diameter

426 OX SEEDLINGS

(usually about 3 mm.), flat or concave on the sides ; testa thin,
membranous, light brown or straw-coloured, smooth, not shining.

2nd. Subrotund, slightly flattened laterally, 1-5-2-5 mm. in
diameter, biconvex; testa rather thick, crustaceous, bright black,
smooth and shining.

Both kinds of seed are usually enclosed in the membranous, thin,
indehiscent utricle.

In some sowings which I made, the brown seeds came up more
quickly than the black, as if the black were intended to remain for
awhile dormant. The subject, however, requires further study.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering downwards, flexuose, yellowish, with
short lateral rootlets, annual.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, short and merging indis-
tinguishably into the root.

Cotyledons petiolate, falling away early,. linear, obtuse, about
1 cm. long including the petiole.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, annual, pale green, glabrous,
shining, farinaceous in the upper and younger part ; 1st internode
1-5 mm. long ; 2nd 3 mm. ; 3rd 9 mm ; 4th 10-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, or the upper ones alternate,
petiolate, mealy when young, smooth and glabrous when mature,
pale green, or in the garden variety rubra of a deep reddish-
purple especially in the young state, trinerved at the base with a
branch from the lateral nerves into the basal lobes ; petioles sub-
terete, slightly flattened on the upper side and narrowly channelled,
glabrous.

First pair oblong-ovate, obtuse, truncate, and sometimes with a
minute lateral tooth on each side at the base, very faintly trinerved.

Second pair similar, but larger.

Third pair in robust specimens triangular, obtuse, minutely and
obsoletely dentate or entire, truncate at the base.

Fourth pair triangular, subacute, minutely denticulate, hastate,
truncate at the base.

Fifth pair triangular, subacute, sagittate-hastate, more deeply
dentate on the lower half.

Ultimate leaves large, triangular, sagittate-hastate, subcuspidate,
irregularly repand, serrate-dentate except towards the point, trinerved
with a strong branch from the lateral nerves entering the basal
lobes.

Uppermost leaves near the inflorescence again becoming smaller
and less decidedly cut.

CHEXOPODIACE^E
Atriplex oblongifolia , W. et Kit.

427

Hypocotyl 3-6-5 cm. long,

Cotyledons elliptic-oblong, entire, obtuse, shortly petiolate,
glabrous, dark green, one-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, mealy ; first internode 2-3 mm.
long.

First leaves opposite, decussate, sagittate, pinnatifid.

Spinacia glabra, Mill. (fig. 612).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 1-5-2-5 mm. long, colourless or
tinged with red.

FIG. 612. — Spinacia glabra. Nat. size.

Cotyledons linear, acute, fleshy, 3-8 cm. long, entire, glabrous,
bright green, one-nerved, tapering to the base.

Stem erect, herbaceous ; primary internodes very slightly de-
veloped.

First leaves oval or ovate, obtuse, entire, simple, cauline, opposite,
petiolate, very slightly mealy above, glabrous beneath, green, pin-
natinerved.

428

ON SEEDLINGS

Spinacia oleracea, Mill.

Hypocotyl thickened upwards, 6-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons subfleshy, unequal, linear, subacute, entire, sessile,
tapering to the base, glabrous, light green, distinctly one-nerved.

Stem with primary internodes undeveloped.

First leaves radical, opposite, afterwards alternate, broadly
ovate-oblong or oval, obtuse, shortly petiolate, glabrous, light
green, pinnatinerved ; petioles flattened, channelled on the upper
side, glabrous.

Threlkeldia rostrata, ? F. Muell. (fig. 613).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, minutely glandular-pubes-
cent, about l-6 cm. above the soil.
Cotyledons linear, obtuse,
fleshy, pale green, sessile, minutely
glandular-pubescent, or slightly
hairy on the midrib beneath,
narrowed to the base and sub-
connate, 3 cm. long, 3*5 mm.
wide.

Stem primarily erect, terete,
pale green, minutely glandular-
pubescent, ultimately subshrubby ;
1st internode 4'5 mm. long ; 2nd
•5 mm. ; 3rd 4 mm. ; others simi-
lar.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
alternate, sessile, minutely and
thinly glandular-pubescent, except
in the young state when the glan-
dular hairs are more numerous,
fleshy, pale green, slightly chan-
nelled, linear, obtuse, all similar
in the seedling, narrower than the
cotyledons.

Nos. 1-30. Linear, obtuse, fleshy, narrow.

Salsola Tragus, L.

Hypocotyl slender, or wiry, erect, terete, glabrous, red, 2-
4-5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, sessile, fleshy, semiterete, flattened
above, sheathing the plumule, that is connate at the base, frequently
both directed to one side, glabrous, 2'6-3'5 cm. long.

FIG. GlS.—Threlkeldia rostrat
Nat. size.

CHENOPODIACE.E

429

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, finely ridged and furrowed,
striated with red and green, scabrous or coarsely pubescent especi-
ally on the ridges.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, terete, tipped with a bristle,
fleshy, channelled on the upper side at the base only, which re-
sembles a clasping petiole, and slightly pubescent, otherwise the
leaf is glabrous.

First, second, and sometimes more of the lower pairs opposite,
while the upper ones are alternate.

Basella alba, L. (fig. 614).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, succulent, glabrous, pale green, purplish
at the base, 2-8 cm. above the soil, 5 mm. thick.

Stem erect, succulent, glabrous,
pale green ; 1st internode 1 cm.
long.

Cotyledons large, oblong, obtusely
pointed, foliaceous, glabrous, succu-
lent, pale green, obscurely and alter-
nately penninerved, shortly petiolate,
5'9 cm. long including the petiole,
2-2 cm. wide.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
petiolate, succulent, glabrous, subre-
ticulate, or rather obscurely reticu-
late, tapering into the short fleshy
petiole which is slightly channelled
above, and articulated with the stem.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, oval, retuse, somewhat obliquely emar-
ginate.

No. 3. Alternate, otherwise like the first two.

FIG. 614. — Basella alba.
Half nat. size.

PHYTOLACCACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 78.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and consists of one
or several distinct or connate carpels, inserted on a flat or very
rarely elevated receptacle. The ovules are solitary in each
carpel, attached by a short funicle to the base of the cavity,

430 OX SEEDLINGS

more rarely to the inner angle of the cell, and amphitropous
or campylotropous. There is frequently a spongy arillode at
the micropyle. The fruit is monocarpellary and crustaceous,
coriaceous, baccate or samaroid, or it is polycarpellary, with
one-celled, one-seeded, free or connate carpels. The seed is
erect, very rarely ascending, and globose, reniform or lenticular
and compressed. The testa is membranous or crustaceous,
and smooth, rugose or downy. A small bilobed aril is fre-
quently present ; but in Stegnosperma it is large and covers
the seed. The embryo is relatively large, peripherical, and
surrounds the farinaceous or fleshy endosperm, in elongated
seeds it is hooked or abruptly deflexed at the apex. The coty-
ledons are incumbent, foliaceous, and plicate-convolute, or
linear, narrow and semiterete or plano-convex. The radicle is
elongated and close to the hilum.

Some exceptional cases occur in the Order. The ovary is
half inferior in Agdestis ; and in Stegnosperma it is one-celled
and rnany-ovuled, while the fruit is three-valved and three- to
five-seeded. The large aril of Stegnosperma is also notable.

At least three distinct types of seeds have come under
my observation. The simplest, represented by Phytolacca
pruinosa, is exactly similar to what occurs in Illecebraceae
and Chenopodiaeeae. The seed is reniform, laterally com-
pressed with a large peripheral embryo surrounding a mode-
rate quantity of farinaceous endosperm. The cotyledons
are linear, plano-convex, slightly wider than the radicle and
about twice as long. The seed of P. acinosa corresponds
closely to that of its congener.

The seed of Kivina lasvis is small, orbicular, laterally
compressed, notched at the base, densely pubescent and un-
equal in thickness. The embryo is curved, horse- shoe fashion,
round the endosperm ; but the cotyledons are very wide,
thin, longitudinally convolute and somewhat longer than the
radicle. The position is best seen in transverse section.
A vertical section shows four pieces as if there were four coty-
ledons.

The fruit of Petiveria octandra (fig. 616) is an achene sur-
mounted by two to six sharply reflexed hooks of unequal size.
The embryo is sharply doubled upon itself and nearly peri-

PHYTOLACCACE^E 431

pherical on two sides of the seed with the greater bulk of the
endosperm occupying the other two sides. The cotyledons are
convolute longitudinally, but very unequal. The broader one
is outermost, deeply auricled at the base and trilobulate at the
apex. The smaller one is much the longest, auricled at the
base but otherwise entire, and convolute inside the larger one
in its lower half only.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons seem always to be broad.
Those of Phytolacca abyssinica (fig. 618) are lanceolate-ovate,
slightly unequal, cuneate at the base, rather fleshy, indistinctly
penninerved, 3-5 cm. long, and 1*5-2 cm. wide. The first two
leaves are ovate-elliptic.

The cotyledons of Eivina Itevis (fig. 615) are rotund, sub-
cordate, trinerved, obtusely cuspidate, and reticulate. The
primary leaves are cordate. A slight difference occurs in the
cotyledons of E. canescens which are reniform, slightly un-
equal, rounded at the apex, trinerved and entire. The first
two leaves are ovate.

The cotyledons of Petiveria octandra (fig. 617) are very
unequal. The shorter one is much the broader, triangular
or subcordate, obscurely trilobate at the apex, and otherwise
somewhat indented at the sides, but this latter characteristic
may not be constant ; it is penninerved, with the basal pair
of laterals strongly developed. It is about 2 cm. long and
1*75 cm. wide. The longer cotyledon is oblong, obtuse,
penninerved, 3 cm. long, and 1'25 cm. wide.

Eivina Isevis, L.

Ovary of one carpel, one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovule basal, erect,
amphitropous ; micropyle inferior or pointing to the base of the seed
close to the hilum.

Fruit baccate, subglobose, laterally compressed, tipped by the
persistent style, glabrous, sca.rlet, one-seeded.

Seed vertical, laterally compressed, deep brown or black, densely
pubescent ; hilum small, basal, slightly depressed, with the depres-
sion almost filled with a small, colourless, bilobed, funicular aril.

Endosperm copious, white, farinaceous, lying inside the embryo,
or between that and the hilum.

Embryo curved round the whole periphery of the seed except a
small part close to the hilum, fleshy, soft, colourless ; cotyledons

432

ON SEEDLINGS

longitudinally convolute, forming a thick cylinder, and when verti-
cally cut giving the appearance of four cotyledons ; radicle cylindri-
cal, bluntly pointed, somewhat longer than the cotyledons, with its
apex near the hiluni.

Seedling (fig. 615).

Primary root nearly vertical, light red, with numerous slender,
branched, lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, about 2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, terete,
glabrous, brown.

FIG. 616. — Petiveria octandra. Embryo and
cotyledons, x 6. A, embryo partly unfolded.
B, outer and shorter cotyledon. C, inner
and longer cotyledon.

na Icevis.

Cotyledons not quite opposite, petiolate, unequal, about 1*5 cm.
long, a little over 1 cm. wide, broadly cordate or suborbicular,
shortly and obtusely cuspidate, trinerved, thin, glabrous, bright
green, not very persistent ; petioles slightly channelled, red, glan-
dular.

Stem like the hypocotyl ; bases of leaves decurrent.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate,
alternately incurvinerved, glabrous, subreticulate, membranous, deep
green above, paler beneath.

Nos. 1 and 2. Cordate, acute, incurvinerved.

PHYTOLACCACE^E

433

Petiveria octandra, L. (fig. 616).

Ovary of two carpels, one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovule basal, erect,
amphitropous ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit an achene, oblong-linear, subcuneate, laterally compressed
and surrounded longitudinally with a median ridge on both sides,
longitudinally striated and sulcate, bifid at the apex and crowned
with two to six unequal-sized, closely reflexed acute bristles, more or
less hairy, brown ; pericarp coriaceous, closely adhering to the seed.

Seed oblong-linear, conforming to the interior of the achene ;
testa membranous ; tegmen adhering to the endosperm ; hilum basal,
somewhat oblique ; micropyle contiguous to the hilum ; raphe none.

Endosperm moderately copious, whitish, subfarinaceous or fleshy.

Embryo large, surrounded by the endosperm, doubled upon
itself; cotyledons very unequal, and often only one, the smaller
being aborted ; larger one very broad, deeply cordate at the base,
strongly convolute and enclosing the smaller when present ; apex
subtrilobate, with rounded obtuse lobes, the lateral ones curving
round the smaller cotyledon, while the middle one is curved at the
apex and just within the endosperm at the apex of the seed ; inner
one much longer, convolute within the larger
one, refracted near the middle, just within
the apex of the endosperm and carried down
again nearly to the tip of the radicle ; radicle
stout, cylindrical, obtuse, rather long, close
to the micropyle at the base of the seed.

Seedling (fig. 617).

Primary root slender, with many colour-
less branched fibrous rootlets.

Hypocotyl herbaceous, about 2 cm. long,
1 mm. thick, slightly ridged, pubescent, green
or brownish-red.

Cotyledons very unequal, stalked, gener-
ally one is about 2 cm. long, 1%75 cm. wide,
subcordate, obtusely cuspidate, coarsely
crenate, sinuate near the apex, trinerved at
the base, penninerved. The other is about
3 cm. long, T25 cm. wide, oblong, obtuse
at both ends, entire, penninerved ; both are
glabrous except the short pubescent petioles,
thin, with sunk midrib, bright green, not very persistent.

Stem herbaceous, erect ; 1st internode 6 mm. long, 1-1-5 mm.
thick, terete, pubescent, brown.

FIG. 617.

Petiveria octandra.
Half nat. size.

434 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
alternately incurvinerved, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, mem-
branous, smelling strongly of garlic ; stipules small.

Nos. 1-3. Very much like the entire cotyledon, only larger, 4-
5 cm. long, nearly 2 cm. wide ; apex oblique ; margin sinuate.

Phytolacca pruinosa, Fenzl.

Pistil apocarpous or very nearly so, of six to eight carpels, each
one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovules erect, campylotropous ; micropyle
inferior.

Fruit baccate, of six to eight juicy carpels arranged in a whorl,
slightly united by their bases laterally but not in the centre, gla-
brous, deep black, shining.

Seed reniform, vertical, somewhat compressed laterally, with a
hard, crustaceous, deep black and shining testa, glabrous, unequal
at the base— the smaller auricle containing the radicle, the larger
the cotyledons ; hilum basal in the notch ; micropyle close to it.

Endosperm central, floury, loose, white.

Embryo much curved, peripheral, not so white as the endosperm
which it encloses, comparatively large ; cotyledons linear, obtuse,
semiterete, plano-convex, placed with their backs to the axis, and
their edges to the compressed sides of the seed ; radicle cylindrical,
obtusely pointed, about half as long as the cotyledons.

Phytolacca acinosa, Boxb.

Fruit of six to eight one-seeded, baccate, drupe-like carpels.

Seed oblong, 3-4 mm. long, laterally compressed ; testa smooth,
shining, black, crustaceous ; hilum rather conspicuous.

Endosperm rather copious, white, farinaceous, surrounded by
the embryo.

Embryo curved, lying round the endosperm, colourless ; coty-
ledons linear, obtuse, entire, closely adpressed, lying the narrow way
of the seed, with their faces to the axis ; radicle terete, obtuse, in-
cumbent, shorter than the cotyledons.

Phytolacca abyssinica, Ho/m. (fig. 618).

Hypocotyl 1-2 cm. long, 2 or 3 mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
reddish, succulent.

Cotyledons shortly stalked, nearly equal, 3-5 cm. long, 1*5-2 cm.
wide, lanceolate-ovate, acute and produced at the base, subacute at
the apex, entire, with sunk midrib, obscurely penninerved, gla-
brous, fleshy but not thick, yellowish-green ; petiole 1 cm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, stout, channelled.

PHYTOLACCACE.E

435

Stem terete, succulent, edges of petiole decurrent, glabrous,
purplish-brown ; internodes about 1 cm. long, as thick as the
hypocotyl.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alter-
nate (first two opposite), exstipulate,
petiolate, alternately incurvinerved, gla-
brous, subfleshy ; petiole grooved on the
upper side.

Nos. 1 and 2. 5-7 cm. long, 2'5-3 cm.
wide, with stout, channelled, reddish
petioles 1 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, and
an ovate-elliptic, acute, entire, mucronate
blade.

FIG. 618.

Phytolacca abyssinica.
Half nat. size.

POLYGONACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 88.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, rarely slightly sunk
in the receptacle, syncarpous, and consists of two to three,
rarely four carpels, trigonous, or compressed, rarely tetra-
gonal, one-celled, with a basal, erect, orthotropous ovule ; the
ovule is sessile or erect on the apex of a funicle, sometimes
pendulous from the recurved apex of an elongated basal
funicle. The fruit is nutlike, trigonous, compressed or rarely
tetragonal, and indehiscent, clothed by the unchanged or ac-
crescent perianth, rarely exserted from it. The pericarp is
crustaceous, rarely leathery or hardened. The seed is sessile,
erect and orthotropous, rarely stipitate, and conforms to the
interior of the fruit ; sometimes it is longitudinally furrowed
and three- to six-lobed. The testa is membranous and filled
with copious farinaceous endosperm, rarely is the endosperm
subfleshy and scanty. The embryo is often more or less ex-
centric or lateral, variously curved or straight, sometimes peri-
pherical. The cotyledons are flat, narrow or wide, rarely very
wide and convolute. The radicle varies considerably in length
and is superior or ascending.

The pistil is tetramerous in Calligonum. The ovule is
suspended from a recurved funicle in Leptogonum, Brunnichia,
and Antigonon. The perianth completely encloses the fruit,
or is solid in Oxygonum, Emex, and Symmeria, fleshy or

436 OX SEEDLINGS

baccate in Muehlenbeckia, Coccoloba, and in a few species of
Polygonurn. It is adnate to the nut in several species of
Coccoloba.

Reckoned according to the form and position of the embryo,
three different types of seeds have come under my observation.
In all cases the seed itself is trigonous, and conforms to the
interior of the fruit. The simplest form is represented by
Runiex obtusifolius. The embryo is straight or slightly curved
in conformity with the outline of the seed, as it is excentric
and lies along one of the three faces outside the endosperm.
The cotyledons are oblong, plano-convex, and somewhat longer
than the terete radicle. The fruit and seed of E. Patientia
are more decidedly narrowed to the base and ellipsoid ; the
embryo is excentric, as long as the seed, and therefore much
curved in conformity with it. The cotyledons are linear,
plano-convex, narrow, and longer than the terete radicle.

The embryo of Eheum palmatum (fig. 621) is relatively
larger and generally slightly excentric, with broadly oblong
cotyledons, abruptly narrowed into the radicle which is short,
terete, and lies hi the narrow neck of the seed quite un-
covered by endosperm. The cotyledons are flat or more or
less folded longitudinally, and exceptional cases occur where
one is oblique to the other, and in one instance they were
twisted at right angles to one another so as to occupy the three
angles of the seed and thus attain the greatest possible size.
The fruit is broadly three- winged, and the inner wall is
greatly but unequally thickened, suberous, and so indents the
testa and endosperm in places as to make the latter appear
ruminated.

The seed of E. oflicinale is not abruptly narrowed at the
apex so that the radicle remains embedded in endosperm.
The embryo as a whole is nearly if not quite central, with
narrowly oblong cotyledons slightly longer than the radicle,
and is relatively smaller than that of E. palmatum.

The seed of Fagopyrum esculentum (fig. 619) is large, ovoid-
trigonous, rarely with the angles nearly obliterated and rounded.
The embryo is relatively very large, variously folded and con-
volute longitudinally, similar to what occurs in Geranium,
except that endosperm is here present and is nearly divided in

POLYGOXACE^E 437

half by the cotyledons. In transverse section the latter are
seen to be twisted in the form of the letter S, with endosperm
occupying the sinus. They are deeply but unequally auricled
at the base, and the two halves of the lamina are unequal, and
the whole therefore unsymmetrical for the same reason as in
Geranium. The larger halves are outermost and hug the testa,
closely following two out of the three angles of the seed and
enclosing the smaller halves. The latter retain their smaller
size after germination. The radicle is large, fusiform, and
completely enclosed by the folds of the cotyledons.

The cause of the inequality in the two halves and of the
auricles of the cotyledons is as follows : —

The embryo in the young state becoming too wide for the
interior of the seed, becomes first folded together longitudinally,
and growth continuing the cotyledons become spirally con-
volute, forming a large open spiral with all the intermediate
spaces filled with the white floury endosperm. The coty-
ledons at length get outside the endosperm and direct their
course into two out of the three angles of the seed, thus
obtaining the greatest possible width. Looking from the apex
of the seed— that is, from the radicular end of the embryo to the
lower end of the seed — the cotyledons are after the first folding
both twisted in the same direction, from right to left, or in the
opposite direction to the course of the sun, or this direction
may be reversed. In consequence of this one half of each
cotyledon is enclosed by the corresponding half of the other, so
that the outer half of each has more room to develop, and is
both larger and has larger auricles.

Seedlings.— The cotyledons vary greatly in size and shape,
sometimes even in the same genus. Those of Pterostegia
drymarioides are rotund, obtuse, entire, and petiolate with a
lamina 6'5-7'5 mm. long and the same in width. In the
case of Polygonum sphaerostachyum they are rotund, tri-
nerved, and taper slightly at the base into short petioles,
connate at the base, forming a cup round the axis. The
cotyledons of Piurnex Bucephalophorus are narrowly ovate-
oblong ; and the two primary leaves are oval. The coty-
ledons of a species of Himalayan Eheum from the Saharanpur
gardens (N.W. India) are large, foiiaceous, ovate-oblong, and

438 OX SEEDLINGS

obtuse. The cotyledons of Rheum officinale (fig. 622) are
broadly ovate, obtuse, obscurely three- to five-nerved, and
have their petioles slightly connate at the base. The hypo-
cotyl is undeveloped or indistinguishable from the root, which
becomes thick and fleshy at an early stage. The first leaf is
ovate-oblong, subcordate at the base. The ultimate leaf is
cordate-palmate, five-nerved and -lobed, and lobulate or
coarsely dentate between the lobes.

A very distinct type is met with in Coccoloba uvifera
(fig. 623) which has cotyledons similar to those of Coffea.
They are large, foliaceous, oblate or subquadrate, five-nerved
from the base, strongly reticulate, and truncate at the apex
or widely, shallowly and erosely emarginate.

The large and foliaceous cotyledons of Fagopyrum are also
very distinct. They are more or less unsymmetrical with
unequal basal auricles as explained above. Those of F.
emarginatum are rhomboid-orbicular, unsymmetrical, five-
nerved at the base and penninerved upwards. The first leaf
is cordate-hastate, and the second similar but more acu-
minate, with ochreate stipules as in other members of the Order.
The cotyledons of F. tataricum (fig. 620) are suborbicular,
rounded at the apex, and very unequally auricled at the base
with the larger auricle of one on the opposite side from that
of the other as it was developed in the seed. The venation is
similar to that of the last species.

Pterostegia drymarioides, Fisch. et Mey.

Primary root slender, flexuose, finely branched.

Hypocotyl short, subterranean and scarcely distinguishable from
tlie root, red.

Cotyledons rotund, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous; lamina
6-5-7-5 mm. long, and about the same in width ; petiole slender,
slightly furrowed on the upper surface, 9-11 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, dichotomously branched ; 1st internode unde-
veloped ; 2nd 5-9 mm. long.

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, opposite, unequal, stipulate,
petiolate, very thinly pubescent or almost glabrous ; petiole slen-
der, slightly channelled above. Inequality of leaves ; lamina 6'5-
7'5 mm. long and 1-1-3 cm. wide ; petioles 1-7-2 cm.

Stipules represented by a slender connecting rim between the
petioles or by their slightly connate bases.

POLYGOXACE^ 439

First to third pairs oblate, emarginate or bifid, like the coty-
ledon of a Convolvulus or Brassica, giving off a few leading nerves
into the side lobes.

Polygonum sphserostachyum, Meisn.

Primary root normal.

Hypocotyl very short and unapparent.

Cotyledons entire, almost orbicular, about 4 mm. in diameter,
glabrous, trinerved, with long petioles from T5-2 cm., which
joining at the base of the leaf form a hollow tube through which
the real leaves pass, giving the appearance of an erect hypocotyl
with sessile cotyledons.

Stem at first very short, so that the leaves appear radical.

First leaves radical, obtusely lanceolate, alternate, simple, entire,
light green with long petioles from 2'5-3 cm. ; midrib with numer-
ous lateral veinlets.

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. (fig. 619).

Fruit an achene, acutely or obtusely trigonous or sub-three-
winged, crustaceous, brown, sometimes with black transverse stripes,
or entirely black, glabrous, much longer than the persistent withered
perianth, slightly narrowed to the base, but more to the apex.

Seed large, ovoid-trigonous, filling the cavity of the ovary and
conforming to it in shape ; testa very pale brown or straw-coloured,
glabrous, shining ; hilum basal ; chalaza rather large, conspicuous,
orbicular, reddish-brown, basal ; micropyle apical.

Endosperm copious, dry and floury, white.

Embryo very large, lying in the centre of the endosperm and
variously stretched from one angle
of the seed to another, and equal
in length to the seed, straight ;
cotyledons very wide, variously
twisted about or plaited, often
striking into two out of the three
angles of the seed, and these follow-
ing the interior of the testa for FlG. m.9.— Fagopyrum esculentum.

Some distance, apparently Outside A> transverse section of seed, x 4.
. f B, embryo, x 8.

the endosperm, very shortly petio-

late ; radicle rather large, subfusiform, tapering to an obtuse point,

completely hidden by the folds of the cotyledons.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl 6-12 cm. long, 1-5-2' 5 mm. thick, succulent, terete,
glabrous, red.

440

ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons nearly equal, obtuse, rhomboid- orbicular, oblique,
entire, penninerved, plane, glabrous, thin but fleshy, pale green,
1-2 cm. long, and 2-3-5 cm. wide ; petioles channelled, glabrous,
succulent, reddish, connate at the base, 1-5-2 cm. long, about 1 mm.
thick.

Stem succulent, terete, glabrous, reddish ; 1st internode 3-
7 cm. long, l'25-2 mm. thick ; 2nd shorter and thinner.

Leaves rather membranous, three- to five-nerved at the base,
and penninerved upwards.

No. 1. 8-5 cm. long, 2-4'5 cm. wide, cordate-hastate, obtusely
acuminate, entire, palmatinerved, thin, with mealy pubescence,
light green ; petiole channelled above, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent.

No. 2. Similar but more acuminate.

Fagopyrum tataricum, Gaertn. (fig. 620).

Primary root long, tapering downwards, colourless, giving off

short, slender, lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely glandular-pubescent, red,
striated with darker lines, shining, 2-
2-8 cm. above the soil and tapering in-
sensibly into the root.

Cotyledons suborbicular, rounded at
the apex, cordate at the base and
unequally auricled, the longer auricle
of one cotyledon on the opposite side to
that of the other, while the lamina is
generally larger on the side with the
longer auricle, faintly five-nerved at the
base, petiolate, deep subglaucous-green
above, paler beneath, glaucous and
slightly reticulate ; lamina TS-l'S cm.
long, including the auricles, 1'2-1'4 cm.
wide ; short side of a typical, good-sized
cotyledon 1-1 cm. long, 5'75 mm. wide ;
longer side T4 cm. long, 8'5 mm. wide ;
petioles semiterete, channelled above,
glabrous, shining, dilated and connate at
the base forming a cup round the plumule,

tapering upwards and becoming rather slender, unequal in length ;

longer one in specimen described 2-7 cm. long ; shorter one 2'15 cm.
Stem erect, terete or somewhat flattened on two sides, thinly

pubescent on the internodes and more densely so at the nodes or

FIG. 620.

m tataricum.
all nat. size.

POLYGON ACE,*:

441

papillose, pale green closely striated with red lines ; 1st internode
6-9 mm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, five-nerved
at the base and alternately nerved upwards, with branching anasto-
mosing veins, deep glaucous-green above, paler and glaucous beneath,
glabrous ; petioles semiterete, channelled on the upper side, tapering
upwards from a stout base, pale green, pubescent or papillose at the
margins on the upper side, shining ; stipules connate by their edges
and forming a sheath around the stem to which their bases are
adnate, thin and membranous for the greater part, entire or lace-
rated at their free upper edges, glandular-pubescent or papillose,
pale green or almost colourless.

No. 1. Reniform- triangular, subhastate, cuspidate, acute, five-
nerved at the base, alternately nerved upwards, and reticulate.

Rheum palmatum, L. (fig. 621).

Ovary one-celled, one-ovuled ; ovule basal, erect, orthotropous ;
micropyle superior.

Fruit an achene, surrounded at the very base with the persistent

W

FIG. 621. — Rheum palmatum. — A, achene, x 3: St, style; W, W, W, wings.
B, longitudinal section of achene, x 3 : St, style ; W, W, wings ; P, peri-
anth. C, transverse section of achene, x 3.

remains of the perianth, ovoid-trigonous, broadly and thinly three-
winged, suddenly tapering to a cuneate base, tipped with the base
of the styles, dark brown, glabrous ; wings traversed longitudinally
with a nerve running nearer the margin than the attachment, re-
ticulate, pale brown.

Seed trigonous, conical or flask-shaped, suddenly narrowed at
the base, gradually narrowed to the apex, conforming in shape to
the fruit except the wings, raised into a more or less prominent ridge

442

ON SEEDLINGS

on each of its three faces ; testa thin, red, more or less adhering to
the suberous endocarp ; hilum and chalaza basal and inconspicuous.
Endosperm copious, floury, white when dry but yellow when
moist, surrounding the embryo except the radicle and sometimes the
edges of the cotyledons, appearing somewhat ruminated in transverse
section owing to the unequal thickening of the corky endocarp.

Embryo straight, large, generally slightly excentric, colourless ;
cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, abruptly narrowed into the radicle,
lying near one side of the triangle in the transverse section of the
seed, and flat or slightly bent or doubled upon themselves longitudi-
nally ; radicle short, stout, narrowed to an obtuse point and lying
in the apex of the seed uncovered by the endosperm.

Exceptions to the position of the cotyledons occur where one
is oblique to the other, often lying
against the sides of the seed from
the absorption of the endosperm
at their edges. A case occurred
where one cotyledon was twisted at
right angles to the other, so as to
occupy the three angles of the seed.

Eheum officinale, Baill. (fig.
622).

Primary root stout, fleshy,
tapering downwards, with lateral
fibres, brownish.

Hypocotyl very short, fleshy,
brownish, hardly distinguishable
from the root, about 6 mm. long.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, ob-
tuse, three- or obscurely five-nerved,
entire, scabrous at the margin, gla-
brous, fleshy, light opaque green ;
lamina 1-65 cm. long, 1-4 cm.
wide ; petioles flattened above,
convex on the back, pale green or
suffused with red, glabrous, connate
at the base forming a sheath for
the plumule, 1'75 cm. long includ-
ing the sheath.

Stem herbaceous, forming a short, persistent, fleshy rootstock,
with large, fleshy, tuberous or tuber-like roots, elongating when about
to flower.

FIG. 622.— Rheum officinale,
Nat. size.

POLYGONACEJE

443

Leaves simple, radical and cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
alternately penninerved in the young state and entire, but palmately
five-nerved in the adult plant, glabrous in the seedling, but after-
wards pubescent beneath ; petiole semiterete, flattened above with
obtuse edges, pale green, often stained with red, glabrous in seedling
but pubescent in the adult ; stipules none on the first leaf, or hidden
in the sheath.

No. 1. Ovate-oblong, obtuse, subcordate at the base, somewhat
scabrous at the margin.

Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq. (fig. 623).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, rather stout and of about
equal thickness all the way up, 4-6*8 cm. above the soil, pale green
stained with red.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, oblate or quadrangular, erosely
truncate at the apex, or widely,
shallowly and irregularly ernar-
ginate, shortly petiolate, coriaceous,
bright green and shining above,
paler beneath, trinerved from the
base with the midrib again forked
about the middle, making in all
four principal nerves, the outer one
of each pair incurving, the inner
curving outwards, each pair meet-
ing above ; from these smaller
ones are given off and anastomose
throughout the lamina, which is
2-4-2-65 cm. long and 3-3*4 cm.
wide ; petiole flattened above or
slightly grooved, convex on the
back, minutely puberulous at the
margin, connate at the base or pro-
duced into a stipuliforin or ochreate
sheath enveloping the plumule,
2'5 mm. long, with the sheath
about 1-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, minutely

FIG. 623. — Coccoloba uvifera.
Half nat. size.

puberulous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode 1-3-1-4 cm. long ; 2nd
short, about 2-3 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, shortly petiolate,
alternately incurvinerved, with the nerves uniting at their curved
tips, reticulate, coriaceous, glabrous except the petiole, a deep shining

444 ON SEEDLINGS

green above, or in the young state more or less stained with red ;
stipules ochreate, forming a sheath round the stem, and in their
youngest state a cap to the terminal bud, and after loosing the cap
becoming truncate.

Petioles very short, semiterete, grooved above, minutely puberu-
lous at the margins.

No. 1. Obovate, broad and obtuse at the apex, very shallowly
sinuate or nearly entire, slightly cordate at the base.

No. 2. Rotund, obovate, much larger, broad and obtuse at the
apex, obsoletely angled or almost entire at the margin, cordate at
the base, with short rounded auricles.

ARISTOLOCHIACE-E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 121.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior or rarely half-
superior, consisting of four to six carpels cohering by their
edges, with the placentas projecting into the cavity and making
it imperfectly four- to six-celled, or cohering and forming as
many complete cells. The ovules are indefinite in each cell,
usually very numerous, horizontal or pendulous, superposed in
one or two series and anatropous. The fruit is sometimes in-
dehiscent, crowned with the persistent perianth, and liberating
the seeds only by decay, or it is capsular with a deciduous
perianth, dehiscing septicidally or breaking away from the
placentas. The seeds are indefinite, often very numerous, hori-
zontal or pendulous, immersed in a spongy cellular tissue
arising from the endocarp, ovoid or oblong, obtusely trigonous,
or compressed and flat or concave. The testa is crustaceous,
rugose or smooth, with the raphe in plano-concave seeds
fleshy and thickened or dilated. Endosperm is copious and
fleshy. The embryo is minute, enclosed in the endosperm
close to the hilum, oblong or ovoid, with the cotyledons
closely applied to one another and about as long as the radicle.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons attain a comparatively large
size during germination by feeding upon the endosperm'
Those of Aristolochia caudata are broadly oblong, rounded
and entire at either end, five-nerved at the base and strongly

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E

445

nerved upwards with alternate branching nerves. The
lamina hangs perpendicularly from the apex of its horizontal
petiole. The whole seedling of Aristolochia elegans (fig. 624)
is smaller. The cotyledons are broadly oval, obtuse, emar-
ginate, suddenly narrowed into the petiole, trinerved through-
out their length and reticulate. The first pair of leaves are
smaller than the cotyledons, for which they might be mis-
taken as they are nearly on the same level, suborbicular and
emarginate, but they are trinerved at the base only with alter-
nate nerves upwards. The following three leaves are broadly
reniform and trinerved with copiously branching nerves.

Aristolochia caudata, L.

Hoot short, oblique, slightly branching.

Hypocotyl about G cm. long, 2 mm. thick, terete, glabrous,
herbaceous, green.

Cotyledons with shallow channelled, glabrous, horizontal petioles
and vertically reclinate or pendent blade 2'5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide,
oblong, rounded, entire, penninerved, glabrous, thin, deep glaucous-
green above, paler beneatb.

Stem. — 1st internode 2 mm. long and as thick ; 2nd twice as long,
but thinner than the first, terete, slightly pubescent, green.

Leaves simple, cordate at tbe base, otherwise entire, cauline,
alternate (the first two opposite), exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous,
glaucous-green above, paler beneath ; petiole somewhat pubescent.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, long petioled, re-
clinate, witb a blade 3 cm. long, 2'5 cm.
wide, subcordate, acute, subpalmatinerved, re-
ticulate, entire, quite glabrous, deep glaucous-
green above ; petiole 3 cm. long, T5 mm.
wide, slightly pubescent.

Nos. 3, 4, &c. Alternate, broadly cor-
date through the appearance of a small vein-
let and accompanying parenchyma at the
base of the lowest vein of each of the two
basal primary nerves.

Aristolochia elegans, Masters (fig. 624).

Ilypocotyl erect, terete, slender, glabrous,
8-10 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly oval, obtuse, minutely emarginate, suddenly
tapering into the petiole, foliaceous, membranous, glabrous, trinerved

FIG. 624.

Aristolochia elegans.
Nat. size.

446 ON SEEDLINGS

with the lateral ones giving off short branches on their outer sides ;
lamina 8-9 mm. long, 6*5 mm. wide ; petiole slender, channelled
above, 2-5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, slender, glabrous, ultimately climbing ; 1st
internode undeveloped ; 2nd 1'2-1'S cm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate except the first pair, entire,
glabrous, petiolate, exstipulate ; petiole slender, subterete, channelled
above.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, suborbicular, minutely emarginate, rather
truncate at the base, petiolate, much smaller than the cotyledons
and resembling them, but having more the venation of a foliage
leaf.

Nos. 3-5. Beniform or broadly reniform, entire, trinerved, with
all three nerves branching rather copiously, reticulate, glabrous.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 125.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, sessile or rarely
stipitate, consisting of three to four many-ovuled carpels, dis-
tinct or united at the base, or is one-celled and one-ovuled.
The ovule is solitary and erect, or there are several ascend-
ing and orthotropous. The fruit is small and capsular in
genera having numerous carpels, or it breaks up into three to
four cocci or follicles ; in genera where it is one-ovuled it is
baccate and indehiscent, with a succulent or thin and almost
dry pericarp. The seed or seeds according to the number
present are globose, ovoid or oblong. The testa is membranous
or thinly fleshy, rarely coriaceous. Both perisperm and endo-
sperm are present and farinaceous. The former is copious
and occupies the greater part of the seed, is often snowy- white
and in many cases hardened at the periphery. The endosperm
forms a small mass embedded in the perisperm close to the
superior micropyle, distant from the hilum, and encloses the
minute embryo. The cotyledons are short, often not very
distinct ; and the radicle is superior. A few exceptional cases
occur as in Saururus and Lactoris where the fruit breaks up
into cocci. The fruit is one-celled and opens at the top in

PIPEEACE.E

447

Houttuynia. In the genus Lactoris, where perisperm is com-
paratively scanty, it is oily rather than farinaceous.

Seedlings. — The embryo is very small while in the seed,
but attains a relatively large size during germination, and the
cotyledons assume somewhat the form of the seed. TIT Piper
celtidifolium (fig. 625) they are broadly triangular, cuspidate,
truncate at the base or inclined to cordate, membranous, and
faintly trinerved. The first leaf is cordate and five-nerved,
with strong sheaths at the base of the petiole. The next two
are more elongated and more deeply auricled at the base, but
otherwise similar. The hypocotyl of Peperomia fernandeziana
is short and fleshy. The cotyledons are ovate, cuspidate and
fleshy with no apparent venation. The stem is also fleshy.
The first two leaves are oval or sometimes obovate, followed by
three which are oblong and gradually larger.

Piper celtidifolium, Hamilt. (fig. 625).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 5-8 mm. long.

Cotyledons broadly triangular, obtusely cuspidate, petiolate,
rather indistinctly trinerved, and reticulate, membranous, gla-
brous, truncate at the base or faintly inclined to be cordate,
8-5-9-5 mm. long, 9-5-
10'5 mm. wide ; petiole
slightly channelled above,
4 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete,
somewhat zigzag from
node to node, glabrous,
somewhat striate ; 1st
internode undeveloped ;
2nd 6'5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire,
cauline, alternate, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, three-

to five-nerved from the FIG. 625.— Piper celtidifolium. Nat. size.

base, and reticulate, gla-
brous ; petioles channelled above, sheathing the stem at the base,
glabrous.

No. 1. Cordate, obtuse, entire.

Nos. 2 and 3. More elongated and more deeply auricled at the
base.

448 ON SEEDLINGS

Peperomia fernandeziana, Miq.

Hypocotyl short, fleshy, tapering downwards, glabrous, marbled
with red on a pale green ground, 3-6 mm. long.

Cotyledons ovate, cuspidate, subacute, petiolate, glabrous, fleshy,
without apparent venation, pale green ; lamina 4 mm. long, 8 mm.
wide ; petiole 1-1-25 mm. long.

Stem somewhat fleshy, erect, terete, red, thinly hairy with woolly
hairs ; 1st internode 2-8*5 mm. long, or sometimes scarcely
developed ; 2nd l-7'5 mm. according to the strength of the plant.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, sometimes opposite,
exstipulate, petiolate, glabrous, fleshy, opaque above with the three
nerves scarcely discernible, silvery white beneath and distinctly
trinerved ; petioles shallowly channelled above, thinly woolly,
hairy, narrowed to their insertion at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oval, obtuse, or sometimes subobovate.

Nos. 3-5. Oblong, obtuse, gradually larger.

PROTEACEvE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 165.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, apocarpous, one-
celled, oblique or excentric, with one, two, or several ovules.
The ovules are collateral when geminate, rarely almost super-
posed, or numerous and superposed in two series, sometimes
inserted on or close to the apex, and superposed, sometimes
laterally affixed, amphitropous, or almost anatropous, ascend-
ing from the base or descending, with the micropyle always
inferior. The fruit is nutlike or drupaceous, and indehiscent,
sometimes dehiscing at last along the inner margin or at the
apex, like a follicle or capsule. The seeds are solitary, twin
or few, flattened, compressed or thickened. The testa is mem-
branous or coriaceous, and often winged in a variety of ways.
Endosperm is wanting. The embryo conforms in shape to the
seed excepting the wing when that is present. The cotyledons
are sometimes much flattened and equal, sometimes much
thickened and unequal. The radicle is short, straight, and
inferior or lateral, and often enclosed between the auricles of
the cotyledons.

PROTEACEJE 449

The Order is divided into two series according as the fruit
is nut- or drupe-like and indehiscent ; or dehiscent and capsular
or follicular ; but in the latter group there are some exceptions.
The dry woody fruits may hang on the plants for years before
bursting open.

The fruit of Grevillea Hilliana is a woody, one- to two-seeded
follicle, dehiscing by the separation of the two carpels. The
seed (fig. 628) is oblate, or oval, laterally much compressed,
winged all round and attached to the placenta by one edge.
The chalaza is at the upper end of the portion containing
the embryo, and the raphe pursues a circuitous course over
the wing, and then recurves towards the hilurn below the
middle of one edge of the seed. The embryo occupies the
whole of the interior, and has broadly obovate cotyledons
tapering to the base where they are strongly auricled in order
to accommodate the short radicle.

The fruit of Hakea acicularis is broadly ovoid, thick- walled
and very woody, but dehisces by two valves when mature
and dry. When two seeds are produced in a fruit, they are
semi-obovoid by mutual pressure, gibbous on one side, and
flat or slightly concave on the faces in contact. The testa
is tuberculated and black, and is produced into a brown or
black, membranous and perforated wing, along one side and
round the apex of the seed. The wing is obliquely oblong-
ovate, about 1-5 cm. long, and 1 cm. wide. The cotyledons
are obovate, deeply auricled at the base, rather unequal in
thickness owing to mutual pressure and the peculiar form of
the seed.

Seedlings. — There is great variation among the cotyledons,
due chiefly to the size and shape of the seed in which they are
formed, and that again owes its shape to the cavity of the
fruit and whether one or two seeds are present. A large
number of them have cotyledons varying between roundly
obovate and oblong-obovate, auricled at the base, sessile or
subsessile, indented on one side or having a sinus which gives
them a falcate appearance. The roundly obovate form is well
represented by Hakea acicularis (fig. 631). The presence of
the auricles is explained in the account of the seeds of Grevillea
Hilliana. The leaves of Hakea acicularis are narrowly linear

II. G G

450 ON SEEDLINGS

and acute ; the first four are very short, and all are very
much narrower than the cotyledons. In H. laurina the coty-
ledons are obovate and considerably smaller than those of the
last.

The cotyledons of H. eucalyptoides are oblong-obovate and
sometimes indented on the sides. The first five leaves are
lanceolate, the two primary ones being opposite. The coty-
ledons of H. florida are obovate-oblong and subfalcate owing
to the indentation on one side. The cotyledons of Grevillea
Hilliana (fig. 629) are obovate, trinerved, much larger than
those of Hakea laurina, but otherwise similar. In weak seed-
lings the second and third leaves are spathulate and trifid ;
but in strong seedlings the next three at least are cuneate,
gradually tapering to a petiole-like base and more deeply
trifid. The cotyledons of Stenocarpus salignus are oblong-
obovate, trinerved, and differ slightly from the type in having
shorter basal auricles which clasp the axis horizontally. The
first leaf is elliptic and entire. Lambertia formosa (fig. 627)
has obovate and emarginate as well as auricled cotyledons.
The cotyledons of Leucospermum conocarpum (fig. 626) are
also emarginate, but they are unsymmetrical especially to-
wards the base. They are scarcely, if at all, auricled at the
base, but a broad and short petiole-like piece forms a sort of
ligule clasping the axis in the very early stages of the seedling.
A third type occurs in Banksia australis (fig. 632) which has
oblong obliquely emarginate cotyledons, drawn out at the base
into narrow horizontal auricles.

The cotyledons of Grevillea punicea differ in being longer,
sometimes obliquely emarginate, sessile and connate at the
base or perfoliate. Those of G. linearis agree with the last
except that they are entire.

A number of types occur in the Order which cannot be
classified with any of the above. The cotyledons of Hakea
multilineata var. grammatophylla are obovate, retuse or trun-
cate at the apex, and auricled at the base.

The cotyledons of Protea mellifera are obovate, spathulate,
entire, sessile, fleshy and not auricled at the base. The latter
character is unusual in the Order. The cotyledons of a species
of Koupala from Bogota are oblong-ovate, acute, trinerved at

PROTEACE^E

451

the base, petioled and not auricled ; both the last characters
are unusual as well as the acute apex.

The cotyledons of Banksia speciosa (fig. 633) are obovate-
oblong, ascending, obliquely truncate and crenate at the apex,
trinerved and auricled at the base with subulate auricles
cohering with one another and causing the cotyledons to
assume their ascending direction.

Protea mellifera, Thbg.

Hypocotyl stout, erect,
terete, 3'5-4 cm. long, light
green with a very slight red-
dish tinge.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy,
obovate-spathulate, obtuse, en-
tire, tapering to the base, but
scarcely petiolate, glabrous,
green, indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem erect, square, glabrous,
herbaceous, ultimately woody ;
1st internode 3-4 mm. long ;
2nd 1-2 mm. ; 3rd and 4th
8-4 mm.

First leaves simple, entire,
cauline, alternate, spathulate
or almost lanceolate, acute,
glabrous, petiolate with the
petiole somewhat decurrent on
the stem, or subsessile, exsti-
pu-late, subglaucous, pinnati-
nerved.

Leucospermum conocarpum,

E. Br. (fig. 626).

Hypocotyl firm, nearly te-
rete, 2-4 cm. long, 4 mm. thick,
glabrous, brownish-green.

Cotyledons sessile, 1-5-2 cm. long, 1-1-25 cm. wide, 2-3 mm.
thick, unequal, obliquely oblong, obtuse, emarginate, otherwise
entire, uneven with a broadly raised obscure midrib, and a thick
ligule-like collar near the base clasping the young stem before

o G 2

PIG. 626. — Leucospermum conocarpum.
Nat. size.

452 OX SEEDLINGS

the unfolding of the cotyledons, glabrous, yellowish-green above,
pale beneath.

Stem with very short internodes, terete, 2-3 mm. thick, shortly
pubescent at the base, densely so towards the apex, not very firm,
light green.

Leaves simple, entire or nearly so, cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
sessile, coriaceous, densely hairy or villous, and excepting the mid-
rib with an indistinct venation.

Primary ones sessile, 1-5 cm. long, 3 -10 mm. wide, scattered ;
first few small or aborted, acute, linear, entire with sunk midrib,
pubescent like the stem, bright green, with the lower ones hori-
zontal, the others twisted forty-five degrees or more from the plane
of the axis of leaf, which itself is at an angle of forty-five degrees to
the main axis.

Roupala sp. (from Bogota).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, 7'5-10 mm. above
the soil.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, or subacute, petiolate, with a
few alternate, much ascending nerves, finely pubescent, light green
above, paler beneath ; lamina 1-2-1-35 cm. long, 4'5-5'5 mm. wide ;
petiole wide, grooved above, convex on the back, dilated and connate
at the base, 2-5-3 mm. long.

Stem erect, flexuose, pale green, coarsely hairy or subvillous,
ultimately woody ; 1st internode 1-5-2-5 mm. long ; 2nd 5-5-5 mm. ;
3rd 6-7-5 mm. ; 4th 3-8 mm.

Leaves in the seedling stage simple, cauline, alternate, exstipu-
late, sessile or shortly petiolate, alternately and aseendingly penni-
nerved, hairy and scabrous on both surfaces, light green above,
paler beneath, and somewhat shining, decurrent on the petiole when
the latter is distinguishable ; petiole when present short, deeply
grooved or channelled above by the upturning of the edges, semi-
amplexicaul, or often almost surrounding the stem.

No. 1. Obovate-cuneate, acutely serrate -dentate, with gland-
tipped teeth, shortly petiolate.

No. 2. Similar, larger, wider, shortly petiolate.

No. 3. Similar, much larger, decurrent almost or quite to the

Nos. 4 and 5. Obovate-elliptic, much tapered to the base,
irregularly and obtusely dentate or almost crenate, with the teeth
tipped with an abruptly elongated gland or mucro.

PROTEACE^E

453

Lambertia formosa, Sm. (fig. 627).'

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green or red, glabrous, 9-15 mm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons obovate and emarginate, or almost quadrangular,
subsessile, shortly auricled at the base, thick, subrigid or coriaceous,
glabrous, opaque, glaucous-green, ascending, more or less revolute
longitudinally at the margin,
9-9-5m.ni. long, 7-9mm.wide,
minutely and closely dotted
with colourless spots.

Stem erect, terete, finely
pubescent and hairy in the
young state, scaberulous, pale
green ; 1st internode unde-
veloped or varying up to 4
mm. long; 2nd 4-7 mm. ; 3rd
6-5-8-5 mm. ; 4th 6-11 mm.

Leaves simple, entire,
cauline, opposite or in whorls
of three or four, decussate, ex-
stipulate, sessile, finely reticu-
late on each side of a strong
midrib, sunk on the upper
and prominent .on the under
surface, even or undulate
at the margin, and always
slightly revolute there, hori-
zontal, light green above,
paler beneath, hairy when
young and shortly and densely
glandular-pubescent, glabres-
cent.

First and second pairs generally lanceolate, acute.

Third to ninth pairs linear-acute, cuspidate or bristle-tipped,
slightly tapered to the base.

All these figures and descriptions are very liable to variation.
Sometimes the third to seventh pairs are much shorter, wider,
lanceolate and cuspidate.

The same numbers may be in whorls of three or four, or they
may not be verticillate till the eighth or other higher nodes are
reached.

FIG. 627. — Lambertia formosa. Nat. size.

454

ON SEEDLINGS

Grevillea Hilliana, F. Muell. (fig. 628).

Ovary of one carpel, one-celled, with two laterally affixed
amphitropous ovules.

Fruit a woody follicle, dehiscing when mature with two valves,
one-celled, one- to two- seeded.

Seed oblate or oval, 1-6-1-8 cm. long by 9-10 mm. wide, -25-'5
mm. thick, obtuse at either end, much compressed laterally ; testa
membranous, brown, dilated into a moderately broad wing all round ;
tegmen very thin, membranous, pale-coloured ; micropyle at one end
and chalaza at the other, but within the wing ; hilum on one side
below the middle ; raphe visible as a dark line passing from the

Fir,. 628.— Grevillea Hilliana, x 2. A, longitu-
dinal section of the seed : H, hilum ; Ha,
raphe; Ch, chalaza; W, wing; OT, testa;
IT, tegmen; C, cotyledon; Au, auricle; B,
radicle. B, transverse section : W, wing ; OT,
testa ; IT, tegmen ; C, cotyledon.

FIG. 629.

Grevillea Hilliana.
Nat. size.

micropyle along one side of the wing and curved round to the chalaza
at the apical end of the embryo.

Endosperm none.

Embryo large, straight, filling the cavity of the seed, colour-
less ; cotyledons broadly obovate, truncate, nearly or quite flat,
tapering to a cuneate base, and having unequal ovate acute auricles
on each side of the radicle, lying in the broader plane of the seed
with their edges to the placenta, and closely applied to each other
face to face, exactly opposite or with the laminae oblique to one
another ; radicle shortly fusiform, tapering to a subacute point, pro-
jecting a short way beyond the cotyledons and many times shorter.

PROTEACE^E

455

Seedling (fig. 629).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, pubescent with adpressed up-
turned, brown hairs, 2'3-2'9 cm. long.

Cotyledons sessile, obovate, rounded at the apex, auricled at
the base and connate, forming a line round the stem, trinerved,
ascending, coriaceous, deep green above and shining, paler beneath,
glabrous.

Stem like the hypocotyl ; 1st internode 3-5 mm. long ; 2nd
2 mm. ; 3rd 4-5 mm. ; 4th and
5th each 3 mm.

Leaves cauline, simple, alter-
nate, exstipulate, sessile.

No. 1. Always very small,
often deformed or linear- oblong,
obtuse, mucronate.

Nos. 2 and 3. Cuneate, and
tapering to a long petiole-like
base, deeply trifid and tri-
nerved in the upper half, glabrous
above, deep green and shining,
paler beneath, and pubescent
with white, upturned, adpressed
silky hairs ; lobes oblong, acute,
or mucronate.

Grevillea linearis, E. Br.

(fig. 630).

Hypocotyl erect, terete,
woody, about 8 mm. above the
soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse,
entire, sessile, connate at the
base and appearing perfoliate,
horizontal when full grown,
about 8 mm. long, and 4 mm. wide above the middle.

Stem erect, terete, woody ; 1st internode 75 mm. long ; 2nd
9 mm. ; 3rd 1 cm.

Leaves simple, entire (at least in the early condition of the
plant), cauline, alternate, exstipulate, sessile, coriaceous, thinly
hairy, light green.

The seedling of Grevillea punicea, E. Br., is very similar to that
of G. linearis.

FIG. 680.— Grevillea linearis.
Nat. size.

456 ON SEEDLINGS

Hakea acicularis, B. Er.

Ovary shortly stipitate, of one carpel, one-celled, three- to four-
ovuled in specimens examined ; ovules parietal on the ventral
suture, erect or ascending, anatropous ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit a follicle, broadly ovoid, generally if not always laterally
constricted near the apex, more or less deeply furrowed along the
ventral suture, surface very uneven with protuberances and cavities,
glabrous, the rough epidermis often reticulated with cracks and
sometimes falling off in laminae, dehiscing when mature along both
sutures, exposing one or generally two seeds, and showing the walls
of the fruit to be very thick and bony, with a layer of white, clean,
close-grained wood all along the dorsal suture, which splits with a
nearly even, clean fracture. This layer of wood causes the fruit to
be of very unequal thickness, the dorsal wall being much the
thicker.

Seeds when geminate, semiobovoid, very rough, tuberculated and
gibbous on one side, flat or slightly concave on that towards the
other seed, glabrous, black, obliquely winged along the ventral edge
and round the apex where it is produced sometimes to the length of
1-5 cm. and 1 cm. in width, and narrowed to an obtuse point,
thin, membranous and perforated or reticulated, deep brown, almost
black ; hilum and micropyle basal at the ventral suture of the
follicle, contiguous ; raphe and chalaza indeterminable in the mature
seed.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo very large, filling the seed and conforming to it in
shape, straight, colourless, rather fleshy ; cotyledons obovate, broadly
rounded at the apex, rather deeply auricled at the base, otherwise
entire, unequal in thickness, one being flat or slightly concave on
the side next the other seed, while the other next the side of the
follicle is convex or gibbous to correspond to the cavity in the
follicle, and somewhat depressed into little holes or cavities ; radicle
very short, turbinate, obtuse, scarcely protruding beyond the
auricles of the cotyledons and pointing into the narrow base of
the seed.

Seedling (fig. 631).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, stout, glabrous, crimson or deep dull
red, 2-3-2-8 cm. long.

Cotyledons obovate-rotund ; apex entire, acutely auricled at the
base, thick, fleshy, glabrous, subsessile, deep green above, paler be-
neath, faintly five-nerved on the under side but venation otherwise
indiscernible, often slightly unequal with about 1 mm. difference in

PROTEACE^E

457

FIG. .631. — Haltea acicularis.
Half nat. size.

length and width, l'S-1'2 cm. long, and the same at the widest part,
tapering downwards to the radicle ; petiole '25-'5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, glandular-pubes-
cent, pale green, becoming red, and soon
becoming frutescent ; 1st internode 9-12
mm. long ; 2nd 0-1 mm. ; 3rd and all
succeeding internodes very short and
irregular in length, from 0-4 mm. long,
seldom more.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alter-
nate, exstipulate, sessile, terete or acicu-
lar, acute or tipped with a 'small reddish
spine, glabrous except in the shallow
furrow corresponding to the midrib be-
neath, where they are somewhat glandu-
lar-pubescent, slightly decurrent at the
very base, densely covered with minute
colourless points.

Nos. 1-4 and sometimes 5. Small, subulate, acute, or the 4th
and 5th linear.

No. 6 and upwards. Gradually longer, acicular.

Hakea laurina, B. Br.

Hypocotyl more slender than in H. acicularis, 3'3-4'5 cm. above
the soil.

Cotyledons very similar to those of "H. acicularis but smaller,
longer in proportion and shortly petiolate, light green, opaque, with
faint indications of three nerves on the under side ; lamina 7-9 mm.
long, 6-7-5 mm. wide ; petiole semiamplexicaul, somewhat grooved
above, slightly convex or nearly flat beneath, -5-1 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, shrubby, glabrous, reddish, slightly flexuose
at least in the young state ; 1st internode 4-6 mm. long ; 2nd un-
developed ; 3rd 5-7 mrn. ; 4th 4-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first and second opposite), ex-
stipulate, sessile and narrowed to the base (at least in the young
state), alternately, ascendingly incurvinerved, glaucous on both
surfaces with a sparse ascending adpressed pubescence (each hair
fixed by its middle) ; petioles none.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, lanceolate, acute, semiamplexicaul at
the base, concave above or boat-shaped, ascending or suberect.

Nos. 3 and 4. Spathulate-oblong, acute, entire, spreading longi-
tudinally.

Nos. 5-8. Oblanceolate, tapering to the base, much larger than

458 OX SEEDLINGS

those below them, deep glaucous-green with a reddish entire mar-
gin, ascending or spreading horizontally, or by a slight twist of the
base turned with their edges more or less vertical.

Hakea eucalyptoides, Meisn.

Hypocotyl as in preceding species, T5-3 cm. long.

Cotyledons very like those of H. acicularis, light green, indis-
tinctly one-nerved and rather unequal.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, with a few rather long hairs,
ultimately woody ; 1st internode 4-10 mm. long ; 2nd 3-7 mm. ;
3rd 6-12 mm.

First leaves lanceolate, very similar to those of H. laurina, with
a few rather long silky hairs.

Hakea florida, B. Br.

Hypocotyl short, '75-2 mm. long, light green or colourless.

Cotyledons thick, fleshy, obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire or
falcate, cordate at the base, sessile, glabrous, light green, rather
unequal, indistinctly one-nerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, pubescent ;
1st internode 1-2 mm. long ; 2nd 1-2 mm. ; 3rd 5-6 mm.

First two leaves very small ; others oval-oblong, mucronate,
dentate, subsessile, pubescent, light green, trinerved.

Hakea multilineata, Meisn., var. grammatophylla.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, green, soon becoming brown, woody with
the epidermis becoming rent and thrown off, slightly pubescent,
glabrescent, l'8-2'5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons cuneate, sessile, truncate or retuse at the apex,
tapered towards the base and slightly auricled, thinly pubescent on
both surfaces and pale green, thick and subcoriaceous, 9'5-ll mm.
long, 5'5-7'5 mm. wide near the apex, no venation discernible.

Stem erect, terete, somewhat pubescent or hairy, pale green soon
becoming brown ; 1st internode 4-7 mm. long ; 2nd 1-2 mm. ; 3rd
7-10 mm. ; 4th 5'5-7 mm.

Leaves sessile, or a few primary ones tapered to a short petiole,
trinerved from near the base, the nerves again giving off strong,
ascending branches in the broader leaves, reticulate, pubescent on
both surfaces with adpressed whitish hairs, subglabrescent, coria-
ceous, thickened or somewhat cartilaginous at the margin, glaucous-
green above and paler beneath in the lower leaves, but coloured
equally in the upper leaves which become vertical by a twist close
to their base.

PROTEACEJE

459

Nos. 1-4. Oblanceolate, acute or cuspidate, horizontal, tapered
to a narrow base, rather small.

Nos. 5 and 6. Obovate-oblong, cuspidate, obtuse, horizontal,
tapered to a semiamplexicaul base, densely pubescent at the margin
near the base with spreading short hairs besides the adpressed
scattered hairs.

No. 7. Vertical or horizontal, otherwise like No. 6.

Nos. 8 and 9. Narrower, more acuminate, vertical.

Stenocarpus salignus, B. Br.

Hypocotyl erect, quadrangular, glabrous, light green, almost
colourless near the soil.

Cotyledons broadly obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, with
pointed auricles, rather thick, glabrous, green, trinerved, each nerve
with numerous veinlets.

Stem erect, quadrangular, rather downy ; 1st internode very
short.

Banksia australis, B. Br. (fig. 632).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, green, soon becoming
grey, about 1'2 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, obliquely emarginate, sessile, glabrous,
pale green, coriaceous, drawn out into a slender horizontal auricle
at the base, 8 mm. long, 5
mm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete,
densely covered with interlac-
ing white hairs when young,
and less so or becoming
glabrous as it gets old, pale
green becoming brown ; 1st
and 2nd internodes unde-
veloped ; 3rd 4 mm. long ;
4th 4*75 mm. ; 5th 3'5 mm. ;
6th 1-5 mm. ; 7th 1 mm. ; 8th
•5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline,
alternate or opposite or by the suppression of the internodes verti-
cillate or subverticillate, exstipulate, thinly felted with white hairs
above and a white tomentum beneath, coriaceous ; petioles short,
channelled above, thickened at the base.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, cuneate, serrate-dentate above the
middle, T7 cm. long.

FIG. 632.— Banksia australis.
Half nat. size.

460

ON SEEDLINGS

No. 3. Oblanceolate, tapering to the base, serrate-dentate above
the middle and tridentate at the apex ; teeth spinous.

No. 4. Narrowly obovate-cuneate, otherwise like the last.
No. 5. Similar, but larger.

No. 6. Obovate, cuneate at the base, otherwise like No. 3.
Nos. 7 and 8. Similar, but larger ; No. 8, 6'9 cm. long.

Banksia speciosa, B.Br. (fig. 633).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, stoutest under the cotyledons,
deep reddish-crimson, 2-2*5 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons obovate -oblong, obliquely truncate and crenate at
the apex, with almost straight and nearly parallel sides, slightly
tapered to the base where they are auricled with subulate, acute,
slightly declining auricles connate
with those of the other cotyledon, tri-
nerved, nerves incurved and uniting
with one another some distance below
the apex, deep opaque green above,
paler beneath or tinged with violet,
glabrous, sessile, 1'5 cm. long on one
side and l'3o cm. on the other, 1-2
cm. wide at the apex, 6 mm. at the
base exclusive of the auricles.

Stem erect, terete, hairy, reddish
when young, ultimately shrubby; 1st
and 2nd internodes rather compressed,
about '5 mm. long.

Leaves alternate, alternately and
ascendingly penninerved, deep green
above and densely hairy or almost
villous, white with tomentum beneath,
revolute at the margins; petiole semiterete, flattened above, densely
hairy with jointed hairs, somewhat margined above by the decurrent
base of the lamina.

Nos. 1 and 2. Cuneate, pinnatifid with two, rarely three, tri-
angular, obtuse, ascending coarse teeth or lobes on each side.

FIG. 633. — Banksia speciosa.
Nat. size.

461

THYMEUEACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 186.

Fruit and Seed,-— The ovary is superior, one-celled and one-
ovuled, or in the tribes Phalerieae and Aquilarieae two-celled
with one ovule in each cell. The ovule is inserted laterally near
the apex of the cavity, pendulous and anatropous with a ventral
raphe. The fruit is nut-like, baccate, or drupaceous and inde-
hiscent, except in the tribe Aquilariese. The seed is solitary, pen-
dulous or laterally fixed. The testa is coriaceous or rarely mem-
branous, with a distinct membranous inner layer. Endosperm
is copious or scanty and fleshy or altogether wanting. The
embryo is straight, and large, with fleshy, often thick cotyle-
dons, while the radicle is short and superior. Exceptions from
the above characters occur in two anomalous genera, Octolepis
consisting of a single species with a four-celled ovary contain-
ing one ovule in each cell ; and Gonystylus with a four- or five-
celled ovary, each cell with one ovule.

A type of the Order is represented by Daphne Mezereum.
The seed is obovoid, pendulous and attached to the placenta by
a broad flattened funicle near the apex. The tegmen is very
thick, while the endosperm is reduced to a thin layer investing
the large fleshy embryo. The cotyledons are plano-convex,
and slightly auricled at the base, where the short stout radicle
is situated.

Daphne Mezereum, L.

Ovary of one carpel, one-celled, one-ovuled; ovule pendulous
from near the apex of the cell, anatropous ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a berry, ovoid or subglobose, glabrous, green but becoming
scarlet as it matures, and shining, one-celled, one-seeded ; epicarp
and endocarp thin ; mesocarp juicy or pulpy and orange-yellow or
scarlet.

Seed obovoid, suspended by a short funicle from near the apex
of the cell, glabrous, closely conforming to the interior of the berry ;
testa thin, membranous, pale-coloured, easily detached from the
much thicker and subcrustaceous tegmen, deep brown, almost
black and shining when fresh, but dull bro\vn when dry ; raphe

462 ON SEEDLINGS

forming a conspicuous white line along the ventral side of the pale
testa ; chalaza apical and inferior, conspicuous, pale-coloured,
yellowish- white ; hilum and micropyle contiguous, basal to the seed
and superior.

Endosperm in the mature seed very scanty, forming an extremely
thin yellow film or membrane over the embryo resembling a third
coating of the seed, with a thicker, whiter (yellow when dry), fleshy
ring around the radicle.

Embryo comparatively very large and almost filling the seed,
straight, fleshy, colourless ; cotyledons hemispherical or more often
semiovoid, strongly plano-convex, minutely auricled at the base,
otherwise entire, each occupying half of the seed, lying with their
backs to the raphe, and consequently to the placenta, or slightly
obliquely to it ; radicle very short, turbinate, obtusely pointed,
protruded about one -half to two- thirds its length beyond the
auricles of the cotyledons, and lying in the subacute tip of the seed,
surrounded by a thickish layer of endosperm, and close to the
micropyle.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL Hi. 203.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior but enclosed in
the base of the perianth, and is one-celled, one-ovuled. The
ovule is basal, erect and anatropous. The fruit is enclosed
in the persistent base of the perianth which becomes thick,
fleshy and ultimately baccate, resembling in outward appear-
ance a true berry. The wall of the fruit proper is thin,
membranous and entirely filled by the large solitary seed.
The testa of the latter is thickened, and crustaceous or
hardened. The endosperm is very scanty, and membranous,
usually most abundant around the radicle, or it may be alto-
gether wanting. The embryo is large, straight, conforming to
the seed, with thick and fleshy plano-convex cotyledons, and
a very short, stout, inferior radicle.

The seed of Hippophae rhamnoides is obovoid, slightly
notched at the basal hilum, and surrounded by a depressed
line, apparently caused by a ridge in the pericarp during
the early stages of growth. The testa is of great thickness,

463

hard and shining black. The embryo conforms to the seed
and is only surrounded by a thin film of endosperm except
around the radicle, where endosperm is necessary to fill the
space owing to the shortness of the auricles of the cotyledons.
In the early growing state of the fruit, the persistent base of
the perianth grows at a rate proportionate with that of the
ovary which completely fills it. The testa is of great thick-
ness ; the tegmen covers a thick layer of perisperm, then
follows a thicker layer of endosperm in the embryo-sac, and
only slightly shorter than the perisperm just before the fruit
attains its full size. The embryo at this stage is half as long
as the endosperm, with broadly oval, thin plano-convex coty-
ledons. The radicle is relatively long compared with the
cotyledons. The perisperm and most of the endosperm dis-
appears when the embryo reaches its full size. The neck of
the persistent perianth is lined with hairs internally.

The baccate perianth of Ela?agnus longipes is broadly
oblong-oval and densely lined all over the internal surface
with interlacing, strong, cottony hairs. The inner layer of
the perianth is also hardened, bony, and strengthened with
numerous longitudinal woody ridges forming a complete
circle surrounding the true fruit which conforms to the cavity.
The seed is ellipsoid in conformity with the fruit, and has a
membranous testa. The cotyledons are lanceolate, obtuse,
deeply auricled at the base, so as to occupy the space around
the radicle, plano-convex, and completely fill the seed, endo-
sperm being altogether absent.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of Hippophae rhamnoides
(fig. 635) are oblong, obtuse, entire in the early stages but
ultimately more or less distinctly and irregularly emarginate,
sessile, or very shortly petiolate, slightly auricled at the base,
fleshy, aerial, somewhat plano-convex and glabrous. The leaves
are opposite in the seedling stage, the first pair being lanceolate,
followed by three or more pairs which are elliptic and obtuse.
All are covered with shortly stalked, peltate scales ; on the
adult the leaves are alternate.

The cotyledons of Elseagnus angustifolia rar. microcarpa
(fig. 634) are oblong, obtuse, deeply auricled at the base but
otherwise entire, thick and fleshy with indiscernible venation.

464 OX SEEDLINGS

They differ from those of Hippophae rhamnoides in being more
deeply auricled at the base, but more especially in having
semiterete petioles 4-9 mm. long. The first four leaves are
lanceolate-oblong, penninerved and covered with stellate
scales. The first two are opposite, the rest alternate ; this
is also the case sometimes with Elseagnus hortensis, where
the first two are lanceolate ; the cotyledons exhibit an in-
distinct midrib, but are otherwise similar to those of the last-
named species, except that the petioles are shorter.

Elseagnus longipes, A. Gray.

Fruit an achene, enclosed in the fleshy or baccate perianth,
furnished with stellate scales that do not cover the whole sur-
face, yellow or nearly scarlet when mature ; middle layer of perianth
juicy or pulpy; inner layer hardened or bony and strengthened
with numerous longitudinal, strong, thickened ridges, and covered
on the inner face with a dense interlacing layer of tough cottony
hairs ; pericarp thin, membranous, tipped with the remains of the
style, pale-coloured.

Seed ellipsoid, rather narrow, conforming to the interior of the
ovary, which again conforms to the interior of the calyx-tube ; testa
thin, membranous, whitish ; raphe passing along the whole length
of tbe seed and forming a conspicuous ridge ; funicle short ; chalaza
apical and superior, conspicuous ; hilum and micropyle basal, inferior,
contiguous.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large and occupying the whole interior of the
seed, colourless ; cotyledons lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, rather
deeply auricled at the base, otherwise entire, plano-convex and each
occupying half of the seed, lying with their edges to the raphe (in
all tbe specimens examined) ; radicle oblong or ellipsoid, obtuse,
about half its length protruded beyond the auricles of the cotyledons
and much shorter than the latter, occupying the narrow base of the
seed.

Elseagnus angnstifolia, L., var. microcarpa (fig. 634).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, rarely with a few stellate
scales, pale green, 3-3'5 cm. above tbe soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire at tbe apex and rounded, deeply
auricled at tbe base, thick, fleshy, with indiscernible venation, some-
what shining, pale opaque green above, bright green beneath,
mostly glabrous or with stellate scales on the petioles ; lamina 1-

EL^EAGNACELE

465

1'85 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; petioles semiterete, slightly grooved
above, tapering slightly upwards, pale green, 4-9 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, densely covered with stellate or radiate scales,
ultimately shrubby ; 1st internode
6-9 '5 mm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline,
alternate (first two opposite or nearly
so), exstipulate, petiolate, alternately
and ascendingly penninerved, densely
covered beneath with stellate scales,
and on the upper side at least in
the seedling; petioles short, semi-
terete, slightly grooved or merely
flattened above, densely stellate-scaly
like the leaves.

Xos. 1-4. Lanceolate-oblong,
acute or obtuse, alternately and
ascendingly penninerved, with few
and indistinctly visible nerves in-
curving and uniting in a single intra-
marginal wavy line.

FIG. 634. — Elceagnus angustifolia
var. microcarpa. Nat. size.

The seedling of Elseagnus hortensis, M. £., closely resembles
the preceding.

Hippophae rhamnoides, L.

Fruit enclosed in the baccate perianth ; pericarp thin, mem-
branous, pale-coloured, traversed along two sides with a thickened
yellow nerve or ridge uniting beneath the persistent style and also
at the base of the seed, one-seeded, indehiscent. The baccate peri-
anth becomes enlarged at the base, and globular, ultimately fleshy5
pulpy or almost deliquescent internally.

Seed obovoid, marked on two sides with a vertical depressed
line caused by the ridges on the pericarp, slightly unequal at the
base ; testa very much thickened and hardened, shining black,
smooth ; hilum basal between the unequal lobes of the emarginate
base.

Endosperm in the mature seed forming a very thin layer on the
inner surface of the testa, except at the base where it forms a
thick sheath round the radicle.

Embryo straight, large, subobovoid, fleshy, occupying almost the
whole of the seed ; cotyledons plano-convex, closely occupving the

II. H H

4G6 OX SEEDLINGS

interior of the seed, slightly auricled or cordate at the base ; radicle
short, stout, subturbinate, obtuse, embedded in a thick layer of
endosperm, close to the hilum and pointing into the longer lobe of
the seed at the base of the fruit.

Seedling (fig. 635).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, glabrous, about 1-7-2-6 cm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire or minutely and irregularly
emarginate, slightly auricled at the base,
somewhat plano-convex, fleshy, glabrous, dull
green above, light green beneath and some-
what shining, very shortly petiolate, with in-
distinguishable venation, or a midrib discern-
ible in a younger state ; lamina 7-8-5 mm.
long, 4'5-5'5 mm. wide ; petiole 1-1-25 mm.
long.

Stem erect, terete, pale green, rough or
scurfy with scales, ultimately woody ; 1st
internode 3 mm. long ; 2nd 7 mm. ; 3rd
3-75 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate
(opposite in the seedling state), exstipulate,
shortly petiolate, covered with very shortly
stalked scales, giving the leaves a silvery
appearance on both surfaces, somewhat
fleshy and opaque in the seedling stage, alter-
FIG. 635. nately penninerved ; petiole channelled on the

Hipp^aejhammndes. upper gid6j C(mvex Qn fche back> gilvery Hke the

lamina, 1 mm. long in the seedling.

First pair lanceolate, obtuse, with the midrib only discernible.

Second to fourth pairs elliptic, obtuse, showing a distinct mid-
rib, but the few lateral nerves present are hardly discernible with
transmitted light.

SANTALACE.E 467

SANTALACEJS.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 217.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior from the first, or
becomes so during the flowering period, or in the tribe Antho-
bolese the disc only surrounds it at the base ; in all cases it
is one-celled. The ovules vary from two to three, and are
pendulous from or near the apex of a central, filiform or
thickened placenta ; or in the Anthobolese the ovule is solitary,
central, basal and erect.

The fruit is nut-like or often drupaceous, and is indehiscent.
The exocarj) is slender and dry, sometimes fleshy or succulent,
sometimes thickened ; while the endocarp is crustaceous,
hardened or bony. The seed is globose or obovoid, and smooth,
rugose, or deeply many-furrowed. The testa is very thin and
not easily distinguishable, or is absent or apparently so.
Endosperm is copious and fleshy, often white. The embryo is
often oblique, not strictly central, short or linear, very often
terete, and straight or scarcely incurved. The cotyledons are
seniiterete or rarely slightly dilated and longer or shorter than
the superior radicle. Sometimes the embryo is minute and
scarcely discernible.

Exceptional cases occur in Cervantesia and Santaluni where
the ovary is superior or rarely immersed in the disc. The
endocarp is plicate, and in Henslowia is intruded into furrows
of the seed. Santalum ellipticum may be regarded as typical
of the Order. The fruit is obovoid-elliptic or subglobular and
crowned by a rim, the persistent portion of the calyx. The exo-
carp is comparatively thin when dry, and the endocarp is thick
and woody. The seed is ovoid, conforms to the interior of
the cavity, and is apparently without a testa. The greater
part of it consists of a mass of fleshy endosperm. The coty-
ledons are ovate-oblong, and in the specimen observed several
times shorter than the radicle. The latter is very much
thicker than the cotyledons at its base, and tapers to a slender
point.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of all the seedlings coming

468 ON SEEDLINGS

under my notice are narrowly linear. Those of Osyris com-
pressa (fig. 636) are revolute at the edges and thus appear still
narrower. They are 2-2-25 cm. long and 2-2-5 mm. wide.
The leaves are opposite, decussate, very closely arranged and
closely resemble those of a species of Buxus both in size, shape,
texture and colour. The first two pairs are lanceolate-elliptic,
followed by at least seventeen other pairs which are obovate,
and generally cuspidate. The cotyledons of 0. abyssinica
are similar to those of the last and yellowish-green. The
first pair of leaves are lanceolate and acute.

The seedlings of Santalum album are very similar to
those of the foregoing with respect to the cotyledons and
the mode of germination. The hypocotyl is elongated and
in germinating carries up the fruit on the cotyledons. In
the case of Santalum at least the cotyledons often have a
difficulty in getting clear of the fruit notwithstanding their
narrowness, and often become torn off in the process. Their
narrowness appears to be due to the difficulty of exit from
the small opening of the woody fruit ; for there is plenty
of space inside to allow of their attaining a much greater
width.

Santalum ellipticmn, Gaud.

Ovary inferior, one-celled, two- to three-ovuled ; ovules pendulous,
anatropous ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a drupe, obovoid-elliptic, with four ridges at the base, and
smaller intermediate ones, and as many prominences near the apex
which is crowned with an annular rim, the persistent base of the
perianth, within which it ends with a conical point ; one-celled,
one-seeded, indehiscent ; exocarp comparatively thin ; endocarp
woody, pale-coloured.

Seed conforming to the cavity of the ovary, and apparently
without a testa.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white, constituting the greater part
of the seed, wrinkled or furrowed longitudinally when dry.

Embryo straight, thin or narrow, less than half the length of
the seed (probably imperfectly developed), yellowish ; cotyledons
ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, several times shorter than tbe
radicle, and narrower than its thickest part ; radicle four to five
times as long as tbe cotyledons, stout at tbe origin of the cotyledons

SAXTALACE.E

469

and tapering to a long slender tip which lies immediately within
the apex of the endosperm.

N.B. — In the fruit figured in Le Maout and Decaisne, p. 723,
the long narrow cotyledons reach nearly to the base of the seed and
are twice the length of the radicle.

Osyris compressa, DC. fil. (fig. 636).

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, gkbrous, brown, 1-7-2 cm. above
the soil.

Cotyledons linear, obtuse, rigid, with revolute
margins, pale subglaucous-green, sessile, 2-2-25
cm. long, 2-2'5 mm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete at the base, quadr-
angular upwards, glabrous, pale yellowish- or sub-
glaucous-green, ultimately brown ; 1st internode
1-85 cm. long ; 2nd 8'5 mm. ; 3rd 1-1 cm. ;
4th 5-5 mm. ; 5th 5'5 mm. ; 6th 4-5 mm. ; 7th
6 mm. ; 8th 7 mm. ; 9th 1 cm. ; 10th 9 mm. ;
llth and 12th each 6'5 mm.; 13th and 14th
each 6 mm. ; 15th, 16th and 17th each 7'5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, ex-
stipulate, sessile, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, pale
glaucous-green, almost yellowish, obscurely al-
ternately penninerved.

First and second pairs lanceolate-elliptic,
acute.

Third to seventh pair inclusive, obovate, ob-
tuse, apiculate or minutely cuspidate, convex
above and concave beneath.

Eighth to nineteenth pair inclusive, obovate, obtuse, minutely
cuspidate, flat.

Osyris abyssinica, Hoclist.

Hypocotyl stout, thickened considerably near the base, reddish,
2-5-2-6 cm. long.

Cotyledons similar to those of 0. compressa, light yellowish-
green.

Stem flattened, herbaceous, ultimately woody, reddish -green,
glabrous ; 1st internode 2-10 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, petiolate, glabrous,
yellowish-green, with a reddish tinge near the edges, indistinctly
one-nerved.

FIG.

Osyris compressa.
Half. nat. size.

470 ON SEEDLINGS

EUPHORBIACEaE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 239.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, usually three-
celled, often two- to four-celled, and sometimes one- or five- to
many-celled. The ovules are solitary in each cell or gemin-
ate and collateral, pendulous, anatropous, inserted on axile
placentas with a ventral raphe and superior micropyle, rarely
having a dorsal raphe with the micropyle close to the placenta.
The funicle is very frequently developed into a cellular, scale-
like, or hooded arillode, sometimes expanded and covering the
ovule wholly or in part. The fruit is capsular and falls away
at maturity into as many cocci as there are cells, leaving the
axis free. Sometimes it is baccate or drupaceous, divided into
cells, and indehiscent, very rarely breaking up into two or
three pyrenes ; or it may by abortion be one-celled and one-
seeded. The exocarp is thin or thickened and fleshy ; while
the endocarp is cartilaginous, crustaceous or hardened. The
seeds equal the number of cells or are fewer by abortion;
they have a crustaceous, rarely woody or membranous testa.
The endosperm is copious and fleshy or rarely cartilaginous or
papery. The embryo is central and straight, rarely incurved,
and almost equals the endosperm in length, and sometimes
in breadth. The cotyledons are broad and foliaceous, rarely
fleshy, or narrow and semiterete, very rarely thick and fleshy,
or very broad and twisted. The radicle is superior, and short
or rarely elongated ; and when the cotyledons are very broad
and auricled at the base, it is mostly enclosed or surrounded
by the auricles.

The species of Euphorbia might also be divided into those
having pitted, smooth, or tubercular seeds. The seeds may be
divided into three groups.

The seed of E. exigua is obtusely tetragonal and deeply
pitted on the two faces obliquely facing the placenta. The
cotyledons represent the narrowest type. They are oblong,
obtuse, plano-convex, rather narrower and much shorter than
the radicle. The seed of E. Lathyris is shortly oblong, slightly

EUPHORBIACE.E 471

compressed, rather truncate at either end, and obliquely so
at the hilum where a semi-globular arillode is situated. The
cotyledons are rather wider than in the last case and much
longer than the radicle. The latter condition is again re-
versed in E. Peplus in which the radicle is twice as long
as the cotyledons. The latter are, however, much wider
and oval with their backs to the placenta as in the three
previous cases. The seed is oblong, bluntly ridged longi-
tudinally, deeply pitted with circular depressions, and a'
long furrow on each side of the raphe on the ventral aspect.
The broadly oval cotyledons of this species form a con-
necting link with the next group.

The seed of Euphorbia splendens is globose-oblong, tumid,
and covered all over with small warts or elevations. The
embryo of this species falls considerably short of the endo-
sperm. The cotyledons are plano-convex, suborbicular, and
nearly as wide as the endosperm. The seed of E. platyphylla
is subglobose and the embryo very similar to that of the
last, but the cotyledons are relatively longer, and some-
what exceed the radicle. The seed of E. Lagascse is oblong,
terete and rather truncate at either end. The cotyledons
are broadly oblong, and longer than the radicle. The seed
of E. macrorhiza is oblong, compressed, elliptical in trans-
verse section, and truncate at both ends. The cotyledons
are broad, short, oblong and about equal to the radicle in
length.

The third type is very distinct from either of the foregoing
as the cotyledons almost equal the seed, both in length and
width, nearly dividing the endosperm into halves as occurs
in Sterculia. A good example is that of Jatropha Curcas
which has broadly oblong cotyledons deeply auricled at the
base and almost completely enclosing the short stout radicle.
They are radiately five-nerved from the base, with strong,
branching nerves. The endosperm shrinks when dry, and
the cotyledons receding with it, a hollow space is left between
them. This peculiarity is even more marked in Hevea
brasiliensis, where the endosperm is more nearly if not quite
divided in half.

The cotyledons are oblong, slightly tapered to the base in

472 ON SEEDLINGS

conformity with the seed, trinerved and reticulate. The seed
is variegated with black blotches and markings on a deep brown
or even a pale ashy-grey ground. This is also the case in
Eicinus communis which has ovoid-oblong, dorso-ventrally
compressed seeds surmounted with a globular arillode. The
cotyledons are like those of the two previous species, but fall
a little short of the length and breadth of the seed. They are
five-nerved in the lower half and closely reticulated upwards.
The radicle projects a little beyond them.

Seedlings. — A considerable number of forms of cotyledons
are found hi the Order, many of them gradually merging
one into the other. Several occur in the genus Euphorbia
itself, where also the narrowest types are to be met with.
The cotyledons of E. Lathyris are long, leafy, linear and
show the midrib only. The leaves are opposite and four or
more of the primary pairs closely resemble the cotyledons ex-
cept in being larger, and longer. The cotyledons of E. exigua
(fig. 637) are linear or spathulate-linear and closely resemble
the first ten leaves except in being longer. The first pair
only are opposite. The cotyledons of E. Peplus are oblong-
linear and the smallest observed in the Order. The leaves are
alternate, except the first pair, and vary between obovate
and obovate-elliptic. The bracts are broadly ovate. The
cotyledons of Buxus sempervirens (fig. 639) are oblong-linear
or spathulate ; and the first two pairs of leaves are obovate
or elliptic.

The cotyledons of Euphorbia Lagascse are large, oblong,
entire or slightly emarginate, and penninerved with ascend-
ing lateral veins. In form and venation they seem to stand
alone.

Those of E. Myrsinites are broadly oval, entire and tri-
nerved. The first pair of leaves are similar, but smaller, with
more numerous ascending veins. A considerable number of
species have broadly oblong-oval cotyledons as typified by
Phyllanthus flaccidus (fig. 640). They also in this instance
are trinerved at the base, and have above several other,
long, incurved nerves. The leaves of the seedling are very
similar but larger and alternate. The third to the fifth on
the primary axis are reduced to small scales, bearing in their

EUPHORBIACEyE 473

axils leafy branches. The cotyledons of Petalostigma quadri-
locularis are larger and taper slightly at the base into hairy
petioles, but are otherwise similar to those of the last species.
The leaves are considerably smaller, oval and hairy. The
cotyledons of Phyllanthus mucronatus are very similar to those
of its congener mentioned above. The first four leaves are
smaller and obovate. The cotyledons of Euphorbia hetero-
phylla also conform to this type. Those of E. platyphylla
slightly depart from it in being wider at the base, oblong-ovate,
and alternately penninerved. The two primary leaves are
small and obovate. The cotyledons of Mercurialis annua
are similar, in being broadly oblong-ovate, but trinerved in
the lower half. The first pair of leaves are comparatively
large, ovate, serrate and thinly hairy.

The cotyledons of Euphorbia splendens (fig. 638) are more
nearly orbicular than those of any other species in the Order
coming under my observation. They are also entire or rarely
slightly emarginate and obscurely trinerved. The first three
leaves are elliptic, finely acuminate and closely penninerved
with the nerves incurved. The hypocotyl becomes fleshy and
tapshaped while the seedling is yet quite small and has de-
veloped but a few leaves. Probably the succulent and leafless
species would even be more notable in this respect. During
germination the seed is frequently carried up on the cotyle-
dons, and their growth as well as the swelling endosperm
cause the crustaceous testa to split along the greater part of
its length exposing the endosperm which continues to cover
the cotyledons for some time till mostly absorbed. The same
or much the same thing occurs in E. Peplus and also in
Eschscholtzia amongst the Papaveracese.

The cotyledons of Acalypha virginica are orbicular, widely
and shallowly emarginate, and trinerved with the primary
nerves much branched. The first pair of leaves are opposite,
widely and shallowly crenate. The cotyledons of Dalechampia
capensis (fig. 645) are also orbicular, sometimes oblong, but
they are very subject to malformation, in being undulated,
erosely emarginate, often oblique or irregularly cut away at
the base, or elsewhere, and variously twisted.

A number of species having more or less succulent or fleshy

474 OX SEEDLINGS

stems and large seeds are notable for the great size and
foliaceous character of their cotyledons. Those of Eicinus
communis (fig. 644) are five-nerved, ovate-oblong or oblong,
the shape varying even in the same plant. The first two
leaves are ovate, palmately seven-nerved and lobed at the base,
with a longer terminal lobe and acuminate. Every division
is finely serrated. Jatropha podagrica (fig. 643) is notable
for its long and succulent hypocotyl. The cotyledons are
broadly oblong, trinerved, and slightly auricled at the base.
As in other cases the auricles take their origin in the seed,
when they occupy the space on each side of the radicle.
The first leaf is roundly ovate, peltate, seven-nerved, very
blunt and entire. The cotyledons of Jatropha Curcas (fig. 642)
are rotund-oblong, entire or emarginate, subauricled at the
base, and seven- to nine-nerved. The first leaf is cordate-
ovate, and coarsely dentate. The second and third are
cordate, acuminate, seven-nerved and incipiently palmately
lobed.

A type distinct from any of the above is met with in
Jatropha multifida. The cotyledons are large, obovate, fleshy,
and remain in the seed which is carried up by the robust and
greatly elongated hypocotyl. When dry they are seen to be
three- to five-nerved. The first leaf is digitately seven-lobed ;
the second nine-lobed ; and the third and fourth seven-lobed.
The divisions of all are pinnatifid, with the ultimate seg-
ments subulate, lanceolate or linear. The hypocotyl of Hevea
Spruceana (fig. 641) is undeveloped and the cotyledons are sub-
terranean, remaining in the seed till they decay. Both the seeds
and the cotyledons are large, and the latter are petiolate as was
the case in Jatropha multifida, in order to facilitate their exit
and that of the plumule. The primary internode of the stem
varies from 12-20 cm. in length ; but the second one is only
about 3 mm. long. The first two leaves are opposite, and
digitately trifoliolate, with oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, en-
tire, and finely penninerved leaflets. The third leaf is alter-
nate, similar in form but smaller.

Euphorbia Lathyris, L.

Capsule trilobed, glabrous, glaucous when fresh, three-celled,
three-seeded, dehiscing with elasticity and force septicidally and

EUPHORBIACEvE 475

loculicidally ; exocarp thick, hard or sub woody, separating from the
thin pale-coloured endocarp.

Seed shortly oblong, thick but slightly laterally compressed,
arillate, somewhat variegated with brown, sculptured all over,
suspended from the axile placenta at the apex of the cell ; testa
thick and crustaceous ; tegmen thin and membranous ; hilum
and micropyle superior on the pendulous seed and contiguous ;
raphe ventral ; chalaza inferior ; arillode whitish, forming a
slightly elevated cap or shield on the hilum, crenate at the
margin and having a groove on its under side to accommodate the
raphe.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, whitish.

Embryo straight, embedded in the endosperm and somewhat
shorter than the latter ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, plano-
convex, closely applied face to face, lying in the broader way of the
seed with their edges to the raphe and axis, much narrower than the
endosperm but somewhat broader than the radicle ; radicle oblong
or cylindrical, obtuse, about equalling the cotyledons in length or
shorter, central or lying somewhat obliquely so as to be in the longer
axis of the seed, and point to the micropyle at one corner above the
cap-like arillode.

Seedling.

Primary root long, stout, tapering, fleshy, subflexuose, with
fleshy, flexuose, lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, fleshy, glabrous, purple and shining, with
a few scattered small red protuberances like bilobed glandular
processes, about 8'8 cm. long, but very variable according to cul-
tural treatment.

Cotyledons long, foliaceous and slightly smaller than, but pre-
cisely similar to the first pair of leaves, sessile, linear, obtuse, one-
nerved, glabrous, deep subglaucous-green above, glaucous beneath,
subconnate at the base forming a narrow rim around the stem,
horizontal, 2' 1-5 cm. long.

Stem erect, terete, fleshy, biennial, glabrous, glaucous or suffused
with a purplish tint ; 1st internode 1*1 cm. long ; 2nd and 3rd each
1 cm. ; 4th 6 mm. ; 5th and Gth 4 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, decussate, exstipulate,
very shortly petiolate or subsessile, horizontal, deep subglaucous-
green above with a white midrib, glaucous beneath, very glabrous,
linear-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, with the upper ones wider and
longer, flat or the younger ones slightly grooved on the upper side,

476

ON SEEDLINGS

all similar in shape to the cotyledons and first pair of leaves till
near the inflorescence.

Bracts large, ovate and lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate at the

Euphorbia exigna, L.

Fruit capsular, falling away from the persistent axis into three
two-valved cocci, each containing one seed.

Seed shortly oblong, small, obtuse-
ly tetragonous in transverse section,
glaucous or whitish, and deeply pitted
all over the two faces nearest the axis ;
hilum depressed at the apex of the
ventral aspect ; raphe ventral on the
ventral angle ; chalaza basal.

Endosperm copious, fleshy or al-
most farinaceous, white, surrounding
the embryo.

Embryo straight, central, nearly as
long as the endosperm, but much
narrower, colourless ; cotyledons ob-
long, obtuse, entire, plano-convex,
much shorter than the radicle ; radicle
cylindrical, obtuse, but narrowed to
the point, much longer than the coty-
ledons and as broad or. slightly broader
in the middle, close to the apex of the
endosperm, and the hilum of the seed.

Seedling (fig. 637).
Hypocotyl glabrous, bright green,
1-8-2-4 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons spathulate -linear or
strictly linear, obtuse, entire, narrowed
to the base and connate, glabrous,
glaucous above, bright green beneath and shining.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous, bright green, annual ; 1st internode
7'5 mm. long ; 2nd 4'5 mm. ; 3rd 1'5 mm. ; 4th 2 mm.

Leaves alternate (1st and 2nd opposite), entire, sessile, narrowed
to the base, with a distinct midrib seen only by transmitted light,
glabrous, glaucous above, bright green beneath.

Nos. 1-10. Linear, subacute, narrowed towards the base.

FIG. 637.

-Euphorbia exigua,
x2.

EUPHORBIACE^E 477

Euphorbia Peplus, L.

Capsule as in E. Lathyris, but the pericarp does not split into
two distinct layers when mature.

Seeds comparatively small, oblong, capped by a small, white,
funicular arillode, somewhat angled longitudinally, deeply pitted
with circular depressions and a long oblong one on each side of
the raphe on the ventral aspect, grey or glaucous, slightly depressed
or truncated at either end ; testa subcrustaceous, tegmen thin and
membranous ; raphe ventral ; chalaza inferior, orbicular, and convex
or somewhat elevated, and seated in an apical depression ; hilum and
micropyle superior, with the former lying in a depression formed by
the arillode, and oval in outline.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, whitish.

Embryo comparatively large, straight, colourless, central, some-
what shorter than the endosperm ; cotyledons oblong, orbicular,
entire, plano-convex or nearly flat, lying in the endosperm with
their backs to the axis ; radicle oblong, much narrower and also
longer than the cotyledons, tapering somewhat to an obtuse point,
which lies close to the micropyle.

Germination. — The radicle pushes into the soil, fixing the
young plant there, and develops root-hairs. The hypocotyl arches,
and as it rises up pulls the cotyledons out of the seed, which splits
irregularly during the process so as to facilitate their exit. In
moist soil and a moderately high temperature, the seeds germinate
in nine days.

On the second day after appearing above the soil, the lower
part of the hypocotyl is straight and stout ; the upper part is still
curved downwards and much more slender. The cotyledons im-
mediately after leaving the seed are narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire,
glabrous, pale green, and sessile.

Four days after appearing above soil the hypocotyl is nearly
straight, and the cotyledons are somewhat larger, oblong, obtuse,
entire and very shortly petiolate, with two short lateral nerves at the
base and one to two alternate ones upwards.

Seedling.

Primary root normal, annual.

Hypocotyl pale green below, purple upwards, tapering into the
root, 1*9 cm. long.

Cotyledons linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering into the
petiole which is short and grooved above, 8 mm. long including the
petiole.

Stem very similar to that of E. exigua.

478 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves petiolate, subglaucous-green above, glaucous beneath,
obovate or varying to obovate-elliptic, obtuse, sometimes though
rarely emarginate.

Bracts broadly ovate.

Euphorbia Myrsinites, L.

Hypocotyl 2-3 cm. long, light green.

Cotyledons broadly oval, obtuse, entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous,
dark green above, lighter beneath, indistinctly trinerved.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, light green, glabrous ; 1st inter-
node 3-5 mm. long ; 2nd shorter.

First leaves opposite, sessile, entire, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
glabrous, subglaucous-green, indistinctly pinnatinerved.

Euphorbia heterophylla, L.

Hypocotyl thicker towards the base, light green stained with
red towards the soil, 1-5-2-25 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, entire, petiolate, glabrous, light
green, distinctly pinnatinerved.

The seed splits transversely at the hilum, and the cotyledons
have often a considerable difficulty in getting rid of the testa, for
which purpose they are often thrown into folds.

The membranous remains of the endosperm frequently stay on
the cotyledons long after the testa has been thrown off.

Euphorbia platyphylla, L.

Capsule small, roundish, warted, one-seeded.

Seed subrotund or obovate, slightly flattened laterally, 1-1-25
mm. long ; testa crustaceous, light brown, smooth, slightly thick-
ened near the hilum ; hilum rather conspicuous.

Endosperm copious, fleshy.

Embryo straight, embedded in endosperm ; cotyledons oval or
suborbicular, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, closely adpressed, lying
in the broad way of the seed with their edges to the axis ; radicle
obtuse, entire, terete, about equal in length to the cotyledons.

Seedling.

Hypocotyl 3-4*5 cm. long, light green or colourless, with often
a slight tinge of red near the base.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, membranous, petiolate,
glabrous, light green and, like the leaves, indistinctly pinnati-
nerved.

EUPHORBIACE^E 479

Stem erect, terete, glabrous ; 1st internode 3-4 mm. long.
Primary leaves entire, alternate, obovate, obtuse, petiolate, gla-
brous, light green, subglaucous beneath, pinnatinerved.

Euphorbia splendens, Boj.

Capsule as in E. Peplus.

Seed shortly oblong, tumid, almost globose, terminating at the
upper and basal part in a short, cuspidate, obtuse point which
corresponds to the micropyle, covered all over with little obtuse
elevations or points, dull grey, suspended from near the apex of the
placenta at the inner angle of the cell ; testa thick and subcrusta-
ceous ; tegmen thin and membranous ; hilum and micropyle con-
tiguous, superior ; raphe ventral ; chalaza inferior.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, whitish.

Embryo comparatively large, falling a little short of the endo-
sperm, in which it is embedded, central, colourless or pale yellow ;
cotyledons subrotund, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying in the
endosperm with their backs to the axis or placenta (the diameter of
the seed being about equal either way) ; radicle oblong, obtuse, lying
in the endosperm with its point close to the micropyle, equalling or
slightly longer, but much narrower than the cotyledons.

Germination. — An early stage shows the testa splitting deeply
into halves by the force of growth of the cotyledons, and the swell-
ing endosperm. If only lightly covered the seed is carried up by
the germinating embryo. The seedling appears above soil in about
thirteen days.

Nine days after germination the testa and endosperm are not
yet thrown off, but the as yet very shortly petiolate cotyledons have
increased considerably in size, and are now partly uncovered. The
glabrous hypocotyl is somewhat fleshy, has increased greatly in
length and thickness, and is pale greenish -yellow.

Seedling (fig. 638).

Primary root slender, tapering, often flexuose, with a few lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl fleshy, erect, clavate, tumid, glabrous, shining, pale
green or deep dull red according to exposure.

Cotyledons rotund, entire, petiolate, obscurely trinerved,
rarely slightly emarginate, glabrous, deep subglaucous -green above,
paler beneath; lamina 8'5 mm. long, 7*5 mm. wide ; petiole flat-
tened above, 1'5 mm. long.

Stem shrubby, fleshy, full of latex, branching, much angled
by the long, stout, spiny stipules, shortly and densely pubescent

480

ON SEEDLINGS

when young, afterwards subglabrous, pale green or reddish, ulti-
mately brown or grey ; 1st internode 2 mm. long, conspicuously
thinner than the hypocotyl ; 2nd 1 mm.
long; 3rd not developed. Here the first
season's growth seems to end.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, al-
ternate, stipulate, petiolate, pubescent
on the midrib beneath, otherwise gla-
brous, deep subglaucous-green above,
paler beneath and glaucous, alternate-
ly penninerved, with ascending nerves,
curved at their apex and joining, form-
ing a loop, or obscurely anastomosing ;
petioles short, pubescent, grooved above
and rounded on the back ; stipules
long, spiny, tapering to an acute point,
dilated at the base longitudinally, and
compressed laterally; the colour of the
branch.

Nos. 1-3. Elliptic, acute, or apiculate.
Ultimate leaves elliptic, or oblong-
elliptic, apiculate.

Euphorbia macrorhiza, C. A. Mey.

Fruit capsular or splitting up into three cocci separating from the
persistent axis, triangular or shallowly trisulcate, glabrous, green,
reticulate, ultimately ash -coloured, and tipped with the short per-
sistent style and three bifid stigmas ; cocci oblong, obtusely tetra-
gonal, disconnected along the interior angle, with a round opening
near the apex of that side, through which the funicle or process of
the placenta passes, sometimes splitting along the dorsal suture,
crustaceous, brittle.

Seed oblong, elliptica. n transverse section, hard, smooth, trun-
cate at both ends, deep brown, slightly variegated with a paler
colour, crustaceous, capped with a reniform deep yellow or orange,
micropylar arillode, the notch of which stands over the minute hilar
spot ; raphe ventral, extending to the extreme base of the seed,
where the chalaza forms a small circular depression.

Endosperm abundant, fleshy, white, surrounding the embryo.

Embryo axile, straight, with a well-developed, pointed radicle ;
cotyledons flattened, or slightly convex on the back, short, oblong,
obtuse, entire, fleshy ; radicle stout, pointed, about equalling the
cotyledons In length.

FIG. 638.

Euphorbia splendens.
Nat. size.

EUPIIORBIACEJE
Buxus sempervirens, L. (fig. 639).

481

Primary root long, tapering, with a few short, fleshy, adventitious
rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, suffrutescent,
glabrous, pale green, 3'3 cm. long, 1 mm.
thick.

Cotyledons foliaceous, oblong-linear or
spathulate, obtuse, glabrous, deep green,
1*3 cm. long, 3*75 mm. wide, tapering to
the base.

Stem suffrutescent, erect, quadrangular
from the decurrent lines from the petioles,
glabrous, pale green ; 1st internode 8 mm.
long; 2nd 2-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decus-
sate, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, bright
green, glabrous, entire, evergreen ; petioles
slightly grooved above, 1 mm. long.

First and second pairs alike, obovate or
subelliptic.

Phyllanthus flaccidus, Thwaites (fig.
640).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, closely
mottled with red on a pale green ground,
l-4-l"6 cm. above the ground, more or less
covered with minute crystalline papillae.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, entire,
alternately incurvinerved, petiolate, glabrous,

deep green, firm, horizontal; lamina 9-10'5 mm. long, 4'5-5'5 mm.
wide ; petiole biconvex or somewhat flattened above, minutely papil-
lose, 1-1'5 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, slender at this stage, glabrous, minutely
papillose, and mottled with red on a pale green ground, ultimately
woody ; 1st internode 9-11 mm. long ; 2nd 4-5 mm. ; 3rd 4-5 mm. ;
4th 6-5-7-5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
scattered on the primary stem, and distichous on the lateral branches,
alternately incurvinerved and reticulate, glabrous, revolute at the
margin, minutely dotted with pale grey on a deep green ground,
glaucous beneath ; stipules minute, triangular-subulate, acute, pale
green, or pinkish, hyaline at the margin ; petioles terete, smooth,

FIG. 639.

Buxus sempervirens.
Nat. size.

482 ON SEEDLINGS

mottled with red, about 2 mm. long on the primary stem and
1 mm. long on the lateral branches.

Nos. 1 and 2. Oval or subelliptic, obtuse
at both ends.

Nos. 3-5. Keduced to small subulate,
acute teeth, similar to the stipules in shape
and size or nearly so, bearing in their axils
horizontal, leafy branches.

Leaves on the lateral branches similar
to the primary ones but smaller, oval or
elliptic, obtuse.

Petalostigma quadriloculare, Mull. Arg.
Phyllanthus flaccidus. Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, light

green, 3-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, tapering at the base to the
petiole, glabrous, dark green, paler beneath, 1-8-2 cm. long in-
cluding the petiole, which is slightly hairy beneath, 9-11 mm. wide ;
midrib sending off numerous ascending veinlets as in the leaves.

Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, pubescent, light green ; 1st inter-
node 2 cm. ; 2nd rather shorter, about 1-1 -3 cm. long.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, alternate, petiolate, with short
hairy stipules, pubescent on both surfaces, oval to obovate, obtuse,
light green, somewhat reflexed ; midrib prominent with numerous
ascending veinlets, 1-2-1-3 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide.

Hevea brasiliensis, Mull. Arg.

Ovary of three carpels, three-celled, three-ovuled ; ovules pen-
dulous, anatropous ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a capsule, large, splitting into two-valved cocci ; epicarp
rather fleshy ; endocarp woody, thick.

Seed pendulous, anatropous, oblong or roundish, large, glabrous,
obtusely angled on the ventral aspect in conformity with the inner
angle of the fruit, convex on the back, marked with black dots and
irregular blotches on a pale or dark brown or ashy ground ; hilum
oblong or elliptical, nearly superior on the ventral aspect ; raphe
ventral, lying in a furrow on the central or rather inner angle of the
seed, longitudinal, separable from the testa ; chalaza at the lower
end of the seed ; radicle superior, close to the micropyle which
occupies the centre of the upper end ; testa crustaceous or woody,
tough or strong but breaking with a clean transverse fracture ;
tegmen soft, spongy, pale grey.

Endosperm abundant, fleshy, completely surrounding the

EUPHORBIACE^

483

embryo, but thinnest at the sides, yellowish or creamy white, 3 mm.
wide on the ventral and dorsal faces.

Embryo straight, large, colourless ; cotyledons thin, slightly
curved at the sides and running through almost the whole length
of the seed, closely applied with their backs to the placenta, but so
far apart internally (at least when dry) as to leave an ellipsoid hollow,
1 cm. wide and 4-4-5 mm. deep, oblong in outline, with a distinct
midrib, trinerved for the lower two-thirds, and then alternately penni-
nerved, obtuse or subtruncate at the apex, cordate at the base.

Hevea Spruceana, 31 all.
Arcj. (fig. 641).

Primary root very strong,
long, and tapering down-
wards.

Hypocotyl very short,
stout, subterranean, glabrous,
pinkish and mottled with
yellow.

Cotyledons very large and
wide, petiolate, subterranean
and remaining in the seed till
they decay after absorbing the
endosperm ; petioles flattened
above, convex on the back,
dilated and semi-amplexicaul
at the base, glabrous, green,
of unequal lengths when the position of the seed during germination
necessitates it for the convenience of exit of the plumule ; the
longer 10'5 mm. long ; the shorter 7'5 mm.

Stem erect, subcompressed in the young state, glabrous, deep
dull green, soon becoming woody ; 1st internode 12-20 cm. ; 2nd
about 3 mm. long.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), stipu-
late, petiolate, with the leaflets subsessile or narrowed to a very
short petiolule, alternately incurvinerved, reticulate, entire, glabrous,
somewhat shining or glossy, deep olive-green on the upper surface,
suffused with a glaucous-purple beneath (at least when young) ;
stipules small, subulate, acute, pale green, interpetiolar in the
primary pair ; petioles subterete, stout or dilated at the base, and
tapering upwards, narrowly channelled on the upper surface, deep
dull green, glabrous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, digitately trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong -

FIG. 641. — Hevea Spruceana.
One-fourth nat. size.

484

ON SEEDLINGS

lanceolate, acuminate, suddenly narrowed at the base into a short
petiolule, but not articulated with the rachis, unequal ; middle one
longest and slightly the widest.

No. 3. Alternate, similar to the first two but apparently on a
much smaller scale, and at the end of a very short internode.

Jatropha Curcas, L.

Ovary of three carpels, three-celled, three-ovuled ; ovules pen-
dulous, anatropous ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a capsule, ovoid, blunt at both ends, tipped with the
persistent base of the style, with six shallow longitudinal furrows
(at least when dry) denoting the dorsal and ventral sutures of the
carpels, more or less reticulate, three-celled, three-seeded, falling
away in two-valved, one-seeded cocci ; endocarp hardened or woody.

Seed large, oblong,
blunt at both ends, slightly
dorsally compressed, and
very obtusely subtrigonous,
glabrous, brown, shal-
lowly sculptured all over ;
testa crustaceous, generally
thickest on the ventral
aspect, and at each end ;
tegmen thicker, harder
and pale brown ; micropyle
nearly or quite superior;
hilum near the upper end
on the ventral aspect and
contiguous to the micro-
pyle ; raphe ventral ; cha-
laza inferior, large, and
thickened internally.

Endosperm copious,
fleshy, white, nearly divided
longitudinally into halves
by the embryo.

Embryo straight, large,

nearly equal in length and breadth to the endosperm, colourless ;
cotyledons large, flat, oblong, obtuse, deeply cordate at the base,
palmately five-nerved and somewhat reticulate by branches from
the main nerves, adhering to the endosperm which shrinks when
dry, leaving a hollow space in the middle; radicle short, stout,

EUPHORBIACE.E

485

oblong, obtuse, almost surrounded by the auricles of the coty-
ledons, imbedded in the endosperm, close to the micropyle.

Seedling (fig. 642).

Hypocotyl erect, stout, succulent, glabrous, smooth, pale green,
slightly tapering upwards from 8-9 mm. thick, 3-5 cm. long.

Stem stout, succulent, green, glabrous, shining ; 1st internode
ri cm. long; 2nd 2*8 cm.; 3rd 6 mm.

Cotyledons roundish-oblong, obtuse, entire, or emarginate, sub-
auricled at the base, palmately seven- to nine-nerved and reticulate,
grass green above, paler beneath, glabrous, 6 cm. long and 5 cm.
wide, petiolate ; petiole 3-2 cm. long, dilating upwards to the lamina,
grooved on the upper side, with a bud in one of the axils.

Leaves cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, simple.

No. 1. Cordate-ovate, acuminate, distantly and irregularly den-
tate-serrate, with the serratures mucronate, palmately nine-nerved,
grass green above and glabrous, except in the sinus which is slightly
hairy, paler beneath, with very prominent nerves ; petiole nearly
terete or slightly flattened on the upper side towards the lamina,
pale green, glabrous, 8'6
cm. long ; stipules small,
subulate, acute, almost
filamentous.

No. 2. Cordate, acumi-
nate, somewhat angled,
but scarcely lobed, coarsely
dentate, palmately nine-
nerved ; petiole terete,
otherwise like the first.

No. 3. Similar to, but
smaller than the second.

Jatropha podagrica,
Hook. (fig. 643).

Hypocotyl thickened
upwards from 5 mm. at
the base to 8 mm. near
the apex, 7 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly ob-
long, rounded at the apex,
obsoletely auricled at the base, palmately trinerved, 3'1 cm. long,
2-2 cm. wide, glabrous and smooth; petiole 1'5 cm. long, semiterete,
channelled on the upper side, red.

FIG. 643. — Jatropha podagrica.
Half nat. size.

486 OX SEEDLINGS

Leaves cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, simple.

No. 1. Peltate, entire ; lamina rotundly ovate in outline, obtuse,
entire, radiately seven-nerved and reticulate, pale green above, deeply
glaucous or whitish beneath, glabrous ; petiole erect, terete, smooth,
tapering from 3 mm. at the base to 2 mm. in thickness near the
apex, 5 cm. long, pale green suffused with red on the basal half ;
stipules multifid, tipped with glands.

Jatrcpha multifida, L.

Hypocotyl woody and somewhat fleshy, erect, terete, glabrous,
glaucous-green mottled with grey, varying in length from 9'5 cm.
to more above the soil, stout, tapering from the base upwards.

Cotyledons large, fleshy, remaining in the seed till it is exhausted,
when the whole becomes dry and drops away ; petiole about 1*3 cm.
long ; lamina when removed from the dry seed 1'6 cm. long, 1-15 cm.
wide.

Stem succulent, soon becoming woody, tapering upwards and
more slender than the hypocotyl, deep green suffused with a
glaucous bloom, and mottled with little white protuberances; 1st
internode 1 cm. long ; 2nd 3 mm. ; 3rd 6'5 mm. ; 4th undeveloped,
bringing the third and fourth leaf opposite, but this is not a constant
characteristic,

Leaves simple, digitate, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,
intense green above with white or pale midribs to the primary and
secondary segments, glaucous beneath with very prominent mid-
ribs, glabrous ; petioles terete, glabrous, glaucous, tapering upwards
from a stout base ; stipules cut into slender, branching, bristle-like
processes, pale green or colourless.

No. 1. Digitately seven -lobed ; lobes lanceolate in outline, pin-
natifid with irregular sized, subulate, acute, aristate segments ;
basal pair of lobes small with a large segment on the basal, anterior
side ; middle lobe somewhat deformed.

No. 2. Digitately nine-lobed ; lobes lanceolate in outline, deeply
and irregularly pinnatifid ; basal lobes very small ; ultimate seg-
ments subulate, attenuate, aristate.

Nos. 3 and 4. Digitately seven-lobed ; lobes lanceolate in out-
line, tapering to both ends or lanceolate -elliptic ; basal lobes with a
large posterior and basal segment ; ultimate segments subulate,
attenuate or linear, and mostly aristate.

No. 5. Similar to three and four, but sometimes without large
segments at the posterior and basal side of the basal lobes.

Ultimate leaves varying in size, and seven- to ten- or more
lobed, with irregularly pinnatifid or pinnatipartite secondary divi-

EUPHORBIA CE^] 487

sions, the longer of which are linear, acute, aristate ; the shorter
subulate.

Mercurialis ann.ua, Mull. Arg.

Hypocotyl erect, quadrangular, glabrous, 4-6 cm. long, light
green or colourless.

Cotyledons ovate or subrotund, obtuse, entire, petiolate with
rather long petioles, glabrous, light green, trinerved at the base
with the midrib dividing into two branches near the centre of the
leaf.

Stem erect, quadrangular, herbaceous, glabrous ; 1st internode
5-6 mm. long ; 2nd considerably shorter.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, petiolate, stipu-
late, ovate, acute, serrate or crenate, rather hairy, light green, dis-
tinctly pinnatinerved ; stipules apparently persistent, small ; petioles
short, channelled on the upper side.

In two out of eight specimens there were three cotyledons, and
the first leaves were verticillate in whorls of three.

Acalypha virginica, Null. Arg.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, 1*5-3 cm. long,
light green or colourless, stained with red near the base.

Cotyledons orbicular, obtuse, slightly emarginate, petiolate,
glabrous or with a few minute hairs on the edges and petioles, dark
green, trinerved with the principal veins much branched.

Stem with primary internodes but slightly developed.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, ovate, obtuse, crenate-
serrate, hairy, pinnatinerved, shortly petiolate, stipulate. Sub-
sequent leaves alternate.

Ricinus communis, L.

Ovary as in Jatropha.

Fruit dry, trilobed, three-seeded, breaking up into three two-
valved cocci.

Seed ovoid-oblong, dorso-ventrally compressed, 1'5-1'65 cm.
long, 9-10 mm. wide ; testa crustaceous, shining, marked with deep
shining brown on a grey ground ; raphe ventral ; chalaza at the
base of the ventral aspect ; micropyle superior, forming a large,
white, emarginate process, separated from the rest of the seed by a
constriction ; hilum apical on the ventral aspect, almost concealed
by the micropyle.

Endosperm abundant, fleshy or oily, white, surrounding the
embryo.

488

ON SEEDLINGS

Embryo straight, flat, very large, central, colourless ; cotyledons
broad, oblong, obtuse, falling a little short of the whole length of
the seed, alternately penninerved and reticulate, slightly cordate at
the base, adhering to the endosperm and separated from one
another ; radicle short, stout, oblong, obtuse, extending beyond the
cotyledons for about half its length ; plumule inconspicuous.

Seedling (fig. 644).
Primary root a succulent
taproot, not very long, with
many thick, colourless, lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl 10-15 cm. long,
8'5-5 mm. thick, succulent,
terete, glabrous, reddish.

Cotyledons with a chan-
nelled, glabrous, glandular
petiole 3 cm. long, 2'5 mm.
broad, 1'5 mm. thick, and an
entire lamina, oblong in one
and ovate-oblong in the other,
rounded or subcordate at the
base, very obtuse at the apex,
about 8 cm. long, 4-5 cm.
wide, palmatinerved at the base, glabrous, thinly succulent, bright
green above, paler beneath. The disparity of the cotyledons is pro-
bably accidental in the specimen sketched.

Stem very short at first ; 1st internode 5 mm. long, half as thick
as the hypocotyl, slightly compressed, glabrous, dark green.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, with glandular stipules, petio-
late, palmately seven- to many-nerved and -lobed especially at the
base, with the lobes alternately nerved upwards, reticulated, serrate,
glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath.

Nos. 1 and 2. About 6 cm. long at first by 3 cm. wide, palmati-
lobed at the base ; terminal lobe about 4 cm. long by nearly 2 cm.
wide, acuminate, subpeltate at first, but splitting at the base after
some time so as to render it truly palmati-lobed and -nerved, ob-
tusely serrate andmucronate, glabrous, fleshy but thin, bright green
above, paler beneath.

Dalechampia capensis, Spr.fil. (fig. 645).

Hypocotyl 2'7 cm. long, 1-1-5 mm. thick, terete, with a short,
spreading pubescence.

FIG. 644. — Ricinus communis.
One-fourth nat, size.

EUPIIORBIACE^E

489

Cotyledons rotund or rhomboid, oblique, sometimes emarginate,
undulated or twisted, and frequently very unequal at the base,
palmately trinerved, with sometimes irregular secondary nerves,
reticulate, pubescent, and somewhat sca-
brous above, glabrous below except on the
nerves.

Stem terete or slightly angled on two
sides, soft, densely covered with long and
short spreading pubescence ; 1st inter-
node 1-5-3 cm. long ; 2nd shorter.

Leaves opposite and alternate, cauline,
stipulate, petiolate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Palmately three- to

five-nerved, and coarsely serrate-dentate

or lobed, with obtuse teeth ending in a

minute mucro ; lamina more or less

triangular with a cordate base, pubescent

above and on the nerves beneath, and

having two short, cylindrical glands in

the basal sinus ; petiole terete, channelled

above, hirsute, 8 mm. long ; stipules contiguous, small, subulate,

acute, patent, pubescent.

No. 3. Alternate, deeply trilobate, palmately five-nerved, cordate

at the base, pubescent above and on the nerves beneath ; lateral

lobes oblong, oblique, obtuse, mucronate, distantly serrate along the

posterior margin, with one to two teeth towards the apex on the

anterior margin, irregularly penninerved ; terminal lobe subelliptic,

obtuse, mucronate, penninerved with two to three serratures on each

side.

FIG. 645.

Dalechampia capensis.
Half nat. size.

URTICACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 341.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior or more or less
inferior in a few genera, and always consists of a single carpel,
which is one-celled and one-ovuled, or the ovule is rarely
accompanied by another, the growth of which however is soon
arrested. It is inserted on a basal or nearly basal placenta,
is erect or ascending, and orthotropous, very slightly amphi-
tropous ; sometimes it is inserted at or near the apex, and is

490 OX SEEDLINGS

pendulous?, anatropous or shortly amphitropous ; the micropyle
is always superior. The fruit is one-seeded, indehiscent, and
generally small, sometimes an achene and dry, fleshy or succu-
lent, free or included in, or adnate to the perianth ; sometimes
it is a drupe and free, or it consists of numerous carpels, im-
mersed or sunk in a fleshy receptacle or surrounding the thala-
mus and densely aggregated or united, forming a compound
fruit as in the Mulberry. The seed is erect, pendulous or late-
rally attached and conforms to the cavity of the fruit ; the testa
is membranous or rarely crustaceons. Endosperm is wanting
or forms a thin layer surrounding the embryo, and occupying
its sinus in some cases when it is sometimes unilateral. The
embryo is straight or curved, and fleshy with a short or minute,
superior radicle. Sometimes the cotyledons are variously
unequal, folded, or involute, with a superior radicle, or the
latter is again curved downwards and incumbent.

Exceptional cases occur where endosperm is copious and
fleshy, as in a few species of Trema, in Parasponia, in the
tribe Cannabineae, in Morus, Bosquiea, Sceptrocnide, Parie-
taria, Urtica dioica, Cypholophus, Thelygonum,. and in a few
species of other genera.

One of the simplest types of embryo is that occurring in
Parietaria officinalis. The seed closely conforms to the ovoid
fruit and contains a large quantity of endosperm surrounding
the straight embryo, which has oval cotyledons, longer than
the radicle. The achene of Urtica dioica (fig. 650) is ovoid
and laterally compressed with a smaller quantity of endosperm
surrounding the embryo. The cotyledons are orbicular, emar-
ginate owing to a thickening at the chalaza, and longer than
the radicle.

A distinct type occurs in Caanabis sativa where the achene
is oval and the seed which conforms to it has a small quantity
of endosperm between the radicle and the oval, plano-convex,
incumbent cotyledons.

A still more complicated type is met with in Celtis occiden-
talis. The fruit is a somewhat fleshy drupe, one- or sometimes
two- seeded, with a bony endocarp. The seed is campylotropous,
inserted near the top of the cavity, and when two are present,
they are collateral. The endosperm occupies a small space

TJRTICACE.E 491

on the ventral aspect of the seed in the folds of the embryo.
The latter occupies the dorsal aspect round which it is curved
with the radicle incurved and abutting with its tip against
the ventral aspect. The cotyledons are broadly oblong, deeply
emarginate or bifid at the apex, more or less folded transversely
and also deeply infolded at the apex in order to accommodate
themselves to the interior of the seed. The apical fission facili-
tates the folding. They are trinerved in the lower half, and
while yet in the seed auricled at the base, but by subsequent
growth they become euneate.

A fourth type is met with in Hurnulus, which has a spirally
coiled embryo. The seed is nearly globular, but slightly
elongated at either end, and contains in H. japonicus a small
quantity of endosperm alongside the tip of the radicle and
a smaller portion in the centre of the coiled embryo. The
radicle is terete and considerably elongated. The cotyledons
are incumbent, and the inner has one coil more than the outer
so that after germination they are of equal length. The
outer one makes about two complete coils, and the inner one
three coils. The seed of H. Lupulus is exalbuminous ; the
embryo is coiled in a similar way to the last. When spread
out the cotyledons in both cases are linear and plano-convex,
or more or less compressed in the middle according to the
pressure to which the different portions are subjected.

Seedlings. — About seven different types of cotyledons have
come under my observation. The simplest type occurs in
Conocephalus niveus (fig. 649) which has very small, orbi-
cular, petiolate cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are very
small, ovate and entire ; the second pair are roundly ovate
and slightly toothed near the top and trinerved ; the third
pair are cordate-ovate, trinerved and serrate.

The cotyledons of Urtica dioica are somewhat larger than
those of the last, rotund, emarginate, pubescent above, tri-
nerved and petiolate. Laportea urens is somewhat similar but
has larger cotyledons showing a midrib only. The first leaf
is roundly ovate ; the second much larger, cordate and inserted
almost on the same level ; the third is similar to the last
but larger. The cotyledons of Girardinia palmata (fig. 651)
are comparatively large, obovate-rotund, emarginate, trinerved

492 ON SEEDLINGS

at the base with a second pair of strong nerves given off from
the middle, and all the four laterals are incurved at their
apices. The first two leaves are opposite, trinerved, ovate
and serrate-dentate. The third and fourth are rotund-ovate ;
all are covered with coarse stinging hairs projecting at right
angles to the surface. The cotyledons of Dorstenia Contra-
jerva (fig. 647) are rotund, emarginate, rarely oval, subtruncate
at the base and trinerved. The primary leaves are cordate,
trinerved, distantly dentate, and serrate. They show a ten-
dency to become trifid ; and the leaves of the adult are three-
to five-lobed. A slight divergence from this type is shown by
Ficus bengalensis (fig. 648) which has roundly ovate, emar-
ginate and trinerved cotyledons close to the ground owing
to the shortness of the hypocotyl. The first two leaves
are opposite, ovate and obscurely crenate, while the third and
fourth are alternate, and ovate with a cordate base.

A third type, represented by Maclura aurantiaca, has
oblong-oval, entire and somewhat penninerved cotyledons.
The two primary leaves are opposite, lanceolate, acuminate,
obtuse and penninerved.

A rather distinct type occurs in Celtis occidentalis (fig. 646)
which has oblong, deeply emarginate, trinerved cotyledons,
cuneate at the base and tapering into a short petiole. The
cause of the emargination has been described above as
due to folding. In Urtica dioica (fig. 650) it was due to a
thickening at the chalaza inside the seed, and is doubtless
augmented by unequal growth subsequent to germination.
Two of the primary leaves are opposite, ovate, trinerved,
serrate and symmetrical at the base. The four succeeding
ones are much larger and wider but otherwise similar. The
ultimate leaves are unequal at the base, somewhat resembling
those of the Elm.

The cotyledons of Cannabis sativa are unequal, obovate-
spathulate, sessile and trinerved. The longer cotyledon varies
from 1-4-1-6 cm. in length and 5-6 mm. in width, while the
shorter one is 1-1-3 cm. long and 5-5-6 mm. wide. Their
shape and inequality are due to their being incumbent in the
seed. The larger one occupies the periphery of the seed
and is curved, while the smaller lying between the long one

URTICACKE 493

and the radicle has less space to develop. The first two
leaves are opposite as in many previously mentioned species,
lanceolate and serrate ; but in vigorous seedlings a pair of
lobes is developed at the base. The second pair are digitately
tripartite with lanceolate, serrate divisions, the middle one of
which is much the largest. The third and fourth pairs are
digitately four- to five-partite with lanceolate segments ; and
the ultimate leaves have numerous lanceolate, acuminate,
radiating segments. The cotyledons of C. gigantea are downy,
but otherwise similar to those of C. sativa. The first two
leaves are lanceolate-oblong, while the second pair are deeply
tripartite at the base, with the terminal segment much the
largest.

The cotyledons of Girardinia heterophylla differ from those
of Cannabis in being relatively wider, emarginate, petiolate
and alternately penninerved, and from Urtica dioica in shape,
venation and their much greater size. The two primordial
leaves are opposite, oblong and coarsely serrate. The coty-
ledons of Forskohlea viridis are relatively narrower than those
of the last, and pubescent, but otherwise resemble them. The
two first leaves are opposite, lanceolate and distantly serrate.

The seventh type is represented by Humulus japonicus,
which has linear, obtuse, or acute cotyledons, slightly connate
at the base, and showing a sunk midrib only. They are also
finely glandular-pubescent, equal in length, and 2-8-3 cm.
long by 2*5-3 mm. wide. The stipules are interpetiolar, and
the two from adjoining leaves are connate into one blunt piece.
The two first leaves are trifid, and the two following five-lobed
and five-nerved.

Celtis occidentalis, L.

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary one-celled, one- sometimes two-
ovuled, surmounted by the deeply bi-fid or -partite style ; ovules
subapical, pendulous, campylotropous, collateral when two are
present ; radicle dorsal, superior, close to the apex of the cell,
elongated.

Fruit a rather fleshy berry or drupe, ovoid, slightly oblique and
tipped with the short, persistent, hardened base of the style, one-
celled, one- sometimes two-seeded, deep green when young, becoming
pale or yellowish ultimately slightly reddish, glabrous ; rnesocarp

494 ON SEEDLINGS

rather fleshy, deep green, ultimately somewhat pulpy ; endocarp
bony, forming a smooth, hollow sphere, with which the seed con-
forms.

Seed suspended from one side slightly below the apex, globose
with a prominent projecting micropyle close to or at the apex of
the carpel, albuminous ; testa thin, white when young or immature,
marked with a semitransparent spot on the opposite side of the
hilum from the radicle ; hilum small, orbicular, somewhat promi-
nent.

Endosperm fleshy, white, originally occupying the whole seed,
but as the ovary grows becoming more and more pushed towards
the hilum of the fruit with a considerable mass in the concave face
or hollow formed by the cotyledons.

Embryo fleshy, colourless, straight at first, then becoming con-
cave on the side towards the placenta, and increasing till it attains
the length of the fruit ; the ends of the cotyledons then curve up
the other side of the seed towards the hilum, the apical halves
become folded upon each other longitudinally, and the tips some-
times transversely folded ; the cotyledons also become emarginate
at a very early age, when they are shortly oblong, rounded at the
base, subsequently elongating and becoming obovate-oblong, deeply
emarginate or bifid, cordate .-at the base and trinerved, with the
midrib forking close to the sinus, one branch entering each lobe of
the cotyledon.

Seedling (fig. 646).

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, and giving off numerous
rootlets.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, pubescent, pale green, about
4 cm. long.

Cotyledons oblong, deeply emarginate, cuneate at the base,
shortly petiolate, three- or obscurely five-nerved from the base with
the midrib forking and one fork going to each of the apical lobes,
minutely pubescent, deep green above, paler beneath, 1*7 cm. long
including the petiole, 7 mm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete, hispid and pale green, ultimately
forming a large tree ; 1st internode 9-13 mm. long ; 2nd 1-4 cm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), stipulate,
petiolate, coarsely hairy and pubescent or hispid, ultimately glabrous
or nearly so, alternately penninerved and reticulate, plicate in verna-
tion, and covered in the young unfolding condition with clear,
crystalline, dot-like glands pellucid in the seedling plant owing to
the thinness of the leaves ; petiole short, terete, hairy, articulated

URTICACEJE

495

with the stem ; stipules oblong-subulate, hairy, hyaline, caducous,
sometimes though rarely half-ovate, subfoliaceous, somewhat per-
sistent in the adult tree.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tri-
nerved in the lower half, with the
small stipules parallel and in close
contiguity, equal at the base.

Nos. 3 and 4. Similar, but
larger.

No. 5. Somewhat unequal at
the base, otherwise like the rest,
cut away on the posterior basal side.

The fruit and seedling of Celtis
australis, L., are described by
Tubeuf (1. c. pp. 54 and 115). They
are very similar to those of C.
occidentalis, but the cotyledons of
C. australis are wider and rhom-
boidal in shape with a shallower
emargination. The first pair of
leaves are similarly longer and
narrower and acuminate.

Tubeuf also figures and describes
(p. 53) fruits of several species of
Tllmus, and also a seedling typical
for the genus (p. 115). He says:
' The cotyledons resemble in shape
those of Carpinus Betulus ; they
are obovate, petiolate, with two basal auricles 1-7 cm. long (not
including the petiole) and almost as wide ; they are thick, fleshy, green
above, whitish beneath, with a venation not at all or with difficulty
discernible, and are slightly hairy above with an entire margin. The
first leaves are almost sessile, alternate, show a midrib and side
nerves, are coarsely hairy like the stem, coarsely serrate, and acute.'

Humulus Lupulus, L.

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary one-celled, one-ovuled, sur-
mounted by the short style and two linear stigmas ; ovule pen-
dulous, campylotropous, attached to the apex of the cell ; micro-
pyle superior, close to the hilum.

Fruit an achene, broadly ovoid, compressed antero-posteriorly,
in the axil of an accrescent bract which folds over it with one oblique

PIG. 64(5. — Celtis occidentalis.
Nat. size.

496 OX SEEDLINGS

basal side, covered except at the tip with yellow granulose, viscid,
highly odorous glands, purplish and finely netted before maturity,
afterwards pale brown or grey, sometimes tipped by the two stigmas
when nearly mature.

Seed pendulous from the top of the fruit, subobovoid, slightly
compressed, with a ridge containing the radicle running along the
side opposite to the raphe, pale brown, smooth, somewhat shining,
exalbuminous ; hilum raised and somewhat prominent on one
edge of the seed, a deeper brown than the rest ; testa brittle ;
tegmen greenish and subfleshy, marked by the coils of the embryo
and deeply impressed by the radicle.

Embryo in the mature seed spirally twisted and occupying the
whole interior, fleshy and colourless ; cotyledons incumbent, spirally
rolled over one another with their edges towards the edges of the seed
and surmounted by the cylindrical, obtuse radicle, linear, obtuse,
slightly narrowed to the base, 4*5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide at the
apex ; radicle 2 mm. long.

Hunmlus japonicus, Sieb. et Zucc.

Achene with thin membranous pericarp, and thicker endocarp,

Seed globose, conforming to the shape of the achene, slightly
flattened, 4-4-25 mm. in diameter ; testa hard, crustaceous ; tegmen
almost imperceptible, smooth ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm reduced to a fine film surrounding the embryo,
greenish.

Embryo spirally coiled, colourless, filling nearly the whole seed ;
cotyledons as in H. Lupulus ; radicle terete, obtuse, incumbent on the
back of the cotyledons and about as long.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering gradually downwards, and giving off
fibrous lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, reddish, 3-6'25 cm. long, and
more or less tinted with red.

Cotyledons linear, entire, obtuse or acute, slightly connate at
the base, very shortly and finely pubescent with hairs which become
glandular when fully developed, with a distinct midrib sunk on the
upper surface, and prominent beneath, 2-8-3 cm. long and 2-5-
3 mm. wide.

Stem ultimately twining round some support, with the inter-
nodes undeveloped in the seedling stage.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, stipulate, petiolate, hairy and

URTICACE.E 497

glandular ; stipules of each pair interpetiolar and connate into one
blunt or truncate piece ; petiole semiterete, channelled on the upper
surface.

First pair tri-fid or -lobed.

Second pair palniately five-nerved and -lobed.

Cannabis saliva, L.

Fruit an achene.

Seeds orbicular or oval, 1-5-2 mm. in diameter; testa smooth,
greenish-brown ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm thin, surrounded by the embryo, fleshy, greyish-
white.

Embryo curved or rounded on itself, surrounding the endosperm,
colourless ; cotyledons oval, obtuse, plano-convex, closely adpressed ;
radicle terete, obtuse, lying close to the hilum, superior, slightly
longer than the cotyledons.

Seedling.

Primary root tapering downwards, flexuose, fibrous.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pubescent, soon becoming firm and
woody, 3-5 cm. long.

Cotyledons unequal, obovate-spathulate, tapering downwards,
blunt, sessile and slightly connate at the base, erect for some way
above the base and then recurved, pubescent on the upper surface,
with a distinct midrib and two lateral nerves arising from the base,
which unite with other two nerves arising about the middle of the
cotyledon and run to the apex ; longer cotyledon 1'4-1'G cm. long,
5-6 mm. wide ; shorter one 1-1-3 cm. long, 5*5-6 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, striated, hairy, herbaceous or sub woody ; 1st
internode 1-8-2-5 cm. long ; 2nd longer.

Leaves simple, digitate (first pair merely serrated), cauline,
opposite, stipulate, petiolate, distinctly penninerved with ascending
nerves, hairy on the upper surface and on the nerves beneath ;
stipules small, subulate or linear, acute, slightly hairy ; petioles
semiterete, hairy, channelled above.

First pair lanceolate, obtuse, bluntly serrate, sometimes with
two lateral lobes at the base.

Second pair digitately tripartite, with lanceolate obtuse and
obtusely serrated segments ; terminal segment much the largest.

Third pair digitately four- or five-partite with lanceolate acu-
minate segments.

Fourth pair digitately five-partite.

II. K K

498

ON SEEDLINGS

Madura aurantiaca, Nutt.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, 4-5 cm. long, light green.

Cotyledons rather fleshy, oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, shortly
petiolate, glabrous, shiny, dark green above, paler beneath, pinnati-
nerved like the leaves.1

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody, covered with
stout hairs ; 1st internode 8-12 mm. long.

First leaves simple, entire, cauline, opposite, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, acute, covered with minute hairs, light green, pinnatinerved ;
petioles short, channelled, hairy ; stipules small, deciduous.

Dorstenia Contrajerva, L. (fig. 647).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, 6-10 mm. long, pubescent.
Cotyledons rotund, rarely oval, emarginate, subtruncate at
the base, trinerved, glabrous, variable hi size, 5'5-9 mm. long,
7-9'5 mm. wide ; petiole slightly channelled above, pubescent,
3-4 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, stout, fleshy, very
short with scarcely developed internodes,
forming a perennial rootstock.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, deep green above,
thinly hairy, paler beneath and pubes-
cent especially on the nerves, five-nerved
on the basal half and alternately nerved
upwards ; petioles pubescent, terete and
channelled towards the apex ; stipules
subulate, obtuse, green, pubescent.

No. 1. Cordate, subacute, five- to
seven- angled, and five -nerved, thinly
and obscurely dentate between the
angles.

No. 2. More decidedly angled and
dentate.

Ultimate leaves deeply trilobed ;

middle lobe rhomboid or triangular-ovate, acuminate, strongly tri-
nerved and reticulate, with an angle or shallow lobe about the
middle on each side, and obscurely dentate along the margins ;
lateral lobes obliquely ovate, acute, strongly binerved and reticulate,
with one of the nerves running into a small lobe on the oblique
side.

1 Tubeuf, 1. c. p. 114, describes the cotyledons as roundly-elliptic, and from
1-7 cm. long.

FIG. 647.

Dorstenia Contrajerva.
Nat. size.

URTICACE.E

499

Ficus bengalensis, L. (fig. G48).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely pubescent, or papillose, pale
green, 3-4 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons broadly ovate, obtuse, emarginate, petiolate, glabrous,
deep green above, paler beneath, with an indistinct midrib and one
to two nerves on each side ; lamina 3'5-4 mm. long, 2'75-3 mm.
wide ; petiole flattened above, dilated and slightly connate at the
base, 1-1*25 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, minutely pubescent or papillose, pale green,
ultimately woody; 1st internode -5-2-5 mm. long; 2nd '5-1-5 mm.

Leaves simple, cau-
line, alternate (first two
opposite), stipulate, peti-
olate, alternately or some-
times, especially at the
base, oppositely incurvi-
nerved, glabrous, some-
what shining on both sur-
faces, deep green above,
paler beneath, evergreen,
ultimately coriaceous ;
stipules erect, small, sub-
ulate, acute, pale green;
petioles semiterete, channelled above, slightly tapering upwards, gla-
brous or minutely papillose on the upper edges, at least when young.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, ovate, obtuse, slightly cuneate at the base,
obsoletely crenate or almost entire.

Nos. 3 and 4. Alternate, ovate, obtuse, shallowly cordate at the
base, very shallowly crenate.

Tubeuf (1. c. p. 53) describes fruit and seed of Moms alba (the Mul-
berry), and (p. 114) also figures and describes the seedling. The
embryo lies curved in the albuminous seed. The cotyledons re-
main in the testa till they have absorbed the endosperm ; they are
8-9 mm. long, dark green above, lighter beneath, taper gradually into
the short petiole, and have a faint venation consisting of a midrib
with a few side nerves. The first leaves are irregularly dentate,
have a midrib with lateral nerves, and including the petiole are
slightly hairy.

Conocephalus niveus, Wight (fig. G49).

Hypocotyl 1 cm. long, 1-5 mm. thick, terete, herbaceous, pale
green, pubescent.

FIG. 6-18. — Ficus bengalensis, x 2.

500 OX SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons petiolate, pubescent ; lamina rotund, 2 mm. long,
thin, or almost membranous ; petiole 1'5 mm. long, slender.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, pubescent and hairy, pale green,
about 2 mm. thick ; 1st internode 4 mm. long ; 2nd 9 mm. ; 3rd
1-1 cm.

Leaves cauline, opposite, decussate,
exstipulate, petiolate, pubescent, and
coarsely hairy on the younger leaves ;
less hairy on older ones.

First pair small, ovate, obtuse,
entire ; petiole slender, semiterete, 3-
4 mm. long.

FIG. ^.-noc^lialus niveus- Second pair much larger ; rotund-
ovate, obtuse, palmately trinerved,
obsoletely and distantly serrate ; petiole semiterete, channelled
above, closely pubescent, and sparsely harry.

Third pan- scarcely opposite, cordate-ovate, acute, coarsely
serrate ; nerves ascending and incurved ; serratures subtriangular.

TJrtica dioica, L. (fig. 650).

Pistil apocarpous, superior ; ovary of one carpel, one-celled, one-
ovuled ; ovule basal, erect, orthotropous ; micropyle superior.

Fruit an achene, ovate, compressed, glabrous, included in the
somewhat accrescent perianth, tipped by the persistent base of the
style, subancipitous, straw-coloured ; pericarp subcrustaceous.

Seed ovate, compressed, closely conforming to the interior of the
achene ; testa thin, membranous, closely applied to the interior of
the pericarp ; micropyle apical, and superior ; hilum and chalaza
basal, the latter dark-coloured and rather prominent, causing an
emargination in the endosperm and cotyledons.

Endosperm forming a thin layer round the embryo, subfarina-
ceous, white.

Embryo central, straight, large, nearly equalling the length and
breadth of the seed, colourless ; cotyledons rotund, obtuse or minutely
emarginate with a small rounded or obtuse tooth in the notch, sub-
truncate at the base ; radicle oblong, terete, obtuse, pointing to the
micropyle close to the apex of the seed, somewhat shorter than the
cotyledons.

Seedling.

Primary root slender, tapering, with fibrous lateral rootlets.
Hypocotyl succulent, terminating abruptly at the lower ex-
tremity, slightly pubescent, pale green, mottled with red, 1-1 cm. long.

URTICACILE

501

Cotyledons rotund, emarginate, pubescent on the upper surface,
glabrous beneath ; lamina 4 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide ; petiole long
slender, channelled above, slightly pubescent, pale green or trans-
parent, 4 mm. long.

Stem herbaceous, erect, ridged and furrowed, pubescent with short
deflexed and bulbous-rooted, stinging hairs, pale green or stained
purple on the ridges ; 1st and 2nd internodes each 1-5 cm. long.

Leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, stipulate, petiolate,

FIG. 650. — Urtica dioica. A, achene, x 30. B, longitudinal section of
achene, x 30: Ch, chalaza ; T, testa; P, endosperm; A, pericarp.
C, transverse section of achene, x 30 : A, pericarp; T, testa; P, endo-
sperm ; C, cotyledon.

pubescent on both surfaces, and, like the stem, more or less abun-
dantly furnished with bulbous-rooted stinging hairs on both sur-
faces, five-nerved at the base, and alternately penninerved upwards ;
nerves incurving, reticulate ; petioles subterete, narrowly channelled
above, and shallowly ridged and furrowed on the back, pubescent,
and usually bristly with stinging hairs ; stipules small, subulate,
acute, subciliate in the seedling plant, ovate-oblong, obtuse, tri-
nerved, ciliate, and pubescent in the adult.

502

ON SEEDLINGS

First pair small, broadly ovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, tri-
iierved at the base.

Second pair triangular, obtuse, coarsely serrate, five-nerved at
the base.

Third pair cordate, obtuse or subacute, five-nerved at the base,
coarsely and obtusely serrate ; serratures frequently aristate.

Ultimate leaves cordate, acuminate, acute, with acute or subacute
serratures ; nerves sunk above, prominent beneath.

Girardinia palmata, Wedd. (fig. 651).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, minutely and finely pubescent, pale
green, 2-3 cm. above the soil.

FIG. 651.— Girardinia palmata. Half nat. size.

Cotyledons rather large, obovate-rotund, emarginate, suddenly
tapered into the petiole, trinerved, the lower nerves springing from
near the base of the lamina, describing an intramarginal curve,
and uniting with the next pair, which in turn meet the midrib below
the thickened apex close to the apical notch, glabrous, light green ;
lamina about T3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide ; petiole slender, semi-
terete, channelled above, minutely pubescent, 8-10 mm. long.

Stem erect, terete, finely pubescent and furnished with coarse,
stinging barbs, or hairs ; 1st internode 1*9 cm. long ; 2nd unde-
veloped ; 3rd 7*5 mm. ; 4th 3 mm.

Leaves simple, coarsely toothed and lobed, cauline, alternate
(first two opposite), stipulate, petiolate, trinerved from the base,
alternately nerved upwards and reticulate, hairy on both surfaces,

URTICACILE 503

and furnished with coarse, bulbous-rooted, stinging hairs projecting
at right angles from both surfaces of the leaf ; petiole semiterete,
shallowly channelled above, pubescent with rather fine, ascending or
subadpressed hairs, and frequently well provided with large stinging
hairs ; stipules intrapetiolar, erect, connate into one acute binerved
piece, pale-coloured or almost scarious.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, ovate, acute, trinerved, obtusely serrate-
dentate, the teeth tipped with a hair ; the strong lateral nerves
become incurved upwards, and run obliquely into the teeth, giving
off lateral branches into adjoining teeth.

Xos. 3 and 4. Alternate, rotund-ovate, cordate at the base, more
deeply and coarsely serrate-dentate than the first two, with a similar
venation.

Xos. 5 and 6. Deeply incised or lobulate with the lower lobes again
toothed. Venation as in those above.

Grirardinia heterophylla, Dene.

Hypocotyl erect, striated, 1-1-5 cm. long, glabrous, light green
or colourless.

Cotyledons obovate or subrotund, obtuse, emarginate, sub-
fleshy, petiolate, glabrous, green, pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem short, erect, quadrangular, hairy ; 1st iiiternode 3-5 mm.
long.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, decussate, oblong, coarsely
serrate, subacute, hairy, and also covered with stings, green, pinnati-
nerved ; petioles short, channelled above ; stipules small, deciduous.

Parietaria officinalis, L.

Pistil syncarpous, superior ; ovary of two carpels, one-ovuled ;
ovule erect, orthotropous ; rnicropyle superior.

Fruit an achene ; pericarp hard, crustaceous, shining ; seed
conforming in shape to the achene, oval, oblong or obovate ; testa
smooth, membranous ; hilum inconspicuous.

Endosperm -comparatively copious, fleshy, surrounding the
embryo, greyish-white or almost colourless.

Embryo straight, in the centre of the endosperm ; cotyledons
broadly oblong, or oval, obtuse, entire, plano-convex, lying with
their apices to the receptacle ; radicle terete, obtuse, about the
same length as the cotyledons.

Forskohlea viridis, Ehrenb.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, finely pubescent, 1-1-5 cm. long, light
green, faintly tinged with red.

504 ON SEEDLINGS

Cotyledons oblong-obovate, minutely emarginate, finely pubes-
cent, light green with reddish petioles, pinnatinerved like the leaves.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, finely pubescent ; 1st internode
3-7 mm. long.

First leaves simple, cauline, opposite, oblong, obtuse, dentate-
serrate, petiolate, stipulate, finely pubescent, light green, pinnati-
nerved.

PLATANACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 396.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is linear, one-celled and one-
ovuled with the wall greatly thickened on one side. The ovule is
(solitary, rarely are there two, one of which becomes aborted,
pendulous from the apex of the cavity and orthotropous. This
arrangement is very rare, as in dicotyledonous plants the ovule
when single and orthotropous is in almost all other cases
erect, the result of which seems to be to facilitate the easy
access of the pollen-tube to the micropyle. The achenes are
linear, surrounded at the base by long brown hairs, greatly
thickened or clubbed in the upper part, and surmounted
obliquely or on one side by the persistent remains of the
style. The seed is solitary, pendulous, and linear with a
membranous testa. Endosperm is usually present in small
quantity surrounding the embryo, but is said to be some-
times absent. The embryo completely fills the remainder of
the cavity, and is straight and linear. The cotyledons are
plano-convex, very little wider than the inferior radicle and
about equal to it in length or slightly longer. They gene-
rally lie in the broader plane of the seed with their edges
towards the thickened portion, but are sometimes oblique
to it.

The Order is represented by the single genus Platanus, con-
sisting of five to six species. The above characters are well
seen in longitudinal and transverse sections of the achene of
a species of Platanus, probably P. orientalis (fig. 652).

Seedlings. — The seedling of P. orientalis (fig. 653) is com-
paratively small in conformity with the seed, but rapidly gains

PLATAXACE^E

505

strength as growth proceeds. The slender hypocotj*! rises
about 1-1 cm. above the soil, and is surmounted by narrowly
spathulate, obtuse, one-nerved, sessile cotyledons tapering to
a very narrow base. They are 8*5 mm. long and about
2-5 mm. wide at the apex. The first leaf is small, glandular-
pubescent, and resembles a petiole. The second one is spathu-
late-cuneate, incipiently trifid or bluntly tridentate at the
apex, and alternately penninerved, with two of the stronger
nerves running into the teeth, thus foreshadowing lobing.
The third leaf is much larger, but otherwise similar. The
ultimate leaf is palmately five-nerved and -lobed ; but the
nerves for the lower pair of
lobes often arise from the
middle pair near the base.

Platanns orientalis, L. (fig.
G52).

Pistil superior ; ovary of one
perfect carpel, one-celled, one-
to two-ovuled ; ovule pendulous
from the top of the cell, orthotro-
pous ; radicle inferior.

Fruit an acliene, one-celled
and one-seeded, thickened and
woody along one side, sur-
rounded at the base by numer-
ous, long, pale brownish, erect
hairs, topped by a large woody
process or callus which is sur-
mounted by the persistent re-
mains of the style. FIG_ G^_Pla{anus orientalis. A; longi.

Seed linear-clavate, SUS- tudinal section of fruit, x 6 : w, woody

pended with the thick end up- |^£Sffi 3 fSfi^

permost, flattened on the side part, x 12.

next the thickened portion of

the pericarp ; testa prolonged at the apex into an acute colourless

point, and at the base into a colourless, blunt point, otherwise

brown, easily broken up longitudinally into fibrous shreds ; micropyle

at the lower blunt end.

Endosperm forming a thin layer surrounding the embryo on all
sides, whitish internally, brown externally.

Embryo straight, in the centre of the endosperm, colourless,

506

ON SEEDLINGS

about 5'2o mm. long ; cotyledons linear, suddenly pointed, subacute,
a little longer and slightly broader than the radicle ; radicle cylin-
drical, obtuse, at the opposite end of the seed from the hilum.

Seedling (fig. 653).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, slender, pale green, glabrous, about
1-1 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons narrowly spathulate, obtuse, entire, tapered to the
base, glabrous, opaque-green, distinctly one-nerved, 8*5 mm, long,
2-5 mm. at the widest.

Stem woody, erect, terete, glabrous or
slightly glandular below the leaves ; 1st inter-
node about '5 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd each
about 1 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate,
petiolate, glandular-pubescent at the margins
and midrib (in young specimens) ; petioles
channelled above ; stipules small in the seed-
ling, surrounding the base of the petiole, to
which they are adnate, but in the adult stage
of the tree they are of considerable size, cup-
like and deciduous.
Xo. 1. Reduced to a short petiole, and glandular-pubescent.
No. 2. Spathulate-cuneate, bluntly tridentate at the upper end,
alternately penninerved, with the nerves ascending and the larger
ones running directly into the teeth.
No. 3. Similar but larger.

In Platanus occidentalis, L., the cotyledons are narrow, lance-
olate with a prominent midrib, 1*2 cm. long, 2 mm, wide, acute,
sessile, and shining green above.1

The first leaves are alternate, entire, elongated-oval, serrate
with shortly pointed teeth, with midrib and lateral nerves.

FIG. 653.

Platanus orient alit.
Nat. size.

JUGLAXDE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 397.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior and one-celled
with a solitary, basal, erect, orthotropous ovule. The fruit
is drupaceous or rarely nut-like and dry, sometimes \vith the
1 Vide Tubeuf, 1. c., p. 116, fig. 153.

JUGLAXDE.-E

507

bract and bracteoles enlarged at its base, or partly or wholly
adnate to its sides or even carried to the top forming an invo-
lucre ; in other cases these organs remain unchanged and fall
away. The exocarp is fleshy or succulent, generally falling
away when mature, leaving the bony endocarp which is
variously excavated into two or four cavities internally. The
seed is two- to four-lobed at the base and lies astride the
placenta with its lobes passing down into the cavities of the
endocarp. Endosperm is wanting, and the embryo conforms
to the interior of the seed. The cotyledons are fleshy and
crumpled, or sometimes foliaceous and much folded and
twisted, and the radicle is superior.

I have already described and figured the seed and seedling

FIG. 654. — Fruit of Pterocar
P, perianth ; W, W, wii

FIG. 655. — Longitudinal section through
the flower of Pterocarya caucasica, x 6 :
-B, bract ; B', B', bracteoles ; Ov, ovule ;
P, perianth ; St, style ; S, S, stigmas.
May 23.

of Peterocarya caucasica,1 which are very peculiar. I have to
thank Mr. Lynch for his kindness in keeping me supplied with
specimens of the fruit in its various stages from the tree
in the Cambridge Botanic Gardens. The seed 2 is shaped
somewhat like an anvil, with four short, wide legs ; and the
seedling is remarkable in having the cotyledons bifid, each
division being again bilobed.

Pterocarya caucasica flowers with us early in May. The
pistil is syncarpous and inferior ; the ovary of two carpels, one-
celled, one-ovuled ; the ovule basal, erect, and orthotropous.

Fig. 655 is a section through the young flower at the end of
May, showing a bract B at the base, two bracteoles B' B' at the

1 Journ. Linn. Soc. Hot. vols. xxii. and xxviii.

2 Ibid. vol. xxii. p. 386, fig. 118.

508

ON SEEDLINGS

sides, the ovule Ov, perianth P, and SS the two large, spread-
ing, papillose stigmas. The cavity of the ovary is small and
nearly filled by the ovule.

By about the middle of June the young fruit has grown
considerably in thickness, though not much in length. The
ovary and ovule are longer, and at the base of the former the
tissue has in two places (fig. 656, Co, Co) become almost colour-
less from the removal of the protoplasm.

By the end of June the fruit has still further increased in
length as well as in breadth. The growth in length has
especially taken place between the base and the uppermost

FIG. 656. — Pterocarya caucasica.
Longitudinal section of fruit, x 6.
June 25. Co, Co, two places where
the tissue has become colourless.
(Other letters as in fig. 655.)

FIG. 657. — Pterocarya caucasica.
Transverse section of fruit, x 8 :
W, W, wings ; PC, pericarp ;
Co, Co, Co, Co, four spaces of
altered tissue ; Ov, ovule. (Other
letters as in fig. 655.)

point of attachment of the bracteoles, which therefore seem
to have been carried up. The bracteoles have also increased in
size, while the perianth remains unaltered. The two masses of
colourless tissue as seen in longitudinal section at the base of
the ovary are still solid or unbroken.

The fruit continues to grow rapidly, especially at the base,
so that by the end of July the posterior half of the bracteoles
seems to be carried still further up, distinctly more so than the
anterior. The neck of the fruit, on the contrary, has increased
considerably in thickness, but scarcely at all in length. Fig.
657 represents a transverse section, and on each side of the
ovule (Co, Co, Co, Co} are the four approximately circular

JUGLANDEJE

509

patches of colourless tissue, which in a longitudinal section
appear more elongated. In them the tissue is commencing
to disintegrate, while round them, on the contrary, it is be-
coming distinctly sclerenchymatous. From the development
of the lower part of the fruit, especially on the posterior side,
the posterior portion of each bracteole appears to be nearly on
the summit of the fruit, the anterior portion being rather
lower down.

Fig. 658 is a longitudinal section taken on August 8. It
passes through two of the masses of loose tissue mentioned
above, which now form cavities ; while, on the other hand,
the surrounding tissues have become much denser, leaving,

FIG. G5.S. — Pterocarya caucasica, x 8 :
Va, Va, vascular tissue ; Co', Co,
masses of solid cortical tissue ; Co,
Co, cavities.

FIG. 059. — Pterocarya caucasica.
Longitudinal section of more
advanced fruit, x 8. Sept. 1.
T, testa ; En, endosperm ; Em,
embryo ; P, perianth ; Va, vas-
cular tissue; Co, small cavity
not yet filled by the seed.

however, oval spaces of cortical tissue shown in section at
Co', Co'.

The ovary has not materially altered, and the ovule is
still very small.

A few days later, however, the ovule has grown considerably
and nearly fills the cavities. Fig. 659 shows a longitudinal
section taken on September 1. T is the testa, showing that
the seed has now assumed its four-lobed form, though it has
not yet quite filled the cavities in the fruit. The greater part,
however, is occupied by endosperm, the embryo (Em) being
still comparatively small.

Fig. 660 represents a transverse section near the base of the
fruit, taken on September 21, when the fruit and embryo had

510

ON SEEDLINGS

attained nearly their full size, but had not yet reached matu-
rity. Neither the placenta nor the original and true cavity
of the ovary are shown in this section, because they were
situated at a higher level. The ovule from the first was basal,
and the seed, even at maturity, may be looked upon as lying
astride the basal placenta, with its four lobes projecting into
as many cavities excavated from the originally solid base of
the fruit. The testa is shown at T, lining the interior of the
cavities and enclosing the variously folded lobes of the coty-
ledons (C, C,C,C). The walls surrounding the cavities are thick
and sclerenchymatous, with exception of the thin outer rind

and its appendages,
the bracteoles or wings,
shown at B', B'. The
cotyledons of the em-

^^ / ^^) 11 bry° diverSe> one to

each side of the fruit,
and their lobes pass
in pairs into each of
its four cavities. As
growth proceeds and
the short lobes become
too wide for the cavi-
ties, they become COn-
FiG. 6W.-Pterocarya caucasica. Transverse sec- d^Hr.a.tfl in order to

them-
selves to the restricted
space and at the same

time to fill it. The secondary fission seems intended to
facilitate folding, and was probably originally brought about
by excessive plication. If the two lobes had been in one piece,
the latter would have had to be twice conduplicate longitudi-
nally, which would have been difficult to accomplish. The
folding is not always on the same plan, as may be seen by
reference to the figure.

The Walnut (Juglans).— The fruit of the Walnut differs
from that of Pterocarya in several remarkable particulars, and
while the cotyledons of Pterocarya are leaf-like and aerial in
germination, those of the Walnut never emerge from the seed.

Transverse sec-
tion through a more advanced fruit near the base,

x e. (Sept. 21.) T, testa ; c, c, c, c, folds of accommodate

cotyledons ; B', B', bracteoles or wings ; Ca, small

mass of cortical tissue.

JUGLAXDE.E 511

Chabraeus long ago remarked on the wonderful richness of
nature as displayed in the Walnut, ' prsesertim miranda figures
luxuria naturam in hoc fructu lusisse certum est.' The Walnut,
from its fancied resemblance to a head, the outer woody cover-
ing being compared to the skull, and the folds of the cotyledons
to the convolutions of the brain, was formerly supposed to be
especially efficacious in brain-disease.

In the Walnut (Juglans regia) the ovary is one-celled or
imperfectly four-celled, one-ovuled ; the ovule is erect and
orthotropous, with the micropyle superior. The fruit is dru-
paceous, oblong-globose, crowned with a small point consisting
of a three- to five-toothed involucre formed by the union of the
bract and bracteoles, by the remains of the four-toothed peri-
anth and the remains of the style ; exocarp or rind smooth,
and beset with submerged glandular dots bursting irregularly
when mature, subfleshy ; endocarp hard, bony, or brittle,
corrugated, with a spongy lining or inner coat which forms
large irregular corrugations internally, and is apparently ex-
cavated into four large cavities at the base ; the excavations are
continued to the top of the main cavity of the ovary, hollowing
out the sides of the endocarp so as to furnish a larger amount
of space for the seed than is originally provided for it. In
Benthani and Hooker's ' Genera Plantarum ' the base of the
endocarp is said to be intruded, imperfectly dividing the fruit
into two or four cells. The endocarp further consists of two
valves or halves, which, however, cannot be separated without
force.

The seed is large, strongly and irregularly corrugated,
seated on the central and originally basal placenta, which in
the mature fruit is about one-third above the base of the cavity
of the endocarp, deeply four-lobed at the base and filling the four
cavities ; the testa is thin, closely applied to the corrugations
of the endocarp externally before the seed becomes dried up,
and internally to the lobes of the embryo, pale brown.

In the young state the endosperm fills the interior of the
seed with a clear jelly-like mass, in the apex of which is
the small embryo, with the radicle upwards. Gradually,
however, the cotyledons grow and eventually absorb the whole
of the endosperm, thus filling the whole of the interior of the

512 ON SEEDLINGS

seed, except, of course, the small portion occupied by the plumule
and radicle.

We have seen that in the fruit of Pterocarya four hollow
spaces gradually form themselves in the originally solid fruit,
and that into these spaces the seed sends four prolongations,
into which again the cotyledons subsequently grow. Now in
the Walnut a very similar process takes place, only the hollow
spaces are much larger and confluent with the ovarian cavity, so
that instead of a solid wall with hollow spaces occupied by the
seed, it gives the impression as if the seed were thrown into
folds occupied by the wall of the fruit. To occupy these spaces
fully, the cotyledons themselves were thrown into folds as we
now see them. The fruit of Pterocarya is much smaller than
that of the Walnut, the ancestors of which doubtless had a
smaller fruit. As it increased, the cotyledons became fleshier
and fleshier, and found it more and more difficult to make
their exit from the seed, until at last they have given up
any attempt to do so. Hence the curious folds, with which
we are so familiar, are the efforts made by the original leafy
cotyledons to occupy the interior of the nut.

Comparison of the Fruits of Pterocarya and Juglans. — Thus,
then, while essentially similar, the fruits of Pterocarya and of
the Walnut offer several remarkable differences. They resemble
in some respects the relations between the fruits of the Horn-
beam and of the Beech. The fruit of Pterocarya, like that of
the Hornbeam, is winged, which is not the case with the Walnut
or the Beech ; it is in the two former smaller, and a great
deal harder than in the two latter. Again, the cotyledons of
Pterocarya are aerial, while those of Juglans no longer perform
the functions of leaves and never quit the seed.

In the Walnut, as in some other trees, it is an advantage
that the seeds should be large rather than numerous. In this
way they are able to contain a supply of nutriment, which
suffices rapidly to carry the young plant above the grasses and
other low herbage. These seeds form the food of squirrels and
other animals, which accordingly serve to disperse them, and
thus perhaps they are enabled to dispense with any other
means of transport. Moreover, for such large fruits wings
would perhaps be scarcely adequate.

JUGLANDE^E 513

In Pterocarya, on the contrary, the fruits are much smaller,
and wings therefore more suitable. Possessing in themselves
the means of dispersal, they have no need of offering any
attraction to animals. In fact every one which is eaten is so
much pure loss. Hence, while the shell of the Walnut is
sufficiently hard to protect the seed from the severity of the
weather, and from the attacks of most insects &c., which would
not help in their dispersal, it offers no obstacle to larger animals.
That of Pterocarya, on the contrary, is very hard and strong,
and even the interior portion (the walls and pillars surrounding
the four hollows) are of the same character, while in the Walnut
they are, comparatively, quite soft.

One reason why the similarity of construction in the two
seeds does not at first strike the observer, is that in Pterocarya
the lobes of the seed evidently enter the pericarp ; in Juglans,
on the contrary, the lobes are so much larger that it rather
seems as if the pericarp sent projections into the seed.

That the present condition of the Walnut seedling is not
original, we have interesting evidence in the presence of small
leaves reduced to minute scales, as in the Oak and many other
plants with subterranean cotyledons.

These scales evidently indicate the former presence of actual
leaves which are now no longer required. The curious lobings
and foldings of the seed in the Walnut also remind us of the
time when the cotyledons were variously lobed and folded so
as to occupy the whole space in the gradually enlarging seed.
At present they seem to fulfil no useful function, except as a
storehouse of nourishment for the seedling.

Seedlings. — Two very distinct types of seedlings may be
noted in the Order, namely, those with subterranean cotyle-
dons and those with aerial ones. The former are represented
by Juglans regia (fig. 661). The hypocotyl is undeveloped, and
the cotyledons remain enclosed in the bony endocarp during
germination ; they develop petioles sufficiently long to en-
able the plumule to make its exit from the apex of the nut
and grow upwards. The internodes of the stem between the
aborted leaves noted in the seed attain a considerable length
during germination. Four or five pairs of these scales occur
before a perfect leaf is developed. The first perfect form

II. L L

514 ON SEEDLINGS

consists of three leaflets ; the second of five, and the third of
four ; but the number may vary according to the vigour of the
seedling. The leaflets are serrated, with nerves running
into the teeth, while those of the adult tree are entire, with
the principal nerves incurved and not reaching the margin.

The cotyledons of Pterocarya caucasica are deeply bipar-
tite, and each of the primary divisions again divided for more
than half their length. The ultimate segments are oblong-
linear. Three out of five nerves terminate at the base of a
sinus, and the lateral ones of these fork, giving off a branch into
each of the ultimate segments. The first five leaves are simple,
lanceolate, acuminate and penninerved, while the ultimate
ones are pinnate with numerous pairs of leaflets, and an odd
one.

Juglans regia, L.

Pistil syncarpous, inferior, surmounted by the bract and
bracteoles which are adnate to it, forming a small three- to five-
toothed involucre. Higher up and inside of this involucre is the
small four-lobed perianth.

Style very short, deeply bifid, with the two arms broadly linear-
oblong, blunt, spreading and recurved, stigmatic all along the upper
surface with wavy lamellae.

Ovary of two carpels, one-celled, one-ovuled, with a small cavity
just sufficient to accommodate the ovule in the quite young state ;
ovule basal, erect, orthotropoug, in direct connection with the axial
vascular tissue ; micropyle superior.

Fruit an ovoid drupe surmounted by the beak-like remains of
tbe style, densely pubescent in the young state at least, one-celled,
one-seeded ; exocarp fleshy, at length bursting irregularly, and fall-
ing off ; endocarp woody, forming tbe shell of tbe nut, which is
corrugated externally and deeply excavated or chambered internally
making the fruit appear two- to four-celled, indehiscent, but
separable into balves.

Seed deeply two- to four-lobed at the base, tapering upwards
into a somewhat wedge-shaped but rounded or blunt point ; testa
membranous.

Embryo large, fleshy, colourless, conforming to tbe seed, and that
again to the inner lining of tbe endocarp ; cotyledons four-lobed and
slightly auricled at tbe base, closely adpressed, wrinkled and appear-
ing like one continuous piece, constituting tbe greater part of the
embryo, subterranean in germination ; radicle superior, close under

JUGLANDE^E 515

the base of the style, very short, blunt, occupying the pointed apex
of the seed, projecting from between the notches at the base of the
cotyledons, somewhat compressed right and left, i.e. in the same
plane as the cotyledons ; plumule conical with a row of five minute
buds or leaves along two sides and opposite to the cotyledons, with
two perfect leaves each having about three leaflets alternating with
them.

ORIGIN OF INTEBNAL CAVITIES OF THE FEUIT.

A vertical section of a young fruit made on the 4th of June-
shows the exocarp already differentiated from the tissue within it
and containing chlorophyll in its cells. The endocarp is colourless
but contains plenty of protoplasm. Surrounding the central ovule, .
and projecting on each side from its base, is a layer of tissue of a
watery appearance, and having little or no cell-contents, but per-
fectly unbroken.

A transverse section of another fruit, made about the same date,
shows a similar but thin layer of watery tissue surrounding the
ovule ; and on one side of the latter, but extending more than half
way to the periphery of the endocarp, are two irregular- shaped
similar areas.

A vertical section of the fruit made on the 21st of June showed
the watery colourless tissue greatly increased in bulk, and extend-
ing with two long branches nearly to the base of the endocarp, where
they widen. The broader parts of this tissue are beginning to break
up.

A corresponding transverse section shows four masses of watery
or cortical parenchyma, with a cavity in the centre of each, formed
by the breaking up of the cells which were originally continuous
with the rest of the endocarp.

A longitudinal section of the fruit made on the 8th of July
showed that the cortical and watery parenchyma had previous to
this greatly increased in bulk and become dissolved.. The testa
has grown contemporaneously with the breaking up of the tissue
of the ovary, and by continuously adjusting itself by growth to the1
interior of the cavity, now almost completely fills it including the
various irregular hollows or excavations. The tissue of the nucellus-
has become deliquescent and watery, while as yet the embryo is-
extremely minute and difficult to detect.

A corresponding transverse section shows the four main cavities
now formed in the fruit, together with several minor ones. The
testa for some reason or other has not been able to develop to the
bottom of some of the recesses, possibly on account of their being

L L 2

516 OX SEEDLINGS

narrow. Some of the cavities are still in process of excavation, and
the cortical matter is white while the rest of the endocarp is darker
and slightly tinted with green. The interior of the seed is lined
with jelly-like protoplasmic matter while the central hollow part is
occupied with a liquid.

Seedling (fig. 661).

Primary root very stout, woody, tapering downwards, subflexuose,
emerging from the apex of the nut, and furnished with lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl very short, stout, woody, scarcely distinguishable from
the root.

Cotyledons large, fleshy, obovate, bilobed, crumpled, filling the
whole cavity of the seed and remaining there after the germi-
nation of the plant, attached to the young plant by their short
fleshy petioles.

Stem woody, erect, stout, compressed, glabrous, whitish beneath
the soil, deep green above and covered with little
grey or brown lenticels ; 1st internode 2-5 cm.
long ; 2nd 2'3 cm. ; 3rd 1-8 cm. ; 4th 2-5 cm. ;
5th and 6th each 1-6 cm. ; 7th 7 mm. These
lengths vary according to the vigour of the
seedling.

Leaves compound, imparipinnate (first eight
in specimen reduced to scales and opposite or
subopposite in four pairs), cauline, alternate,
FIG. 661. exstipulate, petiolate, deciduous, glabrous ex-

Jugians regia. cept tufts of h^ m the forks of the veins

One- tenth nat. size. f .

on the under side of the leaves of the adult
tree, deep green above, paler beneath, shining ; leaflets penninerved,
with alternate, ascending nerves incurved at their tips, alternate
or subopposite, and frequently not evenly paired, the odd one when
next the terminal leaflet apparently cut away from the base of
the latter, making it unequal at the base, more or less regularly
serrate in the young plant and quite entire in the adult tree ;
petioles subterete, tapering upward from a stout base, flattened on the
upper side and slightly channelled, but in the adult tree terete and
not flattened or channelled except at the dilated clasping base.

Nos. 1-8. Reduced to small alternate or nearly opposite scales.

No. 9. Trifoliolate ; terminal leaflet large, obovate, or elliptic,
cuspidate ; lateral leaflets small, oblong, alternate.

No. 10. Five-foliolate ; terminal leaflet oblong-obovate ; middle
pair ovate, acuminate, oblique on the anterior basal side, unequal,

JUGLAXDE.E 517

subopposite ; basal pair small, unequal, ovate, oblique on the
anterior basal side.

No. 11. Four-foliolate ; leaflets alternate, all unequal ; terminal
one ovate-oval, subacuminate, very unequal at the base ; the other
three leaflets ovate, subacuminate, oblique on the anterior basal
side, much smaller than the terminal one.

The serrate character of the primary leaves of the seedling is
very noticeable, as well as the fact that all or nearly all of the
primary or stronger lateral veins run to the tips of the teeth.

Ultimate leaves imparipinnately three- to nine-foliolate ; leaflets
alternate or sometimes subopposite, unequal in size, entire, oblique
on the anterior basal side ; terminal leaflet much the largest, oblong-
elliptic, cuspidate ; lateral leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or
cuspidate or subacuminate, gradually smaller towards the base of
the leaf.

M. Fleche has pointed out J that the young leaves differ in being
more acuminate, with nerves running to points, and altogether more
like those of some species of Carya.

Juglans nigra, L.

Ovary one-celled or partly four-celled at the base and apex,
one-ovuled ; ovule as in J. regia.

Fruit globose, one-celled, or nearly four-celled by the projection
of ribs of the endocarp into the interior from the base and apex,
green, covered externally with little warts and sessile glands, tipped
with the persistent remains of the style and the superior perianth ;
epicarp fleshy ; endocarp bony, thick and projecting very much into
the interior of the fruit, with numerous shallow cavities on its
inner face ; placenta basal, one-seeded.

Seed solitary, erect, deeply four-lobed ; lobes reniform or trans-
versely oval, constricted at their union with the central body of the
seed, projecting into each of the four large cavities of the ovary,
and raised into numerous gibbosities or swellings to conform to the
interior ; testa marked with numerous long, forking veins proceed-
ing from the basal chalaza and radiating all over the lobes to the
radicle, white or creamy yellow, double ; legmen paler, thinner.

Endosperm absent in the mature seed, but in the young state
filling all the interior of the ovule with a clear, jelly-like mass on
the top of which the cotyledons lie astride with the radicle close to
the apex, and therefore distant from the hilum.

Embryo straight, colourless, fleshy, ultimately occupying all the

1 Bull. Soc. des Sciences, Nancy, 1886.

518 OX SEEDLINGS

interior of the seed ; cotyledons bilobed and the lobes again bifid
with the secondary segments entire or emarginate (in the immature
state), slightly auricled at the base ; radicle short, stout, triangular,
pointed.

Pterocarya caucasica, C. A. Mey.

Fruit sessile, inferior, tipped with four tooth-like perianth-seg-
ments, seated in the axil of a small bract, which for more than half
its length is adnate to the anterior part of the fruit, with two
oblique wings consisting of two enlarged bracteoles adnate to and
enclosing more than half of the fruit.

The wings are obliquely attached to the fruit owing to its
ascending direction, and themselves ascend vertically towards the
apex of the spike, diverging laterally until they meet those of the
contiguous row of fruits on each side.

Ovary of two carpels, one-celled, but partly two- to four-celled,
especially in the lower part ; ovule orthotropous, on an elevated,
but really basal placenta formed by the infolding and union of the
margins of the carpels.

A transverse section of the ovary near the base shows four
cavities which in the early stage of the fruit are not empty but
filled with light, white, spongy or cortical material, becoming dry,
brown and easily crushed into little space when the testa of the
seed develops.

The young fruit when examined about the last week of May
shows the pistil, subtended at the base anteriorly by a small bract,
and at the sides by two bracteoles adnate to its base. Perianth
leaves four, inserted on the neck of the pistil a short way beneath
the two large spreading coarsely papillose stigmas. The cavity of
the ovary is small and nearly filled by the minute ovule. The tissues
surrounding the ovule are all coloured alike, and no cavities or
cortical tissue are seen.

By the llth of June all parts of the young fruit have increased
very much in thickness, but not much in length. The ovule is much
larger, with the distinctly discernible coat slightly overtopping it.
The ovary is much wider, and at its base (in longitudinal section)
are two whitish masses of tissue, definite in outline and almost
colourless, as if the protoplasm had been removed, leaving nothing
but water in the cells.

By the 25th of June the young fruit has increased greatly in both
length and breadth. The bracteoles are larger, and the space be-
tween the base of the fruit and the ovule has elongated. The chief
difference, however, is in the coat of the ovule, which is now twice

JUGLANDE^E 519

as long as the nucellus, and wide open at the apex. The colourless
tissue on each side at the base of the ovule has not much altered,
but vascular tissue begins to make its appearance.

About the first week in July there seems no difference in the
size of the ovule, but the fruit as a whole continues to grow rapidly.
The bracteoles originally near the base of the fruit have been carried
a long way up. The neck has also been shortened by the thickening
of its basal portion. The vascular tissue has increased. Other and
more important changes have also taken place. On each side of the
ovule two oblong curved patches of tissue are seen lying about half
way between it and the exterior of the fruit ; these are losing colour
in the same manner as the above-mentioned masses at the base of
the ovule.

In transverse section colourless tissue, evidently becoming corti-
cal, is seen to surround the ovule. On each side of the ovule towards
the circumference of the fruit four irregularly circular pieces of
colourless or cortical tissue are seen. The ovule is oval in outline
in the transverse section. The framework of the fruit, which ulti-
mately becomes sclerenchymatous, already commences to show itself.

The ovule by the 23rd of July has increased but little in size,
but differs somewhat in shape from that of earlier stages. The
principal alterations are in the cortical tissues. In longitudinal
section a large oval or elliptic mass of cortex is seen on each side of
the fruit, mostly above the level of the ovule and close to the rind.
Two large masses also extend from the ovule downwards towards
the base of the fruit. Bounding all these masses are bands of tissue
that ultimately become sclerenchymatous. The cortex is as yet
solid. The cavity of the ovary is small. The bracteoles forming
the wings have grown nearly to the top of the fruit on the
posterior side, while they descend towards the base on the anterior
side.

In the transverse section at this stage four masses of cortex are
seen, two on the right and two on the left.

A longitudinal section of the fruit about the 6th of August
shows two longitudinal masses of cortex and a transverse piece,
lying as it were across the top of the two. All are separated by a
framework of vascular and sclerenchymatous tissue, or tissue
rapidly becoming sclerenchymatous.

In the transverse section in a much more advanced state taken
at the very base of the ovary, a central line of small solid masses of
cortex is seen. Eight and left the usual four masses of cortex have
now become almost completely absorbed, leaving strands and broken
pieces running across the cavity.

520 ON SEEDLINGS

In a corresponding vertical section through the axis of the fruit,
the ovary, together with what used to be two longitudinal masses of
cortex, have become one continuous cavity. The cortex is not yet
wholly absorbed, but lines the sides of the cavity. Two masses of
cortex show themselves mostly above the ovary, one on each side ;
but they are still solid. The ovule is flask-shaped, but still very
small. The vascular and sclerenchymatous tissue is getting very
firm.

On the 18th of August the ovule has increased so as to fill the
whole cavity of the ovary. A longitudinal section through the axis
shows two masses of cortex on the upper side. In a corresponding
transverse section the ovule again nearly fills the cavity. Four solid
masses of cortex are seen, two right and two left of the axis.

In a transverse section taken lower down than the last and
corresponding to it in age, the connection of the ovary cavity with
the four cavities formed by the absorption of cortical tissue is seen.
Across the opening of some of the cavities strands of cortical tissue
still remain.

In a transverse section made on the 1st of September, the seed
filled the cavity of the ovary and lay nearly at right angles to its
usual position with regard to the axis. The two cotyledons of the
young embryo were seen lying in the middle. Some masses of solid
cortex may still be seen at this date. A corresponding longitudinal
section shows the embryo, the cotyledons of which are already four-
lobed. The seed has descended into the basal cavities. The hard
sclerenchyma has now greatly increased in thickness, making a
framework for the fruit and rendering it hard and brittle.

A longitudinal section of a barren fruit, made on the 12th of
September, showed the small flask- shaped ovule, and the nearly
empty cavities at the base of the ovary cavity. Some solid masses
of cortex appeared both above and below the ovary.

By the 19th of September the embryo has greatly increased in
size, filling the seed, which nearly occupies the whole of the space
in the ovary cavity, and also the cavities extending below the latter.
Lobes of the cotyledons are seen to descend into these basal cavities.
These cavities are not yet completely filled with the lobes of the
seed.

A transverse section through the fruit and seed at this date
showed the embryo more advanced than in the last case, and the
cotyledons very much plaited or folded. Above and at the sides of
the ovary the cortex never becomes absorbed so as to form cavities
like those four pieces beneath the ovary. Four large pieces may be
seen, two on each side of the seed, and still quite solid.

JUGLANDE^E

In a transverse section of the fruit made below the base of the
ovary, the four cavities are seen to be filled with the twisted or
folded lobes of the cotyledons.

A longitudinal, but slightly oblique, section through the fruit
was made on the 12th of October. Owing to the cotyledons being
much folded and twisted, a clear idea of their arrangement can
scarcely be obtained in longitudinal section. The radicle is seen at
the apex of the seed which is orthotropous. At the base of the
cavities formed by the absorption of cortex, the tips of the cotyledon-
ary lobes in some instances appear to be folded transversely. A
mass of cortex occupies the apex of the fruit. By this date it had
not been fully matured and had been damaged by frost ; that is, the
exterior parts such as the rind and wings.

In a transverse section of the same date the cotyledonary lobes
are seen to be variously folded in the same fruit.

Masses of cortex occur in various parts of the fruit, embedded
in the more solid and sclerenchymatous endocarp. They are doubt-
less intended to lighten the fruit, and aid in its dissemination by
means of the wind. The wings formed by the adnate and accrescent
bracteoles, and the very thin rind or exocarp of Pterocarya, all
point to the natural means of dispersing the frui-t in this genus.

Seedling (fig. 662).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, brownish and glabrous in the lower part,
greenish upwards and thinly pubescent,
about 3 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons bipartite, with the pri-
mary divisions narrowing to a cuneate
base, and again deeply bipartite, making
in all four linear-oblong, obtuse, entire,
diverging and recurved segments, five-
nerved from the base of the lamina,
glabrous, dull opaque-green above, paler
beneath ; midrib slender, short, ending
at the base of the middle fissure of the
lamina ; middle nerve on each side of
the midrib strong, running along the
middle of the primary divisions of the
cotyledons and ending with a slender
point at the base of their fissure, at the
same time giving off a strong lateral nerve on each side a little
below the apex, which runs along the middle of the ultimate

FIG. 662.

Pterocarya caucasica.
Nat. size.

522 ON SEEDLINGS

segments ; slender nerves run from the base of the lamina near the
outer edge more than half way towards the apex; petiole short,
deeply grooved above, convex 011 the back, glabrous, about 2-25 mm.
long ; lamina 1-5-1-8 cm. long, 2'3-2'5 cm. wide between the tips
of the outer segments.

Stem erect, terete, glabrous or thinly pubescent, green, ulti-
mately woody ; 1st internode 2'25 mm. long.

Leaves compound, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, im-
paripinnate, penninerved ; leaflets serrate, numerous.

No. 1. Oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rather distantly
serrate, simple, sessile or subsessile, glabrous or nearly so, alternately
penninerved, with a nerve running into each serrature.

Nos. 2-5. With more elongated petioles, lanceolate, acuminate,
larger, but otherwise similar to the first.

MYRICACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 400.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is one-celled with a solitary,
basal, erect, orthotropous ovule. The fruit is small, globose
or ovoid, with a fleshy or succulent exocarp and a bony endo-
carp. The seed is erect and exalbuminous with a membranous
testa. The embryo is straight, with fleshy plano-convex coty-
ledons and a short superior radicle, the whole conforming in
shape to that of the seed.

Seedling. — Myrica californica (fig. 663) may serve as a
type of the Order. The cotyledons are spathulate-obovate,
tapered to the base, with several slender, ascending nerves on
each side of the midrib, best seen when fading. The first leaf
is small and cuneate, followed by three which are cuneate or
rhomboid, trifid and serrate. The fifth and sixth are narrowly
ovate ; and the seventh to the tenth inclusive are oblong and
acute. The primary leaves as well as the cotyledons bear a
strong resemblance to those of Crataegus Oxyacantha, but they
are covered with oily or resinous glands. The roots are
plentifully supplied with small tuberous processes.

MYRICACE.E

523

Myrica californica, Cham, et Schl (fig. 663).

Primary root long, tapering, flexuose, with numerous lateral
rootlets, and furnished here and there with small fleshy tubercles or
nodosities.

Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, red, soon becoming woody.

Cotyledons spathulate-obovate, suddenly narrowed to a subacute
apex, gradually tapered to the base, sessile, glabrous, with a distinct

FIG. 663. — Myrica californica. Nat. size.

midrib and several slender nerves ascending from near the base
(probably best seen when the cotyledons are fading), reticulated
towards the apex, 9 mm. long, 4 mm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, hairy, glandular, red, soon becoming woody ;
1st intemode 6'5 mm. long ; 2nd 4 mm. ; 3rd 7 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, alter-
nately penninerved, thinly hairy above, but more especially on the

524 ON SEEDLINGS

upper side of the petiole, and densely covered with small oily glands
on the upper surface, most distinctly visible when young ; petiole
semiterete, flat above, somewhat dilated at its insertion on the
stem.

No. 1. Narrowly cuneate, serrate above the middle.

Nos. 2-4. Cuneate, or subrhomboid, shallowly trifid and serrate,
similar to the leaves of the common Hawthorn (Cratsegus Oxy-
acantha.

Nos. 5 and 6. Narrowly ovate, cuneate at the base, irregularly
and slightly doubly serrate.

Nos. 7-10. Oblong, acute, cuneate at the base, sharply and some-
what doubly serrate.

The seedling bears considerable resemblance to a young Cratsegus
or Prunus, both in the cotyledons and leaves. It also resembles a
young Betula, but the cotyledons are much larger, and the leaves
from the seventh onwards become oblong. The glands on the stems
and leaves, the penninerved venation and the oblong leaves from the
seventh onwards are however characteristic of Myrica. The small
tubercles on the roots recall those of Alnus cordifolia amongst the
Cupuliferas.

CASUARINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 401.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is very small with twin, col-
lateral, ascending, semi-anatropous ovules, having a superior
micropyle. The fruits are ovoid or cylindrical, covered with
accrescent bracts and bracteoles, and arranged in a dense
cone-like head. The nut is laterally compressed, produced into
a wing running along the sides of the style and indehiscent.
The seed is solitary by abortion and exalbuminous. The em-
bryo is straight with flattened cotyledons and a superior radicle.

Seedling. — The cotyledons of Casuarina Cunninghamiana
(fig. 664) are oval, obtuse, and sessile. The stem is quad-
rangular in the seedling stage. The first two leaves are
opposite, followed by at least nineteen whorls of four leaves
each, decussating and forming the angles of the stem. They
are adnate to the stem for the greater part of their length and

CASUARINEJE

525

free at the tips only. In this respect they bear a strong
resemblance to the Equisetaceae and some of the Coniferae.

Casuarina Cunninghainiana, Miq. (fig. 664).

Primary root slender, wiry, flexuose, with
similar lateral fibres.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, wiry, deep
shining brown, very slender, 6'5 mm.-2'l cm.
long.

Cotyledons oval, obtuse, entire, sessile,

FIG. 664. — Casuarina
Cunninghamiana, x 2.

FIG. 665. — Casuarina stricta. Nat. size.

glabrous, with a midrib slightly discernible on the under side by
transmitted light, deep green above, paler beneath, 3-4-25 mm.
long, 1-5-2-5 mm. wide.

526 ON SEEDLINGS

Stem erect, quadrangular in the seedling stage, glabrous, and
entirely covered by the decurrent and adnate bases of the leaves,
deep green, ultimately woody ; 1st internode undeveloped and all
the rest very short.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, verticillate, exstipulate, sessile,
wholly adnate to the stem except the small tooth-like tips, glabrous,
deep green, with pale margins to the tooth-like tips, without any dis-
cernible venation, the whorls alternating one with another, and by so
doing forming the short alternating angles of the stem which cor-
respond with the lengths of the decurrent leaves and the internodes.

Nos. 1 and 2. Very short, opposite, almost arising from the same
level as the cotyledons and followed by nineteen whorls consisting
each of four leaves, forming the angles of the stem, and decussating
or alternating one with another, with very minute free tips.

Casuarina stricta, Ait. (fig. 665).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, rising about 3 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons ovate-oblong, sessile, connate, and appearing per-
foliate, narrowed upwards to an obtuse point, horizontal, 7'5 mm.
long, and 3 mm. wide.

Stem erect, ridged and furrowed, owing to the base of the
scale-like leaves being decurrent upon it ; 1st internode very short ;
2nd and 3rd 8 mm. long ; 4th to 6th 9 mm. ; succeeding ones
shorter. The stem and branches are articulated much like those
of an Equisetum, and the branches or the smaller ones ultimately
become disarticulated and fall like deciduous leaves.

Leaves simple, cauline, whorled, with the whorls decussating,
reduced to small scales, sometimes more or less connate at the
base and sheathing the stem, the midribs decurrent upon the latter
forming slender ridges, those above alternating with those below
each whorl. The number of leaves in a whorl varies from four
to many, according to the thickness of the young shoots bearing
them.

CUPULIFER.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 402.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, and during the
period of flowering often appears quite solid, but after fertili-
sation it becomes more or less perfectly two- to three-celled,

CUPULIFER.E 527

rarely four- to six-celled. The ovules are solitary in each cell or
twin and collateral, inserted at or near the apex of axile pla-
centas, pendulous and anatropous or nearly so, with a superior
micropyle. The fruit is a one-celled nut and variously sur-
rounded or included in a cupule consisting of bracts or bracte-
oles more or less cohering or grown together. The shell of
the fruit is crustaceous or woody and indehiscent. The seed
is most often solitary by abortion and exalbuminous with a
membranous testa. The cotyledons are fleshy or much folded
and foliaceous, while the radicle is short and superior.

About five more or less distinct types of seeds have come
under my observation. The fruit or nut of Carpinus Betulus
(the Hornbeam) is ovate, and the solitary pendulous seed is
obovate. The embryo is straight and fleshy, with obovate,
entire, or emarginate cotyledons. The emargination is due to
the fruit being occasionally more markedly umbilicate than
usual at the base with the wall projecting into the cavity at
that point. The short radicle projects slightly beyond the
cotyledons.

A second type occurs in Corylus Avellana (the Hazel-
nut) (fig. 668) which in the wild state has a more or less
globose fruit surrounded by a leafy cupule. The cultivated
Cobs and Filberts, varieties of this species, have much larger
and more or less oblong fruits. The seed conforms to the
interior, is solitary and suspended from the apex of a fila-
mentous, originally axial placenta. The young ovary is two-
celled, but the septa become ruptured and lost at an early
stage, leaving the placenta free. The latter gets pushed
against the sides of the pericarp, and is curved, like the seed,
in conformity with its outline, and bears the remains of three
aborted ovules at its apex, besides a perfect seed. In some
botanical text-books the filamentous placenta is spoken of as
the raphe. Strong slightly forked nerves radiate from the
chalaza all over the testa towards the micropyle. The raphe
and chalaza are ventral and next the cord-like placenta. The
embryo is fleshy with plano-convex or hemispherical cotyledons
enclosing the small plumule and the short superior radicle.
The seed of Corylus Colurna is more ovoid and somewhat com-
pressed, with the embryo conforming to the interior. The

528 ON SEEDLINGS

cotyledons are plano-convex, and obovate, but in all other
respects this species conforms to the type.

The fruit or acorn of Quercus pedunculata (fig. 669) is
oblong, one-celled and one-seeded. The cotyledons are fleshy,
oblong, obtuse or slightly emarginate owing to a thickening at
the chalaza, and auricled at the base ; but the auricles fit
closely to one another, hiding all but the extreme tip of the
short radicle. The fruit is surrounded at the base by a scaly,
cup-shaped involucre. In the earliest stages it is a three-celled
ovary with two ovules in each cell suspended from near the
middle of the axial placentas. Soon after fertilisation one
ovule develops at the expense of all the others, pushing them
aside as well as the placentas, so that at this stage the
ovary in either transverse or longitudinal section appears
lopsided. The septa become ruptured or destroyed and the
placenta-bearing axis gets severed from the apex of the ovary
and ceases to lengthen. The ovule in the early stage is
pendulous, and anatropous with the hilum a little below
the top. As the ovary increases in length and the axial
column gets torn from the top, the young seed increases in
length much faster above than below its attachment, till in the
full-grown state it is practically orthotropous. The chalaza
is basal and gives off numerous, strong, branching veins
radiating all over the testa up to the micropyle. It is really
very close to the hilum owing to the extreme shortness of the
raphe (see diagram, fig. 669). The seed is sessile and the
axial column really very short and firmly squeezed against
the base of the ovary by the seed which completely fills the
cavity.

A fourth type is represented by Castanea vulgaris (the
Chestnut) the fruits of which are generally grouped three
together within a four-leaved bristly involucre. The ovary
consists pf six to nine carpels, uniting to form as many cells
with a pair of pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. It
soon becomes one-celled by the rupture of the placentas, and
one, rarely two, seeds develop at the expense of the rest. The
ovary is densely lined internally with silky hairs. The seed is
ovoid or triangular-ovoid according to the pressure brought
to bear upon it by others. The cotyledons become concave

CUPULIFEILE 529

towards one another at an early stage, and ultimately fleshy,
occupying the whole of the seed, wrinkled both internally and
externally, undulate and interlocking with one another at the
margin.

Fagus sylvatica (the Beech) constitutes a fifth type. The
cupule consists of numerous bracteoles amalgamated in four
large pieces which completely enclose the two to four, generally
two fruits, and ultimately spread open to allow of the dispersion
of the latter, which are triquetrous with three wings extending
from the apex to below the middle. The seed is bluntly
trigonous and does not completely fill the angles of the
fruit. The fruit is three-celled in the ovarian stage, with two
anatropous ovules suspended from near the apex of each cell.
In nearly every case one ovule develops at the expense of the
rest. The ovary soon becomes one-celled by the rupturing of
the septa ; but the axial column remains attached to the apex
of the cavity and carries the anatropous seed suspended from
near the apex. The embryo at an early stage becomes doubled
upon itself longitudinally and covers two of the sides of the
triangular cavity. Then growth continuing at the edges of the
cotyledons the primary folds are pushed into the centre of the
cavity. The edges of the cotyledons become reversed towards
the angle of the ovary occupied by their middle portion ; and
when they have grown in this direction till they again meet
with resistance, they double back again so that in the full-
grown seed they consist of four folds so arranged as to fill
the trigonous seed and that again the triquetrous fruit. They
can therefore become aerial and green during germination, and
differ in these respects from any of those mentioned above.

The greater number of the fruits of this Order are adapted
to be transported by animals, to which they serve as food.
Those of the Hornbeam, however, are winged.

Seedlings. — Four more or less distinct types coming under
my observation have aerial cotyledons, while in a fifth case
they are subterranean during germination. The simplest type
is that of Betula alba (fig. 672) which has small, oblong-ovate,
shortly stalked cotyledons, showing a faint midrib. The first
two leaves are ovate, followed by three more or less triangular
ones. The sixth is cordate. AU are unequally serrate and

530 OX SEEDLINGS

penninerved with the basal pair of nerves the strongest. The
leaves of the adult are doubly serrate or even somewhat
lobed.

The cotyledons of Alnus cordifolia (fig. 666) are oblong-
oval, entire, and obscurely trinerved at the base. The first
two leaves are broadly ovate ; and the three following ones are
more or less cordate and broad ; all are serrate. The cotyle-
dons of Alnus incana laciniata differ in being broadly oval,
emarginate, and faintly showing a midrib. The first leaf is
broadly cuneate and coarsely serrate.

Carpinus Betulus (fig. 667) is very distinct from any of the
above, and has roundly obovate, shortly petiolate cotyledons
distinctly auricled at the base of the lamina. The first leaf is
broadly triangular, lobulate and serrate ; the second is ovate-
subcordate ; and the third ovate. All have a penninerved
venation, but this is particularly well marked in the adult
leaves, which are also plicate, and finely doubly serrate.

One of the most striking types in the Order is that of Fagus
sylvatica (fig. 671) which has large, foliaceous, transversely oval
and sessile cotyledons, auricled at the base, and longitudinally
plicate, with many radiating forking veins, branching from
two primary ones and spreading over the lamina in a fan-
shaped manner. The lamina further is entire or obscurely
crenate along the apical margin, and is 1*7-3 cm. long and
3-4-7 cm. wide. This peculiar shape and great size is due
to their being membranous and much folded in the seed so as
to occupy the whole interior of the triquetrous fruit to which
the trigonous seed conforms. The first two leaves are opposite,
ovate, obscurely dentate, penninerved, with the veins slightly
incurved at their tips or running into the marginal teeth.
The third leaf is alternate, broadly ovate, obscurely crenate,
much smaller than the first two, and generally terminates the
first season's growth.

The cotyledons of Quercus Hex (fig. 670) are oblong, plano-
convex, fleshy and subterranean. They are auricled at the
base and petiolate, and although the pericarp splits longi-
tudinally when they swell during germination, they never
quit the acorn. The first five leaves are linear-subulate,
minute, scarious, brownish and caducous. The sixth is some-

CUPULIFER/E

531

"what larger, cuneate and trifid at the apex ; the seventh and
eighth are foliaceous but small. The ninth is much larger,
lanceolate-oblong, and distantly serrate. The tenth to the
thirteenth inclusive are elliptic-oblong, irregularly penni-
nerved and acutely serrate. The above characters of the
primary leaves vary according to the vigour of the seedling
and the conditions under which germination takes place.
The primary internodes have not the power of elongating, so
that when an acorn happens to be deeply buried with dead
leaves in a wood or plantation the primary leaves are arrested
in growth and scale-like, while those leaves or most of those
(probably never all) which reach the light become green and
foliaceous. The leaves of the adult tree
are mostly quite entire except in the
variety Q. I. serratifolia.

The cotyledons of Q. pedunculata
are also subterranean. Several of the
primary leaves are reduced to scales as
in the last case and probably for the same
reason. The first green and foliaceous
leaf is obovate-oblong and shallowly
lobed at the top. Succeeding ones are ob-
ovate or obovate-oblong, and irregularly
lobed with alternate nerves running into
the lobes. The cotyledons of Corylus are
also subterranean.

Alnus cordifolia, Ten. (fig. 666).

Primary root tapering, flexuose, with a
few small lateral rootlets knotted with sessile
tubercles.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, finely
pubescent, brown, T75 cm. long.

Cotyledons broadly oblong or oblong-
oval, obtuse, petiolate, glabrous, rather
fleshy, obscurely trinerved at the base,
pale green ; lamina 7'5 mm. long, 5 mm. wide ; petiole grooved
above, rounded and slightly pubescent on the back, 2 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent, brown ; 1st internode
4' 25 mm. long ; 2nd 3 mm. ; 3rd 3'25 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, thinly

FIG. 666.

Alnus cordifolia.

Nat. size.

532 ON SEEDLINGS

scaly above, floccose along the midrib and base of principal nerves
with dirty white hairs, otherwise glabrous, deep green and shining
above, paler beneath, alternately penninerved, finely reticulate ;
petioles terete, glabrous, obsoletely channelled on the upper side,
scaly when young, tapering upwards from a stoutish base ; stipules
lanceolate, acute, scaly on the back, soon becoming re volute and
caducous ; leaf-buds viscid.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, broadly ovate, acute, or cuspidate, irre-
gularly and acutely serrate, slightly unequal at the base.

No. 3. Broadly subcordate, acute, irregularly and acutely serrate.

Nos. 4 and 5. Ovate-subcordate.

Ultimate leaves cordate, obtuse, cuspidate, minutely and mucro-
nately serrate-dentate ; larger nerves subincurved.

Carpinus Betulus, L.

Ovary of two carpels, one-celled or imperfectly two-celled in a
very young state, with two ovules in one or both of the cells ; ovules
pendulous, anatropous ; micropyle superior, close to the hilum.

Fruit a nut, ovate, compressed, umbilicate at the base, tipped
with the persistent, superior, perianth -segments (which are unequal
in size and irregular in number), strongly eight- to nine-ribbed,
glabrous, green, ultimately yellowish ; endocarp bony ; pericarp thin,
brown, membranous.

Seed obovate, compressed, pendulous from the top of the cavity,
entirely occupying the interior of the nut, and conforming to its
shape ; radicle superior, close to the hilum ; raphe ventral on one
edge of the seed, sometimes removable ; chalaza ventral, a little
above the base on one angle, sending off a nerve to the base which
forks there, one branch passing along each side of the apex of the
cotyledons, besides four on each face of the seed which occasionally
fork. These nerves however are not always constant in number,
and may be different on the two sides of the same seed.

Embryo straight, large, and occupying the whole of the interior
of the seed to which it conforms ; cotyledons obovate or oval, applied
face to face, colourless, shining, fleshy, slightly convex on the back,
entire at both ends, or sometimes emarginate at the apex ; radicle
superior, slightly protruded beyond the cotyledons.

Seedling (fig. 667).

Primary root short, tapering, dark-coloured, giving off small
wiry rootlets, flexuose.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, soon becoming woody, flexuose, shortly
pubescent, brownish, 3-4-5 mm. long.

CUFULIFERJE

533

Cotyledons rotund-obovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, auricled at
the base, concave on the upper face, rather fleshy, green and rising
above the soil, glabrous except the petiole,
which is short, slightly grooved on the
upper side and pubescent, T5 mm. long.

Stem soon becoming woody, erect,
terete, zigzag from leaf to leaf, pubes-
cent ; 1st internode '75 mm. long ; 2nd
1-5 mm. ; 3rd 3'5 mm. ; 4th 2*25 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, glabrous except on
the nerves beneath and the petioles,
penninerved with ascending parallel
nerves running into the serratures,
plicate, especially when young, doubly
and cuspidately acuminate, serrate ;
petioles slender, channelled above, short,
pubescent ; stipules free, subulate, acute,
hairy, brownish-green.

No. 1. Triangularly ovate, lobulate
and doubly serrate, with acute serratures.

No. 2. Ovate-subcordate, acute, doubly
serrate.

No. 3. Ovate, acute, narrowed slightly
at the base, but rounded, doubly serrate.

Ultimate leaves ovate, acuminate, . S1?-,667- ,T

. , Carpinus Betulus. Nat. size,

doubly serrate, slightly unequal at the

base, plicate, with ascending parallel nerves, glabrous above, sparsely
hairy on the nerves beneath with a woolly tuft in the axils of the
lateral veins where they join with the midrib, petiolate; petioles
terete, hairy, tapering upwards from °

a stout base, 8-12 mm. long. r

Corylus Avellana, DC./, (fig. G68).

Ovary of two carpels, two-celled,
each cell two-ovuled ; ovules pendu-
lous, anatropous ; micropyle superior.

Fruit a glans or nut surrounded
at the base by an involucre which is
double (the outer series or bracts being
short and little cut, the inner or brac-
teoles large, accrescent and deeply laciniated), oblong-ovoid, ovoid
or globose, glabrous except at the top which is densely and finely

FIG. 668.— Corylus Avellana.

Vertical section of nut, nat. size,

with seed pulled out : o, aborted

ovule ; m, micropyle ; pi, placen-
r, raphe ; ch, chalnza.

tal axis

534 ON SEEDLINGS

pubescent, and marked with two scars showing the remains or
trace of the perianth, and indicating the bicarpellary nature of the
fruit, indehiscent, one-celled, one-seeded, with remains of three
aborted ovules, one of which in some rare instances seems to have
been fertilised and grown to some size ; pericarp woody, lined
internally with brown spongy and scaly matter.

Seed globose or otherwise conforming to the shape of the peri-
carp, suddenly narrowed to a short point at the apex, pale yellowish-
white, strongly marked with diverging simple or slightly forking
veins radiating from the chalaza to the micropyle ; raphe about
3-5 mm. long, ventral and next to the cord-like placenta arising
from the base of the fruit and passing along the side of the seed
(cf. Quercus) ; hilum lateral a little below the apex ; micropyle
and radicle superior ; testa thin, membranous.

Embryo straight, occupying the whole interior of the seed, fleshy,
yellowish-white ; cotyledons plano-convex, thick, oily, each occupy-
ing half of the seed, semi-orbicular, cuspidate at the apex, or oblong-
cuspidate ; radicle small, superior ; plumule small.

Germination. — The thick cotyledons remain in the fruit, and
are not carried above the soil. The plumule forces itself out of the
nut and develops hypocotyl and rootlet. The cotyledons gradually
become aborted ; at their outer side are seen two yellow swellings
(rudimentary stipules) which also remain in the earth.

Quercus pedunculata, Ehrb. (fig. 669).

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT AND SEED.

When the acorn and cupule together equal the size of a pea, all
the ovules are of equal size and decidedly pendulous, oblong, obtuse
at the lower and apical end, narrowed above the attachment with
the micropyle prolonged into a small, obtuse, hooked point ; the
raphe is ventral ; the chalaza apical and inferior ; the hilum form-
ing a longish attachment on the ventral aspect with no free
funicle.

After fertilisation one ovule develops rapidly, becoming more
or less broadly ovoid, attached to the axis along one side, with the
subconical, obtuse, micropylar process still free and somewhat con-
spicuous. The cell containing this ovule is the only one that
develops, containing the young seed and one aborted ovule. The
other two cells of the ovary remain small and gradually become
pushed on one side with their aborted ovules.

When the acorn has attained a diameter of 1-1 cm., and a
length of 1 cm. including the withered styles, the young seed is

CUPULIFEILE 535

still distinctly pendulous, but is now oblong-obovoid, apiculate, and
the placenta remaining short, develops in length towards the apex
of the fruit as the latter grows ; the attachment with the small
aborted ovules is now distinctly below its middle.

The embryo at this stage is suspended from the apex of the seed
and shows a distinct, short, turbinate radicle, '5 mm. long, with
fleshy, lenticular, diverging, subtransparent, exauriculate cotyledons
2 mm. long and 2-25 mm. wide. The endosperm occupying the
basal part of the seed is also subtransparent, soft and in a semi-
gelatinous condition.

Pistil enclosed in an involucre or cupule, composed of imbricat-
ing bracts firmly cohering by their bases ; ovary of three carpels,
three-celled, with two ovules in each cell ; ovules pendulous, ana-
tropous, from the top of the cell with a prominent, projecting,
superior micropyle.

Fruit an acorn or glans, ovoid or oblong, flattened at its junction
with the receptacle, and umbilicate at the apex with the remains of
the styles springing from the middle of the
hollow, smooth, glabrous, shining, pale
green, ultimately brown ; perianth adhering
to the ovary and with it forming the peri-
carp ; seed free within the pericarp. By
early rupturing of the septa the fruit be-
comes one-celled and one-seeded as the re-
maining five ovules are not fertilised, but

•, ,, , , , , , i f j.-\ FIG. 669. — Ouercus pedun-

become firmly pressed to the base of the culata. '

ovary cavity by the large growing seed. Diagram of acorn and

« i i .en- ii • -i seed, nat. size : o, abor-

beea large, ruling trie pericarp, ovoid- ted ovule (pendulous,
oblong, slightly oblique at the base and anatropous); a, axis

° J ^ elongated to show its

blunt at the apex ; hilum basal ; raphe nature ; ck, chaiaza ; m,

very short or none (longer in Q. Ilex, at
least in a younger state when the base of the seed is very oblique or
even produced to a point) ; chaiaza very conspicuous, giving off
strong, radiating, longitudinal, forking, branching and anastomosing
nerves which vary considerably ; radicle apical, short, and just
protruded from the cotyledons.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, entirely occupying and conforming to
the whole interior of the seed, which again conforms to the fruit,
fleshy, pale yellow ; cotyledons broadly oblong or suboval, plano-
convex, with their flattened faces firmly applied to each other,
entire at the apex or slightly emarginate owing to a prominence of

536

OX SEEDLINGS

the chalaza where it is attached to the embryo-sac, and most often
with a shallow sinus, notched at the base of the inner face where
the short radicle and small plumule are seated ; plumule attached
to the inner face of the cotyledons a little above the base.

Seedling.

Primary root and hypocotyl very similar to those of Q. Ilex.
Cotyledons in every respect similar to Q. Ilex, remaining in the
nut and auricled at the base.

Several of the primary leaves are reduced to scales. First
green leaf obovate-oblong, bluntly and shallowly lobate at the apex.
Succeeding leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, irregularly lobed,
with strong ascending nerves running into the irregular lobes, gla-
brous except on the midrib above and the
principal nerves beneath where they are
pubescent, pale green, often suffused with
brown.

Quercus Ilex, L. (fig. 670).

Primary root long, woody, flexuose,
tapering, dark-coloured, wiry.

Hypocotyl woody, subterranean, very
stout, dark-coloured, flexuose, more or less
distinct from the root.

Cotyledons subterranean, thick, fleshy,
applied face to face in the testa, and convex
on the back, longitudinally wrinkled, obo-
vate-oblong in outline, retuse at the apex,
petiolate and produced behind the petiole
into a thin appendage ; petioles both curved
to one side of the stem, about T2 cm. long ;
lamina including auricle 2-25 cm. long,
1 cm. wide.

Stem woody, erect, terete, somewhat zig-
zag from node to node, pale green, stellately
pubescent, hoary when the tree attains some
age; 1st internode 1 cm. long; 2nd-
4th each about 1 mm. ; 5th 5'5 mm.
6th 2-5 mm. ; 7th 1 cm. ; 8th 1-75 mm.
9th 5 mm. ; 10th 2-5 mm. ; llth 2-5 mm.
12th 3-5 mm. ; 13th 2 mm. These lengths
are liable to some variation in different seedlings, but they indicate
the general tendency.

FIG. 670.— Quercus Ilex.
Half nat. size.

CUPULIFEILE 537

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, evergreen,
stellately pubescent on both surfaces, deep green and shining on
the upper surface, ultimately glabrous there in the adult or old
stage of the tree, and hoary with stellate pubescence on the under
surface, penninerved, distantly serrate in the seedling stage, but
nearly always quite entire in the adult tree ; petioles short, terete,
stout at the base, and tapering upwards, stellately pubescent ; stip-
ules linear-subulate, attenuate, dry, scarious, brownish, caducous.

Nos. 1-5. Small, scarious, brown scales.

No. 6. Very small, cuneate, tridentate at the apex.

No. 7. Small, oblong.

No. 8. Small, obovate.

No. 9. Lanceolate-oblong, distantly serrate, revolute and carti-
laginous at the margin, 3'3 cm. long, T2 cm. wide.

No. 10. Elliptic-oblong, acute, distantly serrate.

Nos. 11-13. Elliptic-oblong, acute, acutely serrate.

The leaves of the typical form in the adult tree are oblong or
ovate-oblong, acute, nearly always quite entire, revolute at the
margin, deep green and shining above, hoary beneath with a stel-
late pubescence. Q. Ilex far. serratifoha has the leaves serrate even
in the adult.

Castanea vulgaris, Lam.

Pistils generally three together, enclosed in a four-leaved in-
volucre covered with a dense mass of compound stellately-branching
bracts ; ovary of six to nine carpels, six- to nine-celled with two
ovules in each cell ; ovules pendulous, anatropous ; micropyle
superior, a little above the hilum.

Fruit a nut, at first six- to nine-celled, but soon becoming one-
celled and one-, rarely two-seeded, ovoid, compressed on the inner
side of the two lateral ones, and on two sides of the middle one,
glabrous at the base externally but silky towards the top, and
densely lined internally with silky white hairs. Involucre opening
to allow the indehiscent fruits to escape.

Seed triangular-ovoid, usually deeply furrowed longitudinally
on the ventral side, radiately nerved from the radicle or micropyle
d.owTnwards and slightly anastomosing ; raphe ventral ; hilum near
the apex on the ventral aspect, and below the radicle.

Endosperm always thin, transparent, jelly-like, occupying all the
lower part of the seed while the embryo is young, but ultimately all
absorbed by the embryo, leaving the seed exalbuminous.

Embryo straight, fleshy, transparent white, ultimately large,
occupying the whole interior of the seed, and then milky white, or

538 OX SEEDLINGS

yellowish externally ; cotyledons from an early stage becoming con-
cave, triangular or cucullate, conforming to the interior of the seed
with the endosperm inside or between them. As they progress to
maturity they develop along the base of the seed till they meet, with
the last remains of the endosperm between them. They now
become thicker, fleshier and more solid, wrinkled both externally
and internally and undulate at the margin whereby they firmly
interlock.

Germination. — The pericarp splits in the earth at the apex so
that the shoot and rootlet can emerge and develop. The two large
cotyledons rich in starch remain in the earth enclosed in the pericarp
and are gradually absorbed. The first leaf is entire.

Fagus sylvatica, L.

EAELY DEVELOPMENT OP FRUIT AND SEED.

Pistil of three carpels and three-celled in the early stage with
very hairy loose dissepiments becoming easily detached from a
central, filiform, placental axis, traversing the whole length of the
ovary and bearing the ovules near the apex.

Ovules two in each cell, making in ah1 six, pendulous, anatropous ;
raphe ventral ; chalaza basal ; micropyle superior, elongated and
projecting into the neck of the ceh1 below the base of the styles, and
considerably beyond the attachment of the ovule ; hilum ventral, a
little below the apex of the seed.

After fertilisation and when the nut has attained its full size or
nearly so, one ovule only begins to enlarge rapidly while the others
become shrivelled and brown. This ovule is narrowly oblong,
pointed at the micropyle and obtuse at the apical and lower end,
with a distinctly prominent raphe and chalaza. Owing to the rapid
development of the ovary, the ovule is very short even after the nut
has nearly attained its full size.

When the young seed has grown about half the length of the
ovary or more it becomes oblong and trigonous, in conformity with
the interior of the ovary.

The coarsely hairy lines seen on each side of the placental
axis correspond to the original septa of the primarily three-celled
ovary.

The embryo has its cotyledons already folded once in conformity
with the trigonous character of the fruit. A little later on the
cotyledons get too wide for the cavity of the fruit, and, con-
tinuing to increase, their edges become doubled back in two
of the angles of the seed, and the folds thus produced have the

CUPULIFEILE

539

effect of pushing the primary one right across the middle of the
seed, and this position is retained permanently.

Fruit a one-celled, one-seeded nut, of which there are two to four,
usually two, in an involucre, indehiscent, triquetrous, keeled from
the top to below the middle., tipped with the hairy five- to six-lobed
perianth and plumy remains of style, deep brown, shining, crusta-
ceous, glabrous except at the top which is pubescent ; by the early
rupture of the septa the ovary becomes one-celled, while the axile
placenta grows with it and equals it in length or nearly so. (Of.
Quercus.)

Seed strongly trigonous, or subtriquetrous conforming to the
interior of the pericarp ; testa thin, membranous, pale brown, marked
with nerves proceeding from the chalaza to the micropyle, pendulous
from the top of the cell, or rather from the placenta near the top ;
chalaza basal, distinctly elevated ; hilum subapical or about 1 mm.
below the apex, small ; raphe long, running from the hilum along
one face, or along one angle of the seed in a wavy manner.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo straight, large, entirely filling the seed when mature,
and conforming to it in shape, colourless or pale yellow ; cotyledons
applied face to face, and plaited longitudinally, first with one large fold
reaching from one angle of the cell to the middle of the flat face oppo-
site, or in other words dividing the triangle in two equal halves ; both
cotyledons are then reversed on either side of the four folds form-
ing the first division, and after
proceeding backwards for some
way are again turned forwards in
the original direction, thus filling
the other two angles of the seed.

Seedling (fig. 671).

Primary root long, stout,
tapering downwards and after a
time giving off freely short fibrous
lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, stout, be-
coming more slender upwards,
angled and furrowed, pale green,
soon becoming brown, glabrous,
3-5'5 cm. long.

Cotyledons large, foliaceous, transversely oval, sessile, auricled
at the base, with a fan-shaped venation, the nerves radiating and
branching towards the margin from two main trunks, right and

FIG. 671. — Fagus sylvatica.
Half nat. size.

540

OX SEEDLIXGS

left of the axis of the plant, broadest along the upper edge and
entire or obscurely crenate, glabrous, deep green above, white
beneath, 1-7-3 cm. long, 3-4'7 cm. wide.

Stem erect, terete, hairy or pubescent when young, glabrescent,
pale green, ultimately woody, arborescent ; 1st internode 2'5-4'5 cm.
long.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate (first two opposite), stipulate,
petiolate, alternately penninerved and finely reticulate, pubescent
on both surfaces when young, glabrescent, shining on both sur-
faces, deep green above, paler beneath, deciduous ; petioles terete,

FIG. 672. — Betula alba. Nat. size.

or nearly so, slightly channelled on the upper side, densely hairy, at
least when young, comparatively short ; stipules oblong-obtuse,
narrow, pale brown, scarious, hairy, caducous.

Nos. 1 and 2. Opposite, broadly ovate, obtuse, obtusely crenate-
serrate.

No. 3. Alternate, broadly ovate, obtuse, entire or obsoletely
crenate, much smaller than the first two.

This terminates the first season's growth.

'CUPULIFEILE 541

Betula alba, L. (fig. 672).

Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, densely pubescent, 8 mm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons small, oblong-ovate, obtuse, petiolate ; lamina gla-
brous, 3-4 mm. long, 2-5-3 mm. wide ; petiole grooved above,
rounded and pubescent on the back, 1*5 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, terete, pubescent at the base, hairy up-
wards, ultimately with the bark peeling off longitudinally in stripes
leaving the trunk white ; 1st internode 4 mm. long ; 2nd 6 mm. ;
3rd 4 mm. ; 4th 7 mm, ; 5th 9'5 mm.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, alternately
penninerved, glandular on both surfaces and hairy when in the
young or seedling stage, ultimately glabrous and dotted with sessile
glands on both surfaces, deep green above, pale beneath ; petioles
subterete, channelled above, densely pubescent in the seedling
stage, glabrous in adult specimens after full development, slightly
twisted so as to bring the surface of the leaf up to the light in
pendent branches ; stipules small, ovate or triangular, ciliate,
caducous.

No. 1. Small, ovate, trifid, three- or obscurely five-nerved.

No. 2. Ovate, obtuse, serrate, five-nerved at the base, alternately
pennmerved upwards.

No. 3. Triangular, coarsely serrate.

No. 4. Triangular-ovate, coarsely serrate.

No. 5. Triangular-ovate, coarsely almost doubly serrate, sub-
cuneate at the base.

No. 6. Cordate, acute, lobulate-serrate or doubly serrate.

Ultimate leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, subcuneate at
the base, glabrous, glandular on both surfaces, fragrant.

SALICINE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI Hi. 411.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior, and one-celled with
two to four parietal placentas. The ovules are numerous, in-
serted in two or many series on the placentas below the middle
of the ovary, ascending and anatropous. The fruit is capsular,
and ovoid or oblong, dehiscing by two or four valves according

542 ON SEEDLINGS

to the number of carpels of which it is composed. The seeds
are numerous, small or minute, furnished with a dense coma
of long, silky hairs arising from the funicle, and exalbuminous.
The embryo is straight and conforms to the interior of the
seed with oblong plano-convex cotyledons, and a very short
inferior radicle.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons of Salix repens (fig. 673) are
oblong- oval, petiolate, very small and show a midrib but
indistinctly. The first leaf is lanceolate, subacute, entire,
rounded at the base, one-nerved and exstipulate. Seeds sown
in a greenhouse germinated in the remarkably short space of
two days. The cotyledons of S. cinerea do not differ, in any
appreciable degree from those of its congener. The two
primary leaves are ovate, entire, or show a small tooth on
each side. The third one is oval, acute, and tapers to the base.
The ultimate leaves vary between oblong, elliptic, and obovate.
The seedlings were self-sown.

Salix repens, L. (fig. 678).

Hypocotyl erect or ascending, terete, glabrous, pale green or
reddish, 2*5-3 mm. long.

Cotyledons oblong-oval, obtuse, entire, petio-
late, with an indistinct midrib, glabrous, light
shining green ; lamina 2'5-2'75 mm. long, 1-5-2
mm. wide ; petiole semiterete, flattened above,
thickened at its insertion on the stem, 1 mm.
long.

Stem in the early seedling stage erect, terete,
pale green, glabrous, ultimately decumbent or
creeping, much branched, woody.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, exstipulate or stipulate, petio-
late, alternately incurvinerved.

No. 1. Lanceolate, subacute, entire, rounded at the base, shortly
petiolate, exstipulate, with a distinct midrib but no other discernible
venation in the young state when fresh, deep shining green above,
glaucous beneath, glabrous ; petiole grooved above, convex on the
back, short.

Salix cinerea, L.

Hypocotyl a deep purple, 5 mm. long.
Cotyledons very similar to those of S. repens.

SALIC1KELE 543

Stem shrubby, erect, terete, pubescent, deep purple ; 1st inter-
node 1'5 mm. long ; 2nd and 3rd very short or undeveloped.

Leaves simple, cauline, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, greyish,
pubescent above, densely so or tomentose beneath, alternately
incurvinerved and reticulate, but most distinctly so beneath ; petioles
short, dilated at the base, somewhat channelled above, pubescent,
brownish or purple ; stipules small and rather variable, half reni-
form, revolute at the margin, pubescent or tomentose like the leaves,
reticulate.

Nos. 1 and 2. Small, ovate, acute, entire or with a small tooth on
each side.

No. 3. Tapering to the base, oval, acute.

Ultimate leaves variable, oblong-elliptic, or subobovate, or
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, or very shortly cuspidate,
sub undulate and revolute at the margin, the latter at least when
dry, entire or distantly serrulate.

GNETACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI in. 417.

Fruit and Seed. — There is no ovary in this Order, and the
naked ovule has a double or triple coat, the outer one of which
is fleshy or thin and fibrous and the innermost membranous
and produced into a long, slender tube above the nucellus, ex-
serted from the mouth of the outer coat and simulating a style.
The nucellus is ovoid or conical, solid or nearly so before ferti-
lisation, but after that less solid. The seed is drupaceous or
membranous and compressed, erect, and contains a thin or
moderately thick layer of endosperm. The embryo is straight
with the cotyledons longer or shorter than the radicle.

One type of the Order is represented byEphedra altissima
(fig. 675). The fruit consists of an ovoid or conical seed
enclosed in a tubular, red cup consisting of two connate
bracts, free at the tips and leaving an opening between them
beyond which the seed projects. At the base of this cup
externally are two much shorter and decussating pairs of
connate bracts. The outer coat of the seed is crustaceous and

544 ON SEEDLINGS

the inner membranous. The embryo is as long as the endo-
sperm and has two linear-oblong, plano-convex cotyledons
about twice the length of the superior radicle.

Seedlings. — The seedlings of three or four species of Ephedra
coming under my observation are very similar, the chief dif-
ferences consisting in the length of the cotyledons and the
primary leaves. During the germination of Ephedra altis-
sima the testa splits longitudinally and may or may not be
carried up by the cotyledons as they rise above ground and
straighten. The cupular process observed lying over the tip
of the radicle in the seed seems designed to fix the latter in
the ground during germination while the cotyledons rise up
free. It is then seen to form a tubular sheath surrounding
the base of the radicle and attached to the empty testa which
is by that means pinned to the ground. Sometimes the
attachment becomes broken and the testa is carried up on the
tips of the cotyledons where it sometimes remains for a con-
siderable time. The cotyledons are linear, emarginate, plano-
convex, erect, but often much undulated or twisted by unequal
growth or by their efforts to get out of the seed, slightly
connate at the base, 3-1-5-7 cm. long and 1-5-2-25 mm.
wide. The primary leaves are opposite, decussate, connate at
the base, and the first four pairs are often unequal in length
and vary from subulate to linear, similar to, but much shorter
than the cotyledons. The cotyledons of E. fragilis differ
but slightly from those of E. altissima, the chief distinc-
tions being that they are acute, straight and 5-7 cm. long.
The first node of the stem above the cotyledons bears three
leaves in a whorl.

The cotyledons of Ephedra vulgaris (fig. 674) are linear,
slightly channelled above, 3-1 cm. long and 1 mm. wide. The
leaves are opposite and decussate, ovate, obtuse, connate at
the base, very small and scale-like, and being so from the
first pair onwards, they offer a marked contrast to those of
E. altissima. The stem has a jointed appearance like that of
Casuarina or Equisetum. The cotyledons of an unnamed
species of Ephedra from Afghanistan are linear, semiterete,
obtuse, grooved on the upper surface, slightly connate at the
base, and otherwise closely resemble those of E. vulgaris.

GNETACE^E

545

Ephedra vulgaris, Rich. (fig. 674).

Hypocotyl tapering downwards into the radicle, brown when old.

Cotyledons two, linear, obtuse, slightly channelled above, gla-
brous, glaucous-green, 8'1 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide.

Stem shrubby, diffuse, terete, striate, finely scabrous on the
ridges, glabrous, deep green; 1st internode 9-13 mm. long; 2nd
1-3-1-5 cm. ; 3rd 1-8-2-2 cm.

Leaves very small, cauline, opposite, decussate, sessile, ovate,
obtuse, connate at the base, convex on the back, glabrous, pale
green, thick and subfleshy when young, and entirely enclosing the

FIG. 674. — "Ephedra vulgaris.
Two-thirds nat. size.

FIG. 675.

Ephedra altissima, x 5.
Longitudinal section of seed
through the cotyledens : M,
micropyle ; Cu, cupular
process of loose tissue; P,
endosperm f Ch, chalaza.

growing tip in bud, becoming pale or brown and scarious at an
early age, persistent, ultimately torn by developing axillary buds.

Ephedra altissima, Desf. (fig. 675).

Ovule enclosed in a tubular, shortly bifid,, glabrous, pale red
envelope, and that again in two successively smaller envelopes,
erect, terminal, orthotropous ; micropyle superior.

Seed enclosed in the tubular processes above-mentioned, each
of which consists of a pair of connate, opposite, decussate bracts.
Sometimes there is present the remains of a second aborted ovule.
Narrowly and pointedly ovoid- conical, glabrous, brown, obsoletely
four-ribbed towards the apex ; testa thick, crustaceous and tough ;
tegmen very thin, membranous, brown, more or less exserted as a

II. N N

546 OX SEEDLIXGS

styliform process when in a young state ; hilum and chalaza basal ;
micropyle apical.

Endosperm copious, fleshy, white, embedding the embryo, except
at the tip of the radicle, and forming only a very thin layer round
the apex of the cotyledons.

Embryo straight, nearly as long as the cavity of the seed, com-
paratively large, lying in the axis of the endosperm ; cotyledons
two, oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, fleshy or thick, plano-convex,
closely applied face to face in the seed, about twice as long as the
radicle; radicle stout, oblong, terete, very obtuse, slightly con-
stricted in the middle with the upper half white like the cotyledons
and the lower half yellow, lying in a cup-like process of loose tissue
close to the micropyle.

Ephedra fragilis, Desf.

Hypocotyl as in E. altissima, 1-2-5 mm. long.

Cotyledons linear or acicular, fleshy, 5-7 cm. long, glabrous,
acute, green.

Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, ultimately woody ; 1st internode
1-1-5 mm. long.

First leaves three in a whorl, simple, entire, cauline, linear,
acute, glabrous.

An undetermined species of Ephedra, from Afghanistan, has very
similar cotyledons.

Seedling.

Primary root long, tapering downwards, copiously furnished
with root-hairs, without lateral rootlets till it attains some size,
tipped in the seed by a cup-like process which forms a sheath to it
after germination.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, green, 3'5-12'5 mm. above the
soil, stout, and fleshy at first.

Cotyledons long, linear, emarginate during or after germination,
and generally more or less discoloured at the tip, semiterete, flat
above or slightly grooved, rounded on the back, deep green and often
distinctly glaucous, glabrous, often twisted or variously bent in
making their escape from the seed, connate at the base and forming
a cupule round the plumule, not differentiated into lamina and
petiole, erect with spreading tips for a long time at least after com-
pleting germination* 3-1-5-7 cm. long, 1-5-2-25 mm. wide.

COX1FEILE 547

CONIFERS.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 420.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovules are naked, solitary, or vary
from two to several collaterally inserted near the base, rarely
under the apex of an ovuliferous scale in the axil of a bract ;
they are superficial or partly submersed in the tissue of the
scale and erect or reversed with the micropyle superior or point-
ing to the base of the scale accordingly. The fruit is usually a
cone consisting of closely imbricating scales covering the seeds ;
but in many species of the tribes Taxese and Podocarpese, and
in Cephalotaxus the scales remain small while the large, solitary
seed projects considerably beyond them. The seed is ovoid or
oblong with a membranous, fleshy or crustaceous testa some-
times winged at the sides or again at the apex. Endosperm
is copious and fleshy or farinaceous, and remarkably ruminated
in Torreya. The embryo is straight and axial with two, three
or many cotyledons, usually shorter than the radicle.

Pinus Pinaster may serve as a type of the Order. The
seeds are winged at the upper end, the wing being produced
by delarnination from the inner layer of the ovuliferous scale.
The outer layer of the testa is thick and woody while the
inner one is membranous. The embn~o is clavate, and
straight, with six to seven or more cotyledons which are tri-
gonous, obtuse and several times shorter than the cylindrical
radicle.

Seedlings. — The cotyledons vary greatly in different genera,
and in the different species of Pinus, Abies, and Picea the
number varies even in individuals. They also vary more or
less in shape dependent upon their number, in the same way
as in the secondary leaves of Pinus. When there are only
two they are flat or plano-convex, but when more numerous
they are trigonous, triquetrous, or form some segment of a
cylinder.

The cotyledons of Taxus baccata (fig. 677) are linear,
obtuse, flat, or slightly plano-convex, two in number, 1*7 cm.
long, and 2 mm. wide. The primary leaves are opposite or

N N 2

548 ON SEEDLINGS

nearly so, spreading, decussate, and nearly flat. The first
pair are lanceolate-linear and acute ; the next two pairs are
linear and subacute ; while the fourth and fifth pairs are
linear, cuspidate, and unequal in size, as if really alternate
and scattered, and such in fact may be the case. The leaves
of lateral branches in the seedling resemble those of the
adult in being scattered with a distichous arrangement, while
the phyllotaxy remains the same. On ascending or upright
shoots they ascend in various directions, and are not bifa-
riously arranged. All have a distinct midrib seen on both
surfaces, but more prominent on the upper, are distinctly
petiolate, and arise from a linear-oblong, elevated pulvinus
or process adnate to the shoot.

The cotyledons of Thuya occidentalis are linear, acute,
tapered to the base, one-nerved, flat or nearly so, and two
in number. The two first leaves are opposite, spreading,
similar to, but smaller than the cotyledons, and are followed
by five or more whorls of three similar ones. In some cases
one of the three is inserted at a slightly higher level than the
rest, or they may even all be scattered with a spiral arrange-
ment. The ultimate leaves are opposite, decussate, and adnate
for great part of their length to dorso-ventrally flattened shoots.
The cotyledons of Thuya gigantea (fig. 676) conform to the
above type. The first four leaves are in opposite pairs de-
cussating with the cotyledons, and are followed by a number
of whorls or pseudo-whorls, of similar but longer and more
decidedly acicular leaves. Above the first dozen or so of
whorls, lateral branches are given off bearing sometimes a few
acicular and spreading leaves at their bases, while succeeding
leaves are imbricate and decurrent, gradually giving place to
closely imbricate and decurrent leaves, arranged in four rows
and decussate. The branches are then horizontal or droop-
ing, and dorso-ventrally flattened.

Cryptomeria japonica differs from the above-mentioned
species in having two to three linear, obtuse cotyledons flat
above and slightly convex beneath. Out of fifteen seedlings
examined, twelve had three cotyledons. The testa is very
frequently carried up on the tips of the cotyledons during
germination, but is ultimately thrown off by their bulging

CONIFERS 549

or bending out. It opens at the apex only to allow of the
exit of the embryo.

The second well-defined type of cotyledons is met with in
Pinus rigida (fig. 678). Here they are acicular, obtusely
trigonous, acute and slender at the tips, four to six in number,
and ultimately attain a length of 1'4-1'6 cm. They carry up
the testa during germination, and push themselves out at
an apical opening, first by the mere process of elongation,
but afterwards get rid of the testa in the same way as Cryp-
tomeria japonica. The primary leaves of the seedling are
acicular, densely and spirally arranged on the axis. The
primary ones of the adult are reduced to brown scales, while
the secondary are arranged in fascicles of three in their
axils, and are three to four inches long. The cotyledons of
Pinus sylvestris vary from five to ten in number, and are
acicular, serrulate at the margins, variously angled and com-
pressed. Those of Pinus halepensis prolifera are acicular,
trigonous, acute, 3-4 cm. long, and vary in number from
seven to nine. Picea orientalis agrees very closely with Pinus
and has six to ten acicular, attenuate cotyledons, obtusely
trigonous and distantly ciliate-serrulate at the margins.
They make their exit from the testa in the same way as in
Pinus rigida, and when full grown radiate horizontally with
their tips curved in one or two directions. When about half-
grown and still surmounted by the testa they curve outwards
regularly in the form of a balloon. The crustaceous testa
splits longitudinally, but the surrounding endosperm remains
intact except at the point of exit at the micropyle, forming a
sheath to the cotyledons.

Actinostrobus pyramidalis may be placed here, as although
it has only three cotyledons, they are linear-subulate, sub-
triquetrous, and 9 mm. long. The primary leaves are similar
to the cotyledons in outline, and verticillate in whorls of three,
but are biconvex, decurrent upon the axis, and cover the whole
of the internodes with the free portion 8-13*5 mm. long.

Actinostrobus pyramidalis, Miq.

Hypocotyl woody, erect, terete, glabrous, brownish, about 7-
10 mm. above the soil.

Cotyledons three, linear-subulate, acute, subtriquetrous, glabrous,

550 ON SEEDLINGS

glaucous-green, spreading or arching, with the broadest face towards
the soil, and one on each side of the median ridge on the upper
surface, 9 mm. long.

Stem woody, erect, glabrous, glaucous, obtusely three-ridged and
shallowly three-furrowed owing to the adherent or decurrent bases
of the leaves ; 1st internode undeveloped ; 2nd 5 mm. long ; 3rd
4-25 mm. ; 4th 5'25 mm. ; 5th 6 mm. ; 6th 5 mm. ; 7th 6 mm. ;
8th 5-5 mm. ; 9th 4 mm.

The primary leaves are simple, entire, cauline, verticillate in
whorls of three, linear- subulate, acute, horizontal, compressed hori-
zontally, and convex on both surfaces, decurrent or adnate by their
faces to the stem, and covering the whole internodes with the free
part, 8-13-5 mm. long, deep glaucous-green above and paler beneath.

Thuja gigantea, Nutt. (fig. 676).

Primary root long, woody, flexuose, brown, with a few long
brownish fibres.

Hypocotyl woody, erect or suberect, terete, about T5 cm. long,
1-5 mm. thick, brown.

Cotyledons two.

Stem woody, terete and smooth near the base, ridged higher up
from the decurrent sessile leaves, brownish-green.

Leaves of two kinds, with intermediate stages.

(a) Acicular leaves in more or less true whorls, decurrent except
the few lowest, which are only 2-3 mm. long by '75 mm. wide,
and yellowish-green, whilst the upper ones are 1 cm. long, 1-5 mm.
wide, prominently decurrent, sharply pointed, and dull dark green
above with a lighter tint and white midrib on the lower surface.

After about a dozen pseudo-whorls, the first "branch is formed
and may or may not bear a few acicular leaves, passing gradually
or suddenly into the second predominating form.

(b] Scale-like, imbricate leaves as in Thujopsis dolabrata, &c.1

Thuja occidentalis,2 L.

Primary root tapering downwards with a few fibrous lateral
rootlets.

1 Tubeuf, 1. c. p. 103, figures and describes the same species and says of
the cotyledons, ' about 6 mm. long, and 1-1-5 mm. wide, broadly pointed,
green on both surfaces, midrib scarcely visible.' He also (p. 102) figures and
describes Thuja japonica, which differs from T. gigantea in having broader
cotyledons, and the primary leaves in opposite decussate pairs. The seeds
of these two species are also described (p. 31).

2 Cf. Tubeuf, 1. c. p. 101 (with figure of a very young seedling). The coty-
ledons are described as about 8 mm. long, by 1 mm. wide.

CONIFERS

551

Hypocotyl erect, quadrangular, glabrous, 5 mm. long, light green.
Cotyledons two, linear, acute, entire, sessile, slightly tapering
towards the base, glabrous, light green, one-nerved.

FIG. 676. — Thuja gigantea. Nat

Stem ascending, herbaceous, ultimately woody, quadrangular,
light green ; 1st internode very short ; 2nd and following ones con-
siderably longer.

552 OX SEEDLINGS

Leaves cauline, opposite and verticillate, arranged in whorls of
three, though in some plants they seem to be in pairs with the odd
one slightly higher, or have even a spiral arrangement, linear, acute,
sessile, exstipulate, glabrous, light green, one-nerved.1

In all the Junipers and Thujas the young plants have needle
leaves. In many species of the Cupressines the subsequent foliage
is flattened ; and in some the two tendencies are so nearly balanced
that even on the same branch some twigs bear acicular, some
flattened, leaves. The former seem to be especially developed on
the lower and inner branches.

Cryptomeria japonica, Don.

Primary root tapering downwards, somewhat flexuose, pointed,
colourless, unbranched in its early stage.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, pale green, slightly stained
with red at the base, 1-1-6 cm. above the soil.

Cotyledons two to three, linear, obtuse, flat above and deep
glaucous-green, slightly convex beneath and paler, 6'5-8 mm. long,
1-5-2 mm. wide. Out of seventeen seedlings three had two coty-
ledons, twelve had three cotyledons, and two were not sufficiently
advanced to determine the number.

Stem erect, ultimately woody ; primary internodes undeveloped ;
ultimate ones very short.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, spirally arranged on the stem and
close together, exstipulate, sessile, decurrent, linear-falcate, ascending
towards the apex of the branches, three- to four-angled with the
posterior or dorsal angle strongest and decurrent on the stem or
branch, glabrous, deep glaucous-green.

Nos. 1-3. Following each other closely, often appearing ver-
ticillate and alternating with the cotyledons.2

Taxus baccata, L. (fig. 677).

Primary root tapering, fleshy, colourless, giving off very few
lateral fibres in its early stages.

1 Tubeuf, 1. c. p. 103, describes and figures (fig. 143), the seedling of Thujopsis
dolabrata, which resembles that of Thuja gigantea, but has broader, very blunt
cotyledons. The primary leaves are also shorter and broader.

Biota orientalis, L c. p. 104 (fig. 144), has two much larger cotyledons,
2-2 -2-5 cm. long, 1-5-2 mm. wide, but is otherwise at first very similar.

• Vide Tubeuf, 1. c. p. 97, where is a figure of a seedling and also of a
two-year-old plant. The seeds are described on p. 32.

CONIFEILE

553

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, green, finely striate, soon
becoming woody, 2*8-3-9 cm. long.

Cotyledons two, linear, obtuse, glabrous, 1'7 cm. long, 2 mm. wide.

Stem erect, suffrutescent and soon becoming woody, subangular,
glabrous, green ; 1st internode 2 mm. long ; 2nd 3 mm. ; 3rd 1-5 mm. ;
4th '5 mm.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, exstipulate, sessile, opposite in
the seedling state, but the pairs at the
growing point develop unequally, as if al-
ternate, glabrous, persistent, deep green
above, paler beneath, with a prominent
midrib on both faces.

First pair lanceolate-linear, attenuate,
acute, !•? cm. long.

Second and third pairs linear, sub-
acute.

Fourth pair linear, cuspidate.

Fifth pair linear, cuspidate, very un-
equal in size, the shorter one not half the
length of the other, at least while young
and still growing.

Ultimate leaves alternate or scattered,
arranged distichously in a double row on
each side of the branches with the upper
faces all turned in one direction, and ar-
ticulated with a linear-oblong, cushion-
like piece, adnate to the branches ; upper
series of leaves shorter than, and alter-
nating with the series beneath it ; leaves
linear, straight or falcate, acute or cuspi-
dately acute, persistent, deep green above,
paler beneath, especially when young,
with a prominent midrib on both sur-
faces, and a very pale line on each side of the midrib beneath.

Pinus Pinaster, Soland.

Ovary consisting of an open carpel on the base of the inner face
of which two ovules are seated on a process termed an ovuliferous
scale ; ovules reversed, adnate to the scale in the early part of the
season ; micropyle inferior.

Fruit a cone consisting of scales spirally arranged in many
series. The carpellary scales do not increase after fertilisation, re-
maining small, and membranous ; but the inner seminiferous scales

FIG. 677. — Taxus baccata.
Nat. size.

554

ON SEEDLINGS

become large and woody, thickened at the end, densely imbricating
and each containing at the base of the inner face two large winged
seeds resembling samaras. Scales persistent, ultimately separating
to allow the seeds to drop out.

Seed obovoid, dorso-ventrally compressed and winged at the top ;
after removal of this wing the margins are seen to be drawn out into
two thin edges, or incipient wings ; seed-coat after removal of the
wing consisting of two layers, the outer one of which is thick, hard,
and woody, comprising a thin outer dark brown or black stratum,
and a pale brown, much thicker inner stratum ; the inner layer
is pale brown and black at the radical end of the seed, thin and
membranous, but capable of being broken or split up into two thinner
strata ; micropyle inferior ; chalaza superior.

Endosperm copious, white, subfarinaceous, surrounding the
embryo.

Embryo central, large, straight, nearly equal in length to the
endosperm, colourless ; cotyledons six to seven, packed together hi a
clavate mass, linear- oblong, obtuse, trigonous, several times shorter
than the radicle; radicle and hypocotyl
together stout, cylindrical, abutting
against the remains of the suspensors
at the base of the seed and close to the
micropyle.

Pinus rigida, Mill. (fig. 678).
Primary root tapering downwards,
subflexuose, unbranched for some time
after germination.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous,
deep glaucous-green, and more or less
stained with red near the base, 8-18 mm.
above the soil.

Cotyledons four to six, acicular, ob-
tusely trigonous, attenuately acute and
slender at the tip, glaucous-green, gla-
brous, straight in the seed, but during germination pushed out by
their own elongation, bulging out all round, and finally pulling
themselves out of the seed, after which they gradually spread out
to the light, attaining a length of 1-4-1-6 cm.1
Stem erect, woody.
Leaves dimorphic, simple, cauline, sessile, exstipulate, glabrous.

1 Tubeuf , 1. c. p. 86, says : ' The plant has lost its cotyledons by the beginning
of the second year.'

FIG. 678.— Pinus rigida> x 2.

CONIFERS 555

Primary ones small, scale-like, hyaline, spirally arranged in many
series, more or less deciduous.

Secondary ones acicular, acute, fascicled in clusters of three in
the axils of the primary scarious leaves, evergreen, and persisting
several years.

The first leaves of the seedling are numerous, alternate, densely
and spirally arranged, plano-convex and acicular.

Pinus sylvestris, L.

Primary root long, tapering but slightly, rather fleshy, sub-
flexuose, unbranched in the early stage.

Hypocotyl glabrous, pale green, about 4*4 cm. long.

Cotyledons ten (in specimen described), whorled, ascending,
acicular, acute, distantly serrulate at the margins, semiterete and
flattened above or variously compressed, and angled by mutual
pressure, deep subglaucous-green, forming a vasiform cupule around
the plumule.1

Pinus halepensis, Hill., var. prolifera.

Hypocotyl covered with a fine bloom, purplish-green, 3-4 cm.
long.

Cotyledons seven to nine, acicular, trigonous, 3-4 cm. long,
acute, covered with a fine bloom, glaucous-green.2

Picea orientalis, Carr.

Primary root tapering downwards, and some time after ger-
mination very much elongated, flexuose with a few very short
scattered lateral rootlets.

Hypocotyl erect, terete, glabrous, striate or shallowly ridged and
furrowed, the furrows opposite to or running down from the back of
the cotyledons, and the ridges corresponding to their united and
decurrent edges, T8-3-.2 cm. long, slender, pale green or ultimately
straw-coloured, slightly twisted.

Cotyledons six to ten, acicular, attenuately acute at the tip,

1 Cf. Tubeuf, 1. c. p. 83, fig. 110 ; the cotyledons are described as mostly
six in number (4-7), to 2 cm. long, with two resin canals, and the primary
leaves as serrate on both edges, and spiral with no resin canal. The cotyledons
die in the winter and hang on the plant till spring.

2 Tubeuf, 1. c. pp. 82-88, describes also P. montana, fig. Ill (very like
P. sylvestris) ; P. Laricio, fig. 112 (cotyledons 6-8) ; P. Thunbergii (cotyledons
6-8) ; P. Pinaster, fig. 113 (cotyledons 7-9) ; P. Pinea, fig. 114 (cotyledons 10-
13, about 6 cm. long) ; P. ponderosa, fig. 115 (cotyledons 9) ; P. Jeffreyi
(cotyledons 10, up to 5 cm. long); P. Cembra, fig. 116 (cotyledons 9-12);
P. Strobus, fig. 117 (cotyledons 8-11) ] P. excelsa, fig. 118 (cotyledons 9-11).

556 ON SEEDLINGS

obtusely trigonous, distantly and minutely ciliate-serrulate, deep
subglaucous-green, straight in the seed, emerging as in Pinus, finally
radiate and straight, or more or less twisted or curved in one or two
directions, ri-1'7 cm. long.

Plumule covered with a cap of scales the outer of which are
pale brown, the inner smaller, more numerous and hyaline.

Stem erect, ultimately woody.

Leaves simple, entire, cauline, acicular, spirally scattered,
obtusely tetragonous, narrowed at the base into a very short petiole
and jointed to a little pulvinus on the branches, deep green, very
short.1

CYCADACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 443.

Fruit and Seed. — The male and female flowers are arranged
in separate cones in most genera ; those bearing the ovules are
generally the thicker. The scales are closely imbricated and
spirally arranged ; in the case of Cycas they are greatly
elongated and bear the ovules alternately on the lateral mar-
gins. They, in fact, resemble aborted leaves densely covered
with rusty brown hairs. In other genera the scales are very
short, much thickened, peltate and bear a single orthotropous
ovule on each side pointing towards the axis. The testa is
single and produced into a short tube at the micropyle. The
seed is large, variable in shape, and often variously angled.
The outer layer of the testa is orange or red, and the inner
crustaceous or bony. Endosperm is copious and fleshy, em-
bedding the subcylindrical embryo in its upper part; and
the cotyledons are conferruminate or amalgamated in one
piece, or free at the base only to permit the exit of the plumule.

Seedlings. — As the seeds are large in nearly all the genera
of the Order and differ in this respect from the Gnetaceae and
Coniferae, so I find that in all the seedlings observed the coty-

1 Tubeuf, 1. c. pp. 90-92, describes seedlings of Picea excelsa, fig. 121;
P. alba, fig. 122 ; P. polita, P. orientalis, fig. 123 ; P. Alcockiana, fig. 124 ;
P. Omorica, P. sitchensis, fig. 126 ; all of which bear a general resemblance to
that of P. orientalis.

CYCADACE^E

557

ledons are subterranean,
and remain in the seed till
the endosperm is absorbed,
when they decay. Another
peculiarity is that the plu-
mule consists of a mass of
stout, fleshy scales re-
sembling a resting or winter
bud, which emerges from
the fissure at the base of
the cotyledons during ger-
mination. A solitary per-
fect leaf is soon after de-
veloped from the centre
of the bud as seen in Zamia
integrifolia. This leaf con-
sists of two pairs of leaflets,
crowded together at the
apex of the petiole; the
terminal pair is much the
smaller, and all have
numerous, longitudinal,
parallel nerves.

The seed of Cycas Bed-
domei (fig. 679) is globose-
oblong, and the bud formed
by the plumule is rather
small, consisting of one or
two scales. The method of
germination corresponds
to that of Zamia integri-
folia. The primary perfect
leaf is pinnate with eleven
to nineteen linear, entire
leaflets having a distinct
midrib only. Dioon spinu-
losum has a comparatively
large, oblong seed and a
large bud of four scales.
The first leaf is finely pec-

FIG. 679. — Cycas Beddomei.
A, first leaf; B, second
leaf; C, C, petioles of
cotyledons; S,seed. Nat.
size.

558 ON SEEDLINGS

tinate or pinnate with twenty-three to twenty-five spiny-
serrate leaflets, the veins of which are longitudinal, slender,
and numerous. In all three cases the leaflets are circinate
in vernation like most Ferns.

Cycas Beddomei, Dyer (fig. 679).

Primary root very long, stout, fleshy, colourless, giving off a few
short lateral rootlets after a time.

Hypocotyl very short, stout, subterranean, passing somewhat
abruptly into the root.

Cotyledons two, subterranean, and remaining in the seed till
they decay, petiolate ; petioles stout, fleshy, serniterete, sufficiently
long to allow the plumule to make its exit between them during
germination.

Stem short, erect, woody, and of very slow growth, undeveloped
for some considerable time after germination.

Leaves radical, ultimately all cauline, pinnate, alternate, ex-
stipulate, petiolate, pilose when young particularly on the midrib
beneath, evergreen, subcoriaceous ; pinns linear, acute, entire with
a distinct midrib but no other visible venation, circinate in verna-
tion ; petiole downy when young, ultimately glabrous, terete. First
leaf, and sometimes the second, or even the third reduced to a large,
subulate, semiterete, fleshy scale, without leaflets. Second leaf
usually foliaceous with eleven to nineteen linear, entire leaflets.

Zamia integrifolia, Ait.

Cotyledons two, remaining in the seed, subterranean.

Stem erect, ultimately woody, of slow growth, and consequently
short ; internodes undeveloped.

Leaves ca?spitose, pinnate ; leaflets notched at the apex, sessile,
almost linear but rather tapering towards the base, light green at
first then dark green, glabrous, with parallel veins.

Primary leaves reduced to short scales closely investing the
plumule, and owing to the undeveloped condition of the inter-
nodes resembling a resting or winter bud. First true leaf with two
pairs of linear-spathulate, somewhat oblique leaflets ; petiole thinly
hairy, green, soon becoming brown.

HYDROCHARDIELE 559

HYDROCHARIDE^.1

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 448.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, one-celled, with
three to six placentas, rarely fewer or more, parietal or pro-
jecting into the centre of the cavity without uniting ; ovules
several on each placenta, pendulous or, especially the lower
ones, ascending, anatropous or sometimes orthotropous.
The fruit is submerged, globose, ovoid, oblong or linear,
dry or more or less pulpy, bursting irregularly through swelling
of the jelly-like contents, or opening by decay of the pericarp ;
one- or six- to many-celled by coalescence of the placentas
in the centre ; pericarp membranous or rarely somewhat
fleshy. The seeds are numerous, oblong ; the outer layer of the
seed-coat consists of spirally thickened cells, swelling up and
becoming mucilaginous in water ; the inner layer is usually
hard and more or less crustaceous, as in Stratiotes, and
especially in Blyxa, where it is sculptured and almost bony.
In some species, as B. echinosperma, the testa has thorny pro-
longations. The seeds are small in the Vallisnerieae, Blyxa
and the Otteliea^, larger in the other tribes. They are ex-
albuminous, the embryo completely filling the seed.

In the freshwater genera the hypocotyl coheres with the
cotyledon into a more or less oval mass, including the small
plumule at the base of a lateral cleft. As examples, compare
Lagarosiphon muscoides, figured by Caspary,2 who says ' the
embryo has a very strong resemblance to that of Naias major,
minor, and flexilis, and gives an indication of the systematic
position of the Hydrillese.' Vallisneria, Ottelia, and Hydro-
charis also follow this type. The embryo terminates in a
small radicle.

Stratiotes is exceptional among the freshwater genera.
Here3 the cotyledon is distinct from the hypocotyl, linear -

1 In this and some of the following Orders I have no observations to record.
It may still, however, he convenient, for purposes of reference, to give a short
description of the fruit and seed.

2 Die Hydrillen, in Pringsh. Jahrb. i. 478.

3 Irmisch, Flora, 1865, p. 81, t. 1.

560 ON SEEDLINGS

lanceolate In outline, and only slightly sheathes the plumule
with its edges at the base. The plumule is large and excep-
tionally well developed, including eight to ten young foliage
leaves, of which the outer ones sometimes reach to the apex
of the cotyledon. The fleshy conical hypocotyl is about a
quarter the length of the cotyledon, and there is no trace of
any radicle.

In Halophila and Thalassia, which inhabit the sea, the
embryo consists of a strongly developed lower hypocotyledo-
nary, or hypocotyledonary and radicular portion bearing a
very distinct but much smaller cotyledon which sheathes the
plumule. In Halophila 1 the lower part consists entirely of
hypocotyl, the radicle being absent as in Stratiotes. In
Thalassia Hemprichii we find according to Solms 2 an ' extra-
ordinarily large stem and root portion ' filling the whole under
part of the seed, in the apex of which is the small cotyledon
and strongly developed plumule. Embryos such as these are
termed macropodous (large-footed).

Stratiotes abides,3 L.

Fruit a capsule, six-celled, unequally angled, mucous.

Seeds anatropous, in the angle of the thick outer and the thin
inner wall, almost erect ; raphe towards the centre of the fruit ;
niicropyle and hilum contiguous and directed towards the outside
wall. Bather long, slightly verrucose, and with a slight carina ;
testa hard ; tegmen very thin.

Endosperm absent.

Embryo unusually far developed, including eight to ten young
foliage-leaves spirally arranged, forming the plumule; cotyledon linear-
lanceolate, thick, fleshy, only very slightly embracing the plumule
with its edges at the base, its apex rounded or pointed and the outer
leaves of the plumule sometimes reaching the apex, sometimes
shorter; in its axil and also in that of the outer foliage-leaves
are two small scales (squamulae intra-axillares) ; hypocotyl fleshy
and conical, about one-fourth the length of the cotyledon and bear-
ing at the end a particle of dead tissue, the remains of the suspen-
sor ; radicle absent. A longitudinal section of the hypocotyl shows

1 J. B. Balfour, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xiii. (1879).
* Solms-Laubach, in Schweinfurth, Flora Aeth. p. 195.
» Cf. Klinsmann, Bot. Zeit. I860, p. 81, taf. ii. ; and Irmisch, Flora, 1865,
p. 81, t. 1.

HYDROCHARIDE^E 561

the commencement of a lateral root beneath the growing point of
the plumule.

Germination. — The hard brittle seed-coat splits from the micro-
pylar end upwards, but often remains for a time entire at the opposite
end, seated on the tip of the cotyledon, but sooner or later the two
halves fall apart. The delicate colourless tegmen remains inside
the brown testa. The cotyledon quickly elongates, without any
considerable increase in thickness, to three-quarters to one inch, it
is semiterete, shallowly grooved above at the base, while the apex is
thinner and usually bent upwards ; colourless at first, but soon
becoming green like the foliage-leaves. The hypocotyl is coloured
like the cotyledon, and like it undergoes no striking change, merely
elongating somewhat.

The leaves of the plumule soon bend downwards, and get longer
and somewhat broader, then: edges are separated at the base, and they
are sessile ; the apex is often spirally rolled ; they are traversed by
a stronger midrib and two to four lateral nerves, and their edges
have small forwardly directed teeth, so that they agree essentially
with the later foliage-leaves except in size. The intra- axillary scales
are rather longer than in the case of the cotyledon.

The seedling lives at first on the nutriment stored in the coty-
ledon and hypocotyl ; it is not for some weeks that the lateral root
bores through the parenchyma on the side of the hypocotyl be-
neath the median line of the cotyledon. It is thread-like and
unbranched.

Stem of the mature plant very short, stoloniferous.

Leaves radical, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate with
short, pungent, upwardly directed teeth, traversed by a midrib and
two to four weaker parallel nerves on either side, green, glabrous,
somewhat fleshy.

A submerged perennial herb.

BURMANNIACEJ:.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 455.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, three-celled, with
axile placentation, or one-celled with three parietal placentas.
Ovules minute, anatropous, very numerous on each placenta.
Fruit a capsule, crowned by the marcescent perianth, terete
or three-angled or three-winged, membranous ; dehiscing

II. 00

562 OX SEEDLINGS

laterally between the ribs, or irregularly at the apex, or rarely
by valves. Seeds very numerous, and very small, with a thin
transparent testa, sometimes adnate to the nucleus, sometimes
loose, hyaline and produced at both ends a long way beyond
it. Recent researches l have shown that the seed, at any rate
in many cases, contains something more than the rudimentary
undifferentiated embryo which was formerly supposed to
constitute the whole. Endosperm is present, and occupies
the greater part of the seed, one of the cells being often very
curiously developed. In Burmannia capitata according to
Johow^a portion of the nucellus remains in the ripe seed
(perisperm). In this species the number of the endosperm
cells is very small (six in a longitudinal section), but they are
each very large. At the apex lies, embedded in it, the undiffer-
entiated embryo of ten cells. At the base is a small conical
group of cells distinguished from the endosperm by their small
size and dark colour ; they are a remnant of the original
nucellus and therefore perisperm. The endosperm cell at the
extreme base of the embryo-sac is most curiously developed,
the wall bordering on the perisperm having peculiar tap-like
or coralline protuberances which penetrating the cell-contents
reach almost to the opposite wall. This as well as the conical
nucellar process (perisperm) may play some part in germination.

Apteria setacea is similar, but the differentiated endo-
sperm-cell is hexagonal and appears symmetrically striated
throughout, the protoplasm having apparently completely
passed over into cellulose or a closely related substance ; the
perisperm is very small. The embrj-o, which agrees hi all de-
tails with that of Burmannia javanica and Gonyanthes capitata
as observed by Treub, is simpler than in B. capitata, containing
only from three to six cells.

Burmanniacese is a small tropical Order of small herbace-
ous saprophytes containing about a dozen genera. Their
germination does not seem to have been studied.

1 Treub, Extrait des Annales de Jard. Buitenzarg, iii. pp. 120-2.

2 Johow, Pringsh. Jahrb. xvi. (1885), p. 415.

ORCHIDE^E 663

ORCHIDEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 460.

Fruit and Seed. — Ovary inferior, one-celled, with three
parietal placentas, or three-celled in Selenipedium, Apostasia,
and Neuwiedia, genera which are also markedly distinguished
in other respects. Ovules anatropous, minute and very
numerous. Fruit a membranous or coriaceous, cylindric,
ovoid or winged capsule, rarely fleshy, and dehiscing scarcely
at all or only after a time — some species of Galeola, Vanilla,
and Sobralia, three allied genera — usually dehiscing by three
or six longitudinal slits, with the valves cohering for some
time or altogether at the apex or base, or finally spreading
from the apex or entirely disappearing.

Seeds very numerous, minute, more or less cylindrical or
spindle-shaped or tapering at one or both ends ; testa thin-
celled and transparent, yellow, green or brown, and very
loosely enveloping the embryo. There is great variety in form,
size, colour, and the configuration of the cells of the testa.
Barely is the testa winged, fitting close to the embryo from
which it radiates in rows, of delicate, transparent, brownish
cells as in Epistephium, Erythrorchis, and Cyrtosia. Vanilla
is also exceptional in having a crustaeeous, dark reddish-brown,
opaque testa. There is no endosperm. The embryo is in the
centre or somewhat above the centre of the seed, globular,
ellipsoid or ovate in shape, and represents a very low stage of
development, showing before germination no trace of radicle
or cotyledon. There is, however, a certain physiological dif-
ferentiation, for the longer axis of the embryo corresponds to
the ascending axis of the young seedling.

The seeds show a great resemblance to those of many
parasites of dicotyledonous Orders, especially Orobanche, but
most strikingly, as Beer points out, to those of species of
Pyrola.

Germination. — Owing to the low stage of development of
the embryo in the ripe seed, only trifling differences of form
and colour occur in the most different genera and groups.

o o 2

564 ON SEEDLINGS

Angrsecum macnlatom,1 Lindl.

Seed spindle- shaped with a thin transparent testa loosely
enveloping the central pear-shaped homogeneous embryo.

Germination. — The embryo increases considerably in size and
ruptures the testa from above downwards, the debris remaining
attached at the lower end. At this stage two or three adventitious
buds appear on the upper surface of the germ-tubercle; their
position is very variable, and they are often all at a considerable
distance from what we should imagine to be the position of the
primary axis of the embryo ; they all seem of the same nature, no
one showing any peculiarity.

A rudimentary vascular bundle runs from the bases of the rudi-
ments of the leaves of these buds down into the axis of the tubercle,
the lower part of which, however, consists of undifferentiated cellular
tissue.

The seedling is nourished by tufts of hairs which arise at
numerous points of the surface of the rapidly growing top-shaped
embryo. There is no trace of a primary root. The germ-tubercle
has now completed its development, the future plant is produced
from the adventitious buds. One of these develops more or less
directly into the leaf- and flower-bearing axis, the others follow a
uniform course of development and produce a branching system of
tubers.

The young leaves of the bud are alternate and distichous as in
the adult plant ; they are reduced to minute deciduous scales, but
their position can be readily ascertained by a linear scar marking
their place of attachment. In the case of those which produce a
secondary tubercle the bud increases considerably in bulk, the
dilated axis bears distichously arranged leaf-scales in the axils of
which appear buds which undergo a development similar to that of
the axis on which they arose, thus producing a ramifying tuberous
system. The other adventitious bud often develops for a time like
its fellows, but sometimes immediately produces a leafy stem. In
the former case this is developed in the axis of a leaf -scale of a
secondary tubercle ; in the latter the growing point of the adventitious
bud itself develops into the leafy stem. The first two leaves are
brownish membranous scales, the third and fourth are also scales
but green, the fifth has a well-developed lamina and shows the form
of a complete leaf. These primary leaves are all sheathing and at
first enclosed one within the other, but they open out and extend
with the growth of the axis which bears them.

1 Prillieux et Riviere, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. torn. v. (1856), p. 119, pi. 5-7.

ORCHIDE.E 565

Up to the time when the third leaf-sheath protrudes above the
summit of the second, the plant has had no organ of absorption
beyond the papillae originally developed over the whole surface of
the young tubercle. But now the rudiment of a true root appears
on a level with the origin of the second leaf, inside the first sheath
which it tears in elongating and then bends and penetrates the soil.
While it is developing the third and fourth sheaths protrude ; but
before the complete leaf appears, the first sheath, torn by the root,
has already begun to perish.

The leaves arise but a short distance apart, the internodes being
very short. When the stem grows they elongate, but very un-
equally ; the lowest always remains the shortest, the two next do not
increase very much ; but the last, at the summit of which is borne
the fifth leaf, grows considerably, and finally overtops the summit
of the sheaths at its base. It increases in breadth and thickness
as well as length, and forms the pseudo-bulb ; the narrow leaf-
sheaths surrounding its base become torn and perish, while it bears
at its summit the only leaf which attains complete development.
During the growth of the pseudo-bulb a second and third adven-
titious root arise in succession from the base of the third and fourth
sheaths respectively ; they are like the first and penetrate the ground.
Henceforth the plant can live alone and draw its food from the soil.
The ramified tubercle which it always bears at its base has ceased
little by little to grow, and either dries up or rots. If separated
from the plant when still full of life, it continues to live, and one of
its buds behaves like that which originally produced the stem from
which we have separated it, in fact it gives rise to a second plant.
Several plants may thus be raised from the product of the germina-
tion of a single seed. The bud which develops into a stem is in-
differently terminal or axillary, of the second or third order. No
law apparently determines its position, but its composition is always
the same : there are always five leaves, four of which reduced to
sheaths surround the base of the pseudo-bulb, the highest in-
ternode. Each leaf whatever its form bears a bud in its axil.
The leaves which surround the pseudo-bulb are alternate and
distichous.1

1 For figures, see the original paper in Ann. Sci. Nat., loc. cit. Seed and
germination, pi. 5. Seedling plant and its development, p. 16, figs. 1-9.

566 ON SEEDLINGS

SCITAMINE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 636.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior, three- celled or
one-celled by arrest, two cells being small and empty as in
Maranta, Stromanthe, Ctenanthe, Saranthe, Ischnosiphon and
Thalia ; rarely truly one-celled with three parietal placentas, as
in Mantisia, Globba, Guillainia and Hemiorchis, or two-celled
(Tapeinochilus). The ovules are solitary and erect from the
base in each cell (Heliconia), or indefinite in one to many
series on the axile, rarely parietal (Mantisia &c) placentas,
horizontal, or ascending, anatropous. The fruit is crowned
by the persistent calyx or naked, the whole perianth being
deciduous, and with the seed varies considerably in the four
well-marked tribes, often separated as distinct Orders, into
which the Scitaminese are divided.

TRIBE I. ZINGIBEEE^E.

The fruit where known is sometimes a loculicidally dehiscent
capsule, as in Eoscoea, Hedychium, and Costus. The wall of
the capsule is often leathery, but sometimes thin, and almost
membranous, and then usually bursts irregularly as in
Globba and Zingiber. In some genera (Elettaria, Amomum
and Alpinia) it is indehiscent and almost baccate. The
pericarp is usually smooth. The form of the fruit varies from
round to elongated or angular, in Burbidgea it takes the shape
of a long pod. The seeds are numerous, more or less spherical,
or conical, or angular, with a rounded side towards the peri-
carp. The testa is smooth and shiny, grey or brownish, some-
times red, more rarely is it wrinkled on the surface. It bounds
a starchy perisperm surrounding an albuminous endosperm,
inside which is the embryo. The latter, however, abuts on the
testa at the hilum, where the continuity of the seed-coat is
interrupted by a stopper. Tschirch l has recently shown that

1 Die Saugorgane der Scitamineen-Samen,' in Mitth. Math. u. Naturwiss.
aus d. Sitz. der k. Preuss. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1890, Heft 2.

SCITAMINE^E 567

absorbent organs corresponding to the scutellum of Grass
seeds and the ' suckers ' of Palm seeds are present in all the
tribes of ScitamineaB. In Elettaria speciosa, the stopper in
the ripe seed is only united to the testa by a delicate liga-
ment. The embryo consists of an elongated club-shaped sucker
surrounded by the endosperm, and connected by a narrow
neck with the embryo proper, which resembles a broad cone
with a flat base, and includes a radicle and plumule. The
portion of the testa opposite the radicle consists of a lid-like
stopper, a structure which Tschirch found general in the Order.
The sucker shows no differentiation, and remains in the seed
in germination while the neck portion elongates, causing the
stopper to be pushed out and the embryo to emerge. The
radicle bends downwards and the plumule sheathed by a horn-
shaped leaf, the coleoptile or cotyledon, upwards. The young
seedling remains united with the internal sucker by a long
filiform appendage from the base of the sheath-like cotyledon,
the elongated neck of the embryo. This connection is kept
up till all the reserve-material is consumed. Other species of
Elettaria, e.g. E. Cardamomum as well as the genera Amomum,
Alpinia and others, behave quite similarly, the differences
lying in the form of the endosperm, the shape of the stopper
and the sucker. In Alpinia nutans the latter is bilobed,
grasping with one of the lobes a section of the sickle-shaped
endosperm, while in Amomum dealbatum the similarly shaped
endosperm is penetrated by a wedge-like sucker. Germination
is analogous throughout.

TRIBE II. MAKANTE^E.

The fruit is three-celled, with one seed in each cell as in
Phrynium, Calathea and others, or one-celled with one seed
as in Maranta, Thalia, &c. Sometimes it is indehiscent,
sometimes bursts in irregular pieces, but usually shows a
valvular dehiscence, which is loculicidal in the three-seeded
capsules. Where the fruit is one-seeded it may separate into
three equal valves, or one valve may be small compared with
the other two, sometimes linear. In Maranta and Stromanthe
the valves are about equal in breadth but only one becomes
separated, the other two remaining almost or quite coherent.

568 OX SEEDLINGS

TRIBE III. CANNED.

The fruit is a three-celled capsule, with its surface warty
or beset with weak prickles. The seeds are roundish with a
straight embryo lying in the hard, very tough, white perisperm.
There is no endosperm. The absorbent organ of Canna is
club-shaped, embedded in the perisperm and separated by a
plain constriction from the embryo proper. The latter con-
sists of a sheath-like cotyledon surrounding the very well-
developed plumule, in which several involute leaves can be
distinguished, and a somewhat obliquely placed cone-shaped
radicle forming the apex of the whole. There is no stopper
in the seed-coat indicating the future point of exit of the
radicle, but at the spot towards which this is directed the
hard layer of palisade sclerome cells is interrupted by a sickle-
shaped opening, where the testa subsequently splits.

The epidermis of the sucker consists of a layer of elongated
palisade- cells. The process of germination resembles that of
the Zingiberese. The neck of the embryo elongates consider-
ably, while the vegetative portion emerges from the testa
and develops root and shoot system outside. The elongated
neck-portion remains attached to the back of the cotyledonary
sheath till the sucker has exhausted the nutriment contained
in the perisperm.

TRIBE IV. MUSE.E.

The fruit is here a berry (Musa), sometimes fleshy as in M.
Sapientum (the Banana), sometimes dry and almost leathery
as in M. Ensete, or a three-celled capsule, dehiscing septicidally
in Heliconia into three one-seeded portions, while in Bavenala
and Strelitzia it is many-seeded with loculicidal dehiscence.
The seed in Musa Ensete has a very large broad hilum,
corresponding to an orbicular depression of the seed-coat. The
seeds of Strelitzia are surrounded at the base with a bilobed
woolly mantle. In Eavenala madagascariensis (the Travellers'
tree) a sky-blue, or sometimes red, scutiform aril with fimbri-
ated edges envelops the seed. Endosperm is absent, but a
quantity of mealy, white, or yellowish-white perisperm takes

SCITAMINE.E 569

its place as a store of reserve-material. In Musa Ensete ! the
sucker has a broad disc-like shape ; its epidermis is an absorbent
epithelium of palisade-like cells, and in this as well as in its
somewhat peripheral position with regard to the reserve-
material it resembles the scutellum of Grasses. The whole
bluish-green embryo is thus knob-like or rather fungoid in
shape, the knob or cap being the sucker and the stalk the
embryo proper terminating in the radicle. In germination the
radicle elongates, pushes out the stopper in the seed-coat and
emerges followed by the well-developed plumule. Connection
is kept up with the sucker which remains in the seed, and
increases considerably in size until the perisperm is exhausted
and the seedling by developing green leaves has become inde-
pendent.

BROMELIACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 657.

Fruit and Seed. — The three-celled ovary is inferior in the
tribe Bromelieae, half inferior in the Pitcairnieae, and superior
in the Puyese and Tillandsiese. The ovules are anatropous and
usually very numerous when the fruit becomes capsular, or
few when a berry is produced. The curvature is mostly towards
the free side, the ovules in the upper part of the ovary being
turned upwards (epitropous), those near the base downwards
(apotropous), the rest usually apotropous, or turned sideways
(pleurotropous). The placentas are often provided with
palisade-like mucilage-cells (^Echmea, Portea), and this ob-
tains more or less in all genera with pulpy berries. As in
many Monocotyledons, we find in the dividing walls of the
ovary-cells, clefts lined with honey-secreting cells, the so-
called septal glands.

The fruit is baccate in the Bromeliege where the ovary
is inferior, sometimes almost leathery (^Echmea, Billbergia),
in the other tribes it is a capsule. In Ananas (the Pineapple),
the axis, bracts and fruits are all fleshy and united into a

1 Wittmack, ' Musa Ensete,' Linntza, 35, taf. iii.

570 OX SEEDLINGS

pseudocarp; the axis is proliferous, growing through and
forming at the apex of the whole a tuft of green leaves. The
berry is sometimes of a brilliant colour, e.g. red in Lampro-
coccus fulgens, blue in the monotypic genus Eonnbergia. There
is considerable variety in size and shape ; the berry may be glo-
bose or cylindrical, the size of a small pea, or several inches long.
The capsule dehisces septicidally by three valves separating
from the apex downwards.

The seeds are usually numerous, fewer where the fruit is
baccate, and then usually ovate or lenticular (Bromelia, Bill-
bergia), in capsular fruits lenticular (Dyckia), elongated
(Pitcairnia), or linear (Tillandsieae). The seed-coat is often
provided with means of distribution, such as an asymmetrical
wing (Dyckia), tuft-like appendages at the apex or both ends
(Pitcairnia), or silky hairs as in the Tillandsieae. These
structures usually arise from the outer integument, the hairs
also from the funicle.

The seeds contain a large quantity of endosperm, the
embryo being small and excentric, sometimes as in Bromelia
embedded in the endosperm, but more often lateral as in
Grass seeds (cf. Dyckia, Caraguata, Guzmannia). The embryo
consists of a radicle, with a frequently well-developed hypo-
cotyl bearing a single cotyledon which sheathes the plumule,
while the absorbent organ present in the albuminous Scita-
mineae is according to Tschirch developed in Bromeliaceae in
a relatively great variety of ways.1 Sometimes, as in Cara-
guata, it forms a structure resembling the scutellum of Grasses,
sometimes it is club-shaped, penetrating deeply into the endo-
sperm, as in Guzmannia.

The species of this Order being mostly epiphytes growing
on trees, and inhabiting the tropical and subtropical parts of
America, their germination has not been much studied.

According to Klebs,2 germination takes place in Acantho-
stachys strobilacea in a manner common to a great number
of Monocotyledons. The primary root projects first and
grows rapidly downwards, provided in this case, except at
the apex, with a thick covering of long hairs. One end of the

1 Loc. cit. p. 94.

* Beitrage zur Morphologic u. Biologic der Keimung, p. 565, fig. 11.

BROMELIACE^E 571

cotyledon remains in the seed, forming the absorbent organ ;
the other emerges and forms a short sheath. The second
leaf emerges from the top of this sheath.

IRIDE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 681.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is inferior and three-celled
with axile placentas, or very rarely, as in Hermodactylus, one-
celled with three parietal placentas. The ovules are usually
numerous in each cell, rarely reduced to one or two ; they are
anatropous. The fruit is a globose, obovoid, oblong or rarely
linear capsule, with a loculicidal dehiscence. Sometimes,
sa in Tigridia, Rigidella, and Herbertia, the top protrudes
beyond the perianth-tube, leaving a free operculum at the
bottom of which the dehiscence stops at any rate for a time.
The seeds are few or numerous, superposed in two series,
rarely solitary in each cell with short, often very short funicles,
and a strophiole. They vary much in shape, and may be
globose or generally angular by mutual pressure, but some-
times flattened. Variations occur even in the same genus,
thus Gladiolus segetum has globose seeds, while in the very
closely allied G. byzantinus they are flat. The testa is mem-
branous or slightly thickened and spongy. The endosperm is
horny and fills the seed. The small embryo is completely
enclosed in the endosperm at a little distance from the hilum.

Germination. — We may distinguish three types character-
ised by differences in form and behaviour of the cotyledon.
The first, according to Klebs,1 is represented by Iris Pseud-
acorus and Ixia crateroides. Here, as in the two following
types, the primary root is the first to emerge from the seed-
ling, and grows rapidly downwards. The hypocotyl is very
slightly developed, but the lower end of the cotyledon elon-
gates at an early period of germination drawing out of the seed
the plumule which is enclosed in its sheathing base. The

1 Loc. cit. pp. 564-5, fig. 11.

572 OX SEEDLINGS

other end remains in the seed. The cotyledon thus consists
of a short lower sheathing portion, from which the second
leaf soon breaks in the form of a long, slender, wedge-like
sheath with a green tip, and an upper portion perfectly con-
tinuous with it hi connection with the seed, its apex remaining
embedded in the endosperm. This is the simplest type. We
have represented, in what is evidently a single structure, the
cotyledon, first an absorbent organ to absorb the endosperm
contained in the seed ; secondly a means of connection between
this and the seedling ; and thirdly a protecting sheath for the
developing plumule.

In the second type, the more general one in the Order, the
cotyledon shows greater differentiation of structure, the parts
which perform the three functions being quite distinct from
each other. The lower portion still forms the protecting
sheath, but is much longer than in the first type. Attached
to it, either at the apex, or some varying distance below, is a
long thread-like connective, the other end of which is swollen
into a more or less club-shaped absorbent organ, buried in the
endosperm of the seed. As in the first type the whole of the
cotyledon remains beneath the ground. This obtains, accord-
ing to Irraisch, in Iris sibirica and I. Xiphion,1 and probably
in many other species, also in Gladiolus communis, palustris,
and other species. Alefeld2 says a Morsea germinated just
like Iris.

The third type differs in that the long thread-like coty-
ledon after exhausting the endosperm gets quite free from the
seed and appears above the soil as the first green foliage-leaf.
Hence the striking differentiation of structure of the last type
is absent. The hypocotyl, as general in the Order, is un-
developed. Germination begins with the elongation of the
lower part of the cotyledon, which pushes the root before it,
and follows it, both growing quickly, a short distance down-
wards in the soil. Rapid growth at the bend causes the coty-
ledon to form a sharp knee, and each of the two limbs
continuing to grow, this is pushed upwards, thus breaking the
soil in the manner of the hypocotyl of many Dicotyledons.

1 Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Sachs, u. Thuring. Halle, i. p. 139.
2 Alefeld, Bat. Zeit., 1864, p. 246.

TRIBES 573

When the endosperm is exhausted it draws itself quite out of
the withering seed, the bend becomes straightened, and the
whole cotyledon then appears above the soil as the first green
foliage-leaf. From its sheathing base appears the second.
This method occurs in Sisyrinchium. Velenovsky l describes
the same in seedlings of Iris sp.

Gladiolus communis, L.

Primary root tapering downwards, branching slightly.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledon subterranean, of three parts, an absorbent organ re-
maining in the seed, connected by a long thread-like part with the
top of the sheath, the lower end of which is continuous with the
base of the root. The latter portion forms a long sheathing tube,
cleft on the ventral side, with a rounded, somewhat truncated apex
to the back of which the connective is attached.

The first foliage leaf emerges from the sheath. It is broad and
compressed, and its long, narrowly cleft sheath includes the follow-
ing leaf. During the first vegetative period the internode between
the insertion of the first foliage-leaf and that of the sheathing-leaf
which follows it and encloses next year's leaf-structure, swells to a
tuber. This is at first covered by the thin sheath of the cotyledon
(the connective has long since died away), but this soon perishes,
and the tuber is protected by a dry envelope formed from the sheath
of the succeeding foliage-leaf. The terminal bud by which the
plant will resume growth next season occupies the apex of the
tuber. The primary root perishes towards the close of the first
period, a few fleshy adventitious roots break out, close to it, from the
short axis beneath the tuber, but as these are often wanting they
do not appear to be essential for the nourishment of the plant. Up
to time of flowering the plants, which, save for increase in size and
number of the leaf-structures, do not alter essentially in the next
year, continue to grow by means of the terminal bud, while axillary
buds also appear.

The leaves of the adult plant are long, ensiform, sheathing at
the base, lanceolate, acute, and entire with several prominent nerves.

1 Flora, 1887, p. 454.

574 ON SEEDLINGS

AMARYLLIDE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 711.

Fruit and Seed.— The ovary is inferior and three-celled
with axile placentation, very rarely one-celled with parietal
placentas. The ovules are numerous in each cell and super-
posed in two ranks, rarely reduced to one or two, and always
anatropous. The fruit is capsular or succulent, undivided or
trilobed, variously dehiscent or indehiscent. The seeds are
globose, or angled, or flattened by mutual pressure, and have
a membranous or thickened, often black testa. Endosperm
is copious and fleshy or rarely horny. The embryo is small,
rarely half as long as the endosperm. Important exceptions
to the above characters occur in Calostemma which has by
abortion a one-celled ovary with one or two ovules, and in
Leontochir which has a triangular, one-celled ovary with
three parietal placentas.

The fruit of Crinum is capsular and irregularly subglobose
according to the number of seeds it contains. The seeds are
very large and irregularly compressed with a thick testa. In
some cases at least they commence to germinate soon after
they are mature and have dropped on the ground, or even
when kept in a drawer or other dry place. This they are
able to do by reason of the large quantity of endosperm and
the moisture they contain. The seeds in the capsule of
Nerine are few or solitary and greenish. The capsule gener-
ally if not always bursts open, exposing the seeds long before
they are ripe ; after thus dehiscing the valves do not seem to
increase in size.

Seedlings. — The solitary cotyledon is frequently subter-
ranean, and in other cases where it rises above ground, it
carries up the seed with it as shown by Agave Wislizeni
(fig. 680). The hypocotyl in this case is undeveloped, the
primary root is stout and fleshy, and adventitious roots are
soon given off close to the base of the cotyledon.

The latter is subulate, elongated, dilated and sheathing

AMARYLLIDE.E

575

at the base, and 3-3-6 cm. long. The first leaf emerges from
the sheath of the cotyledon, is sessile, lanceolate, acuminate,
and minutely spiny at the margin.

Agave Wislizeni, Engelm. (fig. 680).

Primary root stout, tapering downwards, colourless, soon giving
off adventitious roots close to the base of the cotyledon.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledon succulent, subulate,
elongated, much tapered to the apex,
and carrying up with it the rotund-
obovate, thin and much compressed
black testa, much dilated and sheathing
at the base, above which it is split to
allow the plumule to emerge, terete,
glabrous, deep green, 3'3-6 cm. long,
2-5-3 mm. in diameter above the basal
sheath.

Stem succulent, very short, with
undeveloped internodes, except in the
flowering stem.

Leaves simple, radical, alternate,
exstipulate, sessile, succulent, glabrous,
deep glaucous-green on both surfaces,
concave in vernation or convolute, spiny
at the margin at least in the seedling
stage, without discernible venation.

No. 1. Lanceolate, acuminate, deep glaucous-green with a
hyaline minutely spiny margin, emerging from the basal sheath of
the cotyledon.

FIG. 680. — Agave Wislizeni,
Nat. size.

DIOSCOREACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 741.

Fruit and Seed. — The plants of this Order have monoecious
or dioecious and only exceptionally or abnormally hermaphro-
dite flowers. The ovary is inferior, and three-celled with axile
placentation and two ovules in each cavity, suspended from
near the apex of the placentas and anatropous or almost

576

ON SEEDLINGS

amphitropous. The fruit is capsular and three-valved or
baccate and indehiscent ; when capsular the seeds are com-
pressed, and when baccate they are globose. In both cases
these forms relate to the method of distribution. The endo-
sperm is fleshy or almost
cartilaginous. The embryo
is small and slightly distant
from the hilum.

The seed of Testudinaria
elephantipes is elliptic, very
much compressed or flat-
tened, and winged.

Seedling. — Testudinaria
elephantipes (fig. 681) may
be given as a type of the
Order. The cotyledon re-
mains in the seed after
germination till it decays.
The hypocotyl is subter-
ranean, very short, and de-
velops in the early stages of
the seedling into an ovoid,
fleshy tuber. The first leaf
is comparatively large, cor-
date and somewhat reticu-
late with five strong nerves
radiating from the base, and
becoming curved at their
tips. The persistent root-
stock or stem ultimately
becomes a woody, flattened,
globose or conical mass,
rather deeply fissured in a
reticulate manner, presenting the appearance of the shell of
a tortoise.

Testudinaria elephautipes, Burch. (fig. 681).
Primary root elongated, flexuose, stout, with fibrous lateral
rootlets.

Hypocotyl very short, subterranean, thickening into a fleshy,

FIG. 681. — Testudinaria elepliantipes.

S, seed ; P, plumule ; C, fleshy tuber from

hypocotyl. Nat. size.

DIOSCOREACE-E 577

ovate tuber, generally if not always rootless during the earlier stages
of growth.

Cotyledon subterranean, remaining in the seed and fusing with or
closely adhering to the endosperm, where it remains till decay.

Stem undeveloped in the early stages of the seedling.

Leaves simple, entire, radical or cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
petiolate, glabrous, reticulated, with the principal nerves radiating
from the base and becoming incurved upwards.

No. 1. Cordate, subacutely cuspidate, with five strong leading
nerves radiating from the base, and two weaker branches from the
basal pair.

LILIACEJE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 748.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is superior and generally three-
celled, with axile placentation, sometimes one-celled with three
parietal placentas, very rarely two- to four- to many-celled.
The ovules are twin in each cell and collateral or numerous
and arranged in a double series, rarely solitary ; they are
anatropous, semianatropous, or in some genera orthotropous.
The fruit is baccate and in dehiscent, or capsular ; in some
cases the three component carpels are separated almost to the
base. The seeds vary, being flattened, angular or globose,
and with or without an arilloid. The testa also varies in thick-
ness and texture, and is sometimes developed into a wing. En-
dosperm is plentiful and fleshy, cartilaginous or horny. The
embryo is very small and globular, or elongated and straight
or curved, with the radicle close to the hilum, or sometimes
distant from it. The ovules are exceptional in Smilax, Euscus,
and some of their allies in being orthotropous.

Instances of globose or subglobose seeds are met with in
Euscus, Asparagus, Polygonatum, Convallaria, Hyacinthus,
and others. The seeds of Tulipa, Lilium, Fritillaria, Urginea
and others are flattened or much compressed. Angular seeds
are met with in Allium, Galtonia, Paradisia, Asphodelus,
Asphodeline, Anthericum, and others.

Seedlings. — The cotyledon in this Order is generally, if

578

ON SEEDLINGS

not always, aerial, and carries the seed up with it during
germination. The testa is ultimately dropped, generally
by the decay of the tip of the cotyledon. The hypocotyl
of Bowiea volubilis (fig. 682) is undeveloped ;
and the primary root soon superseded by fleshy,
adventitious roots. The cotyledon is terete and
solid except at the base, which is hollow and
sheaths the plumule ; it becomes very much in-
flated there, constituting the first tunic of the
bulb. It varies greatly in length, from 10-23 cm.
in different seedlings. The first leaf resembles
the cotyledon except in being very much shorter.
The leaves of the adult plant arise from the bulb
and are deciduous ; those of the much branched
and twining flower stem are reduced to bracts.
On small bulbs the radical leaf is solitary, semi-
terete, and channelled on the upper surface.

The primary root of a species of Tulipa (fig.
683) from Afghanistan is short, fleshy, un-
branched, and soon dies away. The hypocotyl
is undeveloped, and the cotyledon is terete,
thickest in the middle, tapering each way, and
carries the testa for a time at its apex. It soon
becomes gibbous at the base, and then develops
into a blunt tube which penetrates the soil,
carrying the plumule down with it at the bottom
of the tube, and both together constitute the
first bulb. The object of this peculiar growth is
to bury the bulb at a sufficient depth in the soil.
The process is repeated in succeeding years when
fresh growth is being made, in order to carry it
still further beneath the soil as it gains strength.
No true leaves are developed during the first
~Bowiea year of the plant from seed.

volubilis.
Half nat. size, Bowiea volubilig> jg-^ (fig_ QQ^

Primary root tapering downwards, transversely wrinkled
flexuose, with flexuose lateral rootlets, soon superseded by long
fleshy, colourless and, at least in the early stages, unbranched
adventitious roots.

LILIACEJE

579

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledon erect, terete, solid, dilated at the base forming the
first bulb, including the plumule, tapering gradually upwards to a
slender point, bearing the small black shining obovoid testa, which
it retains until the tip withers and allows the testa to fall off,
glabrous, deep shining green, dotted with minute colourless points,
10-23 cm. long, 1-5-2-5 mm. thick.

Stem excessively short in the seedling stage, with undeveloped
internodes, ultimately producing a bulb 10-15 cm. or more in
diameter. Bulb of cotyledon 4*5-6 mm. in diameter. The old bulb
consists of a few closely aclpressed, green and fleshy tunics or
sheaths.

Leaves simple, entire, radical and cauline, alternate, exstipulate,
sessile, glabrous, soon falling away or de-
ciduous.

No. 1. Radical, erect, terete, bright
green, pushed out from the base of the coty-
ledon, and similar to it, 1-8 cm. or more
long. Leaves of the flowering stem numer-
ous, small and scale-like, subtending the
numerous branches and branchlets.

Tulipa sp. (fig. 683).

Seed obovate, very much flattened ver-
tically, thin, winged, glabrous, brown, with
a very small micropyle even after germina-
tion and not splitting, 8-9 mm. long, 6'5-
7'5 mm. wide.

Primary root fleshy or succulent, brittle,
rather thick and tapering very little, ap-
parently never branching, and soon dying
away, straight or flexuose, whitish or dirty
yellow, with few or no root-hairs.

Hypocotyl undeveloped.

Cotyledon terete, solid, elongated, thick-
est in the middle and tapering to the base, FlG. 6~83.-r«^a>. Nat.

but more so to the apex, which is produced siz3- s> seed; °< cotY-
. i -, . , , , . ledon ; B, primary bulb,

into a very slender point usually carrying

the testa ; deep subglaucous-green, glabrous, withering early at the
tip, allowing the testa to drop, 7-8'5 cm. long ; basal part becoming
gibbous and hollow, forming a very blunt point which pushes its
way downwards into the soil carrying with it the plumule, and
finally ending in a blunt point with a few undeveloped root-like

580 OX SEEDLINGS

protuberances ; above this it swells, forming the first bulb, a small
ovoid body containing a fleshy scale-leaf.
Leaves none the first year.

PALALE.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 870.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is free, ovoid, oblong or glo-
bose, rudimentary or absent in male flowers, more or less
perfectly three- rarely four- to seven-celled, entire or trilobed,
or formed of three more or less distinct carpels. The ovules
are solitary in each carpel and erect or fixed by a broad base
to the interior angle, subhorizontal or pendulous, anatropous
or semi-anatropous. Fruit dry, baccate or drupaceous, with
the terminal excentric, lateral or basilar remains of the style
or stigmas, one- rarely two- to many-celled and -seeded,
rarely consisting of one to three distinct one-seeded carpels.
Exocarp frequently fibrous, endocarp membranous, crust-
aceous, woody or stony, smooth internally or wrinkled and
marked by the branching raphe, having hi the Cocoineae three
symmetrical pits, two of which correspond to barren cells.
Seeds conforming to the endocarp, and free or adherent to
it, with a basilar or lateral hilum ; testa closely adherent
to the albumen, raphe short or elongated, often adherent to
the endocarp, sometimes surrounding the seed with numerous
branches varying in direction and often branching again or
reticulate. Endosperm horny or cartilaginous, sometimes oily,
solid or hollow or indented at the apex or side, often ruminate.
Embryo small, conical or cylindrical, sunk in the periphery of
the endosperm, usually at the hilum next the dorsal side,
rarely lateral or apical.

Germination takes place according to a very prevalent
monocotyledonous type. The radicle, pushing aside the
operculum hi the testa, emerges first, and penetrates the soil
usually to a considerable depth, becoming both long and
strong. The very short hypocotyl is thus drawn out of the
seed, bearing the rapidly elongating sheath of the cotyledon

PALM/E 581

which encloses the plumule. The other end of the cotyledon
remains in the seed, forming a sucker to absorb the endo-
sperm; a narrow neck connects it with the sheath portion,
from which the first green leaf soon protrudes.

AROIDE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 955.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovaries are superior and numerous
on each inflorescence, globose, ovoid, oblong or flask-shaped,
one- to many-celled, and arranged spirally on a fleshy axis or
spadix, or in parallel and longitudinal rows in the case of
Spathicarpa and Spathantheum. The ovules are solitary or
several in each cell, basal, parietal, axile or inserted on the
edges of half-intruded septa, or pendulous from the apex of
the cell and orthotropous, anatropous, or half-anatropous,
rarely campylotropous or amphitropous. The fruit is baccate
or membranous, indehiscent or dehiscing tardily. The seeds
are small or large with a variable testa and a copious, fleshy,
rarely farinaceous endosperm, or may be scanty and sometimes
absent. The embryo is elongated, rarely small, and horseshoe-
shaped where endosperm is absent.

Seedling. — In Anthurium margaritaceum the cotyledon is
subterranean, with an extremely short petiole or none at all,
and remains in the seed till it decays. The primary root is
soon superseded by strong adventitious roots from the stem
at the base of the leaves. The hypocotyl is undeveloped ; and
the first internode of the stem is 5 mm. long, but subterranean.
The first three leaves are ovate-elliptic and trinerved.

Anthurium margaritaceum, Baker.

Seeds small, 2 mm. long by 1-25 mm. wide.

Primary root soon superseded by long and fleshy adventitious
roots.

Cotyledon subterranean, remaining in the seed till it decays.

Stem exceedingly short, inconspicuous, pale green or colourless,
glabrous, extending 5 mm. below ground.

582 ON SEEDLINGS

Leaves simple, entire, radical, alternate with very short inter-
nodes, acute, ovate- elliptic, glabrous, bright green, with petioles
slightly longer than the leaf, exstipulate ; midrib and two lateral
nerves meeting at the apex with subsidiary veins between given
off from the midrib.

ALISMACE^E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 1003.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary consists of six free carpels, or
more rarely three, arranged in one or many series on the
receptacle ; sometimes they are connate at the base and one-
celled. The ovules are solitary in each cell, or twin and super-
posed, or numerous and inserted on the interior angle ; very
seldom are they solitary and basal ; in the tribe Butomeae they
are very numerous and inserted on reticulately branched pla-
centas all over the walls. They vary greatly in being anatro-
pous, half-anatropous, amphitropous, or campylotropous with
an inferior micropyle. The fruit consists of free carpels, or
they are united at the base and dehiscent at the ventral suture
or indehiscent, very seldom circumscissile at the base. The
seeds are ovoid, oblong, or compressed, small or minute, and
exalbuminous with a variable testa. The embryo is condupli-
cately horseshoe-shaped, often thickened at the radicle, very
rarely straight, with the plumule hidden at the base of the
cotyledon.

Seedling. — Owing to the absence of endosperm in the seeds,
the cotyledon in this Order is probably always aerial or aquatic.
Alisma Plantago (fig. 684) may be given as a type. The
peculiarly thickened hypocotyl so frequent in the Order is
noticeable even from the first stages of germination. It
produces numerous root-hairs from the edge of the thickened
extremity, fixing the seedling in the soil or mud. The radicle
itself does not begin to elongate till five or six days after
germination. It is devoid of root-hairs for some time, but
twelve days after germination they are copious. Adventitious
roots commence to be given off from the first node about this
time. The cotyledon is subulate-linear or filiform, and sheathes

ALISMACE.E

583

FIG. 684. — Alisma Plantago.
A, B, and C, x 8 : D, x 4 : E, nat. size : F, nat. size : C, cotyledon

584 OX SEEDLINGS

the plumule by its base. The first two leaves are linear, acu-
minate, one-nerved and Grass-like. The ultimate ones are
oblong- elliptic and comparatively broad.

The primary leaves are often, if not always, relatively
very narrow, and the ultimate ones in several genera are
broad, oblong, elliptic, oval or sagittate. Those of Sagit-
taria montevidensis are sometimes eighteen to twenty-four
inches wide and proportionately long.

Alisma Plantago, L.
Germination (fig. 684).

Seeds sown in a greenhouse, in soil sunk in water, germinated
in three days.

The carpels are cuneate, or rather like the segments of an orange,
and the seed lies in the interior so that the radicle of the curved
embryo occupies the outer and thicker part of the carpel. The
radicle being much the thicker part of the embryo requires this
accommodation.

The hypocotyl first emerges, and ends very bluntly or even trun-
cately with a thickened margin around the tip (fig. 684, A).

Three days after germination (fig. 684, B) the thickened margin at
the base of the hypocotyl gives out numerous root-hairs which fix the
plantlet in the soil. The place from whence the plumule should
emerge is dimly visible at the base of the slender cotyledon. The
carpel or achene is now suspended at the tip of the cotyledon.
Hypocotyl very short. Neither the radicle nor the lateral adventitious
roots are yet visible.

Four days after germination (fig. 684, c) the cotyledon rises .up,
freed from the achene, but is still slightly twisted at the end.

Seven days after germination (fig. 684, D) the cotyledon becomes
much elongated, narrowly subulate or filiform, tapering slightly up-
wards and straight. The root-hairs are still copious at the base of
the short hypocotyl, and the primary root has become considerably
elongated. The plumule is also considerably advanced.

Twelve days after germination (fig. 684, E) the cotyledon has not
altered. First leaf linear, acuminate, thin, membranous, showing
a distinct midrib. An adventitious rootlet is seen just pushing from
the first node, above the hypocotyl. Primary root elongated and
furnished with root-hairs nearly to the tip.

Nineteen days after germination (fig. 684, p) the cotyledon is still
unaltered. First and second leaves linear, acuminate, with a distinct

ALISALACE^E 585

midrib, sheathed at the base by the cotyledon. Primary root
elongated and furnished with root-hairs. Adventitious roots also
from the first node well furnished with root-hairs.

CYPERACE.E.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PL iii. 1037.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is entire, erect and sessile in the
centre of the flower, or sometimes placed on a short stalk which
may be thickened or expanded to form a disc. It is one-celled
and contains a solitary anatropous ovule, erect from the base.
The fruit is small, covered by the glume or protruded beyond it,
nut-like and indehiscent ; when the style is bifid, it is more
or less flattened or biconvex, and with a trifid style obscurely
or distinctly trigonous. The pericarp is crustaceous and
hardened or sometimes subclrupaceous, the exocarp thin or
suberously thickened, the endocarp hard. The seed is erect
from the base of the fruit, free ('? always) from the pericarp,
and has a thin testa. The small embryo is lenticular, globose
or ovoid and situated within the base of the copious farina-
ceous or fleshy endosperm.

Seedling. — Poiteau l in 1808 recognised that the germina-
tion of the Cyperacese differed from that of Graminese, resem-
bling that of Palms and Liliacese, while Klebs in his recent
memoir 2 separates it as a distinct monocotyledonous type.
Unlike that of Grasses, the germination in this Order has been
little investigated. Mirbel 3 describes and figures that of Carex
maxima, and Richard 4 that of Scirpus supinus ; but beyond
this we have little information on the subject till Klebs'
memoir.

According to the last author the process is very uniform in
the different genera and species investigated (Scirpus lacustris,

1 Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. Paris, 1809.

2 ' Beitriige zur Morphologic u. Biologie der Keimung,' in Pfeffer's Untersucli.
aus d. Bot. Inst. Tubingen, i. p. 571.

3 Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 437 (PI. i.) Paris, 1810.
1 Ibid. xvii. pp. 228-9 (PI. v. fig. 17). Paris, 1811.

586 ON SEEDLINGS

Cyperus Iria, C. Papyrus, Isolepis Savii, Carex caucasica, C.
lagopina, and Kobresia caricina). He points out that the struc-
ture of the embryo is somewhat different from that of the Grass-
embryo, connecting the latter with the typical liliaceous type.
The lower end is always occupied by the radicle without any
marked root-sheath, the upper by the cotyledon. The Cyperaceae
agree with the Grasses in the distinct development of the coty-
ledonary sheath, which encloses the clearly indicated first leaf.
In germination the cotyledon alone at first grows. The
sheath elongates, breaks through its coverings, and bends
geotropically upwards.1 The middle portion of the cotyledon
then grows rapidly, and pulls the main root out of the seed.
Before the appearance of the root, a circlet of long hairs is
developed at the base of the cotyledonary sheath, probably on
the portion corresponding to the hypocotyl which does not
develop. The hairs take the place of the root in the early
stages. The primary root gradually develops while the first
leaf appears from the sheath. Ultimately the primary root
elongates considerably, the first adventitious root breaks from
the base of the cotyledonary sheath, and other leaves succeed
the first. The end of the cotyledon which remains in the
seed swells until, after absorbing all the endosperm, it almost
fills the interior.

GRAMINEJS.

Benth. et Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 1074.

Fruit and Seed. — The ovary is sessile or shortly stalked,
erect, entire or sub-bidentate at the foot of the styles. It is
one-celled and contains one ascending anatropous ovule, fixed
near the base or laterally, and often separable with difficulty
from the ovary. The fruit is termed a caryopsis, and is inde-
hiscent, usually small, and included in the glume and pale with
a fragment of the rhachilla, together with which or the whole

1 Well shown by Mirbel in Scirpus romanus in Elements de Physiologic
Vtgttale, p. 59, fig. 4.

GKAMIXE/E 587

spikelet it drops off; it rarely protrudes from the glume
or falls separately. The pericarp is usually very thin, closely
adnate to the seed with a mark over the hilum, rarely
loose, membranous, or in some members of the tribe Bam-
buseas, hard and crustaceous or very thick and fleshy. The
seed-coat is adnate to, and not to be distinguished from the
pericarp, or is free from the latter and very thin and adnate
to the endosperm. The endosperm is copious, and farinaceous
or rarely fleshy. The embryo is small, globose or depressed,
often minute and situated at the base of the endosperm. It
shows a very characteristic distinction of parts, and often a
high development. The most characteristic is the cotyledon,
which consists of two clearly separated portions : the scutellum
or absorbent organ which remains in the seed in germination,
first causing the solution of the nutrient endosperm and then
absorbing it ; and the sheathing portion which protects the
plumule and in germination penetrates the soil and appears
above the earth still enveloping the first green leaf. This view
of the morphology of the cotyledon was hinted at by Gaertner l
and subsequently elaborated and strongly insisted on by Van
Tieghem 2 from the anatomy of the organs especially the course
of the vascular bundles. A similar arrangement has lately
been described by Tschirch in the Scitarninese (see ante, p. 566).
The radicle is enclosed in the root-sheath (coleorhiza) ; several
lateral rootlets are often indicated.

Seedling. — The germination of Grasses has been carefully
investigated by many workers from Mirbel, Poiteau and Eichard
onwards. It differs from that of Cyperaceaa by the radicle, and
not the cotyledon, first emerging and growing rapidly down-
wards. The root-sheath is first slightly protruded from the
seed, but is soon broken by the root which rapidly elongates,
and is usually closely covered with hairs, which are also often
found on the free surface of the root-sheath. The cotyledonary
sheath grows upwards, penetrates the testa, pericarp, and the
glume when present, and makes its way through the soil as
a sharp wedge, while the scutellum slowly absorbs the endo-

1 De Fructibus, &c. 1788, i. p. cxlix.

2 ' Observations anatomiques sur le Cotyledon des Graminees,' Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. v. torn. xv. (1892), p. 236.

588 ox SEEDLINGS

sperm. In some cases, as in Sorghum, Panicum, and Eleusine,
intercalary growth occurs in the tissue (? hypocotyledonary) at
the base of the sheath separating it by a narrow limb from
the scutellum.

Growth of the primary root is always limited ; sooner or
later numerous adventitious roots break through and take its
place.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

GENEEAL.

ASCHERSOX. Zur Geschichte der Wurzelknotenbehaarung. Bot. Zeit. 1883,
p. 447.

BEIXLING, E. Die naturlichen Schutzeinriehtungen der Keimpflanze. Rlieini-
schc Gartenschrift, 1880.

BERNHARDI. Ueber die merkwiirdigsten Verschiedenheiten des entwickelten
Pflanzenembryo u. ihren Werth fiir Systematik. Linncea, vii. (1832), p. 561.

BERTRAND, E. Etude sur les teguments seminaux des vegetaux phanerogames
gymnospermes. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. t. vii. (1878), p. 57.

BLOCISZEWSKI. Physiologische Untersuchungen iiber die Keimung u.weitere Ent-
\vickelung einiger Samentheile bedecktsamiger Pflanzen. Landw. Jahrb. von
Nathusius u. Theil, 1876.

BRANDT, PHCEBUS, u. RATZEBURG. Deutsche Giftgewachse. Berlin, 1838. In-
cludes figures of germination and seedlings of Lolium temulentum, Fritil-
laria impsrialis, Veratrum album, Paris quadrifolia, Arum maculatum,
Daphne spp., Cyclamen, Digitalis, Hyoscyamus albus, Datura Stramonium,
Atropa Belladonna, Solanum nigrum, Ncrium Oleander, Cynanchum Vince
toxicum, Lactuca virosa, Conium maculatum, CEnanthe fistulosa, JEfhusa
Cynapium, Sium latifolium, Papaver somniferum, Euphorbia palustris,
E. Cyparissias, and Taxus baccata.

BRAXDZA, M. Developpement des teguments de la graine. Rev. Gen. Bot. iii.
(Paris, 1891), pp. 1, 71, 105, 150, 229.

BEAUX, A. Ueber die Keimung einiger Waldbaume. Bericlit. Akad. Wissensch.
Berlin, 1852, p. 645.

- Ueber Adventiv-Knospenbildung unterhalb der Cotyledonen. Sitzungsber.
Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin im Jahre 1870, p. 18.

BRAUXE, v. Einige Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen iiber die Cultur der
Alpenpflanzen, iiber das Keimen einiger Samen derselben und iiber ihre
ersten Bildungs-Evolutionen. Flora, 1826, p. 449.

BROWN, K. On some remarkable Deviations from the usual Structure of Seeds
and Fruits. Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xii. (1818), p. 143.

CAXDOLLE, A. P. DE. Organographie vegetale, etc. Eng. trans. 1841, bk. iii.

chaps, iii.-v.
Physiologie vegetale, etc. Paris, 1632, p. 627.

590 O?s7 SEEDLINGS

CASPAR?, B. Welche Vogel verbreiten die Samen v. Wasserpflanzen ? Schrift
Phys.-Okon. Gesell. Konigsberg, xi. (1870), Sitzungsber. p. 8.

CLAKKE, B. On the Embryos of Endogens and their Germination. Tran
Linn. Soc. (Bot,), xxii. (1859), p. 401.

CLOS. Du collet dans les plantes, et de la nature de quelques tubercules. Ann.
Sci. Nat. ser. iii. t. xiii. (1849), p. 5.

COHN, F. J. Symbola ad Seminis Physiologiam. Diss. Inaug., Berlin, 1847.

Beitrage zur Physiologic des Samens. Flora, 1849, pp. 481, 497.

DAHHEX, M. Anatom. Physiolog. Untersuchungen iiber den Funiculus der

Samen. Pringsh. Jahrb. xxiii. (1892), p. 441.
DANGEARD. Becherches sur la mode d'union de la tige et de la racine chez les

Dicotyledones. Le Botaniste (Caen), i. 75.
DARWIN, C. The Power of Movement in Plants. London, 1880.
FK. On the Hygroscopic Mechanism by which certain Seeds are enabled

to bury themselves in the ground. Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), ser. ii. vol. i.

(1876), p. 149.
DUCHABTBE, P. E. Sur les Embryons qui ont et6 descrits comme PolycotylSs.

Ann. Sci. Nat. ser iii. t. x. (1848), p. 207.
DUFOUR, J. Etudes d'anatomie et de physiologic vegetales. Inaug. Diss.,

Lausanne, 1882, art. i. iii.
DUTEOCHET, H. J. Memoires pour servir a 1'histoire anatomique et physiologique

des vegetaux et des animaux. Brussels, 1837, caps. vi. xiv.
DUVERNOY, G. Untersuchungen iiber Keimung, Bau und Wachsthum der

Monocotyledonen. Stuttgart, 1834.

FLAHATTLT. Sur le talon de la tigelle de quelques Dicotyledones. Bull. Soc.

Bot. France, xxiv. (1877), ?. 200.
FLEISCHER, F. E. L. Beitrage zur botanischen Systematik, die Existenz der

Monocotyledonen und der Polycotyledonen betreffend. Zurich, 1812.
FR. Beitrage zur Lehre von dem Keimen der Samen der Gewachse.

Stuttgart, 1851.
FRIES. Om vissa vSxtarters forandringar, beroende af olika groningstid.

Botaniska Notiser, 1866, p. 89.

GAERTSER. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Stuttgart and Leipzig,

1788-1807.
GAUDICHAUD. Becherches generates sur 1'organographie, la physiologic et

1'organogenie des vegetaux. Paris, 1841.

- Botanique du voyage autour du monde sur la Bonitt. Paris, 1844-66.

Seed and germination of PhytekpJias, Atlas, pi. 29-30 ; seed and germination

of Vinsonia (Pandanacese), pi. 23 ; seed and germination of Nipa, pi. 7 ; seed

and germination of Draccena Draco, pi. 1. Also sections of fruits and seeds

of many Pandanacese, Bromeliaceae, etc.
GODFRIN, F. Etude histologique sur les teguments seminaux des Angiospermes.

Nancy, 1880.

GOEBEL, K. Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen, Teil i. Marburg, 1889.
GOPPEBT. Ueber die Jugendzustande der Pflanzen. Flora, 1889, p. 29.
GRIS. Eecherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la germination. Ann.

Sci. Nat. ser. v. t. ii. (1864), p. 5.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 591

HABERLANDT, G. Die Schutzeinrichtungen in der Entwickelung der Keim-

pflanze. Vienna, 1877.
HAENLEIN, H. Ueber die Keimkraft der Unkrautsamen. Nobbe, Landwirth

Versuchsst. 1880.

See NOBBE.

HAKZ, C. D. Landwirthschaftliche Samenkunde. 2 vols. Berlin, 1885.
HEGELMAIER, FR. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte monokotyler Keime nebst

Bemerkungen tiber die Bildung der Samendeckel. Bot. Zeit. 1874, pp. 631,

648, 657, 673, 689, 705.

- Vergleichende Untersuchungen. Stuttgart, 1878.
HILDEBRAND, FR. Die Verbreitungsmittel der Pflanzen, Leipzig, 1873.

Die Schleuderfriichte und ihr im anatomischen Bau begriindeter Mechanis-

mus. Pringsh. Jahrb. ix. (1873-84), p. 235.

- Ueber die Jugendzustiinde soldier Pflanzen, welche in Alter vom vegeta-
tiven Charakter ihrer Verwandten abweichen. Flora, 1875, pp. 305, 321.

Einige Beobachtungen an Keimlingen u. Stecklingen. Bot. Zeit. 1892,

pp. 1, 17, 33.
HOFMEISTER, W. Ueber die zu Gallerte aufquellenden Zellen der Aussenfliiche

von Samen u. Perikarpien. Berichte Verhandl. k. Sachs. Gesell. Wiss.

zu Leipzig, matli.-phys. Class, x. (1858), p. 18.
Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Embryobildung der Phanerogamen. II.

Monokotyledonen. Ibid. Abhandl. v. (1861), pp. 631-760, taf. i.-xxv.
HOLFERT. Die Nahrschicht der Samenschalen. Flora, 1890, p. 279.
HOMBEBG. Experiences sur la germination des plantes. Mem. Acad. Roy.

Sci. Paris, x. (1693), p. 348.
HUTH, E. Systematische Uebersicht der Schleuder-Friichte. Helios (Berlin).

Jahrg. viii. (1890), p. 15.

IRMISCH, TH. Zur Morphologie der monokotylischen Knollen- und Zwiebel-

gewachse. Berlin, 1850.
Ueber hypokotylische Adventivknospen bei krautartigen phanerogamen

Pflanzen. Bot. Zeit. 1857, pp. 449, 465, 489.

JACQUIN, N. J. Fragmenta botanica figuris coloratis illustrata. Vienna, 1809.
Seedlings of Poilws, t. 1 ; Latania, t. 8 ; Sanseviera fragrans, Nissolia
fruticosa, and Burseria gummifera, t. 33 ; Mimosa, t. 53 ; Hedysarum,
Hcematoxylum campechicnse, t. 93 ; Crassula, t. 88 ; Cordia Myxa, t. 103.

JUNGER. Ueber tricotyledone Embryonen. Jahresb. Schles. Gesell. vaterland.
Kultur, xlvi. (1869), p. 137 ; see also xlviii. (1871), p. 95.

- Ueber hypocotyle Knospenbildung. Ibid, xlviii. (1871), p. 94.
JUSSIEU, AD. DE. Memoires sur les embryons monocotyledones. Ann. Sci.

Nat. ser. ii. t. xi. (1839), p. 341.

Botanique (Cours elementaire d'histoire naturelle, etc.), 1843 (edit.

11, 1875), pp. 34, 358. Seedlings of Zannicliellia palustris and Acer
Negundo on p. 38.

KIENITZ, M. Vergleichende Keimungsversuche mit Waldsbaumsamen aus
verschieden gelegenen Orten Mitteleuropa's. In Bot. Untersiich. lierausg. v.
N. J. C. Miiller, 1879.

KITTEL.

592 O-N SEEDLINGS

KLEBS, G. Beitrage zur Morphologic u. Biologie der Keimung. Pfeffer, Bot.

Inst. Tubingen, i. pp. 536-635.

KRATZMAXN. Die Lehre von Samen der Pflanzen. Prague, 1839.
KBAUS. Ueber den Ban trockner Perikarpien. Pringsh. Jahrb. v. (1866-7),

p. 83.
KRAUSE, K. E. H. Drei Cotyledonen. Archiv Vereins Freunde Naturgesch.

Mecklenburg, 34. Jahr, Neubrandenburg, 1880, pp. 236-7.

LAGREZE-FOSSAT. Germination differente de graines semblables en apparence.

Bull Soc. imperiale et centrale Agric. ser. ii. t. ix. p. 396.
LEFEBUBE. Sur la germination des plantes. Strassburg, 1801.
LESTIBOCT>OIS. Phyllotaxie anatomique. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iii. t. x. (1848),

pp. 15, 136.
LEWIS, M. Bidrag till hjertbladets anatomi hos Monokotyledonerna. Bihang

k. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handling. Bd. xii. Afd. iii. No. 3. Stockholm, 1887.
LIGSIER, 0. Recherches sur 1'anatomie comparee des Calycanthees, des

Melastomacees, et des Myrtacees. Archiv. Bot. du Nord de la France, 4e

annee, Nos. 38-47, cap. i. p. 9.
LIKE. Icones selects anatom.-botanicse. Berlin, 1838. Figures germination

of Zea Mays, 1. 1 ; Phormium tenax, Tradescantia undata, t. 3 ; Iris li&mato-

phylla, t. 4 ; Pinus Strobus, t. 13 ; and ovule and seed of Phaseolus, t. 24.
LUBBOCK, Sir J. The shapes of leaves and cotyledons. Nature, 1890, p. 81.
On the forms of Seedlings and the causes to which they are due. Journ.

Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxii. (1886) and xxiv. (1887).

MALPIGHI, M. Opera omnia : t. ii. de Seminum vegetatione. London, 1686.

Opera posthuma. London, 1697.

MARLOTH. Ueber mechanische Schutzeinrichtungen der Samen gegen schadliche

Einniisse von aussen. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. iv. (1883), p. 225.
MASTERS, M. T. Vegetable Teratology. Bay Soc., London, 1869. (Increased

number of embryos and cotyledons, p. 369).
MIGUEL, F. W. Germinatio Plantarum. Groningen, 1830.
MIRBEL. Nouvelles recherches sur les caracteres anatomiques et physiologiques

qui distinguent les plantes monocotyledones des plantes dicotyledones. Ann.

Mus. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. (1809), p. 54. With 140 figures of seedlings.

Examen de la division des veg6taux en endorhizes et exorhizes. Ibid.

xvi. (1810), p. 419 (with numerous figures of germination, especially of
monocotyledons) .

Considerations sur la graine et la germination (1812). M6m. de VInst.

Paris, 1810 (plate 2), pp. 1-46.

- Precis de quelques lecons de botanique et de physiologic v£getale sur la
graine et la germination. Journ. de Phys. Ixxiv. (1812), pp. 406-433 ; and
Soc. Philom. Bull. iii. (Paris, 1812), pp. 21-26.

Histoire de la germination. Ibid. pp. 119-121.

- Etemens de physiologic vegetale et de botanique, i.-ii. (1815), § 3, de la
graine et de la germination. PI. 56-61.

NAGELI, K. Aufquellende Epidermiszellen von Samen und Fruchten. Sitzungsber.
k. Bayer. Akad. Wusensch. Munchen. Jahrg. 1864, Bd. ii. p. 114.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 593

NOBBE, F. Handbuch der Samenkunde. Berlin, 1876.

UND HAEXLEIN. Ueber die Eesistenz von Samen gegen die ausseren

Factoren der Keimung. Landw. Versuchsst. xx. (1877).
NOWOCZEK. Ueber die "Widerstandsfahigkeit junger Keimlinge. Haberlandt' 's

Wiss. Prakt. Untersuch. i. (1875).

OUDEMAXS, J. A. u. EADWEXHOFF. Keiming der Plantenzaden. Kotterdam, 1858.

PASQUALE, G. A. Sulla Eterofillia dissertazione. Naples, 1867.
PETIT-THOUARS, A. DE. Histoire des vegetaux recueillis sur les lies de France.

1804. Germination of Cycas, p. 1 ; Lecythis, p. 32.

- Memoire sur la germination de quelques plantes monocotyledones. Bull.

Soc. Philomat. i. p. 249. Paris, 1808.
Essai sur la vegetation consideree dans le developpement des bourgeons.

Paris, 1809.
PFEIFFER, A. Die Arillargebilde der Pflanzensamen. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii.

(1891) p. 492.

BEICHARDT, H. W. Beitrage zur Kenntniss hypokotylischer Adventivknospen
und Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Dikotylen. AbhandL Zool.-Bot. Vereins
Wien, vii. (1857), p. 235.

BEIXKE, J. Morphologische Abhandlungen, Leipzig, 1873. Beitrage zur
Kenntniss der Gymnospermen-Wurzel, p. 1. Untersuchungen iiber d. Mor-
phologic der Vegetationsorgane von Gunnera, p. 47. Das Keimpnanzchen,
p. 54.

EICHARD, L. C. Demonstrations botaniques, ou analyse du fruit consider^ en
general. Paris, 1808.

EICHARD. See GKAMINE.E.

EICHTER. Untersuchungen iiber den Einfluss der Beleuchtung auf das Ein-
dringen der Keimwurzeln in den Boden. Sitzungsber. k. Akad. Wiss. Math.-
Nat. Cl. Wien, Bd. Ixxx. (1880), Abt. i. p. 16.

EIMMEB, FR. Ueber die Nutationen u. Wachsthumsrichtungen der Keimpflan-
zen. Ibid. Bd. Ixxxix. Abt. i. (1884), p. 393.

SCHACHT, H. Beitrage zur Anatomie u. Physiologic der Gewachse, Bei-lin, 1854,

— Germination of the Walnut, p. 105. History of Development of the Boot,

p. 156.

Lehrbuch der Anatomie u. Physiologic, Th. ii. 1859.

Der Baum. 2. Aufl. Berlin, 1860, p. 41.

SCHENCK. Die Biologie der Wassergewachse. Bonn, 1886, p. 137.

SCHUBLER, G., u. EENZ, C. Untersuchungen iiber das Eigengewicht der Saamen

und naheren Bestandtheile des Pflanzenreichs. Kastner's Archiv fiir die

gesammelte Naturlehre, x. p. 401. Nuremberg, 1827.

SEITZ, TOL. Allgemeine okonomische Samen- u. Frucht-lehre. Salzburg, 1822.
SEJIPOLOWSKI. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Baues der Samenschale. Inaug.

Diss. Leipzig, 1874.
II. Q Q

594 ON SEEDLINGS

SEYNES, J. DE. De la germination. Paris, 1863.

SOLMS-LAUBACH. Ueber monokotyle Embryonen mit scheitelbiirtigem Vegeta-

tionspunkt. Bot. Zeit. 1878, pp. 65, 81.
STENZEL. Tricotyledonous Embryos in Oak, Hazelnut and Elm. Jahresber.

Schles. Gesell. vaterland. Kultur, xlvii. (1870), p. 75.
STKANDMAKK. Bidrag tiU kannedomen om froskalets byggned. (Dissertation

on the structure of the Seed-coat.) Lund, 1874.

TARGIONI-TOZZETTI, A. Saggio di studi intorno al guscio dei semi. Mem,

Beale Accad. Scienze di Torino, ser. ii. t. xv. p. 359. Turin, 1855.
TITTMANN, J. A. Ueber den Embryo des Samenkorns u. seine Entwickelung

zur Pflanze. Dresden, 1817.

Botanisch-karpologische Bemerkungen, Flora, 1819, pp. 651, 667.

Die Keimung der Pflanzen durch Beschreibung u. Abbildung einzelner

Samen u. Keimpflanzen erliiutert. Dresden, 1821.
Ueber die Keimung einiger Wassergewachse. DenTcschr. k. Baier. Bot.

Gesell. ii. (1822), p. 101. (Includes Nymphcea alba, N. lutea, Alisma

Plantago, and Potamogeton natans.)
TREVIRANUS, CHE. L. Symbolarum phytologicarum, quibus res herbaria illustra-

tur, fasc. i. Gottingen, 1831.

- Physiologic der Gewaehse, part ii. p. 537. Bonn, 1838.

- Amphicarpie und Geocarpie. Bot. Zeit. 1863, p. 145.

TEOTZKY, K. De plantarum phanerogamarum germinatione. Inaug. diss.

Dorpat, 1832.
TSCHIRCH, A. Contributions a 1'etude physiologique et biologique des graines.

Arch. Sci. Phys. et Natur. xxiv. (1890), p. 490.
TUBEUF, K. Samen, Friichte u. Keimlinge. Berlin, 1891.
TURPIN, P. FR. Iconographie vegetale ou organisation des v6g6taux illustr6e

au moyen de figures analytiques. Paris, 1841. Tab. 33-36.

VATJCHER, J. P. E. Histoire physiologique des plantes d'Europe, 4 vols. Paris,
1841.

WARMING, E. Almindelige Botanik,§§ 73-79,106-114,138-141. Copenhagen,
1886. (Contains many figures of germinating seeds.)

Zur Biologic der Keimpflanzen. Bot. Zeit. 1883, p. 200.

- Zur Morphologic des Keimes. Ibid. p. 215.

WICHURA. Bemerkungen iiber das Bluhen, Keimen u. s. w. der einheimischen

Baume u. Straucher. Jahresb. Schles. Gesell. vaterland. Kultur, xxxiv.

(1856), p. 56. (Juniperus communis, Corylus Avellana, Populus nigra,

Ulmus effusa, Rhamnus cathartica, p. 58.)
WIGAND, A. Versuche iiber das Richtungsgesetz der Pflanzen beim Keimen.

Botan. Untersuch. v. p. 133. Braunschweig, 1854.
WINKLER, A. Ueber die Keimblatter der deutschen Dicotylen. Verhandl. Bot.

Ver. Brandenburg, xvi. (1874), p. 6 ; xxvi. (1884), p. 30.

Drei Keimblatter bei dicotylen Pflanzen. Ibid. xvii. (1875), p. 81.

Kleinere morphologische Mittheilungen. Ibid, xviii. (1876)', p. 99.

• Nachtrage u. Berichtigungen zur Uebersicht der Keimblatter der deutschen

Dikotylen. Ibid. p. 105.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 595

WINKLER, A. Ueber das Vorkommen verwachsener Embryonen. Ibid. xxiv.
(1882), Abth. 94.

- Bemerkungen iiber die Keimfahigkeit des Samens der Phanerogamen.
Verhandl. Naturhist. Ver. Preuss. Rheinlande u. Westfalens, Jahrg. 36,
p. 155. Bonn, 1879.

- Beitrage zur Morphologie der Keimblatter. Jahresber. Schles. Gesell.
vaterland. Kultur. lix. (1882), pp. 319-323.

- Ueber einige Pflanzen der deutschen Flora, deren Keimblatt-Stiele
scheidig venvachsen sind. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxvii. (1885), p. 116.

WITTHOCK. Nagra bidrag till det hypokotyla internodiets samt hjertbladens

morfologi och biologi. Forhandl. vid de Skandinav. Naturforsk. Mote,

xii. p. 439. Stockholm, 1883.
WOLLNY, E. Saat und Pflege der landwirthschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen.

Berlin, 1885.

WYDLEB, H. Ueber subkotyledonare Sprossbildung. Flora, 1850, p. 337.
WYPLEL. Beitrage zur naheren Kenntnis der Nutation. Oest. Botan. Zeitsch.

xxix. (1879), pp. 7, 41.

SPECIAL.

ACANTHACE.E.

KARSTEN, G. Ueber die Mangrove-Vegetation im Malayischen Archipel.

(Acanthus ilicifolius.) BibliotJieca Botanica, Heft 22. Cassel (Fischer),

1891.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, System of Botany, Eng. trans, p. 607, figure seed of

Ruellla.

ALISMACEJE.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I.e., figure seeds of Alisma, p. 800; and Damasonium,

p. 801.
TITTMANN, J. A. See GENERAL.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 7. c. p. 636, figure seed of Amarantus.

AMARYLLIDE.E.

BAILLON, H. Sur le developpement et la germination des graines bulbiformes

des Amaryllidees. Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1874, p. 4.
CLOS, D. Quelques cas particuliers de gemmation, de parasitisme, et de germi-'

nation. M&m. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, ser. vi. t. vi. (18C8). Germination d'un

Crinum, p. 273.
HALL, H. C. Beschrijving van de Vorming en Ontwikkeling der Zaden van

Crinum capense, Herb. Tijdschr. Naiuur. Geschied. en Physiolocj. vii.

(Leiden, 1840), p. 140, t. iii.

IBMISCH, TH. Beitrage zur Morpl.oloj:e der Amaryllideen. Halle, 18CO.

Q Q 2

596 ON SEEDLINGS

IBMJSCH, TH. Ueber die Keimung von Carpolyza spiralis, Salisb. Zeitsch.

Gesammt. Naturwiss. Berlin, xxxv. (1870).
Beitrage zur vergleichenden Morphologic der Pflanzen, Abt. 6: Zur

Kenntniss der Keimpflanzen u. der Sprossverhaltnisse einiger Alstroemerieen.

Festschr. Naturf. Ges. Halle., 1879.
LAGREZE-FOSSAT. De la germination du Pancratium illyricum. Bull. Soc.

Bot. France, iii. p. 210.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. pp. 786-793, figure seeds of Leucojum vernum,

Oporanthus, Hypoxis, and Barbacenia.

LINK. Ueber keimende Samen von Hymenocallis. Flora, 1845, p. 480.
PRILLIEUX ET BIVIERE. De la structure et du mode de formation des graines

bulbifonnes de quelques Amaryllidees. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. t. he. (1858),

p. 97.

AMPELTDE.E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 349, figure seed of Vitis vinifera.

AXACARDIACE-E.

BAILLON, Natural History of Plants, Eng. trans, vol. v., figures seed of Rhus
Cotinus, p. 272 ; Anacardium occidentals, p. 275 ; Anisomallon clusiafolium,
p. 280 ; Phytocrene luzoniensis, p. 283 ; and Chlamydocarya Thomsoniana,
p. 285.

CANDOLLE, A. P. DE. Anacardium, v. A. P. de Candolle sub LEGUMINOSJE.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 361, figure seed and embryo of Rhus Cotinus
and Pistacia.

ANONACEJE.
BAILLON, 1. c. i., figures seeds of Asimina triloba, p. 188 ; Anona discolor, p. 202

Xylopia grandiflora, p. 217 ; Oxymitra patens, p. 229 ; 0. Grayana, p. 230 ;

Monodora myristica, p. 240.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 197, figure seed of Asimina.

APOCTNACEJS.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 549, figure seed of Apocynum.

ABALTACE.E.

BATLLON, I. c. vii., figures seed of Aralia polaris, p. 154, and Hedera Helix,

p. 166.
BUCHENAU, F. Zur Morphologic von Hedera Helix. Bot. Zeit. 1864, p. 241.

ABISTOLOCHIE^E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Aristolochia, p. 706 ; of Asarum
p. 707.

AROIDE.S:.

BUCHENAU, F. Ueber das Vorkommen von zwei Hullblattern am Kolben u. die
Keimung v. Richardia (Calla) cethiopica. Abhandl. naturwiss. Ver. Bremen,
i. (1868), p. 51,t..i.

B1BLIOGKAPHY 597

ENGLER, A. Araceae, in Martius ' Flora Brasiliensis.'iii. 2.

Alph. de Candolle, Monogr. Phanerog. ii. (1879), p. 33.

GRIFFITH. Ambrosinia ciliata, Eoxb. Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xx. (1847),

p. 270.
HORKEL. Ueber die Saamenbildung u. das Keimen des Genus Pistia. Bericht

Akad. Wiss. Berlin, ii. (1837), p. 41.
IRMISCH, TH. Beitrage zur vergleichenden Morphologic der Pflanzen, Abt. vi.

Ueber einige Aroideen. Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, xiii. (Halle, 1877), p. 159.

- See LILIACE.E.

KLOTZSCH. Ueber Pistia. Abh. Berlin. Akad. Physik. u. Math. Kl. 1852, p. 329.
KOCH, K. Ueber Pistia im Allgemeinen u. P. Turpini insbesondere. Bot. Zeit.

1852, p. 577.
KUBIN, E. Die Entwickelung von Pistia Stratiotes. In Hanstein's Bot. Abh.

iii. (Bonn, 1878).
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed of Arum, p. 831 ; of Cyrtosperma,

p. 833 ; seed and embryo of Calla, p. 832 ; of Pistia, p. 834.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings l include seedling of Pistia commutata, and a fine

series illustrating germination of P. Stratiotes.
SCHOTT. Icones Aroidearum (Vienna, 1857) ; figures germination of several

species.

ASCLEPIADE.E.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination and seedling of Stapelia

Asterias, and seed and embryo of Asclepias pulchra.
WARMING, E. Vincctoxicum officinale, Moench. (seedling). Botan. Tids.

Kjobenliavn, 1877-79, p. 78.

BALANOPHORE.E.

BATLLON, I. c. p. 506, figures seed of Cynomorium coccineum.
HOOKER, J. D. On Structure and Affinities of Balanophoreae. Trans. Linn. Soc.
(Bot.), vol. xxii. (1859) p. 18.

BALANOPSE^E.
BAILLON, 1. c. vi. p. 240, figures seed of Balanops Vieillardi.

BATIDE.E.
LE MAOUT and DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 738, figure seed and embryo of Batis.

BEGONIACE.E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 454, figure seed of Begonia.

BERBERIDE.E.
BAILLON, I. c. iii., figures seed of Lardizabala biternata, p. 43 ; of Berberis

vulgaris, p. 51.
BERNHARDI. Leontice vesicaria. See GENERAL.

1 Preserved in the Botanical Department of the British Museum,

598 ON SEEDLEXGS

LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed of Berberis, pp. 110, 202 ; and
Cauloptyllum, p. 204.

BIGNONIACE.E.

BCREAU. Monographie des Bignoniacees. Paris, 1864.

LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 602, figure seed and embryo of Bignonia
Catalpa.

BAILLON, 1. c. iv., figures seed of Bixa Orellana, p. 274 ; Pangium edule, p. 289 ;

Papaya carica, p. 292.
LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 246, figure seed of Pangium.

BORAGFNE.&.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Tournefortia and Heliotropium,

p. 571 ; and seed and embryo of Cordia Myxa, p. 574.
CHATIN, J. See SCROPHCLARIACEJS.
WICHDRA. Ueber Keimung von Omphalodes scorpioides, Lehm. Jahresb.

Schles. Gesell. vaterland. Kultur, xxxiii. (1855), p. 91.

BROMELIACE.S.

CANDOLLE, A. P. DE. Notice sur les graines de 1' Ananas. Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. ii.

t. iv. (1835), p. 57.
GADDICHADD. See GENERAL.
IBMISCH, TH. Beitrage zur vergleichenden Morphologic der Pflanzen, Abt. vi.

Festschr. Naturf. Ges. Halle, 1879.
LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 767, figure seeds of Bromelia and Tilland-

sia, and seed and embryo of Billbergia.

BRDNIACE.E.
LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 413, figure seed of Brunia.

BDRMANNIACE.E.

GRIFFITH, Thismia, Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xix. (1845), p. 341, t. 39; and

Icones Plant. Asiat. t. 272.
LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 778, figure seed and embryo of Bur-

mannia.
MIERS, J., Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xviii. (1841), p. 535, tt. 37, 38, figures seeds

of Dictyostegia, Burmannia, Cymbocarpa (Gymnosiphon), and Apteria.

BDRSERACES:.

Canarium Saphu, Engler : sections of fruit and views of embryo. Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. xv. (1892), p. 100.

CACTACE.&.

BOTANY, Railroad Reports, Mississippi to Pacific. No. 3, Cactaceffi, pp. 23, 24.
(Contains figures of germination of several species of Opuntia.)

HELIOGRAPH Y 599

ENGELMANN, G. Cactaceaa of the Bounciaiy. Report of the U.S. and Mexican

Boundary Survey. Washinjlon, 1859.
IEMISCH, TH. Ueber die Keimpdanzen von Rhipsalis Cassytha u. deren Weiter-

bildung. Bot. Zeit. 1876, pp. 193, 209.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 459, figure seed of Opuntia.
MIQUEL, F. W. Sur la germination des Melocactus, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. ii.

t. xiv. (1840), p. 62.

ZUCCARINI. Notiz iiber Cereus flagclliformis. Flora, 1833, p. 95.
Plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum qute in horto botanico

herbarioque Eegis Monacensi servantur. III. Cacteffi. Abh. Matli.-Phys.

Cl. k. Bay. Akad. Wissensch. ii. p. 597. Munich, 1837.

CALYCANTHACE.E.
LIGNIEE, 0. See GENEBAL.

BAILLON, 1. c. i., figures seeds of Calycanthus occidentalis, p. 284, and Chimon-
anthus prcecox, p. 286.

CALYCEREJE.

BAILLON, I. c. vii. p. 524, figures seed of Boopis australis.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 493, figure seed and embryo of Calycera.

CAJIPANULACEJE .

BAILLON, I.e. viii., figures seeds of Campanula Eapunculus, p. 319 ; of C.

speculum, p. 320 ; Lobelia syphilitica, p. 330.
BOTANY of the Mexican Boundary, pi. 35 : seed and seedling of Ncmacladus

ramosissimus.
BUCHENAU, F. Morphologische Bemerkungen iiber Lobelia Dortmanni. Flora,

1866, p. 33.
WASHING, E. Phyteuma spicatum, L. (seedlings). Bot. Tids. Kjobcnhavn,

1877-79, p. 76.
Campanula rotundifolia, L. (seedlings). Ibid. p. 84.

CAPPAEIDE/E.

ASCHEESON, P. Ueber Keimlinge v. Boscia senegalensis. Sitzungsber. Bot.

Ver. Brandenburg, xx. (1878), p. 138.
BAILLON, 1. c. iii., figures seeds of Cleome gigantea, p. 146 ; Capparis spinosa,

p. 151 ; and Ropalocarpiis lucidus, p. 160.
DELESSERT, Icones, iii. tt. 1-13, figures fruit and seeds of Cleome spp., Cadaba

capparioides, and Mcerua angolensis.
EICHLEE, in Martius, Flor. Brasil. xiii. 1, tt. 54-65, gives very good figures of

fruit, seed and embryo of various species of Capparis and other genera.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 233, figure seed and embryo of Capparis.

CAPBIFOLIACE.E.

BAILLON, I. c. vii., figures seeds of Lcycesteria formosa, p. 354 ; Lonicera
Caprifolium, p. 357 ; Sambiicus nigra, p. 361 ; Adoxa MoscJiatellina, p. 362.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 481, figure seed of Viburnum.

600 ON SEEDLINGS

CAEYOPHTLLACE^E .

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed of Lychnis, p. 107 ; Spergularia*
p. 107 ; Drypis spinosa, and Cucubalus baccifera, p. 255 ; Agrostemma

Githago, and Dianthus, p. 256 ; Saponaria officinalis, Gypsophila repens*

and Velezia (with embryo), p. 257; Stellaria, Buffonia, macrosperma,.

Holosieum umbellatum, Spergularia marginata, and Cerastium arvense,

p. 258.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings contain a figure of the germination of Silene

conica.
SIMEK. Die Keimpflanzen einiger Caryophyllaceen, Geraniaceen u. Compositen.

Prague, 1889.

CASUAEINE^E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 684, figure seed of Casuarina.
LOEW, E. De Casuarinearum caulis foliisque evolutione et structura. De-

germinatione, p. 6. Inaug. diss. Berlin, 1865.

CELASTEACE^:.

BAEONI, E. Sulla struttura del seme dell' Evonymus japonicus, Thunb., Nuav.

Giorn. Bot. Ital. xxiii. (1891), p. 513.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 342, figure seed of Euonymus.

CENTBOLEPIDACE.S:.

HIEBONYJIUS, G. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Centrolepidaceen. AbhandL
Naturf. Gesell. Halle, xii. (1873), p. 115.

CEBATOPHYLLE;E.

BAILLON, I. c. iii. p. 479, figures embryo of Ceratopliyllum demersum.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 736, figure seed and embryo of Ceratophyllum.
SCHLEIDEN, M. J. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ceratophylleen. Beitr. z. Botanik.
Leipzig, 1844. Also Linncea, xi. (1837), p. 513, and original drawings.

CHENOPODIACE;E.

CLOS. Des graines de VAtriplex hortensis, et de leur germination. Bull. Soc.
Bot. France, iv. (1857), p. 441.

IEMISCH, TH. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus. Flora, 1853, p. 523.

LANGE. Uderligere Bemerkninger om de treformede Froe hos Atriplex horten-
sis. Bot. Tids. Kjobenliavn, 1867, p. 147.

LK MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Chenopodium and Beta, p. 638,
and seed and embryo of Basella, p. 641.

SCHAELOCK. Ueber die dreifach gestalteten Samen von Atriplex nitens. Bot-
Zeit. 1873, p. 317.

VANDENBEEGHE. Etude des graines et de la germination des Salicornes de
(1889) ^ de TerneUZen' BulL Acad- RmJ- Sci- etc- Belgiq_ue, ser. iii. t. xviiu

VEIES, H. DE. Keimungsgeschichte der Zuckerriibe. Landw. Jahrb 1879.

BIBLIOGEAPHY 601

WIXKLER, A. Die Keimpflanze der Salicornia herbacea, L. Verh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenburg, xxviii. (1886), p. 32.

Ueber das Arten-Recht des Chenopodium opulifolium, Schrad., u. C. fid-
folium, Sm. Ibid. xxix. (1887), p. 112.

- Clienopodium album forma microphyllum, Coss. et Germ., in der Provinz
Brandenburg. Ibid. xxx. (1888), p. 72.

CHL/'ENACE^E.
BAILLOX, 1. c. vol. iv. p. 229, figures seed of Leptolcsna multiflora.

CHLORAXTHACEJE.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISXE, I. c. p. 734, figure seed of Sarcandra chloranthoides,.
and seed and embryo of Chloranthits.

CJSTA.CEM.

BAILLOX, I. c. iv. p. 333, figures seed of Helianthemum lasiocarpum.
IRMISCH, TH. Ueber Helianthemum Fumaria. Bot. Zeit. 1850, p. 204.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISXE, I. c. p. 239, figure seed of Cistus Ladanum.

COJIBKETACE^E.

KAKSTEX, G. See ACAXTHACE.E.

COMMELIXACE.E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISXE, I. c. p. 868, figure seed and embryo of Tradescantia
virginica.

COMPOSITE.
BAILLOX, 1. c. viii., figures seeds of Calendula officinalis, p. 43 ; and Helianthus

annuus, p. 48.
BOTAXY of the Mexican Boundary: seeds of Dicoria canescens, pi. 30, and

Itafinesquia californica, pi. 34.

BUCHEXAU, F. Cotula coronopifolia. Bot. Zeit. 1862, p. 17.
DECAISXE, J. Monographic des genres Balbisia et Eobinsonia de la famille des

Composees. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. ii. t. i. (1834), p. 24.
IRMISCH, TH. Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte des Cirsium arvense u. einiger andern

Distelarten. Zeits. Gesammt. Naturwiss. Halle, i. (1853), p. 193.

Keimpflanze von Tussilago Farfara. Flora, 1853, p. 521.

Dahlia rosca. Abh. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, ii. (1854), p. 57, t. iv.

LE MAOUT AXD DECAISXE, I. c. p. 502, figure embryo of Robinsonia and seed of

Tagetes.
NIELSEX, P. Om Ukrudtsplanten Folfod (Tussilago Farfara). Ugeskrift for

Landmand, 1877, ii. (Danish.)
SACHS, J. Helianthus annuus (young seedling and its anatomy), Bot. Zeit.

1859, p. 181 ; and Xanthium Strumarium (germinating seed and its

anatomy), ibid. p. 185.

SCHLEIDEX'S original drawings include germination of Dahlia and seed, germi-
nation and seedling of Cnicus benedictus.

002 ON SEEDLINGS

SIMEK. See CABYOPHYLLACE.K.

WINKLES, A. Seedlings of Crepis fcetida and rhceadifolia. Flora, 1880, p. 49.

CONIFERS:.
BBONGNIABT, AD. On the Germination of Araucaria. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. ii.

t. xii. (1839), p. 228.
DAGUILLON. Eecherches morphologiques sur les feuilles des Coniferes. Rev.

Gin. Botan. ii. (1890).
DON, D. Description of two new Genera of Coniferae. (Cryptomeria and

Athrotaxis.) Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xviii. (1841), p. 163.
DCBB. Ueber das Keimen u. die Vermehrung der Araucaria Bidwillii. Garten-
flora (Regel), 1865, p. 103.

GOPPEBT, H.R. De Coniferarum structura anatomica. Breslau, 1841.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed, embryo, and germination of Pinus,

p. 741 ; embryo of Abies, p. 741 ; seeds of Cupressus and Juniperus, p. 745;

seed of Taxus baccata and seed and germination of Ginkgo, p. 747.
LINK. Ueber keimende Zamia muricata. Flora, 1846, p. 432.
MASTEBS, M. T. M. Review of some points in the Comparative Morphology,

Anatomy, and Life-history of the Conifera. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvii.

(1891), p. 230.

RICHARD, L. C. Memoires sur les Coniferes et les Cycadees. Stuttgart, 1826.
SCHWENDENEB, G. Ueber den Wechsel der Blattstellungen an Keimpflanzen

von Pinus. Sitzungs. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg, 1879 ; and Bot. Zeit. 1880,

pp. 251-4.
STBASBUBGEB, E. Die Coniferen u. Gnetaceen. Jena, 1872. Keimung, p. 319.

CONVOLVULACE.3Z.

BAILET, W. W. Abnormal Cotyledons of Ipomcea purpurea. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl.

x. (1883), p. 82.
DOBNEB, J. v. Die Cuscuteen der ungarischen Flora. Linncea, N.F. i. (1867-8),

p. 135.

GBAY, A. Ipomcea leptophylla. ' Structural Botany,' p. 23.
HAENLEIN, H. Ueber den Bau u. die Entwickelung der Samenschale von Cuscuta

europcea. Nobbe, Landivirth. Versuchsst. xxiii. 1879.
IBMISCH, TH. Ueber die Keimung u. die Erneuerungsweise von Convolvulus

sepium und C. arvensis. Bot. Zeit. 1857, p. 433, t. viii.
KOCH, L. Die Klee- u. Flachsseide (Cuscuta Epithymum et C. Epilinum).

Untersuchungen iiber deren Entwickelung, Yerbreitung u. Vertilgung.

Heidelberg, 1880.
LE MAODT ANDDECAISNE, Z. c., figure seed and embryo of Convolvulus, p. 565; of

Dichondra, p. 568 ; and seed of Cuscuta, p. 568.
SACHS, J. Convolvulus tricolor, young seedling and anatomy. Bot. Zeit. 1859,

p. 186.
SCHLEFDEN'S original drawings include sections of seed, with embryo, of

Convolvulus tricolor.
ULOTH, W. Beitrage zur Physiologie der Cuscuteen. Flora, 1860, pp. 257, 273.

COBNACE.S.

BATLLON, Z. c. vii. p. 74, figures seed of Garrya laurifolia.
IBMISCH, TH. Botanische Notizen (Cornus). Bot. Zeit. 1848, p. 894.

BIBLIOGKAPHY 603

LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed of Cornus sanguined, p. 476 ; and
seed and embryo of Garrya, p. 478.

CRASSULACE;E.

BAILLON, 1. c. iii. p. 306, figures seed of Sedum acre.

HEIBERG, P. Etude morphologique sur 1' Umbilicus pendulinus. Ann. Sci.

Nat. ser. v. t. iv. (1865), p. 297.
IRMISCH, TH. Ueber einige Crassulaceen, figures seedlings of Ekodiola rosea and

Umbilicus horizontalis. Bot. Zeit. 1860, p. 85, t. iii.

- Einige Bemerkungen iiber Sediim maximum. Bot. Zeit. 1855, p. 249.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 404, figure seed of Crassula Magnolii.

CRUCIFER^E.

BAILLON, 1. c. iii., figures embryo of Brassica nigra, p. 191 ; seed and embryo

of Crambe maritima, p. 196 ; and of Iberis scmpervirens, p. 205.
CANDOLLE, A. P. DE. Memoire sur la famille des Cruciferes. Mem. Mus. Hist.

Nat. vii. (Paris, 1821), p. 169.
FAMINTZIN. Beitriige z. Keimung der Kresse (Lepidium sativum). M&l. Biolog.

tiris du Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, viii. (1871-72), p. 593.
HOFFMANN, H. Ueber eine merkwitrdige Variation (Raphanus). Bot. Zeit.

1873, p. 129.
HOHNEL, FE. v. Bau der Samenschale der vier cultivirten Brassica-A.rien.

Haberlandt's Wiss. Prakt. Unters. Gcb. Pflanzenbaues, i. Vienna.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. pp. 22-6, give diagrams of seeds.
LUND OG RUERSKON. Morfologisk-anatomisk Beskrivelse af Brassica spp.

Copenhagen, 1885.
KOSEN, F. Systematische u. biologische Beobachtungen iiber Erophila verna.

Bot. Zeit. 1889, pp. 565, 581, 597, 613. -
SACHS, J. Iberis amara (young seedling and anatomy). Bot. Zeit. 1859,

p. 186, t. ix.

SCHENK. Eine Berichtigung. Bot. Zeit. 1873, p. 297. Cf. HOFFMANN above.
SONDER. Revision der Heliophileen. Figures of fruit, seed and embryo.
WARMING, E. Dentaria bulbifera, L. Bot. Tids. Kjobenhavn, 1876-7, p. 84.
WETTSTEIN. Die Gattungen Erysimum u. Cheiranthus. Ocst. Bot. Zeit. xxxix.

(1889), pp. 243, 281, 327.
WILSON, S. Experiments with Turnip Seeds. Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc.

Edinb. xiii. (1877), p. 25.
WINKLER, A. Die Keimpflanzen der Dentaria pinnata. Flora, 1878,

p. 513.
Die Keimpflanzen der Koch'schen Sisymbritim-A.rien. Linncea, N. F.

ix. (1880), pp. 59-65, t. i.
Einige Bemerkungen iiber Nasturtium officinale u. Erysimum repandum.

Flora, 1880, p. 49.
Die Keimpflanzen von Dentaria digitata, Link. Flora, 1882, pp. 275-7,

t. 5.

Die Keimpflanzen des Lepidium incisum, Roth. Verh. Bot. Ver. Branden-
burg, xxviii. (1886), p. 33.

604 OX SEEDLINGS

WITTMACK, L. Ueber die Unterschiede zwischen Eap-, Riibsen-, Eiiben-, u.
Kohl-samen. Sitzungsb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Jahrg. 1887, p. 82.
WYDLEH, H. Notiz iiber Anastatica hierochuntica. Bot. Zeit. 1878, p. 97.

CUCCRBITACE^:.

BAILLON, 1. c. viii., figures Fevillea cordifolia, p. 379 ; Cucurbita Pepo, p. 394 ;
and Momordica Boivini, p. 407.

BALDDU, A. Sul tallone di alcune Cucurbitacee. Ann. Istit. Bot. Roma, i.
(1884), p. 49.

FICKEL, FK. Ueber die Anatomie u. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Samenschalen
einiger Cucurbitaceen. Bot. Zeit. 1876, pp. 737, 753, 769, 785.

GRAY, A. The Germination of the genus Megarrhiza, Torr. Amer. Journ. of
Sci. ser. iii. t. xiv. (1877), p. 21.

HALSTED. The Peg in germinating Cucurbitaceous Plants. Proc. Soc. Promot.
Agricult. Sci. 1887. New York.

HOHNEL. Morphologische Untersuchungen iiber die Samenschalen der Cucur-
bitaceen und einiger verwandter Familien, Theil. i. Sitzungs. der Math.-
Nat. Cl. k. Akad. Wiss. 73. Abt. 1. Vienna, 1876, p. 297.

IRMISCH, TH. Bryonia alba. Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, ii. (1854), p. 57.

SACHS, J. Cucurbita Pepo (young seedling and anatomy). Bot. Zeit. 1859, p. 186.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include sketches of young seedlings of Cucurbita
Pepo.

CUPDLIFKRJE.

BAILLON, L c. vi., figures seeds of Alnus cordifolia, p. 223.

BOREAS, V. Keimung von Castanea u. Quercus. Oest. Bot. Zeitsch. xxix. (1879),
p. 60.

ENGELMANN, G. Acorns and their Germination. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
iv. No. 1 (1880), pp. 190-192.

EJENITZ, M. Einfluss der Gewinnungsart der Kiefernsamen auf die Keim-
fahigkeit derselben. Forstliche Blatter von Grunert u. Borggreue, 1880.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 714, figure seeds of Fagus sylvatica and
Castanea.

MEEHAX, TH. On the Cotyledons of Quercus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1871, p. 155.

- and MAZYCK, W. Germination in acorns. Ibid. 1880, p. 129.
REIXSCH. Ueber das Vorkommen von drei Kotyledonen bei Fagus sylvatica,

Flora, 1860, p. 721.

STENZEL. Zwei Nachtrage zur Keimung der Eichel. Jahresb. Schles. Gesell.
vaterland. Kultur, liv. (Breslau, 1877), p. 105.

- Samenformen bei der Eiche. Biblioth. Botan. Heft 21, Cassel, 1890.
TUBEUF. Die Buchenkeimlinge von Sommer 1889. Bot. Centralb. xi. (1890),

p. 374.

WINKLER, A. Die Keimpflanze der Corylus. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg,
xxix. (1887), p. 41.

CYCADEJE.

BLUME, Rumphia, iv. (1848), gives figures of seed of Cycas.
BRATTN. Ueber zwei von Hildebrandt eingefiihrte Cycadeen nebst Bemerkungen

iiber einige andere Cycadeen. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin,

Jahrg. 1876, p. 113.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 605

EARSTEN, H. Organographische Betrachtung der Zamia muricata. Abh.

Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1856.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 751, figure seed and embryo of Cycas.
BICHAED, L. C. See CONIFER.E.
WARMING, E. Undersaegelser og Betragtninger over Cycadeerne. Oversigt k.

Dansk. Yidenskab. Selsk. Forlmndl. 1877, p. 88.

- Bidrag til Cycadeernes Naturhistorie. Ibid. 1879, p. 73.

CYCLAXTHACE.E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c., figure seed of Carludovica, p. 828 ; and Frey-
cinetia, p. 830.

CYPERACE.E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE figure seed and embryo of Carex, p. 876 ; Erio-

pliorum, p. 877 ; and seed of Malacochcste, p. 877.

MIRBEL. Examen de la division des vegetaux en endorhizes et exorhizes.
Ann. du Mus., xvi. (1810), pi. xvi. pp. 437, 438 (Carex maxima).

- Siemens de Physiologie Vegetale. Paris, 1815, p. 81, pi. 59.
POITEAU. See GRAMINE;E.

KICHARD, L. C. Analyse botanique, &c. Ann. du Mus. xvii. (1811), Paris,
pp. 223, 229, pi. v. figs. 12-18 (Scirpus).

CYTINE.^E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 710, figure seed and embryo of Eafflesia

Arnoldi.
SOLJIS-LAUBACH. Ueber den Bau der Samen in den Familien der Kafflesiaceen

u. Hydnoraceen. Bot. Zeit. 1874, pp. 337, 353, 369, 385.

DlLLENIACE.E.

BAILLON, 1. c. i., figures seed of Candolha cuneiformis, p. 86, and Actinidia
strigosa, p. 111.

DlOSCOREACE.5.

BUCHERER, E. Beitrage zur Morphologic u. Anatomie der Dioscoreaceen.

Biblioth. Botan. Heft 16. Cassel, 1889.
DUTROCHET, H. 3. Observations sur la forme et la structure primitive des

embryons vegetaux. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv. Paris, 1835.

Tamus cammunis, p. 169, pi. 20.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed and embryo of Tamus, pp. 794, 795 ;

and embryo of Dioscorea, p. 795.
SAINT-PIERRE, G. DE. Germination du Dioscorea Batatas comparee a celle du

Tamus communis et de 1' Asparagus officinalis. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. iv.

(1857), p. 697.

DlPSACE.E.

BAILLON, I. c. vii., figures seed of Dipsacus fullonum, p. 520.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 494, figure seed of Scabiosa.

DEPTEROCARPE.E.

OUDEMANS, J. A. Structure du fruit et de la graine de 1'arbre a camphre de
Sumatra (Dryobalanops Camplwra). Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. t. v. (1856), p. 90.

606 OX SEEDLINGS

DROSERACEJE.
GBONLAND, J. Note sur les organes glanduleux du genre Drosera. Ann. ScL

Nat. s6r. iv. t. iii. (1855), p. 297.

IKMISCH, TH. Notiz iiber Drosera intermedia. Bot. Zeit. 1856, p. 729.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I c. p. 406, figure seed and germination of Drosera,

and seed of Dionaa.
NITSCHKE. Wachsthumsverhaltnisse des rundblattrigen Sonnenthaues. Bot.

Zeit. 1860, pp. 57, 65.
SOLAND, A. DE. Etude sur le DrosophyUum lusitanicum. Ann. Soc. Linn.

Maine-et-Loire, ann. 12 (1870), p. 81.

EBENACE.&.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 538, figure seed of Diospyros.

EL;EAGNACE,E.

BATLLON, I. c. ii. p. 484, figures seed of HippophaS rhamnoides.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 660, figure seed and embryo of Eltsagnu

ELATINE.E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 264, figure seed of Elatine triandra.

ElIPETRACEJE.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 341, figure seed of Empetrum.

EPACKIDE^:.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 523, figure seed of Leucopogon.

ERICACE.E.
IRMISCH, TH. Bemerkungen iiber einige Pflanzen der deutschen Flora. Flora,

1855 (Pyrola, p. 628).
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed of Erica, p. 515 ; and seed and

embryo of Rhododendron, p. 517, and Pyrola, p. 520.

ERIOCAULE^:.

LE MAOUT AND DEOAISNE, I. c. p. 872, figure seed of Eriocaulon quinguan-
gulare.

EUPHORBIACEJE.

BATLLON, 1. c. v., figures seed of Euphorbia Lathyris, p. 106 ; seed and embryo
of Eicinus communis, p. Ill ; and seed of Jatropha Curcas, p. 112.

Etude generate du groupe des Euphorbiacees. Paris, 1858.

BBAUN, A. Ueber Polyembryonie u. Keimung von Ccelebogyne. Abh. AJcad.
Wiss. Berlin. 1859 (Berlin, 1860), p. 109.

GKIS, A. Note sur les teguments de la graine du Bicin. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser.
iv. t xvii. (1862), p. 312.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 607

JOLT, N. Observations gene'rales sur les plantes qui peuvent fournir des cou-

leurs bleues, etc. Grozopliora tinctoria, p. 59, pi. v. Montpellier, 1839.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Pseudanthus, p. 689 ; Bridelia,

p. 690 ; Mercurialis, p. 691 ; Pachysandra (with embryo), p. 699 ; and

Buxus, p. 700.
MAGNUS, P. Ueber zwei monstrose Keimpflanzen von Bicinus communis. Verh*

Bot. Vcr. Brandenburg, xviii. (1876), p. 107.
MAILLOT, E. Etude compares du Pignon (Jatroplia Curcas) et du Eicin

(Ricinus communis) de 1'Inde. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, ser. ii. t. v. fasc. xi.

(1880), cap. i., Etude botanique et histologique.
EOEPER, J. Enumeratio Euphorbiarum qute in Germania et Pannonia gignuntur.

Gottingen, 1824.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include seeds of Phyllanthus falcatus (with

embryo) and Ricinus.
WINKLEE, A. Ueber die Keimpflanze des Mercurialis perennis. Flora, 1880,

p. 339, t. 8.

- Bemerkungen iiber die Keimpflanzen u. die Keimfahigkeit des Samens.

von Tithymalus Cyparissias. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. i. (1883), p. 452,

and Abli. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen, v. (1877), p. 554.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed of Mesembryanthemum, p. 462, and
seed and embryo of Tetragonia, p. 464.

GENTIANE^E.

IRMISCH, TH. Ueber Menyanthes trifoliata. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 121.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, p. 558, figure seed of Gentiana.

GERANIACE;E.
AUGUST. Ueber das Einbohren der Samen von Erodium. Bot. Zeit. 1869

p. 518.
BAILLON, 1. c. v., figures seed of Biebersteinia Emodi, p. 2 ; Geranium

Robertianum (with embryo), p. 5 ; Flcerkea Douglasii, p. 21 ; and Oxalis

Acetosella, p. 23.
CHATIN, J. Memoire sur la famille des Tropeole'es. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv.

t. v. (1856), pi. 19.
GODEON. Examen des feuilles cotyledonaires des Erodium. Rev. Sci. Nat. de

Montpellier, vi. (1877).
HANSTEIN. Ueber das Einbohren der Friichte von Erodium gruinum. Bot.

Zeit. 1869, p. 528.

HILDEBBAND. Die Lebensverhaltnisse der 0,raZis-Arten. Jena, 1884, Taf. v.
IKMISOH, TH. Tropaiolum brachyceras, Hook., u. T. tricolor, Sweet. Abh.

Naturf. Gesell. Halle, ii. (1854), p. 63.
- Beitrage zur Morphologic einiger europ. Geranium-Arten, insbesonders

G. sanguineum u. G. tuberosum. Bot. Zeit. 1874, pp. 545, 561, 577, t. ix.
JANNICHE, W. Gekeimte Samen in Friichte von Impatiens longicornis, Wall.

Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. vii. (1889), p. 318.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Geranium, p. 307, and Tro-

pceolum, p. 312.

608 OX SEEDLINGS

LUNDSTROM. Die Verbreitung der Samen bei Geranium bohemicum, L. Bot.

Centralb. xlix. (1892), pp. 202, 236.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Tropceolum majus.
WICHURA. Erodium cicutarium (Keimblatt). Jahresber. Schles. Ges. vaterland.

Kultur, xxxii. (1854), p. 77.
WYDLER. Kleinere Beitrage zur Kenntniss einheimischer Gewachse. Flora,

1859, p. 372.

GESNERACE^E.
COHN. Ueber Streptocarpus. Jahresb. Schles. Gesell. vaterland. Kult. Ivi.

(Breslau, 1879), pp. 144, 145.
CROCKER. On the Germination of certain Species of Cyrtandrea. Journ. Linn.

Soc. (Bot.) v. (1860), p. 65.
DICKSON. On the Germination of Streptocarpus caulescens. Trans, and Proc.

Bot. Soc. Edinb., vol. xiv. pt. iii. (1883), pp. 362-64, t. 14.
HIELSCHER, T. Anatomie u. Biologie d. Gattung Streptocarpus. Cohris Beitr.

zur Biologie der Pflanzen, Bd. iii. Heft i. (Breslau, 1879), p. 1, tt. i.-iii.
LE MAOCT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Pentaraphia, p. 596 ; Strepto-
carpus, p. 598 ; and Ramondia, p. 600.

GNETACE^E.

BLUME. Rumphia, t. iv. (1848), contains figures of fruit, seed, and embryo.
BOWER, F. 0. On the Germination and Histology of the Seedling of Welwitschia

mirabilis. Q. J. M. S. xxi. (1881), p. 15 ; also Nature, xxii. (1880), p. 590.
On the Germination and Embryogeny of Gnetum Gnemon. Q. J. M. S.

xxii. (1882), p. 278.
LE MAOTJT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed (with germination) of Ephedra,

p. 748, and Welwitschia, p. 749. •
METER, C. A. Versuch einer Monographic der Gattung Ephedra (taf. viii.).

St. Petersburg, 1845-6: taken from the Bulletin de la Classe Physico-

mathematique de V Academic des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, t. v. No. 3.
MONTEIRO, D. G. Germination of Welwitschia mirabilis. Gard. Chron. xvii.

(1882), p. 14, figs. 2, 3.
STRASBURGER. See CONIFERS.

GRAMINE.S.

BENECKE, F. Over Suikerriet uit ' Zaad.' Meded. Proefstat. Midden-Java.

Semarang, 1889.

BERNHARDI. Panicum capillare. See GENERAL.
BROWN, H. T. AND MORRIS, G. H. : Researches on the Germination of some

of the Gramineffi. Part I. Journ. Chem. Soc. Ivii. (1890). Transacts.

pp. 458-528.
DIDRICHSEN, F. Afbildninger til Oplysning af Graskimens Morphologi. Bot.

Tids. Kjobenhavn, xviii. (1892), p. 1, tt. 1-4.
HEIDEN. Keimen der Gerste. Berlin, 1859.
HOHNEL, FR. v. Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Epidermis der Gramineen-

spelzen u. deren Beziehung zum Hypoderma. Haberlandt's WissenscMftl.

Prakt. Untersuchung. auf. d. Gebiete des Pflamenbaues, i. Vienna.
JUST, L. Keimung u. erste Entwickelung von Secale cereale unter dem Einfluss

des Lichts. Inaug. diss. Breslau, 1870.
KARSTEN, H. Ueber Zizania aquatica. Linncea, xxxi. (1861-2), p. 510.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 609

KNOBBE, E. Das Weizenkorn u. seine Keimung. Diss. Konigsberg, 1871.
KORNICKE, FR. Die Saatgerste (Hordeum vulgar e). Zeitsch. Ges. Brauivesen,

1882-84.
KRAFFT, G. Die normale u. anormale Metamorphose der Maiispflanze. Vienna,

1870.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed, embryo, and germination of the

Oat, pp. 112, 887 ; of the Wheat, p. 887 ; seed and embryo of the Eice, p. 887 ;

of Sorghum, p. 888 ; the germination of Zea Mays, p. 889 ; the seeds of

Lolium and Sporobolus; p. 889 ; and the embryo of the Bamboo, p. 890.
MIRBEL. Observations sur la germination des Graminees. Ann. Mus. Hist.

Nat. xiii. (1809), pp. 145, 152.
MORRIS, D. On the Production of Seed in the Sugar-cane. Journ. Linn. Soc.

(Bot.) xxviii. (1890), p. 200, pi. 33.
POITEAU, A. Memoire sur PEmbryon des Gramine'es, des Cyperac6es, et du

Nelumbo. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiii. (1809), p. 381.
EICHARD, L. C. Analyse botanique des embryons endorhizes ou monocotyledones,

et particulierement de celui des Gramin6es. Ann. Hus. Hist. Nat. xvii.

(1811), pp. 223, 442 (good figs.).

SACHS, J. Zur Keimungsgeschichte der Graser. Bot. Zcit. 18(12, p. 145.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Briza maxima, Triticum

fastuosum, Hordeum, Oryza sativa, and Zca Mays, and a fine series of

Lolium speciosum and Avena sativa.
TIEGHEM, VAN. Observations anatomiques sur le cotyledon des Graminees.

Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. v. t. xv. (1872), p. 236.
TITTMANN, J. A. Ueber den wahren Saamen-lappen (Cotyledon) bei den Getrei-

dearten u. Grasern. Ann. Wetterau. Ges. iii. Hanau (1812), p. 130.
THEICHEL. Ueber vorzeitige Keimung. Verli. Bot. Yer. Brandenburg, xxii.

(1880), pp. xi-xiii.
ULOTH, W. See SAPINDACEJE.
WARMING, E. Der Graskeim. VidcnsJcab. Mcddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjb'bcn-

havn, 1879-80.
WITTMACK, L. Grsis- und Kleesamen. Berlin, 1873.

GUTTIFER.E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 269, figure seed and embryo of Pilospcrma.
PLANCHON, E., ET TRIANA. Memoire sur la famille des Guttiferes. Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. iv. t. xvi. (1862), p. 288.

=LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Anigosanthus and Hcsmodorum
(with embryo), p. 790 ; and Peliosanthes, p. 842.

HALORAGE^E.

BAILLON,-Z. c.'vi., figures se"eds of Haloragis alata, p. 478, and Hip'puns vulyarii,;

p. 485 ; and v. 151, seed of Callitrichc stagnalis.

HEGELMAIER, FR. Monographic der Gattung Callitrichc. Stuttgart, 1864.
ImirscH, TH. Bemerkungen iiber einige Wassergewachse (Myriophyllum).

Bot. Zcit. 1859, p. 353. • •
II. R E

610 ON SEEDLINGS

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I c., figure seed of Gunnera, p. 416 ; and Callilriclie,
p. 418.

HAMAMELTDE.ZE.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed and embryo of Hamamelis, p. 409,
and Liquidambar, p. 411.

H YDROCHARIDE.S .

BALFOUR, J. B., Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiii. (1879), pp. 328-332, describes fruit,

seed, and development of embryo of Halophila.
CASPABY. Die Hydrillen. Prings. Jahrb. i. (1858), p. 478.
CHATIN. Sur la graine et la germination du Vallisneria spiralis. Bull. Soc.

Bot. France, iii. (1856), p. 295.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 755, figure seed, embryo, and germination of

Hydrocharis Morsus-rance.

ILICINE.S:.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 339, figure seed of Hex aquifolium.

ILLECEBRACE.E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed of Scleranthus, p. 642; Illecebrum

and Telephium, p. 643.
WYDLER, H. Corrigiola littoralis. Flora, 1863, p. 81.

IRIDACE.2E.

ALEFELD. Ueber Iris. Bot. Zeit. 1864, p. 245.

BEKNHABDI. Tigridia Pavonia. See GENERAL.

IRHISCH, TH. See LILIACE;E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 783, figure seed of Iris.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Ixia.

SCHRENK, J. Germination of Iris versicolor. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, ix. (1882),

p. 83 (with woodcut).
"VELENOVSKY. Germination of Iris sp. Flora, 1887, p. 454.

JuGLANDE.ae.

BLUME, Flora Javae (Juglandea), figures fruit and embryo of Engelhardtia.

Brussels, 1829.
•CANDOLLE, C. DE. Memoire sur la famille des Juglandees. Ann. Sci. Nat.

ser. iv. t. xviii. (1862), p. 26.
KRONFELD. Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Walnuss (Juglans regia, L.). Engl.

Bot. Jahrb. ix. (1888), p. 280.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 712, figure seed and embryo of Juglans.
LUBBOCK, Sir J. On the Fruit and Seed of the Juglandese. Journ. Linn. Soc.

(Bot.) vol. xxviii. (1891), p. 247.
SCHACHT. See GENERAL.

JUNCACE.E.

BUCHENAU, F. Monographia Juncacearum. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xii. (1890) ;

Samen, p. 32 ; Keimung, p. 40.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I.e., figure seeds of Luzula and Juncus, p. 864; and

Xerotes rigida, p. 863.
VELENOVSKY. Germination of Luzula albida. Flora, 1887, p. 458.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 611

LABIATJE.

BOTANY of the Mexican Boundary : Salizaria mexicana, pi. 39 ; Tetraclea

Coulteri, pi. 41.

CHATIN, J. See SCEOPHULABINE^;.
IEMISCH, TH. Die Keimung, die Wachsthums- und Erneuerungs-weise einer

Eeihe einheimischer Arten aus der natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilie der Labiaten.

Abh. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, iii. (1855), p. 63.
Zur Naturgeschichte v. Mellittis Melissopliyllum. JBot. Zeit. 1858,

p. 233.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Lamium, p. 620, and Scutcllaria

(with embryo), p. 621.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Nepeta botryoides.
WINKLEE, A. Ueber die Jugendzustande der MenlJia Pulegium, L. Abh.

Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 552.

LAUBACEJE.
BAILLON, 1. c. ii., figures seeds of Laurus nobilis, p. 439 ; of Cassytha, p. 441 ;

Gyrocarpus Jacquinii, p. 442 ; and Illigera Coryzadenia, p. 444.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 653, figure seed of Cassytha.
MEZ, C. Morphologische Studien iiber die Familie der Lauraceen. Verh.

Sot. Ver. Brandenburg, xxix. (1888), pp. 2, 27.

LEGUMINOS^E.

AVETTA, C. Eicherche anatomiche ed istogeniche sugli organ! vegetativi della

Pueraria TJmnbergiana, Benth. Annuar. R. Istit. Bot. Roma, i. (1884),

p. 201.
BAILLON, I. c. ii., figures seed of Adenanthcra pavonina, p. 22 ; and Cercis

Siliquastrum, p. 115.
BAKLEBEN. Keimung von Phaseolus multiflorus. Vcrh. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg,

xviii. (1876), p. 53.
BECK, G. Vergleichende Anatomic d. Samen von Vicia u. Ervum. Sitzungsb.

Math.-Nat. Cl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvii., Abt. 1 (1878), p. 545.
BOUCHE. Zur Unterscheidung des Phaseolus vulgaris u. multiflorus. Bot.

Zeit. 1852, p. 735.
BRAUN. Keimung der Phaseoleen u. Vicieen. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg,

xviii. (1876), p. 43.

BUCHENAU, P. Die Sprossverhaltnisse von Ulex. Flora, 1860, p. 451.
CANDOLLE, A. P. DE. Memoires sur la famille des Legumineuses. Paris, 1825

(including germination of Anacardium).
CHALON. La graine des Legumineuses. Soc. Sci., Arts, et Lettres du Hainaut,

ser. iii. t. x. Mons, 1875.
GAKDINEE, W. On the Germination of Acacia sphcerocephala. Proc. Camb.

Phil. Soc. vii. pt. ii.
HABEBLANDT. Ueber die Entwickelungsgeschichte u. den Bau der Samenschaln

bei der Gattung Phaseolus. Sitzungsber. Math.-Nat. Cl. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

Ixxv. Abt. 1 (1877), p. 33.
HOHNEL, FB. v. Ueber die Ursache d. Quellungsfahigkeit von Leguminosen-

samen u. den Einfluss der chemisch-physikalischen Beschaffenheit cler

BB2

612 OX SEEDLIXGS

Pallisadenschicht auf die Keimfahigkeit derselben. Haberlandfs Wiss.

Prakt. Unters. auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenbaues, i. Vienna, 1875.
IRIHSCH, TH. -Ueber Latliyrns tuberosus u. einige andere Papilionaceen. Bot.

Zeit. 1859, pp. 57, 65, 77 (taf. iii. shows seedlings of Orobus tuberosus and

Latliyrus tuberosus).
Bemerkungen iiber einige Pflanzen der deutschen Flora. Flora, 1855 ;

Lathyrus, p. 627.
LAUGNER. Ueber abnorme Embryonen bei Leguminosen. Jahresb. Schles.

Gesell. vaterland. Kult. li. (Breslau, 1874), p. 107.
Ueber Abnormitaten bei Dicotylen Samen, insbesondere aus der Familie

der Cffisalpinieen. Ibid. Iii. (Breslau, 1875), p. 125.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed and embryo of Pea, p. 5 ; and seeds

of Cercis, Cassia tora, and Copaifera Langsdorfii, p. 367.
MACCHIATI, L. Nota preventiva sulla morfologia ed anatomia del seme della

Vicia narbonensis. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. xxiii. (1891), p. 150.
MAGNUS, P. Ueber Keimung von Phaseoleen. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg,

xviii. (1876), p. 42.
SACHS, J. Physiologische Untersnchungen iiber die Keimung der Schmink-

bohne (Pliaseolus multiflorus). Sitzungsber. Math.-Nat. Cl. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, xxxvii. (1859), p. 57.
SCHILBERSZKY, JUN. Beitrag zur Teratologie des Cotyledons der Schminkbohne.

Tcrmeszetrajzi Fiizetek (Buda-Pesth), xii. (1890), No. 4.

SCHLEIDEN, M. J., and VOGEL, J. Ueber das Albumen insbesondere der Legu-
minosen. Acad. Cess. Leop. Nova Ada xix. (1842), pt. ii. p. 51.
SCHLEIDEX'S drawings include Ervum nigricans (seedling), Lupinus tomentosus

(seed and germination), Pocockia cretica (seed), Tetragonolobus purpureus

(seed), Colutea arborescens (seed), Lathyrus sph&ricus (seedling), Pisum

sativum (seedling), and Sweetia spp. (seed and embryo).
TIEGHEJI, VAN. Observations sur la legerete sp6cifique et la structure de

1'embryon der quelques Legumineuses. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. t. i. (1875),

p. 383.
URBAN, I. Ueber Keimung, Bliithen- u. Frucht-bildung bei der Gattung Medicago.

Inaug. diss. Berlin, 1873.

- Prodromus einer Monographie der Gattung Medicago. Verh. Bot. Ver.

Brandenburg, xv. (1873), p. 1.

VRIES, H. DE. Keimungsgeschichte des rothen Klees. Landio. Jahrb. vi.
WINKLER, A. Die Keimpflanzen von Sarothamnus vulgaris,\Vfimm., im Vergleiche

mit der des Ulex europceus,!*. Verh. Naturhist. Ver. Preuss. Rlieinlande u.

Westfalens, xxxvii. 2. Halfte (Bonn, 1880), p. 157.

WlTTlIACK. See GRAinKE^E.

WORTMANN, J. Studien iiber die Nutation 'der] Keimpflanze von Phaseolus
multiflorus. Bot. Zeit. 1882, p. 915.

LEMNACE.S:.
BARBECK, W. On the Development of Lemna minor. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 1880, p. 230, tab. 18.

HARTMANN. Ueber die Keimung von Lemna gibba. Flora, 1824, p. 177.
HEGELMAIER. Die Lemnaceen. Leipzig, 1868.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed and embryo of Lemna trisulca, p. 839 ;

Telma'.ophace, p. 840 ; ard seed otJVolffia, p. 840.

BIBLIOGKAPIIY 613

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include seed and germination of Lemna trisulca

and L. gibba.
WILSON, W. Eemarks on the Structure and Germination of Lcmna gibba.

Bot. Misc. i. p. 145, t. xlii. London, 1830.

LENTIBULAEIE^:.

BUCHENAU, F. Morphologische Studien an cleutschen Lentibularieen. Sot.

Zeit. 1865, p. 61.
CASPAEY, B. Ueber Samen u. Keimung von Pinguicula vulgaris. Sclirift.

Phys.-b'k. Ges. Konigsberg, viii. (1867) ; Sitzungsber. p. 16.
DICKSON, M. Eemarks on the Embryos of Pinguicida spp. and Utricularia

minor. Trans. Eoij. Soc. Edin. xxv. (1869), p. 649.
KAJIIENSKI. Vergleichende Untersuchung iiber die Entwickelungsgeschichte

der Utricularien. Bot. Zeit. 1877, p. 761.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c., figure seed and embryo of Utricularia, p. 590 ;

and seed of Pinguicula, p. 591.
TEEVIEANUS, C. L. Hat Pinguicula vulgaris zwei Kotyledonen ? Bot. Zeit.

1848, p. 441.
WAEMING, E. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Lentibulariaceen. Vidensk. Meddel.

Nat. For. Copenhagen, 1874.

LILIACE;E.

BAEONI, E. Sulla struttura del seme dell' Hcmerocallis flava, L. Bull. Soc.

Bot. Ital. (Florence, 1892), p. 61.
BUCHENAU, F. Zur Naturgeschichte des Narthccium ossifragum. Bot. Zeit.

1866, p. 349.

CEUSE, W. De Asparagi officinalis germinatione. Diss. Konigsberg, 1828.
FABRE. Sur la germination du Colchicum autumnale. Bull. Soc. Bot. France,

iii. (1856), p. 333.

- Note sur la germination du Tulipa Gesneriana. Ibid. p. 93.
IEJIISCH, TH. Smilacina bifolia, Convallaria majalis, C. multiflora, C. Polij-

gonatum, C. verticillata, Paris g_uadrifolia, and Asparagus officinalis.
Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, iii. (1855), p. 107.

Morphologische Beobachtungen an einiger Gewachsen aus den naturlichen
Familien der Melanthaceen, Irideen, u. Aroideen. Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. fiir
Sachscn u. Thilringen in Halle, i. p. 127, Berlin, 1860.

- Einige Bemerkungen iiber Scilla autumnalis u. S. bifolia. Zeitsch.
Gesammt. Naturwiss. Berlin, xxi. (1863), p. 433.

Beitiiige zur vergleichenden Morphologie der Pnanzen. Bot. Zeit. 1863.

Gagea, p. 137 ; Tulipa, p. 177.

Bemerkungen iiber Gagea arvensis. Ibid. 1868, p. 483.

Die Wachsthumsverhiiltnisse v. Boiviea volubilis. Abh. Naturwiss.

Ver. Bremen, vi. (1880), p. 433.

KITTEL, B. Ueber das Keimen verschiedener Samen-Arten der Liliaceen und
verwandter Familieen. Flora, 1830, p. 640.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Fritillaria, p. 844 ; Eriospermum,
p. 848; Colchicum, Veratrum (with embryo), and Tofieldia, p. 851 ; Smilax
aspera, p. 855 ; PMSCUS, p. 856 ; Astelia spp. (with embryo), p. 858 ; Aspara-
gus, p. 859 ; and Narthecium and Aphyllanthes, p. 862.

614 ON SEEDLINGS

MIBBEL. Observations snr la germination de 1'Oignon et de 1'Asperge. Ann*

Mus. Hist. Nat. xiii. (1809), p. 156.
BAUWENHOFF, W. G. Bijdrage tot de Kennis van DracaxM Draco. Amsterdam,

SACHS, J. Ueber die Keimung von Attium Cepa. Bot. Zeit. 1863, pp. 57, 65.
SAINT-PIERRE, G. EE. La germination des especes du genre Tulipa. Bull.

Soc. Bot. France, ii. (1855), p. 159.
- See DIOSCOREACE^E.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Lilmm p

Asparagus officinalis, Asplwdelus capillaris, and Plwrmium tenax.

BAILLOX, I. c. v. p. 43, figures seed of Linurn usitatissimum.
LE MAOUT AXD DECAISXE, 1. c. p. 295, figure seed and embryo of Erythroxylon.
MAGNUS, P. Ueber Hypocotyle Sprosse bei Linum austriacum. Verh. Bot*
Ver. Brandenburg, xvi. (1874), p. 4.

LOASACE.&.

BAILLOX, Z. c. viii. p. 459, figures seed of Loasa lateritia.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISXE, 1. c. p. 443, figure seeds of Cajopliora and Mentzelia*

BOTANY of the Mexican Boundary, pi. 36, contains figures of seed and embryo

of Emorya suaveolens.
LE MAOUT AXD DECAISXE, I. c. p. 556, figure seed of Logania.

LORAXTHACE.E.
BALAXSA. Sur la mode de vegetation de V Arceutlwbium Oxycedri. Bull. Soc*

Bot. France, iii. (1856), p. 281.

CHALOX, J. Kevuejles Loranthacees, p. 61. Mons, 1870.
Du HAMEL. Diverses observations sur le Guy. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. arm.

1740 (Paris, 1742), p. 483.
EICHLER. Ein neues Vorkommen polykotyledonischer Embryonen. Flora,

1867, p. 465.
GUEBTX. Experiences sur la germination et 1'implantation du Gui. Revue

Botan. (Toulouse), viii. (1890), p. 267.

GritBEL. Ueber Viscum album. Flora, 1855, p. 335 ; ibid. 1856, p. 433.
HOOKER, J. D. Flora Antarctica, i. 2. p. 301 (Myzodendron).
KARSTEX, H. Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Loranthaceen. Bot.

Zeit. 1852, p. 321.

KRONFELD, M. Zur Biologie der Mistel. Biol, Ceniralb. vii. (1887), p. 449.
LE MAOCT AXD DECAISXE, 1. c., figure seed and embryo of Viscum, p. 719 ;

Loranthus, p. 720 ; Myzodendron, p. 722.
SCHLEIDEX'S original drawings include germination of Viscum europCEum and

V. album.
CHXAASE. Ueber das Anpflanzen von Viscum album. Bot. Zeit. 1851,.

p. 721.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 615

SCOTT, J. Untersuchungen iiber einige indische Loranthus-Arteu u. iiber den
Parasitismus v. Santalum album. Bot. Ze.it. 1874, pp. 29, 45.

TKEVIBANUS, L. Ueber Bau u. Entwicklung der Eychen u. Saamen der Mistel.
Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Bay. Akad. Wiss. (Munich, 1855J, vii. p. 151.

TUBEUF. Ueber das Schmarotzen v. Loranthaceen auf den eigenen Aesten.
Bot. Centralb. xi. (1890), p. 80.

LYTHRACE^;.
COEKENS, C. Ueber die Epidermis der Samen von Cupliea viscosissima. Ber.

Deutscli. Bot. Ges. x. (1892), p. 143, t. viii.
IVAESTEN. Sonneratia. See ACANTHACE;E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 435, figure seed of Punier Granatum.

MAGNOLIACEJE
BAILLON, L c. i., figures seeds of Magnolia purpurea, p. 133 ; Liriodendron

tulipifera, p. 140 ; Illicium anisatum, p. 148.
BLUME, Flora Javse (Magnoliaceas), figures seed and embryo of Michelia montana,

t. 5 ; Aromadendrum elegans, t. 8 ; and Talauma spp. t. 12. Brussels, 1829.
EICHLEB. Martius, Flora Brasil. xiii. i. (Talauma ovata, fig. 29), (Drimys

Winteri, fig. 30).

MALVACEAE.
BAILLON, 1. c. iv., figures seed of Hermannia denudata, p. 75 ; and Hibiscus

syriacus, p. 97.

LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, L c. p. 279, figure seed and embryo of Malva.
LYNCH, E. I. On the seed-structure and germination of Pachira aqiMtica.

Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xvii. (1880), p. 147, pi. viii.
ROLFS, P. H. The Seed-coats of Malvaceae. Botan. Gazette, xvii. p. 33, pi. iii.

Bloomington, Indiana, 1892.

MELASTOM ACE IE .
BAILLON, I. c. vii. 3, figures seed of Melastoma malabathricum.

MELIACE^E.
CANDOLLE, C. DE. Sur quelques cas d'embryons velus. Bull. Soc. Bot. France,

xxii. (1875), p. 229.
KAESTEN, G. Carapa. See ACANTHACE^E.

MENISPERMACE/E.
BAILLON, 1. c. iii., figures seeds of Menispermum dahuricum, p. 5 ; Pacliygone

ovata, p. 8 ; Anamirta Cocculus, p. 15 ; Cissampelos Pareira, p. 18 ; and

embryo of Triclisia subcordata,p. 9.
MIERS, J. Contributions to Botany, iii. 1864-71.

MONOTEOPEJE.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, L c. p. 518, figure seed and embryo of Hypopitys.

616 ON SEEDLINGS

• : MYBISTICACE.S.

BAILLON, Z. c. ii. p. 494, figures seed of Myristica fragrans.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 651, figure seed and embryo of Myristica.
MCLLEB, FB. Ueber Keimung der Bicuiba. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Qes. v. (1887),

p. 468.
TSCHIKCH. Ueber die Keimungsgeschichte von Myristica fragrans. Tagebl.

Versam. Deutsch. Naturf. u. Aerz., Ixxii. (Heidelberg, 1890), p. 256.

MYBSINE.S.

KARSTEN, ^Egiceras. See ACAXTHACE.E.

LE MAOCT. ANP .BECAISXE, 1. c., figure seeds of Ardisia crispa and A. polytoca,
p. 532 ; and Monotheca, p. 533.

MYRTACE^:.

BAILLON, Z. c. vi., figures seeds of Myrtus communis, p. 309 ; Eugenia, Jambos,

p. 313 ; E. aromatica, p. 314.
BRIOSI, G. Intorno d'un organo di alcuni embrioni vegetali. Mem. B. Accad.

Lincei, ser. iii. vol. xii. (Boma 1882), p. 215.
GRIFFITH, W. On the Seeds of Careya, Koxb. Proc. Linn. Soc. i. p. 280

(1849).
IRMISCH, TH. Einige Beobachtungen an Eucalyptus Globulus, Lab. Zeitsch.

Gesamm. Naturwiss. Berlin, xlviii. (1876), p. 1.
LE MAOCT AND DECAISNE, Z. c., figure embryo of Couroupita surinamensis,

p. 422 ; seeds of Bertholletia excelsa, p. 423 ; and Napoleona, p. 427.
LIGXIER, 0. Becherches sur 1'anatomie des organes vegetatifs des L6cythida-

cees. Bull. Sci. France et Belg., s6r. iii. vol. iii. (Paris, 1890), (Germination

de Gustavia Leopoldi, cap. iii. p. 395).
TRISTAN, MARQUIS DE. Note sur la germination du Bertholletia. Archiv.

botan., ed. A. Guillemin, ii. p. 512. Paris, 1833.

NAIADES.

BORNET, E. Becherches sur le Phucagrostis major. Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. v. t. i.

(1864), p. 69.
DUTAILLY, G. Observations sur V Aponogeton distachyum. Assoc. Fran*;, pour

I'Avancement des Sciences, seance du 21 Aout, 1875.
EDGEWORTH. On Aponogeton and the Allied Genera. Lond. Journ. Bot.

(Hooker) iii. (1844), p. 402.
GRANTEB, CH. Kecherches sur le Posidonia Caulini. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. vii.

(1860), p. 425.
GRONLAND, J. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Zostera marina, L. Bot. Zeit. 1851,

p. 185.
HIEBONYMUS, G. Ueber Lilcea subulata, H. B. K. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf.

Freunde zu Berlin, 1878, p. 111.
HILDEBBAND, FB. Einige Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Einrichtungen fur Bestau-

bung u. Samenverbreitung. Flora, 1881. Aponogeton distachyum, p. 502.
HOFMEISTEB, W. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Zostera. Bot. Zeit. 1852,

pp. 121, 137, 157.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 617

IRMISCH, TH. Ueber die Inflorescenzen der deutschen Potameen. Flora, 1851,
p. 83, note.

- Ueber einige Arten aus der naturlichen Pflanzenfamilie der Potameen.
Abh. Natuno. Ver. fur Prov. Sachsen u. Thilringen in Halle, ii. Berlin,
1858.

Flora, xlviii. (1865), tab. i. (germinating seedling of Naias major com-
pared with Stratiotes aloides).

Bemerkungen iiber die Keimpflanzen einiger Potamogeton-Ai-ten.
Zeitscli. Gesammt. Naturwiss. li. (Berlin, 1878), p. 203.

JUSSIEU. See GENERAL.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed and embryo of Triglochin and Lilcsa,
and embryo of Scheuchzeria, p. 803 ; also of Potamogeton crispus, p. 805 ;
germination of Aponogeton distacliyum, p. 806 ; seed and embryo of Naias,
pp. 808, 809 ; and Zostcra, p. 810.

MAGNUS, P. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Naias. Berlin, 1870.

PLANCHON. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iii. t. i. (1844), p. 107, pi. 9.

SAINT-PIERRE, G. DE. Sur la germination et la mode de d6veloppement du
Posidonia Caulini. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. iv. (1857), p. 575.

- Sur la germination et de la mode de developpement de I' Aponogeton
distacliyum. Ibid. p. 577.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination and seedling of Aponogeton

distacliyum.

TITTMANN, J. A. See GENERAL.

WARMLNG, E. Schcuchzeria palustris, L. Bot. Tids. Kjoben., 1876-77, p. 100.
WILLE. Om Kimens Udviklingshistoire hos Eitppia rostellata og Zannichellia

palustris. Vidensk. Meddel. fra den. Naturli. For. Copenhagen, 1882.

XEPENTHACE.E.

KORTHALS, P. W., figures seed, embryo, and germination of Nepenthes. Botan.

Nedcrl. Overz. Bezitt. tab. iv. Leiden, 1839-42.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 704, figure seed and germination of Nepentlies.

NYCTAGINE.E.

BAILLON, I. c. iv. pp. 3, 4, figures seed of Mirabilis Jalapa.

BOTANY of the Mexican Boundary. clcisanthcs longiflora, pi. 46 ; and Selino-

carpus angustifolia, pi. 47.
FINGER, FR. Anatomic u. Entwickelungs. v. Mirabilis Jalajm. Sitzungsb.

Niedersheim. Ges. Natur-. u. Heil-kunde, Bonn, Aug. 4, 1873, p. 199. '
IRJIISCH, TH. Mirabilis longiflora. Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, ii. (1854), p. 57,

taf. iv.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 626, figure seed of Vieillardia.
OERSTED. Zur Beleuchtung der Blumen des brasilianischen Theestrauches,

Neea theifera. Bot. Zcit. 1869, p. 217.

NYMPH.EACE.I:.

ARCANGELI, G. Sulla struttura dei semi della Nymphcea alba. Bull. Soc.

Bot. Ital. xxi. (1890), p. 122. Do. Nupliar luteum. Ibid. p. 138.
BAILLON, I.e. vol. iii., figures seeds of Nupliar luteum, p. 82; Nymplicpa alba,

p. 85 ; and Euryale ferox, p. 86.

618 ON SEEDLINGS

BARTHELEMY, A. Du deVeloppement de 1'embryon dans Nelumbium speciosum

et de sa germination. Rev. Sci. Nat., red. par Dubreuil, 1876 (not seen).
CASPAKY, B. In Hartius, Flora Brasil. iv. 2, figures seeds and embryos of

Nymphcea, Cabomba, and Victoria.
HEGELMATER, F. Ueber ein Fall von abnormer Keimentwickelung (Nuphar),

Jahresb. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wurtemburg, Jahrg. 46 (Stuttgart, 1890),

p. 88.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed of Cabomba, p. 209 ; and seed and

embryo of Nelumbium, p. 211.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Victoria Regia and Nym-

phcea alba.

TITTMANN, J. A. See GENERAL.
TRECUL, A. Kecherches sur la structure et le developpement du Nuphar

luteum. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iii. t. iv. (1845), p. 331.

- Etudes anatomiques sur la Victoria Regia. Ann. Sci. Nat. s£r. iv.

t. i. (1854), p. 145. See also Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. i. (1854), p. 18.
TBEVJBANUS, L. Observationes circa germinationem in Nymphcea et Euryale.

Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Bay. Akad. Wiss. v. (1850), p. 395, tab. xiii.
WIGAND. Nelumbium speciosum. Bot. Zeit. 1871, p. 813.
— AND DENNERT. Nelumbium speciosum, W. Eine monographische Studie.

Biblioth. Botan. Heft ii. (1888), Cassel.

OLEACE.E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I.e., figure seeds of Jasminum (with embryo), p. 544 ;

Syringa, p. 545 ; Fraxinus and Olea, p. 546.
PIBOTTA, B. Sulla struttura del seme delle Oleacece. Annuar. Istit. Bot. Roma,

i. (1884).

BARNEOUD. Memoire sur 1'anatomie et I'organog6nie du Trapa natans. Ann.

Sci. Nat. ser. iii. t. ix. (1848), p. 222.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 440, figure seed and embryo of Trapa.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include embryo of Lopezia racemosa.
TiTTiiANN, J. A. Ueber die Wassernuss Trapa natans u. die Entwickelung des

Embryo derselben. Flora, 1818, p. 593.

WARMING, E. Circcea (germination). Bot. Tids. Kjoben. x. (1877-79), p. 87.
WITTBOCK, V. B. Nagra Bidrag till Kannedomen om Trapa natans, L. Bot.

Notis. 1887, p. 210.

- Einige Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Trapa natans, L. Bot. Centralb.
xxxi. (1887), p. 352.

ORCHIDACE^.

BEER, J. G. Beitrage zur Morphologic u. Biologie der Familie der Orchideen.

Vienna, 1863.
FABRE, J. M. Sur la germination des Ophrydees et de la nature de leurs tuber-

cules. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. t. v. (1856), p. 163.
IRMISCH, TH. Beitrage zur Biologie u. Morphologic der Orchideen, Leipzig,

1853.

- Einige Beobachtungen an einheimischen Orchideen. Flora, 1854, p. 513.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 619'

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed of Orchis, p. 769 ; also germination

of Pleurothallis, p. 771, and Miltonia, p. 772.
MIEES, J. Pleurothallis pectinata, seed and embryo. Trans. Linn. Soc. (Dot.),

xviii. (1841), t. 37.
MYLES, T. Disa grandiftora, seedlings. Gard. Chron. xvii. (1882), p. 402,

fig. 62.
PFITZEB, E. Zur Embryo-entwickelung u. Keimung der Orchideen. Verh*

Naturh. Med. Ver. Heidelberg, ii. (1877).

- Grundzuge einer vergleichenden Morphologic der Orchideen. Heidel-
berg, 1882.

PBILLIEUX ET EIVIEEE. Observations sur la germination et le developpement
d'une Orchidee (Angrcecum maculatum). Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. t. v.
(1856), p. 119.

- Observations sur la germination du Miltonia spectabilis et de diverses
autres Orchidees. Ibid. t. xiii. (1860), p. 288.

EEINKE. Zur Kenntnis des Ehizoms von Corallorhiza u. Epipogon. Flora,
1873, pp. 145, 161, 177, 209.

OROBAXCHE^E.
BOWMAN. On the Parasitical Connection of Lathrea squamaria and the peculiar

structure of its subterranean leaves. Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xvi. (1829),

p. 400.
CASPAEY, E. Ueber Samen, Keimung etc. der Species u. Nahrpflanzen der

Orobanchen. Flora, 1854, p. 577.
IBMISCH, TH. Bemerkungen iiber einige Pflanzen der deutschen Flora. Flora,

1855, p. 637 (Lathrea).
KOCH, L. Ueber die Entwickelung des Samens der Orobanchen. Pringsh.

Jahrb. xi. (1878), p. 218.
- Untersuchungen tiber die Entwickelung der Orobanche. Ber. Deutsch.

Bot. Ges. i. (1883), p. 188.

- Die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Orobancheen. Heidelberg, 1887.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 592, figure seed of Orobanche.
VAUCHEE. Monographie des Orobanches. Geneva and Paris, 1827.

BLUME, Bumphia, 1835-48 : ii. seedlings of Corypha Gebanga, t. 98 ; Pinanga

javana, t. 110; iii. fruit and germination of Nipa fruticans, t. 165.
CLOS, D. Eemarques sur la germination du Cocotier. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii.

(1861), p. 294.

DEXTEEGHEM, 0. Les Palmiers. Paris, 1878. Seed and germination, cap. ix.
DIXON. Germination of Phcenix dactylifera. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Uni-
• versity, v.

GAUDICHAUD. Phytelephas and Nipa. See GENEEAL.
JESSEN. Die Keimung der Cocosnuss. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin,

1878, p. 125.

KAESTEN, G. Nipa fruticans. See ACANTHACE^E.
__ Flora Columb. contains figures of seed and germination.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Cocos nucifera and Areca Catechu,

p. 814 ; Cucifera (Hyphcene) thebaica and Chamcerops, p. 815 ; and seed

and embryo of the Date, p. 816.

£20 ON SEEDLINGS

Lodoicea Seychellarum, germination. Gard. Chron. viii. (1890), p. 417.

MOHL, H. VON. ' De pahnarum structura,' in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. vol. i. 1831.

' phanix dactylifera, L. Bot. Centralb.vni. (1881), p. 386, tab. i. Litho-
graphs of two seedlings, with explanation.

BDMPHIUS. Herbarium amboinense, pars i. Amstelodami, 1741. (Germination
of Coco-nut, tab. ii.)

SACHS, J. Zur Keimungsgeschichte der Dattel. Bot. Zeit. 1862, pp.. 241, 249.

Ueber die Keimung der Cocospalme. Sitzungsb. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wiirz-

burg, 1886, p. 20.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Plw&nix dactylifera.

.SCHMIDT. Der Keimungsprocess bei der Durnpalme (illustrated). Bot. Centralb.
1880, p. 1662.

Ueber den Hergang der Keimung bei Phoenix dactylifera, L. (illustrated).

Bot. Centralb. viii. (1881), p. 386.

PANDANACEJE.

GATJDICHAUD. See GENERAL.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 823, figure seed and embryo of Pandamis.
SOLJIS-LAUBACH. Ueber den Bau von Bliithe u. Frucht in der Familie der Pan-
daneen. Bot. Zeit. 1878, pp. 321, 337, 353.

PAPAVEKACE.3E.

BAILLON, I. c. iii., figures seeds of Papaver somniferum, p. 108 ; Chelidonium

majus, p. 116 ; and Fumaria officinalis, p. 126.
BEENHAEDI. Ueber den Charakter u. die Verwandschaft der Papaveraceen u.

Fumariaceen. Linncea, viii. (1833), p. 433.
BISCHOFF, G. W. Beobachtungen iiber die eigenheimlichen Gang des Keimens

u. der Entwickelung der Knollen bei Corydalis-A.iien. Zeitsch. Physiol. iv.

(1831), p. 146.
BUCHENAU, F. Bemerkungen iiber die Wachsthumsweise der Corydalis clavicu-

lata. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 321.
IEMISCH, TH. (Ueber einige Fumariaceen) describes and figures germination of

Corydalis fabacea, C. cava, C. nobilis, Eucapnos formosiis, Capnorchis

spectabilis, and C. cucullaria. Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, vi. (1862), p. 195.

- Ueber Papaver trilobum, Wallr. Ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der

Gattung Papaver. Ibid. ix. (1866), p. 113.
LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Glaucium and Meconopsis, p. 215 ;

Bameria, p. 216 ; Hypecoum, p. 218 ; Corydalis, p. 219 ; and Ceratocapnos,

p. 220.
MICHALOWSKI, J. Beitrag zur Anatomic u. Entwickelungsgeschichte von

Papaver somniferum, L. Inaug. Diss. pt. i. Breslau, 1881.

PASSIFLOEE^:.

BAILLON, 1. c. viii., figures seeds of Passiflora ccerulea, p. 471 ; Acharia tragioides,
p. 477 ; and Malesherbia rugosa, p. 480.

PEDALINE^E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 608, figure seed and embryo of Sesamum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 621

PHILYDRACE^E.

SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include seed and germination of Philydrum

lanuginosum.

PHYTOLACCACE/E.
BAILLON, 1. c. iv., figures seeds of Phytolacca decandra, p. 24 ; Limeum

africanum, p. 29 ; Rivina humulis, p. 34 ; Adenogramma galioides, p. 39 ;

and Thelygonum Cynocrambe, p. 40.

PIPEBACE^E.

BAILLON, I. c. iii. p. 469, figures seed of Piper nigrum.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Peperomia, p. 729 Piper Cubeba
and Zippelia, p. 730 ; and Saururus, p. 733.

PITTOSPORE/E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c. p. 248, figure seed of Pittosporum undulatum.

PLANTAGINE/E.

BUCHENAU, F. Zur Naturgeschichte der Littorella lacustris. Flora, 1859, p. 81.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c., figure seed of Plantago major, p. 623 ; and seed,,
embryo and germination of Littorella, p. 624.

PLAT AN ACE a;.
BAILLON, Z. c. iii. p. 398, figures seed of Platanus vulgaris.

PLUMB AGENE.S5.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c. p. 526, figure seed of Plumbago.

PODOSTEMACE^.

WARMING, E. Studien iiber die Familie der Podostemaces. Engl. Hot. Jahrb.
iv. (1883), p. 217.

- Familien Podostemaceffi. K. Danske Yiddish. SelsJc. Skrift., Effikke vi.
Bd. ii. pp. 1, 77.

POLEMONIACE.B.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c. p. 564, figure seed of Polemonium.

POLYGALACE^;.

BAILLON, I. c. v. p. 74, figures seed of Muraltia Heisteria.

BOTANY of the Mexican Boundary, pi. 13, contains figure of seed of Krameria.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c. p. 249, figure seeds of Polygala and Krameria.

POLYGONACE^:.

CAMPDERA. Monographie des Eumex. Paris, 1819, tab. iii.

IRIIISCH, TH. Ueber Polygonum amphibium. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 105.

£22 ON SEEDLINGS

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 631, figure seed of Rumex.

LINDAU, G. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte einiger Samen (Rhamnus cathartica

and Coccoloba populifolia). Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. ix. (1891), 274.
MEISNEB, C. F. Monographia generis Polygoni. Geneva, 1826.
WICHURA. Polygvnum Bistorta (Keimling). Jahresb. Schles. Gesell. vaterl.

Kult. xxxii. (1854), p. 76.

Ueber Keimung von Polygmum Bistorta. Flora, 1856, p. 269.

WINKLEB, A. Ueber die Keimblatter der deutschen Dicotylen (Polygonum

Bistorta). Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenbiirg, xvi. (1874), p. 6.

PONTEDEBIACE.S:.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 866, figure seed and embryo of Pontederia.

POBTULACE/E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 259, figure seed of Portulaca.

PBIMULACE3:.

BEKNHABDI. Dodecatheon Meadia. See GENERAL.

DUBY. M6moire sur la famille des Primulacees. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Natur.

Geneva, 1844, p. 408.
GBESSNER, H. Zur Keimungsgeschichte von Cyclamen. Bot. Zeit. 1874,

pp. 801, 817, 831.

IBUISCH, TH. Ueber Lysimachia vulgaris. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 113.
KIRSCKLEGEB. Notices sur les modes de germination, etc. de Glaux maritima.

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xii. (1865), p. 262.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Cyclamen, p. 529 ; and Anagallis

arvensis, p. 530.
MCLLEB, B. Ueber die Gattung Cyclamen. Sitzungsb. Naturw. Ges. Isis in

Dresden, Jahrg. 1871, p. 18 ; and Jahrg. 1872, p. 20.
PAX. Monographische Uebersicht iiber die Arten der Gattung Primula.

Engl. Bot. Jahrb. x. (1889), p. 90.
SEEDEL, C. F. Ueber die Keimung von Cyclamen. Sitzungsb. der Naturw.

Ges. Isis in Dresden, Jahrg. 1871, p. 18 ; and Jahrg. 1872, p. 21.
WASHING, E. Om nogle Primulaceer (Trientalis europaa and Primula elatior).

Bot. Tids. Kjobenh. x. (1877-79), p. 63.
WINKLEB, A. Notiz, Noch ein Wort iiber Cyclamen. Bot. Zeit. 1875, p. 486.

PBOTEACE.E.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed and embryo of Banksia and Steno-

carpus, p. 662 ; and embryo of Grevillea, p. 663.
MCLLER, F. VON. Plurality of Cotyledons in the genus Persoonia. New Zeal

Journ. Sci. i. p. 115.

EANUNCULACE^:.

ASKEXASY. Ueber den Einfluss des Wachsthumsmediums auf die Gestalt der
Pflanzen. Bot. Zeit. 1870, pp. 194-235, tt. iii. iv. (Figures seedlings of
Ranunculus aquatilis grown in water and on land.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 623

BATLLON, 1. c. i., figures seeds of Aquilegia vulgaris, p. 5 ; Caltlia palustris,

p. 22 ; Delphinium Staphysagria, p. 30 ; Ranunculus arvensis, p. 34 ;

Thalictrum elatum, p. 55 ; and Actcea spicata, p. 58.
Sur 1'embryon et la germination des graines de I'Eranthis liiemalis.

Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1874, p. 14.

BERNHARDI. Delphinium fissum, Pceonia anomala. See GENERAL.
BIRIA. Histoire naturelle et medicale des Kenoncules. Montpellier, 1811.
BONNIER, G. Observations sur les Renonculacees de la Flore de France. Rev.

Gen. Bot. i. (Paris, 1889), pp. 330, 439, 551, 631.
DUCHARTRE, P. E. Quelques mots sur la germination de Delphinium nudicaule.

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xix. (1872), p. 183.
IRMISCH, TH. Beitrage zur vergl. Morph. der Pflanzen : Ranunculus Ficaria, L.

(seedling, &c.). Abh. Naturf. Ges. zu Halle, ii. (1854), p. 31, tt. 1, 2.
Ueber einige Ranunculaceen. Bot. Zeit. 1856, pp. 1, 17 ; 1857, pp. 81 ,

97 ; 1860, p. 221, taf. vii.; 1865, pp. 29, 37, 45.
Einige Bemerkungen iiber Aconitum Anthora. Abh. Naturw. Ver.

Bremen, iii. (1873), p. 365.
JACOBASCH. Nigella damascena, L., mit venvachsenen Kotyledonen. Verh.

Bot. Ver. Brandenburg, xxviii. (1886), p. 38.
JANCZEWSKI, E. DE. Germination de \' Anemone apennina, L. Compt. Rend.

(Paris, 1888), p. 1544.

- Etudes morphologiques sur le genre Anemone, L. (avec planches).
Rev. G6n. Botan. iv. (Paris, 1892). Germination, p. 289.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Aconite, p. 112 ; Anemone,^. 175 ;

Adonis and Myosurus, p. 176 ; Caltlia, p. 179 ; Trollius, p. 180 ; Eranthis,

p. 181 ; Nigella, p. 182 ; Garidella, p. 183 ; and Paonia, p. 187.
LUND, S. Ueber Batrachium heterophyllum. Bot. Tids. Kjoben. v. (1872), p. 5.
MIRBEL. Observations anatomiques et physiologiques sur le Nelumbo nucifera.

Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiii. (1809), p. 465.
POITEAU, A. See GRAMINE^.
SERRA, C. DE. Sur la germination du Nelumbo. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiv.

(1809), p. 74.
TIEGHEJI, VAN. Observations sur la Ficaire. Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. v. t. v. (1866),

p. 88.
WICHURA. Ueber die Keimung der Anemonen. Jahresb. Schles. Gesell. vaterl.

Kult. xxxiii. (1855), p. 90.
WINKLER, A. Die Keimpflanzen des Isopyrum tlialictr aides. Flora, 1884, p. 195.

- Die Keimpflanzen der Koch'schen Clematis- hxien. Verh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenburg, xxix. (1887), p. 37.

EESEDACE^E.

BATLLON, I. c. iii., figures seeds of Astrocarpus canescens, p. 294, and Reseda
lutea, p. 295.

EESTIACE.E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISXE, 1. c. p. 874, figure seed and embryo of Restio.

RHAMNE.J:.

IEMISCH, TH. Bemerkungen iiber einige Pflanzen der deutschen Flora. Flora,
1855, p. 625 (Rhamnus).

624 OX SEEDLINGS

LE MAOTJT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 347, figure seed of Rhamnus.
LINDAU. See POLYGONACE.S.

RHIZOPHOBACE.S:.

EGGERS, H. F. Rhizophora Mangle, L. Vidensk. Meddel. Kjb'benhavn,
1877-78, p. 177.

JACQUIN, N. J. Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, 1763. (Germina-
tion of Rhizopliora Mangle, tab. 132).

KARSTEN. See ACANTHACE;E.

PETIT-THOUARS, A. DE. Notice sur le Manglier. Desvaux, Journ. de Botan.
ii. (Paris, 1813), p. 27.

WARMING, E. Om Rhizophora Mangle. Botan. Notiser, 1877, p. 14.

Tropische Fragmente (Rhizopliora Mangle, L.). Engl. Bot. Jahrb. iv.

(1883), p. 519.

ROSACE.E.

ASCHERSON, P. Ueber die Keimung von Neurada procumbens. Verh. Bot.

Ver. Brandenburg, xix. (1877), p. 42.

IRMISCH, TH. Ueber Comarum palustre. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 114.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Cherry, p. 5 ; Mespilus, Cra-

tagus, and Aronia, p. 376 ; Cotoneaster, p. 377 ; Sanguisorba and Agrimonia,

p. 378 ; Poterium, p. 379 ; Rubus, p. 381 ; Comarum and Geum, p. 382 ;

Peach, p. 384 ; and Almond, p. 385.
SACHS, J. Germination and Seedling of Prunus Cerasus and Amygdalus com-

munis. Bot. Zeit. 1859, p. 185, taf. iv.
TSCHIERSKE, P. Beitrage zur vergleichenden Anatomie u. Entwickelungs-

geschichte einiger Dryadeenfriichte. Inaug. diss. Halle, 1887.

RUBIACE.S:.

BATLLON, 1. c. vii., figures seeds of Rubia tinctorum, p. 258 ; Genipa (Gardenia)

Thunbergia, p. 308 ; Oldenlandia Deppeana, p. 324 ; Cinchona Calisaya,

p. 339 ; and Ceplialanthus occidentalis, p. 349.
BERWICK, T. Observations on Glands in the Cotyledons of Galium Aparine.

Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xviii. (1891), p. 436.
DECAISNE, J. Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la Garance,

suivies de 1'examen botanique du genre Rubia. Brux. Mem. Couronn. xii.

1837.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Galium and Coffea, p. 483 ; and

Leptodermis (with embryo), p. 484.
MARCHAND, L. Recherches organbgraphiques et organogeniques sur le Coffea

arabica, L. Diss. Paris, 1864.

BAILLON, I. c. iv., figures seeds of Ruta graveolens, p. 381; Zanthoxylum
fraxineum, p. 397 ; Citrus Aurantium (embryo), p. 409 ; and Peganum
Harmala, p. 426.

LE MAatiT AND DECAISNE. I. c., figure seed and germination of Orange, pp. Ill,
319 ; and seed of Diosma tenuifolia, p. 321.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 625

SALICINE^E.

BRAUN, A. Ueber die Keimblatter der Salix longifolia. Flora, 1868, p. 494.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c. p. 686, figure seed and embryo of Salix.

SANTALACEJE.

IEMISCH, TH. Keimpflanzen v. Thcsium montanum. Flora, 1853, p. 522.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Santalum, p. 723 ; and Thesium,

p. 724.

SAPINDACE^:.
BAILLON, 1. c. v., figures seeds of Triceros japonica, p. 343 ; Sapindus Sapon-

aria, p. 349 ; Nephelium Litchi, p. 350 ; N. capense, p. 351 ; Alectryon

cxcelsum, p. 354; Paullinia sorbilis, p. 361; Koelreuteria paniculata,

p. 363 ; Cossignia borbonica, p. 365 ; Magonia pubescens, p. 367 ; and

JEsculus Hippocastanum, p. 368.
FEBMOND. Note sur la germination du Sapindus divaricatus. Bull. Soc. Bot.

Fr. vii. (1860), p. 494.

JUSSIEU. Acer Ncgundo (seedling). See GENERAL.
LEGEK, L.-J. Note sur des germinations anormales d'Acer platanoides. Bull.

Soc. Linn. Normandie, scr. iv. t. iii. (Caen, 1890), p. 199, pi. iii.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Stapliylea, p. 345 ; Koelreuteria,

p. 351 ; Acer (with embryo), p. 355 ; and Melianthns, p. 358.
MAGNUS, P. J.cer-Keimlinge mit verwaclisenen Keimbliittern. Verh. Bot. Ver.

Brandcnb. xviii. (1876), p. 73.
ULOTH, W. Ueber Keimung v. Acer platanoides u. Triticum vulgare im

Eiskeller. Flora, 1871, p. 185.

SAPOTACEJE.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 535, figure seed of Achras Sapota.

SARRACENIACE/E.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 213, figure seeds of Sarraccnia and Dar-

lingtonia (with embryo).
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include germination of Sarracenia purpurea.

SAXIFRAGACE/E.
BAILLON, I. c. iii., figures seeds of Saxifraga tridactylites, p. 323 ; Philadelphus

coronarius, p. 346 ; and Ribes rubrum, p. 366.
CASPAIIY, R. Bulliarda aqiiatica. Schrift. Phys.-ok. Gesell. Konigsberg, i.

(1860) ; Abhandl. p. 66.

IKMISCH, TH. Keimpflanzen v. Saxifraga granulata. Flora, 1853, p. 524.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Gooseberry, p. 108; Cunonia

(with embryo) and Weinmannia, p. 391 ; Hydrangea, p. 392 ; Escallonia,

p. 393 ; Philadelphia, p. 395 ; and Francoa, p. 402.

SCITAMINE;E.

GUIS, A. Observations sur la fleur des Marantces. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. t. xii.
(1859), p. 212.
II. S S

626 ON SEEDLINGS

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seed and embryo of Canna, p. 757 ; Thalia,

p. 758 ; Amomum and Renealmia, p. 761 ; Urania guianensis, pp. 763,

764 ; and Ravenala madagascariensis, p. 764.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include seed and germination of Maranta lutca

and sections of seed of M. gibba.
TSCHIBCH. Die Saugorgane der Scitamineen-Samen. Mitth. Math. u. Natur-

wiss. Sitz. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1890, Heft ii.
WITTMACK, L. Musa Ensete : ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Bananen. Inaug.

Diss. 1867. Linncea, xxxv. (1867-68), p. 209, t. iii.

SCBOPHULABINEjE.

CUATIN, J. Etudes sur le developpement de 1'ovule et de la graine dans les

Scrofularinees, les Solanacees, les Boragin6es et les Labiees. Ann. Sci.

Nat. s6r. v. t. xix. (1874), p. 5.

IBMISCH, TH. Scrofularia Ehrharti. Flora, 1853, p. 525.
KOCH. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Khinanthaceen. Pringsh. Jahrb. xx.

(1889), p. 1.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Antirrhimim, p. 583 ; Pau-

loivnia, p. 584 ; Scrophularia and Veronica, p. 585 ; and Vcrbascum,

p. 588.
WINKLEB, A. Ueber Hypokotyle Sprosse bei Linaria u. iiber Verwachsung der

Keimblatter. Vcrh. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg, xxii. (1880) ; Abh. p. 1.

SELAGINE^;.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Hebcnstreitia, p. 612 ; and
Globularia (with embryo), p. 618.

SIMABUBE*;.

BAILLON, I. c. iv., figures seeds of Quassia cedron, p. 413 ; Ailantus glandulosa,
p. 415 ; Dictyoloma incancsccns, p. 418 ; and Harrisonia Brownii, p. 419.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seed and embryo of Ailanttts, p. 326 ;
embryo of Suriana and seed of Cneorum, p. 327.

SOLANACEJE.

CHATIN, J. See SCROPHULABINE/E.

DUNAL, F. Histoire naturelle, etc. des Solanum et des genres qui ont et6 con-

fondus avec eux. Paris, etc. 1813 (Seedlings, tab. i.).
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of Nolana, p. 575 ; Nicotiana,

p. 576 ; Datura, p. 577 ; Hyoscyamus niger, p. 578 ; Belladonna, p. 579 |

and Oestrum (with embryo), p. 582.
VBIES, H. DE. Keimungsgeschichte der Kartoffelsamen. Landw. Jahrb vii

(1878).

STEBCULIACE.ZE.

BAILLON, 1. c. iv., figures seeds of Sterculia platanifolia, p. 63; and Theobroma

Cacao, p. 81.
LE MAODT AND DECAISNE, I c. p. 285, figure seed and embryo of Sterculia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 627

STYLIDE.S.

LK MAOUT AND DECAISNK, 1. c. p. 507, figure seed of Stylidium.
SciiomsciiEWSKY, W. Ueber die Keimung von Stylidium adnatum. Prot.
Sitz. Vcrsamml. Buss. Naturf. Warschau, 1876.

STYRACE;E.
LK MAOUT AND DECAISNE, Z. c. p. 541, figure seed and embryo of Styrax.

TKKNSTUCEMIACE/E.
BAILLON, I. c. iv., figures seed of Stuartia virginica, p. 239 ; and Caryocar

butyrosum (with embryo), p. 251.
LK MAOUT AND DKCAISNK, 1. c., figure seed and embryo of Tlica chinmsis, p. 271 ;

and seed of Gordonia, p. '272.

TnYMEL.ZEA.CE2E.

SCHLEIDKN'S original drawings include figures of seeds of Pimdca drupacca

and Daphne Mczcrcwn.
WINKLKH, A. Uebor die Jugendzustiinde der Thymelata Passerina. Abh.

Natuncias. Vcr. Jh-cmcn, \. p. 551.

TlI,IACK.<E.

BAILLON, 1. c. iv., figures seed of Tilia sylvcstris, p. 171 ; and Sparmannia

africana, p. 173.
LE MAOUT AND DKCAISNK, Z. c., figure seeds of Vallca, p. 289 ; and Elccocarpus

(with embryo), p. 290.

THKMANDRE/E.
LE MAOUT AND DKCAISNK, I. c. p. 251, figure seed of Tdrathcca.

TYPHACKJE.

LK MAOUT AND DKCAISNK, Z. c., figure seed and embryo of Sparganium, p. 825 ;
and TypJia, p. 820.

UMBELLIKKK.K.

BAII,LON, Z. c. vii., figures seeds of Peuccdfimim Palimbia, p. 100 ; Coriandrum

testicMlatum, p. 130 ; Pliyospermum aquilcgifolium, p. 131 ; Smyrnium

Olusatrum, p. 132 ; Sanicula curopfza, p. 149 ; and Myodocarpus simplici-

folius, p. 157.
BKHNHAUDI. Bunium lutcum, J3. bulbocastanum, Pratigos ferulacca, and

Bulbocapnos cava. See GKNKKAI,.
BUCHKNAU, F. Der Bluthcnstand u. die Zweigbildung bei Hydrocotylc vulgaris.

not. Zcit. 18G6, p. 357.

HKC.KLMAIKU. Carum. Verylcich. Untersiichungen, 1875.
HOIISON, B. Seedlings of Hcradeum (with iig.). Science Gossip, 1887, p. 165.
IUMISCII, TII. Carum bulbocastanum u. Chairopliyllum bulbosum, nach ihrcr

Keimung. Abh. Naturf. Ccs. Halle, ii. (1854), p. 47.

- Ueber Keimung von Bunium crcticum. Flora, xli. (1858), p. 38.

ss2

628 ON SEEDLINGS

JOCHMANS. De Umbelliferarum structura et evolutione nonuulla. Inaug. diss.

Breslau, 1855.
KIBSCHLEGEB. Ueber das Keimen von Charophyllum bulbosum. Flora, 1845,

p. 401.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c., figure seeds of ^thusa, p. 466 ; and Scandix,

p. 467.
MEZ. Beitrage ziir Kenntniss des Umbelliferen-Embryos. Verh. Bot. Ver.

Brandenburg, xix. (1887), p. 30.
SCHLEIDEN'S original drawings include figures and sections of many of the

fruits.
TANFANI, E. Morfologia ed istologia del frutto e del seme delle Apiacee. Nuov.

Giorn. Bot. Ital. xxiii. (1891), p. 451.
WARMING, E. Slum angustifolium og latifolium. Bot. Tids. Kjobenhavn,

1876-77, p. 102.

UKTICACE^E.

BAILLON, I. c. iii., figures seeds of Parietaria officinalis, p. 506 ; and, I. c. v.,

Celtis australis, p. 143 ; and Humulus Lupulus, p. 165.
CUETIS, Flor. Londin. (new edition by Graves and Hooker), iii. p. 141, figures

whole plant of Urtica urens, with cotyledons still present.
GRAVIS, A. Bechercb.es anatomiques sur les organes vegetatifs de I' Urtica

dioica, L. Brussels, 1885.
IBMISCH, TH. Ein kleiner Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte des Tlielygonum Cyno-

crambe. Flora, 1856, p. 689.
LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, 1. c., figure seeds of Nettle, p. 665 ; Mulberry, p. 670 ;

Thelygonumcynocrambe (with embryo), p. 646 ; Celtis (with embryo), p. 673 ;

Cannabis saliva and Humulus Lupulus, p. 675 ; and Ulmus, p. 676.
WABMTXG, E. Urtica urens with united cotyledons. Bot. Tids. Kjobenliavn,

1877-79, p. 107.

LE MAOUT AND DECAISNE, I. c. p. 521, figure seed of Vaccinium.

VALERIANACE.E.

BAILLON, 1. c. vii. p. 508, figures seed of Valeriana officinalis.
IBMISCH, TH. Beitrage ziir Naturgeschichte der einheirnischen Valeriana-Axten

insbesondere der V. officinalis u. dioica. Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, Bd. i.

Quart. 3 (1853), p. 19.

VEBBENACE^:.
KABSTEN, G. Avicennia. See ACANTHACE.S.

BAILLON, I. c. iv., figures seeds of Viola tricolor, p. 345 ; and Sauvagesia erecta,

VOCHTSIACE^:.

BAILLON, I. c. v., figures seed of Vochysia guianensis, p. 94 ; and Triaonia
villosa, p. 98.

INDEX

ABB

Aberia caffra (seedling), i. 199, fig.

191

Abortive ovules, i. 72
Abronia, seeds, ii. 401 ; seedlings, ii.

403

— arenaria, embryo, i. 32, fig. 64, A ;
seed and seedling, ii. 406, fig. 602, A

- - umbellata, embryo, i. 32, fig. 64, B ;
seed and seedling, ii. 408, fig. 602, B
Abutilon asiaticum (seedling), i. 249
Acacia (cotyledons), i. 399

— acanthocarpa (seedling), i. 475

— Burkittii (seedling), i. 471, fig. 308

— dealbata (seedling), i. 474, fig. 810

— Oswald! (seedling), i. 472

— verticillata (seedling), i. 473, fig.
309

Acacieas, i. 399

Acaena millefoliata (seedling), i. 495

— myriophylla (seedling), i. 494, fig.
319

— ovalifolia (seed), i. 494, fig. 318
Acalypha virginica (seedling), ii. 487
ACANTHACE^E, ii. 348
Acanthomintha ilicifolia (seedling), ii.

380, fig. 588

Acanthosicyoshorrida (seedling),!. 600,
fig. 383

Acanthostachys strobilacea (germina-
tion), ii. 570

Acanthus longifolius (seed), ii. 358,
fig. 579

— spinosus (seed), ii. 359
Accumbent cotyledons, i. 36
Acer, types of seeds, i. 352

— campestre (seed), i. 364

— circinatum (seed), i. 364

— dasycarpum (seed), i. 364

— hircanum (seed), i. 363

— insigne (seed), i. 363

— macrophyllum (seed), i. 362

— pennsylvanicum (seed), i. 363

ALI

Acer Pseudo-Platanus, fruit and
embryo, i. 23, fig. 50 ; growth of
embryo, i. 74, fig. 118

— (seed and seedling),!. 360, fig.
252

— (seedling), i. 11, fig. 9

— tataricum (seed), i. 363
Achillea Millefolium (seedling), ii. 129,

fig. 470
Aciphylla squarrosa (seedling), ii. 35,

fig. 414

Acokanthera Thunbergii (seed), ii. 218
Aconitum cernuum (seedling), i. 98
Actinostrobus pyramidalis (seedling),

ii. 549
Adansonia digitata (seedling), i. 262

— Gregorii (seedling), i. 260
Adenanthera Pavonina (seedling), i.

468, fig. 306
Adenanthereae, i. 398
Adlumia cirrhosa (seedling), i. 131,

fig. 154

JEgle Marmelos (seedling), i. 325
yEschynomene aspera (seedling), i.

435, fig. 282

jEsculus Hippocastanum (fruit), i. 351
iEthionema gracile (seedling), i. 170
Agave Wislizeni (germination and

seedling), ii. 575, fig. 680
Agrimonia viseidula (seedling), i. 493
Ailanthus glandulosa (seed), i. 327

— var. (seedling), i. 327
Ainslisea fragrans (seedling), ii. 155
Ajuga Charnfcpitys (seedling), ii. 390,

fig. 596
Alberta magna (fruit and seed), ii. 68,

fig. 433
Alchemilla aphanoides (seedling), i.

492
Alisma Plantago (germination and

seedling), ii. 584, fig. 684
ALISMACE^E, ii. 582

630

ON SEEDLINGS

ALN

BBK

Alnus cordifolia (seedling), ii. 531,

fig. 666

Alonsoa incisaefolia (seedling), ii. 308
Alyssum maritimum (seedling), i. 150 '
AMARANTACE.S:, ii. 415
Amarantus hypochondriacus (seed),

ii. 416, fig. 607
(seedling), ii. 417, fig. 608

— polygamus (seedling), ii. 417

AMAKYLLIDE2E, ii. 574

Amherstieas, i. 397

Ammi glaucifolium (seedling), ii. 30, ;

fig. 409

AMPELIDES:, i. 347
Amsinckia intermedia (seedling), ii.

262, fig. 537 _
ANACABDIACES;, i. 369
Anacardium occidentale (seedling), i. j

374

Anacyclus radiatus (seedling), ii. 128
Anagallis arvensis (seedling), _ii. 187
Anchusa capensis (seedling), ii. 263
Androsace nana (seedling), ii. 183

— rotundifolia (seedling), ii. 182, fig.
500

Anemone coronaria (seedling), i. 84

— fulgens (seedling), i. 84

— polyantha (seedling), i. 85

— rivularis (seedling), i. 83, fig. 123

— rupicola (seedling), i. 85
Angrsecum maculatum (seed, germina-
tion, and seedling), ii. 564

Anona Cherimolia (seedling), i. 105

— ? laurifolia, germination, i. 50, fig.
96 ; 104, fig. 139 ; seedling, i. 105

— palustris (seedling), i. 105
ANONACEJE, i. 103

Anthemis mixta (seedling), ii. 131

— sp. (seedling), ii. 130, fig. 471
Anthurium margaritaceum (seedling),

ii. 581
Anthyllis Vulneraria (seedling), i. 418,

fig. 273

APOCTNACES:, ii. 216
Apteria setacea (seed), ii. 562
Aquilegia chrysantha var. (seedling),

i. 92, fig. 133

Arabis Turczaninowii (seedling), i. 148
Aralia edulis (seedling), ii. 41, fig. 417
ARALIACE^:, ii. 40

Ardisia, fruit and seed, ii. 188 ; coty-
ledons, ii. 189

— crenulata (seed and seedling), ii.
191, fig. 503

— japonica (seed and seedling), ii.
193, fig. 504

— mamillata (seedling), ii. 194, fig.
505

Ardisia polycephala (seed, develop-
ment of cotyledons, and seedling),
ii. 194", fig. 506

Arenaria procumbens (seed), i. 221

Argemone mexicana (seedling), i. 124,
fig. 147

Argyreia cuneata (seedling), ii. 274

— speciosa (seedling), ii. 274
Aristolochia caudata (seedling), ii. 445

— elegans (seedling), ii. 445, fig. 624
AEISTOLOCHIACE^E, ii. 444
Aristotelia racemosa (seedling),!. 283,

fig. 225
Armeria chilensis (seedling), ii. 176

— grandiflora (seed), ii. 176
AKOIDE,E, ii. 581

Artemisia annua (seedling), ii. 135

— mutellina (seedling), ii. 136
ASCLEPIADE^;, ii. 223

Asclepias obtusifolia (seedling), ii. 229
Aster olinum splendidum (seedling), ii.

186
Astragalus sulcatus (seedling), i. 429

— thianschanicus (seedling), i. 428,
fig. 278

Asystasia coromandeliana (seedling),
i. 13, fig. 16 ; ii. 362, fig. 582

Atalaya diversifolia (seedling), i. 359

Atragene alpina (seedling), i. 83, fig.
122

Atriplex hortensis (seeds), ii. 419, 425

(seedling), ii. 426

— oblongifolia (seedling), ii. 427
Atylosia Candollei (seedling), i. 449,

fig. 291
Aucuba japonica (seedling), ii. 45,

fig. 419
Auricled cotyledons, i. 55

Bseria chrysostoma (seedling), ii. 125
Banksia australis (seedling), ii. 459,
fig. 632

— speciosa (seedling), ii. 460, fig. 633
Basella alba (seedling), ii. 429, fig. 614
Bauhinia (cotyledons), i. 397

— Carronii (seedling), i. 464

— tomentosa (seedling),!. 463, fig. 303
Bauhinies, i. 397

Beech, i. 12, fig. 13
Begonia (cotyledons), ii. 2

— modesta (seedling), ii. 3, fig. 393

— villosa (seedling), ii. 2, fig. 392
BEGOXIACE^;, ii. 1

Bellis perennis (seedling), ii. 113, fig.

458
BEBBEBIDE.S:, i. 108

INDEX

631

BEB

Berberis, i. 7

— Aquifolium, fruit and seed, i. 109,
fig. 142 ; seedling, i. Ill, fig. 143

— concinna (seedling), i. 113

— erecta (seedling), i. 112

— sibirica (seedling), i. 113

— vulgaris var. (seedling), i. 112
Berkheya purpurea (seedling), ii. 149,

fig. 479
Berrya Ammonilla (seed and seedling),

i. 279, fig. 221
Bertholletia excelsa (seedling), i. 542,

fig. 350
Beta trigyna (seed), ii. 424

— vulgaris (seedling), ii. 424
Betula alba (seedling), ii. 541, fig. 672
Bidens ferulnsfolia (seedling), ii. 123

— humilis (seed and seedling), ii. 120,
fig. 405

— leucantha (fruit), ii. 123
Bignonia insignis (seedling), ii. 337,

fig. 569

BIGNONIACE;E, ii. 332
Billardiera fusiformis (seedling),!. 204

— longiflora (seedling), i. 203, fig. 194
Biscutella didyma (seedling), i. 171
Bivonrca Saviana (seedling), i. 170
BIXINE^, i. 197

Blechum Brownei (seedling), ii. 357
Blepharocarya involucrigera (seedling),

i. 356
Blitum virgatum (seedling), ii. 425, fig.

611
Bocconia frutescens (seedling), i. 126,

fig. 150

BORAGINE.E, ii. 253
Borago officinalis (seed), ii. 263
Bossisea linophylla (seedling), i. 402,

fig. 263

— rufa (seedling), i. 403

Bowiea volubilis (seedling), ii. 578, fig.

682
Brachycome iberidifolia (seedling), ii.

112, fig. 457
Brassica Aristidis (seedling), i. 164

— balearica (seedling), i. 164

— campestris var. (cotyledons), i. 162 |

— elata (seedling),!. 163

— nigra, seed, i. 160; seedling, i. 3, I
fig. 3 ; 161, fig. 168

— oleracea (cotyledons), i. 140, 162,
fig. 169

— rugosa (seedling), i. 163
Broad cotyledons, i. 23
BEOMELIACE^;, ii. 569

Browallia elata (seedling), ii. 300, fig.

549
Brunfelsia sp. (seedling), ii. 300,fig.550

CAM

Bryonia dioica (seedling), i. 38, fig. 76 ;
607, fig. 391

— laciniosa, seed, i. 605, fig. 389 ;
seedling, i. 37, fig. 75 ; 605, fig. 390

Buchanania latifolia (seed and seed-
ling), i. 375, fig. 258

Bucklandiapopulnea (seedling), i. 520,
fig. 335

Buckwheat (ovule), i. 6

Buffonia (seed and cotyledons), i. '212

— brachyphylla (seed), i. 223, fig. 203

— Oliveriana (seed), i. 222, fig. 202
Bunias orientalis, cotyledons, i. 143 ;

seed and seedling, i. 173, fig. 176
Bupleurum fruticosum (seedling), ii. 29

— longifolium (seedling), ii. 30
Burmannia capitata (seed), ii. 562

BURMANNIACE/E, ii. 561

Burrielia gracilis (seedling), ii. 125

BURSERACE^E, i. 331

Butyrospermum Parkii (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 201

Buxus sempervirens (seedling), ii. 481,
fig. 639

CACTE/E, ii. 4

Cffisalpinia tinctoria (seedling), i. 456,
fig. 297

C2ESALPINIEZE, i. 396

Cakile americana (seedling), i. 176

— maritima (seedling), i. 176, fig. 178
Calandrinia pilosiuscula (seedling), i.

229

— umbellata (seedling), i. 229
Calceolaria chelidonioides (seedling),

ii. 307, fig. 551
Calendula (polymorphic fruits), ii. 101

— algarbiensis (fruit), ii. 147

— hybrida (seed), ii. 146

— officinalis (seed and germination),
ii. 145, fig. 477

— pluvialis (seed), ii. 146
Callicarpa americana (seedling), ii. 372
Callirhoe pedata (seedling), i. 248
Callistemon Cunninghamii (seedling),

i. 529

— rigidus (seedling), i. 528, fig. 337

— speciosus (seedling), i. 529
Calodendron capense (seedling), i. 320
Calophaca sp. nov. (seedling), i. 426
Calophyllum Inophyllum (seedling),

i. 234, fig. 209
Calotropis gigantea (seedling), ii. 228,

fig. 518

CALYCANTHACE^;, i. 100
Calycanthus macrophyllus, i. 100
Camelina sativa (seedling), i. 160

632

ON SEEDLINGS

Camellia reticulata (seed), i. 241

— theifera (seed and seedling), i. 239,
fig. 210

Campanula thyrsoides (seedling) ,ii. 168
CAMPANUIACRS:, ii. 163
Canarium commune (seed), i. 332

— strictum (seedling), i. 333, fig. 237
CAXELLACEJE, i. 197

Canna (embryo), ii. 568

Cannabis sativa (seed and seedling),

ii. 497

CAPP ABIDED:, i. 179
Capparis sandwichiana (seed), i. 182,

fig. 182

— sp. (seedling), i. 182, fig. 183
CAPRiFOLiACEa:, ii. 45

Capsella Bursa-pastoris (seedling), i.

166, fig. 170
Capsicum sp. (seedling), ii. 296, fig.

545

Caragana arboreseens (seed), i. 427
Cardamine chenopodifolia (size of

seeds), i. 56

— graca (seedling), i. 148

— hirsuta (seedling), i. 149

— impatiens (seed), i. 148
Cardiospermum Halicacabum, seed,

i. 357, fig. 249 ; seedling, i. 357,

fig. 250

Carduus giganteus (seedling), ii. 150
Carica cundinamarcensis (seedling),

i. 592, fig. 380

Carmichaelia pilosa (seedling), i. 423
Carpinus Betulus (seed and seedling),

ii. 532, fig. 667

Carrichtera Vellae (seedling), i. 165
Carum Carvi (seed), ii. 31, fig. 410
CAKYOPHYLLES;, i. 208
Cassia (cotyledons), i. 397

— circinata (seedling), i. 459, fig. 299

— Fistula, seed, i. 461, fig. 301;
seedling, i. 462, fig. 302

— mimosoides (seedling), i. 460

— obovata (seedling), i. 460, fig. 300
Cassieffi, i. 396

Castanea vulgaris, fruit, ii. 528 ; fruit

and seed, ii. 537
Castanospermum australe (seedling),

i. 454, fig. 295
Casuarina Cunninghamiana (seedling),

ii. 525, fig. 664

— stricta (seedling), ii. 526, fig. 665
CASUARTNE^:, ii. 524

Catalpa, seedlings, ii. 335

— bignonioides (seedling), ii. 340

— Ksempferi (seedling), i. 18, fig. 37 :
ii. 339, fig. 571

— Byringsefolia (seedling), ii. 340

CHB

Caylusea abyssinica (seed), i. 185, fig.

184

CELASTBTNE^;, i. 339
Celastrus paniculatus (seedling), i.

343
Celtis australis (seed and seedling), ii.

495

— occidentalis (seed and seedling), ii.
493, fig. 646

Cenia subheterocarpa (seedling), ii.

134
Centaurea Clementei (seedling) ,ii. 154,

fig. 482

— ragusina, ii. 154

Centranthus macrosiphon (seedling),

ii. 82, fig. 445
Cephalandra palmata (seedling), i. 604,

fig. 388
Cerastium arvense, seed, i. 25, fig. 56 ;

211, 219, fig. 199 ; seedling, i. 14,

fig. 23 ; 220, fig. 200
Ceratocephalus falcatus (seedling), i.

10, fig. 7 ; 90, fig. 130

Cercis Siliquastrum (seedling), i. 465,

fig. 304
Cereus Emoryi (seedling), ii. 9, fig.

396

— Napoleonis (seed), i. 31, fig. 63 ; ii.
8, fig. 395

— tilophorus (seedling), ii. 9
Ceropegia sp. (seedling), ii. 231, fig.

521
Cestrum elegans (seedling), ii. 298

— Parqui (seedling), ii. 298, fig. 547
Charieis heterophylla (seedling), ii.

113
Cheiranthus Cheiri, embryo, i. 134 ;

seed, i. 36, figs. 73, 74 ; 146, fig. 158 ;

147, fig. 159 ; seedling, i. 44, fig. 86
CHEXOPODIACE^:, ii. 418
Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, seed,

i. 22, fig. 48; ii. 421, fig. 609;

seedling, i. 11, fig. 10; ii. 422,

fig. 610
- ficifolium (seedling), ii. 423

— petiolare (seed), ii. 421

— Quinoa (seedling), ii. 423

— viride (seedling), ii. 424
Chimonanthus fragrans (seedling), i.

101

CHLJENACE.E, i. 242
Chorispora tenella (seedling), i. 177
Chorizema cordifoh'um (seedling), i.

400, fig. 261

— ilicifolium (seedling), i. 401
Chrysanthemum carinatum (seedling),

11. 131, fig. 472

— coronarium (floret), ii. 94, fig. 454

INDEX

633

CHB

Chrysanthemum segetum (seedling),

ii. 132
Chrysophyllum oliviforme (seedling),

ii. 199

CISTINE^E, i. 188
Cistus, embryo, i. 188 ; cotyledons, i.

189

— albidus (seedling), i. 191

— ladaniferus (seedling), i. 191

— laurifolius (seed and seedling), i.
190, fig. 186

— undulatus (seedling), i. 191
Citrullus Colocynthis (seedling), i. 604,

fig. 387
Citrus Aurantium (seedling), i. 323

— decumana (seedling), i. 324
Clarkia (cotyledons), i. 555

— integripetala (seedling), i. 564, fig.
362

— pulchella (seedling, and develop-
ment of cotyledons), i. 63, fig. 109 ;
563, fig. 361

— rhomboidea (development of coty-
ledons), i. 561, figs. 359, 360

— sp., seed, i. 558, fig. 356 ; seedling,
i. 559, figs. 357, 358 ; development
of cotyledons, i. 561

Claytonia perfoliata, embryo, i. 225 ;

seed and seedling, i. 69, fig. 114 ;

227, figs. 204, 205
Clematis graveolens var. (seed and

seedling), i. 81, fig. 121

— recta var., seedling, i. 80, fig. 120 ;
seed, i. 81

Cleome spinosa, i. 181, fig. 181

— violacea (seedling), i. 180, fig. 180
Clerodendron Kasmpferi (seed and

seedling), ii. 372, fig. 586
Clethra arborea (seedling), ii. 172
Clitoria Ternatea, seedling, i. 15, fig.
27 ; seed and seedling, i. 441, fig.
286

Cneorum tricoccum (seed and seed-
ling), i. 328

Cnicus diacanthus (seedling), ii. 151,
fig. 480

— syriacus (seedling), ii. 151
Cobsa scandens (seed and seedling),

ii. 244, fig. 529
Coccoloba uvifera (seedling), ii. 443,

fig. 623
Cochlearia arctica (seedling), i. 151

— glastifolia (seedling), i. 150
Cochlospermum Gossypium, seed, i.

197 ; seedling, i. 198, fig. 190
Coffea arabica (seedling), ii. 70, fig.

436
Cola sp. (seedling), i. 270

Colensoa physaloides (seedling), ii

165, fig. 491
Colletia cornuta (seedling), i. 346, fig.

246
Collinsia bicolor (seedling), ii. 318, fig.

559

— multicolor (seedling), ii. 319

— parviflora (seedling), ii. 319
Collomia coccinea (seed and seedling),

ii. 239, fig. 526
COMBRETACE/-E, i. 522
Combretum sundaicum (seedling), i.

522

COMPOSITE, ii. 98
COXIFEK.E, ii. 547
Conocephalus niveus (seedling), ii. 499,

fig. 649

Conringia perfoliata (seedling), i. 157
CONTOLVULACE^:, ii. 267
Convolvulus (seedlings), ii. 271

— Cneorum (seed and seedling), ii. 288

— sepium (seed and seedling), ii. 283

— Soldanella, seed and embryo, i. 45,
fig. 87 ; seedling, ii. 286

-- tricolor (seed), ii. 286

— var. (seedling), ii. 287
Copaifera officinalis (seedling), i. 466
Corchorus olitorius (seedling), i. 280,

fig. 222
Cordia (seedlings), ii. 256

— decandra (seedling), ii. 260

— ferruginea (seedling), ii. 261

— grandifolia (fruit), ii. 258, fig. 533

— latifolia (seedling), ii. 260

— subcordata, embryo, i. 35, fig. 70 ;
fruit and seed, ii. 258, fig. 534;
seedling, i. 17, fig. 33; ii. 259,
fig. 535

— subopposita (fruit and seed), ii. 257
Coreopsis auriculata (fruit and

embryo), i. 28, fig. 59; ii. 118,
fig. 462

— Atkinsoniana, fruit and embryo,
i. 33, fig. 66; ii. 116, fig. 460;
seedling, i. 33, fig. 67 ; germina-
tion, ii. 117, fig. 461

— filifolia, fruit and embryo, i. 27,
fig. 58 ; ii. 119, fig. 463 ; seedling,
i. 10, fig. 6

— gigantea (seedling), ii. 119, fig. 464

— laciniata (seedling), ii. 119

— polymorphic fruits and seed, etc.,
ii. 101, 120

CORNACE/E, ii. 43

Coronilla juncea (seedling), i. 430

Correa Colvillei (seedling), i. 320

— viridiflora (seedling), i. 321
Corydalis (heterocarpism), i. 120

634

ON SEEDLINGS

Corydalis lutea (seedling), i. 132, fig.
155

— nobilis (cotyledons), i. 132
Corylus Avellana (seed), i. 70, fig. 117 ;

ii. 527, 533, fig. 668
Cotoneaster Simonsii (seedling), i. 502,

fig. 325

Cotula coronopifolia (seedling), ii. 134
Cotyledons, accumbent and incumbent,

i. 36 ; auricled, 55 ; broad, 23 ;

crenate, 35; divided, 48; e margin -

ate, 42; lobed, 40; narrow, 21;

size of, 60 ; unequal, 30 ; unsym-

metrical, 34
Couroupita guianensis (seed), i. 538,

fig. 347
Crassula quadrifida (seedling), i. 513,

fig. 332

CRASSULACE.E, i. 512
Crataegus mexicana (seedling), i. 501

— Oxyacantha (seedling), i. 500, fig.
324

Crescentia Cujete (seedling), ii. 344,

fig. 575
Crotalaria quinquefolia (seedling), i.

404

— sp. (seedling), i. 405
Crucianella aegyptiaca (seedling), ii.

77, fig. 443

CRUCIFER.E, i. 133

Cryptomeria japonica (seedling), ii. 552

Cryptostemma calendulaceum (seed-
ling), ii. 148

Cucumis sativa (seedling), i. 602, fig.
386

CucuKBirACEJS, i. 593

Cuphea (seedlings), i. 548

— coccinea (seedling, (i. 551

— Koezlii (seedling), i. 550

— silenoides, seed, i. 43, fig. 84 ; 549,
fig. 353 ; seedling, i. 55, fig. 103 ;
549, fig. 354

CUPULIFER.E, ii. 526
CYCADACEvE, ii. 556
Cycas Beddomei, germination, ii. 557,

fig. 679 ; seedling, ii. 558
Cyclamen persicum (seedling), ii. 184
Cydonia vulgaris (seedling), i. 500
Cynoglossum furcatum (seed), ii. 262

— vulgare (seed), ii. 262
Cynometreae, i. 398
CYPEBACE.S:, ii. 585

Cysticapnos africana (seedling), i. 133

Dahlia variabilis (seed and seedling

ii. 121
Dalbergia hupeana (seedling), i. 450

Dalbergiese, i. 395

Dalechampia capensis (seedling), ii.

488, fig. 645

Daphne Mezereum (seed), ii. 461
Darlingtonia californica, i. 118, 119
Datura gigantea (seedling), ii. 297, fig.

546
Delphinium Ajacis (seedling), i. 98

— cardinale (seedling), i. 96

— consolida (seedling), i. 97

— elatum, seed, i. 95 ; seedling, i. 16
fig. 30 ; 96, fig. 136

— hybridum (seedling), i. 96

— nudicaule (seedling), i. 16, fig. 32 ;
i. 96, fig. 137

— Staphysagria, seed, i. 59, fig. 104 ;
94, fig. 134 ; seedling, i. 16, fig. 31 ;
94, fig. 135

— trollifolium (cotyledons), i. 96
Desmodium canadense (germination),

i. 436

Dianthus Caryophyllus, seed, i. 26,
fig. 57 ; seedling, i. 14, fig. 22 ; 216,
fig. 197

— plumarius (seed), i. 209, 215, fig.
196

— prolifer (seedling), i. 216
Dichrostachys cinerea (seedling), i.

470

Dicliptera resupinata (seedling), ii.
364

:, i. 99
DIOSCOREACE.E, ii. 575
Diospyros Embryopteris (seedling), ii
203, fig. 508

— sp. (seedling), ii. 204
Diplotaxis erucoides (seedling), i. 160
DIPSACEJE, ii. 84

Dipsacus ferox (germination), ii. 89,
fig. 448

— sylvestris (seed and seedling), ii.
87, fig. 447

Dipter acanthus micranthus (seedling),
ii. 355

— prostratus (seedling), ii. 356

DlPTEROCAKPE^E, i. 242

Dodonaea viscosa (seedling), i. 365, fig.

253
Dorstenia Contrajerva (seedling), ii.

498, fig. 647
Downingia pulchella (seedling), ii.

164, fig. 490
Dracocephalum peltatum (seedling),

ii. 384, fig. 592
Drimys Winteri (seedling), i. 102, fig.

138
Drosera binata (seedling), i. 517

— rotundifolia (seedling), i. 517

INDEX

635

DRO

DKOSERACE^:, i. 516

Drosophyllurn lusitanicum (seedling),

i. 518
Duvaua dependens (seedling), i. 380

EBENACEJE, ii. 202

Eccremocarpus scaber, ii. 343, fig. 574

Echinocactus Orcuttii (seedling), ii. 8

— viridescens (seedling), ii. 8, fig. 394
Echites umbellata (seedling), ii. 221,

fig. 515
Echium canescens (seedling), ii. 266

— Decaisnei (seedling), ii. 266

— violaceum (seedling), ii. 266

— vulgare (seed), ii. 265
Edwardsia chilensis (seedling), i. 453,

fig. 294

EL;EAGXACE.E, ii. 462
Elasagnus angustifolia var. (seedling),

ii. 464, fig. 634

— hortensis (seedling), ii. 465

— longipes (seed), ii. 464
Elfcocarpus oblongus (seedling), i.

284, fig. 226

— reticulatus (seedling), i. 286
ELATIXE^, i. 230

Elettaria (embryo), ii. 567
Elsholtzia cristata (seedling), ii. 378
Embelia Kibes (seedling), i. 65, fig.
Ill ; ii. 190, fig. 502

— viridinora (seedling), ii. 191
Embryo, size of, i. 59 ; position in

seed, i. 66
Endodesniia (seed and cotyledons), i.

231
Enkianthus japonicus (seedling), ii.

170
Ephedra (seedlings), ii. 544

— altissima (seed), ii. 545, fig. 675

— fragilis (seedling), ii. 546

— vulgaris (seedling), ii. 545, fig. 674
Eranthemum leuconeurum, seed, ii.

360, fig. 580 ; seedling, ii. 361, fig.

581
Eremostachys laciniatavar. (seedling),

ii. 389

Erica Tetralix (seedling), ii. 171
ERICACEJE, ii. 169
Eriodendron anfractuosum (seedling),

i. 262, fig. 216
Eritrichium barbigerum (seedling), ii.

262
Erodium (seed and embryo), i. 300

— moschatum (ovule, seed, and em-
bryo), i. 306

— trichomanefolium (seedling), i. 307
- verbensfolium (seedling), i. 308

EUP

Eryngium giganteum (seedling), ii. 28

— paniculatum (seedling), ii. 27, fig.
407

Erythrasa pulchella (seedling), ii. 236
Erythrina monosperma (seedling), i.
444

— suberosa (seedling), i. 442, fig. 287

— Vespertilio (seedling), i. 443
Escallonia Berteriana (seedling), i.

509, fig. 329
Eschscholtzia, cotyledons of, i. 49

— californica (seedling), i. 19, fig. 40 ;
128, fig. 152

— tenuifolia (seedling), i. 129
Eucaesalpiniese, i. 396
Eucalyptus, cotyledons, i. 525 ; em-
bryo, 524

— ealophylla (seedling), i. 533, fig. 344

— coccifera (seedling), i. 532

— cordata (seedling), i. 531

— ficifolia (seedling), i. 533

— Globulus, embryo, i. 46, fig. 90 ;
530, fig. 338 ; seedling, i. 530, fig.
339

— leucoxylon (seedling), i. 531, fig.
340

— marginata (seedling), i. 533, fig.
343

— occidentalis (seedling), i. 533, fig.
342

— rostrata (seedling), i. 531

— sp. (seedling), i. 18, fig. 38

— stellulata (seed), i. 532, fig. 341
Eucharidium concinnum (develop-
ment of cotyledons), i. 577

— grandiflorum, seedling, i. 61, figs.
106, 107 ; 62, fig. 108 ; seed, i. 576

Eucryphia cordifolia (seedling), i. 483
Eugenia bracteata (seedling), i. 537,

fig. 346

Eumimoseae, i. 399
Euonymus europffius, seed, i. 341, fig.

242 ; seedling, i. 343, fig. 243
Euphorbia, seedlings, i. 472 ; seeds,

ii. 470

— exigua (seed and seedling), ii. 476,
fig. 637

— heterophylla (seedling), ii. 478

— Lathyris (seed and seedling), ii.
474

— macrorhiza (seed), ii. 480
— • Myrsinites (seedling), ii. 478

— Peplus (seed, germination, and seed-
ling), ii. 477

— platyphylla (seed and seedling), ii.
478

— splendens (seed, germination, and
seedling), ii. 479, fig. 638

ON SEEDLINGS

EUP

EDPHORBIACE.&, ii. 470
Euryale (seedling), i. 116
Exacum (seedlings), ii. 233

— bicolor (seedling), ii. 234, fig. 523

— macranthum (seedling), ii. 234

Fagopyrum esculentum (seed and
seedling), ii. 439, fig. 619

— tataricum (seedling), ii. 440, fig.
620

Fagus sylvatica, seed, ii. 529 ; develop-
ment of seed, ii. 538; seedling, i. 12,
fig. 13 ; ii. 530, 539, fig. 671

Ferula communis (seedling), ii. 36

— foetida (seedling), ii. 37
FICOIDE.E, ii. 13

Ficus bengalensis (seedling), ii. 499,

fig. 648

First leaves, forms of, i. 74
Flemingia Grahamiana (seedling), i.

449
Fceniculum vulgare (seedling), i. 10,

fig. 5 ; ii. 35, fig. 413
Forms of cotyledons, i. 8

first leaves, i. 74

leaves, i. 1

Forskohlea viridis (seedling), ii. 503
Forsythia suspensa (seedling), ii. 212,

fig. 510

FRAXEEMACE^:, i. 207
Fraxinus excelsior, samara, i. 21, fig.

46; samara and seed, ii. 213, fig.

511 ; seedling, ii. 214, fig. 512
— Sogdiana (seedling), ii. 215
Fumaria Vaillantii (seedling), i. 132

Gaillardia pinnatifida (seedling), ii.

127, fig. 468

Galactia glabella (seedling), i. 450
Galega officinalis (seedling), i. 421
Galegese, i. 389
Galeopsis Ladanum (seedling), ii.

388

— pyrenaica (seedling), ii. 388
Galium Aparine, seed, i. 29, fig. 61 ; ii.

73, fig. 439 ; seedling, i. 47, figs. 91,
92 ; ii. 61, fig. 440

— saccharatum, seed, i. 29, fig. 60 ; ii.

74, fig. 441 ; seedling, i. 14, fig. 24 ;
ii. 62, 75, fig. 442

— tenuissimum (seedling), ii. 77
Gamolepis annua (seedling), ii. 144

— Tagetes (seedling), ii. 144
Gardenia Thunbergia (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 64, fig. 429

GUN
Genipa clusiffifolia (seed, germination.

and seedling), ii. 66, figs. 430-432
Genista sp. (seedling), i. 409
Genistese, i. 386
Gentiana verna (seedling), ii. 236, fig.

525

GEXTTANE.S;, ii. 233
GERANIACE^;, i. 294
Geranium, embryo, i. 34, fig. 68 ; 298 ;

cotyledons, i. 304

— bohemicum (seedling), i. 39, fig.
78

— pratense (embryo), i. 306

— sanguineum, seedling, i. 15, fig.
25 ; embryo and seedling, i. 306

— Wallichianum (seedling),!. 305, fig.
228

Gerbera lanuginosa (seedling), ii. 156,

fig. 484

Gesnera macrantha (seedling), ii. 330
GESXERACEJE, ii. 328
Geum coccineum (seedling), L 486

— Freemontii (seedling), i. 486, fig.
313

— urbanum (cotyledons), i. 486
Gilia crassifolia (seedling), ii. 241, fig.

527

— lutea (seedling), ii. 242, fig. 528

— squarrosa (seedling), ii. 242
Girardinia heterophylla (seedling), ii.

503

— palmata (seedling), ii. 502, fig. 651
Gladiolus eommunis, germination, ii.

572 ; seedling, ii. 573
Glaucium corniculatumvar. (seedling),
i. 127, fig. 151

— Serpieri (seedling), i. 128
Gleditschia triacanthos (seedling), i.

456

GXETACE^:, ii. 543

Gomphocarpus campanulatus (seed-
ling), ii. 227, fig. 517

Gonospermum fruticosum (seedling),
ii. 128

Goodia lotifolia (seedling), i. 404

Gossypium barbadense (seedling), i.
259, fig. 215

— tomentosum (seedling), i. 260
GKAMINZJE, ii. 586
Grammanthes gentianoides (seedling),

i. 516
Grevillea Hilliana, seed, ii. 454, fig.

628 ; seedling, ii. 455, fig. 629
1 — linearis (seedling), ii. 455, fig. 630
| — punicea (seedling), ii. 455
I Guizotia abyssinica (seedling), ii. 116
Gundelia Tournefortii (seedling), ii.
150

INDEX

637

GUN

Gunnera chilensis (seedling), i. 522,
fig. 336

GuTTIFEIkE, i. 232

Gymnolaema viride (seedling), ii. 225

Hasmatoxylon campechianum (seed
and seedling), i. 455, fig. 296

Hakea acicularis, seedling, i. 14, fig.
21 ; ii. 456, fig. 631 ; seed, ii. 456

— eucalyptoides (seedling), ii. 458

— florida (seedling), ii. 458

— laurina (seedling), ii. 457

— multilineata var. (seedling), ii. 458
Halesia hispida (fruit and seed), ii. 208
HALOKAGE.E, i. 521

HAIIAJIELIDE-E, i. 519

Haplopappus pectinatus (seedling), ii.

112
Hebenstretia dentata var. (seedling),

ii. 366

— tenuifolia (seedling), ii. 366
Hedera Helix (seedling), ii. 43, fig. 418 ;

— var. (seedling), ii. 42
Hedysarerc, i. 391

Hedysarum capitatum (seedling), i. !
434

— coronarium, seed, i. 432, fig. 280 ; '
seedling, i. 433, fig. 281

— denticulatum (germination), i. 431,
fig. 279

Helianthernum, embryo, i. 188 ; coty-
ledons, i. 189

— apenninum (seedling), i. 191, fig.
187

— rosmarinifolium (seedling), i. 192

— vulgare (seedling), i. 192
Helianthus annuus (seed), ii. 115

— cucunierifolius (seed and seedling),
ii. 115, fig. 459

Heliophila (seeds), i. 138

— amplexicaulis (seedling), i. 159, fig.
167

— crithmifolia (seed and seedling), i.
158

— pilosa (seed), i. 69, fig. 115 ; 158,
fig. 166

Heracleum Sprengelianum (seedling),
ii. 38

— villosum (seedling), ii. 39, fig. 416
Heritiera littoralis (seed), i. 264, 271
Hermannia cuneifolia (seedling), i. 273
Herniaria hirsuta, seed, ii. 413, fig.

605 ; seedling, ii. 414, fig. 606
Hesperis bituminosa (seedling), i. 154

— matronalis, seed, i. 36, figs. 71, 72 ;
153, fig. 162 ; seedling, i. 153

— nivea (seedling), i. 154

Heterocarpism, i. 120

Heterospermum diversifolium (seed-
ling), ii. 116

Heuchera Drummondi (seedling), i.
508

Hevea brasiliensis (seed), ii. 482

— Spruceana (seedling), ii. 483, fig.
641

Hibbertia dentata (seedling), i. 99
Hibiscus Abelmoschus (seedling), i.
254

— brasiliensis (seedling), i. 255

— pedunculatus (seedling), i. 253, fig.
213

— phceniceus (seedling), i. 256

— Sabdariffa (seed), i. 252

— tortuosus (seedling), i. 257

— Trionum (seedling), i. 255

— vitifolius (seedling), i. 254
Hippophae rhamnoides, seed, i. 24,

fig. 53 ; seedling, i. 12, fig. 14 ; seed
and seedling, ii. 465, fig. 635
Hiptage Madablota (seed), i. 293
Hovea longifolia (seedling), i. 403
Hoya viridiflora (seedling), ii. 230,

fig. 520

HUMIEIACE*:, i. 290
Humulus japonicus (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 496

— Lupulus (seed), ii. 495
HYDKOCHAEIDE.E, ii. 559
Hydrocotyle vulgaris (seedling), ii. 25,

fig. 405

HYDKOPHYLLACE^E, ii. 246
Hygrophila longifolia (seedling), ii.

354
Hymenaaa Courbaril (seedling), i. 466,

fig. 305
Hypecoum procumbens, seed, i. 129 ;

seedling, i. 130, fig. 153
HYPEMCINE;E, i. 231
Hypericum Androsaemum (seedling), i.

232, fig. 207

Iberis corifolia (seedling), i. 171

— Lagascana (seedling), i. 171

— pectinata (seedling), i. 172

Ilex Aquifolium (seedling), i. 337, fig.
240

— myrtifolia (seedling), i. 339, fig. 241

iLICINEjE, i. 337

ILLECEBBACE/-E, ii. 410

Illecebrum verticillatum (seedling), ii.

412, fig. 603
Impatiens (cotyledons), i. 301

— Balsamina (seedling), i. 12, fig. 12 ;
315, fig. 234

638

ON SEEDLINGS

IMP

Impatiens fruticosa (seedling), i. 316,
fig. 235

— parviflora (seed), i. 42, fig. 82 ; 314,
fig. 233

Incarvillea compacta (seedling), ii. 343

— Olga> (seedling), ii. 343, fig. 573
Incumbent cotyledons, i. 36
Indigofera australis (seedling), i. 420,

fig. 274
Ingese, i. 399
Ipomcea, seeds and cotyledons, ii. 269 ;

seedlings, ii. 271

— dasysperma (seed and embryo), i.
46, fig. 89

— dissecta (seedling), ii. 282, fig. 542

— hispida (seedling), ii. 279, fig. 541

— Nil (seedling), ii. 281

— palmata (seedling), ii. 283

— Pes-caprae (seed and seedling), ii.
275

— purpurea (seed and embryo), i. 45,
fig. 88; ii. 277

— Quamoclit, seed, ii. 278, fig. 539 ;
seedling, ii. 279, fig. 540

— Roxburghii (seed and seedling), ii.
280

IBIDEM, ii. 571

Iris pseudacorus (germination), ii. 571

— sibirica (germination), ii. 572

174
), i. 94

— grandiflorum (seedling), i. 93

Ixia crateroides (germination), ii. 571
Ixora congesta (seed), ii. 69, fig. 434

— parviflora (seedling), ii. 69

Jacquinia ruscifolia (seedling), ii. 196
Jatropha (seedlings), ii. 474

— Curcas (seed and seedling), ii. 484,
fig. 642

— multifida (seedling), ii. 486

— podagrica (seedling), ii. 485, fig.
643

JUGIAXDE^:, ii. 506

Juglans (development of fruit and
seed), ii. 510

— nigra (fruit and seed), ii. 517

— regia, fruit and seed and their
development, ii. 514, 515 ; seedling,
ii. 516, fig. 661

Justicia bracteata (seedling), ii. 363

— procumbens (seedling), ii. 363

LABIATE, ii. 374

Laburnum vulgare, seedling, i. 15, fig.

LIN

26 ; 408, fig. 267 ; seed, i. 34, fig. 69 ;

407, fig. 266
Lactuca lasvigata (seedling), ii. 159, fig.

488
Lagunaria Patersonii (seedling), i. 257,

fig. 214
Lallemantia canescens (seedling), ii.

387

— iberica (seedling), ii. 388

— peltata (seed), ii. 387
Lambertia formosa (seedling), ii. 453,

fig. 627

Lasiopetalum dasyophyllum (seedling),
i. 273

— ferrugineum (seedling), i. 75, fig.
119 ; 274, fig. 220

Lasthenia glabrata (seedling), ii. 125

— obtusifolia var. (seed), ii. 126
Lathyrus Aphaea (seedling), i. 439, fig.

285

— articulatus (seedling), i. 439

— Nissolia (seedling), i. 437, fig. 284
Lavatera trimestris (seedling), i. 246
Layia elegans (seedling), ii. 124

— heterotricha (seedling), ii. 124, fig.
466

— platyglossa (seed), ii. 124
Lecythis Ollaria? (seedling), i. §40,

fig. 349

— Zabucajo, i. 526 ; seedling, i. 538,
fig. 348

LEGUSTTNOS^:, i. 382
Lepidium graminifolium, seed, i. 52,
figs. 99, 171 ; seedling, i. 168, fig. 173

— sativum, seed, i. 52, fig. 100 ; 167,
fig. 171 ; seedling, i. 3, figs. 4, 172

— spinosum (seedling), i. 169
Lespedeza angustifolia (seedling), i.

437

Lettsomia aggregata (seedling), ii. 275
Leucsena glauca (seedling), i. 470, fig.

307

Leuceria senecioides (seedling), ii. 156
Leucospennum conocarpum (seed-
ling), ii. 451, fig. 626

, "• 216
LILIACE;£, ii. 577
Limnanthes Douglasii (seedling), i.

310, fig. 230

Limonia acidissima (seedling), i. 322
! Linaria, seeds, ii. 302 ; seedlings, ii.
307

— alpina (seed), ii. 310

| — bipartita (seedling), ii. 312, fig.
553

— Cymbalaria, seed, ii. 313, fig. 554 ;
i seedling, ii. 313, fig. 555

INDEX

639

Linaria genistifolia (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 310

— purpurea (seed), ii. 308

— repens (seed), ii. 308

— reticulata (seed), ii. 311

— saxatilis (seed), ii. 309

— striata (seedling), ii. 311

— tristis (seedling), ii. 314

— vulgaris (seed), ii. 308, fig. 552
LINE.E, i. 287

Linum (fruit and seed), i. 288

— campanulatum (seedling), i. 290

— monogynum (seedling), i. 13, fig.
19; 289, fig. 227

— perenne (seedling), i. 289
Lithospermum officinale (seed and

seedling), ii. 264, fig. 538
Loasa lateritia (seedling), i. 579, fig.
371

— papaverifolia (seedling), i. 580

— prostrata (seedling), i. 579, fig. 370

— vulcanica (seedling), i. 581
LOASEJE, i. 578

Lobed cotyledons, i. 40

Lonas inodora (seed and seedling), ii.

128, fig. 469
Lonchocarpus latifolius (seedling), i.

452, fig. 292
Lonicera media (seedling), ii. 59

— Munroi (seedling), ii. 57, fig. 427

— Periclymenum var. (seed), ii. 57
Lopezia coronata (seedling), i. 578
Loteffi, i. 388

Lotus peliorhynchus (seedling), i. 420

— Tetragonolobus (seedling), i. 419
Lourea Vespertilionis (seedling), i. 436,

fig. 283
Lucuma sp. (seedling), ii. 198, 200, fig.

507

Lunaria biennis (seedling), i. 149
Lupinus (cotyledons), i. 387

— arboreus (seedling), i. 405, fig. 264

— micranthus (seedling), i. 406

— sulphureus (seedling), i. 406, fig. 265
Lychnis Githago (seedling), i. 219
Lycium afrum (seedling), ii. 296
Lycopersicum esculentum (seedling),

ii. 292
Lyshnachia ciliata (seedling), ii. 185,

fig. 501

LYTHKAEIEJE, i. 547
Lythrum flexuosum (seedling), i. 551

Maclura aurantiaca (seedling), ii. 498
Madia elegans (seedling), ii. 124
Maesa argentea (seedling), ii. 190
Magnolia, i. 102

MAGNOLIACE.E, i. 102
Mallow (embryo), i. 41, figs. 79-81
MALPIGHIACEJE, i. 291
Malva moschata (seedling), i. 18, fig.
35 ; 247, fig. 211

— rotundifolia (cotyledons), i. 248

— sylvestris (cotyledons) , i. 248
MALVACEAE, i. 243

Malvastrum peruvianum (seedling), i.

249

Malvaviscus arboreus (seedling),!. 252
Mamillaria Goodrichii (seedling), ii. 7

— longimamma (embryo), ii. 5
Mandevilla suaveolens (seedling), ii.

222
Mangifera indica (seedling), i. 374, fig.

257

Maranteffi, ii. 567
Martynia (seedlings), ii. 346

— fragrans (seedling), ii. 348

— proboscidea (seed and seedling), ii.
347

Matricaria globifera (seedling), ii. 133

— nigellffifolia (seedling), ii. 132, fig.
473

— Parthenium (seedling), ii. 133
Matthiola bicornis (seedling), i. 145,

fig. 157

— incana (seedling), i. 144, fig. 156
Maytenus boaria (seedling), i. 344, fig.

244
Meconopsis cambrica, i. 125 ; seed, fig.

148 ; seedling, fig. 149
Medicago lupulina (seed), i. 415

— orbicularis (germination), i. 415, fig.
271

— sativa (seed), i. 415
Megarrhiza californica (seedling), i.

597
Melaleuca hypericifolia (seedling), i.

529

MELASTOMACE/E, i. 543
Melia Azedarach (seedling), i. 335, fig.

238

MELIACE/E, i. 334

Melianthus major (seedling), i. 366
Melilotus leucantha (seedling), i. 417

— officinalis (seedling),!. 416
Meliosma Arnottiana (seedling), i. 369

— pungens (seedling), i. 368, fig. 254
MENISPERMACE/E, i. 106
Menispermum canadense, seed and

germination, i. 22, fig. 49 ; 107, fig.

140; seedling, i. 13, fig. 18; 108,

fig. 141

Menonvillea trifida (seedling), i. 170
Mercurialis annua (seedling), ii. 487
Mesembryanthemum (seedlings), ii. 14

640

ON SEEDLINGS

MES

Mesembryanthemumechinatum (seed-
ling), ii. 15, fig. 402

— pinnatifidum (seedling), ii. 16

— tricolorum (seedling), ii. 14, fig. 401
Mesua ferrea (seedling), i. 235
Microloma sp. (seedling), i. 16, fig. 29 ;

ii. 226, fig. 516

Microseris Bigelovii (seedling), ii. 158
MMOSE*:, i. 398
Mimulus luteus (seedling), ii. 319, fig.

560

Mimusops Balata (seedling), ii. 201
Mirabilis (seedlings), ii. 402

— dichotoma (seedling), ii.404, fig. 601

— longiflora (seedling), ii. 404

— multiflora (seedling), ii. 405
Mitella Breweri (seedling), i. 507
Modecca trilobata (seedling), i. 590,

fig. 379
Modiola multifida (seedling), i. 250,

fig. 212
Momordica involucrata (seedling), i.

601

— muricata (seedling), i. 601, fig. 384
Monardella Pringlei (seedling), ii. 379
Moricandia arvensis (seedling), i. 165

— hesperidiflora (seedling), i. 165
Morinda tinctoria (seedling), ii. 71
Moringa aptera (seedling), i. 381
MORIXGE.E, i. 381

Morus alba (seedling), ii. 499
Moscharia pinnatifida (seed), i. 24, fig.
54 ; ii. 157, fig. 485

— rosea (seedling), ii. 157, fig. 486
Murraya exotica (seedling), i. 323
Musa Ensete (embryo), ii. 569
Muses, ii. 568

Mutisia copiapina (seedling), ii. 155
• — ilicifolia (seedling), ii. 155, fig. 483
Myosotis arvensis (seed), ii. 263
Myrica calif ornica (seedling), ii. 523,

fig. 663

MYBICACEJS, ii. 522

Myroxylon peruif erum (seedling), i. 454
Mmnraut, ii. 187
MYBTACES:, i. 523

Narrow cotyledons, i. 21
Nasturtium sylvestre (seedling), i. 146
Navaea phcenicea (seedling), i. 248
Navarettia involucrata (seedling), ii.

244
Nemophila (cotyledons), ii. 247

— insignis (seedling), ii. 249

— maculata (seed and seedling), ii.
248, fig. 530

OLE

Nemophila parviflora (seed and
seedling), ii. 249

— phacelioides (seedling), ii. 249
Nepeta Glechoma (seedling), ii. 386

— nuda, seed, ii. 385, fig. 593 ; seed-
ling, ii. 385, fig. 594

— tuberosa (seedling), ii. 387
Nigella sativa (seedling), i. 91, fig. 132
Nolana atriplicifolia (seed), ii. 288
var. (seedling), ii. 289, fig. 543

— sp. (seedling), ii. 289
Nuphar lutea, i. 118
NYCTAGrs-E^:, ii. 400
Nymphsea alba, i. 118

— Lotus var. (seedling), i. 117

;, i. 114

Oak, seed of, i. 71, fig. 116

Ochna Kirkii (seed and seedb'ng), i.

330, fig. 236
OCHNACE.E, i. 329
Ochthodium a?gyptiacum (fruit and

seed), i. 172, fig. 175
Ocimum Basilicum (seedling), ii. 378
Odina Wodier (seedling), i. 379
Odontospermum spinosum (seed and

seedling), ii. 114
(Enothera (seedlings), i. 556

— biennis, development of cotyledons,
L.569; seed,i. 567, fig. 364; seed-
ling, i. 567, fig. 365

— bistorta, development of cotyledons,
i. 574, figs. 367, 368; seedling, i. 60,
fig. 105

— contorta (seedling), i. 576

— fruticosa (seedling), i. 564

— Lamarckiana (development of coty-
ledons), i. 569

— Lindleyana (seed, development of
cotyledons, and seedling), i. 570

— macrantha (seedling), i. 574, fig.
369

— purpurea (seedling), i. 573

— Romanzowii (development of coty-
ledons), i. 573

— rosea (seedling), i. 566

— stricta, development of cotyledons,
i. 570, fig. 366 ; seedling, i. 64, fig.
110

— taraxacifolia (seedling and develop-
ment of cotyledons), i. 566, fig. 363

— tenella var. (development of cotyle-
dons), i. 573

Olea cuspidata (seedling), i. 14, fig.

20 ; ii. 215, fig. 513
OLEACE^;, ii. 210

IXDEX

641

OMP

Omphalodes linifolia (seedling), ii.
261

ONAGRARIE/T5, 1. 553

Ononis altissima (seed),i. 411, fig. 2(59

— Natrix (seedling), i. 412. tig. 270
Opuntia basilaris (seedling), ii. 10, fig.

"398

— Dillenii (seed), ii. 11, fig. 399

— Labouretiana (seedling), ii. 12

— occidentalis (seedling), ii. 12, fig.
400

— Eafinesquii (seed), ii. 10
Orange (polyembryony), i. 318
ORCHIDE/E, ii. 563

Ornithopus repandus (seedling), i. 430

Orphium frutescens (seedling), ii. 235,
fig. 524

Orychophragmus sonchifolius (seed-
ling), i. 165

Osbeckia capitata (seedling), i. 544,
fig. 351

Osyris abyssinica (seedling), ii. 4G9

— compressa (seedling), ii. 469, fig.
636

Ovule and seed, i. 4
Oxalis corniculata (seedling), i. 313,
fig. 232

— sensitiva (seedling), i. 313
Oxybaphus (seedlings), ii. 402

— elegans (seedling), ii. 406

— nyctagineus (seedling), ii. 405

— ovatus (seedling), ii. 406

— viscosus (seedling), ii. 406

Pachyrhizus angulatus (seedling), i.

448

P.A.LM.E, ii. 580
Papaver orientale var. (seedling), i. 122

— spicatum (seedling),!. 123

— villosum var. (seedling), i. 122, fig.
145

PAP AVERAGE.*;, i. 119
PAPILIOXACEJE, i. 386
Parameria glandulifera (seedling), ii.

221

Parietaria officinalis (seed), ii. 503
Paronychia dichotoma (seedling), ii.

412, fig. 604
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (seedling),

i. 348
Passiflora caerulea (seedling), i. 586,

fig. 375

— Leschenaultii (seedling), i. 584

— macrocarpa, seed, i. 585, fig. 373 ;
seedling, i. 586, fig. 374

PARSIFLORE^;, i. 582

II.

PIC

Paulownia imperialis (seedling), ii.

317, fig. 558
Pavetta madagascariensis (seedling)

ii. 70, fig. 435

— speciosa (cotyledons), ii. 70
Pavonia hastata (seedling), i. 250
PEDALINE.E, ii. 345
Pedicularis sp. (seedling), ii. 327
Pelargonium australe (seedling), i. 17,

fig. 34 ; 309, fig. 229

— bipinnatifidum (seedling), i. 309
Peltogyne sp. (seedling), i. 465
Pentapetes phcenicea, seed i. 266,

272; seedling, i. 19, fig. 272,

fig. 219
Pentstemon Mackayanus seedling),

ii. 318

Pentzia virgata (seedling), ii. 135
Peperomia fernandeziana (seedling),

ii. 448
Perilla nankinensis (seedling), ii. 379,

fig. 587
Periploca Isevigata (seed and seedling),

ii. 225
Peristrophe bicalyculata (seedling), ii.

365

— speciosa (seedling), ii. 364, fig. 583
Petalostigma quadriloculare (seedling),

ii. 482

Petioles, i. 37

Petiveria octandra, embryo, i. 32,
fig. 65 ; seed, ii. 433, fig. 616 ; seed-
ling, ii. 433, fig. 617

Peucedanum sativum (seedling), ii. 37,
fig. 415

Phacelia bipinnatifida (seedling), ii.
251

— tanacetifolia (seed and seedling),
ii. 250, fig. 531

PhaseoleiB, i. 394

Phaseolus multiflorus (seed), i. 24, fig.
51 ; 446, fig. 2y89-

— vulgaris var. (seedling), i. 446,
fig. 290

Phaylopsis parviflora (seedling), ii.

356, fig. 578
Philadelphus gracilis (seedling), i. 508,

fig. 328
Phyllanthusflaccidus (seedling), ii. 481,

fig. 640
Phyllocactus stenopetalus (seedling),

ii. 10, fig. 397
Phytolacca abyssinica (seedling), ii.

434, fig. 618

— acinosa (seed), ii. 434

— pruinosa (seed), ii. 434
PHYTOLACCACE^, ii. 429

Picea orientalis (seedling), ii. 555

642

ON SEEDLINGS

Pink (seedling), i. 14, fig. 22
Pinus (seedlings), ii. 549

— halepensis var. (seedling), ii. 555

— Pinaster (seed), ii. 553

— rigida (seedling), i. 52, fig. 98 ; ii.
554, fig. 678

— sylvestris (seedling), ii. 555

Piper celtidifolium (seedling), ii. 447,

fig. 625

PIPERACE.E, ii. 446
Pithecoctenium muricatum (seedling),

ii. 338, fig. 570

Pithecolobium Saman (seedling), i. 475
PITTOSPORE*:, i. 200
Pittosporum (cotyledons), i. 200

— crassifolium (seedling), i. 202, fig.
193

— erioloma (seedling), i. 203

— parviflorum (seedling), i. 202

— phillyrseoides (seedling), i. 201, fig.
192

— undulatum (embryo), i. 200

PliANTAGIKEJE, ii. 391

Plantago, seed and embryo, i. 66 ;
seeds, ii. 391 ; seedlings, ii. 393

— arenaria (seed and seedling), ii.
397

— callosa (seedling), ii. 399

— Coronopus (seed and seedling), ii.
396, fig. 599

— Cynops (seed), ii. 398

— gnaphalioides (seedling), ii. 398

— lanceolata (seed), i. 67, fig. 113 ; ii.
399, fig. 600

— major (seed), ii. 396

— maritima (seed), ii. 400

— media, seed, i. 66, fig. 112 ; ii. 394,
fig. 597 ; seedling, ii. 395, fig. 598

— stricta (seed), ii. 400
PLATANACE.E, ii. 504

Platanus occidentalis (seedling), ii. 506

— orientalis, fruit and seed, i. 21,
fig. 45 ; ii. 505, fig. 652 ; seedling, |
i. 10, fig. 8 ; ii. 506, fig. 653

Platystemon calif ornicus (seedling), i. '<

123, fig. 146
Plectronia ventosa (seedling), ii. 68

PLCMBAGINE^E, ii. 172

Plumeria alba (seedling), ii. 219, fig.

514

Pocockia cretica (seedling), i. 413
Podalyria australis (seedling), i. 400
Podalyrieae, i. 386
Podophyllum Emodi (seedling), i. 114,

fig. 144
Poinciana Gilliesii (seedling), i. 456

fig. 298

ii. 237

QUE

Polemonium casruleum var. (seedling),

ii. 243
Polygala rarifolia (seedling), i. 207,

fig. 195

POLYGALE.E, i. 205

POLYGONACE.S:, ii. 435

Polygonum sphasrostachyum (seed-
ling), ii. 439

Portulaca grandiflora, cotyledons, i.
225 ; seedling, i. 226

PORTULACE.E, i. 224

Potentilla anserina (seedling), i. 491,
fig. 316

— argyrophylla (seedling), i. 490

— bifurca (seedling), i. 492, fig. 317

— fulgens (seedling), i. 488, fig. 315

— reptans (seedling), i. 487, fig. 314
Poterium Sanguisorba, seed, i. 42, fig.

83 ; 495, fig. 320 ; seedling, i. 19,
fig. 42 ; 496, fig. 321
Primula (seedlings), ii. 177, 178

— denticulata (seedling), ii. 179

— elatior (seedling), ii. 179, fig. 497

— sinensis (seedling), ij. 181, fig. 499

— vulgaris (seedling), ii. 180, fig. 498
PBIMULACEJE, ii. 177

Prosopis juliflora (seedling), i. 469
Protea mellifera (seedling), ii.451
PROTEACE.E, ii. 448
Psidium sp. (seedling), i. 535
Psoralea sp. (seedling), i. 420
Psychotria sp. (seedling), ii. 71, fig. 437'
Ptelea aptera (seedling), i. 321

— trifoliata (seedling), i. 322
Pterocarpus Rohrii (seedling), i. 451
Pterocarya caucasica, nut and seed, i.

49, fig. 95 ; development of fruit and
seed, ii. 507, figs. 655-60 ; 512 ;
518 ; seedling, i. 19, fig. 41 ; ii. 521,
fig. 662

Pterostegia drymarioides (seedling), ii.
438

Ptychotis Ajowan, seed, ii. 32, fig. 411 ;
seedling, ii. 33, fig. 412

Pueraria Thunbergiana (seedling), i.
444, fig. 288

Punica Granatum, seed, i. 551 ; seed-
ling, i. 552, fig. 355

Pyrus Aucuparia (seedling), i. 499, fig.
323

— Malus (seedling), i. 500

Quercus (seedlings), ii. 530

— Ilex (seedling), ii. 536, fig. 670

— pedunculata, development of fruit
and seed, ii. 534, fig. 669; fruit,
i. 71, fig. 116; ii. 528; seedling,
ii. 536

613

KAN

liandia Musstendffl (seedling), ii. 64

fig. 428

RAXITXCULACEJE, i. 78
Eanunculus acris (seedling), i. 87,

tig. 126

— arvensis (seedling), i. 88, fig. 127

— Boraaanus (cotyledons), i. 89

— Brutius (cotyledons), i. 89

- caucasicus (cotyledons), i. 89

— cortusajfolius (cotyledons), i. 89

- Cymbal aria (germination and seed-
ling), i. 86, fig. 125

— Flammula (cotyledons), i. 89

— hederaceus (seedling), i. 89, fig. 128

— macrophyllus (cotyledons), i. 89

— millefoliatus (seedling), i. 88

— repens (seedling), i. 89, fig. 129

— Stevensi (cotyledons), i. 89
- tuberoses (cotyledons), i. 89
Raphanus sativus, seed, embryo, and

seedling, i. 31, fig. 62 ; seedling, i.

178, fig. 179
Relation of the seedling to the seed, i.

75

Relhania sessiliflora (seedling), ii. 114
Reseda alba (seedling), i. 185, fig.

185

— luteola (seedling), i. 186

• — odorata (seedling), i. 187

RESEDACK.T;, i. 184

Retama Roatam (seedling), i. 409

Rhagadiolus stellatus (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 158, fig. 487

RHAMNE^E, i. 344

Rhamnus davuricus (seedling), i. 346,
fig. 245

Rhaphithamnus longiflorns (seedling),
ii. 371

Rheum officinale (seedling), ii. 442,
fig. 622

— palmatum (seed), ii. 441, fig. 621
Rhexia Mariana (seedling), i. 545, fig.

352
Rhodochiton volubile (seedling), ii.

315, fig. 556
Rhododendron arboreum (seedling), ii.

171, fig. 494
Rhodoleia Championi (seed), i. 519,

fig. 334
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (seedling), i.

537
Rhus Thunbergiana (seedling), i. 20,

fig. 44 ; 372, fig. 255

— typhina (seedling), i. 13, fig. 17 ;
373, fig. 256

Ribes glutinosum (seed), i. 510, fig.
330

— nigrum (seedling), i. 511

Ribes saxatile (seedling), i. 510, fig

Ricinus communis (seed and seedling)

ii. 487, fig. 644
— sanguineus, seed, i. 24, fig. 52 ;

seedling, i. 11, fig. 11
Ricotia Lunaria (seedling), i. 150
Rivina lams, seedling, i. 12, fig. 15 ;

seed and seedling, ii. 431, fig. 615
Robinia Pseud-Acacia (seedling), i

422, fig. 275
Rodgersia podophylla (seedling), i.

505, fig. 326

Rcemeria refracta (seedling), i. 128
Romanzoffia sitchensis (seedling) ii.

252
Rosa berberidifolia (seedling), i. 497

fig. 322

— rugosa var. (seedling), i. 498
ROSACES, i. 476

Roupala sp. (seedling), ii. 452

Rubia cordifolia (seedling), ii. 72, fig.

438

RUBIACE^;, ii. 59
Rubus phoenicolasius (seedling), i. 484,

fig. 312

— rugosus (seedling), i. 485
Rudbeckia serotina (seedling), ii. 114
Ruellia barbadensis (seedling), ii. 355

— longifolia (seed), i. 25, fig. 55 ; ii.
354, fig. 577

RUTACE.E, i. 317

SAMACE.E, i. 367

Sagina procumbens (seedling), i. 221,

fig. 201

SALICINE^E, ii. 541
Salix cinerea (seedling), ii. 542

— repens (seedling), ii. 542, fig. 673
Salsola Tragus (seedling), ii. 428
Salvia argentea (seed and seedling), ii.

382

— clandestina (seedling), ii. 383

— Columbaria (seedling), ii. 381, fig.
590

— hispanica (seedling), ii. 382

— Sclarea (seed), ii. 381, fig. 589

— triangularis (seedling), ii. 382

— verbenacoides (seedling), ii. 383,
fig. 591

Sambucus nigra (seed and seedling),

ii. 49, fig. 420
SANTALACE^;, ii. 467
Santalum ellipticum (seed), ii. 468
SAPINDACE;E, i. 350
Sapindus ina^qualis (seedling), i. 20,

fig. 43 ; 360, fig. 251

644

ON SEEDLINGS

SAP

Saponaria calabrica (seedling), i. 218

— orientalis (seedling), i. 218

— Vaccaria (seedling), i. 218
SAPOTACE/E, ii. 197
Sarcostemma brevistigma (seedling),

ii. 229, fig. 519
Sarracenia (seeds), i. 118
SARRACEXIACE.E, i. 118
Satureia hortensis (seedling), ii. 380
Saxifraga rotundifolia (seedling), i.

507

— Stracheyi (seedling), i. 506, fig. 327
SAXIFRAGES, i. 502

Scabiosa atropurpurea, germination
and seedling, ii. 93, fig. 454 ; flower,
ii. fig. 454

— australis (seed, germination, and
seedling), ii. 89, figs. 449, 450

— caucasica (germination and seed-
ling), ii. 95, fig. 455

— Gramuntia (germination), ii. 93, fig.
453

— palaestina, fruit and seed, ii. 91,
fig. 451 ; germination, ii. 92, fig. 452 j

— rutffifolia (seedling), ii. 96, fig. 456 |
Scandix Pecten-Veneris (seedling), ii.

34

Schinus Molle (seed, germination, and
seedling), i. 377, fig- 259

— terebinthifolia, seed and seedling,
i. 379, fig. 260 ; seedling, i. 15, fig. 28

Schizanthus retusus (seedling), ii. 299,

fig. 548
Schizopetalon Walkeri, cotyledons, i.

51, fig. 97 ; 139 ; seed and seedling,

i. 152, figs. 160, 161
Schubertia grandiflora (seedling), ii.

227

Schwabea ciliaris (seedling), ii. 363
SciTAiONE^:, ii. 566
Scleropus amaranthoides (seedling),

ii. 418

Scorpiurus sulcata (seedling), i. 430
Scrophularia chrysantha (seedling), ii.

316

— sambucifolia (seedling), ii. 316,
fig. 557

SCROPHULARINE-E, ii. 301

Sedum asiaticum (seedling), i. 515

— Rhodiola (seedling), i. 514, fig. 333
Seeds, size of, i. 56

SELAGINEJE, ii. 365

Senebiera didyma (seedling), i. 169

Senecio (cotyledons), ii. 108

— cruentus (seed and seedling), ii.
137

— elegans (seedling), ii. 142, fig. 476

— erucffifolius, cotyledons, i. 48, figs.

SPI

93, 94 ; seed and seedling, ii. 138,
fig. 475

Senecio neelgherianus (seedling), ii.
142

— polycephalus (seedling), ii. 144

— pulcher (seedling), ii. 139

— speciosus (seedling), ii. 143

— squalidus (seedling), ii. 141

— tetranthus (seedling), ii. 140

— viscosus (seedling), ii. 141

— vulgaris (seedling), ii. 140
Sesbania segyptiaca (seed), i. 423, fig.

276

— grandiflora (seedling), i. 425

— tomentosa (seedling), i. 424, fig.
277

Sherardia arvensis (seedling), ii. 78,

fig. 444

Sida fallax (seedling), i. 249
Sidalcea malvaeflora (seedling), i. 246
Sideroxylon tomentosum (seedling), ii.

201
Silene echinata (seedling), i. 218

— rubella (seedling), i. 219
Silybum Marianum (seedling), ii. 152,

fig. 481

SniARUBE.*:, i. 325

Sisymbrium omcinale (seed and seed-
ling), i. 154, fig. 163

— runcinatum (seedling), i. 156, fig.
164

— Sophia (seedling), i. 157, fig. 165
Sisyrinchium (germination), ii. 573
Smyrnium perfoliatum (seedling), i.

39, fig. 77 ; ii. 29, fig. 408
SOLANACE*:, ii. 290
Solanum Dulcamara (seedling), ii. 294

— Fontanesianum (seedling), ii. 294,
fig. 544

— giganteum (seedling), ii. 295

— Jacquinii (seedling), ii. 295

— quitoense (seedling), ii. 295
Soldanella sp. (seedling), ii. 184
Sonchus arvensis (seedling), ii. 160

— squarrosus (seedling), ii. 160
Sophora secundiflora (seedling), i. 452,

fig. 293

Sophoreae, i. 395

Spartocytisus nubigenus var. (seed-
ling), i. 411

Spathodea campanulata, i. 18, fig. 36
seedling, ii. 342, fig. 572

Specularia biflora (seedling), ii. 169

— castellana (seedling), ii. 168
Spergula arvensis (seedling), i. 223
Spergularia (seeds), i. 212
Spinacia glabra (seedling), ii. 427, fig.

612

INDEX

645

SPI

Spinacia oleracea (seedling), ii. 428
Spiraea callosa var. (seedling), i. 482,
tig. 311

— opulifolia (seedling), i. 483
Spraguea umbellata (seed), i. 228, fig.

206
Stachytarphetamutabilis (seedling), ii.

369
Stapelia bufonia (seedling), ii. 232

— mutabilis (seedling), ii. 232

— variegata (seedling), ii. 232, fig. 522
Staphylea pinnata (seed), i. 367
Statice leptostachya (seedling), ii. 175

— macrophylla var. (seedling), ii. 174

— speciosa (seedling), ii. 174, fig. 495

— Suworowi (seedling), ii. 175, fig. 496
Stenocarpus salignus (seedling), ii. 459
Stephanotis floribunda (seed), ii. 229

— longiflora (seedling), ii. 230
Sterculia (seed), i. 264

— foetida (seed), i. 268, fig. 217

— heterophylla (seedling), i. 269, fig.
218

STERCULIACEJE, i. 263

Stratiotes aloides (seed, germination,

and seedling), ii. 560
Streptocarpus (seedlings), ii. 329

— Dunnii (seedling), ii. 332

— Eexii x (seedling), ii. 330, fig. 568
Strobilanthes callosus (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 357

— gossypinus (seedling), ii. 358
STYLIDIE.E, ii. 161

Stylidium adnatum (seedling), ii. 162,

fig. 489

STYKACEJE, ii. 205
Styrax japonicum (seedling), ii. 209

— officinale (seed), ii. 208
Succovia balearica (seedling), i. 166
Swainsonia oncinotropis (seedling), i.

426

Swertia corymbosa (seedling), ii. 237
Sycamore, fruit and embryo, i. 23, fig.

50 ; leaf of, i. 2, fig. 2
Symphoricarpus racemosus (seed), ii.

57
Symplocos paniculata (seedling), ii.

207, fig. 509
Syringa vulgaris (seed), ii. 212

Tabernsemontana amygdalii'olia (seed-
ling), ii. 220

Tacsonia ignea, seed, i. 588, fig. 376 ;
seedling, i. 589, fig. 377

— Van Volxemii (seedling), i. 589, fig.
378

Tagetes glandulifera (seedling), ii. 127

— patula (seedling), ii. 126, fig. 467

TKI

TAMARISCINEJL, i. 229
Tamus, leaf of, i. 2, fig. 1
Taxus baccata (seedling), ii. 552, fig.

Tecoma Manglesii (seedling), ii. 341

— stans (seedling), ii. 341
TERNSTRGEMIACE^E, i. 236
Testudinaria elephantipes (germina-
tion and seedling), ii. 576, fig. 681

Tetragonia expansa, embryo, ii. 13 ;

seed, ii. 17, fig. 403 ; germination,

fig. 404
Teucrium Botrys (seedling), ii. 389,

fig. 595
Thalictrum minus (seedling),!. 85, fig.

124

Thevetia neriifolia (seedling), ii. 219
Thladiantha dubia (seedling), i. 602,

fig. 385
Threlkeldia rostrata (seedling), ii. 428,

fig. 613
Thuja (seedlings), ii. 548

— gigantea (seedling), ii. 550, fig. 676

— occidentals (seedling), ii. 550
Thunbergia alata (seedling), ii. 352,

fig. 576

— reticulata (seedling), ii. 353
THYMEL^EACE^E, ii. 461

Tilia, seed and embryo, i. 54, fig. 102 ;
embryo, i. 277

— petiolaris (seed), i. 283, fig. 224

— vulgaris, cotyledons, i. 279; 281,
fig. 223 ; seedling, i. 53, fig. 101

TILIACE.E, i. 275

Torenia Fournieri (seedling), ii. 320,

fig. 561
Tournefortia ferruginea (seedling), ii.

261, fig. 536
Trachymene pilosa (seedand seedling),

ii. 26, fig. 406
Tragopogon crocifolium (seedling), ii.

161

TREMANDREJE, i. 204
Trichosanthes Anguina (seedling), i.

598

— cucumerina (seedling), i. 598, fig.
381

— palmata (seedling), i. 599, fig. 382
Trifolieae, i. 388

Trifolium Boissieri (seedling), i. 417,
fig. 272

— subterraneum (seedling), i. 418
Trigonella corniculata (seedling), i.

414

— Fcenum-grEecum (seedling), i. 414

— gladiata (seedling), i. 414
Triosteum pinnatifidum (seedling), ii.

56

646

ON SEEDLINGS

Triphasia trifoliata (polyembryony), i.

318
Tristania conferta (seedling), i. 535,

fig. 345
Trollius Ledebouri var. (seedling), i.

91, fig. 131
Tropseolum (seed and embryo), i. 297

— aduncum (seedling), i. 312

— majus (seedling), i. 311, fig. 231
Tulipa sp. (seed and seedling), ii. 579,

fig. 683
Tunica pachygona (seed), i. 217

— prolifera (seedling), i. 217, fig. 198
Tupidanthus calyptratus (seedling), ii.

43

Turnera elegans (seedling), i. 581, fig.
372

TURNERACE/E, i. 581

Tussilago Farfara (seedling), ii. 136,

fig. 474
Tyrimnus leucographus (seedling), ii.

153

Ulex europseus (seedling), i. 409, fig.

268

Ulmus (seedling), ii. 495
UMBELLIFER.E, ii. 18
Ursinia anthemoides (seedling), ii.

148
— speciosa, achene, i. 22, fig. 47 ;

achene, seed, and seedling, ii. 147,

fig. 478
Urtica dioica, achene, i. 43, fig. 85 ;

seed and seedling, ii. 500, fig. 650
URTICACEJE, ii. 489

Valeriana officinalis (seed and seed-
ling), ii. 81

VALERIANE;E, ii. 80

Valerianella Auricula (germination and
cotyledons), ii. 83

— coronata (germination), ii. 83, fig.
446

Venidium calendulaceum (seedling),

ii. 149
Verbena Aubletia (seedling), ii. 371

— officinalis (seedling), ii. 369, fig.

VERBENACE*:, ii. 367
Veronica (seeds), ii. 303

— arvensis (seed), ii. 320, fig. 562

— Buxbaumii (seed), ii. 321, fig. 563

ZYG

Veronica hedersefolia (seed and ger-
mination), ii. 323, figs. 564-566

— sp., hedersefolias an0, (seedling), ii.
326

— salicifolia (seed and seedling), ii. 325

— serpyllifolia (seed), ii. 325, fig. 567

— Waldsteiniana (seedling), ii. 326
Viburnum (development of fruit and

seed), ii. 46, 50, fig. 421

— Lantana (seed), ii. 54

— lantanoides (seed), ii. 54, fig. 424

— Lentago (seed), ii. 53, fig. 423

— montanum (seed), ii. 55, fig. 425

— Opulus (fruit, seed, and seedling),
ii. 51, fig. 422

— punctatum (seedling), ii. 56, fig.
426

Viciese, i. 393

Victoria (seedling), i. 116

Vigna lutea (seedling), i. 447

— vexillata (seedling), i. 448
Viminaria denudata (seedling), i. 401,

fig. 262
Viola (dispersal of seeds), i.»194

— palustris (seedling), i. 196, fig. 189

— tricolor (seedling), i. 195, fig. 188
VIOLARIE.E, i. 193

Vitex trifolia (seedling), ii. 372, fig.

585
Vitis cebennensis (seedling), i. 349,

fig. 248

— hypoglauca (seedling), i. 348, fig.
247

Walnut (development of fruit and

seed), ii. 510
Walsura piscidia (seedling), i. 336,

fig. 239
Wigandia Vigieri (seedling), ii. 253,

fig. 532
Wrightia tinctoria (seedling), ii. 221

Xanthochymus pictorius (seedling),
233, fig. 208

Zamia integrifolia (seedling), ii. 558
Zilla myagroides, seed, i. 137, 175 :

seedling, i. 176, fig. 177
Zingibereae, ii. 566
Zollikoferia sp. (seedling), ii. 160
ZYGOPHYLLE^;, i. 294

Spottiawoode & Co. Printers, Neic-itreet Square, London.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

Form L9-25»»-9,'55(B4283s4)444

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
i0nS?s hJLbk is DUE on the last date stamped below.

JUfi08 REG')

Form L9-42m-8,'49(B5573)444

UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY

A 000 731 66

QK

6U1

A9U

1892

v.2

Library